Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

She was assigned as a junior doctor in the dressing detachment of the 6th Siberian Rifle Division.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

However, due to her high qualifications, great ability to work and her fame in medical circles, she quickly went for promotion.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

A month later, Giedroyz became the senior doctor and head of the disinfection service of the division, and soon she was elected to the Sanitary Council and appointed corps surgeon, which was an extremely high position for the woman ( lieutenant colonel level).


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

In January 1918, Vera Ignatievna was wounded and evacuated to Kiev [6] [3].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

The Galician Stories, published in the spring of 1918 in the newspaper Znamya Truda in St. Petersburg, are based on the impressions of this period.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Kyiv period


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Some biographers suggest that Princess Giedroyts, being wounded, survived 1918 in one of the monastery hospitals (possibly at the Pokrovsky Monastery), where she met closely with nurse Maria Dmitrievna Nirod (1879—1965), widow of Count F. M. Niroda, whom she knew back in Tsarskoye Selo.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Together with her and her two children (one of whom was later the famous theater artist Fedor Nirod [11]), she settled in an apartment building No. 7 on Kruglouniversitetskaya Street [4] [3], living alone a family and being in a “de facto marriage” [4].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

At the new location, Vera Ignatievna made friends with artists I. D. Avdiyeva and L. S. Povolotsky, with whom they created an improvised “creative salon”.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Fragments of the St. Petersburg aristocracy and intelligentsia gathered for modest dinners in this apartment [3].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

After recovery, Giedroyc worked in a children's polyclinic.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Since 1919, she has been actively involved in the activities of Kiev surgical services, organizing, in particular, a clinic for maxillofacial surgery.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

In 1921, at the invitation of Professor E.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

G. Chernyakhovsky [2] Vera Ignatievna began working at the Faculty Surgical Clinic of the Kiev Medical Institute, where, as a private associate professor of the department, she first taught a course in pediatric surgery.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Giedroyc also published articles in medical journals on general and pediatric surgery, cardiac surgery, oncology, endocrinology, took part in surgical congresses, wrote a textbook on pediatric surgery, developed methods for teaching students, gave lectures.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

In 1923, she was elected Professor of Medicine.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Professor V. A. Oppel described her as “a real surgeon who is fluent in the knife” [12] [3] [13].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

During the Kiev period, Vera Ignatievna worked on a series of stories based on autobiographical material under the general conditional name “Life”.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Five stories are known: “Kaftanchik”, “Lyakh”, “Separation”, “Shaman” and “Tornado”; three of them were published in 1930-1931 [3].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

In 1929, Vera Gedroyts was elected head of the Department of Faculty Surgery to replace the one dismissed during the repressions against the Ukrainian scientific intelligentsia (the famous Case of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine) E.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

G. Chernyakhovsky.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

However, in 1930, she was also dismissed from the university without entitlement to a pension.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

With the savings and fees from publications, Vera Ignatievna bought a house in the suburbs of Kiev.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

She almost abandoned surgical activities, but continued to operate at the hospital of the Pokrovsky Monastery [3] [13].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

In 1931, Vera Ignatievna fell ill with cancer, she was operated on, and her uterus was removed.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

In 1932, the tumor relapsed and died in March.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Shortly before her death, Giedroyc gave I. D. Avdiyeva and L. S. Povolotsky has his archives.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Among them was a letter from Professor Caesar Roux, in which he bequeathed her his department of surgery.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

In the 1930s, L. S. Povolotsky was arrested on charges of espionage, and the letter, seized as “evidence”, was lost.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

After the death of Giedroyc M. D. Nirod moved to live in a monastery.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Ignatievna was buried in Kiev at the Spaso-Preobrazhenskoye (now Korchevatskoye Cemetery).


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

In the same fence as the modest grave of Giedroyts are the graves of Archbishop Ermogen and his relative: saved by Vera Ignatievna, he took care of her grave and bequeathed to bury himself next to her [3].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Scientific activity


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Working at the Maltsov plants, Vera Ignatievna faced a “professional epidemic”: many workers had hernias.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

This made it possible to collect extensive material not only for practical, but also for scientific activities [note 6], especially since the problem of hernias was actively developed by its teacher Professor Caesar Roux.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

She wrote several scientific papers and articles, and then defended her doctoral dissertation at Moscow University on the long-term results of inguinal hernia plastic surgery.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Positive reviews of the dissertation were given by V. A. Oppel, P. AND. Tikhov, Caesar Roux, N. N. Petrov, it has been translated into several languages [3].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

During the Russo-Japanese War, Vera Ignatievna developed a technique for a number of abdominal operations, for the first time in the world using such methods of treatment in the theater of operations, she also expressed the opinion that any a penetrating wound should be subject to surgical treatment.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

These ideas were a serious innovation not only in domestic but also in world science.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

This contributed to a change in views on the standards of care for a wound in the abdomen in the future.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Ignatievna also developed the teachings of N. P. Pirogov on “evacuation by stages” and the separation of flows of the wounded, supplementing it with a provision that the closer the hospital is to the battlefield, the more productive its activities [1] [2] [8] [14] [15].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

While working at the Department of Faculty Surgery of the Kyiv Medical Institute, Vera Ignatievna was engaged in pediatric surgery, for the first time in Kiev giving an appropriate course of lectures, on the basis of which wrote a textbook.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Gedroyts also dealt with the problem of surgical treatment of cancer.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

She denied the viral theory of its origin, leaning towards embryonic, and declared an ablastic approach to operations.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Ignatievna also dealt with military field surgery, traumatology, orthopedics, surgery of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, cardiac surgery, surgery of endocrine organs (thyroid and pancreas glands), maxillofacial surgery and so on.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

In total, Vera Giedroyc wrote more than 60 scientific papers [4] [3] [13].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Creative activity


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Ignatievna began to compose poetry during her studies in Lausanne, but was not published anywhere.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

She signed all her works with the allonym Sergei Gedroyts, named after her late beloved brother [note 7].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

In 1910, her first book, Poems and Tales, was published quite spontaneously.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Ignatievna herself was dissatisfied with the editorial staff of the publication.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

The book received an extremely negative assessment from N. S. Gumilyov, who called the author “not a poet” [16].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

However, R. IN. Ivanov-Razumnik gave a positive review of the poem “Pages from the Life of a Factory Doctor”, in which he appreciated the innovation of social connotations [3] [17].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Later, Vera Gedroyts became part of Gumilyov's “Workshop of Poets”.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Under his auspices, she published her second book, VEG (the title “weg” means “path” in German, as well as a reference to the Vedas and at the same time the initials of V. G.).


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Colleagues in the “Workshop” spoke cautiously about the publication: S. M. Gorodetsky noted Giedroyts's craving for “vedovsky, dark and terrible”, and G. IN. Ivanov reproached her for “anemic lethargy, bloodless verse and vocabulary.”


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Despite this, in his memoirs “Petersburg Winters” Georgy Ivanov described Vera Ignatievna as “a gentle, tender lyrical poet” [4] [18].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

During her life in Kiev, Vera Ignatievna continued to compose poetry.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

She also wrote prose, in particular, the pentalogy “Life”, only the first three books of which were printed.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

The title story “Kaftanchik” was highly appreciated by K. A. Fedin, who compared it to the level of “Childhood Luvers” by B.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

L. Pasternak and “The Kashcheev Chain” by M. M. Prishvin [3].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Personality


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Ignatievna had a tall, taller than many men, heavy figure, at the same time thin and expressive features.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

She spoke in a low voice and had great physical strength.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

She wore a pantsuit, a jacket with a tie, men's hats, a fur coat with a beaver collar, and cut her hair short.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

I smoked a lot, my favorite entertainment included playing billiards, shooting in a shooting range, hunting and horse riding.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Periodically she spoke about herself as a masculine gender [note 8] [4] [18] [19].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

All this contrasted with Vera Ignatievna's creative hobbies, violin playing and composing lyrical poems.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Because of this behavior, she was called Sappho and George Sand Tsarskoye Selo [3] [20].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

According to the memoirs of her contemporaries, Vera Ignatievna had a powerful and firm character, but was distinguished by her attentive and respectful attitude towards patients, the ability to “listen and hear” the interlocutor, selfless responsiveness and constant willingness to help [3].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Giedroyc was a lesbian.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

It is known about her two lengthy affairs with women: Swiss Ricky Gudy and Countess Maria Nirod, with whom she lived for the last 14 years of her life [3] [4].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Ignatievna, while studying in Lausanne, rejected the proposal of Professor of Botany Vilchek [3], and later - the courtship of Nikolai Gumilyov, who dedicated the poem “Cruel” to her [3].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

memento


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

In honor of Vera Gedroyts, the Fokinskaya City Hospital in the Bryansk region is named, where she began her medical career in Russia.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

There is a memorial plaque on the hospital wall [3].


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

On May 16, 2010, in Pushkin, as part of the celebration of the city's 300th anniversary on the territory of the former Palace Hospital (now the city hospital No. 38 named after M. N. A. Semashko), a memorial plaque [21] [22] was also unveiled.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Awards [3]


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Gold medal “For Diligence” on the Annenskaya Ribbon, awarded on January 18, 1905;


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Medal “For Bravery”, awarded on March 11, 1905 [note 9];


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Silver Medal of the Red Cross, awarded on May 16, 1905;


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

the highest sign of the Red Cross, awarded on May 18, 1906;


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Red Cross distinction of the II degree, awarded on June 17, 1907;


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

bronze medal “In Commemoration of the Russo-Japanese War”, awarded on January 21, 1911;


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

the highest installed gilded badge in honor of the 200th anniversary of Tsarskoye Selo (1912), awarded on December 18, 1911;


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

silver medal “For Diligence” on the Vladimir Ribbon, awarded on November 14, 1914;


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Red Cross Distinction of the 1st degree, awarded on December 15, 1915.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Short bibliography


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Scientific bibliography


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

In total, V. AND. Giedroyc has written more than 60 scientific papers.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Here are some notable ones:


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Gedroyts V. I. 22 cases of inguinal hernia section according to the method of prof. Oh, Ru.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— M: T-vo quick printing by A. A. Levenson, 1902.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Gedroyts V. I. 19 cases of radical femoral hernia surgery.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Gedroyts V. AND. Report of the hospital of the Maltsovsky Portland Cement Plant of Kaluga Province, Zhizdrinsky Uyezd for 1901//Surgery.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— SPb., 1903.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— VOL. 14.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Gedroyts V. AND. Report of the Mobile Nobility Detachment.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Report to the Society of Bryansk Doctors on July 27, 1905 by doctor Knyazhna V. AND. Giedroyc.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— M: T-vo Pechatnya S. P. Yakovleva, 1905.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Gedroyts V. AND. A new method of excision of the knee joint.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Gedroyts V. AND. Separate results of inguinal hernia operations according to Professor Roux's method based on 268 operations.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Diss. for the degree of Dr. med.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— M: T-vo quick printing A. A. Levenson, 1912.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— 152 p.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Gedroyts V. AND. Talks about surgery for nurses and doctors.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— Saint Petersburg, 1914.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Gedroyts V. AND. Biological rationale for nutrition.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Journal of Dentistry.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

1924, 6, 19-26.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Gedroyts V. AND. Surgical treatment for tuberculosis of the knee.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Russk.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

wedge.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

1928, 9, 693-704.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Literary creativity


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Giedroyts S. Poems and fairy tales.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— SPb: Russk.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

quick print, 1910.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Giedroyts S. Notes from the life of a factory doctor.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— SPb: Svetly Luch, 1910.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Giedroyts S. Veg.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— St. Petersburg: Publication of the poets' workshop, 1913.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Giedroyts S. Chinese stories.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— SPb: Covenants, 1913.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Giedroyts S. Red angel.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— St. Petersburg: Covenants, 1914.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Giedroyts S. Don Juan.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— St. Petersburg: Almanac of Muses, 1916.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Giedroyts S. Galician stories.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— Petrograd: Znamya Truda, 1918.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Giedroyts S. Kaftanchik.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— Leningrad: “Writers' Publishing House in Leningrad”, 1930.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Giedroyts S. Lyakh.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— Leningrad, 1931.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Giedroyts S. The gap.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— Leningrad, 1931.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Notes


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Sources


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Literature


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Fomin S. IN. George Sand Tsarskoye Selo.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Knyazhna Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts//Mournful Angel.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Queen Martyr Alexandra Nova in letters, diaries and memoirs.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— St. Petersburg: Domostroy, 2005 895 p. — ISBN 5-88060-198-6


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Mark Mirsky.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

//Medvestnik.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— 2007.


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

— No. 19 (404).


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

References


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

TO


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Category:University of Lausanne alumni


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Category:Surgeons alphabetically


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Category:Female surgeons of the Russian Empire


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Category:Surgeons of Ukraine


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Category:First women in the profession


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Category:Women of the Russian Empire in wars


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Category: Participants of the Russo-Japanese War


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Category: Participants of the First World War


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Category:Graduates of the National Medical University named after A. A. Bogomolets


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Category:Russian writers alphabetically


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Category:Russian writers of the 20th century


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Category:Russian poets


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Category:People: Pushkin


Question: Who was the first female surgeon in Russia?

Vera Gedroyts

Category: Burials at Korchevatskoye cemetery


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Wallis and Futuna (sometimes Wallis and Futuna; Wallis and Futuna Islands, French: Territoire des Iles Wallis et Futuna) are islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about 2⁄3 of the way between Hawaii and New Zealand.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

It is bordered to the north by Tuvalu's territorial waters, to the east by Samoa's territorial waters, to the southeast by Tonga, and to the west and south by Fiji.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The exclusive economic zone of the territory is about 266,000 km².


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The Territory consists of three large islands (Ouvea, Futuna, Alofi) and 22 smaller islands.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Only Uvea and Futuna are inhabited.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The total area is 274 km², the population is 12,197 people (2013), (together with the temporary population is 12,867 people.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

(2013) [1]).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The capital of the Territory is Mata-Utu.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The Dutch Jacob Lemer and Willem Schouten discovered some of the Territory's islands (Futuna and Alofi) in 1616.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Since 1961, the Territory had the status of an overseas territory of France, and in 2003 it was changed to the Overseas Community of France.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Wallis and Futuna are a member of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (since 1947), the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme and an observer at the Pacific Islands Forum (since 2006) years).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Name


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Wallis Islands were named after the English navigator Samuel Wallis, who visited them (the first European) during his round-the-world voyage from 1766 to 1768.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The Polynesian name of these islands, Ouvea, means “a distant, distant island” in Wallisian [2] [3].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Probably, the islands got this name from the colonizers from Tonga, for whom the island was located quite far away.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The Futuna Islands got their name from the local name for the tree, futu, which grows on the coast of the islands [4].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Another common name for these islands, Horn, was given to them by the Dutch Jacob Lemer and Willem Schouten in honor of their hometown.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Physico-geographical characteristics


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Geographical location and topography


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Wallis and Futuna Islands are located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean and consist of two island groups located 230 [5] km apart (Wallis; Horn (Futuna) —).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The closest archipelagos are Tonga in the southeast (400 km from Uvea), Samoa in the east (370 km from Ouvea) and Fiji in the southwest (280 km from Futuna).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The total area of the islands is 274 km² [6] (in other sources, the area of the islands is indicated in the range of 210—274 km² [7]).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The Wallis Group consists of the relatively large island of Ouvea (an area of 77.9 km² [5]) and small islands.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The total area of the group (including the lagoon) is 159 km² [7] [8].


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Wallis e Futuna

Ouvea is a low volcanic island.


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Wallis e Futuna

The highest point is Mount Lulu-Fakahega (French: Lulu-Fakahega) with a height of 151 m [9].


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Wallis e Futuna

The hills in the center and south of Ouvea Island (Loka, Afafa, Lulu Luo, Holo, Hologa, Atalika and others) are formed by the cones of craters of extinct volcanoes [10].


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Wallis e Futuna

The northern part of the island is a plain filled with ancient lava flows.


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Wallis e Futuna

Extreme points: north - coast near the village of Vailala, east - Cape Tepaco, southern - Cape Fogo'one, west - Cape Waha'i'utu.


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Wallis e Futuna

Wallis Islands are surrounded by a barrier reef.


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Wallis e Futuna

The reef is cut by four passages, the main of which, French: Honikulu, in the south, leads to the port of Mata-Utu, the administrative center of the territory.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The longest width of the lagoon is 5 km [10].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

During the day, two full tides and ebbs are observed [10].


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Wallis e Futuna

The lagoon is dotted with 22 small islands (Nukufotu, Nukuaelae, Nukufulanoa, Nukuloa, Uluiutu, Nukuteatea, Nukutapu (northern), Luaniwa, Tekaviki, Nukuhione, Nukuatea, Faioa, Fenua Fu, Fugalei, Nukuhifala, Nukutapu (southern), Nukumotu, Nuku'taaki'moa, Nukuaofa, Nukufetau, Nukutaakemuku, Haofa), some of which are coral and the other are volcanic [10].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The Horn Group (Futuna) consists of the islands of Futuna and Alofi, 1.7 km apart from each other.


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Wallis e Futuna

The area of Futuna is 83 km² [11], and Alofi is 32 km² [12].


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Wallis e Futuna

These are high volcanic islands.


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Wallis e Futuna

The highest points are Mount Puke (French: Puke) 524 m [9] on Futuna and Mount Kolofau (French: Kolofau) 417 m [9] on Alofi.


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Wallis e Futuna

The islands have undergone a recent rise and have a very rugged relief.


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Wallis e Futuna

With the exception of a few small coastal plains, the shores of these islands are steep.


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Wallis e Futuna

The relief of Futuna Island is represented by a number of low plateaus that gradually rise to Mount Puke, separated by small plains.


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Wallis e Futuna

The extreme points of Futuna are: north - Cape Fatua; east - Cape Vele; south - coast at Vele airfield; west - coast near the village of Toloke.


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Wallis e Futuna

On Alofi, Mount Kolofau is surrounded by a 150-200 m high plateau. The extreme points of Alofi Island: north - the coast of Uaua Wave; east - Cape Sauma; southern - Cape Afaga; west - Cape Mafa'a.


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Wallis e Futuna

The Horn Islands are geologically young, so the reefs are located close to the coast (about 50 m) and do not form a lagoon.


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Wallis e Futuna

Only the northern part of Alofi Island has a small lagoon [13].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Geology


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The islands are close to the Fiji Fault Zone (one of the most active in tectonic terms, located between the Australian and Pacific tectonic plates), and due to their existence a fault passing through Futuna and Alofi (some researchers identify the Futuna tectonic microplate here [14]), earthquakes regularly occur on these islands.


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Wallis e Futuna

The strongest earthquake recorded had an intensity of 6.5 on the Richter scale and occurred on March 13, 1993 [5] (5 people died and 20 were injured [15]).


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The last earthquake (as of November 15, 2009) occurred on September 29, 2009.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

On the Wallis Islands, tremors measuring 5.2 points were recorded [16] (no tremors were felt on Futuna [17]).


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There were no casualties or damage [16].


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Wallis e Futuna

The high Wallis islands are composed of olivine basalt lavas and pyroclasts, with the exception of one extinct crater on Ouvea and associated lava flows composed of oligoclase andesite.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The low islands are composed of lime sand or are destroyed remains of tuff cones and lava domes [18].


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Wallis e Futuna

Wallis Islands lavas belong to the group of alkaline lavas of the Central Pacific volcanoes [19].


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Wallis e Futuna

Ouvea Island was formed by combining lava flows from 19 volcanic craters.


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With the exception of two young lava flows only covered by soil, most of the island is made up of mid-Pleistocene lava flows.


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No intermediate lava was found [18].


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The formation of the Horn Islands began in the Pliocene (the formation of three ancient volcanoes).


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Their volcanic activity ceased in the Pleistocene.


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After the cessation of volcanism, the islands experienced a significant rise (up to 500 m) [20].


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Hydrology and soils


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The hydrographic network on the island of Ouvea is poorly developed.


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There are 7 large lakes on the island by local standards (Lano, Lalolalo, Lanumaha, Lanutavake, Lanutoli, Kikila, Alofivai).


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All of them, except Lanutoli, are fresh and fill the craters of extinct volcanoes (except Kikila).


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The largest lake is Kikila (17.9 ha [7]).


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In addition, there are about 20 salt swamps along the northern and eastern coasts.


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Lots of short streams and springs.


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The island is covered with reddish lateritic soils rich in iron oxide and alumina, but poor in nitrogen and phosphorus, and therefore infertile [10].


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The same soils are typical for other volcanic islands of the Wallis group.


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The soil of the remaining islands of the group is represented by carbonate sand [18].


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Futuna has about 50 short rivers, the largest of which are Vainifao, Gutuvai, Vai Lasi and Leava.


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The coast is swampy.


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There are no permanent watercourses on Alofi.


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The soils are similar to the volcanic soils of the Wallis Islands [10].


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Climate


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The climate of the islands is tropical with trade winds, humid, constantly warm, without a pronounced dry season.


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The average monthly temperature throughout the year varies between 25°C and 26°C.


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The hottest month is February (the average temperature is +30° C), the coldest is July (the average temperature is +24° C).


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Extreme temperatures recorded during the entire observation period: minimum 18.4° C, maximum 33.4° C [21].


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Annual precipitation is 2500-3000 mm on the Wallis Islands (80% humidity) and almost 4000 mm in Futuna.


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The most rainfall falls between November and April.


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During this period, weak winds blow, but hurricanes may also form.


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Since 1970, 12 hurricanes have hit the islands, the strongest of which (Raja, December 1986 [10]) was accompanied by squalls reaching 137 km/h.


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The driest month is August, with less than 134 mm of precipitation [10].


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Flora and fauna


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Wallis e Futuna

In the past, the islands of Ouvea, Futuna and Alofi were completely covered by natural forests — deep moist inland forests and sparse coastal forests.


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However, they were cut down for agricultural needs (mainly for rain-irrigated slash-and-burn agriculture still used).


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As of 2009, primary forest occupied 13% of the area of Ouvea Island, 23% on Futuna Island and 66% on Alofi Island [22].


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Moist forests are not high.


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The upper tier rarely exceeds 20 m with a trunk diameter of less than 80 cm. The species are not evenly distributed, and depending on the type of soil, limestone or not.


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In total, 50 plant species are found in the humid forests of the islands, including 3 endemics (,,) [22].


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Mangroves are found in coastal forests (on small Wallis islands); psammophiles, acacias, coconut trees and others grow on the sands [22].


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Secondary forests were formed on the site of primary forests as a result of human activities and now occupy 44% of the total area of the islands.


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Wallis e Futuna

Acalypha grandis, Decaspermum fructicosum, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Homolanthus nutans, Macaranga harveyana, Melastoma denticulatum, Morinda citrifolia, Scaevola taccada are most common in them.


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Wallis e Futuna

Specific is vegetation of the “toaf” type - fern thickets on ferralitic soils (represented mainly by Dicranopteris linearis).


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Since 1974, artificial afforestation of Caribbean pine began, which continues to this day [22].


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Wallis e Futuna

30 hectares of forest around Lake Lalolalo form the protected area “Wao-tapu” (translated from Wallis as “Sacred Forest”).


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Wallis e Futuna

Here, special attention is paid to fire prevention measures and restrictions on hunting are in effect [23].


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The terrestrial fauna is poor.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In addition to domestic animals (cats, dogs, pigs, chickens), 37 [24] bird species (including shepherds, pigeons, terns, cormorants, frigates) have been recorded on the islands, 27 of which are permanent residents islands.


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Wallis e Futuna

The territory is home to a local variety of flying fox (winged), known as peka [25].


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Reptiles include the striped Fijian iguana (Brachylophus fasciatus) [26] and three species of lizards of the scink family of the genus emoya: Polynesian emoya [27] (Emoia adspersa), green-blue emoya [28 ] (Emoia cyanura) and Emoia tongana [29] [30].


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Wallis e Futuna

Futuna is endemic to the white kingfisher, the Polynesian whistler larva, and the rare blue-capped hermit lori parrot is found on Alofi [25].


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There are also several packs of feral dogs on the islands.


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The gardens are sometimes emptied by snails.


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There are many insects, especially mosquitoes (which can transmit dengue fever [10]).


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Marine fauna is richer.


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Wallis e Futuna

Wallis Island lagoon is home to only 2 poisonous fish: stingray and rock fish.


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Wallis e Futuna

Sharks are extremely rare [10].


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Wallis e Futuna

History


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

According to ethnographic studies of 1988 (discovery of Lapita pottery in the south of Ouvea Island), it is believed that the islands were inhabited between 1000 and 1500 (presumably around 1300 ).


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Throughout the first half of the second millennium, Ouvea was dominated by Tongans, while Futunans resisted their conquest.


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According to oral tradition, the Tongans created their kingdom on Uvea, ʻUvea, around 1400.


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The first Howe (king) of Ouvea was Tauloko [31].


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Founded in 1565 [32], the Kingdom of Alo (Alo; in some sources Tuʻa [33]) became the first kingdom in Futuna.


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The first king was Fakavelikele.


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Later, in 1784, the Kingdom of Shigawe was founded, the first king of which was Tuikamea [33].


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Wallis e Futuna

Between 1839 and 1841, the Kingdom of Alo occupied Sigave [33].


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Europeans first saw these islands on April 28, 1616.


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Wallis e Futuna

Dutch sailors Jacob Lemer and Willem Schouten sailed on the Eendracht near the islands of Futuna and Alofi.


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They named the Hoorn Islands after the city they came from.


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Wallis e Futuna

The next time these islands were visited on May 11, 1768 by Louis Bougainville, but the isolation of the residents was broken only 50 years later by whaling ships.


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Wallis e Futuna

The Ouvea Islands were discovered by the Englishman Samuel Wallis (after him, the islands were named after him), who anchored in front of the island on August 16, 1767 on the ship HMS Dolphin.


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Wallis e Futuna

On April 21, 1781, Francisco Antonio Morell stayed on the island of Ouvea and called it the Island of Consolation [34].


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Wallis e Futuna

In 1791, the English captain of the Pandora Edward Edwards came here to look for the rebellious Bounty [34].


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Wallis e Futuna

Later, various ships occasionally stopped on the islands until the arrival of whalers in 1828.


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Wallis e Futuna

The first Europeans to settle here since November 1837 were the French missionaries of the Marie Society (French: Les Sœurs Missionnaires de la Société de Marie).


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They converted the local population to Catholicism.


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The first missionary of Futuna Island, Pierre Marie Chanel, was martyred on April 28, 1841 [35] and was canonized on June 12, 1954 (declared Patron Saint of Oceania).


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Wallis e Futuna

On April 5, 1842, after the uprising of part of the local population, the missionaries asked France for protection.


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In November 1842, Wallis and Futuna were separately declared “free and independent under the protection of France” with the signing of treaties of friendship.


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On November 19, 1886, Queen Amelia of the Wallis Islands signed a treaty officially establishing a French protectorate.


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Sigave Kings Joav Manua Musulanu and Alo Aliasegi of Futuna and Alofi also signed a treaty establishing a French protectorate on September 29, 1887.


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The Wallis and Futuna Islands United Protectorate was established on March 5, 1888 by decision of the Minister of the Colonies.


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In 1917, three traditional territories under the administration of local chiefs were annexed by France and transformed into the Wallis and Futuna Colony, which was administered by the colony of New Caledonia.


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In 1928, the first car appeared on the islands (it was a small Ford truck [34]), and the radio began to operate.


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During World War II (from June 1942), the islands served as a base for the US Air Force (for the Navy 207 unit).


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There were up to 6,000 [36] soldiers on their territory at the same time, leaving behind a modern infrastructure.


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In a referendum on December 27, 1959, 94.4% of voters (4,307 out of 4,564 [34]) voted for the Wallis and Futuna Islands to integrate into the French Republic as an overseas territory.


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The Overseas Territory status was established by the Act of 29 July 1961.


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After a constitutional reform on March 28, 2003, this status was changed to an overseas community.


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Administrative division


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Wallis and Futuna are divided into 3 territorial districts that coincide within the boundaries of historical kingdoms, the largest of which, Ouvea, is divided into three districts [37].


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#Territorial


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County/districtName on


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FrenchArea,


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pers.


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(2013) [1] Density,


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pers.


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/km²Administrative center,


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pers.


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(2013) Number of Villes1Aloalo85215625.36Mala'e (192) 92Sigave30145748,57Leava (368) 63Uvea:


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Hahaque


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Hihifo


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Muauvea


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Hahake


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Hihifo


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56.41Mata-Utu (1075)


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Mata-Utu (1075)


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Vaitupu (441)


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Mala'efo'ou (175)


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Total27412 19744,5136


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Most of the border between Alo and Sigawa on Futuna Island is along the Wainifao River.


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The names of the districts of the territorial district of Ouvea are borrowed from the Tongans and translated into Russian mean: hahake - east or sunrise; hihifo - west or sunset; mua - the front of the island (since the only sea passage to the island is located in the south, then we will be the first to see the Mua area) [38].


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population


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Population Wallis and Futuna [39] Population structurePopulation 13,445 (2008) Population density94.7 (2008) [40] Average age28 (2008) Age structure0—19:41


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Over 60:11.3 (2008) BirthabilityNumber of newborns


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per 1,000 people16.0 ‰ (2008) Population growth rate - 2.1% (2008) Deaths per 1,000 peopleInfant mortality


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by 1000 [41]


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newborns total: 5.02 ‰ (2009)


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boys: 5.27 ‰ (2009)


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girls: 4.75 ‰ (2009) Total mortality per 1000


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human-general: 5.4 ‰ (2008)


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Numbers and occupancy


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According to the 2008 census, [42] the population of Wallis and Futuna Territory is 13,445.


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In 2003, this figure was 14,944 people [43].


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During the time between censuses, the population decreased by 1,499 people, or almost 10%.


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The decrease in population was recorded for the first time since 1969, when the first census was conducted.


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The population on Futuna is declining faster (especially in Sigaw County, where losses were 15.8%) than on Ouvea [39] [42] (the lowest losses were in the Hahake area - 5.1%).


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The main reasons for this are the decline in the birth rate and the mass emigration of the population [42] [43] (in particular to New Caledonia).


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The emigration of the population is caused by the limited labor market on the islands and the desire of young people to receive a better education [42].


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However, according to forecasts [44], the population of Wallis and Futuna will not decrease and will reach 15,100 by 2050.


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Approximately a third of the population lives on Futuna Island and two-thirds on Ouvea (this distribution has been maintained since 1969).


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According to the latest census [42], there was one elderly person on the island of Alofi.


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The largest settlement in the territory is its capital, Mata-Utu, where 1,126 people live [42].


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In addition to it, there are 35 more villages on the islands.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In 2008, men accounted for 49.60% (6,669) of the population (in 2003 - 50.15%, or 7,494 people), women 50.40% (6,776; in 2003 - 49.85%, or 7,450 people).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The population of Wallis and Futuna consists of 3,100 families (3,089 families in 2003).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The average number of people in a family is 4.3 (in 2003 it was 4.8) [42] [43].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The proportion of children under 19 years of age in 2008 was 41%, adults from 19 to 59 years old - 47.7%, over 60 years old - 11.3%.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The average life expectancy of the inhabitants of the Territory was 74.3 years: men — 73.1 years, women — 75.5 [42].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Ethnic composition


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Almost 85% (12,725 people) represent the indigenous Polynesian population (Wallisian and Futunans).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The share of foreigners is only 1.7% (most of them are immigrants from Vanuatu).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The rest of the population is French (8.1% of them were born in New Caledonia) [42].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Languages


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The official language of Wallis and Futuna is French.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

It is spoken by 84% of the population [43].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

And only 6% of the population speaks French alone.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The languages of the Polynesian group, Wallisian and Futunan, are widely spoken.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

We Speak Wallis and Futunan... [45] RussianFutunanWallis Good MorningMalo le mauli


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

(ma-lo-le-ma-o-li) Malo te mauli


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

(ma-lo-te-ma-o-li) Good afternoonMalo le kataki


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

(ma-lo-le-kataki) Malo te kataki


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

(ma-lo-te-ka-ta-ki) What is your name?


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Koai lou ʻigoa?


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

(ko-ah-i-lo-oh-i-ngo-ah) Koai tou higoa?


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

(ko-ah-i-chu-oo-hee-ngu-ah) How are you?


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

E kë malïe faʻi?


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

(e-ke-mia-li-e-fa-'i) E ke lelei pe?


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

(e-ke-le-le-y-pe) Daeio


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

(e-y-o) Ei


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

(e-th) noʻai


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

(e'a-th) Kailoa — Oho


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

(kya-i-lo-i//oh-hyo) Thank you very muchMALO le alofa


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

(ma-lo-le-a-lo-fa) Malo te ʻofa


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

(ma-lo-te'o-fa)


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Welsh is spoken by 64% (9,617 people) [46] of the population.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

It is also spoken in Fiji, New Caledonia and Vanuatu.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The position of the language within the Polynesian group has long been debatable (due to the partial influence of the Tongan language).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

It is now customary to refer it to the nuclear Polynesian subgroup [47].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The language has 12 consonants and 5 vowels, which can be long and short [47].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

After contacts with Europeans, the vocabulary was enriched with borrowings from English, French and Latin.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The author of the first Wallis-French dictionary was the first missionary of the Marie Battalion Society (published only in 1932 [47]).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In everyday life, Wallisians speak only Wallian, and when communicating with Europeans, they switch to French.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Futunan is spoken by 24% of the population (3,600 people) [48].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

This language is often referred to as East Futunan to distinguish it from West Futunan, which is spoken on Futuna Island, which belongs to Vanuatu.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

It is also spoken in New Caledonia.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The language belongs to the Polynesian group of languages, to the subgroup of nuclear Polynesian languages [49].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The phonology of the language is simple: 11 consonants and 5 vowels, which can be long or short.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The syntax is rather complicated [49].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The author of the first Futunan-French dictionary was missionary Isidore Grezel (published in 1878 [49]).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

All village councils are held only in Futunan language.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

English, which is studied in schools, is becoming more and more widespread.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Now it is owned by about 14% of the population.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Professed religions


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

According to the 2003 census, 99% of the population is Catholic, and only 1% adhere to traditional beliefs.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Every village has a Catholic church.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

However, even residents who consider themselves Catholics perform some local pagan rituals.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

So before the arrival of Europeans, locals believed in supernatural power.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The most revered were Tagaloa, the god of heaven; Mafuike, the one who brought fire to the islands; the demigods Sina and Maui; the souls of ancestors and animals, such as Feke (octopus), Fonu (turtle), Tafoloaa (whale) [50].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Both Europeans and locals are priests on the islands.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

To be ordained, Wallisians and Futunans study at the Pacific Theological College in Fiji [50].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Since June 25, 2005, the Diocese of Wallis and Futuna has been headed by French Bishop Guillen de Razilli [51] [52].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Political system


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Under article 1 of Act No. 61-814 of 29 July 1961 and the constitutional reform of 28 May 2003, the islands of Wallis, Futuna, Alofi and the surrounding islands, known as the “Wallis and Futuna Islands Territory” has the status of an overseas community of France (Collectivité d'Outre-mer), provided with the rights of a legal entity and administrative and financial independence [53].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

According to article 2 of the same instrument, [53] all Wallis and Futuna Islanders are French citizens and have the rights and obligations of French citizens.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

As a French territory, the islands are subject to the French Constitution of September 28, 1958 and the French legislative system.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

There is universal suffrage for persons who have reached the age of 18.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Executive power


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The Head of State is the President of France (elected for a five-year term), Emmanuel Macron.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

On the territory of the overseas community, he is represented by a Supreme Administrator appointed by him on the council of the Ministry of the Interior.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Since September 8, 2008, it has been Philip Paolantoni [54] [55].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The head of government is the President of the territorial assembly


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Since December 11, 2007, Victor Brial, a native of Sigawa, has been performing his duties [54].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

This is the second time he holds this post (before that from March 16, 1997 to January 14, 1999 [54]).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The Council of the Territory consists of three kings of the traditional kingdoms and three members appointed by the Supreme Administrator on the proposal of the Territorial Assembly.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The Council has an advisory role, and traditional kings, village chiefs and the Supreme Administrator have real governance.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Legislature


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The main legislative body is the unicameral Territorial Assembly, consisting of 20 members elected by popular vote for a period of 5 years.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The territory is divided into 5 constituencies (in accordance with the administrative-territorial division).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Thus, Mua District elects 6 deputies, Hahake District 4, Hihifo 3, Alo 4, Sigav 3 [53].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The Territorial Assembly decides on civil law issues and manages the territorial budget.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

All decisions of the Assembly must be approved by the Supreme Administrator.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Wallis and Futuna Territory elects one senator to the French Senate (now Robert Lofool [56]) and one deputy to the National Assembly (the mandate for 2007-2012 is held by a representative of the socialist French party Albert Likuvalu [57])


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Political parties


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In addition to some French parties (the Union for a Popular Movement — won 12 seats in the last elections to the Territorial Assembly [58], the Socialist Party won 12 seats in the last elections to the Territorial Assembly The Assembly won 8 seats [58], the Union for French Democracy — Democratic Movement and others) three local parties are active on the islands: Voice of the Peoples Wallis and Futuna (La Voix des Futuna Peuples Wallisens et Futuniens, Union Populaire pour Wallis et Futuna and Sigave L'Association Nationale.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The Judiciary


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Justice is administered under French law by the court of first instance in Mata-Utu.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

However, the three traditional kings have the right to administer justice under “customary law” (this does not apply to criminal cases).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The Court of Appeal is located in Noumea, New Caledonia.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The territory is characterized by an extremely low crime rate.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Thus, in the first half of 2006, there were 64 violations [59].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Local government


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Unlike the metropolis, overseas departments and other overseas communities, the Territory is divided not into districts, but into districts, within the boundaries exactly coinciding with the traditional kingdoms of the islands.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Each district enjoys the rights of a legal entity and has a budget that is managed by a district council, which includes traditional chiefs and is headed by a king.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The Kingdom of the Wallisian Uvea, and both Futunan kingdoms, Alo and Sigav, are aristocratic monarchies — noble families, aliki, elect or remove kings.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

King Ouvea bears the title of Laveloa (since 1858, when Queen Falakika Sailala took the name of her predecessor and brother [54]).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

After the death of Thomasi Kilimoetoke II, Kapiliele Faupala has been king since July 25, 2008.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

He is assisted by Prime Minister Emeni Leulagi [54] (titled kivalu) and five other ministers.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

At the suggestion of the population, the king appoints three district leaders (faipule), who have authority over 21 village chiefs elected by the population.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Village chiefs can impose duties for community service.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

They are elected/removed by a majority vote at the village general meeting (fono), which takes place every Sunday in the fale fono meeting hut.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The organization of the two Futunan kingdoms is similar.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Petelo Vikena, a member of the Lalolalo dynasty, [54] (titled Tuʻi Agaifo), has been King of Alo since November 6, 2008.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

On January 22, 2010, Petelo Vikena abdicated due to increasing social tension in society [60] [61].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

A new king has not yet been elected.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Atonio Tuiseca has been acting as Prime Minister (Tiafoi) since 2008 [54].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Vesesio Moeliku [54] (titled Tuʻi Sigave) has been King of Shigawa since March 10, 2004.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Due to social tension in society, he renounced at the end of 2009, a few months before King Alo [60].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Luciano Soco [54] (Kaifakaulu) has been its Prime Minister since 2006.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Ministers in these kingdoms act as spokesmen for kings, and their power is limited to village chiefs who are appointed by noble families and can easily overthrow the king.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Kings, ministers and village chiefs receive maintenance from the French Republic.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Armed forces and police


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

All men over the age of 18 must serve 2 years in the French Armed Forces [62].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Some islanders use their military service to emigrate to France.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

For example, John Babin became the first Wallian captain of the French army on August 1, 2003 (served in Alsace) [63].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

International relations


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Wallis and Futuna are a member of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (since 1947), the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme [64] and an observer at the South Pacific Forum (since 2006) ).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Flag and coat of arms


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Economics


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Wallis and Futuna Economy [65] [66] Currency1 CFP Franc (F CFP) = 100 SantimsBudget YearCalendar YearTrade Organizations?


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

StatisticsWorld situation (judging by PPP)?


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

GDP (PPP) $60 million (2004, estimate) Growth of GDP per capita (PPP) $3,800 (2004, estimate) Inflation2.8% (2005) Labor force3104 (2003) Unemployment15.2% (2003) Main branches of the national economyAgriculture EconomyTrade partnersExport$46 thousand (2004) Main partners (ex.) France, Italy, New CaledoniaImport$58.79 million (2004) Main partners (imp.) France, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, New CaledoniaGos.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

FinanceBudget revenues$27.730 million (2004) Budget expenses$31.330 million (2004)


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

General characteristics


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The Territory's economy remains largely traditional and is fairly poorly monetarized.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Most of the production is consumed on the islands themselves, and exports are limited.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The main branch of the economy is agriculture, which is mainly represented by pig and poultry farming (chickens and eggs).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Fisheries, the development of which is paid great attention by the authorities of the territory, has not yet developed enough even to meet local demand.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Although in the medium term, it is planned to grow this industry and build a fishing port.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Forests that were excessively cut down in the recent past are being restored, and timber harvesting will soon be possible again [67].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Agriculture and animal husbandry


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Agriculture and animal husbandry occupy the first place for almost all inhabitants of the islands.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Agricultural products are mainly for


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

meet their own needs and in most cases do not enter the market.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The traditional regime of land ownership, based on the indivisibility of the land plot of each family, whose lands are inalienable and intransferable, is the main characteristic of the exploitation of arable land.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Each family member can use all the property of the family economy [68].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Thus, the agriculture of the territory is very fragmented.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

According to the first agricultural inventory [68] conducted in 2001, there were 1,167 farms on Uvea and 755 in Futuna.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

1,922 of these farms united 13,283 people.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Families have their own equipment.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The total area of farms is estimated at 1,350 hectares, which is 9.5% of the area of the islands, with 620 hectares used in Futuna and Alofi and 730 on Wallis Islands [69].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Food crops


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Food crops occupy 6.7% of the islands' area (950 ha) [69].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Residents grow their main food products: yam (25 ha), taro (100 ha), banana (140 ha), breadfruit (160 ha).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Large areas are under cassava (530 ha) and coconut palm (more than 4,000 ha) [69].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Due to the complexity of growing vegetables, they are imported (in particular, in 2007, 313 tons of vegetables were imported for the amount of 67 million CFP [69]).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

However, attempts are being made to grow them, and 7 farms are already successfully cultivating salads.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Bread, pasta, potatoes and rice familiar to Europeans are imported.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Fruits are successfully grown, mainly bananas, lemons and papaya, which bear fruit all year round.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

At the same time, pineapples, avocados, mangoes, oranges and grapefruits are seasonal products.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Animal husbandry


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Animal husbandry is represented almost exclusively by pig and poultry farming.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

At the same time, the share of pig farming increases, and poultry farming decreases [70].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The breeding of pigs meets local specific needs (traditional sacrifices and family celebrations).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Therefore, almost every family has several pigs.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

According to the 2001 agricultural census, 71% of pigs weighing more than 25 kg are used for sacrifices, and 53% of pigs weighing less than 25 kg are consumed by the owners themselves [70].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Only 10% of pigs and piglets enter the market.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

2,146 residents of the Territory reported having 30,100 pigs, or 2.26 pigs per capita.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The annual meat production is estimated at 2,000 tons according to the 2001 census [70].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In accordance with the Europeanization of the way of life, the population is increasingly consuming canned meat, which is imported.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The methods of breeding poultry are extremely traditional.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Chickens are intended for family consumption, but most of the demand is met by imports (in 2007, 923 tons of poultry meat were imported [71]).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

There are 2 large local farms (one in Uvea and one in Futuna).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The production volume is estimated at 10 tons per year, and the demand for their products is high.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In 2007, the 2,500 laying hens on these two farms produced 250 dozen eggs per day, which is approximately 1 million eggs per year (50 tons).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

This covered 60 per cent of local needs.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

33 tons of eggs were imported [71].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In addition to pig and poultry farming, the breeding of other animals is scarce: the local bishopric keeps several heads of cattle.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Beef is imported (330 t/year), as well as dairy products (260 tons/year) [71].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In 1989, an agricultural college was established in the village of Lavegahau in Wallis and Futuna.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In 2007, it had 63 students [70].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Fisheries


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The territory has a significant exclusive economic zone, the area of which is 266,000 km² [67] (some sources indicate the figure of 300,000 km² [9]).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In 2002, experts from New Caledonia estimated the potential of this zone at 2—3 thousand tons of fish per year, including 1,352—2.35 thousand tons of tuna.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In 2008, construction of a fishing port began in the harbor of Halalo village in the south of Ouvea Island.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

At the same time, the small lagoon of the Wallis Islands still remains the fishing zone.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

There is no commercial fishing.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Fishermen (there are 333 [72] of them on the islands according to the 2001 census) mainly use nets, as well as spearfishing rifles and darts.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The fishing is carried out from the side of the pie and motor boats.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

At the same time, only 20% of them go to sea more than 2 times a week.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The total catch is estimated at 600-800 tons per year and is consumed entirely by the population of the islands [72].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Due to the depletion of fish stocks in the lagoon, the Territorial Assembly encourages fishing on the high seas: fishermen are given a discount on fuel, materials, maintenance [73].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The development program for 2007-2011 provides for the equipment of small enterprises for the production, transportation and sale of frozen seafood.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

An important industry is the extraction of trochus clams used to make buttons.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

This is one of the types of export economic activity (supplied to Italy [67]).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Traditional crafts


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Traditional handicrafts, which are exclusively practiced by women, are no longer found on Wallis and Futuna Islands.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Handicraft products were previously used mainly during traditional ceremonies, and after the opening of the territory to the rest of the world, they turned into decorative crafts.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Various crafts, including wooden sculptures decorated with floral ornaments, are very much appreciated in the Pacific region.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

One- or multi-color mats, various wickerwork and shell necklaces are also made.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

These products, which are produced by about 300 people [67], are exported to Noumea and Tahiti.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The Wallis and Futuna handicraft industry suffers from a lack of markets and competition from Fiji and Samoa, which can produce similar products in large quantities and at more competitive prices.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Almost every village now has its own craft workshop.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

This activity makes it possible to produce with very little resources.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

However, despite the efforts of society, the development of this activity encounters problems with delivery to France and Europe, which makes it very difficult to sell products [67].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Several talented wood sculptors live on the islands, who, however, do not even meet local demand [67].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Trade


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Trade on the islands is developing dynamically.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Both large importers and wholesalers and retailers are represented on the market.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The first ones appeared in Wallis and Futuna about 10 years ago and continue to develop their business.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

They enjoy a regular clientele and are convinced of the stability of sales markets.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

For example, Wallis Islands has 1 importer of building materials and 1 importer of food products that share the market among themselves.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In Futuna, 3 enterprises share most of the market among themselves [74].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In total, 281 people are employed in trade on the islands at 125 enterprises [74].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Consumption of the population is increasing due to the increase in their money.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The growth in the purchasing power of residents is well illustrated by the opening of the first supermarket on the islands in 2002 [67] (Fenuarama [75]).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The demand for vehicles is growing particularly fast.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Tourism


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Tourism activities on the territory are still very underdeveloped.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

This is primarily due to the isolation of Wallis and Futuna Islands, as well as the lack of external investment on the islands and limited access to bank credit [74].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

At the same time, the territory has certain advantages.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The inhabitants of the islands live in an authentic traditional way of life and conduct crowded gatherings and rituals.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The islands have well-preserved natural landscapes: crater lakes, Wallis Islands and lagoons, forests and beaches of Horn Islands.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The cultural heritage is also great: the burials of Tongans on Wallis and the grave of St. Father Chanel in Poi on Futuna.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

However, these advantages are poorly used, and so far all the islands have to offer tourists is a 6-hole golf course, a diving club and an flying club (ultralight aircraft) [67].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

There are only 6 hotels on the islands (4 in Ouvea and 2 in Futuna), which can accommodate only 140 people.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Hotel clients are mainly specialists and businessmen [74].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Transportation


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Sea transport.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Sea transport is received at three ports: Mata-Utu (goods) and Halalo (fuel) on Ouvea Island; Leava on Futuna Island.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Wallis and Futuna is served by three maritime companies: Moana Navigation (called Moana Shipping since 2001 and headquartered in Mata-Utu), Pacific Direct Line (based in Auckland, New Zealand) and Sofrana (visits the islands every 25 days).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The first two companies have a partnership agreement and provide for charter the Soutern Moana vessel, with a carrying capacity of 5,320 tons, which sails under the flag of Italy (called on the islands every 20 days).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Since 2007, [76] all three companies have been using a single vessel, the Southern Pasifika, which can take on board 512 containers (visits the islands every 24 days).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

With a few exceptions, all ships calling on the Wallis Islands also call Futuna.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Air transport.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Due to the isolation of the islands, air transport is of great importance.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Both external and domestic air transportation is carried out by one company — Air Calédonie International (Aircalin).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The Territory is served by the only international airport, Hihifo, located in the north of Ouvea.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The length of the runway makes it possible to receive aircraft such as the Airbus A320 [77].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Futuna Island has a local airport, Cape Vele, with a length of a dirt runway of 1,100 m [67].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Reconstruction of this airport is planned.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Ground transport.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

All villages are connected by roads of different levels, mainly along the banks.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The total length of roads is 120 km (100 km to Ouvea, 20 km to Futuna), of which only 16 km are covered (all on Ouvea) [78].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Connectivity


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The state company Postal and Telecommunications Service (SPT) operates on the territory.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

This company provides mail delivery on the islands, issues a small number of stamps, telephone services and the Internet.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The main post office is located in Mata-Utu.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Ouvea has two more offices in Mua and Hihifo districts.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

On Futuna Island, only Leava has a post office [79].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Initially, postal service to the islands was carried out through the New Hebrides or New Caledonia, but was irregular depending on the frequency of ships entering the islands.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

It was not until 1935 that regular postal services were established by postal ships on the line connecting Wallis and Futuna to Sydney through Port Vila (now Vanuatu) and Noumea (New Caledonia).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In 1986, the local television channel RFO Wallis et Futuna (since 2010 Wallis et Futuna 1re Radio Télé Internet) began broadcasting from the studio in Mata Utu (originally only in Wallis, and only since 1994 in Futuna) .


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Initially, most of the broadcasting was occupied by programs of the metropolitan television groups (France Télévisions, TF1 and Arte), broadcast via satellite.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Currently, at least 25% of the airtime is occupied by locally produced programs in French, Welsh and Futunan, focusing on the realities of life of the inhabitants of the islands and the region, from which the largest audience is gathered by the evening thirteen-minute news at 19.00 JT Wallis et Futuna in French and, after the weather forecast, at 7.15 pm in Wallis and a Saturday program with an invited guest of the L'invité de la semaine studio from 7.15 pm to 7.45 pm.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The programme also includes daily morning broadcasts of Nouvelle-Calédonie 1re (from New Caledonia) and Polynésie 1re (from Tahiti), as well as monthly news magazines produced by them.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The weekly TV magazine, produced by Wallis and Futuna Television, is broadcast by the French channel France, which specializes in regional programs [80].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In 1978, the French government, with the consent of King Thomas Kulimoetoki II and with the participation of France Régions 3, decided to open the FR3 Wallis et Futuna radio station on the islands (since 2010 Wallis et Futuna 1re Radio Télé Internet), which began broadcasting in April 1979 from Mata-Utu.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The radio station broadcasts both programs of its own production in French, Welsh and Futunan, as well as those produced in Polynésie 1ère, Nouvelle-Calédonie 1ère, Radio and Radio France.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In addition to broadcasting on FM frequencies, there is streaming on its own website.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

In the metropolis, Wallis and Futuna Radio programs are broadcast by Freebox TV [81].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

As of June 2010, there were 1,300 Internet users on the islands (about 8.5% of the population) [82].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

There is no mobile connection in the territory, although it is planned to create a network in the


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Foreign economic relations


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Exports.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

During 2007, exports were 0, while in 2006 19 were exported


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

tons of trochus shells with a total value of 11.6 million CFP francs [83].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Consequently, the trade deficit equals the value of imports, and the percentage of import coverage by exports is negligible.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Imports.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The volume of imports is increasing and in 2007 amounted to 32,228 tons of products worth 5.386 billion CFP francs.


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Imports are dominated by food (1.537 billion CFP francs), minerals (900.4 million CFP francs), means of transportation (770.9 million CFP francs) and chemicals (461 million CFP francs) [84] .


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

The main supplier of imports registered in 2007 is France, supplying goods worth 1.5 billion CFP francs (28% of the total value of imported goods).


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Singapore is in second place with goods worth 802 million CFP francs (14%), followed by Australia with supplies worth 703 million CFP francs (13%), New Zealand with 520 million CFP francs (9%), Fiji and New Caledonia — supplies worth 321 million CFP francs (6%) [84].


Question: Does Wallis and Futuna have a capital?

Wallis e Futuna

Monetary system and finance