Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

It is assumed that all post-Soviet republics, where the opposition will come to power with the support of the street, will become members of the Democratic Choice.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

“The experience of Georgia and Ukraine comes down to the fact that we were able to overcome the internal political crisis and managed to organize the transfer of power peacefully,” explained the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Borys Tarasyuk.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Tarasyuk offered Kyrgyzstan to become the third member of this organization, but not now, but after the normalization of the situation in Bishkek.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

“After the legitimate process of establishing power, it will be possible to consider its accession,” he explained [15].


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

“We respond very positively to proposals from Ukraine and Georgia to help us get out of the current situation. But we still need to think about it,” said Roza Otunbayeva, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kyrgyzstan [16].


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

The official goals of the new association have not yet been announced.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

It is only known that the coalition will support the opposition in other states and “remind partner states of the need to comply with democratic principles” [17].


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Obviously, the Democratic Choice will deal with the so-called “export of revolution”, although the organizers of the coalition avoid this phrase in every possible way.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

“Revolutions cannot be exported,” says Yushchenko and Saakashvili's joint address to the Kyrgyz people, which was brought to Bishkek by the foreign ministers. “In our three states, elections were just an excuse the last straw that exhausted the patience of the people and pushed them to fight for freedom and democracy” [16].


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

U.S. Engagement


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

On April 14, US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld arrived in Bishkek.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

He met behind closed doors with Kurmanbek Bakiev.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

They discussed, in particular, the activities of the American Manas Air Base near Bishkek [18].


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Bakiyev later noted that he “does not consider it necessary to increase the armed forces of other states on the territory of Kyrgyzstan.”


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Responding to a question about the possibility of giving permanent status to the United States military base at Manas Airport and deploying in Kyrgyzstan an additional contingent of American troops or weapons, including AWACS aircraft, Prime Minister Bakiyev said that these issues were not raised at all during the meeting, “however, all obligations assumed by the Kyrgyz Republic in the field of military cooperation will have been completed in full” [19].


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Belorussia


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

President of the Republic of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko, speaking to servicemen and journalists in the city of Baranovichi, Brest region, said: “There will be no revolutions in Belarus... We are able to to maintain the situation in our country and not by force. We have reasonable people who understand everything. We will make people afraid of changes in the leadership.”


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

“This is not even a revolution, it is robbery and banditry, when one handful of people take one building where the president's office is located — that's all. So who is this president? ... Another such example is Ukraine. There was no power, no monolith. The President did not have enough power.”


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Speaking about himself, the Belarusian leader said: “Lukashenka can be overthrown, and moreover, elementary, but only in elections. Come to the polls and overthrow Lukashenka, put anyone in power, and I will agree” [20].


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Kazakhstan


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

The events in Kyrgyzstan in early 2005 caused serious concern among the Kazakh authorities [21].


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Firstly, Kazakhstan is geographically and culturally close to Kyrgyzstan, and secondly, presidential elections in Kazakhstan were scheduled for December 2005.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

The Kazakh opposition managed to unite and elect a leader.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

On March 20, 2005, the All-Kazakhstan meeting of the democratic community “For a Just Kazakhstan” was held in Almaty.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

About 700 representatives of all major opposition parties and non-governmental organizations elected Zharmahan as their leader and single opposition candidate in the upcoming presidential elections Tuyakbay, a former speaker of the country's parliament, an experienced and charismatic leader, who until recently was one of Nursultan Nazarbayev's closest associates.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

The Kazakh opposition put forward demands to revise the results of the past parliamentary elections, direct negotiations with the President, reform the electoral system and the presence of OSCE observers and, finally, refuse Nursultan Nazarbayev from participating in the December elections [21].


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

During the Kyrgyz events, Kazakhstan closed the border, and President Nursultan Nazarbayev postponed planned visits to Finland and Russia.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Tajikistan


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

The authorities of Tajikistan, as well as neighboring Turkmenistan, apparently, can take a course towards greater closeness and self-isolation in the region in order to avoid a recurrence of the Kyrgyz events [21].


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

The situation in Kyrgyzstan was one of the main topics of talks between President Emomali Rakhmonov and Vladimir Putin in Sochi in early April 2005.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Putin assured that Russia “is ready to provide all possible assistance in normalizing the situation in Kyrgyzstan. We are in constant contact with the governing bodies of the republic and hope that the authorities will be legitimized there in the near future” [22].


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Meanwhile, an act was signed in Dushanbe on the transfer to the ownership of Moscow of the Nurek optoelectronic node, which allows controlling outer space.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

In exchange, Russia pledged to invest $2 billion in the Tajik economy over 5 years.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Rakhmonov received a promise from Russia that with the withdrawal of Russian border guards from the borders of Tajikistan, the republic will not be left without military assistance.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Russian military instructors will maintain their presence on the external borders of Tajikistan and will train local military personnel at the Dushanbe base [23].


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

China


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

The Chinese leadership cannot be indifferent to the development of events in neighboring Kyrgyzstan.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

First of all, many prominent representatives of the opposition that came to power at one time gained fame under anti-Chinese slogans.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

In 2002, when Kyrgyzstan transferred 900,000 hectares to China in the Uzengi-Kuush area, the current leaders of Kyrgyzstan organized numerous protest rallies, the main opponent of the signed agreement on Azimbek Beknazarov, now Acting Prosecutor General of Kyrgyzstan, was the state border with China.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Opposition activists periodically make statements about the need to abandon this agreement.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

The second is calls by supporters of the new Kyrgyz government for the release of Uighur activists from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China from Kyrgyz prisons.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Beijing fears that the revolution in Kyrgyzstan may lead to a surge in political activity in Xinjiang.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

China can offer Russia to jointly strengthen control over the situation in the region through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and support the campaign launched by Russia against OSCE observers, destabilizing the situation in Central Asia.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

China is extremely negative about the growing American influence in the region and, most likely, will point to the events in Kyrgyzstan as confirmation of its concern.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

China is very interested in maintaining the current regimes in the republics of Central Asia, since only stable regimes contribute to the fight against Islamic fundamentalism and separatism in the region [21].


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

See also


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Kyrgyzstan Revolution of 2010


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Notes


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

References


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Aleksandr Knyazev.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Bishkek, 2007.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

(WG 09.11.2014 “How it was”)


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Eurasianet organization.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Eurasianet organization.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Eurasianet organization.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

from the Council on Foreign Relations


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Literature


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Anjaparidze Z. (March 2005)”.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Eurasia Daily Monitor.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Cohen A. (March 2005).


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

The Washington Times.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Cummings S. and Ryabkov M. (2008) Situating the Tulip Revolution.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Central Asian Survey 27 (3-4) 241-252.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Cummings S. (2009) Domestic and international perspectives on Kyrgyzstan's Tulip Revolution.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, New York.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Finn P. (2005).


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

The Washington Post.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Freedman E. (2009) When a Democratic Revolution isn't Democratic or Revolutionary?


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Journalism 10 (6): 843-861.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Hale H.E. (2011) Formal constitutions in informal politics: institutions and democracy in Post-Soviet Eurasia.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

World Politics 63 (4): 581-617


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Hiro D. (2009) The Guardian


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Hiro D. (April 2010).


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

The Guardian.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Kalandadze K. and Orenstein M. (2009) Electoral protests and democracy beyond the colored revolutions.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Comparative Political Studies 42 (11): 1403-1425.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Mitchell L.A. (2012) The Color Revolutions.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Radnitz S. (2006) What really happened in Kyrgyzstan?


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Journal of Democracy 17 (2): 132-146


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Smith C.S. (March 2005).


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

The New York Times.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Stepanov G. (2005) Two leaders of Tulip Revolution can't share power in Kyrgyzstan.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press (57) 13:345-391.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Tudoroiu T. (2007) Rose, Orange, and Tulip: the failed Post-Soviet revolutions.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Communist and Post-Communist Studies 40 (3): 315-342.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Walsh N.P. (March 2005).


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

The Guardian.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Yusin M. (2005) Tulip Revolution begins in Kyrgyzstan.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 57 (12): 1-48.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Revolution of “tulip” //Political encyclopedic vocabulary/way of life.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

: L. M. Gerasina, V. L. Pohribna, I.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

O.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

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Polishchuk ta in.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

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Ed.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

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M. P. Trebina.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

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— X.


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

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:Law, 2015


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Category:2005 in Kyrgyzstan


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Category:21st Century Revolutions


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Category:Coups d'état in Kyrgyzstan


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Category:Conflicts of 2005


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Category:Kurmanbek Bakiyev


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Category: March 2005


Question: How many people were injured in mass protests in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005?

Tulip revolution

Category:April 2005


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Child and Magic (sometimes Child and Magic [1], French: L'Enfant et les Sortilèges) is a one-act opera-ballet (French: fantasy lyrique — musical fantasy) by Maurice Ravel in two films (French: fantasy lyrique) parties) to a libretto by Colette.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Number of the essay according to the catalog of Marne M.71.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

It was created in the period from 1919 to 1925.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The premiere took place on March 21, 1925 at the Monte Carlo Opera under the baton of Victor de Sabata and choreography by George Balanchine with the participation of the Diaghilev Ballet Russe [2].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Ravel's second opera after the Spanish Hour and the last completed opera, described by critics as an example of virtuoso instrumentation and a subtle psychological plot [3].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Even while writing the opera, the composer, according to his own testimony, conceived this work as “departing from everything conventional and traditional” [4] and should become a work from the author's life.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

With his usual humor, the composer said: “This is a well-prepared stylistic cocktail from all eras: from Bach to... Ravel!” [5].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The opera tells the story of a naughty child: he does not want to do his homework, for which he is punished by his mother.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The boy smashes everything around, but objects and animals rebelled and want to teach him a lesson.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Throughout the opera, the boy changes his attitude to the world around him, realizing the consequences of his actions.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The opera ends with a common choir of animals that forgave the boy.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The work is autobiographical in nature, as mentioned by Ravel himself [6].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Francis Poulenc, describing the author of Bolero and this work, said: “Ravel's life was his mother. In fact, in the opera Child and Magic, the child who calls “mom” with his hands out is Ravel himself.”


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The history of creation


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Historical context


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The end of the 19th century was marked in France by an increased amount of literature about children, for children and about childhood in general [7].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In 1889, the publicist published the book “The Reign of the Child” [8], in which he spoke of Victor Hugo as a poet of the child's soul.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Impressionists, such as Bertha Morisot and Mary Cassatt, depicted children's rooms and the world around the child.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Children's books by Sofia Rostopchina, Countess Segur, were extremely popular.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

A new look at the problem of children's worldview is presented back in 1853 in Charles Baudelaire's article “The Morality of the Toy” [9], where the poet recalled an incident from his childhood and analyzed the world of childhood dreams and the special role of the toy in it: “The toy is the child's first introduction to art, or rather, it is the first realization of this for him, and with the advent of adulthood, no perfect creations will give him the soul is not the same warmth, nor the same delight, nor the same faith” [10].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Noting Ravel's special addiction to toys, mechanisms and various kinds of machines, the French philosopher wrote that Ravel's artistic world as a whole is “an abundance of toys he actually invented, dolls and animated mechanisms placed in works and created to imitate life” [11].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

According to the American musicologist, Yankelevich's words reveal the image of Mrs. Pankuk's room, given by Baudelaire in The Morality of the Toy: “she opened the door of some room where she appeared before me an extraordinary and truly enchanting sight. The walls could not be seen, they were so hung with toys. Behind their lush flowering hid the ceiling, from where they hung in clusters, like wonderful stalactites” [9].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

At the same time, Yankelevich's definition directly leads to images from the opera Child and Magic, where the first film takes place in a room with animated objects.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

French music belle époque took the romantic look of the childhood of Schumann's Children's Scenes: it is no coincidence that the genre of the children's piano cycle is presented in the works of Georges Bizet (“”), Gabriel Faure ( “”) Claude Debussy (“”, as well as the piano ballet “”), (“Un tas de petites choses”) and, finally, Ravel himself (“”).


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

At the same time, as noted by researcher Emily Kilpatrick [12], “the composers of the Third Republic switched from Schumann's idealized romantic childhood to crowded children's rooms and beating the key is the family life of their active Parisian society” [13].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The work, in which the image of the child was radically rethought, was Modest Mussorgsky's “The Nursery”, which resembles an almost monoopera and demonstrates the child's inner world.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Ravel knew this work: there is an orchestration dated 1922 [14].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The opening scene of Ravel's opera almost exactly repeats the number of “Children's” In the corner: the child is punished by his mother for wrongdoing.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Musically, the echoes of Detskaya with characteristic parallel seconds and special prosody can be heard not only in Dita, but also in Christmas of Toys or “”, Yankelevich believes [15].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In 1931, Ravel wrote his autobiographical essay “The Lazy Child As I Was...” (French: Mes souvenirs d'enfant paresseux) [16], in which researchers [17] see a hint of the very first scene of the opera: the child,” overwhelmed by laziness” does not want to do his homework.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Colette & Ruchet


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Ravel and Colette first met back in 1900.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The meeting took place [18] at the famous Paris salon of Madame de Saint-Marceau (French: Mme de Saint-Marceaux) at [19].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Decades later, the writer recalled in her essay “The Music Salon in 1900”:


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Probably out of his hidden modesty, Ravel kept a distant look and spoke dry.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

But when I heard his music, I first felt curiosity and then affection, covered with the charm of slight anxiety from the surprise and sensually crafty appeal of the new art — that's all I've known about Maurice Ravel for many years [20].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Colette often referred to her childhood memories.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

An important motif of her works is the enchanting world of animals, especially cats, as in her book Animal Dialogues [21].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

According to A. Orenstein, this circumstance was one of the links between Colette and Ravel, who wrote the vocal cycle “” back in 1906, a collection of various portraits of animals [22].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Another important intersection between the writer and the composer is that Colette wrote the libretto after the death of her mother.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Ravel, who has been to the front and is constantly worried about his mother, will start composing the opera after her death.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Finally, both Colette and Ravel were deeply affected by the First World War.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

According to V. Smirnov, in his second opera “Ravel may oppose the destructive consequences of war in the souls of people” [23].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

By 1914, there was a cursory mention of the name Colette in Ravel's letter to Sip Godebsky [1].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In the same year, Jacques Roucher, the newly appointed director of the Grand Opera, invited Colette to write a libretto.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

It is known about Colette's letter addressed to Rouche back in 1913, in which she says that she “thinks about a divertissement” [24].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In March 1916, Rushe again turned to the writer and received an answer from her: “Dear Mr. Rucher, I have finished my work. I refused the last third of the text and rewrote it. I would like to know if you share Sidi's favorable opinion about the Ballet for my daughter.”


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Ballet for My Daughter was the name of the original libretto of the future opera.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

It is known that later the composer rejected this title of the libretto, saying that he, Ravel, did not have a daughter [5].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

It should be noted that apparently in 1925, when the opera was completed, Colette wrote to Ravel about the dedication of Child and Magic to her daughter, and in 1926 Ravel himself mentioned Colette de Juvenel as the person to whom the opera is dedicated [25].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

For unknown reasons, the dedication of Colette's daughter was never mentioned in the first edition of the score or in subsequent editions.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Colette and Roucher testimonies about the initial period of writing the libretto have been preserved.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Roucher recalled in 1939: “For a long time I was convinced of the need to create a new form of opera libretto that could influence, excite and touch the young listener <... > when I met Madame Colette in the salon of a friend of mine, I invited her to apply her gift of imagination to a ballet or opera script” [24].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

According to Rouchet, after a short time he received a libretto from Colette and asked Ravel to put it on music.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Colette, in turn, says about the beginning of the future opera: “I still can't explain how I, working slowly and painfully, was able to provide Ruche with Child and Magic in less than The eight-day deadline... He liked this little thing and offered it to several composers, whose names I politely accepted as much as I could. “But,” I said after a pause, “what if I offer you Ravel? “<... > “Let's not be deceived,” said Roucher. “It can take quite a long time, even if we assume that he agrees...” [24].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Meanwhile, despite the testimonies of Colette and Roucher, in fact, Ravel was not among the first to be asked to write music.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

So, in March 1916, Colette wrote to Roucher: “This is Ballet for my daughter — can you hear anything from Duke?” [26].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Paul Duke, meanwhile, rejected the proposal to write the ballet.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The next composer Rushe turned to was Igor Stravinsky.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Colette's undated letter to Stravinsky has been preserved, in which she offers him her libretto [27].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

There are no traces of the composer's written answer, but it is obvious that Rucher's proposal was not implemented by the author of Petrushka.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In the summer of 1916, Colette continued to write to Roucher about his search for a composer [26].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Colette Colette


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In March 1916, Ravel left Paris on his way to the front.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Ravel's final return followed a little more than a year later, in June 1917.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Approximately during this period, he received a libretto, which had already been sent to him earlier, but for various reasons did not fall into his hands.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In a letter dated June 20, 1917, Ravel asked his friend Lucien Garban about Colette's postal address [28].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Colette received a message from Ravel via Roucher [29].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

However, until the beginning of 1919, the indirect communication between Ravel and Colette was interrupted, despite the fact that Colette tried several times to find out about the fate of her manuscript from Roucher.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In one of the letters, Colette joked, “When will there finally be Divertissement for my... granddaughter?” [30].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

On February 27, 1919, while in Megeve, Ravel first wrote to Colette:


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Madam,


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

At a time when you expressed regret to Roucher for my silence, I, in my snowy depths, thought to ask you if you would still like to work with an absent colleague like me.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

My state of health is my only apology: for a long time I thought that I would not be able to do anything else.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Believe me, the better for me: the desire to work seems to be returning.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

It is not possible to work here, but as soon as I return in early April, I hope to start composing and start with our opera.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

To tell the truth, I'm already working on it: I make notes, though not sheet music, and I even think about changes [in the libretto]: don't be afraid, it's not about bills, quite the opposite.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

For example: can the speech of a protein be developed?


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Imagine everything a squirrel has to say about the forest and how it can translate into music!


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Or another thing: What do you think about the cup and teapot — a black Wedgwood service (sic) that sings ragtime?


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

I confess that I have an idea to let two blacks from the National Academy of Music [Grand Opera] sing this duet.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Note that the form of the verse and refrain fits perfectly into the course of this scene: complaints, bickering, fury, reprimand.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

You'll probably argue that African-American jargon is not your strong point.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Without knowing a word of English, I will do what you do — unravel this case.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

I would be grateful for your opinion on these two proposals.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Please accept, dear Madame [Colette], the assurances of the most lively artistic sympathy of your devotee


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Maurice Ravel [30]


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In his reply dated March 5, 1919, Colette enthusiastically agreed with the proposals for changing the libretto [30], and in December of the same year published an interview entitled “Colette is a libretist Ravel Ballet” [31].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The initial scenes of the future opera were sketched in the elegant castle of Ravel's old friend Pierre Aour (French: Pierre Haour), located in [32].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Completion of work


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The work, interrupted by numerous concerts in Europe, hardly progressed by 1924.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

During this period, Ravel, among other things, orchestrated Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition, began orchestration of his own Children's, composed a Violin and Piano Sonata and a rhapsody for the violin Gypsy.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The turning point was a visit to Ravel, an impresario, theater director and composer who led the Monte Carlo Opera for a long period from 1892 to 1951.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Ravel describes this meeting in an interview in 1925 as follows: “I started working on the opera in the spring of 1920 and... I stopped. Was it due to the difficulties of the production or my poor health? In short, I didn't work. And at the same time, he continued to think about opera all the time. And suddenly, last spring, Gunsburg fell on me like a bomb, though the bombs didn't surprise me anymore. But Gunsburg surprised me: “Your Spanish Hour was a triumph in Monte Carlo. Give me something new as soon as possible! “” [33].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Ravel undertook to complete the opera no later than December 31, 1924, which explains the extraordinary intensity of the work during this period.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The letters of this time are eloquent: “I work without stopping, I do not see anyone, I go out exactly as long as necessary so as not to die; if the Child and Magic does not keep up with the deadline, it's not mine it will be the fault...” [1].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The opera was composed on the outskirts of Paris Montfort-l'Amaury, in the composer's private house “” (now a house-museum) [34].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Ravel's hard work was crowned with success: the opera was completed on time.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The reason for the disappearance of Roucher and the Grand Opera from Ravel's correspondence on the future production remains unclear.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Probable reasons include the excessively large stage of the Grand Opera, Roucher's fatigue from waiting for the end of the protracted work, as well as the financially more profitable offer of Günsburg [35].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

For the first time, Child and Magic will be performed at the Grand Opera after Ravel's death, on May 17, 1939, with the participation of Roucher [36].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Content


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Actors


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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The plot


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Formally, the opera is not divided into completed numbers.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In the monograph about Ravel, the researcher of his work V. IN. Smirnov notes that “the opera consists of rounded but open vocal numbers, often developing into scenes” [38].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In general, the opera is divided into two paintings: at home and in the garden.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Picture one, at home


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Low ceiling room in an old-fashioned country house in Normandy.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

It has large sheathed chairs, as well as a large wooden floor clock with floral patterns.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The wallpaper depicts Peysan scenes.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

A round squirrel cage is suspended next to the window.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

A teapot gurgles on the slow fire of a large fireplace.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The kettle is echoed by a cat.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

It's noon.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

A boy of six or seven years old is sitting at lessons, he is overwhelmed by laziness: he scratches his pen, scratches the back of his head and hums in a low voice.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The door opens and Mom enters, or rather, a skirt (the proportions of objects and things are given in such a way as to emphasize the small height of the Boy).


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

You can see the bottom of the silk apron, the iron chain on which the scissors dangle and, finally, the hand.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Mom brought tea.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Her hand with her index finger rises inquiringly: “Was the child obedient? Did he do his homework?” The boy, without answering anything, slides down with an inflated look and even shows his tongue.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Mom is leaving the room.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The boy, of course, is punished — he must be alone in the room and cannot go out until dinner.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Suddenly, the Child loses patience and begins to destroy everything around: breaks a cup and saucer, stabs a squirrel with a writing pen, drags the cat by the tail, stirs up a fire in the fireplace with a poker and overturns the boiling in the fireplace kettle, which causes a cloud of smoke and ash.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Then, waving his poker like a sword, he goes to the wallpaper, tearing off large rags from it.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

It opens the floor clock and pulls the balance, disabling it.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Finally, he rushes at his books and tears them up, making a loud cry of joy.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

All this lasts for a few moments, accompanied by extremely lively music.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

From that moment on, the Boy begins to realize what he has done.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

To his great surprise, this will be facilitated by the direct victims of his recent riot.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The first to protest is the Chair, which escapes the attacks of the Boy, defending the Couch.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Other objects that disagree with aggressive audacity are gradually joining them.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The clock hits non-stop as a result of the boy's attack


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The boy is depressed by the increasing tension.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The English Teapot and the Chinese Cup are sung by a political duo in a mysterious broken language.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

After a fiery tarantella of Fire that came out of the fireplace and a pastoral scene of shepherds mourning the destroyed world, the Child rushes to the floor in tears.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

From a recently torn book, a fairy tale suddenly appears, reproaching the Boy.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The fairy is disappearing.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The boy tries to find the end of the fairy tale, but instead of the necessary pages he comes across only the pages of textbooks.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The Arithmetic Teacher (Little Old Man) appears surrounded by numbers that bring the Child to dizziness with their infernal dance.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Devastated, the Boy wakes up to the nocturne duet of Cat and Cat.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Picture two, in the garden


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The boy is in the garden.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

It is surrounded by “the music of insects, frogs, toads, the laughter of an owl, the whisper of the breeze and nightingales” (Ravel's note).


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

However, even here the Child finds no consolation: complains the Tree, who got it with a penknife, complains Dragonfly, whose friend was put on a pin.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The animals are going to take revenge on the Boy and argue among themselves.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

At some point, the Boy is forgotten.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

He finds himself alone in the company of a wounded limping Squirrel.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The boy wants to help her and bandages his paw in front of everyone, which makes the animals look at the Boy in a different way.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The last word the Boy said before he fell exhausted was his mother.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The choir of animals accompanying the Boy home echoes him: The boy is forgiven [39].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Orchestration


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The orchestra


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Strings: violins I and II, violas, cellos, double basses, harp


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Keyboards: celesta, piano or


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Woodwinds: 2 flutes, piccolo flute, 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets, clarinet piccolo in Es, bass clarinet, 2 bassoon, contrabassoon, (or slide flute, zug flute)


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Brass: 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in C, 3 trombones, tuba


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Percussion: 2 timpani, piccolo timpani in D, triangle, cymbals, bass drum, tam-tam, clapperboard, ratchet, grater, wood block, aeoliphon, antique cymbals, xylophone


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Orchestration features


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Ravel's orchestration is very diverse and inventive.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The composition of the orchestra is triple.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

It is not uncommon to divide strings by 4 in each group (among violins, violas and cellos, for example in the number 31), flageolets are often used, especially double bass ones.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The usual composition of the orchestra, however, is adjacent to an expanded group of percussion and noise instruments.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Among them are an aeoliphon or a wind turbine, a jazz flute with a backstage that allows you to make glissando, a cheese grater.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

We should also mention the luteala, a modification of the piano designed in 1919, patented by a Belgian organ master [40].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

As you know, luteal was previously used by Ravel in “”.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In the score Child and Magic, Ravel points out that in the absence of luteal, a piano should be used and “put a sheet of paper on the strings in the specified places to imitate the harpsichord sound” [41].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Eric Satie had already done something similar before Ravel in his musical comedy “” (French: Lepiège de Méduse): in 1914, during a closed performance of the work in the piano version, Sati put in sheets of paper between strings and hammers to achieve a characteristic effect [42].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

A comparison of familiar and frankly new instruments gives rise to numerous orchestral effects based on unexpected combinations and non-trivial solutions.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

This emphasizes the unreality of the situation: for example, the counterbassoon solo as a characteristic of the Armchair or the dance of Shepherds and Shepherds, in which instead of the more expected flutes and tambourine (which is implied pastoral genre) sounds Es clarinet and piccolo timpani.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Music features


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Genre pluralism


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

French musicologist Henri Prunier, who was present at the first production of the opera, wrote about its genre as follows: “In general, Child and Magic is a new form of opera ballet, similar to the one written by our musicians of the 18th century. Singing here has always joined the dance and gave birth to action” [43].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Indeed, the genre here has a synthetic nature, and dance is closely intertwined and even integrated into vocal numbers.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Artists not only sing, but also dance: this is the minuet that refers to French keyboardists in the Couch and Armchair duet or foxtrot in the Teapot and Cup duet.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The element of dance is opposed to the Boy, the only human being in the opera, among all the other actors (except for Mom, who does not appear completely on stage).


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

His remarks and recitatives have an operatic genesis.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The mixture of different genres is a characteristic phenomenon in Ravel's work: for example, the author's genre definition of the ballet Daphnis and Chloe is a choreographic symphony, while Bolero is a ballet for orchestra.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In the genre palette of the opera Child and the Magic with an old opera-ballet, it should be noted the genre of extravaganza, which is characterized by abundant use of sets and costumes, as well as a magical plot; American operetta, which is characterized by a combination of vocal and dance numbers; ragtime, coloratura arias, medieval organum, a counterpoint of the Renaissance.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The opera also has accurate references to specific works: for example, the Child aria “Toi le coeur de la rose”, according to Ravel's student, is nothing more than a pastiche to the aria Adieu notre petite table from the opera” Manon” by Jules Massenet [44].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Musical drama


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

According to French musicologist Stephane Echarry, an example of a reference to the organum with a characteristic dubbing of the voice to the quint was given at the very beginning of the opera in an oboe duet [45]:


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

At the same time, Arthur Honegger says in his review of the premiere that he felt “some Russian flavor” in this oboe duet [46].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The double bass joins the oboes in the second performance (number 1), performing flageolets on the salt string, which makes its timbre completely unrecognizable.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Echarri notes the Japanese gaku flavor in this unusual sound [45].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Finally, Yankelevich draws a parallel between the sound of the empty quints of Ravel's romance Ronsard à son âme and the quints of the oboe duo at the beginning of the opera, seeing in this passage characteristic of Ravel in certain points “monotony” and “harmonic discharge” [47].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Separately, it is necessary to mention the metric diversity in the opera as a whole and the introductory section in particular.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The sequence of sizes is as follows: 8/8, 5/8, 7/8, 4/8, 3/8, 9/8, 6/8.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Yankelevich notes that such a frequent variability of Ravel's pulsation is designed to convey the subtlest changes in emotion and “keep the music from sliding into predictability frozen and once and always chosen periodicity” [48].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The Couch and Armchair duo (number 17) uses luteal imitating clavysin for the first time.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The duo is preceded by a counterbassoon solo.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

According to Yankelevich, here we can also talk about the reception characteristic of Ravel: the movement does not begin immediately, several input impulses are required for swinging, as in the Scarbo from Night Gaspar [49].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The duo is an example of how harmony performs an important psychological function, accurately describing the state of the characters.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The stable tonal center of the salt in the bass contrasts with the color chords in the right hand:


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The duet ends with a general brief remark of other interior items that have joined the duo: “We don't want to see the Child again!” , which is completed by a minor chord with salt, as if clarifying the overall tone that does not tolerate objections.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The tonal center of salt generally turns out to be the centerline in the entire opera along with the descending quart, says researcher Roger Nichols.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

A descending quart crowns the opera with a sigh Child “Maman”, but also characterizes the Princess and the Cat, along with the ridicule of the Little Old Man.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

As for the tonal center of the salt, the major chord that concludes Sol, which appears after the dominant, seems to stabilize or clarify the fret uncertainty of the initial oboe duo: rigidity and misfortune The child at the beginning of the opera was transformed under the influence of the power of love [35].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Teapot and Cup Duo


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Duo de LA THÉIÈRE et de LA TASSE


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

LA THÉIÈRE Black and costaud, Black and chic, jolly fallen, I punch, Sir, I punch your nose.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

I knock out you, stupid chose!


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Black and thick, and vrai beau gosse, I box you, I marmelade you...


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

LA TASSE Keng-ça-fou, Mah-jong, Keng-ça-fou, puis' -kong-kong-pran-pa, Ça-oh-râ, Ça-oh-râ...


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Ça-oh-râ, Cas-ka-ra, harakiri, Sessue Hayakawa Hâ!


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Hâ!


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Ça-oh-râ toujours l'air chinoâ.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

A separate style layer in the opera is associated with jazz.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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In one of his interviews, Ravel mentioned the characteristic jazz flavor in his work: “No one today can challenge the importance of rhythms. My last music has a jazz influence. Foxtrot and the “blue tones” in my opera Child and Magic are far from the only examples” [50].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Ravel had a subtle sense of humor: just after writing the opera, Ravel got a dog named “Jazz” [1].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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The related word, “Blues”, became the title of the movement in the violin sonata that Ravel wrote while working on the opera.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Speaking about jazz and Ravel's work, Robert Orleans believes that “The Child” is “the most successful eclectic combination of jazz with various other “otherness” [51].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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The duet of the Teapot and the Cup (numbers 28-37) is an example of Ravel's work with the genre model of ragtime, where the refrain (number 33) is played in a political way: the “black” flat key of the Kettle sounds simultaneously with “white” pentatonic Cups.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Orleans notes that after C flat major (5 bars before 31), according to the tonal logic of ragtime, a transition to a subdominant, that is, F flat major, is expected.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Instead, there is a half-tone shift in F major (number 31).


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The Cup verse is based on an onomatopoeia that imitates Chinese, while the Kettle refrain is based on a game of French and English - “frangle”.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Premiere and first productions


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Ravel spent March 1925 in Monte Carlo, watching rehearsals and making numerous proofreading to the opera score [34].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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The rehearsal training was successful largely due to the high professionalism of the musicians.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In a letter to Jacques Durand dated March 16, 1925, Ravel states: “Thanks to an excellent orchestra that likes the work, as well as a conductor like whom I have never met before, everything has turned out to be the right <... > A cat duo will never be better meowed than Madame Dubois and Warnery” [34].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The world premiere of the opera The Child and the Magic took place on March 21, 1925 25 years after Ravel and Colette first met, and 27 years after Ravel's first public performance of music in March 1898 years [3].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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The opera was enthusiastically received by the audience, critics and composers present at the premiere.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Reviews of the premiere in Monte Carlo


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Numerous reviews are unanimously aware of the triumphant success of the world premiere.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Thus, Arthur Honegger spoke about the resounding success of the opera and, in particular, admired the duet of Cat and Cat [52].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Henri Prunier wrote that “the important cosmopolitan audience of Monte Carlo was captured by melodic charm and enchanting music” [53].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Sergei Prokofiev, who was also present at the premiere of Ravel's new work, wrote in his diary: “The very beginning is sad, the coffee pot too, but when the chairs climbed, it's good and much more good like a cat duo, (attacks by a number arithmetic teacher), a lamb, and many other places where Ravel discovered a lot of ingenuity. Next to this is the dreary appearance of the book, the very dubious taste of ballet and many other blunders. In general, the piece is very uneven. But the orchestration is charming. They say that Oric was instructed by a magazine to give a review and Auric, hating and despising Ravel, did not know how to get out of the situation. However, if Auric learned to orchestrate half as well as Ravel, he could be happy” [54].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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French premiere at the Opera Comic


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In October 1925, the Opera Comique in Paris confirmed its intention to perform the first performance of the opera in France.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Rehearsals began on November 25, 1925, and the French premiere took place on February 1, 1926 [55].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The composer could not attend the premiere, which took place in an atmosphere of scandal and discontent of the audience Opera-Comic.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Ravel's student, composer and musicologist wrote to Ravel after the premiere: “The management cursed you to the seventh generation. Your opera is played every night in a scandalous atmosphere” [56].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Diaghilev's Russian Ballet


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The world premiere of Ravel's opera ballet in Monte Carlo took place with the participation of the Diaghilev Ballet Russes, which spent the winter months on the Cote d'Azur since 1922.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Entreprise arrived in Monte Carlo on January 12, 1925 [57] with 21-year-old George Balanchine, who had just begun his work with the troupe.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The opera-ballet Child and Magic was Balanchine's first choreographic work outside Russia [58].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Starting in 1925, I will conduct rehearsals with the ballets that are included in the repertoire of Diaghilev's Enterprise, while continuing to dance and choreography ten new things [...] Is it ever possible to forget these rehearsals if the person next to me was... Ravel himself?


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Alicia Markova performed the smoke part.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Together with Vera Savina, they also danced the parts of two squirrels [60].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Alexandra Danilova danced the butterfly part, who later recalled that during the rehearsal she ordered the pianist to play faster or slower, not even knowing that the pianist was Ravel [ 61].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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The conflict between Diaghilev and Ravel


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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“The most amiable and most insidious imressario” — this is how Ravel describes Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev in one of his letters [62].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

As you know, the relationship between Diaghilev and Ravel was already very strained during their previous collaboration — the ballet Daphnis and Chloe [63], which ended in an almost complete break.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The Waltz ordered by Diaghilev met a very cold reception from the Russian impresario.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Francis Poulenc recalled this, talking about one of the meetings at the Paris salon with Misi Sert.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Diaghilev, hearing Ravel's The Waltz performed on two grand pianos, one of which was the composer himself, said the following: “Ravel is a masterpiece, but this is not ballet... This is a portrait of ballet, it is a picturesque image ballet” [64], after which the composer silently left the room.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In Monte Carlo, Ravel and Diaghilev stayed in the same hotel, the Hôtel de Paris.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Eight days before the premiere, there was almost sabotage: Diaghilev told his troupe that he was withdrawing everyone from participating in the premiere.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The reason was an incident at the hotel: Ravel's refusal to give a hand to Diaghilev.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The situation was saved by French: René Léon, administrator and the main shareholder of the Monte Carlo Opera.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

This circumstance becomes clear from Leon Diaghilev's letter dated March 14, 1925 [65].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In the letter, Leon reminds Diaghilev of the obligations associated with the contract between his troupe and the Monte Carlo Theater, and also wonders about the arguments made by Diaghilev, explaining his demarche: It is better to obtain musical material and the difficulty of Ravel's music.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

“It becomes curious that these difficulties arose just a few hours after an incident in the lobby of the Hôtel de Paris, which seems to have turned you against Mr. Ravel and after which, according to many present, you said: “They will never dance in his opera” [65], wrote Leon.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The authority of the Society of Sea Baths and the perseverance of Gunsburg and Leon had an effect on Diaghilev, who ultimately did not disrupt the prime minister.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Audio and video recordings


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The history of commercial recordings of Ravel's opera began in 1948, when Ernest Boer recorded this work with the Choir and the French Radio Orchestra.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The recording is characterized by a clear pronunciation of the text by the soloists and a special French manner of singing with a light vibrato.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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This recording is now available on Testament label (SBT1044).


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In 1954, a recording was released under the baton of Ernest Anserme on the Decca label.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

At least two opera stars took part in this recording: South Cueno and.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

The refinement of Kueno's recitation and subtle gradations of orchestral play distinguish this recording.


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

In 1986, Czech choreographer Jiri Kilian staged the ballet Child and Magic, moving the singing behind the frame [66].


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

comments


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Notes


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Literature


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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References


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Free scores by Main Page at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

Child and magic

Category:Works by Maurice Ravel


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Category: Operas of 1925


Question: When did the premiere of the opera ballet Child and Magic take place?

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Category:Operas in French


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

The Prime Minister of Canada (English: Prime Minister of Canada, French: Premier Minister du Canada) is the head of the Canadian government, usually the head of the political party with the largest the number of seats in the House of Commons of Canada.


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

The Prime Minister bears the title of Honourable for life.


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

The current Prime Minister is Justin Trudeau; he was sworn in on October 20, 2015 and became the 23rd Prime Minister since the formation of the confederation, and his Liberal Party won 184 out of 338 seats in the 2015 federal elections.


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Prime Minister of Canada

The previous Prime Minister was Stephen Harper; from February 6, 2006 to October 19, 2015, he was the 22nd Prime Minister since the formation of the Confederation, his Conservative Party won 125 out of 308 seats in the 2006 federal elections, remaining a ruling minority even after the new elections announced in 2008.


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

In the May 2, 2011 elections, she won a majority of seats in the House of Commons.


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

Every Canadian citizen who has the right to vote (that is, 18 years of age or older) can be Prime Minister.


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

By custom, the Prime Minister is also a member of the House of Commons, although two Prime Ministers ruled from the Senate: Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir McKenzie Bowell.


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

If the Prime Minister fails to get a seat, a minor deputy in an undisputed constituency usually resigns to start partial elections and nominate his Prime Minister candidacy and getting a seat.


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Prime Minister of Canada

However, if the head of the ruling party resigns a little earlier than the election, and the new head is not a deputy, the latter usually waits for a general election before gaining a seat in the House of Commons.


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

For example, John Turner served as Prime Minister for a while in 1984 without being a member of the House of Commons; filled with irony, he gets a seat in elections that remove him from power.


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Prime Minister of Canada

The Prime Minister's official residence is 24 Sussex Alley in Ottawa, Ontario.


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

All Prime Ministers lived there, starting with Louis Saint Laurent in 1951.


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Prime Minister of Canada

The Prime Minister also has a second residence on Lake Harrington in Gatineau Park near Ottawa.


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

There was once a tradition according to which the monarch awarded the Canadian Prime Minister a knighthood.


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

Thus, some of them have the title of “sir” (the first eight prime ministers, only Alexander Mackenzie refused to become a knight).


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

After Nickle's decision in 1919, Canadian citizens were banned from obtaining British titles of nobility; the last prime minister to be knighted is Robert Laird Borden, who was in power when Nicle's decision was made.


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Prime Minister of Canada

Term of office


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

The Prime Minister does not have a permanent term of office.


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

The Prime Minister should resign only when the opposition party wins a majority of seats in the House of Commons.


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

If his party loses a vote of confidence, the Prime Minister can resign (allowing another party to form a government), but most often he asks the Governor General to dissolve Parliament and call a general election.


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Prime Minister of Canada

If a general election gives a majority of the opposition party seats, the expired Prime Minister may try to get the support of another party to maintain power or resign and allow the party with the most seats to form a government.


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Prime Minister of Canada

In modern times, the latter option is usually applied, but this is not a mandatory constitutional rule.


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

Elections for deputies to the House of Commons (general elections) are announced no later than five years (except in cases of war or uprising) after the last general election; however, the Prime Minister may request Governor General to announce elections at any time.


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Prime Minister of Canada

No Governor-General has refused such a request since 1926 (see King—Bing case).


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Prime Minister of Canada

Usually, when the ruling majority is in power, elections are held every 3 and a half years to 5 years.


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Prime Minister of Canada

If the ruling minority holds power, a vote of no confidence in the House of Commons could lead to early elections (nine months in the case of Joe Clark's minority government in 1979-1980).


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Prime Minister of Canada

Role and rights


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

Whereas the Prime Minister is in any case the most powerful member of the Canadian government, he or she is sometimes mistakenly referred to as Canada's Head of State.


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The head of state of Canada is Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, represented by the Governor General of Canada.


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Prime Minister of Canada

The Prime Minister is Head of Government.


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

The Canadian Constitution does not mention the post of Prime Minister of Canada anywhere, except for the recently added condition that he must meet with provincial prime ministers.


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Prime Minister of Canada

In modern Canada, however, his responsibilities broadly include duties that the Constitution establishes as being under the authority of the Governor General (acting as a fictitious figure ).


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

The position, duties, responsibilities and powers of the Prime Minister of Canada were established during the Canadian Confederation, following the example of the existing post of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.


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Prime Minister of Canada

Over time, Canada's role as Prime Minister has evolved, gaining more and more power.


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Prime Minister of Canada

The Prime Minister plays an important role in much of the legislation passed by the Parliament of Canada.


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Prime Minister of Canada

Most Canadian laws have their origins in the Cabinet of Ministers of Canada, a corps appointed by the Prime Minister mainly from members of his own party.


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Prime Minister of Canada

The Cabinet of Ministers must have “unanimous” agreement on all decisions that it takes, but in practice it is the Prime Minister who decides whether unanimity has been reached.


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Prime Minister of Canada

A member elected to the House of Commons of Canada usually follows the strict discipline of his party, and voting against the party's line can have serious consequences, including expulsion from the party.


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Prime Minister of Canada

Most of the votes in the House of Commons are interpreted as votes of confidence, creating a climate of political solidarity out of strategic necessity.


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Prime Minister of Canada

The Prime Minister (and his Cabinet) essentially controls appointments to the following positions:


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all members of the Council of Ministers;


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vacant seats on the Supreme Court of Canada;


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Prime Minister of Canada

vacant seats in the Senate of Canada;


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all managers of Crown companies, whom the Prime Minister can replace at any time;


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all ambassadors to foreign countries;


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Governor General of Canada;


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10 lieutenant governors of Canadian provinces and three commissioners of Canadian territories;


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more than 3,100 other government posts, most of which are delegated to members of his Cabinet.


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Prime Minister of Canada

For those who have de facto broad authority over the Canadian Forces, see the article of the same name.


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Prime Minister of Canada

This significant consolidation of powers in the Cabinet of the Prime Minister (CPM) is attributed to former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, although evolution in this sense has been observed throughout Canadian history.


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Prime Minister of Canada

The CPM includes political and administrative employees of the Prime Minister, hired at the Prime Minister's full discretion.


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Prime Minister of Canada

The KPM has a significant influence in creating coordination of messages with other persons in the political arena, as well as with the central machine of the party.


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Prime Minister of Canada

Its positive action may be a productive parliament, but it also generates legitimate criticism for too centralized power in majority governments and the CPM.


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Prime Minister of Canada

Criticism of Prime Minister's Office


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Prime Minister of Canada

Recently, some Canadians and some MPs have begun to consider the powers that the Canadian Constitution ascribes to the Prime Minister.


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Prime Minister of Canada

In particular, their goal is to find a means to change the weakened role of deputies elected to the House of Commons, create a parliamentary committee to review appointments to the Supreme Court and abolish or radically reform the Senate.


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Prime Minister of Canada

In The Friendly Dictatorship, published in 2001, state affairs chronicler Jeffrey Simpson showed potential threats by listing what he claims testifies to the almost absolute power given to the Prime Minister.


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Prime Minister of Canada

The Prime Minister's power has boundaries.


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Prime Minister of Canada

The outrage of the Cabinet of Ministers or a closed meeting of members of a political party will quickly overthrow the Prime Minister, and even a threat of indignation can force the Prime Minister to resign, as well as happened to Jean Chrétien in 2003.


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Prime Minister of Canada

The Prime Minister is also limited to the already weakened Senate.


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Prime Minister of Canada

The Senate can impose delays and obstacles on bills, which is what happened when Brian Mulroney introduced the Product and Services Tax (NPI).


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Prime Minister of Canada

In most cases, conflicts occurred because the Senate was dominated by members appointed by previous governments.


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Prime Minister of Canada

The aforementioned prime ministers quickly changed the composition of the Senate in their favor with a hail of senatorial appointments to ensure the passage of their bills.


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Prime Minister of Canada

The most frequently presented argument in favor of the Prime Minister is related to the federal structure of the country.


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Prime Minister of Canada

Canada is one of the most decentralized federations in the world, and provincial prime ministers have a lot of power.


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Prime Minister of Canada

Provincial Prime Ministers must approve constitutional changes and be consulted on any new initiative within their area of competence, including certain important sectors, such as health care and education.


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Prime Minister of Canada

In light of regional forces such as the Quebec separatist movement, some argue that a state counterbalance is needed to neutralize this pressure.


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Existing former prime ministers


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Prime Minister of Canada

Currently, seven former Prime Ministers of Canada are alive.


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

They are presented in chronological order:


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Prime Minister of Canada

See also


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

List of Prime Ministers of Canada


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

List of Prime Ministers of Canada by length of term


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

Canadian Prime Ministers of Provinces and Territories


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

References


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

— official website


Question: What was the name of the first Bank of Canada President?

Prime Minister of Canada

(in French)


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

An atom (from Ancient Greek: “indivisible [1], indivisible [2]”) is a particle of a substance of microscopic size and mass, the smallest part of a chemical element that is the carrier of its properties [1] [3].


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Atoms consist of a nucleus and electrons (more precisely, an electron “cloud”).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The number of neutrons in the nucleus can vary: from zero to several tens.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

If the number of electrons coincides with the number of protons in the nucleus, then the atom as a whole is electrically neutral.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Otherwise, it has some positive or negative charge and is called an ion [1].


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

In some cases, atoms are understood only as electroneutral systems in which the charge of the nucleus is equal to the total charge of electrons, thereby opposing them to electrically charged ions [3] [4].


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The nucleus, which carries almost the entire (more than 99.9%) mass of an atom, consists of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons connected to each other by strong interaction.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Atoms are classified according to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus: the number of protons Z corresponds to the serial number of the atom in the periodic table and determines its belonging to some chemical element, and the number of neutrons N to a certain isotope of this element.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The only stable atom that does not contain neutrons in the nucleus is light hydrogen (protium).