Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In particular, doctor Lafayette Bunnell was attached to the squad, who later vividly described his impressions of what he saw in the book “The Discovery of Yosemite” (English: The Discovery of the Yosemite).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Bannell is also credited with the authorship of the name of the valley, which he gave after talking to Chief Tenai.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Bunnell wrote in his book that Chief Tenai was the founder of the Pai-Ute colony of the Ah-wah-ne tribe [7].


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The neighboring Sierra Miwock Indians (like most of the white people who settled here) described the Awanichi Indians as a warlike tribe with whom they had constant territorial disputes, the name of this tribe “yohhe'meti” literally meant “they're murderers”.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

[8] Correspondence and notes written by the soldiers of the battalion contributed to the popularization of the valley and its surrounding territory.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Tenaya and the remnants of the Awanichi tribe were taken prisoner, and their settlement was burned down.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The tribe was forcibly transferred to a reservation near the city of Fresno, California.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Some were later allowed to return to the valley, but after attacking eight prospectors in 1852, they fled to the neighboring Mono tribe, which violated the laws of hospitality and killed them.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Early tourism period


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Entrepreneur James Mason Hutchings (English: James Mason Hutchings), artist Thomas Aires and two other travelers became the first tourists to visit the valley in 1855.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Huchings published booklets and books describing his tour, and Ayres's drawings were the first professional depictions of local attractions.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Photographer Charles Leander Weed took his first photographs of the valley in 1859.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In the southwest of the park is the old Wawona Indian camp, which is now home to about 160 people.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In the vicinity of this camp, local resident Galen Clark (English: Galen Clark) discovered groves of sequoia trees in 1857.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Temporary shelters and roads were built on the site of the camp.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In 1879, the Hotel Havona was opened to serve visiting tourists.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

As tourism continued to grow, new hotels and hiking trails have appeared.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Yosemite grant


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Several prominent people, including Galen Clark and Senator John Conness, became interested in the commercial success of the tourism business and came up with the idea of creating a public park on the territory of the valley.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

On June 30, 1864, US President Abraham Lincoln signed a document previously approved by Congress, called the Yosemite Grant.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove were transferred to California, granted state park status, and two years later, a board of commissioners was appointed.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The grant is considered a significant step in the history of the United States, as it precedes the establishment of Yellowstone National Park, which is officially the world's first national park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

On the uniforms of park workers, you can see the image of a sequoia dendron, which indicates the great importance of these trees in the idea of creating a national park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Galen Clark was appointed by the commission as the chief curator of the park, but neither he nor the commission itself had the authority to evict local residents, including Huchings.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The problem was resolved in 1875, when local land holdings were deprived of legal force.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In 1880, Clark and the ruling special commissioners were dismissed, and Huchings became the new custodian of the park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In the very first years, visitors' access to the park was greatly facilitated, and the conditions for staying in it became more hospitable.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

After the construction of the First Transcontinental Railway in 1869, the influx of visitors to the park began to increase markedly, but nevertheless a long journey on horseback for immediate entry into the park was a deterrent.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In the mid-1870s, three stagecoach roads were built, which contributed to the growth of traffic to the valley.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Born in Scotland, naturalist John Muir (English: John Muir) has written a number of articles to draw attention to the territory and promote scientific interest in it.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Muir was one of the first to suggest that the main landscapes of the park were created with the help of huge glaciers, while opposing authoritative scientists such as Josiah Whitney (English: Josiah Dwight Whitney ), who thought Muir was an amateur.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Further efforts to protect the park


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Excessive grazing of livestock in pastures (mainly sheep), cutting down sequoia trees and other activities to the detriment of nature forced John Muir to come up with the idea of tightening the conditions for the protection of this territories.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Muir convinced influential visitors of the need for federal protection of the park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

One such visitor was Century Magazine publisher Robert Johnson (English: Robert Underwood Johnson).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

With Johnson's help, Muir helped carry out an act of Congress that gave the park national status on October 1, 1890.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Despite this, the state of California still retained control of the valley and the grove.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Muir also convinced local authorities not to herd cattle in alpine meadows.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

On May 19, 1891, the park was guarded by the Fourth Cavalry Regiment (English: Fourth Cavalry Regiment) of the United States Army, which established its base in Waavon.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

By the end of the 1890s, grazing was no longer a problem, and the army engaged in other improvements to the territory.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Muir and his English: Sierra Club continued to lobby the US government and influential people to create a unified Yosemite National Park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In May 1903, US President Theodore Roosevelt visited the park and spent three days there meeting Muir.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The result of this meeting was the signing of a decree in 1906 by Roosevelt, in which all control of the park was transferred to the federal government.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

20th century


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In 1916, a public service was formed to take care of the park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Roads, hunting lodges and camping sites along the lakes were built.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

With the development of automobile traffic, highways were laid to the park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In the 1920s, the Yosemite Museum was founded.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

To the north of Yosemite Valley, there is another Hetchy Hetch Valley in the park, which they decided to use to drain water and create a reservoir and hydroelectric power plant there to supply of electricity in San Francisco.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

This decision caused heated debates among supporters and opponents of the project, but the draft was approved by Congress in 1913.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In response, conservationists persuaded Congress to recognize 2,742 km², or 89% of the total park, as the protected natural area with the highest degree of protection.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

As a result, visitors were not allowed to enter the large area of the park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Traffic jams in the summer also became a problem and it was proposed to pass cars in the summer only for vacationers with a reserved hotel or camping.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

This approach will force visitors to use a shuttle bus, bicycle or walk 11 km.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In the first half of the century, the national park was captured in the works of the famous American landscape photographer Ansel Adams.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Geology


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Tectonic volcanic activity


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

During the Precambrian and Early Paleozoic era, the park was located on the underwater edge of the continent.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In shallow water, sedimentary rocks formed from continental sediments, which subsequently underwent metamorphism.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

At the end of the Devonian and Permian geological period, the ancient Farallon tectonic plate in the subduction zone began to sink under the North American plate, and as a result of the subsequent volcanic activity formed an arc of volcanic islands west of the North American coast.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Later, during the Jurassic period, volcanic activity intruded (mixed) and covered the formed rocks with magma, which marked the beginning of the formation of the Sierra Nevada batolite.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Ultimately, 95% of the rocks formed were demolished as a result of erosion of the surface rise.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The first stage of regional plutonism began about 210 million years ago at the end of the Triassic period and continued during the Jurassic period 150 million years ago.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

At this time, the so-called Nevadan orogenia (orogenia is mountain formation, the process of deformation of the earth's crust that occurs in geosynclinal regions and leads to the formation of folded mountain structures ) raised the earth's surface and as a result appeared the Nevadan mountain system with an altitude of up to 4,500 m above sea level, which became the progenitor in modern Sierra Nevada.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

During this period, mountain rocks, mainly consisting of granite, were formed to a depth of 10 km.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The second stage of mountain building occurred between 120 and 80 million years ago during the Cretaceous period and was called Sevier orogeny (English: Sevier orogeny).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

During the Cenozoic, between 20 and 5 million years ago, a series of volcanic eruptions (now extinct) occurred in the Cascade Mountains, as a result of which the area north of Yosemite Park was covered with a large the number of igneous rocks.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Volcanic activity has continued for the past 5 million years east of the park's boundaries in the areas of Lake Mono (English: Mono Lake) and the Caldera of the Long Valley (English: Long Valley Caldera).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Raising and eroding


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Since 10 million years ago, the vertical movement of earth masses along the Sierra geological fault began to raise the Sierra Nevada mountains.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The subsequent slope of the mountain range to the west was expressed in an increase in the gradient of water flows flowing down the western slopes of the ridge.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Rivers in the western direction began to flow faster, and accordingly, cut valleys and canyons at a faster rate.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The mountains still rose after the formation of large faults in the east and the formation of the Owens Valley.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

About 2 million years ago, during the Pleistocene era, the rise of the Sierra Nevada accelerated again.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

As a result of the rise of the mountains, granite rocks began to experience increasing pressure, and they began to desquamate, separate layers, which was reflected in the rounded shape of many domes of the park, and also began numerous landslides followed by numerous cracks in the planes separately (especially vertical) in frozen intrusions.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Later glaciers accelerated this process and created scree and glacial sediments at the bottom of the valley.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

By the number and nature of vertical planes, it is possible to determine separately where and how erosion occurred.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Most long, linear, and deep cracks are directed to the northeast or northwest and are parallel, often equally spaced lines.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

They were formed under the pressure of the rising surface and crumbling overlying rocks.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Glacier action


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Between 2 and 3 million years ago, the process of glacier formation that began continued to change the natural landscape of the park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

At least four large glaciers have been formed in Sierra Nevada: Sherwin, Tahoe, English: Tenaya, and English: Tioga.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Sherwin was the largest and covered the area of Yosemite Park and the surrounding valleys.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

It was as a result of the action of this glacier that the modern outlines of the Yosemite Valley and the nearby canyons appeared.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The glaciers descended to 1200 m above sea level and left their marks throughout the park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The longest glacier in the Yosemite area stretched down the Grand Canyon of the Tuolomni River for 95 km, passing far beyond the Hetch Hetchy Valley.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The Merced Glacier carved out Yosemite Valley.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The Lee Vining Glacier (English: Lee Vining Glacier) formed Lee Vining Canyon and Lake Russel (English: Lake Russel).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Glaciers were absent only at the highest peaks, the Dana and Conness Mountains.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Melting glaciers often left behind moraines that filled lakes like Lake Yosemite (a shallow lake that periodically floods the bottom of the Yosemite Valley).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Biology


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Fauna and flora


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In various natural landscapes of the park, from thickets of thorny shrubs in the foothills to alpine meadows on the tops of the mountains, there are more than 250 species of vertebrates that include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The greater biodiversity compared to other nearby regions is also due to untouched wildlife, where human activities do not contribute to their degradation and extinction.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The western border of the park is dominated by mixed coniferous forests, in which yellow pine, Lambert pine (Latin: Pinus lambertiana), calocedrus (Latin: Calocedrus), single-colored fir (Latin: Abies) concolor), pseudotsuga, several sequoiadendrons, and velvety oak groves (Latin: Quercus velutina) are also found.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Due to the relatively mild foothill climate and mixed natural biomes, there is a fairly large variety of animals here, including the baribal bear, red lynx, gray fox (Latin: Urocyon cinereoargenteus), black-tailed deer, Arizona king snake (Latin: Lampropeltis pyromelana), western long-legged skink (Latin: Eumeces gilberti), bald woodpecker (Latin: Dendrocopos albolarvatus), American pika (Latin: Certhia Americana), Spotted Owl (Latin: Strix occidentalis) and a large variety of bat species.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

For the latter, it is important to have large snags for the perch.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Higher up the slope grow magnificent fir, Weymouth mountain pine (Latin: Pinus monticola), Jeffrey pine, broad-coniferous twisted pine and in places Balfour pine.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

From the fauna, there is a golden gopher (Latin: Spermophilus lateralis), Douglas squirrel (Latin: Tamiasciurus douglasii), marten, Steller's black-headed blue jay (Latin: Cyanocitta stelleri), thrush- hermit (Latin: Catharus guttatus) and goshawk (Latin: Accipiter gentiles).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Reptiles are less common, but among them you can see a rubber snake (Latin: Charina bottae), Sceloporus occidentalis lizards and Elgaria coerulea.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Even higher, the trees become lower and rarer, in groups separated by granite rocks.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Among them grow broad-coniferous twisted pine, white pine and mountain hemlock - they form the upper level of woody vegetation.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The climate in these places is harsh, the growing season is short, but some species such as pika, yellow-bellied marmot (Latin: Marmota flaviventris), white-tailed hare [9] (Latin: Lepus townsendii), North American walnut (Latin: Nucifraga columbiana) and Siberian finch (Latin: Leucosticte arctoa) were able to adapt to these conditions.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In addition, bighead likes to graze in treeless alpine meadows, but this species is currently seen only in the area of the Tayoga Pass, where a small population of these animals has been reintroduced.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

At different altitudes, meadow vegetation provides rich food for the local wildlife.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Animals feed on herbs here and find sources of stagnant water.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

These territories also attract predators.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Mixed forest meadow areas are convenient because they provide food in meadows and at the same time serve as a shelter in forests.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Among the animals directly dependent on meadow vegetation are the hawk owl (Latin: Strix nebulosa), Trail's empidonax (Latin: Empidonax traillii), the Iosem toad (Latin: Bufo canorus) and applaudontics.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Threats


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Despite the rich vegetation and conservation measures taken, 3 species of fauna living in the park have completely died out in the foreseeable past, and another 37 have special status in either California or Federal List of Endangered Species.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The most serious threats to Yosemite wildlife today are wildfires, introduced species, air pollution, fragmentation of natural habitats and climate change .


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Factors such as animals getting under the wheels of cars and the consumption of certain species by humans are also taken into account.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Baribal bears are famous for easily climbing through the windows of parked cars in search of food.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

They are also often found near garbage containers and landfills, which attracts amateur photographers.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The increasing contact of bears with people and their property has led to a rather aggressive campaign to excommunicate them from people's locations.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

All available landfills were closed, garbage containers were fenced, camping sites were equipped with special metal boxes with a lock to prevent people from leaving food in cars.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Since usually all aggressive bears should be destroyed, the park staff came up with the idea of using rubber bullets to scare away animals.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

To date, about 30 bears are caught every year, their DNA is analyzed, and a special sign is attached to their ear, so that in case of trouble on the part of animals, rangers can quickly identify them [10].


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Increasing ozone pollution causes damage to the tissues of sequoia trees.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

This makes them more vulnerable to parasites and diseases.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Since their germination is directly dependent on the soils exposed to fires, extinguishing fires has reduced their ability to reproduce.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Special grass burning programs contribute to their spread.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

More than 130 non-local, introduced plant species are registered in the park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

These plants were introduced by the first settlers in the late 1850s.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Natural disasters and human actions, such as forest fires or construction, contributed to their rapid spread throughout the park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Some varieties of such plants replaced local species, which ultimately affected the park's resources.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Some introduced species can significantly affect the ecosystem of the region, such as contribute to fire hazard or increase the nitrogen content in the soil, which creates the ground for distribution of other non-native species.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Many species, such as the cornflower (Latin: Centaurea solstitialis), have a long root, which allows it to compete with other plants in water production.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Since the 1940s, the common bodyguard (Latin: Cirsium vulgare), common mullein (Latin: Verbascum thapsus) and St. John's wort (Latin: Hypericum perforatum) have been recognized as harmful plants for this region.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Later, several more aggressive species were added, the distribution of which required control, including cornflower, melitoli (Latin: Melilotus), ozhina (Latin: Rubus discolor), blackberries (Latin: Rubus laciniatus) and periwinkle (Latin: Vinca major).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Park rangers are working to remove these plants.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Accidents


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The beginning of 1969


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

At the beginning of 1969, the Huavona sequoia collapsed in the Mariposa grove with a height of 71.3 meters, with a trunk diameter at the base of 7.9 meters, about 2100 years old.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The reason for the fall was the snow accumulated on the crown, as well as the fact that in 1881 a tunnel was lengthened in it, which was 2.1 meters wide, 2.7 meters in height and 7.9 meters in length.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

It was a popular tourist attraction, many took pictures driving through a tree by car [12].


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

July 10, 1996 Patch


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In the evening of this day, a large granite rock collapsed in the area of the park called Happy Isles, which had a volume of about 78,000 and weighed several hundred thousand tons.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The trajectory of the fall on an inclined slope allowed it to break away from the surface and go into free fall, which led to a significant gain in speed when falling, equal to 117.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The subsequent impact on the bottom of the canyon caused a shock wave that knocked down the forest in Square 4 and led to the death of one person.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The event caused significant seismic disturbances in the immediate vicinity, which were also recorded by seismographs at a considerable distance.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

[13] The total energy release during the fall was approximately 0.5 TNT equivalent.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

November 23, 1998 Patch


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

On this day, extreme athlete, founder of ropejumping Dan Osman died in the national park due to his own violation of safety regulations.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Facts


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The Yosemite Mountain Sugar Pine Railroad is located near the southern entrance to the national park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In world culture


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In honor of Yosemite National Park, version 10.10 of Apple's OS X operating system, OS X Yosemite, was named.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The cartoon character Josemite Sam was named after Yosemite National Park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Notes


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Literature


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Geology of National Parks: Fifth Edition, Ann G. Harris, Esther Tuttle, Sherwood D., Tuttle (Iowa, Kendall/Hunt Publishing; 1997) ISBN 0-7872-5353-7


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Yosemite: A Visitor's Companion, George Wuerthner, (Stackpole Books; 1994) ISBN 0-8117-2598-7


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Geology of U.S.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Parklands: Fifth Edition, Eugene P. Kiver and David V. Harris (Jonh Wiley & Sons; New York; 1999; page 227) ISBN 0-471-33218-6


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Yosemite: Official National Park Service Handbook (no. 138), Division of Publications, National Park Service


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Yosemite National Park: A Natural History Guide to Yosemite and Its Trails, Jeffrey P. Schaffer, (Wilderness Press, Berkeley; 1999) ISBN 0-89997-244-6


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

National Park Service: Yosemite Wildlife,,,, (adapted text)


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

References


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

(in English) - Yosemite National Park on the US National Park Service


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Category:California National Parks


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Category:World Heritage Sites in the USA


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the olympics

Russia took part in 9 Summer and 6 Winter Olympic Games.


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

At the first Olympic Games in 1896, the representative of Russia, General Butovsky, was a member of the IOC, but Russian athletes had not yet participated in the games.


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

For the first time, Russia took part in the Olympic Games in 1900 at the Paris Summer Olympics.


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Among Russian athletes, figure skater Nikolai Panin-Kolomenkin won the first Olympic gold medal in 1908 at the IV Olympics in London [1].


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Under the flag of the Russian Empire, athletes won 8 Olympic medals at three Summer Olympics (1900, 1908 and 1912).


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

The USSR participated in the Summer Games starting with the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki, and in the Winter Games - with the 1956 Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo.


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

After the collapse of the USSR, at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona and the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, athletes from Russia, like other CIS countries, participated in a united team under a common flag, and starting with At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer — in a separate team under his own flag.


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Under the flag of the Russian Federation, athletes won 440 Olympic medals at the Summer and 120 medals at the Winter Olympics.


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Thus, a total of 568 medals were won at fifteen Olympics, 196 of them gold.


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

The USSR hosted only Olympic Games — the XXII Summer Olympics in Moscow in 1980, after an unsuccessful bid for the 1976 Summer Games.


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

A number of competitions of the 1980 Olympics were held in Leningrad, Mytishchi, as well as outside the RSFSR in Kiev, Minsk, Tallinn.


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Post-Soviet Russia hosted the XXII Winter Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014.


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Moscow unsuccessfully applied for the 2012 Summer Olympics, and St. Petersburg also claimed to host the Summer Olympics in 2004 and 2016.


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

On December 5, 2017, the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended from participation in the Games due to a doping scandal.


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

At the 2018 Winter Games in PyeongChang, Russians were allowed to participate as “Olympic Athletes from Russia” under a neutral Olympic flag.


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

On February 28, 2018, the ROC was reinstated.


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Medal standings


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Medals at the Summer Olympics


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Medals at the Winter Olympics


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Summer Sports Medals


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Wrestling29131557 Athletics25262576 Fencing135826 Artistic Gymnastics10151944 Box1061531 Rhythmic Gymnastics104216 Synchronized Swimming100010 Shooting7131131 Swimming59923 Cycling55919 Judo54716 Water Jumping48618 Modern Pentatholl4105 Weightlifting3131026 Tennis3328 Canoe23712 Trampoline2204 Handball2114 Volleyball1326 Rowing1023 Taekwondo0224 Water polo0134 Sailing0112 Archery 0112 Basketball0033 Badminton0011Total151139161451


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Winter Sports Medals


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Cross-country skiing1410933Figure Skating149326Biathlon106824Speed Skating35513Short Track 3115Snowboard2215Bobsleigh0112Skeleton1023Luge 0303Freestyle0134Hockey0112Alpine Skiing0101Skiing Double0011total494035124


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Flag bearers


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Winter Olympics [2]


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Summer Olympics [3]


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Alexander Karelin is the only athlete in the world who carried three different flags at three Olympic Games: the flag of the USSR, the Olympic flag of the United Team and the flag of Russia.


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

See also


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Russia at the Paralympics


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Russia at the Universiade


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

List of flag bearers for Russia at the Olympics


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

Notes


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

References


Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics

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Question: How many times have the Olympic Games been held in Russia?

Russia at the Olympics


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The German occupation of Kharkov was the occupation of Kharkov by the army of the III Reich during the Great Patriotic War, which began on October 24, 1941 and lasted intermittently until the Day of Liberation of the City — August 23, 1943 years old.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The capture of Kharkov by the Germans


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

After the Battle of Kiev, the main military events in the southern sector of the Soviet-German front unfolded in the Kharkov direction.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The Germans threw their 6th Army, led by Field Marshal Walter von Reichenau, against the defenders of the city.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

These troops were opposed by units of the 38 Army weakened by previous battles, commanded by Major General V. IN. Tsyganov.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

These units bordered in the north with units of the 5 Cavalry Corps, and in the south - with the 6 Army of General R. ME.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Malinovsky.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Despite the stubborn resistance of the Soviet units and fierce fighting in the center and some areas, on October 24-25, 1941, the city was captured by German troops (finally left by the Red Army at 22:30 25 October).


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The 55 Army Corps, under the command of General Erwin Firov, who was on the right flank of the German 6A, covered Kharkov on both sides and forced Soviet troops to leave the city.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

On the northern outskirts of Kharkov and further to Dergachi, the 239th German Infantry Division of the 17 Army Corps operated.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

However, the main contribution to the victory was made by the 57th Infantry Division under the leadership of General Dostler.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

After experiments during the Great Terror, many residents of the city welcomed German troops as “liberators” with bread and salt.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

[1] On October 25, the commander of the 55th Army Corps, General Firov, issued Order No. 17:


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Soldiers!


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Kharkiv, the third industrial city in Russia, is taken.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

This proud success is due to your courage... Soldiers, we are proud of you.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Only the story that follows will be able to fully pay tribute to your glory.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

You can be proud to have taken a big step towards ultimate victory.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Go to victory!


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The system of occupation power in the city


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The system of power in the city from October 24, 1941 to February 9, 1942.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The special cruelty of the occupiers was determined, among other factors, by the system of local authorities organized in Kharkiv.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Unlike other captured Ukrainian cities, where power was transferred to civilian bodies, special military bodies were created in the frontline Kharkiv to manage the seized territory management.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The combat units had full control over the city.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The organization of military administration was carried out on the basis of general principles and experience gained during the war.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

On the eve of the capture of the city, an order was issued to create a city commandant's office headed by General Erwin Firov.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

He became the first commandant of the city, serving in this position until December 3, 1941.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The main task of the Kharkiv city commandant's office, in accordance with the directive of the command, was to resolve all military issues related to the city.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

It was also supposed to give orders and instructions to the local Ukrainian administration and monitor their implementation.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The direct functions of the commandant's office were assigned to the 55th Army Corps, which was headed by Lieutenant Colonel Wagner.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The headquarters included several departments, between which the functions of the city commandant's office were distributed:


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Division Ia, led by Major Werner, was responsible for using the occupation forces to protect important military and civilian facilities in the city.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The Ic department, led by Captain Vital, was to deal with the security service and police in the fight against terrorist acts, sabotage and espionage.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Division IIb, under the leadership of Captain Kinkeway, was engaged in the arrangement of prisoners of war and the organization of concentration camps in the city.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

A wide range of tasks was also solved by the quartermaster department, which managed and directed the work of field and ortskomendatur, the activities of civil institutions (Ukrainian city administration, the Red Cross, Ukrainian auxiliary police).


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Division III dealt with issues of military jurisdiction and executions.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The IVA department was in charge of food supply issues.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The IVb department dealt with health and medical issues.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The IVC department was responsible for veterinary issues.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The headquarters of the 55th Army Corps served as the city commandant's office until December 3, 1941, when hostilities were still taking place near the city.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

However, with the gradual removal of the front line, and most importantly, the formation of the rear district 6A under number 585, the city was transferred to the headquarters of the commandant of the rear army district, Lieutenant General von Puttkamer.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Thus, now, for 6 weeks, from December 3, 1941 to February 9, 1942, the commandant of the rear army district was also the commandant of the city.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In addition to General von Puttkamer, this position was held by:


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

General Dostler (06.12.1941 — 13.12.1941);


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Colonel Keltch (08.01.1942 — 07.02.1942);


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

General Gartlieb (07.02.1942 — 09.02.1942).


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In order to relieve the command institutions of the 6A and 55th Army Corps, combat divisions in the performance of their security functions, the 787 Field Commandant's Office was introduced in Kharkov at the beginning of the occupation, which was located on Sumskaya Street, 54, as well as three ortcommandants - “Nord” (ul. Sumskaya, 76), “Zuyd” (pl. Feuerbach, 12), West (ul. Prison, 24).


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Later, the Ortcommandant's Office “New Bavaria” was created.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The duties of the field commandant's office were defined in the order of the command of the 55th Army Corps back on October 23, 1941. Among the main tasks assigned to the commandant's office, we note the following:


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

pacification of the city as soon as possible with the help of the troops of the 55 Corps;


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

immediate creation and protection of a city council headed by the mayor;


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

creation of a Ukrainian auxiliary police;


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

maintaining order in the city;


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

organization of housing for officers and soldiers of the German army;


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

guardianship of socio-cultural institutions for German soldiers (soldier's houses, cinemas, theaters, baths, laundries, etc.) );


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

putting enterprises into operation in order to meet German needs;


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

maintaining good road conditions and regulating traffic;


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

creation and supervision of concentration camps;


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

air and fire safety.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

A new stage in the development of military administration (since February 9, 1942)


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

A new stage in the development of military administration in Kharkov began on February 9, 1942, when the power in the city was assumed by the 787 medical commandant's office, transformed through an appropriate personnel strengthening standortcommandant's office.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

And on February 28, the headquarters of the rear army district 585 also went from Kharkov to Bogodukhov.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Due to the special importance of Kharkiv, the city was transferred directly to the commander of the rear district of Army Group B.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Colonels Landenbach and Löwenich were successively commandants of the city in February-April 1942.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

On April 20, Lieutenant General Schmidt-Logan became the commandant of Kharkov, who held this position until mid-October 1942.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In the new conditions, when the Kharkiv region was completely occupied, and the front went far to the east, three garrison commandant's offices of the city were reassigned to the 213th Guard Division, and it, in turn, transferred Ortcommandant's office “North” to Dergachi, “South” to Gotnya, “West” to Chuguev.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The 2nd battalion of the 610th Infantry Reserve Regiment was also withdrawn outside the city to protect railways and highways.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Under such conditions, according to the commandant of Kharkiv, it was impossible to fulfill the tasks assigned to him with the help of one staff commandant's office.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

For this reason, he sent letters to the command of 6A, Army Group B, as well as the high command of the ground forces, insisting on the return to Kharkov of three garrison commandants, as well as the 1st and 2nd battalions of the 610th Infantry Regiment.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Only under this condition, the commandant noted, would it be possible to quickly manage the city and quickly reconcile it.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Ukrainian Auxiliary Police


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

General police functions in the city were to be performed by the order police, which, in accordance with the decree of June 26, 1936, consisted of the shutz police, the gendarmerie, the fire police and some others units.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

She performed various tasks from patrol service in the field to full, often many weeks, use at the front with the Wehrmacht in particularly critical circumstances.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Its main task was to ensure the safety of occupied areas.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

However, even significant German forces were clearly not enough to restore order in Kharkov.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Therefore, the new government attracted the local population to serve in the police.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In Ukraine, from the first days of the occupation, the creation of the Ukrainian police began, which over time became more and more uncontrolled by the German occupation authorities and was engaged in building Ukrainian statehood and local self-government.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

However, this course of events did not suit the occupation authorities.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Given the great need for special police forces and the unacceptability of the existence of a low-controlled local police, the Reichsfuhrer SS and chief of the German police Himmler issued a decree on November 6, 1941 the creation of a special police force from the local population, or an order for the so - called “shutzmanshaft”.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Following Himmler's directive, on November 18, 1941, Ukraine issued a decree on the “dissolution of the uncontrolled Ukrainian police” and the organization of the “shutsmanshaft”.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The order dealt with the need to attract the best representatives of the Ukrainian police to the shutsmanshaft and to disarm and eliminate the remaining part of the Ukrainian police.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Along with the creation of a common police force, this order also discussed the need to recruit people from among the Ukrainian police for the auxiliary police, which would be at the disposal of the Wehrmacht and guarded prisoners of war and regulated traffic.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In Kharkiv, the auxiliary police (Hilfspolizei - Hilfspolization) began to be created shortly after the beginning of the occupation of the city and the assignment of tasks to restore order in the city to the Paramedic Commandant's Office 787.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The command of the 55th Army Corps, in a special “Regulations on the Service of Order in Kharkov”, entrusted it with the task of creating an auxiliary police.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The upper limit for the number of Hilfspolitsai was set at 1000 people.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The auxiliary police were to be armed with batons, bayonets and other edged weapons.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Auxiliary police firearms were prohibited.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The chief of the auxiliary police had to be an impeccable, loyal, reliable, energetic Ukrainian.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

This was recognized by B.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Konyk, who came to Kharkiv from Western Ukraine and was a member of the OUN (M).


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In December 1941, he began to form the Ukrainian police.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Soon, its first units were located on Diochialnaya Street and Korolenko Lane.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The police were organized by districts, and by the summer of 1942, there were 21 police stations in Kharkiv.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

They reported directly to the headquarters of the city police, which was originally located on Korolenko Street, 4, and since January 1942 - in the Gestapo premises at 100 Sumskaya Street.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Among the command staff of the police there were many Ukrainian nationalists who came from Western Ukraine, and the rank and file were recruited from prisoners of war of the Red Army soldiers and local Ukrainian youth.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Military training was conducted by German military instructors and B.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Konyk.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

He also took care of political and educational work, conducted political conversations, often in a nationalist spirit.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Late 1941 — early 1942. B.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Konyk organized several demonstrative passages of police detachments with an orchestra, the performance of Ukrainian songs and the anthem “Ukraine has not died yet”.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Such actions by B.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Konyk was not always satisfied with the Germans, even though he demonstrated loyalty to the new government.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In addition, Soviet agents were identified as part of the Ukrainian police.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

At the end of 1941, three Ukrainian policemen were arrested, who allegedly pushed 34 of their colleagues to desert.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

According to German police agents, the arrested worked for Soviet intelligence and were tasked with establishing the locations and strength of German troops.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Thus, B.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Konyk was removed from the control of the Kharkov police and in the spring of 1942 hastily left Kharkov.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Instead, a former colonel of the Petliurov army Minzhulinsky was appointed head of the Kharkiv police.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

He has been in this position for less than six months.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

He was then arrested and taken to Germany.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Formed police units of Kharkov were transferred in May 1942 in the direction of Izyum-Krasnograd to eliminate the breakthrough of the Red Army, and later transferred in the direction of Stalingrad.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In the summer of 1942, the formation of Ukrainian police battalions was stopped due to the great influence of Ukrainian nationalists in them and incomplete control.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Until the summer of 1942, the use of the local population for police purposes was streamlined.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The auxiliary police forces from the local population in the rear of Army Group South were divided into the following units:


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

auxiliary guard police service — Hilfswachmannschaften (Hilfswachmannschaften) — “khiva”;


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

auxiliary police — Hilfspolizei (Hilfspolizei) — “hipo”;


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

the security police of senior SS and police chiefs — Schutzmannschaft.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Ukrainian Civil Administration


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Certificate of completion of elementary school No. 13 54 days before the liberation of the city, 1943


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Coat of arms of the occupied city in 1943


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Soviet resistance movement


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In accordance with the traditional scheme, at the beginning of the war, the party developed a detailed program of popular struggle behind enemy lines.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

It was based on Stalin's speech on July 3, 1941 and the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b) of July 18, 1941.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Accordingly, the Kharkiv Regional Party Committee launched work to prepare communists and Komsomol members for clandestine work behind enemy lines.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

To manage all clandestine work in the region, the composition of the underground regional committee of KP (b) U was approved and formed:


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

secretary of the underground regional committee I. AND. Bakulin;


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

member of the regional committee, head of the Bogodukhovsky bush of districts (Novaya Vodolaga, Valki, Zolochev, Liptsy, Dergachi, Krasnokutsk, Bogodukhov, Kolomak) D. S. Yermolaev — before the war, First Secretary of the Valkovsky District Party Committee;


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

head of the Petrovsky bush of districts (Borovaya, Petrovsk, Barvenkovo, Izyum, Bliznyuki, Savintsy, Lozovaya), member of the regional committee A. O. Mospanov — before the war, First Secretary of the Sakhnovshchina District Committee;


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

head of the Kupyansky bush of districts (Volchansk, Veliky Burluk, Stary Saltov, Chuguev, Olkhovatka, Pechenegi, Kupyansk, Shevchenkovo, Dvurechnaya), member of the regional committee I. X.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Palilov, First Secretary of the Dvurechansky District Committee before the war;


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

head of the Zmievsky bush of districts (Sakhnovshchina, Staroverovka, Zmiev, Zachepilovka, Balakliya, Alekseevka, Krasnograd, Kegichevka), member of the regional committee I. O. Korzin was first secretary of the Starosaltovsky District Committee before the war.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Activities of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists in Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Despite all the atrocities of the Nazis, in Kharkov, as in other cities, there were forces that supported the invaders.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

First of all, these included the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

This organization proclaimed the creation of an independent Ukrainian state as its main goal.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

To achieve this goal, OUN members agreed to cooperate with the occupation regime.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

For this reason, a Ukrainian auxiliary police was created in Kharkiv, supporting the actions of the Germans.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In December 1941, the Ukrainian police were able to organize several marches around the city with an orchestra and the performance of nationalist songs.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

However, OUN members in Kharkiv did not find a wide social base.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Moreover, later most of the members of the OUN in Kharkiv were repressed by the occupation authorities.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The cruel treatment of the occupiers against the local population


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Mass extermination of people during the first days of occupation


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The creation of such a complex structure of governing bodies was aimed primarily at demoralizing the local population.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

To this end, from the first days of the occupation, public hangings of real or fictional members of the Soviet resistance movement began to be carried out.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The military command of the city gathered the population in the central square of the city, and then hung the doomed to execution on the balcony of the house of the regional party committee.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Such a terrible picture caused panic among those present, people began to run away from the place of execution, a stampede began, women and children shouted.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

But the occupiers did not stop there, they constantly improved methods of destroying people.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In January 1942, a special car with a sealed body, designed to destroy people, appeared on the streets of Kharkov — a gas truck, popularly nicknamed the “murderer”.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Up to 50 people were driven into such a car, who later died in terrible torment due to carbon monoxide poisoning.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The Jewish Genocide in Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

As you know, the Nazis treated Jews with particular cruelty.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In Kharkiv, this resulted in a real catastrophe.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

According to the already mentioned mandatory registration of the population, 10,271 people of Jewish nationality were included in special “yellow” lists, of which more than 75% were women, the elderly and children.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

[3] From the very first days of the occupation, Jews have been bullied and persecuted.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

A certain part of Kharkiv Jews, in anticipation of the tragedy, tried to impersonate Russians or Ukrainians, but all these attempts were mercilessly exposed by the occupation authorities.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

On December 14, 1941, an order was issued according to which the entire Jewish population of the city was to move to the outskirts of the city, to the barracks of the machine-tool plant within two days.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Disobedience was punishable by shooting.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

For several days, in the severe frost, people went towards their death.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Up to 800 people were driven into the barracks designed for 70-80 people.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

[4] Jews were starved to death in the ghetto that had been created.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Those noticed in the slightest violation of the regime were immediately shot.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

On December 26, the Germans announced an appointment for those wishing to go to Poltava, Romny and Kremenchuk; at the same time, it was not allowed to take personal belongings with them.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The next day, closed cars drove up to the barracks.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

People, realizing the provocation, refused to sit in them, but the soldiers forcibly took them out of the camp.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

For several days, some Jews in these cars, and some on foot, were taken to Drobytsky Yar, where they were all shot.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Alexey Tolstoy wrote the following lines about this [6]:


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The Germans began their management by killing in December 1941, dumping the entire Jewish population, about 23,000 to 24,000 people, ranging from infants, into pits.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

I went to dig these horrific pits and certify the authenticity of the murder, and it was carried out with extreme sophistication to inflict as much pain as possible on the victims.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Prisoner of war mistreatment


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The German command treated Soviet prisoners of war with no less rudeness, while violating the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War, according to which the warring parties were obliged maintain a humane attitude towards people who have been captured.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

A great tragedy occurred in the 1st Army Sorting Hospital on the street. Trinkler 5.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

On March 13, 1943, after the second capture of Kharkov, soldiers of the SS Adolf Hitler division burned 300 wounded Red Army soldiers alive here, who did not have time to be evacuated to the Soviet rear.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

And over the next few days, the rest of the wounded who remained in the hospital were shot — more than 400 people in total.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Their bodies were buried in the hospital yard.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Places of mass extermination


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The war brought pain and tears to every home, every Kharkiv family.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Death was the face of war.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

More than ten places of mass extermination of people remind us of this today.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Among them are Drobytsky Yar, Lesopark, POW camps in the Kholodnogorsk prison and the KhTZ district (the destroyed Jewish ghetto), Saltovsky settlement (the place where patients of Saburova Dacha were shot), a clinical regional hospital town on the street. Trinkler (the place where several hundred wounded were burned alive), public hanging places along the street. Sumskaya and Blagoveshchensky Bazaar, the courtyard of the International Hotel (Kharkov) (the place of mass shooting of hostages), “gas vans” are murderers.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

All of them have become memorial monuments and remind the living of the crimes of the occupiers and the tragedy of the war.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Living conditions of ordinary Kharkiv citizens.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Recruiting specialists to work in Germany


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Thus, ordinary Kharkiv residents suffered the most from the German occupation.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

According to the registration of the city's population conducted by the Germans in December 1941, 77% of the population of Kharkiv were its most vulnerable categories — women, children and the elderly.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

[3] The people who remained in the city lived under the constant threat of robbery, abuse, violence by the occupation regime.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The German command did not consider them people, the population of the occupied city was considered by the Germans as an inexhaustible source of forced labor, meeting the needs of Germany.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Therefore, since the end of 1941, a campaign has been launched in Kharkiv to recruit specialists to work in Germany, posters and posters with the texts of appeals have been pasted on the walls of houses.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The newspaper Nova Ukraina, published in occupied Kharkiv, was filled with articles about the “happy life of Kharkiv residents in Germany”.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

At the same time, it was emphasized that in case of disobedience, it is necessary to involve people in labor in favor of Germany by force:


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The German armed forces, which have suffered such great sacrifices for the liberation of Ukraine, will not allow young strong people to wander around the streets and do small things.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Those who do not work must be forced to work.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

It is clear that then he will no longer be asked what kind of job he likes.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

From the newspaper “Nova Ukraina” dated November 26, 1942 [6]


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

However, over time, citizens began to hear rumors that those who left were beaten, tortured, that they were starving and “dying like flies”.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

[4] Despite the need to recruit healthy and strong workers when recruiting, people were kidnapped in 1942, despite their serious and chronic diseases.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Naturally, in such conditions, a person's personality was nullified, he became a cog in a well-functioning German military machine.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Food problems


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Hunger


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The living conditions of Kharkiv residents in the occupied city were extremely difficult.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The main problem at this time was the terrible famine, which arose due to the complete indifference of the city authorities to the issues of food supplies.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

People ate literally everything: potato husks, fodder beets, casein glue, pets.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The famous Kharkiv artist Simonov said that there were even cases when human meat was sold at the bazaar, although such crimes were punished by hanging.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Alexey Beketov, academician of architecture, died of hunger and cold at the end of November 1941.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

People began to swell, most of them found it difficult to move even elementary.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The picture became common: hunched figures of Kharkiv residents pulled into a children's sleigh, on which they transported dead relatives.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In many cases, there was not enough strength to bury the dead, or there was simply no one to do so.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In the spring of 1942, many corpses accumulated in houses.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

According to the city sanitary station, 54% of those who died in February 1942 were not buried as of March 2.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

[3] There have been many such cases in the future.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

There is a known example when a woman who died of exhaustion in May 1942 was registered only in November.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The scale of hunger is very difficult to understand, especially since today there are no complete statistics.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

According to the Kharkiv City Council, in 1942, 13,139 Kharkiv residents died of starvation, which was more than half of all deaths during this period.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Bazaars in occupied Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Under these conditions, 14 markets — Blagoveshchensky, Konny, Rybny, Kholodnogorsky, Sumy, Zhuravlyovsky, Pavlovsky and others — became the centers of life of the population of Kharkiv.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

At first, there was no trade for money here at all, barter prevailed everywhere: they changed almost everything in the most unexpected combinations.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Subsequently, it became possible to buy something for money, but the prices for all goods exceeded every conceivable limit.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The highest prices were in January-February 1942.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

At this time, a kilogram of rye bread cost 220 rubles, wheat - 250, potatoes - 100, sugar - 833 rubles. And this is despite the fact that the average salary at that time was 500-600 rubles per month — it is natural that in this state of affairs, most people could not buy food at the bazaar.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

[3] There was only enough money to buy makuhi or sunflower seeds.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

An analysis of the movement of market prices makes it possible to determine the factors affecting their dynamics.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Of course, the main reason for the price jumps was the situation at the front: the highest prices were in January 1942, at the beginning of the occupation of the city, and in March 1943, when the Germans managed to recapture the liberated by the Red Army city.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The second most important reason for the high cost of goods is the dominance of speculators in the bazaars, especially in the central ones - Sumy and Rybny.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Accordingly, these bazaars were the most expensive.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The cheapest were Kholodnogorsky and Konny, which was explained by direct supplies of products from the village and less influence of speculators and intermediaries.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Dynamics of market prices for agricultural products in 1942—1943 [3] Product nameEed.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

rev. 1942 year194301.01,


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Rub.01.0101.0201.0501.0801.1001.0101.0202.06As a percentage to 01.01.19421.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

VegetablesPotatoesKG401002501101251008715088Cabbag—214357643-luckg701001435743505093150Beetleg3210025017510062627362Carrotkg—1501251751353.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Meat productsBeef—130160120220300350Koninakg8010018794—chickenakg—1001131622454. Dairy products and fatsMilklitr80100162755037628185ButterKG1700100141504541477Salokg1400100143505557617981Sunflower oilLiter500100160908612092Chicken eggs.—100115902002402005.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Food groceriesSugarKG556100150751109099981solkg4010015090100300300250Tomapickg50100150100100100100100100100


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Mena


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

It is important to note that Kharkiv residents did not sit idly by, waiting for starvation.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Everyone who could go to the village, to the so-called “exchange”.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The townspeople carried out all the valuables they had out of town, hoping to get food for them.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

For example, the director of the Engineering and Economic Institute Dubinsky managed to exchange for more than 2 pounds of flour for his jacket, and 2 pounds of wheat and 1.5 kg of fat for his son's coat.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The gold watch could be exchanged for a loaf of bread.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Thanks to the “men”, many Kharkiv residents saved their lives.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

German military graves in Shevchenko garden


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In the city center, in the Shevchenko city garden, the Germans turned the alley parallel to Sumskaya Street from the Veterinary Institute (now the Palace of Pioneers) to the Shevchenko monument into a military grave for high military officials.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

(According to Prussian military traditions, burial is often arranged near the city center).


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

At least two German generals were buried in the garden: in November 1941, he was blown up at the headquarters on the street. Dzerzhinsky Ilya Starinov from Voronezh, commander of the 68th Infantry Division Georg von Braun (cousin of rocketeer Werner von Braun), whose tombstone looked like a mausoleum; and in July 1943 — commander of the 6th Panzer Division Walter von Hünersdorff, wounded on July 14 near Belgorod during the Battle of Kursk and died after surgery in Kharkov on July 19; his funeral was attended by Field Marshal von Manstein.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The Germans were going to build a “pantheon of German military glory” on this site.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

After the final liberation of the city, in 1943, the occupation cemetery was destroyed.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Renaming streets, squares and districts


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Dzerzhinsky Square in 1942 — February 1943 was called “German Army Square”.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

From March to August 23, 1943, from the moment of re-occupation, it became known as “SS Leibstandart Square” after the 1st Division of the SS Leibstandart, which seized the city for the second time in the third battle of Kharkov” Adolf Hitler.”


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

releasing


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Main article: Operation Warlord Rumyantsev


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The occupation of Kharkiv lasted 641 days.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Only on the fourth attempt, on August 23, 1943, the city was finally liberated.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Kharkov was so large in area and fortified defensive lines that five Soviet armies of three fronts - Steppe Marshal Konev, Voronezh General Vatutin and South-Western General Malinovsky — took him for 17 days, from August 13 to August 30.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The 7th Guards Tank Army of Mikhail Shumilov was advancing from the area of the Tractor Plant.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The 69th army of Vasily Kruchenkin advanced from the north through Cherkasskaya Lozovaya and Lesopark to Bolshaya Danilovka and Sokolniki.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

53 Ivan Managarov's army was advancing from the north-west of Peresechnaya across the Uda River.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The 57th army was advancing from the east to Rogan across the Roganka River.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The 5th Guards Tank Army of Pavel Rotmistrov was advancing from the village of Polevoye from the south-west.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Support for ground forces and air supremacy was provided by the 5th Air Army of Sergei Goryunov.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The very first liberated part of present-day Kharkov was Bolshaya Danilovka, partially (because it is long) liberated by the 69 Army on August 12 [9] — 11 days before the liberation of the center.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

On August 13, the 57 Army liberated Rogan, which was located outside the then city limits, and the 7 Guards Army on the same day partially isolated from the rest of the city Ordzhonikidze district (KhTZ village ), taking the Losevo station.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

On August 15, the 69th Army liberated Sokolniki, [9] partially occupying the KHAZ runway, that is, the German military airport Kharkiv-Tsentralny.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The Nagorny District, center, west and east of the city (except for the south-west and southeast) were liberated from the Germans on August 23.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

A unique fact: both times, on the morning of February 16, 1943 and the morning of August 23, the soldiers of the 183 rifle division of Colonel Vasilevsky were the first to liberate the heart of Kharkov — Dzerzhinsky Square.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Only in February they entered the square from Alekseevka, and in August — directly along Sumskaya.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The symbol of victory was the red flag over the State Industry, hoisted on the morning of August 23.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The last to liberate the districts of Zmievskaya Street (August 29) and the isolated Krasnobavarsky District (August 30) separated from the city by the Udy River (August 30), that is, the south of the city.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

[10] The threat of a German counterattack in the city center was finally eliminated on September 5, when Soviet troops liberated Merefa.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In the battles for the city, ten divisions distinguished themselves: the 28th Guards.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

SD of Major General Chumaev, 89th Guards Belgorod SD Colonel Seryugin, 84th kennel Bunyashin, 116th gene.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

- Mr. Makarova, 252nd gene.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

- Mr. Anisimova and the 299th gene.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

- Mr. Travnikov rifle divisions of the 53 Army; 93 Guards Gen.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

-Mr. Tikhomirov, 183rd Vasilevsky kennel and 375th Govorunenko kennel rifle divisions of the 69th Army; 15th Guards SD gene.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

- Mr. Vasilenko of the 7th Guards Army.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

All these divisions were given the honorary name of Kharkov.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

A terrible picture appeared before the liberators: not a single whole building remained in the center; Alexey Tolstoy, describing the destruction in Kharkov, compared the city with Rome, destroyed to the ground by the barbarians in V century.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Despite this, with the appearance of the first soldiers-liberators on the streets of the city, Kharkiv residents began to leave their shelters.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

People cried with happiness, hugged, congratulated soldiers and officers, thanked the soldiers for getting rid of the German “new order”.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

This day can be confidently called the happiest day in the lives of 190 thousand people (out of more than a million population of the city in September 1941) who managed to survive the occupation, endure all the torments and wait for the moment of release.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

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Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

On August 25, a day after the liberation of the city, Orthodox priest Rossakhatsky came to an appointment with Vladimir Rybalov, head of the military department of the Kharkov City Party Committee, [11].