Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

At the same time, her life is filled with higher content, giving her moments of delight and a feeling of fullness of being, which give way to periods of terrible devastation and suffering.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The image of Sibyl has a lot of personal for Lagerqvist, intimate and literally suffered.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

According to the author, he depicts here “Smaland in Greece”, that is, a feeling of stability and reliability among loved ones, and Sibyl's selectivity reflects the unshakable power of creative talent over an artist.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Being both divine and painful at the same time, his creative gift condemns the artist to an eternal struggle, accompanied by loneliness and universal alienation.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Per Lagerqvist thought so.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

It is no coincidence that Lagerkvist's final poetry collection “Evening Land” (1953) is in some way related to the novel and has numerous parallels with it.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

This collection seems to serve as a lyrical preface to Sibyl.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

A parallel to Sibyl's biography is the story of another God-marked chosen one - Agasfera, who was convicted of cruelty and selfishness.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Like Barabbas, obstinate and rebellious, he is also closely connected with the personality of the author.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

From the writer's need to complete the fate of the most obstinate of his characters, the novel “The Death of Agasfera” (1960) was born, which was originally conceived as the final part of the trilogy, which also includes” Barabbas” and “Sibyl”.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Agasfera's fierce intransigence with reality, restlessness and despair are extremely close to the spiritual constitution of modern man with his disbelief and underlying thirst for faith.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist believed that the birth of faith came from the deepest despair.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The author introduces a new hero Tobius, who, being a companion of Agasfera, is at the center of the story.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Now Agasfera gets the role of a listener and commentator.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The fate of Tovia is the reason for the birth of the new story “Pilgrim at Sea” (1962), and then the final one - “The Holy Land” (1964), in which Tovia, in turn, is joined by his companion Giovanni.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The composition of the originally conceived trilogy is gradually changing and is now being finally determined, combining the last three stories about the pilgrim Tobias.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The name Tobius is borrowed from the non-canonical Book of Tobit in the Old Testament.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Like Tovius, a former student, soldier and robber, transformed by the power of love for an immaculate woman, Giovanni, a former priest who was ordained for earthly love, is essentially an outcast, an extra man, like Barabbas and Agasphere.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

It seems that they have lost faith and reliability in life forever.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Nevertheless, they are attracted to the search for the Holy Land by the irresistible need of the soul.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The style of Lagerqvist's prose of this period is distinguished by the motif of development in a spiral: this applies to the actions of the characters and the relationship between the individual and the environment.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Each person must obey his fate without complaint, undergo numerous trials of faith and unbelief in order to find love.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

An elegant author's move is to transfer the action to the past, which makes it possible to achieve a special effect of expanding perspective in time and space.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The epic, which took a decade and a half of intense creative work, did not become the final stage for the writer in the epic.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

But the novel Mariamna, which appeared in 1967, although not directly related to the mythological cycle, is perceived as a kind of epilogue to it — and to the entire work of Lagerqvist.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The writing of the story is connected with the personal tragedy of Lagerqvist, who in the summer of 1967 lost his beloved wife, who lived with her for more than forty years.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

This explains the extraordinary strength and genuineness of the feeling in the story.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Mariamna, a hymn to Lagerqvist's loneliness, is an unusual phenomenon somewhat after experiments with a modernist understanding of the myth.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In this story, Lagerqvist again proved to be a master of composition, a complex system of leitmotifs, often unexpected and ambiguous, confirming the principle of repeatability, development in a spiral.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Love is the central motif of Mariamna, under the shadow of which two polar opposite natures collide.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

On the one hand, Mariamn, full of beauty and purity, acts, representing the embodiment of philanthropy and dedication.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

On the other hand, the Jewish king Herod, who personifies wild cruelty, tyranny and violence.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

His inner emptiness, lack of faith in anything unite him with the former evil geniuses — the Executioner and the Dwarf, and with “other” heroes from Barabbas to Tobius.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

But unlike the latter, Herod is not a seeker marked by God.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

He cares only about the material and external side of life.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Through the construction of the temple, Herod makes a desperate attempt to perpetuate his own stay in the world.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

But this harsh and self-contained soul is not alien to human weaknesses.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Herod's love for Mariamna can be interpreted as a longing for evil for perfect goodness and beauty, recognition of her own inferiority.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Mixing jealousy and mistrust with a high feeling, Herod inevitably becomes Mariamna's executioner, but with her death, love continues to gravitate over Herod, tormenting him with longing and memories.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Mariamna marked the worthy completion of more than half a century in the literature of the talented Swedish writer.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The book that concludes Lagerqvist's work attracts the reader with its purity and truthfulness of idea and implementation.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

It encourages the reader to remember that the struggle between good and evil in a person must end in the victory of the former.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

And faith should feed all human thoughts.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The last story crowns the creative path of the realist writer with dignity.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Notes


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Main works


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Människor (1912)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Ordkonst och bildkonst (1913)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Två sagor om livet (1913)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Motiv (1914)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Järn och människor (Iron and People) (1915)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Ångest (1916)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Sista människan (1917)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Teater (1918)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Kaos (1919)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Det eviga leendet (Smile of Eternity) (1920)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Den lyckliges väg (1921)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Den osynlige (1923)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Onda sagor (Evil Tales) (1924)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Gäst hos verkligheten (Guest in the world) (1925)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Hjärtats sånger (Heart Songs) (1926)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Det besegrade livet (1927)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Han som fick leva om sitt liv (He Must Live His Life) (1928)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Kämpande (Morale) (1930)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Konungen (The King) (1932)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Vid lägereld (At the stake) (1932)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Bödeln (Executioner) (1933)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Den knutna näven (Clenched Fist) (1934)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

I den tiden (At that time) (1935)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Människan utan själ (People Without Souls) (1936)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Genius (Genius) (1937)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Seger i mörker (1939)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Sång och strid (1940)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Dvärgen (Dwarf) (1944)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Barabbas (Barabbas) (1950)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Aftonland (Evening Land) (1953)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Sibyllan (Sibyll) (1956)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Ahasverus död (Death of Agasfera) (1960)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Pilgrim på havet (Pilgrim at sea) (1962)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Det heliga landet (Holy Land) (1964)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Mariamne (Mariamna) (1967)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

En hjältes död (novel)


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

References


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

at the Maxim Moshkov Library


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Category:Swedish writers


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Category:Nobel Prize Winners in Literature


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Category:People alphabetically


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Category:Born May 23


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Category: 1891 births


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Category: Deaths on July 11


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Category: Deaths in 1974


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Ganja rebellion [1] (Azerbaijan: Gəncə qiyamı) or the Ganja anti-Soviet uprising (Azerbaijan: Gəncə antisovet üsyanı) [2] is a major armed anti-Soviet protest of units of the 1st Infantry Division of the old Azerbaijani army, which took place on May 26-31, 1920 in the city of Ganja of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic; organized by officers of the old army.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The five-day fighting that unfolded around the city and on its streets was fierce, but both rebellious Azerbaijani servicemen and Red Army soldiers distinguished themselves in them.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

After the suppression of the rebellion, the old Azerbaijani army was disbanded, and instead of it, the active formation of the Azerbaijan Red Army began.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Preceding events


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Change of power in Azerbaijan


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On the night of April 26-27, 1920, the Bolsheviks raised an uprising in Baku, presenting two ultimatums to the Azerbaijani government to surrender power.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Almost simultaneously with the uprising, four armored trains of Soviet Russia crossed the border, followed by the main units of the XI Red Army.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

If in the capital some military units defected to the Bolsheviks, and the fleet under the command of the deputy head of the military port Ch. Ildrym threatened to open fire on the buildings of the parliament and government, then the armored trains of Soviet Russia in several places were shown little resistance.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The parliament convened for an emergency meeting voted by a majority vote for the transfer of power — the AKP (b), with one of the conditions that the new government will not allow units of the XI Red Army to enter the battle in Baku, after which the parliament dissolved itself.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Minister of War S. In his last order, Mehmandarov thanked the servicemen for their service and expressed confidence that the soldiers and officers of the Azerbaijani army “will serve equally honestly and valiantly under the new government Azerbaijan is dear to all of us... God willing” [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The Azerbaijani Bolsheviks formed (Azrevkom) and (government), announcing their readiness to enter into a close alliance with Soviet Russia.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Thus, the parliamentary Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (the first republic) was replaced by a state with a new form of government — Soviet in form Socialist Azerbaijan (second republic).


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Having learned about the events in Baku, the Ganja District Committee of the AKP (b) on the same day organized the Provincial Revolutionary Committee headed by F. Aliyev, presenting an ultimatum to the governor to surrender power.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On the evening of April 29, Governor Khudadat-bey Rafibekov signed an act on the surrender of power to Revkom in the entire Ganja province [5].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Armored trains from Baku moved in the direction of Ganja.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As they approached the city, they engaged in a major battle with a detachment of Musavatists, which tried to block their way [6] [7].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 1, Soviet armored trains and amphibious companies of the 28th Infantry Division occupied the station and the railway district of the city [7] [8].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The next day, the regiments of the 2 Cavalry Corps and the Taman Cavalry Division approached here, which occupied the entire city and adjacent areas [7].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

However, at the time of the beginning of the uprising in Ganja, “many villages... did not even know about the Sovietization of the country” [9].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Policy towards the old army


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On April 28, Azrevk, by his decree, established the People's Commissariat for Naval Affairs [10] and the first People's Commissar for Naval Affairs was Ch. Ildrim [11].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The next day, Azrevkom issued an appeal to the soldiers of the Azerbaijani army with an appeal to help the Red Army in the struggle for Soviet power [12] and on the same day decided to subordinate the Azerbaijani army operationally, to the command of the XI Red Army in order to “reorganize it on the basis of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army into units corresponding to the number of personnel, retaining the name “Azerbaijani” ” [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The new Azerbaijani army in terms of personnel at first (May), in fact, was an army inherited from the old Azerbaijani army, which only changed its name to Red army [13].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Soldiers and officers of the old army continued to serve, but this time under the new government.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

So, on the 30th by his friend (deputy) Ch. Ildrim temporarily appointed the former Assistant to the Minister of War of the ADR, General A. Shikhlinsky [13].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As later noted by the head of the 20th Infantry Division M. D. Velikanov: “the old military units did not undergo a radical reorganization, but continued to exist without any changes in the leadership and command. The revolutionary capabilities of this army were overestimated” [9].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Members of the AKP (b) were sent to units of the old army, which were faced with the task of concentrating the political leadership in their hands.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Akhmed Rzayev was appointed commissar of the troops stationed in Ganja, on the recommendation of the Azrevkom and in accordance with the order of the People's Commissariat of Military Affairs of the Azerbaijan SSR dated May 4 [13].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 7, Azrevkom decided “in operational, administrative, organizational, as well as in relation to the supply of all types of allowances” to subordinate the army and navy renamed by that time to the command XI Red Army and Volga-Caspian Military Flotilla [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The subordination of the old Azerbaijani units of the XI Red Army was not only a political action; replenishment of the units in the garrisons was necessary, since the XI Red Army, which entered Transcaucasia was small in number [9].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Pursuant to this decision, on May 11, an order was issued by the commander of the XI Red Army M. K. Lewandowski, member of the Revolutionary Military Council K. A. Mekhonoshin and Chief of Staff A. K. Remezov, according to which the Azerbaijani troops stationed in Ganja district, operationally and combat became subordinate to the chief of the 32nd division, to the inspectors of the XI Army the task was to develop a plan for the reorganization of Azerbaijani troops, and it was also ordered to form the I Consolidated Azerbaijani Workers and Peasants Red Soviet Rifle Division [14].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On the same day, Ch. Ildrim wrote:


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

During the reorganization, units of the old Azerbaijani army were reorganized.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 16, the People's Commissariat of Voenmore issued an order according to which the 3rd Ganja Infantry Regiment was renamed the 3rd Azerbaijan Workers and Peasants Red Rifle Regiment, and the 1st Infantry Division (its units will raise an uprising - approx.) merged with the 2nd to the 1st Workers and Peasants' Red Rifle Brigade (three regiments), which became part of the 1st Azerbaijan Workers and Peasants Red Division (headquarters of the 1st the infantry division was called the headquarters of the Azerbaijan Workers and Peasants Combined Division) [13].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Around the same time, by order of the People's Commissariat of Military Affairs, the Azerbaijan Military School was renamed the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Command Courses.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The reorganization of training sessions was led by a former officer of the old army, and at that time deputy People's Commissariat of Military Affairs, General A. Shikhlinsky: “... The reorganization of training units should be carried out on the instructions of my deputy Ali Aga Shikhlinsky” [15].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The residual funding of military institutions was also a fatal omission for the Soviets, as it prompted officers and soldiers to find a better life in civilian institutions and “in the service of the bourgeoisie” ( in other words, to desert) [9].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Position of the parties


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Ganja (Tsarist Elizavetpol) is located in the very west of Azerbaijan and is a large city.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

His garrison consisted of units of both the 20th Infantry Division and some units of the 1st Azerbaijani Infantry Division.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The fact that Azerbaijani units were concentrated in Ganja was a deliberate action by the Soviet command to reorganize them.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to the new command of the division (Chief S. S. Shevelev, military commissar I. AND. Lezhenin and Chief of Staff Sokolov), in connection with this measure it will be not only “more convenient to observe the units”, but also to provide them with food fodder [9].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

XI Red Army


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Two rifle regiments (178th and 180th) of the 20th division were stationed in the southeastern (Armenian) district, and the communications battalion and the commandant team of the headquarters of the 3rd brigade of the Taman Cavalry Division were located in the north-western (Muslim) districts of the city.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Units of the 3rd brigade, commanded by Schirmacher, had about 2,000 soldiers with 30 machine guns and one light artillery battalion [3] [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

At a distance of 20 km south-west of Ganja, the 20th Cavalry Brigade (450 sabers) with one mounted battery and 8 machine guns was stationed in the village, and 5-6 km south of the city, in the German colony of Helenendorf there was a division's artillery headquarters and a two-gun battery [3].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Old Azerbaijani army


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

By the time of the uprising, units of the 1st Azerbaijani Infantry Division of the Army of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic had not yet been reorganized according to the Soviet model.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

They consisted of the 3rd Ganja Rifle Regiment, the training team of the 3rd Sheki Cavalry Regiment, one artillery battery and the commandant team of the division headquarters, the total number of which reached 1800 soldiers .


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The commanding staff was also preserved.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

For example, Major General Mammad Mirza Qajar not only served as the head of supply of the division, but until May 20 was even the commandant of the city [3] [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Mutiny


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Preparing for a mutiny


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

They carefully prepared for the uprising.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The Central Committee of the AKP (b), Azrevkom and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Caucasian Front, will subsequently receive a report from Turkish communist Mustafa Subhi.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

This document, entitled “Report on the results of the trip to Ganja”, reported that two weeks before the uprising, a meeting was held at the Shakhmalinsky estate, in Samukh, which was attended by former Prime Minister Nasib bey Usubbekov, Governor-General of Kazakh Uyezd, Interior Minister, Turkish General Nuri Pasha and Kazimbekov.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The reason for collecting them was the preparation for an uprising [16].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 23, a new chief of one of the divisions (according to Kadishev, the Azerbaijani division, and according to Darabadi, the 20th division) arrived in the city from the headquarters of the XI Army with a group of command staff [3] [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

It was radically planned to reorganize the management and renew the personnel of the division, which provoked Azerbaijani units to perform [3] [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The rebels organized secret weapons caches in the city in advance.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Armed groups of local residents gathered in the surrounding villages.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Under the leadership of the head of the military garrison, Major General Javad-bey Shikhlinsky and the commander of the Ganja Infantry Regiment, Colonel Jahangir-bey Kazimbekov, a group of military personnel formed an operational plan for an uprising.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The former commandant of Ganja, Major General Mammad Mirza Qajar had to build defensive fortifications around the city and its environs.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As D. Kazimbekov, the leaders of the uprising, with the help of the surprise factor, planned to quickly disarm the Red Army soldiers in the city, then unite with the Azerbaijani units that were in Karabakh and fought against Armenians and Georgian troops in order to jointly liberate the country.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Officers of the headquarters of the 1st Azerbaijani Division were sent to Georgia and Karabakh, intending to coordinate the upcoming actions.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The 3rd Sheki Cavalry Regiment (commander, Colonel Tokayev) was located in Agdam and Tartar, on which the rebels also pinned hopes [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

In teahouses and local barracks, a rumor was spread through agents that Christians would get the uniforms of Red Army soldiers, while Muslims would allegedly not have a new uniform provide [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

It should be mentioned that the uprising was also preceded by rumors that “the Russians want to regain control over Muslims” [9].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On the eve of the uprising, an armed group led by Gachag Gambar and Sarah Alakper concentrated 20 km west of Ganja, in the Nyzger district, with significant forces, two field guns and machine guns.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 22, a secret meeting was held, at which Colonel D. Kazimbekov agreed with these commanders on the organization of the upcoming actions.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

They consisted in the fact that the commanders of these detachments had to break into the Armenian part of the city and assist the Azerbaijani units in seizing the most important State facilities, such as post offices, telegraph, military depots, etc. [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The situation report of the headquarters of the XI Red Army dated June 1 said that


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

A little later, on June 10, the plenipotentiary representative of the RSFSR in Georgia S. M. Kirov told Lenin: “There is evidence to assume that the performance of the Musavatists of Azerbaijan in Ganja was carefully prepared in Tiflis itself” [18].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to the Great Russian Encyclopedia, some members of the Musavat party made an armed speech [19].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Start of the uprising


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

2-3 hours before the start of the uprising, the commandant of the city learned about the upcoming performance, and therefore it was decided to remove the Azerbaijani soldiers from the guard and cordon off their barracks, but the warning was transmitted only to units 20th Infantry Division [3].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

At 3 o'clock, on the night of May 25-26, Azerbaijani gunners opened fire, but before that, the city's electricity was cut off.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

During the night, the rebels were able to gain a foothold in the Muslim part of Ganja.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

They captured the artillery battery of the 20th Division, arrested and sent to prison many staff workers and Red Army soldiers, including the commander of the 3rd brigade A. G. Schirmacher [4] [3].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The Commissioner of the Extraordinary Commissioner of Ganja Province was also imprisoned [20].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

At the same time, prisoners were released and weapons were distributed to the population [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to the Encyclopedia of Civil War and Military Intervention in the USSR, the rebels amounted to 10-12 thousand people with three batteries [1].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

That same night, Muslim clergy called on Muslims to a “holy war” against the power of the Bolsheviks [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

After entering the Armenian part of the city at night, Muslims killed one of the commanders of the Red Army soldiers Kolesnikov and Muslim communists [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Ganja Armenians took the side of the Bolsheviks on the very first day of the uprising.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

They believed, as V. AND. Lenin Behbud Shakhtakhtinsky, that they will be destroyed together with the Red Army soldiers if the rebels succeed [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

German peasants from Helenendorf also provided assistance to the Red Army soldiers [9].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

While the rebels achieved certain results in the Muslim part of the city, they failed in the Armenian part.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The soldiers of the 3rd Ganja Regiment were driven out of here and left for the Muslim part, and the Ganjacay River, thus, began to separate both sides [3].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The rebels captured the Elisavetpol station, located 3 km north of Ganja, by the end of the day, and its 75-man detachment had to retreat with two machine guns.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Almost the entire city soon fell into the hands of the rebels.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Now they had to unite with the rebels and Georgian troops in order to move further into the interior of the country.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

However, an armored train soon arrived from Kazakh, and with it the head of the 20th division M. D. Giants and with the help of an armored train, he managed to recapture the station, which played a fatal meaning for the rebels [3] [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Mammad Safar Agayev, Commissioner of the Military Department of the Ganja Provincial Committee, distinguished himself in the battles of that day.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

He shot two rebels and wounded several, but he died himself [6].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Surrounded, Staff Commander B.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Morozov organized the defense of the quarter where the headquarters was located and held it until May 31, until the Red Army launched a general offensive [21].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The following days


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

After regrouping units, the cavalry brigade of the 20th Infantry Division on May 27 captured the south-western outskirts of the city, intending to block the rebels from the way to the mountains.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

One regiment of the brigade with a platoon of horse artillery was tasked with bypassing Ganja from the east and north, occupying the north-western outskirts and isolating the enemy.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Meanwhile, the rebels, concentrating significant forces in the northern part of the city, tried to recapture the station, but all their attacks were repelled.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

They dug in vineyards and vegetable gardens along the highway.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Approaching that time, the cavalry regiment of the 20th Infantry Division with a platoon of mounted artillery was tasked with attacking the rebels and they were assisted in this by an armored train that arrived from Baku.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As a result, the rebels were again driven away from the station.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Throughout the day, the rebels managed to repel 7 attacks of the Red Army soldiers who tried to storm the city [3] [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

In accordance with the resolution of the Central Committee of the AKP (b) and the Azrevkom, the Council of Workers and Peasants Defense of Azerbaijan was formed, which included N. Narimanov, M. D. Huseynov et al.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

This body has received the broadest powers [6].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The Azerbaijani national units of the Red Army, formed by that time, joined the suppression of the uprising [6].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 28, the 18th Cavalry Division of P. IN. Kuryshko, who was operatively subordinated to the head of the 20th division M. D. Velikanov, four armored trains, as well as a howitzer division of the 20th Infantry Division from the Georgian border [3].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

In the morning of that day, at 11 o'clock, a fierce battle unfolded on the outskirts of Ganja from the Shamkhor direction.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Led by Colonels Kazimbekov and Gauzen, as well as Captain Mirizade, Azerbaijani units allowed the advanced units of the 18th Cavalry Division (two squadrons) to approach a distance of 600 meters.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

And opening heavy fire from six guns and 22 machine guns, the rebels, supported by rebels and infantry, who struck from the flank, defeated the enemy.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to D. Kazimzade, killed and wounded Red Army soldiers covered the entire battlefield [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On the night of May 28-29, it was reported that Soviet Russia had concluded a peace agreement with Georgia, which the parties signed on May 7, which was a stab in the back for the rebels because they could not now count on external support [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 29, units of the Red Army went on the offensive.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The 178th and 179th regiments, having attacked the northern and north-western parts of the city, at 7 o'clock in the morning broke into its outskirts.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Fighting broke out on the city streets.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The rebels launched a decisive counterattack.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Due to the inability to contain the enemy, the railway battalion operating on the left flank of the 178th regiment had to retreat to its original positions.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Both regiments, due to the threat of a strike from the flank, began to withdraw.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Those troops that were attacking from the east, from the Armenian unit, had to stay due to the flooding of the Ganjachay River.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The cavalry of the 18th Cavalry Division, which attacked from the southern and south-western parts of the city, could not complete the task, and after suffering losses, it also had to withdraw.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The 180th Rifle Regiment, with the assistance of Armenian detachments, tried to enter the Azerbaijani part of the city from the east, but this attempt was stopped.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

In the battles of that day, the commander of one of the rebellious battalions, Captain Mirizade, was killed [3] [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The situation report of the headquarters of the XI Red Army dated June 1 said:


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The failures that befell the 29th forced the command of the XI Red Army to urgently pull up additional forces.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

In particular, the 2nd Brigade of the 20th Infantry Division under the command of Voytsekhovsky as part of the 175th and 176th regiments, one light artillery battalion, and an Armenian mountain battery and armored car division from Baku.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As a result, before the offensive, the Red Army had five rifle and six cavalry regiments, 57 guns, two armored divisions and 6 armored vehicles [3].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Suppression of rebellion


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 30, the Red Army occupied the Armenian part of the city.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

At 9 o'clock in the morning on May 31, from the side of the railway station, the Red Army soldiers launched a decisive offensive, which unfolded along the highway.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Now the main blow was carried out by five rifle regiments and detachments against the northern outskirts of the city.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The attack was carried out in two echelons: in the first - 3 regiments, in the second - 2 regiments.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The last two regiments had to build on their success.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The five regiments were supported by all artillery, commanded by the chief of artillery of the 20th Infantry Division L. ME.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Plume, as well as an armored division.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The cavalry was supposed to block the city and block the enemy's retreat routes in the western direction, to the mountains.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The territory on which the fighting unfolded was almost entirely covered with vineyards, which made it difficult to attack.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The clay soil, washed away by rains, greatly hampered the movement of troops and equipment.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The Red Army managed to dislodge the rebels from the vineyards and, with the support of all artillery, break into the northern outskirts of Ganja.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Fighting broke out throughout the city.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The Red Army units, having broken into detachments, began to clean the city.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The rebels settled in houses and attics.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

At the same time, the rebels offered fierce resistance.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The situation report of the headquarters of the XI Red Army reported: “The rebels stubbornly did not give up their positions” [3] [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On both sides, people showed desperate resistance.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

So, despite his seventeenth wound, but already in these battles, the commander of the 18th Cavalry Division P. IN. Kuryshko, changed his horse to a cart, continuing to lead the actions of the cavalrymen [21].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As Turkish communist Mustafa Subhi recalled, even women participated in street fighting [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

At the time when street fighting was going on in the city, arrested Red Army soldiers, commanders, staff employees, including the commander of the 3rd Brigade of the 20th Infantry Division A. G. Schirmacher.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The AKP (b) Extraordinary Commissioner for Ganja Province G. Sultanov, accompanied by a group of Bolsheviks and with his help, arrested Red Army soldiers led by A. G. Schirmacher disarmed the guards and, having captured two serviceable machine guns and one gun with ammunition from a nearby weapons workshop, opened fire from the rear [4], significantly accelerating the defeat of the rebels [9].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

After suffering heavy losses, the rebels began to dissipate quickly and by evening the rebellion was completely suppressed [3].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As can be seen from the situation report of the XI Red Army of June 1, the rebels had to be knocked out of almost every house with artillery fire [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Later, one of the issues of the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper from 1938 published Seyid Yakubov's memoirs about the role of Sergo Ordzhonikidze in suppressing the rebellion: “In May, an uprising broke out in Ganja Musavatists... The Musavatists dug in the gardens. At this time, Ordzhonikidze is coming to Ganja. He decides to immediately knock the enemy out of the gardens, fill them with grenades. Ordzhonikidze's order was carried out, and, inspired by his presence, the soldiers cleared Ganja of the enemy with a lightning attack...” [22].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The consequences


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As a result of street fighting, the city was almost completely destroyed, with the exception of the Armenian part [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

To a certain extent, the command of the Red Army is also involved in this.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

M. K. Lewandowski, adhering to the idea that “the most brutal massacres in Ganja, up to the complete destruction of the city, will be able to defuse the entire atmosphere”, ordered Velikanov: “Now I order... begin to destroy block by block and destroy the whole city” (in this place he wrote “to the ground” with his hand); “the suppression of the uprising must be in the nature of the most brutal and ruthless reprisal. For each blood shed of the Red Army soldiers, all participants in the uprising should be shot without any trial” '[9].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Disarmament was accompanied, on the one hand, by punitive measures, and on the other hand, by the distribution of landowners to the poor [9].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Some of the rebels and many residents, with the help of the remnants of the 3rd Ganja Infantry Regiment, were able to break through the encirclement ring and escape from the city, moving to the mountains [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Major General D. Shikhlinsky, who was seriously wounded, was transferred to Tiflis and then to Turkey [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

In connection with the events in Ganja, N. On May 31, when the uprising had already ended, Narimanov published his article “Provocation of Musavat and Dashnaks” [23], which justifies the defeat of the uprising [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Lenin and Stalin received Ordzhonikidze's telegram about the mutiny in Ganja on the same day.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Ordzhonikidze informed in it that the six-day stubborn fighting ended with the suppression of the uprising in the most brutal way [24].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to J.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Baberovsky for Muslims saw Soviet power as the domination of evil gentiles who came to their homeland with fire and sword [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

toll


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

At the very beginning of the uprising, on May 27, a representative of the 20th Infantry Division, Grakhovsky, reported to Kuznetsov, the head of the operational department of the headquarters of the XI Red Army, that “killed and wounded on our part, rumors, about a hundred people, I cannot vouch for this information” [9].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to the Soviet side, during the fighting, it lost 20 people killed and up to 900 wounded, while the losses of the rebels amounted to more than 1,000 people killed [3].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

P. Darabadi considered the losses of the Red Army soldiers clearly underestimated [4].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Moreover, according to other sources, 1,500 Red Army soldiers and 4,000 Muslims fell in battles [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to the figures given by Rasulzade, 8,000 soldiers were killed, and the number of Muslim victims was 15,000 [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Anti-Bolshevik-minded historian and publicist S. P. Melgunov mentioned 40,000 Muslims killed by the Bolsheviks during the Ganja Uprising (he once emphasized that it was not possible to verify the accuracy of all the materials he collected) [25].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

It should be noted that there were few Bolsheviks in the ranks of the XI Red Army (for example, the entire Army in July 1920 consisted of only 25.1% Communists; by December 1, the 20th Rifle Division had 9,605 cash, but there were 22.5 communists per 100 people [26]).


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Russian historian A. A. Kirillina drew attention to the fact that the total number of rebels reached 12 thousand people, and if they were all shot during the suppression of the rebellion, it could not amount to 40 thousand, and during the battles losses were suffered by both sides and it is currently impossible to give the number of deaths [27].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The situation with the civilian population


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

During the suppression of the uprising, M. K. Lewandowski on May 29 held talks with the head of the 20th division M. D. Velikanov, pointing out to him: “Do not touch only women and children” [9].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

However, the suppression has led to civilian casualties.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Melnikov, infantry inspector of the XI Red Army, reported to Ordzhonikidze the following on the social basis of the uprising: “the contingent of rebels made up almost the entire Muslim population: there were cases when even women fired rifles, then, during searches, some found revolvers in the folds of their dresses. Even one, as one Red Army soldier told me, was found near a machine gun on the roof” [28].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

German historian J.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Baberovsky finds only this reason that the Red Army did not spare women and children [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to [29], the Bolsheviks slaughtered 15,000 Muslims, including children and women, during the capture of the city.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Nobody looked at the age and gender of the victims.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Many Muslims tried to find shelter in basements and gardens, where the corpses of women and children were found for many days [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Soldiers looted, robbing the shops of Muslim merchants and depriving residents of furniture and household utensils, and Armenians eager for revenge showed the Red Army soldiers the way to the houses of the “bourgeoisie” [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Attempts by Armenian militias to rob the enemy and “especially... to stage a massacre” were thwarted [9].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The June 7 report of Inspector of the XI Red Army Melnikov, which was sent to Ordzhonikidze, said that the Armenians were afraid of the Red Army soldiers and therefore the massacre failed, they “only arrested Muslims and escorted them to us” [30].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

In order not to “create a provocation”, when disarming the rebels, it was necessary to separate the Armenian communists from the Azerbaijani communists [9].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

M. Subhi in his report addressed to the Central Committee of the AKP (b), Azrevky and member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Caucasian Front G. Ordzhonikidze, described in detail the picture of what happened:


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Subhi tried to reason and persuade the Red Army to convey to the Red Army that these actions were harmful, but they told him that every soldier had the right to collect military “trophies” [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Further developments


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

More than 12,000 Muslims were arrested, of which 8,000 were released and 4,000 were shot [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Among those shot were 6 generals, 6 colonels, 3 majors and 7 captains.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Most of them were shot as part of a group of 79 people on Nargin Island.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Several hundred people were executed by order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Republic G. Sultanova [31].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

But among the officers were those who not only survived, but also worked in state bodies in the future.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Thus, officer Kafar Babayev, who participated in the uprising, became the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Nakhichevan ASSR [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

By order of the command of the XI Red Army, control over potential hotbeds of the uprising throughout the republic was significantly strengthened.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

An order was given to seize weapons from the population, and shoot those who refused to hand them over on the spot.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Those who voluntarily surrendered weapons were awarded a reward [32].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

In the collective memory of residents of the city, the name of the People's Commissar Sultanov, who was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for his services in suppressing the rebellion, remained synonymous with betrayal [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On June 8, the Revolutionary Military Council of the XI Red Army instructed the heads of divisions to use peaceful means to suppress the riots [33].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

However, the armed resistance of the Soviet authorities, despite the statements of the Ganja Executive Committee about the beginning of complete Sovietization of the district and class differentiation, did not end.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Already on June 2, Ordzhonikidze told the Politburo in Moscow that Muslim peasants had rebelled throughout the territory of Ganja province.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to him, the population was armed to the teeth.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Despite having four divisions numbering 20,000 soldiers at his disposal, he did not consider it possible to hold Azerbaijan [17].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The Ganja rebellion of 1920 led to a chain reaction of regional uprisings throughout the republic, such as the June uprisings, in Shusha under the leadership of Nuri Pasha and in Zagatala under the leadership of Molla Hafiz Efendiyev.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Since September 1920, new waves of anti-Soviet rebellions swept the Azerbaijani regions: Cuba (together with Dagestan), Karabulag, Shamkhor and Lankaran.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Although these unrest continued until 1924, none of them surpassed Ganja in terms of strength and significance.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

memento


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On June 9, 1920, the Ganja Uyezd Revolutionary Committee (chairman Ibrahim Aliyev) decided to rename Vorontsovskaya Street into Kanoga Street in honor of the room of the 3rd Regiment of the 20th Division, who died in this place during the suppression of the uprising [34].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The issue of perpetuating the memory of the fallen Red Army soldiers of the 20th Infantry Division was raised before the Presidium of the All-Azerbaijan CEC and Azrevki were to allocate 100 million rubles, due to which in Ganja would erect a monument to the heroes of the XI Red Army.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The Sovietization of Armenia and Georgia slowed down this matter.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Only on January 17, 1923, M. B.


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Kasumov ordered to give a task to draw up an estimate for the construction of the monument [35].


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Notes


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Literature


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Category:Military history of Azerbaijan


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Category:Anti-Soviet resistance


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Category:Uprisings during the Russian Civil War


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Category:1920 in Azerbaijan


Question: How many people died during the Ganja rebellion?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Category:May 1920


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

R-17 (missile index 8K14, according to the classification of the US Department of Defense and NATO SS-1c Scud B [Scud B], export designation R-300, unofficially “kerosene”) is a Soviet liquid single-stage ballistic missile on long-lasting fuel components, which is part of the 9K72 Elbrus operational-tactical missile system.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

History


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Attempts to further modernize the R-11M missiles (R-11MU project, GRAU index 8K12) have shown the inexpediency of using a displacement fuel supply system to increase the specific thrust of the engine (in order to increasing the missile's range over 150 km with a payload mass of at least 900 kg).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The small thrust reserve of the engine did not allow increasing the stock of rocket fuel components (and therefore the total mass of the rocket), while further increasing the pressure in the tanks was also impossible due to the limit value.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The best solution to the problem was to use an engine with a turbo-pump fuel supply system.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

In addition, the turbo-pump unit provided better “controllability” of the engine (due to accurate thrust adjustment), which means that there was a real opportunity to improve the accuracy of the missile (in terms of range).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

By 1957, at OKB-3 of NII-88, Chief Designer D. D. Sevruk developed a liquid propellant rocket engine with TNA C3.42, which could be used in missiles with R-11 dimensions, while guaranteeing a maximum range of about 240 km.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

At the suggestion of the initiative group, the chief designer of SKB-385 V. P. Makeev decided to prepare a design layout drawing, a pneumatic-hydraulic scheme and basic calculations of the new missile by January 10, 1958.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

IN OKB-1 P. P. Korolev supported this project, thanks to which this idea was also supported in the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Government No. 378-181 of April 1, 1958. SKB-385 was entrusted with the development of an R-17 missile (with a turbo-pump fuel supply system) with a range of 50 to 240 km.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The new R-17 rocket at the State Agrarian University was assigned the index 8K14.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Leading designer — Yu.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Bobryshev said.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Lieutenant Colonel A. IN. Titov, and according to the control system, Lieutenant Colonel P. IN. Zakharov said.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Developers of the main R-17 systems from related industrial organizations were appointed:


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

on board control system — Chief Designer of NII-592 N. A. Semikhatov;


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

for the engine (C3.42) at the first stage of flight tests — Chief Designer of OKB-3 NII-88 D. D. Sevruk;


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

on the engine (C5.2) from the second stage of flight tests — Chief Designer of OKB-5 A. M. Isaev;


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

for gyroscopic devices (1SB9, 1SB10, 1SB12), Chief Designer of NII-944 V. AND. Kuznetsov;


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

for explosive charge and conventional equipment of the head unit (8F44) — NII-6;


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

for the special charge and the set of electrical automation of the MS 8F14 — scientific supervisor of the NII-1011 MSM Yu.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

B.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Khariton, Chief Designer S. G. Kocharyants;


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

for the ground equipment complex — Chief Designer of the State Design Bureau V. P. Petrov;


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

for aiming devices (8Sh18) — Chief Designer of Plant 784 of the Kiev SNH S. P. Parnyakov;


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

for the crawler launch unit (2P19) — Chief Designer of the OKBT of the Leningrad Kirovsky Zavod Zh. ME.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Kotin;


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

for the wheeled starting unit (2P20) — Chief Designer of the Central Design Bureau TM N. A. Krivoshein.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

To accelerate the development of the complex, the mass and size characteristics of the new missile were chosen close to the R-11M.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Thus, it was possible to partially use ground equipment units from the 8K11 missile as part of the new complex (however, certain improvements were required).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Despite the external similarity of the R-17 with the R-11M, these missiles have little in common structurally: in fact, the layout scheme has been completely changed, a more advanced control system has been developed, and a fundamentally different pneumohydraulic system, a method of refueling with rocket fuel components, and so on.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

In the process of working on the R-17 missile at OKB-5 (led by Chief Designer A. M. Isaev), a new engine with improved performance was developed.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Due to the higher thrust of the new engine, it was possible to increase the maximum range of


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The first test launch of the R-17 missile took place at the Kapustin Yar (KapYar) test site on December 12, 1959.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

At the first stage of development, prototypes of missiles were manufactured at the Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant, but at the second stage of flight tests, the manufacture of products (and subsequently serial production) was transferred to the Votkinsk Mechanical Plant (No. 385), which already produced R-11M (8K11).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

At the initial stage of the development of a nuclear warhead, it was planned to use a charge with a capacity of 5 kilotons (combat unit 407A14) in the 8F14 hull, similar to that used in the 407H bomb, which was being developed at the same time.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

However, later a more powerful charge (10 kt) was developed with better weight and size characteristics (primarily smaller in weight, which made it possible to further increase the missile's range) and the 269A combat unit in the same hull (8F14) was adopted for service.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

For transportation and launch of missiles, a 2P19 tracked chassis based on the ISU-152 was developed, which looks like the 2U218 launch unit of the R-11M missile.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Four 2P19 tracked launch units with R-17 missiles took part in a military parade on Red Square on November 7, 1961.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

On March 24, 1962, by resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers, the R-17 missile was adopted by the Soviet Army.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The 2P20 launch unit on the MAZ-537 wheeled chassis (developed simultaneously with the 9P19 tracked chassis) did not pass the test [1] and was not adopted for service.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

In 1967, the 9P117 launcher was adopted for service on the MAZ-543P four-axle self-propelled chassis.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

In the 1960s, the rules for indexing weapons were revised in order to streamline them.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

It was then that the missiles were no longer assigned the K index, which was replaced by the M index (and the name of the complex differed from the name of the missile by only one letter).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

However, for missiles already in service (including 8K14), indexation remained the same, but new indices were assigned for missile systems (which previously did not have separate indices).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The 8K14 missile complex with a set of equipment and machinery that ensures its operation received the index 9K72.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

List of ground equipment of the 8K14 missile [2] Lifting and transport equipment2TZ (2TZM, 2TZM1) Dirt trolley (complete with container, thermal cover, drain and drainage connection and adapter) 9F21MA (9F21MU), 2U662D (2U662DU), 2U662M (2U662MU), 9F223Storage vehicle (for combat units in special equipment) ZIL-157 (ZIL-131) Vehicle (for transporting combat units in conventional equipment) 8T22, 9T31M (9T31M1) Cran9T37Set of lifting equipment9T55АKomplekt riggingFilling equipment2G1U (2G1), 9G29Fuel tanker 8G17M1, 9GZ0Oxidizer tanker 8T311 (8T311M) Washing- neutralization machine8GZZU, UKS-400VCompressor station (complete with humidity indicator 8Sh31) Test equipment2B11 (2B11M1) Horizontal testing machine (complete with benzoelectric unit 8Н01) 9B41 (9В41M) Autonomous testing machine (complete with 8Н01 benzoelectric unit) Starting equipment9P117 (9P117M, 9P117M1) Starting unit with kit guidance devices 8Sh182P19 (2P19M) Starting unit with a set of guidance devices 8Sh18Auxiliary equipment2Sch1 (2Sch1M2) ZIP2T5Hangar transport trolley (for arsenals and bases) 8G27 ( 8G27U, 8G27K) Air heater8Yu11 (8Yu11U) Insulated tent8Yu44 (8Yu44M) Field chemical laboratory9V292Control machine (metrological) 9T114Trolley for air transportation (combat units in standard container)


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The basic model of the R-17 was intended primarily for use with nuclear warheads, since insufficient accuracy did not guarantee the effectiveness of the use of high-explosive warheads (Combat 8F44 units were produced in smaller volumes than NBC, and were primarily exported complete with R-17E missiles).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Later, chemical warheads were created for the 9K72 complex, for which a modification of the 8K14-1 missile was developed (which gradually replaced the basic 8K14 modification).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The launchers have also been modernized accordingly.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

During the operation of the 9K72 complex, the Customer (the Ministry of Defense) repeatedly raised questions about the need for modernization to increase its combat effectiveness.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

To this end, appropriate R&D was carried out and attempts were made to develop new modifications of the complex (for example, 9K73 - with a lightweight launcher transported by a helicopter, 9K77 - with extended range, 9K72-1 — with a detachable warhead controlled at the final section of the trajectory using an optical homing head, and others).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

However, none of these modifications were adopted for service.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

In 1995, 2001 and 2002, during the development of the S-300 anti-missile system and its modifications, 8K14 serial combat missiles were used as targets.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Design


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Main characteristics of the product [3] Product length from the support heels to the top of the head part11 164 mm Product body diameter880 mmStabilizer span 1810 mmWeight of the unfilled product with the head 269A2076 kgWeight of fully filled product with head part 269A5862 kgWeight of unfilled product with head part 8F442074 kgWeight of fully filled product with head end 8Ф445860 KGengine 9D21Liquid, reactiveSupply of fuel components to the engineTurbo-pump unit powered by a gas generatorMethod of promoting TNAOT powder checkerEngine fuel components:fuel StartsG-02 Fuel base-185OxidizerAK-27 Method of ignition of fuel componentsChemical (self-ignition) Refilling the product with fuel components:oxidizerIn a horizontal position products are the main combustible In the horizontal position of the product with starting combustibleIn the vertical position of the product on the starting unitNature of refueling The volume-weight refueling weight of fuel and compressed air at temperature+15°C3786 kgV including:weight of oxidizer AK-27I2919 kgves fuel TM-185822 kgves starting fuel TG-0230 kgweight of compressed air15 kg Control systemAutonomous inertialExecutive control system elementGas jet ruddersEmergency detonation systemAutonomousMaximum range300 kmMinimum range50 kmGuaranteed range275 km


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

R-17 used TM-185 (based on petroleum products: polymer distillate — 56%, light pyrolysis oil — 40%, tricresol — 4%) and AK-27I (based on nitric acid) as the main components of fuel.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The starting fuel is TG-02 Samin.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

It has a maximum range of 300 km.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The missiles could carry both conventional high-explosive and nuclear warheads (in the 1960s and 1970s, five models of NBC [4] with a capacity of 10, 20, 200, 300 and 500 kt were adopted at VNIITF and adopted for service [5]).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Combat units in chemical equipment (3H8, 8F44G and 8F44G1) were called “special combat units”, since the USSR officially denied the presence of chemical weapons in service.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The modification of the 8K14-1 missile had additional pipelines for activating the ampoule batteries of the combat unit and refueling the BC pneumatic unit with air in preparation for launch.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The front docking frame, made not of duralumin, but of steel, made it possible to use heavier combat units with a “non-standard” (with a shape different from the conical one) geometries, such as 3H8 (and later 9H78 with CNS).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

In addition, the 8K14-1 missile had some differences in operation (in particular, it had factory-installed gas-jet rudders, which eliminated the need for installation operations with rudders on technical position).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The main parts, assemblies and devices installed on the product [6] TitleDesignationProduct8000-0engine9D21Gyroboard (for installing gyro devices) 1SB11Counting and decisive device of the machine Stabilis1SB13M (1SB13) Steering machine I1SB14Steering machine II1SB14Steering machine III1SB14Steering machine IV1SB14Time mechanism (control systems) 1SB15Switching box (control systems) 1SB16Disconnecting device-229ampoule battery (control systems) 1SB18Mpotentiometer I9B312Potentiometer II9B312potentiometer III9B312potentiometer IV9B312Onboard cable network (control systems) 1SB20BAPR-3 (switching device of the APR system) 1SB23RV-14 (high-altitude relay unit of the APR system) 1SB24ampoule battery of the APR1SB25M system Reducer (air) 3210-OAelectropneumatic valve (air) 3250- 0Voltage converter1SB47MPrecision frequency regulatorPRCH-Z0B Pressure signaling device SD1a (in the tank pressurization line) MSDUD 6A-5Pressure alarm SD1b (in the tank pressurization line) MSDD 6A- 5Pressure alarm SD2a (in the fuel tank “G”) MSDUD 6A-5 Pressure alarm SD2b (in the fuel tank “G”) MSDUD 6A-5 Pressure alarm SD3a (in the oxidizer tank “O”) MSDUD 6A-5 Pressure alarm SD3b ( in the oxidizer tank “O”) MSDUD 6A-5 Powder checker (starting the turbo-pump unit of the propulsion system) PP3-9D21 Igniter (powder checkers) VG-10-9D21gyrohorizont1SB9gyroverticant with side stabilizer (gyro integrator of lateral accelerations) 1SB10gyroscopic integrator of longitudinal accelerations (range automaton) 1SB12Hoses (high-pressure air, low-pressure air, starting fuel) K18.179, K18.180, K18.181Set of replaceable cables (Sh37, Sh38) 1SB21cable OSHO/OSHO1 (combat unit heating systems) 0-10/K17.255 Cable K21 (APR systems) 0-20A/K17.255Set of cables BKS APR1SB26Hermetic closure9Ya31graphitized steering wheel I0100-OA/8A61 graphitized steering wheel II0100-OA/8A61 graphitized steering wheel III0100-OA/8A61 graphitized steering wheel IV0100-OA/8A61


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

In countries that produced the 8K14 under license, developments were carried out to increase the missile's range (mainly by reducing the weight of the combat unit.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

In particular, the DPRK developed a modification in which, by reducing the combat load, the capacity of fuel tanks was increased and, accordingly, the missile's flight range increased.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

At the same time, the accuracy of the missile deteriorated almost twice compared to the Soviet original.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Western intelligence was aware of the work to increase the range of the R-17 missile, which was carried out in the USSR, and mistakenly assumed that the extended range complex (9K77) entered service Soviet army.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

All developments of R-17 modifications with extended range in Western literature received the designation Scud-S.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Further development of the model is also known under the Korean name “Nodon-1” (“Labor 1”).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The first successful test was conducted by the DPRK in 1993 with improved firing accuracy.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

This modification often appears in foreign sources under the designation Scud-D (as well as the 9K72-1 with the GOS, developed in the USSR under the Aerofon project).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

It should be noted, however, that these designations are not official and may be used inaccurately in various sources.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

In addition, there are a significant number of 8K14 modifications even within these series, so the data below should be considered indicative.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

In the USSR, work was carried out (Aerofon R&D) to improve the accuracy of the missile system by creating a detachable guided warhead in conventional 9H78 equipment (weighing 1017 kg) with an optical head 9E423 homing (the 8K14-1 missile docked with the 9H78 combat unit received the index 8K14-1F).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

A 9F59 interface kit was installed on the launchers.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

A modified missile system, completed with a 9C751 data preparation machine, a 9C752 data entry machine, a 9B948 routine maintenance machine, a 9F820 arsenal equipment set, etc., received the name 9K72-1 (some sources mistakenly indicate the index 9K72O, where “O” is optical).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The maximum range for the 8K14-1F missile was 235 km, and the accuracy was 50-100 m (depending on the scale of aerial photographs used in the preparation of the standard) [7].


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The complex was put into experimental military operation (Order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 026 of 1990), but was not adopted for service (due to unsatisfactory accuracy in conditions of insufficient visibility and strong depending on other conditions).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Comparative performance characteristics


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Tactical and technical characteristics of the R-11R-11MR-17R-17M?


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

El Hussein R-17WTO (9K72-1) El Abbas CountryGRAU8A618K118K14 index, 8K14-19M778K14-1FNATOSS-1ASS-1B Scud ASS-1C Scud BSS-1D Scud CSS-1E Scud D?


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Length, M10,42410,511,16412,29 diameter, M0,880,880,880,880,880,880,88 Take-off weight, KG5350540058625900 Payload, kg690950989735?


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Propulsion planeSingle-stage, liquidFiring range, km270150300550235850?


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

KVO, m30003000450?


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Combat use


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The R-17, adopted for service in 1962, after equipping missile brigades of the USSR ground forces, the armies of the Warsaw Pact member countries, etc.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

social


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

countries, was actively exported in a nuclear-free version (the missile was not supplied to China due to the deterioration of Soviet-Chinese relations).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The export R-17 (R-17E or R-300) and its modifications have been repeatedly used in regional conflicts.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The missile programs of the DPRK, Pakistan and Iran used R-17 technologies to create their medium-range missiles.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Doomsday War (1973)


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

A small amount of P-17 was used by Egypt against Israel during the 1973 war.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Iran—Iraq War (1980—1988)


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

War in Afghanistan (1979—1989)


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

More than 2,000 missiles were used by the Soviet army in the Afghan war.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

After the withdrawal of Soviet troops, the R-17 continued to be used by the Afghan army.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

On April 20, 1991, three rockets landed on a market in the city of Asadabad, killing about 300 people and injuring 500 to 700 people [8].


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

1991 Gulf War


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

After the bombing of the Iraqi nuclear reactor by Israeli aircraft in 1981, Iraq developed a plan for an “imminent retaliation” in the event of any Israeli invasion.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The plan included a strike with Al-Hussein ballistic missiles (modified by R-17) from western Iraq.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The modification consisted in increasing the missile's flight range to 650 kilometers, by reducing the weight of the combat unit from 1 ton to 500 kg and, accordingly, reducing accuracy.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

By early April 1990, the deployment of missiles in western Iraq was fully completed.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

On July 31, 1990, before the war with Kuwait, the missile units were put on full alert.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Before the Gulf War, Iraq's missile forces consisted of the 223 and 224 missile brigades (Al-Hussein, R-17) and the 225 and 226 brigades (Rad, Luna) under the command of Lieutenant General al-Ayubi.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

After the capture of Kuwait, a plan was developed to launch a missile attack on the location of coalition forces in Saudi Arabia.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

In early December 1990, before the invasion of coalition troops, a training launch of the missile was carried out.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

During the Gulf War in 1991, Iraqis fired at Israel (43 launches, 40 successful), Saudi Arabia (48 launches, 44 successful), Qatar (1 launch) and Bahrain with modified R-17 (1 start).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

[9] A total of 93 missiles were launched, 5 went off the trajectory at the start of the launch and 2 during the flight.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The firing of Scud rockets led to extensive destruction in Israel and Saudi Arabia (amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars in damage).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Due to the timely warning of rocket attacks, significant casualties were avoided.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

But in turn, during the shelling, it was stated that the rockets were equipped with chemical weapons, which sowed panic in the cities, many people suffocated in gas masks because they did not know how to use them.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

At the same time, not a single missile fired was equipped with chemical weapons.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

According to the Israeli side, two-thirds of the rockets launched fell in uninhabited territory, and the economic damage from the destruction amounted to 250 million dollars [10] [11].


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

1,525 buildings were completely destroyed or seriously damaged and 50 vehicles were destroyed.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

As a result of rocket attacks on Israeli territory, 4 people were killed and 273 were injured [10] [12] [13].


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

As a result of the shelling of the territory of Saudi Arabia, several dozen buildings were destroyed, several dozen cars were destroyed, 1 person was killed and 65 were injured.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Two airfields were also affected (F-15C fighter and RC-135V reconnaissance aircraft received shrapnel damage [14]).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Only one attack had a significant result in terms of the number of victims — a missile hit an American barracks in the city of Dharam, killing 28 American soldiers and injuring 110 others [10].


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

There were a large number of victims from the psychological effect of ballistic missile fire, in Israel alone about 70 people were killed and committed suicide, and another 818 required psychological assistance.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

To repel the attacks, American Patriot anti-aircraft missile systems were used, about the effectiveness of which there are contradictory statements.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

According to Israeli data, no more than 47 R-17s fell into the zone of coverage of the Patriots, at which a total of 158 anti-missiles were fired [10].


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

According to the Israeli Ministry of Defense, the Patriots, despite the overexpenditure of anti-missiles (including the case of spending 28 units per target [10]), managed to intercept no more than 20% of those launched by the Iraqis missiles [10].


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

In other sources, data vary greatly (from 9% according to estimates by the Control Chamber of the US Administration [10] to 36% in Russian sources [9], American sources now indicate figures of up to 52-80% [ 15], during the war, figures up to 100% were also mentioned [15]).


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Modern Israeli studies suggest that not a single missile was shot down over Israel, and radio reports about one downed R-17 have not been confirmed [16].


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Such different data are related to the objective complexity of assessing the results of the firing — even close explosions of the Patriot SAM did not destroy the R-17 warheads, but only diverted them from the course [9].


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Under these conditions, given the low own accuracy after the Iraqi “modification” of the R-17 missiles, the criterion for classifying hit missiles as “shot down” is subjective.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

At the same time, part of the Patriot anti-missiles fell on residential areas in Israeli cities, causing significant destruction.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The number of Scud mobile rocket launchers involved was only 14, and another 78 were dummies or decommissioned Luna missiles.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Coalition pilots claimed that about 100 Scuds were destroyed during the war, but in reality, not a single installation was hit, not even a single dummy was damaged.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Coalition aircraft only managed to bomb a few empty missile silos.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Therefore, the use of R-17 missiles is considered one of the main successes of the Iraqi army in the war in the Persian Gulf.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Yemen Civil War of 1994


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

During the civil war in Yemen in 1994, both forces of the Democratic Republic of Yemen and government armed forces used R-17 missiles [18].


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The Second Chechen War


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

In September 1999, on the basis of the 60th training center for the combat use of missile forces of the ground forces (military unit 42202, Kapustin Yar, site 71), a military unit was formed to participate in hostilities in the Caucasus 97211 (630th separate missile division), which was armed with the 9K72 missile system [19].


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The commander of the division, Lieutenant Colonel Zakharchenko I. AND. [19]


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

The 630th ORDN was stationed in the area of the former village of Russkaya on the border with Chechnya, and during the conduct of hostilities in the period from October 1, 1999 to April 15, 2001, made 250 launches of 8K14-1 missiles [20].


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Missiles were fired, including expired ones, while not a single failure was recorded.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

After exhausting the missile stock, the division handed over the equipment to the storage base and in April 2001 was redeployed to the 71st site of the Kapustin Yar test site [20].


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

In 2005, the 630th ORDN was the first in the Russian Federation to receive the 9K720 Iskander complex.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

2015 Saudi Arabia-Houthi War in Yemen


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

On June 6, 2015, Reuters, citing sources in Saudi Arabia, reported on the launch by Yemeni rebels of a Scud missile at a target in the territory of the KSA.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Official Riyadh reported that the missile was intercepted by the Patriot air defense system.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

However, according to French and Iranian sources, in fact, on June 6, 2015, the Houthi rebels managed to launch 12 Scud missiles into Saudi Arabia, only three of which were shot down by air defense, and the rest either hit their intended targets or fell in deserted areas, and Mohammed al-Shaalan, Chief of Staff of the Saudi Air Force, was killed during this operation. [


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

On June 30, 2015, the Yemeni SABA Agency informed about the launch of OTRK 9K72E Elbrus on a target in the territory of the KSA.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

It was reported that the target was successfully hit.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

On August 26, 2015, a number of sources reported that the Houthis launched “up to three” Scud missiles at targets in Saudi Arabia.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Some of the missiles may have been intercepted by the Patriot air defense system.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

In service


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

(Armed Forces of Armenia) [25] — 8 SS-1C Scud B, as of 2016 [26] [27]


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

— 60 PUs for 2016 [28]


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

— some Scud-B/C for 2016 [29] [30]


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

— 9 Scud-B for 2016 [31]


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

— 6 Scud-B launchers and 33 rockets


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

— more than 30 Scud-B/C launchers and at least 200 missiles for 2016 [32]


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Libya — 400 missiles [33], as of 1997 there were 80 launchers [34]


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

— 6 Scud-B launchers and up to 20 missiles for 2016 [35]


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

(Armed Forces of Russia) a certain amount is in storage, as of 2016 [36] the number of launchers, as of 1991-1992 was estimated at 550 Scud-B/C.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

(Syrian Armed Forces) — a certain number of Scud-B/C/D for 2016 [37] (28 R-17E PU for 1997 [38])


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

— 16 Scud SS-1 PU for 2016 [39]


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Other operators


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

— SS-1D Scud C and SS-1E Scud D are used in Libya as of 2016 [40]


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Withdrawn from service


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Since 1988, the production of 8K14 (8K14-1) missiles at the Votkinsk plant has been discontinued [41].


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Taking into account the fact that the technical suitability period of the missile is 22 years (gyro devices must be replaced after 20 years of operation) [42], currently the technical suitability period of all those fired at Votkinsk Missile Plant has expired.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

This is the main reason for the withdrawal of R-17 missiles from service.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

In addition, the United States considers R-17 missiles as “weapons of mass destruction” [43] (one of the components of nuclear weapons is a carrier, since the R-17 missile is capable of carrying a warhead weighing up to a ton, which gives the ability to use it to deliver even obsolete second-generation nuclear weapons), and therefore active efforts are being made (by political pressure and financial interest) to destruction of the Elbrus OTRK existing in the world.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

Thus, the United States financed the destruction of the 9K72 complex in Ukraine [44], assisted in the destruction of machinery and equipment of the 9K72 complex in Hungary [45], Bulgaria [46] [note 1], and also plans finance the destruction of 8K14 in Libya [33].


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

— since 1989 RK 9K72 was in service with the missile battalion of the Special Guard of the Ministry of State Security of the Republic of Afghanistan [47].


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

, was in service, according to data for 1995, three missile brigades had 35 launchers [48]:


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

46th Missile (Artillery Technical) Brigade (St. Samokov) — the complex was withdrawn from service and liquidated in 2002.


Question: How long is the R-17 missile?

P-17

According to some reports, 64 missiles were destroyed [46].