Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

See also


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

Nuclear power plant


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

Controlled thermonuclear fusion


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

List of nuclear reactors designed and built in the Soviet Union


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

Nuclear reactors of the USSR and Russia


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

Oklo Natural Nuclear Reactor


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

Literature


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

TSB


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

Levin V. E.


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

Nuclear physics and nuclear reactors.


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

4-e izd.


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

— Moscow, Atomizdat Publ., 1979.


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

Shukolyukov A. YU.


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

Chemistry and Life” No. 6, 1980, pp. 20-24


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

Notes


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

References


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

Category:Nuclear physics


Question: When was the world's first nuclear reactor launched?

Nuclear reactor

Category:Nuclear chemical technology


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Latvia is located in the Baltic States, on the western edge of the East European Plain.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

It is washed by the Baltic Sea and has a total area of 64,589 km².


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Borders and coastline


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

The total length of the border is 1,382 km.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Latvia borders Estonia to the north (343 km), Lithuania to the south (576 km), Russia to the east (292 km) and Belarus (171 km) to the southeast.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

The territory of Latvia is washed by the Baltic Sea from the west, and the length of the coastline is 498 km.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

In the northern part of the country, the Courland Peninsula, ending in Cape Kolka (Domesnes), and the Estonian islands of the Moonsund archipelago separate the Gulf of Riga from the sea.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Territorial waters are 12 nautical miles, and Latvia also owns a continental shelf to a depth of 200 m or to a depth of use.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Geology and minerals


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

The territory of Latvia is located on the north-western edge of the East European Platform.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

The crystalline foundation lies at a depth of 300-400 m (north-east of the country) to more than 2,000 m (south-west) and consists of granites, gneiss, amphibolites, anorthosites and crystalline shales, formed in archaea, lower and middle Proterozoic (from 1.2 to 2.4 billion years ago).


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Sedimentary rocks, the thickness of which reaches 2000—2200 m, are mainly represented by carbonate and terrigenous deposits.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

There are peat, limestone and dolomite deposits on the territory of Latvia.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Amber is rarely found on the coast.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

[1] Iron ores were found in the crystal foundation at a depth of about 700 m (Limbazh District); in 1965, the Kuldiga oil field was discovered.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

There are also deposits of gypsum, quartz and glass sands, various clays and sand and gravel formations used as building materials.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

There are mineral springs on which the cities of Kemeri and Baldone stand.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Relief


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Most of the territory of Latvia is a moraine, slightly hilly plain with altitudes of 100-200 m above sea level, the western outskirts of the East European Plain [3].


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Low hills bear traces of ancient glaciation, such as moraine hills, lake basins, boulders.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Along the coast of the Baltic Sea, a lowland stretches 2-3 km wide, in some places up to 50 km.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

In the west of the country is the Kurzeme Upland (up to 184 m high), divided by the Venta River into West Kurzeme and East Kurzeme.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

When moving eastward, the hills pass into the Central Latvian Lowland, then the relief rises again, forming the Vidzeme Upland, where the highest point is located - Mount Gaizinkalns (311.6 m).


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

In the north-east is the North Latvian Lowland (height 40-60 m), which passes south into the East Latvian Lowland.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

The East Latvian Lowland, the central part of which is swampy (Luban Lowland), separates the Vidzeme and Latgale Upland.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

The latter is formed by the hills of Lielais Liepukalns (289.3 m), Dzierkalu kalns (286.3 m), etc.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Climate


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

The climate is transitional from maritime to continental, which is mitigated by its proximity to the Baltic Sea.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

The prevailing south-westerly winds bring a significant amount of precipitation from the Atlantic - 500-800 mm per year.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

The sky is often covered with clouds, the number of sunny days is only 30-40 per year.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

May is the sunniest and driest month.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Summers are often cool and rainy, with temperatures above freezing for 125-155 days a year.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

The average temperature in July is 15-17° C, sometimes anomalies occur (up to 32° C), as in the mid-1990s.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Winter lasts from mid-December to mid-March.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

In January, the average temperature ranges from -3 to -7° C, occasionally falling to -40° C [4] [5].


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Water resources


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

According to 2005 estimates, Latvia has 49.9 km³ of renewable water resources, of which 0.25 km³ is consumed per year (55% for utilities, 33% for industrial and 12% for agricultural needs) [1].


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

More than 700 large and small rivers flow through the territory of Latvia, all of which belong to the Baltic Sea basin.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

The largest river, the Daugava (called the Western Dvina in Russia) on the territory of Latvia, has a length of 357 km, and its total length is 1,020 km.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Other major rivers include the Gauja, Lielupe and Venta [3].


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

High water in spring, floods are also possible as a result of summer rains or winter thaws.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

In the western part of the country, the ice cover lasts 2—2.5 months.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

, in the east — 3—3.5 months.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

To use the hydropower potential (estimated at 3.9 billion kWh in TSB), several dams have been created, including the Plavinas and Kegums HPPs [2].


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

More than 3,000 lakes with an area larger than 1 ha, most of them are of glacial origin.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

They occupy about 1.5% of the country's area and are used for fisheries.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

There are also many swamps, the share of which in the country's area reaches 10%.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Most of the wetlands fall on the eastern part of the country — Latgale.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

The largest lakes are Lubans, Razna, Burtnieks, Usma and Liepajas.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

The deepest lake in the country is Dridzis (66.2 m) [5] [2].


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Soils


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

The soils of Latvia are mainly (52%) podzolic (soddy-podzolic predominate), in Zemgale (the central region of the country, the Middle Latvian Lowland) there are fertile soddy-carbonate soils (4%).


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Areas suitable for agriculture are interspersed with wetlands — 2% floodplain and 23% swampy soils (soddy-gley, soddy-podzolic gley), 19% peat bogs [2].


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

In total, about 19 thousand km² of land is cultivated, and about 70% of agricultural land is waterlogged [3], so measures are being taken not for irrigation, but for land reclamation.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

As of 2003, the share of drained agricultural land was 85% [1].


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

For intensively cultivated hilly regions, there is a problem of soil erosion [4].


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Flora and fauna, nature protection


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Forests occupy 40% of the territory, the largest massifs are located in the northern part of the Courland Peninsula and in the north-east of the country.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Coniferous forests (pine, spruce) predominate along the coast (67% of the area of all forests), and deciduous forests (birch, aspen, black and white alder) predominate in other areas (33% of forests).


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

On river valleys and hills there are meadows (7.5% of the country's area), mostly dry meadows.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Swamps cover about 4.8% of the territory; the area of Lake Lubanas and the lower reaches of the Aiviekste River is heavily swampy [2].


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

There are squirrels, foxes, hares (brown and white hare), lynxes, badgers, martens and raccoon dogs in Latvia.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Sometimes you can meet ermine and weasel.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Environmental measures led to an increase in the number of deer and moose, and wild boar and beaver were re-acclimatized.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Among the birds there are nightingale, oriole, blackbird, woodpecker, owl, partridge, chaffinch, tit, quail, lark, stork and heron [4].


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Commercial fish species: Baltic herring, sprat, salmon, taimen, fish, eel, etc.


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Lamprey lives in the estuaries and in the Gulf of Riga [2].


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

There are national parks (Gauja, Slitere, Raznas), 5 reserves (Grini, Moritssala, etc.), reserves and more than 90 parks, including the Daugava bends, as well as Kazdangsky and Skriversky dendrological parks [ 5] [2].


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

Notes


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

References


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

— Latvijas Statistika (in English)


Question: What is the length of Latvia?

Geography of Latvia

— Latvijas Statistika (in English)


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

English: Naked Tango is an independent film in 1990 [By 1], directed by an international band led by Americans, director (the older brother of director and screenwriter Paul Schroeder) and producer.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

A bloody erotic melodrama with thriller elements and a tragic outcome, made in the style of silent cinema, although the film itself is colored and contains dialogues.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The dance numbers were staged by an Argentine tango master.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The action takes place in Buenos Aires in the 1920s.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The idea of the film belongs to Argentine writer Manuel Puig.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The credits of the film contain a dedication to Puig, who died in 1990, shortly after the completion of filming “Naked Tango”.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

This is Schrader's directorial debut in feature films, who by that time had already gained fame as a screenwriter.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The script for this film was also written by him himself.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The film failed at the box office [1] without recouping even a tenth of the money spent on its production [2], but after its release on video it gained cult status among tango lovers [2] [K 2].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The name Borenstein, worn by pimp Zico in the film, actually belonged to David Weissman's uncle, Pinhas Borenstein [3].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Since 1924, he has been the chief cantor of the Synagogue on Paso Street in Buenos Aires.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

And in 1945, Cantor Borenstein held a bat mitzvah for Madame Borenstein, Zico's mother and the owner of the brothel, who played in the film.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The plot


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The plot of “Nude Tango” is partly based on the story of the real crime syndicate “Zvi Migdal”, which transported girls from Jewish places in Eastern Europe to brothels in Latin America [4] [5 ].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The film begins with shots of Rudolph Valentino's famous tango from The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

There are opening credits against their background.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

September 1924 of the year.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Honorable Judge Torres (Ray), after marrying young Stephanie (May) in Paris, returns with her on an ocean liner to her homeland in Argentina.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Tired of her husband's jealousy and despotism, Stephanie, when she has the opportunity, decides to escape from him and start her life anew.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Having become an involuntary witness to the suicide of one of the passengers, she appropriates things and documents of the deceased.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

From now on, Stephanie pretends to be a poor immigrant from Poland, traveling to Buenos Aires as a “pen pal” to her future husband (Morales), whom she has never seen.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

At first, she perceives everything as an interesting adventure, but upon arrival it turns out that “mail order marriage” is just a scheme to force women into prostitution, and the “newlywed” ends up in public home.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

It attracts the attention of the mysterious and violent gangster Cholo (D'Onofrio).


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

A strange relationship is established between young people, in which at first there is no place for sex, because Cholo's only passion is tango.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The bandit demands unconditional obedience from the girl, but also saves her life when she finds herself in the center of a conflict between the Jewish criminal association and the Italian mafia.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Finally, Stephanie manages to escape from the brothel and return to her husband, but the past reminds of itself with an unexpected visit by Cholo.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The judge puts the impudent man out the door.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Unable to forget the “king of tango”, Stephanie secretly searches for Cholo from her husband all over Buenos Aires.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

But she herself is being monitored - Zico kidnaps Stephanie in the hope of receiving a ransom for her from the judge.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Everyone dies in the final: Stephanie, Judge Torres, Zico and Cholo.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Cast


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|Matilda May||Stephanie Torres, judge's wife/Alba Borenstein, Zico's “wife”


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|Vincent D'Onofrio||Cholo, King of Tango and Assassin


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|Fernando Rey||Judge Torres, Stephanie's husband


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|Esai Morales||Zico Borenstein, pimp


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|||Mama Ziko, Bandersha


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|Constance McCashin||Flora, a prostitute in Zico's brothel


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|||Jeweler Bertoni


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|||Hairdresser Gaston


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|||Ship Captain


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|Tony Payne||Waiter on the ship


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|Dodi Scheuer||Immigration Officer


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|Marcos Voinski||High Italian Mafia


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|||Little Italian Mafia


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|||Chief of Police


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|Sergio Lehrer||The Fake Rabbi


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|||Boss of “Zvi Migdal”


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|Kerry Warn||Shop Vendor


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

|Ines Yukhnovski||Bebe, a prostitute depicting a virgin


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Working on the film


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The idea


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The previous collaboration between Weissman and Schrader was the 1985 film “The Kiss of the Spider-Woman”, based on the novel of the same name by Argentine writer Manuel Puig.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The film was directed by Hector Babenko, Weissman produced the film, and Schrader wrote the script.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Filmed in Brazil, this film, with a relatively small budget, was suddenly very successful, was nominated by the American Film Academy in four categories, and starring William Hurt won the Oscar for Best Actor.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Weissman hoped to repeat his success again.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Manuel Puig gave Weisman the idea to make a tango film when he turned to the Argentine writer in 1983 for the rights to film his novel.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In a conversation with the producer, Puig noted that tango is likely to become fashionable again soon.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

He was right.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In 1985, the French dance and music show Tango Argentino was moved to Broadway and its success led to the emergence of tango clubs in the United States one after another.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

And in 1986, Puig wrote a two-act musical piece “Memories of the Gardel”, which takes place in a brothel in Buenos Aires in the 1920s.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Seven Jewish prostitutes act as a corps de ballet in it [K 3].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

When Puig showed his unpublished play to Weisman and Schrader, the latter was interested in the fact that prostitutes for some reason were Jewish.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

When he began to ask Puig, he learned the story of Zvi Migdal, or Warsaw Jewish Mutual Aid Society, as it was originally called.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Then Schrader finally had the idea of a script for a tango film, which would take place in a Jewish brothel.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The conflict with Puenzo


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In 1986, Argentine Luis Puenzo's “Official Version” was nominated for an Oscar (and won), and the director was in Los Angeles on the occasion.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Weissman and Schrader contacted him, outlined the idea and offered to direct the future film.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Puenzo agreed and came up with the name Naked Tango.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Meanwhile, Weissman went headlong in preparation for the production of Babenko's next film, The Thistle [K 4], and Schrader sat down to write the script.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The script was completed in 1987 and presented to Puenzo in October, when Weissman and Schrader were in Buenos Aires.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

However, during this time, Jane Fonda persuaded Puenzo to start shooting another film, “The Old Gringo”, and the director was busy.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In addition, he did not like the final version of the script very much.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Therefore, he suggested postponing the shooting of “Nude Tango” until he finished working on “The Old Gringo”, and during this time Schrader to correct the script according to his wishes.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Weissman was unhappy with the delay, and Schrader managed to convince him that he would cope with directing without help.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

After a serious quarrel with Schrader and Weissman, Puenzo left the project.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In the finished film, of his contribution, in fact, only the title remains.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Puenzo's name is not credited at all.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

He filed a lawsuit against Weissman, but a court in Los Angeles ruled the case in favor of the producer [6] [7].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Preparing for shooting


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

A significant part of the crew of “Naked Tango” was made up of people who worked on “The Kiss of the Spider-Woman”.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The film was co-produced by the famous costume designer Milena Canonero.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

She took control and coordination of the work of the part of the group responsible for the appearance of the film — production designer, costume designer, hairstyle designer, costume designers, make-up artists, decorators Canonero also invited Weisman to take an Englishman into the project as a production designer.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Actor Recruitment


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

During Weissman and Schrader's stay in South America, where they were collecting material for the upcoming film, Manuel Puig introduced them to his friend, Spanish actor Fernando Ray, who at the time was in Brazil on the set of Moon Over Parador.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

After reading the script, Ray agreed to participate in the future film as the elderly husband of the main character.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The role of Cholo was originally written for William Hurt [8] [2] [9].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

However, Hurt was involved in a lawsuit against his common-law wife Sandra Jennings and his participation in filming in another country turned out to be problematic [K 5].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The search for a replacement took more than eight months.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Val Kilmer [10] and Esai Morales [8] [2], who eventually played Zico in the film, were auditioned for the role, until finally Hert's impresario Jean Parsegian offered to take Vincent D'Onofrio for the role, even despite the fact that the actor was not his client [11].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

D'Onofrio, who had never danced tango before, immediately began rehearsals with the film's choreographer Carlos Rivarola [12].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

According to D'Onofrio, in addition to dancing skills, he borrowed some of the habits of his hero from Rivarola.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

It took another two months to find the main character.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

At one time, this role was claimed by Spanish Assumpta Cerna [13], which was offered to Weissman by cameraman Juan Ruiz Ancia.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Like D'Onofrio, she did not know how to dance tango, but she undertook to learn.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

However, in the end, the role was won by Frenchwoman Matilda May.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

May at this time auditioned for the lead female role in the film “Revenge”.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Although the audition was unsuccessful for her (Kevin Costner's partner in Tony Scott's film eventually became Madeline Stowe), the pictures caught the eye of Weisman and Schrader, and they decided that the young French an actress is exactly what they need [14].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

When it turned out that May had graduated with honors from a choreographic school and spoke English very well, the choice was finally made [8].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In a number of cameo and supporting roles, Schrader took on the crew's technicians.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The film's production designer simultaneously starred as captain of the ship, and tango historian Dodi Scheuer, credited as a consultant for Argentina, as an immigration official.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Australian-born English hairstyle designer Kerry Warne (personal stylist Nicole Kidman, also known for creating 1920s hairstyles for Baz Luhrmann's film The Great Gatsby) played a seller trying on a wig to the main character, and the costume designer (in the same function he participated in the creation of Spider-Woman's Kiss) played a small but prominent role as a hairdresser homosexual Gaston.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Bisso is not only a fashion designer, but also a well-known comedian in Brazil.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Ines Juhnowski, who played one of the prostitutes, Bebe, is also credited as a member of the production team, and one of the associate producers, Tony Payne, played the role of a waiter on the ship.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

For the role of Zico's mother, the owner of the brothel Madame Borenstein, Weissman, on the advice of Argentine members of the band, took a famous Argentine actress, familiar to Russian theatergoers from her joint with Jorge Donn on tour in Moscow in 1990.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

appears in the film in a cameo role as chief of police, and the wife of David Weissman's brother Sam, Constance McCashin, plays a small role as a prostitute Flora.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Marcos Voinski, a veteran of Roger Corman's low-budget films, and a famous Argentine actor, director and theater teacher starred in the roles of a couple of Italian mafia.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The role of jeweler Bertoni was played by the son of Zero Mostel.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Schrader also hoped to star in one of the cameo roles of Chilean writer José Donoso, whom he knew from a writer's seminar at the University of Iowa, but he was unable to come to Buenos Aires for shooting [15].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Funding


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The final budget of the film amounted to about $10 million and exceeded the original estimate by 16 percent.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

About half of the cost of creating the film was covered by the Japanese company Toho-Towa.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Schrader played a significant role in attracting the Japanese to finance.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

He lived in Japan for a long time and had connections in the Japanese film industry (Schrader wrote his scripts in both English and Japanese).


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The remaining costs were covered equally by several investors from the United States, Argentina and Switzerland.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Sugarloaf has already participated in the financing of the Spider-Woman Kiss.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Weissman and Holzer knew each other from Andy Warhol's Factory, where Jane was one of Warhol's “superstars” and Weissman began his career.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Jane Holzer is credited as one of the executive producers on the American side.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The other was Californian lawyer Henry Holmes.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

On the Argentine side, the film was funded by a former politician and later a major businessman and son of another famous Argentine politician, musician Fernando Gelbard.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Part of the funds was allocated by a Swiss studio.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Martin Hellstern and Roger Shavinsky negotiated with Weissman as representatives of the Swiss [1].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Filming


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Although Naked Tango was the first feature film to be directed by Schrader himself, he already had some directing experience working on a mondo documentary” Killing America”, on the set of which, by the way, he met producer David Weissman.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In addition, at the end of work on Spider-Woman's Kiss, Hector Babenko became seriously ill, and Schrader had to make the final installation of the film [16].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The film was shot mainly in Buenos Aires and Montevideo [17], in a total of 37 different locations.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In Buenos Aires, among other things, they filmed in the pavilions of the Baires studio, in the San Telmo quarter, Molina and La Ideal pastry shops, Corrientes Avenue and Esmeralda Street, in the premises of the Water Palace, and also on the streets of the port district of La Boca [6].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The scene on the deck of the liner was filmed in California aboard the Queen Mary [8] [18].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The film also shows the interiors of the Palacio de Sans Souci Palace [K 6] located in the suburbs of Buenos Aires and the former casino and now the El Tigre Club Museum [19].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

It was at this time that Argentina, in the midst of the economic crisis, held presidential elections, in which Carlos Menem and the Peronist Party came to power.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

For the first time since 1916 in the history of the country, power peacefully passed to the opposition.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Political and economic instability made shooting more difficult and more expensive.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The main filming location, the basement cabaret of the early 20th century, which plays the role of a brothel in the film, was in disrepair and had to be urgently repaired.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Winter in the Southern Hemisphere was rainy, which also made it difficult to shoot.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Heavy rain met the crew on the very first day of their work in Buenos Aires on June 21, 1989, when it was planned to shoot on location [8] [6].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In addition, many members of the crew caught a cold, and some received food poisoning.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

As a result, instead of the planned 84 shootings, the shooting lasted 101 days.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The need to bribe local officials also led to budget overruns.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

There were also completely anecdotal cases.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

For example, to shoot the scene of the jeweler's funeral, a luxurious coffin finished in silver and ebony was rented from a local funeral home.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In the midst of filming, representatives of the funeral home appeared on the set and demanded to return the coffin to them.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

It turned out that the Minister of Economy in Menem's government died suddenly, and this coffin is the best thing at the disposal of the funeral home, and is urgently needed to arrange the funeral of the Minister for the highest level [19].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

But the reason for the overspending was not only the greed of Argentine officials and unfavorable circumstances.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Thus, the driver illegally dismissed as a result of Weissman's whim continued to receive a salary until the end of the contract, although he had to hire a replacement, and the bill for Matilda's private telephone conversations May and Paris amounted to about a million Australs (the then Argentine currency).


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In addition, Weissman ignored the advice of Argentine crew members, who warned him against financially reckless steps in the face of hyperinflation in the country at that time [19].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Weissman tried to negotiate with the executive producer of Highlander 2, which was supposed to begin filming soon in Buenos Aires, to concede part of the filming equipment to him in order to save on duties and transportation costs, but the transaction did not take place [20].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Festival screenings


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

According to some reports, the film premiered in September 1990 [21], but the film is not mentioned in the festival's online archive [22] and publications on its history [23] [24].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Naked Tango also screened at the Sundance Festival in January 1991 [25] [K 7] and at the opening of the Latin American Film Festival in New York on August 16 of the same year, a week before its release in rental [26].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

After the film was released in the United States, the film was shown at the 17th American Film Festival in Deauville, France.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

At that time, this festival did not award official prizes, but Schrader's film participated in the nomination for the unofficial award of the festival among eleven other films, but was left with nothing.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Weissman tried to offer the film to the Cannes Film Festival, but received a categorical refusal from the director of the festival [1].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In November 1991, after being withdrawn from distribution, Naked Tango was screened at the Fort Lauderdale Film Festival in Florida [27].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Lease


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The screening of “Naked Tango” in cinemas in West Germany began on September 27, 1990, a few days before the merger with the GDR.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The rental was carried out by Munich's Scotia Filmverleih.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Toho-Towa, who also participated in the production of the painting, was distributed in Japan and South Korea, Life International in Italy, and Blue Dolphin Films in the UK.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The film could not find distributors in the United States for a long time, and New Line Cinema finally started distributing it.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

It opened on August 23, 1991 with a screening at Cinema II in New York at the corner of 3rd Avenue and 60th Street.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In September, the Nude Tango demonstration began at the impressive Village East Cinemas in Lower Manhattan, built in 1926 as the Yiddish Theater by Maurice Schwartz [28].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The screening of the film in the United States was limited to these two cinemas only.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The fees for the first weekend amounted to just over $12,000, totaling only $83,000 [2] [K 8].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In Italy, the film was shown in September 1991 at the Majestic cinema in Rome and Mignon in Milan under the title [29].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The Swiss producer, who took part in the production of the film, directly calls “Nude Tango” a disaster in his autobiography [1].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The film had slightly better results in Argentina, where it was titled, and Europe, in particular, in Germany.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

An article in the magazine Spiegel linked this relative success with a surge in interest in female masochism in German society [30].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

According to Kurubeto, Norway became the only country where we can talk about relatively good rental results [31].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Post-rental fate


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The film was removed from distribution in the United States in October 1991.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

After that, he could still be seen at several minor film festivals in the United States.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Later, there were individual screenings, for example, in Miami in October 1993 [K 9] and in Tallahassee in July 2006 [2].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

From time to time, film screenings are organized on student campuses [K 10], moviegoers and tango clubs [2] [32], film lectures [K 11].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In Europe, the film is sometimes shown on television [1] [K 2].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Editions


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The videotape of the film was released in Germany on January 14, 1991, before its American premiere at the Sundance Festival.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In early 1992, a British videotape was released.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In Canada, Cineglobe and Montreal C/FP Video released two tapes — in English and French (the last one called Tango Passion with an alternative ending).


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

There are also Italian (Tango nudo) and Russian (Yekaterinburg Art, 1996) editions of Nude Tango on VHS.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In addition, there are Japanese (Towa Video, 92 min., 1991) and Taiwanese (Taiwan Lasersoft Corp., 91 min.) editions on LaserDisc.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In 2009, the German released the film on DVD (85 minutes 30 seconds, the disc also contains the film's trailer and stage photos [33], contains only the German audio track [34]).


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Version differences


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

After a negative reaction to the film among the audience at the test screenings, the footage was repeatedly re-edited [1].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

As a result, the American and European versions of the film differ in the final.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The American ending is shorter and more realistic, while the European ending is symbolic and more dramatic.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The last shot of the American finale is the corpses of Cholo and Alba on a red-lit dance floor.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The European version of the ending is Cholo, raising Alba's bloody corpse up at outstretched arms (this frame is present on the German poster for the film).


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The version on the videotape released in Russia follows the American final [K 12].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The German version of the DVD has a European ending, but also contains some differences from, for example, the British version.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Some scenes have been expanded, others, on the contrary, have been reduced.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Added tango scenes on the roof and the judge staging the atmosphere of the liner in her mansion in an attempt to restore Stephanie's memory after an alleged amnesia.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

But there is no scene in the store with the choice of wig.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

There are also very significant differences in German dubbing: Stephanie's voice-over has been added in several places, commenting on what is happening, as if continuing the entries in Alba's diary, and all references to Jews and Jewish realities have been reduced to a minimum.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Assessment and perception


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Criticism


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Although press reports during filming looked promising [8] [9] [18], immediately after its release, the film received a sharply negative review from critics [17] [35] [36] [37].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Over time, positive reviews began to appear [2] [33] [38].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Catherine Dunphy of Toronto Star notes the poser nature of the film and regrets the spoiled source material, which could otherwise make a good film [T1].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The latter idea is shared by Vincent Canby, who, in his response to the New York Times, praises Schrader's ability as a director and writes about the untapped potential of the film [T2].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Peter Travers's review in Rolling Stone compares the depth of the script with a tourist guide, and calls the film itself a pretentious version of Dirty Dancing [C 3].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

German experts of the Catholic Film Commission are not satisfied with the straightforwardness of the interpretation of tango as a symbol of love and death, the banality of dialogues and the poor performance of actors [C 4].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Jonathan Romney's article in Site and Sound is extremely negative about many aspects of the film, including what he considers an unsuccessful attempt to stylize films of the 1920s and the unconvincing performance of D'Onofrio and May, and in the end he even accuses the film of anti-Semitism.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Although Romney does not deny the director's desire to psychologically reveal the characters of the main characters, the result of this attempt is recognized by him as unsatisfactory, including due to excessive pedaling visual component [Ts 5].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

He also notes many anachronisms and historical inaccuracies, and considers dance scenes not worthy of attention of dance lovers [36].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Interestingly, 15 years after Romney, professional dancer and art critic Valorie Hart, also noted in her review the negligence of the filmmakers in dealing with historical realities and poverty the dance elements shown will not consider this a serious drawback, and the film itself will confidently attribute it to the cult [2].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

And seven years later, Romanian screenwriter Loredana Gidarcea, in her generally benevolent review, on the contrary, will not be satisfied with the superfluous parable for the film, which, in her opinion, is “Naked Tango” realism and attention to historical details [38].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

A number of later critics, following Romney, note the accentuated splendor of Anthony Pratt's scenery, but at the same time come to radically opposite conclusions - from their point of view, excellent visuals are not aggravates, but on the contrary, completely redeems the shortcomings of the scenario [C 6].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Italian critic Sergio Arecco, in his article in Filmcritique, discusses extensively about the symbolism and mythology of tango in the works of early Borges, his creative philosophy (as well as Puig and partly Fassbinder) and their influence on Schrader's film [39].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The influence of Fassbinder's later films, as well as Dario Argento, is also seen by his German colleague, who gives Nude Tango extremely high [C 7].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Acting


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The most controversial assessments of critics were caused by Vincent D'Onofrio's performance of the role of Cholo.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Many reviewers consider his performance unconvincing [40] and expressionless [41], and his choice for this role was a director's mistake [42].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

However, some found the actor's performance excellent [2].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Film critics speak a little better about Matilda May's performance [43].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Sometimes their assessments of her even show some surprise: “unexpectedly touching” [41].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

However, often the admiration of critics is limited to the appearance of the actress [2] [44] [45].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

On the other hand, the performers of supporting roles received positive assessments.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The reviews highlight the performance of Fernando Rey [2] [41] [43], Esai Morales and Sipe Linkowski [2] [41].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Some critics also give favorable attention to Patricio Bisso and Josh Mostel [2].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Cultural context


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In addition to the art criticism of the film itself, since its creation, works have appeared that consider “Nude Tango” against a broader cultural background.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Thus, the professor in his book [46] conducts a very detailed analysis of it in the context of cinema's depiction of the so-called “white slavery” of the early 20th century (we are talking about forced prostitution, and more specifically, about the activities of the criminal syndicate “Zvi Migdal”) and compares it with films of similar themes, while the interest in “Nude Tango” by Professor Amy Kaminsky is related to the reflection stereotypical image of Argentina in the mass consciousness and world art [47].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

On the other hand, Marta Savigliano, in her article [48] on the depiction of tango in cinema, analyzing in detail the films “Tango” by Carlos Saura and “The Tango Lesson” by Sally Potter, limits herself to only a brief by mentioning “Naked Tango” in the footnote as an earlier and unsuccessful attempt to explore the same topic.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Although without detailed consideration, the film is also repeatedly mentioned next to other films in works on, among other things, topics such as Buenos Aires [49] (often together with Anglo-Argentine the film “Apartment Zero”, in which some critics, in addition to the general scene and actress Sipe Linkowski, involved in both films [K 13], find other parallels with “Nude Tango” [K 2]), Argentine cinema [50], tango [K 14], sadomasochism in cinema [K 15], depiction of the life of Jews in Latin America in art [K 16].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

At the suggestion of a conservative right-wing American critic and political commentator, who repeatedly mentioned “Naked Tango” in his books, articles and public speeches [51], the film became certain circles as a symbol and an often cited example of immoral Hollywood film production [K 17].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

However, the one put forward by J.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Romney and Bear's accusation of judophobia in the film remains a single [K 18].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Even Medved's like-minded people see Nude Tango not as a mockery of Judaism, but, above all, as an aestheticization and glorification of violence, propaganda of adultery and indulgence in spoiled tastes European and international audiences, as opposed to the pious and virtuous views of ordinary Americans [52].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Mainstream film critics, recognizing anti-Semitism as one of the themes of Naked Tango, do not consider the film itself anti-Semitic because of this [50].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Literary reminiscences


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Yuri Karpenkov, one of the followers of the marginal sociological theory of ontosynthesis developed by Vyacheslav Dudchenko, somewhat unexpectedly refers in one of his articles to the plot “The Nude tango” to illustrate the ideas of his teacher and even quotes his own poem, written under the impression of watching the film [53].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In the collection of poems by Chilean poet Jesus Sepulveda Hotel Marconi there is a poem by Tango desnudo, inspired by the plot of “Nude Tango” [54].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Argentine poet Rolando Revagliatti created a series of poems about films.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

One of the poems in the series, Tango desnudo, is dedicated to Schrader's tape.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In one of Tesney Morgan's books [K 19], the similarity of the interior of the mansion with the lush scenery of the brothel from Naked Tango pushes the heroine to acquire it [56].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Thematic and typological similarities


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Critics view “Naked Tango” from different angles and, accordingly, integrate the film into various associative ranks.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Below are some of the movies mentioned alongside Naked Tango.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Sadomasochism as a judo technique (a woman first succumbs to take over later) Empire of the Senses, The Night Porter by Liliana Cavani, Bernardo Bertolucci's Last Tango in Paris [57].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Erotica as an artistic device that helps to reveal the absurdity of the idea of power, strength, domination Polanski's Bitter Moon, The Dangerous Side [58].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

A cruel metaphor for the loss of innocence “Bitter Moon”, “Blue Velvet” by David Lynch, “At the Very Bottom” by Jerzy Skolimowski [58].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Insanely eccentric relationships against the background of Buenos Aires “Don't Look Down”, “Apartment Zero” [50] [K 2].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Tango as the main character of Carlos Saura's Tango, Sally Potter's Tango Lesson [48].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Tango as a symbol of love and death “Tango” by Saura, “Last Tango in Paris” [33].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Dance melodrama with a primitive plot “Saturday Night Fever”, “Dirty Dancing” [35].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Best of the Worst, Verhoeven's outstanding thrash Showgirls, Plan 9 from Outer Space [31], films by Russ Meyer and Sam Peckinp, Hairspray by J.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Waters [2].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

An unsuccessful attempt at an erotic film for the mass audience, sexy thrash “Wild Orchid”, “Zandali” [59], “Nine and a Half Weeks” [45].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Evil cartoon of Jews “The Eternal Jew” and “The Jew Suess” by Harlan [60] [61].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Ghostly and oppressive atmosphere, violence, obsessive colorFilms by Argento and late Fassbinder [33] [39], in particular, Suspiria and Querel.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Films that cause a strong, ambiguous reaction “Last Tango in Paris”, “The Night Porter”, “Blue Velvet”, “Querel” [8].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Without specifying the exact nature of the associative connection “Beauty of the Day”, “Last Tango in Paris”, “Saturday Night Fever” [62].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Sergio Arecco stands somewhat apart, linking Naked Tango not with other films, but with the literary works of early Borges, in particular, with his poem “Tango” and the story” The Man from the Rose Cafe” [39].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

music


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The film features classic tango melodies of Kumparsita, Jirón Porteño (Oro Muerto), Región campera, Cuando llora la milonga, Guapeando, Cordon de oro, Arrabal Amargo and Sognando.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The original music for the film was written by Thomas Newman, a representative of the famous Hollywood composer dynasty [K 20].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Despite the fact that the film as a whole received devastating reviews, critics positively assessed the composer's work.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

For example, New York Times columnist Vincent Canby found that everything was bad in the film, with the exception of Newman's music [17].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

And Samir Hashem, in his review of the Hollywood Reporter, emphasizes the musical fragments he liked [C 8].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Artistic features


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Genre


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Most critics define “Naked Tango” as an erotic melodrama or as an erotic thriller, although in the latter case they often clarify that for a real thriller, the film lacks dynamics and plot sharpness [63].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Sometimes there is a refinement “dance melodrama”.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The German Dictionary of Cinematographic Terms even distinguishes tango films into a special subgenre [64].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Argentine cinema knows a lot of such films.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The epithet “erotic” also requires some explanation.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

A number of reviews clarify that the undeniably high degree of eroticism in the film is achieved not by bed scenes (of which there are very few, and they are shot very chaste), but, above all, by dance rooms [8] [36].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

This does not prevent some reviewers from calling “Nude Tango” semi-melodrama, semi-pornography [44].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Stylistics


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The film deliberately exploits the aesthetics of German film expressionism of the 1920s [2] [17].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Schrader himself cites the works of Murnau and Mizoguchi as the samples he focused on [8].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Film critics and other members of the crew also mention the names of Fritz Lang, Pabst and von Sternberg [8] [19].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

J.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Romney separately notes the influence of the visual style of Erich von Stroheim's films [36].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The director actively uses the entire arsenal of expressionist artistic techniques: close-ups, gazes, sharp, deep shadows, shooting from an acute angle, shooting through glass and reflection in mirror, swirling fog and cigarette smoke, dark, tense atmosphere, slow motion.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The German expressionist Cummerspiel became the founder of two trends in Hollywood at once: noir films and classic horror films by Universal.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Some critics [2] [38] use the terms “noir” or “neo-noir” to describe the style of “Naked Tango” less accurate in this case, but more familiar to American moviegoers.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

To recreate the mood characteristic of black and white expressionist ribbons in a color film, Schrader and cameraman Juan Ruiz Ancia resort to the use of hard primary colors — red, blue and black.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The unusual color scheme is so conspicuous that this detail is noted by almost all reviews [14] [33] [34] [45] [65] [38] [39] [43].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Cultural allusions


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Almost all critics [2] [36] [39] [66] see Nude Tango as films of the 1920s, primarily films starring Rudolf Valentino.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In addition to the famous tango scene at the very beginning, throughout the film, the audience is shown magazines with a portrait of Valentino on the cover, or posters for Blood and Sand on the streets of Buenos Aires.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

It is often noted that the main character resembles the image of Lulu from Pabst's Pandora's Box performed by Louise Brooks [2] [36] [39] [66].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Sergio Arecco and Loredan Gidarcha generally consider the quote from The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse in the opening credits key to understanding Naked Tango [38] [39].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

From Arecco's point of view, the director deliberately uses the entire set of cultural cliches related to tango to achieve maximum dramatic effect [39].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

A similar opinion is shared by Valorie Hart, according to which the film “presents all the clichés, with the exception of the rose in the teeth” [2].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

And Domenica Flor considers the small role of hairdresser Gaston as such a key [67].


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

According to her, no one in the film is who they claim to be.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

All characters, with the exception of the hairdresser, play a certain image.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Rich Stephanie pretends to be Alba, a poor immigrant from Poland.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Madame Borenstein, a loving Jewish mother and perfect mother-in-law, turns out to be the mistress of a brothel, putting things in order there with an iron fist.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Her son Zico portrays a gentle groom and caring husband who suddenly turns into a ruthless pimp.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Cholo's every step is just a pose, a dance figure.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Until the very final scene, he does not reveal his true feelings for Alba.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Judge Torres is most concerned about his own reputation, what he looks like in the eyes of others.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Jeweler Bertoni allegedly sells the ring to the “newlyweds”, knowing full well in advance that the payment for it will be sex with the “bride”, for whom he will be the first client.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

The rabbi is actually one of the bosses of the Jewish mafia.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Prostitute Bebe has been a virgin 28 times, and her merchandise Flora admits that she is sore in her throat with feigned moans.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Only a homosexual hairdresser is free from playing stereotypical male and female roles.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

It is from his mouth that we hear the truth about Cholo and the brothel, and it is he who at a critical moment reports the appearance of the police.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

But he himself creates fake images of Alba and other prostitutes, changing their hairstyles.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Only Gaston is the puppeteer, the others are dolls, masks.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Domenica Flor notices another interesting detail that has eluded the attention of other critics, or did not seem important to them.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Glass is present in all key scenes, and the viewer's attention is specially focused on it.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Alba is naked dancing with Cholo tango against a stained glass window.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Ciolo gives a monologue about sex in front of Alba, and their figures are reflected in many mirrors.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Stephanie throws a bottle of champagne overboard before taking Alba's place.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

In the scene of the struggle between Cholo and Alba in the bedroom, Zico Ciolo imprints the girl into the window sash, while breaking the glass.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Alba throws a bottle at Cholo when she realizes that she will be accused of murdering a jeweler.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Cholo takes possession of Alba in the seat of a car dotted with fragments of a broken windshield.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Twice in the film, you can hear the ringing of the breaking glass of a kerosene lamp.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Ciolo throws a lamp in the kitchen, distracting the Italian mafia and saving Alba's life.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

And Alba herself, throwing a lamp, sets a fire in the hotel to be able to escape from the brothel and return to her husband.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Finally, in the final, Cholo extinguishes the electric lighting with shots from a revolver.


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Notes


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

comments


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

quotations


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Sources


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Literature


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Additional materials


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Publication


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

References


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|dead-url= suggested) (help)


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Template:Paid


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Unknown parameter |description= ignored (help)


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Unknown parameter |subtitle= ignored (help) CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Additionally


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Category:American melodrama films


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Category:Japanese melodrama films


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Category:Swiss melodrama films


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Category:Argentine melodrama films


Question: Where was Nude Tango filmed?

Nude tango

Category:Forced prostitution in movies


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Packard is an American brand of prestigious cars produced by Packard Motor Car Company (Detroit, Michigan), later Studebaker-Packard Corporation in South Bend, Indiana.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Cars under the Packard brand were produced from 1899 to 1958.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

History


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

The origins


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

The first cars under the Packard brand appeared at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

According to legend, Mr. James Ward Packard once bought a Winton car.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Depressed by the abundance of flaws in its design and finish, he sent a letter to breeder Alexander Winton with a detailed description of them and recommendations for correction.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Wynton, however, ignored constructive criticism, and in response invited Packard, if he wished, to build a better car.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

In which he, as a certified engineer, succeeded so much that the automobile manufacturer he founded survived Winton for a good few decades.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

However, according to a more prosaic version of the legend, Mr. Packard simply wanted to get a job at Wynton's company, unsuccessfully trying to show off his engineering erudition to its owner.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

One way or another, the single-cylinder mechanical “heart” of the first Packard beat on November 6, 1899, and in the fall of 1900, in Warren, Ohio, was officially registered created for his Ohio Automobile Company replication.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Two years later, on October 13, 1902, however, it was renamed Packard Motor Car Company, due to claims from other automakers in the state, as well as in connection with the ambulance the move to Detroit, the capital of the American automotive industry, at the suggestion of Henry Joy, a prominent Detroit capitalist and public figure who has become a shareholder of the company Bourne Joy).


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

The cars it produced from the very beginning bore the Packard brand.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Packard immediately relied on the production of small quantities of ultra-expensive cars: while the usual “horseless crew” of the middle class, like Oldsmobile or Geila-A, stood in the area from $500 to $1,000, prices for Packard products started at $2,600. However, the unrivaled level of quality and reliability quickly made the new brand one of the leaders in this market segment.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

In 1903, a Packard plant equipped with the latest technology of the time opened on East Grand Boulevard in Detroit with an area of 325,000 square meters, designed by an architect Albert Kahn.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Its building is notable as Detroit's first use of reinforced concrete for industrial buildings.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Despite the significant destruction caused by several fires over the past years, the ruins of its buildings still stand today.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

First successes


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

In 1904, the Packard Model F, the company's last model with an engine under the driver's seat, was replaced by the modern Model L at that time, which had a classic layout: the front engine, the leading rear wheels.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

For the first time, it also features a characteristic hood profile, which became a characteristic feature of all Packard cars until 1948 (attempts to revive it did not stop until the very end of its existence brands).


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

During the First World War, Packard produced chassis for armored vehicles and aircraft engines.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

A real masterpiece was developed by the company's specialists in cooperation with California Hall-Scott Motor Co.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Liberty aircraft engine, which has been in production since 1918.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

The engine had a modular design that made it possible to vary the number of cylinders - the L-12 version (displacement of 27 liters) was the most widely used.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Packard itself produced it (under the designation V-1650 and with some modifications) until 1926.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

In addition, Liberty was produced under license outside the United States for a very long time, in particular, in the USSR under the designation M-5.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

The Packard Twin-Six 12-cylinder car engine, which appeared soon, was largely based on the technical solutions and experience gained in the development of Liberty.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

In 1916, James Alvan Macauley (Sr.) became president of the company, and from 1928 he was also elected chairman of the American Automobile Manufacturers Association (AAMA) — the parent organization that coordinated the activities of all American vehicle manufacturers.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

It is McAuley who owns Packard's famous marketing slogan: Ask the man who owns one - “Ask the owner” (Packard car).


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

In the 1910s and early 1920s, Packard tried to produce trucks, which, however, were not very successful due to the high price, although they were famous for the same reliability and durability as cars models of the company.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

“The Golden Age”


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Over the next thirty years, Packard was one of the largest players in the American and global luxury car market, along with firms such as Pierce-Arrow and Peerless, making up the elite American automotive industry (the so-called “three Ps” - Packard, Pierce-Arrow and Peerless) and from 1924 to 1930 consistently ranked number one on the sales charts among luxury car brands.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Packard was widely exported abroad, enjoying popularity with political and business elites around the world.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Cars of this brand were well known even in the Soviet Union, where until the second half of the thirties they accounted for a significant part of the fleet of various government organizations — Packard's high price was largely compensated by their reliability and durability.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

At the end of 1928, the company brought $21,889,000 in profit.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

In the era of the Great Depression, Packard, like other manufacturers of expensive cars, had a hard time.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Unlike Ford's Lincoln Motor Company or Cadillac owned by General Motors, it did not have “behind his back” financial “reinforcements” in the face of more “popular” brands, due to the profit of which you can would be to compensate for what was lost in the rapidly falling market for premium cars.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

However, the company's financial situation still remained much better than that of other “independent” manufacturers, many of which — Peerless, Franklin, Marmon, Ruxton, Stearns-Knight, Stutz, Duesenberg, Auburn and Pierce-Arrow - during the 1930s were forced to curtail the production of cars altogether.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

The withdrawal from the market of such strong competitors as Pierce-Arrow, in turn, allowed Packard to finally reach the first place among American luxury car brands.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

At first, even in these conditions, the company tried to continue its previous line — to produce a small number of ultra-expensive, ultra-luxury cars, both then and subsequently showing an amazing the ability to make good profits even with a very modest output by American standards.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

It was in the era of Depression that the famous 12-cylinder Packard Twin Six/Twelve appeared, which was a real supercar of its time.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Perhaps the only one of all North American car manufacturers, Packard could afford to ignore the traditional annual update of the model range by that time: instead of the presented every year new models, since 1923, Packard began to produce so-called “Series”, which could roll off the assembly line for, say, one and a half to two years in a row, and, for example, only a few months, depending on demand.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Before the war, the company produced 20 “series” of its cars, and the series number 13 was omitted.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

A fateful decision


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Meanwhile, Packard did suffer from the national economic crisis, and suffered quite seriously: take into account the fact that production fell from 50,000 in 1928 to 7,000 in 1934.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Therefore, over time, the company's management had to make a fateful decision: along with the continuation of the small-run assembly of ultra-expensive cars, in 1935, a relatively the affordable eight-cylinder Packard 120 model, which for the first time in the history of the brand cost less than $1,000.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Total sales almost tripled in 1935, and doubled the next year relative to 1935, but these successes were achieved precisely due to cheaper mass models.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

By this time, the company was essentially divided into two independent units with approximately equal staff, whose production facilities were located on opposite sides of East Grand Boulevard : the first was engaged in occasional sales of small-scale “suites” (“older” models), while the second was engaged in mass production of cars of the middle price category (“junior” models).


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

The latter, despite the approximately equal number of employees in both parts of the company, were produced 10 times more due to the use of the most modern mass production technologies at that time.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

It is also interesting to note that from a technical point of view, the “younger” models were much more progressive than the conservative “older” ones - in particular, already in 1935 they had an independent front suspension and hydraulic brakes, which appeared on the “older” Packard only in 1937.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Moreover, in 1936, the so-called “Four-Year Plan” for the further development of the company was adopted, according to which since 1937, under the Packard brand, contributing to its increasing devaluation, even more affordable six-cylinder cars will be produced — the Packard 115 series, which is comparable in cost to mid-price brands, such as Mercury and Pontiac.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Packard's high reputation provided these cars with a very warm welcome in the market, especially since in the context of the economic recession of the late 1930s, many buyers of expensive cars were just switched to more affordable brands — but Packard's reputation as the manufacturer of America's most luxurious cars gradually began to fade away.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

The fact that even after the end of the Depression, cheaper cars were sold under the main brand, and not under an artificially created separate brand for them — as was the case with Cadillac, which produced cheaper versions of its cars under the La Salle brand, which later lost its relevance and abolished, is still considered one of the reasons for the subsequent decline of Packard.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

In 1939, McAuley resigned as president of the company, but retained the position of chairman of the board of directors until 1948.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

He was replaced by Max Gilman, who in turn lost the chair to George T. Christopher in 1942, being involved in a scandal with his wife one of the junior corporate managers.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Start of the end


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

During World War II, Packard produced aircraft and marine engines installed on R-51 Mustang fighters and torpedo boats.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

As a result, Packard came to an end with a very good financial situation.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

However, a number of marketing mistakes prevented the company from taking advantage of this advantage.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

In the postwar years, the company preferred to concentrate on the production of cars in the middle and mid-high price segments, resuming production of only pre-war “junior” models — eight-cylinder “Clippers” of the 21st series (Series 21) are very modern and attractive cars, but simply not luxurious enough by Packard standards.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

For their price, most of the models in the Packard production program of those years were approximately in line with the higher-average price range, similar to the more expensive Mercury or Buick series, but at the same time Packard did not have the technical ability to produce cars in quantities corresponding to this market segment.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Although their sales were not bad initially, in the wake of the post-war hype among the hungry public for new cars, the reputation of America's “number one car” was instantly lost.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

In 1945-50, a number of Packard Taxi taxis were even produced, using a Clipper body with a simplified finish in combination with a six-cylinder engine, an undertaking that caused another blow to the company's image, without bringing it much commercial success.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

According to the existing legend, the equipment for the production of “older” models was sent to the USSR for the production of the ZIS-110 limousine, but in fact this is very unlikely: firstly, the bodies of these two cars as times were very different (the ZIS body, with a very similar decorative finish, had different dimensions and was very different from Packard, a more modern shape - with a clearly allocated trunk volume and landing steps hidden behind the doors), secondly, the production of ZIS used its own equipment for stamping body panels, and due to wartime costs, it was cast at an evacuated zinc alloy plant, and not machined from steel, as is usually done in automotive practice, including Packard.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

So, if any Packard rigging has ever been sent to the USSR (there is no documentary evidence of this), we can confidently say that it has never been intended for its intended purpose has been used.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

This is also evidenced by the complete lack of compatibility (or even any significant similarity in shape) of the body panels of the pre-war “senior” Packard and ZIS-110 noted by the restorers, which prevents the seemingly tempting idea that comes to the mind of some owners of such cars to use the much more affordable body parts of mass Packard today when restoring very rare small-scale ZISs.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

To the breaking of the traditional positioning of the brand, the restyling of 1948 (Series 22 & 23), which is considered extremely unsuccessful, was added: a massive pontoon body with a flat sidewall and a few shiny the decor, resembling an enlarged version of the Soviet Pobeda, had a clean and concise design, but at the same time poorly combined with the image of an expensive and luxurious car, visually losing not only one-class Lincoln or Cadillac of the same era, but also compared to the products of some much more modest American brands.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

The flat, monotonous sidewall with low cutouts of wheel arches on the body of this size did not look very attractive in itself, which was supplemented by the controversial and does not correspond to the traditions of the brand exterior decor.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

The design of the front end of the new model essentially repeated the 1944 concept of Packard Phantom, which was received negatively by the public, which, alas, did not become a signal for corporate management.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

This generation was immediately dubbed the “inverted bathroom” and the “pregnant elephant” by customers.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

The days when cars could be sold relying solely on the quality of manufacture and the high reputation of the brand are over: in the postwar years, a bright, memorable design came first, especially in this price segment.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Packard, on the other hand, is clearly behind its competitors in this area.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

At the same time, the high quality and durability of the cars it produced actually played against the company, as Packard's audience, on average, bought new cars less often than fans of other brands.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

An indicator of public rejection was the rapid depreciation in the secondary market - for example, the eight-cylinder Mercury model of 1949, which was sold new for $2,000, cost about $430 five years later, while , as a comparable Packard of the same model year with a starting price of $2,200 over the same period lost much more and could only be sold for $375.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

This generation lasted on the assembly line until 1950, but when then-Packard President George Christopher tried to “push” the design in the same vein for the new, 24th series of models, he was immediately overthrown by other influential managers of the firm, replacing him with the appointment of former treasurer Hugh Ferry, who, however, was considering his position at the head of the company as temporary and immediately took care of finding a potential successor.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Meanwhile, the 1951-54 model, which replaced the “inverted bath” of the 23 series (Series 24, 25, 26 & 54; since 1954, the current one has been used instead of consecutive numbers to denote series model year, so the 26 series was immediately followed by the 54) was still devoid of the appearance of a luxury car, most of all resembling an enlarged version of the usual


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Ford or Hudson of those years.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

In 1951, more than 100,000 Packard cars were sold, a good figure by its standards, but most of them were relatively inexpensive models of the 200 and 250 series with wheels base 122" /3100 mm. The truly luxurious Packard 300 and Patrician 400 (127"/3200 mm) were produced in the amount of only a few thousand units per year, and with only one body type, the “four-door sedan” is newfangled hardtops coupe and convertibles popular with buyers of luxury cars were available only in the “junior” series, which forced dealers, for the sake of customers for individual orders, to install finishes on them from more expensive series.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

In fact, Packard's slow death as a high-end car manufacturer has been taking place.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

In May 1952, James J. Nance, 51, became president of the company, who by this time had an ambitious plan in his head - to create America's fourth automotive corporation by merging under him, Nance, the management of independent automotive companies Studebaker, Packard, Nash-Kelvinator and Hudson through a series of several successive acquisitions.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

At the same time, Nance's former employer, electrical giant General Electric, acquired 25,000 shares in Packard, thus demonstrating his interest in the further implementation of these plans.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

In the summer of 1953, the US automotive market experienced the first crisis in the post-war period, which turned out to be a classic crisis of overproduction - more cars were produced than buyers were ready were to buy.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

The market was saturated, sales of new cars fell sharply, warehouses began to overstock, dealers began to provide unprecedented discounts, sometimes selling the car at a loss.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

However, the real blow was the next, 1954 model year - with a huge number of rapidly aging unsold cars of the 1953 model year in hand, dealers almost ceased order new batches.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

As a result, Packard produced only 31,291 cars this year, the worst result since the Great Depression.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

An extremely controversial decision was the acquisition of Packard by another American independent automotive company, Studebaker.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Negotiations took place from April to June, and the deal was finally completed on October 1, 1954.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

A preliminary assessment of the prospects of the companies arising in the event of their merger was carried out by Lehman Brothers specialists, who gave a generally positive opinion, noting that Studebaker and Packard did not are direct competitors in the market, and at the same time can benefit from the merger by combining their financial resources and management capabilities.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

However, their competence in the field of passenger car construction and the degree of awareness of the real state of affairs raise questions.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Only after the merger of the companies, falsifications were discovered in the financial statements of Studebaker, whose real financial situation turned out to be far from brilliant.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

At a shareholders' meeting, one of the opponents of the deal described it as “an attempt by a stupid captain to save his sinking ship by mooring with another sinking ship.”


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Despite the fact that Packard actually bought Studebaker's assets, the name of the new corporation was approved as Studebaker-Packard (not vice versa).


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Meanwhile, on October 1, 1954, the sudden death of George Mason, president of the American Motor Company (AMC), obtained as a result of the merger of Nash-Kelvinator and Hudson and was preparing to merge with Studebaker-Packard, finally put an end to Nance's plans to create a worthy competitor for the Detroit Big Three - the new head of AMC, George Romney, saw this the development of events is only a threat, especially in the light of the details of the real situation of Studebaker that were revealed at that time.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

A heavy blow to the company was also the acquisition of Chrysler in 1953 of a subsidiary of Briggs Manufacturing, which had been producing bodies for Packard since 1941, after which the company had to urgently in order to establish your own body production.


Question: When did you start producing Packard cars?

Packard

Subsequently (by model year 1955), it was moved again, this time to the purchased Packard plant, previously owned by Briggs Manufacturing (not the one where the manufacture was carried out 1953), also located in Detroit, on Conner Avenue.