Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

This time she's crying softly behind the booth when Nathan shoots Chloe.


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Spanish Sahara is followed by a video sequence of changing photos of all the events in all five episodes, showing the following: immediately after the shot, David runs into the toilet and arrests Nathan, he surrenders Jefferson during police interrogation and he is also arrested, Kate Marsh does not try to commit suicide, Max comes to the Price house to support the heartbroken Joyce and David and they then give her things Chloe with William's camera, Max walking alone to the top of the lighthouse.


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Then Max, dressed in mourning, wakes up in the same place near the lighthouse, where he sees a beautiful sunset instead of a tornado.


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

After that, she goes to Chloe's funeral, where she sees a blue butterfly sit on her coffin.


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

When Max sees her, she smiles barely noticeably.


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

If the player decides to sacrifice the city and save Chloe, Max tears the photo with tears in his eyes, thereby losing the opportunity to go back in time and stop the hurricane.


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Depressed Chloe, realizing that Max literally sacrificed everything for her, approaches Max and promises to be with her forever.


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

The girls join hands, sadly watching the giant funnel that approached the coast of Arcadia Bay.


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Then Max turns away and gives Khloe a tight hug, not wanting to watch the tornado destroy their hometown.


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

At dawn, the ruins of dilapidated Arcadia Bay are shown, along which fallow deer run (previously in the game, Max sees a transparent doe where Rachel's remains will be found), and driving among the wreckage and remnants buildings Chloe's beige pickup truck, in which she and Max leave town to meet their fate.


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Voice actors


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

The main composition [43]:


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Hannah Tel — Max Caulfield, Courtney Wagner


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Ashley Birch — Chloe Price, Stella Hill, Taylor Christensen, Sarah, Weird Woman


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Nick Schriner — Nathan Prescott, Trevor, Daniel DaCosta, Luke Parker


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Dani Knights — Victoria Chase, Dana Ward, Brooke Scott, Answering Machine


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Carlos Luna — Warren Graham, Justin Williams, Evan Harris


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Daanne Hutton — Kate Marsh, Alyssa Anderson, Juliet Watson


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Don McManus — David Madsen, Hayden Jones, Logan Robertson, trucker, man at the cafe, Anderson Berry, news anchor


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Derek Phillips — Mark Jefferson, Samuel Taylor, Zachary Riggins, Fisherman, Daniel Lee


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Eric Morgan Stewart — Rector Ray Wells, police officer, trucker, old man


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Pashon Wilson — Professor Michelle Grant


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Sissy Jones — Joyce Price, a homeless woman, a woman at a cafe


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Daniel Bonjour vs. Frank Bowers, R. J.


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Macready, the man in the café, Officer Korn, DJ Doom


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Joe Ochman vs. William Price


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Other characters:


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Christian Devine


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Kevin Pupard


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Sales


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

The first episode of Life Is Strange ranked fifth among the best-selling games for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 in February 2015 [44].


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

By July 2015, Life is Strange had sold more than 1.2 million copies, making it one of the best-selling games of 2015 [45] [46].


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

On July 21, 2016, the first episode of Life Is Strange became available for free on Steam, PlayStation, and Xbox libraries [47].


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Honors


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Notes


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

References


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Category:2015 video games


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Category:Windows games


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Category:PlayStation 4 Games


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Category:PlayStation 3 Games


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Category:Xbox One Games


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Category:Xbox 360 games


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Category:iOS games


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Category:Unreal Engine games


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Category:Video games developed in France


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Category:Time travel video games


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Category:Computer games developed by Dontnod Entertainment


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Category:Video games only with single-player mode


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Category:FMV games


Question: In what year was Life is Strange: Before the Storm released?

Life Is Strange

Category:Video games with alternate endings


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

WikiHow is a wiki project and online community consisting of an extensive database of how-to guides and how-to instructions (Russian: how to do it).


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

It was founded in January 2005 by an Internet entrepreneur.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

The goal of the site is to create the most useful practical instructions that allow everyone in the world to learn how to do something [1].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

WikiHow is, i.e.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

a non-profit company working for a social mission [2] [3].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

WikiHow is an open source project with open content [4].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Uses modified MediaWiki software, which is freely distributed [5], and the content is released under a Creative Commons license (BY-NC-SA) [6] [7].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

In January 2005, WikiHow had more than 35.5 million unique visitors [8].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

WikiHow now has more than 190,000 free help articles and more than 1,600,000 registered users [9].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

On April 11, 2010, a WikiHow article titled “How to Lose Weight Fast” reached 5 million page views in its first time.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

“How to take a screenshot in Microsoft Windows” is the most popular article on this site [9] [10].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

According to WikiHow, four children were born in emergency circumstances and used a WikiHow article [11].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

The current WikiHow community liaison employee is Anna [11].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

History


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

The site was founded on January 15, 2005 with the aim of creating extensive practical guides with accurate and up-to-date instructions in several languages [8].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

January 15 was deliberately chosen as the launch date in honor of Wikipedia, which was launched four years ago on January 15, 2001 [12].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Herrick was inspired to create WikiHow by another guide site, which he bought in 2004.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

After launching eHow, Herrick completed the business model of this site, which did not allow him to create extensive, high-quality practical guides [13].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Herrick and Hannah sold eHow in 2006, allowing Herrick to focus on WikiHow.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

In 2006, the non-profit organization One Laptop per Child chose WikiHow as one of the sources of content for educational laptops that it distributes around the world [14].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

On September 21, 2007, the 25,000th article was published on the site [6].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

In 2009, the site surpassed 20 million visitors per month and also completed a redesign [15].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

In 2014, Google chose WikiHow as one of the launch partners, an online product that allows you to hide ads on your favorite sites through monthly donations [16].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Acquisition of Guidecentral


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

On March 24, 2016, it was announced that WikiHow had acquired Guidecentral [17] [18], a website dedicated to providing information on practical and practical use projects (English: “hands on” projects) [18].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

The terms of the acquisition were not announced, although Guidecentral raised more than $1 million from investors, including NXTP Labs, and South Ventures before the acquisition [19].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

The principle of operation


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

WikiHow provides content with guides online, allowing anyone to edit pages [20].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

As of February 2015, WikiHow has more than 180,000 practice articles.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Most how-to articles follow a similar format with steps, tips, warnings, a list of things you might need, and are complemented by images to help the reader learn how complete the task [21].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

WikiHow uses a wiki method of continuous improvement, allowing editors to add, remove, or otherwise modify content.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

When an article is created, community members monitor it to improve its quality.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Each edit is reviewed during a process called “Patrolling the Latest Changes”, where volunteers view content according to WikiHow standards, excluding low-quality edits, such as vandalism and test edits, and keeping improvements [22] [23].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

The central hub for using contribution tools is the Community Dashboard [24], which displays several dynamic applets that link users with various editing tools, such as Spell Checker, a categorizer that categorizes articles according to their topic, and Cleanhouse Greenhouse, where low-quality articles are copied, edited and rewritten according to style and format.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Quality check


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

By default, newly created articles are de-indexed from search engines; the article text is blurred and a notification is displayed that the page is invisible to readers, but registered users can Dismiss the warning to view the content of the article.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

A system called “New Article Boost” (English: New Article Boost) allows some users with the “English: New Article Booster” privilege to view these articles and, if necessary, bring them up to standards [25].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Articles that meet these standards are “promoted”, which eliminates the blur effect, as well as removes the notification, and makes the article public and indexed for search.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

If the New Article Assistant finds a recently written high-quality article, it can mark it as a “Rising Star” (English: Rising Star, RS) [26].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

By default, posts tagged with RS are promoted and placed on the home page for an indefinite period of time [27].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

On the contrary, articles are below standards and that require too much work to “be reader-ready” are “downgraded in status”, which removes them from the list of promoting new articles and keeps blurring and notification and moves the page to the Quality Review Articles category [28].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Articles with content that contravene the site's deletion policy are also downgraded (for example, articles based on jokes, sexually explicit or hateful topics, or are strictly inaccurate or incomplete instructions) [29].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Headers that are identified as duplicates in the WikiHow merge policy are combined [30].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

mini| Women on WikiHow seminar at Wikimania 2012


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

As with many wikis, registration is optional, and privileges, such as creating and editing articles, are still available to those who do not have an account.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

WikiHow complies with the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) and users must be at least 13 years of age to register for an account.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

COPPA is being implemented regularly and site administrators must block anyone who is logged in as a minor, although editing rights can be restored if the company obtains a consent form signed by a parent or legal guardian [31].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

More than 1.5 million people have created accounts and more than 4,000 people edit WikiHow per month [9].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

This community of volunteer editors call themselves WikiHowians.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

The most active, experienced, and trusted WikiHowians can get additional editing rights to help them administer and secure the website.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Promotion rights for new articles are granted to users who have made at least 300 changes and passed the test (which contains three different parts), demonstrating that they understand the WikiHow policy [32].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

People with these rights have access to a special tool that allows them to edit recently written articles and make sure that their quality meets WikiHow standards before how articles will be publicly available to all readers.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

The most experienced users with tirelessness and common sense can be considered for the position of administrator, which gives them additional powers to protect and improve WikiHow through various maintenance tools [33].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

At least once a year, WikiHow hosts conferences where a small group of community members are invited to go offline over the weekend to get to know each other.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

These conferences are known as “meetings” [34].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

WikiHow is headquartered in a home in Palo Alto, California, and has been named “WikiHaus”.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

The staff consists of a small group of employees, ranging from engineering to marketing to community management [3].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Business model


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

The initial cost of launching the site was to some extent financed by Herrick's sale of eHow.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

It is currently funded by advertising on its pages [2].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

The site does not ask for donations and operates as a “hybrid organization” — “a non-profit company focused on creating a global public good in accordance with our mission” [2].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Licensing


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

WikiHow content is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 (BY-NC-SA 3.0) license, which means that content can be modified and reused for for non-commercial purposes, provided that the original authors are listed and the license has not been significantly changed.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Authors retain full copyright on their content and may publish it elsewhere under different licenses.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

They grant WikiHow an irrevocable license to use the material for any purpose [35].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

advertisement


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

WikiHow allows readers to control whether ads appear next to content.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Those who are registered and logged in do not see ads [36] unless it is an external video provider [37].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

In November 2014, WikiHow was announced as a member, a program that allows website users to donate monthly to support their favorite websites in order not to show ads [ 38].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

The perception


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

WikiHow won several awards, including the Webby Award for the Internet Community in 2009 [39] and the Co-Creation Award in the Open Innovation competition organized by The Guardian in 2010 [40].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

In addition, the site chose WikiHow to be the second best wiki site at the Open Web Awards in 2008 [41].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

A PBS journalist reported that “the WikiHow app has a great set of articles that will help you in almost any situation, helping those who are suffocating; respond to emergencies with vehicles, natural disasters” [42] and The New York Times reports: “Enter a few keywords about the issue on the app's search page and the guide will give some advice. Its information pages are clear and well-planned. They start with an introductory description and then offer a list of steps to follow. The app displays the necessary tools and elements, and includes tips and warnings” [21].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Lifehacker described WikiHow as a “user-friendly guide site” [43].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

WikiHow has been favourably described in many other media sources, including media sources as diverse as Inc.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

[3], Cosmopolitan [44], TechRepublic [45], Condé Nast Traveler [46] and PC Magazine [47].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

WikiHow has also been the object of ridicule and criticism.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

For example, the Wits show has a segment called “WikiHow Theater”, where actors read obvious or ridiculous topics, such as “How to Make People Respect Your Pet”, for a comic effect [48].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Two poets published a book called How To Feel Confident with Your Special Talents (Russian: How to Feel Confident with Your Special Talents), in which each poem title is taken from directly from a WikiHow article [49].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Vice magazine parodied a WikiHow article “How to Break Up with Your Boyfriend” [50].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

The Huffington Post created a list of strange life skills, such as “How to respond to a child's unattractive appearance”, which “you could only learn on WikiHow” [51].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Other publishers criticized WikiHow for providing instructions on controversial topics of dubious social value, such as “How to get a thigh gap” [52] or “How to stop a wedding” [53].


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Other websites have created “worst of WikiHow” lists to highlight topics that are “crazy” [54], “brilliantly bizarre” [55], or otherwise problematic.


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Notes


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

References


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

(in English)


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Category:Wiki


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Category:MediaWiki projects


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Category:US Sites


Question: How many steps a day do you need to take to lose weight?

WikiHow

Category:Companies from Palo Alto


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Erebuni (Irpuni, Irepuni, Erevuni, Erevani [1], Armenian: Armenia) is an ancient city in the state of Urartu, the ruins of which are located on Arin-Berd Hill in Yerevan, Armenia.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Erebuni was founded by Urartu king Argishti I in 782 BC.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

as a stronghold for the consolidation of the Urartians in the Ararat Valley.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Due to the fact that Erebuni was located inside Yerevan, as well as linguistic evidence that when translating from Armenian, Erebuni and Yerevan have a very close semantic meaning, namely” father's place of residence”, Erebuni is identified with Yerevan, counting 782 BC.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

the year of foundation of Yerevan.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

After the decline of the city in the 4th century BC


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

, up to the 3rd century AD


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

there are no data indicating the existence of a significant settlement on the site of Yerevan.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The city began to be built up again only from the 3rd century AD.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

2 kilometers north of Erebuni, but with “Erevan” uniform.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Forbes magazine included the settlement in the list of “9 oldest fortresses in the world” [2]


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Study history


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

For the first time, Arin-Berd Hill attracted the attention of scientists in 1894, when the Russian scientist A. A. Ivanovsky bought a stone with Urartian cuneiform writing from a resident of the surrounding village of Cholmakchi (now the Old Nork district of Yerevan).


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

A local resident, Papak Ter-Avetisov, claimed to have found it in 1879 on Arin-Berd Hill.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

A drawing and a rough translation of the inscription was soon published by M. IN. Nikolsky [3].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The inscription on the stone reported that Urartian king Argishti I built a granary with a “capacity of 10,100 kapi” on this place.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

However, for a long period of time, the hill remained without the attention of archaeologists, and only in 1947 an archaeological expedition led by B.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

B.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Piotrovsky, who was engaged in excavations of Karmir-Blur in Yerevan, carried out reconnaissance work on the hill.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

In 1950, the same archaeological expedition began systematic archaeological excavations on the hill [4].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Identification of Urartian Erebuni with the ruins on Arin-Berd


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

On October 25, 1950, during reconnaissance work, Armenian scientist K. L. Hovhannisyan discovered two basalt stones covered with cuneiform writing.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

One of these stones reported on the construction of the granary by Urartian king Sarduri II, and the second attributed the construction of the Erebuni fortress to King Argishti I.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

After this discovery, a hypothesis appeared that Arin-Berd Hill hides the ruins of ancient Erebuni, and since 1952, archaeological excavations continued on the hill, carried out jointly by two archaeological expeditions: the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR and the State Museum of Fine Arts named after A.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Pushkin under the general scientific supervision of B.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

B.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Piotrovsky.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Due to the fact that many objects with the inscription “Erebuni” were discovered during the excavations of neighboring Teishebaini, for some time there were doubts whether Erebuni was really on the Arin-Berd hill: there was a possibility that the sign discovered by Hovhannisyan in 1950 fell on the hill by accident.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Eight years later, in 1958, the doubts were finally resolved, and the hypothesis was finally confirmed: during archaeological excavations, another inscription by Argishti I about the foundation of Erebuni was was found intact, on a stone embedded in an ancient wall.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Thus, since 1958, Erebuni has been finally localized on Arin-Berd Hill [4] [5].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Discovered inscriptions about the construction of Erebuni by Urartian Tsar Margishti I 1950 Nakhodka 1958 (stored in the “Erebuni Museum”, in Yerevan) Translation of inscriptions: By the greatness of the god Khaldi Argishti, son of Menua, this he built a powerful fortress; established its name Erebuni for the power of the country of Biaini and to intimidate the enemy country.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The land was deserted, and I did mighty things here.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

By the greatness of the god Khaldi Argishti, son of Menua, the powerful king, the king of the country of Biaini, the ruler of the city of Tushpa [6].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The issue of Erebuni and Yerevan relationship


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The reading of the title also caused doubts of researchers for a long time.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Initially, the name of the Urartian city was read by Irpuni, Irepuni, Irbuni and even Sabuni.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Only after it was finally established that a number of Erebuni items were transported to Teishebaini, as well as after the discovery in Teishebaini of the shield of King Argishti I with the spelling of the word “Erebuni”, which evokes there are significantly fewer doubts about the correctness of the reading, the reading of “Erebuni” has finally been established, and also the assumption about the etymological connection between the words “Erebuni” and “Yerevan” has received a scientific basis first expressed by G. R. Kapantsyan in popular press [7].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

In his 1959 work, Academician Piotrovsky cautiously stated: “It is possible that even in the name of the capital of the Armenian SSR, Yerevan, the Urartian name of the city of Erebuni continues to live... It should be noted that comparisons of ancient Urartian names with medieval and modern names, carried out without sufficient justification, can mislead researchers.” [8]


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Modern historians take a more definite position, believing that the etymological connection between Erebuni and Yerevan is generally accepted today [9] [10] [11]


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Other results of archaeological excavations


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The archaeological excavations in the fortress, which have been going on since 1950, have brought many valuable finds and made a great contribution to the study of the state of Urartu.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

A total of 23 cuneiform tablets of kings Argishti I, Sarduri II and Rusa III were found on the hill.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Few objects of material culture were found on Erebuni Hill, which is mainly due to the fact that in the middle of the 6th century BC.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The Urartians left Erebuni without a fight and took everything valuable to neighboring Teishebaini [15].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

In addition, Erebuni city buildings were located mainly east of the hill, and most of these buildings were destroyed during the intensive construction of the settlements of Nor-Aresh and Vardashen on outskirts of Yerevan [16].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

This area was declared a nature reserve only in 1952.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Excavations of the fortress continued until 1958, excavations of urban areas began in 1968.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Currently, both settlements and Arin-Berd Hill have already become part of the sprawling Yerevan.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

On the Arin-Berd hill itself, the Erebuni Museum is set up, which in turn is filled mainly with objects of material culture brought “back” from the excavations of neighboring Teishebaini.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Excavations of city blocks lying near the hill are gradually continuing to this day with the participation of Armenian and Western archaeologists [17].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

History of Erebuni


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The founding of the city (782 BC)


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

As is known from the cuneiform tablets of Argishti I and its chronicle, preserved in the capital of Urartu, Tushpa, Erebuni was founded in 782 BC.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

During this period, Urartu experienced its heyday and was the most powerful state in Western Asia.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Argishti I was concerned about expanding the borders of his state and strengthening economic well-being.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Ararat Valley, under artificial irrigation, which was perfectly owned by the Urartians, had extremely favorable conditions for agriculture, and therefore was an attractive territory for Urartian expansion.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The local population (according to the chronicles - the country of Aza) resisted the Urartians, and as a stronghold for further expansion, Argishti I founded a new fortress city of Erebuni.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

An excerpt from “Khorkhor Chronicle” by Argishti I, which tells about the foundation of Erebuni


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The chronicle was discovered at the end of the 19th century on Van Rock, in Tushpa.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The inscription was damaged by cannon shells from the First World War.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Translation of the passage: By the greatness of the god Khaldi, I went on a campaign against the country of Hati [18]... At the behest of the god Khaldi, Argishti, son of Menua, says: I built the city of Irpuni for the power of the country of Biainili and for pacification enemy country.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The land was deserted; nothing was built there.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

I did some mighty things there.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

I settled 6,600 warriors of the Hate and Tsupani countries there [19].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Ethnic composition and religion of Erebuni


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The chronicle of Argishti I tells about the settlement of Erebuni by prisoners from the country of Khati [18], namely 6,600 soldiers captured in Melitene and on the upper Euphrates, in all likelihood by proto-Armenians by ethnic affiliation, as well as by other tribes [20].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

In addition, one of the temples located in the fortress (the so-called Susi temple [21]) was equipped with an unusual inscription Argishti I, which mentioned the deity “Ivarsha”, never again in Urartian texts encountered.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Cuneiform inscription at the entrance to Sushi Temple


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

It was discovered in 1956.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Translation of the inscription: To God Ivarsha this house was built by Susi Argishti, the son of Menua, Argishti says: the land in this place was deserted, nothing was built there.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Argishti, a powerful king, a great king, king of the country of Biainili, the ruler of Tushpa City [22].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Based on these data, scientists suggested that the god “Ivarsha” is the Hittite-Luvian deity Immarshia, mentioned in the Hittite cuneiform inscriptions of the Bogazkoy Archive, and the temple “Susi” was built for settler soldiers from the countries of Hachi [18] and Tsupani [23].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The lack of data for this argument gave rise to an alternative theory that the Susi temple was built for the deity of the local population of the Ararat Valley, the so-called in the Urartian texts residents of the country Aza [24].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Although the question of the deity of Ivarsha remains open, scientists agree that the composition of the population of Erebuni since its inception has been multinational [4] [24] [25] [26].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Probably from the very foundation of Erebuni, the fortress also had a temple of the god Khaldi, the main god of Urartu.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

This temple occupied a much larger area than the Susi temple and was the main temple of Erebuni.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

During the final Achaemenid period of Erebuni's life, both temples were expanded and rebuilt into Persian sanctuaries.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The temple “Susi” was converted into the “Temple of Fire”, and the temple of the god Khaldi into Persian apadan [4] [27].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Erebouni Sanctuaries The foundation of the Urartian temple “Susi” and (in the foreground) the fragments of the later Persian “temple of fire”.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Urartian cuneiform writings of King Argishti I have been preserved on both sides of the entrance to the Susi temple.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The restored wall of the temple of the god Khaldi with wall paintings and peristyle elements.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The bases of the columns in the foreground are the remains of Persian apadana.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The heyday of Erebuni (782—735 BC)


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The foundation of the city of Erebuni achieved its goal: the Urartians successfully settled in the Ararat Valley.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

For the first six years, Erebuni remained the only Urartian city in the Ararat Valley, but in 776 BC.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Argishti I founded Argishtikhinili, another large city near modern Armavir.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The device of Argishtikhinili demonstrates that this city solved mainly economic, and not military tasks.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Thus, six years after the founding of Erebuni, the Urartians were firmly entrenched in the Ararat Valley and reaped the fruits of their economic activities.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The canals laid by Argishti I provided the lands with the necessary irrigation, and the fertile lands of the valley began to bring rich harvests.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

In the period from 782 to 735 BC


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

During the reign of Argishti I and his son Sarduri II, several large granaries were built in Erebuni.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Such construction in neighboring Argishtikhinili was even larger, and Erebuni retained military power and strength in the region [28].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Examples of cuneiform inscriptions about the construction of granaries in Erebuni


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The inscriptions were discovered during archaeological excavations in 1967-1968 on the stones laid in the foundation of the premises.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

They are kept in the Erebuni Museum in Yerevan.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Translation of the inscription: Argishti, son of Menua, filled this granary; there are 10 thousand 100 kapis [29].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Translation of the inscription: With the greatness of the god Khaldi Sarduri, son of Argishti, poured this granary; 10 thousand 100 kapi here [29].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The Decline of Erebuni (735-600 BC)


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The cloudless period of Erebuni's existence ended with the beginning of the sunset of Urartu.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

In 735 BC


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Sarduri II on the opposite western end of the country from Erebuni was defeated by the Assyrian king Tiglatpalasar III.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

This defeat was a turning point in the history of Urartu.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

From about 735 BC


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Urartu gradually lost its power and its possessions.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Although the armies of Assyria, Urartu's eternal rival, never penetrated into the Urartian possessions in Transcaucasia, the subsequent years of confrontation with Assyria greatly weakened the Urartian army.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

On the other hand, since the reign of Sarduri II's son, Rusa I, attacks by Cimmerians from the north-east of the Urartian possessions on the Ararat Valley have become more frequent.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

As a result, economic activity in Ararat Valley ceased its calm and peaceful development, and administrative reforms were carried out that slowed down development and changed the status of Erebuni and neighboring Argishtikhinili [25].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Nevertheless, both cities continued to exist at least until the fall of Assyria (609 BC) and the reign of Rusa III, son of Erimena (reign ca. 605—595 BC).


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The positions of Urartu in the former center of the country, near Lake Van, under Ruse III were greatly shaken, and the Urartian administrative center was forced to shift to Transcaucasia.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

These events briefly breathed new life in Erebuni, and the inscriptions of Rusa III about the construction of new granaries in Argishtikhinili and Erebuni have been preserved.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

An inscription from the times of Rusa III about the construction of a granary in Erebuni


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

It was discovered in 1968 on Arin-Berd Hill.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

It is kept in the Erebuni Museum in Yerevan, Armenia.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Translation of the inscription:... Rusa, Hermine's son, filled this granary.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

There are 6848 grain drops here [29].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

However, soon, after a short period of revival, the Urartian army leaves Erebuni without a fight and another Urartian city of Transcaucasia, Teishebaini, becomes the capital of the ever-weakening Urartu [25].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The archaeologists who carried out the excavations found neither the Urartian cultural layer in the Erebuni fortress, nor traces of fire or other military destruction [4].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

On the other hand, during the excavations of Teishebaini, many items that were previously stored in Erebuni were discovered.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The Urartian history of Erebuni ends there, and after a short time, having lost military support to Erebuni, Argishtikhinili dies [28], then Teishebaini and the Urartian state are stormed and burned ceases to exist.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The Achaemenid Period in the History of the Fortress (5th—6th Centuries BC)


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

It is likely that the fact that the Urartians left Erebuni without a fight made it possible to preserve the fortress for its subsequent inhabitants [4].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

According to archaeological findings in the 5th—6th centuries BC


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

some of the buildings of the fortress were rebuilt, and a Persian-style temple appeared on the territory of the fortress [30].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

In addition, archaeologists discovered silver items of the post-Urartian period on the territory of the fortress, and in 1956, two Miletus coinage coins of the 4th century BC were discovered.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

In addition, iron horse bits, probably of Iranian origin, were found in the upper cultural layer of the fortress [31].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

These data and findings suggest that Erebuni was still alive during the times of the Achaemenids.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

During this period, the territory where Erebuni was located was sometimes called “Armenia” in both Greek and Persian sources, but was divided between 13 and 18 satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Scientists suggest that Erebuni was used as a stronghold of the Achaemenid Empire for at least a century after the fall of Urartu.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

After 4th century BC


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

life in the Erebuni fortress is finally frozen [4] [25].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Items from the treasure of silver items from the Achaemenid era


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The treasure was discovered in 1968 on Arin-Berd Hill.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

It is kept in the Erebuni Museum in Yerevan, Armenia.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Silver rhytons of the Achaemenid era combine elements of Eastern, Ancient Greek and Urartian art [32].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

City structure


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The city of Erebuni consisted of a citadel located on the top of Arin-Berd Hill, as well as city blocks located at the foot of the hill.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The total area of the city was 200 hectares [33].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

In addition, archaeologists have discovered the remains of Urartian ceramics on the tops of two neighboring small hills, so it is possible that their peaks were also part of the ancient city [26].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Unfortunately, by the middle of the 20th century, the possible territory of the city blocks was included in the suburbs of Yerevan and was intensively built up, and therefore poorly preserved for archaeologists [16].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

At the same time, researchers note that unlike other Urartian cities of Transcaucasia (Teishebaini, Argishtikhinili), the Erebuni fortress was not intended for close integration with urban buildings, which is probably due to its original military purpose [4].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Scientists believe that the location of Erebuni was due exclusively to military-strategic considerations: both the Ararat Valley and most roads are clearly visible from the Arin-Berd hill, taking place in the region [34].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Fortress arrangement


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The fortress (citadel) of Erebuni had a triangular shape and occupied the top of Arin-Berd Hill about 65 meters high.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

During the construction of the fortress, the hilltop was artificially leveled.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The total area of the citadel was about 8 hectares.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The foundation of the fortress was built of basalt blocks stacked on a leveled rock that forms the basis of the hill.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The only access to the fortress was located at its southeastern part, the rest of the slopes of Arin-Berd are too steep.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Here was the main gate of the fortress, in the foundation of which in 1958 an inscription by Argishti I about the foundation of Erebuni was discovered [4].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The interior of the fortress


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

In the fortress, the palace part stands out, located to the left of the main gate.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Erebuni Palace was located on the south-western side of the fortress (overlooking Mount Ararat) and was probably regularly used by the kings of Urartu.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

On the territory of the palace part there was the Susi temple, a peristyle courtyard, utility rooms, which included two wine storerooms filled with karas [4].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

To the right of the main gate was the inner courtyard of the fortress measuring 14×17 meters and the adjacent temple of the god Khaldi.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The temple included a colonnade and a multi-level tower-type room resembling a small ziggurat.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Other sections of the fortress housed granaries, other utility rooms, as well as dwellings of the military garrison guarding the fortress.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

As in other Urartian cities, there were several wine storerooms in Erebuni, the largest of which, measuring 13×38 meters, contained 100 wine caras.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

According to various estimates, the total capacity of Erebuni wine storerooms ranged from 750 to 1750 liters [35].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

During the Achaemenid period, the temple “Susi” and the temple of the god Khaldi were rebuilt into Persian structures: the “Temple of Fire” and “Apadan”, respectively, called by archaeologists Erebuni for their similarity with the same name Persian buildings in Susa and Persepolis [36].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Fortress architecture


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The outer fortress wall consisted of a 2 meter high plinth made of basalt stones (sometimes tuff was also used as foundation stones) and a wall made of raw bricks, about Seven meters.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The fortress wall was reinforced every 8 meters with buttresses of five meters wide.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

In some places, the total height of the walls reached 12 meters.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Clay mortar was used to bond stones and mud bricks.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

A blind area was made around the fortress walls from the outside, further strengthening the foundation and allowing the guards to make rounds of the fortress [37].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The walls of the fortress of ErebuniThe foundation of the outer wall with protruding buttresses.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The preserved blind area on the south wall.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The structure of the wall: stone base, above the wall is made of raw brick.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

(Over the centuries, the brick wall has turned into a clay mass, where you can only see the outlines of ancient masonry.)


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The foundations of the walls at the base did not have an extension, as in later Urartian buildings, for example, in Teishebaini.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Bricks were made of clay with the addition (for strength) of finely chopped straw, similar to other Urartian and Mesopotamian structures.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The brickwork was carefully bandaged, for this purpose bricks of two sizes were used: rectangular 32.3 × 47.4 × 12.5 cm and square 47.4 × 47.4 × 12.5 cm. Clay mortar was used for masonry.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The walls were plastered with clay mixed with finely chopped straw [4].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The floor in most rooms is arranged on a rock base, leveled with a clay mass screed 8-9 cm thick. A layer of bricks was laid on top of the screed, on top of which a layer of wood was laid in many rooms, reminiscent of modern parquet.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The floors were mainly made of wood, only in some cases brick arches were used.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The lower part of the inner rooms of the fortress was also made of basalt and tuff stones, the upper part was made of raw bricks.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Archaeological excavations made it possible to establish that a thick wooden beam was used as door beams, the doors were wooden and massive 12 cm thick, the roof consisted of wooden beams intertwined with reeds [4].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Architectural elements of Erebuni fortress


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Based on materials from archaeological excavations.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The ceiling of the interior door, made of wooden beams.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Reconstruction based on archaeological excavations.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The roof of the interior: wooden beams covered with reeds.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Stone staircase to utility rooms.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Temple architecture


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The architecture of the temples of God Khaldi and the “Susi” temple in Erebuni differs from that of the citadel and is remarkable in its own way.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Temple of god Khaldi


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The temple of the god Khaldi in Erebuni is notable for the fact that it is the largest at least partially preserved Urartian temple building [38].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The temple of the god Khaldi was founded by Argishti I, as evidenced by a partially preserved cuneiform tablet discovered in 1968.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The temple consisted of four parts: a utility room 7.2 × 7.2 m, a large hall 7.2 × 37.0 m, a square tower with a staircase and a peristyle U-shaped courtyard.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The floor of the large hall, unlike other rooms, was made of wooden planks resembling parquet.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The peristyle courtyard of the temple is a unique structure for Urartian architecture, although it is typical for the architecture of other ancient Eastern cultures.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The roof of the yard was supported by 12 columns, and a wastewater drainage system was arranged under the floor paved with small cobblestones.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The tower with the staircase vaguely resembled a small Mesopotamian ziggurat [39], the entire temple was oriented diagonally to the cardinal points, which is also consistent with the Mesopotamian tradition.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The walls of the temple were painted with wall paintings, mostly against a blue background.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

During the Achaemenid period, half of the temple of the god Khaldi was used for household needs, and the other half became part of a large apadana.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The architecture of the Susi temple


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Susi Temple is a rectangular room with internal dimensions of 5.05 × 8.08 m, external 10.00 × 13.45 m, an area of 40 m², and was obviously intended for only a small number of visitors.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The temple was located strictly diagonally to the cardinal points, which is typical for the temples of Mesopotamia.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

There was an altar in the back of the room.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The temple was illuminated through the upper opening, which was also used to remove smoke from the sacrificial fire.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The inner walls of the temple were decorated with wall paintings.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

There was one doorway in the temple, on both sides of which there were cuneiform inscriptions of King Argishti I about the laying of the structure.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The foundation of the temple is made of larger and more carefully hewn blocks than other foundations of Erebuni, which architecturally brings it closer to the Urartian fortresses on the northern shore of Lake Van.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

In this regard, scientists suggest that the temple may have been built with the help of the Neurartic population of Erebuni (either, more likely, with the help of immigrants from the country of Khati, or with the participation of the local of the population of the country “Aza”).


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

During the Achaemenid period, the temple was also rebuilt into a Persian temple [4].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Architecture of Erebuni temples 218px218pxFragment of the peristyle courtyard of the temple of the god Khaldi, reconstruction.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The image of the god Khaldi, the wall painting of the temple, reconstruction.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Entrance to Susi Shrine


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Monumental murals


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Apparently, due to the fact that the Urartians left Erebuni without a fight, it is in this city that the monumental interior paintings of the walls are best preserved, traces of which were discovered by archaeologists almost in all Urartian cities [4].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The first murals were discovered in the first year of excavations, in 1950, in the temple of the god Khaldi.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

After that, archaeologists who studied Erebuni did a lot of work to preserve the fallen pieces of walls and plaster with fragments of paintings and to preserve them.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Urartian painting technology has preserved to this day the bright range of colors of wall paintings.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The surviving original fragments of the murals are kept in museums in Armenia, mainly in the Historical Museum of Armenia.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Numerous copies and reconstructions of these paintings are also exhibited in the Erebuni Museum, on the ruins of Erebuni itself and in other museums.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Monumental murals from Erebuni fortress


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

City water supply


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

As in other Urartian fortresses, water supply and drainage systems were carefully thought out and organized in the Erebuni fortress.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The water supply to the fortress was provided by an underground gravity water supply system made of round stone pipes docking each other.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The outer diameter of the pipes was 40 cm, the inner diameter was 10 cm, the joints between them were sealed with clay.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The source of water for the water pipeline was probably the springs of the Garni Mountains, located 7 km from Erebuni [40].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The remains of branches of the ancient Urartian water supply system were discovered during excavations on the Arin-Berd hill.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The water pipeline was carefully hidden and was also of strategic importance, especially in the event of a siege of the fortress [4].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The drainage of wastewater from the fortress was also carefully organized.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

For example, in the large courtyard of the fortress and in the peristyle courtyard, wells have been preserved for collecting rainwater with subsequent drainage.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Water from the fortress's water pipeline was probably not used in the city blocks, as it was not enough.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

A stone vat was found on the territory of the city, filtering water from more polluted sources [41].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Erebuni Heritage


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The Erebuni fortress on Arin-Berd hill is considered with some degree of convention (in the words of B. B. Piotrovsky) is the “ancient core” of modern Yerevan.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

On the one hand, the Erebuni fortress was abandoned by the Urartians in the 6th century BC.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

, and then occupied by the Persians in the 5th-4th centuries BC. e.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

and in the 4th century BC


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

finally abandoned [4] [25].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

It is also known that after the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great, the Greek center in Armenia was already located near modern Vagharshapat, 20 kilometers from Erebuni [16].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Thus, there is no direct connection between Erebuni, abandoned in the 4th century BC.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

, and Yerevan, first mentioned in 609 AD


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

(but perhaps existing since the 3rd century AD).


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

On the other hand, an etymological connection is possible between the words “Yerevan” (“Erivan”) and “Erebuni” (despite the initial reading of “Irpuni”), which allows for a certain connection between Erebuni and Yerevan [25].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

In addition, there is no doubt that Urartu has a cultural influence on Armenia in general and on Yerevan in particular.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Researchers also see traces of Urartu's cultural influence on the Achaemenid Empire in the reconstructions of Erebuni of the Achaemenid era and in the silverware of this time discovered in Erebuni [4] [32].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Erebuni is currently


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

All archaeological works in the Erebuni fortress, located on the top of the hill, are currently conserved.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Many objects of the fortress, including large areas of wall foundations and temple foundations, have been partially restored.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Some elements of the temple of the god Khaldi and the utility rooms of the fortress, where the brickwork areas have been best preserved, have been partially restored and partially reconstructed in order to demonstrate to visitors the principle of their structure in Urartian time [42].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

At the foot of the north-western part of the hill, the Erebuni Museum was opened in 1968, where finds from Erebuni itself and from neighboring Teishebaini are collected, while the originals of some of the most valuable items material culture from both cities has been replaced by copies, and the items themselves are in the Historical Museum of Armenia or in its vaults [17].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

At the opposite slope of the hill, where urban buildings were located in Urartian times, archaeological excavations resumed in 2002, financed by the Soros Foundation, in which Armenian and Western archaeologists [17].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The word “Erebuni” is popular in modern Armenia and is often used in the names of commercial structures and trademarks.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

The district of Yerevan, on the territory of which the Erebuni fortress is located, is called “Erebuni”, and one of the airports in Yerevan is also named.


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

In April 2012, Forbes magazine included the settlement of Erebuni in the list of “9 oldest fortresses in the world” [2].


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Notes


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Literature


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

References


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

on Armenica.org (in English)


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Panoramio images of the ruins of Erebuni:,,,,


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Category:Urartu cities


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Category:Archaeological sites in Armenia


Question: When was Erebuni founded?

Erebuni

Category:Fortresses in Armenia


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Salome Amvrosievna Krushelnitskaya (Ukrainian: Solomiya Amvrosiyivna Krushelnitska, September 23, 1872, Belyavintsy village, Galicia, Austria-Hungary, now Buchach district of Ternopil region - November 16, 1952, Lviv, Ukrainian SSR) is a Ukrainian opera singer, teacher.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Biography


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Childhood


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Salome Krushelnitskaya was born on September 23, 1872 in Galicia (Austria-Hungary), in the village of Belyavintsy (now Buchach district of Ternopil region of Ukraine), in the family of a Greek Catholic priest.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

It comes from a noble and ancient family.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Her grandfather Grigory Savchinsky (1804-1888), Ukrainian church and public figure, writer.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Her younger sister, Anna, also became an opera singer.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In 1873, the family moved several times: first to Osovtsy, then to Starye Petlikovtsy, for some time the Krushelnitsky family lived in the foothills of the Eastern Beskids - in the village of Tisovo in the Stanislav region.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In 1878, they moved to the village of Belaya near Ternopil, from where they did not move anywhere.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Salome began singing at a young age.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

She knew a lot of folk songs that she studied directly from the villagers.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Maria Mikhailovna Tsibulskaya, a friend of Krushelnitsky, recalls Salome Krushelnitskaya's childhood:


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

We remember young Salome singing in the evenings in the company of girls somewhere in the kindergarten or in the square.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Even then, her voice was strong, beautiful and very different from others.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Study at Ternopil Gymnasium


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Salome received the basics of musical training at the Ternopil Gymnasium, where she passed exams externally.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Here she became close to the music club of gymnasium students, of which Denis Sichinsky, later a famous composer, the first professional musician in Galicia, was also a member.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In 1883, at the Shevchenko Concert in Ternopil, Salome's first public performance took place, who sang in the choir of the Ruska Besida society.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

One of the concerts of this choir on August 2, 1885 was attended by Ivan Franko, who, together with Ukrainian, Russian and Bulgarian students, composer O. Nizhankovsky and artist and poet K. Ustiyanovich traveled around the country.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Studying at the Lviv Conservatory


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In 1891, Salome entered the Lviv Conservatory of the Galician Musical Society, where she studied piano and opera singing.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

During her studies, her first solo performance took place: on April 13, 1892, the singer performed the main role in G. F. Handel's “Messiah”.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In 1893, Salome Amvrosievna graduated from the Lviv Conservatory with a medal.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In his conservatory diploma, S. Krushelnitskaya wrote:


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

This diploma is received by panna Salome Krushelnitskaya as evidence of artistic education obtained by exemplary diligence and extraordinary success, especially at a public competition on June 24, 1893, for which she was awarded a silver medal...


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

On the opera stage


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In the autumn of 1893, Salome went to study in Milan, Italy, to study with Professor Faust Crespi.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Starting from the following 1894, she made her debut at the Lviv Opera, winning the sympathy of the audience.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In the second half of the 1890s, her triumphant performances began on the stages of theaters around the world: from 1896 — Italy, as well as in Lviv, Krakow, Odessa, 1898—1902 — in Warsaw, from 1902 — in the best theaters in Europe, America and Africa (Spain, France, Portugal, Russia, Poland, Austria, Egypt, Argentina and Chile).


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Salome performed roles in the operas “Aida” and “Il trovatore” by D. Verdi, “Faust” by S.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Gounod, “The Enchanted Castle” (“The Terrible Yard”) by S. Monyushko, “The African Woman” by D. Meyerbeer, Manon Lescaut and Cio-Cio-san (Madame Butterfly) by D. Puccini, “Carmen” by G. Bizet, Elektra by R. Strauss, Eugene Onegin and The Queen of Spades by P. Tchaikovsky and others.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In 1896, Krushelnickaya toured Cremona, Krakow, Trieste.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

From 1896 to March 1897, she participated in thirty-five performances with the Italian troupe at the Odessa Opera House.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In the same year he tours South America, Bergamo, Parma.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In 1902 he toured Paris.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

And in 1908 she toured Egypt, where she sings with Puccini.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

At the invitation of the Queen of Italy, the singer took part in a concert in 1925, and later made a major tour of the United States and Canada from 1927 to 1928.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In 1910, S. Krushelnitskaya married a famous Italian lawyer, Mayor of Viareggio Cesare Riccioni, who was a subtle connoisseur of music and an erudite aristocrat.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

They were married in one of the temples of Buenos Aires.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

After their marriage, Cesare and Salome settled in Viareggio (Italy).


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

This is where Salome bought a villa, which she named “Salome”.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In 1920, Krushelnitskaya left the opera stage at the zenith of her fame, performing for the last time in Naples in her favorite operas Lohengrin by R. Wagner and “Lorelei” by A. Catalani.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Salome later devoted her life to chamber concert activities, singing songs in eight languages.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

She has toured Ukraine, Europe and America.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In 1894-1923, she gave concerts almost every year in Lviv, Ternopil, Stryi, Berezhany, Zbarazh, Chernivtsi and other cities of Galicia.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

She had strong ties of friendship with I. Franco, M. Pavlik, O. Kobylyanskaya, N. Lysenko D. Sichinsky and many other figures of Galicia and Pridneprovye.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

A special place in the singer's creative activity was occupied by concerts dedicated to the memory of T. G. Shevchenko and I. ME.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Franco.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

She often came to Western Ukraine to participate in these concerts.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In 1929, the last tour concert of S. A. Krushelnitskaya.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In 1938, Krushelnitskaya's husband Cesare Riccioni died.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In August 1939, the singer visited Galicia and was unable to return to Italy due to the outbreak of World War II.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

After Western Ukraine joined the USSR in November 1939, the artist's house in Lviv was nationalized, leaving a four-room apartment in which the singer lived with her sister Anna.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

During the German occupation of Lviv, S. Krushelnitskaya was very poor, so she gave private vocal lessons.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In the post-war period, S. Krushelnitskaya began working at the Lviv State Conservatory.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

N. IN. Lysenko.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

However, her teaching career almost ended as soon as it began.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

During the “purge of personnel from nationalist elements”, she was charged with the lack of a conservatory diploma.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Later, the diploma was found in the funds of the city historical museum.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Living and teaching in the Soviet Union, Krushelnitskaya, despite numerous appeals, for a long time could not obtain Soviet citizenship, remaining a citizen of Italy.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Finally, having written an application for the transfer of her Italian villa and all property to the Soviet state, Krushelnitskaya became a citizen of the USSR.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

The villa was immediately sold, compensating the owner for a tiny part of its cost.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In 1951, Salome Krushelnitskaya was awarded the title of Honored Artist of the Ukrainian SSR, and in October 1952, a month before her death, Krushelnitskaya received the title of professor.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

On November 16, 1952, Salome Krushelnitskaya died.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

She was buried in Lviv at the Lychakiv cemetery next to the grave of her friend and mentor Ivan Franko.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Madame Butterfly


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

On February 17, 1904, Giacomo Puccini presented his new opera Madama Butterfly at Teatro alla Scala in Milan.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Despite the participation of singers Rosina Storchio, Giovanni Zenatello, Giuseppe de Luca, the performance failed.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

After that, Puccini reworked the opera, and on May 29, the premiere of a new version of Madama Butterfly took place on the stage of the Grande Theater in Brescia, starring Salome Krushelnitskaya.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

This time, the reception was completely different.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

The applauding audience summoned the artists and the composer to the stage seven times.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

After the performance, Puccini sent Krushelnitskaya his portrait with the inscription: “The most beautiful and charming Butterfly”.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

memento


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Today the name of S. A. Krushelnitskaya is worn by the Lviv Opera House, the Lviv Music Secondary School, the Ternopil Music College, an eight-year school in the village of Bila, streets in Kiev (Poznyaki housing estate), Lviv, Rivne, Ternopil, Buchach.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

A bronze monument to Salome Krushelnitskaya has been erected in the Mirror Hall of the Lviv Opera and Ballet Theater.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Another monument was unveiled in 2010 in Ternopil ().


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In his native village, S. Krushelnitskaya — Belyavyntsi has her museum room.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In 1982, at the film studio named after A.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

A. Dovzhenko directed by O. Fialko shot a historical and biographical film “The Return of Butterfly”, dedicated to the life and work of Salome Krushelnitskaya.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

The film is based on real facts of the singer's life and is built as her memories.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

The parts of Salome are performed by Gisela Tsipola.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Elena Safonova played the role of Salome in the film.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In 1997, on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of the singer's birth, the National Bank of Ukraine issued a commemorative coin with a nominal value of 2 hryvnia [4].


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In the same year, a postage stamp dedicated to S. Krushelnitskaya.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

On March 18, 2006, on the stage of the Lviv National Academic Opera and Ballet Theater named after S. Krushelnitskaya hosted the premiere of Miroslav Skoryk's ballet (using music by Giacomo Puccini) “The Return of Butterfly”, based on facts from the singer's life.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

On a postage stamp of Ukraine dedicated to the 125th anniversary of his birth (1997)


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Jubilee commemorative coin dedicated to the 125th anniversary of Salome Krushelnitskaya


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

The monument to S. Krushelnitskaya in Ternopil on a postage stamp of Ukraine (2015)


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Music and Memorial Museum of S. Krushelnitskaya


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

The decision to establish the Salome Krushelnytska Music and Memorial Museum as a department of the Lviv Literary and Memorial Museum of Ivan Franko was made on February 13, 1979 under No. 494 by the Executive Committee of the Lviv Regional Council of People's Deputies.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

In 1988, residents were resettled from the second floor of the house on the then Chernyshevsky Street, 23.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

After the repair and restoration of the premises, the museum exposition was built, which was created on the basis of a thematic and exhibition plan compiled by the employees of the Ivan Franko Museum and reviewed famous musicologists.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

The grand opening of the museum took place on October 1, 1989, but restoration work was carried out for another year and a half.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Music and Memorial Museum of S. Krushelnitskaya in Lviv began its activity in the spring of 1991, first as a department of the Lviv Literary and Memorial Museum of Ivan Franko, and in 1995 it became an independent state institution.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

The founder of the museum is Odarka Karlovna Bandrovskaya, niece of S. Krushelnitskaya, who devoted her whole life to preserving the memory and increasing the glory of Salome Krushelnitskaya.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Its archive became the basis of the museum's exposition and is a significant part of the entire collection.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Of great value are the exhibits donated to the museum by researchers of S. Krushelnitskaya Mikhail Golovashchenko and Ivan Derkach.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Literature


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Slavetna spivachka: Spogadi i statti.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— Lviv, 1956


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Solomiya Krushelnytska: Spogadi.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Materials.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Leaves.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— HOURS 1-2.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— K., 1978


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Derkach I.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Shlyah troyandy stelivsya//Motherland.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— 1958.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— No. 9


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Lyudkevich S. Genialna Artist//Soviet Culture.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— September 25, 1958.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Sbrana L. Ukrainka ryatuye “Chio-chio-san”//Soviet culture.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— May 26, 1963.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Pavlishin S. A wonderful Ukrainian singer//Soviet music.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— 1959.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— No. 2


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Zelinsky O. Immortya sleep//Zhovten.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— 1973.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— No. 9


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Kortopassi R. “Madame Butterfly” — the triumph of Solomia Krushelnytska//Music.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— 1973.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— No. 4


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Golovashchenko M. Charivnytsya spivu//Music.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— 1973.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— No. 4;


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Golovashchenko M. Solomiya Krushelnytska in La Scala//Music.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— 1978.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— No. 5


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Gereta Y.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

S.Krushelnitskaya Museum: Essay guide.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— Lviv, 1978


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Zagaykevich M. Great Artist//Music.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— 1980.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— No. 4


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Guy A. A fate similar to a legend//Soviet culture.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— May 20, 1980.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Teplitsky K. Whom fate chooses//Soviet culture.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

— September 20, 1983.


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Notes


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

References


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

//Terra Woman: women's magazine


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

(in Ukrainian)


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

(in Ukrainian)


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

(in Ukrainian) (in English) (in German)


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Category:Lviv Conservatory alumni


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Category:Soprano


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Category: Burials at Lychakiv Cemetery


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Category:Honorary Citizens of Ternopil


Question: Where was Solomeya Krushelnitskaya born?

Salome Krushelnitskaya

Category:Personalities on postage stamps


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin (born June 13, 1976, Moscow, USSR) is a Russian religious scholar [1], sociologist of religion, publicist [1] and journalist.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Leading Researcher and Head of the Center for the Study of Problems of Religion and Society of the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences [1], employee of the “Russian Group” of the Keston Institute [1] authors of the information and analytical publication “Modern Religious Life of Russia. The experience of systematic description” [1] [2].


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the scientific journal of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Modern Europe”, was the executive editor of the journal “Religion and Law” [1]


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

Executive editor of the Religious Life portal.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

He is the author of several dozen scientific papers on the sociology of religion, religious studies and socio-political issues in Russian and other languages, as well as several hundred articles on religious, social and political situation in the European Union, Russian regions and CIS countries.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

Biography


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

He was born on June 13, 1976.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

[1] [2]


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

In 1995—1998, he was a freelance author of the weekly Russkaya Mysl.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

[1] [2]


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

In 1998, he was the host of the Historical Calendar program on the Christian Church-Public Channel of the Sofia radio station.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

[1] [2]


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

In 1998 he graduated with honors from the History Department of Moscow State University named after M. IN. Lomonosov.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

[1] [2] [3], defending his thesis about the Apostle John the Theologian.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

From 1998 to 2000, he was a correspondent for the Keston News Service and the English magazine Frontier.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

[1] [2].


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

From 1998 to the present, he has been a member of the Russian team of the Keston Institute, an employee of the Encyclopedia of Modern Religious Life in Russia project (led by Canon Michael Burdo and Prof. S. B. Filatov) for the publication of the Atlas of Contemporary Religious Life in Russia.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

As part of the project, he took part in field sociological research in more than 70 regions of Russia.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

Lunkin's work consisted in traveling to the regions of Russia and conducting interviews with representatives of various religious associations.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

His materials were used to form articles for the Encyclopedia of Religious Life in Russia [1] [4].


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

A significant share of publications in the second volume of Modern Religious Life of Russia — 147 pages, or more than a third of the volume of the entire book — belonged to Roman Lunkin.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

In 2001-2002, he was editor and executive secretary of the socio-political weekly for federal districts Nasha All-Regional Newspaper, and in 2002-2003 he was a correspondent editor the information service of the Third Channel TV company (OJSC TRVC Moskovia) and a correspondent for the Main Topic program [5].


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

On February 7, 2003, it began to be published in the online publication Portal-Credo.Ru [6].


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

In 2004-2009, he was an author, correspondent, and then columnist for Portal-Kredo.Ru.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

On April 28, 2005, at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the scientific supervision of N. Mitrokhina defended his thesis for the degree of Candidate of Philosophical Sciences [7] on the topic “The creed and social activities of Pentecostal people in Russia”.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

Official opponents — d.f.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

n.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

, Professor and Head of the Department of Religious Studies of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after A. AND. Gertsen A. YU.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

Grigorenko and Ph.D. A. A. Voronin.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

The leading organization is the Religion in Modern Society Center of the Institute for Comprehensive Social Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Doctor of Philology, Professor M. P. Mchedlov).


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

According to the Prochurch.info portal, positive feedback was received from the head of the Religion and Culture Center at the Faculty of Foreign Languages of Moscow State University.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

M. IN. Lomonosov Professor E.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

AND. Volkova and Head of the Center for the Study of Problems of Religion and Society of the Institute of Europe A. Krasikova.


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin


Question: When was Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin born?

Roman Lunkin

Since 2005 — Senior Researcher, since 2011 — Leading Researcher, since 2016 — Head of the Center for the Study of Problems of Religion and Society of the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Deputy Chief editor of Sovremennaya Evropa magazine