Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

When selecting the final list of mascot ideas, the expert jury ignored the opinion of the majority of people who voted on the site and did not include the amphibian Zoich, which until December 2010 of the year won the largest number of votes, and the next most popular Mittens [7] from Turbomilk studio.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Before Zoich, Pedobir held the first place [8].


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

At the same time, for example, Santa Claus, the idea of which was actively promoted by the public movement “Vote for Santa Claus”, created by representatives of the tourism business (in particular, the Orpheus company) and by the administration of the Vologda Oblast, was included in the final list [9].


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

The expert jury included: Yuri Bashmet, Igor Butman, Fedor Bondarchuk, Olesya Vladykina, Nikolay Drozdov, Svetlana Zhurova, Natalya Ionova, Mikhail Kusnirovich, Tatyana Navka, Gor Nakhapetyan, Vladimir Pirozhkov, Alexander Popov, Vitaly Smirnov, Oleg Tabakov, Mikhail Terentyev, Anatoly Prokhorov, Svyatoslav Ushakov.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

The jury was headed by Konstantin Ernst, General Director of Channel One OJSC [10].


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

After that, a group of professional artists translated the selected ideas into neatly executed drawings, which were presented on February 7, 2011 [10].


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Contest finalists


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

The “legends” of the characters are given.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Characters chosen as Olympic mascots are highlighted in bold, and italics for Paralympic mascots.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Santa Claus (English: Ded Moroz).


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

To maintain efficiency and health, he goes in for sports: skiing, sledding and skating.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

On the eve of the vote, he “recused himself” (was expelled — see below).


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Brown Bear (English: The Brown Bear).


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

He founded a sports school for toddlers in the Protected Forest to engage in winter sports, does not even hibernate.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

The author of the mascot is the only candidate from Ukraine, Denys Oleinik from Kiev.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Leopard (English: The Leopard).


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Mountain rescuer and climber; lives on a huge tree on a high cliff in the Caucasus mountains; an excellent snowboarder.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

It was supported by Prime Minister Putin [11], which largely predetermined the results of the vote [12].


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Polar Bear (English: The Polar Bear).


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

He lives beyond the Arctic Circle in an igloo, where snow and ice are not only walls, but also all things; was brought up by polar explorers who taught him to ski, skate and play curling; but most of all he enjoyed sledding.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

It was first mentioned in a song performed on December 1, 2009 during the presentation by the Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee of the emblem (logo) of the 2014 Games [13].


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Bunny (English: Zaya the doe hare, The Hare).


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

She studies at the Forest Academy perfectly, helps her mother in the family restaurant Lesnaya Zapruda, and participates in sports competitions.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

The author of the mascot is Silvia Petrova, a schoolgirl from the village of Novoe Buyanovo, Yantikovsky District of Chuvashia [14] [15].


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Sun (English: The Little Sun).


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

The younger sister of the Sun; acts in cartoons, poses for children's drawings, plays sports, especially loves freestyle.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Ray (English: The Fire Boy, The Ray of Light).


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

He came to Earth from a hot planet; he learned to ski and play hockey from friends.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Snowflake (English: The Snow Girl, The Snowflake).


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

She came to Earth on an ice comet; she loves to dance, so her favorite sports are skating and freestyle.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Bullfinch (English: The Bullfinch).


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

I read sports newspapers and dreamed of a career as a sports coach; he loves winter sports, especially skiing, skating and hockey.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Matryoshka dolls (English: The Matryoshka dolls).


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Mascot toys for a sports festival.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

The master carved them out of wood on a machine and gave each one its own quality: strength, agility, determination and intelligence; they are a team and complement each other.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Dolphin (English: The Dolphin).


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

A sports commentator, grew up in the Moscow Dolphinarium, where he trained every day and won awards in various sports; he was sent to the Black Sea to make professional reports.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

On March 2, 2008, he was chosen by residents of Sochi as the mascot of the 2014 Games [5].


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Exclusion from the list of finalists


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

On the eve of the decisive vote, Ivan Urgant announced that the jury excluded Santa Claus from the final list of candidates for the title of mascot due to the fact that in case of victory, the traditional for Russians the symbol of the New Year would become the property of the International Olympic Committee, which automatically happens to the mascots of the Games [16].


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Voting


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Alternative voting


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

On February 2, 2011, an alternative website “talismansochi2014.ru” [17] has been created with voting for the finalists.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

It was possible to vote if you had accounts on social networks VKontakte, Facebook, as well as if you had a Twitter account.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

As a result, until February 26, 2011, the votes were distributed as follows:


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

White Teddy Bear − 124,206 votes


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Santa Claus − 115,373 votes


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Leopard − 47,881 votes


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

The hare, Luchik and Snowflake were at the end of the list.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

On the website “sovsport.ru”, the voting gave the following results:


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

White Teddy Bear − 25.4% of votes


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Dolphin − 21.0% of votes


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Leopard − 17.3% of votes


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

On February 10, 2011, the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM) also conducted a survey of Russians about mascots.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

The votes were distributed as follows:


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Santa Claus — 24% of votes


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Dolphin — 16% of votes


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Brown bear — 16% of votes


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Voting results


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

From the final versions, the mascots were finally chosen on February 26, 2011 when voting on the TV show “Talismania. Sochi 2014. Final” on Channel One [18].


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

It was reported that 1.4 million voters were counted [19].


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

The jury announced three winners at once, who became mascots [20]:


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Leopard [21] (by Vadim Pak, St. Nakhodka) − 28.2% of votes


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

White Bear [22] (author Oleg Serdechny, St. Sochi) − 18.3% of votes


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Zaika [23] (by Silvia Petrova, Novoe Buyanovo Village, Yantikovsky District, Chuvashia) − 16.4% of the vote


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

According to the announced choice of Paralympic athletes, Luchik and Snowflake became the mascots of the 2014 Winter Paralympic Games.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Commenting on the election results, Dmitry Chernyshenko, President of the Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee, said:


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

“Today, the Sochi Games have received their symbols — for the first time in the history of the Olympic movement, they were chosen by the whole country! Based on the results of the voting, it was decided that the winners of the competition according to the Olympic principle will be those who entered the top three in the popular vote. These characters are the choice of our entire country. These are White Bear, Bunny and Leopard, and they have already become part of the history of the world Olympic movement!”


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

While Prime Minister Putin, he said, was a supporter of the victorious Leopard, President Medvedev, according to later statements [24], supported the runner-up White Bear, and also expressed dissatisfaction with the process of choosing talismans.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

In addition, some media and Internet users criticized the Olympic mascots in terms of their performance and number [25].


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

In particular, it was pointed out that the composition of Sochi mascots (Leopard, White Bear and Bunny) is almost identical to the trio of mascots of the Olympic Games in Salt Lake City (Coyote, Bear and Hare).


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

The graphic performance of the Polar Bear in general, and especially the muzzle and large round head, is more typical for brown bears than for polar bears, whose head is elongated.


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

There is also a similarity close to plagiarism between White Bear and Misha, the mascot of the Moscow Summer Olympics in 1980, as indicated by Viktor Chizhikov, the creator of the image of the latter [26].


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

The World Wildlife Fund in Russia invited the Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee to edit the drawing with the Leopard, arguing that the fur color of the depicted animal no longer looks like a leopard, but a snow leopard, which has never lived in the Caucasus [27].


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

See also


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Olympic mascots


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

2014 Winter Olympics


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

2014 Winter Paralympics


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Notes


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

References


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Media related to 2014 Winter Olympics symbols at Wikimedia Commons


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

(in Russian) (in English)


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

(in Russian) (in English) (in French)


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots

Category:2014 Winter Olympics


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots


Question: What animal was the symbol of the Olympics in Moscow?

2014 Winter Olympics mascots


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Ancient Greek: Praklos Diados, Latin: Proclus; February 8, 412 — April 17, 485) was an ancient Neoplatonic philosopher and head of the Plato Academy, at which Neoplatonism has reached its last heyday.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Life essay


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The lifetime of Proclus is restored from sources as 410—485. Biographer Proclus Marin cites his horoscope, according to astronomical data of which Proclus's date of birth is determined as February 8, 412.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus was born in Constantinople, the capital of the Roman Empire, in the family of a wealthy lawyer from Xanthos.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Intending to follow in his father's footsteps, he went to Alexandria as a teenager, where he first studied rhetoric, then became interested in philosophy and became a student of the Alexandrian Neoplatonic.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

It was from him that Proclus began to study Aristotle's logical treatises, in the interpretation of which, according to Marin, he had already achieved success at that time.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

At the age of 20, Proclus moved to Athens, where the Platon Academy at that time was headed by Plutarch of Athens.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Plutarch, despite his old age, began to study with Proclus personally, studying with him Aristotle's treatise “On the Soul” and Plato's dialogue “Phaedon”.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Two years later, Plutarch died, handing over the management of the school to his student Sirian, with whom Proclus continued his studies.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Marin reports that by the age of 28, Proclus wrote one of his most important works, a comment on Platonov's Timey.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Around 450, after the death of Syrian, Proclus became a scholarch of the Plato Academy.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus' lifetime is the decline of ancient Greek civilization.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Pagan cults were still practiced [1], but Christians increasingly insisted on banning them.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

At this time, the famous statue of Athena by Phidias was removed from the Parthenon, which was perceived as blasphemy in Proclus' entourage.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In the controversy with Christians, Proclus was not passive — according to Suda, he wrote Objections against Christians in 18 books (the work has not survived).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

At some point, the conflict between Christians and academics became so tense that Proclus was forced to leave Athens for Lydia for a year.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

While traveling through Asia, Proclus got acquainted with some of the Eastern teachings that he synthesized into his own system.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Religious practice, prayers to the sun, rituals under Procla have become a necessary component of the educational process at the Academy itself.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Marin reports that Proclus spent “days and nights” in prayer, Orphic and Chaldean cleansing, and performing “all other religious rituals” [2].


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In his personal life, Proclus adhered to ascetic principles: he was single, refrained from eating meat, and fasting according to the instructions of the gods who appeared to him in his sleep.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

According to Marin, it was excessive asceticism that caused his relatively early death: “From rough and obnoxious food, from too frequent ablutions and the like, his blooming body was exhausted.”


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus did not shy away from social activities; he took part in city meetings.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

He died in Athens at the age of 73, leaving Marina as his successor.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

He was buried in Athens in the same crypt with his teacher Syrian.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Essays


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The main philosophical works of Proclus are devoted to the consideration of the highest principles of all things and the affirmation of Platonism as a theological doctrine.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In his treatise Fundamentals of Theology, Proclus sets out the doctrine of supersensitive principles.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The treatise consists of 211 paragraphs, each of which formulates and then proves a statement.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Plato's Theology is a major work in which Proclus builds the doctrine of higher principles and gods, while citing many quotes from Plato to confirm that such a system Plato himself already had, and that all Plato's works are a single sacred text.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Of Proclus' numerous comments on Plato's dialogues, five have reached us: Timeus (Marin writes that Proclus appreciated this comment more than anyone else), Parmenides, The State, Alcibiades I. partly to Kratil.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Comments on “Phileb”, “Teetet”, “Sophist” and “Fedon” are lost in their entirety.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Part of Proclus' commentary to the Enneads by Plotinus has also been preserved.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

All comments on Aristotle are lost, but it is known that Proclus interpreted “Categories”, “On Interpretation”, First and Second Analysts.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Three short philosophical treatises by Proclus — “On Ten Doubts About Trade”, “On Providence, Fate and What is in Us”, “On the Hypostases of Evil” — have been preserved only in Wilhelm's Latin translation from Mörbeke (XIII century).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In a short treatise, The Beginnings of Physics, the physical system of Aristotle is described as a chain of definitions and theorems.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Astronomical works include a short treatise of elementary content entitled “The Sphere”, a brief “Review of Astronomical Assumptions”, “A Retelling of the Astrological Four Books” Ptolemy” and the book “On Eclipses”, which has been preserved only in Latin translation.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

From the mathematical works of Proclus, the Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Beginnings has been fully preserved.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In addition, Proclus wrote a separate essay on parallel lines, which has not survived.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Religious and magical works have survived to us the Eclogues of Chaldean Philosophy and On the Hieratic Art of the Hellenes.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Seven hymns to the gods have also been preserved: to Helios, to Aphrodite, to the Muses, to all gods, to Lycian Aphrodite, to Hecate and Janus, to the wise Athena.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

These hymns, written in Homeric hexameter, attract attention with their Orphic content, which is embodied in calls to the gods to let us “avoid the black evil of birth.”


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

This is the hymn addressed to the Muses:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

We sing the light that lifts mortals grief, we sing


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The nine daughters of the great Zeus are beautiful!


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The souls of people, whose life, having fallen, plunges into the depths,


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

They can relieve the sorrows inherent in the earth,


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

By the power of pure mystery, the mind of the awakening book


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

They teach us how to fly through deep Summer as soon as possible


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Finding a trace that leads to the star of the same name - after all, once


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

There they lost their way and fell to the shore of births


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In the craze of a madman to try the lot of material life.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Now, goddesses, I pray — take away my disturbing impulse!


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Make me intoxicated with meaningful stories of the wise!


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Do not let the godless race of men lead me astray,


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

With a marvelous, sacred path, radiant, full of fruits!


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Muses, I pray — from the crowd of sinful human race


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Always draw the wanderer's soul to the sacred light!


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Let it be heavy honey of your honeycombs, which strengthens the mind,


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

A soul whose glory lies in one thing — in the mind-enchanting blessing.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

(Translated by O. IN. Smyki)


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Of the works of Proclus we know, they have not survived


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

“Objections against Christians” () in 18 vol.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

“On the Reader” () in 2 vol.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

“On Education” () in 2 vol.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

“About the Gods at Homer” (),


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

“On the Theology of Orpheus” (),


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

“The Consent of Orpheus, Pythagoras and Plato with the Oracles” in 10 vol.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

“About the Great Mother” (),


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

“Commentaries on Everything Homer,”


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

“Comments on Hesiod's Works and Days”.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The doctrine of being


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

For a review of Proclus' philosophy, it is advisable to refer to his “Fundamentals of Theology”, since this treatise in a concise form presents the system of Neoplatonism in general.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The hierarchy of the Universe as a whole is built by Proclus according to the scheme of Plato's “Parmenides”: the super-existent One (it is also Good and God); then the gennads are super-living units, gods to which the real gods, or minds are involved - the gods are intelligible, or the ideal Being, synthetically combining the principles of the limit and the infinite.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Being and intelligible gods are opposed by the Mind (Nus) and the thinking gods, who are associated with the gods intelligible through the mind-thinking gods.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Supra-cosmic gods and thinking souls are associated with thinking mind gods.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The next step is the Cosmic Soul, which distinguishes: intra-cosmic gods, universal souls, demonic “just souls”: angels, demons in their proper sense and heroes.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Even lower are the “partial souls” that animate bodies; these include the human soul.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

At the bottom are inanimate bodies.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In this hierarchical structure, Proclus naturally includes the traditional Olympian gods, dividing them into triads and dividing them into transcendental and cosmic.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Between bodies and soul is mediated by “nature”, an incorporeal but inseparable unconscious force, identical to the power of rock.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The lowest ontological level, but still derived from the highest, is finally matter.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The treatise records the following “canonical” sequence:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

One and much (in their statics, in their mutual transition, in their organic fusion, the result of which is actual infinity);


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Numbers, or gods (the definition of the number and classification of gods is given, that is, Proclus' doctrine of superthinking numbers is also a doctrine of gods; Proclus calls each number a god);


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Mind (the definition of the Mind and its limitation “from above and below” is given; an identical difference of the Mind is established and the hierarchy of the Mind in relation to its universality is considered);


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Soul (the definition of the soul, its properties, its types is given; the whirlwind and hierarchy of souls are described; the carrier of the soul is determined)


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Cosmos (the Cosmos is defined as the material implementation of the three main hypostases of Neoplatonism).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The One is considered by Proclus as 1) being in itself, without any set and to [any] set; then as 2) One, in which the multitude has already been born, but in itself it remains simple and the indivisible meaning of this set; and, finally, as 3) the actual unification of the One and the many, which has not only the meaning, but also the enumerability of all the moments included in it.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

A possible key to understanding the One according to Proclus, as well as to understanding Proclus' philosophy in general, is the “Tercet Law” :The Law of Tercet, according to which every being is the ultimate, boundless and the mixture in different proportions of both is valid not only for higher hypostases, but also for the soul, physical and mathematical objects — in short, for everything without withdrawal... All levels of reality, according to Proclus, from disembodied to bodily, are formed from two essential components: 1) the ultimate, peras, and the infinite, apeiron, or infinite, which refers to both form, so to matter. Every being, as a result, is a “mixture”, a synthesis of two components (this thesis, obviously, is taken by Proclus from Plato's Philebe and his unwritten doctrines).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

[3] Following the One, Numbers, “super-real units”, are considered.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

They are above being, because they are the principle of being itself and its distinction.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

They are also above thinking, as they are the principle of any division and unification, without which thinking cannot be realized.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The number, thus, taking the first place after the One, is a dismembering and unifying “creative force”.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proklom's development of the Numbers domain, intermediate between the One and the Mind, should be emphasized especially.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Only Proclus has a clearly represented area of Numbers.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Each abstract number, being hopeless, surpassing every object and thing, is quite similar in this respect to the One.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

And it, being the principle of all distinction and design, is quite similar to the Mind.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Thus, Numbers are intermediary entities between the unaccompanied One and the qualitative Mind.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The Mind sphere begins with things as the first qualitative filling of numbers.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

This is followed by the area of energetic filling of being itself, which Proclus calls life.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Life that compares itself with itself gives us actual thinking and knowledge.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Thus, the sphere of the Mind is formed by three stages — being, life, knowledge.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The cosmic soul (the third hypostasis of Neoplatonism) is nothing more than the principle of the eternal formation of the Cosmos.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Just as the mind Proclus has the unity of being and thinking, so the soul is the unity of mind and corporeality.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The soul is attracted to explain movement in the world, just as the mind is used to explain the pattern of the soul's own actions.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Accordingly, the principles of the formation of individual bodies are the souls within the world. Proclus speaks of different types of souls — divine, mind souls, changeable souls.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In general, the soul denotes in Proclus the middle area between the indivisible mind and the divisible bodies.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Among the properties of the soul, he refers to its incorporeality, immortality, its reflection of all forms of mind, its connection with the eternal body for which it is a reviving principle, etc.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus affirms the “whirlwind” of souls and their hierarchy.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

There is also the following paradox here: the soul itself is incorporeal and, nevertheless, it must always have its own body, of which it is the principle of animation.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

And since the soul is eternal, this body must also be eternal.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Thus, according to Proclus, there is not only a physical, destructible body, but also a mental, mental and divine body.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Finally, Cosmos is nothing more than the material realization of the three main hypostases of Neoplatonism.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus paints a grandiose picture of the universal [circular] movement of the Universe.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Since there is always a “return to oneself” in this movement, evolution, the Cosmos is “ageless”, is eternal.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The middle position of the Sun, Helios, maintains the world's balance.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The mythological triad of Proclus: Helios — Apollo, clever luminous demiurgy; Athena, smart luminous knowledge; Aphrodite, clever luminous beauty.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

From the point of view of logic itself, Proclus's most remarkable development of the dialectics of Existence.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus depicts in detail how Genesis passes “from its superficial and inseparable isolation... into a separately understood otherness and then returns to itself from this otherness in an enriched form.”


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The main principle of carrying out concepts in Proclus is a clear triadic nature.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Each member of the main triad Proclus also considers triadically.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

This triad of categories, planned by Plotinus, produced by Porphyrius and developed and completed by Proclus, is applicable to any process.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In essence, it has a universal methodological meaning: 1) staying in oneself, indivisible unity (by virtue of this completeness, “provoking” emanation, going beyond this unity); outcome- from oneself (emanation itself, transition to multiplicity); return to oneself (return to the original integrity, but not canceling the meaning and process of outcome; “state of single eidos”).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

An important category for Proclus is the concept of “involvement”.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

It indicates the higher to which the lower is joined and how it is understood; thus, this category means the reverse transition from much to the One.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus distinguishes between not allowing involvement in himself, allowing it, actually involved.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus' theory of knowledge is related to his ontology of the multistage being.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The clearest cognition is provided by theoretical contemplation corresponding to imaginable entities, where existing objects are perceived directly and completely.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Scientific knowledge in the hierarchy of cognitive methods is located lower, as it combines understanding with sensory perception.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Understanding () uses concepts to identify things and test the readings of sensory perception.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Scientific knowledge is a consequence of the reasoning activity of the soul, which puts concepts in line with the opinions obtained from sensory data.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

This is carried out according to the positive criteria of truth, what are the syllogistic proof and compliance with things.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Ethics


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

At the center of Proklov's ethics is the concept of “virtue” — as something that reunites us with the gods, bringing us closer to the One.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

At the school of Proclus, natural, moral, social and higher virtues differed, which included cleansing, speculative and god-creative (the latter were recognized above human share).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Among the natural virtues, Marin listed: the unbridled nature of all external feelings, bodily strength, beauty, health; all such virtues (going back to idolizing), according to him, in full Proclus possessed the least.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

As for the problem of Evil, the reason for the latter is seen by Proclus in canonical accordance with the understanding of evil established by Plotinus — evil comes from man's aversion to the highest, intelligible world, out of attachment to the sensual, the material.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Hence, the task of man is to turn away from the lower world and know the higher power of his soul.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus put this power above even the mind, because, according to Proclus, only it is capable of perceiving the first one.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Therefore, Proclus called this power “the color of our essence” and “the one in the soul that it is better than even the mind.”


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

This power can be identified with mystical enthusiasm, with the sacred madness that leads us to merge with the Divine.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Physics


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Physics Proclus notes a radical departure from Aristotle's position on two points: elements of the physical world, place as space.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus rejects ether, Aristotle's fifth element, as something redundant.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Celestial bodies are made up of the same (four) elements as earthly ones.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

For example, without the element of fire, the stars and the sun could not shine, without the earth element, they could not be opaque (as in eclipses).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus distinguishes the heavenly state from the earthly state: in the first, the elements are in their highest degrees (for example, fire only illuminates, the earth is purely material and impenetrable); in the latter they are “rough” ( for example, fire burns, the ground is heavy).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In addition, Proclus develops a new view on the primary properties of elements, which he derives from the size, shape, and ability of their particles to move.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

According to Aristotle, the place that the body occupies is not its boundary.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus, in turn, believes that place is also a kind of body, but without the mass that forces some physical bodies to resist the presence of others.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

This is space.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In a broad sense, there is outer space in which all the bodies of the universe are immersed.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Space, which is separate from the bodies that reside in it, is like a body of light.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Philosophy of mathematics


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus is a follower of the traditional Plato teaching, according to which mathematical subjects occupy a middle position between the world of ideas and the world of sensually perceived things.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

When proving the theorem, the geometer indicates a drawn parallelogram, but at the same time it thinks of a “parallelogram in general” that does not have certain proportions and sizes.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The parallelogram theorem only deserves the name of the theorem when it is valid for the entire type of parallelograms.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Where does this type and all other mathematical forms come from?


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Answering this question, Proclus argues with Aristotle, who believed that mathematical objects arise by distracting the common from the objects felt, and collecting this common in a single definition.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

According to Aristotle, we first see and draw different sensually perceived parallelograms, and then give a general definition of a parallelogram, a quadrangle whose opposite sides are pairwise are equal and parallel to each other.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

According to Plato, on the contrary, we can see parallelograms in an imperfect figure only because our soul already has knowledge of the parallelogram, and this knowledge represents an ideal unity definitions-logos and eidos image.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

So:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

“It remains for the soul to generate mathematical forms from itself and from the mind, and that it itself be the fullness of species, albeit based on clever samples, but self-born by lot. Therefore, the soul is not a writing board free from notes; but it is covered from time to time, writes itself and is written with the mind. After all, the soul is also the mind, for it turns itself around the mind and is the image of the mind and its external imprint” (Commentaries on Euclid, 16.4—16.13).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Mathematical activity, according to Proclus, is a special kind of movement within the world of disembodied logos.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

This movement takes place in two directions: on the one hand, it begins with an external memory and ends with an understanding of the beginnings of mathematical knowledge, on the other hand, it unfolds from these started to a variety of results.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

And in cognition, mathematics then moves from the known in advance to the one you are looking for, then goes from what you are looking for to the known in advance.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus says:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

“The cognitive abilities of this science as a whole turned out to be twofold, with some directing us to unity and curtailing the multitude, while others divide the simple into the diverse, the more general into a more specific one, and initial logos — to secondary ones and many steps away from the beginnings. And so, starting from above, mathematics reaches what is perceived by the senses, comes into contact with nature, and proves much together with the doctrine of nature; and also, starting from below, it comes closer to the mental knowledge and concerns the contemplation of the first principles” (Commentaries on Euclid, 19.13—19.19).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Of particular interest is the doctrine of geometric matter, which is consistently developed by Prokl.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The object of geometry is not in felt matter — it is impossible to find a line without width, a point without parts, a surface without thickness, a circle with equal radii.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

But it cannot be outside matter, in pure logos: after all, geometric figures are multiple, divisible into parts, they can be larger or smaller in comparison with each other.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Where is it then?


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In solving this problem, Proclus follows Aristotle's judgment that in addition to the matter felt, there is also the matter of imagination.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

And it is in this matter of imagination that the geometric images that the geometer deals with are located.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

“Imagination, being the focus of knowledge, although it is excited by itself and produces the knowable, however, without being outside the body, translates the knowable from the indivisible life into the divisible, extended and having figure, and thus everything it thinks is an imprint and a form of thought” (Commentary on Euclid, 52.20—52.26).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The mental circle is one because it exists only in definition, and the definition does not distinguish one circle from the other, since they are all circles.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

And imaginary circles can be many; we can imagine that such circles are concentric, or touch each other, or are located in relation to each other in some other way.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The mental circle is in a sense simple, short, and devoid of shape; and the circle we deal with in imagination is characterized by length, shape and divisibility.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Astronomy


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus was well acquainted with both theoretical and observational astronomy.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In his Essay on Astronomical Hypotheses, he describes, among other things, the construction of the armillary sphere.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

He himself made some of the last reliable astronomical observations in antiquity (475).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus rejects Ptolemy's interpretation of the preceding equinoxes as the motion of all fixed stars.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

For Proclus, such stars cannot precess, because it is in their nature to be motionless.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus also denies that the planets move on nested celestial spheres; the arguments in favor of this state of affairs are hypotheses, but not obvious evidence, while celestial bodies are capable of movement in free space by themselves, by their very nature.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Valuation


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus presents a qualitatively developed dialectics of being and myth, theology and theosophy, theurgy, as well as a kind of aesthetics and ethics.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus' ethical view is at the same time cosmological; man, according to Proclus, must be considered in the same way “as the whole cosmos, because man is small space. Namely, it has a mind, a logos, a divine and mortal body, like the universe.”


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus is distinguished not so much by originality as by systematic and detailed analyticism.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus' philosophy is assessed as the “completion” of ancient Neoplatonism, bringing it to its last “logical maturity”.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

A. F. Losev called Proclus a “genius of reason”; with rationality brought “to music, pathos, ecstasy” [5].


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Losev put Proclus even above the founder of the Plotinus school, “in terms of the huge analytical power of his mind, the wide variety of his interests in relation to the skill of microscopic research the most abstract logical subject, as well as in relation to the subtlest philosophical and philological understanding of Plato's text” [5].


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In this regard, it is interesting to compare Plotinus and Proclus by Yu.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

A. Shichalin: “What Plotinus saw in an ecstatic impulse, Proclus opens at the tip of the pen. For the first time, Plotinus discovered all the splendor of the universe and fully saw the entire hierarchy of the one, mind, soul and cosmos. Proclus never saw the genad, but accurately described them, indicating their location between the level of the one and the mind, and also described the many intermediate stages between the rest of the hierarchical structures”.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Perhaps the most remarkable assessment of Proclus is that Marina sees this last great thinker of the ancient world, who lived in the era of its decline and death, as the happiest of people, while we are talking about “some perfect and universal happiness”, which consists not only of the happiness of the wise, but also from everyday well-being.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

“He was extremely attractive in appearance, not only because of his good build, but also because his soul bloomed in his body like a kind of life light, emitting a marvelous glow that could hardly be depicted by word... He was free from basest worries and all pettiness, worried only by the biggest and most general questions about the divine and human... he did not attach importance to human life or death like others; what seems terrible to others did not inspire him with horror... He was completely alien to any unsociability, isolation and partiality.”


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

With the name of Proclus Prof. A. F. Losev connects not only the mature completion of Neoplatonism, but also the end of the tradition of all ancient philosophy [7].


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus' philosophy was very influential during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

His direct followers can be considered Maxim the Confessor, [8], Nicholas Kuzansky, Pico della Mirandola, Ioane Petritzi and others.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

memento


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In 1935. The International Astronomical Union named Proclus a crater on the visible side of the Moon.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Notes


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Literature


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Texts and translations


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Hymns:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Greek text:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Hymn to the muses.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

//Monuments of Byzantine literature of the 4th-9th centuries.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

/Otv.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

ed.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

L. A. Freiberg.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Moscow: Nauka, 1968.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— P. 145—146.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Hymns.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Per. O. IN. Smyki.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

//In the book.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

: Ancient hymns.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— MOSCOW, 1988.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— P. 269—280.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Berg, Robbert Maarten van den Proclus' hymns: essays, translations, comment.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Leiden [etc]: Brill, 2001.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— xi, 341 p.; 24 cm. — (Philosophy antiqua: a series of studies on ancient philosophy; vol. 90 0079-1687).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Includes bibliographic references (p. [315] -324) and indexes.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— ISBN 90-04-12236-2


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Fundamentals of theology:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Fundamentals of theology.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

/Trans. i comm.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

A. F. Losev.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1972.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— 176 pages — 2500 copies


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

reissued.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

: Losev A. F. The history of ancient aesthetics.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

[In 8 vol. T.3] High classics.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— M.: Iskusstvo, 1974.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— P. 429—564.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

reissued.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

: Fundamentals of Theology.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Hymns.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— M., 1993.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

A rev.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

text with transl.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

, introd.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

and comm.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

by E.R. Dodds.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Oxf.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

, 1963.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Greek text:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The first principles of physics:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Per. S. A month.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— M.: Greco-Latin Cabinet of Yu.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

A. Shichalina, 2001.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— 120 p. (translation was previously published: Philosophy of Nature in Antiquity and in the Middle Ages. — M., 2000. — Page 290—323)


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Platonic theology:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Platonic theology.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Translated from ancient Greek.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

, comp.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

, article, notes, indexes, dictionary by L. YU.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Lukomsky.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— SPb.: RKhGI, Summer Garden, 2001.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— 624 p. ISBN 5-88812-130-4, ISBN 5-89740-077-6.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In the “Collection Budé” series: Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Théologie platonicienne.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

6 vol.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Texte établi et traduit par L.G. Westerink et H.D. Saffrey.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— P., 1968—1997.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Comment on Timey:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Greek text:; 1903—1904 edition:;


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Commentary on “Timey” in (incomplete) English.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

per. T. Taylor: (;).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

French translation: Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Commentaire sur le Timée.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Trad.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

et notes par A.G. Festugiere.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Paris, 1966—1968.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Commentary on Plato's Timeus (Book One. Introduction).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

/Per. S. IN. A month.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

//Historical and Philosophical Yearbook'2000.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— MOSCOW, 2002.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— P. 26-39.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Commentary on “Timey” (introduction to the book. I).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

/Per. A. IN. Petrova.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

//Academy.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Vol.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— SPb., 2003.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— PP.332-364.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

From Proclus's comments on Plato's dialogue “Timey”.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

/Per. A. IN. Petrova.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

//Petrov A. IN. The phenomenon of theurgy: The interaction of pagan philosophy and religious practice in the Hellenistic-Roman period.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— SPb., RKhGI Publishing House; Publishing House of St. Petersburg State University, 2003.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— P. 215-291.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Comment on Parmenides:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Greek text:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Commentary on Plato's Parmenides.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

/Per., Art.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

and approx.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

L. YU.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Lukomsky.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— SPb., Mir.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— 896 p. ISBN 5-98846-004-6


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Comment on Plato's Parmenides.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Tr.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

by G. R. Morrow, J. Dillon; intr.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

and notes by J. Dillon.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Princ.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

French translation in the Collection Budé series (2 volumes published):


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Commentaire sur le Parménide de Platon.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Tome I.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Introduction générale.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

1ere et 2e partie.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Introduction générale par C. Luna et A.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

-Ph.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Segonds.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Livre I établi, traduit et annoté par C. Luna et A.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

-Ph.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Segonds.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Ouvrage en deux tomes vendus non séparément.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— 1088 p.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

ISBN 978-2-251-00538-6


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Commentaire sur le Parménide de Platon.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Tome II.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Livre II.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

CXLIV — 464 p.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

ISBN 978-2-251-00560-7


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Comment on “The State”:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Greek text:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

French translation: Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Commentaire sur le République.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Trad.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

et notes par A.G. Festugiere.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Vol.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Paris, 1970.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

About the way of creating divine myths.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

/Trans. i comm.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

A. IN. Petrova.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

//Academy.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Vol.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

1. — SPb., 1997.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— P. 252—278.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

From Proclus's comments on Plato's “State”.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

/Per. A. IN. Petrova.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— P. 292—314.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Comment on “Kratil”:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Greek text:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Comments on Plato's “Kratila” (selected excerpts).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

/Per. A. IN. Petrova.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

//Academy.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Vol.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

2. — SPb., 2000.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— P. 274—305.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

From Proclus's comments to Plato's Cratil.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

/Per. A. IN. Petrova.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— P. 315-359.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Comment on Alcibiades I:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Greek text:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Sur le premier Alcibiade de Platon.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Tome I.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Texte établi et traduit par A.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

- Ph.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Segonds.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

2e tirage 2003.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

CXLIX.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— 337 p.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

ISBN 978-2-251-00388-7


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Tome II.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Texte établi et traduit par A. Ph.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Segonds.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Index.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

2e tirage 2003.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— 424 p.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

ISBN 978-2-251-00393-1


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus' commentary on Plato's Alcibiades I (excerpts).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

/Trans. i comm.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

D. IN. Bugaya.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

//Questions of philosophy.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— 2001.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— No. 4.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— P. 119-128.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

“Commentary on Euclid's First Beginning Book”:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Greek text:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

A comment on the first book of Euclid's Elements.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Tr.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

with introd.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

and notes by G.R. Morrow.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Princ.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

, 1970.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Per. YU.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

A. Shichalina.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— M.: Greco-Latin Cabinet of Yu.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

A. Shichalina, 1994.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— 224 p.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Commentary on Euclid's first book “The Beginnings”.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Per. A. AND. Shchetnikova.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Moscow: Russian Foundation for Assistance to Education and Science, 2013.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Other works:


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

In the “Collection Budé” series: Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Trois études sur la providence.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Tome I: Dix problems concernant la Providence.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Texte établi et traduit par D. Isaac.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

ISBN 978-2-251-00289-7


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Tome II: 2e étude: Providence, fatalité, liberté.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Texte établi et traduit par D. Isaac.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

2e tirage 2003.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

227 p.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

ISBN 978-2-251-00290-3


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Tome III: 3e étude: De l'existence du mal.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Texte établi et traduit par D. Isaac.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

2e tirage 2003.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

291 p.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

About the independent existence of evil.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

/Per. T. YU.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Boroday.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

//Boroday T. YU.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The birth of a philosophical concept.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— MOSCOW, 2008.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— P. 200—280.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

On the Existence of Evils.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Ed.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

, tr.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

by J. Opsomer, C. Steel.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Ithaca, 2003.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

On the eternity of the World.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Greek text with introd.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

, tr.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

and comm.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

by H.S. Lang, A.D. Marco.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Berk.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

, 2001.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

(republished: San Diego, 1988.)


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

explorations


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

in Russian


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Asmus V. F. Ancient philosophy.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— M.: Higher School, 1998.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Vedeshkin M. A.//Intellectual traditions in the past and present.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Vol.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

M. S. Petrova.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Moscow, Akvilon Publ., 2014.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

P. 153—191.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Month S. IN. Prokl//Ancient Philosophy: Encyclopedic Dictionary.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— MOSCOW, 2008.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— P. 628—643.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

(bibliography)


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Losev A. F. The history of ancient aesthetics.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The last centuries.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Book II.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1988.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— P. 14-336.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Petrov A. IN. To the history of religious and philosophical thought of late antiquity (Proclus' doctrine on magical names).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

//Vestnik SPbU, ser.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

2. — 1995.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— vol.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— p. 15-21.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Chelyshev P. IN. The spiritual experience of ancient Neoplatonism: Plotinus and Proclus on the meaning of human life.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY, 2010;


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Shichalin Yu.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

A. The history of ancient Platonism in the institutional aspect.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— MOSCOW: GLK, 2000.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— P. 296-300.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

in other languages


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Rosan L.J. The philosophy of Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

The final phase of ancient thought.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— New York, 1949.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Beierwaltes W. Proklos.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Grundzuge seiner Metaphysik.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Frankfurt a.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

M.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

: Klostermann, 1965, 1979 (2 ed).


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Bastid P. Proclus et le crepuscule de la pensee grecque.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Paris, 1969.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Gersh S.E. Kinesis akinetos.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

A study of spiritual motion in the philosophy of Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Leiden: Brill, 1973.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Lowry J.M. P. The logical principles of Proclus' Stoicheiosis theologikeas systematic ground of the cosmos.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Amsterdam, 1980.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Charles-Saget A. l'Architecture du divin.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Mathematicque et philosophical chez Plotin et Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1982.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Trouillard J. La mystagogie de Proclos.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1982.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Moutsopoulos E.A. Les structures de l'imaginaire dans la philosophie de Proclus.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

— Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1985.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

See also


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

References


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Vessels, PI 2473.


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Category:Ancient Greek philosophers


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Category:Neoplatonics


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Category:5th-century philosophers


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Category: 5th century mathematicians


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Category: Ancient Greek mathematicians


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Category:Byzantine philosophers


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Category: Byzantine mathematicians


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Category:Natural philosophers


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Category:Philosophers of mathematics


Question: When was Proclus Diadoch born?

Proclus Diadoch

Category:Ancient writers whose works have survived to this day


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

A high-voltage direct current transmission line (HVDC) uses direct current to transmit electricity, unlike the more common AC power lines (PTL).


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

High-voltage DC transmission lines may be more economical when transmitting large amounts of electricity over long distances.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The use of direct current for underwater power lines makes it possible to avoid reactive power losses, due to the large capacity of the cable, which inevitably occur when using alternating current.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In certain situations, DC power lines can be useful even over short distances, despite the high cost of equipment.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

DC transmission lines allow you to transport electricity between unsynchronized AC power systems, and also helps to increase reliability of operation, preventing cascade failures due to phase desynchronization between separate parts of a large power system.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

DC transmission lines also allow electricity to be transferred between AC power systems operating at different frequencies, for example, 50 and 60 Hz.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

This method of transmission increases the stability of power systems, since, if necessary, they can use energy reserves from power systems that are incompatible with them.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The modern HVDC transmission method uses technology developed in the 30s of the XX century by the Swedish company ASEA.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

One of the first HVDC systems were put into operation in the Soviet Union in 1950 between the cities of Moscow and Kashira (German captured equipment Project Elba was used), and in Sweden in 1954 from mainland to Gotland, with a system capacity of 10-20 MW [1].


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The longest HVDC line in the world is currently located in Brazil and serves to transmit electricity generated by two hydroelectric power plants (Santo Antonio and Girau) with the city of São Paulo.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Its total length is 2,400 km and its capacity is 3.15 GW.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The principle of operation


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The power is equal to the product of voltage by current (P = U * I).


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Thus, by increasing the voltage, it is possible to reduce the current transmitted through the wire and, as a result, it is possible to reduce the cross-section of the wire required to transmit this power, which will reduce the cost of the power line.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

To date, there is no way to change the DC voltage over a wide range without large losses.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The most effective device for changing the voltage value is a transformer operating on alternating current.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Therefore, at the input of all high-voltage DC power lines, a transformer is installed to increase the AC voltage and equipment for converting AC to DC, and output — equipment for converting DC to AC and a transformer to reduce the voltage of this alternating current.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The first way to convert large capacities from DC to AC and back was the motor-generator system developed by Swiss engineer René Türi.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In simple words, at the input of the transmission line, the AC motor rotates the DC generator, and at the output, the DC motor rotates the alternator.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Such a system had a rather low efficiency and low reliability.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The practical application of DC transmission lines became possible only with the advent of a powerful arc electrical appliance called a valve.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Later, powerful semiconductor devices appeared - thyristors, insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT), power insulated gate field-effect transistors (MOSFET) and lockable thyristors ( GTO).


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The history of high-voltage DC transmission lines


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The first DC transmission line for long-distance transmission of electricity was launched in 1882 on the Misbach-Munich line.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

It transferred energy from a DC generator rotated by a steam engine to the furnace of the glass factory.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The transmitted power was only 2.5 kW and there were no DC/AC converters on the line.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The first power line, using the generator-motor current conversion method developed by Swiss engineer Rene Thury, was built in 1889 in Italy by Acquedotto de Ferrari - Galliera.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

To increase the voltage, the generator-motor pairs were connected in series.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Each group was isolated from the ground and driven by a main engine.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The line ran on DC, with a voltage of up to 5000V per machine, some machines had dual switches to reduce the voltage on each switch.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

This system transmitted 630 kW of power at a constant voltage of 14 kV over a distance of 120 km [3] [4].


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The Moutiers-Lyon transmission line transmitted 8,600 kW of power generated by the HPP over a distance of 124 miles, including 6 miles of underground cable.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

To convert the current, eight series-connected generators with double switches were used, which produced a voltage of 150 kV at the output. This line was in operation from about 1906 to 1936.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

By 1913, there were fifteen Türi transmission lines in the world [5] operating at a constant voltage of 100 kV, which were used until the 1930s, but rotating electric machines were unreliable, roads in maintenance and had low efficiency.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In the first half of the 20th century, other electromechanical devices were tested, but they were not widely used [6].


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

To convert a high DC voltage to a low voltage, it was proposed to first charge series-connected batteries, and then connect them in parallel and connect them to the consumer [7].


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

At the beginning of the 20th century, there were at least two DC power lines that used this principle, but this technology did not receive further development due to the limited capacity of the batteries, inefficient charge/discharge cycle and difficulties in switching between serial and parallel connections.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In the period from 1920 to 1940, mercury valves were used to convert the current.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In 1932. General Electric used mercury valves in Mechanicville, New York on a 12 kV DC transmission line, which was also used to convert the generated 40 Hz to an alternating current of 60 Hz load.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In 1941, a 115-kilometer underground cable line was developed, with a capacity of 60 MW, with a voltage of +/- 200 kV, for the city of Berlin, using mercury valves (Project Elbe), but due to the collapse The project was not completed by the Third Reich in 1945 [8].


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The use of the cable was explained by the fact that during wartime, the underground cable would be a less visible target of bombing.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The equipment was exported to the Soviet Union and put into operation there in 1950 [9].


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Further use of mercury valves in 1954 marked the beginning of modern high-voltage DC transmission lines.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The first such transmission line was created by ASEA between mainland Sweden and Gotland.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Mercury valves were used on all power lines built before 1975, but were later replaced by semiconductor devices.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

From 1975 to 2000, thyristors were widely used to convert current, which are now being actively replaced by field-effect transistors [10].


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

With the transition to more reliable semiconductor devices, dozens of underwater high-voltage DC power lines were laid.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

At the moment, there are only two power lines in the world with converters on mercury valves, all the rest have been dismantled or replaced by thyristor converters.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Mercury valves are used on power lines between the North and South Islands of New Zealand and Vancouver Island transmission lines in Canada.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Advantages of high-voltage DC transmission lines compared to AC power lines


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The main advantage of high-voltage DC transmission lines is the ability to transmit large amounts of electricity over long distances with less losses than that of AC power lines.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Depending on the line voltage and the method of current conversion, the loss can be reduced to 3% per 1000 km.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The transmission of energy via a high-voltage DC transmission line makes it possible to effectively use electricity sources that are remote from the load power nodes.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In some cases, a high-voltage DC transmission line is more efficient than an AC power line:


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

When transmitting energy via an underwater cable, which has a fairly high capacity, which, when using alternating current, leads to reactive power losses (for example, the 250-km Baltic Cable line between Sweden and Germany [11])).


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The transfer of energy in the power system directly from the power plant to the consumer, without additional “branches” What are we talking about?


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

, for example, to remote areas.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Increasing the capacity of the existing power system in cases where it is difficult or too expensive to install additional AC power lines.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Power transfer and stabilization between non-synchronized AC power systems.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Connecting a remote power plant to a power grid, such as the Nelson River Bipole line.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Reducing the cost of the line by reducing the number of conductors.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In addition, thinner conductors can be used, as the HVDC is not affected by the surface effect.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

EFFECT: simplified transfer of energy between power systems using different standards of voltage and frequency of alternating current.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Synchronization with the AC grid of energy produced by renewable energy sources.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The long submarine cables are of high capacity.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

While this fact has a minimal role in transmitting DC power, alternating current leads to charging and discharging the cable capacity, causing additional power losses.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In addition, AC power is used for dielectric losses.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

A high-voltage DC transmission line can transmit more power through the conductor, since for a given rated power, the DC voltage in the DC line is lower than the amplitude voltage in an AC line.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The AC power determines the effective value of the voltage, but it is only approximately 71% of the maximum amplitude voltage, which determines the actual thickness of the insulation and the distance between the conductors.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Since the actual voltage value of the DC line is equal to the amplitude value, it becomes possible to transmit 41% more power over the existing power transmission line with conductors and insulation of the same size as AC, which reduces costs.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Since a high-voltage DC transmission line allows the transfer of energy between unsynchronized AC distribution systems, this makes it possible to increase the stability of the system, preventing cascade spread of the accident from one part of the power system to another.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Changes in the load that lead to desynchronization of individual parts of the AC electrical network will not affect the DC line, and the flow of power through the DC line will stabilize the AC electrical network.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The magnitude and direction of power flow through the DC line can be directly adjusted and changed to maintain the required state of AC electrical networks from both the ends of the DC line.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Disadvantages


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The main disadvantage of a high-voltage DC transmission line is the need to convert the type of current from AC to DC and vice versa.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The devices used for this require expensive spare parts, as they are, in fact, unique to each line.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Current converters are expensive and have limited overload capacity.


Question: What is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

At short distances, the losses in the converters can be greater than in the AC transmission line of similar power.