Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Thus, according to Jose Giral, despite the fact that military supplies were paid for by the Spanish side, the Soviet Union “before the start of deliveries demanded the appointments of the Communists to important state posts”.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[90] [91]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Regarding Republican government spending, Angel Viñas states that the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain were fully spent on military purchases, including related payments, a year before the end of the Civil War.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

However, authors such as Martin Aseña and Olaya Morales do not agree with this opinion, who criticize Vinyas's calculations for his “hypothetical models that are not supported by facts”.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[92] [93] In the event that the gold of the Bank of Spain located in the Soviet Union has been sold in full, the fate of the funds received from its sale transferred to Banque Commerciale de l'Europe du Nord in Paris, remains unclear due to the fact that neither the Spanish nor the Soviet side had documents confirming the operations carried out.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

According to Martin Aseña, “the investigation into Spanish gold has never been completely closed”.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[94] In any case, after the sale of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain, the loan from the Republican governments was exhausted.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Implications for Spain's financial system


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The export of gold reserves of the Bank of Spain to Moscow is considered one of the main causes of the crisis of the Spanish financial system in 1937.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[96] Given that gold was used as collateral for issued paper banknotes in circulation, the lack of gold reserves of the Bank of Spain was a blow to the monetary system Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Moreover, the efforts of Spanish nationalists to cover the issue of the export of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain from the country were not in vain, and this led to a decrease in the credit rating of the Republican government , and caused public distrust of his actions.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The adoption by the Ministry of Finance of a special decree of 3 October 1936, according to which all gold in the hands of the Spaniards must be surrendered, added fuel to the fire of public discontent government.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Therefore, despite the fact that the Republican Government in January 1937 denied the export of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain abroad, it was forced to admit that payments made at the expense of these reserves.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The shortage of gold, which could be used by the republican government to ensure the issuance of paper banknotes, led to the mass issue of unsecured money supply.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[98] As of April 30, 1938, in the territories controlled by the Republican Government, the money supply was estimated at 12 billion 754 million pesetas, which is 265.8 per cent more than the money supply as of 17 July 1936, which at that time stood at 3 billion 486 million pesetas.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

At the same time, in the territories controlled by Spanish nationalists, the money supply amounted to 2 billion 650 million pesetas, which is 650 million more than the money supply as of July 1936 of the year.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[99] The actions of the government in the field of money circulation led to mass inflation, and the accumulation of precious metals by citizens.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

At the same time, while prices in the territories controlled by Spanish nationalists increased by 40 percent, prices in the territories controlled by the republican government increased by up to 15 times.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Metal coins began to disappear from circulation, instead of which mugs made of paper and cardboard began to be used.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Due to high inflation among the population, a “flight” from the banknotes of the Republican government began, and among other things, it became known that if the Spanish nationalists won banknotes issued by the Republican government will depreciate, as they were issued only during the war (starting in June 1936).


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Due to the fact that the state could not take effective measures to strengthen the national currency, this led to the fact that municipalities and local authorities began issuing their securities for making calculations.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

However, the problem was that securities of municipalities and local authorities could not be accepted as payment by neighboring municipalities.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[100] [101]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Spanish nationalists did not fail to take advantage of this state of affairs, who argued that such high inflation was not normal and was created artificially.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In turn, the republican government accused the “free market” of high inflation and called for directive management of prices.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In his report presented at the Communist Party's plenary session in March 1937, José Díaz Ramos explicitly states the goals of the government:


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

... we need to pay special attention to the fight against our real enemies — industrial tycoons, businessmen, bank pirates, who, although they should have been eliminated on those under our control territories, but still continue to do their dirty deeds.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

It is these enemies that must be eliminated as quickly as possible, but at the same time we must not offend small and medium-sized entrepreneurs.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

—Jose Diaz Ramos [103]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Against the background of the anti-capitalist protests of the Republican government, the international community is gradually beginning to lean towards the side of Spanish nationalists.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

An additional incentive for this behavior of foreign countries was the speeches of major Spanish businessmen, such as former Minister of Finance and Economic Development Francesc Cambo, who had a lot of weight in the financial world.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[104] Feeling threatened by its interests, the financial world is beginning to help Spanish nationalists — for example, assistance to nationalists was provided by Spanish businessman Juan Alberto March (Spanish: Juan March Ordinas), Ford and Texaco.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Financial assistance to Spanish nationalists has led to a sharp decline in the cost of pesetas issued by the Republican government.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[105] [106] [107] [108]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Cold War


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Republican government in exile


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In the last months of the Civil War, serious tensions arose between supporters of the Republican government - on the one hand, there was a faction that demanded the continuation of the war in anticipation of the impending World War II, while the other advocated negotiations with nationalists.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Juan Negrin, then Prime Minister of the Republican government, advocated the continuation of the Civil War.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In his desire to continue fighting against Spanish nationalists, the Prime Minister could only count on the support of the Communist Party of Spain, while all other parties, including The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, to which Negrin himself belonged, advocated negotiations with nationalists.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Indalecio Prieto publicly refused to support Negrin in August 1937 and left the government, where he served as Minister of Defense.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

At a meeting of the Central Committee of the Spanish Socialist Workers Party, Prieto publicly accused Negrin of pressure exerted on him by the Communists, who removed him, Prieta, from governments.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[109] Beginning in the fall of 1938, antagonism between Socialists and Communists led to a series of bloody clashes between supporters of these parties.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Largo Caballero criticizes Juan Negrin's administration:


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

“How much gold was exported to the Soviet Union? Due to the fact that Mr. Negrin systematically refused to provide a report on the actions of his administration, this question is not so easy to answer. However, it is known that as of April 30, 1938, the Bank of Spain transferred to the government gold worth 1,592,851,906 million [sic] pesetas and silver for 307,630,000 pesetas. In addition, the Ministry of Finance seized valuables stored in public and private banks, the value of which is estimated at many millions. In addition, I would like to ask a question — where did the jewelry from the Royal Palace in Madrid and private apartments go? Were they also spent on waging war? And how much gold was left in the Soviet Union after the end of the war? How was this gold used — was it taken by the Negrin government? No one can answer these questions for the simple reason that he (Negrin) refused to provide information on the state of affairs in the economy. Moreover, the Negrin administration never commented on its actions (regarding the disposal of gold), and actually acted without accountability to society. Therefore, it is worth considering — what is the reason for Mr. Negrin's silence on the conduct of business in the economic bloc? Due to the fact that our country was ruled in such an irresponsible way, it was plunged into the biggest catastrophe in the history of Spain. Now it is even difficult to say what punishment the persons who made this catastrophe possible deserve.”


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Francisco Largo Caballero, March 1939.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The inter-factional clashes resulted in a military coup in March 1939 led by Colonel Spanish: Segismundo Casado, supported by the Spanish Socialist Workers batch.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The interim government created as a result of the coup withdrew communists and supporters of Juan Negrin from its composition.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

This led to Negrin's flight from the country and accelerated the cessation of hostilities with Spanish nationalists, who insisted on the unconditional surrender of the Republican government.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[111] Negrin was accused of being a puppet of the Communists and taking out the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain, which caused the collapse of the Republic.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

After the end of the Civil War, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party continued to work in exile, with Indalecio Prieto nominated as leader.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

As a result, the renewed Spanish Socialist Workers' Party included three Socialist leaders representing different trends — Julian Besteiro, Indalecio Prieto and Largo Cabellero.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

All three held anti-communist views and opposed Juan Negrin.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Rumors circulated among the Socialists who fled Spain that not all of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain were spent on military purchases.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Socialists also actively criticized Juan Negrin's administration for its opacity, which refused to disclose documentation related to the issue of “Moscow gold”.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[113] [114] A special position among critics was occupied by Largo Caballero, who, according to historian Angel Viñas, “did everything possible to denigrin the figure of Juan Negrin”.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In January 1955, in the midst of McCarthyism in the United States, the American magazine Time published a statement by Indalecio Prieto, who accused Juan Negrin and his “nonsense with the Soviets in the matter of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain”.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[116] Indalecio Prieto's speech was used by the Franco government, which, through its diplomatic missions in the United States, France and the UK, launched a pressure campaign to the Soviet Union, [116] accusing him of selling Spanish gold on the European market.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Despite the fact that as early as 1938, the Franco government was notified of the exhaustion of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain, [117] it nevertheless continued to seek compensation for the damage caused to Spain:


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The Bank of Spain gold was seized by the Communists and transported to the Soviet Union.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In an appeal dated January 8, 1955 addressed to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, signed by representatives of a number of European countries and the United States of America, condemned the practice of the Soviet side on the issue the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain, which, according to competent sources, continue to be used for payments.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Negrin's File


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The veil of secrecy over the financial transactions of the Juan Negrin administration was slightly opened at the time of publication of the so-called “Negrin's Dossier”, which contained documents on the movement of funds between the Soviet Union and the republican government.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Romulo Negrín (Spanish: Rómulo Negrín), the son of Juan Negrín, who died in Paris at the end of 1956, following the death will of his father, handed over to the representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Antonio Melchor de las Heras (Spanish: Antonio Melchor de las Heras) a collection of documents in order to “clarify the use of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain”.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[120] Initial talks with Franco's government were led by former Minister of Justice and friend of Juan Negrin Mariano Ansó (Spanish: Mariano Ansó), who stated that the documents of the former Prime Minister were property of Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[121] A package of documents signed by Mariano Anso and dated December 14, 1956, was handed over by Juan Negrin's son to the official authorities.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Among the reasons that prompted Negrin to “clear his conscience” was the blocking by the Soviet side of “a large number of ships of the Spanish merchant fleet”.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In addition, Mariano Anso said that “Negrin considered it his duty to support the interests of Spain and provide information about relations with the Soviet Union.”


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The Negrin File, an incomplete collection of documents on the history of the management of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain, was sent to Foreign Minister Alberto Martín Artajo, who, in in turn, handed over the documents to Lieutenant Governor of the Bank of Spain Jesús Rodríguez (Spanish: Jesús Rodríguez Salmones).


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Due to the high value of the documents received, the head of the Bank of Spain instructed to place them in the Bank's vault, although he did not have time to familiarize himself with them


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Despite the fact that the transfer of the package of documents was made in the strictest secrecy, soon the fact of the transfer of the “Negrin's Dossier” became public knowledge and caused heated debates.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In January 1957, Franco sent a special diplomatic commission to Moscow, the official purpose of which was to negotiate the repatriation of Spaniards in the Soviet Union.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

However, there was an opinion that, in connection with the new facts received from Juan Negrin's son, one of the topics of negotiations between the Spanish and Soviet sides would be the issue of returning the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The position of the Franco government on the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain:


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In 1936, the Spanish government notified a number of foreign countries that the Soviet Union could pay for supplies against the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain, exported by the Communists to Moscow.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

During the Liberation Campaign (Civil War), the Spanish government several times warned foreign countries about possible financial transactions carried out using gold reserves of the Bank of Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

It is quite natural that our government repeats its protest against the actions of the Soviet Union, which continues to export Spanish gold.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

At the moment, all the persons involved in this shameful story are already known, and this information is confirmed even by supporters of these personalities.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In addition, it should be noted that the plan to transport Spanish gold to Odessa was only a cover for their departure to the Soviet Union, and the “independence” of the republican government should not introduce anyone into misconception.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Moreover, from the very beginning of the Civil War, the territories controlled by the republican government were ruled by red commissars.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In fact, the Civil War became only a cover for the operation to rob our country, which was carried out by the Republican government of Spain led by Largo Caballero at the suggestion of the Soviet Bolsheviks.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

As is now known, gold worth 1,581.642 million pesetas was exported to the Soviet Union, and this figure is confirmed by the testimony of Spanish: Valentín Gómez, Jesús (Spanish: Jesús) Hernández) and Indalecio Prieto.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Each of the above citizens had information about the real state of affairs, as they either directly participated in the robbery or assisted it.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

With the gold seized from Spain, the Soviet side is actively buying newspapers and radio stations, which it uses in its struggle against the Spanish authorities and does not abandon attempts to establish control over Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

But I would like to remind you that all citizens who participated in the theft of gold suffered a tragic fate and this once again confirms that stolen gold does not benefit anyone.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Arriba Newspaper, January 13, 1955.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Juan Negrin refused to hand over the documents included in the Negrin File to the Republican government in exile for fifteen years, but eventually handed them over to the Franco government.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

On this occasion, Felix Gordon Ordaz, President of the Republican Government in Exile, wrote in his diary:


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Juan Negrin's decision (to hand over Franco's documents) put me in a dead end, and I can't find a logical explanation for this.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Therefore, I have only two assumptions: patriotic zeal, or a thirst for revenge.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In the event that we are talking about the first assumption, it is pure madness, because giving Franco's money is like drowning it in the sea.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

If the second assumption is true, it indicates a degree of decomposition that I can hardly imagine.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Be that as it may, but the fact of transferring the documents to the Franco government only indicates that Juan Negrin neglected the interests of the Spanish people and the Republic.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

By his actions, Negrin confirmed that he recognizes Frank as the legitimate leader of the country.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Felix Gordon Ordaz, January 8, 1957 [125]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In April 1957, Time magazine reported that through the Pravda newspaper and Radio Moskva, the Soviet side notified the Franco government that the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain, which were on storage on the territory of the Soviet Union, have been used up in full.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[126] On this occasion, the Mundo Obrero newspaper (the newspaper of the Communist Party of Spain) published the following article in May 1957:


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Recently, a number of foreign publications have posted information about the history of twenty years ago, when the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain were transported to the Soviet Union.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

At the same time, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the published articles did not mention that, according to the instructions of the republican government, the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain were fully spent.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The concealment of information about the expenses of the republican government leads to a misinterpretation of the facts, and allows us to conclude that part of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain still remain in Moscow.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

It is especially worth noting that the weight and purity of gold was checked by the Spanish and Soviet authorities during the transportation of reserves to the Soviet Union.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

After placing the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain on a deposit with the State Bank of the USSR, the republican government was able to pay bills for military supplies that were purchased from foreign countries.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

According to the information at our disposal, the republican government conducted active military purchases from foreign countries, which were paid by the State Bank of the USSR in accordance with received payment orders.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

According to information provided by the Soviet side, the republican government has fully spent the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain transported to Moscow.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

At the same time, all payment documents on behalf of the Republican government of Spain were approved by Prime Minister Francisco Largo Caballero, and Finance Minister Juan Negrin.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

After Juan Negrin took over as Prime Minister, he signed payment documents alone — for himself and for the Minister of Finance.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In his last letter, dated April 8, 1938, addressed to the Council of Ministers of the Spanish Republic, Juan Negrin reports that gold reserves have been completely exhausted.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

It should also be noted that at the request of the republican government, the Soviet side provided a loan in the amount of 85 million dollars, of which only 35 million were repaid.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Thus, the republican government had a debt to the Soviet Union in the amount of 50 million dollars, and Juan Negrin, as the main signatory, knew about this very well.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Moreover, the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain were not used to support Spanish refugees and Spanish children who ended up in the Soviet Union, and all expenses for their maintenance were covered by the Soviet side.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Mundo Obrero, May 15, 1957 [127] [128]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

However, the information provided in the Mundo Obrero newspaper did not include any supporting documents, and contrasted with statements by prominent members of the Republican government.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

For example, Juan Negrin confirmed to Jose Giral back in 1938 that two-thirds of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain remained intact in Moscow.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Taking into account the fact that such statements were not part of the official correspondence of the republican government, the Soviet side was able to distance itself from them.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In this regard, Indalecio Prieto accused the Pravda newspaper of falsifying information and said that the remaining gold reserves of the Bank of Spain in the Soviet Union were used to support the Communist Party of France:


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

As much as we would like it to be, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party cannot put all the blame for what happened (with the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain) on the Communists.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

This is due to the fact that it was the Socialist Minister who put forward the idea of transporting gold to the Soviet Union, and the government formed by the Socialists supported this idea.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

On top of that, the bank employees who handed over the gold were also socialists, as were those who escorted the gold cargo from Madrid to Cartagena.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Indalecio Prieto [129]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

We have all unwittingly witnessed theft on a huge scale.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Regardless of my opinion on Juan Negrin (and the documents handed over to the Franco government), I will state that Negrin's allegations of the complete depletion of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain are not correspond to reality and are a low-quality joke.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Therefore, for the sake of fidelity, I will repeat once again that Negrin's actions are an ordinary waste of the funds entrusted to him.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

As for the Soviet side, it falsified the necessary documents, as was done in those monstrous trials against the enemies of Bolshevism and the party opposition.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The task of the Soviet Union was facilitated by Juan Negrin himself, who cannot convict falsifiers of forgery of his signature.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Indalecio Prieto [130]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Historiography and myth


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Among the most famous Spanish authors who studied the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain, a prominent place is occupied by Pablo Martín Aceña, Francisco Olaya Morales (Spanish: Francisco Olaya Morales) and Angel Viñas (Spanish: Ángel Viñas).


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

At the same time, Angel Viñas was one of the first researchers to gain access to the archives of the Bank of Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

At the international level, the most famous researchers of the issue of “Spanish gold” were Gerald Howson (English: Gerald Howson) and Daniel Kowalsky (English: Daniel Kowalsky), who in their works used documents from Soviet archives opened for study in the early 90s.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The main topics of research by Howson and Kowalski were the relations of the Soviet Union with Spain, and the history of military supplies during the Civil War.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The use of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain, as a rule, does not cause much discussion, [132] but there are differences of opinion regarding the destination and storage of gold reserves.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

For example, Angel Viñas, Ricardo Miralles (Spanish: Ricardo Miralles) and Enrique Moradeilos (English: Enrique Moradiellos) defend Juan Negrin.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

At the same time, Viñas states that “Juan Negrin of the Civil War proved to be the greatest statesman”, [133] and all his actions to export gold to the Soviet Union were justified political and economic situation and are sanctioned by the Republican Government.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

According to Vinyas, Negrin's behavior was largely predetermined by the position of Western democracies, which withdrew from the conflict in Spain, and left the republican government one-on-one with nationalists.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Therefore, from the point of view of Vinyas, Ricardo Miralles and Enrique Moradeilos, military supplies paid for from the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain were the only way to provide armed resistance to Spanish nationalists.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

On the other hand, Martin Aceña believes that the export of gold reserves from Spain was a big mistake that had a huge impact on the country's financial system: the Soviet Union was very far away and was famous for its bureaucratic and opaque procedures.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Therefore, according to Martin Asegny, the most logical decision was to send gold reserves to democratic countries of the United States or France.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[134] The most ardent critic of Angel Viñas's theory is Olaya Morales, an anarchist who fled from the Franco regime.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Morales calls the actions of the Negrin administration nothing more than criminal, and argues that the issue of “Spanish gold” led the Second Republic to death.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Authors such as Fernando García de Cortazar (English: Fernando García de Cortázar), [135] Pio Moa (English: Pío Moa), [20] and Alberto Reit Tapia (English: Alberto Reig Tapia) [136] believe that the question” Spanish gold” is far-fetched, and its appearance is associated with the difficult economic situation in post-war Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Notes


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Bibliography


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

External link in |journal= (help)


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Category:Gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Category:Spanish Civil War


Question: Was “Tattoo” played in an electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Tatu (T.A.T.U.) is a Russian musical group consisting of Yulia Volkova and Elena Katina.


Question: Was “Tattoo” played in an electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The band was created in 1999 by producer Ivan Shapovalov together with composer Alexander Voitinsky.


Question: Was “Tattoo” played in an electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Initially, the band used the image of lesbians, but eventually abandoned it.


Question: Was “Tattoo” played in an electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Tatu is the most successful Russian pop group that has achieved worldwide popularity.


Question: Was “Tattoo” played in an electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Their singles, both English and Russian, topped the charts in Russia, Australia, Great Britain, Germany, the United States and other countries.


Question: Was “Tattoo” played in an electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Their debut English-language single, “All the Things She Said”, became one of the most successful singles of the year and topped the world's major music charts.


Question: Was “Tattoo” played in an electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Tatu is the first and only Russian band to receive the IFPI award for the number of albums sold.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In May 2003, the band participated in the Eurovision Song Contest, finishing third.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In 2004, the band announced a creative break during the filming of the Tatu show in China.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In 2004, the participants terminated the contract with their producer Ivan Shapovalov.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In October 2005, they released their second international album Dangerous and Moving, which received platinum status and spawned several international hits.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In March 2009, the band's management announced plans for both singers to start solo projects and stop the band's full-scale work [1].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

History


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Creating a group


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The Tatu duet was created by the screenwriter of commercials Ivan Shapovalov in 1999 together with composer Alexander Voitinsky.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Shapovalov and Voitinsky conducted a casting for the role of soloist, as a result of which Lena Katina was chosen.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Several songs were recorded, including “Yugoslavia”, condemning the American bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Later, Ivan Shapovalov decided to create a duet and invited Lena Katina to invite another girl to the group.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

She invited Yulia Volkova (who had also participated in the casting before), and her candidacy was approved by Shapovalov [2] [3].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Yulia Volkova was 14 years old at that time, and Elena Katina was 15 years old.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Shapovalov came up with the idea of creating a lesbian image for the duo [4].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The girls knew each other before the creation of Tatu, both performed in the children's vocal and instrumental ensemble “Neposedy”.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The name of the band, as the members of the duo later said, can mean “She loves Tu”.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The lyrics of the song “I'm crazy” were written by journalist Elena Kiper and VGIK student Valery Polienko, and the music was written by Sergey Galoyan.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The financial sponsor was businessman Boris Rensky.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

To manage the creative process, the Neformat company was created, headed by Shapovalov.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The duo's co-producer Elena Kipper said that the idea of using the lesbian image came to her after watching Swedish: “Fucking Åmål” (1998) by Swedish film director Lucas Moodisson [ 5].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The plot of the film is based on the love of two schoolgirls


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Lena Katina claims that Shapovalov invented the image of lesbians and emphasizes that her and Yulina's parents were not against it [4].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Sergey Katin, Lena's father, emphasized that his daughter has never been a lesbian, and “the non-traditional sexual orientation of the band members is a successful stage image” [6].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In 2000, the single “I'm crazy” was released, which for several months reached number one in the charts of Russian radio stations.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In October, a video was released, which immediately took first place on MTV Russia.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Makeup artist Andrey Drykin worked on the visual image of the soloists together with Shapovalov.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On December 19, the band's soloists give their first press conference at the school where Yulia Volkova studied.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In 2001, Neformat signed a contract with the Russian branch of Universal Music.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Under the contract, the band is to release 3 albums.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On May 21, 2001, the album “200 on the counter” and a video for the song “They Will Not Catch Us” were released.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In its first two months, the album sold an official circulation of 500,000 copies.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In 2001, the album officially sold more than 2 million copies.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Despite its Russian language, the album broke all records of popularity (60,000 copies sold in its first week), not only in Russia but also in Eastern Europe.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In June, for the song “I'm crazy”, the band was awarded the “Stopudovy Hit” award from the radio station “Hit FM” [7] [8].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In August, the recording of the English version of the album began.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On September 6, 2001, in New York, the band won the MTV Video Music Awards for Viewers' Choice — Best Russian Video for “I'm Crazy”.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The single and video “30 Minutes” was released, shown from autumn 2001 to 2002 on Russian television more than 3,000 times.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

MTV Russia recognized the video “I'm crazy” as the best music video of the year.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The band went on a tour of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, the Baltic States, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Germany.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In total, in 2001, the band gave more than 150 concerts in dozens of cities.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On November 17, 2001, Tatu was awarded the Golden Gramophone Award in the Kremlin.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Wikipedia is not censored.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Images or details contained within this article may be graphic or other objectable to ensure a quality article and complete coverage of its subject matter.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

For more information, please refer to Wikipedia's content disclaimer regarding objectable content and options to not see an image.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In January 2002, Tatu began recording singles for the English version of the album for release in the United States (“Not Gonna Get Us”) and Germany (“I've Lost My Mind”).


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In Manchester, the process was led by F.A.F/Cap Com Production, which produced Sonique, Moby, Rammstein, Eskimos & Egypt, Steps.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In London, the songs were re-recorded with producer Trevor Horn [9].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Trevor Horn later noted that he “liked the album very much”, saying about the soloists: “They are very nice. Quiet, nice, friendly, a little wild little animals” [10].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On February 15, 2002, a reissue of the album “200 On the Counter” was released with a new track “Clowns” and new remixes (“30 Minutes” and “Gay Boy”).


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In its first week, sales amounted to 60,000 legal copies.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On May 15, 2002, Tatu received the IFPI Platinum Europe Award by the International Federation of Phonogram Producers for one million copies of the album “200 on the counter” sold in Europe [11].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Tatu became the first band in history from Russia and Eastern Europe to receive this award.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On May 30, 2002, the presentation of the new video “Simple Movements” took place.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In July, filming began for the English version of the single “All the Things She Said”.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The album “200 km/h in the Wrong Lane” was released in the United States.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In August, Tatu changed its name to T.A.T.U. due to the fact that Tatu already existed in Australia.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On August 12, Tatu performed at the 2002 Fox Billboard Bash pre-show in Las Vegas [12].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On September 3, 2002, “All the Things She Said” aired on radio and music channels in Spain, Italy, Holland, Sweden, Finland, and Norway.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On its first day in Italy, it received gold status (25,000 copies sold).


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On September 10, the single was released in the US.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On October 7, 2002, an English-language version of the album “200 On the Counter”, titled “200 km/h in the Wrong Lane”, was released in Western Europe, immediately becoming a bestseller.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The band went on a promotional tour in Europe.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

During the promotional tour, T.A.T.U. gave about 50 interviews published in all European languages.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On November 14, 2002, the band performed the hit “All the Things She Said” at the MTV Europe Music Awards.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The video was heavily rotated on MTV US and MTV UK, and was certified platinum in Italy and Sweden.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The band gave an interview to Rolling Stone.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In February 2003, Tatu performed on the popular TV show of the American television company NBC “Tonight”.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On the T-shirts of the soloists, an obscene phrase of anti-war content was written in Russian (“Dick war!”).


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

At this time, American television tried to prevent statements against the war in Iraq.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In early May 2003, despite selling 500,000 copies of the album “200 km/h in the Wrong Lane”, the band's performances in London and Manchester were canceled.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

According to the organizers of the concert, the reason for this was poor ticket sales, and about 1,000 tickets were sold for the concert at the Wembley Arena with a capacity of 12,000 spectators [13].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

As reported by Expert magazine, PR companies were involved in advertising the concerts, which focused on Russians living in Britain and placed ads in Russian-language media [14].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

However, the band's producer Ivan Shapovalov, who planned to participate in the performance of 300 girls in school uniforms, linked the cancellation of concerts with the pressure of public opinion on the organizers of the concert [15] [16].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On May 24, 2003, Tatu represented Russia at the Eurovision Song Contest in Riga with the song “Don't Believe, Don't Be Afraid, Don't Ask”.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The organizers of the contest warned that in case of hooliganism, the group will be disqualified [17].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The group took third place (164 points), after Turkey (167 points) and Belgium (165 points) [18].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On the part of the UK and Ireland, the group received 0 points, while in Ireland, telephone voting was replaced by a vote of the national jury for technical reasons (inconsistency between Irish provider and RTE channel).


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The Russian Channel One tried to appeal the results, calling the ratings “implausibly low”, and demanded to publish the results of the national vote.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

However, RTE stated that the result in any case remains the same [19].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The European Broadcasting Union rejected the claims of Channel One.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In 2003, Tatu won its second prize by the International Association of Phonogram Manufacturers “IFPI Platinum Europe Award” for a million copies of the album “200 km/h in the Wrong Lane” sold in Europe [20].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The band peaked at number two on the national charts in France and number one in the UK.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In October, Tatu won the World Music Awards in the nominations “Best World Pop Group”, “Best World Duo” and “Best Dance Group”.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Shapovalov suggested during the ceremony to present the participants with real assault rifles with blank cartridges, with which Yulia and Lena were supposed to “shoot” the hall.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

However, the organizers issued toy machines, as a result, the group refused to participate and did not receive prizes.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The duo also refused to participate in the fight for the MTV Europe Music Awards in the nomination Best Russian Act (Best Artist in Russia).


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In their statement, Tatu explained the act by the fact that in 2001 they had already won this nomination and want to give other performers the opportunity to win.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The votes of MTV Tatu viewers were asked to be transferred to Leningrad and Sergei Shnurov, but the channel's response said that this was prohibited [21] [22].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In December 2003, two concerts were held in Tokyo at the Tokyo Dome [23].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In Tokyo, Tatu met live on Nippon Television with Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, Democratic Party leader Naoto Kan and filmmaker Takeshi Kitano [24].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

2003 was the year of peak popularity of the band in the world.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Tatu confidently took first places in the charts of European countries.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

At the end of the year, Tatu's debut album received the status of a “golden disc” in England, South Africa, Korea, Singapore, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France, Spain, Mexico, platinum disc in Taiwan, Finland, Poland, Italy, “double platinum disc” in Hong Kong, the Czech Republic, Canada.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Tatu also sets an absolute record for sales in Japan with 1.8 million copies of the album “200 km/h in the Wrong Lane”, breaking records for sales of The Beatles, Michael Jackson and Madonna [25] [26].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The total sales of the first album, according to Dmitry Konnov, head of the Russian branch of Universal, amounted to 4.3 million copies worldwide and “several hundred thousand” in Russia and the CIS [27].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

German rock band Rammstein planned to record Moskau from their album Reise, Reise with Tatu, but negotiations ended in vain [28].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In January 2004, STS began broadcasting the show “Tatu” in China”: it was assumed that the duo's work on the new album would be shown in a reality show mode.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Filming took place at the Peking Hotel on Triumfalnaya Square in Moscow, and the final was to be the release of the band's second album.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

But as a result, Yulia and Lena broke off relations with producer Ivan Shapovalov.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Shapovalov resigned as CEO of Neformat, which owned the Tatu brand, and the name of the band remained with the singers.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

“Nonformat” was reorganized, and its remnants turned into the “ShapovaLove Foundation”.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

After that, the girls decided to continue their musical career on their own.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

There was a noticeable decline in the group's activities.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The direction of the further path is questionable, the work is postponed due to the pregnancy of Yulia Volkova.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On September 23, 2004, Yulia Volkova gave birth to a girl Victoria [29].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

It was planned that the band would become a prototype for the characters in the anime feature film “T.A.T.U. Paragate”, but the project was not implemented [30].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In January 2005, Tatu began working on a new album, Disabled People, at Village Studios in Los Angeles.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The title of the album's international version is “Dangerous and Moving”.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Although the official release of the English version of the album took place only in the fall, it was available on the Internet at the end of August [31], where it apparently reached after the promotional albums were sent out Universal.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

“Dangerous and Moving” was a minor success, reaching only number 79 in England, 12 in Germany, 131 in the US (Billboard), and 10 in Japan, staying there for a very short time.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

However, the second album received gold status in Mexico, Taiwan and Russia.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In support of the album “Dangerous and Moving”, the band organized a large-scale promotion tour, Tatu gave numerous interviews to the European music press, and visited Japan and, for the first time, South America (Argentina, Brazil).


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The promo tour, remembered by many fans, lasted several months.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In 2005-2006, Tatu gave several concerts in the Baltic States, as well as Germany (club performance), Switzerland (festival), Finland (festival), Moldova (club performance), Armenia, Mexico, Belgium (festival for schoolchildren), Korea, Taiwan (festival), Japan (club performances), and also conducted a large-scale tour “Dangerous and Moving Tour” [32] in the cities of Russia and Ukraine.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

However, the reduction in the number of fans caused by the group's active refutation of its lesbian past and the lack of an easily understandable image, multiplied by low professionalism the original concert organizer, who was unable to assess the situation and properly build an advertising campaign, led to regular disruptions in the concert schedule and half-empty halls.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

At this stage, Yulia and Lena continued to deny everywhere that they had ever had deep feelings between them (thus losing some more old fans), and called everything a relationship (“love”) between two sisters or girlfriends.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

A total of three singles were released from the album “Dangerous and Moving”: “All About Us”, “Friend or Foe”, “Gomenasai” and a promotional single for radio stations “Loves Me Not”.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

To promote the album “Disabled People”, the only radio single for the song “Disabled People” was prepared and put into rotation.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The single “All About Us” hit the top 10 on most European charts.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

However, the next single, “Friend or Foe”, failed to repeat the success, was released in England, where it reached only number 48 (probably due to poor promotion and lack of radio rotations), as well as Italy, Greece and Switzerland.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

It remains unclear that the second single was released only in January-February 2006, although it was originally scheduled to be released in early December 2005.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

After the single's failure in England, its release was canceled in Europe as a whole.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The single “Gomenasai” was released in the spring of 2006 in Germany, where it was only able to reach the top 30, although without any promotion at all, the only presentation of the single was a performance in German Bravo Supershow May 6.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Almost simultaneously, a song by the American rap group Flipsyde begins to promote in Germany, who used samples and original vocals of Yulia and Lena from “Gomenasai” (both bands are written on the Interscope label).


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

For the presentation of the single “Happy Birthday”, as well as to some extent the single “Gomenasai”, Tatu and Flipsyde gave several joint appearances on German television.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Four video clips were shot in the United States (“All About Us”, “Disabled People”, “Friend or Foe”, “Gomenasai”), and the video for “Loves Me Not” used a live performance that the band gave during autumn promo tour at G.A.Y. Club (Paris, France).


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

It should be noted that the album “Disabled People” still received a platinum disc from the National Federation of Phonogram Producers [33].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The album sold less than 500,000 copies in the world and about 200,000 in the CIS [27].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Universal Music expected to sell the new album with at least 3 million copies worldwide.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In August 2006, Tatu and Universal Music ceased their collaboration [34].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

As a farewell, Interscope decided to release a collection of hits and best songs “T.A.T.U. The Best”, recorded by the band during their entire existence.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

It was released in the fall of 2006.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In November 2006, Leonid Vokuev, the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Komi Republic, accused the band that the inscription in the booklet of the album “People with Disabilities” was offensive to people with disabilities.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On this occasion, a discussion took place on the air of the ORT talk show.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In May 2007, Universal Music admitted that the text contained “verbal formulations and comparisons that are offensive to the perception of a certain category of people” [35].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

According to the rating of the Russian version of Forbes magazine, the group earned $3.3 million in 2005 and $1.4 million in 2006 [36] [37].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In January 2007, Yulia and Lena participated in the recording of vocals for some demo versions of the songs of the new album, which took place in Germany.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The recording was attended by Sven Martin, who has been the band's music director and keyboardist since 2002 [38].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The band continued to work on their third studio album in Los Angeles.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

According to one of the participants, Yulia Volkova, “the album will be less loaded” [39].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The band's new album, as before, had two versions — Russian and English.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The working title of the third album was Waste Management, its release was tentatively scheduled for autumn-winter 2007, but Yulia Volkova's second pregnancy [40] and a number of external reasons have postponed the release date [41].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

At the end of June, the band presented their new song, “Do Not Regret” [42], which was included in a new album, but was not released as a single.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

As the first single from the album “Waste Management”, the song “White Cloak” was released, for which the video was filmed in October [43].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In May 2007, the band's soloists interrupted the recording of their third album to support the gay parade in Moscow [44] [45].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

After the ban on the march by the capital authorities, members of the group, together with Alexei Mitrofanov, a deputy of the State Duma of Russia, appeared near the Moscow City Hall, where representatives of sexual minorities held an action [46] .


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Volkova said that due to the beating of citizens, she would no longer participate in parades [47].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In July, Yulia and Lena took part in the filming of the film “You and Me” directed by Roland Joffe, the film's script was based on the book “Tattoo Cam Back” by Deputy Alexey Mitrofanov and student of the Russian State University for the Humanities Anastasia Moiseeva.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The main roles in the film were played by Hollywood actresses Chantel van Santen and Misha Barton.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The film tells the story of two girls — a seventeen-year-old American woman and her Russian peer from a small provincial town, who meet in Moscow to go to a concert of their beloved Tatu [48] The film premiered as part of the non-competition program of the 61st Cannes Film Festival in May 2008 [49].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On September 12, the Japanese division of the Amazon online store hosted the “virtual” release of the first live DVD, “Truth: Live in St. Petersburg”, originally scheduled for September 2006 years.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The album was released by Japanese label Neformat Music Japan.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On October 2, T.A.T.U. began filming a new video for the song “White Cloak” in Los Angeles.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The song becomes a pre-single for the album “Waste Management”.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On November 29, the White Cloak premiered on MTV Russia.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The Russian-language version of the band's third album was scheduled for release on December 25, 2007.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

However, on December 12, it was announced that the release would be postponed to April 2008.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On December 27, 2007, Yulia had a son, who was later named Samir.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On March 6, 2008, the band performed in Santa Barbara, on March 28 in Dubai, where the singers were banned from cuddling on stage [50].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In April, the planned concert in Minsk was canceled.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The maxi single “White Cloak” was scheduled to be released in mid-May 2008.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On April 25, the second single from the album “Waste Management” “220” hit the radio rotation of Russkoe Radio.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On September 1, 2008, the title of the album “Waste Management” was changed to “Funny Smiles”.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The third single, “You and I”, premiered on September 12, 2008 on Love Radio and on the official MySpace page.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On October 21, 2008, his third studio album, Vesyolye Smiles, was released, which ranked 7th in the sales ranking of the Russian edition of Billboard magazine.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On November 28, at the MTV Russia Music Awards-2008, the band received the Legend of MTV Award [51] [52].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On March 21, 2009, a representative of the band's management announced in a blog that both singers were planning to start solo careers (Lena Katina, with the support of the current team).


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

According to him, in December 2008, at a meeting between Volkova, Katina and their producer Boris Rensky, “a unanimous decision was made to terminate the functioning of T.A.T.U. “full time”.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

As the representative of the group noted: “For ethical reasons, I will not touch on the reasons and will only say that they are not related to either creative or commercial aspects.”


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In addition, at the end of 2008, work on the international album was suspended and negotiations with labels were stopped.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In the near future, the band plans to release another video clip, a special edition of the album “Funny Smiles”.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Regarding Volkova, it was said that “Yulia will deal with her life and career completely independently, at least without the participation of T.A.T.U. management” [1].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On April 17, the fourth single from the album “Funny Smiles”, “Snowfalls”, was released.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On May 12, the band performed as guests in the semi-finals of the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song Not Gonna Get Us [53].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On July 13, the band's first international single, the English version of Snowfalls, premiered on MTV Baltic.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The video for the first single, “White Robe”, released in Brazil and Argentina at the end of November, from the English edition of T.A.T.U.'s album “Funny Smiles”, peaked at number one on the daily LAB DISK chart on MTV Brazil.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The video surpassed hits such as “Broken Hearted Girl” by Beyoncé (Beyoncé) and “Automatisch” Tokio Hotel, which are in second and third places.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On December 15, the international release of the Waste Management album took place.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The CD was released on physical media in Russia, Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Colombia.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The rest of the world has been digitally released.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On April 13, the second promotional single with Waste Management, “Sparks”, premiered.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On May 30 and June 12, 2010, Lena Katina performed her first solo performances.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In her first solo programs, she presented part of Tatu's repertoire, to which Volkova reacted negatively [54].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In 2012, in an interview with Rolling Stone magazine, Lena Katina said that she and Yulia Volkova have not communicated for about two years.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

She also stated that reunion is possible, but not now [4].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On November 12, 2012, the American record company Cherrytree Records released [55] a worldwide reissue of the album 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane (10th Anniversary Edition), timed to coincide with the 10th Anniversary Edition anniversary of the release of the album 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Katina and Volkova also performed together as T.A.T.U. on December 11, 2012 [56] in the final of the Romanian version of the TV show “” in support of the re-release of the album 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Two days later, the soloists appeared [57] together on the show “Evening Urgant”, and later repeatedly appeared together on the radio.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On April 25, 2013, the band performed their first concert after the breakup.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

During their concert, Lena and Julia performed 13 songs from the band's three studio albums, some of which were performed together for the first time (“Running Blind”, “Fly on the Wall”).


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On October 17, 2013, the Snickers Japan commercial with T.A.T.u [58] premiered, which gained a million views on YouTube in a matter of days.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On November 22, 2013, the premiere of T.A.T.U. “Life is like a song” took place on NTV channel.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Yulia spoke about her pregnancy, why she had never been married and why she converted to Islam, and Lena spoke about her relationship with her husband, why she did not invite Yulia Volkova to the wedding and what she did to lose weight.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On February 7, 2014, the duo performed at the opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics, in Sochi [59] [60].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On February 17, 2014, Elena Katina posted a video message on her official channel that she would no longer work with Yulia Volkova and that T.A.T.u was ceasing to exist again [61] .


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Three days later, on February 20, 2014, Yulia Volkova posted a response video message in which she criticized Elena Katina's earlier appeal to fans and demanded an explanation of its meaning [62].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On March 5, 2014, Yulia Volkova posted another video message in which she stated that despite the existing disagreements between the members of the duo, she still does not rule out further collaboration with Elena Katina [63].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On December 12, 2014, Lena and Yulia appeared together on the program “Live Air”, dedicated to their former producer Ivan Shapovalov, and never saw each other again.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On May 19, 2016, on the occasion of the anniversary of the children's collective “Neposedy”, 1.5 years later, the song “They will not catch up with us” was performed at the State Central State Center for State Property of Russia [64].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On June 16, 2016, the VeVorRussia music channel published an exclusive, previously unreleased video of Tattoo “30 Minutes” 16 years later [65].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Criticism


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The band's activities were criticized from various angles, which was due to the chosen image [66] [67], scandalous behavior and statements of the participants (performances in underwear in clubs and concerts [ 68], use of obscene language in interviews, provocative photos) [69].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

After the release of the band's first video, where girls kiss, entered the Western market, their work attracted the attention of music critics.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Billboard wrote: “All the Things She Said” is a song filled with power that opposes longing and despondency, with the fascinating, powerful sound of synthesizers. A young, categorical, powerful and promising debut” [70].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Journalists of New Musical Express noted: “The producers have successfully built both a musical line and a scandalous one so that the music sells well” [70].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

In the UK, a number of critics targeted the band's image at the age of the soloists: some public figures and TV presenters called for a ban on the broadcasting of the video clip “I'm crazy”, accusing Tatu of” pedophilia propaganda” [71].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

For example, TV presenter Richard Madley called the duo “nauseating”, describing the video for the song “All the Things She Said” as “the standard of sweet dreams of all British pedophiles” [72].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

On the other hand, The Daily Telegraph columnist Nick Cowan said: “All this noise distracts from their music, which is not bad at all. It has more levels than you might think. If at first the synthetically soulful sound seems primitive, you are soon surprised to find roaring guitars and a harsh rock rhythm” [70].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

After the premiere of the song “People with Disabilities” and the video for it, the band was accused of insulting people with disabilities.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The reason for this was a line from the song: “They do not expect the lost, they do not want the sad ones. Such people do not live, they are drowned like kittens”, as well as the fact that real disabled people were involved in the extras in the video: a person without an arm and a wheelchair user.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Yulia and Lena denied all accusations and claimed that their song is about disabled people not physically, but morally: callous, soulless, selfish people [73].


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Roster


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Yulia Volkova — vocals (1999—2011, 2012—2014, 2016)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Lena Katina — vocals (1999—2011, 2012—2014, 2016)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Musicians


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Sven Martin — keyboards, music director (2002—2011)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Troy McCubbin — Guitars (2002—2010)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Matthew Venslauskas— Guitars (2010-2011)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Roman Ratege — drums (2003—2006)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Steve “Boomstick” Wilson — drums (2006-2011)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Doman Vadzhevec — bass guitar (2006-2011)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Katya Nechaeva — vocals (2003) [74]


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Discography


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Albums


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

200 on the counter (CD; Universal Music; 2001)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

200 on the counter (reissue) (CD; Universal Music; 2002)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

200 km/h in the Wrong Lane (CD; CD+DVD; Universal Music; December 10, 2002)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

200 km/h In the Wrong Lane (10th Anniversary Edition) (CD; Cherry Tree Records; November 12, 2012)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Dangerous and Moving (CD; CD+DVD; Universal Music; October 5, 2005)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

People with Disabilities (CD; Universal Music; October 19, 2005)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Happy Smiles (CD; Soyuz; October 21, 2008)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Waste Management (CD; Mystery of Sound; December 15, 2009)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Singles


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

I'm crazy (CD, tape, Neformat LLC, December 2000)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

They won't catch us (March 2001)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

30 minutes (September 2001)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Simple Movements (May 2002)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

A Simple Motion (Single, 2002 [not released] /2012 [album reissue]


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

All the Things She Said (CD, Universal Music, September 10, 2002)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Show Me Love (promotional single, CD, Universal Music Poland, 2002) [75]


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Not Gonna Get Us (CD, Universal Music, May 5, 2003)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Don't Believe It, Don't Be Afraid (Universal Music, May 2003)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

30 Minutes (promotional single, Universal Music, June 2003)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

How Soon Is Now?


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

(CD, Universal Music, July 7, 2003)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Disabled people (promotion single, 2005)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

All About Us (CD, DVD, Universal Music, September 1, 2005)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Friend or Foe (CD, Universal Music; December 2005)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Gomenasai (CD, Universal Music, March 2006)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Loves Me Not (promotional single, Universal Music, November 22, 2006)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

White cloak (CD+DVD, Soyuz, May 2008)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

220 (radio and TV promo single, April 25, 2008)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

You and I (radio promotional single, September 12, 2008)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Snowfalls (radio and TV promotion single, April 17, 2009)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Snowfalls (radio and TV promo single, July 13, 2009)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

White robe (promotional single, TV, November 10, 2009)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Sparks (radio and TV promotional single, March 13, 2010)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Compilations and remixes


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

T.A.T.U. Remixes (CD; 2CD; 2CD+DVD; Universal Music; 2003)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

The Best (CD; CD+DVD; Universal Music; September 20, 2006)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Waste Management (Remixes) (Digital Release, T.A.Music, 2011)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

DV


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Screaming For More (DVD; Universal Music; November 24, 2003)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Truth: Live in St.


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Petersburg (DVD; Neformat Music Japan; September 12, 2007)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Songs not released in albums


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Yugoslavia


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Squirrel


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

It's all right


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

I'll be


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Poetry (feat. Polyusa)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Don't believe, don't be afraid


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Love in every moment


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Follow Me


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Soundtracks


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

“Not Gonna Get Us” — films “Lilya Forever” (2002), “Champions” (2014) (sounds in karaoke)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

“All the Things She Said” - WWE, the musical theme for the release of wrestler Victoria (2002)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

“They Won't Catch Us” - the film “March Throw” (2003) sounds at the 32nd and 93rd minutes of the film


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

“Show Me Love” - “Speak” movie (2004)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

“How Soon Is Now” - Gossip Girl (Season 2, Episode 8) (2008)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

“Not Gonna Get Us” - 2009 film “Code of the Thief” (sounds in the background in the bar and in the last subtitles)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

“You and I” - “You and Me” movie (2011)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

“All the Things She Said” - “Boyfriend from the Future” (2013)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Honors


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

apparitions


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Notes


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

References


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

(in Russian) (in English)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

(in English)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

(in German)


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Fan sites: and


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Category:Russian pop music groups


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Category: Russian girl groups


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Category:Music duets


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Category: Participants in the Eurovision Song Contest 2003


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Category:Representatives of Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Category:MTV Video Music Awards Winners


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Category:LGBT in music


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Category: Musical groups from Moscow


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Category: Musical groups established in 1999


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Category: Musical groups disestablished in 2011


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Category: Musical groups of the 1990s


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Category:Music groups of the 2000s


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Category:Musical groups of the 2010s


Question: Was “tattoo” played in the electropop style?

Tatu (band)

Category: Laureates of the Golden Gramophone Award


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Mosaïque (French: mosaïque, Italian: mosaico from Latin: (opus) musivum - (work) dedicated to the muses) is a decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres, the works of which imply the formation of an image by assembling, typing and fixing on the surface (as a rule, on a plane) multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

History


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Ancient East


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The history of the mosaic dates back to the second half of the 4th millennium BC, the time when the buildings of palaces and temples of the Sumerian cities of Mesopotamia date back to


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The mosaic was made up of burnt clay cone-sticks (“zigzags”) 8-10 cm long and 1.8 cm in diameter, which were laid on clay mortar.


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The image was formed from the ends of these cones, which were painted, usually red, black, and white.


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Geometric motifs were used: rhombus, triangle.


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

An early example of the inlay technique or the opus sectile mosaic technique, which was called in antiquity, which later developed into the technique of Florentine mosaic, can be considered an artifact, conditionally called “Standard of Ur” (2600—2400 BC)


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Early examples of the use of the technique of mosaic from raw pebbles date back to the 8th century BC, which constituted one of the stages in the development of mosaic techniques and at its end was disdainfully called Romans opus barbaricum.


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

During the excavations, ornamented pebble floors of Altyn-Tepe (east. Anatolia) and the palace in Arslan-Tash (Assyria), but the richest monument is the pebble mosaics of Gordion (Anatolia).


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Antiquity


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The first ancient mosaics made of raw pebbles were found in Corinth and date back to the end of the 5th century BC. These are contour images of people, animals, mythological creatures, decorated with geometric and floral ornaments, usually made in white on black, stylistically similar to red-figure vase-painting.


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Similar samples of the 4th century BC were also found in Olynthos, Sikion, Eretria.


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

An important step towards realism was taken in Pella's mosaics (late 4th century BC)


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The heyday of ancient mosaics occurred in the Hellenistic era, when the technique of pinching pebbles appeared and colored glass became available, which made it possible to achieve picturesque realism of images and use almost unlimited color gamut.


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The oldest monument where the technique of pricking or tessellation was used is considered to be the mosaics of the Sicilian city of Morgantina (III century BC).


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

In ancient Rome, the floors and walls of villas, palaces and baths were laid out in mosaics.


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Roman mosaics were made of small cubes of very dense glass — smalt, but it was not uncommon to use small pebbles and pebbles.


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Pompeii, “Battle of Issa” — the mosaic is laid out of about one and a half million pieces collected into a painting using a technique known as “opus vermiculatum”, that is, the pieces were collected one by one in winding lines.


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Early Christians and Byzantium


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

See Byzantine mosaics


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The era of the Byzantine Empire can be considered the highest flourishing of mosaic art.


Question: Who is considered the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Byzantine mosaics become more refined, a smaller module of stones and delicate masonry are used, the background of the images becomes mostly gold.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Ravenna


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Monreale


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Medieval Eurasia


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Rococo


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Shells of sea mollusks have become widely used as a material for mosaics.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Such mosaics decorated the interiors.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

In Europe, during this period, the fashion for beaded mosaics became widespread.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Beads were put on wax on paper, cardboard, using cross stitch patterns.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Very few such works have been preserved.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

In Germany, van Zelow's manufactory worked with this material in 1750-1770, and later the secret of the technology was lost.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Both flat furniture details, such as countertops, and voluminous items were decorated: bottles, bird figures.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Most of the products of this manufactory are in museums in Germany.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

There is one table produced by this manufactory in the Arkhangelskoye Museum-Reserve.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Islam


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The mosaic was widely used in the design of the palaces of the rulers of the East


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Thus, the Palace of Sheki Khans is an outstanding work of medieval architecture in Azerbaijan.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

This palace, considered one of the most valuable architectural monuments of the 18th century of Azerbaijan, was built in 1762 by Haji Celebi.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The palace, which at one time was part of the complex of palace structures and served as the residence of Sheki khans, is a two-story building.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The facade of the palace consists of lifting lattice frames with a set of shebeke — multi-colored small glasses.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The multicolored shebeke pattern colorfully complements the murals that cover the walls of the palace.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

In the second half of the 18th century, the art of painting, directly related to architecture and construction, reached a high development in the Sheki Khanate.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

All significant architectural structures in the city of Sheki were richly decorated with wall paintings, which at that time was the most popular type of painting technique.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

This is evidenced by the examples of painting from the Palace of Sheki Khans, which have survived to this day and have not lost their artistic expressiveness.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The wall paintings were devoted to various topics: scenes of hunting wild animals, battles, floral and geometric ornaments, drawings based on the “Khamsa” (Five) by the Azerbaijani poet Nizami Ganjavi, scenes from palace life, everyday sketches from peasant life and so on.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

In general, colors such as blue, red, golden, yellow were used.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

On the plafond of the hall in the palace of Sheki khans, the name of the talented painter Abbas Kuli is encrypted.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

It should be noted that the walls of the palace have been restored more than once, and therefore you can find murals made by masters who lived at different times here.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

French mosaic