Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

E


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Q


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

m


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

M


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

m


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

M


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

{\ displaystyle\ mathrm {EQ} = {\ frac {m} {0.12M^ {2/3}}} =8.3 {\ frac {m} {M^ {2/3}}}


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

where


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

m


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

{\ displaystyle m}


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

— brain mass in grams,


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

M


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

{\ displaystyle M}


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

— body weight in grams.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

The formula [2] is also used


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

E


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Q


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

m


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

M


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

m


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

M


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

{\ displaystyle\ mathrm {EQ} = {\ frac {m} {0.055M^ {0.74}}} =18.2 {\ frac {m} {M^ {0.74}}}


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

In early works on animal intelligence, it was proposed to evaluate it on the basis of experimental tasks proposed to animals.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

However, this technique has not been widely used, since different animals are specialized in solving problems of different types.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Absolute brain mass is also not an objective criterion for the development of intelligence, because with increasing body size, it needs more and more brain mass to control auxiliary systems, such as the respiratory system, thermoregulatory system, sensory organs and motor skills.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

The more brain mass relative to body weight, the more brain tissue is available for solving more complex cognitive problems.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

The encephalization index does not provide a high accuracy in assessing intelligence, since the structure of the brain itself is of great importance.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

In mammals, the area of the cerebral cortex (neocortex) is important, which increases due to cerebral convolutions.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Therefore, the encephalization index is used to identify development trends and potential opportunities of various species.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

During the evolution of mammals, the average value of the encephalization coefficient increases: in the Eocene it was 0.026, in the Pleistocene it was 0.055, in modern species it was 0.115.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

EQ comparison table for different animals


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Below is a comparative table of brain mass, encephalization coefficient and the number of neurons in the brain for different animal species.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Of all fish forms, sharks had the highest EQ, and octopuses had invertebrates.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Other odds


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

The cerebralization coefficient is the product of relative and absolute brain masses [10].


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

person — 32


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

elephants — 10


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

hominids — 7.35


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

cetaceans — 6.25


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

insectivores — 0.06


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Allometric equations


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

In biology, there are often situations when a parameter of a living organism depends on another parameter (for example, brain mass versus body weight) for a more complex relationship than the direct proportionality.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Studies show that such dependencies are most often described by the so-called allometric equation, which in general terms is a power dependence [11]


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

y


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

a


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

x


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

b


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

{\ displaystyle\ y=ax^ {b}}


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

or in logarithmic coordinates


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

l


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

g


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

y


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

l


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

g


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

a


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

b


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

l


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

g


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

x


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

{\ displaystyle\ mathrm {lg}\, y=\ mathrm {lg}\, a+b\ cdot\ mathrm {lg}\, x,}


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

where x is the input parameter, y is the output parameter, and a and b are some coefficients.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

The pioneer of the application of the allometric equation in biology was O. Snell, who in 1891 published a well-known work on comparing the intelligence of different animal species [12].


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Snell found that in larger mammals, the brain accounts for a smaller proportion of body weight, but the intelligence of animals with increasing size does not tend to decrease.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Believing that, on average, the intelligence of mammals does not depend on their size, Snell introduced some average dependence of brain mass on body weight and presented it as


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

m


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

a


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

M


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

b


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

{\ displaystyle\ m=am^ {b},}


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

with a degree of b being approximately 0.68.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Snell considered deviations of brain mass from the value calculated by this equation to be an objective indicator of the intelligence of the animal.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Over the next century, the type of this dependence and the value of the coefficients have been repeatedly confirmed by studies.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Thus, in the article by V. Stahl [13], published in 1965, along with data on other organs, the following coefficients of allometric dependence of brain mass on body weight are given:


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Measurement of brain mass for other classes of vertebrates showed that mammals and birds at equal weight have approximately the same brain mass, which is significantly higher than the brain mass of equal weight fish and reptiles [14].


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

The opinion that dinosaurs had a smaller brain compared to modern reptiles is not supported by biometric data.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

In the range of body masses that is characteristic of modern reptiles, the ranges of brain and body masses for reptiles and dinosaurs coincide.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

With large body masses characteristic of large dinosaurs, brain mass increases in power dependence with the usual degree index of 0.65—0.70 for vertebrates.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Notes


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

References


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Lori Marino.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 2004, 17, 1—16.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Jim Moore, 2002.


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Category:Animal anatomy


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Category:Brain


Question: What is the brain size of a whale?

Encephalization rate

Category:Anthropogenesis


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, North Atlantic Alliance (English: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO; French: Organization du traité de l'Atlantic Nord, OTAN) - military - a political bloc that unites most European countries, the United States and Canada.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

It was founded on April 4, 1949 in the United States, with the aim of protecting Europe from Soviet influence [~ 1] [~ 2] [~ 3] [~ 4] [~ 5].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

At that time, 12 countries became NATO member states: the United States, Canada, Iceland, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Italy and Portugal.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

This is a “transatlantic forum” for Allied countries to consult on any issues affecting the vital interests of its members, including events that could jeopardize their safety.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

One of NATO's declared goals is to deter or protect against any form of aggression against the territory of any NATO member state.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Currently, 29 countries are members of NATO.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Together, military spending by all NATO members accounts for more than 70 percent of the global total [1].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

History


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

According to Anders Fogh Rasmussen, NATO Secretary General (2009—2014), the organization was created to protect Europe from Soviet invasion [2]:


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

NATO was created in a dangerous world.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

While the shadow of the USSR was gathering over Europe, 12 countries on both sides of the Atlantic united to protect their security and core values: freedom, democracy, human rights and the rule of law.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In March 1948, the Brussels Pact was concluded between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Great Britain, which later formed the basis of the Western European Union (WEU).


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

It is considered to be the beginning of the formation of the North Atlantic Alliance


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

At the same time, secret negotiations were held between the United States, Canada and Great Britain on the creation of an alliance based on their civilizational unity.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Negotiations between European countries and the United States and Canada on the creation of a single union soon followed.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

All these negotiations ended with the signing on April 4, 1949 by representatives of twelve countries (Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, USA, France) of the North Atlantic Treaty.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The treaty created a system of collective security.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

All parties undertook to collectively protect any party to the treaty that would be attacked.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The agreement between the countries finally entered into force on August 24, 1949 after its ratification.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In fact, since its foundation, NATO has been focused on countering the USSR and, later, also the member countries of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact, concluded in 1955.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Greece and Turkey joined NATO in 1952 (“First NATO Expansion”).


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

West Germany became a member of NATO in 1955 (the “Second NATO Expansion”).


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In 1954, the USSR applied for NATO membership, which was rejected [3] [4].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In 1966, in addition to NATO's supreme body, the NATO Council, the Military Planning Committee was established, consisting of defense ministers of the bloc member countries, and meets twice a year.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In 1966, France withdrew from the military organization NATO, remaining a member of the political structure.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Despite this, France took an active part in the NATO military operation against Yugoslavia in 1999.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In 2009, it returned to all NATO structures.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In 1974, Greece withdrew, and in 1981 it re-joined NATO.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In 1982, Spain joined NATO (the “Third Enlargement of NATO”).


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

With the unification of Germany, the territory of the alliance included the territory of the former GDR (now part of Germany).


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

After the end of the Cold War, Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 (the “Fourth NATO Enlargement”), in 2004 - Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Estonia (“Fifth NATO expansion”).


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Croatia and Albania joined NATO in 2009 (the “Sixth NATO Enlargement”).


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

[6] Montenegro joined NATO in 2017 (the “Seventh NATO Expansion”) [7].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Until the end of the Cold War, NATO forces did not officially participate in any military operation.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, NATO troops took part in the following conflicts:


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

in the war against Iraq in Kuwait and in Iraq in 1991. (under the auspices of the UN);


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

wars on the territory of the former Yugoslavia —


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995-2004),


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Yugoslavia (1999)


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Macedonia (2001—2003);


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

in Afghanistan (2001-present) ),


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

in Iraq (2003—2011),


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

during the peacekeeping operation in Sudan (2005—2011).


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On January 4, 2018, the organization approved as its official anthem a musical composition for 20 instruments by the conductor of the Luxembourg Military Orchestra, Captain Andre Reichling [9].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On March 10, 2018, Ukraine received the status of a graduate student country, as well as Macedonia, Georgia and Bosnia and Herzegovina [10].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Targets


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In accordance with the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949, NATO aims to “strengthen stability and improve prosperity in the North Atlantic region”.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

“The participating countries have combined their efforts to create collective defense and preserve peace and security” [11].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In general, the bloc was created to “repel the Soviet threat” [~ 1].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

According to First Secretary General Ismay Hastings, the goal of creating NATO is “... to keep the Russians aside, the Americans inside, and the Germans under” [12] [13].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

NATO's 2010 Strategic Concept “Active Participation, Modern Defense” presents NATO's three most important tasks — collective defense, crisis management and security based cooperation [14].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

It is believed that by mid-2015, NATO is returning to its fundamental task in a modified form: instead of aggression by the USSR, an unexpected attack is considered as the main threat of the Russian Federation [15].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

At the NATO summit in July 2016, Russia was recognized as the main security threat to NATO, and its containment was officially declared a new NATO mission [16] [17].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Authorities


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The North Atlantic Council (NAC) is the main political decision-making body in NATO and the only committee created by the founding treaty.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

By virtue of article 9, it is empowered to establish “subsidiary bodies as may be necessary” for the implementation of the Treaty.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Over the years, the SAS has established a network of committees to facilitate the work of the Alliance and address all issues on the agenda.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

NATO's main committees include the Nuclear Planning Group (NSG) and the Military Committee.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The Defense Planning Committee, which was also one of the most important decision-making bodies in NATO, was disbanded during the committee reform in June 2010, and its functions were transferred to Defense Policy and Planning Committee.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In addition to the SAS, NSG and the Military Committee, there are a number of committees directly reporting to the North Atlantic Council:


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Committee of Deputies


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Policy and Partnerships Committee


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Nonproliferation Committee


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Consultation, Command and Control Board


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Operations Committee


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

High-level Task Force on Conventional Arms Control


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Verification Coordination Committee


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

National Arms Directors Conference


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Standardization Committee


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Logistics Committee


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Policy and Resource Planning Board


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Air Defense Committee


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Air Traffic Management Committee


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Civil Emergency Planning Committee


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Public Diplomacy Committee


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

North Atlantic Council Operations and Exercises Committee


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Safety Committee


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Civil Intelligence Committee


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Archive Committee [18]


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The NATO Parliamentary Assembly acts as a platform for discussion of security issues by lawmakers in NATO member countries.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

armed forces


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In 2007, there were more than 5 million troops in the armed forces of NATO countries, of which about 3 million 200 thousand in Europe [20]


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

As of 2010, the armed forces of NATO countries had about 3.8 million troops.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The NATO armed forces are divided into:


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

the joint armed forces (hereinafter referred to as the OVS) transferred to the bloc's disposal;


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

armed forces that remain under national subordination.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The Armed Forces include associations, formations and units of the US Army and Air Force (see also the article European Command of the US Armed Forces), Great Britain, Canada, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy and Turkey, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic, as well as the Norwegian and Danish Air Forces.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In wartime and during exercises, the naval forces of these countries, as well as the bulk of the troops of Norway, Denmark, Portugal and Luxembourg, are transferred to the Armed Forces.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The armed forces of France and Greece, which withdrew from the NATO military organization, periodically participate in joint exercises of the NATO Armed Forces in Europe, coordinate the air defense actions of their country with the NATO joint air defense forces .


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In 2002, NATO began a large-scale reform of its military structure.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In the process of this reform, the total number of NATO headquarters has been reduced from 20 to 11 [20].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Regional Commands


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Within the framework of the Allied Command in Europe, there are two regional commands:


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The Nordic Allied Forces include Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland and the United Kingdom.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The company is headquartered in St. Brunssum, the Netherlands (Northern Army Group until 1993);


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The allied forces of Southern Europe are Hungary, Greece, Italy, Spain and Turkey.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Headquartered in St. Naples, Italy.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The High Command in the Atlantic consists of five headquarters:


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

East Atlantic Ocean,


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Western Atlantic,


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

South Atlantic Ocean,


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Strike fleet,


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Allied command of submarines.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

NATO's official languages are English and French.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The NATO Council is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The Supreme Command of the NATO Armed Forces in Europe is located in Mons (Belgium).


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Rapid Reaction Force


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The NATO Response Force is designed to provide operational support to NATO operations.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The concept of this force was approved by the Declaration of the NATO Heads of State Meeting in Prague on 22 November 2002 and approved by the Defence Ministers of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in June 2003; their first headquarters (NRF-1) was established in October 2003 in Italy.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In accordance with the principle of rotation, the NRF-2 headquarters in Portugal was established in 2004 [22].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On September 5, 2014, at a meeting of NATO leaders in Newport, it was decided to create an English: Very High Readiness Joint Task Force, VJTF).


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

These forces of about 4,000 people [23] are designed to react quickly in the event of an attack by Russia on any of the NATO countries [24] [25].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The main base and command center of the force are planned to be located in the UK.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The planned period for the transfer and deployment of units in countries bordering Russia (Poland, the Baltic States) does not exceed 48 hours [23].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Finances


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

According to an unofficial policy, members of the Union should spend at least 2% of GDP on defense [26].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

However, of the 25 European members of the alliance, only Britain, Greece and Estonia comply with this requirement.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In 2013, the average indicator of military spending among the European members of the Union amounted to 1.4%.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The decline in military spending of European countries occurred as a result of cuts in military budgets due to the financial crisis in Europe.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The exception is the United States, where defense spending in 2013 amounted to 4.4% of GDP.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

From 1995 to 2013, the US share in NATO spending increased from 59% to 72% [26].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Armament costs


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In April 2014, NATO Secretary General A. F. Rasmussen called on European NATO members to increase defense spending in response to the aggravation of Russian-Ukrainian relations [2] [26]:


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

No one in NATO wants the Cold War to return, but we see that the Kremlin is trying to turn back time and divide Europe into spheres of influence.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

We must defend our values <... > and the system of international rules <... >.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

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Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Information security


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

NATO has structures (“centers”) whose purpose is analysis and information security.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

There are 20 such centers in the alliance countries, three of them are located in the Baltic States: Estonia deals with cybersecurity, Lithuania — energy security, Latvia — strategic communication [27].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Strategic Communication Center in Latvia


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

It is located in Riga.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The mission of the center is to conduct research and develop recommendations in several areas: information and psychological operations, public relations, propaganda.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

One of the priority areas of the center's work was possible ways to counter Russian Internet trolls [27].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Members


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Partners


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Possible members


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Members of the Membership Action Plan


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Accelerated Dialogue participants


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The Republic of Cyprus, with the coming to power of Nicos Anastasiades, plans to join NATO.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Individual Affiliate Plan Members


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Partnership for Peace


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

NATO has signed a cooperation agreement with a number of European countries.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The program of interaction with these countries is called Partnership for Peace.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Among the participants of the program: Austria, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

relationships


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Iceland


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

During the Cold War, the issue of Iceland's membership in the organization was raised several times, starting with the protests of 1949.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In the early 1970s. The Soviet Union intensified attempts to achieve the country's withdrawal from NATO and its neutral non-aligned status, as it was a strategically important stronghold and transit hub for fleets and US and British aviation in the North Atlantic, where, in addition to parking ships and reloading various military equipment, ships could be repaired, stationary and refueled strategic aircraft and many other transport and logistics operations.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In addition, there are reconnaissance and tracking stations for the actions of the submarine forces of the Soviet fleet in the Atlantic.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The argument for the continuation of the stay of several thousand troops of the American contingent on the island was very simple, according to the leadership of the alliance, if the American troops leave Iceland, then the Soviet leadership will be tempted to occupy it (according to their information, the USSR Navy had large marine corps forces to conduct such operations).


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The fears of the NATO leadership intensified after the trade agreement was signed between the USSR and Iceland and after the Icelandic government began to make claims to Great Britain about delineation of fishing zones.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In 1973, during the December NATO summit in Brussels, the defense ministers of the member countries of the alliance signed a joint memorandum on the inadmissibility of Iceland's withdrawal from NATO and ensuring enforcement of this decision in the event of disagreements or emergency situations [35].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The severity of the situation was expressed in the termination of air communication with the island by the largest air carrier.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The U.S. Civil Aviation Council consistently granted Pan American World Airways requests in 1971 and 1973 to suspend civil flights between Reykjavik and Helsinki first from October 15, 1972 to May 17, 1973 [36], and then on the temporary suspension of flights with Iceland from October 1973 to May 1974 [37].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

USSR, Russia


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The USSR perceived the creation of the bloc in 1949 as a threat to its own security.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In 1954, in Berlin, at a meeting of the foreign ministers of the United States, Great Britain, France and the USSR, Soviet representatives assured that NATO is a purely defensive organization.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In response to calls for cooperation, the USSR sent a note on March 31, 1954 proposing to consider “together with interested governments the issue of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic Treaty” but this initiative was rejected in a note in response by stating that the organization was “more than military” and that such a proposal “contradicts the very principles on which the defense system and security of Western states”.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In response, the Soviet Union formed a military bloc in 1955 from states that pursued a pro-Soviet policy — the Warsaw Pact [39].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

After the collapse of the Warsaw Pact Organization and the USSR, the NATO bloc (created, according to official documents, to repel the Soviet threat) did not cease to exist and began to expand east [40] [~ 6] [41].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On June 7, 2007, the President of Russia signed Federal Law No. 99 “On Ratification of the Agreement between the States Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty and Other States Participating in the Program Partnership for Peace, on the Status of Forces of 19 June 1995 and its Additional Protocol” [42].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In January 2008, Dmitry Rogozin took up his duties as Head of the Permanent Mission of Russia to NATO.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On September 23, 2008, Russia protested against the signing on this day of the “declaration on cooperation between the secretariats of NATO and the UN”.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The declaration was signed by Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and Ban Ki-moon [43].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On March 5, 2009, NATO foreign ministers announced the resumption of relations with Russia, which had been terminated after the August crisis in the Caucasus.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In July 2009, US Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Philip Gordon said that the United States was ready to consider Russia's accession to NATO on certain conditions [45].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Earlier, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev noted that Russia's accession to NATO is not yet possible, but “we want normal relations with the North Atlantic Alliance. We are ready to develop partnerships with the Alliance” [46].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Russia is cooperating with NATO on the issue of a military operation in Afghanistan.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The Russian side has concluded agreements with the United States and Germany on the transit through its territory of military cargo for troops participating in the International Security Assistance Force [47] [48].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In October 2009, Dmitry Shugaev, Deputy Director of the State Corporation Russian Technologies, said that Russia could provide NATO forces in Afghanistan with helicopters on commercial terms [49].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

According to Nikolai Makarov, former Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, the long-term interests of Russia and NATO in Afghanistan coincide, and Russia is interested in successful actions multinational grouping [50].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On April 1, 2014, NATO foreign ministers stopped military cooperation with Russia due to the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation, but NATO continues to cooperate in the Russia-NATO Council diplomatic level of ambassadors [51].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Belorussia


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Belarus has been participating in the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council since 1992 (the North Atlantic Cooperation Council in 1997), and in the Partnership for Peace program since 1995.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Belarus to NATO was established in 1998.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In the spring of 1999, Belarus condemned the invasion of NATO troops in Yugoslavia and suspended cooperation, but later it was restored.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In autumn 2001, Belarus provided some assistance to NATO in the preparation of an operation in Afghanistan.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Kazakhstan


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Since 2003, international peacekeeping exercises have been regularly held on the territory of Kazakhstan [52].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

They are attended by military contingents of NATO member countries and CIS countries (without Russia) [52].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In Kazakhstan, according to NATO standards, a contingent of the Kazbat peacekeeping battalion is being trained [52].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Ukraine


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The relationship between Ukraine and NATO was officially established in 1992, when Ukraine, after gaining independence, joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, later renamed Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council [53].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

A few years later, in 1994, Ukraine joined the Partnership for Peace program (the first among the CIS countries) and soon demonstrated its readiness to participate in the Euro-Atlantic system by supporting NATO operations in the Balkans in the 1990s [53].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In 1997, relations between Ukraine and NATO moved to a qualitatively new level — the Charter on a Special Partnership between NATO and Ukraine was signed, the first Information and Information Center in Eastern Europe was opened in Kiev NATO documentation [53] [54].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

With the adoption of the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan in November 2002 [53], relations were further strengthened, and within the framework of this plan, annual Ukraine-NATO Target Plans began to be developed.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On April 21, 2005, in Vilnius, within the framework of an informal meeting of foreign ministers of NATO countries, a meeting of the Ukraine-NATO Commission was held, which opened a new stage in Ukraine's relations with the Alliance — an “intensive dialogue” which was intended to be the first step towards Ukraine's accession to NATO.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On August 11, 2006, the press service of the new Ukrainian government, headed by Viktor Yanukovych, reported that Ukraine was postponing the adoption of the “action plan for NATO membership”.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On September 14, Viktor Yanukovych paid a working visit to Brussels, where he made a policy statement about Ukraine's unreadiness to join NATO.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

According to him, the new Ukrainian government “intends to expand cooperation with NATO”, without assuming any obligations within the framework of the implementation of the so-called “NATO Membership Action Plan” (MAP).


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On August 21, 2009, the Declaration on Addition to the Charter on Special Partnership [55] [56] was signed at NATO Headquarters.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

With the coming to power in Ukraine in February 2010 of Viktor Yanukovych, the issue of Ukraine's accession to NATO was frozen.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In April 2010, Yanukovych signed decrees by which he liquidated the interdepartmental commission on Ukraine's preparation for accession to NATO and the national center for Euro-Atlantic integration, stating, however, that Ukraine's relations with NATO would be maintained at the level reached under President Viktor Yushchenko.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

[57] [58].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On February 22, 2013, Ukraine officially joined NATO's anti-piracy operation “Ocean Shield”.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

As of 2013, Ukraine is the only partner state of the alliance that takes part in all its operations [59]


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

According to the new version of the Military Doctrine of Ukraine, adopted under President Petro Poroshenko and published on September 24, 2015 on the official website of the President of Ukraine, Ukraine considers it a priority the task is to deepen cooperation with NATO and achieve full compatibility of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with the relevant forces of NATO member countries by 2020.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

By abandoning its non-aligned status, Ukraine intends to change approaches to ensuring national security, giving priority to “participation in the improvement and development of the Euro-Atlantic and European collective security systems” [60].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In February 2018, Ukrainian Defense Minister Stepan Poltorak announced that Ukraine had fulfilled 90% of the plan to adapt the Armed Forces of Ukraine to NATO standards, and by 2020 it is expected to complete the reform [61].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On March 10, 2018, she became a candidate to join the alliance [62].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Georgia


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On August 20, 2008, Belgian Foreign Minister Karel de Gucht, regarding further cooperation between NATO and Georgia, said that accepting NATO membership “a country that sometimes manifests itself in a way that is not very controlled actions, this is risky in itself.”


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In December 2008, at a meeting of the NATO Council, it was not decided to provide Georgia with an Action Plan for membership in the Alliance.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In August 2009, Laurinas Kasciunas, head of the Center for Eastern Geopolitics Studies, said: “Although after the conflict in South Ossetia at one time it seemed that Georgia's membership in NATO could be accelerated, but in the end, the conflict removed this prospect. NATO membership is now a very distant scenario.”


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In 2012, NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, while in Tbilisi, said that Georgia was closer to the alliance than ever [66].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Persian Gulf countries


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On December 11, 2014, the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf concluded an agreement with NATO on joint actions to ensure the security of energy supplies to world markets [67].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Participation in military conflicts


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The first use of military force in NATO history took place in 1994 in Bosnia [68].


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Afghanistan


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Since 2001, the International Security Assistance Force, an international military contingent under the auspices of the United Nations, has been operating on the territory of Afghanistan with UN Security Council Resolution No. 1386 of December 20, 2001 NATO.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

It consists of five regional commands, each of which reports several provincial offices (Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT).


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Each group consists of military units, police (advisers to the Afghan police) and civilian personnel from various government agencies of the participating countries.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Yugoslavia


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

NATO played a significant role in the Yugoslav wars.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The first NATO aircraft began monitoring navigation in the Adriatic Sea for compliance with the embargo against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia back in 1992.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On April 12, 1993, military aircraft of the United States, the Netherlands and France began patrolling the airspace of the former Yugoslavia for the first time.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

On 28 February 1994, United States Air Force fighters shot down four Republika Srpska air force attack aircraft over Banja Luka while they were flying combat against Bosnian Muslim positions in violation of the Council resolution UN Security 816.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

In 1999, as a result of the intervention of NATO forces in the Kosovo War, Kosovo actually withdrew from Yugoslavia.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Libya


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

See also


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

NATO TV+ Channel (Available to users on the Alliance website. For users and TV companies wishing to rebroadcast NATO TV, it is possible to download the channel's videos from the website.)


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

NATO headquarters


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Antinato


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Non-Aligned Movement


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

A major ally outside NATO


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

NATO operations


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Warsaw Pact Organization


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

UN


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

OSCE


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

NATO Naval Rank Codes


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

STANAG (NATO ammunition standardization)


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

NATO enlargement


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

List of NATO member countries


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

European Union Armed Forces


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

SATO


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Notes


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

comments


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Sources


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Literature


Question: When was NATO founded?

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Scientific


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

in Russian


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

The Armed Forces of Foreign States: Information and Analytical Collection.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

— MOSCOW, 2009.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Yermakov S. M. Transformation of NATO after the Lisbon Summit 2010: from the defense of the territory to the protection of the common heritage//Problems of the national strategy.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

— 2011.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

— No. 4.


Question: When was NATO founded?

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Kirillov V. IN. Russia and NATO: geostrategic realities. Voennaya Mysl.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

— 2007.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

— No. 9.


Question: When was NATO founded?

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in other languages


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Publicism


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

D. Ganser.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

A. Khramchikhin.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

IN. Kozin.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

A. Wrestlers.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

V.Tolkachev.


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

References


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Official resources


Question: When was NATO founded?

NATO

Category:Organizations established in 1949


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Moltke-Klasse class battlecruisers (German: Moltke-Klasse) were a type of battlecruisers [note 1] of the German Empire Navy during the First World War.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Two units, Moltke and Göben, were built.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

They were a further development of the Von der Tann battlecruiser.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

By increasing the normal displacement by more than 3,000 tons, all parameters have been improved.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

We received an additional fifth turret of the main caliber.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

We had more speed and better booking.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Like its predecessor, they were significantly superior to all British battlecruisers with 305-mm guns.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

However, in terms of speed and armament, they were significantly inferior to the British second-generation cruisers of the Lyon type, which entered service with them almost simultaneously.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

They were actively used during the First World War.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Moltke took part in all combat operations of German battlecruisers in the North Sea and the Baltic.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

After the war, he was interned and then flooded by his own crew in Scapa Flow.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The Göben was the only German battlecruiser not part of the 1st Reconnaissance Group.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Before the war, he served in the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

At the beginning of the First World War, it broke into the Dardanelles and was sold to Turkey.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

He participated in several clashes with the Russian Black Sea Fleet.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

After the war, it was repaired, survived World War II and became the last battlecruiser to be scrapped.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Development history


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

When work on preparations for the laying of the battlecruiser Von der Tann first began, the General Design Department of the Navy had already begun to develop requirements for the battlecruiser G 1908 program [note 2].


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

At a conference in May 1907, it was decided that the new cruiser would be larger than the previous one.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The 44 million marks allocated for it in 1908 could be enough to follow the battleships to guns with a caliber of 305 mm.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

However, both Rear Admiral Rolman, head of the design department, and Minister Tirpitz believed that the 280 mm caliber [note 3] was enough to confront modern British battleships [note 4], and from the point of view of tactical advantages, the best solution is to increase the number of guns.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Therefore, the caliber of the guns remained unchanged at 280 mm, but their characteristics were improved by switching to a barrel length of 50 calibers.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The booking level should have been no worse than that of Von der Tann, with a speed of at least 24.5 knots.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The design was carried out under the supervision of Chief Designer Dietrich from April 1907 to September 1908.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Compared to the Von der Tann, the new cruiser received a longer polubank that goes to the foremast, and another 280 mm turret at the stern.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The increase in displacement also caused an increase in the capacity of the power plant.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The design process was lengthy due to lack of staff.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Practical Germans considered that spending resources on the development of a single ship project was wasteful.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Therefore, in order to save time and money on the development of the project, it was decided to build the H cruiser of the 1909 program according to the same drawings.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Design


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

housing


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The cruiser's hull had a polubank extending to the foremast, and sharper extremities than that of the Von der Tann.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The stem was more straight.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The power set of the body is mixed, with a space pitch of 1200 mm.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The hull was divided by watertight bulkheads into 15 compartments.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The double bottom occupied 78% of the ship's length, absent at the ends.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The normal displacement of the Moltke increased to 22,979 tons, the full displacement to 25,400 tons. The length along the KVL was 186.0 m, the largest - 186.6 m. The width of the hull in the midships is 29.4 m, the maximum for shots of the anti-torpedo network is 29.96 m. Board height in the middle of the hull was 14.08 m. At normal displacement, the draft was 8.77 m, the stern was 9.19 m, while the freeboard height in the bow was 7.3 m and 4.3 m in the stern.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

An increase in draft by 1 cm corresponded to an increase in displacement by 35.64 tons.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Unlike the Von der Tann with its parallel rudders, the Moltke received tandem rudders.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The main rudder had a steering angle of up to 38°, the auxiliary rudder - up to 10°.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Each of the two steering vehicles could control both its own steering wheel and both at the same time.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Cruisers of this type had quite good seaworthiness.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On the forward move, they had good handling, smoothly describing the circulation when shifting the steering wheel, but it was difficult to get out of it.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

When the steering wheel was fully shifted, the Moltke lost 60% of speed and received a roll of 9°.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The cruiser had high stability characteristics - the metacentric height at the design displacement was 3.01 m. The stability was maximum at a roll of 38° and zero at 68°.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Both ships had hollow tubular masts.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The ships were equipped with anti-torpedo nets, which were removed in 1916.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The crew of the ship consisted of 1153 people, including 43 officers.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

As a flagship, the Moltke had a crew increased by 76 people (including 14 officers).


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

In the Battle of Jutland, the crew of the cruiser consisted of 1425 people.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

reservations


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The armor protection has been further strengthened compared to the Von der Tann.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Vertical armor was made of cemented Krupp armor.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The main armor belt 270 mm thick was located between the barbets of the bow and end stern towers.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Under water, it narrowed, reaching 130 mm at the lower edge.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The belt was lined with a 50 mm teak wood lining.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The main armor belt was closed at the ends by traverses 200 mm thick.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The upper armor belt had a thickness of 200 mm, reaching the lower edges of the ports of 150-mm guns.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The casemate of medium-caliber guns had a thickness of 150 mm.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Between the guns and behind them, anti-fragmentation screens with a thickness of 20 mm were installed.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

In the bow, the main belt continued with a belt 120 mm thick, then moving into a 100 mm belt and ending with an armor bulkhead 100 mm thick.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

In the aft part, it ended with a belt 100 mm thick, ending three meters from the stern section with a 100 mm bulkhead.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The barbets of the towers were 200 mm thick.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The outer parts of the barbets of the bow and stern towers were 230 mm thick, and the inner ones were 170 mm thick [note 5].


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Behind the casemate belt, the thickness decreased to 80 mm, and behind the upper armor belt - to 30 mm.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The frontal and rear walls of the main caliber towers were 230 mm thick, the side walls were 180 mm thick.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The sloping front of the roof was 90 mm thick and the flat part was 60 mm thick.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

At the back of the tower there was a 50 mm deck.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The walls of the front wheelhouse were 250-350 mm thick, and the roof was 80 mm thick.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

At the rear wheelhouse, these thicknesses were slightly less - 200 and 50 mm.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The deck of the polubank had a thickness of 25 mm, thickening above the battery to 35 mm.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The middle deck was 15 mm thick.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The main armored deck in the middle part was 25 mm thick, ending with 50 mm bevels consisting of two layers of 25 mm each.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

In the bow, it was 50 mm thick with 50 mm bevels.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

In the aft part it reached 80 mm with 50 mm bevels.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The anti-torpedo bulkhead had a thickness of 30 mm, increasing in the area of the cellars to 50 mm.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Coal bunkers provided additional structural protection.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Arming


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The main caliber artillery consisted of ten 280-mm 28 cm SK L/50 guns with a barrel length of 50 calibers.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

They were located in five two-gun towers.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

In the diametrical plane there were one bow and two stern towers with a linearly elevated location.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

In the central part of the hull, diagonally, as on the Von der Tann, there were two side towers.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The right one was moved closer to the nose relative to the left.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The bow tower had a firing sector of 300°, stern 280°, side - 180° on the near side and 125° on the far side.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The height of the axes of the guns above the water level at the bow tower was 9 m, at the side towers - 8.4 m, at the stern towers - 8.6 m and 6.2 m.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The real caliber of all German 280-mm guns, including the 28 cm SK L/50, was 283 mm.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The gun was structurally similar to the 45-caliber Von der Tann gun.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Due to the increase in the barrel length to 14,000 mm, its weight increased to 36 tons. Wedge gate, Krupp systems.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The powder charge consisted of two parts — the main charge in a brass case and an auxiliary charge in a silk cap.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The total weight of the powder in the charge was 105 kg. It reported an initial velocity of 880 m/s to an armor-piercing projectile weighing 302 kg [1].


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The guns were located in tower mounts of the Drh LC/1908 model [note 6] weighing 444.5 tons, which provided them with an inclination angle of −8° and an elevation angle of +13.5°.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

After the Battle of Jutland, the angles were changed to −5.5° and +16°, respectively.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

At an elevation angle of +13.5°, a range of 18,100 m was reached, at +16° - 19,100 m. On the Göben, after the war, the elevation angle was increased to +22.5°, which provided a maximum range of 21,700 m [1].


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The guns were loaded at a constant elevation angle of 2°.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The practical rate of fire reached 3 shots per minute.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

At all towers, shell cellars were located under the charging cellars.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The range of shells was limited only to armor-piercing ones.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The ammunition load was 810 shells - 81 per gun.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Campbell, citing British intelligence data, says that for the bow and stern towers, ammunition was 6 more shells per barrel - 87, as on the Seidlitz [1].


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The medium caliber consisted of twelve 150-mm 15 cm SK L/45 guns with a barrel length of 45 calibers.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

They were located in a casemate in a battery on the upper deck in MPL C/06 units of the 1906 model.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The angle of declination was -7°, the elevation was +20°, which provided a maximum range of 13,500 m. The ammunition load was 150 shells per gun, for a total of 1,800 shells [2].


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The auxiliary artillery originally consisted of twelve 88-mm guns with a barrel length of 45 calibers.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Four were located in the casemate in the bow on the upper deck, two in the bow and four in the aft superstructures, and two more on the upper deck behind the 150-mm guns.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The ammunition load for them was 250 shots per gun.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

These guns were gradually removed during operation, replaced by anti-aircraft guns.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

First, four bow guns located in the casemate were removed, because they were heavily flooded in the waves.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Later, four guns were removed in the stern superstructure, installing four 88-mm anti-aircraft guns.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

At the end of 1916, the last four 88-mm guns were removed for firing at ground targets.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The artillery fire was controlled from two armored control posts.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Data on the range to them came from rangefinder posts installed on Mars masts.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

In 1915, the Moltka installed central fire control devices for main and medium caliber guns.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

They were installed on the Göben in 1916.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Torpedo armament was represented by four underwater torpedo tubes of 500 mm caliber - one bow, one stern and two side, located in front of the barbet of the bow turret.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The total ammunition load was 11 torpedoes.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Power plant


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Moltke had a four-shaft steam-turbine power plant.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

All four propellers were three-bladed, 3.74 m in diameter. They were driven by two sets of Parsons turbines with direct drive to shafts.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

They were located in two waterproof compartments — IV and V. Each compartment was divided by longitudinal bulkheads into three compartments.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

High-pressure turbines were located in the outer compartments of the front V compartment and rotated the outer shafts.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The diameter of the rotors of their turbines was 1980 mm.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Low-pressure turbines driven by internal shafts were located in the stern IV compartment in the central compartment.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Their rotors had a diameter of 3050 mm.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Steam with a pressure of 235 psi (16.5 atm.) was produced by 24 naval Schulz-Tornycroft coal-fired boilers.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

After 1916, the boilers were equipped with oil injection nozzles.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The boilers were located in four compartments — VII, VIII, X and XI.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Each compartment was divided by longitudinal bulkheads into three compartments.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Thus, each of the 12 compartments had two boilers.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The boilers had natural circulation, thin tubes and a total heating area of 11,530 m².


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Each boiler had two fireboxes, three water drums (English: water drum) with one steam collector.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The design capacity on the shafts was 52,000 hp, or 2.05 hp per ton of full displacement, which, according to calculations at a shaft speed of 330 rpm, allowed battlecruisers of this type to develop design speed of 25.5 knots.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

During tests on the Neckrug measuring mile, the turbines of the Moltke cruiser developed forced power on shafts of 85,782 hp, providing the ship (at a shaft speed of 332 rpm) with a speed of 28.4 node.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Fuel consumption (at 6-hour forced travel) at a developed power of 76,795 hp was 0.67 kg/l.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

with. per hour.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Göben, tested on the Neukrug measuring mile, showed a maximum speed of 28.0 knots with a power of 85,661 hp. During the 6-hour forced course, it showed an average speed of 26.8 knots.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The normal fuel reserve on cruisers was 1000 tons of coal, the maximum was 3,100 tons. The cruising range of battlecruisers of the Moltke type was 2,370 nautical miles (at a speed of 23 knots) or 4,120 nautical miles (at 14 knots).


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Six turbine generators with a total capacity of 1500 kW provided the ship with 225 V electricity.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Representatives


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Moltke


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The Blom und Voss shipyard in Hamburg received an order for the construction of the cruiser G.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

According to various sources, the keel of the ship was laid on December 7, 1908 or January 23, 1909 [note 8].


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

When launched on April 7, 1910, the cruiser received the name “Moltke” in honor of the German commander of the late XIX century.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The construction cost amounted to 42.603 million marks, or 21.302 million rubles in gold.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

It was handed over to the fleet on September 30, 1911 and began tests, which lasted until April 1, 1912.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On May 11, as part of a specially created division, he paid a return visit to the United States.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

In addition to Moltke, the division included small cruisers Bremen and Stettin.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Upon returning from the campaign, he was included in the 1st Reconnaissance Group and became its flagship on July 9, 1912.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Since June 23, 1914, the battlecruiser Seidlitz became the permanent flagship of the 1st Group.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Before the outbreak of World War I, there were plans to send the Moltke to East Asia to replace the Scharnhorst.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

However, at first the campaign failed, because the Moltke was planned to temporarily replace the Goeben, which required repair, in the Mediterranean Sea, and then all plans were disrupted by the war.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On August 28, during the raid of British ships in German Bay, Moltke and Von der Tann were able to go to sea only 12:30 due to low tide, when the battle had already stopped.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Moltke, as part of the 1st reconnaissance group, participated in the shelling of Yarmouth on November 2-4, 1914 and Hartlepool on December 15-16.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

During the raid on Hartlepool, he was hit by a 152-mm projectile under the waterline.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On January 24, 1915, he participated in the Battle of Dogger Bank.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Moltke was second in the German line, after Seidlitz.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The battle was reduced to the pursuit by British cruisers of the German formation.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The German squadron fired at the lead British Lyon, then replaced it with the Tiger.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

British cruisers distributed targets, and each fired at their own.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Moltke was shelled by Lyon for a short time, and then, due to confusion, no one fired at it, so there were no hits on it, as well as losses in personnel.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

It is difficult to single out the hits of German ships, but out of 22 hits by 280-mm shells on the Lyon and Tiger, presumably 8 or 9 of them fall on the Moltke.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

In total, Moltke fired 276 shells from a distance of 14,600-16,400 m (79—88 cab.) and achieved 2.9-3.33% of hits.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Since March 29, 1915, the 1st reconnaissance group took part in the breakthrough of the fleet into the Gulf of Riga.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On August 19, the British submarine E1, operating in the Baltic Sea, fired a 450-mm torpedo at the Seidlitz, which dodged.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The torpedo went to Moltka.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The hit occurred in the bow of the starboard side.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The cruiser received 435 tons of water, killing 8 people.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

But the cruiser could support the 15-node course and independently reached Hamburg on August 23, where it was repaired until September 20, 1915.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The Moltke took part in the Battle of Jutland on May 31, 1916, fourth in the battlecruiser line of the 1st Reconnaissance Group.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

During the “run to the south”, “Moltke” fired at the “Tiger”, achieving 9 hits at a distance of 12,300-14,100 m (66-77 room).


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The Moltke itself at that time was shelled by “New Zealand”, but did not receive damage.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

After joining the battle of the 5th British battleship squadron, he alternately fired at “New Zealand” and “Malaya”, but did not reach hits.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

At the same time, it was hit by four 381-mm shells and one 343-mm shell exploded near the side.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The ship took about 1000 tons of water inside, but nevertheless retained the main caliber artillery in action and remained the most combat-ready of the German battlecruisers.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Therefore, after Luttsov left the battle, the commander of the Hipper formation carried his flag on the Moltka.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

During the battle, Moltke fired 259 280-mm armor-piercing shells, as well as 236 150 mm.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

After the battle, only the Von der Tann and Moltke remained in the 1st reconnaissance group, so before the rest of the cruisers were repaired, the fastest battleships, the Bayern, were temporarily assigned to it, “Margrave” and “Grosser Elector”.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

During the German landing on the islands of Esel, Moon and Dago in September-October 1917, the Moltke was the flagship of the German squadron.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

After returning to the North Sea, battlecruisers, including the Moltke, were used mainly to cover light forces - submarines and minesweepers to sea.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On April 23-24, 1918, Moltke participated in the last campaign of the High Seas Fleet.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The fleet tried to intercept one of the Scandinavian convoys, but on the Moltka there was a major accident.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

It lost the outer propeller of the starboard side, and the turbine that powers it reached above the permissible speed.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The failed turbine turning gear unit pierced the seawater supply pipe to steam condensers and several steam pipelines.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

As a result, the cruiser took 1600 tons of water inside the hull and lost its course.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The turbine room and several boiler rooms were flooded.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

He was forced to go on the air asking for help and thus thwarted the fleet's operation, which was carried out in an atmosphere of radio silence.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

First, the Moltke was towed by the battleship Oldenburg; then the water was pumped out, and the cruiser itself was able to move.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

But when he returned to port, he received a 457-mm torpedo from the British submarine E-42 and received another 1,700 tons of water, losing its course again.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

And only in the morning of April 27, Moltke was able to reach Wilhelmshaven with the help of tugs.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Under the terms of the truce, the Moltke became one of the interned ships and moved to Scapa Flow.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On June 21, 1919, when the High Seas Fleet was flooded, it lay to the bottom west of Kawa Island.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

In 1927, it was lifted by Frank Cox's company, towed to Rosite, where it was finally dismantled for metal during 1926-1927 [3].


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Göben


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The order for the construction of the battlecruiser H was received by Blom und Foss on April 8, 1909.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The cruiser received construction No. 201 and was laid down (according to various sources) 12 (Hildebrand and Gröner) or August 28 (Conway, Campbell).


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

When launched on March 28, 1911, it received the name “Göben”.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

He officially joined the Navy on July 2, 1912.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The construction lasted 34 months and cost 41.564 million marks or 20.788 million rubles in gold.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The tests were carried out until November 1912.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The only German battlecruiser that was not part of the 1st reconnaissance group.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On November 1, 1912, in connection with the outbreak of the Balkan War, the Mediterranean Division was formed, which, in addition to the Göben, included the small cruiser Breslau.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

By 1914, Göben needed to replace the tubes in the boilers, and its stroke fell to 24 knots.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Instead, Moltke was supposed to come to the Mediterranean Sea, but due to the complication of the international situation, they did not have time to do this.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The commander of the division, Sushon, decided to go to Constantinople, although Turkey was still thinking.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

British battlecruisers Indefatigeble, Indomiteble and Inflexible tried to intercept the Goeben, but could not keep up with it, and then missed it, mistakenly waiting for it to break through Gibraltar in The Atlantic.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Four British armored cruisers under the command of Trubridge were on the way of the Goeben, but did not dare to engage in battle with it, and German ships freely penetrated into the Dardanelles.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

To avoid internment, Germany announced the sale of Göben and Breslau to Turkey, which were called Sultan Yavuz Selim and Midilli.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The purchase was fictitious.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The teams remained German, and Sushon became chief of staff at the Turkish naval command.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On October 29, 1914, Turkish ships shelled Odessa, Feodosia, Novorossiysk, and Göben - Sevastopol, sinking the Prut mine transport during the withdrawal.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Russia declared war on Turkey, followed by other Entente countries.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On the Black Sea, the Göben was opposed by five Russian battleships, each of which was inferior to it both in speed and armament.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Only together they posed a threat to the German cruiser.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On November 6, the Göben cruised near Sevastopol and in the fog met with a Russian squadron returning from the shelling of Zonguldak.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The battle at Cape Sarych with the Gyoben was mainly led by the battleship Evstafiy.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The battle lasted about 10 minutes, at a distance of 6400-7,400 m (35—40 cab.).


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Göben fired 19 shells, achieving three hits on Eustafiy and another close rupture.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

In response, Eustafiy achieved one hit the casemate of 150-mm guns.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On the Göben, the port side gun No. 3 failed, the charges prepared for battle ignited, and as a result, 13 sailors were killed and three were wounded.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

After John Chrysostom and Panteleimon joined the battle, Goeben withdrew from the battle.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On December 26, 1914, on its way to the Bosphorus, the Göben was blown up by two previously exposed Russian mines.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Constantinople did not have a dock capable of accommodating such a large ship, so repairs were carried out afloat by German specialists with the help of caissons attached to the board.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

During the renovation, the activities of Göben were limited, although it went to sea.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On May 10, 1915, a squadron of Russian battleships, which fired at fortifications near the Bosphorus, again met in battle with the Göben, returning from cruising.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Visibility this time was good, and the battle was fought at maximum distances — about 15,700-16,700 m (85-90 cab.).


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

According to Russian sources, the Goeben, which fired at the Eustafiy maneuvering for about 23 minutes, did not achieve hits.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Russian battleships achieved three hits with 305-mm shells.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

They did not cause serious damage, but the Göben chose to retreat and take refuge in the Bosphorus.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The entry into service of the Russian dreadnoughts Empress Maria and Empress Catherine the Great further limited the actions of German cruisers.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The new commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Admiral Kolchak, organized an active mine war in the Bosphorus area.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

All this, as well as the lack of coal, limited the access of German cruisers to sea.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On May 8, 1916, in conditions of excellent visibility, the Russian dreadnought Empress Catherine the Great tried to intercept the Goeben 75 miles from the Bosphorus.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The Göben did not get involved in battle, but for another half an hour it was fired at 305-mm shells on the retreat.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The elevation angle of the guns of the Russian battleship was 25°, which provided it with a maximum range of 24,500 m (132 cab.) [4].


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

In order to somehow compensate for the advantage of Russian dreadnoughts in firing range, the elevation angle of the 280-mm Göben guns was increased to 22.5°.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

In theory, this was supposed to provide it with a range of 23,000 m (124 cab.), but due to the deterioration of the barrels, according to British sources, it was 21,600 m (117 cab.).


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Due to the lack of coal and the need to trawl the mines put up by the Russian fleet, the activities of Goeben and Breslau were severely limited until the end of the war.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

After the conclusion of a peace treaty with Soviet Russia on December 16, 1917, there was no need for the presence of Goeben on the Black Sea.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On the night of January 19-20, 1918, Göben and Breslau launched a sortie against the Entente fleet blocking the Dardanelles.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

When leaving the Dardanelles, the Goeben was blown up by the first mine, but the operation continued.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

In the bay of Imbros Island, the Göben sank the British Raglan and M-51 monitors with six volleys from a distance of 9100-6,400 m (49-34 cab.).


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

During a further attempt to reach the island of Lemnos to fire at transports, German cruisers hit a minefield.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The Breslau hit a total of four mines and sank to the bottom.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The Göben blew up only one and returned to the Dardanelles on its own, but on the way back it was blown up by another mine and then ran aground.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Despite attempts by Allied aircraft and artillery to sink the cruiser, it was removed from the aground on January 26, 1918.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

After Germany's surrender, Göben was officially sold to Turkey.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Until 1926, he was incapable of combat and defended in Stenia.