Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In addition, Beckett is persistently and enthusiastically engaged in self-education, reads a lot, becomes a regular at the National Gallery of Ireland, imbued with a passion for fine arts and special interest in Old Masters, in particular Dutch painting of the 17th century.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett's love for art history and deep knowledge of modern painting will carry through his entire creative biography.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett's first truly serious love affair, albeit apparently non-reciprocal, dates back to university years, Etna McCarthy, later bred under the name of Alba in Dreams of Women, beautiful and so-so.”


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

During 1925—1926, Beckett traveled extensively, visiting France and Italy for the first time.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In 1927, Beckett took exams, received a bachelor's degree in linguistics (French and Italian) and, on the recommendation of his teacher, Professor Rodmouse-Brown, was promoted to a teaching position English and French at Campbell College in Belfast.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Pedagogical practice oppresses the future writer: Beckett finds it unbearably boring to explain elementary material, and after working two semesters, thanks to the teacher exchange program, he goes to Paris, to the most prestigious Ecole Normal Super, for the position of an English teacher.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

At the same time, Beckett's two-year romance with his cousin Peggy Sinclair begins.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Upon arrival in Paris, Beckett meets his predecessor in the exchange program with Ecole Super Thomas McGreevy, who is destined to become the writer's closest friend and confidant for the rest of his life.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

McGreevy introduces Beckett into artistic bohemian circles.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In Paris, Beckett meets such celebrities as Eugene Jolas (writer, father of the famous pianist and composer Betsy Jolas), Sylvia Beach (one of the most significant figures in literary Paris between the two world wars), Jack Butler Yates (the largest Irish national artist, the younger brother of the famous poet), among which stands apart the already recognized literary James Joyce genius.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Very little time passes and Beckett becomes a frequent guest in the house of the famous author of Ulysses.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

The first literary experiments (1929—1933)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In 1929, in Paris, Beckett met his future wife Suzanne Dechevaux-Dumesnil (French: Suzanne Dechevaux-Dumesnil) (1900 — 17.06.1989), and also published in one of the magazines created at the instigation of Joyce's first literary experience — a critical essay “Dante... Bruno. Vico.. Joyce” and the first short story “Ascension” (English: Assumption).


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

It is in an essay about Joyce, commenting on the attacks on the later work of the famous compatriot, that Beckett formulates an important idea in the context of the young author's views on the essence of writing: “Here there is form content, content — form. You're complaining this thing isn't written in English. It's not written at all. It should not be read — or rather, it should not be read only. You need to see it and hear it. His writing is not about anything; it is something” [3].


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Around the same time, Beckett became close to James Joyce and became his literary secretary, in particular helping him work on his latest and most unusual and innovative a work that eventually became known as “Finnegan's Wake” (English: Finnegan's Wake).


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Joyce's family is also associated with an ambiguous episode of Beckett's biography, which caused a break, albeit temporary, with a famous compatriot.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Joyce's daughter, mentally unstable Lucia, is overly addicted to her father's young and attractive assistant.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett does not reciprocate Joyce's daughter suffering from schizophrenia, the result is Beckett's break with Joyce and Lucia will soon be placed in a psychiatric hospital, where she will spend the rest of her days.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In the fall of 1930, Beckett returned to Trinity College, where he continued his teaching career as an assistant to Prof. Rodmouse-Brown, teaching French and lecturing on Balzac, Stendhal, Flaubert, Gide, Bergson.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Lecturing and teaching are incredibly burdened by the introverted, almost pathologically shy Beckett - after working one academic year, Beckett, to the sharp displeasure of his mother and the disappointment of his father, leaves Trinity College and returns to Paris.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Around this time, the poem Bludoscope (English: Whorescope) was written, created in the form of a monologue on behalf of one of Beckett's favorite philosophers, René Descartes, the first published a separate book of the writer's work — and a critical essay “Proust” about the work of the French modernist Marcel Proust.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In the first half of 1932, while already living in Paris, Beckett worked on his first major prose, the novel “Dreams of Women, Beautiful and So-so” (English: Dream of Fair to Middling) Women), launched in Dublin a year earlier.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

The book, written in a complex “baroque” language that is not characteristic of mature and, especially, late Beckett, demonstrating the sophisticated erudition of the young author, is dedicated to the verbose and confusing a description of the relationship between a young man named Belakva (namesake of one of the characters of Dante Purgatory) with three girls (the prototype of the first of them, Smeraldina-Rima, was cousin Peggy Sinclair, the second, Syra-Cuza, is the mad daughter of Joyce, Lucia, the third, Alba, is the love affair of the writer of university times, Etna McCarthy).


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

The novel was quite “raw”, according to Beckett himself, “immature and fake”, although demonstrating the author's extensive encyclopedic erudition in matters of literature, philosophy and theology, the work was expected to be rejected by all publishers, and published, according to the will of the author himself, only posthumously in 1992.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Bad Times, Murphy, Final Emigration to France (1933-40)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

1933 is a difficult year for a novice and so far unlucky writer.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

First, Peggy Sinclair dies of tuberculosis, and Beckett's father passes away a few weeks later, plunging him into severe depression, interspersed with panic attacks.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

The writer once again leaves Ireland and moves to live in London.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In England, Beckett, despite the fact that his father left him a certain amount of maintenance after his death, lives in financially cramped conditions and continues to suffer from depression, self-doubt and self-doubt the future.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In the hope of getting rid of serious psychological problems, Beckett resorts to sessions of psychoanalysis, which was rapidly developing at that time, enthusiastically reads the works of Freud, Adler, Rank and Jung.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

The course of psychotherapy helps Beckett realize that creativity can be a good medicine for curing neuroses and complexes [4].


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In May 1934, Beckett finally managed to publish his first collection of short stories, united by the common hero Belakva we already know, “Barks More Than Bits” (translated as “More pokes than blows”) (. More Pricks Than Kicks), which, however, also did not have any significant success with either readers or critics.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In 1935, a small publishing house owned by one of the writer's friends published Beckett's poetry collection “Bones of Echo”.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

At the same time, work on the novel “Murphy” began.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Neither the writing career nor the career of a literary critic and essayist in London is set.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett is in the process of an anxious and mostly unsuccessful search for herself in her profession and life.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Thus, Beckett writes a letter to C. Eisenstein asking for admission to study at the State Institute of Cinematography (no answer was received), trying to get a teaching position at the University of Cape Town , along the way wrote the poem Cascando, traveled to Nazi Germany from October 1936 to April 1937, paying special attention to the richest art galleries in Hamburg, Berlin, Dresden and Munich .


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In mid-October 1937, the writer finally settled in Paris, which was destined to become his second home until his death.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

After settling in France, Beckett tries to attach Murphy, completed in June 1936, to a publishing house, and after 42 refusals [5], the novel is still published in March 1938.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

This work is the result of Beckett's great and hard work to hone his own literary style and narrative skills.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

The work, which began during the writer's stay in London in 1934, is still strongly influenced by Joyce, but Beckett's voice is becoming more and more individual.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

At the center of the story is an unemployed Irishman living in London named Murphy and the story of his escape from the reality of the world around him.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Murphy professes a philosophy of minimal effort, a kind of not doing, which, in turn, determines the eccentric behavior of the hero - Murphy periodically wears belts to a rocking chair, putting themselves into a kind of trance and spending quite a long time in this state.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Feeling a deep distrust, bordering on disgust, for any kind of physical or social activity, Murphy is extremely impractical and lives on the maintenance of his beloved Celia, who, being a prostitute, tries in vain to encourage Murphy to find a job and start a normal family life.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Balancing on the verge of parody when describing numerous oddities that are not quite normal from the point of view of the average hero, Beckett nevertheless does not aim to ridicule another of the endless series mediocre losers who cover up their laziness and inability to practical life with far-fetched eccentric theories.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett is both mocking and extremely serious about his character, whose ideological search is an attempt to resolve the contradiction between soul and body, the desire for peace and necessity activities, an attempt to find harmony with oneself, hermetically fenced off from the world, form the core of the writer's philosophical quest throughout his life.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Murphy's intellectual escape ends tragically, and the novel itself, written in departure from the usual fiction patterns, full of specific humor, literary and philosophical allusions, despite Joyce's praise, was received by critics very restrained and did not have any commercial success.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett, who is already suffering from depression, is going through another literary failure very hard.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett tries to find consolation in the arrangement of his personal life, converging with Suzanne Deshevo-Dumenil, as it turned out, for the rest of their lives (the couple will officially marry only in 1961).


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

At the same time, Beckett begins to translate Murphy into French and makes his first attempts to write poems in a language that is not his native language.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

World War II, Watt (1940—1945)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In June 1940, the Third Reich dealt a crushing blow to France, German troops entered Paris.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett, despite being a citizen of neutral Ireland, becomes a member of the Resistance.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Despite the fact that Beckett's participation in “The Resistance” was mainly limited to the performance of translation and courier functions, the danger to which the writer exposed himself was quite real, if not to say lethal.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Later, Beckett, with his usual modesty and self-irony, recalled that his struggle against Nazi Germany was like a Boy Scouts game.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In 1942, the Resistance cell, of which Samuel and Suzanne were a member, was exposed, its members were arrested, and the couple, fleeing the persecution of the Gestapo, was forced to flee to the unoccupied part France, to the small village of Roussillon in the province of Vaucluse in the south of the country.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Here Beckett lies to the bottom, pretending to be a French peasant and handyman, earning a living by day labor in the field, cutting firewood [6].


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

A dark life experience gained during several years spent in the south of France, in an atmosphere of relentless fear for one's own life, abandonment and isolation from the world, engaged in difficult physical labor, formed the basis for Beckett's next prose, the third novel Watt, published only in 1953 and became a turning point in the writer's work.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

If Beckett's previous works still followed in the wake of fundamental literary canons, had, albeit vaguely structured, plot, characters endowed with a realistic biography, then” Watt” innovatively breaks with any such conventions.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

If Murphy can still be classified as a typical “urban madman”, crazy against the background of philosophizing and poverty of an “eternal student” or just a young intellectual who is in conflict with the world, Watt is a creature with a dark past, a poorly understood present and a completely vague future.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

The plot of the novel, for all its schematic convention, is very simple: Watt goes to work at Mr. Nott's house, finds himself in the center of completely illogical and absurd events that he unsuccessfully tries to realize.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

All Watt's attempts to think, understand, or simply feel Mr. Knott, in which Watt loses his ability to think rationally and communicate, fail, and Watt, completely disoriented, leaves Mr. Knott's house, and Watt is replaced by another servant, Mick.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

According to a modern Russian researcher of the writer's work, D. IN. Tokarev, the role of the deity in the novel “is played by Mr. Knott, whose nature transcends the concepts inherent in the human mind. The deity is inaccessible to perception, inaccessible to the gaze of an external observer trying to attribute human qualities to him” [7].


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Thus, in Watt, Beckett raises a whole layer of questions of philosophy and theology, laying the foundation for his innovative creative method, which consists in abandoning the previous realistic traditions with its conventions and a set of standard techniques.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

At the end of the war, Beckett, awarded by the French government for his participation in the Resistance, served for some time at the Irish Red Cross Military Hospital in Saint Lo in Normandy, then returns with Suzanne to Paris.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Post-war success, trilogy, theater of the absurd (1946—1969)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

While living in Paris between 1946 and 1950. Beckett continues to work on prose: short novels, the novels Mercier and Camier, Mollah, Malon Dies and Nameless.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

The last three works that make up the trilogy represent a separate milestone in Beckett's creative biography.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

It took several years to find a publisher for the trilogy.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

With the active participation of Beckett's wife, Suzanne, by the early 1950s, the publisher was found, and advanced critics paid close attention to the little-known author [8].


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

If at the beginning of his career Beckett gravitated towards the detailed and complicated intellectual and philosophical search inherited directly from Joyce, was passionate about language games and construction complicated literary allusions, then when working on Watt and the trilogy, Beckett is guided by a radically different poetics - the characters lose any individual features that characterize them, the realities and signs of the time and place of action become elusive, the action itself is reduced to nothing.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

These texts really revolutionized world literature: for example, Louis Aragon admitted that he did not understand how such prose is even possible [9].


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

However, it became possible, and, paradoxically, in a language that was not the author's native language.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In 1948, Beckett completed work on his most famous world-famous work, the absurdist play Waiting for Godot, which premiered in Paris at the very beginning January 1953 of the year.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Most of the works created by Beckett after the end of World War II were written by the author in French.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Thus, Beckett finally turns to French as the main language of literary creativity, thereby continuing the rare tradition of bilingualism in European literature, becoming on a par with Joseph Conrad, Franz Kafka and Vladimir Nabokov.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett later explained the transition to French by the need to develop a detached method of writing, devoid of a distinctive style.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

By the early 1950s, Beckett was finally successful.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Waiting for Godot is staged in the best theaters in Europe.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

From 1951 to 1953, a prose trilogy was published (the novels “Molloy”, “Malone Dies” and “Nameless”), which made Beckett one of the most famous and influential writers of the 20th century.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

These works, based on innovative approaches to prose tested during the work on Watt and have little to do with familiar literary forms, are written in French and later translated into English by the author himself.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Following the success of Waiting for Godot, Beckett continued to work as a playwright, receiving an order in 1956 to create a radio play from the BBC, called “All That Fall”.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Beckett created plays that laid the foundation for the so-called theater of the absurd — “Endgame” (1957), “Krapp's Last Tape” (1958) and” Happy Days” /"Happy Days” (1961).


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

These works, which almost immediately became international theatrical classics, close in theme to the philosophy of existentialism, touch on the themes of despair and the will to live in the face of an indifferent person and unknowable world.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In 1964, Beckett's only film script was used to shoot a short black and white film “The Film”, dedicated to the problem of the perceived object and the perceiving subject.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett continues to work in the field of drama and, despite the fact that his works are deeply imbued with the themes of aging, loneliness, suffering and death, achieves more than just local success in the environment intellectual bohemia of Paris and London, but is gaining worldwide fame and recognition, the pinnacle of which was the award of the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1969.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In its decision, the Nobel Committee noted [10]:


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Samuel Beckett was awarded the prize for innovative works in prose and drama, in which the tragedy of modern man becomes his triumph.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett's deep pessimism contains a love for humanity that only increases as he deepens into the abyss of abomination and despair, and when despair seems unlimited, it turns out that compassion has no limits.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett, who did not tolerate the close attention to himself accompanying literary fame, agreed to accept the Award only on condition that it was received by the French publisher and, according to part-time, Beckett's longtime friend, Jerome Lendon, which was done.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Later creativity and recent years (1970—1989)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

By the late 1960s and early 1970s, Beckett's work was increasingly drifting towards minimalism and compactness.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

A vivid example of this evolution is the play Breath (1969), which lasts only 35 seconds and does not have a single actor.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

During the production of “Not I” (1972), the viewer has the opportunity to see only the brightly lit mouth of the narrator, while the rest of the scene is completely covered in darkness.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Despite the fact that Beckett's works focus on the individual “existential” experience of an individual, private and socially marginal person, there is also room for manifestation in the author's work civic position.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

An example is the play Catastrophe (1982), dedicated to Vaclav Havel, a Czech playwright, a good friend of Beckett and later the first president of the post-communist Czech Republic, which focuses on the subject of tyranny.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

The late period of Beckett's work was marked by long pauses, the continuation of experiments with poetry and prose interrupted by dramatic works.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In the first half of the 1980s, Beckett created a series of short stories “The Company” (1980), “Ill Seen Ill Said” (1982) and “Worstward Ho” (1984), in which the writer continues his dialogue with memory, voices from the past.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In recent years, Beckett led an extremely closed lifestyle, avoiding giving any comments about his work.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Samuel Beckett died in Paris on December 22, 1989 at the age of 83, a few months after the death of his wife Suzanne.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Facts


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett showed a strong interest in chess all his life.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

The passion for this game probably passed on to Beckett from his uncle Howard, who managed to beat reigning world chess champion Raul Capablanca during a simultaneous game with Dublin amateurs.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett was attractive to women: for example, one of the richest brides of her time, Peggy Guggenheim, the heiress of a multimillion-dollar fortune, had a strong romantic interest in the writer.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett's favorite book was Dante's Divine Comedy, and the writer could talk about it or quote huge chunks of it for hours.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

On the writer's deathbed, in 1989, found a poem from the publication of Beckett's student times.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Despite a generally negative attitude towards Irish nationalism, a strong rejection of being certified as an Irish writer, and Beckett spent most of his life in exile, the writer retained citizenship of the Republic of Ireland until the end of his life.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Heritage


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett, who gained great fame during his lifetime, is deservedly one of the classics of Western European literature of the 20th century.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

The writer's work, which is distinguished by its innovative approach and deep philosophical content, occupies an honorable place in the pantheon of English-language and world literature along with its outstanding predecessors Joyce, Proust and Kafka.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett's work represents the most consistent attack on the realistic literary tradition.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett, in fact, reinvented both literature and theater, clearing them of the dictates of conventions, focusing on the most universally formulated problems of individual existence, search its meaning, its loneliness and its death.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

As noted by Russian literary critic Alexander Genis, “Beckett's hero is a person who is unstable on his feet. This is understandable. The earth pulls it down, the sky up. Stretched between them like on a rack, he can't get up from the carats. The ordinary fate of everyone and everyone. After all, Beckett was interested in exclusively universal categories of being, equally describing any intelligent individual” [11].


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett's influence on contemporary art is enormous.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

At various times, famous playwrights such as Vaclav Havel, John Banville, Aidan Higgins, Tom Stoppard and Harold Pinter have publicly recognized Beckett's authority.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Representatives of the beatnik generation, as well as authors such as Thomas Kinsella and Derek Mahon, owe much to the work of the Irish writer.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Many major composers, including Morton Feldman, Heinz Holliger, Pascal Dusapin, created works based on Beckett's texts.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

In Ireland, where the writer's memory is honored no less zealously than the memory of Joyce, festivals dedicated to Beckett's creative heritage are regularly held.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

On December 10, 2009, in Dublin, with the participation of another Nobel laureate in literature from Ireland, the famous poet Seamas Heaney, the opening ceremony of the new bridge over Liffey took place, named after the writer.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

A naval vessel of the Republic of Ireland is named after him [12].


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Main works (with publication time)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Prose


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Dreams of Women, Beautiful and So-so-so /Dream of Fair to Middling Women (1932) [13]


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Barks More than Bits/More prices than kicks (1992) (stories)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Murphy/Murphy (1938)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Molloy/Molloy (1951)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Malone dies/Malone meurt (1951)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Watt/ Watt (1953)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Nameless (novel) /L'Innomable (1953)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

As it is/Comment c'est (1961)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

The Ravager/Le Depeupler (1971)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Mercier & Camier/Mercier et Camier (1974)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Sobesedorny/Company (1979)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Plays


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Waiting for Godot/En attendant Godot (1952, Russian translation 1966)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Action without words 1/Act Without Words I (1956)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Action Without Words 2/Act Without Words II (1956)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

The End of the Game/Fin de partie (1957) [14]


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Crapp's Last Tape (1958)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Theatrical Shard 1/Rough for Theatre I (late 1950s)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Theatrical Shard 2/Rough for Theatre II (late 1950s)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Happy Days/Happy Days (1960)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Game/Play (1963)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Come and Go/Come and Go (1965)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Breath/Breath (1969)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Not Me/Not I (1972)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

That Time (1975)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Footfalls (1975)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

A Piece of Monologue (1980)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Rockaby (1981)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Ohio Impromptu Style/Ohio Impromptu (1981)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Catastrophe/Catastrophe (1982)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

What/What Where (1983)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Eleftheria/Eleutheria (1947, published in 1995)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Poems


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Poems (different years)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Scripts


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Film/Film (1963; shot in 1964)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Publications in Russian


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

An exile.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Moscow, Izvestia Publ., 1989.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Series: Library of the magazine “Foreign Literature”.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

The trilogy.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Moscow: Chernyshev Publishing House, 1994.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 5-85555-028-1


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Waiting for Godot.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

MOSCOW, GITIS PUBL., 1998.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Series: Open Space.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 5-7196-0218-6


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Theater.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

SPb.: Azbuka Publ., 1999.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Series: Collection.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 5-7684-0579-8


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Murphy.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Kiev: Nika-Center Publ., 1999.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Series: 700.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 966-521-135-8


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Barks more than bites.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Kiev: Nika-Center Publ., 1999.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Series: 700.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 966-521-110-2


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Molloy.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Malone is dying.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

SPb.: Amphora, 2000.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Series: New collection.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 5-8301-0080-0


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Worthless texts.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

SPb.: Nauka, 2001.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 5-02-028514-5


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Murphy.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Moscow, Text Publ., 2002.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Series: Kvadrat.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 5-7516-0306-0


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Watt.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Moscow, Eksmo Publ., 2004.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Series: Ward No. 6.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 5-699-07308-6


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Dreams of women who are beautiful and so-so.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Moscow, Text Publ., 2006.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Series: Kvadrat.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 5-7516-0534-9


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Murphy.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Moscow, Text Publ., 2006.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Series: Kvadrat.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 5-7516-0596-9


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Molloy.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Moscow, Text Publ., 2008.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Series: The best books of XX years.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 978-5-7516-0674-9


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Shards.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Moscow, Text Publ., 2009.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Series: Collection.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 978-5-7516-0717-3


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Waiting for Godot.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Moscow, Text Publ., 2009.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Series: Classics.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 978-5-7516-0715-9


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Poems.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Moscow, Text Publ., 2010.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 978-5-7516-0861-3


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Moscow, Text Publ., 2010.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Series: Kvadrat.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 978-5-7516-0896-5


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

No further /trans. from English.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Valery Molot.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Blurb.com, 2010.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

104 p. (Collection of prose works: “The Company”, “Bad Seen Poorly Told”, “Towards the Worst”)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

As is/trans. from English.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Valery Molot.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Blurb.com, 2011.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

208 p.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

About all the falling people.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Moscow, Text Publ., 2012.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Series: Classics.


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

ISBN 978-5-7516-1028-9


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett and music


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Barrett, Richard/Barrett, Richard (1959)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

“Nothing else” for viola (1987—2005)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

“I open and close” for string quartet (1983—1988)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

“Another Heavenly Day” for Instruments and Electronics (1990) based on Beckett's plays


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Berio, Luciano/Berio, Luciano (1925—2003)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Sinfonia for 8 voices and orchestra (1968) based on the play “Nameless” /"Unnamable” (1953)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Glass, Philipp/Glass, Philip (1937)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Music for the play “The Game” /"Play” (1965) based on the play of the same name (1963)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Quartet N2 (1984), based on Beckett's story “The Interlocutor” /"Company” (1979)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

The ballet “Beckett short” (2007) based on Beckett's plays


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Gervasoni, Stefano/Gervasoni, Stefano (1962)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

“Two French poems by Beckett” /"Due poesie francesi di Beckett” for voice, bass flute, viola and drums (1995)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

“Pas si” for accordion and 2 voices (1998) to Beckett's lyrics


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Karayev Faradzh (1943)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Waiting for Godot for four soloists and chamber orchestra (1986) based on the play of the same name (1952)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Kurtag, Gyorgy/Kurtág, György (1926)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

“Samuel Beckett: What is the Word” /"Samuel Beckett: what is the word” op.30b to Beckett's texts for speech viola, voices and chamber ensemble (1991)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

“... pas à pas — nulle part...” op.36 on Beckett's texts for baritone, string trio and percussion (1997)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Rand, Bernard/Rand, Bernard (1934)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

“Memo 2" for solo trombone (1973) according to the structure of the play “Not Me” /"Not I” (1972)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

“Memo 2B” version for trombone and female pantomime (1980)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

“Memo 2D” version for trombone, string quartet and female pantomime (1980)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

“... between voices...”/“... among the voices...” by Beckett for choir and harp (1988)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Turnage, Mark Antony/Turnage, Mark-Anthony (1960)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

“Five Views of a Mouth” concert for flute and orchestra (2007) based on Beckett's play Not I (1972)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

“Your Lullaby” /"Your Rockbaby” for saxophone and orchestra (1993) using “rhythmic” elements from the Lullaby/Rockbaby (1981)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Feldman, Morton/Feldman, Morton (1926—1987)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

“antiopera” “Ni...” /"Neither” based on Beckett's libretto (1977)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

music for the American version of Beckett's radio play “Words and Music” for two readers, two flutes, vibraphone, piano and string trio (1987)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Samuel Beckett for orchestra (1987);


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

the unrealized idea of music for Beckett's radio play “Cascando” (1961)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Finnissi, Michael/Finnissy, Michael (1946)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

“Enough” /"Enough” for piano (2001) based on the text of the same name (1966)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Haubenstock-Ramati, Roman/Haubenstock-Ramati, Roman (1919-1994)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

“anti-opera” in one act “The Game” “Spiel” (1968) based on the play of the same name (1963)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Holliger, Heinz/Holliger, Heinz (1939)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Come and Go opera for 9 voices and 9 instruments (1976) based on the play of the same name (1965)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Not Me/"Not I” for soprano and film (1980) based on the play of the same name (1972)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

opera What Where (1988) based on the play of the same name (1983)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Scheduled to be staged (according to information for December 2011)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Kurtag, Gyorgy/Kurtág, György (1926)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

opera based on the play “The End of the Game” /"Fin de partie” (1957) — Salzburg Festival, scheduled to premiere in 2013


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Boulez, Pierre/Boulez, Pierre (1925)


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

opera based on the play “Waiting for Godot” /"En attendant Godot” (1952) — Alla Scala, Milan, scheduled for premiere in 2015


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Notes


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

References


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

on IMDb


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Selected bibliography


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Category: 20th-century English writers


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Category: 20th-century French writers


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Category:Multilingual writers


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Category:Nobel Prize Winners in Literature


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Category:French playwrights


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Category:Members of the French Resistance


Question: What was the name of Samuel Barkley Beckett's first work?

Samuel Beckett

Category:Trinity College Dublin alumni


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The two-humped camel, or Bactrian (Latin: Camelus bactrianus), is the largest member of the family, belonging, along with the dromedary camel, to the genus of camels proper (Latin: Camelus).


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In addition to having two humps and a larger size and weight, the two-humped camel differs from the dromedary camel on average by a much denser fur cover.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Both camels are closely related species that form viable fertile crossbreeds.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Bactrian is well adapted to live in a sharply continental dry climate with hot and dry summers and very frosty and snowy winters.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The anatomical and physiological features characteristic of camels allow them to go without water for an unusually long time and be content with the roughest and most low-nutritious food.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The two-humped camel also tolerates harsh winters relatively easily due to its exceptionally thick coat.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

However, the two-humped camel categorically does not tolerate dampness and is found only in areas with the driest climate.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Bactrian has long been an important pet in many parts of Asia.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The domestic two-humped camel is found mainly in steppe and semi-desert regions of the eastern part of Central and Central Asia, Mongolia and neighboring territories of Russia (Republic of Tuva) and China; the world the number of Bactrians exceeds 2 million [1].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

A number of breeds of domestic camels have been bred.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

On the farm, Bactrian is used as a pack and draft animal, as well as a source of milk, meat and valuable wool.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Bactrian is also a popular circus animal.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

A large number of bactrians are found in zoos [2] [3].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The two-humped camel, unlike the dromedary camel, has been preserved in the wild, albeit in a very small number.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Wild camel, or haptagay (the word “bactrian”, derived from the name of the ancient region in Central Asia, Bactria, is used in relation to a domestic camel [4]), was first described as a famous species Russian researcher N. M. Przhevalsky in 1878.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The historical range of the wild two-humped camel is quite large, but has now been reduced to several small areas in the most remote and inaccessible places in Mongolia and China.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The population of wild camels has only a few hundred heads, and their continued survival in the coming decades is in doubt despite protective measures [3] [5].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

A domestic camel is somewhat different from a wild camel, which gives reason for some scientists to make a taxonomic distinction between them.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Moreover, according to a number of authoritative sources, the modern two-humped camel is two species, wild (Latin: Camelus ferus) and domestic, Bactrian (Latin: Camelus bactrianus) [5].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

This issue requires further study, and genetic studies in recent years speak more in favor of separating a domestic camel from a wild camel [6].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The question of the direct origin of the domestic Bactrian from the modern wild also remains open.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Description


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Appearance and structure


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The appearance of the Bactrian is well known — it is so characteristic that it does not allow it to be confused with any other animal; the presence of two humps sharply distinguishes it from a dromedary camel.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Bactrian has a dense, rounded body, with a posterior thigh that does not fit into the general contour; the legs are quite long, ending in a forked foot resting on a corn cushion.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

There are no hooves as such — each part of the forked foot ends in the likeness of a claw.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The two-humped camel has a very long, strongly curved neck that bends downwards and then rises upwards again in a U-shaped manner; the head is flush with the shoulders.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The tail is quite short compared to the size of the body — about half a meter [7], with a tassel of long hair at the end.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The coat is thick and dense, but its length is uneven — on average, the hair on the body is about 7 cm long, but the coat forms a long suspension at the bottom of the neck.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The same long coat grows on the top of the humps, as well as on the head, where it forms a kind of tuft at the top and a beard at the bottom, as well as on the back of the neck.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The Bactrian (like the dropsy camel) has very long and thick eyelashes in two rows; the auricles are also pubescent with thick hair [8].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In a well-fed, fatty camel, the humps are even, standing upright, but in a lean animal they can fall partially or completely to one side (sometimes in different directions), dangling when walking [7].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Dense standing humps serve as an indicator of the fatness of the animal for camel breeders [9].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Bactrian's fleshy lips are stiff, adapted to pluck the roughest and most prickly vegetation.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The upper lip, like all camelids, is forked.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The ears are rounded and very small, almost indistinguishable from a long distance.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

On the back of the head there are paired glands, especially developed in the male, whose black viscous and odorous secret is used to label the territory [10].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The internal structure is typical for all calluses - the stomach is three-chambered, with fuzzy departments (abomasum, scar, mesh); there is no book [11].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The cecum is short.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The placenta is diffuse - that is, the villi that form on the germ membrane (chorion) are located on its entire surface and do not grow together with the uterine mucosa - and is more primitive than others cloven-hoofed families.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The female's udder has two nipples [4].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The voice of a two-humped camel is not a very pleasant roar to hear, somewhat reminiscent of a donkey.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

A camel loaded with a pack always roars, rising from the ground with a load or descending [10].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

A colorful description of the appearance of a two-humped camel was given by the famous author of the explanatory dictionary V. AND. Dal, who visited the Central Asian regions of the Russian Empire [12]:


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The two-humped camel, like the dromedary camel, is known for its tendency to spit in case of irritation.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

However, camel spitting is not saliva, but also a very fetid stomach contents [10].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Sizes


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The two-humped camel is a very large animal.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Its height at the withers exceeds 2 meters and can be 210 [4] and even 230 cm [13].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The body height with humps is even higher, up to 270 cm [14].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The saddle between the humps is often more than 1.7 m high [15], so it is difficult for a rider to climb a standing camel by ordering the camel to lie down or kneel down on his front knees.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The distance between the humps — more than 30 cm [15] — leaves enough space for a person to sit.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

An adult male camel weighs an average of about 500 kg [16], but often much more — weights of 690 kg [13] and 800 kg are indicated [17].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Thus, domestic two-humped camels bred in Transbaikalia have an average live weight of 740 kg [18].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Bactrian females are significantly smaller, 320—450 kg [4].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In some cases, tall, well-fed males of large breed weigh up to 1000 kg [7], especially for domestic camels of the Kalmyk breed (males 800—1000 kg, females 650—800 kg [19]).


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The camel stops growing at the age of 7 [20].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Fur cover


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The natural color of the two-humped camel is brown-sand in various shades (there are redder, darker or lighter camels).


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

This is the color of the fur of wild camels, but the domestic ones are more diverse.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Brown camels predominate among domestic camels, and there are also gray, almost black, as well as pure white [4] or even cream [21] camels, which are valued higher than camels of any other color [22].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Light-colored camels, however, are very rare — among the Bactrians of Transbaikalia, brown animals account for 78.6%, yellow and light yellow — 18.6% and white — 2.8% [18].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Bactrian's fur is much longer and thicker than that of a dromedar, which is one of the main features a Bactrian needs to survive the severe frosts that can reach in its natural habitats −40°C and more [23].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The coat at the bottom of the neck and at the tops of the humps is longer than 30 cm, on other parts of the body it is also quite long — on average about 7 cm [21].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The structure of Bactrian's coat is quite remarkable.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The fur inside is hollow, which contributes to the low thermal conductivity of the camel fur cover [24].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In addition, the several thin hairs of the undercoat surrounding each coat retain a lot of air, so despite the density of the fur cover, there is always a lot of air in it, also sharply reducing thermal conductivity [15] [23] [25].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Bactrian is covered with particularly long hair in autumn, meeting the winter already very pubescent.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In turn, the long winter coat quickly changes to a shorter one when it is warm (March-April) [26].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

This process is accompanied by the fall of large shreds of hair from various parts of the animal's body.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

At this time, the camel takes on a sloppy, shabby appearance.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Adaptability to harsh conditions


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The structural features of the two-humped camel demonstrate its excellent adaptability to anhydrous and low-feed biotope.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The camel suffers dehydration, which is certainly fatal for all other mammals — it survives losing up to 40% of the body's water (other warm-blooded animals die when 20% of water is lost) [ 27].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The camel's kidneys can suck up a significant part of the water from the urine and return it to the body.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Camel red blood cells are oval in shape (in all other mammals they are round), so the blood maintains normal fluidity even with strong thickening, since narrow oval red blood cells pass through capillaries without hindrance.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In addition, camel red blood cells have the ability to accumulate fluid, while increasing in volume up to 2.5 times [28].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Bactrian manure is much more concentrated than cattle manure — it contains 6-7 times less water and consists of a mixture of coarse, almost dry plant fibers (Bactrian manure is good decorated in the form of oblong pellets measuring 4×2×2 cm) [15].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Urine is also extremely concentrated [29].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

With severe dehydration, the camel loses noticeably weight [15], but when it gains access to water, it restores its normal appearance right before our eyes [15].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

This also applies to the dromedary camel.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

A number of features of the external structure also make it possible to save water reserves in the body


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Evaporation of water is minimized, as the camel keeps its nostrils tightly closed, opening them only during inhalation and exhalation.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The camel's ability to thermoregulate is also known.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Unlike other mammals, a camel begins to sweat only if its body temperature reaches +41°C and a further increase in temperature becomes life-threatening [27].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

At night, the camel's body temperature can drop to +34°C [15].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The fat contained in humps does not break down into water, as it was believed for a long time, but plays the role of a supply of nutrition for the body.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

It also serves to insulate the camel's body, accumulating primarily on the back, which is most exposed to sunlight.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

If fat were evenly distributed throughout the body, it would prevent heat from escaping from the body [30].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Both humps can contain up to 150 kg of fat [20].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The good adaptability of camels to the difficult conditions of Central Asia has long attracted the attention of European and Russian researchers.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

One of the Russian military figures of the first half of the 19th century M. AND. Ivanin described the two-humped camel as follows [31]:


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Differences between wild and domestic camel


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

There are noticeable external differences between the domestic and wild camel, which is often called the Mongolian word haptagay [4] [32], or habtagay [23] (Mongolian: havtgay), which N. M. Przhevalsky, who discovered the haptagai for science (before Przhevalsky's expeditions, scientists practically did not allow the existence of wild Bactrians, although sometimes they expressed judgments in favor of this [4]).


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The wild camel is on average smaller than the home camel and has a leaner physique.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Its humps are smaller and thinner, the muzzle is narrower [23].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Another characteristic difference between a wild camel and a domestic camel is the absence of calluses on its chest and front knees [3] [33].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Even wild camel tracks differ from those of a domestic camel — they are narrower and more elongated [23].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

N. M. Przhevalsky, who described the wild camel in detail and accurately, noted [33]:


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The descriptions made by Przhevalsky have not lost their relevance so far due to extremely scarce new data.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

At the same time, the famous explorer of Tibet wildlife admitted that the wild camel was just a second wild domestic Bactrian [33].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In most old (until the middle of the 20th century) sources, a domestic camel was considered with a high degree of probability to come from the haptagai [34], but, according to recent studies, such the thesis is ambiguous.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Despite the fact that some sources indicate that the two-humped camel does not even have subspecies [26], it is believed that the differences between wild and domestic in any case are sufficient to divide them into subspecies [35].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The very significant genetic difference between domestic and wild camels discovered in recent years in one way or another raises the question of their taxonomic isolation [6].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

It is important that the genome of a wild camel, according to studies, differs significantly from the genome of a domestic camel [36] (studies by European scientists indicate 1.9% differences in the DNA sequence [37]), and many researchers are inclined to use even a separate species name Camelus ferus for a wild camel [35].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Under this name, haptagay, in particular, is listed in the IUCN Red Book [5].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Studies published in September 2010 by scientists also suggest that the wild camel is an independent species [38].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

On the other hand, Chinese scientists who conducted a very detailed genetic study of camelids (wild two-humped camel and llama) in 2007 and, in particular, deciphered mitochondrial DNA Bactrian, speak of a wild camel as a subspecies — Camelus bactrianus ferus [39].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

This study also showed that camels and llamas themselves dispersed from their common ancestor about 25 million years ago, that is, much earlier than was commonly believed according to fossil finds (11 million years) [39].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

However, other studies by Chinese experts more clearly speak in favor of dividing wild and domestic camels into separate species.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

According to the analysis of the data obtained, the discrepancy between these subspecies began about 700 thousand years ago.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

At the same time, the living wild camel is probably not a direct ancestor of the domestic camel, which could have descended from some other population of wild two-humped camels, which have now become extinct [40].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

habitat


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In the past, wild camels appear to have been found in a large part of Central Asia.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

It was widespread in the Gobi and other desert regions of Mongolia and China, reaching the great Yellow River Bend to the east [5], and to the west to modern central Kazakhstan and Central Asia (remnants wild camels are known from kitchen waste found there during excavations of settlements in 1500 — 1000 BC) [4].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Modern wild camel habitat


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Now the area of haptagay is small and torn — these are 4 isolated areas on the territory of Mongolia and China.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Specifically, in Mongolia, a wild camel lives in the Zaaltaisk Gobi, including the foothills of the Edren and Shivet-Ulan ridges, up to the border with China.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In China, the main habitat for wild camels is located in the area of Lake Lop Nor.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Until recently, the camel was found in the Taklamakan Desert, but it may have already died out there [5].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Lifestyle and behavior


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Wild camel lifestyle


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Haptagai usually keep in small herds of 5—20 heads (sometimes up to 30 [7]), mainly consisting of females and young animals; the leader is the dominant male [41].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Adult males are often found alone [4].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Young sexually mature males may also be included in the herd of camels, but this never happens during the rut period [32].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In nature, wild camels constantly migrate from one area to another, but in general their biotope is rocky, deserted places, on the plain and in the foothills, with rare and rough vegetation and rare water sources.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

However, camels need water for their livelihood; groups of camels in their habitats are strongly tied to water bodies and springs.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Large groups of camels accumulate after rains on the banks of rivers or at the foot of mountains, where temporary spills form.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In winter, camels use snow to quench their thirst [13].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Wild camels are also found in mountainous areas, and they move so well on steep slopes that they are not inferior in this to mountain sheep.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

This surprised N. M. Przhevalsky, a great connoisseur of Asian fauna [23].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In the hot season, haptagai climb quite far — it was noted that they are found at an altitude of 3,300 m above sea level [11].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In winter, animals migrate 300-600 km to the south and stay more often in mountain valleys that protect them from the wind, or along dry watercourses.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

If oases with poplar groves are not occupied by humans, the haptagai spend winter and especially autumn near them [4].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Wild camels are characterized by wide migrations during the day, even with an abundance of food, which is associated with watering holes.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Thus, observations have shown that camels can travel 80-90 km or even more per day [4].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The two-humped camel is an animal that is active during daylight hours.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

At night, he either sleeps or is inactive and busy chewing gum [26].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

During hurricanes, camels can lie still for several days.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In inclement weather, they try to hide in bushes or ravines, in extreme heat they willingly walk, fanning their tails, upwind with their mouths open, lowering their body temperature [32].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Haptagay is distinguished by a rather noticeable aggressiveness and unaccommodating disposition (a domestic camel, unlike a wild camel, has a much calmer and even sluggish and cowardly character — N. M. Przhevalsky noted that the main qualities of domestic bactrians are “lethargy, stupidity and apathy” [33]).


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

However, with its mobile and excitable disposition, the wild camel is extremely cautious and shy and, according to some descriptions, is afraid of even domestic camels.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The wild camel has extremely sharp eyesight, noticing, for example, a moving car at a distance of a kilometer [4].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

At the slightest anxiety, the haptagai run away.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In rare cases, for example, in case of immediate danger, a two-humped camel can reach speeds of up to 65 km/h, but cannot move so fast for a long time.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The camel runs a rather rare gait in the animal kingdom — an amble, taking a step with both right or both left legs [7].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The famous Swedish traveler Sven Hedin, who undertook several expeditions to Inner Mongolia at the end of the 19th century, said with reference to the words of the aborigines [42]:


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In the past, when there were more wild camels, the local population practiced hunting them.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

However, due to the extreme caution and timidity of the Haptagai, if they could not be caught in ambush, the only way to catch them was to pursue them for a long time on a domestic camel.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The hunter chased the wild herd, trying not to lose sight of it, and pushed it away from sources of water and habitual shelters.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Thus, it was possible to exhaust the haptagays and approach them for a shot, but such a chase sometimes lasted many days and led to extreme exhaustion not only of the game, but also of the hunter [23].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In the wild, camels live to 40 [41] —50 [8] [43] years.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Meals


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The two-humped camel is an extremely herbivorous animal and, like a dromedary camel, can feed on the roughest and most low-nutritious food.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

It is able to eat plants with thorns that no other animal can eat [32].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The camel's diet includes 33 of the 50 main plant species of the desert flora of Kazakhstan [32].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Wild camels feed mainly on shrubby and semi-shrubby solyanka, love onions, hedgehogs, greenleaves with its juicy large leaves, eat ephedra and young saxaul shoots, and in autumn in oases are eager to eat poplar leaves and reeds [4].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

When there are no other sources of food, camels eat animal bones and skins, as well as objects made from them [16].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Camels come to the springs no more than once every few days.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

If they are disturbed there, they can do without water for two or even three weeks, especially in summer, when the plants have a lot of moisture after the rains [32].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The two-humped camel is notable for the fact that it is able to drink brackish water of desert reservoirs without harm to health [4] [16].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

This, however, seems to apply only to the wild camel — pets avoid drinking salt water [36].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In general, the need for salt in the animal is very high — for this reason, domestic camels need to ensure the constant availability of salt bars [14].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Camels in general and two-humped in particular are known for their ability to drink huge amounts of water at a time.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

With severe dehydration, Bactrian can drink more than 100 liters at a time [16] [44].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The two-humped camel is able to endure very long fasting.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

It is so adapted to scarce food that constant undernutrition may be better for the health of a home camel than abundant nutrition [14].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In the choice of food, the camel is quite illegible, which makes it easier to operate domestic bactrians in difficult conditions.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The aforementioned M. AND. Ivanin, guided by his own experience, wrote [31]:


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

With a good food supply, both wild and domestic camels become very fat by autumn [11].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

But camels suffer more than horses, for example, in winter from deep snow and especially ice, because due to the lack of real hooves, they cannot, like horses, grow thin — dig up snow and feed on the vegetation beneath it.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Therefore, nomadic peoples, for example Kazakhs, had the practice of consistent grazing livestock in winter - first, herds of horses were allowed into the lands, which trampled and stirred up snow, and already camels and cows, who were content with not eating horses (sheep were allowed in the third place) [45].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Breeding


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Both males and females become sexually mature at the age of 3-5 years, although this period may vary in one direction or another [8].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Males on average mature a little later than females, sometimes even at the age of 6 [13] [46].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In any case, males have pronounced signs of sexual dimorphism from the age of 3 [18].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The rut of two-humped camels occurs in autumn.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

At this time, males are very aggressive.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

They attack other males and even try to mate with them, constantly roar loudly, run and rush around; their mouths are foaming.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Animals make sounds similar to muttering and a sharp, lingering whistle [15].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Dominant males drive females into groups during the rut and do not allow them to disperse.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In this condition, the male camel can be dangerous to humans and animals [8] [47].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Male domestic camels are often leashed or isolated when signs of rut occur for safety reasons.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In Mongolia, red warning bandages are worn around the necks of racing camels kept on free grazing [47].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Males who are not considered suitable for breeding stock or intended only for work (especially pack transportation) are usually castrated [31] [48].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

But it is not recommended to approach intact males unnecessarily during the rut [15], and working with them can be difficult at all [48].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Racing males often enter into fierce fights with each other, during which they crush the enemy with their necks, trying to bend to the ground and knock down.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Less often, camels use their teeth (usually grabbing the enemy with their teeth by the head [33]) or kicking the enemy, and then serious injuries are possible, including the death of one of the fighting.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In herds of domestic camels, sometimes only the intervention of shepherds saves the weaker camel from serious injury.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

It happens that wild camels attack herds of domestic animals, kill males and take females [4] — that's why Mongolian shepherds in the Zaaltai Gobi steal herds of domestic camels while ruting away from deserts, to the mountains, to protect them from the raids of the haptagai [47].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

During the rut, males actively use the occipital glands to mark the territory, arching the neck and touching the ground and stones with their heads [32].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

They also pour their own urine on their hind legs and spread urine on the back of the body with the help of a tail [49].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The female does the same thing.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The female expresses her readiness for mating by bending all four legs and lying down in front of the male, who, after mating, immediately goes to look for other females [49].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The female bears offspring every two years.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

One camel is born; twins are rare, and very often twin pregnancies end in miscarriage [43].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Camel pregnancy lasts 13 months [8] [17], and a period of 411 days [23] and 360—440 days [43] are also indicated.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Camels are born in spring, the birth rate peaks in March-April [8].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

A camel gives birth while standing [10].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

A newborn camel weighs an average of about 36 kg (called average weight and 45 kg [50]) and has a height of about 90 cm in the shoulders [51].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

He is able to follow his mother almost immediately (in two hours) [8] [10].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Lactation of females lasts about a year and a half [10], although the duration of exclusively dairy feeding is usually about 6 months [50].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The characteristic anatomical feature of camels — the different lengths of the uterine horns (the left horn is usually 8-14 cm shorter than the right one) — often makes it difficult to diagnose pregnancy.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

A large fetus, which sometimes weighs as much as 60 kg, and/or its incorrect position (taking into account the cub's long legs) is often the cause of difficulties during childbirth.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In such cases, people help a domestic camel — the camel is pulled out into the light with ropes by up to four people [50].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Interestingly, the two-humped camel at birth is much smaller (both absolutely and relative to the mother) than the dromedary, which weighs about 100 kg [43].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

A two-humped camel has a well-expressed care for offspring (still, it is not uncommon for a female to abandon a camel or refuse to feed [51]).


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The cub stays with its mother for a very long time, until it reaches puberty.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

For domestic camels, this period is longer than that of wild camels.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Males that have reached puberty begin to stay separately, in bachelor herds, while females remain in the mother herd [52].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In conditions of year-round pasture maintenance, the growth of young camels proceeds in steps, which is expressed in growth retardation in unfavorable periods of the year, and has a pronounced adaptive nature to the conditions of detention [18].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The status of the wild camel population


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Unlike the dromedary camel, which disappeared from the wild in prehistoric times and is found in nature only as a second wild animal (for example, in Australia), the two-humped camel has survived in the wild form.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The wild two-humped camel became extremely rare in the first half of the 20th century and is now on the verge of extinction.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

According to some reports, the wild camel is in eighth place in terms of threat among mammals on the verge of extinction [53].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Until the 1920s, haptagai were still relatively numerous, but after World War II, scientists seriously admitted the possibility of their complete disappearance [11].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In 1943, Soviet scientists discovered the haptagai again [4].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Currently, the number of wild camels is extremely small and has only a few hundred (according to some sources, about 300 animals [54], according to others, about 1,000 [41]) individuals.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In general, the area of their modern range is quite extensive, but the population density is extremely low — about 5 camels per 100 km² [13].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Their largest habitat has an area of approximately 32,000 km² [11].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In the International Red Book, the wild camel is assigned the CR category (English: critically endangered - a species in critical danger).


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

At the same time, the situation is deteriorating — earlier, according to the results of studies of the 1980s, the status was recognized as vulnerable (English: vulnerable), and according to the results of the 1996 expedition, it became already dangerous condition (English: endangered).


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

If the situation does not change, the number of haptagai may decrease by 80-84% over three generations since 1985, when regular estimates of the number began, that is, by about 2033 year.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

At the same time, according to researchers, trends are unlikely to change for the better [5].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Over the past 20 years, the number of wild camels in Mongolia has halved [13] (in 1985, there were 650 in Mongolia [5]).


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The poaching of wild camels causes serious damage to their livestock.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Every year, 25—30 khaptagai die from illegal shooting in Mongolia (this happens mainly when they migrate from Mongolia to China and vice versa); although this number seems to include camels devoured wolves [5].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In China, poachers kill up to 20 more animals a year.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Some damage to the haptagay population in the recent past was most likely caused by Chinese atmospheric nuclear tests conducted at the Lop Nor test site (radiation impact on camels could be significant, given that China conducted atmospheric tests until 1982) [13].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

A serious negative impact on the population is exerted by the development of gold deposits in China and Mongolia (including illegal), which forces camels to leave their usual places; moreover, camels are poisoned by potassium cyanide released into the environment, which is a by-product of the gold production process [49].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Another significant problem is that wild camels often encounter domestic camels kept on free grazing in their habitats.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

There is a mixture between them, and the genetically pure wild camel species is gradually lost [13].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The possibility of mixing with domestic camels has been cited by a number of researchers as a very serious threat factor [37].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Wild camel protection measures


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

The critical situation with the number of wild camels has prompted the governments of Mongolia and China to take protective measures.


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Back in 1982, the Gobi-A Nature Reserve was created in Mongolia in the Gobi Desert [5].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In China, around 2000, the Arjingshan Reserve with an area of 15,000 km² was created [55].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

In China, in 2001, the area around Lob Nor Lake was turned into a reserve (also called Lob Nor) specifically to preserve the wild camel population, covering a huge area for the reserve in 155 thousand km² [53] [55].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

It is bordered by the Arjingshan Nature Reserve [55].


Question: Why does a camel have two humps?

Two-humped camel

Mongolia has a program for breeding haptagai in enclosures; within its framework, a special center has been operating since 2004 in the town of Zakhyn-Us in the Gobi Reserve.