Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner actively showed himself in the social, military-scientific, literary life of Russian emigration.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He was an active member of the Russian All-Military Union, the Society of Russian Officers of the General Staff, regimental and other associations, in particular the Society of Enthusiasts of Military Knowledge.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

His first military special and military-historical research works date back to the beginning of this period.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

On June 16, 1922, he read to the officers of the General Staff a report “On the Zadniprovsky operation of Wrangel's troops in the fall of 1920” Subsequently, his speeches in military audiences became regular [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

From 1923 to 1926, the Society of Officers of the General Staff held three competitions for the best military scientific work in order to “1) To familiarize Russian officers of all branches of the armed forces and services in exile with modern views on the conduct of war and preparation for it.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

2) To contribute to the unification of views on the most important issues of military affairs as the basis for the organization and preparation for war of the future Russian army (“development of military doctrine”)”.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Each time there were about 30 applicants, whose works were evaluated by an authoritative jury made up of combat generals.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

For the winners of the competition, prizes were provided from the Commander-in-Chief's Fund, the amount of which ranged from 600 dinars for the 4th-5th places to 5,000 dinars for the 1st place.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner participated in all three competitions, each time submitting two works for the competition at once.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

At the first competition, his work “Modern Cavalry” won the second prize.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

As a result of the second competition, his essay “Service and Work of Headquarters. Fundamentals of Training Officers of the General Staff” won the third prize, and “Evolution in Field Artillery Tactics from the Experience of the Great War” was awarded the fourth prize.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

At the third competition, Messner was again awarded the third and


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

fifth prize.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Since then, his knowledge and writing gift have become obvious to many of his colleagues [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Works by E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner began to be regularly published by periodicals military and military-public publications of the Russian Diaspora: “Military Collection”, “Russian Military Vestnik”, “Bulletin of Military Knowledge”, a permanent department for him was the Riga daily Segodnya, one of the most famous and largest newspapers in the Russian diaspora.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner's works appeared not only in European publications - he was published in the Shanghai newspapers Novaya Zarya, Vremya, the magazine Army and Fleet, and in the New Russian Word in New York.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

At the same time, Messner began writing for military magazines of European countries.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Thus, his article “Decadence in the Art of War”, which became the subject of discussion even in the USSR, originally appeared anonymously in the German magazine Wissen und Wehr in early 1926, that the author is an officer of the former Russian tsarist army [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In 1931, the Society for the Study of Civil War was established in Belgrade under the chairmanship of Lieutenant General B.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

AND. Kazanovich, an active member of which E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner, who advocates the importance of learning the experience of this war.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

When in the same year, the Belgrade branch of the Higher Military Scientific Courses of General Golovin was opened, their General A. N. Schubersky invited Messner to give lectures on this topic [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He sympathized with the Nazis.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

During the Second World War, Messner continued to teach at the Higher Military Scientific Courses in Belgrade, which were opened until 1944 (during this period they mainly trained personnel for the Russian Security corps formed by the Nazis from Russian emigrants to fight Yugoslav partisans).


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In 1942, at the Courses, he defended his thesis for the title of Professor of Military Sciences on the topic “Maneuverable War”.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He served in the military propaganda department of the Wehrmacht “South-East”, where he led the Russian section [4].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

At this time, he published his military reviews in the corpus newspaper Russkoe Delo, and was its editor for about a year.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Since mid-March 1945, Messner, with the rank of major, served as the head of the propaganda department of the headquarters of the 1st Russian National Army under the command of General B.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

A. Holmston-Smyslovsky.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In the last days of the war, the division escaped from the offensive of Soviet and allied troops in the neutrality of the Principality of Liechtenstein.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

There is no accurate data when the Messner family managed to leave the principality, probably in November 1947, when about 100 people left this small country, which protected them from extradition to the Soviets, and departed for Argentina [4].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In Argentina


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In Argentina, where E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner arrived on December 24, 1947 [4] and returned to journalism, creativity, teaching and social work.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He was a member of several Russian emigrant associations at once, of which there were many in Argentina.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Since the early 1930s, a branch of the ROVS operated in the country, which was part of the South American department of the Union.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Servicemen of the 1st Russian National Army organized the “Russian Military-National Liberation Movement named after Generalissimo A. B. Suvorov”.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Former ranks of the Russian Corps rallied in the “Union of St. Alexander Nevsky” created by them.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner, as a member of both military formations, participated in the work of the “corps” and “Suvorov”, and in the cells of the ROVS, the Foreign Union of Russian Military Disabled, the All-Russian Monarchical Front, and in the association of “Kornilov”.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner enjoyed the respect of the Russian community: for many years he was elected Secretary General of the Russian Public Conference, where more than a dozen “socio-national groups” were represented.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

The meeting has consistently been organized and


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

coordinator of the Days of Russian Culture in Argentina, the celebration of anniversaries of the victories of Russian weapons, memorable dates of the Great and Civil Wars, and similar events [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

As an officer of the General Staff, professor of military sciences, he was invited to give lectures at the military academy of this country.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

With like-minded people, Messner was at the origins of the South American department of the Institute for the Study of War and Peace [1].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Members of Russian organizations watched world events of a military-political nature, assessed them — and not only in the press.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

When the “Draft Rules for the Protection of the Population in Time of War”, developed by the International Red Cross Society, was discussed in the early 1960s, which limited the ability of an officer in the war against guerrillas, because almost all of his potential orders and effective actions could be qualified as crimes and prosecuted under the law, Russian emigrant officers from Buenos Aires were sent to Geneva a motivated protest with a number of objections to such “pacifist mentalities”.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

When UNESCO and the UN Commission on Human Rights recognized Lenin as an “outstanding humanist” in the early 1970s, the Russian Public Meeting sent the Argentine government and the editorial offices of Argentine newspapers an appeal in which it strongly condemned this initiative and asked the addressees to oppose such a “monstrous recognition”: “Hunger, poverty, exiles, prisons, concentration camps, terror, the destruction of the peasantry, the deportation of entire peoples, the destruction of the greatest historical and cultural values of Russia, the persecution of religion... — all this took place under Lenin, in the name of Lenin, after his death and was justified in Lenin's teachings...” was written in an appeal signed by E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner and V. Filippov [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Journalism and editorial work remained the main work of his life.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In the 1950s and the first half of the 1960s, it was often published in the Buenos Aires weekly newspaper Nasha Strana, founded in 1948 by I. L. Solonevich.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

For many years, he led the Military Department ruble in the Nashi Vesti magazine [1], was published in the “two-week” of the Russian colony in Argentina “Russkoe Slovo”, and since the second half of the 1970s it became its actual editor.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Since 1973, Messner's reviews have appeared in the oldest magazine of the Russian Diaspora “Sentinel”, with which Messner for unknown reasons had not previously collaborated.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Perhaps this was due to the fact that the generation of old emigrants was passing away, and there was no one to replace them.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner wrote about himself at this time that he belonged “to an endangered generation of officers and military publicists” [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

During this period, he managed to write and publish a number of books.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In conditions of emigration, this is always a great success, especially in Latin America, where the opportunities of the Russian community were minimal.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Although all publications are small in volume and polygraphically unpretentious, but their ideological significance, according to historian I. IN. Domnina, it is difficult to overestimate


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Of the books published during this period, the historian first of all singles out a tetralogy under the general title “Problems of War and Peace”, which included: “The Face of Modern War” (1959), “Mutiny is the Name of the Third World War” (1960), “Modern Officers” (1961), “World Uprising War”


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

It is in these works that the idea of “rebellion”, a new form of armed struggle, is formulated and “voiced”.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Several more books are of a historical nature: “Russian Officers” (1959), “The Great War. A great sacrifice. Great Glory” (1964), “Lutsk Breakthrough” (1968).


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

The main motive for writing them was the concern that “the future national Russia liberated from socialism” would not receive an erroneous idea about Russian officers, the old army, its glory, deeds and tragedies.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner left an autograph on a copy of the book “Russian Officers” presented to his nephew: “Yura, when the time comes, read this book to Pavlik so that he knows what we, officers, were like” [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

During the aggravation of the Cold War, Western propaganda in black painted not only Soviet, but also historical Russia; the latter was concerned about the “nationally thinking” part of emigration, which tried to correct the image of historical Russia in the West as a whole and in the eyes of Americans in particular.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In 1967. The All-Slavic publishing house in New York published Messner's work “A World Without Peace”.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

According to the author himself, the idea of the book is “sowing the truth about Russia”.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

The work was designed to remind Russian youth about the Motherland, as well as “give everyone valuable arguments for revealing the Russian truth in conversations with foreigners” [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Historian I. IN. Domnin concluded his biographical essay about Yevgeny Eduardovich as follows [2]: We would like to say about Messner in his own words, which he uttered a few days before his own death about his military ally Kornilovets Colonel K. AND. Leontiev: “Although he is buried in the English cemetery in Argentina, the land of his tomb will remain Russian forever and ever, because he kept and revealed all the most valuable qualities of the Russian personnel throughout his life officer.”


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

family


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Wife: Lyudmila Emmanuilovna (nee Kalnina) (? — February 1966, Buenos Aires) - native of Odessa, daughter of Lieutenant General of the General Staff E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

X.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Kalnin, who for many years served as a military agent of Russia in Athens and Constantinople.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Their romance began in 1910, and they got engaged in 1913.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Although the father of the bride set the condition for the wedding that the groom belonged to the officers of the General Staff, the outbreak of the First World War made its own adjustments and lowered the bar for the requirements of the future father-in-law - young were married in the fall of 1915, when Yevgeny Eduardovich was in Odessa to be cured after receiving a wound [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Anti-communism


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Participation in E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner in the Civil War finally formed and strengthened ideological, principled anti-Bolshevism in it.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner was convinced that communism and Soviet power were the main enemy and a huge evil for historical Russia, and this belief carried until the last days of his life.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner's political manifesto was the article “Our Enemy Is One” in the Belgrade newspaper Russky Golos, published in April 1932 [2] :Soviet power is our enemy, and all our thoughts are aimed at the destruction of this enemy.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

This is our goal, and this is the only goal of our inexhaustible energy.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

We are not distracted by the struggle against those of the anti-Bolsheviks who go under the banners with different emblems; we do not want and do not dare to spend our energy on strife, no matter how much we are summoned to martial arts by those for whom the struggle slogans are more important than the struggle for Russia...


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Our hatred is adamant and unconditional: it does not know the hesitation and compromise that characterizes the slyly further.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

We are alien to those who, entangled in the contradictions of life, come to the statement that under certain circumstances “we must want to strengthen


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Soviet power”...


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

This consciousness will not be shaken by the cries of those who, who have fallen into the heresy of fact-worship, are trying to assure us that under the yoke of communism, the people are plowing the field of Russian power.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

These facts are false, but even if they were true, we would reject them: a few facts of the accidental coincidence of the interests of the communist gang with the interests of the people will not force us to ease our tension hate this gang...


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

“We have no friends... in our struggle against Soviet power.”


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

We must remember these words of General Miller well, because, despite a decade and a half of bitter experience, we, incorrigible idealists, continue to believe in the emergence of a noble friend who, nothing without demanding from us, will stand shoulder to shoulder with us and help us in our struggle.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

We proudly demand sympathy and fellowship, then humbly ask them and do not understand that only partners, not friends, can be in politics, and that interests, not sentiments, are freedom in politics ... It is not the dream of sympathy, but Suvorov's “reliability” that should inspire us in our struggle: we are lonely, but unshakable.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Perhaps E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner was not only an “ideological” fighter against communism: there is indirect evidence that he took part in the operational and intelligence work of the ROVS and that he had channels of communication with people in Soviet Russia.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

With the head of the ROVS, General A. P. Kutepov Messner, in his own words, met two days before the kidnapping of the first “... with a report on the case of providing ROVS with financial


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

funds for anti-communist work” [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Main ideas and contributions to military science


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

The concept of “rebellion war”


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He is known as the author of the concept of “Rebellion War”, presented in the book “Mutiny is the Name of the Third World War”, published in Buenos Aires in 1960 — even then E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner was able to predict the nature of wars by the end of the 20th century, the scale of international terrorism and the unwillingness of state law enforcement agencies to counter this new threat [3].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Throughout the 60s and early 70s of the XX century, Messner tried to convince political and military figures the idea that modern armed struggle had moved from traditional, “classical” military methods to methods the new one is “rebellion”.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner tried to make this idea known to “public opinion” so that the threat and detrimental nature of such an armed struggle would be understood and appropriate countermeasures were taken.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He even gave his military-political reviews, notes in the “Russian Word” and other publications under the heading “On the Fronts of the World Uprising War”.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

This idea of Messner was rarely understood by his contemporaries, sometimes he was answered: “You write nonsense...” [2]


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In the introductory part of his book, he gave the main definition of a new form of war [3]:... a new form of armed conflict has been created, which we will call REBELLION, in which warriors are not only troops and not so much troops as popular movements.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

This new phenomenon should be considered from different points of view, primarily from a psychological point of view: if in wars of the classical type the psychology of permanent armies mattered, in the current era national troops and popular warring movements, psychological factors have become dominant.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

The people's army is a psychological organism, the popular movement is a purely psychological phenomenon.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

War of troops and popular movements — rebellionwar — psychological warfare.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In the context of confrontation between socialist and capitalist systems and due to his own anti-communist views, E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner believed that the worldwide “rebellion war” was already going on, that this was a clash of the “World Revolution” and the “revolutionary reaction” (counter-revolution) of the West.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

But in the next book, Universal Typhoon, published in 1971, he described the whole variety of “rebellions” (religious, racial, socio-organizational, socio-ethical, ethnographic, tribal, ideological, illogical, unscrupulous), the dominant of which was indicated by the rebellions “religious”, “ethnographic” and “tribal”, pushing the “ideological” to the background [3].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In previous wars, the conquest of territory was considered important.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

From now on, the most important will be the winning of souls in a warring state.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

They will fight not on a two-dimensional surface, as in the old days, not in three-dimensional space, as it was at the time of the birth of military aviation, but in a four-dimensional one, where the psyche of the warring peoples is the fourth dimension...”; “The war by rebels, saboteurs, terrorists, saboteurs, propagandists will take on huge proportions in the future...


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Development of forms and methods of military conflict


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In his fundamental work on the rebellion war and a number of articles on the prospects for the development of strategic missile weapons (“inter-” and “transcontinental missiles” in its definition), Messner predicted the appearance in the foreseeable future of missile defense and missile defense as such:


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Today, the dispersion of transcontinental missiles is equal to hundreds of klm.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

, tomorrow will be hundreds of meters, but tomorrow a remedy against missiles will be found, as radar against aircraft and submarines were found, bazooka against tanks, jamming against propaganda radio broadcasts.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Mars is a very prudent god: he always cares about the balance between the means that destroy and store the warrior.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

At the same time, he predicted the deadlock of the mutual “arms race”, the emergence and development of a strategy of massive retaliation and its replacement in the future with a flexible response strategy, and with it the development of forms and methods of conducting a military conflict in the broad sense of the word, as a direct result of the impossibility of the opposing parties using even part of their nuclear arsenal


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

The missile has pushed the third dimension of war — vertical — into the stratosphere and even into the ionosphere (and dreamers think that it is to the moon), but it will probably not cause a significant change in the nature of the war: if the USSR at least one transcontinental missile with a simple powder charge will blurt out in the direction of the United States, then the Americans, having discovered it during the flight, will certainly suspect that it carries an atomic charge, and their strategic nuclear volleys at the USSR will be an immediate reaction.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Therefore, for fear of “unleashing” the nuclear strategy, it will be necessary to refrain from using even non-nuclear intercontinental missiles and strategic range missiles in general.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

And if the warring parties limit themselves to the use of tactical missiles, this will not make a very big change in the classical methods of fighting in two dimensions.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Essays


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Rebellion is the name of the third world.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Buenos Aires, 1960


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Modern officers.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Buenos Aires, 1961


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner, Ye.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

/Ed.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

“Kuchkovo Field” (“Geopolitical Perspective” series), 2004.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

— 512 p. — 2000 copies


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

— ISBN 5-86090-106-2


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

(excerpts from works)//Independent Military Review, November 5, 1999


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

The Story in Faces//Voice of the Epoch.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

— 2017.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

— No. 2.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

— P. 50.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Notes


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Literature


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

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Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

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Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

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Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Category:Personalies:White Movement


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Category:Graduates of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Category:Russian emigrants of the first wave in Yugoslavia


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Category:Russian emigrants of the first wave in Argentina


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Category:Russian All-Military Union


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Category:Kornilovtsy


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Category:Military theorists


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Category:Russian writers of the first wave of emigration


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Category:People from Odessa


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Category:Participants of the Bredovsky campaign


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Category: Ranks of the Russian Corps


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Holidays and memorable days of Latvia are officially established by the Supreme Council of the country in the Law of 1990 “On Holidays and Memorable Dates” as amended in 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014 and 2015 year [1].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Holidays


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

16 dates have been officially declared holidays, state and municipal institutions do not work these days, public transport is switching to a special work schedule [2].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

If May 4 or November 18 fall on a Saturday or Sunday, the Monday following them is declared a non-working Monday [1].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

January 1 is New Year's Eve.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Good Friday; the first and second day of Easter.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

May 1 is Labor Day, the day of convocation of the Constituent Assembly of Latvia.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

May 4 is the Day of Restoring Independence of the Republic of Latvia.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

The second Sunday in May is Mother's Day.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Holy Trinity Day.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

June 23—24 — Ligo and Yanov Day — the summer solstice.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

The widespread celebration of Ligo did not stop during the USSR [3].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

The final day of the Song and Dance Festival.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

November 18 is the Day of Proclamation of the Republic of Latvia.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

December 24—26 — Christmas.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

December 31 — farewell to the Old Year.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

It is indicated that Orthodox Christians, Old Believers and Christians of other faiths celebrate Easter, Trinity and Christmas on the days established by their confession [1].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Laying flowers at the Freedom Monument May 4, 2015


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Song and Dance Festival, 2008


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Seimas meeting dedicated to the anniversary of independence, 2015


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Memorable and celebrated days


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

26 days have the status of commemorative and celebrated [1].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

January 20 is the Day of Remembrance of the Barricade Defenders in 1991.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

It is installed in honor of citizens shot by the Riga riot police during the events of 1991, when barricades were erected in Riga in protest against the clashes between the authorities and supporters of independence from the USSR in Vilnius.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

January 26 is the Day of International Recognition of the Republic of Latvia de jure.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

March 8 is International Women's Day.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

It is celebrated in honor of a demonstration in which 15,000 New York women demanded equal working conditions and wages for men and women.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

March 25 is the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

In March 1949, the Soviet authorities deported more than 90,000 people from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to Siberia and remote areas of the North.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

May 8 is Victory Day over Nazism and the day of remembrance of the victims of World War II.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Date of entry into force of the German Act of Surrender.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

May 9 is Europe Day.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

It is celebrated in honor of the Schuman Declaration on the unification of heavy industry in France and West Germany, which became a harbinger of the creation of the European Union.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

May 15 is the International Day of Families.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

It was proclaimed by the UN General Assembly in 1993.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

May 17 is Firefighter and Rescuer Day.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

June 1 is International Children's Day.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

June 14 is the Memorial Day for the Victims of Communist Terror.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

It is celebrated in memory of the events of 1941, when from 200 to 300 thousand people were deported by the Soviet authorities.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

June 17 is the Day of Occupation of the Republic of Latvia.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

On June 17, 1940, units of the Red Army entered Latvia.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

The third Sunday in June is Medical Worker's Day.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Established by decree of the USSR Presidium in 1980.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

June 22 is the Day of Remembrance of Heroes (commemoration day of the Battle of Cēsis).


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

The Battle of Cesis in 1919 led to the overthrow of the pro-German government of Latvia by the combined forces of the Estonian and South Latvian armies.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

July 4 is the Day of Remembrance for the Victims of the Genocide


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Latvia was the first Soviet republic to establish a Holocaust Remembrance Day [4].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

The second Sunday in July is the Sea Festival.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

A professional holiday for sailors, fishermen and all people whose work is related to the sea.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

August 11 is the Day of Remembrance of Latvian Freedom Fighters.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

It is celebrated on the day of signing the peace treaty between Latvia and Soviet Russia.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

August 21 is the day of adoption of the Law “On Sovereignty of the Republic of Latvia”.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

The event took place on August 21, 1991.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

August 23 is the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Stalinism and


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Together with the European Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Stalinism and Nazism, it is timed to coincide with the anniversary of the signing


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

September 1 is Knowledge Day.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

It was first introduced by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1984


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

The second Sunday in September is Father's Day


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Unlike most countries in the world that celebrate Father's Day on the second Sunday in July, Latvia is scheduled to celebrate in September.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

September 22 —.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

It is celebrated on the day of the Battle of Saul in 1236.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

October 1 is the International Day of Older Persons.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

The holiday was introduced by the UN in 1990.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

The first Sunday in October is Teacher's Day.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

It does not coincide with World Teachers Day, which is set for October 5.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

November 7 — Border Guards Day


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Unlike most countries of the former USSR, it is not set for May 28.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

November 11 is Lacplesis Day.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Day of Remembrance of the Fallen for the Liberation of Latvia; named after the national hero Lacplesis and is celebrated on the day of victory over the Western Volunteer Army.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

December 5 is Police Officer's Day.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

History


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

The first edition, which repealed Law No. 47 of 1989 of the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR, established a different list of holidays and memorable dates [5].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

January 1 is New Year's Eve.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Good Friday and the first day of Easter.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

May 1 is Labor Day, the day of convocation of the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

The second Sunday in May is Mother's Day.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

June 23 is Ligo Day.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

June 24 is Janov's Day (summer solstice).


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

November 18 is the Day of Proclamation of the Republic of Latvia.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

December 25 and 26 is Christmas Day.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

December 31 — farewell to the Old Year.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Initially, there were six days of remembrance [5]:


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

March 25 is the Memorial Day for the Victims of Communist Terror.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

May 4 is the day of signing in 1990.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

May 9 is World War II Remembrance Day.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

June 14 is the Memorial Day for the Victims of Communist Terror.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

July 4 is the Day of Remembrance of the Jewish Genocide.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

November 11 is Lacplechis Day.


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

January 1, Good Friday, May 1, June 23—24, November 18, December 25—26 and December 31 were declared non-working days [5].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

In 1995, the celebration of May 9, the “Day of Remembrance of the Victims of World War II” was replaced by May 8 with the wording “Day of Victory over Nazism and Remembrance of the Victims of World War II” [6].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

In 1997, a second day was added to Easter, and May 8 was replaced by May 9, Europe Day [7].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

In the same year, an amendment came into force, adding to the list of memorable dates on January 20 (the Day of Remembrance of the Defenders of the Barricades in 1991) [8].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

The amendments of 1998 introduced a memorable date of March 16 (Day of Remembrance of the Latvian Military), the first Sunday in December is the Day of Remembrance of the Victims


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

In the title of the memorable day on June 14, the words “... communist terror” were replaced by “... communist genocide”, and July 4 (“Day of Remembrance of the Genocide of the Jewish People”) was renamed the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Genocide Jewish people [9].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

In 2000, the memorable date of March 16 was removed from the law on holidays [10].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Later in the same year, memorable dates appeared on June 17 (Day of Occupation of the Republic of Latvia) and September 22 (Baltic Unity Day) [11].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

In 2002, there was a holiday on May 4 (the Day of Proclamation of the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia), memorable dates on August 21 (Day of Actual Restoration of Independence) and September 1 (Day of knowledge).


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

The phrase “celebrated days” has been added to the name of the law to “holidays” and “days of remembrance” [12].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

In 2007, Christmas Eve — December 24 — was included in the list of holidays along with March 8 (International Women's Day), May 15 (International Family Day), June 1 (International Children's Day), the second Sunday of July (Sea Festival) and the first Sunday in October (Teacher's Day).


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

A clarification has also been added about the postponement of the weekend to Monday if May 4 or November 18 fall on a Saturday or Sunday [12].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

The amendment adopted in July 2009 added August 23 (the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Stalinism and Nazism) to the list of days of remembrance [13].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

In September of the same year, the second Sunday in September (Father's Day) and October 1 (International Day of Older Persons) were added [14].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

In 2011, May 4 was renamed from the “Day of Signing the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia” to the “Day of Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia”, and the celebrated days of May 17 (Day firefighter and rescuer) and the third Sunday in June (Medical Worker's Day).


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

May 4 was renamed the “Day of Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia” [15].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

The amendments of 2014 supplemented the description of the holiday on June 24 with the words “closing of the Song and Dance Festival”, and also became the third day when the day off is postponed to Monday if this holiday falls on Saturday or Sunday [16].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

In 2015, November 7 (Border Guards Day) and December 5 (Police Day) were added to the list of celebrated days [17].


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Notes


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Literature


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Latvia


Question: When does Vilnius celebrate City Day?

Latvian holidays

Category:Lists Latvia


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Relativistic jets (English: Relativistic jet) are plasma jets that escape from the centers (nuclei) of astronomical objects such as neutron stars [5], active galaxies, quasars and radio galaxies.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The first such jet was discovered by astronomer Geber Curtis in 1918.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Later, physicist Stephen Hawking was able to prove that such emissions come from hypothetical black holes.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Relativistic jets are observed in many objects in space, so it can be concluded that the compression limit of the substance and/or, paradoxically, the vacuum boundary in the axes of such vortices has been reached by comparison with ocean whirlpools available for study (see the first section, “Causes”).


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Usually, an object, for example, a neutron star, has two jets directed in opposite directions.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Synchronous ejection of jets as a single process for galaxy bulges has not been proven — it's a matter of size.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The Milky Way bulge axis, for example, is about 3,000 light years long.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Synchronicity may be random, but a single synchronous process at such a distance at a constant speed of light according to A. Einstein is rather impossible and obviously requires an instantaneous mechanism, long-range response, which so far needs to look for factual evidence.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

It is impossible to say anything without new data, because the speed of light was measured for interstellar space, and even there it is assumed that it is exceeded at the beginning of the jet axis [6], while the space along the axes inside the bulge, with critical and/or ultimate stresses, and even of this length, may have some new, unknown features.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Causes of occurrence


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The reason for the appearance of relativistic jets is the interaction of magnetic fields with an accretion disk around a black hole or neutron star [7].


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

But the interaction of magnetic and other fields with the accretion disk and the object body is, most likely, a common prerequisite.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

It is impossible to reasonably assert the impossibility of plasma ejection along the vortex axis from inside the body, when, due to a combination of factors, the ultimate pressure has been reached and/or, conversely, the vacuum boundary can no longer hold the system of forces around the rod of a particular vortex.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The similarity of the complex of contradictory processes of the “ethervorot” of a black hole with all the phenomena of vortices (and partially, a variant of a gyroscope, a top - common is to maintain the orientation of the axis in space and for whirlpool in the ocean?) could not ignore the attention of science and the public, it finally received mathematical confirmation.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Oceanic whirlpools in the Atlantic have been tracked and studied, and they correlate with the mathematical model of the vortex of the black hole and, probably, then all the vortices.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The whirlpool can stand out into a cylinder, resembling an isolated black hole, and we must expect signs of a tendency to maintain the orientation of the axis from the giant gyroscope, which is supposedly one of the reasons displacement of the cylinders to the west.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

It is necessary to study the possible difference in the water level of the eastern part of the cylinder


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

It, if (or has already) been noticed by modern satellite technologies, can serve as proof of the tendency to preserve the axis vector and one of the reasons for the shift of Eddie to the west is a shift by leveling the level water [8] [9].


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The whirlpool in the ocean is a consequence of the difference in densities and temperatures of the water layers, the interaction of counter


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

In it, with a certain set of rotational power, possibly at a linear speed of sound (in air, water) or overcoming the sound barrier, a funnel deepens into which the accretion a mass of water, lightning strikes on its axis even at a depth of a kilometer (as, by the way, in the trunk of a tornado [10]) and then the cavitation cavity of the rod collapses with the release of peculiar jets upwards.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

It is important for the topic and integrity of the vision to study that combines natural objects and phenomena that differ billions of times [11] [12].


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

A thorough theoretical study of astronomical vortices and, in part, jets is presented in the work of V.S.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Beskin, magnetohydrodynamic aspect [13].


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Columbus also noticed the glow and stripes of the ocean, saw astronauts from space.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

For decades, scientific research has been conducted on the phenomenon of whirlpools in the Atlantic


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The scientist of the oceanographic expedition finds a connection between the vortices of whirlpools and hurricanes with a tornado.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The above facts, conclusions or hypotheses are taken from materials about the Soviet expedition Polygon-70 [14].


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The speed of relativistic jets across the line of sight


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

When observing the movement of a relativistic jet on the celestial sphere, the illusion of movement at superluminal speed may arise.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

However, it is possible to explain this effect without violating the principles of relativity - by moving at pre-light speed at an obtuse angle to the observer's beam of view.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The first theoretical justification for this phenomenon was given by the English astrophysicist Martin Rees in 1966.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Imagine that there is a release (jet) of matter from the center of a source, moving at some fairly large (but, of course, pre-light) speed at an obtuse angle to the beam of vision (that is, more or less towards the observer).


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

For simplicity, we will consider the center of the object as stationary relative to the observer.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The received signal from parts of the jet closer to the observer is emitted at later points in time, compared to the signal from the fixed center.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Therefore, the velocity projection measured by the observer on the picture plane (that is, the plane perpendicular to the beam of vision) will be greater than the speed calculated when the near part of the jet and the center are observed at the same time.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

With a particularly successful orientation [15], the apparent speed becomes


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

γ


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

v


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

c


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

{\ displaystyle\ gamma =1/ {\ sqrt {1- (v/c) ^ {2}\,}}}


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

(Lorentz factor) times the true speed v.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

In some cases, a Lorentz factor of about 10 is observed.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Thus, superluminal sources are evidence of the existence of relativistic emissions from the nuclei of galaxies and quasars [16].


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Observations by radio interferometry with ultra-long bases have shown that the superluminal motion of the component is very typical for these objects [17].


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Further study of relativistic jets


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

At the very first attempts to explain superluminal motion with the help of a relativistic directional flow of particles, a complication arose: a surprisingly large proportion of compact sources showed superluminal motion, while on the basis of simple geometric arguments, it turned out that only a few percent of such objects should be randomly oriented almost along the line of view.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The presence of symmetrical extended radio components assumed that they were provided with energy from the central source of two symmetrical rays.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

But it is difficult to compare the luminosity of an approaching and moving away (or even stationary) component.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

This obvious difference is usually discussed in the context of the double outflow model [18], where radiation from the nucleus is considered as a stationary point where the approaching relativistic flux becomes opaque.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Superluminal motion is observed between this stationary point in the nozzle and moving wavefronts or other inhomogeneities in the outgoing relativistic flow.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

So-called unified models, which interpret the diversity of observed properties as simple geometric effects, were only partially successful.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

In their simplest form, relativistic ray transmission models explain the observed relationship between apparent velocity and Doppler luminosity gain.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The discussion focused on the nature of objects outside the jet or parent population.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

[19] it was believed that radio huge quasars are a Doppler amplified subset of a much larger number of optically observed quasars, and in [20] compact sources are considered as Doppler enhanced components of extended radio sources.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

However, careful observations of radio nuclei and emissions are not fully compatible with the effects expected from simple relativistic release models [21] [22] [23] [24].


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Compact superluminal emissions always follow in the same direction as longer emissions, including, in some cases (e.g. 3C 273 and M87), optical emissions.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Thus, in order to interpret the emergence of compact emissions, on the one hand, as a result of various Doppler amplification of its bilateral in nature relativistic flow, so that large-scale jets also move at a relativistic speed.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

This would look very strange, as it is difficult to imagine how a relativistic flow can continue to move unchanged for up to a few kiloparsecs away from the center of traffic.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

However, measurements of Faraday's rotation of the polarization plane of various parts of extended radio sources show that the smallest rotation is observed from the side with the ejection, as expected, if the jet is visible only on the nearest side due to differential Doppler gain [25].


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

In the radio galaxy 3C 120, there is also more direct observational evidence that the relativistic flow continues at least a few kiloparsecs away from the nucleus [26].


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

A further complication is associated with the obvious spread of properties from the radio to the infrared, optical and higher energy ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

If the luminosity and morphology of radio sources are primarily the result of volumetric relativistic motion and orientation, and not their own properties, then the observed characteristics at other wavelengths should be interpreted in a similar way.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

But quasars with otherwise directed jets must, nevertheless, have bright lines of their own radiation in the presence of a weak continuum, and such “bare” quasars are not observed.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Moreover, it is not clear how sublight sources or sources, including both stationary and superluminal sources [27], fit into this simple scheme.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The interpretation of relativistic radiation is also questioned by the extraordinary properties of nuclei.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

American astronomer Halton Arp [28] stressed that it is unlikely that the unique object 3C 120 simply accidentally turned out to be correctly oriented to demonstrate superluminal motion.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The 3C 273 is similarly unique; it is the brightest quasar in the sky, at any wavelength.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The a priori probability that this unique object is correctly oriented along the line of view to observe superluminal motion is small, except, of course, the luminosity in optical, infrared, X-ray, and the gamma ranges are also subject to Doppler amplification.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

But 3C 273 is unique even in terms of the intensity of its emission lines, and it is difficult to imagine scenarios that would allow the emission of lines to be enhanced by volumetric relativistic movement.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

For the completeness of the coverage of the versions, it is necessary to take into account the option of an inaccurate assessment of the distance to sources: at much smaller distances, the problem may be lost, but with the accuracy of the geometric excess Martin Ris (due to the non-simultaneous arrival of the signal from different parts of the beam at a “successful” obtuse angle).


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Of course, this option reminds us that the runaway of the universe is still only a hypothesis, but it did not arise ephemerally, this is the first and (according to Allan Sandige) not erased Hubble's opinion [29], later transformed.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Doubts are normal, even recommended in science.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

I must say that the author of the take-off Georges Lemaitre himself lost confidence over time, as can be seen from the quote [30]:


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

“When publishing the translation of the work in the notes of the British Royal Astronomical Society, he refused to publish a number of results, including the Hubble Act, due to lack of observational data”.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Naturally, in the search, waiting for confirmation of hypotheses or alternative data, to have Albert Einstein's conclusion about the maximum speed of light as a benchmark.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

It is based on many experiments and the natural experience of the irreversibility of time.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

According to this page, the linear speed of rotation of the walls of the funnel of the black hole would not exceed the speed of light, and approaching it could be a detonator for the beginning of the collapse of the cavity and the ejection of the jet.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The main principle: the idea of the remoteness of the object under study is corrected - obviously, by simple geometry, it is proportionally closer.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

The visible sphere is then more compact, it may weaken the urgency of the issue of invisible substance and/or energy or the violation of the usual studied laws of physics.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

You can also close the verification circle from the opposite, within the limits of preserving these laws, approach the reference speed of light c = 300,000 km/sec at the output of the Curtis-Hawking jet under study.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

To be consistent, one must carefully analyze Einstein's cosmological constant λ, rejected not too hastily (?) Possible contradictions with the conclusions of the scientist himself in some aspects of his theory, in particular, the question of balanced use of the astronomical hypostasis of the Doppler redshift, of course, requires objective consideration by scientists.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Consideration of the issue from the point of view of Walter Ritz's ballistic theory is also of some interest.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

With jets at Einstein's speed, the source itself can move at cosmic speeds, which, following the Ritz theory, makes it possible, somewhat formally, to consider exceeding the Einstein limit in the final speed , the Doppler effect.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

On the other hand, significant beam lengths with Einstein's supposed speeding (measured in dozens of parsecs) could cause noticeable instability in the speed of light and noticed when passing through the solar system.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

However, there are no reports of such an anomaly in the mass press.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

In connection with all of the above, the problems with observing superluminal velocities in astronomy are still waiting to be solved.


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

See also


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Hypernovae


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Polar jet


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Black hole


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Blanford—Znaek trial


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Notes


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Literature


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: What science studies Superluminal motion?

Relativistic jet

Category:Astrophysics


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Italy is a country in Southern Europe, in the middle of the Mediterranean.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The total area of the country is 301,230 km² and includes the southern slopes of the Alps, the Po Plain, the Apennine Peninsula (famous for its boot-like shape), as well as the islands of Sicily, Sardinia and numerous smaller islands.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Borders and coastline


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The total length of land borders is 1899.2, most of it passes through various parts of the Alps.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Italy shares borders with Austria (430), France (488), Slovenia (232) and Switzerland (740).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In addition, Italy is surrounded by the states of the Vatican City (border 3.2) and San Marino (border 39).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The coastline is about 7,600 long and is poorly indented.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The north-western coast of the Apennine Peninsula is washed by the Ligurian Sea with the Gulf of Genoa.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The coast of the Italian Riviera is predominantly abrasive in nature and is replete with shallow bays.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The Tyrrhenian Sea, in the northern part of which is the Tuscan Archipelago, is washed by mainland Italy to the west, the islands of Sardinia and Corsica (French territory) to the east, and Sicily to the north.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

On the west coast, accumulative plains alternate with elevated areas, and there are several shallow arcuate bays: Gaeta, the Gulf of Naples and Salerno, Policastro, Santa Eufemia and Joya.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The narrow Strait of Messina between Calabria and Sicily connects the Tyrrhenian Sea with the Ionian Sea, and the Strait of Sicily (or Tunis) 135 wide separates Sicily from North Africa.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The southern coast of the Apennine Peninsula is most heavily dissected, in the southeastern part steep shores predominate.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the southwest is Squillache Bay, and between the Calabria and Salentina peninsulas, the large Gulf of Tarentes extends into land.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The Strait of Otranto between the Italian region of Puglia and the country of Albania connects the Ionian Sea with the Adriatic Sea, which washes the eastern regions of the country.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The eastern coast is mostly flat, in its southern part the small Gargano peninsula encloses the Gulf of Manfredonia.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The northeast coast is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Venice, which includes the lagoon of the same name and the Gulf of Trieste.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Territorial waters are 12 nautical miles, and Italy also owns a continental shelf to a depth of 200 or to a depth of use [2].


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Geology


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Italy is located in the area of alpine folding, most of its territory is occupied by the Cenozoic folded mountain ranges of the Alps and the Apennine Mountains.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

These two systems are separated by the trough of the Po Plain, which is filled with a thickness of sandy-clay marine and continental deposits up to 8,000 thick, accumulated in the Neogene and anthropogen.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Hercyne and Precambrian granite-gneiss massifs protrude on the island of Sardinia, the Calabria Peninsula and the north-east of the island of Sicily.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The base of the Adriatic coast of Italy is also composed of similar massifs, which are covered with a cover of Mesocenozoic limestones (plateau and massif of Monte Gargano) [1].


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The Italian part of the Alps has a crystalline, limestone and sandy-clay structure.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the western part there are autochthonous crystalline massifs Mercantour, Mont Blanc, etc.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

, there are also areas composed of crystal shales and gneiss.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The eastern part of the Alps is made up of a system of limestone covers extended to the north.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The northern Apennines also have a cover structure, three systems are distinguished: Lower Tuscan (Paleozoic shales and Carrara marbles), Upper Tuscan (Eocene sandstones) and Ligurian (scaly clays) and shales with inclusions of ophiolite rocks).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the central and southern parts of the Apennines, autochthonous, composed of Paleogene and Neogene limestones, as well as chalk flysch [1].


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The foothills of the Apennines near Rome also have powerful volcanic layers of lava and tuffs (trachytes, liparites), which form a series of extinct volcanoes with huge calderas that filled with water and became lakes: Bracciano, Bolsena, Vico.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In southern Italy, in areas of deep faults of the earth's crust, there are some of the world's largest active volcanoes, Etna and Vesuvius [1].


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Italy is affected by natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Strong earthquakes: Sicilian 1693 (more than 60 thousand dead), the Great Naples Earthquake of 1857 (11 thousand dead), Messina of 1908 (claimed up to 100 thousand lives), earthquake in Avezzano in 1915 (more than 30 thousand dead), the earthquake in Irpinia in 1980 (2,570 dead).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The latest was the earthquake in L'Aquila, which occurred in April 2009.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Minerals


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Combustible minerals are represented by natural gas and oil, the reserves of which are located in the Neogene deposits of the Po trough and the foothills of the Apennines, as well as in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits Sicily Islands (Ragusa Province).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the southwestern part of Sardinia and in the Alps (Valle d'Aosta) there are coal deposits; brown coal, lignites and bituminous shales are confined to the Paleogene-Neogene deposits of the Central Apennines [1].


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The main ore reserves are confined to ancient metamorphic complexes: Sardinia (Iglesiente massif) has deposits of lead, zinc and iron ore, the latter also has deposits on the Elbe and The Tuscan Ore Mountains.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Italy has large reserves of cinnabar (mercury ore), and on the island of Sicily there are large deposits of sulfur.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The karst depressions of Abruzzo, Puglia and the Gargano Peninsula contain bauxite, the Miocene deposits of Calabria and Sicily contain rock salt.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the north of the Apennines (Tuscany) there is a deposit of Carrara marbles used for facing and creating sculptures [1].


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Other resources include potassium carbonate, barite, asbestos, pumice, fluorspar and feldspar, pyrite [2].


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Relief


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Italy is a predominantly mountainous country, near the territory is occupied by mountains and hills above 702.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The plains occupy less of the country's territory.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Mountains


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the north of the country are the southern slopes of the Alps with the highest point of Western Europe, Mont Blanc (4808).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the Western Alps, the Ligurian and Maritime Alps are distinguished on the territory of Italy, then the Kota, Grai and Pennine and Lepontine Alps stretch to the north-east.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The steep slopes of this part of the system are dissected by narrow and deep gorges, in which several large valley glaciers are located.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The Eastern Alps up to 3899 high (Mount Ortles) also have glaciation, mainly in the Bernina, Adamello and Ortles massifs.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In this part, the Bergamo Alps, the Livigno Alps, the Dolomites, the Julian Alps and a number of others stand out.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The ridges have a wide strip of foothills, their slopes are dissected by trog valleys, some of which are occupied by lakes.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

To the south of the Po Plain, along the entire Apennine Peninsula, the Apennine Mountains stretch, the highest point of which is Mount Corno Grande (2914).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

There are several extinct and active volcanoes in this mountain system, such as Amiata (1734) and Vesuvius (1277).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

There are lava plateaus.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the southeastern part there are karst limestone plateaus of Monte Gargano and Le Murge.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the southern part of the peninsula are the Calabrian Apennines (height until 1956).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The relief of the Italian islands is mountainous.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Sicily is home to the Iblean Mountains, Le Madonie, Nebrodi, Peloritani and Mount Etna (3340), and nearby are the volcanic islands of Stromboli and Vulcano.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Sardinia is home to the Gennargentu Mountains with Mount La Marmora (1834).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Plains


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

To the south of the Alps lies the Po Plain, along which the Po River flows.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The surface of the valley descends to the east towards the Adriatic Sea.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The height of the high plains at the foot of the Alps and the Apennines is 200-500, along the Po River there are clay swampy low plains 50-100 high. [1]


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Climate


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Italy has a subtropical Mediterranean climate, and the influence of the sea is enhanced by the Alps, which are a barrier to northern and western winds.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the Alpine (northernmost) zone, the climate is continental in nature, and high-altitude zones are manifested.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

At the foot of the Alps, the average July temperature is 20—22 °C.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In Bardonecchia (western part), the average annual temperature is 7.4° C, and the average annual rainfall is 660.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The eastern part is less warm with more moisture, in Cortina d'Ampezzo these figures are 6.6° C and 1055° C.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the Aosta Valley (western part of the zone), permanent snow cover starts at 3110, and in the Julian Alps, the snow drops to 2545.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In autumn and winter, a hot dry hair dryer blowing from Switzerland or Austria sometimes causes sharp increases in temperature in some valleys (Aosta, Susa).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the eastern part of the Alps, gusts of dry and cold boron winds can reach 200.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In summer, rains fall in high-altitude areas, and in autumn and spring they move to the edges of the climatic zone.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Snow falls only in winter, the amount (from 3 to 10) depends on the year and proximity to the coast.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

There are more heavy snowfalls on the foothills than in mountainous areas.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In mountainous areas, frosts down to -15... -20° C are not uncommon.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The lakes located in the region soften the local climate, the average January temperature in Milan is 1° C, and in Salo, on Lake Garda, it is 4° C.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

There are several hundred glaciers on the territory of the Italian Alps, such as Miage (in the Mont Blanc massif, the largest in Italy) and Calderone (on Mount Corno Grande, the southernmost in Europe).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

[3] [1]


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

On the Po Plain, the climate is transitional from subtropical to moderate — hot summers and harsh winters, which soften when moving towards the eastern coast.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In Turin, the average winter temperature is 0.3°C and in summer 23°C.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

It rains mainly in the off-season, increasing with altitude.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Little snow falls on the high plains.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The temperature on the Adriatic coast rises from north to south, partly due to the increase in latitude, partly due to the change in prevailing winds from east to south.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The average annual temperature in Venice is 13.6° C, in Ancona it is 16° C and in Bari it is 17° C.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Precipitation is not abundant — 750 in Venice, 650 in Ancona and 600 in Bari.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the Apennines, the severity of winter is determined by height, precipitation in the form of snow and rain is moderate (except in some places).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Cyclones in the middle of winter cause frequent weather changes, and snow may fall in the southern regions.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Average annual temperatures and precipitation are 12.1°C and 890 in Urbino (in the east), as well as 12.5°C and 1,000 in Potenza (Basilicata region).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

On the eastern slopes of the Apennines and in the interior of the peninsula, 600-800 precipitation falls per year, in the interior of Sicily and Sardinia - less than 500 per year.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

[3] [1]


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Along the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ligurian Riviera, temperature and precipitation are affected by the sea, full openness to the midday sun, the prevailing south-westerly winds and the proximity of the Apennine Range, that lets the northern winds through.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In Sanremo (western part of the Riviera), there are 680 rainfall per year, and in La Spezia (southeastern part of the Riviera) it is more rainy - 1150.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The Adriatic coast is mostly colder (1-2° C) and drier than on the shores of the Tyrrhenian Sea.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

[3] [1]


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Calabria and Sicily are surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea and therefore temperatures are higher than in the mountains of the northern part of the peninsula.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the interior, it rarely rains in winter, falling more in western and northern Sicily.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In Reggio di Calabria, the average annual temperature and precipitation is 18.2° C and 595° C, in Palermo - 18° C and 970, respectively.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

From North Africa, the hot and very humid Sirocco wind often blows, heating the air to 40-45° C and reaching southern Sardinia.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The climate of Sardinia is also influenced by the cold mistral that blows its north-western coast.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In Sassari (northwest of the island), the average annual temperature and precipitation are 17° C and 580, while in Orosei (the east coast of the island) these figures are 17.5° C and 540° C. [3] [1]


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Water resources


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

According to a 2005 estimate, Italy has 175 renewable water resources, of which 41.98 are consumed per year (18% for utilities, 37% for industrial and 45% for agricultural needs) [2].


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Rivers


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The largest number of rivers is located in northern Italy, where the country's largest basin of the Po River is located (length 652).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The origins of the Po are located on the slopes of the Monte Viso mountain range; flowing along the plain of Lombardy through major cities (Turin, Cremona), Po is replenished with numerous tributaries, the largest of which are Sesia, Trebbia, Adda and Chiese, Oglio and Agonia.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

To the south of Venice, Po flows into the Gulf of Venice, forming a large delta.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Adige (409, Italy's second longest river), Brenta, Piave, Livenza, Tagliamento, Reno and other rivers also flow along the Po Plain.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The river network and canals form a large shipping system.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the lower reaches, due to sediments, the riverbeds are raised under the plain and dumped, the breakthrough of dams leads to floods.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Rivers have both rain and snow-glacial nutrition, high water is observed in spring and autumn.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In mountainous areas, the hydropower potential of rivers is used, and in lowland areas their water is used for irrigation.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

[1] [3]


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The rivers of the Apennine Peninsula and the islands of Italy are not so abundant, they are mainly rainfed, overflow in autumn or winter, and often dry up in summer.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The rivers of the Ligurian coast are short and fast, some of the deltas are home to cities (for example, Genoa) and beach resorts (for example, Rapallo), the largest river is the Arno, among others: Cecina.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The Adriatic coast is cut like a comb by parallel rivers flowing down from the Apennines in the regions of the Marche (Metauro, Azo, Foglia, Ezino, Potenza, Tenna), Abruzzo (Pescara) and Molise (Trigno, Biferno, Fortore).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Other rivers: Ofanto, Carapelle.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The rivers flowing into the Tyrrhenian Sea are long and full: Ombrone, the Roman Tiber, Liri, Volturno, Sele, Savuto.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The rivers Bradano, Agri, Krati, Bazento, Sinni flow into the Ionian Sea.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Other rivers located on mainland Italy are Mella, Idiche, Bacciglion, Avisio, Nera, Tanaro, Dora Baltva, Tronto, Sangro, Tanagra, Mezina, Aniene, Cervaro, Condelaro, Rienza.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Rivers on the island of Sardinia: Coghinas, Tirso, Cedrino, Flumendosa.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Rivers on the island of Sicily: Belice, Torto, Platani, Salso, Dittaino.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Lakes


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In total, there are about 1,500 in Italy, most of which are small mountain lakes that have been formed over the past 25,000 years under the influence of glaciers.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Many lakes are located in the valleys of the foothills of the Lombard Alps: Garda (the largest lake in the country), Lake Maggiore, Como, Iseo and Lugano.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

These lakes have a semi-Mediterranean climate and are surrounded by groves of olive and citrus trees.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

They are often used for hydropower [3].


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Significant lakes of the Apennine Peninsula are located in the craters of extinct volcanoes: Bolsena, Albano, Bracciano and Nemi.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

There are coastal lakes of the lagoon type: Lake Lesina, Varano and Valli di Comacchio, as well as other lakes: Lake Trasimeno (the largest on the Apennine Peninsula), Lake Omodeo (on the island of Sardinia).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

On the territory of Italy, there are significant areas with permeable rocks, where water forms underground rivers and lakes, often forming caves, the most famous of which are located in Civita Castellana and Puglia districts [1] [3].


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Soils and vegetation


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Based on the physical and geographical characteristics of the country, at least three areas with different types of vegetation can be distinguished: the Alps, the Po Valley and the Mediterranean-Apennine region.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The Alpine part of Italy can be divided into three belts.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Deciduous forests (cork oak, European olive, cypress, laurel cherry, chestnut, ash, maple) grow on the slopes up to 800 heights.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Above (up to 1800), beech forests are common on mountain brown forest soils, mountain humus and soddy-carbonate soils, gradually turning into coniferous (larch, ordinary spruce).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the third, highest belt, shrubs (rhododendrons, hard alder and juniper) grow, turning into meadows covered with grass (including sedge) and wild flowers (gentian, break, povoi soldaniel, saxifrage, representatives of the Carnation and Primrose families).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Sedge and herbaceous willow grow even higher; numerous mosses and lichens grow under the snow line [1] [3].


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

On the Po Plain, soils are alluvial and brown forest, oak forests, floodplain meadows and shrubs were previously represented, now almost all vegetation has been replaced by cultivated plants (wheat, corn, potatoes, rice and sugar beets).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Poplar grows in well-irrigated places, and Sedge plants are common in drier places.