Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Reaching the quarterfinals of the Champions League.1998/99 Champions League semi-final championIn Ukraine, no club can compete with Dynamo.


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

The semi-final of the Champions League remains the highest achievement of Ukrainian club football so far. 1999/00Championship2nd group stage of the Champions LeagueSale of Shevchenko, Luzhny and Rebrov to Western clubs.


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Dynamo stops one step away from the quarterfinals of the Champions League.


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

The third gold double in a row (victory in the championship and in the Cup of the country).


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

After another failure of the Ukrainian national team in the playoffs, Lobanovsky agrees to lead the national team.2000/01Champion1/16 final1st group stage of the Champions League Dynamo continues the course of buying foreign players (Shatskikh, Demetradze, Peev, Chernat, etc.).


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Dynamo is becoming the European average and no longer claims to high places in Europe.


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

In Ukraine, the Kyiv side has grown a rival, Shakhtar Donetsk.


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

With an advantage of 1 point, the Kiev club receives the fifth consecutive title of champion.


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

In the Ukrainian Cup, in the first round, the White-Blues are unexpectedly stopped by Spartak Sumy. 2001/022 placeFinal1st group stage of the Champions LeagueUkraine's national team loses in the playoffs of Germany, the future vice world champion.


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

VVL resigns from the post of head coach of the national team.


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Throughout the season, Shakhtar and Dynamo have been going side by side in the championship race.


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Dynamo is inferior to Shakhtar 2 rounds before the end of the championship — Lobanovsky was no longer alive then.


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Coaching statistics


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Achievements and awards


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Teams


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

As a player


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Dynamo Kyiv


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

USSR Champion (1): 1961


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

USSR Cup Winner (1): 1964


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

As a coach


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

“Dnepr”


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

USSR First League Winner (1): 1971


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Dynamo Kyiv


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

USSR Champion (8): 1974, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1986, 1990


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

USSR Vice-Champion (5): 1973, 1976 (o), 1978, 1982, 1988


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

USSR Championship Bronze Medalist (2): 1979, 1989


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

USSR Cup Winner (6): 1974, 1978, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1990


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

USSR Cup Finalist (1): 1973


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

USSR Super Cup Winner (3): 1981, 1986, 1987


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Champion of Ukraine (5): 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Ukrainian Cup Winner (3): 1998, 1999, 2000


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Ukrainian Cup Finalist (1): 2001/02


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Cup Winners' Cup Winner (2): 1975, 1986


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

UEFA Super Cup Winner (1): 1975


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

UEFA Super Cup Finalist (1): 1986


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Commonwealth Champions Cup Winner (3): 1997, 1998, 2002


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

USSR national team


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Olympic bronze medalist (1): 1976


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Bronze medalist of the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR (1): 1979


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

1988 European Vice Champion


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Kuwait national team


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Asian Games bronze medalist (1): 1994


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Personal


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

In the lists of “33 best football players of the USSR” (2): 1960 — No. 2, 1962 — No. 2


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

In the lists of the best football players of the Ukrainian SSR (7): 1959 — No. 1, 1960 — No. 1, 1961 — No. 1, 1962 — No. 1, 1963 — No. 1, 1965 — No. 2, 1966 — No. 3


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

USSR Master of Sports: 1960


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

European Football Coach of the Year (3): 1986, 1988, 1999


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

European soccer coach of the season: 1985—86


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

World second coach: 1986 (World Soccer version)


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Best Coach of All Time — 6th place (World Soccer) [15] [16]


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Best Coach of All Time — 7th (Football Pantheon) [6]


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Best Coach of All Time — 8th (ESPN FC) [7]


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Sports Coach of the Year: 1975


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Honored Coach of the USSR: 1975


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Ukraine Coach of the Year (5): 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

1999 European Coach of the Year — 5th place (El País) [17]


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Club Coach of the Year (IFFHS version): 1997 — 4th place, 1998 — 6th place, 1999 — 9th place


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Honors


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Chevalier of the Order of the Badge of Honor (1971)


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Chevalier of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (08.01.1987) [18]


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Chevalier of the Order of Ukraine “For Merit”, III degree.


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

(27.01.1998) [19]


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Chevalier of the Order of Ukraine “For Merit”, II degree.


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

(31.12.1998) [20]


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Medal “In memory of the 1500th anniversary of Kyiv”


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Posthumously awarded the title of Hero of Ukraine (May 15, 2002)


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

UEFA Ruby Order


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

FIFA Order of Merit for Contribution to Football Development [21]


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

memento


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Mini|279x279px|Monument to Valery Lobanovsky near Dynamo Stadium |alt=


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Dynamo Stadium in Kyiv is named after Valery Lobanovsky


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

A monument was erected near the Dynamo stadium in Kyiv


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Streets in Zaporizhia and Dnipro bear the name of Valery Lobanovsky


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

The avenue in Kiev bears the name of Valery Lobanovsky


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Lobanovsky System (2008, Channel 5, Russia)


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Lobanovsky Forever (2016)


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Dynamo Kyiv Youth Sports School named after Valeriy Lobanovsky


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

The Valeriy Lobanovsky Memorial Tournament takes place in Kyiv every year


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

See also


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

My Footballyada


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

This Is It, the Game () is a feature film inspired by Lobanovsky.


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

(Directors: Vladimir Popkov, Nikolay Maletsky) [22]


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Endless Match (1989


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Notes


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Literature


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Valery Lobanovsky.


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

“Endless match”.


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

—: FIS, 1989.


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

— 191 p. ISBN 5-278-00151-8


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

References


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category:Odessa National Polytechnic University alumni


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category: Soviet footballers


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category: USSR national football players


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Bronze medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category:FC Dynamo Kyiv players


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category:FC Chornomorets Odesa players


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category:FC Shakhtar Donetsk players


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category: Soviet football managers


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category: USSR national football team coaches


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category:Honored Coaches of the USSR


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category:Ukrainian football managers


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category: UAE national football team managers


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category: Kuwait national football team managers


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category:Ukraine national football team coaches


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category:FC Dnipro managers


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category:FC Dynamo Kyiv managers


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category:Cavaliers of the Ukrainian Order “For Merit” 2nd class


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category: Burials at Baikovo Cemetery


Question: What was the name of the first football team in which Valery Vasilyevich Lobanovsky started playing?

Valery Lobanovsky

Category:CPSU members


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The population of Belgium is about 10,839,905 people as of January 1, 2010.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

YearPopulation1300 000500300 0001000300 0001100400 0001200600 0001300800 00014001 200 00015001 800 00018003 450 00019006 693 500200910 414 3362100 (forecast) 13 210 190


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Urbanisation


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Almost all of Belgium's population is urban — 96% in 2004.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Belgium has a high population density (342 people per km²), second only to the Netherlands and some dwarf states, such as Monaco, in Europe.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The highest population density in the country is observed in the area bounded by the cities of Brussels-Antwerp-Gent-Leuven (the so-called “Flemish diamond”, Dutch: Vlaamse ruit).


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The lowest population density is in the Ardennes Mountains (Luxembourg province).


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

As of 2006, the Flemish region had a population of about 6,078,600 inhabitants (population density 459.4 inhabitants per km², Eurostat 2007).


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The most populated cities are Antwerp (457,749), Ghent (230,951) and Bruges (117,251).


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Wallonia had a population of 3,413,978 inhabitants (population density 205.1 inhabitants per km², Eurostat 2007).


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The most populous cities are Charleroi (201,373), Liege (185,574) and Namur (107,178).


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Brussels has 1,018,804 inhabitants (population density 6,458.7 inhabitants per km², Eurostat 2007) in 19 metropolitan district municipalities, two of which have more than 100,000 inhabitants.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The total population of these large cities is approximately 2.3 million people.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

In total, the country has 13 cities with a population of more than 85 thousand people.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The density of rural population in Belgium in 2005 was 34.76 people/km² [3]


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Age structure of Belgium's population


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

— 0-14 years old: 16.1% (boys 892,995, girls 857,373);


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

— 15-64 years old: 66.3% (men 3,480,072, women 3,419,721);


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

— 65 years and older: 17.6% (men 760,390, women 1,047,447).


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Middle age


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Overall: 40.8 years


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Male: 39.6 years old


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Female: 42.1 years (2009 figures)


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Population growth


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The population grew by 0.7% from 2007 to 2008.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The birth rate in Belgium is 11.7 births per 1,000 inhabitants.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

There are 9.5 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The natural increase in the population in 2008 was 2.2% (23,392 people).


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Belgium's net migration is 1.22 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants (2008 data)


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Territorial differences in growth dynamics: (Eurostat data for 2007) ):


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Brussels-Capital District — 6.7% (7 thousand people).


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Flanders — 1.6% (10.1 thousand people)


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Wallonia — 0.9% (2.9 thousand people)


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Sex ratio


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

At birth: 1.04 male/female


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Under 15 years old: 1.04 male/female


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

15—64 years old: 1.02 male/female


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

65 years and over: 0.71 male/female


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Total population ratio: 0.96 male/female (2009 data)


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Child mortality rates


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Overall: 4.62 deaths/1,000 births


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Male: 5.2 deaths/1,000 births


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Female: 4.01 deaths/1,000 births (2006 data)


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Life expectancy


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Overall: 79.22 years


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Male: 76.06 years old


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Female: 82.53 years old (2009 data)


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Total fertility rate


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

On average, Belgian women have 1.64 children according to 2006 data.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The same figure for 1994 was estimated at 1.50 children.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Ethnic composition of the population


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The two main groups that make up the population of the country are the Flemish (about 58% of the population, 6 million people) and the Walloons (about 31% of the population, 3.400 million people).


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

11% are representatives of other nationalities.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Flemish people live in five northern provinces of Belgium (see para. Flanders) and speak Dutch and its many dialects (cf. Flemish language).


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The Walloons live in the five southern provinces that make up Wallonia and speak French, Walloon and some other languages.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The fragmentation index (F) is 0.50.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

[A. Leiphart, Democracy in Multi-Part Societies]


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

After independence, Belgium was a French-oriented state, and the only official language at first was French, although Flemish always accounted for the majority of the population.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Even in Flanders, French has long been the only language in secondary and higher education.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

After the First World War, a movement for the emancipation of the Dutch-speaking population arose in Belgium.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The result was the so-called “language struggle” (Dutch: taalstrijd).


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The struggle began to bear fruit by the sixties of the XX century.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

In 1963, a package of laws was adopted regulating the use of languages in official situations.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

In 1967, an official Dutch translation of the Belgian Constitution was first created.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

By 1980, both of the country's main languages were effectively equal in rights.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Since 1993, Belgium has been divided into districts that are subjects of the Federation.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Dutch is the only official language in the Flemish District.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Despite the progress made, language problems still lead to an escalation of tension between the two main groups of the country's population.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Thus, in 2005, the problem of dividing the bilingual constituency of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde almost led to the resignation of the government and a political crisis.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Belgium's most important national minority is the Germans.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

This number is approximately 73,000.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The places of compact residence of Germans (in eastern Wallonia) are part of the German-speaking community, which has great autonomy, primarily in matters of culture.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

National minorities


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The largest national minorities are Italians (171,918), French (125,061), Dutch (116,970), Spaniards (42,765), Germans (37,621), Turks (39,230); immigrants from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Belgium Congo), Morocco (80,579), Algeria and other Arab countries.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Belgium is home to 8.8% of immigrants: Italians, Dutch, French, Moroccans, Algerians, Turks, Congolese, Poles and Indians.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

4% of them are of non-European origin.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

180,000 Italians, 60,000 French, 50,000 Dutch, 40,000 Poles, 30,000 Spaniards, 30,000 Chinese, 35,000 Jews


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

In Belgium, according to various sources, live from 150 to 200 thousand migrants from Turkey, including both ethnic Turks and representatives of the Kurdish minority.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

From time to time, clashes and conflicts arise between representatives of the two ethnic communities.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Thus, in April 2006, an anti-Turkish demonstration took place in the center of Brussels at the initiative of the Kurds.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

On the night of April 2, 2007, in the capital of Belgium, near the buildings of the headquarters of NATO and the EU, there were clashes between ethnic Turks and representatives of the Kurdish immigrant community.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

As a result of the incident, seven people were arrested and several others were injured.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

“It all started with an attack by Turkish teenagers on a small group of Kurdish youth,” said Brussels police spokesman Johan Verleyen.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Aggression was also directed against the police officers who tried to establish order.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

According to law enforcement agencies, about 250 people, mostly young people, participated in the street clashes.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

During the pogroms, unknown persons set fire to a cafe, which was considered the center of the Kurdish community, after which spontaneous rallies were organized.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Conflict situations in Belgium related to interethnic confrontation are an acute political problem, a way out of which has not yet been found.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Russians in Belgium


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

According to official statistics, by the end of 2008, 7,176 Russian citizens who did not have Belgian citizenship lived in Belgium.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

About 3,407 Russian citizens received Belgian citizenship between 1992 and 2007.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

About 10,244 citizens of the countries of the former USSR received Belgian citizenship between 1990 and 2007 [8] Unfortunately, official statistics until 1990 took into account only obtaining citizenship through naturalization, while the acquisition of citizenship by application was much more common.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The above figures do not take into account asylum seekers and illegal immigrants, except for those who were naturalized and acquired Belgian nationality between 1990 and 2007.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Compatriots in Belgium


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

In 2010, an unofficial count using two independent methods made it possible to estimate the number of Russian speakers permanently residing in Belgium at 50,000 (±2,000).


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

[9] In 2014, the third method made it possible to refine the estimate to 51,000 (±1,000) people.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Immigrant colonies abroad


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Insignificant emigration, due to the high standard of living in Belgium.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Descendants of emigrants of the 19th and 20th centuries — in the United States — 360 thousand, Canada — 175 thousand, Argentina — about 100 thousand.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Religious composition of the population


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The majority of believers (about 70% of the population) are Catholics.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Islam (250,000 people), Protestantism (about 70,000), Judaism (35,000), Anglicanism (40,000), and Orthodoxy (20,000) are also officially recognized.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Family characteristics


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Average family size (people): in 1866 — 4.6, in 1981 — 2.7. [12]


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The size and stability of the marriage group: monogamy that allows for divorce.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Socially recognized birth rates: the birth rate, as in other EU countries, is falling (in 2001 it was 1.65 and 1.47), most children are born in families with both parents.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The number of children born out of wedlock is increasing, 22% in 2001.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Family as a factor of social control:


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

The family plays a major role in the lives of Belgians.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Debt to his family is the Belgian's top priority.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Most people continue to live in the cities where they grew up, which helps bring families together.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Recently, the number of families with one working family member has been increasing, but these are, as a rule, single parents who raise a child on their own.


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

However, the number of such families is still lower than the EU average (12%).


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Professional structure


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

According to data for 2009, among the total employed population (thousand people): self-employed persons — 720, employees 3,718, including in agriculture — 29, in industry — 571, in construction — 206, in the field services — 2911, including trade, transport, communications — 895, finance, real estate, rental, consulting — 615, public service, education — 788, other services — 614 (source — National Bank of Belgium).


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Notes


Question: How many Russians live in Brussels for 2019?

Belgium/People

Category:Belgium population


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Mikhail Sergeevich Kazakov (born January 28, 1988, Kalinin, RSFSR, USSR) is a former Russian theater and film actor.


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Businessman.


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Biography


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Mikhail Sergeevich Kazakov was born on January 28, 1988 in Kalinin.


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

His popularity came after participating in the children's newsreel “Eralash” (from 2002 to 2004), where he starred in twenty-one episodes.


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

In 2002, his father, an entrepreneur, a producer of sparkling water under the brand name “Kazakov”, was killed with a knife [1] [2]


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

In 2007, he was invited to play the role of Ilya Polezhaikin in the series “Daddy's Daughters”.


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Education


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

He studied at school No. 46 in Tver, then at the Lyceum at Tver State University, and later returned to school No. 46. [3]


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

He studied at the Moscow Academy of Finance and Law.


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Crime story


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

In January 2005, in Tver, at the entrance of a house on Tverskoy Prospekt [4], sixteen-year-old Mikhail Kazakov killed twenty-year-old Kirill Gurkin [5], striking him with a folding knife in the heart and carotid artery .


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Mikhail Kazakov immediately admitted that he committed the murder, as he allegedly “defended Victoria, a friend from school” Victoria said that she wanted to cheat on him.


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Victoria is a graduate of the same school where Mikhail Kazakov studied.


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

According to the director, Mikhail Kazakov knew her, but there was no love between them.


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

It all started when Victoria had a fight with her boyfriend Kirill Gurkin.


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

After the New Year, they broke up, but Victoria did not accept the separation.


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

She asked Mikhail and another guy to go with her to Kirill and “talk”.


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Kirill rushed at Victoria, Mikhail took out a knife and stabbed it.


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

After Mikhail Kazakov served one year in prison, the case was reclassified to exceed the limits of necessary defense, then, due to reconciliation of the parties, it was closed [6].


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

A year after his release from prison, Mikhail Kazakov returned to cinema [1].


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Personal life


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

I met with MESI student Yulia Kotova, were going to get married, but broke up [7]


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

His wife (since November 2011), accountant Elena Kazakova (born July 5, 1990) from Tver, who has a daughter Victoria from a previous marriage, has known each other since 2003, graduated from Tver State University in 2014 year [8]


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Son Miroslav Kazakov (born July 9, 2012) [9].


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Business


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Opened a clothing store in Tver [10]


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Creativity


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

The role in the theater


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

“The Master and Margarita” (Mikhail Bulgakov) (director — Sergey Aldonin) — the cat Behemoth


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Filmography


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

— Demon Half Day — Episode


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

— Escape — episode


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

— Money Day episode


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

— Stroybatya — Private Bulkin


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

— Shores — Kolya Sevastyanov, drug addict


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

TV


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

2002—2004 — Eralash (150th issue — Bochkin, 152 — Bufetov, 154th issue, 155th issue 181st issue 237th)


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

— — Daddy's Daughters — Ilya Vasilyevich Polezhaikin


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

— My Beautiful Nanny 2: Life After the Wedding — Kolya “Diaper” (series 169)


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

2008 — “Wick”


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

2008, 2011 — “6 frames”


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

2009 — “The smartest of Daddy's Daughters” — participant


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

2009 — Physics of the Unreal — guest


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Notes


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

References


Question: What university did Mikhail Kozakov study at?

Mikhail Kazakov

Category:Russian murderers


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The Iran-Byzantine War of 602—628 was the last war between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire, which lasted 26 years.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The previous war ended in 591, after Emperor Mauritius helped Sassanid Shahinshah Khosrov II regain the throne seized by usurper Bahram Chubin.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

In 602, Mauritius was killed during the uprising of commander Phocas, who became emperor.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Khosrow declared war on Foke, ostensibly in order to avenge the death of Mauritius.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The first phase of the war, which lasted from 602 to 622, was successful for the Persians, who conquered most of the Levant, Egypt and Anatolia.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Only Emperor Heraclius I, who ascended the throne in 610, despite initial defeats, managed to turn the course of hostilities in his favor.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The Persian campaign of Heraclius, which took place in 622-626, changed the balance of power and forced the Persians to go on the defensive.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

United with the Avars, the Persians made their last attempt to take Constantinople in 626, but were defeated.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

After that, Irakli invaded the Persian power in 627, forcing the enemy to ask for peace, which was concluded early the following year.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

By the end of the protracted conflict, both sides were severely depleted and exhausted their human and material resources, which allowed the Arabs to quickly conquer the entire Sassanid Empire, as well as the Byzantine Levant, Egypt and North Africa.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Russian historian L. N. Gumilyov called this war the “World War of the 7th Century” [1].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Background


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

After several decades of unsuccessful battles, Emperor Mauritius ended the Byzantine-Persian War of 572-591 by assisting the expelled Sassanid Prince Khosrov (the future King Khosrov II) in the return of the throne, which was usurped by General Bahram Chubin.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

In gratitude for this, the Sassanid Empire ceded the northeastern part of Mesopotamia and most of Armenia, Caucasian Iberia to the Byzantines (the exact details of the agreement are unknown) [2] [3] [4].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Even more important for the Byzantine economy was that from now on the empire did not have to pay annual tribute to the Persians; Mauritius then launched new campaigns in the Balkans to stop the invasion Slavs and Avars [5] [6].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The military campaigns of Mauritius's predecessor Tiberius II Constantine and his generosity greatly depleted the treasury inherited from Justine II [7] [8] [9].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

To replenish the imperial treasury, Mauritius took strict financial measures and reduced soldiers' salaries, which led to four military riots [10].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

A new riot, which turned out to be the last for the emperor, occurred in 602 due to the fact that Mauritius ordered the army to stay after the campaign for the Danube in the Transdanubian lands for the winter [11].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

As a result, the soldiers proclaimed Thracian centurion Phoka emperor [12] [13].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Mauritius tried to defend Constantinople by arming representatives of the Blue and Greens, the two main parties of the racetrack, but this measure was ineffective [14].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The emperor fled, but was soon captured and killed by Phocas's soldiers [15].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The beginning of conflict


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

After the assassination of Mauritius, the Byzantine governor in Mesopotamia and military master, revolted against Phoca and captured Edessa, the main city of Byzantine Mesopotamia [16].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Then Phocas instructed his commander Herman to besiege Edessa, which prompted Narses to seek help from King Khosrov.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The Persian ruler, who was ready to help avenge Mauritius, his “friend and father”, used the death of the emperor as an excuse to start a war.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The conflict was beneficial to him, as he hoped to recapture Armenia and Mesopotamia from Byzantium [17] [18].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Herman soon died in a battle against the Persians.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The army sent by Phoka against Khosrov was defeated near the fortress of Dara in Upper Mesopotamia.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

In 605, this important Byzantine stronghold, after a long siege, was captured by Khosrov's troops, who built a high rampart in front of the city walls that allowed Persian soldiers to penetrate Dara [19] [ 20].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

After that, Narses escaped from the eunuch sent by Phoca to negotiate with him [21].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Then the new commander of the Comite besieged him in Hierapolis, Syria and after long negotiations persuaded Narses to return to Constantinople to discuss the terms of peace, but Foca treacherously captured captured the enemy and burned alive in a copper bull [22].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The execution of Narses, along with the victory of the Persians, had a negative impact on Phoca's reputation [23].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

After a two-year siege, the Persians took the fortress of Hesna de Kefa (Hisn Kaifa) in 607 [19].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Khosrov's success in the war with the Byzantines is explained not only by military and economic factors, but also by the population's dissatisfaction with Phocas's policy and the mild attitude of the Persians towards the defeated peoples [19].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The rebellion of Irakli


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Shortly thereafter (in 608), the commander and exarch of Africa Irakli the Elder, at the instigation of Phoca's son-in-law, the excuvitor comite, rebelled [24].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

He proclaimed himself and his son, who bore the same name, co-consuls, thereby claiming the throne, and also minted coins, where they were both depicted in consular clothes [25].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Around the same time, the rebellion began in Syria and Palestine Prima, which was a continuation of the uprising of Irakli [26].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Patriarch Anastasius II of Antioch died in 609 or 610.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Many sources claim that Jews took an active part in the hostilities, although it is unclear where they were representatives of certain factions and where they were simply opponents of Christians [27] [28].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Foca responded by appointing Bonos a comite of the East and sending him to suppress the riots [27].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Bonos punished the Green Party in Antioch for its active participation in the rebellion of 609 [27].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

After that, Irakli the Elder equipped an army led by his nephew to attack Egypt.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Bonos tried to stop Nikita, but was defeated on the outskirts of Alexandria [27].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Nikita managed to seize the province in 610 and strengthen the power of Heraclius with the help of Patriarch John V the Merciful, elected with the support of Nikita [29] [30].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The rebels expected to deliver the main blow to Constantinople with the help of the navy led by Heraclius the Younger, who was supposed to become the new emperor instead of Phoca.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The hastily organized resistance against Irakli was soon suppressed, Phoca was extradited to him by Patrick Prob (Photius) [31] and executed [32].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

It is known that Irakli asked Phocas before his execution:


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The deposed emperor answered him this way:


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

References to Irakli the Elder disappear from sources shortly after this event; he is believed to have died, but the exact date of his death is unknown [33].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

After his wedding to the kingdom as a patriarch and his marriage to Fabia Evdokia, thirty-five-year-old Irakli I moved on to solving the main problems facing the empire.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Foka's brother, a military master who commanded significant forces in central Anatolia, posed a significant threat to the power of Irakli, but he was killed by Armenian commander Justine [34].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

However, the transfer of troops to another commander was postponed, which allowed the Persians to advance further deep into Anatolia [35].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Trying to increase revenues and reduce costs, Irakli limited the number of state-paid clergymen in Constantinople and did not pay salaries to new officials from the imperial treasury [36].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The emperor used various ceremonies to legitimize his rule in the eyes of the people [37]; in addition, he monitored the impeccable administration of justice in order to strengthen his power [38].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Persian invasion


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The Persians took advantage of the civil war between Phoca and Irakli and conquered many border cities in Armenia and Upper Mesopotamia [39] [40].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

In 609, the Persian army crossed the Euphrates and captured Mardin and Amida [24] [41].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

In 610, Edessa was taken, which was legendary, as if it was protected by Jesus Christ himself, and therefore the enemy could not capture this city [42] [43].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Around the same time (in 609 or 610), the strategically important city of Feodosipol, located in Armenia, was surrendered by a man who claimed to be the eldest son and co-ruler of the deceased Emperor of Mauritius, who fled to Persia, under the protection of Khosrov [42] [44].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

In 608, the Persians conducted a successful raid on Anatolia and reached Chalcedon [45], from where Constantinople was visible through the Bosphorus [46] [47].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The Persian conquest was a gradual process; by the time Heraclius ascended the throne, the Persians had captured all Roman cities east of the Euphrates and in Armenia and were preparing to move to Cappadocia, where Persian commander Shahin took Caesarea [42] [48].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Phoca's son-in-law Prisk, who called Heraclius and his father to revolt, began a siege of the city to lure the Persians into a trap; the siege lasted a whole year [49] [50].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Irakli's ascension to the throne practically did not reduce the threat from the Persian power.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Irakli began his reign by trying to conclude a truce with the Persians, as Phocas, whose actions led to the declaration of war (casus belli), was overthrown [51].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

However, the Persians rejected all attempts by the Byzantines to start negotiations, as their army won numerous victories [51].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

According to the Byzantinist historian, the true goals of the Persians were to restore the borders of the Achaemenid Empire (or even expand them) and destroy the Byzantine Empire, but due to the loss of Persian archives it is impossible to confirm or refute this assumption [51].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

According to the established tradition, the Byzantine emperors never personally led the army during the campaign [52].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Heraclius became the first ruler to ignore the tradition, joining the siege of Caesarea of Cappadocia, which was led by his commander Prisk [53].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

However, Prisk pretended to be sick to avoid meeting the emperor.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

This was a veiled insult to Irakli.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The emperor hid his dislike for Prisk and returned to Constantinople in 612 [54].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Meanwhile, Shahin's troops escaped the blockade and, to the great discontent of Irakli, burned Caesarea [54].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Therefore, Prisk was soon removed from command of the army, like all military leaders during the reign of Phoca [54].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Philippicus, who served under the Emperor of Mauritius, was appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Eastern Army (Military Master) of the East, but he was incompetent in the fight against the Persians, as he diligently avoided any collision with the enemy [55].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Then Irakli, disillusioned with his commanders, personally led the army and appointed his own brother Theodore as an assistant to strengthen control over the army [56].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Persian king Khosrov II Parviz skillfully took advantage of the incompetence of the imperial commanders and sent an army on a campaign to the Byzantine province of Syria, led by commanders Farrukhan Shahrvaraz and Shahin [57].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Irakli tried to stop the attack on the Syrian capital Antioch; despite the blessing of the saint, the Byzantine army under the command of Heraclius and Nikita suffered in battle with the army of Shahin [56].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The details of this battle are unknown [58].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

After this victory, the Persians took and looted the city and enslaved many residents, taking them to Persia [59].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Trying to defend the area north of Antioch and the Cilicia Gate, the Byzantines lost the fight again, despite some initial success [60].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The Persians captured Tars and the Cilicia Plain [60].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

As a result of this defeat, the empire was divided in half — land passages from Anatolia to Syria, Palestine, Egypt and the Exarchate of Carthage were blocked [60].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Persian domination


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The capture of Jerusalem


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Resistance to the Persians in Syria and Palestine was not strong; despite the fact that local residents built fortifications, in general they were determined to negotiate with the enemy [60].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The Syrian cities of Damascus, Apamea and Emesa quickly surrendered to the conquerors in 613, giving the Persians the opportunity to strike further south.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Nikita continued to resist their advance, but his army was defeated at Azri'at.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

However, he managed to inflict a slight defeat on the Persians near Emesa, where both sides suffered heavy losses, with a total death toll of twenty thousand people [61].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

After the capture of Caesarea, the Palestinian army marched towards Jerusalem [19].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

When the Persians approached Jerusalem, they began negotiations with the rulers of the city to surrender it; they agreed, but the population was outraged and killed the Persian ambassadors [19].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The Byzantine army, which stood near Jericho, refused to strike the Persians, afraid of their large number [19].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Byzantine garrisons in Syria were too small, which allowed the Persians to capture Jerusalem in three weeks, despite the strong resistance of the citizens [62].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

After the capture of Jerusalem, Persian soldiers massacred the city, killing between 55,000 and 66,500 people; another 35,000 were enslaved, including the Patriarch of Jerusalem [63].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Many city churches (including the Church of the Holy Sepulcher) were burned down, and numerous relics (for example, the Life-Giving Cross, Longinus's Spear) were taken to the Persian capital Ctesiphon [64].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The loss of these relics discouraged Christians, who considered their loss a clear sign of God's wrath that fell on the Byzantines [64].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Many considered Jews to be the culprits of all misfortunes, including the loss of Byzantine lands [65].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

There were reports that they had taken over some Syrian cities and tried to slaughter Christians in settlements already conquered by the Persians, but their plans were allegedly revealed and thwarted.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Most likely, these rumors were greatly exaggerated due to the general hysteria [60].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Conquest of Egypt


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

In 616, an army under Farrukhan Shahrvaraz invaded Egypt, a province where hostilities had not been conducted for three and a half centuries. [66]


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Numerous Monophysites who lived in Egypt and were repressed after the Council of Chalcedon in 451 had no desire to help the imperial troops, so they willingly supported Khosrov [67] [68 ].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

At the same time, however, they did not resist the Byzantines after the defeat of the Persians, as many of them did not like the Persian occupation [69] [70].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

General Nikita organized resistance to the Persian invaders in Alexandria.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

After a year-long siege, Alexandria fell (presumably due to the betrayal of a citizen who told the Persians about the drained canal through which they managed to enter the city) [71] .


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

According to another version, the Persians entered the city together with fishermen returning there [19].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Nikita fled to Cyprus together with Patriarch John V the Merciful, his main supporter in Egypt [72].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Nikita's fate is unknown, as references to him disappear after the capture of Alexandria, but Irakli seems to have lost his trusted commander [73].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The loss of Egypt dealt a serious blow to the economy of Byzantium — most of the grain was delivered to the capital from Egypt, thus losing the empire's main granary.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

In this regard, the free distribution of grain in Constantinople (previously grain was also distributed in Rome) was canceled in 618 [74].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

After the conquest of Egypt, Khosrov sent Irakli a letter with the following content:


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Conquest of Anatolia


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The situation became even more threatening for the Byzantines when Chalcedon, dangerously close to Constantinople, was taken in 617 by Shahin [75].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Shahin politely received the Byzantine delegation, the purpose of which was to conclude peace [76].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

However, the hopes of the Byzantines did not come true: the Persian commander said that he had no right to participate in peace negotiations and sent a delegation to Khosrov, who rejected Irakli's proposal [ 77] [78].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

However, the Persians soon left Chalcedon and focused on the more important conquest of Egypt [18] [79].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The Sassanid army still had an advantage.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

In 620 or 622, it captured Ankira, an important military base in central Anatolia [80].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Another equally important naval base on Rhodes may have been taken by the Persians in 622 or 623, thereby posing the threat of an attack on Constantinople from the sea, although this event is difficult to confirm [81] [ 82].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Irakli was so desperate to defeat the enemy that he intended to move the capital to African Carthage, and only Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople dissuaded him from this venture [83].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The horse breeding areas in Anatolia, if not captured by the Persian army, were most likely subjected to its raids [19].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The empire lost the provinces in which the main human and material resources were concentrated [19], and was on the verge of destruction.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Byzantines response


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Force reorganization


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Khosrov's letter II, however, did not frighten Irakli, but prompted him to retaliate against the Persians [84].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The emperor carried out decisive transformations in the part of the empire that remained under his control to allow the Byzantines to fight their enemies.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

By that time, the Balkan provinces were devastated by the Avars, in Spain the Visigoths took Byzantine fortresses conquered by Justinian I [19], and in Italy, the Lombards slowly took over the cities of the empire [19].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

In 615, a new, lighter (weighing about 6.82 grams) silver Byzantine coin was minted with images of the emperor and his son Constantine Irakli and the inscription “Deus adiuta Romanis” (Russian: May God help the Romans); Kedzhi believes that this clearly shows the desperate situation of Byzantium at that time [85].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The copper follis also lost about 2-3 grams (the weight changed from 11 to 8-9 grams).


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Due to the loss of many areas, the revenues of the imperial treasury fell catastrophically; in addition, in 619, an epidemic of plague broke out, which reduced the population of the empire and increased fear of the divine retaliation [86].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Only a decrease in the quality of minting allowed the Byzantines to maintain treasury expenditures at the same level in the face of declining incomes [87].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Irakli raised taxes, began to take forced loans, halved the salaries of officials and began to charge them with bribery fines in order to finance the counterattack [88].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Byzantine clergy, who condemned the emperor for his incestuous marriage to his niece, nevertheless strongly supported him, declaring that raising money to fight the Persian invaders was it is the duty of all Christians; moreover, the clergy gave Irakli a lot of gold and silver utensils [89].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Almost all precious items were seized from Hagia Sophia [90].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

This military campaign was considered by some historians (starting with the medieval chronicler Wilhelm of Tyre) as the first “Crusade” or at least as a prerequisite for the Crusades [84] [ 91].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Other researchers, such as Keji, disagree with this statement, as religion was only one of many causes of the conflict [92].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Thousands of volunteers were equipped and trained with the money of the church [84].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The emperor decided to personally lead the Byzantine army.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Thus, the Byzantine army was now replenished, re-staffed, and also had a competent military leader and a full treasury [84].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Georgy Ostrogorsky believed that volunteers were gathered by dividing Anatolia into four femes, where they were given an inalienable right to land subject to hereditary military service [93].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

However, modern scientists have rejected this theory, referring the creation of fem to the reign of Constant II, the successor of Irakli [94] [95].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Counterattack


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

By 622, Irakli was ready to launch a counteroffensive.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

To raise the morale of the army, Irakli used the idea developed by Armenian clergymen during the uprising of 450-451.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

He insisted that war was sacred, and death in battle would bring the crown of martyrdom to the deceased and the reward of going to paradise [96].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

He left Constantinople the day after the celebration of Easter, Sunday, April 4, 622 [97].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

His young son, Constantine Irakli, remained in the capital as regent, who is in the care of Patriarch Sergius of Constantinople and Patrick [98].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The emperor sent his army to the harbor of Pyla (the location of this point is controversial, most likely, the Pilas were located in Astakos Bay near Nicomedia), where he built a fortified camp and began training recruits [19].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

He spent most of the year preparing warriors for the march.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Then, in order to threaten the enemy army in Anatolia and Syria, Irakli sailed along the Ionian coast to Rhodes, then east to Cilicia, and landed near Issa, where Alexander The Macedonian defeated the Persians in 333 BC [99].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

In autumn, Irakli crossed to Cappadocia, threatening Persian routes stretching to Anatolia from the Euphrates Valley [99].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Shahrvaraz was defeated in several skirmishes [19], and this forced the Persian army to retreat from Bithynia and Galatia to Eastern Anatolia to block the Byzantines from entering Persia [100].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Further events are quite difficult to reconstruct.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

It is known for sure that Irakli won a decisive victory over Shahrvaraz in 622 in [101].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The key factor was that Irakli discovered the Persian units in ambush, and then made a false retreat.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The Persians left shelter to pursue the Byzantines, after which elite units of the optimates attacked them and fled [102].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Thus, the emperor saved Anatoly from being captured by the enemy.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Nevertheless, Heraclius was forced to return to Constantinople due to the threat of Avar invasion hanging over the European regions of Byzantium, leaving the army to spend the winter in Pontus [99] [103].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The Avar Threat


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

While the main attention of the Byzantines was focused on the Persian border, the allied tribes of the Avars and Slavs invaded the Balkans, capturing several cities, namely Singidunum (now Belgrade), Viminacium ( modern), Naissos (present-day Nis) and Serdika (present-day Sofia), and completely destroyed Salona in 614 [104].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

However, numerous attempts by the Slavs and Avars to take Thessalonica, the most important Byzantine city in the Balkans after Constantinople, ended in failure - the empire retained a strategically important pivotal item in this region [105].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Other small towns on the Adriatic coast, such as Iadera (now Zadar), Tragurium (present-day Trogir), Butua, Skodra and Lissus (now Lezha), also managed to survive the invasion [106].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Isidore of Seville, however, claims that the Slavs completely captured Greece [107].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

In addition, the Avars began a campaign to Thrace, threatening imperial trade and agriculture, and reached the very gates of Constantinople [108].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Because of the need to protect themselves from these invasions, the Byzantines could not afford to use all their forces in the war against the Persians.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Then Irakli sent ambassadors to the camp of the Avar Khagan and offered him to conclude peace on the condition that the Byzantines would pay tribute to the Avars in exchange for the departure of this people for the Danube [84].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Kagan wished to meet with the emperor on June 5, 623 in the Thracian city of Heraclea, where the Avar army was stationed; Heraclius agreed to this meeting and went to negotiations accompanied by all his courtiers [102].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Kagan, however, organized an ambush on his way to Heraclea, hoping to capture the emperor and demand a ransom for him [109].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Irakli, warned in time about this, managed to escape; the Avars pursued him all the way to Constantinople.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Many of those who accompanied the emperor were captured and killed by the Khagan soldiers; perhaps 70,000 Thracian peasants who wanted to see the ruler suffered the same fate [110].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Despite this betrayal, in exchange for the conclusion of peace, Irakli was forced to pay an impressive tribute of two hundred thousand solids to the Avars and give hostage to his illegitimate son, his nephew Stephen and illegitimate son Patrick Bon [109].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The truce with the Khagan gave Byzantium the opportunity to fully focus on the defense of the eastern border, where battles with the Persians took place [111].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Hike to Persia


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

There is an assumption that in 624 Irakli offered Khosrov to make peace, otherwise threatening to invade Persia, but Khosrov rejected this offer [112].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Therefore, on March 25, 624, Irakli left Constantinople to attack the center of the Persian power.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

To achieve this goal, he abandoned any attempts to protect the rear and establish communications by sea [113].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

After wintering, the Byzantine army moved through the territory of Armenia and Arran to strike at the very center of enemy lands [99].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Historian Walter Keji suggests that the number of Irakli's army did not exceed forty thousand people; most likely, it ranged from twenty to twenty-four thousand soldiers [114].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Before moving to the Caucasus, the emperor visited Caesarea, neglecting the message of the Persian king [115].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Armenians were one of the key players in the wars between the Roman and Persian empires [116].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Following the Araks River, the Byzantines approached the capital of Persian Armenia, Dvin, took and destroyed this city, and then moved further south [19].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Probably, Dvin was torn due to resistance [117].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

In addition, Nakhichevan and Urmia were destroyed [19].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Having reached the Atropaten city of Hansac, the imperial army destroyed both the city itself and the famous fire temple Takht-e Soleiman, an important sanctuary of Zoroastrian Persia [118].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The Byzantines even reached Gaishavan, Khosrov's residence in Atropaten [119].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Then Irakli returned to Caucasian Albania for the winter, where he gathered forces for the next year's campaign [120].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Khosrov, of course, did not want to give the enemy a break and sent three armies against him under the command of Shahrvaraz, Shahin and to try to trap the emperor and destroy his troops [121].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Shahraplakan conquered Persian territory to Syunik in Armenia in order to seize important passes; he also recaptured fifty thousand Iranian prisoners from the Byzantines [19].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Shahrvaraz was sent to block Irakli's retreat through Caucasian Iberia, and Shahin was to block the Bitlis passage.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Irakli decided to defeat each of the three armies separately, but first he had to stop the unrest among his allies — the Lazs, Iberians and Abkhazians [122].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The emperor sent two soldiers to Shahrvaraz, pretending to be deserters, with a false message that the Byzantines had fled after learning of Shahin's approach [122].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Since there was rivalry between the Persian commanders, Shahrvaraz hurried to arrive at the scene with his army so that he would also win the glory of the winner.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

He spread the camp north of the Byzantines — in Kagankatuyk, in Gardman; Shahin was located to the south, near Tigranakert (Martiropol) [19].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The imperial army was surrounded.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Then Irakli attacked the combined army of Shahin and Shahraplakan and defeated the Persians in battle [19].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Shahin lost his entire wagon train; Shahraplakan may have been killed (but, according to some sources, he appeared in the historical arena later) [122] [123] [124].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

After this victory, the emperor hastily crossed the Araks and camped on the plains on the opposite bank of the river.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Shahin and, probably, Shakhraplakan with the remnants of their troops joined Shahrvaraz, who rushed in pursuit of Irakli, but the swamps slowed down their advance [125] [126].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

In Shahrbaraz, he divided his forces, sending about six thousand people forward to ambush Irakli, and stationed the rest of the army in Archesh [19].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

However, the Byzantines, during a night attack in February 625, killed an ambush detachment of Persians, then attacked Archesh from three sides and set fire to the city [125].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Shahrbaraz hardly escaped, losing his entire wagon train, harem and soldier [125].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Irakli spent the rest of his winter on the northern shore of Lake Van [125].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

In 625, he made an attempt to return to the Euphrates.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Within seven days, the emperor circled Mount Ararat and walked 300 kilometers along the Aratsani River to capture Amida and Martiropol, important fortresses on the Upper Tigre [99] [127] [128].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

He then continued his march along the Euphrates, pursued by Shahrvaraz.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

According to Arab sources, he was overtaken by the Persians in the upper reaches of the Satidama River, or, and defeated them in the battle that began; however, Byzantine sources did not mention this [129].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

After that, for some time the Persians did not attack the army of Heraclius [99].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

A few kilometers from Adana, near the Sar River, the Byzantines saw an enemy army lined up on the opposite bank [99].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

There was a small bridge nearby; tired of a long crossing, the Byzantines immediately attacked the Persians and fell into a well-prepared ambush by Shahrvaraz.


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The Iranian commander depicted a retreat [99]; then Irakli, together with his guard, rushed into the thick of the battle, ignoring the hail of Persian arrows [99].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Shahrvaraz, admiring his courage, said to the Greek defector: “Look at your emperor! He is no more afraid of arrows and darts than an anvil!” [99] The Battle of Sarah ended with the victory of the Byzantines and was glorified by panegyrists [130].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

After the battle, the Byzantine army went to Trabzon for the winter [99].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The culmination of the war


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Siege of Constantinople


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Khosrov, seeing that in order to defeat the Byzantines, he needed to launch a decisive counteroffensive, gathered two new armies, recruiting all combat-ready men as soldiers and even resorting to hiring foreigners [ 99].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Shahin with 50,000 troops remained in Mesopotamia and Armenia to prevent Irakli's invasion of Persia; a smaller army under the command of Shahrvaraz crossed unprotected by the Byzantines sector of the front and headed for Chalcedon, a Persian base on the Bosphorus [131].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Khosrov coordinated his actions with the Avar Khagan to launch a joint offensive against Constantinople from Europe and Asia [131].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The Persian army remained in Chalcedon, while the Avars attacked the Byzantine capital and destroyed the Valenta Aqueduct [132].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Since the Byzantine fleet fully controlled the Bosphorus Strait, the Persians could not send troops to the European coast to help their allies [133].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

This significantly reduced the effectiveness of the blockade, because the Persians were experts in the field of siege [134].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

In addition, Iranians and Avars had difficulty communicating through the well-guarded Bosphorus, although they undoubtedly maintained some communication with each other [131] [135].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The defense of Constantinople was commanded by Patriarch Sergius and Patrick Bon [136].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

Upon learning of the attack by the Persians and Avars, Heraclius divided his army into three parts; although he decided that the capital was relatively safe, he still sent reinforcements to Constantinople to boost defenders' morale [137].


Question: At what age did Khosrov II Parviz become the ruler of Iran?

Iran—Byzantine War (602—628)

The emperor sent another part of the army under the command of his brother Theodore to the corps of Shahin, and Irakli left the third, the smallest, under his leadership, intending to invade the most the heart of the Sassanid Empire [99].