Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The ship was ready by early April (according to the new style - in the middle of this month), but due to the low water level of the river, the descent of the ship's hull had to be postponed


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The ship was launched on April 27 (May 8), 1700 [14] [22] [23] in the presence of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevna Natalia Alekseevna (sister of Peter the Great), foreign ambassadors and other honorary guests [note 6].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The praise of some people who were present at the launch of the ship has been preserved.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

For example, F. A. Golovin wrote to Hetman Mazepa [24]:


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

I inform you about the ship made at the arbitrariness of our monarch: there is a fair amount of art for her, especially green in size, built up, which is with considerable surprise from the English and Dutch masters who have been using this art for many years


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

An interesting opinion about the ship of the Dutch envoy Van der Gulst, which he conveyed in his report to the General States after the descent of the Goto Predestination [24]: “... this ship is very beautiful... they don't cost much...”


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The image of the ship was sent by Peter I to a Dutchman who was his teacher at the East India Company shipyard.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In response, he thanked the tsar for his honor and wrote that “the ship is fairly proportional” [24].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Peter I himself assessed the ship he built as follows [25] [26]: “... very beautiful, green in proportion, fair art and built in good size.”


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In his notes “Opinion on Some Courts of the Voronezh Fleet”, the Tsar writes [27]:


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The ship that Master Nye built is the best of all, softer than the good English proportion...


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The ship “God's Foreknowledge” named, what proportions, strength and convenience are, it is impossible for us to write and reason, it is softer than ours is size and labor, and for that we rely on reasoning.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Nevertheless, at the beginning of 1701, Peter I wrote in his notes [28]:


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

“To make ships by spring: Goto Predestination, Shilpot, Voronezh, Winkelgack, Dolphin...”


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Description


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Since the ship was intended for sailing in the shallow Sea of Azov, its draft was reduced [22].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The keel of the Goto Predestination consisted of two bars fastened together, so that when it hit the ground, only the lower one was damaged, which did not cause leakage in the ship's hull.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In the fleets of other countries, such structures began to be used only in the 1840s.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Additional strength of the ship was provided by the large curvature of the velvet [29], and the contours of the hull were made smooth [30] so that the ship could easily climb the wave.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The ship used 6 anchors, including 2 anchors of 72 pounds each, 2 68 pounds and 1 weighed 52 pounds 20 pounds [31].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

According to historian V. AND. Rastorguev [32] among the 58 guns on the ship “Goto Predestination” were 26 16-pound, 24 8-pound and 8 3-pound.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In archival documents, the report of boyar S. A. Kolychev [33], on which Peter I wrote about the need to install 16-pound guns cast at the Demidov factories on the lower deck of the Goto Predestination ship [23].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In 1704, Peter I compiled a list of ships of the Turkish fleet and Russian ships [note 7] that could be opposed to them.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The 58-gun ship Goto Predestination is listed in it opposite the Turkish 54-gun ship Agmet-Karvaz.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Peter Bergman's watercolor [note 8], painted in 1700, shows two blue stripes drawn along the ship's ocher hull [33] [34].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On the inside, the covers of the cannon ports were painted bright red, and on the outside they were decorated with gold wreaths.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Due to the presence of carved round wreaths around the cannon ports on the sides of the ship, shipbuilders achieved the effect of connecting the bow decoration of the ship with the stern [34].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The interior decoration of Goto Predestination was also rich.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

According to Cornelis de Bruyne, compared to other ships, the Goto Predestination “shone... with all the decorations”, and the captain's cabin of the ship was upholstered in walnut wood [35].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The decor of the stern of the ship had a centric composition, emphasized in the center of the semicircular hacabort by an oval shield depicting the kneeling Apostle Peter, behind whom ships sailed by sea, and a dove descended to him in the cloudless sky with a myrtle branch in its beak and the inscription “On this stone I will create my church.”


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Around the shield were carved figures of putti playing with dolphins.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On the sides, the roof at the stern was supported by 4 cupids, the base for which was formed by a harmonious transition of the balcony with balusters in the form of caryatids to the stultz.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The ends of the knits that supported the stern balcony were decorated with Venetian masks, and the side galleries were decorated with scenes from ancient mythology, one of which was the theft of golden apples from the Hesperides Garden.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

At night, it was illuminated by three lanterns installed at the stern.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On both sides of this composition, smoothly curved crossbars ran to the hull of the ship, resting on carved newts.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Carved ornaments in the form of figures also adorned crambols, side fences, tals clamps, bollards and bitengs [36].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Goto Predestination on the engravings of Adrian Schhonebek (1701) Adrian Schonebek's engravings of the battleship Goto Predestination created by decree of Peter the Great in 1701 are widely known [30].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

An error in the artist's signature, as well as the appearance of a kneeling praying man aft, made it possible in the 19th century to believe that the engravings depict the ship Praying St. Apostle Peter” [36] [37].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Ship flag


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Adrian Schhonebek's engravings and Bergman's watercolor depict the Goto Predestination ship with six different flags.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

According to a number of authors [38] [39], they show designs of naval flags.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On one of the species, a flag flutters on the ship, in the cloth of which nine horizontal stripes of white, blue and red colors are sequentially located.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On the other there is a white-blue-red flag with three horizontal stripes, and on the third there is a seven-lane flag, on a wide white stripe of which there is a black St. Andrew's cross, above this strip there are narrow white, blue and red, and below it are narrow blue, white and red stripes.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

According to historian V. AND. Rastorguev, it was the seven-lane flag with the St. Andrew's Cross that was made by the Voronezh workshop, consecrated in the Admiralty Church and raised on the Goto Predestination ship [40].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Designs of the Goto Predestination flags depicted in engravings by Adrian Schhonebek (1701)


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Designs of the Goto Predestination flags depicted in Bergman's watercolor (1700)


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Service history


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On April 17, 1702, the battleship Goto Predestination was transferred to the mouth of the Voronezh River [22].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In May 1702, F. M. Apraksin wrote to Peter I [note 9]:


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The most premium sovereign.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

You know I suggest: to Voronezh, by the grace of God, everything is well, and the water was great, which has not been for a long time, and eleven ships, sir, were brought to the mouth, and a yacht, and even two ships are leading:” God's Foreknowledge”, the works of your sovereign, and “Turtle” is the structure of Osip Naya.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

It is only immensely sorry that this spring was not allowed to go to Azov: it is green, sovereign, sorry for time and water.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In 1704, a list of ships built at the shipyards of the Voronezh Admiralty was compiled [41].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

According to this document, Goto Predestination, together with thirteen large ships, continued to be at the mouth of the Voronezh River.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

and in F. M. Peter I points out to Apraksin [note 10] that it is necessary to complete “... the craft of the ship of God's Foresight” and take it away in order to start building other ships.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

It is clear from this document that the ship was docked.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In a letter to F. M. The tsar once again urges Apraksin from a [note 11] to finish his work on the ship, because “... if you do not test this in the summer, the whole winter and autumn will be lost.” He confirms the same order in a letter to F. M. Sklyaev from a [note 12]: “You should work more often in fakes under Predestination, which is very necessary to taste this summer, although leaving other things, you need to gently, what the packs, confirming, writing about” .


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In September 1705, Goto Predestination was installed on a camel [42].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In 1708, it was decided to transfer the ship to the Sea of Azov.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

At the time of the transition, almost the entire Goto Predestination team was recruited from captured Swedes [43].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

For this reason, Peter I instructed Commander Christian Otto, a Swede by nationality, to lead the ship to its destination [44].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Such an order was a sign of encouragement for the officer from the tsar [44], since the Goto Predestination was considered the Tsar's ship [note 13].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

However, this year the transfer of the ship to Azov did not take place [42].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Only in June 1710, Goto Predestination was brought to Azov on camels under the command of Captain Stamati Kamera [45].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

According to historian Rastorguev, in May 1711, Goto Predestination was transferred from Azov to Troitsky [46].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In June 1711, under the command of Captain Naning, the ship was in Taganrog in the squadron of Vice Admiral Crews.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

According to S. AND. Elagin [47], in the westerly wind, the Goto Predestination ship was launched on camelos to the depth of the Sea of Azov, and after liberation from the camelos it was returned back to the harbor.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

During these works, the ships “Connection” and “Fortress” were under sail seaward than the Goto Predestination [48].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Around this time, the Turkish fleet of 18 ships, 14 galleys and many small vessels tried to catch up with Russian cruisers [48], trying to approach Taganrog.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On July 2 (July 13), for unknown reasons, Turkish ships returned to sea.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Thus, an inequality of forces between the Russian and Turkish fleets was revealed, in connection with which it was decided that the Russian squadron will be located in the Taganrog harbor.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Over the next three weeks, nothing significant happened, except for the capture by the Cossacks on boats of a small Turkish ship carrying 15 people.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On July 19 (July 30), by order of the Turkish admiral, 7 galleys were sent to Taganrog.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In response, Goto Predestination and three schnyavas came out from the Taganrog harbor.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Seeing them, the Turkish galleys raised their sails and went to sea to their fleet.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

However, on July 22 (August 2), the Turkish fleet moved to more active operations: at a distance of 4 miles from the harbor, the Turks began to prepare a landing force to bypass Taganrog.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

With the help of 1,500 Cossacks, this was prevented.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On July 23 (August 3) F. M. Apraksin ordered to go in pursuit of small Turkish ships, but the retreat of the enemy fleet forced him to cancel this order.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Such a defense of the coast could continue, at least until autumn, but due to the unsuccessful Prut campaign, this did not happen.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

About 7 days after the retreat of the Turkish fleet, F. M. Apraksin received a decree from Peter I [49], in which he reported that it was impossible to further fight with the Turks in order to prevent further bloodshed of Russian troops.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Peter I ordered, according to an agreement with the Sultan, to ruin the city of Azov.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Apraksin was also ordered to transfer all reserves and artillery from Azov and Taganrog to Cherkassk.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

At the same time, the fate of the ships Goto Predestination, Lastka and Sword was specifically stipulated.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Peter I ordered all the ships, except them, to be sold to the Turks, and if this fails, burn them.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

He wanted to lead the ships Goto Predestination, Lastka and Sword through the Dardanelles.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Peter I hoped to agree on this possibility with the Sultan.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Crews, on behalf of the king, even drew up appropriate instructions for the captains of these ships.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

But the negotiations only led to the agreement of the Turks to buy 4 ships.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Goto Predestination was among them.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The ship arrived in Istanbul a [50], where the transfer of the ship to the Turks and the final calculation was carried out by the Englishman Simson Andris.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

26,165 Venetian chervonets [51] (81,771 kurush or about 80,000 rubles) were raised from the sale [52].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

After joining the Turkish fleet, Goto Predestination was given a new name - “Moscow Kapudâne-i Mosko” (Turkish: Kapudâne-i Mosko).


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The ship served in the Aegean Sea, but was not included in the Turkish linear fleet due to its small size and weak weapons (by that time it carried only 44 guns).


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In 1718, after the end of the Morean War with Venice, the Moscow Capudania was recognized as unsuitable and sold for scrapping for 950 kurush [52].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The ship called “Goto Predestination” (“God's Foresight”) was no longer in the Navy.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Simulation


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Drawings of the battleship Goto Predestination were published in 1981 in the magazine “Modelist-Designer” [33].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

During their restoration, engravings by the Dutch master Adrian Schhonebek, a book by C.I. Elagin “History of the Russian Navy The Azov Period” (St. Petersburg, 1880) [note 14], Allard's book “The New Dutch Ship Structure” (Amsterdam, 1709), etc.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The handwritten document “Tables of Proportions and Sizes of Russian Ships of Ranks II-VI of the Early 18th Century” made it possible to create a drawing of masts and rigging.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The color of the ship was finally restored from the watercolor of cartographer Peter Bergman, who painted it from the nature of the ship Goto Predestination.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The publication in the journal influenced the popularity of Goto Predestination modeling both among amateurs [53] who are fond of ship modeling and professionals.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The ship model continues to be exhibited at competitions at various levels.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

There are companies that make models of this ship to order.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The Moscow toy factory Ogonyok produces a plastic prefabricated model of the ship [54].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Models of the first battleship are present in the expositions of the Voronezh Regional Museum of Local Lore [55], the Bolsheglushitsky Museum of History and Local Lore [56], etc.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

memento


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In the second book of the novel “Peter the Great” [57], the Soviet writer A. N. Tolstoy describes the descent of the double-deck fifty-gun ship Predestination.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On the occasion of the celebration in Russia of the 300th anniversary of the Navy, a solemn ceremony was held at the construction site of the Goto Predestination and other ships of the Azov Fleet (now modern Admiralty Square in Voronezh) a rostral column was opened; the restored Admiralty Church was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Voronezh-Borisogleb Diocese, in which the flag of the Goto Predestination ship may have been consecrated.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On one of the walls of the Admiralty Church, a memorial plaque was placed in honor of the construction of the Goto Predestination.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In 2000, a scientific conference “Voronezh is the birthplace of the First Battleship of Russia” was held in Voronezh in honor of the 300th anniversary of the construction of the Goto Predestination [58].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In 2001, a postal block [59] was issued with a drawing of the ship Goto Predestination.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In 2000, to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the Russian Navy, the Krasny Oktyabr chocolate factory created the Navy Chocolate series [60] dedicated to famous Russian ships.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

One of the labels also depicted “Goto Predestination”.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On November 1, 2010, the Bank of Russia issues commemorative coins made of precious metals, including a gold coin with a nominal value of 1000 rubles “Ship Goto Predestination” of the series “History of the Russian Navy [61].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The circulation of the issue is 500 pieces.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On the front side of the coin there is a relief image of the emblem of the Bank of Russia (double-headed eagle), the year of minting is 2010 and the inscription “one thousand rubles”, and on the reverse side there is a relief image of the first of the Russian battleship Goto Predestination and the designation of the wind rose in combination with elements of nautical charts.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In 2015, the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Publishing Center “Marka” issued a postal envelope with the image of a valid copy of the battleship Goto Predestination.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The model of the Goto Predestination ship is an element of the Temernitsky Customs memorial sign installed in Rostov-on-Don, at the site of the laying of the Temernitsky Customs [62].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Museum ship


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On December 16, 2009, at a meeting of the Public Art Council, the Governor of the Voronezh Region Alexey Gordeev announced that a decision had been made to recreate the ship according to drawings of the era of Peter the Great [63] [64] .


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On July 8, 2010, a bell was cast on Admiralteyskaya Square for a future copy of the ship [65].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On June 15, 2011, a solemn ceremony of laying a copy of the ship took place at the Pavlovsk Shipyard [66].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On July 27, 2014, the ship solemnly went on its maiden voyage [67].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

After completion of all work in September 2014, it will house the Navy Museum [67].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

See also


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

History of Voronezh (1682—1725)


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Azov fleet


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

List of ships of the Azov fleet


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Voronezh Admiralty


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Notes


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Used literature and sources


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Literature


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Sources


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Bibliography


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (Circulation 5,000)


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) The book is a laureate of regional competitions of textbooks and teaching aids in 1994 and 1995


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Peregudov A. IN. Gosudarev discharge tent is the governing body of Voronezh shipbuilding (1697—1700).


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Voronezh: “Istoki”, 2010.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

— 140 p.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Scientific editor — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor N. A. Dushkova, the author of the book is Captain 1st Rank, Head of the Naval Department of the Military Commissariat of the Voronezh Region


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Edited by Doctor of Historical Sciences N. A. Dushkova.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The publication was supported by the administration of the Voronezh region


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

References


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Category:Russian sailing battleships


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Category: Warships of the Azov fleet


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Category:Ships built by the Voronezh Admiralty


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Buddhism in Russia is one of the most widespread religious traditions in the country.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Traditional areas where Buddhism is professed are Buryatia, Tuva, Kalmykia, Altai Krai and Zabaykalsky Krai.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Buddhist communities also exist in St. Petersburg, Moscow and other cities.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

History


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The first evidence of the existence of Buddhism on the territory of the modern Russian Federation dates back to the 8th century AD.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

They are connected with the state of Bohai, which in 698—926 occupied part of today's Primorye and Amur Region.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The Bohai people, whose spiritual culture was greatly influenced by neighboring China, Korea and Manchuria, professed Buddhism in one of the Mahayana branches.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

As a living tradition, Buddhism in its Tibetan form has existed in Russia since the beginning of the 17th century, when some Kalmyk tribes took Russian citizenship.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Since the 17th century, the Tibeto-Mongolian form of Buddhism has spread in Buryatia, brought here by Mongolian and Tibetan lamas, who apparently fled political events in their homeland.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

It is known that only in 1712, one hundred Mongolian and fifty Tibetan lamas arrived in the settlements of the Selenga Buryats [1].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

By the time the Russian-Chinese border was established under the Kyakhta Treaty of 1727, Buddhism played a significant role in the life of Buryat society.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Russian Ambassador to China S. L. Raguzinsky-Vladislavich approved a border instruction prohibiting the passage of Mongolian lamas from Mongolia to the Buryat uluses, and an order to begin training in the Buryat clans of their lamas, loyal subjects Russian emperor.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In 1741, Buddhism in the Russian Empire gained indirect recognition thanks to an administrative decree issued by the local Siberian authority on behalf of the supreme monarch.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The decree itself was mostly restrictive (it recorded the number of Buddhist monasteries and lamas) and was not an official recognition of Buddhism in the Russian Empire, but at the same time gave some privileges to the lamas and “effectively legitimized the Buddhist clergy”.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

As noted by historian N. IN. Tsyrempilov, it seems most likely that the decree was written during the regency of Anna Leopoldovna, and the information that the decree was issued on behalf of Elizaveta Petrovna is “either erroneous or due to the political situation” [2].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In 1764, Catherine II established the post of Pandita Hambo Lama, the head of Buddhists in Eastern Siberia and Transbaikalia.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

This event is considered the recognition of Buddhism as one of the state religions of Russia.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In 1766, the Buryat lamas, in turn, recognized Catherine the Great as the embodiment of White Tara on Earth.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The manifesto of Emperor Pavel Petrovich of March 18, 1797 and the decree of Emperor Alexander Pavlovich of July 22, 1822 again confirmed the permission for free confession and distribution buddhism.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In 1914, Uryankhai Krai (now the Republic of Tuva), where there were long Buddhist traditions, came under the protectorate of Russia.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The spread of Buddhism in Tuva began in the 13th century, after the annexation of the region to Russia, the authorities did not interfere in the spiritual affairs of the territory; in 1917, about three thousand lamas and novices lived in Tyva .


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In 1917, Buddhism occupied one of the dominant places in the spiritual life of the peoples of Transbaikalia.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

It was professed by almost the entire Buryat population living here (about 160,000 people).


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

There were 44 datsans, 144 small temples, in which there were about 16,000 lama monks.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In the 1930s, after several anti-Soviet uprisings of Buddhist monasteries, the USSR government took measures aimed at combating Buddhism.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

By the beginning of 1941, not a single active datsan had survived in the country, and most of the clergy were repressed.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The reason for the repression was the fight against the Japanese intelligence and sabotage network [3], which has been active in Russia since the Russo-Japanese War of 1904—1905 and the Japanese military intervention in Soviet Russia of 1918-1922, which militaristic Japan (which at that time pursued an aggressive expansionist policy of the “Great East Asian Sphere of Co-Prosperity”) deployed on the territory USSR in order to prepare for the subsequent occupation of the Soviet Far East and Siberia.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In particular, the Japanese conducted a lot of intelligence work among their co-religionists - the Buddhist peoples of the USSR, and the Japanese agent network existed among the Buddhist clergy.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The Pravda newspaper wrote that “... Japanese intelligence sometimes acts in the costume of religious preachers, Buddhist and other priests. Japanese agents, by establishing temples and monasteries, create well-disguised strongholds for organizing espionage and sabotage” [3].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Japan positioned itself as a patron saint of Buddhist peoples and in order to attract Soviet Buddhists, especially Mongols and Buryats, to its side, proposed to form a puppet Pan-Mongolian Buddhist state in the territories of the former USSR and transfer power in it to Jetsun-Damba, the traditional secular and spiritual head of the Mongols.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In their efforts to attract Buddhist peoples to their side, the Japanese went so far as to declare Japan Shambhala.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Many Buddhist monks, dissatisfied with the Soviet regime, participated in the dissemination of Japanese propaganda and collaborated with Japanese intelligence and the army [4].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In 1930-1932, part of the Mongolian Buddhist clergy participated in Mongolia major popular uprisings against the power of the MPRP (the Khubsugul Uprising, the Tugsbuyant, Ulaangom and Budanchy monasteries).


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In 1932, Stalin was forced to stop the pro-communist “left course” in the Mongolian People's Republic, which caused discontent among the people, in order to stop the uprisings [5].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

An important factor was geopolitical: the desire to prevent Japan from expanding westward.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The partial revival of Buddhism in the USSR began in 1945, after the defeat of Japan in the Soviet-Japanese War, when, at the request of believers, the Ivolginsky Datsan was built and began to operate, and in 1946 the government of the USSR adopted the “Regulations on Buddhist Clergy in the USSR”, according to which this datsan became the residence of the head of Buddhists of the USSR.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the community of Bidia Dandaron was formed and became famous, which, in addition to the Buryats, included Buddhists of many nationalities.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The confession of Buddhism in this community did not formally violate the principle of freedom of conscience of the Constitution of the USSR.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

But state bodies were ready to tolerate only Buddhists who were Tuvans, Buryats and Kalmyks by nationality.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

New Buddhists of other nationalities were treated sharply negatively by government agencies, seeing them as danger and harm, and such Buddhists were forced to remain underground until the late 1980s [6].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In 1974, Dandaron died in the camp at the age of 60.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Thirty years later, a memorial suburgan dedicated to Dandaron was created and consecrated in Buryatia.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Dandaron's slogan was the call “Tantra to the West!” , and Dandaron's students, who later formed their own schools, were many Russians, Ukrainians and residents of the Baltic States [7] [8].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In June 1988, the first meeting of underground Russian Buddhists with teacher Bakula Rinpoche took place in Leningrad.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In the same month, at the Ivolginsky Datsan, he gave the dedication of the anuttara yoga tantra class, the jenang of the Secret Practice of Damdin, to Russian Buddhists, and in 1990 he gave the first sermon in the returned Buddhists Buddhist temple [9].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The subsequent liberalization of the religious policy of the authorities of the USSR and the Russian Federation allowed Russian Buddhists of various origins to go underground and openly engage in religious activities.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In 1990, more than 10 datsans were opened in a short period of time and several more were under construction.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In 1996, a new Charter was adopted, according to which the Central Spiritual Administration of Buddhists of the Russian Federation was renamed the Buddhist Traditional Sangha of Russia (BTSR).


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

BTSR is a member of the World Brotherhood of Buddhists.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

BTSR is one of the Buddhist communities in Russia, along with a number of others [10].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

BTSR is also the legal successor of the Central Spiritual Administration of Buddhists (CDUB), which existed during the USSR [11].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

A centralized religious organization “Central Spiritual Administration of Buddhists” was also created and operates, which is not the legal successor of the TsDUB organization in the USSR.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

It brought together some Buddhist religious organizations, communities and centers of Buryatia, Kalmykia, Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In addition to the BTSR and the TsDUB, based in Buryatia, there are other territorially oriented centralized Buddhist organizations in Russia - the Association of Buddhists of Kalmykia and the Association of Buddhists Tuva”.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Currently, there is no centralized organization that would unite all Buddhists in Russia.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In addition, there are centralized organizations of various Buddhist traditions — Theravada, Zen, schools of Tibetan Buddhism, etc.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Russian buddhology


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The presence of three Buddhist regions within the empire and the close proximity of other countries with Buddhist culture largely contributed to the fact that in the 19th and early 20th centuries, one of the the world's strongest oriental schools.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Departments of Sanskritology, Tibetology, Sinology were opened at the universities of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan, Kharkov, as well as other major scientific centers, translated the most important Buddhist treatises, expeditions to Asia were being equipped.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The works of V. P. Vasilyeva (1818—1900), F. AND. Shcherbatsky (1866—1942), E.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

E.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Obermiller (1901-1935) and other outstanding Russian orientalists serve as a model for scientists around the world.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

With the active assistance of leading Buddhologists and the support of the tsarist government, the Buryat Lama Agvan Dorzhiev (spiritual mentor and ambassador of the 13th Dalai Lama) built a Buddhist temple in St. Petersburg.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In the 1930s, there was a period of persecution of both Buddhism and Buddhology.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

For almost two decades, Buddhological research in Russia has ceased.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

A partial revival of Buddhism and the Buddhological tradition began in the 1950s and 1960s, but they were officially rehabilitated only at the turn of the 80s and 90s.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Bidia Dandaron was able to organize a small Buddhist group among Buddhologists in the seventies, against which legal proceedings began.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In 1972, Dandaron was convicted, and the authorities began to treat Buddhology with great suspicion.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In 1989, a Buddhology group was created at the St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences AND. Rudy is the first officially formalized Buddhological direction since the time of Shcherbatsky.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Since then, departments and departments of Buddhism have appeared in several universities, and the process of restoring oriental science is progressing faster.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In 1997 BION SB RAS was renamed the Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IMBT SB RAS).


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The development of Buddhism since 1990


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In Buryatia, Kalmykia, Tuva and St. Petersburg, surviving Buddhist temples are being restored and new ones are being opened, educational institutions are being created at monasteries, and Tibetan teachers are invited.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In Russia, Buddhism is also gaining popularity among Russians and other peoples.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Currently, many Buddhist schools are represented in Russia: Theravada, several areas of Mahayana, including Japanese Zen, Korean Dream and almost all schools of Tibetan Buddhism.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Currently, the number of Zen followers in Russia is “very small”, as is the number of Zen communities.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

At the same time, the impact of Zen in cultural and ideological spheres is in some cases “noticeable”.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The Zen school with the largest number of followers in Russia is the Korean Kwan Um School [12].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Buddhism in the Russian Federation has been proclaimed one of the four traditional religions for Russia, along with Orthodoxy, Sunni Islam and Judaism.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

On May 18—19, 2009, Moscow hosted the Days of Traditional Russian Buddhism forum for the first time in Russia.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Representatives of Buryatia, Kalmykia and Tuva took part in this event.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Within the framework of the forum, a dialogue took place between various schools of Buddhism, practicing Buddhists and representatives of the Russian Buddhist school.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The forum was held at the International Center-Museum named after N. K. Roerich [13] [14].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Headcount


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In Russia, Buddhism is traditionally professed by residents of Buryatia, the Trans-Baikal Territory, Kalmykia, Tuva, and Altai.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The number of ethnic Buddhists in these regions is about 900,000 people [15].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

In recent years, Buddhist communities have emerged in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Samara and some other major Russian cities that are not associated with traditional regions of Buddhism.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The number of Buddhists in these cities, according to surveys, is about 1% of their inhabitants.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The same percentage is the number of Buddhists nationwide [15].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The number of Russian Buddhists practicing is no more than 500 thousand people [15].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Relations with the State


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The Russian authorities recognize Buddhist clergy and, in some cases, assist them.


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

As of January 1, 2011, 9 dugans and 6 prayer rooms for Buddhists were officially operating in the Federal Penitentiary Service [16].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Buddhist temples and monasteries in Russia


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Moscow


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Toopden Shedubling (under construction since 2015)


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Moscow Oblast


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Kunpenling (Kunsungar)


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Tubten Ling


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Saint Petersburg


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Buddhist temple in Saint Petersburg


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The Republic of Kalmykia


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The Golden Abode of Shakyamuni Buddha Elista


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Gedden Shcheddup Choicorling


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Great Victory Church Grand Tsaryn


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Ketchenerovsky khurul


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Tsaganaman khurul


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Maloderbetovsky khurul


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Lagan khurul


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Tsagan Atha Ulan-Khol


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Dzhalykovsky khurul


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Sakyusn-Sume Arshan (Kalmykia)


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Yashkul khurul


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Gorodovikovsky khurul


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Komsomol khurul


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Ikiburul khurul


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Yashalta khurul


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Priyutinsky khurul


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Sadovsky khurul


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Republic of Buryatia


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Ivolginsky Datsan (Khambyn Sume)


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Gusinoozyorsky (Tamchinsky) datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Ulan-Ude Datsan (Khambyn-Khure)


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Murochinsky Datsan (Baldan Braybun)


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Kurumkan datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Sartul Gegetui Datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Atagan-Dyrestui Datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Tabangut-Ichetuysky Datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Sartuul-Bulag Datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Egituysky datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Sanaginsky datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Kizhinginsky datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Tugnuysky datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Kyrensky datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Khoimorsky datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Aninsky datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Chesansky datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

The Republic of Tuva


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Names and places are written in their original form (Tuva dyl), with emphasis on special pronunciation


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Tsechenlin (Office of the Kamba Lama of the Republic of Tatarstan)


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Kop-Sook Khureezi


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Shadup Darjalin Khureezi


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Tubten Choilin Khureezi


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Aldyy-Khuree (g. Chadan)


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Tubten Shedduplin


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Ovurnun Dugany


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Gandan Doyolin-Ulug-Hemnin Dugany


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Dashi Pandelin (village. Kaa-Khem)


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Dolmalin (Mongun-Taiga)


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Samagaltay Khureezi


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Erzinnin Khureezi


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Kaa-Chemnin Dugani


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Bai-Haaktyn Dugany


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Khovu-Aksinyn Dugany


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Ustuu-Khuree (g. Chadan)


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Gandan Phuntsoglin (Dharma Center g. Kyzyl)


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Omsk Oblast


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Buddhist temple in Omsk (under construction)


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Irkutsk Oblast


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Ust-Orda (Abaganatsky) Datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Zabaykalsky Krai


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Aginsky datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Tsugol datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Chita datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Ugdan datsan


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Sverdlovskaya Oblast


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Shedrub Ling is a temple on Mount Kachkanar, known in the media because of the authorities' attempts to demolish it, as it is located in the sanitary zone of the proposed quarry for the development of the Kachkanar field [17] [18].


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

See also


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Buddhism


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Buddhism by country


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Buddhism in Buryatia


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Buddhism in Kalmykia


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Buddhism in Tuva


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Buddhist temple in Saint Petersburg


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

“Buddhism of Russia” magazine


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Notes


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

Literature


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

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Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia

References


Question: How many people profess Buddhism in Russia for 2019?

Buddhism in Russia


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Czarstvo Polskie (Polish: Królestwo Polskie, also Congress Poland or Congress, from Polish: Królestwo Kongresowe, Kongresówka) was a territory in Central Europe that was part of the Russian empire by decision of the Congress of Vienna from 1815 to 1915.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In the summer of 1915, during the First World War, it was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian troops.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

It became an independent state in November 1918.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Naming


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Until the 1860s, the name “Kingdom of Poland” was more often used in the legislation, rarely - “Poland”.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In the 1860s, these names began to be replaced by the phrases “province of the Kingdom of Poland” and “Privislenskie province” (along the main Polish river Vistula).


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

On March 5, 1870, by the order of Alexander II, it was foretold to call Russian Poland “provinces of the Kingdom of Poland”, but in a number of articles of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire the name “Kingdom of Poland” has been preserved.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Since 1887, the phrases “provinces of Privislinsky Krai”, “Privislinsky provinces” and “Privislinsky Krai” have become the most used, and in January 1897 Nicholas II gave an order to which the use of the names “Kingdom of Poland” and “Province of the Kingdom of Poland” was limited to cases of extreme necessity, although these names were never removed from the Code of Laws [1].


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Poles called the Kingdom of Poland “congresówka” (Polish: Kongresówka, from).


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Geography


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Kingdom of Poland occupied the central part of modern Poland: Warsaw, Lodz, Kalisz, Czestochowa, Lublin, Suwalki, southwest of modern Lithuania: Alytus, Marijampole, part of the Grodno district Belarus with the village of Sopotskin and a small part of the Sokalsky district of the Lviv region of Ukraine with the village of Pesochnoye.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The area of the territory is 127 thousand km².


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Administrative divisions


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

YearsWarsaw DepartmentMazovian Voivodeship Mazovian ProvinceWarsaw GuberniaWarsaw GuberniaKalisz DepartmentKalisz Voivodeship ProvinceKalisz GuberniaKalisz GuberniyaKrakow DepartmentKrakow Voivodeship Krakow Province


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

from 1841 — KeletskayaRadom ProvincePetrokovsky Gubernia* Kelets ProvinceRadom DepartmentSandomierz Voivodeship ProvinceRadom GuberniyaLomzhinsky DepartmentVgustovo Voivodeship Augustow GuberniaSuwalki GuberniaLomzhinsk GuberniaPlock DepartmentPlock Voivodeship GuberniaLublin DepartmentLublin Voivodeship Lublin Province ProvinceLublin GuberniaSedleck DepartmentPodlasie Voivodeship ProvincePodlasie GuberniyaSedletsk Province


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

since 1912 — Kholmskaya**


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

* It was formed at the expense of part of the territories of Warsaw and Radom provinces.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

** Part of the territory was ceded to Lomzhyn and Lublin provinces.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Throughout the existence of the Kingdom of Poland, the borders of provinces (departments, voivodeships) were repeatedly redrawn, Polish counties (poviats) were completely or partially transferred from government one province to another.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

population


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Population:


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

1818 — about 2.6 million people.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

1843 — about 4.7 million people.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

1868 — more than 5.7 million people


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

1894 — more than 8.8 million people


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

1900 — about 10.0 million people.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

According to the census of 1897, the population of Privislinsky provinces amounted to 9 million 402 thousand people.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The main population (71.85%) were Poles.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The largest minority were Jews (13.47%), Germans (4.33%), Ukrainians (3.56%), Lithuanians (3.24%), Russians (2.84%), Belarusians [3].


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

According to the census of 1897, the population of the cities of Privislinsky provinces amounted to 2 million 158 thousand people.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The main population (48.75%) were Poles.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The largest minority were Jews (35.36%), Germans (5.26%), Ukrainians (1.33%), Lithuanians (0.32%), Russians (7.9%), Belarusians [4].


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

History


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Board of Alexander I


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In pursuit of Napoleon's retreating troops, the Russian army occupied almost the entire Grand Duchy of Warsaw at the end of February 1813.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Krakow, Thorne, Czestochowa, Zamosc and Modlin surrendered a little later.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Thus, the state created by Napoleon actually fell into the hands of Russia, but its fate still depended on the relations between the powers.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

This state has been going through difficult times.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Requisitions for the needs of the occupation army of 380,000 people exhausted him.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Emperor Alexander I established an interim supreme council to administer the affairs of the Duchy, headed by Governor-General V. S. Lansky.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The command of the army was entrusted to Field Marshal Barclay de Tolly.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Polish affairs were concentrated in the hands of Count Arakcheev, which sufficiently determines the general nature of management.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Despite the promised amnesty and contrary to the wishes of the Governor-General, citizens were arrested and expelled only on the basis of a denunciation.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

At the beginning of 1814, Polish society was revived by hope for an improvement in its fate.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The emperor facilitated the post, reduced taxes and allowed the formation of a corps from Polish soldiers under the command of General Dabrowski.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The organization of the army was led by Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Later, the emperor formed a civic committee that proposed replacing Napoleon's code with a new Polish code, giving peasants land, and improving finances.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Meanwhile, at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815), which redesigned the map of Europe in a new way, the Duchy gave rise to strife, which almost turned into a new war.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Alexander I wanted to annex to his empire the entire Duchy of Warsaw and even other lands that were once part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Austria saw this as a danger to itself.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

On January 3, 1815, a secret alliance was concluded between Austria, England and France to counter Russia and Prussia, which had become closer to each other.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Russian emperor made a compromise: he abandoned Krakow in favor of Austria, and Thorne and Poznan in favor of Prussia.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Most of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw was annexed “for eternity” to the Russian Empire under the name of the Kingdom of Poland (May 3, 1815), which received a constitutional structure.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Polish Constitution was promulgated on June 20, 1815.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

At the same time, the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Poland were taken to the oath of citizenship to the Russian Tsar.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Constitution came into force in 1816.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The emperor appointed General Zayonchek, who was very helpful to Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, as the governor.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Count Novosiltsev became the imperial commissar.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In 1816, the University of Warsaw was established, higher schools were founded: military, polytechnic, forestry, mining, the institute of public teachers, and increased the number of secondary and primary schools.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Two centers located outside the Kingdom of Poland had a strong influence on intellectual life: Vilna University and Kremenets Lyceum.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Poland's greatest poet Adam Mickiewicz studied at the University of Vilna, and historian Lelevel also taught there.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Education has developed despite obstacles.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Education Minister Stanislav Potocki, who ridiculed obscurantism in the allegorical novel “Journey to Darnograd” (Polish: Podróż do Ciemnogrodu), was forced to resign.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Strict supervision was established over educational institutions, and books and periodicals were severely censored.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In 1817, state peasants were released from many medieval duties.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In 1820, the corps began to be replaced by a rent.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

At first, there was complete harmony between the emperor and the Kingdom of Poland created by him, thanks to the liberal sentiments of the sovereign.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

With the intensification of reactionary currents, the aforementioned harmony was upset.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In the country itself, some were ready to come to terms with what they had, while others dreamed of restoring the Polish state within its former borders.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

On March 17 [O.S. 1818], the emperor opened March in Warsaw with a significant speech:


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Sejm adopted all government bills except for the abolition of civil marriage introduced in Poland by the Napoleon Code.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The emperor was pleased, which he expressed in his closing speech, arousing hopes in the Poles for the realization of their patriotic dreams:


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The emperor hinted at his desire to extend the constitution of the Kingdom of Poland to the Russian-Lithuanian regions.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

When, according to the constitution, the second Sejm was convened in 1820, the emperor reopened it, but his speech already warned about the dangers of liberalism.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Under the influence of the opposition, the Seimas rejected the government bill on the grounds that it abolished the publicity of legal proceedings, canceled the jury and violated the principle “no one will be arrested without court decisions”.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The opposition angered Alexander, which he expressed in his closing speech, noting that the Poles themselves were interfering with the restoration of their homeland.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The emperor even wanted to repeal the constitution, but limited himself to threats.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Contrary to the Constitution, which established the convening of the Seimas every two years, the third Seimas was convened only in 1825.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Previously, an additional article to the constitution was published, abolishing the publicity of the meetings of the Seimas, and opposition leader Vikenty Nemoyovsky was arrested.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Special officials were appointed to monitor the activities of the Seimas, who were obliged to attend the meetings.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Seimas adopted the projects proposed by the government.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The emperor expressed his satisfaction.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Simultaneously with the legal opposition, a secret and revolutionary one also acted.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

There was a secret organization “National Patriotic Partnership”.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In May 1822, the main leaders of the Partnership were arrested and severely punished.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Nevertheless, the “Partnership” continued its activities and even entered into relations with the Decembrists.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The latter's attempt to carry out a coup in Russia also revealed the activities of Polish revolutionaries.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

According to the Constitution, they were tried by the Seimas Court, which limited itself to mild penalties.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Emperor Nicholas I expressed his dissatisfaction with the verdict.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Economically and culturally, the Kingdom of Poland developed markedly in 1815-1830.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The exhaustion of strength disappeared thanks to the long peace and a number of wonderful figures - Finance Ministers Matushevich and Prince Drutsky-Lyubetsky, and the famous writer in charge of industry Stashitsa.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Progress was noted in all areas of economic life: agriculture, industry and trade.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Energetic Finance Minister Lyubetsky put finances in order with a number of measures, sometimes steep, sometimes repressive.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The deficit disappeared, the treasury accumulated a reserve of several tens of millions of zlotys, officials and the army began to receive salaries on time.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The country's population increased to 4.5 million.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

At the same time, members of secret societies spread democratic ideas.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In the literature, voices were loudly heard against serfdom, which harms both the economy and public morality.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The reign of Nicholas I and the Polish Uprising of 1830—1831


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In 1829, Nicholas I was solemnly crowned King of Poland in Warsaw and swore an oath his obligation to comply with the constitution, but left the petition to abolish the additional article to the constitution with no answer.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Seimas was convened only in 1830.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The project to abolish civil marriage was again rejected almost unanimously, despite the clear will of the emperor.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The opposition filed a number of petitions to the government: to ease the embarrassment of censorship, to abolish the additional article, to release the opposition leader from arrest.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

This course of action of the Seimas greatly angered the Tsar.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In 1830-1831, there was an uprising that brought about profound changes.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

A significant number of politically active Poles were expelled from the Kingdom of Poland and resettled in the provinces of the Russian Empire.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Extensive power, together with the title of Prince of Warsaw and the post of governor, was granted to Count Paskevich.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

To help him, an interim government was established, consisting of four departments: justice, finance, interior and police, education and confessions.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The powers of the provisional government ceased with the promulgation of the Organic Statute (February 26, 1832), which abolished the coronation of emperors by Polish kings, the special Polish army and the Sejm and which declared the Kingdom of Poland an organic part of the Russian Empire.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The preserved administrative council presented candidates for spiritual and civil positions to the Tsar.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Council of State drew up the budget and considered disputes that arose between administrative and judicial authorities, and prosecuted officials for malfeasance.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Three commissions have been established to manage:


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

1) internal affairs and education affairs;


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

2) by the court;


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

3) finances.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Instead of the Seimas, it was planned to establish a meeting of provincial officials with an advisory voice.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Legislative power belonged undivided to the Emperor.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Organic Statute has not been enforced.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The meeting of provincial officials, as well as gentry and commune meetings, remained only in the project.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The voivodships were transformed into provinces (1837), and the State Council was abolished (1841).


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Russian language was introduced into the paperwork of the Administrative Council and the Office of the Governor, with permission to use French for those who did not speak Russian.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The confiscated estates of the Polish gentry were granted to Russians; the highest state posts in the region were replaced by Russians.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In 1832, the Polish currency, the zloty, was replaced by the Russian ruble, and the metric currency was replaced by the Russian imperial system of measures.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Also this year, the Alexander Citadel was founded in Warsaw.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The emperor came to see these fortresses, but visited Warsaw only in 1835.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

He did not allow deputations from ordinary people to express loyal feelings, noting that he wanted to protect them from lies by doing so:


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Warsaw Scientific Society was abolished, its library and museums were transferred to St. Petersburg.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Warsaw and Vilna Universities and Kremenets Lyceum were closed.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Instead of the university, it was allowed to open additional courses in pedagogy and law at the gymnasium (1840), but soon they were closed.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Teaching in secondary schools was conducted in Russian.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The government also paid attention to the education of women's youth as expectant mothers, on whom the upbringing of future generations depends.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

For this purpose, the Alexandria Institute was established in Warsaw.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Tuition fees in gymnasiums were increased and it was forbidden to accept children of non-noble or non-bureaucratic origin.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In 1833, the Orthodox Bishopric of Warsaw was established, and in 1840 it was transformed into an archbishopric.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Catholic clergy were subject to strict supervision: they were forbidden to gather local synods, organize anniversary celebrations and establish sobriety societies.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In 1839, the property of the Polish Catholic Church, the local Greek Catholic Church, was secularized after the congress in Polotsk, initiated by its Primate, Archbishop.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Joseph (Semashko), dissolves itself and officially becomes subordinate to the Orthodox Holy Synod.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

After the abolition of the University of Warsaw, a Roman Catholic Theological Academy was established in Warsaw, which was under the control of the Commission of Internal Affairs, which generally monitored the activities of the Catholic clergy.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The government wanted to subordinate the spiritual affairs of the Catholic population in the Kingdom of Poland to the St. Petersburg Roman Catholic College, which was in charge of the spiritual affairs of Catholics in the rest of the empire, but as a result Rome's resistance refused to do so.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The mental life of the country was stagnant, sometimes disturbed only by revolutionary propaganda, the centers of which were concentrated among Polish emigration, mainly in the Republic of Krakow and in France.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In 1833, French, German and Italian carbonarias planned to produce revolutionary movements in their countries.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Many Polish emigrants have joined carbonarium societies.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

It was decided to undertake a guerrilla raid in the Kingdom of Poland in order to raise an uprising here.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Jozef Zalivsky became the head of the raid.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The guerrillas hardly penetrated into the Kingdom of Poland to call on the common people to revolt, but ordinary people reacted to them indifferently.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Persecuted by the Cossacks, Zalivsky fled to Austria, was arrested there and put in a fortress for 20 years.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Other guerrillas fell into the hands of Russian soldiers.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Some were hanged, others were shot or sent to hard labor.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The failure of Zaliwski's raid led Polish Democrats to believe that revolutionary propaganda was needed.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The new “Society of the Polish People” tried to cover with its activities all the lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, sending envoys to Lithuania, Volyn, Ukraine and the Kingdom of Poland.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In May 1838, the chief emissary Konarsky was arrested near Vilna, which led to other arrests.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Even several gymnasium students were exiled to hard labor.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

These harsh measures did not cool the enthusiasm of Polish revolutionaries.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

They were headed by the Democratic Society, which professed not only democratic ideas, but also socialist ideas.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Under his influence, Ksondz Scegenny set up a secret society among peasants in the south of the Kingdom of Poland in order to establish a Polish peasant republic; extradited by one of his own, he was arrested and sentenced to hanged, but pardoned and exiled to hard labor.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Many peasants involved in the conspiracy had to follow him to Siberia (1844).


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In 1846, the government decided that the country was ready for rebellion.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The movement that began in Galicia ended in the most deplorable way.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Not only did the peasants not join the movement, but, prompted by Austrian officials, carried out a terrible massacre among the Polish nobles.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In the Kingdom of Poland, the nobleman Pantaleon Potocki with a small detachment captured the city of Sedlec (in February 1846), but was soon captured and hanged.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The rebels were sent to Siberia.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Russia, Prussia and Austria have taken measures against the Poles.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

With the consent of Russia and Prussia, Austria occupied the Free City of Krakow with its troops.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In addition, the Russian and Austrian governments drew attention to the situation of peasants who were under the rule of Polish nobles.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In June 1846, it was forbidden to arbitrarily remove peasants from the land, reduce their allotments, and annex the wastelands left after the peasant to the estates.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In November 1846, many of the duties that lay on the peasants were destroyed.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

At the same time, the government took measures aimed at a closer inclusion of the Kingdom of Poland in the empire.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In 1847, a new set of punishments was published for him, which was an almost literal translation of the Russian Code of Punishments of 1845.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The revolution of 1848 greatly excited the Poles: they raised uprisings in the Principality of Poznan and Galicia.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Mickiewicz formed the Polish Legion, which took part in the Italian revolutionary movement; Polish generals, officers and ordinary volunteers fought for the independence of Hungary.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The secret society in the Kingdom of Poland abandoned its intentions after learning about the suppression of the revolution in Poznan.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The conspiracy was uncovered (1850), the conspirators were subjected to corporal punishment and exile to hard labor.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The government of Louis-Napoleon expelled the leaders of the Polish Democratic Society from Paris.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

They were forced to retire to London, and their influence on Poland almost completely ceased.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Crimean War revived the hopes of patriots again.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Calls for an uprising in Poland did not succeed.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

It was decided to form Polish legions in the theater of operations to fight against Russia.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

This plan was facilitated by conservative Polish emigration led by Prince Adam Czartoryski.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

By the way, Mickiewicz went to Constantinople.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The troubles of the Polish patriots ended with almost nothing.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Polish writer Mikhail Tchaikovsky, who converted to Mohammedanism (Sadyk Pasha), recruited, however, a detachment of so-called Sultan Cossacks, but it consisted of Armenians, Bulgarians, Gypsies and Turks, and moreover did not accept participation in hostilities because the war is over.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

A handful of Poles acted in the Caucasus against Russian troops, helping the Circassians.