Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell deployed Rhodes Division to the right of the road and Johnston to the left.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At 13:00, Warren's corps attacked his position and overturned Rhodes's division, but Early's division approached and pushed back the Northerners.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Not wanting to engage in a major battle, Ewell did not build on success [100].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Both sides began to build fortifications and pull up additional forces.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

A dangerous gap formed between Ewell's corps and Hill's corps, so Ewell was open from both flanks.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In the late afternoon, the VI Corps of the Army of the Potomac attacked its left flank, but was repulsed.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On May 6, Ewell planned a counterattack, but new attacks from the Sedgwick and Warren corps tied his hands.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At the end of the day, Gordon offered to attack the right flank of the opponent, and after some hesitation, Ewell agreed.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Gordon's attack, which began after sunset, initially developed successfully, but advancing in the dark led to confusion and suspension of the attack.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

For the rest of his life, Gordon was sure that if Ewell had scheduled the attack an hour earlier, he would have been able to break Sedgwick's corps.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Despite Gordon's criticism, Ewell performed well (“even great,” in the words of Donald Pfanz) in this battle.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Without any control from Lee, he skillfully used reserves, repulsed all attacks, and launched a successful attack himself.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

After losing only 1,125 people, he inflicted five times more damage on the enemy [101].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On May 7, the Northerners began to retreat in the Early Division, and Lee realized that Grant was changing his position.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He sent Anderson's corps to Spotsylvania, where on the morning of May 8, he faced the advancing federal army, beginning the Battle of Spotsylvania.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On the same day, Ewell's corps was sent to Anderson's aid.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

During the march, Ewell carried out personnel changes: Early led the III Corps, his division was transferred to John Gordon, Hayes's brigade was transferred to Johnson's Division, and Johnston's Brigade was transferred from Rhodes Division to Gordon Division.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell came to Spotsylvania at 17:00, at the very moment when the VI Federal Corps was flanking Anderson.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Rhodes's division attacked the enemy and pushed back the Northerners.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Rhodes stood to the right of Anderson's corps, and Johnston to the right.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Throughout the night, the Southerners built earth fortifications, but for a number of reasons, on the section of the Ewell hull, the fortifications line took the form of a protrusion, which became known as the “Horseshoe of the Mule”.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Army engineers and General Lee personally considered this position dangerous, but Ewell assured Lee that he would be able to hold the horseshoe [102].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On September 10, the base of the horseshoe was hit by the “Upton attack”.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Twelve federal regiments broke through the defense line at the Dols Brigade, but could not expand the breakthrough.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell personally arrived at the dangerous area, personally returned to service the runners and pulled up reserves.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He was in the midst of the battle, but only one of his staff officers was eventually wounded.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

By night, the northerners left the captured fortifications.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Lee told Ewell to further strengthen them in the event of a new attack [103].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On May 11, Lee withdrew artillery from the Mule Horseshoe, suggesting the retreat of the federal army.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At midnight, intelligence reported to Ewell that by all indications the enemy was preparing for an attack.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell ordered the return of the artillery, but his order for some reason reached the batteries only three hours later (03:30).


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

And an hour later, Hancock's Federal Corps attacked the Horseshoe and almost destroyed Johnston's division.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The Army of Northern Virginia was on the verge of defeat.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell and Lee tried to stop the runners, but if Lee's words had the right effect, Ewell lost control so much that Lee said, “How can you control your people if you don't control yourself?” The reserves that approached recaptured the position, but at night they retreated to the second line of defense [104].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell lost about 3,000 prisoners (according to his estimates, 2,000) and 4,000 to 5,000 killed and wounded [105].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On May 17, Grant decided to make another breakthrough attempt.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He had 22,000 people against Ewell's roughly 6,000.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At dawn on May 18, the attack began, but as soon as the feds approached the serif line, 29 guns of the Long Battalion opened fire with buckshot and shrapnel.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The Federal Infantry attacked several times and each time to no avail.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

During this short battle, the Southerners lost only 30 people, and the Northerners more than 500 [106].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In the evening of the same day, the federal army retreated to a new position, and General Lee instructed Ewell to identify this position.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell decided to use his entire body.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He believed the feds were still at the Horseshoe, so he sent the corps on a long flank march down Brock Road.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He took six guns of the Braxton Battalion with him, but the condition of the roads was such that within a couple of kilometers he returned the guns back.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell was often condemned for this decision, but it made sense: he would not have been able to smuggle the guns across the overflowing Ni River, and if he could, he would hardly have sent them back during the retreat [107].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell went to Fredericksburg Road at the end of the day on May 19 and met the federal army at Harris Farm.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He was opposed by Robert Tyler's brigade, formed of former gunners and surpassed Ewell's forces by about a third [108].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Despite the initial success, it was not possible to build on it.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Reinforcements, veteran regiments of the Birnie Division, approached the battlefield [108].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Around 10:00, the shooting stopped, and the southerners retreated to the trenches near the Horseshoe of the Mule.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

A horse was killed near Ewell (for the fourth and last time in the war), he was injured, and probably for this reason did not lead the retreat well.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

472 people were forgotten in the position and eventually were captured.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In total, Ewell lost 900 people, almost a sixth of his strength [109] [110].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Resignation


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On May 27, Grant crossed the Pomanki River, forcing Lee to retreat from the North Anna River line.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell fell ill with diarrhea on May 26 and felt so bad on the 27th that he surrendered command to General Early.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell drove in a ambulance cart to Mechanicsville, where he spent two days in a tent, missing the Battle of Cold Harbor.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On May 29, General Lee officially appointed Early as interim corps commander and gave Ewell permission to resign for rest and treatment.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

This alarmed Ewell, he was afraid that Lee wanted to remove him from command, so he immediately replied that he would be ready to return to service in two days, and attached a certificate from the chief physician to the letter McGuire.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Lee congratulated him on May 31 on his recovery, but did not return to command under the pretext of not wanting to change commanders during the battle.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

That same evening, Ewell met Lee in person and asked to return him to the corps, but Lee did not give in.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell filed a few more written requests, but in vain.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On July 4, Lee officially promoted Early to the rank of Lieutenant General and formally handed him over the Second Corps.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The staff officer, William Allan, later wrote that “we all felt that his resignation was inevitable and perhaps necessary” [111].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On June 7, Ewell met with the president and asked him to be returned to command of the division, but the president said that the rank of lieutenant general did not allow this.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell offered to resign to re-enlist in the AIF with the rank of major general, but Davis refused to do so either.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On June 8, Ewell had his last conversation with Lee on this issue, which again ended in a refusal [112].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Lee decided to resign Ewell on May 29.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He seems to have lost faith in him.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

This faith was shaken near Gettysburg, then after the battles at Bristo Station and Rappahanok Station, and even Ewell's actions during the Battle of the Wilderness left Lee a negative impression.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The last straw was the Battle of Spotsylvania: Ewell promised to hold the Mule Horseshoe, completely lost his head on May 12 and was involved in a full-fledged battle at Harris Farm.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Perhaps Rhodes's request to remove Ewell after Harris-Farm [113] [114] was decisive.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The rank of Ewell could also matter - after Longstreet was wounded, he remained the highest ranking officer in the army, and if General Lee was injured or sick, he would become the commander of the Army of Northern Virginia.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Lee had not yet decided who should succeed him, but he definitely did not want Ewell to be him [115].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Lee asked General Cooper to appoint Ewell commander of the Richmond fortifications, and on June 15, Cooper officially appointed Ewell at the head of the Richmond Department [116].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Head of Richmond Department


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell arrived in Richmond on June 13, 1864 and found that he had 6,000 people at his disposal (on paper), mostly inexperienced members of the heavy artillery battalions, undisciplined spare units and irregular local militias.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In addition, the former commander took the entire headquarters with him, and Ewell had to create it anew.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At this time, on June 14, General Leonidas Polk was killed in the west, and General Johnston asked the president to send Ewell to replace him.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The president asked Lee for his opinion, but he referred to Ewell's poor health.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

As a result, Alexander Stewart was sent west.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell found out about this after Stuart was appointed and was very upset.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He was eager to serve Johnston.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

“He was my only hope to return to command position,” he wrote to his brother [117].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Meanwhile, the Army of the Potomac approached Richmond and Petersberg and began the siege of Petersberg.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The Army of Northern Virginia stood on the defensive, but in some areas units of Ewell stood in position - for example, near the Kershaw and Conner divisions near New Market Hays.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At the same time, Ewell could not command Kershaw, and Kershaw - Ewell (they served in different departments).


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell's units occupied one of the reserve lines of defense, the so-called “Intermediate line”.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

There were no serious battles in this area until September, but at the end of the month Grant launched Petersberg's third, most serious attack.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

General Butler decided that Ewell's site was the weakest point in the defense of the city [118].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

By that time, the defenses of Petersburg and Richmond had been weakened by the transfer of units to the Shenandoah Valley, and only 8,600 people remained north of the James River, of which 2,900 were under John's command Gregg belonged to the Army of Northern Virginia and took the front line, while the rest of the units were subordinate to Ewell.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Butler attacked in two directions: General Birney's X Corps attacked Gregg, and General Horde's XVIII Corps attacked a key point of defense.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

General Lee ordered the Field division to be transferred to help, but for now he ordered to hold on to the forces that exist [119].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On September 28, the Battle of Chaffins Farm began.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The Horde Corps was three times larger than parts of Ewell, Fort Harrison directly held 200 people with nine guns, but four of them could not fire a volley.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Having lost 600 people in the attack, the Northerners captured the fort.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell tried to stop the runners.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

“What the hell are you running for?” - he shouted to one private, to which he replied: “Because we can't fly.”


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

It was 06:00, and in the event of a decisive offensive, the Hordes would have entered Richmond before sunset, but the dense forest did not allow him to navigate the situation.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell managed to gather the drovers, prisoners, and everyone he could, and turned them in a thin line at the edge of the forest, depicting large forces.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The move worked, and the Horde chose to attack southward, where he was wounded.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The feds suspended the offensive, but Fort Harrison remained in their hands.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Subsequently, Ewell considered the Battle of Fort Harrison his main contribution to that war.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He argued that the Northerners could easily take Richmond that day [120].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On October 2, 1864, Ewell's religious life changed: on October 2, 1864, Reverend John Jones confirmed him in Richmond [121].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell commanded the Richmond garrison all winter long.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On April 1, Joseph Kershaw's division was handed over to him.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On the morning of April 2, the Northerners broke through the fortifications line, and at 15:00 Ewell received an evacuation order.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Secretary of War John Breckinridge also ordered four military depots to be prepared for destruction.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell protested against the order and, according to him, tried to achieve minimal damage to the city, but fire from warehouses spread to the city and destroyed almost the entire center of Richmond.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell subsequently claimed that there was only an order to set fire to the tobacco warehouse, but due to the intervention of marauders, the fire spread further.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Subsequently, he was seriously worried about the Richmond fire and accusations in the press in this regard [122].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

West of Richmond, Ewell assembled his two divisions (Castis Lee and Kershaw) and joined the retreating Army of Northern Virginia.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

His company was third in the column after Longstreet and Anderson Corps, and Gordon's Corps was in the rear guard.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At Holts Corner, Longstreet's corps went forward, and Gordon's corps left along the side road after the wagons, and as a result, Anderson and Ewell's corps were hit from the flank and rear.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell withdrew his divisions to the Sailers Creek River and took a defensive position there.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The Battle of Silers Creek began: Wright's corps attacked him with the forces of the Seymour and Wheaton divisions.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The first attack was repulsed, but at this time Anderson's corps was attacked and defeated.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The Northerners went to the rear for Ewell.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Kershaw's division was surrounded and surrendered.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell surrendered to a Northerners cavalry officer.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

General Custer soon appeared, and Ewell asked him to cease fire.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At his request, Custer sent a letter to Castis Lee, to which Ewell attached a note stating that they were surrounded, Anderson's corps was broken, Ewell himself surrendered and it made sense for Castis Lee to also surrender in order to avoid unnecessary bloodshed.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

But Lee gave up before he even received this letter. [123]


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In captivity


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell was taken to the headquarters of the VI Corps to General Wright, who remembered him well from West Point.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Wright invited him to lunch, and then they joined the officers in front of Sheridan's tent.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell said little and mostly about the fact that the South was doomed the day Grant crossed James and approached Petersberg.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

“Now someone has to answer for every person killed,” he said, “and this is not much better than murder... I can't say what General Lee will do, but I hope that one day he will surrender with the entire army.”


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

This conversation had long-term consequences: Dr. Smith was nearby, impressed by Ewell's words, and handed them to Grant the next day.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Under his influence, Grant sent General Lee a surrender offer on the same day, which led to the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia to Appomattox two days later [124].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On April 10, Ewell learned about the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia and the conditional release of all those who surrendered.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He sent a request to release his men under the same conditions, but the request was ignored, and everyone who surrendered to Sailors Creek was sent to prisons in the North.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On April 12, Ewell was taken to City Point and registered as a prisoner.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The next day, he was transported on the steamer USS Cossack to Washington, D.C., sent to the office of the wire marshal, from where he was sent to Boston harbor.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell left Washington on April 14 at 7:30pm, exactly three hours before John Booth shot Lincoln at the Ford Theater.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The prisoners learned about this the next morning from Benjamin Butler on the ship's bot.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

“Oh my god! “Ewell exclaimed, “I'm terribly sorry; this is the worst thing that could happen to the South.”


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The Northerners on the ship, in a fit of anger, wanted to throw overboard all the captured southerner generals, but Butler did not allow them to do so.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On April 15, Ewell was in New York, and Lincoln died that day at 7 am.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The prisoners were hastened to be transported to Boston to avoid an attack by the crowd.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On the way, the crowd tried to hang them several times and threw stones at the train car.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In Boston, a detachment of soldiers was summoned, under whose protection the prisoners were placed in carriages and sent at full speed to port, where they were quickly loaded onto a ship and transported to Fort Warren [125].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell hoped that he would be released on the terms of surrender to Appomattox, and General Lee sent a request to Grant on April 25, but after Lincoln's assassination, the federal government did not is ready for such solutions.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

“I thought we would be treated like Lee's people,” Ewell wrote to his wife on April 20. “But it seems that we should thank Booth for our now countless enemies.”


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell offered to write a collective letter to Grant expressing “indignation and indignation” at the murder of the president.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Eppa Hunton wrote that he was against the letter, but on April 16 it was written and signed, including by Hunton [126].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

While Ewell was in prison, the war ended — at the end of May, the last army of the South surrendered.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On May 29, President Andrew Johnson announced an amnesty for all prisoners of war.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On June 9, all officers with a rank lower than major were released in the fort.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The amnesty document was accompanied by a list of those who were excluded from it, and Ewell was on the list.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

However, he was allowed to take an oath of allegiance to the Union, and on June 16 he sent the President a signed copy of the oath.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At the same time, his wife and supporters tried to get the president to release him.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

As a result, on June 17, Lizinka met with the president and obtained his consent to the release of Ewell on the condition of taking an oath of allegiance and paying a bail of $10,000.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On July 19, Ewell signed all the necessary papers and left the fort on the same day.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In three months, the mood in Boston changed, and now citizens welcomed Ewell as a guest of honor [127].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Post-war activities


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At the time of the amnesty, Ewell was 48 years old and had to start his life anew.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He hoped to farm on his native farm, Stony Lens, but it was already hopelessly ravaged by the war.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He began to think about settling on the James River, but eventually the Ewells decided to move to Tennessee, in the possession of Leasing.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The conditions of parole did not give Richard the right to leave Virginia, so he had to apply to the War Department with a special request.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On October 7, he was allowed to leave Virginia, but left even earlier, at the end of September, and arrived in Tennessee at the end of October (he met General George Meade in Philadelphia on the way).


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Spring Hill, his wife's estate, was in the hands of federal officials at that time and only became the property of the Ewells on February 1, 1866.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At the same time, Leasing had to pay $1,554 in compensation [128].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

By that time, the estate was also ravaged by the war.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The Federal Army destroyed hedges, slaughtered livestock and destroyed cotton plantations.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell had to buy new animals, building materials and hire workers.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

As a result of his efforts, by 1870, Spring Field produced 2,100 bushels of wheat, 3,000 bushels of corn, 2,000 bushels of barley, 200 bushels of potatoes, 300 tons of hay, and 70 bales of cotton.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell also grew grapes and produced wine for internal consumption.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

There were 70 dairy cows in his herds.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell also raised mules, but paid special attention to sheep — he had about 900 British sheep.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In the same 1870, the estate was valued at $80,000 and was considered one of the largest in the state [129].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In 1866, the Ewells made a short trip to America: in May they went to St. Louis, from there to New Orleans (where Ewell met Richard Taylor).


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In July, Ewell traveled to West Virginia, stopping in Louisville on the way, where he met Kirby Smith and Don Carlos Buell.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

From West Virginia, Ewell went to Baltimore, then Williamsburg, where he visited Brother Benjamin.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In August, the Ewells returned to Spring Hill, where Campbell Brown and Susan Polk, daughter of General Lucious Polk, were scheduled to marry [130].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In the post-war years, Ewell was often asked questions about the course of the Civil War.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The first to address him was General Lee himself, who planned to write a book about the Army of Northern Virginia.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He was then asked for personal biographical data and information about General Jackson, and editor Henry Dawson asked him to write about the Fairfax shootout.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell wrote a couple of phrases, but in the end he never finished the article [131].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At the beginning of January 1872, cold weather caused many diseases in the Ewell house.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On January 8, the head of the family himself caught a cold.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Doctors diagnosed pneumonia, but decided that the case was not serious.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

However, in the following days, Ewell's situation deteriorated, and doctors decided that he had no more than 20 hours to live.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He made a will.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On January 15, he felt a little better, but Lizinka fell ill.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

She passed away on January 22.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On January 24, she was buried, and her coffin was shown to the dying Ewell on the same day.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He was still clear and even joked that day.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He said he fell ill the day he wore his old army pants, thinner than normal.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

“I've been at war with the States for so long,” he said, “that it's even strange that a simple pair of infantry pants killed me.”


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

By night, it was clear that he was dying.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

After midnight, around 01:00am (January 25), he began to lose his clarity of thought, but fell asleep almost immediately.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He passed away in his sleep at 01:30 [132].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The funeral took place on January 26.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The funeral service was held in Nashville at the Church of Christ under the guidance of Bishop Kintard, a personal friend of Ewell.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell's coffin was carried by Governor, General Lucius Polk, Bashrod Johnson, Kirby Smith, and William Jackson.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell was buried at Nashville City Cemetery next to his wife.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

According to his will, nothing was written on the tombstone that could infringe on the feelings of the federal government.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Only his name and the rank of Lieutenant General of the Confederate Army were indicated [133].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Heritage


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In 1935, Ewell's personal letters were published in Richmond as a 161-page book “The Making of a Soldier”.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The book contains more than 50 letters, mostly those Ewell wrote to his brother Benjamin.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Half of the letters date back to the pre-war period, starting at West Point, and among them letters from Mexico are of particular interest.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Historian David Eicher wrote that letters about the Civil War in this collection are insultingly few, but all of them are extremely valuable [134].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Notes


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

comments


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

References to sources


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Literature


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

References


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

— biography of Ewell's wife


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Category:1840 edition (West Point)


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Category:Confederate Army Generals


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Category: Deaths from pneumonia


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar, or Osokor [1] (Latin: Pópulus nígra) is a species from the genus Poplar of the Willow family.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Honey, tanning, essential oil, dye, medicinal, wood, ornamental plant, is cultivated in landscaping.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Name


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The species epithet nigra means “black” in Latin.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

N. AND. Annenkov in the Botanical Dictionary (1878), in an article on black poplar, cites the following common and book names used in different parts of Russia, indicating the place where these names there are also persons who recorded these names in print or in writing, as well as the existing names of this plant among different peoples living in Russia, and names in German, French and English languages:


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Oskor: m see insult.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

| Oskor m. insult w. tree osokor, osokor, species of poplar, broom, Populus nigra.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Synonyms


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

According to Germplasm Resources Information Network, the species synonymy includes names [2]:


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The Plant List gives only one name as a synonym — [3].


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Botanical description


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar is a tree of the first magnitude, reaching 30-35 m in height and 1-2 m in diameter of the trunk.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The root system is well branched.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

It includes superficial and obliquely spreading roots, from which anchor roots that penetrate deeply into the soil depart.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

When the lowest part of the trunk is drifted with sand and silt, additional roots are formed, forming a more or less pronounced second tier.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The powerful root system ensures good growth of the entire mass of the tree and at the same time gives it high stability during the flow of flood waters and ice movement, as well as strong gusts of wind.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Windfall is not typical for black poplar.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

It has a great ability to form stump shoots.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The trunk is single or unfolded, more or less straight, weakly oval, in natural clones with curvature.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The branching type is monopodial.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In middle-aged and old trees, the bark in the lower part of the trunk is thick - 4-6 cm, dark gray, cracking, above the trunk it is light gray without cracks.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The crust crests are intermittent.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The crown is often broad or ovoid, with thick branches, especially in the lower part of the trunk.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Annual shoots are bare, cylindrical, yellowish-gray, shiny with whitish lentils.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Undergrowth is grayish-green.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The kidneys are multi-cover, renal scales are free.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Terminal (apical) buds 7-10 (15) mm long, elongated-oval, pointed, brown, shiny, covered with a resinous coating, sticky and fragrant when blooming.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The lateral buds are smaller, more or less pressed, the lower ones are often with a bent tip.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The leaves are simple, petiolate, whole, alternately arranged, falling off every year.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Leaf blades are bare, 4-11 cm long, 3-9 cm wide, diamond-shaped or oval-triangular, green above, paler below, with an elongated tip, less often with a short pointed, at the base broad-shaped or straight cut.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The largest width of the plate is close to its base.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The ratio of the length of the leaf blade to its width is on average 1.34.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The edge of the leaf blade, with the exception of the base and the elongated tip, is serrated (finely serrated, large-serrated, unequal), sometimes sharp-edged, with glandular teeth.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Petioles are bare, flattened laterally, shorter than the leaf blade, without grooves at the base of the plates.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Leaf scars are heart-shaped.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Leaf venation is pinnate.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The leaf trail is three-bundle.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The epidermis is single-layer.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Stomata are located on both sides of the leaf blade, but are more numerous on the underside.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The average length of closure cells is about 30 microns.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

One closing cell contains 7—10 (12) chloroplasts.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The size and shape of leaves vary greatly on elongated shoots of young trees and on fast-growing root offspring.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar is a dioecious plant.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

It blooms in late April — early May, almost simultaneously with the leaves open.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The method of pollination is anemophilic (wind pollination).


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Inflorescences are same-sex, multi-flowered, hanging catkins.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Men's earrings are 6-9 cm long. Bracts are brown, usually bare, 3-5 mm long, deeply incised, fringed.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

On a pale green oval-oblong disc (torus), there are 8—30 (45) stamens with bright purple anthers.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The diameter of colored (swollen) pollen grains is ~28 microns.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Women's earrings are 5-6 cm long with 30-40 flowers sitting on short pedicels.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The ovary up to half or up to ²/3 is enclosed in the perianth.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

After fertilization of flowers, the catkins increase to 8-11 cm. Under laboratory conditions, at an air temperature of 18—22°C, the seeds ripen 28—30 days after pollination of flowers, under natural conditions this period is much longer.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The fruit is a single-nest polyseminal dry bivalve capsule 5-7 mm long, 3-5 mm thick, containing 10-12 seeds 2-2.5 mm long.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The seeds are provided with a bunch of silky hairs that facilitate their transfer by the wind.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

It reproduces well by seeds, which, due to their long hairs, spread very far away.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Under suitable conditions, it produces dense shoots (up to 500 thousand pieces per 1 ha).


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

It also reproduces vegetatively, by root offspring; one tree can produce up to 200 offspring.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

It grows very fast [4].


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Diploid chromosome number 2n = 38 [5].


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Geographical distribution


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Eurasian species.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The general range of black poplar is extensive: Europe, Siberia (before the Yenisei), Central and Minor Asia, East Kazakhstan, Western China, Iran, North Africa.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Cultural forms are widespread in temperate countries.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In the CIS, it occupies the territory of the European part in the north from Grodno, Tula, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Kirov, Perm, in the south to the Crimea and the Caucasus.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In Russia, it is confined mainly to the chernozem regions of the European part.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In Central Russia, it occurs sporadically, only along the valleys of large rivers, without going beyond the Upper Volga and the upper currents of the Dnieper and Don.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

It grows alone, in groups of trees and small groves along flood river valleys, on pebble and sandbanks and among flood meadows, on riverine sands, less often along terraces, as well as along channels, elders and the shores of lakes.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

It forms both pure and mixed plantations with white and laurel poplars and white willow.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

It easily tolerates sand covering the lower part of the trunks, forming additional roots on the filled parts [4].


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Osokor is a representative of lowland forests and does not climb high into the mountains.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In rare cases, mountain rivers in the Caucasus rise to 1500 m at sea level, and in Altai it penetrates to an altitude of 1200 m.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In addition to the East European Plain, it is distributed in the North Caucasus and in the Siberian region — in Western Siberia and the southwestern part of Central Siberia.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

On the territory of Russia, the northernmost point of distribution of wild osokor is 64° N.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

on the Yenisei River, the easternmost — 96°E on Kana (Yenisei basin).


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Methods of reproduction and distribution


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar is propagated by seeds, stump shoots and root offspring.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar is a dioecious, cross-pollinated species.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

On some of its trees, only stamen flowers form, on others only pistil flowers.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

And only in rare cases are monoecious individuals found.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

A characteristic feature of black poplar, like other species of the genus Populus, is the ability to produce a huge number of seeds and disperse them widely, one tree produces about 28 million seeds per year.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Trees begin to bear fruit from 10-15 years, sometimes earlier, but massively produce seeds only after 20 years of age.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The timing of seed ripening depends on the geographical area and climate.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Cold, humid weather delays seed ripening.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In warm, dry weather, seed pods open much earlier and quite quickly.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In the conditions of Central Russia, fruits usually ripen in May-June [6].


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Each box contains 10—12 seeds.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In the crown of an adult tree, the boxes open for about 3-4 days.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The average weight of 1000 seeds is 0.76 g. Equipped with a bunch of thin silky hairs, they are easily carried by the wind over long distances from the mother tree, and are also successfully spread by the flow of river water.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The seeds of the sookore do not have a period of physiological dormancy, but the laboratory germination of seeds is quite high (95-98%), which decreases rapidly when stored indoors at a temperature of 18—22°C.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

However, their viability can be extended for 1-2 years, keeping them at a low temperature (from -3 to −8°C) and low relative humidity (6%)


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In a humid environment, fresh seeds swell after 5-6 hours. Then the peel at the base of the seed breaks and a hypocotyl appears, which bends downward towards the substrate during growth.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Approximately 15-18 hours after sowing (in some seedlings - after 12-14 hours), numerous long hairs form at the base of the hypocotyl, with the help of which the seedling is fixed on the substrate.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

At the beginning of the second day, the germ root begins to grow in the center of the hypocotyl base.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

With its appearance, the cotyledons increase in size, tear the seed membrane more strongly, gradually shifting and then dropping it.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Mass release of cotyledons from the seed coat occurs 26-30 hours after sowing the seeds.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Approximately 40 hours after sowing, hypocotyl in the vast majority of seedlings takes an upright position, and the cotyledons fully open and acquire a pale green color.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

After that, the growth of the main root is noticeably increased, and root hairs appear on its surface - the suction zone of the root is formed.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

After about two weeks, a real leaf appears and almost simultaneously with it, a second leaf appears.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Seed renewal is the initial stage in the formation of a natural plantation from black poplar.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The process of formation of floodplain forest takes place on open, well-lit and devoid of grass cover sand and sand-pebble shoals.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

After the fall of flood waters, these shallows have good aeration, their surface is sufficiently moistened and warms up well during the daytime, the substrate is characterized by neutrality and absence salinity.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The rooting and survival of young seedlings is most successful in conditions under which they are not washed off by water flows, and the roots are constantly in a humid environment.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

This is especially important in the first 1-1.5 months of seedling life, when their root system is poorly developed and they are unstable to drought.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Therefore, in the absence of optimal conditions for successful rooting and germination of seeds, seed renewal in a particular habitat can occur not in the first year of shallows formation, but through a few years.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Under production conditions, black poplar is sometimes propagated by seeds.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Propagation in this way makes it possible to grow and select high-quality planting material to create fast-growing plantations.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

For sowing, freshly harvested seeds, peeled from “fluff”, are used.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Seeds are harvested from pre-selected fast-growing female trees without rot, without frost cracks, with a good trunk and crown shape.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Ecology and phytocenology


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar grows in floodplains of rivers on moist alluvial sandy, sandy-pebble, sandy loamy silty soils.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

It is predominantly a flat plant, although it penetrates into the lowlands.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In the Sayan Mountains, it climbs up to 1100 m, in Altai - up to 1200 m above sea level.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

As part of floodplain forests, it performs important water protection, water regulating, shore protection, clogging and sanitary and hygienic functions.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Osokor is ecologically plastic.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In the development of a natural sedge planting, depending on its age, location in the floodplain and the duration of flooding, four stages are distinguished: bloodless poplars (1-15 years), poplars- stallions (20-30 years), mature poplar forests (40-70 years), overripe poplars (80-120 years).


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar is a photophilous plant species.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The need for good sunlight is already manifested in the process of seed germination and the development of seedlings: in low light, the seedlings stretch out, become frail and die en masse in the early days life.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In natural and artificial plantations mixed in composition, poplar, in the struggle for light, surpasses other species of woody plants of the same age as it in growth intensity.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar belongs to microthermophytes - cold-resistant plants adapted to exist in conditions of a long harsh winter, which they experience at rest, showing high winter hardiness.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The vast range of osokoria consists of several climates.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Its southern forms are thermophilic and freeze in the conditions of St. Petersburg.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The most winter-hardy populations of black poplar grow in Siberia along the shores of the middle reaches of the river. Ob, where the northernmost point of distribution of black poplar near the village was found. The trimming of the Tyumen region, which corresponds to 61°20' north latitude [7].


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

According to some researchers, black poplar is hygrophyte, a plant that lives in places of excessive soil moisture and in a humid atmosphere, according to others, mesophyte.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In general, the osokor is a moisture-loving floodplain plant.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

It grows well on fairly moist soils (within 60-70% of their total moisture capacity) with a groundwater level of up to 1-1.5 m and, at the same time, is able to grow, albeit less successfully, on soils with a long excessive or temporarily insufficient hydration.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

It is especially demanding on high soil moisture during seed germination and seedling development.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Adult plants with a well-developed root system are able to extract water from deep soil horizons and therefore more or less easily tolerate dry periods.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Among poplars, the osokor is the most hardy to prolonged flooding.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Soil dryness, when groundwater lies at a depth of more than 2-3 m, adversely affects the growth intensity and durability of poplar plantations.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

According to the demands on soil fertility, the content of minerals in it, the osokor belongs to the group of oligotrophs, mesotrophs and megatrophs.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

But this attribution of it to the number of species that are undemanding for soil richness is conditional.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Although plants grow and develop normally on medium-fertility soils, their biological productivity increases significantly on more fertile soils.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Poplar plantations grow well and produce high wood reserves on humus-rich, with good aeration and water permeability of non-acidic soils (pH 5-7).


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Osokor is extremely responsive to improving soil nutrition, especially to the introduction of full mineral fertilizer.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Soil salinity is one of the main factors limiting the success of growth and longevity of poplar plantations.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Poplars do not grow well on heavy loams, on swampy and swampy meadow lowlands with stagnant water, on dune hills with deep groundwater.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

All acidic soils, mobile and dry sands, poor sandy, sandy loam, dense clay, podzolic soils are not suitable for cultivation.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Poplars react negatively to soil compaction by pedestrians or excessive grazing.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar is a rare species classified as taxa that requires further study and biological control in the territory of Vologda [8], Arkhangelsk (including the Nenets Autonomous Area) [9], and Moscow regions [10].


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Chemical composition


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar buds contain resin, essential oil (up to 0.5%), phenol glycosides salicin and populin [11], tannins, flavonoids, malic and gallic acids, ascorbic acid, leukoanthocyanins and fatty oil.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, higher hydrocarbons are present in the bark of the tree.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Terpenes, alkaloids, carotenoids, phenolcarboxylic acids and tannins were found in the leaves of the plant.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Economic importance


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar has a number of economically valuable biological properties, which determines its widespread use in construction and industry, in landscaping settlements, forestry, protective afforestation, reclamation of disturbed landscapes, land reclamation to secure banks, slopes, ravines, as well as for medical purposes.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Forestry


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In forestry, black poplar is used to produce cheap wood.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

By the age of twenty, 1 ha of poplar can give such an increase in wood that oak and pine plantations give only by the age of one hundred.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

timber


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The physical and mechanical properties of black poplar wood from the European part of Russia according to literature sources are: density — 400—560 kg/m³; tensile strength during static bending fluctuates 330 to 845 kg/cm²; end density from 198 to 290 kg/cm².


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The highest physical and mechanical properties are characterized by black poplar wood growing in Ukraine, Uzbekistan and the Saratov region [12].


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Wood with a brownish core, yellow sapwood and brownish veins, soft and light, is used for the production of matches, building materials, board, riveting, for the production of plywood and sleepers; used in carpentry and turning production for carving, making furniture, cooperage, chiseled boats, troughs, shovels, wooden dishes, bowls, bowls, spoons and other goods.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Barrel mouthguards are a finishing material for furniture and crafts.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In addition, black poplar wood is widely used in the pulp and paper and chemical industries to produce pulp, paper and artificial silk (viscose).


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The cellulose yield is 50% [13].


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

The bark contains 3% tannins and is used for tanning when dressing leather and for dyeing yellow.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Chrysin, contained in the kidneys, is used to dye tissues in yellow and brown tones.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar has long attracted the attention of fishermen as a tree capable of forming a thick bark suitable for making floats for fishing gear called “balbera”.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In ancient times, military shields were made of poplar wood, due to its inherent flexible properties [14].


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

protective afforestation


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

In agroforestry, black poplar is used for afforestation of steppe areas, strengthening ravines, river banks, planting along roads and reservoirs.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Landscape gardening


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar is one of the most common species of woody plants used in landscaping settlements and reclamation.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

This is due to the fact that it is very winter-hardy, grows rapidly, is environmentally plastic, and shows quite high dust, smoke and gas resistance in the city conditions.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

One tree releases as much oxygen as 7 fir trees, 4 pines or 3 lindens; during the growing season, one poplar frees the atmosphere from 20-30 kg of dust or soot.


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Medical use


Question: What is the maximum diameter of a black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar (along with other types of poplar - monolifer (), balsamic (), pyramidal (


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

Naira (English: naira) is the currency of Nigeria, equal to 100 kobo.


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

ISO 4217 code — NGN.


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

History


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

Naira was put into circulation on January 1, 1973 instead of the Nigerian pound, 1 pound = 2 naira.


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

Thus, Nigeria became the last African state to abandon the duodecimal monetary system.


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

Coins


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

Since February 28, 2007, coins in denominations of 50 kobo, 1 and 2 naira of the 2006 model have been in circulation.


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

Coins from all previous issues have been withdrawn from circulation.


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

Banknotes


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

Initially, the Central Bank of Nigeria issued banknotes in denominations of 50 kobo (10 shillings), 1, 5 and 10 naira, resembling previous pounds [1].


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

In February 1977, a 20 naira banknote was put into circulation.


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

October 1991 — 50 naira banknote, December 1, 1999—100 naira, November 1, 2000—200 naira, April 4, 2001—500 naira, and October 12, 2005—1,000 naira.


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

Banknotes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 naira of various years of issue are in circulation.


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

Early episodes


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

Banknotes in circulation


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

The 5, 10, 20 and 50 naira banknotes are made of plastic.


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

Exchange rate regime


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

Notes


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

References


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

Naira


Question: What is the currency in Nigeria?

Naira

Category:Nigerian money


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Scythian monks are the established name for a group of four monks who lived in the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The Christological disputes initiated by them have become an important factor in the complex relations between the Eastern and Western Orthodox Churches.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Little is known about the monks themselves, except for their names Achilles, John, Leonty, and Mauritius, as their role in the history of the Church did not go beyond this episode.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The conflict began in the late 510s in the province of Little Scythia in present-day Romania and Bulgaria.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

This church area was under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, but was close in language to Rome.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The “Scythian monks” led by were accused in Constantinople of monophysitism for their adherence to the theopaschist expression “The Son of God suffered the flesh.”


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Resuming the Christological controversy of the 5th century, they turned to Pope Gormizd for support, who, without condemning the formula, considered it ambiguous and therefore refused to support the monks.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In the end, after some hesitation, the Byzantine throne, represented by the future Emperor Justinian I, agreed with the views of the monks.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Starting in the 520s, the emperor's religious policy aimed at uniting the Pope, the Church of Constantinople and the anti-East of the Byzantine Empire will focus on the theopaschist formula, necessary for achieving peace and harmony [1].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Background


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Theopaschist disputes of the 5th century


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The question of whether suffering is possible for God was a subject of discussion not only in the 5th century, but also earlier.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Although most Church Fathers, like Gregory the Wonderworker (3rd century), responded negatively to it [2], researchers find “theopaschist” statements in famous theologians such as Clement Jerusalem, Tertullian and Origen [3].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

After the First Council of Nicaea confirmed the divine nature of Jesus Christ, his “unity” to God the Father, the problem became more complex.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

It was necessary to determine to what extent the Son's human suffering affected his divine nature.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

If Jesus Christ is God, as the Nicene Creed says, and he suffered as the Holy Scriptures say, does it mean that God suffered in any way?


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Traditionally, Christological disputes of the 5th century regarding the human nature of Jesus Christ are described as a confrontation between the Theological School of Alexandria led by Cyril of Alexandria, which justifies a lesser degree of humanity, and Antioch, which holds opposing views.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In developing allegorical exegetics, Alexandrians denied the full human nature of the incarnate Word, while the Antiochians insisted on the significance of the historical Jesus.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Modern researchers note the inaccuracy of this division and believe that for Antioch theology, the idea of God's non-susceptibility to suffering was more important [3].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In the period between the Councils of Ephesus (431) and the Councils of Chalcedon (451), Christological disputes repeatedly arose between supporters of Cyril of Alexandria and the Antiochians.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The reason for disagreement was the views of the Antioch monk Nestorius, who became bishop of Constantinople in 428.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Although the main question concerned the Orthodoxy of the use of the word “Mother of God”, the dispute on the correctness of the mention of suffering in connection with the incarnation resumed.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The position of the Alexandrians, who insisted on the unity of natures in Christ, which implied, in particular, that God the Word died, was denied by the Antiochians, who accused their opponents of theopaschism (from Greek: theos — God, Deity and Greek: paścω — endure, suffer; literally “guarding God”, or “suffering from God”).


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In further controversy, the Antiochians accused Cyril of “Apollinarian rottenness” [4], referring to the Christological teaching of Apollinarius of Laodicea, condemned by a number of councils, who affirmed unity, but not the fusion of divine and human natures in Christ [4].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

As a result, opponents attributed to Apollinarius his commitment to the view of the suffering of the Deity, which he, according to V. IN. Bolotov, did not share [4].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The early works of Cyril of Alexandria, in particular the last of his Twelve Anathematisms, gave rise to his opponents, such as the Nestorian Yves of Edessky, to suspect him of theopaschism and apollinarism.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Subsequently, throughout the Nestorian dispute, the Antiochians accused Cyril and his supporters of Apollinarism.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In the main theological works of the Antioch Party, “Yeranist” by Theodorite Kirsky and “The Book of Heraclitus” by Nestorius, it was substantiated that the key provision of Christology Cyril is “one nature of God the Word incarnate” meant recognizing that God suffered by his own nature [5].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Nestorius in his book especially pointed to the danger of theopaschism and pointed to the falsity of those who, professing the dispassion of God, nevertheless “place him on the cross.”


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Nestorius also wrote a special book against theopaschism, which is now considered lost.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In turn, Theodorite sarcastically brings to the point of absurdity Kirill's thesis that “the Logos suffered dispassionately” [6].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Other, more neutral participants in the Nestorian conflict, such as the Syrian Bishop Akaki of Verria, who mediated between Antiochians and Alexandrians, also recognized the importance of theopaschist issue.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Kirill, explaining his position during the controversy, develops his doctrine of two natures in Christ, which does not differ much from the theses of his opponents [7].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Thus, in the Second Epistle to Suckens, he writes that “The Only Begotten Son of God, who we know as God, could not Himself perceive the suffering of the flesh into His Own nature [divine], but took it in his terrestrial nature. Of the One Who is the Only True Son, we should equally affirm the fearlessness of divine nature and the passion of human nature, for it was the flesh that suffered” [8].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Despite this, the more radical Antiochians rejected Cyril's religion of divine dispassion.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In a letter to Euterius of Tiansky refuses to accept Cyril's explanations on this issue, while condemning those Antiochians who accepted the Conciliation Conciliation in 433, “with him who raised their hand against the divine.”


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Accusations of theopaschism did not stop with the death of Kirill in 444.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The correspondence of Patriarch Domnus of Antioch (442-449) and Cyril's successor, Dioscorus (444-451), before the Second Council of Ephesus in 449 contains accusations of Alexandrians of promoting theopaschist views.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Contradictions with Kirill's views led to the condemnation of Domna at the Council of Ephesus as a Nestorian [9].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Theopaschist formulations were also rejected by the Council of Chalcedon in 451.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

At the fourth meeting of this council, the case of the archimandrites of Constantinople, a group of monks led by Dorotheos, Karos and Varsuma, was considered.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

They, supporters of Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople, whose Monophysite views were condemned by the Council, were invited to sign the message of Pope Leo I.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

They refused, instead stating that they believed in “the one who suffered from the Holy Trinity” [4].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

This wording was not accepted, and the monks themselves were accused of heresy.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Although the theopaschist wording was not immediately anathematized, its condemnation was included in the final resolutions of the council [10].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Since the Council of Chalcedon did not stop the unrest caused by the Monophysite movement, and in the second half of the 5th century it covered the entire east of the empire, Emperor Zeno (477—491) advised Patriarch Akaki of Constantinople issued an Enotikon in 483, in which there was an expression “The Trinity remained a trinity even after the incarnation of one of the Trinity — the God of the Word.”


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Since this Enotikon was accepted by so many, this expression was widely spread in the East.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Anastasius I (491—518), who ascended the throne after Zeno's death, went even further and not only took Enotkon, but also assembled a cathedral in 499 against those who recognized two natures in Christ and did not profess Latin: unum de Trinitate crucifixum (“one of the Trinity crucified”).


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Since Anastasius planned to introduce in the Church of Constantinople an addition to the trisagion “crucify for us”, this council probably approved the above provision in the Monophysite sense [11].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Despite the fact that the expression unum de Trinitate was adopted by the Monophysites, it was also used by Orthodox Christians.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In the West, after Pope Felix III (483—492) rejected Enotikon, the expression Latin: una persona e Trinitate (“one person from the Trinity”) took root, which, however, was used by the Nestorians to interpret it in the sense that Christ had only the face of God of the Word, but he himself was not [11].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Thus, by the beginning of the 6th century, Orthodox and Monophysites in the East put different meanings into the same wording, and in the West, the Orthodox coincided with the Nestorians in the form of expression [11].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Relations between Constantinople and Rome


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I (491—518) died on July 9, 518, and his successor Justin I (518—527), an Illyrian of insignificant origin who served as a comite of excuvits, became emperor the next day .


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

His first significant actions as emperor belonged to the field of religious policy and concerned the approval of the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon in the eastern provinces of the empire, which was opposed by the deceased emperor.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

An iconic figure of the Antichalcedonian party (Monophysites and Miathites), Sevirus of Antioch was forced, fearing persecution, to flee to Egypt in September 518.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The question of whether Justin I adhered to such strict Chalcedonite views as attributed to him by church historians of the VI century and how, after them, A. A. Vasiliev and A. Grillmeier, is controversial.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Given that another leader of the anti-Chalcedonites, Philoxen of Mabbug, was expelled only the following year, an alternative version suggests that the persecution was not so cruel and was not state policy, but were the result of pressure, possibly, by the monks of Constantinople [12].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The basis for the reconciliation desired by the imperial court with the church West, headed by Pope Gormizd, was to be not only the adoption of decisions of the Council of Chalcedon, but also the signing by the Eastern bishops of a special document drawn up by the Pope, Libellus Hormisdae.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Agreement with this document implied the condemnation of Patriarch Akaki of Constantinople (472-489), during whose reign there was a church schism between East and West, and all those who were with him in communication.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

To make sure that the eastern bishops sign libellus, the Pope sent his legates to Constantinople, who on their way to the capital sought the signatures of provincial hierarchs.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Not everywhere this activity took place without conflict.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

On March 24, 519, the papal embassy arrived in Constantinople, and on March 28, under pressure from the emperor, Patriarch John II signed libellus, which formally restored church unity.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

One of the active participants in those events was Deacon Dioscorus, whose correspondence with Pope Gormizd, included in the collection of documents Collectio Avellana, is one of the main sources of information about the events, associated with Scythian monks.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Christianity in Lesser Scythia in the 5th — early 6th centuries


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Very little information has been preserved about the church history of Lesser Scythia during the period under review.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

It is not known exactly what Christological views this province gravitated to in the 5th century, but they were probably closer to strictly Cyrillian ones.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

A representative from this province, Bishop Timothy of Tomia, took part in the Council of Ephesus in 431 and, unlike other bishops of the Danube provinces, signed the condemnation of Nestorius [13].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In the surviving letter of Alexander Ierapolsky to Theodorite Kirsky, it is stated that “the entire Pontic region confesses that God is subject to suffering.”


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Although it is possible that this statement applies only to the Pontic diocese, located on the southern coast of the Black Sea [14].