Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

In the building of the Nalchik railway station there are ticket offices, an information desk, a waiting room, luggage storage, a medical center, mother and child rooms, and a cafe.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

As of 2012:


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Long-distance trains — 1: No. 061C/062CH Nalchik — Moscow “Elbrus”;


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Suburban electric trains — 2: Nalchik — Mineralnye Vody and Nalchik — Prokhladny.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Education and science


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after Kh.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

M. Berbekova (KBSU)


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

College of Information Technology and Economics of KBSU (KBSU KTiE)


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Medical College of KBSU


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University named after V. M. Kokova [20]


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

North Caucasus State Institute of Arts [21]


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

College of Culture and Arts at SKSII


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Kabardino-Balkarian Institute of Business [22]


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Imam Abu Hanifa North Caucasus Islamic University


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Branch of Belgorod University of Consumer Cooperation


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Branch of the Rostov State Academy of Economics


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Branch of Taganrog State Radio Engineering University


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Branch of the Modern Humanitarian Academy


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Culture and art


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Culture


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Museums


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Kabardino-Balkarian Museum of Fine Arts n.a.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

A.L.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Tkachenko


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Literary museum


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Science and Technology Museum


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

National Museum of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

There are also several exhibition galleries


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Theaters


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Green Theater (outdoor amphitheater in the city park)


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Maxim Gorky State Russian Drama Theatre


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Kabardian State Drama Theater named after Ali Shogentsukov


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Kaisyn Kuliev Balkarian State Drama Theatre


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

State Concert Hall


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

State Musical Theater


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Mukhadin Nagoyev Public Theatre


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Three Peoples Theatre


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Puppet theater


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Cinemas


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Aurora (restored the building and leased it out as a grocery store)


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Orient


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Cinema Gallery (multiplex)


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Deya Cinema (multiplex)


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Druzhba (old building demolished)


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Pobeda (restoration)


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Homeland (inactive)


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Forum


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Elbrus


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Religion


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Islam


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

The majority of the city's population professes Sunni Islam and belongs to the Hanafi Law School.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

There are 9 Muslim organizations and an Islamic general education center on the territory of the city [23].


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Central Cathedral Mosque


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

“Ar-Rayyan” MRMO


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

ISLAM


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

MRMO “Mansur”


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

MRMO “Nur”


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

MRMO Rohsjinada


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

MRMO of Volny Aul district


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

MRMO of Gorny district


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

MRMO of Iskozh district


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

The center of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Republic (DUM KBR) is located in the Cathedral Mosque of the city.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

The North Caucasus Islamic University is under construction.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Christianity


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Christianity is the second most common religion in the city.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

In addition to the Russian Orthodox Church, small communities of adherents of the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Georgian Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church are also represented on the territory of the city (as part of the community — John's Society) [24] and Protestantism.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

In total, several Christian institutions operate on the territory of the city:


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Cathedral of Mary Magdalene Equal-to-the-Apostles [25]


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Cathedral of St. Simeon the Stylite [26]


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Evangelical Baptist Church


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Catholic community [27]


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Judaism


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Previously, a large diaspora of Mountain Jews lived in the city.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

However, since the early 1990s, most of them have left for Israel.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

According to the 2010 census, about 1,000 Jews remained in the city.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

There is a mountain Jewish synagogue on the territory of the city.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Mass media


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

There are 11 TV stations and 7 radio stations in the city.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

The relay tower is located in the resort area.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

The Zodiac cable broadcasting network [28] and Yugtelset-TV (iptv), more than 170 Russian-language channels, are also widely developed.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Since September 24, 2012, the start of test broadcasting of digital terrestrial television in the DVB-T2 standard on 34 television broadcasting channels [29]


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

TV


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Radio


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Newspapers


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Adyghe psalae


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Newspaper Yuga


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Goryanka


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Zaman


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

From hand to hand


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Kabardino-Balkarskaya Pravda


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Nalchik


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Republic 07


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

North Caucasus


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Syndica Inform


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Soviet youth


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

What?


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Where?


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

How much?


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Nalchik


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

sights


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Atazhukinsky Garden is a park of culture and recreation.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

The city's main park.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

It is considered the largest park in the North Caucasus.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Nalchik City Hippodrome [30].


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Dolinskoye settlement is the remains of an ancient settlement of the Early Bronze Age (the turn of the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC).


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

House-museum of Kabardian poet, writer Ali Askhadovich Shogentsukov.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

It is located at: ul. Gorky, 35.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

The museum's exposition is located in the house where he lived from 1939 to 1941, from where he went to the front and never returned.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Opening date: December 21, 1990 [31].


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

The Marko Vovchok House-Museum is the only museum of the famous Ukrainian writer in the Russian Federation and the near abroad.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

The museum's exposition is located in the house where the writer lived for the last two years of her life.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

It is located in Dolinsk.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Kabardino-Balkarian Museum of Fine Arts n.a.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

A. L. Tkachenko.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

The decision to organize an art museum in Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR, was made by Resolution No. 452 of September 22, 1959.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

The Literary Museum is one of the few literary museums of the young written peoples of Russia.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

The range of materials presented in it is very wide: from folklore to materials from literary figures of modern Kabardino-Balkaria.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Memorial to Victims of Repression of the Balkarian People — the memorial was opened on March 8, 2002, on the 58th anniversary of the deportation of the Balkarian people during political repression in 1944—1957.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

It is located in Dolinsk.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Monument “Forever with Russia”.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Nalchik burial ground, which belongs to the Khvalyn-Srednestogov community that existed during the Chalcolithic era, in the first half of the 5th millennium BC.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

, is a monument to a producing economy, which are found in the North Caucasus.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

National Museum of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

The museum was founded in 1921.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

In the exposition of the Department of Nature, a huge relief map of the republic is exhibited, and samples of minerals extracted in the republic are presented.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Sosruko Restaurant, Malaya Kizilovka Mountain.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Physical education and sports


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

FC Spartak-Nalchik


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Football Club Spartak-Nalchik was founded in 1935.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

He plays his home matches at the Spartak Stadium.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

He played in the championship of Russia among the teams of the Premier League clubs since 2006.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

According to the results of the 2011/2012 season, the club took 16th, last place and left the top division.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Currently, the club plays in the Championship of the National Football League.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

The highest achievements were 6th place in the Premier League in the 2010 season, as well as reaching the quarterfinals of the Russian Cup 2007/08.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Famous natives and residents


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Andrey Geim (Andre Geim) is a Soviet, Dutch and British physicist.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Fellow of the Royal Society of London.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Nobel Prize winner in physics.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Mikhail Zalikhanov — Hero of Socialist Labor.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Academician of RAS.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Muhadin Kishev is a Soviet, Russian and Spanish artist.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Member of the Union of Artists of the USSR, full member of the Russian Academy of Arts, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation, member of the International Union of Artists, member of the Association of London, member of the European Academy of Arts in Belgium.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Molodozhanin Leonid Grigorievich (Leo Mol, Leo Mol) is a Soviet and Canadian artist, sculptor, stained glass artist, mosaic artist, painter.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Fellow of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Frankl Felix Isidorovich is an Austrian and Soviet scientist, mathematician, physicist, aerodynamics.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Doctor of Technical Sciences, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Artillery Sciences, member of the USSR National Committee for Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Gallery


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Shogentsukov Avenue in late autumn


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Fountains at Concorde Square


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Winter Nalchik as viewed from Malaya Kizilovka Mountain


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

A barrel.


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

One of the city's main attractions


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Winter in Nalchik


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Notes


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

References


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Category:Populated places in Nalchik urban district


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Category:Cities established in the 18th century


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Category:Cities awarded the Order of the Patriotic War


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Nalchik

Category:Capitals of Russian Republics


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Category:Federal resorts


Question: What is the area of Atazhukino village?

Nalchik

Category:Holocaust Locations in Russia


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (, Moscow —, St. Petersburg) is a Russian poet, playwright and novelist who laid the foundations of the Russian realistic direction [1], literary critic and theorist, historian, publicist ; one of the most authoritative literary figures of the first third of the 19th century.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Even during Pushkin's lifetime, his reputation as the greatest national Russian poet developed [2] [3].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin is considered as the founder of the modern Russian literary language [~ 1].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Biography


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Origins


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The origin of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin comes from the extensive untitled noble Pushkin family, which, according to a genealogical legend, went back to Ratsha's “honest husband” [4].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin repeatedly wrote about his pedigree in verse and prose; he saw in his ancestors an example of a true “aristocracy”, an ancient family that honestly served the fatherland, but did not gain favor rulers and the “persecuted”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

More than once he turned (including in artistic form) to the image of his maternal great-grandfather, African Abram Petrovich Hannibal, who became a servant and pupil of Peter the Great, and then a military engineer and General [5].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

His paternal grandfather Lev Alexandrovich was an artillery colonel, guard captain.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

His father was Sergei Lvovich Pushkin (1770-1848), a secular wit and amateur poet.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin's mother is Nadezhda Osipovna (1775—1836), granddaughter of Hannibal.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

His paternal uncle, Vasily Lvovich (1766-1830), was a famous poet of the Karamzin circle.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Daughter Olga (married Pavlishchev, 1797—1868) and son Lev (1805-1852) survived from the children of Sergei Lvovich and Nadezhda Osipovna, in addition to Alexander [6].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Childhood


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin was born in Moscow, in the German Sloboda [7] [8] [9].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In the metric book of the Church of the Epiphany in Yelokhovo as of the date [7], among others, there is the following entry:


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The future poet usually spent the summer months of 1805-1810 with his maternal grandmother Maria Alekseevna Hannibal (1745—1818, nee Pushkina [10], from another branch of the family), in the village of Zakharova near Moscow, near Moscow, near Zvenigorod.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Early childhood impressions were reflected in the first experiments of Pushkin's poems written a little later (“The Monk”, 1813; “Bova”, 1814), in lyceum poems “Epistle to Yudin” (1815), “Dream” (1816).


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The grandmother wrote the following about her grandson:


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Youth


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin spent six years at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, opened on October 19, 1811.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Here the young poet survived the events of the Patriotic War of 1812.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

His poetic gift was first discovered here and was highly appreciated.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Memories of the years spent at the Lyceum, the Lyceum brotherhood forever remained in the soul of the poet [6].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Among Pushkin's lyceum teachers was Professor of Moral and Political Sciences A. P. Kunitsyn, who studied at the University of Götingen and was close to many future Decembrists [11].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin kept his gratitude to Kunitsyn for the rest of his life.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

He is the only lyceum teacher to whom Pushkin repeatedly addressed in verse [11].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

During the lyceum period, Pushkin created many poetic works.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

He was inspired by French poets of the 17th—18th centuries, whose work he got acquainted with as a child, reading books from his father's library.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Favorite poets and writers of young Pushkin are listed in the poem “Gorodok” (1815): Voltaire, Homer, Virgil, T. Tasso, Lafontaine, Dmitriev, Krylov, Derzhavin, Vergier, Grecur, Parni, Racine, Moliere, Fonvizin, Knyazhnin, Ozerov, Rousseau, Karamzin, Lagarpe [12].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

His early lyrics combined the traditions of French and Russian classicism.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin's teachers were Batyushkov, a recognized master of “light poetry”, and Zhukovsky, the head of Russian romanticism.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin's lyrics of the period 1813-1815 are permeated with motifs of the transience of life, which dictated the thirst for enjoying the joys of being.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Since 1816, following Zhukovsky, he turned to elegies, where he developed the motifs characteristic of this genre: unrequited love, the departure of youth, the extinction of the soul.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin's lyrics are still imitative, full of literary conventions and cliches, however, even then the novice poet chooses his own, special path [13].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Without focusing on chamber poetry, Pushkin turned to topics that were more complex and socially significant.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Memories in Tsarskoye Selo (1814), which earned Derzhavin's approval — Pushkin read a poem in his presence at the beginning of 1815 — is dedicated to the events of the Patriotic War of 1812 [6].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The poem was published in 1815 in the magazine “Russian Museum” with the full signature of the author.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

And Pushkin's message Licinia critically depicts the modern life of Russia, where Arakcheev is bred as a “favorite of a despot”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At the beginning of his career, he showed interest in Russian satirist writers of the last century.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Fonvizin's influence is felt in Pushkin's satirical poem “Shadow of Fonvizin” (1815); “Bova” (1814) and “Unbelief” are associated with Radishchev's work [13].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In July 1814, Pushkin first appeared in print in the magazine Vestnik Evropy published in Moscow.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In the thirteenth issue, the poem “To a Poet Friend” was published, signed by the pseudonym Alexander N.K.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

sh.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

p.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

and addressed to Kuchelbecker [~2] [14] :60.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

While still a graduate of the Lyceum, Pushkin joined the literary society “Arzamas”, which opposed routine and archaic in literary business, and took an effective part in the controversy with the association “Conversation lovers of the Russian word”, who defended the canons of classicism of the last century.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Attracted by the work of the most prominent representatives of the new literary direction, Pushkin at that time was strongly influenced by the poetry of Batyushkov, Zhukovsky, Davydov [15].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The latter initially impressed Pushkin with the theme of a brave warrior, and after what the poet himself called “twisting the verse” — sudden changes in mood, expression, and an unexpected combination of images.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Later, Pushkin said that, imitating Davydov in his youth, “he learned his manner forever” [16].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Youthfulness


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin was released from the Lyceum in June 1817 with the rank of collegiate secretary (10th grade, according to the table of ranks) and assigned to the College of Foreign Affairs.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

He becomes a regular visitor to the theater, takes part in meetings of Arzamas (he was admitted there in absentia while still a student of the Lyceum) [6], and in 1819 he joined the literary and theatrical the Green Lamp community, led by the Welfare Union (see para. Decembrists) [6].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Without participating in the activities of the first secret organizations, Pushkin is nevertheless bound by friendly ties with many active members of Decembrist societies, writes political epigrams and poems “To Chaadaev” (” Love, Hope, Quiet Glory...”, 1818), “Freedom” (1818), “N. ME. Plyuskova” (1818), “Village” (1819), distributed in the lists.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

During these years, he was busy working on the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, which began at the Lyceum and met the program guidelines of the Arzamas Literary Society on the need to create a national heroic poem.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The poem was published in May 1820 (it was previously known from the lists) and caused various, not always benevolent, responses.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

After Pushkin's expulsion, disputes broke out around the poem [6].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Some critics were outraged by the lowering of the high canon.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The mixing in Ruslan and Lyudmila of Russian-French methods of verbal expression with vernacular and folklore stylistics caused reproaches from the defenders of the democratic nationality in literature.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Such complaints were contained in D. Zykov, a literary follower of Katenin, published in “Son of the Fatherland” [17] [18].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In the South (1820—1824)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In the spring of 1820, Pushkin was summoned to the military Governor General of St. Petersburg, Count M. A. Miloradovich to explain the content of his poems (including epigrams of Arakcheev, Archimandrite Photius and Alexander I himself), incompatible with the status of a government official.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

It was about his expulsion to Siberia or imprisoned in the Solovetsky Monastery.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Only thanks to the efforts of friends, primarily Karamzin, it was possible to achieve a commutation of punishment.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

He was transferred from the capital to the south to the Chisinau office of I. N. Inzova [6].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

On the way to his new duty station, Alexander Sergeevich falls ill with pneumonia after swimming in the Dnieper.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

To improve their health, the Raevskys took the sick poet with them to the Caucasus and Crimea at the end of May 1820 [6].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

On the way, the Raevsky family and A. S. Pushkin stay in St. Taganrog, in the former house of Mayor P. A. Papkova Str. Greek, 40).


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin in Crimea


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

On August 16, 1820, Pushkin arrived in Feodosia.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

He wrote to his brother Lev: “We came from Kerch to Cafu, stayed with Bronevsky, a man venerable in immaculate service and poverty. Now he is on trial — and, like old Virgil, he is planting a garden by the sea, not far from the city. Grapes and almonds make up his income. He is not a smart person, but he has great information about Crimea. The side is important and neglected. From here we went by sea past the midday shores of Tavrida, to Yurzuf, where the Raevsky family was located. At night on the ship, I wrote an elegy that I am sending you” [19].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Two days later, Pushkin, together with the Raevskys, left for Gurzuf by sea.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin spent several weeks in Gurzuf in the summer and autumn of 1820.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Together with the Raevskys, he stayed in the house of Duke Richelieu; the poet was given a mezzanine facing west.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

While living in Gurzuf, the poet made many walks along the coast and to the mountains, including a horseback ride to the top of Ayu-Dag and a boat trip to Cape Suuk-Su.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In Gurzuf, Pushkin continued to work on the poem “Prisoner of the Caucasus”, wrote several lyrical poems; some of them are dedicated to the daughters of N. N. Raevsky to Ekaterina, Elena and Maria.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Here the poet came up with the idea of the poem “The Fountain of Bakhchisarai” and the novel “Eugene Onegin”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At the end of his life, he recalled Crimea: “There is the cradle of my Onegin” [6].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In September 1820, on his way to Simferopol, he visited Bakhchisarai.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

From a letter to Delvig:... Wished into the palace, I saw a damaged fountain, water was falling drop by drop from a rusty iron pipe.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

I went around the palace with great annoyance at the negligence in which it decays and the semi-European alterations of some rooms [20].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Walking along the courtyards of the palace, the poet tore off two roses and put them at the foot of the Fountain of Tears, to which he later dedicated poems and the poem “The Fountain of Bakhchisarai”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In mid-September, Pushkin spent about a week in Simferopol, presumably in the house of Taurida Governor Alexander Nikolaevich Baranov, an old acquaintance of the poet in St. Petersburg.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin also used his impressions of his visit to Crimea in the description of Onegin's Journey, which was first part of the poem Eugene Onegin as an appendix [21].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In Chisinau


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

It is only in September that he arrives in Chisinau.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The new chief was lenient towards Pushkin's service, allowing him to leave for a long time and visit friends in Kamenka (winter 1820-1821), travel to Kiev, travel with I. P. Liprandi across Moldova and visit Odessa (end of 1821).


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In Chisinau, Pushkin closely communicates with members of the Welfare Union M. F. Orlov, K. A. Okhotnikov, V. F. Raevsky [22], joins the Masonic Lodge “Ovid” [23], which he writes about in his diary [24].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

If the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila” was the result of school among the best Russian poets, Pushkin's very first “southern poem” “Prisoner of the Caucasus” (1822) put him at the head of all modern Russian literature, brought the well-deserved fame of the first poet, which invariably accompanied him until the end of the 1820s. Later, in the 1830s, he received the epithet “Russian Byron” [25].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Later, another “southern poem” “The Fountain of Bakhchisarai” (1824) was published.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The poem turned out to be fragmented, as if fraught with something unsaid, which gave it a special charm that excites a strong emotional field in the reader's perception.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

P. A. Vyazemsky wrote from Moscow about this:


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The appearance of the “Bakhchisarai Fountain” is worthy of the attention of not only poetry lovers, but also observers of our success in the mental industry, which also, without anger, be said, contributes, as well as another, to the welfare of the state.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The manuscript of Pushkin's little poem was paid three thousand rubles; it does not contain six hundred poems; so, a verse (and what else? note for stock appraisers - a small four-post verse) cost five rubles with a surplus.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The verse of Beirut, Casimir Lavigne, Walter Scott's line brings an even significant percentage, it's true!


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

But let us also recall that foreign capitalists collect interest from all educated consumers around the globe, and our capital circulates in a close and domestic circle.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Be that as it may, as much has been paid for the poems of the Bakchisarai Fountain as no Russian poems have yet been paid [26].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At the same time, the poet tries to turn to Russian antiquity, outlining plans for the poems “Mstislav” and “Vadim” (the latter idea also took a dramatic form), creates a satirical poem “Gabriiliad” (1821), the poem “Brothers Robbers” (1822; a separate edition in 1827).


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Over time, a belief matured in Pushkin (at first hopelessly tragic) that objective laws apply in the world, which a person cannot shake, no matter how brave and beautiful his thoughts are.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In this vein, the novel in verse Eugene Onegin was launched in May 1823 in Chisinau; the finale of the first chapter of the novel assumed the story of the hero's journey outside his homeland, modeled on Byron's poem Don Giovanni.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In the meantime, in July 1823, Pushkin sought transfer to Odessa to the office of Count Vorontsov.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

It was at this time that he realized himself as a professional writer, which was predetermined by the rapid reading success of his works.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The courtship of the boss's wife, and, possibly, an affair with her and inability to public service aggravated his relationship with Vorontsov.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin's four-year stay in the south is a new romantic stage in his development as a poet.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At this time, Pushkin got acquainted with the works of Byron and Chenier [6].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Fascinated by Byron's personality, by his own admission, the poet “went crazy” with him.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The first poem he created in exile was the elegy “The daylight went out...”, in the subtitle of which Pushkin noted: “Imitation of Byron”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The core and main task of his works was to reflect the emotional state of a person, reveal his inner life.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin developed the artistic form of the verse, turning to ancient Greek poetry, studying it in translations.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Having rethought the imaginative thinking of ancient poets in a romantic way, taking the best from the work of his predecessors, overcoming the cliches of the elegiac style, he created his own poetic language.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The main property of Pushkin's poetry was its expressive power and at the same time extraordinary conciseness and laconism [13].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Formed in 1818-1820 under the influence of French elegies and Zhukovsky's lyrics, the conditionally melancholic style underwent a serious transformation and merged with the new “Byronic” style.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The combination of old, complex and conventional forms with romantic colors and tension was clearly manifested in the Prisoner of the Caucasus [27].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Mikhaylovskoye


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The young poet first visited here in the summer of 1817 and, as he himself wrote in one of his autobiographies, was fascinated by “rural life, the Russian bath, strawberries, etc. — but I did not like it all for long” [28].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In 1824, the police in Moscow opened a letter from Pushkin, in which he wrote about his fascination with “atheistic teachings.”


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

This was the reason for the poet's resignation from service on July 8, 1824 [6].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

He was exiled to his mother's estate and spent two years there (until September 1826) — this is Pushkin's longest stay in Mikhailovsky.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Shortly after Pushkin arrived in Mikhailovskoye, he had a major quarrel with his father, who actually agreed to secret supervision of his own son.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At the end of autumn, all Pushkin's relatives left Mikhailovsky [6].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Contrary to the fears of friends, solitude in the village did not become disastrous for Pushkin.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Despite the difficult experiences, the first Mikhailovskaya autumn was fruitful for the poet, he read a lot, thought, and worked [6].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin often visited his neighbor on the estate of P. A. Osipov in Trigorsky and used its library [29] (Osipova's father, Freemason, ally of N. AND. Novikov, left a large collection of books).


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

From Mikhailovsky's exile until the end of his life, he had friendly relations with Osipova and members of her large family.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In Trigorsky in 1826, Pushkin met with Yazykov, whose poems had been known to him since 1824.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin completes the poems “Conversation between a bookseller and a poet”, which began in Odessa, where he formulates his professional credo, “To the Sea” is a lyrical reflection on the fate of a man of the era of Napoleon and Byron, the cruel power of historical circumstances over the person, the poem “Gypsies” (1827), continues to write a novel in verse.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In the autumn of 1824, he resumed work on his autobiographical notes, left at the very beginning in Chisinau, and considered the plot of the folk drama Boris Godunov (completed on November 7 (19), 1825, published in 1831), writes a comic poem “Count Nulin”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In total, the poet created about a hundred works in Mikhailovsky.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In 1825, he met Osipova's niece Anna Kern in Trigorsky [~ 3], to whom, as it is believed, he dedicated the poem “I remember a wonderful moment...”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

A month after the end of his exile, he returned “free to an abandoned prison” and spent about a month in Mikhailovsky.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In subsequent years, the poet periodically came here to take a break from city life and write in freedom.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In Mikhailovsky in 1827, Pushkin began the novel “The Moor of Peter the Great” [30].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In Mikhailovsky, the poet also joined the game of billiards, although he did not become an outstanding player, however, according to his friends, he wielded a cue on cloth quite professionally [31].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

During his stay in Mikhailovsky, Pushkin entered into a love relationship with serf peasant Olga Kalashnikova and, according to some researchers, had an illegitimate son Pavel from her [32] [ 33]


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

After the link


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

On the night of September 3-4, 1826, a courier from Pskov Governor B.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

A. Aderkas: Pushkin, accompanied by a courier, should come to Moscow, where Nicholas I, crowned on August 22, was at that time.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

On September 8, immediately after arrival, Pushkin was taken to the emperor for a personal audience.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Nikolai's conversation with Pushkin took place face to face [34].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Upon his return from exile, the poet was guaranteed personal highest patronage and exemption from ordinary censorship.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

It was during these years that Pushkin's work became interested in the personality of Peter the Great, the transformator tsar.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

He becomes the hero of the novel about the poet's great-grandfather, Abram Hannibal, and the new poem “Poltava”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Within the framework of one poetic work (Poltava), the poet combined several serious topics: relations between Russia and Europe, the unification of peoples, the happiness and drama of a private person against the background of historical events.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

By Pushkin's own admission, he was attracted by “strong characters and a deep, tragic shadow cast on all these horrors” [35].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Published in 1829, the poem was not understood by readers or critics.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In the draft manuscript of the article “Objections to Critics of Poltava” Pushkin wrote: The most mature of all my poetic stories, the one in which everything is almost original (and we are only fighting out of this, although it is also not the main thing) — Poltava, which Zhukovsky, Gnedich, Delvig, Vyazemsky prefer to everything I have written so far, Poltava has not been successful [36].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

By this time, a new twist had taken place in the poet's work.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

A sober historical and social analysis of reality is combined with the realization of the complexity of the explanation of the surrounding world, which often eluded the rational explanation of the surrounding world, which fills his work with a feeling anxious premonition, leads to a wide invasion of science fiction, gives rise to sorrowful, sometimes painful memories, and an intense interest in death.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At the same time, after his poem “Poltava”, the attitude towards him in criticism and among part of the readership became colder or critical [37].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In 1827, an investigation began into the poem “Andrei Chenier” (written back in Mikhailovsky in 1825), which responded to the events of December 14, 1825 [6], and in 1828 the government became the Chişinău poem “Gabriiliada” is known.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

These cases were dismissed by the highest order after Pushkin's explanations [6], but the poet was under secret police supervision.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In December 1828, Pushkin met a Moscow beauty, 16-year-old Natalia Goncharova.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

By his own admission, he fell in love with her from the first time he met her.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At the end of April 1829, Pushkin proposed to Goncharova through Fedor Tolstoy-American.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The vague answer of the girl's mother (the reason was Natalia's youth), according to Pushkin, “drove him crazy.”


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

He went to Paskevich's army, to the Caucasus, where at that time there was a war with Turkey.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

He described his trip in “Journey to Arzrum”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At the insistence of Paskevich, who did not want to take responsibility for Pushkin's life, he left the army and lived for some time in Tiflis [38].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Returning to Moscow, he received a cold welcome from the Goncharovs.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Perhaps Natalia's mother was afraid of Pushkin's reputation as a freethinker, his poverty and passion for the game [38].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At the end of 1829, Pushkin had a desire to go on a trip abroad, reflected in the poem “Let's go, I'm ready; wherever you, friends...”


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin asks to allow a trip abroad to Benckendorf, but on January 17, 1830, Nicholas I refused to travel, transferred by Benckendorf [39].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Boldino


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin feels the need for everyday changes.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In 1830, his repeated matchmaking to Natalia Nikolaevna Goncharova was accepted, and in the fall he went to the Nizhny Novgorod estate of his father Boldino to take possession of a nearby village Kistenevo, presented by her father for the wedding.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Cholera quarantines detained the poet for three months, and this time was destined to become the famous Boldinskaya autumn, the highest point of Pushkin's creativity, when an entire library poured out from under his pen works: “The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin” (“Belkin's Tales”), “The Experience of Dramatic Studies” (“Little Tragedies”), the last chapters of Eugene Onegin, “The House in Kolomna”, “History of the Village Goryukhin”, “The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda”, several sketches of critical articles and about 30 poems.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Among Boldino's works, as if deliberately different from one another in genre and tone, two cycles contrast with each other: prose and dramatic.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

These are the two poles of his work, to which the rest of the works written in the three autumn months of 1830 gravitate.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Poetic works of this period represent the whole variety of genres and cover a wide range of topics.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

One of them, “My Rosy Critic...” echoes the “History of the Village of Goryukhina” and is so far from the idealization of rural reality that it was first published only in a posthumous meeting works under a changed title (“Caprice”) [13].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Belkin's Tales was the first completed work of Pushkin's prose that has survived to us, the creation of which he has repeatedly experimented on.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In 1821, he formulated the basic law of his prose narrative: “Accuracy and brevity are the first advantages of prose. It requires thoughts and thoughts—without them, brilliant expressions do nothing.”


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

These stories are also a kind of memoirs of an ordinary man who, finding nothing significant in his life, fills his notes with a retelling of stories he heard that amazed his imagination its uniqueness.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

“Tales...” marked the completion of Pushkin's formation as a novelist, which began in 1827 with the “The Arapa of Peter the Great”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The cycle defined both the further direction of Pushkin's work — for the last six years of his life he turned mainly to prose — and everything, still undeveloped Russian artistic prose word [13] [40].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Moscow (1830—1831) and Petersburg (1831—1833)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At the same time, Pushkin took an active part in the publication of Literaturnaya Gazeta (the newspaper was published from January 1, 1830 to June 30, 1831) of his friend publisher A. A. Delvig.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Delvig, having prepared the first two issues, temporarily left St. Petersburg and entrusted the newspaper to Pushkin, who became the actual editor of the first 13 issues [41].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The conflict between Literaturnaya Gazeta and the editor of the semi-official newspaper Severnaya Pchela F. IN. Bulgarin, an agent of the Third Division, led, after the newspaper published Casimir Delavine's quatrains about the victims of the July Revolution, to the closure of the publication.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

On December 5, 1830, Pushkin returned from Boldin to Moscow [42].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

is married to Natalia Goncharova in the Moscow Church of the Great Ascension at the Nikitsky Gate.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

When exchanging rings, Pushkin's ring fell to the floor.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Then his candle went out.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

He turned pale and said, “All are bad omens!” [43].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Immediately after the wedding, the Pushkin family briefly settled in Moscow on Arbat Street, 53 (according to modern numbering; now a museum).


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The couple lived there until mid-May 1831, when, without waiting for the end of the lease, they left for the capital, as Pushkin quarreled with his mother-in-law, who interfered in his family life [44] :62.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

For the summer, Pushkin rented a summer house in Tsarskoye Selo.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Here he writes Onegin's Letter, thereby finally completing work on a novel in verse, which was his “faithful companion” for eight years of his life.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The new perception of reality that emerged in his work in the late 1820s required in-depth studies of history: it was necessary to find the origins of the fundamental issues of our time in it.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin actively replenished his personal library with domestic and foreign publications related to the history of Peter the Great's time.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

A. AND. Turgenev noted in it “treasures of talent, observations and well-read about Russia, especially Peter and Catherine, rare, the only... No one judged Russian modern history so well: it was ripe for it and knew and found out much that others did not notice” [45].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In 1831, he was allowed to work in archives.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin again entered the service as a “historiographer”, having received the highest task to write “The Story of Peter”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Cholera riots, terrible in their cruelty, and the Polish events that put Russia on the brink of war with Europe, pose to the poet a threat to Russian statehood.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Strong power in these conditions seems to him to be the key to the salvation of Russia — this idea is inspired by his poems “Before the Tomb of the Saint...”, “To the Slanderers of Russia”, “Borodino Anniversary”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The last two, written on the occasion of the capture of Warsaw, together with a poem by V. A. Zhukovsky “Old Song in a New Way” was printed with a special brochure “For the Capture of Warsaw” and caused a mixed reaction.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin, who had never been an enemy of any people, was friends with Mickiewicz, nevertheless could not accept the claims of the rebels to join Lithuania, Ukrainian and Belarusian lands to Poland [46]: 236.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

His friends reacted differently to Pushkin's response to the Polish events: Vyazemsky and A. AND. Turgenev said.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

On September 22, 1831, Vyazemsky wrote in his diary: Pushkin in his poems: The slanderers of Russia show them a shish out of pocket.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

He knows that they will not read his poems [~ 4], therefore, they will not answer questions that would be very easy to answer even for Pushkin himself.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

<... > And what kind of sacrilege is it to combine Borodino with Warsaw again?


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Russia is crying out against this lawlessness [47].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

After the publication of the poems, Chaadaev sent an enthusiastic letter to their author, and his position was shared by the exiled Decembrists [46] :232, 236.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At the same time, F. IN. Bulgarin, associated with the III department, accused the poet of adherence to liberal ideas.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Since the beginning of the 1830s, prose in Pushkin's work began to prevail over poetic genres.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Belkin's Tales (published in 1831) were not successful.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin is plotting a wide epic canvas — a novel from the era of Pugachev with a nobleman hero who defected to the rebels.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

This idea is abandoned for a while due to lack of knowledge of that era, and work begins on the novel Dubrovsky (1832—33), his hero, avenging his father, who was unjustly deprived of his family estate, becomes a robber.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The noble robber Dubrovsky is depicted in a romantic way, the rest of the characters are shown with the greatest realism [48].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Although the plot basis of the work was drawn by Pushkin from modern life, in the course of the work, the novel increasingly acquired the features of a traditional adventurous narrative with an atypical narrative in general for Russian reality by conflict.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Perhaps, anticipating insurmountable censorship difficulties with the publication of the novel, Pushkin left work on it, although the novel was close to completion.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The idea of the work about the Pugachev rebellion again attracts him, and, true to historical accuracy, he interrupts for the duration of classes on the study of the Peter the Great era, studies printed sources about Pugachev, seeks to familiarize himself with the documents on the suppression of the peasant uprising (the Pugachev Case itself, strictly classified, turns out to be inaccessible), and in 1833 he undertook a trip to the Volga and the Urals to to see firsthand the places of formidable events, to hear living legends about Pugachev.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin travels through Nizhny Novgorod, Cheboksary, Kazan and Simbirsk to Orenburg, and from there to Uralsk, along the ancient Yaik River, renamed after the peasant uprising to the Urals.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

On January 7, 1833, Pushkin was elected a member of the Russian Academy simultaneously with P. A. Katenin, M. N. Zagoskin, D. AND. Yazykov and A. AND. Malov.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In the autumn of 1833, he returned to Boldino.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Now Pushkin's Boldinskaya autumn is half as short as three years ago, but in importance it is commensurate with the Boldino autumn of 1830.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In a month and a half, Pushkin completes work on The History of Pugachev and Songs of the Western Slavs, begins work on the story “The Queen of Spades”, creates the poems “Angelo” and “The Bronze Horseman”, “The Tale of the Fisherman and Fish” and “The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Heroes”, a poem in octaves “Autumn”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Petersburg (1833—1835)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In November 1833, Pushkin returned to St. Petersburg, feeling the need to change his life abruptly and, above all, get out of the care of the court.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

On the eve of 1834, Nicholas I awarded his historiographer the younger court title of cadet chamber [49].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

According to Pushkin's friends, he was furious: this title was usually given to young people.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In his diary on January 1, 1834, Pushkin made a note: On the third day I was granted to the cadet chambers (which is quite indecent for my years).


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

But Dvor wanted N.N. [Natalia Nikolaevna] to dance in Anichkov [38].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At the same time, the publication of the Bronze Horseman was banned.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At the beginning of 1834, Pushkin completed another, prose St. Petersburg novel, The Queen of Spades, and placed it in the magazine Library for Reading, which paid Pushkin immediately and at the highest rates.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

It was started in Boldin and was intended then, apparently, for a joint with V. F. Odoevsky and N. IN. Gogol of the almanac “Troychatka”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

On June 25, 1834, titular councilor Pushkin resigned with a request to preserve the right to work in the archives necessary for the performance of the History of Peter.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The motive was family affairs and the impossibility of a permanent presence in the capital.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The petition was accepted with a refusal to use the archives, since Pushkin was formally an official at the Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs [49].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Thus, Pushkin was deprived of the opportunity to continue working.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Following Zhukovsky's advice, Pushkin withdrew the petition [38].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Later, Pushkin asked for a vacation of 3-4 years: in the summer of 1835, he wrote to his mother-in-law that he was going to go to the village with his whole family for several years.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

However, he was denied leave, in return Nicholas I offered a six-month vacation and 10,000 rubles, as it was said, “for help”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin did not accept them and asked for 30,000 rubles on condition of withholding from his salary, he was granted leave for four months.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Thus, for several years ahead, Pushkin was bound by his service in St. Petersburg [38].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

This amount did not cover even half of Pushkin's debts, with the cessation of payment of salaries, we had to rely only on literary income, which depended on readers' demand.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At the end of 1834 and early 1835, several final editions of Pushkin's works were published: the full text of Eugene Onegin (in 1825-32 the novel was published in separate chapters), collections of poems, novels, poems, but all of them were difficult to disperse.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Criticism already spoke loudly about the grinding of Pushkin's talent, about the end of his era in Russian literature.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Two autumns — 1834 (in Boldin) and 1835 (in Mikhailovsky) were less fruitful.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

For the third time, the poet came to Boldino in the fall of 1834 on the intricate business of the estate and lived there for a month, writing only “The Tale of the Golden Cockerel”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In Mikhailovsky, Pushkin continued to work on Scenes from Chivalrous Times, Egyptian Nights, and created the poem “I Visited Again”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The general public, lamenting the fall of Pushkin's talent, did not know that his best works were not allowed to be published, that in those years there was constant, hard work on extensive plans: “The Story of Peter”, a novel about Pugachev.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Fundamental changes are ripe for the poet's work.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin, a lyricist during these years, became mainly a “poet for himself”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

He is now persistently experimenting with prose genres that do not satisfy him at all, remain in his plans, sketches, drafts, and is looking for new forms of literature.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Sovremennik


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

According to S. A. Sobolevsky: The idea of a large time-based publication that would concern as much as possible all the most important aspects of Russian life, the desire to directly serve the Fatherland with his pen, occupied Pushkin almost continuously in the last ten years of his short-term career... Circumstances prevented him, and only in 1836 he managed to obtain the right to publish Sovremennik, but already in size very limited and close [50].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Since the closure of Literaturnaya Gazeta, he has been seeking the right to his own periodical.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The ideas of the newspaper (“Dnevnik”), various almanacs and collections, “Northern Spectator”, which was supposed to be edited by V. F. Odoevsky.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Together with him, Pushkin in 1835 intended to publish “A Modern Chronicler of Politics, Sciences and Literature”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In 1836, he received permission for a year to publish an almanac.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin also counted on income that would help him pay off the most urgent debts.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Founded in 1836, the magazine was named Sovremennik.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

It published works by Pushkin himself, as well as N. IN. Gogol, A. AND. Turgenev, V. A. Zhukovsky, P. A. Vyazemsky.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Nevertheless, the magazine did not have reader success: the Russian public still had to go to a new type of serious periodical devoted to topical problems interpreted by hints if necessary get used to it.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The magazine had only 600 subscribers, which made it ruinous for the publisher, as it did not cover printing costs or employee fees.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin more than half fills the last two volumes of Sovremennik with his works, mostly anonymous.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In the fourth volume of Sovremennik, the novel “The Captain's Daughter” was finally published.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin could publish it as a separate book, then the novel could bring income, so necessary for him.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

However, he still decided to publish The Captain's Daughter in a magazine and could no longer count on being published as a separate book at the same time, which was impossible at that time.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Probably, the novel was placed in Sovremennik under the influence of Kraevsky and the publisher of the magazine, who feared its collapse.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

“The Captain's Daughter” was favorably received by readers, but Pushkin did not have time to see the reviews of enthusiastic critics about his latest novel in print.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Despite the financial failure, Pushkin was busy publishing until the last day, “hoping, contrary to fate, to find and educate his reader” [51].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In the spring of 1836, Nadezhda Osipovna died after a serious illness.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin, who became close to his mother in the last days of her life, endured this loss hard.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The circumstances were such that he, the only one of the whole family, accompanied the body of Nadezhda Osipovna to the burial site in the Holy Mountains.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

This was his last visit to Mikhailovskoye.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In early May, Pushkin came to Moscow to work in publishing and to work in archives.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

He hoped for the cooperation of the authors of the Moscow Observer in Sovremennik.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

However, Baratynsky, Pogodin, Khomyakov, Shevyrev were in no hurry to answer, without directly refusing.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In addition, Pushkin expected that Belinsky, who was in conflict with Pogodin, would write for the magazine.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

After visiting the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he was convinced that it would take several months to work with documents from the Peter the Great era.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At the insistence of his wife, who was waiting from day to day of delivery, Pushkin returns to St. Petersburg at the end of May.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

According to the memoirs of the French publisher and diplomat Love-Weimar, who visited Pushkin in the summer of 1836, he was fascinated by The Story of Peter, shared with the guest the results of his archival searches and fears, as readers will perceive the book, where the king will be shown “as he was in the first years of his reign, when he furiously sacrificed everything for his goal.”


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Having learned that Love-Weimar was interested in Russian folk songs, Pushkin translated eleven songs into French for him.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

According to experts who studied this work by Pushkin, it was done flawlessly [52].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In the summer of 1836, Pushkin created his last poetic cycle, called Kamennoostrovsky after his place of writing (dacha on Kamenny Island).


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The exact composition of the poem cycle is unknown.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Perhaps they were intended for publication in Sovremennik, but Pushkin abandoned it, anticipating problems with censorship.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Three works that undoubtedly belong to the cycle are connected by a gospel theme.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The cross-cutting plot of the poems “Desert Fathers and Wives Are Immaculate”, “How I Fell Off the Tree...” and “Worldly Power” is Holy Week of Great Lent [53].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Another poem in the series, “From Pindemonti”, is devoid of Christian symbolism, but continues the poet's reflections on the duties of a person living in peace with himself and others, betrayal, and the right to physical and spiritual freedom.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

According to V. P. Stark: “This poem formulates Pushkin's ideal poetic and human credo, suffered all his life” [52].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The cycle probably also included “When I wander thoughtfully outside the city”, the quatrain “I run in vain to the Gate of Zion” and, finally, (some researchers dispute this assumption) “Monument” ( I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...”) — as the beginning or, according to other versions, the finale — Pushkin's poetic testament.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Doom


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Endless negotiations with his son-in-law about the division of the estate after the death of his mother, taking care of publishing affairs, debts, and, most importantly, the deliberately obvious courtship of Cavalier Guard Dantes for his wife, which led to him gossip in secular society caused Pushkin's oppressed state in the fall of 1836.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

On November 3, an anonymous libel was sent to his friends [~ 5] with offensive hints against Natalia Nikolaevna.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin, who learned about the letters the next day, was sure that they were the work of Dantes and his adoptive father Heckern.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

On the evening of November 4, he challenged Dantes to a duel.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Heckern (after two meetings with Pushkin) achieved a postponement of the duel for two weeks.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Through the efforts of the poet's friends, and, above all, Zhukovsky and aunt Natalia Nikolaevna E.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Zagryazhskaya, the duel was prevented.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

On November 17, Dantes proposed to Natalia Nikolaevna's sister Ekaterina Goncharova.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

On the same day, Pushkin sent his second V. A. Sollogub a letter refusing to duel [38].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The marriage did not resolve the conflict.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Dantes, meeting Natalia Nikolaevna in the world, pursued her.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Rumors spread that Dantes married Pushkin's sister to save the reputation of Natalia Nikolaevna.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

According to K. K. Danzas, his wife offered Pushkin to leave Petersburg for a while, but he, “having lost all patience, decided to end differently” [38].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin sent Louis Heckern a “highly offensive letter” [38].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The only answer to it could be a challenge to a duel, and Pushkin knew it.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The formal challenge to the duel from Heckern, approved by Dantes, was received by Pushkin on the same day through the attaché of the French embassy Viscount d'Arciac.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Since Heckern was an ambassador of a foreign country, he could not fight in a duel, which would mean the immediate collapse of his career.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The duel with Dantes took place on January 27 on Black River.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin was wounded: the bullet interrupted the neck of the thigh and penetrated into the stomach.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At that time, the wound was fatal.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin learned about this from life physician Arendt, who, yielding to his insistence, did not hide the true state of affairs.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Before his death, Pushkin, putting his affairs in order, exchanged notes with Emperor Nicholas I.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The notes were handed over by two people:


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

IN. A. Zhukovsky is a poet, at that time a full-time mentor of the heir to the throne, the future Emperor Alexander II [54].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

N. F. Arendt is a life physician of Emperor Nicholas I, a physician of Pushkin.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

... waiting for the king's word to die peacefully...


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

If God does not tell us to see each other in this world, I send you my forgiveness and my last advice to die a Christian.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Don't worry about my wife and kids, I'm taking them into my hands.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Nikolai saw Pushkin as a dangerous “leader of freethinkers” (in this regard, measures were taken to ensure that the funeral service and funeral were held as modestly as possible) and later assured that “we forcibly brought him to Christian death” [55], which was not true: even before receiving the royal note, the poet, having learned from doctors that his wound was fatal, sent for the priest to receive communion.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

, on Friday, at 14:45, Pushkin died of peritonitis.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Nicholas I fulfilled the promises made to the poet.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

1. Pay off debts.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

2. Clear the father's mortgaged estate of debt.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

3. The widow has a pension and a daughter by marriage.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

4. Sons in pages and 1500 rubles for the upbringing of each upon entry into service.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

5. The essays should be published on the public account in favor of the widow and children.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

6. 10,000 rubles at a time.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At the request of his wife, Pushkin was put in a coffin not in a cadet uniform, but in a tailcoat [52].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The funeral service, scheduled at the Admiralty Church, which was then called St. Isaac's Cathedral, after one of the side chapels [56] [57], was moved to the Stables Church.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The ceremony took place with a large gathering of people, and was allowed to enter the church by invitation.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Immediately, as usual, there were ridiculous orders.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The people were deceived: they said that Pushkin would be buried in St. Isaac's Cathedral — this was also meant on the tickets, but meanwhile, the body was taken out of the apartment at night, secretly, and placed in the Stables Church.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The university has received a strict order that professors do not leave their departments and students would attend lectures.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

I could not resist expressing my regret to the trustee.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Russians cannot mourn their fellow citizen who has honored them with his existence!


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

After that, the coffin was lowered into the basement, where it stayed until February 3, before departure to Pskov.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin's body was accompanied by A. AND. Turgenev said.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In a letter to Pskov Governor A. N. Peshchurov, State Secretary of the III Branch A. N. Mordvinov, on behalf of Benckendorf and the emperor, pointed out the need to prohibit “any special expression, any meeting, in a word, any ceremony, except for what is usually in our opinion the church rite is performed at the burial of the body of a nobleman” [58] [52].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Alexander Pushkin was buried on the territory of the Pskov province.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In August 1841, by order of N. N. Pushkin, a tombstone by sculptor Alexander Permagorov (1786—1854) was installed on the grave [59].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin's descendants


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Of Pushkin's four children, only two left offspring — Alexander and Natalia.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The poet's descendants now live all over the globe: in the USA, England, Germany, Belgium.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

About fifty of them live in Russia, including Tatyana Ivanovna Lukash, whose great-grandmother (Pushkin's granddaughter) was married to Gogol's grandnephew.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Tatiana now lives in Klin [60].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Alexander Alexandrovich Pushkin is the last direct male descendant of the poet, lives in Belgium [61]


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Appearance


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Those who knew Pushkin noted his small stature.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Contemporaries have different opinions about Pushkin's appearance.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Those who knew the poet noted his short stature, according to his brother: “Pushkin was stupid with himself, but his face was expressive and animate; he was small in height” [62].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

His height is known for sure (it was measured by the artist Grigory Chernetsov on April 15, 1832 and amounted to 2 arshins and 5 and a half tops, that is, 166.7 cm) [63].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Vyazemsky noted that when he was in the world, Pushkin did not like to stand near his wife (Natalia Nikolaevna was 173 cm tall) [64] and “jokingly said that it was humiliating for him to be beside her: he was so small in comparison with her height” [65].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

M. P. Pogodin recalled his first meeting with Pushkin: “The majestic priest of high art we expected was of medium height, almost a short man...” [66].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

To a greater extent, reviews about Pushkin's appearance depend on the attitude towards him.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In the generally accepted sense, no one called Pushkin beautiful, but many noted that his facial features became beautiful when they reflected his spirituality.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

M. IN. Yuzefovich paid special attention to Pushkin's eyes, “which seemed to reflect everything beautiful in nature” [38].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

L. P. Nikolskaya, who met Pushkin in 1833 at a dinner with the Nizhny Novgorod governor, describes him as follows: “His slightly swarthy face was original, but ugly: a large open forehead, a long nose, thick lips are generally wrong features. But what was great about him was his dark gray eyes with a bluish tint — big, clear. It is impossible to convey the expression of these eyes: something burning, and at the same time caressing, pleasant. I have never seen a face more expressive: smart, kind, energetic. <... > He says well: oh, how much intelligence and life there was in his unartificial speech! And how funny, kind, lovely he is! This ugly man could like...” [38]


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin's creativity


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin's literary reputation and cultural role


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin has a reputation as a great or greatest Russian poet, in particular, as he is called by the Krugosvet Encyclopedia [2], the Russian Biographical Dictionary and the Literary Encyclopedia.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In philology, Pushkin is considered as the creator of the modern Russian literary language (see, for example, the works of V. IN. Vinogradov), and “Brief Literary Encyclopedia” (author of the article by S. S. Averintsev) speaks about the standard of his works, like Dante's works in Italy or Goethe in Germany.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

D. S. Likhachev wrote about Pushkin as “our greatest national treasure” [67].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Even during his lifetime, the poet began to be called a genius, including in print [3].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Since the second half of the 1820s, he began to be considered the “first Russian poet” (not only among his contemporaries, but also among Russian poets of all time), and a real cult has developed around his personality among readers [68 ].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

On the other hand, in the 1830s (after his poem Poltava), there was a certain cooling of part of the reading audience to Pushkin [37].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In the article “A Few Words about Pushkin” (1830s) by N. IN. Gogol wrote that “Pushkin is an extraordinary phenomenon and, perhaps, the only phenomenon of the Russian spirit: he is a Russian person in his development, in which he may appear in two hundred years” [67].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Critic and Western philosopher V. G. Belinsky called him “the first poet-artist of Russia” [69].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

F. M. Dostoevsky noted that “in Onegin, in this immortal and unattainable poem of his own, Pushkin was a great people's writer, like no one before him” and spoke about “his universality and all-humanity genius” [67].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The most capacious description was proposed by Apollon Grigoriev (1859):


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

“And Pushkin is our everything” [70].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The study of Pushkin


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The understanding of Pushkin in Russian culture is divided into two areas — artistic and philosophical, essayistic, founded by Nikolai Gogol and Apollon Grigoriev (in this row there are many Russians writers, including Fedor Dostoevsky, Marina Tsvetaeva and Alexander Solzhenitsyn, and philosophers), and scientific historical and biographical, laid down by Pavel Annenkov and Peter Bartenev.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The heyday of scientific Pushkin studies in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century is associated with the creation of the Pushkin House in 1905, the Pushkin Seminary in 1908, and the appearance of serial publications about Pushkin.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In Soviet times, under the conditions of restrictions on the study of Pushkin's ideology, Pushkin's textology and studies of his style were greatly developed.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

A number of important achievements are associated with Pushkin studies abroad (Poland, France, the USA, etc.), including in Russian emigration.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Denying the Meaning of Pushkin's Work and Criticism of His Cult


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Dmitry Pisarev, a publicist of the “sixties” and literary critic, denied the importance of Pushkin's work for modernity: “Pushkin uses his artistic virtuosity as a means to devote everything reading Russia into the sad secrets of its inner emptiness, its spiritual poverty and its mental impotence” [71].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Many nihilists of the 1860s, such as Maxim Antonovich and Vartholomew Zaitsev, stood in the same position.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

IN. Mayakovsky, D. Burlyuk, V. Khlebnikov A. Kruchenykh, B.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Livshits was called for “throwing Pushkin [along with a number of other classics] from the steamer of our time” in the Futurists manifesto of 1912 “A Slap in the Face to Public Taste” [72].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Further, the manifesto said: “Whoever does not forget his first love will not know the last” (paraphrase of Tyutchev's words to Pushkin's death: “Your heart will not forget you, like the first love, Russia's heart will not forget”).


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

At the same time, Innokenty Annensky, Anna Akhmatova, Marina Tsvetaeva, Alexander Blok gave the highest appreciation to Pushkin's work.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

According to journalist Solomon Volkov, since 1937, the official ideology in the USSR imposed the “cult of Pushkin” [73].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Artworks


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Poems


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Ruslan and Lyudmila (1817—1820)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Prisoner of the Caucasus (1820—1821)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Gabriiliad (1821)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Vadim (1821—1822)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Rogue Brothers (1821—1822)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The Fountain of Bakhchisarai (1821—1823)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Gypsies (1824)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Count Nulin (1825),


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Poltava (1828—1829)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Tazit (1829—1830)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Cottage in Kolomna (1830)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Yezersky (1832)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Angelo (1833)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The Bronze Horseman (1833)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Novel in verse


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Eugene Onegin (1823-1832)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Dramatic works


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Boris Godunov (1825)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The Miserly Knight (1830)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Mozart and Salieri (1830)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The Stone Guest (1830)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

A Feast During the Plague (1830)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The Mermaid (1829—1832)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Poems


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Prose


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Peter the Great's Arap (1827)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Novel in letters (1829)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Novels by the late Ivan Petrovich Belkin (1830)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Shot


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Blizzard


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The Undertaker


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Station Warden


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Young Peasant Woman


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

History of Goryukhina Village (1830)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Roslavlev (1831)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Dubrovsky (1833)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The Queen of Spades (1834)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

History of Pugachev (1834)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Kirdzhali (1834)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Egyptian Nights (1835)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Journey to Arzrum during the campaign of 1829 (1835)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The Captain's Daughter (1836)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Tales


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The groom (1825)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda (1830)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The Tale of the Bear (1830—1831)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The Tale of Tsar Saltan, His Son, the Glorious and Mighty Hero Prince Guidon Saltanovich, and the Beautiful Swan Princess (1831)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish (1833)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The Tale of the Dead Princess and Seven Heroes (1833)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The Tale of the Golden Cockerel (1834)


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Collections of works


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The first posthumous edition of Pushkin's works (1838) in eight volumes, published in favor of his heirs, included only those works that were published during his lifetime.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The publication was published “under the special supervision of the Minister of Public Education”, who was in charge of censorship [74].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

According to the response of S. A. Sobolevsky, it came out “bad by the mercy of Atreshkov” [~ 6] [75].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Numerous typos, amendments, omissions, distortions of Pushkin's texts were made, and the publication was not complete even in the declared volume.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Three additional volumes (9—11) were published in 1841.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

By early 1846, this collection of works had sold out almost everything.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The new collection of works was conceived only as a repetition of the 1838-1841 edition.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

However, these plans did not materialize.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In the winter of 1849-1850, the poet's widow, by that time married Lansky, asked Pavel Annenkov for advice on a new publication.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Annenkov, who received at his disposal all Pushkin's manuscripts kept by Lanskaya, at first did not dare to take on such a serious matter.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Brothers Ivan [~ 7] and Fedor, who had read the papers, persuaded him.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

On May 21, 1851, Lanskaya, under the agreement, handed over to I. IN. Annenkov the right to publish.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Brothers P. Annenkov was insisted that he take matters into his own hands.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

P. Annenkov also came to the decision to write a biography of the poet [76] [77].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

N. Dobrolyubov responded to the appearance of Pushkin's collection of works in 1855—1857: “The Russians <... > have long been fervently wanting a new edition of his works worthy of his memory, and met the enterprise Annenkov with admiration and gratitude” [78].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Despite all the censorship obstacles, Annenkov carried out the first critically prepared collection of Pushkin's works [77].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Annenkov's publication with additions and changes was repeated twice by G. N. Gennadi (1859—1860, 1869—1871) [79].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

After 1887, when the rights to Pushkin's works expired for his heirs, various available publications appeared, which, however, did not have important scientific significance [79].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The most complete of those published at the beginning of the 20th century was Pushkin's collection of works (1903—1906) edited by P. O. Morozova [79].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The publication of the Complete Academic Collection of Pushkin's Works in 16 volumes was timed to coincide with the centenary (1937) of the poet's death, however, for objective reasons, work on it lasted for many years.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

This publication combined the work of all the most prominent Pushkin scientists of that time.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The collection of works in 16 volumes to the present day remains the most complete set of Pushkin's works, and in scientific literature, it is customary to refer to him when quoting Pushkin's texts.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In terms of textual research, the collection became a reference point for other academic publications of Russian writers [80].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Nevertheless, this “Full” edition does not include volumes with drawings by Pushkin and texts that made up the collection “By Pushkin's Hand”.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

For censorship reasons, the ballad “Shadow of Barkov” was not published [81].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Detailed comments on Pushkin's texts, which, according to the authorities, delayed the entire publication, were omitted, which is one of the most important drawbacks of the sixteen-volume book [82] [83].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Letter editions


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In 1926 and 1928, two volumes of Pushkin's letters (1815—1830) were published, carried out by B.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

L. Modzalevsky.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The third volume (1935, letters of 1831—1833) was prepared for publication by his son after Modzalevsky's death.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The undoubted value of the three-volume letters lies in the preservation of Pushkin's spelling and punctuation.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

An extensive commentary on the letters is a full-fledged encyclopedia of Pushkin's life and work and Pushkin's era in general.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The disadvantages of this publication include the exclusion of profanity from the texts of letters.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

The 1969 edition of A. S. Pushkin. Letters of recent years” (N. IN. Izmailova) does not reproduce author's spelling and punctuation.


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

So far, the only edition of Pushkin's letters that does not contain banknotes is “Correspondence” in three volumes edited by V. AND. Saitova (Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1906—1911).


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

“Correspondence” was published in a small number of copies and was distributed exclusively to members of the Academy [84].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

In 2013, Slovo Publishing House reprinted Correspondence [85].


Question: When A. S. Pushkin?

Aleksandr Pushkin

Pushkin's political views