Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Later, Evald Ilyenkov communicated closely with Academician Boniface Mikhailovich Kedrov, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Director of the Institute of Philosophy Pavel Vasilyevich Kopnin, with the Dean of the Faculty Psychology of Moscow State University Alexey Nikolaevich Leontyev, Peter Yakovlevich Galperin, Vasily Vasilyevich Davydov, Felix Trofimovich Mikhailov, Vladislav Alexandrovich Lectorsky [3].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In June 1950, Ilyenkov graduated with honors and with a recommendation for postgraduate studies at Moscow State University at the Department of History of Foreign Philosophy.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In postgraduate studies, Professor Theodor Ilyich Oyzerman became its scientific supervisor, and in 1953 Ilyenkov defended his Ph.D. thesis “Some Issues of Materialistic Dialectics in the Work of K. Marx “To Criticism of Political Economy” [4], which influenced the allocation of dialectical logic as a direction of Marxist-Leninist philosophy.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In November of the same year, Evald Vasilyevich was admitted to the sector of dialectical materialism of the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR as a junior researcher [3], where he worked until the end of his life [1] .


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In 1953, Ilyenkov began conducting a special seminar at the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University on the logic of Karl Marx's Capital [5].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In the early 1950s, E.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

IN. Ilyenkov married Olga (Kadria) Salimova.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Conflict at Moscow State University


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In April 1954, theses “On the question of the relationship between philosophy and knowledge about nature and society in the process of their historical development” appeared, authored by Ilyenkov and Valentin Ivanovich Korovikov.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In these theses, they argued that philosophy cannot solve the problems of special sciences and can only be a theory of knowledge, studying the nature and nature of scientific knowledge.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In their opinion, “philosophy is the science of scientific thinking, its laws and forms” [1].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Philosophy studies the real world to the extent that it finds its ideal expression in human thought.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Philosophy is a reflection of thinking that expresses the logic of its own actions.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

These statements had a great impact on some students of the Faculty of Philosophy, in particular, Ilyenkov's student V. A. Lecturer.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Alexey Matveyevich Rumyantsev, who was then head of the Science Department of the CPSU Central Committee, critically assessed this understanding of the subject of philosophy.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In February-March 1955, the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University inspected the “teaching of social sciences and ideological and educational work” of the commission of the Department of Science and Culture of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the report of the commission contained an assessment of Ilyenkov and Korovikov's theses “a relapse of lesser idealism, which had long been defeated and condemned by the party” [1], it was found out that “some students and graduate students have a desire to move away from pressing practical tasks in the field of “pure science”, “pure thinking”, detached from practice, from the policy of our party. Some students admitted that they have not read newspapers for a long time” [6].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

After checking the state of affairs at the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University by the commission of the CPSU Central Committee, Ilyenkov's views were defined as “a perversion of the philosophy of


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

On March 25 and 29, the Academic Council of the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University was held, at which Ilyenkov and Korovikov's theses were discussed, as a result, they were accused of Hegelianism and deprived of the right to teach at Moscow State University [1].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Korovikov received a party reprimand and was dismissed from the university, Ilyenkov was suspended from teaching [2].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In fact, the reduction of the subject of philosophy to epistemology was criticized, as opposed to the ontologization of dialectical materialism.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

This position was later criticized by Ilyenkov's opponents as “epistemology”.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

At the same time, the leader of the Italian communists P. Togliatti.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov's first article on the dialectics of the abstract and concrete was translated and published in Italian in 1955 [7].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Work at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov continued his work at the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1956 he wrote the book “Dialectics of the Abstract and Concrete in Scientific and Theoretical Thinking”.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In preparation for publication, the management of the Institute of Philosophy insisted on a number of corrections, as a result, the final version was reduced by more than a third.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The book was published in 1960 under the title “Dialectics of the Abstract and Concrete in Marx's Capital” by the publishing house of the Academy of Sciences [1], and in 1961 Evald Ilyenkov received the position of senior researcher employee [1] [3].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In the first half of the 1960s, Ilyenkov participated in the creation of the Philosophical Encyclopedia as an author, and in the process of working on the second volume he became the editor of the section “dialectical materialism”.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Seven of his articles were published in this volume at once.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In the same volume of this publication, in the fall of 1962, Ilyenkov's famous article “Ideal” was published.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In August-September 1964, Ilyenkov took part in the International Hegel Congress in Salzburg, Austria [8].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In 1965, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences E.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

IN. Ilyenkov was awarded the Prize to them.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

N. G. Chernyshevsky with the wording “for a series of works on the history and theory of dialectics” [1] (alternative wording: “for the study of topical problems of the theory of knowledge” [3].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Participant of the VI International Hegel Philosophical Congress in Prague.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In 1968, the Politizdat publishing house published his book “On Idols and Ideals”, and on November 26 he defended his doctoral dissertation “To the Question of the Nature of Thinking (Based on the Analysis of German Classical Dialectics)” [9].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In September 1970, he was a member of the International Philosophical Congress in Berlin (GDR) [1].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In 1974, the monograph “Dialectical Logic. Essays on History and Theory”, which is considered by researchers to be the main historical and philosophical work of Ilyenkov, in the spring of 1976, the book “Dialectics of the Ideal” was written.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

From 1975 until the end of his life, Ilyenkov led a scientific seminar at the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University at the invitation of Dean A. N. Leontyev [1].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Recent years


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In the last years of E.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

IN. Ilyenkov paid much attention to the issues of the productive power of imagination, creative imagination (including in connection with issues of aesthetic activity and art).


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Abused alcohol [10].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov died on March 21, 1979 after another campaign of harassment and the accompanying prolonged depression.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

It is believed that he committed suicide [11] by cutting his carotid artery [10].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

He was buried next to his father at Novodevichy Cemetery (section No. 8) [12].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Key ideas


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Cosmology of Spirit


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In his early work Cosmology of Spirit (mid-50s), written in graduate school, E.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

IN. Ilyenkov gave a clear answer to the question about the meaning and purpose of the existence of intelligent beings in the Universe.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

According to Ilyenkov's hypothesis, Mother Nature is destined to resist entropy in the universe and, sacrificing themselves, return the dying worlds to their original, “fiery” state.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The death of the thinking spirit becomes the creative act of the birth of a new universe and in it other intelligent beings.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

This work, named by E.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov “philosophical and poetic phantasmagoria”, echoes Ilyenkov's later appeal to the monistic teachings of B.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Spinoza about thinking as an integral part of nature.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Climbing from abstract to concrete


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Among Ilyenkov's most important achievements is the development of a method of ascent from the abstract to the concrete as a key to understanding dialectical logic as a method of scientific knowledge.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov developed this problem on the basis of an analysis of the dialectical method used by K. Marx is working on Capital.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov considered abstraction as a method of scientific thinking erroneous, opposing it with concretization: its application is due to the need to ascend “... from incomplete, one-sided (” abstract “) ideas about the subject — to an increasingly complete and comprehensive knowledge of it.”


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Thus, Ilyenkov, following Marx, for whom these ideas are formulated only in the most general form, turns all traditional ideas about the relationship between the abstract and the concrete.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov sharply criticized empiricism and induction as an unproductive method in cognition.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In this regard, Ilyenkov writes:


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Not “induction” aimed at finding an abstraction that expresses the “common” for all special cases, but an in-depth analysis of one particular case aimed at identifying the desired process in it” pure form” — this was the path of philosophy everywhere and always, where and when it really came to objective discoveries.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Following Marx, Ilyenkov understood by “concrete” “unity of the diverse”.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Here Ilyenkov proceeded from Hegel's position on the concreteness of all truth.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Developing Marx's arguments, Ilyenkov formulates the following detailed description of a particular one:


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Concrete, concreteness is primarily a synonym for the objective relationship of all the necessary aspects of a real object given to a person in contemplation and presentation, their internally necessary interdependence.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Thus, “unity” is understood as a complex set of various forms of existence of an object, the unique combination of which is characteristic only for this, and not for any other object.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

When developing this method, Ilyenkov formulated the problem of the structure of the theoretical system and its genesis on the basis of a certain “cell”.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The latter means a scientific and theoretical concept as a cell of thinking, the prerequisite for the formation of which is abstraction (a product of developing a general idea) and the allocation of an appropriate term.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

At the same time, the moment of formation of the concept already goes beyond empirical analysis, which ensures the emergence of abstraction.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The laws of the emergence of such a concept go beyond the competence of formal logic and relate to dialectical thinking: the true subject of thinking in concepts is not abstract similarities, but” historically established universal forms of interaction”.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The subsequent movement of thought should be aimed at developing such a theoretical generalization that would reflect the “objective concrete essence of the data”.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In this regard, an obligatory requirement for a “specific universal concept” is the conclusion “in itself” of “the wealth of particulars in their specific theoretical definitions”.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

A typical example of such a “concrete-universal” definition of Ilyenkov is a person as a “creature that produces tools”, since from this property (production of production tools), according to Ilyenkov, displays the whole variety of historical forms of human existence.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov analyzed the relationship between the method of ascent and the problems of logical and historical dialectics and the problem of resolving contradictions in theoretical thinking.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov's ideas regarding the dialectics of the abstract and concrete, formulated in the Hegel and Marx tradition, in a peculiar way anticipated the development of problems that Western experts in logic and methodology of science began to be studied (within the framework of the tradition of analytical philosophy) a decade and a half later.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

His development of problems of the core of the theory, according to V. A. Lectorsky, comes into contact with the Lakatosov method of scientific research programs, and Ilyenkov's criticism of philosophical empiricism is associated with what later began to be discussed as the problem of theoretical loading of an empirical fact.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov's book on the method of ascending from abstract to concrete in theoretical thinking was completed in the mid-1950s.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

This book, based on the manuscript “The Dialectics of the Abstract and Concrete in Scientific and Theoretical Thinking”, written four years earlier, was published in 1960 and abbreviated by more than a third and another title is “The Dialectics of the Abstract and Concrete in “Capital” by K. Marx”.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

A year later, it was published in full in Italian [13] (reprinted in 1975), and then in many other languages of the world.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The essence of the logical method developed by Ilyenkov was how theoretical thinking traces the process of formation of an object, starting with the simplest, most abstract form of its being and ending with its most developed and specific forms.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Energy to this historical process is always communicated by a special contradiction that lies in the substance of this subject (in this subject as the causes or totality of reasons for the existence of oneself in the most generalized, or the most specific, form).


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Any new form accepted by the object arises as a means of resolving this contradiction directly at the point of collision of the opposite parties, or “moments” characterizing its existence manifestations of its substance.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Truth is nothing more than a contradiction taken in the form in which it is resolved by the subject of consideration itself not only in consciousness, but also in objective reality, it is a consciousness that assumes, and dialectical logic is the doctrine of the formation and existence of a method of concrete resolution of real contradictions.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Perfect


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov's great merit should be recognized as the actualization and materialistic solution of the problem of the ideal, one of the most important traditional topics of philosophy.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In general, it was presented in the article of the same name, [14] published in the fall of 1962 in the Philosophical Encyclopedia and immediately caused controversy in philosophical circles, in more detail in the articles” The problem of the ideal in philosophy” [15] [16] and “The problem of the ideal” [17], published in the journal “Voprosy filosofii”.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov summed up his research in the manuscript “Dialectics of the Ideal”, written in the spring of 1976.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

However, the author did not have a chance to see it printed in his native language (shortly before Ilyenkov's death, an English-language version of the work was published, which was almost halved and changed by the editor).


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In a series of his publications, Ilyenkov not only convincingly showed the development of the concept of ideal as a natural and extremely important stage in philosophical thought, but also, to a certain extent, “rehabilitated” the creative the legacy of Plato, Fichte and Hegel, whose ideas he devoted exceptional attention to.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Idealism is not the result of an elementary mistake of a naive schoolboy who imagined a formidable ghost where in fact there is nothing.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Idealism is a speculative interpretation of the objectivity of an ideal form, that is, the fact of its existence in the space of human culture independent of the will and consciousness of individuals.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Simultaneously with the recognition of the positive role of objective idealism, Ilyenkov sharply criticizes the approach to the ideal as a mental or physiological phenomenon characteristic of both empiricism of the 16th century and and for later positivism.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The simple identification of the “ideal” with the “mental in general”, which was common in the 17th-18th centuries, did not even make it possible to clearly formulate the specifically philosophical problem that Plato had already found — the problem of the objectivity of the universal, the objectivity of universal (theoretical) definitions of reality, that is, the nature of the fact of their absolute independence from man and humanity, from special the structure of the human body, its brain and its psyche with its individual fleeting states — in other words, the problem of the truth of the universal, understood as a law that remains invariant in all various changes in “mental states” and not only the “individual”, but also entire spiritual formations, eras and peoples.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

According to Ilyenkov, the confrontation between pre-Marxist materialism and objective metaphysical idealism, which culminated in Hegel's work, was removed by the appearance of dialectical materialism.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The idea of objective idealists about the existence of a metaphysical Absolute reflected, albeit in a mystified form, the existence of a suprapersonal ideal reality; non-dialectical materialism (as well as the vulgar materialism of the 19th and 20th centuries, with which Ilyenkov actively fought), in turn, could not solve the psychophysiological problem except by Descartes's method - by abandoning monism in favor of dualism (and therefore the rejection of materialism as such).


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov understands the ideal as “... a subjective image of objective reality, that is, a reflection of the outside world in the forms of human activity, in the forms of his consciousness and will” [18].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov was guided by Marx's famous words about the ideal as “transplanted into a human head” and “transformed by it” material [19].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Based on the methodology used by Marx in the analysis of commodity-money relations (money as the “ideal reality” of the commodity world), Ilyenkov developed the concept of “ideal” as being formed in the process subject-practical activity of a person of representation (“objective representation”) is such a peculiar relationship between material objects (things, processes, events, states) when one of them, remaining himself, acts as a representative of another object — its “universal nature”, invariant regularity.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov's term “ideal” denotes the relationship between at least two different things, one of which represents the essence of the other as a form of human activity.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

For the expression of the essence of a thing to be ideal, the material for it must be the socially significant body of another thing.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The thing seems to hand its “soul” to this other thing to make it its symbol.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Thus, the diplomat not only represents his country in reality, but also symbolically, money represents the value of all goods, and words represent the meaning of various things in culture.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Thus, following Ilyenkov's logic, “... the ideal is realized in the symbol and through the symbol, that is, through the external, sensually perceived, visible or audible body of the word.”


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Thus, the body of the ideal is any thing created by man that mediates relations between people, and thereby assumes the necessary functions for this, including symbolic ones.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Thus, the ideal is a representation in a different way and through another, moreover, one way or another it is a representation that corresponds to the essence of the matter, and this representation, being part of social production human life, thus produced as such not by the brain, although through the brain.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The ideal, according to Ilyenkov, has a socio-historical nature, how it fundamentally differs from the biological nature of the phenomena of the individual human psyche.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In other words, human consciousness is ideal, but the ideal is not limited to the phenomena of individual human consciousness, and not every phenomenon of the human psyche is ideal.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Moreover, the ideal is in no way reduced to a mechanical summation of the “mental states of individuals”.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov's position on these issues opposes a narrowly empirical interpretation of the ideal as a collective name for any mental phenomenon common in the island philosophical tradition (Locke, Berkeley, Hume et al).


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The ideal, thus, is expressed in those forms of human knowledge, “... which are determined and explained not by the vagaries of personal psychophysiology, but by something much more serious, something worthwhile over the individual psyche and completely independent of it.”


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Thus, the ideal is a complex of phenomena that have objectivity (independence from individual human knowledge).


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

These include the norms of everyday culture, language, legal norms, principles of thinking, etc., in other words, all those specially organized phenomena of reality that a person learns from birth , ready to go.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The ideal, in other words, belongs entirely to the historically established social (collective) consciousness of people.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Directly, this power of the social whole over the individual is detected and acts in the form of a state, the political system of society, in the form of a system of moral, moral and legal restrictions, norms of social behavior and, further, aesthetic, logical and other standards and criteria


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In the process of human production of an ideal product in his life, a person commits an act of idealization of reality (the process of turning the material into the ideal), and with the emergence the ideal becomes, in turn, a condition for material production (the act of materialization, or objectification of the ideal).


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

This continuous process of transition of the material into the ideal and vice versa is subject to special dialectical laws, generating more and more cycles, and is characteristic only for “social- historical life of a person”.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Based on this, the ideal and the real are dialectical categories, each of which can be understood only in dialectically contradictory interaction.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Consciousness and will act in this regard as forms of ideal human development of the world of culture.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In particular, D. Beckhurst, the main researcher of Ilyenkov's heritage in the English-speaking world, considers it necessary to bring the concepts of the ideal closer to Platonism, and T. Rockmore sees this concept as an intersection with Popper's “cosmological pluralism” [20].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The identity of being and thinking


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

One of the main problems that the thinker fought over was the removal of the Cartesian dichotomy of the subjective and objective, consciousness as something purely “internal” and external reality.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Translating into the language of science, this problem is defined as the relationship between knowledge (a set of concepts, theoretical ideas, etc.) and the subject of this knowledge.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The problem in its classical form was formulated by R. Descartes as the incorrelation between thinking that reveals itself in concepts and the existence of things, determined through their length [21].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In this regard, Ilyenkov, following the idea of Spinoza, whose thinking and length are presented not as two substances, but as “... two attributes expressing the same substance”, developed the idea of “identity being and thinking”, bearing in mind that the content of thinking (and consciousness in general) characterizes not consciousness, but real objectivity itself.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

These ideas of the philosopher contradicted the official interpretation of the “Lenin theory of reflection” adopted in Soviet philosophy, for which he was subjected to ideological criticism.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

At the same time, one can find the closeness of his ideas to the tradition of “direct realism”, which is influential in the philosophy of the 20th century.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

At the same time, Ilyenkov emphasized that reality is given to human consciousness in the forms of his activity, developing the tradition of Fichte, Hegel and Marx and giving a philosophical interpretation of psychological theory activities developed by domestic scientists (S. L. Rubinstein L. S. Vygotsky, A. N. Leontyev).


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In the same context, the concept of the ideal can be understood, which Ilyenkov interprets as the ability of a person to build his activity in accordance with the shape of any other body, as well as the prospect of changing this body during the development of culture.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The latter is the original form of being ideal, which, thus, initially and initially exists not in the head of a person, not in his consciousness, but in historically developing forms cultural activities.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

This provides the key to understanding both the subjective forms of the ideal and the human person.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

His solution to the problem, which removes the traditional philosophical dichotomy of psychologism and antipsychologism, was also declared sedition, since it did not fit into the primitive psychologism of the official interpretation dialectical materialism.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

At the same time, this concept had an impact on the theory and practice of domestic typhlo-hearing pedagogy, in particular, on the study of the problem of mental (personal) development of a deaf-blind child ( works by A. AND. Mescheryakova).


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Pedagogical activity


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The development of problems of universality of man and his imagination led to Ilyenkov's appeal to issues of personality and creativity, based on the theoretical justification of K. Marx and F. Engels of the need for universal, comprehensive and harmonious development of the individual.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

According to Ilyenkov, a person discovers himself provided that an individual produces a universal product that has a renewing influence on the fate of other individuals.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

A person can be ahead of the team in his aspirations if it is guided by outdated patterns and norms of activity.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

According to Ilyenkov, the uniqueness of a true person lies precisely in the fact that she discovers something new for everyone in her own way.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

According to Ilyenkov, the concepts of personality, freedom and talent are synonymous.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov developed special issues of psychology and pedagogy.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

He gave a philosophical justification for the system of education of deaf-blind people created by I. A. Sokolyansky and A. AND. Meshcheryakov.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov published a number of works on the mental education of students, analyzed the originality of types of thinking in their connection with various forms of culture.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov developed ideas about the cultural and historical nature of human mental functions and abilities, as well as the developing function of education.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In particular, Ilyenkov's article “School should teach to think!” (1964) on the functions of primary school [22].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Since the late 1960s, Ilyenkov participated in experiments conducted by A. AND. Meshcheryakov in the Zagorsky boarding school for deaf-blind children (now St. Sergiev Posad).


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov wrote a number of works in which he substantiated that even blind and deaf from birth can eventually become full members of society with the proper method of upbringing and training.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Since 1971, with the participation of Ilyenkov, an experiment has been carried out to train four deaf-blind students of Meshcheryakov at the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University [23].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

After the death of Meshcheryakov in 1974, Ilyenkov unofficially supervised the training of the “four”.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

One of his students, deaf-blind A. IN. Suvorov, managed to graduate from the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University and subsequently defend his candidate and doctoral dissertations.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Social and political views


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In the mid-1960s. Ilyenkov had the opportunity to take part in a number of international congresses, in particular, in Salzburg and Prague.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov was not released for the symposium at the University of Notre Dame in the United States, but the text of his report was published in the collection of materials of the symposium.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

In his theses “Marx and the Western World”, Ilyenkov, in particular, raises the important problem of alienation.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Appealing to Marx, Ilyenkov states that under socialism, alienation was not overcome.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

According to Marx, the formal legal “socialization of property” established by the political revolution is only the first (although the first) step is necessary, there is only the first stage actual “socialization”.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

It creates only formal — legal and political — conditions sine qua non for the real “appropriation by a person of wealth alienated from him.”


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

According to Ilyenkov, the genuine overcoming of the alienation of labor had to come with the transformation of private property into “the real property of every individual, every member of this society.”


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov seriously believed in the possibility of building communism in twenty years and as the deadline specified in the CPSU program approached, which no one else remembered, experienced a discrepancy in reality with ideology as a personal defeat [24].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

He went through the Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979, which contradicted his communist ideas [10].


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Heritage


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The problems developed by Ilyenkov were continued by his students and like-minded people, in particular, S. N. Mareev, A. D. Maidansky and others.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

His work has been studied by a number of foreign researchers, leading experts on Ilyenkov's theoretical heritage are Vesa Oittinen (University of Helsinki) and David Buckhurst (Queens University, Canada).


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Since 1991, his students have been holding annual Ilyenkov Readings [25], in which scientists from Germany, Finland, Great Britain, Canada and the United States take part.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Main works


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

(based on the analysis of German classical dialectics).


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The author's abstract of the dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Cosmology of spirit


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Lenin's dialectics and metaphysics of positivism.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1980.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

See also


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Zagorsky experiment


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Lifshits


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Moscow Logic Circle


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Notes


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Literature


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Evald IIyenkov's Philosophy Revised.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Proceedings of the Ilyenkov simposium in Helsinki 7th-8th September 1999.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Edited by Vesa Oittinen.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 2000, 372 pp.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

ISBN 951-45-9263-8.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Bakhurst, D.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Modern European Philosophy Series.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991;


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

The drama of Soviet philosophy: E.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

IN. Ilyenkov said.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

M., 1997;


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

. — M.: Dialectics and Culture, 2002.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— 250 p. ;


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

//New Russian encyclopedia.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

T. 6, h. II.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— Moscow: Infra-M, 2009.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— P. 276-277;


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov E.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

, Korovikov V. Passions on theses about the subject of philosophy (1954—1955).


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

//Author. -comp.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

E.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Illes.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— M.: “Canon+”, “Rehabilitation”, 2016.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— 272 p.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Lobastov G. IN. The philosophy of E.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

IN. Ilyenkova//Questions of Philosophy.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— 2000.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— No. 2.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— P. 169-175;


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Maidansky A. //Free thought.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— 2009.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— No. 8.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— P. 169-178;


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Maidansky A. //Questions of philosophy.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— 2010.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— No. 2.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— P. 127—133;


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Maidansky A. //Questions of philosophy.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— 2002.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— No. 8.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— P. 163—173;


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Mareev S. N. Meeting with philosopher E.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

2-e izd.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

M., 1997;


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Mareev S. N.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— M.: Cultural Revolution, 2008.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— 448 p. — ISBN 978-5-250-06035-6


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

. — 2009.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— No. 1: Ilyenkov;


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Pushchaev Yu.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

IN. History and theory of the Zagorsk experiment//Questions of Philosophy.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

2013 № 3;


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Pushchaev Yu.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

IN. History and theory of the Zagorsky experiment: was there a falsification?


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

//Questions of philosophy.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

2013 № 10;


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

E.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

IN. Ilyenkov: personality and creativity.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Moscow, Languages of Russian Culture Publ., 1999;


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

. — MOSCOW: RSUH PUBL., 2004.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— 308 p. — ISBN 5-9290-00573


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

References


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Ilyenkov E.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

V.//Learn to think from an early age.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

— MOSCOW: 1977.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Vakhitov R. R.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Islamov E.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

A.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Maidansky A. D.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Malinovsky A. A.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Mareev S. N.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Nikitin A. A.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Osipov I. D.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Pushchaev Yu.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

IN.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Rimsky V. P.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Safronov A. IN.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Smirnov I. IN.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Sokolova Ye.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

E.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

, Fedorovich E.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

YU.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Surmava A.


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Category:Marxists


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Category:Marxist theorists


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Category:Teachers of the USSR


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Category:Graduates of the Odessa Higher Artillery Command School


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Category: Artillerymen of the Great Patriotic War


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Category:Platoon commanders in the Great Patriotic War


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Category:Faculty of Philosophy, Moscow State University


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Category:IFAN staff


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Category:Typhlopedagogues


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Category:Ilyenkov School


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Category:Laureates of the N. G. Chernyshevsky


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Category:CPSU members


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Category:Philosophers who committed suicide


Question: When did Evald Vasilievich Ilyenkov graduate from high school?

Evald Ilyenkov

Category: Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The First Battle of Bull Run, as well as the First Battle of Manassas, was the first major land battle of the American Civil War.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It took place on July 21, 1861 near Manassas, Virginia.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Federal Army, under General Irwin McDowell, attacked the Confederate army under the command of Generals Johnston and Beauregard, but was stopped and then turned to flight.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Federal Army aimed to seize an important transport hub, Manassas, and Beauregard's army took up the defense at the turn of the small Bull Run River.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Federal Commander-in-Chief Irwin McDowell spent two days reconnaissance, and during this time, Shenandoah's army under Johnston's command came to Beauregard's aid.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

On July 21, McDowell sent three divisions bypassing the enemy's left flank; they managed to attack and repel several Confederate brigades, after which McDowell suspended the offensive.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

A few hours later, he sent two artillery batteries and several infantry regiments forward, but the Southerners met them on Henry Hill and repulsed all attacks.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The federal army lost 11 guns in these battles, and, hoping to recapture them, the command sent regiment after regiment into battle until all reserves were exhausted.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Meanwhile, fresh brigades of the army of the South approached the battlefield and forced the last reserve of the northerners, the Howard Brigade, to retreat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Howard's retreat initiated a general withdrawal of the entire federal army, which turned into an indiscriminate flight.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Southerners were able to allocate only a few regiments for pursuit, so they did not manage to deal significant damage to the enemy.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Preparing


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

By the beginning of the summer of 1861 (the first year of the Civil War), the Confederacy was tasked with defending Northern Virginia.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This meant keeping the army on the Washington-Richmond route and in the Shenandoah Valley.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The army of the South was too small to hold both fronts, so much hope was placed on the Manassas Railway, which allowed forces to be transferred from the Shenandoah Valley to the east or to in the opposite direction, depending on the situation.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The weak point of this road was Manassas Station, which was only 30 miles from Washington.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It was obvious that the federal army would first try to capture Manassas, “the most important strategic point in Virginia,” according to one ordinary South Carolina.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

By early July 1861, many believed that the first and probably last battle of this war would take place at Manassas [1].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Back in May, Major General Robert Lee, Commander-in-Chief of the Virginia Armed Forces, ordered Manassas to be held at all costs.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He believed that it was worth building a fortified line at the turn of the Bull Run River, and promised to send tools for this [2].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

To defend Manassas, the Confederation used its largest army, the Potomac army.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The station itself was surrounded by earthen fortifications.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Bull Run River, which flowed three miles from Manassas, was a natural obstacle — it was narrow and no more than a meter deep, but its steep banks were extremely convenient for defense.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Southerners fortified all Bull Run crossings 8 miles from Warrenton Road to Union Mill Ford.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Numerous pickets were held on the approaches to the river.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Communication between the pickets and individual units of the army was provided by a flag alarm, which was in charge of Captain Edward Alexander [3].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

To the west, in the Shenandoah Valley, stood a small Shenandoah army commanded by Joseph Johnston.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He was older than Beauregard in rank and was a more experienced commander, but inferior in popularity to Beauregard.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

His task was to deter the offensive of the federal detachment under the command of Robert Patterson, and, if necessary, to come to the aid of Beauregard's army [4].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

To attack Richmond, the Federal Command assembled the largest army in US history, numbering 35,000 men.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This army was led by Brigadier General Irwin McDowell, who was promoted to this rank directly from the majors.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He immediately found himself in a difficult situation: society and government demanded an immediate attack on Richmond, but the commander understood that the army was not ready for this.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Privates did not undergo the most basic training, and even officers of the regular army did not have experience in maneuvering brigades and divisions.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, many regiments were recruited for 90 days of service and their service expired in late July and early August.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The command demanded to launch an offensive under any circumstances.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“You're green, it's true,” General Scott told McDowell, “but they're green too” [5].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

On June 29, 1861, at a cabinet meeting in the White House, McDowell outlined his plan of action.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He called Manassas the main target of his offensive.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

According to the plan, it was supposed to attack, then bypass the enemy's position from the east and cut it off from Richmond, than force it to retreat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It was a smart plan, but Lincoln and Scott were not enthusiastic about it.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

They believed that winning a major battle would help end the war faster [6] [7].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell's army marched to Manassas on the evening of July 16, moving in three columns.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

On the right flank, Tyler's division entered Vienna in the evening, Hunter and Miles reached Annandale in the center of the division, and on the left flank, Heinzelman's division reached the Pochick Creek River.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

On July 17, the offensive went slower; McDowell expected to meet enemy outposts at Fairfax and moved cautiously, with frequent stops.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At about noon, the Northerners entered Fairfax, but found only an abandoned enemy camp there.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

By the end of the day, Tyler's division had only advanced 5 miles beyond Fairfax.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

On July 18, McDowell planned to begin his detour maneuver: Tyler's division was supposed to divert attention from Centerville, and Heinzelman's division was supposed to be sent across the Okokun River bypassing the right Beauregard's flank.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At about noon on July 18, McDowell arrived at Sangster Station for reconnaissance and almost immediately realized that there were no suitable roads there and the terrain was inconvenient for the offensive.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This forced him to completely change plans and develop a new offensive plan [8].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Beauregard knew about the Northerners offensive from the very beginning thanks to his spies.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He deployed an army at the turn of the Bull Run River, advancing the Bonham Brigade to Centerville and the Ewell Brigade to Sangster.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

When the enemy appeared, both brigades retreated to the main line of defense, destroying bridges and blocking roads along the way.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Hennessy wrote that at all seven crossings between Centerville and Manassas, Beauregard ordered the construction of earth fortifications, the first in the history of that war.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Historian Earl Hess wrote that powerful bull-run fortifications with camouflaged batteries and mined bridges and roads are nothing more than rumors that circulated in the federal army.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Beauregard built several fortifications near Fairfax, but did not strengthen the Bull Run coast, because he was not going to defend at this line [9] [10].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Beauregard believed that the Northerners would advance directly on the Centerville-Manassas road and would go to the Mitchell Ford crossing, where they would launch an attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Therefore, he deployed his strongest detachment, the South Carolina Bonham Brigade, and two batteries on this site.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It was assumed that Bonham would hold the defense, while the rest of the brigades would cross the river and attack the northerners from the flanks.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Realizing that his strength may not be enough, Beauregard requested reinforcements from President Jefferson on July 17.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The latter ordered the 8th Virginia Regiment from Leesburg, two Holmes regiments from Fredericksburg, as well as the Hampton Legion and the 6th North Carolina Regiment from Richmond to Manassas.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In addition, he wrote to General Johnston to strengthen Beauregard if he could break away from Patterson (English: if you can get away from Patterson) [11].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Forces of the parties


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The forces of the South consisted of the Army of the Potomac Beauregard, 21,883 men (7 brigades), and the Shenandoah Army, approximately 8,884 men (4 brigades).


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Federal Army of Northeast Virginia numbered 30,594 men and was reduced to five divisions [12].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The federal army had 47 guns of various types and calibers.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

They were combined into 10 companies: nine companies of regular artillery and one company of the Rhode Island militia.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

These were: 16 three-inch Parrot rifled guns, two 3.67-inch Parrots, one 4.2-inch Parrot, four 4.62-inch 1841 field guns, eight field howitzers caliber 4.62 inches and twelve James 3-inch rifled guns [13].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Southerners had 53 guns, grouped into twelve units.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

All these units were formed from artillery of the state militias.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

These were: 40 guns of the 1841 model of the year caliber 3.67 inches, 9 rifled guns of caliber 3 inches, 4 field howitzers caliber 4.62 inches [13].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Federal artillery was inferior in number to the Confederal artillery, but had an advantage in range: 51% of federal guns were rifled against 18% in the armies of the South.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Although the Northerners could fire mainly 3-inch shells, their guns hit 1500-2,000 meters, while the 6-pound guns of the South hit only 1,000 meters.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Thus, the federal army had an advantage while dueling at long distances, but in short southerners gained an advantage due to a larger caliber [13].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Blackburns-Ford


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

On July 18, at 09:00, the Federal Army's Vanguard Division (Tyler's Division) entered Centerville.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Its commander was ordered to explore the roads near Centerville, pretend to attack Manassas, but not start battles.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Tyler, however, decided to conduct a reconnaissance mission.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

On his order, General Richardson sent a battalion to the crossing, which engaged in a shootout with the Southerners (Longstreet Brigade).


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This clash prevented Tyler from assessing the enemy's position, and he ordered Richardson to move his entire brigade into battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This attack was repulsed and Richardson was ready to attack again, but Tyler ordered him to withdraw from the fight.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell arrived in Centerville after the end of the fight.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He did not attach much importance to this shootout, although he feared that it would make a bad impression on the army [14].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The events at Blackburns-Ford forced Beauregard to reconsider his attitude to earth fortifications.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He ordered to strengthen all crossings, and on July 19, the southerners began excavation work [2].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The failure of Blackburns-Ford showed McDowell that the enemy's positions along the Bull Run are strong and it is unwise to storm them from the front.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

His original plan was to bypass the right flank of the enemy, but after studying the area, McDowell realized that there were no suitable roads for such a maneuver.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He decided to change his plan and bypass the left flank of Beauregard.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He instructed the chief engineer of the army to find suitable crossings and roads.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After spending two days identifying roads and crossings on July 19 and 20, Barnard learned about the existence of two convenient crossings - Sadley Ford and Poplar Ford, although he could not study them personally.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

On the afternoon of July 20, McDowell decided that his plan was quite realistic and scheduled an offensive the next morning.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

These days, the 4th Pennsylvania Regiment and one artillery battery left the ranks of the federal army (the soldiers had expired their contract) [15].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Beauregard plan


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

General Beauregard was encouraged by the success, but, to his displeasure, the Battle of Blackburns Ford took place too early and the situation did not allow him to launch a counteroffensive.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He, however, hoped that after the arrival of Johnston's army he would be able to defeat McDowell.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

According to his plan, Johnston's army was to advance from the west, pass the Eldy Gap Gorge and attack the right flank of the enemy.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Beauregard attacks from the front at the same time.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The plan was handed over to Johnston, but Johnston disapproved of it.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

On July 18, at 03:00, Johnston received an order to connect with Beauregard and on the morning of July 19 began to transfer troops using the railway.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Thomas Jackson's team was the first to be sent.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Jackson came to Beauregard's headquarters on the evening of July 19, as Beauregard was just outlining his offensive plan to his subordinates.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Jackson's appearance surprised Beauregard — he was sure that Johnston was marching into the flank of McDowell [16].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Johnston arrived at headquarters on the afternoon of July 20 and, as a senior in rank, took command of units on the battlefield.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

His appearance completely frustrated Beauregard's plans, who was forced to return to one of his earlier plans, July 8.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This plan involved an attack on Centerville to cut off the enemy from Washington.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Johnston knew that the battle should start as early as possible, so he approved Beauregard's plan.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He instructed him to draw up all the orders, and went to bed for the first time in a few days [17].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell plan


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

On the afternoon of July 20, McDowell developed the final plan for the battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He intended to tie the enemy from the front as part of the army, and send a third of all forces bypassing the Sadley-Ford crossing to go to the flank of Beauregard's army.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He also decided to send a detachment west along the Warrenton Road to dismantle the railway track in Gainesville.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell's early plans did not imply such sabotage.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He was sure that Patterson's army would link Johnston in the Shenandoah Valley.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell did not explain the reasons for his decision, but it is very likely that by July 20, he began to suspect that Patterson had failed the task.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Both McDowell and his generals heard the sound of the train passing, and there were rumors that Johnston had already joined Beauregard.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell even reported this to Washington.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Subsequently, he accused Patterson of the unsuccessful outcome of the Battle of Bull Run, but in fact Johnston's arrival did not come as a surprise to him.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He initially expected that his army was approximately equal in size to the enemy's army [18].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At 20:00, McDowell gathered divisional commanders at the headquarters and outlined to them the task.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Richardson's brigade, supported by another brigade, needed to demonstrate at the Mitchell Ford and Blackburns-Ford crossings.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Tyler's division was supposed to march along the Warrenton Road to the Stone Bridge and also begin a demonstration there.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Hunter and Heinzelman divisions, numbering 13,000 men, carried the brunt of the blow: following Tyler, they were to turn to Sadley Ford.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Hunter's division must cross Sadley-Ford, turn south, push a possible enemy away from the Poplar Ford crossing, and allow Heinzelman's division to cross Bull Run at this point.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Then the two divisions must advance together (Heinzelman on the left and Hunter on the right) to the Warrenton Road, push the enemy away from the Stone Bridge and allow Tyler's divisions to cross [19].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell could not predict further events.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He assumed that Beauregard, flanked, would retreat or attack his army.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell's orders did not imply a further offensive, they did not contain the words “attack” or “assault”.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In this way, McDowell's plan was fundamentally different from Beauregard's plan, which expected to attack Centerville [20].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Battle


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Federal Army began preparations for an offensive on the night of July 21, “the last night of a bloodless war,” as Hennessy put it.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At 02:03, Tyler's division (Schenk and Sherman Brigades) lined up on the Warrenton Road and began marching towards the Stone Bridge over Bull Run.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Since all the units advancing that morning used the same road, the pace of the advance of all other units depended on the speed of Tyler's march.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, he was detained by a narrow bridge over the Kab-Ran stream.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It was especially difficult to transport heavy guns (up to three tons).


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In total, it took the Schenk and Sherman brigades an hour and a half to pass the bridge.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Tyler assumed that the entire space between Cub Run and Bull Run was occupied by the enemy, so he moved slowly and with caution.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

As a result, the distance of 2.5 kilometers to the Kamenny Bridge was covered in three hours [21].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

All this time, Hunter and Heinzelman divisions stood on the road, waiting for the way to the beginning of the road to Sadley Ford to be cleared.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It was not until 05:30, when Tyler passed the Cub Run bridge, that the other divisions began their march, but they also had to stay, crossing Cub Run.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After reaching Spindle's house, the column turned right onto the farm road leading to Sadley Ford.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This road was narrow, which also slowed down the pace of the offensive.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The first in the column was the 2nd Rhode Island Regiment, followed by the Reynolds Battery, then the 1st Rhode Island Regiments, the 2nd New Hampshire and the 71st New York Regiments.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Colonel Burnside led the column, accompanied by the Governor of Rhode Island, who even wore the uniform of the 1st Rhode Island Regiment.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Burnside Brigade was followed by the Porter Brigade, then the entire Heinzelman Division.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In total, there were 13,000 people in the bypass column with twenty guns [22].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell's plan required Tyler to attract attention near the Stone Bridge.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Tyler was only an hour late for the bridge.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He decided not to repeat the mistakes of the Battle of Blackburns-Ford and carefully placed his forces in position before the outbreak of hostilities.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Sherman personally conducted a reconnaissance and was surprised not to find fortifications and serious enemy forces on the opposite bank of the river.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He noticed a few people, a lot of fallen trees, but nothing more.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Meanwhile, Tyler brought artillery to the position, in particular, the 30-pound Parrot.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It was installed right on the road a few hundred meters from the bridge, and around 06:00 a volley of explosive projectile was fired towards Van Pelt's house at a height across the river.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After this historic “first volley”, several more were fired, but they did not bring any visible result [23].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The position behind the bridge among the southerners was occupied by the brigade of Nathan Evans, which consisted of only two regiments.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Evans learned about the enemy's advance at three o'clock in the morning, and at 04:00 his pickets fired the first shots at the northerners.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Evans then ordered his regiments to occupy the battle line: Colonel Sloan's 4th South Carolina Infantry Regiment turned to the right of the road, and the Louisiana Battalion - to the left.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Captain Davidson's two guns stood 600 meters from the bridge.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Realizing that the balance of power was not in his favor, Evans hid his regiments in the forest and tried not to respond to enemy shots as much as possible [24].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Without achieving any reaction from the enemy, Tyler ordered Shank to push three regiments forward.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In response, Evans pushed four companies of the 4th South Carolina Regiment forward, deploying two companies on each side of the bridge.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

One Louisiana company stood to the left.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The rest of the companies were 200 meters behind.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Having approached, the opponents engaged in a shootout, which lasted for two hours [25].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Private Briesel later recalled:


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At dawn, I noticed two enemy scouts descending the hill through the bearded man's thickets.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

They held guns on their shoulders and, although they were walking in our direction, they did not see us, because all their attention was focused on the Kamenny Bridge.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Press Cowan and I... went to the fence at the edge of the field, 40 feet off the coast of Bull Run.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The scouts came in until they were a hundred yards away.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

I put my gun on the fence and took aim.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

And then Press Cowan, who was one step behind me, shot.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This was the first musket shot at the Battle of Manassas.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It was made by Press Kovan, a private of Company J, the 4th South Carolina Infantry.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It was 200 yards below Stone Bridge and 40 feet off the coast of Bull Run, on the Centerville side, around 06:00 a.m.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This shootout, like the fire of the gun, was heard by Israel Richardson at Blackburns-Ford, and it was a signal to action for him.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Taught by the experience of the Battle of Blackburns-Ford, Richardson acted carefully: he deployed 6 guns of Major Henry Hunt, set up cover (1st Massachusetts and 3rd Michigan regiments) and covered the flanks skirmishers [25].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Pierre Beauregard decided that the best response to the Feds offensive would be a right-wing attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Joseph Johnston, in principle, did not mind, but decided to strengthen the left flank and at 07:00 sent Brigades B, Bartow, Jackson and the South Carolina regiment (Hampton Legion) to help Evans.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Six guns were sent together with the brigades.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At the same time, around 07:00, an order was given to start the offensive of the brigades of the right flank.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After that, Beauregard and Johnston left headquarters at McLean's house and went to the hill near Mitchell Ford to see the results of their offensive.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In accordance with the order received, Longstreet led his brigade through Blackburn-Ford and engaged in a shootout with Richardson's regiments.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

David Jones's brigade also crossed the river.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The general offensive was supposed to begin with the offensive of the Ewell Brigade, but Beauregard's order for an unknown reason was not delivered to him, and he remained in his position [26].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Communication between Beauregard's brigades was carried out through signal stations.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

One was located in Van Pelt's house, at Evans headquarters, the other near McLean Farm and Wilcoxen Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

That morning, the stations were commanded by Captain Porter Alexander, who was told by Beauregard to be at the station at Wilcoxen Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At about 08:45, while receiving a flag signal from Van Pelt Station, Alexander noticed a glare of light in the distance behind the station.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“Looking closely, I realized that this morning sun was reflected in the bronze barrel of the gun,” he recalled later.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After studying the area across the river more carefully, the captain soon noticed columns of infantry and artillery carts.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He immediately sent a flag message to Evans through the intermediate signal station at McLean-Ford: “Watch your left flank. You are being bypassed.”


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This message was the first flag signal in the history of military affairs transmitted in combat conditions.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Alexander then sent a message with a courier to General Beauregard: “I see units crossing the Bull Run two miles above the Stone Bridge. The head of the column is in the woods on this side. The tail of the column in the woods on the other side. Half a mile of its length can be seen in open terrain. Infantry and artillery are visible” [27] [26].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Battle for Matthews Hill


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Alexander's report came at the same time as the report from the pickets near Sadley Ford.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Evans realized that he needed to step back from the bridge quickly and secretly.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This was not difficult, as his infantry was still hidden in the bush.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Evans left in position the already unmasked 4 companies, about two hundred people, and sent the remaining 900 people to intercept the enemy column to the Pittsylvania farm.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The withdrawal went unnoticed, and Tyler did not know for several hours that the Stone Bridge was left unguarded.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Evans assumed that the enemy would walk along the right bank of the river to reach its flank at the Stone Bridge.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, he was wrong: the federal column headed strictly south, along the Sadley Road leading from Sadley to Manassas, which would lead them past the left flank of Evans to the Warrenton Road.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Evans ordered a change of position: the Louisiana moved to the left, to the hill near Edgar Matthews farm.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

South Carolina 4th followed them and stood to the left of the Louisiana, leaning his left flank on Sadley Road.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Davidson's two guns stood behind the infantry line, at Buck Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

There were incidents: South Carolinans mistakenly fired several shots at the Louisiana, who opened fire in response.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, at 09:30, Evans's brigade was fully ready for battle and waited for the enemy to approach [28].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Evans' position was somewhat unusual.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Matthews Hill is a gentle height that is quite suitable for defense.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, Evans did not occupy the top of the hill, but was located on its southern slope, about 150 meters from the top.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Evans' motives are unknown; he probably hoped that the meeting with his squad would come as a surprise to the enemy.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, by doing so, he gave the enemy the top of the hill, which was 10 meters higher than his position [29].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At this time, General B's brigade came to neighboring Henry Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He immediately knew that this was where the battle would soon begin, and ordered John Imboden to deploy his guns on the northern slope of Henry Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

B also brought his regiments here: 4th Alamaba, 11th Mississippi, 7th and 8th Georgia [30] [31].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Hunter's vanguard division reached Sadley Ford at 09:00, 4 hours behind schedule.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Burnside Brigade was the first to cross the river and moved south along Sadley Road.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

William Everell and Emiel Whipple overtook the column and from a high place saw Evans infantry going to intercept them.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Hunter ordered Burnside to deploy 5 companies into the rifle chain and advance.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Governor Spragg went with the advance convoy.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After walking one and a half kilometers of forest, the column entered the open area, from where a gentle ascent to Matthews Hill began.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Up the slope was Evans' rifle chain.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Southerners fired several shots at the enemy and retreated.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Burnside deployed the entire 2nd Rhode Island Infantry Regiment into the battle line and commanded “Forward!”


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The infantrymen threw off their schoolbags and blankets and ran to the top of the hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

As soon as they reached the top, Evans' regiments fired a volley at them.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Rhode Islanders withstood it and returned fire from a distance of 150 meters.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Captain Reynolds's artillery battery came up behind - James's six bronze rifled guns.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Burnside, following Napoleonic tactics, ordered the guns to take a position on the same line with the infantry [32] [33].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

A fierce exchange of fire broke out, and both sides suffered their first casualties.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The commander of the Rhode Island Regiment, Colonel John Slokam, was killed.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The projectile tore off Major Ballow's leg.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Divisional commander Hunter was also wounded in the neck.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He went to the rear, meeting Burnside on the way, to whom he said, “Burnside, I'm handing over the matter to you. Slokam and his regiment are confidently advancing and driving these bastards away.”