Question: How many races are in the world?

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However, the latter applies, strictly speaking, only to the study of the racial composition of individual ethnic groups, that is, tribes, peoples, nations, and the origin of these communities.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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In the part of racial research that is aimed at studying ethnogenesis, anthropology conducts research together with linguistics, history, and archeology.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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When studying the driving forces of race formation, anthropology comes into close contact with genetics, physiology, zoogeography, climatology, and the general theory of speciation.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The study of races in anthropology is relevant to solving many problems.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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It is important for using anthropological material as a historical source, highlighting the problems of taxonomy, mainly small systematic units, and knowledge of the laws of population genetics, clarifying some issues of medical geography.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The concept of race in modern science


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The scientific usefulness of the concept of “race” was questioned back in the 1930s [4].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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In the middle of the 20th century, the concept of unreality of races as intraspecific divisions of mankind arose


Question: How many races are in the world?

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One of the first to formulate it was the Belgian scientist J. Jerno, who declared race not a fact, but a concept.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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In 1964, anthropologists from various countries, including the USSR, developed a document for UNESCO stating that since the geographical variations of features used in classifications, complex and do not have sharp breaks, humanity cannot be divided into strictly delimited categories with clear boundaries [4].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Genetic studies have shown that each “racial trait” is defined by several genes, the range of each of which does not coincide.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Populations differ not in genotypes, but in the frequency of certain alleles that do not affect the main functions of a person [4].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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As a result, Western anthropology has developed a radical conclusion in recent decades that there are no races, and that only “clinical variability” exists.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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This approach has its drawbacks, as it focuses on single features.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Therefore, an approach is currently being developed that takes into account the geographical distribution of several “polymorphic genetic features”.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The natural-scientific content of the concept of “race” is associated with the recognized outdated typological approach, and attention is focused on the study of biological variability and its causes [4].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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In Soviet anthropology, essentially similar conclusions were voiced back in the 1930s and are currently supported in Russian science.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Thus, V. IN. Bunak noted the conventionality of classifications and the absence of “pure races”, and G. AND. Petrov called races “historically composed categories.”


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Anthropologist A. A. Zubov, although he considered it wrong to abandon the concept of “race”, came to the conclusion that all human races together form a single subspecies of the species Homo sapiens [4].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Modern Russian anthropologists generally consider races as populations that differ morphologically and phylogenetically, but do not consider them as subspecies at the taxonomic level [8].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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According to anthropologist Stanislav Drobyshevsky, from a morphological point of view, races are equivalent to subspecies of other biological species.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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However, the definition of a subspecies implies a more or less complete reproductive isolation of populations belonging to different subspecies, while races smoothly pass into each other, without clear boundaries and with a large number of intermediate options [9].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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By the beginning of the 21st century, many Western anthropologists and geneticists support the concept of the unreality of the concept of “race” [10].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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According to some Russian anthropologists and historians, this concept is politically motivated and has led to the almost complete disappearance of scientific racial studies in the United States and Western countries Europe, as a result, a drop in the level of work on anthropology in general and a new wave of pseudoscientific racist constructions [11] [12].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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In particular, historian Yuri Semenov associates this approach with a long period of racial discrimination in these countries [13].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Anthropologist Stanislav Drobyshevsky notes that some supporters of the abandonment of the term “race” urge to use the term “populations”, but since the 1950s, race has already been meant by rasovists population or group of populations.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Question: How many races are in the world?

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Ethnologist and archaeologist V. A. Shnirelman, recognizing the role of the political factor in the rejection by Western experts of the concept of “race”, believes that this approach, on the one hand, is quite well substantiated scientifically, and on the other hand, that talking about races, “a scientist cannot stay within the bounds of pure biology.”


Question: How many races are in the world?

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At the same time, he notes that Western experts, denying the reality of race, mean the understanding of race characteristic of racists or ordinary people [4].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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However, regardless of whether race is recognized as biological reality or social construction, all scientists agree that humanity is a single species, and the boundaries between populations are not rigid and are associated with geographical, social and cultural, rather than biological factors [4].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Division into races


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Concept


Question: How many races are in the world?

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There are many opinions about how many races can be isolated within the species Homo sapiens.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Existing views range from the hypothesis of two main racial trunks to the hypothesis of 15 independent races.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Between these extreme points of view lies a wide range of hypotheses, postulating from 3 to 5 racial trunks [15].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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According to the Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary, there are about 30 human races (racial-anthropological types) united into three groups of races, which are called “big races”.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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It is worth noting that the races themselves (minor races) are divided into subraces, and there is no consensus on the belonging of certain subras to particular races (minor races).


Question: How many races are in the world?

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In addition, different anthropological schools use different names for the same races.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Typological concept of race


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Historically, the typological concept of race appears first.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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According to the typological approach, by describing the features of a particular person, it is possible to clearly attribute him to a particular race: racial types are distinguished, and each individual is assessed according to the degree of approach to one or another a different “pure” type.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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For example, the width of the lips and nose is greater than a certain value in combination with a low head index, a large protrusion of the face forward, curly hair and skin darker than a certain standard standard is regarded as evidence of belonging to the Negroid race.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Under this scheme, it is even possible to determine the race of a particular person as a percentage.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The complexity of the typological concept lies in the identification of “pure” types that clearly differ from each other.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Depending on the number of such types and characteristics defined as racial, the racial definition of a person will also change.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Moreover, the consistent strict application of the typological principle leads to the fact that siblings can be assigned to different races [16].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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As noted by the Soviet anthropologist V. P. Alekseev, the typological concept of race “is increasingly acquiring the character of an anachronism and goes back to the history of anthropological science” [17].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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A number of hypotheses within the framework of the typological concept (for example, the existence of an equatorial race that combines the Negroid and Australoid) have been refuted by modern genetic studies.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Population concept of race


Question: How many races are in the world?

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In modern Russian racial studies, the population-based concept of race prevails.


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

According to her, races are not discrete communities, but groups of populations, between which there are smooth transitions [18].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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With this approach, the racial type cannot be determined in an individual [19].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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In the United States, the departure from the typological concept of race to the population-genetic concept dates back to 1950. In the USSR, the foundations of the population concept of race were formulated back in 1938. IN. IN. Bunak.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Later, the concept was developed by V. P. Alekseev [20].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The historical concept of race


Question: How many races are in the world?

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According to the concept formulated by V. IN. Bunak in 1938, races are not stable, but are categories that change over time [21].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The historical concept does not contradict the population concept, but only complements it, as it explains why there are no hard boundaries between races [22].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Examples of classifications


Question: How many races are in the world?

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A. A. Zubov, based on the data of odontological signs, divided humanity into western and eastern superracial trunks.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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At the same time, he attributed the Caucasian and Negroid races to the western trunk, and the Mongoloid, Americanoid and Australoid races to the eastern trunk.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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IN. IN. Bunak identified 4 racial trunks based on ideas about the antiquity of formation: tropical, southern, western and eastern.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Inside the tropical trunk, African and Oceanic racial branches stood out, inside the southern trunk - continental and ancient Indonesian, inside the western - Cushite, Mediterranean, Mediterranean and European, inside the east — Ural, Siberian, South Asian and American [7].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Frequently singled out races


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Caucasian race


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The range of the Caucasian race includes the early area of settlement - Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Central and Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the areas in which they settled in a relatively recent time: North and South America, Australia and South Africa.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Characteristic features of Caucasians include an orthognathic facial profile (protruding forward in a horizontal plane).


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The hair is straight or wavy, as a rule, soft (in particular, in the northern groups).


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The eyes have a wide incision, although the eye gap is small, the nose is usually medium or strongly protruding with a high nose, the lips are thin or thickened, and there is a strong or medium growth of hair on the face and body.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Broad hands and feet.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The color of the skin, hair and eyes is diverse: from very light shades in the northern groups to very dark in the southern groups.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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At the borders of the range, it forms smooth transitions to the Ural, South Siberian, Mongoloid, Negroid, Ethiopian and Dravidian races.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Ancient humanity, represented by early tropical populations of Homo (Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo ergaster, etc.), was probably dark pigmented.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The biological meaning of fair skin is to improve the synthesis of vitamin D, which is involved in the growth and absorption of calcium by bones, which prevents children from developing rickets in poor light conditions.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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This feature has occurred many times in various groups, starting with Neanderthals, and is adaptive to the conditions of the Arctic climate, which until the end of the last glaciation dominated most of the territory of Europe up to the Mediterranean coast.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The light color of the iris and hair is partly due to pigmentation of the skin, and partly is an accidental neutral sign.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The appearance of abnormally light-pigmented populations (“blue-eyed blondes”) in northern Europe is a consequence of the repeated manifestation of the “founder effect” and the “bottleneck effect” in conditions extreme isolation.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Light pigmentation is a recessive sign — even with the heterozygous presence of the melanin synthesis allele, it easily turns into dark pigmentation [23].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Geneticists showed that hunter-gatherers who lived 8,500 years ago in present-day Spain, Luxembourg and Hungary had dark skin, they did not have SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 genes fixed, responsible for depigmentation.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Hunter-gatherers of northern Europe, who lived 7,700 years ago, record these genes, as well as HERC2/OCA2, associated with blue eyes and probably fair skin and hair.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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But the final distribution of the fair skin gene SLC24A5 in Central and Southern Europe is due to the migration of Neolithic farmers from the Middle East [24].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Negroid race


Question: How many races are in the world?

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According to the latest genetic studies, Negroids are several early isolated human lines, and Bushmen and Pygmies oppose not only genetic kinship all other African lines, but also all other groups of people in general [25].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Among the Negroids, at least three races can be distinguished from each other - Negro, Central African (Pygmy) and South African (Bushman, Capoid).


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The Negro race is common in much of Sub-Saharan Africa.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Characteristic features: very dark skin, curly hair, wide nose, flattened nose, large interocular space, thick lips, dolichocephaly, low face, prostrate [26].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The Negrill (or Pygmy or Central African) race is common in the equatorial rain forests of Central Africa.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Characteristic features: very short stature, strong growth of beard, mustache and body hair, a wide and short nose with a flat nose and often a convex back, relatively thin lips [27].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The South African (Bushman, Capoid) race is common in the arid regions of South Africa.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Characteristic features: short stature, flat face, small lower jaw, due to which the face acquires a sub-triangular shape, narrow nose, flat nose, epicanthus developed, relatively light yellowish-brown skin, spiral-curled hair, steatopigia in women, weak beard and mustache growth.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Many signs resemble Mongoloid ones.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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East African (Ethiopian) race


Question: How many races are in the world?

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A race with transitional features that has signs of a black race and Caucasian features.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Mongoloid race


Question: How many races are in the world?

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It is distributed mainly in Asia.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Sometimes it merges with the Americanoid race into a large Asian-American race.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Characteristic features: skin color varies from light shades to dark dark dark, flattened face with prominent cheekbones, more often high, high orbits, orthognathism and mesognathism, beard, mustache and hair growth on the body is weak, the eye incision is narrow, epicanthus is common, small eyelashes; the degree of protrusion of the nose varies, but more often small, the nose is usually concave, the thickness of the lips is small to thickened in the South - East Asia, small mouth width.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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On the borders of the range, it has smooth transitions to the Caucasian, Dravidian, Veddoid, Melanesian, Polynesian, Ural and South Siberian races.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Americanoid race


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The Americanoid race is a race common in the Americas.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Epicanthus is relatively rare in adults, although it is quite common in children.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Characteristic features: tall, large face with a wide lower jaw, mesognathism, medium or large nose, sometimes eagle shaped, high nose, wide mouth, wider eye gap than Asian Mongoloids, the flattening of the face is less than that of the Mongoloids, but more than that of other races, the growth of the beard and mustache is weak.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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It often combines with the Mongoloid race itself into the Asian-American race.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The settlement of America took place mainly through the Bering Strait area.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Many fossils and signs of individual modern populations may indicate the oldest penetration into America of people from Polynesia and Melanesia.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Veddo Australoid


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The Australoid subgroup of this large race includes the indigenous population of Australia.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Characteristic features: massiveness of the dolichoran skull with a slight massiveness of the rest of the skeleton, strong, large driven jaws, large teeth, short neck, dark pigmentation of the skin, wide nose with a concave nose, the growth of the beard and mustache is strong.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The Veddoid and Melanesian races are closest to the Australoid race, with which it sometimes unites into the Australoid Veddoid race [28].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The Veddoid subgroup is distributed in Central and South India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and Indonesia.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Characteristic features: gracile build, shortened neck, dark skin, less wide nose, broad lips, medium to strong beard and mustache growth.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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It can be described as a gracile variant of the Australoid race, with which it sometimes unites into the Australo-Veddoid race [28].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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It also differs from the Australoid race by a smaller beard and mustache growth, less prognatism, a smaller nose, and a smaller stature.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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There are numerous transitions to the Mongoloid, Dravidian and Caucasian races [28].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The issue of the formation of racial characteristics


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Most likely, races in the modern sense of the word arose only after the end of the last glaciation and the beginning of the Neolithic revolution due to the emergence of the first agricultural crops that managed to a short time on a historical scale to dramatically increase its number and thereby ensure its complex of racial characteristics dominance over a large area, forming modern “large races.”


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Many researchers talk about the absence of races in the Upper Paleolithic, or “Upper Paleolithic polymorphism” of mankind.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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According to anthropologist Stanislav Drobyshevsky, the point is not that the racial features of the Upper Paleolithic people were not yet “insufficiently differentiated” or “not fully formed”, but that none from their groups could not achieve a long-term advantage over others - that is, there was no greater uniformity of the “undifferentiated” humanity, but, on the contrary, its greater mosaic nature ( polymorphism), from which modern racial types later crystallized.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Until then, small populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers, who often lived in conditions of partial or complete isolation from each other, due to genetic-automatic processes accumulated so many local features that it is impossible to identify clearly defined racial groups with a stable set of features among them [29] [30] [31] [32].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Currently, the adaptive nature of many racial characteristics is denied — it is more likely that the populations that carried them were simply “lucky” evolutionarily, which allowed a random complex of external signs characteristic of them to gain a foothold and become widespread [33].


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

Probably, a special role in this process was played by the emergence of the first agricultural crops, which managed to dramatically increase their number, pushing groups that were carriers of other racial types to the outskirts and thus essentially forming the so - called “big races”.


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

Outside the habitats of ancient farmers, such a leveling of racial characteristics based on the numerical predominance of carriers of a certain type did not occur, which resulted in the preservation of a large racial diversity among American Indian, Australian Aboriginal, Melanesian, Khoisanoid South Africans and other groups.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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It is important to note that these groups are by no means evolutionarily “stagnant” or more archaic (“protomorphic”) than “big races”.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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On the contrary, in large groups living in anthropogenic landscapes, the variability of traits drops sharply, there is a tendency to preserve them, which is disturbed only by metalization at the boundaries of the habitats.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Biological evolution here is largely replaced by social and technological development, although it does not stop at all.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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At the same time, small, isolated populations experiencing a strong selection effect are characterized by increased plasticity, rapidly accumulating both adaptive and random, neutral in evolutionary terms, but noticeably affecting the appearance, signs [29] [30] [31] [34].


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

Thus, the “robustness” (massiveness of addition) of the aborigines of Australia is a relatively recent evolutionary acquisition, which is a consequence of biological adaptation to difficult living conditions, and not at all a consequence of their “protomorphic” (archaic).


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Moreover, judging by archeology data, in a relatively recent (historical) time, the trend towards an increase in massiveness among the ancestors of the aborigines has changed the opposite - towards gracility, probably due to social progress or a change in environmental conditions to a softer one.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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At the same time, Australians of European descent do not show any signs of biological adaptation to their habitat (including in the long term), as they have surrounded themselves” second nature” — a highly developed technosphere that allows a person who is biologically relatively poorly adapted to them to exist in Australia.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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From an evolutionary point of view, white Australians are perhaps more “protomorphic” and “archaic” than the Aborigines, who relatively recently (on an evolutionary scale) have acquired a number of specialized (that is, progressive from an evolutionary point of view) traits.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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However, the role of technology should not be absolutized — for example, there are observations that make it possible to judge the impact of natural selection on the population of modern people in a very recent period (the second half XX century) who participated in the development of the Far North.


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

During the life of one generation, almost all settlers who were not adapted to such conditions returned to the Mainland - only those who had an adaptive type in such conditions remained, that is, physique and metabolic characteristics were adapted to extreme cold weather (and it is significant that in these features they resembled the local aboriginal population).


Question: How many races are in the world?

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If this population of people continued to multiply endogamously and were subjected to strict natural selection, as was usually the case with migrations in prehistoric and early historical times, it in just a few generations, a stable set of features corresponding to adaptation to extreme cold would be consolidated [35].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Ancient and relict races


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Modern population genetics assumes that the current races do not exhaust the entire historical morphological diversity of modern people, and that in ancient times there were races, which either disappeared without a trace, or whose signs were later blurred as a result of assimilation by carriers of other races [36].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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In particular, uralist V. IN. Napolskikh hypothesized the existence in the past of the Paleoural race, the signs of which are currently blurred between the Ural-Siberian Caucasians and Western Mongoloids, but are not characteristic neither for Caucasians in general, nor for Mongoloids in general [37].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Upper Paleolithic types


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Anthropologist S. IN. Drobyshevsky points out that the morphological diversity of people in the Upper Paleolithic was perhaps even more pronounced than at present, and that the skulls of people of that time cannot be clearly diagnosed using modern racial classification, geographical or temporal affiliation is often not clearly expressed either.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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In particular, on the basis of European findings, he describes the following prehistoric races or morphological types identified by different authors, some of which are isolated on the basis of one skull:


Question: How many races are in the world?

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grimaldian


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Cro-magnon


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

Barma Grande


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

Chanceleade


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

Oberkassel


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

brunn


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

brunn-przhedmostskaya


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Aurignac


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Solutrean


Question: How many races are in the world?

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In the Middle East at the same time, there is a continuity of Pre-Natufians and Natufians.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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They have proto-Caucasian features, sometimes with a negroid admixture.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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At the same time, Natufians differ from the North African groups Afalu and Taforalt.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Among the East African finds stood out the “Bushman type”, “Ethiopian type”, “Negroid type”, more massive than the modern one.


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

Upper Paleolithic skulls from China, Southeast Asia and Indonesia often do not show Mongoloid activity, but approach the eastern equatorials and are more often defined as “proto-australoids” or” Australian-Melanesian type”.


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

Many of the findings of the region can not be described using modern racial classification and combine the features of both southern Mongoloids and Australoids, Ainu, bearers of the yomon culture (or jomon), archaic Indians and other groups [38].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Cross-breeding


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

Geographical isolation played an important role in identifying races as populations with different characteristics.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Until several thousand years ago, this isolation was mainly due to huge distances and small numbers of people.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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As a result of the increase in numbers or migrations, the populations came into contact and there was a mixing of races or cross-breeding.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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As a result, mixed anthropological types or small races (South Siberian, Polynesian, and others) appeared [39] [40].


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

All known races of mankind can produce prolific joint offspring, even the most isolated populations, such as American Indians or Australian aborigines, “did not have enough” at least several million years of isolation before biological incompatibility with other groups occurs [41].


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

As a result of mixed marriages (and cross-breeding in general), individuals with mixed racial characteristics appear, and in the zones of contact between areas of different races, entire contact races that have such population level.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Some cultures have adopted special terminology for them.


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

Thus, mulattos are the result of combining the black and Caucasian races, mestizo — Caucasian and Americanoid/Mongoloid, and sambo — black and americanoid.


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

Currently, a significant part of the world's population is more or less mestizo, for example, most of the inhabitants of Central and South America.


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

On the other hand, the comparative stability of the complex of racial characteristics of such large groups of mestizo origin makes it possible to consider them as independent small races that are in the process formation.


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

Many studies have been conducted that have shown that there are no medically harmful effects of inter-racial cross-breeding for offspring.


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

This is a consequence of the relatively recent divergence of races and the constant contact between them throughout history [42].


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Racism


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Ideas about the superiority of some races (or racial types) over others developed in the 19th and mid-20th centuries and were recognized as false from a scientific point of view [43].


Question: How many races are in the world?

Rasa

Their spread in human history played a negative role: from the genocide of the indigenous population of the New World to the Holocaust during the Second World War.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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See also


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Race (biology)


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Races (fantasy)


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Races in fantasy worlds and space operas


Question: How many races are in the world?

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The racial makeup of the United States


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Notes


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Literature


Question: How many races are in the world?

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CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Question: How many races are in the world?

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//Khrisanfova E.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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N., Perevozchikov I. IN. Anthropology.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Textbook.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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//Shnirelman V. A. “Tolerance Threshold”: Ideology and Practice of New Racism.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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/In 2 volumes.


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— M.: New Literary Review, 2011.


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— Vol. 1 — 552 p.: ill.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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/T.2 - 856 p.: ill.


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— ISBN 978-5-86793-874-1


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References


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Borinskaya S. //Antropogenez.ru


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Bogatenkov D. V., Drobyshevsky S. IN.


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Drobyshevsky S. //Antropogenez.ru


Question: How many races are in the world?

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Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Naryan-Mar (Nenets: Nyaryana Mar, “Red City”) is a city in Russia, the administrative center and the only city in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The city is located beyond the Arctic Circle, located in the lower reaches of the Pechora River, 110 km from the Barents Sea.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The distance from Moscow to Naryan-Mar is 1501 km, from Arkhangelsk to Naryan-Mar is 660 km.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The nearest railway station, Usinsk, is 350 km away and can only be reached by land by winter road (winter road).


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In summer, high-speed passenger boats run from Naryan-Mar to Ust-Tsilma.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Status and management


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The city of Naryan-Mar is the center of the Nenets Autonomous Area, within the administrative and territorial structure of which it has the status of a city


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

As part of the municipal structure, it forms a municipality of the city district of Naryan-Mar with the only settlement in its composition.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Previously, the city district included the village of Yokusha, which was abolished in 2015 [1] [2]


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Local government


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The structure of local governments of the city (city district) is [1]:


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The Council of the Naryan-Mar City District (Naryan-Mar City Council) is a representative body of the municipality.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Head of the Naryan-Mar City District (Mayor of Naryan-Mar).


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

administration of the municipality “City District “City of Naryan-Mar” (administration of the city of Naryan-Mar) is the executive and administrative body of the municipality.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The Control and Accounts Chamber of the Municipal Formation “City District “City of Naryan-Mar” (Control and Accounts Chamber of the City of Naryan-Mar) is the control and accounting body of the municipality.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The head of the city heads the city administration [1].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Until 2012, the head of the administration (head of the city) was elected in direct elections for a period of 5 years.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Since 2017, the Head of the Administration of the City District (City) has been elected for 5 years by the City Council on an alternative basis from among candidates submitted by the competition commission based on the results of the competition.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Half of the members of the competition commission are appointed by the city council, the other half by the governor of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug [3].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

List of city leaders


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Naryan Mar

Belak, Oleg Onufrievich since March 14, 2017.


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Naryan Mar

Fedorova, Tatyana Vasilyevna from March 4, 2012 to March 14, 2017.


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Naryan Mar

Rodionovsky, Yuri Vladimirovich from 2008 to 2012.


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Naryan Mar

Sablin, Leonid Ivanovich (1949-2012) from 2005 to 2008 - Mayor (Head of the City District).


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Naryan Mar

Rodionovsky, Yuri Vladimirovich from 2001 to 2005.


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Naryan Mar

Kovalenko, Grigory Borisovich from 1997 to 2001.


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Naryan Mar

Kozlov, Vyacheslav Ivanovich (1940—2002) — from 1990 to 1997 — Mayor.


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Naryan Mar

Alekseev, Evgeny Georgievich — from 1985 to 1990 — Chairman of the Naryan-Mar City Executive Committee.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

City Council


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The Naryan-Mar City Council consists of 15 deputies elected in municipal elections by secret ballot.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Seven deputies of the City Council are elected by the majority electoral system.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

8 deputy seats are distributed in proportion to the number of votes among the lists of candidates nominated by electoral associations [1].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Residential areas


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Geographically, the city consists of three residential areas: Tsentralny, Kachgort and Sawmill [4].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Tsentralny


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Naryan Mar

The Central District is a district with a predominant medium-rise and low-rise residential development and developed social infrastructure.


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Naryan Mar

The largest district of the city in terms of population and area of territory.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The central district is located between large water bodies that restrain: the Gorodetsky Shar channel, the Gorodetskaya Kurya Bay, Lake Kachgort and the Kachgortinskaya kurya.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Microdistricts: Tsentralny, Karmanovka, Gorodetsky, Aviatorov, Old Airport, Portovy, Yuzhny.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Kachgort


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Kachgort district is located in the center of the city district.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The district is located on the federal highway A381, connecting the Central District of the city with the airport.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The highway passes through the streets: Rabochaya, they are the 60th anniversary of October and V. AND. Lenina.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The main street of the district is 60th Anniversary of October Street.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The road passes through the entire territory of the Kachgort district from the south-west to the north-east and connects it with the Central District and the Lesozavod.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Microdistricts: RSU, Kachgort, Maly Kachgort, Rybokombinat, Khorey-Versky Expedition, State Farm, Sakhalin.


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Naryan Mar

Sawmill


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Naryan Mar

Lesozavod district is located in the north-eastern part of the city


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Yubileynaya Street is a citywide highway that passes through the entire district and goes in the northeastern direction to the village of Iskateley.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Yubileynaya Street, as well as Zavodskaya Street connect the components of the district, microdistricts: Lesozavod, Novy Poselok, Mirny, Zakhrebetny, Staraya Bondarka and Novaya Bondarka.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

History


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Naryan Mar

Background


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Naryan Mar

The idea of building a city in the lower reaches of the Pechora River arose a long time ago.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

A rich wildlife, beautiful places, a large navigable river, the opportunity to trade in forest — all this attracted people to the North.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The information of Russian chronicles leaves no doubt that since the 12th century, the Nizhnyaya Pechora area has been well known.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Here, local tribes — Yugra, Pechera — first carried out barter trade with the Russians.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1499, Pustozersk appeared.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In the XVIII-XIX centuries, new villages and villages appeared on the banks of the mouth of the Pechora mouth; Velikovisochnoye, Oksino, Telviska, Kuya - whose residents were engaged in traditional farming, fishing and St. John's wort, reindeer herding.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In the 1860s, Arctic explorers Captain P. AND. Kruzenshtern, merchant V. N. Latkin and merchant M. K. Sidorov studied in detail the fairway of the Pechora River and organized the Pechora company, which was engaged in the export of Pechora timber.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

M. K. Sidorov dreamed of building a seaport on Pechora, as well as a city that would be called Yugorsk.


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Naryan Mar

For 16 years, he tried to obtain six acres of land for the construction of the port, but the land was never allocated to him [5].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1892, the first single-frame sawmill owned by industrialist A. M. Sibiryakov.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

However, the sawmill soon burned down.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1897, a sawmill of the Swedish partnership Alfred Lidbeck and K° was built on the bank of the Gorodetsky Ball opposite the village of Yokusha.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

But after a while, this plant was also destroyed by fire.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Since 1897, the Partnership of the Arkhangelsk-Murmansk Express Shipping Company has established sea voyages between Arkhangelsk and the lower reaches of Pechora (Kuya village).


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1903, the Pechora Sawmill was founded on the territory of modern Naryan-Mar [6], created by the Stella Polyare partnership headed by the Norwegian timber merchant Martin Ulsen [7].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

City foundation


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The predecessor of Naryan-Mar, the Beloshchelsky settlement (Beloshchelye), is mentioned in the List of Populated Places of the Arkhangelsk Province on May 1, 1922. At that time, there were 29 people in five yards [8].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1924, the first building of the future city of Naryan-Mar, the agency of the Northern Shipping Company, was built in Beloshchelye.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The building was built by a team of carpenters led by A. S. Durkin.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The staff consisted of eight people.


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Naryan Mar

Two frame warehouses and a shed were also built, which was dismantled for the winter.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The decision to build a new city and port on Pechora was made at a meeting held on board the Umba steamer on October 7, 1929 at the Beloshchelya pier.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The meeting was attended by: Archport Chief Engineer V. IN. Dembovetsky, Chief of Sevportis (Northern Port Survey Bureau) G. ME.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Nalyvaiko, Chairman of the Nenets Regional Executive Committee I. A. Korionov, director of the Komiles sawmill No. 51 Dolgoborodov and others.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The meeting discussed issues of port construction work planned in 1930 at the mouth of the Pechora River, and measures to provide these works with labor, construction materials and food.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

On October 22, 1929, the Nenets District Executive Committee concluded an agreement with engineer Orlov on the “survey of a land plot” in Beloshchelye, where the city was to be built [5].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1929, construction of the Nenets House and a hospital began in Beloshchelye [9].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

According to the final documents of the meeting, a meeting of the commission of the Arkhangelsk Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (B) and the Regional Executive Committee of the Northern Territory was held on board the Umba steamer on September 4, 1931 in Beloshchelye.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

We listened to the only question — “On the construction of the Pechora port”.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

It was decided to build 100 pog by the beginning of navigation in 1932.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

m. berths, and by September 1932 another 150 pog.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

m. The main reason for the port's construction was the discovery by geologist A. Chernov in 1930 of the Vorkuta coal deposit.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

There was only one way to deliver coal to the consumer, as well as cargo for the construction of Vorkuta mines — through the port of Pechora.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

This is how the working settlement of Naryan-Mard (Krasny Gorod) was formed, which united the territories and population of the sawmill village (which was named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky [6]), Beloshchelya, the villages of Kalyush, Karmanovo (Gorodetsky), Nosovo (Kachgort) and the village of Yokusha.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The name Naryan-Mard was given to the newly formed village by the resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of October 10, 1931 [10].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The first buildings on the territory of the future city are a residential barrack for 65 people, an eight-apartment building, a canteen, a post office, a Nenets House, a hospital, a printing house.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

By the decision of the Presidium of the Regional Executive Committee of the Northern Territory of October 7, 1931, the need to move the center of the Nenets National District from the village of Telvisochny to the working settlement of Naryan-Mard was recognized.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The same decision obliged the Nenets Regional Executive Committee to create a city council no later than November 1, 1931 on the territory of the Naryan-Mard working village approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

On December 18, 1931, a resolution was adopted by the Presidium of the Nenets Regional Executive Committee:


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

By the resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of March 2, 1932, the administrative center of the Nenets National District of the Northern Territory was moved from the village of Telvisochny to the Naryan-Mar workers' settlement [11


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

On April 9, 1934, the 5th Plenum of the Nenets Regional Executive Committee decided to transform the Naryan-Mar workers' village, in which more than 8,000 people lived, into the city of Naryan-Mar.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

On March 10, 1935, by the resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the working settlement of Naryan-Mar of the Nenets District of the Northern Territory was transformed into a city


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

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In 1934, by the decision of the village council, the first streets were named.


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They were Naberezhnaya Street, Partizanskaya Street (now A. P. Pyrerko), Zapolyarny Avenue (now ul. Smidovich Street), Olennaya Street (since 1936 it is M. AND. P. Vyucheysky) and Polyarnaya Street.


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Naryan Mar

In the same year, the city authorities decided to begin construction of the House of Soviets.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1934, its first specialists graduated from the pedagogical school.


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Naryan Mar

In 1932, a reindeer herding zonal station began its work.


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Naryan Mar

In 1933, a fishtrest office was established.


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Naryan Mar

The seaport increased its cargo turnover.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1933, a horse-drawn brick factory was put into operation in the village of Yokusha, with a design capacity of 2 million bricks per year.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1934, the library began its educational activities, and then a district museum was opened.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The development of education did not lag behind the overall development of the city.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Since 1934, a cultural education school and two secondary schools have been operating in the city.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Until 1940, about 120 residential buildings were built in Naryan-Mar.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1936, a weather warning bureau was established.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1937, a professional drama theater was opened, on the basis of which, after its closure in 1948, the Naryan-Mar House of Culture was created.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The trade was represented by two department stores, a specialized grocery store and a specialized store with goods for the tundra population.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

On February 13, 1933, the first polar airline was opened, which connected Arkhangelsk with Naryan-Mar.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1932, the first radio center with 110 radio points began operating, and in 1937, the authorities established a direct telegraph connection with Arkhangelsk.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

On March 30, 1937, in Naryan-Mar, aircraft of an expedition to the North Pole landed on the ice of Pechora to organize the world's first polar drifting station, the North Pole-1.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Due to bad weather, the stop in Naryan-Mar was delayed for two weeks.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

On April 12, 1937, the aircraft flew to the Matochkin Shar polar station (Novaya Zemlya) [13].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

A memorial plaque was installed on the house in which polar explorers lived.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Great Patriotic War


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

During the Great Patriotic War, Naryan-Mar was a rear city.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Since October 1941, a military airfield began to operate in the city, which belonged to the 772nd air base of the White Sea Military Flotilla.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Aircraft from Naryan-Mar carried out reconnaissance flights in the Arctic.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

On June 22, 1943, a German Yu-88 aircraft flew over Naryan-Mar for the first time in the entire war, and carried out aerial photography of the city [14] and nearby settlements [15].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Similar flights continued later [16].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

On Aviation Day 1944, employees of the Naryan-Mar seaport handed over to the pilot of the White Sea Military Flotilla V. IN. Tomashevsky, an IL-4 bomber aircraft “Worker of the Pechora Fleet”, purchased with the money of port workers.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

On September 7, 1944, advanced workers of the Nenets District handed over the Yak-7B fighter Naryan-Mar shipbuilder to the pilots of the White Sea Military Flotilla, which was presented to the Hero of the Soviet Union Captain A . K. Tarasov.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1946, the fighter was delivered to Naryan-Mar and installed in the park as a monument to Soviet people who worked in the rear (lost in 1956 and restored in 2010).


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

On August 16, 1942, a group of ships left the village of Khabarovo for Naryan-Mar.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

It included the towing steamers Komsomolets, Nord and Komiles.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Nord towed the faulty Komiles and the Sh-500 lighter, and the Komsomolets tugboat towed the P-4 barge.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

There were 300 people on the latter, most of whom were prisoners of the Norilstroy camps.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

On August 17, at about 7 o'clock in the morning, when the caravan was passing two miles off the northern coast of Matveev Island in the Barents Sea, a German submarine U-209 surfaced near it, opening an artillery fire.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The Sh-500 lighter, the P-4 barge and the towing steamer Komiles were sunk.


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Naryan Mar

The towing steamer “Komsomolets” caught fire and rushed ashore.


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The steamer Nord managed to leave.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Of the 328 people on the ships of the destroyed caravan, 305 drowned or died during artillery shelling.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In memory of this event in Naryan-Mar, on N. E.


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Naryan Mar

Saprygin in November 1968, a monument to the crew of the towing steamer Komsomolets was erected [17].


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Naryan Mar

1940s — 1980s


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1940, the Yokusha brick factory produced 1 million 100 thousand bricks.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The housing stock of the city at that time was 52.4 thousand square meters of total area.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

A new stage in the development of the city in the late 1940s and 1950s was marked by the construction of a quarter of residential buildings along E.


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P. Vucheysky.


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Naryan Mar

In the 1960s, the first brick buildings were put into operation — the recreation center and school No. 3.


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Naryan Mar

In 1975, builders commissioned the first multi-storey brick building - the building of the CPSU District Committee, now the city administration.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

And in 1981, workers of the Naryan-Mar SMU received apartments in the first panel house in the city.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

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The construction was transferred to an industrial basis.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

With the beginning of the construction of brick and panel houses, centralized water supply and a local sewerage system with local treatment facilities are being introduced.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The system of servicing citizens has also been improved.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

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In 1955, the first bus route was opened.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

With the creation of the city's diesel power plant in 1959, a stable power supply was established, and in the early 1960s, residential buildings began to be transferred to central heating.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Since 1973, Naryan-Mar residents have been watching television programs through the Orbita station.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1978, a gas pipeline was built from the Vasilkovsky gas condensate field, gasification of the city and the conversion of boilers to gas fuel began.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1982, a 92-meter bridge was built across the river. Kachgortinskaya kurya, and then, in 1983, a 57-meter long across the river. Lesozavodskaya kurya.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In the 1980s, new capacities were commissioned at the power plant and oil depot, a bakery was built, and in 1989, a four-story building of the district hospital was built.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In the 1980s, a new polyclinic and pharmacy, the Pechora Hotel, a boarding school with a dormitory, a department store, and a music school were built.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

A whole block of modern panel residential buildings has appeared [18].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

1990s — 2010s


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In the 90s, the pace of development of the city, as well as the whole country, slowed down, and some residents began to leave Naryan-Mar.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

However, even at this time, several residential buildings, the buildings of Promstroibank, a cash settlement center, and the federal treasury were built in the city.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the growth of oil production in the Nenets Autonomous Area, the city has received a new impetus in its development, dozens of modern monolithic and brick buildings have appeared in the first decade, roads are being built and repaired and communications, there is an active demolition of dilapidated housing and the resettlement of residents to new comfortable apartments.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Until 2004, the village of Iskateley was subordinated to the city, being an independent administrative-territorial entity, residents of the village took part both in the elections of their head of administration and the village council and in the election of the mayor of Naryan-Mar.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In accordance with Federal Law No. 131-FZ of October 6, 2003 “On General Principles for the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation”, separate municipalities the city of Naryan-Mar with the status of a city district and the Iskateley working settlement with the status of an urban settlement included in the Zapolyarny District.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In September 2009, Naryan-Mar was visited by Eduard Kokoity, President of South Ossetia, who participated in the celebrations dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Nenets Autonomous Area [20].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

On October 4, 2011, in Naryan-Mar, President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev held a meeting of the State Council Presidium on housing and communal services [21]


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

On July 29, 2012, President of Vietnam Truong Tan Sang paid an official visit to Naryan-Mar [22].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

On November 3, 2013, Naryan-Mar hosted the Olympic torch relay of the 2014 Winter Olympics [23].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Economics


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Industry


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Seaport and river pier


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Food industry enterprises


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Nenets Oil Company JSC


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Naryan-Marseismic Exploration


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Naryan Mar

Naryan-Mar United Air Squadron


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Naryan Mar

Gas pipeline from Vasilkovskoye field.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Banks


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

There are branches of the following banks in the city:


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Sberbank of Russia


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Moscow Industrial Bank


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Otkritie


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

VTB 24


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Trade


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Along with local retail chains (Khoroshiy, Belye Nochi, Naryan-Mar City Consumer Society), the city has retail enterprises of large Russian chains:


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Eldorado


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Euroset


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Svyaznoy


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

L'Etoile


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Ascona


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Naryan Mar

33 penguins


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Naryan Mar

population


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

sights


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Naryan Mar

Administration building of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug


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Naryan Mar

Nenets Museum of Local Lore


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Naryan Mar

Shevelev House [24] (Pustozersk Museum-Reserve)


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The building of the General Post Office


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Monument to the 500th anniversary of Pustozersk


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Captain Tarasov's plane


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Arktika Palace of Culture


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Monument to the crew of the towing steamer Komsomolets


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Monument to the Feat of Members of the Reindeer Transport Battalions during the Great Patriotic War


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Epiphany Cathedral


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Holy Kazan Church (Ancient Orthodox Pomor Church)


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Monument to Naryan-Mar port workers


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Victory Obelisk


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Lenin Monument


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Natives


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

See category Born in Naryan-Mar.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Transportation


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The city center is connected to the airport by the federal public highway A381.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

City


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Since 1955, the city has been operating bus transport, currently serving 9 routes:


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Taxi


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Along with local taxi companies (Alpha, Troika, Metro, NM-Taxi), the city has the following services:


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Yandex.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Taxi


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

inDriver


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Long distance connections


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Naryan-Mar is not connected with other cities either by a permanent road or by a railway.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

From 1991 to 2008, large-scale construction of the Naryan-Mar — Usinsk road with a length of 386 km was carried out, which was stopped when funding was terminated.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

A section with a length of 80 km remained unfinished.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The highway should connect the Nenets Autonomous Okrug with the Komi Republic and provide it with access to the railway junction in Usinsk.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 2016, work was resumed, and by the end of 2017 it is planned to commission a 15-kilometer section with a bridge over the Kharayakha River [25] [26].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

From December to April, you can drive to Naryan-Mar along a winter road from Kharyaga village.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

During the navigation period, the Shchelyayur-Naryan-Mar ferry crossing operates on the Pechora.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

While the highway has not been built, aviation remains the main mode of transport that can get to Naryan-Mar.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Naryan-Mar Airport receives An-24, An-26, An-12, Tu-134, Yak-40, Yak-42, IL-18, Boeing 737, ATR 42 aircraft, helicopters of all types.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The airport operator is Naryan-Mar United Air Squadron OJSC, which has An-2 aircraft and Mi-8 helicopters in its fleet.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

There are regular flights to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Kirov, Syktyvkar, Usinsk, as well as local airlines.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Cargo to the city is delivered by sea from Arkhangelsk, as well as by river from Pechora to the seaport of Naryan-Mar.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Climate


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The city is located just north of the Arctic Circle, approximately at the same latitude as Vorkuta, Verkhoyansk and Srednekolymsk.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

From December 14 to December 29, the polar night lasts.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In accordance with the applied time and geographical longitude [27], the average solar noon in Naryan-Mar occurs at 11:28am.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The climate of Naryan-Mar is subarctic, with long winters and short, cool summers.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The city is located in the permafrost zone, but there are no permafrost soils within the city.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Winter is relatively mild for polar latitudes due to the influence of the Barents Sea, but spring and autumn are long and cold, and summers are relatively warm and short.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The average daily temperature exceeds 0° C only in May, and again goes beyond zero in early October.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

From May 29 to July 15, the polar day lasts, and from April to August there are white nights.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Summer is moderately warm, its average temperature is only 13 degrees (with quite strong variations from year to year, the warmest July was observed in 1974, and the coldest in 1968, with average temperatures of +18.8 and +7.7, respectively).


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In summer, the city can sometimes reach hot air masses from the steppes of Kazakhstan, then the temperature can exceed +30° C in the shade.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Mass media


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Newspapers


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Nyaryana vynder


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Choice of NAO


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

News agencies


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Tv


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Channel nameFrequency number “Russia 2" 1 “Russia 1" /"GTRK Pomorie” /"TRK Zapolyarye” 3 “Channel One” 5 “Fifth Channel” 8 “NTV” 11 “Russia K” 27First Multiplex [28] 26Second Multiplex [29] 30


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Television broadcasting in Naryan-Mar began on December 31, 1972, after the commissioning of the Orbita TV station in the village of Telviska [30].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 1991, the first private TV channel Alt aired, which existed until 2005 [31].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

On November 29, 1993, television broadcasting of the Nenets District Television and Radio Broadcasting Company Zapolyarye began [32].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

From 2000 to 2006, there was an NMTV channel of the Naryan-Mar TV and Radio Company, financed by Lukoil [33].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

From 2004 to 2005, there was also a TV company of the city hall Region-NAO, which aired on the frequency of the Alt TV channel and the NTN TV channel (New Television of Naryan-Mar — Barents TV Company [34]).


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In 2007, the Nenets Television and Radio Broadcasting Company was established, which in 2008 began broadcasting the Naryan-Mar-TV channel, which changed its name to Sever on August 13, 2012 [35].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

As of January 2016, broadcasting is conducted via cable and ip-television, the Internet, as well as in satellite television packages Tricolor TV and NTV Plus [36].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Broadcast


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Channel nameRadio Rossii channel frequency of the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company Pomorie/TRK Zapolyarye 66.20 MHz Radio Mayak 67.76 MHz UFM broadcasting stopped from 9.01.201468.84 MHz Naryan-Mar FM/Dorozhnoe Radio broadcasting suspended from 1.04.2017102.5 MHz Russkoe Radio 103.0 MHz Sever FM 103.5 MHz Nashe Radio 104.4 MHz


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Cellular


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

GSM (2G) /UMTS (3G) mobile operators: MegaFon, MTS, Beeline, Tele2, Yota.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The mobile operator of the LTE (4G) standard is MTS.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

In November 2013, Rostelecom launched an LTE (4G) base station in test mode [37].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Naryan-Mar in art


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The song Naryan-Mar, my Naryan-Mar, was written in 1964 (lyrics by Inna Kashezheva, music by Grigory Ponomarenko).


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Galina Shalkova became the first performer of the song [38].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Subsequently, performed by Ekaterina Shavrina and Kola Belda, the song became popular throughout the country [39].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Sister cities


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Sister cities [40]:


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Kautokeino (Norway)


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Arkhangelsk (Russia)


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Naryan Mar

Star City (Russia) [41]


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Naryan Mar

Zelenograd (Russia)


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Ukhta (Russia)


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Usinsk (Russia)


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Former twin cities


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Mariupol (Ukraine)


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The relationship was established in 1992 on the initiative of I. N. Prosvirnin, torn by the Mariupol City Council on June 29, 2017 [42].


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Views of Naryan-Mar


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Naryan Mar

City administration


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Naryan Mar

Arktika Cultural and Business Center


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Naryan Mar

Zapolyarnaya Stolitsa Hotel


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Naryan Mar

The building of the Nenets Museum of Local Lore


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Naryan Mar

The building of “Nyaryana Vynder” socio-political newspaper


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Naryan Mar

Sea Port View


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Naryan Mar

City Stadium


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Naryan Mar

V.I.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Lenin, 2010


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

The view is towards V.I.


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Naryan Mar

Lenina


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Naryan Mar

School #3


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Nenets Central Library n.a.


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Naryan Mar

A.I.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Pichkova


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

I.P.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Vucheysky


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

See also


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Naryan-Mar, my Naryan-Mar


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

List of streets in Naryan-Mar


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Administrative divisions of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug


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Naryan Mar

Flags of Nenets Autonomous Okrug


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Naryan Mar

Naryan-Mar Diocese


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Naryan Mar

Notes


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Naryan Mar

Literature


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Naryan Mar

A. IN. Chuprov.


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Naryan Mar

Naryan-Mar


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Naryan Mar

The Arctic Capital: album.


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Naryan Mar

— Arkhangelsk: SK Publishing House, 2004 — Page 216.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

— ISBN 5-901992-06-7.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

IN. F. Tolkachev said.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Nenets Krai: through the blizzards of years: essays, articles, documents.


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Naryan Mar

— Arkhangelsk PomGU, 2000.


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— P. 614.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

— ISBN 5-88086-187-2.


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

References


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Category:Cities in Nenets Autonomous Okrug


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Category:Cities established in the 20th century


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Category:Former urban-type settlements of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug


Question: How far is Koryazhma from Moscow?

Naryan Mar

Category:Administrative centers of subjects of the Russian Federation


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Third-person shooter (TPS) is a genre of computer games, a kind of three-dimensional shooter in which the player-controlled character is visible on the screen [1] [2], and the gameplay in a significant part consists of shooting [1].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

At the same time, the virtual camera is usually located behind the character, behind the back or shoulder [3].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Game design


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Third person shooter games are three-dimensional and combine elements of first-person shooter shooting, jumping or climbing puzzles from 3D platformers, and also elements of simple hand-to-hand combat systems from the Beat 'em up genre.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

A common feature in third-person shooters is aim-assist (English: aim-assist), as aiming is difficult when viewed from a third person.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Most games also feature a first-person view, which allows the player to aim more accurately, as well as explore environmental features that are not visible in normal third-person views.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

In most cases, the game character must be motionless to use the first-person view, but in more modern games, it is possible to play fully like in first-person shooters faces.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Moreover, for example, in Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath, you can only shoot in first-person view, while third-person views only allow hand-to-hand strikes.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Comparison to first person shooters


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

The third-person shooter genre is closely related to the first-person shooter genre [4], which is also based on identifying the player with his avatar [5], but these are different genres [6].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

While in first-person shooters, the player can aim and his avatar does not block the view [5], third-person shooters use “over the shoulder” or “behind the back” aiming to achieve the same playable character [4] [7].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Thanks to this third-person feature, developers can add more personality to the avatar [5] and direct the player's attention with techniques similar to those used in movies.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

On the contrary, the first-person view allows for greater immersion in the game universe [8].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

The difference in viewpoint affects gameplay.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

In third-person shooters, the player can more clearly see the area around the avatar.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

This viewpoint makes it easier for the character to interact with the environment, such as using tactical cover in Gears of War [9] or moving in small rooms [10].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

In addition, the third-person view is better suited for interacting with objects in the game world, for example, jumping on platforms, conducting hand-to-hand combat, and driving vehicles.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

However, a third-person view can be a hindrance to tasks that require precise aiming [11].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Often, the development of a third-person shooter involves creating more extensive and voluminous environments than is required for a first-person shooter, due to differences in the viewing point of the game environment [12].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

The boundary between the two genres is sometimes quite arbitrary.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

For example, many third-person shooters have a first-person view that makes it easier to complete tasks that require accurate aiming [5].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Halo: Combat Evolved was originally created as a third-person shooter, but was eventually changed to improve the aiming and shooting interface [13].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

The game switches to a third person view when the avatar is driving a vehicle [5], moreover, this combination of a first-person view for shooting and a third person view for driving has become can be used in other games as well [14].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Metroid Prime is another example of a first-person shooter that switches to a third person view when the avatar moves around the game in Morph Ball mode [15].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Aleksandr R. Galloway writes: “The real-time shooting scenes from the movie Elephant directed by Gus Van Sant caused the appearance of third-person shooters like Max Payne, close relatives of the FPS” [16].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Historical background


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Two-dimensional third-person shooters have existed since the very first computer games [17], starting with Spacewar!


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

[17] The same third-person view is presented in clones such as Galaxy Game (1971) and Computer Space (1971) [18].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Examples of third-person 3D arcade shooters include: Tempest (1981) [19] by Atari, Radar Scope (1979) [20] by Nintendo, Tube Panic (1983) [21] by Nihon Bussan, Space Harrier (1985) [22] by Sega, Xybots (1987) [23] by Atari, The 3-D Battles of WorldRunner (1987) [24] by Square, its sequel JJ (1987) [25], etc.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Examples of third-person shooters for home computers include Airheart (1986) [26] by Dan Gorlin and Forbidden Forest (1986) [27] by Paul Norman.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Konami's run'n'gun shooter Contra (1987) features several levels with a third-person view when the player tries to make his way through enemy bases [28].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

In another third-person shooter [29] by Konami, Devastators (1988) [30], the character does not automatically move forward, instead the player must press the up button to move the character, while objects in the background are scaled to create a zooming effect.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Devastators also have various obstacles that the player can use as shelter from enemy fire, [30] and this feature also works in two-player cooperative play [ 31].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

In the same year, a similar shooter Cabal (1988) was released, [32] followed by a large number of clones, such as NAM-1975 (1990) and Wild Guns (1994) [33].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Kurt Kalata of Hardcore Gaming 101 mentions Sega's Last Survivor (1988), released on arcade machines and later ported to FM Towns and FM Towns Marty, which features deathmatch for 8 players.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

He notes that the look and split screen in the game are very similar to Xybots, but its gameplay and controls are significantly different [34].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

In 1993, Namco released Cyber Sled, a three-dimensional survival race in the genre of third-person shooters [35].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Fade to Black (1995) is also an example of a fully three-dimensional third-person shooter [36].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Many consider Tomb Raider (1996) by Eidos Interactive (now part of Square Enix Europe) to be made in the genre of third-person shooters [2] [4] [37] [38] [39], with Jonathan S. Harbor (Jonathan S. Harbour) of the University of Emerging Technologies (see en:University of Advanced Technology) claims that it is “largely responsible for the popularity of this genre” [4].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Other authors have found the game's influence in subsequent games such as BloodRayne (2002) [37], The Contra Adventure (1998) [40], MDK (1997) [41], Duke Nukem: Time to Kill (1998) [42], Burning Rangers ( 1998) [43], as well as Heavy Metal: F.A.K.K.² (2000) [39].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

In these games, developers avoided using the first-person view of games like Doom, preferring to use a “third person” view, spacious 3D environments, and a way of controlling by type used in Prince of Persia [7] [44].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Capcom's Mega Man Legends (1997) is another early three-dimensional third-person shooter that introduced a different approach to the genre.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

In this game, the typical features of the genre have been influenced by role-playing games.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Around the same time, Deathtrap Dungeon (1998) by Eidos Interactive and MediEvil by Guerrilla Cambridge (then a division of Sony Interactive Entertainment) was released, in which the action of early 3D third-person shooters are placed in a fantasy setting in which fictional and alternative weapons have the same effect as firearms on the player.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Fox Interactive's Die Hard Trilogy (1998) received favorable reviews from critics during its release [45] [46].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

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The Die Hard section of this game was an early third-person shooter game.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

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Syphon Filter (1999) by Eidetic (now SIE Bend Studio) combines a third-person view with action gameplay elements from games like GoldenEye 007 (1997) or Metal Gear Solid (1998) [47].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

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Richard Rouse III writes in Gamasutra that this game has become the most popular third-person shooter for PlayStation [48].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

The Nintendo 64 version of Army Men: Sarge's Heroes by The 3DO Company was released in the same year as Syphon Filter and is an example of a popular early third-person shooter in which the player could control the weapon's sight yourself using two analog sticks.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

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On the other hand, in Tomb Raider and Syphon Filter, the protagonist automatically targets antagonists [7] [48].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Forcing the player to aim on his own or only creating such an opportunity, as well as using sticks or mouse to aim, has become common in later shooters from third party, such as Oni (2001), Max Payne (2001) and SOCOM U.S.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

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Navy Seals (2002) [48].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

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Max Payne has earned extremely flattering reviews as a great third-person shooter imbued with the spirit of Hong Kong action movies [49].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

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Resident Evil 4 (2005) had a significant impact thanks to the “rethinking” of the third-person shooter genre [50].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

The game uses an over-the-shoulder view of the character, with the virtual camera located directly above his right shoulder, so that nothing obscures the action [51].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Over the past decade, third-person shooters have introduced a new type of game mechanic that has transformed the genre: the cover system.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

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It is already present in Koei's WinBack (1999) [52] game.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

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In Kill Switch (2003), this mechanic is introduced as a key element of gameplay [53], along with the blind fire system [54].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Gears of War (2006) already widely uses various tactical elements such as shelters [55], which appeared under the influence of Kill Switch [56], along with a protagonist displaced from the center of the virtual camera, like Resident Evil 4.


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

The game is designed in dark tones much more than previous games, and it also has a unique mechanic that rewards the player if the reload is used correctly weapons [57].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

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Gears of War, Army of Two (2008) and Resident Evil 5 (2009) largely focus on two-player co-op mode [58] [59] [60].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

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As of 2009, third-person shooter games have a large audience outside Japan, mainly in North America [61].


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Released in 2010, Vanquish by Platinum Games presents a gameplay reminiscent of so-called “manic” shooters, in which bullets and rockets fly from all sides [62].


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See also


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Action games


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Shooter


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

First-person shooter


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter

Three-dimensional graphics


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

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Notes


Question: What is an avatar in a first person shooter?

Third person shooter


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

Zhytomyr is a city in the north-west of Ukraine.


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

The administrative center of Zhytomyr region and Zhytomyr district (not part of it), the center of the Zhytomyr agglomeration.


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

The city is divided into Bogunsky and Korolevsky districts.


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

One of the oldest cities in Kievan Rus.


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

History


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

The settlement appeared in the second half of the 9th century [1] [2] [3].


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

According to legend, the city was founded in 884 by a vigilante of Princes Askold and Dir named Zhitomir, who refused to serve Prince Oleg [4] [5].


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

Other versions of the name of the city are based on well-growing rye (etc. -rus - “zhito”) or according to the Slavic tribe of Zhitichi who inhabited those places, who were part of the Drevlyans tribal union [6].


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

In 945, an antifeudal uprising broke out in this area, recorded in the Ipatiev Chronicle.


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

In 1240, the city was first mentioned in written sources (“Tale of Bygone Years”) [3], when during the Tatar-Mongolian invasion it was captured and destroyed by the Mongol-Tatars) [5] [7] [3].


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

In 1287, the city was again captured and devastated by the Mongol-Tatars [5] [3].


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

In 1320, the city was captured by Lithuanian Prince Gediminas [1] [4] [3], in 1362 the city was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania [2], in 1399 it was devastated by the Tatars [5] [3].


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

Under the name Zhitomel is mentioned in the chronicle “List of Russian Cities Far and Near” (the end of the XIV century).


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

In 1444, King Kazimir Jagielonczyk of Poland granted Zhytomyr Magdeburg Law [5] and built a small castle in it (the castle did not survive, but the place was called Castle Hill).


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

In 1467, the city was again looted and burned by the Tatars [5] [3].


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

In 1540, the castle was enlarged and strengthened according to the project of the head Semyon Babinski.


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr

After the Union of Lublin in 1569, the city became part of the Kingdom of Poland [5] [1] [2] [3].


Question: What is the climate like in Zhytomyr?

Zhytomyr