Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

German troops that entered the territory of Ukraine on February 18 (the Austro-Hungarian army launched an offensive a week later) gradually advanced in the eastern and southern directions, without meeting significant resistance from front-line units of the former Russian army or Soviet troops.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The territory of Yekaterinoslav province was transferred to the control of the Austro-Hungarian occupation administration [8].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

With the approach of the occupation troops to the Gulyaypole district in mid-April, the weakness of the anarchist partisan detachments became obvious.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The Makhno Black Guard detachment, unable to provide serious resistance to regular units, retreated, like other detachments of Ukrainian anarchists, to Russian territory, to Taganrog, where the Makhno detachment and has ceased to exist [5].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Having decided to familiarize himself with the activities of Russian anarchists, Makhno visited Rostov-on-Don, Saratov, Tambov and Moscow.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In Moscow, he met with local anarchist leaders P. A. Arshinov, A. A. Borov, and I. S. Grossman, P. A. Kropotkin, L. Cherny (Turchaninov), as well as the leaders of the Soviet government V. AND. Lenin, Ya.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

M. Sverdlov, L. D. Trotsky, G. E.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Zinoviev [7].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Yakov Sverdlov organized a meeting with Vladimir Lenin to discuss “the place and role of anarchists in the revolution.”


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

According to Makhno himself, who called himself a “Bakunin-Kropotkin anarchist communist”, he wanted to know the intentions of the Bolshevik authorities from primary sources [5].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

A few days after the meeting with Lenin, Makhno addressed his Gulyaypole like-minded people with a letter, the main idea of which was as follows: “By joint efforts, we will deal with the destruction of the slave in order to enter ourselves and put our other brothers on the path of the new system. We will organize it on the basis of a free public, the content of which will allow the entire population who does not exploit someone else's labor freely and independently of the state and its officials, to build your entire social and social life completely independently at home, in your environment... Long live our peasant and workers' association! Long live our auxiliary forces — the selfless labor intelligentsia! Long live the Ukrainian Social Revolution! Your Nestor Ivanovich” [5].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In June, Makhno participated in the Moscow Conference of Anarchists, which developed tactics of struggle against the power of Hetman Skoropadsky and Austro-German troops in Ukraine.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Realizing that in Soviet Russia anarchists do not have the opportunity to significantly influence the course of revolutionary events, Makhno decided to return to Ukraine, where such an opportunity existed.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

By this time, dozens of scattered peasant detachments were already operating on the territory of Ukraine.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Soviet Russia, bound by the terms of the Brest Treaty, helped the rebel movement with weapons, food, and money [5].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In agreement with the All-Ukrainian Bureau for the Management of the Insurgency Movement and implementing the decision of the Taganrog Conference of Anarchists, on June 29, Makhno, with the assistance of the Russian Bolsheviks, left Moscow for organization of armed struggle against German-Austrian and hetman troops in Ukraine.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On July 21, with a passport in the name of I. ME.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Shepel Makhno arrived in Kharkov, and later joined the partisan detachment that already existed in the Gulyaypole area with his group.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

After the first successful combat operation against the German punishers, Makhno was elected commander of the detachment.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

To purchase weapons, Makhno carried out a number of expropriations in banks in the Yekaterinoslav province, and later obtained weapons, horses, etc., attacking landlord estates and detachments of occupation troops.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Courage, experience, organizational talent and conviction in the correctness of his cause made Makhno a real leader of the rebel movement and attracted new fighters to him [9].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Until autumn, Makhnovists operated mainly within the Aleksandrovsky district, attacking the Austrian detachments and the “Varta” of Hetman Skoropadsky.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In September-October 1918, under the command of Batka Makhno, several partisan detachments united, led by Gulyaypole anarchists Viktor Belash, V. Kirilenko, Fedosy Shchus and others.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

By this time, Makhno actually led the rebel movement not only in the Gulyaypole district, but also in the entire Yekaterinoslav province.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The peasants of Yekaterinoslav and Northern Tavria provided all possible assistance to the rebels, fed, supplied weapons, horses for cavalry, were engaged in reconnaissance and entire villages merged into the Makhno squads.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

By November, Makhno's detachments numbered up to 6 thousand people.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The growth of Makhno's popularity was facilitated by acts of expropriation and distribution of property and products taken from the “bourgeoisie” to the population [9].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The November 1918 revolution in Germany led to its defeat in World War I.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

By this time, the troops of Hetman Skoropadsky were demoralized and did not want to fight, and the command of the occupation troops sought to withdraw their units from Ukraine as soon as possible.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Soviet Russia declared the Brest-Litovsk Treaty annulled.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In mid-November, Ukrainian bourgeois-nationalist parties formed their own government, the Directory, which began an armed struggle for power in Ukraine.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On November 28, a group of members of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Ukraine proclaimed the Provisional Workers and Peasants Government of Ukraine, which announced the restoration of Soviet power on Ukraine.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In the current situation of “Ukrainian dual power”, Makhno tried to preserve his independence.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

To the proposal of the Directory on joint actions of Petliurites and partisan detachments against the Red Army, Makhno replied: “Petliurivshchina is an adventure that distracts the attention of the masses from the revolution” [9].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On November 27, Makhno occupied Gulyaypole, declared it under siege, formed and headed the Gulyaypole Revolutionary Headquarters.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In relation to the Soviet power, Makhno took a wait-and-see attitude these days.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

However, after the Directory and Petliurov units intensified hostilities, threatening Makhno, they began to disperse the revolutionary working detachments, eliminate the created Soviets and deal with Bolsheviks and sympathizers, Makhno accepted the proposal of the Yekaterinoslav Committee of the Communist Party (b) U on joint armed actions against the Petliurites [9].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On December 26, armed detachments of the Yekaterinoslav Provincial Committee of the Bolshevik Party and the Gubrevkom, together with the Makhno detachments, knocked out the Petliurites from Yekaterinoslav.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

As a result of this operation, the seven-thousandth Petliurov garrison was defeated.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's detachments were entrusted with the task of defending the Yekaterinoslav fortified area and restoring normal life in the city.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was included in the Military Revolutionary Committee and appointed commander of the Soviet Revolutionary Workers and Peasants' Army of the Yekaterinoslavsky District.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was ordered to strengthen the front, but he primarily cared about providing his army with weapons and ammunition.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Taking advantage of the carelessness of the rebel command, the Petliurites in two or three days launched a counteroffensive with large forces and knocked out the Makhnovists from the city.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Batka, having actually surrendered Yekaterinoslav without a fight, returned to his “capital” Gulyaypole.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Meanwhile, Petliurites brutally dealt with the participants of the Yekaterinoslav uprising.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The rebels also suffered considerable losses.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

From Makhno's army, a cavalry detachment of 100 sabers and 400 infantrymen participated in the campaign.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Only about two hundred people returned to Gulyaypole [9].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In January-February 1919, in the Gulyaypole area, Makhno fought against armed formations of German colonists that arose in 1918 with the assistance of the Austro-German occupiers; prevented events on the Bolsheviks to conduct a surplus assessment; called on peasants to voluntarily implement the idea of “equalizing land use on the basis of their own labor.”


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On February 12-16, 1919, at the 2nd District Congress of Soviets of the Gulyaypolsky District, Makhno said:


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

If comrades Bolsheviks go from Great Russia to Ukraine to help us in the difficult struggle against the counter-revolution, we must tell them: “Welcome, dear friends!”


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

If they come here to monopolize Ukraine, we'll tell them, “Hands off!” [10].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's first alliance with the Reds


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In the face of the threat of an offensive by General AND. Denikin to Donbass, the successful offensive of the Red Army (Ukrainian Front) in Ukraine and the beginning of the creation of regular units of the armed forces of the Ukrainian SSR, in mid-February 1919, the Makhnovists concluded military agreement with the command of the Red Army, according to which their rebel army numbering up to 50 thousand people, while maintaining internal autonomy, became part of


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

1st Zadneprovsky Ukrainian Soviet Division of the Ukrainian Front, making up its 3rd Zadneprovsky Brigade.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The brigade under the command of brigade commander Makhno N. I. was under the operational subordination of the command of the Southern Front and fought against Denikin troops on the right flank of the front on the Mariupol-Volnovakha line [11].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

For the raid on Mariupol on March 27, 1919, which slowed down the White offensive on Moscow, brigade commander Makhno, according to some reports, was awarded the Order of the Red Banner numbered 4.* on April 10, 1919 on the 3rd district congress of Soviets of the Gulyaypole district was elected honorary chairman; in his speech he said that the Soviet government had changed the “October principles”, and the Communist Party legalized the power and” protected itself with emergencies.”


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Together with Shchus, Kogan and Mavroda, Makhno signed a resolution of the congress, which expressed disapproval of the decisions of the 3rd All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets (March 6-10, 1919, Kharkov) on the nationalization of land, protest against the Cheka and the policy of the Bolsheviks, the demand for the removal of all persons appointed by the Bolsheviks from military and civilian posts.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Later, at a meeting with Antonov-Ovseenko, he refused his signature.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhnovists demanded the “socialization” of land, factories and factories; changes in food policy; freedom of speech, press and assembly to all “left-wing parties and groups”; personal inviolability; rejection of dictatorship of the RCP (b); freedom of elections to the Councils of Working Peasants and Workers [12].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On April 15, the formation of the 2nd Ukrainian Soviet Army from units of the Group of Forces of the Kharkov direction was completed


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Management of the 1st Zadneprovsky Ukrainian Soviet Division, the 2nd Separate Brigade, the 3rd Zadneprovsky Brigade, the Crimean Brigade were reduced to 2 regular divisions: the 3rd Ukrainian Soviet Division (former Management and the 1st Zadniprovsky Brigade of the 1st Zadneprovsky Ukrainian Soviet Division and other units) and the 7th Ukrainian Soviet Division (former 3rd Zadneprovsky Brigade of the 1st Zadneprovsky Ukrainian Soviet division and other units) [13].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Since April 15, 1919, on the Southern Front, Makhno commanded an insurgent brigade, which was part of the 3rd Ukrainian Soviet Army.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

After the beginning of Grigoriev's rebellion on May 7, 1919, Makhno took a wait-and-see attitude, then decided to remain on the side of the Ukrainian Soviet government of Rakovsky.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In May 1919, at a meeting of commanders of rebel detachments in Mariupol, Makhno supported the initiative to create a separate rebel army.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

1919-1920 years


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Break with the reds


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In May 1919, the Makhno brigade, without receiving ammunition and equipment from the command of the Red Army, in battles with units of the Caucasian Division (under the command of General A. G. Shkuro) suffered heavy losses.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

White broke through the front, occupied Donbass.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On June 6, by order of the chairman of the PBC Lev Trotsky, Makhno was outlawed “for the collapse of the front and disobedience to the command.”


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On June 8, Krusser A. S. (He died on the night of June 10 near the Pologi station of the Taurida province, where his armored train came under machine-gun fire).


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On June 9, Makhno decided to break the agreement with the Soviet government and sent a telegram to Lenin [6], as well as Kamenev, Zinoviev, Trotsky, Voroshilov, Rakovsky, in which he announced his devotion to the revolutionary cause and explained the decision to break with the Red Army by constant attacks on it by “representatives of the central government” and the “press of the communist Bolsheviks”.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

At the same time, in a telegram, Makhno asked to release him from the command of the division (in June, an order was issued to reorganize the Makhnovists rebel brigade into a regular rifle division) “in view of the unbearably ridiculous situation” [11].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

After breaking up with the Bolsheviks, Makhno with the remnants of his detachment retreated to the Kherson province and, together with Grigoriev, continued armed resistance to Denikin's troops, while taking small rebel detachments and large units and formations of the Red Army encirclement, forming combat-ready units and formations of the 40,000 rebel army.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In mid-July 1919, Makhno headed the Revolutionary Military Council of the United Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (RPAU), and after the murder of Grigoriev, who did not want to conduct active hostilities against the troops Denikina, became its commander-in-chief.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

With the beginning of the offensive of white troops on Moscow in the summer of 1919, Makhno began a large-scale guerrilla war in the rear of the whites and again called on the peasant rebels to an alliance with the Reds:


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Our main enemy, fellow peasants, is Denikin.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Communists are revolutionaries after all... We will be able to pay them off later.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Now everything should be directed against Denikin.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Battle near Peregonovka and raid on the rear of white


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Crowded by regular units of whites, Makhno led his partisan detachments to the west and by early September approached Uman, where he was completely surrounded: Petliurites from the north and west, and whites from the south and east.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In Denikin's memoirs we read:


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno entered into negotiations with the Petliurov headquarters, and the parties concluded an agreement: mutual neutrality, the transfer of the wounded Makhnovists to the care of Petliura and the supply of Makhno with ammunition.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

To get out of the encirclement, Makhno decided to take a bold step: on September 12, he suddenly raised his detachments and, having defeated and thrown back two regiments of General Slashchev, moved east, back to the Dnieper.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

This movement was carried out on replaceable carts and horses with extraordinary speed: on the 13th - Uman, on the 22nd - the Dnieper, where, having knocked down our weak units, hastily abandoned to cover the crossings, Makhno crossed The Kichkassky Bridge, and on the 24th it appeared in Gulyaypole, having covered about 600 versts in 11 days.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On the same events, one of Makhno's closest assistants, P. Arshinov wrote in his “Memoirs” as follows:


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Meanwhile, late at night, all units of the Makhnovists, standing in several villages, withdrew and moved east - to the enemy, located in the main forces near the village of Peregonovka, occupied by the Makhnovists.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In the night battle that followed, White was defeated, and Makhno himself personally led the cavalry to attack.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Having broken through the encirclement ring near Peregonovka, Makhno's detachments raided the entire Azov Sea, capturing large cities and important strategic facilities.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

As Denikin further writes:


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

... as a result, in early October, the rebels were in the hands of Melitopol, Berdyansk, where they blew up artillery depots, and Mariupol - 100 versts from Stavka (Taganrog).


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The rebels approached Sinelnikovo and threatened Volnovakha, our artillery base... Random units — local garrisons, reserve battalions, State Guard units, initially exhibited against Makhno, were easily defeated by his large gangs.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The situation became formidable and required exceptional measures.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

To suppress the uprising, it was necessary, despite the serious situation of the front, to withdraw units from it and use all reserves.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

... This uprising, which took on such a wide scale, upset our rear and weakened the front at the most difficult time for it.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Thus, Makhno's guerrilla actions to destroy the rear of the white army had a significant impact on the course of the war and helped the Reds repel Denikin's offensive on Moscow.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Peasant republic


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On September 1, 1919, Makhno proclaimed the creation of the “Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (Makhnovists)”.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On September 15, 1919, Makhnovists once again occupied Yekaterinoslav.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On October 20, 1919, at a meeting of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Army and the Congress of Peasants, Workers and Rebels in Aleksandrovsk, Makhno put forward a program of action reduced to the creation of an independent peasant republics in the rear of Denikin troops (centered in Yekaterinoslav).


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's program provided for the abolition of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the leading role of the Communist Party and the development of self-government on the basis of non-partisan “free Soviets”, revolution” to overthrow the Bolsheviks and establish people's power, eliminate the exploitation of the peasantry, protect the village from hunger and the policy of military communism, transfer land for free use peasant masses (at the same time, contrary to the stereotype, Makhnovists, as well as peasants of Russia and Ukraine in general, opposed any ownership of land, believed that the person who cultivates it should have land and is periodically redistributed “by consumers”) [11].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Thus, in the autumn of 1919, in the conditions of the collapse and retreat of whites, a kind of autonomous anarchic quasi-republic of Makhno was born in the great bend of the Dnieper.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The advancing Red rebels met in a friendly way and often went over to their side (which is natural given that among the Makhnovists there were many former Red Army soldiers who joined the “father” in time of the summer retreat of the Red Army).


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

However, after the conflict with the shooting of communist commander Polonsky by Makhnovists in December 1919, relations deteriorated.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On January 9, 1920, the All-Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee declared Makhno and his group outlawed as “deserters and traitors”.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In the context of the collapse of the RPAU and the typhoid epidemic, he ordered the temporary dissolution of the army.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In the spring of 1920, it was restored and raids on southern Ukraine resumed.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Wanting to attract peasants to its side, the government of General Wrangel in the summer of 1920 offered Makhno an alliance against the Bolsheviks, promising to carry out a broad land reform in case of victory.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

However, Makhno refused the offer.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Wrangel's envoy was publicly executed in Gulyaypole.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Again with the Reds against Wrangel


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Wanting to use combat-ready units of the rebels against Wrangel, in the fall of 1920, the Bolshevik government again offered Makhno a military alliance.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On October 2, 1920, Makhno once again signed (in Starobilsk) an agreement with the government of the Ukrainian SSR [17].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

As a result of this agreement, a detachment of rebels numbering up to 2.5 thousand fighters under the general command of Semyon Karetnik was sent to the Perekop area [18].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

During the battles for the Crimea, Makhnovists took part in crossing Sivash and in battles with the cavalry corps of General I. G. Barbovich near Ishunya and Karpova Balka.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

After the end of hostilities, the Red Command decided to get rid of the ally that had become unnecessary.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On November 26, a detachment of Makhnovists was surrounded, but managed to escape from the peninsula.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

During the retreat, it was overtaken by the superior forces of the “Reds” and partially destroyed by machine-gun fire.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Only 250 soldiers managed to escape, who told about what happened Makhno on December 7 near the village. Staryy Kermenchik.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The end of Gulyaypole


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Shortly after the fall of the white Crimea, the command of the Red Army issued an order for the redeployment of Makhnovists to the South Caucasus.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Considering this order a trap, Makhno refused to obey.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The response of the Bolsheviks was a military operation to “eliminate partisanship”.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's detachments fought out of the encirclement in the Gulyaypole area and moved around Ukraine for several months, avoiding persecution [19].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In exile


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

At the end of the summer of 1921, after numerous clashes with the superior forces of the Red Army, the remnants of anarchist detachments were pressed against the Romanian border.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On August 28, Makhno and a detachment of 78 people crossed the border near Yampol.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

He was wounded by 12 bullets, shell-shocked, his leg was broken.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The Romanians immediately interned Makhnovists.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

For a long time, they had to live in very bad conditions, in typhoid lousy barracks, without medicines or dressings, eating corn soup.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Two weeks after their arrival, the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR Georgy Chicherin demanded the extradition of Makhno.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

But the Romanians refused for several months.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In April 1922, Makhno, together with his wife and 17 other comrades, fled to Poland with the help of local authorities, who were by no means interested in indulging the Bolsheviks or in conflict with them.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On April 11, the fugitives ended up in Poland, also in an internment camp.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

According to Moshe Goncharok, Makhno came to Europe penniless, wearing one gymnast.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

He sometimes received money for food from American anarchists.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In Polish politics of the 1920s, Makhno was of interest to many.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Petliurites were the first to come with a proposal to organize a common front of emigrants against the Communists.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno did not even want to talk to them.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Polish communists came after the Ukrainian nationalists.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno also rejected their plans.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On September 25, 1923, Makhno was arrested together with his wife Galina Kuzmenko and associates of I. Khmara and Ya.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Doroshenko and placed in Warsaw's Mokotów prison.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On November 27, 1923, they were brought to court on charges of plotting an uprising in Eastern Galicia to join Soviet Ukraine.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The court acquitted Makhno and his comrades, Makhno was sent to settle in the city of Torun.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In December 1923, Makhno made a public statement about the struggle against the Bolsheviks and Soviet power, which caused a negative reaction from the Polish government.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On April 14, 1924, after an attempted suicide, he was placed under police surveillance in Danzig.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In the same year, with the help of Russian anarchists and emigrants, he obtained permission to travel to Germany.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

According to M. Goncharok, in Danzig Makhno is captured by security officers from the intelligence department of the Polish section of the Comintern - Elansky and Jan Sosnovsky and taken to Berlin, to the Soviet embassy.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno jumped out of the car and surrendered to the German police.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

There was no money, and after a hungry winter, he is taken to Paris.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

This happened in April 1925.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno worked part-time as a carpenter, carpenter, and even weaved slippers, living in the apartment of the artist and anarchist Ivan Lebedev [20].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

He was assisted by local anarchist organizations.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

He lived until 1934 in Vincennes, a suburb of Paris.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In the last years of his life, Makhno actively participated in the life of European anarchist associations, published individual essays in the anarchist magazine Delo Truda (Paris), prepared memoirs, and fought stubbornly against slander in the direction of Makhnovshchina and his very personality.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

At that time, Makhno and his army were accused of Jewish pogroms during the hostilities.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

As a result of stormy proceedings, with the involvement of independent witnesses and objective facts, Makhno and his associates were fully acquitted in this matter (no Jewish pogroms at Makhnovskaya There was no Ukraine).


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Speculations based on the stories of one of the white officers about his polygamy, as well as the revelry and massacre allegedly staged by Makhnovists everywhere during the civil war, were also refuted.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

His life abroad was not meaningless, like many emigrants.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The Spaniards called him to lead their revolution.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Broken by consumption and tormented by old wounds, Makhno helped as much as he could, gave advice to the rebellious proletarians of Castile.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's health was severely undermined by many wounds, including serious ones, sustained in battles, and he could no longer personally participate in hostilities.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Death


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On July 6 (according to other sources, July 25) [1] 1934, Nestor Makhno died of bone tuberculosis at the age of 45 in a Paris hospital.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On 28 July, his body was cremated and an urn with ashes was walled up in the wall of the columbarium of Pere Lachaise cemetery, in cell number 6685.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

family


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

It is known that Makhno was married several times:


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On her compatriot Anastasia Vasetskaya in November 1917.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In May 1918, she gave birth to him a son (the child died a week later).


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Agafia Andreevna Kuzmenko (1892-1978, received a new name Galina after the wedding) - in 1919-1927; divorced in Paris.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

A daughter Elena (1922-1992 Kazakhstan) was born in marriage, who bore the surname Mikhnenko in her youth, according to a German passport [11].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The image of Makhno in culture


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's image has changed dramatically over the years.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

A striking example is A. N. Tolstoy's “Hozhdenie po Mukam”, which shows the capture of Yekaterinoslav by Makhnovists and based on which the film of the same name was shot twice.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The grotesque negative image of Makhno is also shown in Pavel Blyakhin's adventure novel Red Devils (1921), based on which Georgian screenwriter and director Ivan Perestiani shot the eponymous film (1923).


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Konstantin Paustovsky gave a negative description of Nestor Makhno and the soldiers of his rebel army in his Tale of Life [21].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

At the same time, one should take into account the dubious reliability of what Paustovsky stated, since he did not have the physical opportunity to personally meet with Makhno and the Makhno army in the spring of 1919 at the Pomoshnaya station, as he states in the text of his work.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

At this time, Makhno fought against Denikins in Donbass.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On the other hand, folk art attributed Makhnovists to the “heroes of the civil” (“From the Odessa kichman...”).


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

According to contemporaries, such as Sergei Yesenin, Makhno's personality and ideas were very popular among the peasantry:


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

And in response to the party team,


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

For the tax on peasant labor,


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

A gang on a gang whistles around the country,


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Considering the will of the authorities as a whip.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

And who can we reproach?


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Who can close the window


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

So as not to see how cautious the pack is


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Do the peasantry love Makhno so much?


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was directly depicted in this poem under the name of the bandit Nomakh (as evidenced by the poet himself); Yesenin even wanted to name the poem after this hero.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

[22] No-max means Mah no; the poet simply rearranged the syllables of the surname.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Sergei Yesenin's letter to E.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

AND. Livshits, dated August 11-12, 1920, the poet writes about the real source of the poem “Sorokoust” — “A steel horse defeated a living horse. And this little foal was for me a visual expensive endangered image of the village and the face of Makhno.”


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

By the concept of “face” Makhno is equated by the poet with a saint.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Eduard Bagritsky describes Makhno in his poem “Duma about Opanas” (1926): “Makhn has a thick hair on his shoulders...”


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno, Lyova Zadov, relations with the “Reds”, an attempt to capture Kharkov in 1920 are shown in two novels about the Civil War by Igor Bolgarin and Viktor Smirnov - “The Mercy of the Executioner” and “Crimson Feathers” .


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In 1936, during the Spanish Civil War, Makhno was named after one of the military brigades of Spanish anarcho-syndicalists who fought against the army of General Franco.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In a number of science fiction novels by Michael Moorcock, a fictional character named Nestor Makhno participates in fictional events, such as, for example, the anarchist uprisings in Canada (Entropy Tango ( The Entropy Tango) from the Jerry Cornelius series), the war with the Steel Tsar Dzhugashvili (the novel “The Steel King” from the series about Oswald Basteable) and the like.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In the novel “The Cathedral” by Ukrainian writer Oles Honchar (1968), Makhno is one of the characters in the retrospective part of the story (the scene of interrogation by Nestor Ivanovich and his entourage of the famous Ukrainian historian D. AND. Yavornitsky).


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Gonchar's image of Makhno is ambivalent, neutral, with elements of hidden sympathy.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In 2009, at the Mariupol Theater of Russian Drama, director Konstantin Dobrunov staged the play “Black and Red, or the Mariupol Treasure of Nestor Makhno”.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The play tells about the capture of Mariupol by the Makhno brigade in March 1919, as well as the fate of a prominent figure in the Makhno movement - Ivan Lepetchenko, who, after returning from exile, lived in Mariupol and was shot here in 1937.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In cinematography


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Red Devils (1923) — Vladimir Kucherenko played (according to the credits — Vladimir Sutyrin [24]).


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Savur Grave (1926) — played by V. Sutyrin


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Alexander Parkhomenko (1942) — Boris Chirkov played.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

“Gloomy Morning” (1959) — Vitaly Matveev played.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

“Salute Maria!” (1970) — Valery Zolotukhin played.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

“Hozhdenie po Mukam” (1977) — played by Alexey Krychenkov.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

“Big and Small War” (1980) — played by Gennady Saifulin.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Nine Lives of Nestor Makhno (2006) — Pavel Derevyanko played.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

“Hozhdenie po Mukam” (2017) — played by Evgeny Stychkin.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Post-Traumatic Rhapsody (2017) — Ilya Kiva played.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In poetry


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's Philosophers — poem [25].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

memento


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Since 2006, on the Independence Day of Ukraine, the ethnic festival “Independence Day with Nestor Makhno” has been held in the city of Gulyaypole.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On December 22, 2006, in Dnepropetrovsk (former Yekaterinoslav), the leader of the Brotherhood party Dmitry Korchinsky, together with his like-minded people, installed a memorial plaque at the Astoria Hotel on the Ave. Dmitry Yavornitsky, which in 1919 housed the headquarters of Nestor Makhno.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

On August 24, 2009, a monument to N. AND. Makhno.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

October 25, 2013 The National Bank of Ukraine issued a commemorative coin with a nominal value of 2 hryvnia of the series “Outstanding Personalities of Ukraine” dedicated to Nestor Ivanovich Makhno.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

In the Dibrovsky forest, a commemorative plaque is installed near the remains of the Death Oak.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Historical facts


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's rebel army was international.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

The bulk were Ukrainians, there were also Russians, Jews, Greeks and even the Estonian military band captured from the Red Army [28].


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Anarchist, Jew Sholom Schwarzburd, whose Petliurites killed many relatives in Ukraine while in Paris, went home to Makhno, his ideological ally, at the end of May 1926.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

He told Makhno about the Jewish pogroms during the civil war in Ukraine and about the intention to kill Petliura for them.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno tried to dissuade Schwarzburd [11], but he still decided to shoot Petliura, fulfilled this intention, and was subsequently acquitted by the jury.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Order of the Red Banner


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

There is no consensus on whether Makhno was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, and even under No. 4.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

According to official data, Order No. 4 was held by Y.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Fabricius.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

As for Makhno, the award is not documented, only mentioned in the memoirs of individuals (G. Kuzmenko, great-uncle of V. Yalansky).


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

There is also a low-quality photo, where Makhno's chest is attached to an object similar to the Order of the Red Banner.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

There are versions that:


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was awarded, but this act was not documented [30];


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was not awarded, and what was mistaken for the Order in one of the photos is actually a red commander's badge, very similar in design to the Order of the Red Banner.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Essays


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Makhnovshchina and its yesterday's allies are the Bolsheviks (Answer to M. Kubanin “Makhnovshchina”) — Paris: Edition of the Makhnovists Library, 1928.


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

ISBN 5-9697-0045-2


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Notes


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Literature


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

ISBN 5-901606-07-8


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Check date values in: |date= (help) ISBN 978-5-235-03141-8


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Danilov A. (with rare photos).


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

ISBN 985-13-1148-0 ISBN 985-13-2439-6


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (the book also printed N. AND. Makhno)


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

ISBN 5-8243-0769-5


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

References


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

on YouTube


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

[series 9 lives of NESTOR MAKHNO (serial film)]


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

on the air of the Frankie Show radio program on 16.05.10


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Makhno family


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Russian revolutionaries


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Revolutionaries of Ukraine


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Participants of the Russian Civil War


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Russian emigrants of the first wave in France


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Guerilla theorists


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Guerrillas


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Anarcho-communists


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Social anarchists


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Ukrainian anarchists


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Russian anarchists


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Civil War in Ukraine


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Ukrainian military leaders


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:People: Army of the Ukrainian SSR


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Ukrainian memoirists


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Russian memoirists


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Military of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (Makhnovists)


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Category: Deaths from tuberculosis


Question: Who is Nestor Makhno?

Nestor Makhno

Burials at Pere Lachaise cemetery


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

The Cenozoic (Cenozoic era) is the current era of the Earth's geological history.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

It began 66.0 million years ago [1] (this boundary is drawn by the mass extinction of species at the end of the Cretaceous period) and continues to this day.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Term


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

The name was proposed by English geologist John Phillips in 1861.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

The term is derived from Greek (= new + = life) and can be interpreted verbatim as “new life”.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

The short designation is KZ, used in scientific publications.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Geological periods


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

The Cenozoic era is divided into three periods:


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Paleogene


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

neogene


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Quaternary period (anthropogen, “quarter”).


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

In the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries, the Cenozoic was divided into two periods: tertiary and post-tertiary [2] (post tertiary).


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

The concept of “tertiary period” is outdated: it does not exist in the modern geochronological scale [1].


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

It included modern Paleogene and Neogene.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Paleogeography


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

In this era, the continents took on their modern shape.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Australia and New Guinea separated from Gondwana, moved north, and eventually moved closer to Southeast Asia.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Antarctica has taken its current position near the South Pole, the Atlantic Ocean continued to expand, and in the recent past South America has joined the North.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Life in the Cenozoic


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

In the history of life on Earth, the mass extinction of species 65 million years ago marked the beginning of a new, ongoing Cenozoic era.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

As a result of the catastrophic events of those distant times, all animals larger than a crocodile disappeared from the face of our planet.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

And the surviving small animals found themselves, with the advent of a new era, in a completely different world.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Continents continued to drift (divergence) in the Cenozoic.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

At each of them, unique communities of plants and animals were formed.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Cenozoic is an era characterized by a wide variety of land, sea and flying animals.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

It is the era of mammals and angiosperms.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Mammals have evolved for a long time from a small number of small primitive forms and have become distinguished by a wide variety of terrestrial, marine and flying species.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Cenozoic can also be called the era of savannas, flowering plants and insects.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Birds have also evolved significantly in this era.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Cereals appear among the plants.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

The Cenozoic era was marked by the appearance of the first intelligent life on Earth — a reasonable man.


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Notes


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Literature


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

References


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic


Question: How many centuries did the Cenozoic era last?

Cenozoic

Category:Geological eras


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Douglas A-4 Skyhawk (English: Douglas A-4 Skyhawk; until 1962 had the A4D index) was an American light carrier-based attack aircraft developed in the first half of the 1950s by the Douglas Aircraft Company.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was mass-produced until 1979 and was in service with many countries around the world.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was widely used in the Vietnam War, the Arab-Israeli wars and other armed conflicts.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The history of creation


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the early 1950s, the company's general designer Ed Heinemann drew attention to the trend towards an increase in the mass of modern fighters.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Privately, the company developed a project for a fighter weighing only about 3000 kg. The project did not interest the US military department, since at that time there were already several fighter programs, but the US Navy offered the company to develop a carrier-based attack aircraft.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In October 1952, a mock-up commission took place, after which the main work on the project began.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A contract with the Navy dated 21 June 1952 provided for the supply of 20 production aircraft (assigned the A4D-1 index) capable of diving bombing, isolating the combat area and providing direct air support [1].


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The aircraft was planned, among other things, to deliver nuclear weapons (one Mk 8, Mk 12 or Mk 91 free-fall nuclear bomb) and should have the following characteristics: maximum speed — 800 km/h , combat range — 550 km, combat load — 900 kg, empty weight — no more than 13,600 kg. A few weeks later, Douglas presented a new project.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The required characteristics were surpassed: the aircraft was twice as light as the set parameter (5,400 kg), had a speed of 965 km/h and a range of 740 km.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Later, the weight of the aircraft increased slightly due to new requirements for flight range.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Skyhawk was designed under the influence of the experience of using assault aircraft in the Korean War.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The main principle in its creation was the simplicity of the fuselage design.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was a light and compact aircraft that did not even need folding wing consoles to be based on an aircraft carrier.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the event of a hydraulic failure and the inability to release the chassis, the Skyhawk could make an emergency landing on two outboard fuel tanks, which were almost always used.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Factors that have a positive effect on the combat survivability of the A-4 were the possibility of switching to manual control in the event of failure of the main and auxiliary hydraulic systems, the three-spar wing and a protected fuselage fuel tank.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The cockpit is armored, the outer steel armor along the outer contours of the cockpit, the windshield bulletproof glass [2].


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Providing protection of the pilot from ground fire of the 14.5 mm ZPU from a distance of 300 m [3].


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The armor weight was 450 kg, or 5.5 percent of the normal take-off weight.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The A-4 was the first aircraft equipped with a refueling system in flight for aircraft of its type, and the last heavily armored attack aircraft from 1950—1960.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The new aircraft took off for the first time from Edwards Air Force Base on June 22, 1954, piloted by Robert Rahn.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Serial production of the car lasted a quarter of a century, until February 27, 1979, when the last of the 2,960 Skyhawks was pumped out of the assembly shop.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Structures involved


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The following structures were involved in the development and production of A-4 aircraft: [4]


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

General contractors of works


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Glider — Douglas Aircraft Co.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

, Inc.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Long Beach, CA;


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Aircraft engine — United Aircraft Corp.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

, Pratt & Whitney Division, East Harford, CT;


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Subcontractors


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Automatic on-board flight control system — Bendix Corp.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Burbank, CA;


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Radio altimeter — Bendix Corp.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

, Bendix-Pacific Division, North Hollywood, California;


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Inertial radio navigation system — General Precision, Inc.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

, Kearfott Division, Clifton, New Jersey;


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Alternator, radio transmitter — General Electric Co.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Los Angeles, CA;


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Airspeed Indicator — Servomechanisms Inc.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

El Segundo, California;


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Pumps — Vickers, Inc.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

, Aero Hydraulics Division, Torrance, California;


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Cooling system — United Aircraft Corp.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Hamilton Standard Division, East Harford, CT;


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Wheels, brake pads — Goodyear Aerospace Corp.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Akron, OH.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Variations


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

American


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

XA4D-1 is a prototype.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

YA4D-1 is a pre-production aircraft.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Nineteen vehicles were built, later renamed A-4A.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4A (A4D-1) is the first serial modification with the Wright J65-W-4 engine.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on August 14, 1954, was mass-produced until 1957, and 146 aircraft were built (another 19 aircraft were originally built as pre-production YA4D-1).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4B (A4D-2) — reinforced rear fuselage, new Wright J65-W-16 engine (3490 kgf), installed a non-retractable rod for in-flight refueling, improved navigation and control system by plane.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was mass-produced in 1955-1958, 542 vehicles were built.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4C (A4D-2N) is a night all-weather attack aircraft with the possibility of low-altitude bombing.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

AN/APG-53A radar in the extended nose fuselage, autopilot, LABS low-altitude bombing system, new ejection seat, Wright J65-W-16A engine (3,175 kgf), more powerful on later aircraft J65-W-20 (3810 kgf on takeoff).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on August 21, 1958, was mass-produced until 1962, and 638 aircraft were built.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4D—The designation was not used to avoid confusion with the pre-1962 A4D.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The A4D-3 is an all-weather attack aircraft proposed in 1957 with a Pratt-Whitney J52-P-2 engine (3,855 kgf).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was not mass-produced.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The A4D-4 was a long-range all-weather attack aircraft proposed in 1958 for the delivery of nuclear weapons.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was not mass-produced.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

YA-4E (YA4D-5) is a prototype of A-4E.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Two cars were built.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4E (A4D-5) is a variant with a deep upgrade.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It is equipped with the new Pratt-Whitney J52-P-6A engine with a thrust of 37 kN.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The fuselage has been strengthened, the center of gravity has been changed, the number of pylons for weapon suspension has been increased from three to five, an elongated nose of the fuselage for the Doppler navigation radar, the following system is installed TACAN tactical navigation, an on-board computer for bombing from a half-loop, an AJB-3A sighting system for bombing from low altitudes.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Later, many vehicles of this modification were equipped with a J52-P-8 engine with a thrust of 41 kN.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on July 12, 1961, was mass-produced until 1966, and 499 aircraft were built.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The A4D-6, a modification proposed in 1963, was not mass-produced.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

TA-4E is a prototype of a two-seat training modification of the Skyhawk.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on June 30, 1965, and built two aircraft, later renamed the TA-4F.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4F — development of A-4E.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Additional electronic equipment in the gargrot (the characteristic “hump” used on most subsequent modifications), the Pratt-Whitney J52-P-8A engine (4220 kgf), later replaced by the J52-P-408 ( 5080 kgf).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Additional cabin reservation for protection against bullets and splinters.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on August 31, 1966, was mass-produced until 1968, and 147 aircraft were built.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

TA-4F is a two-seater training aircraft.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was mass-produced in 1965-1967, 238 vehicles were built (2 more were originally built as TA-4E).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

TA-4J is a two-seater combat training aircraft, a modification based on the TA-4F.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Most weapon control systems and two of the five weapon suspension pylons, the J52-P-6 engine (3855 kgf) have been dismantled.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It first flew on December 17, 1968, built 293 aircraft, and most of the TA-4F were converted to this version.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4L is the designation of the upgraded A-4C Navy Reserve.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The J65-W-20 engine (3810 kgf) is installed, some minor improvements.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on August 21, 1969, and 100 aircraft were modernized.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The A-4M (unofficially called Skyhawk II) is an attack aircraft for the US Marine Corps.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The cockpit light has been increased, a brake parachute is installed, a new refueling rod in flight, a friend-foe identification system, a J52-P-408a engine with a thrust of 50 kN.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

During production, additional equipment was installed, including new indicators in the cockpit, a radar radiation warning system, a new ARBS (Angle Rate Bombing system) bombing System) Hughes AN/ASB-19.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Pilot armor protection from the front directions and from the lower hemisphere, windshield bulletproof glass.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Protected tank, two hydraulic control systems (main and reserve).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on April 10, 1970, was mass-produced until 1979 (the last serial modification of the A-4), and 158 aircraft were built (2 more were converted from A-4F).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

OA-4M is the designation of two-seater TA-4F converted into advanced air guidance aircraft for the US Marine Corps.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

23 cars have been converted.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Exports


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4AR (Fightinghawk) is an A-4M with upgraded on-board equipment for the Argentine Air Force.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the second half of the 1990s, 36 cars were delivered.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

TA-4AR is an OA-4M for the Argentine Air Force.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the second half of the 1990s, 4 cars were delivered.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4G is the A-4F export designation for the Royal Australian Navy.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Designed to provide the fleet's air defense, it could carry up to 4 AIM-9 air-to-air missiles.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on July 19, 1967, and built eight aircraft (8 more were later converted from A-4F).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The TA-4G is a two-seater training aircraft for the Royal Australian Navy.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on July 21, 1967, and built two aircraft (2 more were later converted from TA-4F).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4H is an A-4F for the Israeli Air Force, designed for operation from ground airfields.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Colt Mk 12 20 mm air cannons replaced with 30-mm DEFA, gargrot dismantled.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It first flew on October 27, 1967, and built 90 aircraft.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The TA-4H is a two-seater training aircraft for the Israeli Air Force, a modification based on the TA-4J.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Ten vehicles were built.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4K is an A-4F for the Royal New Zealand Air Force, designed for operation from ground airfields.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on November 10, 1969, and built 10 aircraft (later converted from Australian A-4G).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

TA-4K is a TA-4F for the Royal New Zealand Air Force.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Four cars were built.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4KU is an A-4M for the Kuwait Air Force, designed for operation from ground airfields.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Increased cockpit light, some other changes, J52-P-408 engine (5080 kgf).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It first flew on July 20, 1976, and built 30 aircraft.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The TA-4KU is a two-seater training aircraft for the Kuwait Air Force.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It first flew on December 14, 1976, and built six aircraft.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4N — A-4M for the Israeli Air Force.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

New navigation and weapon control system, AN/APQ-145 radar, 30 mm DEFA air cannons.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It first flew on June 8, 1972 and built 117 aircraft.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4P is the designation for A-4B aircraft supplied to the Argentine Air Force (75 aircraft).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4PTM (PTM - Peculiar to Malaysia) - A-4C and A-4L for the Royal Malaysian Air Force.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Upgraded on-board equipment (including AN/ARN-118 radar), new cockpit light, brake parachute, J65-W-20 engine.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The first flight took place on April 12, 1984.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The TA-4PTM is a two-seater training aircraft for the Royal Malaysian Air Force (converted A-4C and A-4L).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The first flight took place on August 28, 1984.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4Q is the designation of A-4B aircraft supplied to the Argentine Navy (16 aircraft).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4S is A-4B for the Singapore Air Force.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Updated some on-board equipment, 30-mm Aden cannons, five weapon suspension units, J65-W-20 engine (3810 kgf).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The first flight took place on July 14, 1973.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The TA-4S is a two-seater training aircraft for the Singapore Air Force.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4SU/TA-4SU (Super Skyhawk) - a deep modernization of the A-4S-1, intended exclusively for the Singapore Air Force (RSAF).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

They were equipped with a General Electric F404 afterburner engine and modern electronic equipment.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Operation


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

USA


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The first Skyhawk entered the US Navy Combat Squadron (72nd Blue Hawks Assault Squadron, VA-72 Blue Hawks) on September 26, 1956.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Since the beginning of 1957, new aircraft began to enter service with the Marine Corps, and the 224th Bengal Tigers Assault Squadron (VMA-224 Bengals) was the first to receive them.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

As a carrier-based attack aircraft, the A-4 replaced the A-1 Skyrader piston.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was easy to operate and maintain, had good maneuverability and could carry a wide range of weapons (including nuclear weapons).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Skyhawk was respected among pilots and received several nicknames, the most famous of which was Heinemann's Hot-Rod.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The first years of service of the A-4 passed quite calmly.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The squadrons armed with these attack aircraft participated in the campaigns of aircraft carriers in the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, covered the landing of the Marines in Lebanon (1958), flew over the area fighting during the landing of Cuban emigrants in the Bay of Pigs (1961) and participated in the Caribbean crisis (1962), but in these cases it did not come to the real use of attack aircraft.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The culmination of the service of the American Skyhawks was the Vietnam War, in which aircraft of both carrier-based aircraft and marines played a significant role.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the midst of hostilities, in December 1967, the US Navy began to gradually withdraw the A-4 from service - its place was now to be taken by the A-7 Corsair II.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The last Skyhawks left the decks of American aircraft carriers in 1975, and a few years later they were withdrawn from the Navy Reserve and units.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

They remained in service with the Marine Corps much longer.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was the ILC that was intended for the last serial Skyhawk, pumped out of the workshop on February 27, 1979.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Exactly eleven years later, on February 27, 1990, the A-4 was withdrawn from service with the first-line Marine Corps squadrons, and in June 1994 they were abandoned by the ILC Reserve, thereby completing the service of combat A-4 modifications in the USA.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Skyhawk was not only used as an attack aircraft.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

During the Vietnam War, it was chosen as an “aggressor aircraft” in (better known as Top Gan due to popular culture), imitating North Vietnamese MiG-17 fighters that had similar flight characteristics.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Initially, the enemy was simulated by A-4E, later replaced by two-seater aircraft.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Training modifications played an important role in the training of carrier-based pilots.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

As a result, the double Skyhawks stayed in service longer than their single counterparts and continued to fly until 2003.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Their withdrawal from service marked the end of almost 50 years of operation of this type of aircraft in the US armed forces.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

From 1974 to 1986, A-4F aircraft were used by the US Navy's Blue Angels aerobatic team.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Australia


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

On October 26, 1965, the Australian Navy announced its intention to purchase Skyhawk attack aircraft in connection with the growing threat from Indonesia.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4G and TA-4G modifications were supplied to Australia, with a total of 16 and 4 aircraft received, respectively.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

They were in service with two squadrons.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Squadron No. 805 (later VF-805) was combat and periodically based on board the only Australian aircraft carrier Melbourne; all two-seat aircraft entered training squadron No. 724 (later VC-724), they could not be operated from the short deck of the Melbourne due to the changed center of gravity.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Australian Skyhawks had a high accident rate, and in a decade and a half, about half of the total number of vehicles delivered were lost in flight accidents.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In 1982, the Melbourne was withdrawn from the Royal Navy, and in 1984 Australia sold all of its surviving A-4s to New Zealand.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Argentina


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In 1965, the Argentine Air Force ordered 50 A-4B aircraft to replace the outdated Meteors and F-86.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Deliveries began in the fall of 1966, but were delayed for several years, as the US Congress feared that these aircraft might be needed by the Navy and the ILC due to the heavy losses of the Skyhawks in Vietnam.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In 1975, another 25 aircraft were ordered.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In total, the Argentine Air Force received 75 aircraft designated A-4P.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Argentine Navy ordered 16 A-4B in 1971.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

These aircraft received the designation A-4Q and differed from Air Force aircraft in their ability to carry AIM-9 air-to-air missiles.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

They were periodically based on the aircraft carrier Veinticinco de Mayo (Spanish: Veinticinco de Mayo).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In Argentina, the A-4 was in service with four Air Force squadrons and one Navy squadron.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Approximately 25% of Skyhawk Park was lost in the Falklands War of 1982.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Argentina could not make up for its losses due to the US arms embargo.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was not until 1994 that the embargo was lifted, and immediately followed by an order for a batch of A-4M-based aircraft operated by the US Marines.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Deliveries of 36 A-4AR and 4 TA-4AR began in 1997, which allowed the Air Force Command to finally withdraw from service the Skyhawks of old modifications.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Brazil


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In 1997, Brazil entered into a contract with Kuwait for the supply of 20 Kuwaiti A-4KU and 3 TA-4KU.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the Brazilian Navy, these aircraft were designated AF-1 and AF-1A.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Pilots were trained in Argentina and the United States.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Currently, one squadron based on the aircraft carrier São Paulo is armed with the Skyhawks.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Israel


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The contract for the supply of the first 48 Skyhawks to Israel was signed in August 1966.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The first aircraft arrived in December 1967.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Israeli Air Force was the largest operator of the A-4 outside the United States, receiving a total of 90 A-4H, 10 TA-4H and 117 A-4N.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In addition, to make up for the heavy losses in the 1973 war, 46 A-4E delivered aboard the aircraft carrier Independence were transferred from the US Navy and ILC.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Since the nineties, the Skyhawk has been used to train flight personnel, and in 2015 it was finally withdrawn from service.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

[8] [9]


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Indonesia


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In 1979, Indonesia ordered 14 A-4E and 2 TA-4H from Israel; the deal was secret.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In 1982, another 16 A-4Es were purchased from the United States.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Indonesian Skyhawks served in Squadrons No. 11 and No. 12.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In 1996, all aircraft were transferred to Squadron No. 11 at Hasanuddin Air Base.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

[10] Later, 2 TA-4Js were received from the United States.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The status of Indonesian aircraft for 2008 is not entirely clear; apparently, all A-4Es have been decommissioned, but two-seater aircraft continue to be in service.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Kuwait


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In November 1974, the Kuwaiti government announced its intention to purchase 36 Skyhawks.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A total of 30 A-4KU and 6 TA-4KU, which were in service with Squadrons No. 9 and 25, were delivered.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Some Kuwaiti aircraft were lost during the Iraqi invasion in August 1990.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

After the Gulf War, the Kuwaiti Air Force received F/A-18 fighter-bombers, and the Skyhawks were sent for storage.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

There were unsuccessful attempts to sell them to Bosnia and the Philippines, and in 1997 a contract was finally signed with Brazil, which received all 23 surviving Kuwaiti A-4s. [12]


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Malaysia


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Royal Malaysian Air Force ordered 88 Skyhawk aircraft in 1980.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Later, due to inflation, the order was reduced, and Malaysia received 34 A-4PTM and 6 TA-4PTM.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

They were in service with Squadrons No. 6 and 9, based in Kuantan.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Due to the receipt of new Hawk and F/A-18D attack aircraft, the Malaysian A-4s were decommissioned by the end of the 1990s.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

NZ


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

On July 3, 1968, New Zealand ordered 12 Skyhawks to replace the aging Canberra bombers.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

10 A-4K and 2 TA-4K were delivered in 1970 and entered service with Squadron No. 75.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Additional aircraft were received in 1984 from Australia, which sold 10 of its Skyhawks, which made it possible to arm another New Zealand squadron (No. 2) with attack aircraft.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Since 1991, this squadron has been based in Australia by agreement between the governments of the two countries.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Since 1986, the New Zealand A-4s have undergone the KAHU modernization program, receiving new avionics.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Despite this, in the late 1990s, the question arose about the need to replace them.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

To do this, New Zealand was going to purchase F-16 fighter-bombers, but the deal did not take place.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

[14] Since the early 2000s, Skyhawk aircraft have been decommissioned, and in 2005 it was decided to sell them abroad [15].


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It is noteworthy that in 2001, a new TA-4K was assembled from spare parts in New Zealand specifically for museum display; thus, this aircraft can be considered the last built by Skyhawk.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Singapore


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Since 1972, Singapore has purchased at least 126 A-4B and A-4C aircraft, converted to the A-4S standard.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Double-seat modifications were not purchased; instead, an unusual conversion of single-seat aircraft was carried out, consisting in the installation of a second cockpit with a separate lantern (TA-4S).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the mid-1980s, the first stage of modernization of the Singapore A-4s was carried out, which received General Electric F404-GE-100D (A-4S-1) engines.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the second phase of the upgrade, new avionics was installed; these aircraft (A-4SU and TA-4SU) were designated Super Skyhawk.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

By 2008, the process of removing the A-4 from service with the Singapore Air Force was coming to an end.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Combat use


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Southeast Asia


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Skyhawks fought in Southeast Asia literally from the first to the last day of direct US intervention in the Vietnam War.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

On August 5, 1964, the A-4s were among the aircraft that made the first raid on North Vietnam.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Operation Pierce Arrow was carried out in response to alleged actions by North Vietnamese boats against US Navy destroyers during the second Tonkin incident.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

During the raid, some of the torpedo boats available to the DRV were destroyed, as well as the oil storage facility in Vina.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Losses amounted to two aircraft, including one Skyhawk from the 144th Assault Squadron; its pilot Everett Alvarez ejected and became the first American prisoner of war in North Vietnam.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the first half of the war, the Skyhawk (modifications A-4B, A-4C and A-4E) was the most massive attack aircraft of the US Navy.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Piston Skyraders were removed from service, and more advanced and expensive Intruders were quite few.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Deck-mounted A-4s were used mainly against North Vietnam.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The tasks assigned to them included strikes on communication lines and strategic facilities, armed reconnaissance (“free hunting”), suppressing the North Vietnamese air defense system, including hunting for anti-aircraft missile systems.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Operations to search for and destroy air defense systems were codenamed “Iron Hand” (in the US Air Force, this was done by special units “Wild Caresses”) and was considered one of the most dangerous missions.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

For the first time, the Skyhawks used the AGM-45 Shrike anti-radar missile and the AGM-62 Wally guided bomb.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

After the cessation of the bombing of North Vietnam in the fall of 1968, carrier-based aircraft were reoriented to operations in South Vietnam and Laos.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Skyhawks have already been replaced by the new A-7 Corsair II attack aircraft.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

When a new air campaign against DRV began in the spring of 1972, only a few squadrons armed with A-4F took part in the fighting.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The US Marines used their Skyhawks from ground bases in South Vietnam (Da Nang and Chulai).


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Its aircraft were partially involved in the bombing of the DRV and were mainly engaged in providing direct air support to ILC units in the northern provinces of South Vietnam.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Marine Corps Skyhawks carried out their last sorties on 28 January 1973, the day after the signing of the Paris Peace Agreement and just before the entry into force of the cessation fire.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The use of A-4 in Vietnam has been extremely intensive.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

For example, the 311th Marine Assault Squadron alone, which fought throughout the war with a one-year break and armed with Skyhawks all this time, made 54,000 sorties.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

[17] Losses were also corresponding: during the entire war in Southeast Asia, the US Navy and ILC lost 362 A-4 attack aircraft (this is the figure of total losses, both combat and non-combat), and 130 pilots were killed.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

[18] The Skyhawks suffered the largest combat losses of all types of aircraft used in Vietnam by the US Navy and ILC.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The A-4 recorded one air victory: on May 1, 1967, Lieutenant Commander Theodor Schwartz shot down a North Vietnamese MiG-17 fighter with unguided missiles.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

North Vietnamese fighters shot down one to four A-4s. [19] [20]


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Two A-4 pilots received the highest US military award, the Medal of Honor.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Lieutenant Commander Michael Estotsin was posthumously awarded for his actions in two sorties to suppress air defense positions in the Haiphong area (April 1967) [21], Commander James Stockdale received the award for heroism in captivity [22].


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Another famous A-4 pilot in Vietnam was Lieutenant Commander John McCain, a future senator and candidate in the 2008 presidential election.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

He almost died in a fire on the aircraft carrier Forrestal on July 29, 1967, which killed more than 130 people, and on October 26, his Skyhawk was shot down over Hanoi by an anti-aircraft missile.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

McCain ejected and was captured.


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Middle East


Question: What is Douglas A-4 Skyhawk's nickname among pilots?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4 attack aircraft began to enter the Israeli Air Force at the end of 1967.