Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The main source for this development is the changing social environment, to describe which Vygotsky introduced the term social situation of development, defined as “peculiar, specific to of this age, an exceptional, unique and unique relationship between the child and the reality around him, primarily the social reality.”


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

It is this attitude that determines the course of development of the child's psyche at a certain age stage.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

L. S. Vygotsky noted that culture creates special forms of behavior and modifies the activity of the psychological function.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In this regard, the concept of cultural development of the child is explained by him as a process corresponding to the individual development that took place in the process of historical development of mankind.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Both types of human development are repeated in the development of a child: biological and cultural-historical.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In other words, these two types of development are in dialectical unity.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

A significant contribution to pedagogical psychology is the concept of a zone of immediate development introduced by Vygotsky.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The zone of immediate development is “an area of unripe, but maturing processes”, encompassing tasks that a child at this level of development cannot cope with on his own, but which are able to solve with the help of adult; this is the level achieved by the child so far only in the course of joint activities with an adult.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky's influence


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky's cultural and historical theory gave rise to the largest school in Soviet psychology, from which A. N. Leontyev, A. R. Luria, A. IN. Zaporozhets, L. AND. Bozhovich, P. ME.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Halperin D. B.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Elkonin P. AND. Zinchenko L. IN. Zankov et al.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In the 1970s, Vygotsky's theories began to arouse interest in American psychology.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In the next decade, all of Vygotsky's main works were translated and, along with Piaget, formed the basis of modern educational psychology in the United States.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The name of a Soviet psychologist in North America is associated with the emergence of social constructivism.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The current situation in the study of Vygotsky's heritage in Russia and abroad is characterized as the “cult of Vygotsky”, associated not only with systemic falsifications of his texts, but also with uncritical and a distorted idea of his concepts and ideas in the works of his self-proclaimed followers and admirers.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky's cult and the revisionist movement in Vygotsky studies


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The cult of Vygotsky is the main obstacle to the critical study, development and further development of ideas related to the name of this researcher and author.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Thus, according to the famous Russian philosopher and methodologist V. M. Rozin, “there was a period of development of Soviet psychology and humanitarian thought, when the work of L. S. Vygotsky was hushed up and was actually banned. Today we are dealing with the opposite trend: L. S. Vygotsky is almost canonized and criticism against him seems, if not indecent, then at least strange. Today, the thinking and creativity of the creator of Soviet psychology are considered as exemplary, certainly not devoid of search and problems, but still correct in their essence, which have withstood the test of time. But is this really the case?” [99]


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The current state of affairs in critical international studies of the 21st century is characterized as overcoming the cult of Vygotsky and the “revisionist revolution in Vygotsky studies” [14] [16] [17].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Criticism of Vygotsky's scientific heritage and its various interpretations began back in the 1960s in the Soviet Union [100] [101] [102], and continued occasionally but continuously, despite Soviet censorship, until up to the 1990s [103] [104] [105].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In this regard, the expectations of the author of the first post-war Soviet critical work on Vygotsky's legacy and the reaction of the Soviet psychological community to it are very characteristic: “With a sinking heart, I expected a possible discussion in the press based on the results of my analysis, but the answer to it was almost complete silence...” [106]


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

One of the earliest truly innovative revisionist assessments of Vygotsky's legacy and his place in world psychology took place in the early 1990s, although it was largely ignored Russian-speaking psychological community: “L. S. Vygotsky was not a lonely hero from Nietzschean-Bolshevik mythology; moreover, he was not a messiah who came out of nowhere to save psychology and immediately found faithful apostles in it. He was a man of culture, an intellectual who acted in the main line of aesthetic, philosophical, political and simply life ideas that were modern to him. Not the founder of new principles, who took them from the depths of his talent, but one of the representatives of the most fashionable trends that owned the minds of his generation. Not a prodigy born by a Marxist, but a writer of the post-Symbolist era, who came to psychology and Marxism along complex and characteristic ways. Not Mozart of Psychology, but a man of his time, who successfully applied his cultural experience in a new and unexpected field” [105].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Outside Eastern Europe, the wave of literature criticizing the “Vygotsky” heritage originated, compared to the USSR, with some delay and arose as a reaction to the growing popularity of its decade of the 1980s, which followed the publication in the West in 1978 of a thoroughly edited collection, according to its editors, “constructed” from the texts of Vygotsky himself and others, unnamed authors, published under the name of Lev Vygotsky and under the name Mind in society.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The first critical publications of the Western Vygotskiana appeared in the 1980s and 1990s.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

[107] [108] [109] [110] [111] [112] [113] [114], and especially in the 21st century [115] [116] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121] [122] [123] [124] [125].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The number of critical publications has been steadily increasing all this time and only in the 2000s did it finally take shape during the “revisionist revolution” in Vygotsky studies [126] [127] [16] [17] [128] [18].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Audits are subjected to both the quality of translations by Vygotsky [129] [130] and numerous members of Vygotsky's circle [131] and the authenticity of his texts published in the Soviet Union in Russian [19] [20] [4] [ 21] [22], as well as the main theoretical postulates and scientific “innovations” of Lev Vygotsky [18].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

All this critical literature makes a great contribution to the reassessment of Vygotsky's historical role and theoretical heritage in the context of modern science.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The revisionist movement includes scientists from Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China (Hong Kong), Germany, Greece, Israel, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Russia, South Africa and Ukraine, and the United Kingdom, and is growing rapidly these days [123] [127] [16] [17] [128] [18].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky's Complete Works


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

An essential component of the revisionist movement in Vygotsky studies is the work on the voluntary, non-profit scientific and publishing project PsyAnima Vygotsky's Complete Works (PsyAnima Complete Vygotsky” project) [132], during which a number of Vygotsky's texts for the first time become freely available to a wide range of readers, and in a form cleared of censorship, editorial interventions, distortions and falsifications in posthumous Soviet publications of a later time [133] [134] [126].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

This publishing and editorial work is supported by a stream of critical studies and scientific publications on textology, history, theory and methodology of Vygotsky's psychological theory and participants Vygotsky-Luria Circle [16] [18].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

memento


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

A network student scientific community and a discussion group to study and discuss the problem of the “Vygotsky bubble”: “vygo_bubble” [28].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Community slogans: “Truth is something worth fighting for!” and “if Vygotsky were alive, he would be proud of us!”


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Facsimile editions published and available free of charge as part of a non-profit publishing project


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Institute of Psychology named after L. S. Vygotsky RSUH


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Gomel State Pedagogical College named after L. S. Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

A street in the Novinki microdistrict in Minsk and a lane in the center of Moscow (2015) are named after Lev Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

comments


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Notes


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Scientific bibliographies of L. S. Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Van der Veer and Yasnitsky bibliography (2016): Van der Veer & Yasnitsky (2016).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In: Yasnitsky, A. & van der Veer, R. (Eds.) (2016).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

(pp. 243-260).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

London and New York: Routledge


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Lifanova bibliography (1996): Lifanova (1996).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— Traditional and outdated bibliography, includes 275 titles


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

see also L.S.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The works of L. S. Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Lifetime original editions


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky, L. S. (1929, 1930 and 1931).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

: in three volumes, 1929, 1930 and 1931; publishing house of BZO 2 of Moscow State University (vol. 1 and 2) and CIPKKNO (vol. 3)


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky, L. S. (1934).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

(,) M.-L.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

: Sotsekgiz, 1934.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Fascism in psychoneurology.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— M.; L.: Biomedgiz, 1934.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Texts published posthumously


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Psychology of Art (the book was written and prepared for publication in 1925-26; first published in 1965)


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky L. S. ()/General


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

ed.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

IN. IN. Ivanova, comment.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

L. S. Vygotsky and V. IN. Ivanova, will join.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

art.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

A. N. Leontyev.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

3-e izd.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1986


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

573 p.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

(1930) (in collaboration with A. R. Luria)


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

(1. Perception; 2. Memory; 3. Thinking; 4. Emotions; 5. Imagination; 6. Problem of Will) (1932)


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

(1934 report)


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Literature


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Critical publications of the 1930s


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Feofanov M. P. The theory of cultural development in pedology as an electrical (sic; recte: eclectic) concept, which has mainly idealistic roots//Pedology.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1932.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— No. 1-2.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— P.21-34


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Abelskaya T., Neopikhonova Ya.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The problem of development in German psychology and its impact on Soviet pedology and psychology//Pedology.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1932.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 4. — P. 27-36.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Razmyslov P. AND. On the “cultural-historical theory of psychology” by Vygotsky and Luria//The Book and the Proletarian Revolution.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1934.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 4. — P. 78-86.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Georgiev F. AND. On Vygotsky's book “Thinking and Speech”: rec.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

on the book.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

: Vygotsky L. S. Thinking and Speech//The Book and the Proletarian Revolution.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1935.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 4. — P. 100—105.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Post-war publications


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Radzikhovsky, L. A. Analysis of L. S. Vygotsky by Soviet psychologists. Voprosy psikhologii.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1979.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 6. — P. 58-67.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Luchkov V. V. and Pevzner, M. S. ()//Moscow University Bulletin.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Episode 14.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Psychology.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1981.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 4. — P. 60-70.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Tulviste P. E.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

-TH.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Discussion of L. S. Vygotsky in the USA//Questions of Philosophy.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1986.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— No. 6.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Van der Veer, R.//Questions of Psychology.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1986.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 6. — P. 108—117.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Radzikhovsky, L. A.//Questions of Psychology.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1988.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 1. — P. 124—131.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Etkind, A. M.//Questions of Psychology.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1993.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 4. — P. 37—55.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Garai, L. and Kechki, M.//Questions of Philosophy.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1997.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 4. — P. 86—96.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Stetsenko A. P.//Questions of Psychology.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1997.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 1. — P. 107—109.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Yasnitsky, A.//Psychological Journal of the International University of Nature, Society and Man “Dubna”.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— P. 1-52.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— P. 60-97.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Yasnitsky, A. (2016).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Zavershneva, E.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

and Van der Veer, R. (Ed.).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Moscow, Kanon-Plus Publ., 2017.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Yasnitsky A., Lamdan E.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

, Van der Veer R.//.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

#2. P. 225-292


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Yasnitsky A.//Psychology.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother nationally?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

HSE Journal.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother nationally?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Transfers


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother nationally?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

(in English)


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother nationally?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Some translations into German:


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother nationally?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Denken und Sprechen: psychologische Untersuchungen/Lev Semënovic Vygotskij.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother nationally?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Hrsg.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother nationally?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

und aus dem Russ.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother nationally?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

übers.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother nationally?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

vom Joachim Lompscher und Georg Rückriem.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother nationally?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Mit einem Nachw.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother nationally?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

von Alexandre Métraux (in German)


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother nationally?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category:Alumni of Moscow City People's University named after A. L. Shanyavsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category:Lawyers of the RSFSR


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Category:Marxists


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Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category:Russian psycholinguists


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother nationally?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category:Russian Psychoanalytic Society


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Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category:Writers known by pseudonyms


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Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category: Deaths from tuberculosis


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother nationally?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category: Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery


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Category:People from Gomel


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother nationally?

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Category:Teachers of the USSR


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Submarine artillery is a set of artillery weapons systems and machine-gun weapons systems, as well as means of material and technical support for artillery and machine guns on underwater ships fleet.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

General characteristics


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Although torpedoes were considered the main weapon of the submarines, artillery was installed on submarines of all fleets of the world, but could only be used in the surface position (although there was an attempt to create an underwater artillery [1]).


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, it was recommended to engage in an artillery battle only against a weaker or even unarmed enemy.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The submarine itself is a bad artillery platform.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The need to dive complicates the projectile supply and fire control system.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In general, it was much safer for the submarine to fight with torpedoes from a submerged position, where it is not vulnerable, than to engage in an artillery duel on a surface where it is almost defenseless.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In addition, one successful hit of even a medium-weight projectile can deprive the submarine of its ability to dive, which in enemy waters can lead to its death.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Despite these problems, the submariners liked to attack the target not secretly with torpedoes, but openly with gun fire with a frantic roar.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Submarine artillery was used against both ships and coastal targets [2].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The artillery on the submarines was used both for self-defense and for attack.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Until the appearance of the snorkel, submarines were forced to spend a lot of time on the surface of the water to charge batteries, where, due to their slow speed and poor maneuverability, they were an easy target for enemy ships and planes.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Another reason for the use of artillery was the imperfection of torpedo weapons, so submarines used artillery to drown civilian ships, for example, during the First World War.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In addition to conventional submarines, on which artillery played an auxiliary role, submarines and underwater monitors were actively built, the main weapon of which was artillery for surface combat.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Interestingly, specially built artillery submarines did not achieve noticeable success (for example, the Surkuf submarine only participated in the operation to liberate the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, and the M-series underwater monitors did not drown a single enemy ship at all), but conventional submarines on auxiliary artillery weapons have achieved dozens of examples of successful drowning enemy ships during World War II [3].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

According to the purpose of artillery, the submarines were divided into conventional torpedo (the artillery of which was intended to sink unarmed merchant ships) and underwater monitors (the artillery of which was intended for sinking warships and shooting at coastal objects).


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The artillery was also carried by squadron submarines and submarine barriers.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, in terms of the number of shells, caliber and number of artillery pieces, submarines were much inferior to surface warships of comparable classes [4].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Artillery on conventional submarines played a supporting role, was intended to combat enemy merchant shipping and it was risky to use submarine artillery against military surface ships [5].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Before World War I


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In 1910-1911, ship engineer B.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

M. Zhuravlev developed a project for an armored submarine with a displacement of 4,500 tons (submarines of this displacement have not been built in the world for 34 years), a cruising range of 15,000 miles and armed, in addition to torpedoes and mines, with 5 120-mm howitzers.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, due to technical complexity and high cost, the project was not implemented [6].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In 1912, Russia began the construction of Bars submarines with two 57-mm cannons, one 37-mm cannon and one machine gun [7].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The Germans began arming submarines with powerful artillery even before the outbreak of the First World War [8].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In 1913, the U-21 submarine with one 88-mm gun entered service in Germany [4].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

French submarines initially provided a 37-mm cannon or a rapid-fire revolver gun of the same caliber, some submarines received a 47-mm gun, and later on Newton submarines,” Montgolfier” and “Freeman” put a 75-mm gun of the 1897 model of the year on a special machine with a good angle of fire.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The submarines of the project M. Jutter was equipped with one 47-mm gun of the 1885 model, which was replaced by 75 mm guns during the First World War.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Submarines of the Amphitrite class were armed with 47 mm Gochkis cannons and one machine gun [9].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

World War I


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

During the First World War, the caliber of artillery pieces on German submarines increased to 150 mm.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 had one machine gun each.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The German U-87 built in 1916 had one 105-mm gun.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The German U-139 built in 1917 had two 150-mm guns (see illustration) [4].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Thanks to the larger ammunition compared to torpedoes, the artillery of the submarines was very useful in an unlimited submarine war against the merchant and cargo shipping of the Entente [8].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

When the German submarine saw no danger of being attacked by enemy surface ships or submarines, it floated to the surface and drowned the ships of the merchant fleet with artillery fire, saving expensive torpedoes [5].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

At the first stage of the war, rules [8] required stopping enemy ships, landing an inspection team on them, and then sinking the ship with subversive ammunition.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In this case, the cannons came in handy as a weapon of intimidation and a means to stop the enemy ship.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The most productive submariner in history [8] of that time, Lothar von Arnault de la Periere sank a total of 194 merchant ships with a total displacement of more than 450 in the Mediterranean Sea on his U-35 submarine thousand tons and two warships with a total displacement of 2.5 thousand tons [8].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Arnaud drowned most of his victims with an 88-mm gun [8], sometimes using explosive charges.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

For example, between July 26 and August 20, 1916, he sank 54 ships with a total displacement of 90,540 tons, spending only 4 torpedoes.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The German concept of the submarine as a “diving gun” was very effective at the beginning and middle of the First World War, when civilian ships of the Entente sailed unarmed and unguarded [8].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

After huge losses, the Entente armed all its civilian ships with artillery [8] (a total of 13,000 guns with a caliber of 57 to 76 millimeters were installed on civilian ships [11] with 65 thousand gunners [12] [8]).


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Although the training of civilian gunners was poor [8], retaliatory artillery fire was very dangerous for submarines in the surface position.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In addition to arming civilian ships, trap vessels appeared: warships disguised as defenseless merchants.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The practice of towing submarines submerged behind a civilian ship was also introduced: when a German submarine surfaced to sink an unarmed target, the allied submarine gave a towing the cable and in a submerged position launched a torpedo attack on a German submarine, which at that moment was busy shelling a civilian ship [4].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In connection with the general armament of civilian vessels and the widespread use of trap vessels, the German leadership recommended that submarines sink armed ships with torpedo safer for submarines submerged attacks, and use artillery only against unarmed targets such as sailing and fishing vessels [13] [8].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In January 1918, the share of torpedoes sunk was 30 ships against 80 sunk by artillery.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

By April, the ratio was as follows: for every 60 tons of displacement of ships sunk by torpedoes, there were 40 tons of displacement of ships sunk by artillery [8] [13].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The introduction of a system of military convoys for caravans of civilian ships finally ended the golden era of German submarine warfare and made it extremely difficult not only to attack an artillery in the surface position, but also hitting the target with torpedo volleys from a submerged position [8].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, the protection of civilian ships and anti-submarine defense at the first stage of the convoys was only around the British Isles [8].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Due to the lack of ship personnel, merchant shipping was guarded by warships only in coastal waters at the exit and entrance to ports, and in the open ocean, security functions were performed by converted from civilian ships, auxiliary cruisers and armed steamers [13].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In response to the introduction of a convoy system in coastal waters and equipping civilian ships with cannons, the Germans increased the caliber of guns on submarines and transferred hostilities from coastal waters to the open The Atlantic [13].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

This is how German submarines appeared - ocean submarines with an increased cruising range, large displacement, large-caliber artillery (two 150-mm guns and two 88-mm guns) and even by booking felling and ammunition supply routes (25-30 mm iron sheets).


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Initially, German submarines were used to secretly transport scarce cargo under the Allied blockade, but then they were reclassified as hunters for civilian ships of the Entente [4].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Submarines, according to the plan of the military, were supposed to withstand an artillery battle with hastily armed merchant ships and send to the bottom any civilian ship 2-3 hits from a powerful 150-mm guns, and armor appeared on the submarines against the guns of civilian vessels: the surface part of the strong hull was made of chromium-nickel steel 25 mm thick, and the wheelhouse was protected with armor 30 mm thick [11].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

As a result, the Allies were forced to allocate warships to protect ocean convoys [13].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

During the sinking of Allied ships, artillery duels often took place between German submarines on the one hand and civilian ships and Allied security forces on the other [4].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

During the entire period of the First World War, 16 German submarines were sunk by the Entente artillery.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The layout by year is as follows: 1914 — 0 submarines, 1915 — 2 submarines, 1916 — 3 submarines, 1917 — 5 submarines, 1918 — 6 submarines.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In terms of the number of sunk German submarines, artillery is in 4th place after mines (44 submarines), depth charges (38 submarines) and submarine torpedoes (19 submarines).


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

During this period, it turned out that submarines sitting low in the water and therefore constantly flooded with waves as artillery platforms are inferior to warships of ocean convoys due to constructive features and, thereby, lose their main advantage in powerful artillery [11].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In general, with the high cost of construction, the performance of submarines was not very high: the first in the series of submarines, the Deutschland, sank only 42 ships during the war (which far from the record), and the U-154 and U-156 died shortly after entry into service, with the first of them torpedoed by the British submarine E-35 [8].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

During the First World War, inspired by submarines, the Germans even developed Project 47 armored submarines with a displacement of more than 4 thousand tons with 4 150-mm guns and 2 guns 88 mm caliber [8].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

German Professor Flamm, head of the shipbuilding department of the Technological Institute in Charlottenburg, has developed a project for a partially armored submarine with a displacement of 7 thousand tons with two 210 mm cannons in turrets with 500 shells per barrel and four 88 mm cannons with a total ammunition capacity of 4,000 rounds, a design range of 25,000 miles and a maximum surface speed of 22 knots, which, according to the author, was supposed to emerge from the water only with artillery turrets and fire cannon fire from a distance of 50-60 cable (according to German submariners, such a submarine with huge range and long autonomy period could play a big role in the unlimited submarine war against the Entente) [14] [8].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In addition to such ambitious projects (capable of theoretically fighting Allied convoys up to the cruiser), more modest and realistic submarines of the “large mobilization” project were developed with an underwater displacement of slightly more than 1500 tons with two 105-mm guns and a surface speed of about 17 knots, which were similar to the cruising submarines of the Second World War [8].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On the Mediterranean Sea, the system of convoys and protection of civil navigation was much weaker.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On April 26, 1918, during the pursuit of a torpedo-damaged vehicle, the UB-48 brazenly broke into the port of Carlo Forte on the south-western coast of Sardinia.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

After sinking the Kingstanian military transport with a torpedo, the submarine surfaced and opened artillery fire on other ships in the port and the coastal battery on the pier.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The submarine managed to sink one tug and set fire to another before it was attacked by torpedo boats.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The submarine tried to fight off the boats with barrage fire, but at this time a hail of shells from the awakened coastal battery fell on the submarine.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The submarine managed to sink and leave the harbor submerged before it was damaged by the hull [15].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Meanwhile, the British Admiralty began to build underwater monitors of the M series - submarines with one gun of the maximum possible battleship caliber.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Before underwater monitors, submarines with the largest caliber of guns were 152-mm guns on the E-20, and German submarines with two 150-mm guns were still under construction.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

According to some reports, a 190-mm howitzer was installed on one of the submarines of the E series.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Initially, it was planned to install two long-barreled guns with a caliber of 190-mm with a range of 8 thousand yards and an aircraft as a spotter of fire on underwater monitors, but fit into a submarine two large-caliber guns failed and eventually stopped at one 305-mm gun [17].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The M-series underwater monitors with a 60-ton 305-mm cannon became the record holders for the caliber of guns ever installed on submarines [16].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

At the same time, the Allies: the British E-12 built in 1915 had two 76-mm guns, the K-2 squadron submarine built in 1916 had two 102-mm guns and one 76-mm gun, The American N-1 built in 1916 had one 76-mm gun [4].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Predecessors in the series of underwater monitors, the K-type submarines became the record for the size of submarines of the time, surpassing even German U-139 submarines by 50 feet in length.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, the comparison with German submarines was incorrect, since with a slightly shorter length, German submarines had a huge cruising range and were ocean-type submarines [18].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On October 10, 1916, on the Black Sea, the Russian submarine Tyulen surfaced and entered into an artillery duel with the large Turkish steamer Rodosto.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The shootout lasted more than an hour at a distance of 8 cables with no visible results.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

There were only seven 75-mm shells left on the submarine, and then the Seal approached the steamer by 3 cables and fired 6 shots at point-blank range.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

A fire broke out on the steamer, hot steam came from the pierced pipes, the ship stopped and stopped shooting.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The commander of the submarine, Senior Lieutenant Kiticin, sent a boarding crew to the steamer, which seized the ship, corrected the damage and on October 13, under the protection of the submarine, brought it to Sevastopol [19].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Between world wars


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The experience of German submarines of the First World War (which drowned more ships with artillery than torpedoes) influenced the development of naval thought in the post-war years, when the combat power of submarines tried strengthen by increasing the caliber of artillery pieces [16].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

After the First World War, all maritime powers in the world designed and built submarines with powerful artillery weapons [11].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In 1925, Great Britain commissioned a submarine with 4 130 mm guns, and between 1926 and 1929, the United States launched 6 cruising submarines with 127 mm or 152 mm guns [16].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The culmination of the development of the submarine class was the French submarine Surkuf, which had two 203-mm guns, two 37-mm anti-aircraft guns and machine guns [20] [16] and the Japanese submarine I-400 [11].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, Karl Doenitz, based on the experience of the First World War, on the contrary, concluded that the submarine is a bad artillery ship due to the low location of the gun platform and the insignificant observation range [21].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In 1931, a debate took place in the United States on the advisability of installing artillery pieces on submarines.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Some naval officers considered guns on submarines absolutely unnecessary and even harmful due to the deterioration of the streamlining of submarines and the temptation to enter into an artillery battle.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Other naval officials insisted on the important role of guns in an unsuccessful torpedo attack and combat in the surface position.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Ultimately, artillery was left on American submarines [22].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The London Naval Treaty of 1930 established a maximum artillery caliber for submarines at 130 mm (according to other sources 127 mm [5]), but allowed three submarines with an artillery caliber of up to 155 mm [23].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Submarine artillery of those years had one or two guns with a caliber from 75 mm to 125 mm, with the first gun placed in front of the wheelhouse, and the second behind the wheelhouse [5].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Compared to the First World War, the number of artillery pieces on the submarine increased to two, and their caliber from 32-60 to 100-130 mm, but despite the importance of artillery (especially anti-aircraft), the main torpedoes continued to be the weapon of the submarines [24].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Artillery weapons were also installed on other submarines [20].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Great Britain: large submarines of the Oberon, Thames and Odin type were equipped with one 102mm gun and two machine guns, medium submarines of the Swordfish type were armed with one 76mm gun and one machine gun, Sunfish submarines were armed with one 76 mm gun [25], Porpoise underwater minelayers were armed with one 102-mm gun, and Triton submarines had one 102-mm gun [20].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

France: Requin-class submarines armed with one 100mm gun and two machine guns, Redoutable submarines armed with one 100mm gun and two machine guns, Morillot type submarines armed one 100 mm gun and two 13 mm anti-aircraft guns in one pair installation, small boats of the Diane, Aurora and Sirene type had one 75 mm anti-aircraft gun and two machine guns, underwater minelayers of the Saphir type were armed with one 75-mm gun [20].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Italy: medium-sized submarines of the Pisani and Mameli type had one 102-mm gun and two machine guns, large submarines such as Balilla and Ettore Fieramosca were armed with one 120-mm gun and four 13-mm guns, medium submarines of the Squalo and Santarosa type were armed with one 102-mm and two 13-mm anti-aircraft guns, medium-sized submarines such as Argonauta, Perla, Argo and Sirena - one 100-mm gun and two 13-mm, Archimède submarines - two 100-mm guns and two 13-mm, in 1932, large Calvi submarines with two 120 mm guns and four 13-mm guns were laid down, underwater minelayers of the Corridoni type with one 102-mm gun and two machine guns, in 1933, the Pietro Missa underwater minelayer was laid with two 120-mm guns and four 13-mm anti-aircraft guns [20].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

According to some reports, the strong artillery armament of Italian submarines was intended to shell coastal bases [26].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Germany: U-1 to U-24 submarines with one small-caliber gun, U-25 to U-26 with one 105mm cannon and one anti-aircraft gun, U-27 to U-36 with one 88mm cannon and one anti-aircraft gun, U-37 to U-44 and from U-64 to U-68 with one 105 mm cannon and one anti-aircraft gun, from U-45 to U-55 and from U-6 9 to U-71 with one 88 mm cannon and one anti-aircraft gun [20].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The Germans returned to the practice of installing artillery pieces on submarines in 1935, along with the revival of the submarine fleet.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

According to their plan, the artillery of submarines in the looming world war was to repeat the successful experience of an unlimited submarine war against the civilian shipping of the allies in the First World War.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, in the pre-war period and at the first stage of World War II, artillery on German submarines was relatively weak [27].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

USA: In 1920—1924, S-type submarines with one 102-mm gun were built, in 1921 large Barracuda submarines with one 76 mm anti-aircraft gun were laid down and put into service in 1924-1925 and two machine guns, in 1925, the Argonaut underwater minelayer with two 152-mm guns was laid down (the second submarine after the French Surkuf in terms of artillery armament of that time), in In 1927, Narwhal and Nautilus submarines with two 152-mm guns were laid down and completed in 1930, the construction of the Dolphin submarine with one 102-mm gun was completed in 1932, and in 1931 cruising boats Cachalot and Cuttlefish were laid down with a reduction in the caliber of the gun to 76 mm [20].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Japan: Ocean submarines from J-1 to J-4 (type Kawasaki) built in 1926—1929 with two 140-mm guns and two machine guns were built like the German submarine U-135 (handed over after the First World War Japan War), in 1932, an experimental submarine J-5 was built with the replacement of one gun with a seaplane, in 1934, submarines from J-6 to J-8 and from J-9 to J-16 with two 127-mm guns were laid down; the first naval submarines were J-51 and J-52 (laid down in 1921) with one 120 mm gun and one machine gun, submarines from J-53 to J-64 (Kaigun type) with one 120 mm gun and one machine gun, in 1931 were submarines from J-65 to J-67 were built with a decrease in the gun caliber to 102 mm, in the period 1934—1937 — submarines from J-68 to J-75 with a return to 120 mm caliber of guns; coastal submarines from Ro26 to Ro28 with one 80-mm anti-aircraft gun, submarines from Ro60 to Ro68 with the same gun; underwater minelayers from J-21 to J-24 with one 140 mm gun, small underwater layers from Ro30 to Ro32 with one 120 mm gun and one 47 mm gun [20].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

USSR: Dekabrist and Leninets submarines — one 100mm and one 37-mm gun, Shchuka and Malyutka type submarines — one 45mm gun, Srednyaya type submarines — one a 100-mm gun and one 45-mm gun, Cruising submarines - one 20-mm gun, two 100-mm guns and two 45-mm guns [28].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The leadership of the USSR supported the idea of mandatory artillery weapons on submarines, especially large displacement.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, in the 1920s, due to the devastation caused by the First World War and the Civil War, the USSR was unable to design special artillery pieces for submarines.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Therefore, in July 1927, it was proposed to use 102-mm artillery pieces, similar to those on destroyers of the Novik type, with a barrel shortened from 60 to 45 calibers.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In addition to the absence of the need to develop a new type of gun, the use of existing guns made it possible to supply submarines with four-inch ammunition.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, due to the shortened barrel, the balance of the barrel on the machine was disturbed and therefore a spring balancing mechanism compensator was introduced.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

This gun received the designation B-2.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In April 1930, tests began, and in 1931, the installation of guns on submarines began.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The B-2 was installed on submarines of type D and six submarines of type L of the second series.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The low rate of fire (4-6 rounds per minute) and difficulties in loading at an angle of more than 45 degrees (which made it difficult to fight aircraft) prompted the development of a more advanced gun.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In February 1932, the design of a new 100-mm gun began.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The 100-mm gun, already specially designed for submarines, received the designation B-24, originally had a barrel length of 45 calibers.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On the basis of the B-24, they wanted to make a new universal gun for the entire fleet (surface and underwater), but the attempt failed and resulted only in an increase in the length of the B-24 barrel to 51 caliber.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

At that time, it was decided to create a similar gun for the surface fleet, so the variant for the submarine received the designation B-24-PL, in contrast to the guns of the B-24-BM surface fleet.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The B-24 was submitted to the commission for consideration in January 1932, in July-August 1935 and February 1936 underwent comprehensive tests, and since 1936 the gun began to enter service with the underwater fleet.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The B-24-PL gradually replaced the B-2, but before the outbreak of World War II, they did not have time to complete the re-equipment, and in 1943, the D-5 and L-4 still had B-2 guns.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

To control artillery fire, two portable hand sights were developed with installation on an open bridge: a PVC (VIR device and rear sight) with dimensions of 430* 400* 80 mm and a weight of 9.5 kg and a RAP (manual assault rifle) sight) with dimensions of 425* 256* 280 mm and a weight of 12 kg. For air defense in 1934, a small-caliber 21-K unit was created, which was essentially an army 45-mm anti-tank gun of the 1932 model of the year with a semi-automatic bolt , which was installed on an offshore rig.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, this gun had drawbacks in the form of a low rate of fire, the lack of a remote fuse in the projectile and the primitive sight [29].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In 1921, Malinin, Boris Mikhailovich developed two projects of Soviet submarines.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The first project, with a length of 143 meters, a width of 12 meters, a displacement in the surface position of 4,570, and in the underwater position - 6,700 tons, was to be equipped with five 130 mm and four anti-aircraft 100-mm guns (for convenience of artillery crews, the width of the upper deck according to the project has been increased to 7.5 meters).


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The second project of the submarine called “Maximum” with a displacement of several tens of thousands of tons was planned to be armed with six 8-inch guns in three turrets and six 100-mm anti-aircraft guns guns, and cover the deck with 3 inches thick armor [30].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

World War II


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

During World War II, Soviet submarine artillery sank a total of 24 ships with a total displacement of 3,497 GRT, of which 4 were transports (Northern and Baltic fleets), and the rest by fishing trawlers, motorboats and schooners.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The artillery of Soviet submarines also sunk an anti-submarine ship, an amphibious assault ship and a cargo ferry (self-propelled ferry) of the Siebel type [31].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The most effective commanders for the use of submarine artillery were: Vlasov Vladimir Yakovlevich with 6 reliably sunk targets with 12.5 days at sea for one target (died) and Kotelnikov Viktor Nikolaevich with 3 sunk motorboats with 29.7 days at sea for one target [32].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

War in the Atlantic Ocean and Adjacent Seas


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Brief description of the artillery armament of German submarines.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Notes: Small displacement submarines of the XXIII series did not have artillery weapons.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Cruising submarines of the XXI series had four 20-mm assault rifles with 7,920 rounds of ammunition [27].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

“... the presence of artillery on a submarine from the very beginning is fraught with contradictions. The submarine is unstable, has a low-lying artillery platform and surveillance platform and is not adapted for conducting artillery fire...”, and it is also recommended to avoid artillery duels with large enemy surface ships, as one hit in a strong hull can deprive the submarine of the ability to dive


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Given the experience of the First World War, the Allies, with the outbreak of World War II, armed all their merchant ships with artillery pieces, which, even with a low level of training of civilian sailors, were are very dangerous for German submarines in the surface position.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Therefore, German submarines carried out artillery attacks on civilian ships at night at a traverse angle to the target, taking an advantageous position in advance in terms of waves, wind and illumination.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Gunfire on the attacked ships was carried out from a distance of 600-1000 meters.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In the event of retaliatory artillery fire, the command recommended that the submarines immediately stop the artillery attack and dive.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In addition to the artillery attack, submarine cannons were used to finish off a ship already damaged by torpedoes.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Like the First World War, at the initial stage of World War II, unarmed ships were sunk with explosive charges [33].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

During the night attack, the following tactics were used: 10 incendiary shells were fired from the main 105-mm or 88-mm gun at the bridge or superstructure of the ship.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The fire that arose highlighted the target and made it possible to conduct more accurate further fire.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

At the same time, 37 mm or 20 mm rapid-fire assault rifles fired at the stern of the ship, where enemy guns were located.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

If the enemy ship was at a heading angle of 50-60°, the German submarine first approached the target at a distance of about 800 meters and a heading angle of 100° by following the “dog curve” with variable speed, then changed course by 60-70° and during the approach began an artillery battle.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Fighting on collision courses was considered ineffective due to the high speed of the target.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Submarine artillery was used during the day, but only from a long distance and with the overwhelming superiority of the Germans in firepower.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Since 1943, the use of artillery on German submarines has sharply decreased [34].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Submarines were also used to shell the coast in places where there was no coastal or anti-submarine defense.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

For example, in late 1941 and early 1942, German submarines fired at unprotected areas on the coast of the United States and Canada.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

But in general, submarine artillery was used to shell the coast very rarely and without serious results [35].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

German submarines were also equipped with anti-aircraft artillery for self-defense against allied aircraft (for example, Type XXI #Артиллерийское submarines) in case the submarine did not have time or could not dive in.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

According to Karl Doenitz, if the submarine did not have time to sink to a sufficient depth when aircraft appeared, it was guaranteed to be destroyed by depth charges - so according to Karl Doenitz, the submarines must try to fight off enemy aircraft with their air defense forces when there is not enough time to dive.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, during the dive, the air defense guns remained on the deck of the submarine and therefore underwent severe corrosion from sea water.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In addition to strengthening the air defense of submarines with additional 2-cm S-38 guns, a special “aircraft trap” appeared - a submarine with strong air defense [36].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

For a more successful fight against anti - submarine defense aircraft, anti - aircraft artillery on German submarines was reinforced with multi-barrel assault rifles, but this increase reduced the number of guns, designed to destroy enemy ships.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

When attacking single aircraft at low altitude (100-200 m), the submarine's self-defense was carried out: from an anti-aircraft machine gun - from a distance of 1000 m, from an anti-aircraft gun with a caliber of 20 mm - from a distance of 2400 m, from an anti-aircraft gun 37 mm guns — from a distance of 3600-4000 m. However, since mid-1943, Allied aircraft began to attack German submarines not alone, but in pairs or links, which greatly complicated the repulsion of the air attack [37].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

To install anti-aircraft weapons on German submarines, the wheelhouse bridge was expanded with an additional platform with a 20-mm twin S-38 anti-aircraft gun.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Also, after heavy damage in battle, the U-256 submarine was converted into an anti-aircraft submarine, strengthening the strong hull to protect against bombs, increasing anti-aircraft weapons and installing additional armor plates to protect the crews of guns and machine guns from enemy artillery fire [38].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Within one week of November 1942, the German ace Lüth sank four ships on the U-181 submarine with deck cannons.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The British submarine Torbay in the Aegean Sea became famous for attacks on German transports and the murder of survivors.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The B-2 submarine fired at trains in the coastal zone, and the B-3 drowned enemy ships with artillery fire [22].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The artillery of Soviet large submarines of the Cruising type sunk a certain number of German ships: the Northern Fleet: artillery sunk 2 vehicles (612 GRT), 1 big hunter, 4 motorboats, 3 motorboats were damaged; Baltic Fleet: 3 trawlers (1,164 GRT) were sunk by artillery.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Ten K-type boats, which accounted for 5.9% of the number of the Soviet submarine fleet during the Great Patriotic War, accounted for 33.7% of the tonnage of the enemy fleet destroyed by artillery.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In total, on the Baltic Sea, the artillery of Soviet submarines drowned a total of 5 ships with a total displacement of 1,524 GRT (see the table below for more details) [39].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Ships and ships sunk by artillery of the BF submarines (according to Platonov A. IN. Encyclopedia of Soviet submarines):


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

No. p/nName of goalDate timeDistrict SubmarineAmmunition consumptionNotes 1RT “Solling” (260 GRT) 28.11.44 5.1955° 05′.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

16°00′k-51100-mm - 144D page 10-3kb, according to the report, 48 sn.2rt “Saar” (235 GRT) 1.12.44 g. 8.0754°40 got.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

′14°53′k-51100-mm - 31D pages 4-2 kb, according to the report, 25 sn.3Swede got.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

schooner “Ramona” (57 GRT) 11.04.45 g. 5.48-6.0055°17′.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

16°00′k-56100-mm - 4 45-mm - 524tr “Pohjanlah-6" (682 GRT) 5.08.42 g.57°12′.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

21°20′s-745-mm - 380cargo - potatoes to Finland5gol tr “Anna W” (290 GRT) 18.09.44-S-13100-mm - 24Drifted to the shore and jumped at point 69°23′; 21°10′.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

subsequently dismantled for metal In the Black Sea, Soviet submarine artillery drowned a total of 12 schooners with a total displacement of 1237 GRT, a self-propelled ferry and an amphibious assault ship (for more details, see table below) [40].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Ships and ships sunk by artillery of submarines of the Black Sea Fleet (according to Platonov A. IN. Encyclopedia of Soviet submarines):


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

No. p/nName of goalDate timeDistrictSubmarineAmmunition consumptionNotes1Self-propelled ferry SF-2526.10.41 north of Konstantsy-35110 4 hits were reached, distance 3 kb2tour.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

schooner “Kaynakdere” (85 grt) 3.11.41 r-on m. Zeytin-Burnushch-2148Grukhz - cotton3tour.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

schooner “Karanere” (350 GRT) 1.01.42 r-on m. Kuru-burnushch-2141064tour.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

schooner “Cankaya” (164 GRT) 23.02.42 r-on prol.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Bosphorus 21345 cargo - 170 tons of metal pipes and 30 tons of brick to Istanbul, according to other sources - 395 tons of chrome ore to Varna5tour.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

schooner “Duanepe” (128 GRT) 18.05.42 north of Cape Karaburunshch-2051366Tour.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

schooner “Hudarvendigar” (44 GRT) 29.05.42 r-on m. Kuru-burnushch-214 blasting cartridgesCargo - tabak7tur.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

schooner “Mahbubdihan” (85 grt) 31.05.42 r-on m. Kuru-burnushch-214 blasting cartridgesAgricultural cargoes8tour.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

schooner (44 grt) 2.06.42 r-on m. Kuru-burnushch-214 blasting ammunitionsCargo - tobacco and nuts9tur.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

schooner “Kociboglu” (44.4 GRT) 8.12.42 g.41°30′,28°33′3D-5102 mm - 9 45-mm - 1110tour.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

schooner “Hudayi Bahri” (29 GRT) 22.07.43 g.41°26′, 28°44′L-4102-mm - 33Distance 20 kb11tour.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

schooner “Gurpinar” (44 GRT) 23.07.43 g.41°25′, 28°43′L-4102-mm - 5 Distance 7 kb12dk F130A12.05.44 g.43°43′5, 32°00′s-33100-mm - 14 45-mm - 9Damaged by Soviet aviation and abandoned by the crew13tour.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

schooner in 168 brt26.07.44 r-on prol.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Bosphorus 20980Cargo - fish and oranges14tour.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

motor-sailing schooner “Mefkure” (52 grt) 05.08.44 y.41°57′, 28°47′6Shch-21590Jewish refugees


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The war in the Arctic Ocean


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

German submarines fired guns at certain areas on the Soviet coast of the Arctic Ocean, not covered by coastal batteries: for example, on July 27, 1942, a German submarine fired at artillery warehouses on the shore of Malye Karmakuli Bay in the southwestern part of Novaya Zemlya, and on August 28, a German submarine fired a gun at the Khodovarikha lighthouse from a distance of 5 cable 28 minutes and a radio station at Cape Russky Zavorot.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

After the installation of additional coastal batteries, artillery shelling of the Soviet coast by German submarines stopped [41].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The artillery armament of Soviet submarines of the Cruising type consisted of two 45-mm semi-automatic machines and two modernized 100-mm guns with ammunition of 400 rounds.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The improvement of the guns increased the firing range at sea and coastal targets, and also made it possible to fire at aircraft due to an elevation angle of up to 45 degrees.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On September 11, 1941, the K-2 submarine surfaced after an unsuccessful torpedo attack and in seven minutes fired 26 shells from 100-mm guns at enemy vehicles, resulting in a vehicle with a displacement of 6 thousand tons sank.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On December 3, 1941, the K-3 submarine, during pursuit by anti-submarine forces, decided to emerge and break away from the enemy in the surface position under the cover of artillery fire.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In the ensuing artillery duel, the German anti-submarine ship Fefer was sunk, and the rest of the ships retreated.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In the autumn of 1941, K-21 sank an anti-submarine boat with artillery fire, and the K-22 enemy transport, boat and oil barge, and in one of the battles - two vehicles and a patrol ship (on one of there were 30,000 short fur coats for German troops in the Murmansk direction).


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

K-23 in October 1941, on the outskirts of Kirkeness, drowned one transport with artillery.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On May 12, 1942, the K-23 submarine surfaced during the pursuit and entered into an artillery battle with German ships, during which it was severely damaged and sank again [42].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The artillery of Soviet submarines in the Arctic Ocean sunk 7 ships and motorboats with a total displacement of 736 GRT and an anti-submarine defense ship (see the table below for more details) [43].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Ships and ships sunk by artillery of Northern Fleet submarines (according to Platonov A. IN. Encyclopedia of Soviet submarines):


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

No. p/nGoal nameDate timeDistrictSubmarineAmmunition consumptionNotes1Alpar T29SA lighter with barge and Borgar motorboat F76G (together 60 GRT) 11.12.41 g.71°13′2K-22100-mm - 20 45-mm - 542ship” Vaaland” (106 GRT) 19.01.42 Tana-Fjordk-22100-mm - 48 Cabotage, at the same time two vessels on the meli3tr “Socroey” (505 GRT) were shelled 19.01.42 Porsangerfjordk-23100-mm - 314fishing motorboat F223N ( 15 GRT) 21.01.42 g.71°09′, 24°35′K-21100-mm - 2Distance 0.7 kb5fishing motorboat “Bjorg” F3G (10 GRT) 26.01.42 g.71°06′, 28°31′5Shch-42245-mm - 2The crew is taken in plen6seiner “Froey” (40 GRT) 12.04.43 g.69° 39′4, 16°01′K-21100-mm - 44 Two more motorboats are damaged7kor.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

PLO UJ170803.12.43 g.70°54′, 23°46′K-3100-mm - 39 45-mm - 47 Also damaged the core.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

PLO UJ1403.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Received minor damage to the superstructure and fencing of the cabin


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Indian Ocean War


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The most famous and successful example of an artillery battle between a submarine and enemy warships in World War II was the case of the Italian submarine Torricelli in the Red Sea.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On the morning of June 23, 1940, the Torricelli came across an allied convoy with the Shoreham and Indian sloops on guard near Perim Island.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Shoreham chased the submarine (according to other sources, along with the second security sloop), which due to a technical malfunction could not sink.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Soon, the destroyers Kandahar, Khartoum and Kingston called by radio from the Bab el-Mandeb Strait patrol forces joined the chase.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

As a result, one 120-mm cannon of the submarine was opposed by 18 guns of 120-mm caliber and 4 guns of 102-mm caliber.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

During the battle, British ships brought down a flurry of shells on the submarine.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

But most of the shells flew past the submarine - apparently the low silhouette of the Torricelli and the morning twilight played a role (the battle began at 5.30 am).


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

But the Torricelli damaged the engine room of the sloop Shoreham with the very first shots, which came out of the battle.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

British ships, on the contrary, fired very inaccurately, interfered and knocked down each other's zeroing.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

When British ships tried to get closer and take the submarine into ticks, the Torricelli responded with a torpedo volley, but the British ships were able to evade the torpedoes.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

During a further exchange of fire, the submarine achieved several hits in Khartoum, where a strong fire broke out and the destroyer also left the battle.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

At 06.05, on the submarine itself, hits broke the cabin and damaged the steering, so the captain at the end of the battle flooded the submarine and, together with the crew, surrendered to the destroyers Kandahar and Kingston.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Khartoum exploded a few hours later and sank from a torpedo explosion affected by a fire.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, some sources associate the explosion of the torpedo on the destroyer Khartoum not with the hit of a submarine shell, but with a factory defect in the torpedo.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

This hypothesis is supported by the long period of time that has elapsed between the hit of the projectile and the explosion of the torpedo.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

But even in this case, the result of the battle became a shame for surface ships, which, with overwhelming fire superiority and a large number of shells fired, could not sink the submarine, but themselves two of the pursuit ships were seriously damaged [44].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

British officers described the battle as follows:


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, the success of Torricelli was a unique phenomenon and was not repeated.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On June 24 of the same year, the British sloop Falmouth off the coast of the Arabian Peninsula caught the Galvani submarine on the surface and landed two artillery volleys into it.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The damaged submarine was able to sink, received additional damage from depth charges, surfaced again and sank 2 minutes later from the holes received.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On June 19, the English trawler Moonstone saw the Galileo submarine suddenly surfaced in front of him and [45], under return fire from the guns of the submarine [46], opened fire from the bow gun and machine guns.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

As a result of two hits, the cabin of the submarine was defeated, the captain and several officers were killed, and the submarine itself was captured [45].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

This is an amazing case in naval history when a trawler was able to capture a submarine [46].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

There is an assumption that the submarine Galilee was not going to carry out artillery shelling of the trawler, but surfaced due to poisoning the crew with chlorine vapors from a faulty ventilation system [45].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On 26 June, the Perla submarine came under artillery and depth charges from the destroyer Kingston, and two days later, as a result of artillery fire from the cruiser Leander and the bombing of amphibious aircraft sank [46].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Japanese submarines with a 140-mm carrier-based gun also penetrated into the Indian Ocean from the east.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The Japanese submarine I-8 sank a merchant ship with torpedoes and artillery on March 30, 1944, and Jean Nicolet with a displacement of 7,176 tons on July 2, 1943; earlier on December 14, 1943 at the Colombo-Chittagong crossing RO-110 shot sailors in the water from the sunk ship Daisy Moller with machine guns [47].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

German submarines also penetrated into the Indian Ocean: for example, the U-168 in the Bombay area drowned 6 sailing ships with artillery fire [48].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Pacific War


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In the Pacific Ocean, submarine artillery was used by both the Allies [22] [49] and the Japanese [50] [22].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

During the war, Japanese submarines sank cargo and transport ships with volleys from cannons, and Allied submarines, in addition to this list [22], merchant ships [49], fishing minesweepers, tankers, and even in order to save torpedoes for more solid targets — small patrol ships [22] and patrol ships [49].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The use of shells made it possible to save torpedoes, but the danger of being drowned in the surface position increased for the submarine [22].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Allies


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Self-defense


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The artillery was used by submarines for self-defense.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In the Pacific theater of operations, artillery was first used by the American submarines “Tautong” and “Narwhal” during a Japanese air raid on Pearl Harbor.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The submarine “Gato” tried to repel the attack of a Japanese seaplane from anti-aircraft guns, and in April 1943, the Grenadier submarine used its 2 20-mm and 2 30-mm anti-aircraft guns in a raid by a Japanese squadron, having managed to damage 1 aircraft.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The submarine “Salmon” after a series of depth charges surfaced and entered into an artillery battle with its pursuers.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The artillery duel ended in a draw and the American submarine sailed away in the surface position.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The experience of the Silpin submarine turned out to be much less successful - in an artillery duel, most of the crew members died, and the seriously damaged submarine had to be flooded to avoid capture by the Japanese.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, later in May 1944, the commander of an American submarine, after a long flight in the surface position from a Japanese anti-submarine ship, complained “the presence of one 100-mm gun would immediately helped us out of a difficult situation” [22].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The beginning of the fight against merchant and freight shipping


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

With Japan, the history of Great Britain in World War I repeated itself: as an island country with scarce minerals, Japan was heavily dependent on maritime communications, so the fight against civil shipping has proven to be very effective [22].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Unlike the Germans in World War II, the tactics of an artillery attack on an American submarine at the beginning of the Pacific War were very simple: the submarine approached the victim submerged, then quickly surfaced and opened fire from guns [49].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The purpose of artillery attacks by American submarines was trade, fishing, auxiliary [22] and patrol ships of the Japanese.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

For example, in the last week of April 1942, artillery (or rather 3-inch shells) sunk 3 or 4 Japanese patrol ships [49].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Artillery was often used in unsuccessful torpedo attacks [49]: some torpedoes did not explode at all due to poor quality and remained stuck on the sides of Japanese ships.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

For example, the Hachian Maru transport, after several wasted torpedoes, was drowned by one shell below the waterline, and the Hake submarine on March 27, 1944 finished off a person who did not want to sink with 30 shots from torpedoes, a tanker with a displacement of 10 thousand tons.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Ultimately, combined strikes of both torpedo and artillery weapons began to be used against tankers.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In May 1942, a night artillery attack, an American submarine flooded a large tanker Mizuho with a displacement of 9 thousand tons.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The submarine “Ssilpin” from one 76 mm gun, 2 20-mm cannons and 2 50-caliber machine guns drowned a Japanese sloop, which could only respond with fire from small arms.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

At the end of 1944, the submarine Barb drowned 3 sailing schooners made of 100 mm and 40 mm cannons in one day.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

There are quite a few such examples in the history of the Pacific War.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

But the most successful example of an artillery attack by an American submarine is considered to be the battle on July 7, 1944 near Paramushir Island of the Kuril Archipelago.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The Sunfish submarine under the command of Edward Shelby drowned a convoy of 13 sampans and 1 large trawler.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In 2 hours, the submarine fired 6,000 shells from a 100-mm gun, 20 and 30-mm cannons.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Such a fiery whirlwind simply smashed the wooden skins of ships to shreds.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Most Japanese jumped into the water, but one ship fired at an American submarine.