Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

This government decision was signed by Prime Minister A. Voloshin and Minister Yu.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Roaring.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The same Minister of the Carpatho-Ukrainian Government Yu.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Revay, on January 5, 1939, when asked by a journalist of one of the newspapers about the authority of such a decision, he said:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

“... The government allowed the use of the name “Carpathian Ukraine” at its discretion, since the people of Carpathian Ukraine are Ukrainian”.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Official Prague reacts immediately, and on January 28, 1939, Dr. Parkani from the President's Office officially warned Carpathian-Ukrainian figures about the inadmissibility of such excesses [16].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The central government still uses its official name.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

A. Voloshin, in his telegram dated January 28, 1939, asks “... that the President of the Republic convene the Seimas of the Carpathian Ukraine...” [16], and E.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Gakha officially answers on March 10 of the same year in Khust:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

“Dear Mr. Chairman of the Autonomous Government, I convene the Seimas of Subcarpathian Rus to a meeting in Khust on March 21, 1939.”


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

However, due to the changed political situation, the Seimas met for its first meeting on March 15, 1939. He formally adopted a law on the independence of the state, and the second paragraph of the law said: “The name of the state is “Carpathian Ukraine”.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Two hours after the decisions were made, the deputies of the Seimas, almost in full, emigrated to Romania.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

March 15-17, 1939 Hungary occupied Transcarpathian Ukraine.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

World War II


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

On November 18, 1944, an Orthodox Congress was held in Mukachevo.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Its delegates were 23 Orthodox priests, well-known scientists and public figures Georgy Gerovsky and Pyotr Lintur.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Congress adopted an appeal to Stalin.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Orthodox priests participating in the congress signed a petition asking the Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church to come into contact with the Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church and canonically formalize the transfer of the Mukachevo-Pryashevo eparchy to the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Orthodox Congress decided to send its representative delegation to Moscow, which included everyone who signed the letter to Stalin.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

A day earlier, a general meeting of delegates of local committees was held in Mukacheve.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Delegates of the Orthodox Congress took part in its work in its entirety.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Georgy Gerovsky (1886—1959) was the chairman of this assembly.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

According to the decision of the meeting, he, as the head of the delegation of local committees, was supposed to go to Moscow together with the Orthodox delegation and convey to the USSR government the decision of the representative assembly on the entry of Transcarpathian Ukraine as an autonomous unit into the Soviet Union.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The very next day after the Orthodox Congress, on November 19, the first conference of communists of Transcarpathia took place in Mukachevo.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

294 delegates voted for the resolution: “On the appeal of Transcarpathian Ukraine with Radyanska Ukraine in the warehouse of the Radyansky Union”.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Intensive preparations began for the Congress of People's Committees, which took place on November 26, 1944.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Orthodox delegation was able to reach Moscow after the Congress of People's Committees, on December 7, 1944, was received at the Moscow Patriarchate by the Patriarchal Locum Tenens, Metropolitan Alexy, Metropolitan Nicholas, Administrator of the Moscow Diocese, Metropolitan John, Exarch of Ukraine, and Archbishop Alexy of Yaroslavl.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

After mutual acquaintance, the head of the delegation, Abbot Feofan, handed over a petition to Metropolitan Alexy.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Soon, an article “Meeting with Father Theophan” was published in Zakarpatskaya Pravda on December 26, 1944.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

It, in particular, wrote:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

“So far, we have been subordinate to the Serbian Holy Synod, which seriously supported us, from the bottom of our heart, and with the development of the Russian Orthodox Church in Transcarpathian Ukraine, a decision was made to accession to Soviet Ukraine, which implies that the Church must also move to the Moscow Holy Synod.”


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The article did not even mention the fact that the Orthodox delegation of the region at a meeting with Patriarch Alexy once again reminded that its “members are strongly against the annexation of our territory to the Ukrainian SSR”.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The upcoming canonization of Archimandrite Alexy (who died in 1947) will be the beginning of the process of glorifying the entire host of Carpatho-Russian saints.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

During the Second World War, the Rusyns formed the main backbone of the First Czechoslovak Army Corps in the USSR.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

For example, out of 1,696 soldiers of the reserve regiment and reserve company in Buzuluk, there were 1,422 Ruthenians, in the Czechoslovak military unit in the battle for Sokolovo there were 27% Ruthenians, in the battles for Kiev - 63% [16].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Before crossing the borders of Czechoslovakia, there were 7,100 Ruthenians in the corps, and in April 1945 there were 5,349 people.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

With their military services and thousands of fallen and wounded heroes, they made an invaluable contribution to the liberation and freedom of Czechoslovakia.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1942, on the territory of Podkarpattia, the Hungarian authorities mobilized the male population, which was part of the 2nd Hungarian Army under the command of Colonel-General Gustav Jani in as part of 9 infantry and 1 tank division (205 thousand people, 107 tanks, an air group of 90 aircraft), sent in April 1942 to the Soviet-German front.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Soviet period


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

On June 29, 1945, the “Treaty between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Czechoslovak Republic on Transcarpathian Ukraine” was concluded.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In Art.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

1 of the contract said:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

“Transcarpathian Ukraine (called Subcarpathian Rus according to the Czechoslovak Constitution), which, on the basis of the Treaty of September 10, 1919, concluded in Saint-Germain-en-Lae, entered as autonomous unit within the framework of the Czechoslovak Republic, is included in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.”


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The period of independent Ukraine


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

At the end of September 1991, as a result of considering the “issue of proclaiming Transcarpathia as an autonomous region of Ukraine”, the regional council decided to submit to a referendum the question “On the status of Transcarpathia as part of Ukraine” [114].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

On December 1, 1991, simultaneously with the referendum on the independence of Ukraine, the Transcarpathian Regional Referendum was held, in which 78% of those who took part in it voted for giving the region status” special arbitrary territory” [114].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Russian sources interpret the referendum as a vote on the “autonomous status of the region” and claim that this decision was ignored by the Ukrainian authorities.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

[114] [115]


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1996, a “Plan for Solving the Problem of Ukrainian-Rusyns” was developed, which provided, in particular, for emphasizing the Ukrainian character of Transcarpathia when covering its history, to prevent regional referendum to find out the self-identification of residents (Ruthenians/Ukrainians) [116].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1992 and 2002, the Transcarpathian Regional Council appealed to the central authorities of Ukraine with a request to recognize the Ruthenians as a separate nationality, and in early 2007, by an absolute majority of votes, adopted a similar appeal to the central authorities and by its own decision recognized the Ruthenians as the indigenous nationality of Transcarpathia.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

There are still no secondary schools or universities in the Transcarpathian region with the Ruthenian language of instruction (despite requests from Ruthenian organizations to open them [9] [95] [118]), but it publishes the press and literature.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

As of September 1, 2006, 26 Sunday schools teaching in Ruthenian were already operating in Transcarpathia [119].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

They were opened in Mukachevo, Svalyavsky, Volovets, Perechinsky, Velikobereznyansky, Irshavsky and Tyachevsky districts.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Fifth Congress of Ruthenians, held in 1999, made a number of proposals to the Ukrainian authorities:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

officially recognize the Ruthenian nationality in Ukraine;


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

introduce the nationality “Rusyns” into the official list of nationalities of Ukraine with a separate code;


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

stop the practice of information blockade of Rusynism in the state media;


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

stop the practice of covert persecution of supporters of the Ruthenian movement who work in government agencies;


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

to open a department of the Ruthenian language and literature at Uzhgorod State University;


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

create a scientific center for Russian studies to study the history, ethnology, literary criticism, linguistics, folklore of the Carpathian region [95].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

According to the Chairman of the People's Parliament of Subcarpathian Rusyns in Ukraine, the results of their census were falsified [120].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The manifesto, adopted by the All-Transcarpathian Congress back in 2006 and sent to President Yushchenko and other leaders, put forward demands to open Ruthenian schools in the region, and at Uzhgorod University the Department of Ruthenian Language and Literature, to grant the region the status of a self-governing territory, according to the will of Transcarpathian residents in the referendum of 1991 [9].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

On October 25, 2008, at the European Congress of Ruthenians in Mukachevo, the “Act of Proclamation of the Reconstruction of the Ruthenian Statehood” was adopted, according to which the Republic of Subcarpathian Rus was recreated in status of 22 November 1938.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The participants of the congress also elected a “state executive power” of 50 people headed by Peter Getsko [121].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

On March 14, 2015, on the day of submission by the President of Ukraine to the Verkhovna Rada of the draft law on the special status of Donetsk and Luhansk regions [122] [123], a congress of Ruthenian organizations in the region was held, demanding that Kiev recognition of its nationality and autonomy of the region [124].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Yevgeny Zhulan, Chairman of the People's Council of Rusins, and Markiyan Lubkivsky, Advisor to the Chairman of the Security Service of Ukraine, subsequently denied the fact of this congress [125] [126].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

On December 22, 2016, representatives of the Ruthenian community of Transcarpathia appealed to the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko with a demand to recognize the results of the regional referendum of 1991 on granting the region the status of a special self-governing territory within Ukraine [127] [128] [129].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Notes


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Literature


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Magocsi, Paul Robert.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8020-3566-3.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

About the book:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Henri Baerlein, In Czechoslovakia's hinterland, Hutchinson, 1938, ASIN B00085K1BA


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Bidwell Ch.E.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Language of Carpatho-Ruthenian Publications in America.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Pittsburg, 1971.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Christian Ganzer, Die Karpato-Ukraine 1938/39 — Spielball im internationalen Interessenkonflikt am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges, Hamburg, 2001 (Die Ostreihe - Neue Folge. Heft 12).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Albert S. Kotowski, “'Ukrainisches Piemont'? Die Karpartenukraine am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges.” In: Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 49 (2001), Heft 1.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

S. 67-95.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Kamil Krofta, Carpathian Ruthenia and the Czechoslovak Republic, 1934, ASIN B0007JY0OG


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Frantisek Nemec & Vladimir Moudry, The Soviet Seizure of Subcarpathian Ruthenia, Hyperion Press, Toronto, 1955


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Reprint edition: November 1, 1980, ISBN 0-8305-0085-5


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Stefan A. Fent, Greetings from the Old Country to all of the American Russian people!


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

(Pozdravlenije iz staroho Kraja vsemu Amerikanskomu Karpatorusskomu Narodu!) , 1935, ASIN B0008C9LY6


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Vincent Shandor, Carpatho-Ukraine in the Twenty Century.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

A Political and Legal History, Cambridge, Mass.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

, Harvard U.P. for the Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University, 1997, ISBN 0-916458-86-5


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Peter Stercho, Carpatho-Ukraine in International Affairs 1938—1939, Notre Dame, 1959


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Rusinko, Elaine (2003).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Straddling Borders: Literature and Identity in Subcarpathian Rus',


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Michael Winch, Republic for a day: An eye-witness account of the Carpatho-Ukraine incident, University Microfilms, 1973, ASIN B0006W7NUW


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Pavel-Robert Magotchi.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Nizvidki people.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

History of karpatorusiniv, Uzhgorod, 2006


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Pavel-Robert Magotchi.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

History of Ukraine, Kiev, 2007.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

(in English: Paul Robert Magocsi.A History of Ukraine, University of Toronto Press (Jan 1997), ISBN 978-0-8020-7820-9)


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Magochy, P. R.: Rusyns to Slovenska.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Pryashov, Rusinska obroda Publ., 1993.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Paul Robert Magocsi.The Shaping of a National Identity: “Subcarpathian Rus”, 1848-1948 (Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute Sources and Documents), University of Washington Press; Rev Exp edition (Oct 2002), ISBN 978-0-295-98146-8


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Paul Robert Magocsi.The Rusyns of Slovakia: An Historical Survey (East European Monographs), Columbia University Press (23 Mar 1994), ISBN 978-0-88033-278-1


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Paul Robert Magocsi.Our People: Carpatho-Rusyns And Their Descendants in North America, Bolchazy Carducci Pub; 4th Rev edition (30 Jul 2005), ISBN 978-0-86516-611-0


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Magocsi, Paul Robert.An historical guide to Subcarpathian Rus, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1978, ASIN: B0000E9UBX


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Paul R. Magosci, The Ruthenian decision to unite with Czechoslovakia, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1975, ASIN B0006WVY9I


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Paul R. Magocsi, The Shaping of a National Identity.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Subcarpathian Rus`, 1848—1948, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, 1978, ISBN 0-674-80579-8


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Magosci Paul Robert.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

A new Slavic language is born: The Rusyn literary language of Slovakia.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

— New York, 1996.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

— VII, 79 p.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

, VII, 68 p.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Sat.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

: Rusyns: issues of history and culture.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Pryashov, Rusinska obroda Publ., 1994.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

, scientific editor, Dr. of Historical Sciences Shornikov P. M. , Kishinev, ed.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

house “Tatyana”, 2004, 240 with ISBN 9975-948-24-3


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Labosh F. History of Rusinokh Backei, Srimu and Slavonia, 1745—1918.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

— Vukovar, 1979.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Panko, Y.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

: To the question of Rusynism in Slovakia and the revival of the Rusyn literary language.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In: Wspólczesne tendencje jezyków słowiańskich.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Place naikowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego nr 1456 T. 1.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Katowice, 1994, s.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Movchan S. P., Kacharaba S. P. The emigration of Galician villagers to Bosnia and Herzegovina for the XIX — on the cob of the XX century.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

//Problem.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

knowledge words = Problem.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Slavic studies.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

— Lviv, 1990.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

— Vip.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

— P. 66-73.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Magocsi R. Paul: Carpatho-Rusyn Studies.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

An Annotated Bibliography.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Volumene.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

I.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

New York-London, 1988.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Patricia A. Krafcik.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Carpatho-Rusyn Studies: An Annotated Bibliography, Volume I: 1975—1984 by Paul Robert Magocsi Author (s) /The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

34, No.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

1 (Spring, 1990), pp.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Carpatho-Rusyn Studies: Vol 2.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

1985-94: An Annotated Bibliography (East European Monographs) (v.522), Columbia University Press (4 Mar 1999), ISBN 978-0-88033-420-4


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Carpatho-Rusyn Studies.An Annotated Bibliography Volume III: 1995—1999 EEM (Eastern European Monographs) (#633).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Compiled by Paul Robert Magocsi, ISBN 0-88033-531-9, 125—127


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Carpatho-Rusyn American


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

References


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Rusyns in Slovakia:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Culture:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The independent literary “Russian Prize” is awarded annually for literary and journalistic works published in recent years and written in Russian or Ruthenian by authors, living and creating in virtual Subcarpathian Rus.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

folk musicians


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

(in Ukrainian) (in English)


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Media:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

(en, de, cz)


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Genealogy:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

(in English)


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Congresses:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Scientific articles:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Sat.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

scientific conferences “Cross-border cooperation between Ukraine, Moldova and Romania”, Sep.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

-oct.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Magochy, Paul Robert, Professor, University of Toronto.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

(in English)


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

//Ethnosocium and interethnic culture.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

№ 6, M., 2015.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

p. 160—166.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Articles, journalism


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Rusyns in Russia and Russians in Subcarpathian Rus


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

(in English)


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

upon


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

upon


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Hungary:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

(cz, en, de)


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Ukraine


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

(in Russian)


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

(in Russian)


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

(rusyn.)


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

(rusyn.)


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

(rusyn.)


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

(rus)


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

This is an article about a Christian relic.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

For the cross as a symbol, see Crucifixion.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

For the city, formerly known as the “Holy Cross”, see Budyonnovsk.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

The Life-Giving Cross [1] (Greek: the True Cross, or the Cross of the Lord, or the Life-Giving Tree [2], is the cross on which, according to Christian doctrine, Jesus Christ was crucified.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

It is one of the instruments of the Passion of Christ and belongs to the main Christian relics.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

Apocryphal tales of the Cross


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

The Gospels do not provide much detail about the cross on which Christ was executed by crucifixion.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

It is mentioned as a ready-made object when describing Christ's carrying it to Calvary (for example, the story of the way of the cross from the evangelist Luke — Luke 23:26-31).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

Apocryphal literature, unlike canonical texts, contains many details of the legendary history of the Life-Giving Cross.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

However, the history of the cross as a significant relic for Christendom, supported by reliable evidence, begins only with excavations carried out by Empress Elena Equal-to-the-Apostles and described by many early Christian historians.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

The cycle of legends about the Life-Giving Cross originated mainly in Palestine and has an ancient origin (early copies of the Gospel of Nicodemus date back to the 5th century).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

The main emphasis in apocryphal tales is placed on the connection of the instrument of Christ's death on the cross with one of the trees of paradise and other events of the Old Testament [3].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

The apocrypha also tells about the circumstances of the acquisition of the Cross (the apocrypha “Teaching of Addai the Apostle”)


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

Researchers believe that the authors of these legends did not aim to glorify this Christian relic, the significance of which has never been disputed.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

The goal was to show the origin of Christianity (which at that time was still a “young” religion) from an ancient tradition, literally “from Adam” [4].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

The apocryphal story of the Life-Giving Cross is reflected in numerous images.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

The most complete cycle of depictions of this story was made in 1452—1465 by Piero della Francesca on frescoes in the main chapel of the Basilica of San Francesco in Arezzo.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

The Legend of the Three-Part Eight-Pointed Cross


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

In Greek, and then in Old Slavic hagiographic literature, there is a story about a three-part eight-pointed (octofinial) Cross.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

According to this account, Christ was crucified on the Cross, which was made of three parts, and each part was made of a different type of wood.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

The pillar of the Cross was made of cypress; the crossbar to which Christ's hands were nailed was made of pewg (pine); the “foot” was the lower crossbar on which Jesus' legs stood Christ, was made of cedar wood.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

As a confirmation of this explanation, the words from the Book of the Prophet Isaiah were quoted: “The glory of Lebanon will come to you, cypress and singing and cedar together, to decorate the place of My sanctuary, and I will glorify the foot My feet” ().


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

This legend is set out in Gregory's debate with Rabbi Yervan, placed in the Life of St. Gregory of Omiritsky, Bishop of Negransky (commemorated on December 19) [5].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

The story of the three-part Cross was reflected in the liturgical texts of the Orthodox Church, in Oktoikha [6], in Minea [7], in the Lenten Triodi [8].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

Bogomil legend


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

Bogomils is credited with one of the dualistic legends about the Life-Giving Cross, which tells about the creation of the world and the planting of paradise at the same time by God and Satanael [9].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

According to this legend, God, when planting one of the trees of paradise, says to Satanael, “Here will be my body, and the tree will serve to expel you.”


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

When Satanael rejected God, when he came to see the tree of knowledge of good and evil, he was driven out of paradise by his mysterious power, and the devil became black for the first time [3].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

The tree grew into three trunks, called the trunks of Adam, Eve and the Lord (in the center).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

After the first men were expelled from paradise, the tree fell apart and only a part of the Lord remained in place.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

Part of Adam fell into the Tiger and was brought by water to the land of Midian, and part of Eve fell to Merra during the Flood.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

According to Bogomil legend, these two parts were used to make the Cross for the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

Zolotaya legenda


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

This text of the legend of the Life-Giving Cross has been preserved in the West as part of the Golden Legend, and in the East it is known only from a few Greek manuscripts.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

The basis of the story about the origin of the material for the Life-Giving Cross is taken from the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

It tells us that when Adam was dying, his son Seth went to the gates of Paradise to receive oil of forgiveness and anoint his father's body with it.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

However, the Archangel Michael who appeared said that the oil of forgiveness to the whole world would be given in 5500 years (prophecy of the coming of Christ) and gave Sif a branch from the tree of knowledge of Good and Evil, the fruit from which Adam tasted at the time of the Fall.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

Handing over the branch, the archangel said: “If you can revive this dry fruit, you will be healed to it” [4].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

Returning home, Sif found Adam dead and put a dry branch in his mouth (according to other versions, Sif put a wreath woven from this branch on Adam's head [10], or Adam himself, who was still alive by the time of Sif's return [9]).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

Then a tree of three fused trunks sprouted from it, which continued to grow for thousands of years until the time of King Solomon.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

This king, having cut down a tree, tried to use it in the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem, but it did not fit due to its size.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

The timber was used in the construction of the bridge.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

When the famous Queen of Sheba paid a visit to Solomon, she knelt before the tree.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

After bowing, she predicted that the Savior of the World would be hanged from this tree, and therefore the kingdom of the Jews would come to ruin and end [4].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

Then, instead of stepping on a tree, she waded barefoot across the stream [11].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

Frightened Solomon ordered to bury the timber.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

The wood was found during the construction of a swimming pool for washing the entrails of sacrificial animals.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

However, the water in it became famous for its healings, and it was turned into a healing bath (Bethesda, which had five covered passages).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

Life-Giving Cross

After the arrest of Christ, a tree surfaced from the waters of the bath.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

It was decided to make a Cross from it for the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, namely a vertical supporting pillar.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The cross bar, sign and foot were made of other types of trees.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

According to legend, the Cross was assembled from cypress, cedar and olive wood [12].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Russian apocrypha


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The Russian apocrypha “The Word of the Cross Tree” (15th—16th centuries) contains the history of the Cross Tree, similar to the European Golden Legend, with the addition of legends about Moses and Lot.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

However, the queen who comes to Solomon is called Sibyl.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

When she came to see the tree Solomon had thrown away, she sat on it and was scorched by fire.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

After that, she said: “O damn drevo,” and the people standing next to him exclaimed: “O blessed drevo, the Lord will be crucified on him!”


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

[10] The Word of the Cross Tree also reports that the tree from the legend of Moses (see below) was used to make a cross for the crucifixion of the Mad Robber.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

In the Russian apocrypha, the Queen of Sheba is often called a sivil and in a number of sources she is credited with a prophecy about the fate of the tree rejected by Solomon during the construction of the temple:


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Other legends


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Related to Moses:


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The legend is based on the history of popular murmur at the bitter-salty spring of Merra described in the Old Testament (Ex 15:23-25).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

There are two versions of this story in the apocrypha.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

First, Moses planted a tree on the bank of the spring, brought from paradise during the Flood (see the Bogomil legend about the tree of Eve).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Second, an angel gave Moses the branches of three trees: aloe, cedar and cypress, and ordered them, weaving them together as a symbol of the Holy Trinity, to plant them on the shore.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

In both versions of the legend, the fate of the grown tree corresponds to the story described in the Golden Legend with King Solomon.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Lot related:


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

This legend describes the origin of the tree for the cross of the pious robber, but in a number of versions it is associated with the origin of the Life-Giving Cross [9].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

According to legend, Seth received from the angel not only a branch from the tree of knowledge of good and evil, but also another, which Seth later lit on the banks of the Nile, and it burned with unquenchable fire for a long time.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

When Lot sinned with his daughters, God told him to plant three bunts from that fire for redemption and water them until a big tree grew.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The cross of a pious robber was made of this tree, or, after going through the path described in the Golden Legend, it became the material for the Life-Giving Cross.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

There is also a second legend about the origin of the tree for the Cross, related to Lot.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

When God appeared to Abraham in Mamra in the form of three angels, they left him three of their staffs before leaving for Sodom.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Abraham gave them to Lot after his Fall with his daughters, ordering them to be planted in the vicinity of Jerusalem and poured water from the Jordan.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Lot, in an effort to atone for his sin, fulfilled Abraham's errand — planted staffs in the valley, carried water from the Jordan himself, and fought Satan, who tempted him through thought.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The staffs sprouted and grew into a triune pinya-cypress-cedar tree.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Further, the fate of the tree repeats the story described in the Golden Legend [13].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The Orthodox Monastery of the Holy Cross, one of the oldest in Jerusalem, according to legend, was built where Lot planted the tree of the Cross.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The silver circle in the chapel behind the main altar of the monastery church marks this place, which is revered as sacred.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Finding the cross


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Church historians' testimonies


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Church historians of the 4th-5th centuries


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The next cycle of legends, which already speaks of the acquisition of a historical church relic — the Cross, generally accepted by believers as the True One, dates back to 326, when it is believed that it was found to be a saint Queen Elena (mother of Emperor Constantine the Great) during her journey to Jerusalem for the purpose of pilgrimage and search for Christian relics:


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

... divine Constantine sent Blessed Elena with treasures to find the life-giving cross of the Lord.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The Patriarch of Jerusalem, Macarius, met the Queen with proper honor and together with her sought the desired life-giving tree, being in silence and diligent prayers and prayers [14].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

— “Chronography” by Theophanes, year 5817 (324/325)


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Together with the Cross of the Lord Elena, four nails and INRI titles were found.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

This story is described by many authors of that time: Ambrose of Milan (c. 340—397), Rufin (345—410), Socrates Scholastic (c. 380—440), Theodorite Kirsky (386—457), Sulpicius North (ca. 363—410), Sozomen (ca. 400—450).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The earliest church historian, Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 263—340), in his Life of Constantine, reports in detail on the discovery of the “divine tomb”, but does not mention the acquisition The Life-Giving Cross, nor about the participation of Queen Elena in this event.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

According to his story, the cave where Christ was buried was found during the struggle against pagan temples.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

When, by order of Constantine, the mound of the temple was torn off to the “defiant demon of love” (that is, the goddess Venus), then “suddenly in the depths of the earth, beyond any expectation, an empty space seemed, and then Honest and the All-Holy Sign of the saving Resurrection. Then the most sacred cave became for us the image of the Savior who returned to life.” [15] Eusebius does not specify what the sign was.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

According to Eusebius, Queen Elena erected a church in Bethlehem near another cave where Christ was born in the flesh.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Socrates Scholastik and Eusebius cite a letter from Emperor Constantine to Macarius of Jerusalem, where the emperor gives instructions for the construction of a temple on the site of the opening of the “sign of the holiest passions” [16].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

However, Constantine does not name the cross in his letter, but speaks about the discovery of the holy


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

If the contemporaries of Queen Helena and Emperor Constantine do not report anything about the acquisition of the Cross, then already under his son Emperor Constantia (reigned 337-361), church circles firmly believe that the discovery took place under Constantine.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

In a letter to Constantius on the sign of the cross in heaven, Bishop Cyril of Jerusalem writes: “For under the Most God-loving, and blessed memory of Constantine Your Father, the Saving Tree was found in Jerusalem Cross: when he had the greatest jealousy for piety, through the assistance of Divine grace, he found secret Holy Places” [17].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

For the first time in the surviving texts, the history of the discovery of the Cross appears in an expanded form with Ambrose of Milan in 395.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

In “The Word on the Death of Theodosius”, he talks about how Blessed Elena ordered to dig at Calvary and found 3 crosses there.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

From the inscription “Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews”, she found the true Cross and bowed to it.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

She also found the nails with which the Lord was crucified, and put one of them in check and the other in a diadem [18].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

A similar story is described in Chapter 10 of Rufin's Church History, which is a Latin translation of a fragment of the work of the same name by Gelasius of Caesarea [19].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The lost original Greek text of Gelasius dates back to about 390 and can be considered the first known account of the history of Elena's discovery of the Cross [20].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

This story is generally close to Ambrose's story, but contains an insert with the miraculous healing of a dying woman — a “divine testimony” that confirmed the inscription on the cross.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

According to Rufin, the Cross was found at the site of Christ's execution, disguised as a statue of Venus.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Elena builds a temple on this site, and sends the nails she finds to her son [21].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

In its most developed form, the legend of the discovery of the Cross appears in Socrates Scholastica and Sozomen.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Socrates himself reports about the source on the history of the discovery of the cross: “Although I wrote this by ear, almost all residents of Constantinople speak about the authenticity of this event.” [22]


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The works of these historians formed the basis for subsequent descriptions of the acquisition of the Life-Giving Cross (in particular, in the Chronography” of the Byzantine historian Theophanes (760-818)).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

On the basis of these historical evidence with the addition of apocryphal sources, the story of the discovery of the Life-Giving Cross was included by Yakov Voraginsky in his Golden Legend, which received a wide prominence in the West.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Date of discovery of the Cross


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The question of the exact date when Elena found the Cross is debatable.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The most common date is given by Socrates Scholastica - 326.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Socrates does not name the year in which the discovery of the cross took place, but in his Church History, the story of the event comes immediately after the mention of the celebration of the 20th anniversary of Constantine's reign (July 25, 326) [22].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Orientalist Joseph Assemani (director of the Vatican Library) in the XVIII century believed that the Cross was found by Elena on May 3, 326 (according to the Julian calendar) [23].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Russian theologian, Professor M. N. Skaballanovich, based on the Alexandrian chronicle of the VI century, refers the acquisition of the Cross to 320 [24].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

At the same time, he categorically disagrees with the date of this event in 326, since according to a number of data, St. Helena died in 325, and not in 327, as previously believed [23].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Excavation site


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

All the few instructions of historians closest to the search boil down to the fact that the crosses were found near the Holy Sepulcher, but not in the Tomb itself.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Although there was a Jewish ritual prescription that required that the tree on which someone was crucified be buried with the executed one, it could not be filled by reverent disciples Christ, they would not put the instrument of execution in His Tomb as a criminal [25].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

There was a possibility that all three crosses used in the execution that day could have been buried near the place of the crucifixion [26].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Sozomen in his work makes the following assumption about the possible fate of the Cross after the removal of the body of Jesus from it: “The warriors, according to history, first found Jesus Christ dead on the cross and, having removed Him, they gave it up for burial; then, intending to accelerate the death of the robbers crucified on both sides of it, they killed their lower legs, and threw the crosses one by one, at random” [27].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Eusebius of Caesarea describes the excavation site as follows:


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Some atheists and wicked intended to hide this saving cave from the eyes of people, with the insane intention of hiding the truth through it.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

After a lot of work, they brought land from somewhere and filled up the whole place with it.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Then, raising the embankment to a certain height, they paved it with a stone, and under this high embankment they hid a divine cave.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

After finishing this work, they only had to prepare a strange, truly tomb of souls on the surface of the earth, and they built a gloomy dwelling for dead idols, a cache of the demon of voluptuousness Aphrodite, where unclean and vile altars were made hated sacrifices [28].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

—Eusebius of Caesarea, Life of Constantine.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

III, 36


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Socrates Scholastik also mentions the presence of the sanctuary of Aphrodite (Venus) on the site of the Holy Sepulcher in his work, saying that the whole of Jerusalem has fallen into desolation:


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

“Those who wise about Christ have honored this tomb since the time of passion; and those fleeing from Christ buried that place and, having built the temple of Aphrodite on it, erected an idol to destroy the very memory of the place” [22].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The Temple of Venus in Jerusalem did exist.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

It was built in the 130s by Emperor Hadrian, which led to a rebellion among the local population [29].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

It is believed that the coins minted under Emperor Antonina Pie in Caesarea Palestine depict a statue of Venus the Victorious standing in her temple in Jerusalem [30].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Theophanes also mentions the fact of the construction of the Temple of Aphrodite on the site of the Holy Sepulcher: “After that, soon God indicated to Macarius the place where the temple of unclean Aphrodite was built and her statue was erected. God-married Elena, by her royal authority, immediately ordered a great many craftsmen to dig up to the ground and clean the site of the temple of Aphrodite, built for a lot of money by Elius in ancient times Adrian” [31].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The place where the Cross was found is located in the side-chapel of the Discovery of the Cross of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Jerusalem, in a former


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

It is marked by a red marble slab with the image of an Orthodox cross embedded in the floor, the slab is surrounded by a metal fence on three sides, and the Cross was stored here for the first time.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

22 metal steps lead down to the chapel of the Discovery of the Cross from the underground Armenian Church of St. Helena, this is the lowest and easternmost point of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, two floors down from the main level [ 32].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

In the side chapel of the Discovery of the Cross, under the ceiling near the descent, there is a window marking the place from which Elena watched the excavations and threw money to encourage the workers.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

This window connects the side chapel with the altar of St. Helen's Church [33].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Eusebius of Caesarea wrote in the most detail about the excavations of the Holy Sepulcher, but he reports only one tomb cave [34].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

In fact, at least two of them were found during excavations.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The second cave is a crypt carved into a monolithic rock with two burial niches from the Second Temple period.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

This crypt was included in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher when it was built and today it can be seen in the Syrian chapel, 17 meters in a straight line west of the Holy Sepulcher.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

According to legend, secret disciples who buried Christ, Saints Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, were buried here [35].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

According to researchers, a small Jewish cemetery could have been found during the excavations, and when Eusebius arrived in Jerusalem, he was probably shown only one tomb, which was identified like the Holy Sepulcher, and its neighbors have already been torn down or destroyed in order to highlight the right one [30].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Judas Kyriac's Help


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

According to the Golden Legend, the Jew Judas helped in the search for the Cross (after being tortured).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Later baptized under the name Kyriak (Quiriak), he later became Bishop of Jerusalem and was martyred during the time of Emperor Julian the Apostate [4] (the same story is given by church historians Sozomen and Grigory Tursky [36]).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Information about him as a bishop of Jerusalem is not confirmed by historians [37].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

According to the Golden Legend, Judas was one of the Jewish sages, whose ancestor was the Protomartyr Stephen.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

After learning from his father about the location of the Cross, he said at the council of elders after Elena arrived in Jerusalem that the discovery of the Cross would destroy their religion and deprive Jews of superiority over Christians.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

At that time, the Jews forbade telling the Empress about the whereabouts of the relic, but after Elena threatened to burn them alive, they gave Judas.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Elena threw him into a dried well, held him there for seven days, after which “he came to one place, raised his voice and prayed that a sign would be sent down to him. Immediately, the earth moved in that place, and a smoke of such marvelous sweetness came out that when Judas felt it, he struck his hands with joy and exclaimed: “Truly Jesus Christ, You are the Savior of the world! “” [30].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The story of Judas is based on Sozomen's report about a knowledgeable Jew who lived in the East [38], it became part of the official legend of the discovery of the Cross, only from a new perspective created by Yakov Voraginsky.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Rufin, Pauline Nolansky [39] and Sulpicius Severus [40] also wrote about the involvement of local residents in the search for the Cross. However, later in the 7th century, John of Niki reported that the person who found the Cross for Elena was a certain Ablavius, “a zealous Christian, one of the most famous people [of the empire]” [41].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Identifying the authenticity of


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

During the excavations, accompanied by the appearance of a fragrance, three crosses were found — “one is the blessed one on which Christ hung, and the others on which two robbers were crucified and died” [42].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Bishop Macarius I of Jerusalem helped Elena in determining the True Cross:


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

He resolved his bewilderment by faith, that is, he asked God for a sign and received it.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

This sign was this: in that country, a wife was obsessed with a long-term illness, and was finally on the verge of death.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The bishop intended to bring each of those crosses to the dying woman, believing that by touching the precious cross, she would recover.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Hope did not deceive him.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

When two crosses not of the Lord were brought to her wife, the dying one was no better, and as soon as the third, genuine one, was offered, the dying woman immediately strengthened and returned to perfect health.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The same story is given by Rufin [19], Theodorite [43] and Nikephoros [44] This version of the definition of the true Cross has become the most common in the East, and is also cited by the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes (760— 818): “To one woman of a noble family, desperately ill and half-dead, Macarius offered all the crosses, and recognized the cross of the Lord. As soon as his shadow touched the patient, breathless and motionless with divine power, she immediately stood up and glorified God in a loud voice” [14].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

In the West, a more common version of the miracle that occurred during the establishment of the authenticity of the Life-Giving Cross is the story contained in the Golden Legend about the resurrection through its laying a dead man swept past the excavation site [26].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

According to Armenian legend, the difference between the True Cross and the other two was that it flourished — flowers appeared on it, so the famous Armenian cross-khachkars have a floral pattern.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The discovery of the cross, according to church historians, impressed not only Christians, but also Jews, so that some of them, like Judas from the Golden Legend, were baptized.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

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An apocryphal story about the first discovery of the Cross


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The apocryphal story of the first acquisition of the Life-Giving Cross is contained in the Syrian Teaching of Adday the Apostle, the full text of which is preserved in a manuscript of the 6th century (while excerpts dating back to the V century).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

This apocrypha refers the acquisition of the Cross to the reign of Emperor Tiberius, who, according to the apocrypha, the future Emperor Claudius “made the second person in the state” [45].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Claudius's wife, called Protonics in the apocrypha [46] (probably the name is associated with the Greek expression “Ancient Greek: prtis nika”), which, according to the author of the apocrypha, was to emphasize the primacy of this legend in relation to the history of the acquisition of the Cross by Empress Elena [47]), converted to Christianity in Rome by the sermon of the Apostle Peter, wanted to “see Jerusalem and the places where our Lord performed His feats” [48].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Protonica took her two sons and only daughter on a journey.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Upon arrival in Jerusalem, she was greeted with imperial honors, but when asked to show her Calvary and the Holy Sepulcher, the Apostle James told her that they were under the supervision of Jews who “do not allow us go there and pray in front of Calvary and the tomb.”


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Upon learning this, Protonica met with the Jewish elders and ordered them to hand over Calvary and the Holy Sepulcher to Christians, and then went there and found three crosses in the tomb.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

When she entered the tomb with her children, “her young daughter fell and died without pain, without suffering, without any cause for death.”


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The death of her daughter was used to determine the true Cross of the Lord — Protonics prayerfully laid crosses on her daughter one by one, and after the laying of the True Cross, her daughter came to life and “glorified God who gave her life back through His cross.”


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The life-giving Cross was handed over by Protonics to James, the first bishop of Jerusalem, and later buried during the time of Trajan (reigned 98—117) under Simon, the second bishop of Jerusalem.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

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Queen Elena found the Cross for the second time.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The legend of the first discovery of the cross exists only in Syrian literature and under its influence in Armenian literature.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The image of Protonica is completely borrowed from Empress Elena, and the apocrypha itself was used (as part of the meeting of Protonics with Jewish elders) by Yakov Voraginsky when he wrote the Golden Legend [30].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Researchers came to the conclusion that the legend of the first acquisition of the Cross by Protonica is a later version that appeared in Byzantine Syria under the influence of the Greek legend of Elena and Kyriak [49].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

There is also a Coptic version of this legend, which attributes the acquisition of the Cross to Empress Eudokia, wife of Emperor Theodosius II, who in the last decades of her life (441/443—460) spent in Jerusalem and spent large sums to improve the city.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Historicity of the traditional version of finding the Cross


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

As mentioned above, the earliest evidence of the opening of the Holy Sepulcher is contained in the works of Eusebius of Caesarea, a contemporary of this event.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

However, Eusebius, who talks in detail about the opening of the tomb, does not report either about the discovery of the Life-Giving Cross, nor about the participation of Queen Helena in this event.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

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According to Eusebius, Elena arrived in Jerusalem after the opening of the Holy Sepulcher.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Describing Elena's construction activities, Eusebius also does not talk anywhere about her participation in the construction of the “temple to the Savior” on the site of the tomb [50].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Most modern historians, relying on the testimony of Eusebius, consider the version about the discovery of the Cross by Elena legendary [51].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Supporters of the legend of this version note that the first mention of the finding of the Cross by Elena appears only in texts of the late 4th century: a fragment from the “Church History” of Gelasius of Caesarea (about 390 ), preserved in the Latin translation of Rufin, and “The Word on the Death of Theodosius” by Ambrose of Milan (395).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Many researchers also consider the fact that the Cross was found during excavations carried out during the reign of Emperor Constantine as legendary.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

In addition to the testimonies of Eusebius, the legend of this fact may be indicated by the absence of mention of the Life-Giving Cross in the Itinerarium Burdigalense, the oldest surviving guides to the Holy Land, compiled by an anonymous pilgrim from Bordeaux who visited holy sites in 333—334 The pilgrim reports on the location of Calvary and the tomb of Christ, over which “a basilica was built by the order of Emperor Constantine”, but does not say anything about the veneration of the Cross [52].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

According to many authors, the cult of the Life-Giving Cross arose between 333, when a pilgrim from Bordeaux visited Jerusalem, and the middle of the 4th century, when Cyril's “Public Words” Jerusalem (X, 19; XIII, 4) [53] the first evidence of this cult appears, and a little later, in his letter to Emperor Constantius, there is the first mention of the acquisition of the Cross at the time Konstantin [17] [30].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

As for the legend about the discovery of the Cross by Elena, it was long believed that it originated in the west, but recent studies have shown that its origins are more likely to be sought in Jerusalem in the middle or the second half of the 4th century [54].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

At the same time, a number of works published in recent decades [55] proposed a new justification for the historical reliability of the version about the discovery of the Cross during the reign of Constantine, however, by a significant part of researchers.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Celebration


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Exaltation of the Holy Cross


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

In honor of the discovery of the Cross, the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross was established, which got its name from the fact that Bishop Macarius I, in order for all believers to see the Cross, erected (that is, raised) it, turning to all sides of the world.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The same was done with the Cross after its return in 629 from Persia after 14 years of captivity back to Jerusalem under Emperor Heraclia.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The Feast of the Exaltation of the Honest and Life-Giving Cross of the Lord is celebrated by both Orthodox and Catholic churches on September 14 (according to the Julian calendar in some Orthodox churches, and Gregorian calendar in Catholicism).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

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Separately, there is a celebration in memory of Queen Elena's discovery of the Holy Cross and nails.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

In the Orthodox Church, it is celebrated on March 6 (according to the Julian calendar), in the Catholic Church on May 3.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The origin of the Honest Trees of the Life-Giving Cross


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Since the 9th century, a tradition arose in Constantinople “to wear out the Honest Tree of the Cross to roads and streets to sanctify places and avert diseases” [56].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

In the 12th-13th centuries, this tradition entered the rituals of all Orthodox churches and the holiday was called “The Origin (Wear out) of the Honest Trees of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord” [57].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The celebration takes place on the first day of the Assumption Fast — August 1 according to the Julian calendar.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

According to the Charter, it treats small holidays “with praise”, but has one day of pre-celebration.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Transfer of a part of the Holy Cross to Gatchina


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Since 1800, the Governing Synod has established for a feast in honor of “the transfer from Malta to Gatchina of a part of the tree of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord, the Filerme Icon of the Mother of God and the gum hand of St. John The Baptist.”


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The relics were presented to Emperor Paul I in 1799 by the Knights of the Order of Malta who arrived in Gatchina (45 km south of the center of St. Petersburg).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

From the Priory Palace built for the Order of the Priory Palace in the fall of the same year, the shrines were transported to St. Petersburg, where they were placed in the Great Church of the Winter Palace [58].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The holiday is celebrated not only by the Russian Church [58], but also in a number of other autocephalous local Orthodox churches, including the Serbian Church [59].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

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In Russia, according to the current Typicon, St.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

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John the Baptist; this holiday does not have a special liturgical following [60].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

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Locations


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

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The period before the Crusades


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Constantine's contemporary Eusebius of Caesarea, in describing Constantine's deeds, does not say anything about the acquisition and division of the cross, nor about Elena's role in the opening of the tomb, only notes that “in the most excellent of all the temples of the royal halls, in the gilded recess of the ceiling, in the very middle of it, he [Constantine] ordered the approval of a magnificent painting depicting the symbol of saving suffering [the cross], which was made up of various precious stones richly set in gold” [61].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

According to Socrates Scholastica, Empress Elena divided the Life-Giving Cross into two parts: she placed one in a silver vault and left in Jerusalem “as a monument for subsequent historians”, and the other sent it to her son Konstantin, who placed it in his statue installed on a column in the center of Konstantinova Square.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Information about this, according to Socrates himself, was written by him “by ear” with reference to the conversations of residents of Constantinople.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Byzantine chronicler Theophanes in his Chronography describes the division of the Cross as follows:


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The most benevolent Elena, with fear and great joy, erected a life-giving tree, took part of it with nails to her son, while the other, putting it in a silver ark, handed it to Bishop Macarius, in memory of the future generations.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

At the same time, she ordered the erection of churches on the Holy Sepulcher, the frontal place, and in the name of her son where the life-giving tree was found; also in Bethlehem and on the Mount of Olives, and then returned to the glorious Konstantin.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

He greeted her with great joy, put part of the life-giving tree in a golden ark and gave it to the bishop for preservation, forged some nails into his helmet, and inserted others into the bridle of his horse [31].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The remaining part of the Cross in Jerusalem stayed there for a long time and was exhibited for worship by the people [62].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

This is evidenced by the message of Cyril of Jerusalem, as well as the story of the noble pilgrim of the IV century Sylvia (or Etheria).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

It tells about the rite of worship of the tree of the Holy Cross on Good Friday, as well as measures that were taken against the theft of particles of the tree by pilgrims.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

At Calvary, a pulpit is delivered to the bishop behind the Cross before six o'clock in the morning.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The bishop sits on this pulpit, a table covered with a handkerchief is placed in front of him, deacons stand around the table and a silver gilded ark is brought, in which the holy tree of the Cross is located; is taken out; both the tree of the Cross and the plank (titulus) are placed on the table.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

So, when it is laid on the table, the bishop, sitting, holds the ends of the holy tree with his own hands; the deacons who stand around guard.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

It is so protected because there is a custom according to which all the people, coming alone, both faithful and announced, lean to the table, snatch the holy tree and pass.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

And since, they say, I don't know when, someone gnawed off and stole a particle of the holy tree, that's why now the deacons standing around are guarding so that no one of the suitable ones dares to do the same.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

And so all the people come one by one, all admiring and touching first with their brows, then with the eyes of the Cross and the plank, and kissing the Cross, pass; but no one reaches out to touch [63].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

However, these precautions did not prevent the separation of the Cross wood.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Church tradition believes that the practice of separating particles from it began under Empress Helena — on the way to Constantinople, she left its particles in the monasteries she founded.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Thus, according to legend, in 327, when the Stavrovouni Monastery (Mount of the Cross) was founded in Cyprus, she, at the behest of an angel who appeared to her in a dream, left a particle of the Life-Giving Cross in it [64].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

As Cyril of Jerusalem (IV century) testifies, already in his time small parts of the Life-Giving Cross were distributed among Christians [65].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

John Chrysostom also said that many believers had particles of the Life-Giving Cross: “Many, both husbands and wives, having received a small particle of this tree and overlaid it with gold, hang it around their necks” [26].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Pauline Nolansky in 403 sent a particle of the Holy Cross to his friend Sulpicius Severus, telling in a letter the history of its discovery.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Pauline also reports that although many particles separate from the Cross, its original most of it is miraculously preserved [66].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

In Constantinople, a special stavroteka (known as Limurg) was created in the imperial treasury during the reign of Konstantin Bagryanorodny, where many particles of the Life-Giving Cross were stored Christ, which were taken for placement in a reliquary, donated on behalf of the emperor [67].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The “disappearance” of the tree


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The Jerusalem part of the Cross continued to be kept in the Church of the Resurrection, as evidenced by the presence in the 9th century among its clergy of two elders, guardians who guarded the Cross of the Lord.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

A brief history of the Life-Giving Tree in Jerusalem is described in a letter dated 1108 or 1109 by Ansell, cantor of the Holy Sepulcher:


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The left [cross] was kidnapped by Kosdroy [the Persian king of Khosrov], during the ruin of Jerusalem, and took him to Persida.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Which Eraclius [Byzantine Emperor Heraclius], after the murder of Cosdroy, returned to Jerusalem and established in the Frontal Place for the worship of the Christian people.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

However, after the death of Eraclius, the people of infidels suppressed Christians so much that they intended to eradicate the name of Christ and destroy the memory of the Cross and the Tomb.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

So, after laying a pile of logs, they burned part of the Tomb, and they wanted to burn the Cross in a similar way, but the Christians hid it, which caused many of them to be killed.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Finally, the Christians, after consulting, cutting them, divided them into many parts and distributed the faithful to churches... So, in Constantinople, in addition to the imperial cross, there are three crosses from here, in Cyprus there are two, Crete — one, in Antioch — three, in Edessa one, in Alexandria one, in Ascalon one, in Damascus one, in Jerusalem — four; Syrians have one, Greeks of Saint Sava — one, monks from Jehoshaphat valley — one ; we Latins, at the Holy Sepulcher have one, which has one and a half span of length and one finger of width and thickness as much.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Patriarch Georgianov also has one; Tsar Georgianov [Georgian King David] had one, which you now have by the grace of God [Notre Dame Cathedral] [68].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Thus, the Jerusalem Cross was in Persian captivity from 614 to 628 [69], until it was given back by the Persian commander Horyam in exchange for a promise by the Byzantines to help him with troops in internal turmoil.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

However, 10 years later, in 638, Jerusalem surrendered to the Arab army, which began the victorious spread of Muslim faith in the East.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The cross was divided into parts and taken by ships to Constantinople and other places.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

After a while, one of the units was returned back to Jerusalem, where it was kept until the Crusades.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The Jerusalem part of the Cross was lost in 1187 at the Battle of Hattin, when, after the defeat of the knightly army, the shrine was apparently captured by Muslims, according to Frank Yernul, a participant in that battle [ 70].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Yernul also tells the story of a Templar who, a few years after the battle, reported that he had buried the Cross and could indicate that place.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

However, the search was unsuccessful.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The Constantinople part of the Cross was stolen in 1204 after the crusaders looted the capital of Byzantium [71].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

It became a source for some particles of the Life-Giving Cross of Western Europe.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Academician F. AND. Ouspensky, in his work “The History of the Crusades”, describing the theft of relics from churches in Constantinople, also mentions the stolen particles of the Cross [72].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Reliquaries


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

At the Orthodox Church


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Reliquary crosses with a particle of the Life-Giving Cross have been known for a long time.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Many Byzantine emperors and other members of the royal family had them.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

In Russia, this relic probably became known for a long time — in one of the earliest monuments (1st half of the 11th century) of Old Russian literature, Metropolitan Hilarion's Tale of Law and Grace, there is a mention of the Life-Giving Cross: “He [Emperor Constantine] and his mother Elena brought the Cross from Jerusalem [and], having sent out all over the world, confirmed the faith.”


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

One of the first relics of the Life-Giving Tree in Russia was a particle in the cross of Euphrosyne of Polotsk, brought in the 12th century from Jerusalem, among other relics [73].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

A particle of the tree of the Cross was placed in the Ark of Dionysius, which in the wills of the Moscow Grand Dukes of the 15th century topped the list of inherited shrines [74], and in the 17th and early 20th centuries was one of the most important shrines of the Annunciation Cathedral.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

During the period of Nikon's Patriarchate, reliquary crosses began to be made in Russia “by the measure and likeness of the Cross of Christ” [75].