Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In his opinion, the word “Varangians” goes back to the ethnonym “varins” or “varna”, through the intermediate ethnonym “varangs”, from which others derive.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

-Russian.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

“Varangians” and “Varangian Sea”, and possibly “vagras” and “varnas” (in the German transmission the names of some tribes of the Baltic Slavs).


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

According to Lev Klein, the word “Varangian” comes from the Scandinavian word “var” (oath).


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

This was the name of the Scandinavian mercenaries who swore allegiance to the Byzantine emperor (the basis of “vering” with the ancient German suffix -ing, which naturally gave the Slavic -eng > -yag) [30].


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Varangians in Russia


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Varangians Rus


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In the earliest surviving Old Russian chronicle, the Tale of Bygone Years, the Varangians are inextricably linked with the formation of the state of Russia, so named after the Varangian tribe Rus.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Rurik at the head of Russia came to Novgorod lands at the call of the union of Slavic-Finnish tribes to put an end to internal strife and civil strife.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The chronicle began to be created in the second half of the 11th century, but even then there is a contradictory information about the Varangians.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In the introductory part of the PVL, the chronicler gives a list of peoples known to him by origin from biblical patriarchs:


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

“The Poles [Poles] and Prussians, Chud are sitting near the Varangian Sea. The Varangians sit on this sea: from here to the east to the limits of the Simovs, they sit on the same sea and to the west - to the land of England and Voloshskaya. Japheth's offspring are also: Varangians, Swedes, Normans [Norwegians], Goths [inhabitants of Gotland], Rus, Angles, Galicians, Volokhs, Romans, Germans, Corlazi, Venetians, Fryags [Franks] and others.” [31]


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

When, according to the chronicle version, the union of Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes decided to invite a prince, they began to look for him from the Varangians: “And they went overseas to the Varangians, to Russia. Those Varangians were called Rus, as others are called the Swedes, and others are Normans and Angles, and other Gotlanders, like this. [...] And from those Varangians, the Russian land was nicknamed.” [31] [32]


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In Russian service


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

According to the “Tale of Bygone Years”, Prince Igor resorted to the help of the Varangians as mercenaries for the first time in a campaign of 943. Starting with Vladimir the Baptist, the Varangians are actively used by Russian princes in the struggle for power.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Vladimir served the future Norwegian king Olav Tryggvason.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

One of the earliest sources on his life, “Review of the Norwegian King Sagas” (c. 1190), reports on the composition of his squad in Russia: “his detachment was replenished by the Normans, Gauts and Dans.”


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

[33] With the help of the Varangian squad, Novgorod prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich seized the throne in Kiev in 979, after which he tried to get rid of them:


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

“After all this, the Varangians told Vladimir: “This is our city, we captured it,” we want to take a ransom from the citizens for two hryvnias per person.” And Vladimir said to them: “Wait a month for the coons to be collected for you.” And they waited a month, and Vladimir did not give them a ransom, and the Varangians said: “He deceived us, so let us go to the Greek land.” He said to them, “Go.” And he chose good, intelligent and brave men from among them, and gave them towns; the rest went to Tsargrad to visit the Greeks. Even before them, Vladimir sent ambassadors to the tsar with the following words: “Here are the Varangians coming to you, do not dare to keep them in the capital, otherwise they will do you the same harm as here, but they have settled them in different places, and don't let a single one come here.” [34]


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Under Vladimir, there was evidence of a large contingent of Rus (about 6 thousand) in the Byzantine army.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Eastern sources confirm Vladimir's sending soldiers to help the Greek emperor, calling them Rus.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

[35] Although it is not known whether these “Rus” belong to the Varangians of Vladimir, historians suggest that from them in Byzantium soon came the name Varanga (βraggoi) to refer to the selected military a subdivision consisting of different ethnic groups.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The Varangians were actively involved by Yaroslav the Wise in the internecine war with Prince Svyatopolk.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The Strand of Eimund saga [36] retained the conditions for hiring the Varangians in Yaroslav's army.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The leader of a detachment of 600 soldiers, Eimund, put forward the following requirements for a year of service:


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

“You have to give us a home and our entire squad, and make sure that we don't lack any of your best supplies that we need [...] You have to pay each of our warriors eirir silver [...] We we will take it with beavers and sables and other things that are easy to get in your country [...] And if there is any military booty, you will pay us this money, and if we sit still, ours the share will be smaller.” [37]


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The last mention of the Varangians mercenaries as part of the Russian army was placed in 1036, when they participated in the battle under the walls of Kiev with the Pechenegs.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Varangians and Germans


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In synchronous documents of the X century (Russian-Byzantine treaties and Byzantine documents), the name “Varangians” is not used, so all references to them until the XI century are retrospective in nature.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In Russian chronicles, the Varangians appear primarily as hired professional warriors in the 10th—11th centuries. Since the 12th century, they have been like merchants from the Baltic, and the concept of “Varangian” is shifting towards a generalizing ethnic feature.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In the life of St.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Princess Olga reported about her parents: “She had a pagan father, and also a mother unbaptized from the language of Varyazhsk.”


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In the agreement [38] of the end of the 12th century, Novgorod residents with the Hanseatic Trade League, the Varangians act as an obsolete common name for the “Germans” and residents of Gotland.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Novgorod's first chronicle of senior (and younger) recitations [39] celebrate in 1201 the conclusion by Novgorod residents of peace with the Varangians, which completed a major quarrel in Gotland, apparently on trade affairs, by several years earlier.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

But the localization of the chronicles of the Varangians from 1201 (relative to Staraya Russa and the return land road to Novgorod by mountain through the village of Korostyn) requires further research - “And the Varangians let go without peace across the sea. The same lat cut down in the Russian city. And in the fall, Varyazi came mountain to the world. and yes, they have peace in all their will” [40].


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In the chronicles for Lake Ilmen in the direction of Staraya Russa, another name has been preserved - the “Russian Sea” [41].


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In Russian sources, the word “Varangian” in relation to churches actually meant “Catholic”.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Since the XIII century, the word “Varangians” was largely replaced by the pseudo-ethnonym “Germans”, which was reflected in the description of Rurik's vocation in later chronicles [42]: “Three brothers from childbirth were elected from the German with your own...”


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Tsar Ivan the Terrible wrote to the Swedish king: “In the previous chronicles and chronicler, it is written that the Varangians visited many battles with the great sovereign autocrat Georgiy-Yaroslav: and the Varangians were Germans” [43]


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In any case, as the English Ambassador Fletcher later explained, the Russians and Tsar Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century considered their dynasty German, not Scandinavian, but because they considered them Germans and Baltic Slavs and Hungarians.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

S. M. Solovyov and his student V. O. Klyuchevsky, following a skeptical school, denied the purely ethnic content of the term “Varangians” and believed that the term was originally a socionym, and the Varangians meant either “all Baltic residents, therefore, Slavs”, or, mainly, squads, “wading gangs of adventurers”, as Klyuchevsky specified - armed merchants [45].


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Ivan the Terrible was convinced that all, without exception, those Varangians who were his ancestors on the male line were in any case Germans (just Germans), and the Swedes (Swedish Germans) and Norwegians (Murmans) to his ancestors only served or gave wives.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Varangians in Byzantium


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In Byzantine sources, the Varangians appear under their own name in the XI century, sometimes together with the Rus.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Since the 9th century, Greek chronicles mention Farganoi (farganoi) as guards of the emperor: in the Psamathia Chronicle, a document of the 1st half of the 10th century [47], and in “On Ceremonies” by Konstantin Bagryanorodny [ 48] [49]


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Mercenaries


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

For the first time, the Varangians in the Byzantine service were noted in the chronicle of John Skilitsa in 1034 in Asia Minor (Thema Fraqueson), where they were accommodated in winter apartments.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

When one of the Varangians tried to seize a local woman by force, she responded by stabbing the rapist with his own sword.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

[50] The admiring Varangians gave the woman the property of the victim, and his body was thrown away, refusing to bury him.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In 1038, the Varangians participate in battles with the Arabs in Sicily, in 1047 they operate in southern Italy, in 1055 they, together with the Russ, defend the Italian city of Otranto from the Normans.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Around 1050, the Byzantine emperor sent a detachment of 3,000 Varangians (Varangs) to Georgia to help an ally of Byzantium in his internecine war.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

As Kekavmen testifies, in the first half of the 11th century, Varangian mercenaries did not enjoy much favor of the emperors:


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

“None of these blessed rulers raised Frank or Varyag [Baragmon] to the dignity of a patrician, did not make him an ipat, did not entrust him with observation of the army, and only barely produced anyone in spafaria [54]. They all served for bread and clothes.” [55]


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Kekavmen, in a story about the famous last Viking and future Norwegian king Harald Surov, who served in the Varangians in the 1030s, called him the son of King Varangia, which is tantamount to a Byzantine understanding in the 11th century, the Varangians as Normans or Norwegians.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The 11th century Byzantine historian M. Psell also spoke of the Varangs as persons belonging to the tribe [56], although without specifying ethnographic affiliation or geographical location.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

A contemporary of Kekavmen and Psell, chronicler Skilitsa, generally identified the Varangians as Celts: “Varangs, Celts by origin, employees of the Greeks.”


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The ethnic understanding of the word “Varangians” by the Byzantines is evidenced by the certificates (chrysovules) from the archive of the Lavra of St.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Athanasius on Mount Athos.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The certificates of the emperors liberate the Lavra from military post, they list contingents of mercenaries in the Byzantine service.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In Chrysovula No. 33 of 1060 (from Emperor Constantine X Duka), Varangians, Rus, Saracens, Franks are indicated.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In Chrysovula No. 44 of 1082 (from Emperor Alexei I Komnenos), the list changes - Russ, Varangians, Kulpings, Inglins, Germans.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In Chrysovula No. 48 of 1086 (from Emperor Alexei I Komnenos), the list is significantly expanded - Russ, Varangians, Kulpings, Inglins, Franks, Germans, Bulgarians and Saracens.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In the old editions of Chrysovulas, neighboring ethnonyms “Rus” and “Varangians” were not separated by a comma (error in copying documents), as a result of which the term was mistakenly translated as “Russian Varangians”.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The bug was fixed after photocopies of the original documents appeared.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Emperors' Guard


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In Byzantine sources of the 12th-13th centuries, the mercenary corps of the Varangians is often called the axe-bearing guard of the emperors (Tgma tωn).


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

By this time, its ethnic composition had changed.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Thanks to chrysovulas, it became possible to establish that the influx of the British (Inglins) into Byzantium began apparently after 1066, that is, after the conquest of England by the Norman Duke William.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Soon, immigrants from England began to prevail in the Varangian corps.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Norman chronicler of the XI century Gottfried Malaterra about the battle of 1082 noted: “Anglans, who are called Varangs.”


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

[59] The 15th-century Byzantine writer Georgy Kodin, when describing the court meal, says: “The Varangs exclaim to the emperor for many years in their native language, that is, English.”


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

[60] It follows from the latest evidence that the Varangians acquired a privileged position in the Byzantine army.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Perhaps the authors made a generalization, calling the Varangian language English.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Thus, Saxon Grammar, when describing the visit of the Danish king Eric to Constantinople in 1103, noted the meeting of the king with compatriots who served as personal bodyguards of the Byzantine emperor.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Foreigners were used as palace guards before, but only the Varangians acquired the status of a permanent personal guard of the Byzantine emperors.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The head of the Varangian Guard was called akoluf, which means “escort”.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

A 14th-century work by Pseudo-Codina defines: “Acoluf is responsible for the Varangs; accompanies Vasilevs at their head, and therefore is called acoluf.”


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Anna Komnenos, the daughter of the emperor, highly appreciates the Varangians, talking about the events of 1081:


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

“As for the Varangians, who carry swords on their shoulders, they consider their loyalty to the emperors and service for their protection as a hereditary duty, as a lot passing from father to son; therefore, they retain loyalty to the emperor and will not even hear about betrayal.” [63] Anna characterizes the Varangians as brave barbarians, wearing double-edged swords on their right shoulder and having large shields.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In 1081, the entire Varangian detachment under Nambit was exterminated in a battle with the Italian Normans of Robert Guiscard.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The saga of Hakon Shirokoplech from the cycle “Circle of the Earth” tells about the battle in 1122 of the Byzantine Emperor John II with the Pechenegs in Bulgaria.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Then the “color of the army”, a selected Vering detachment of 450 people under the command of Torir Helsing, was the first to break into a nomadic camp surrounded by carts with loopholes, which allowed the Byzantines to win.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In 1204, the Varangian Guard showed itself for the last time, defending Constantinople from the Crusader Knights.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Nikita Honiat, a witness to these events, wrote this about the Varangians, the Axe Bearers after the knights broke into the city:


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

“Laskaris began to relentlessly exhort and encourage the people gathered here to resist the enemies. Equally, he excited the Axe Bearers with their abusive iron weapons on their shoulders to go to the upcoming battle, saying that they also need to fear disasters no less than the Romans if the management of the Roman the empire will pass to foreigners, because they will not receive such a rich salary even then and will not retain the venerable title of royal guard, but will be enlisted in the enemy army for free along with everyone else. However, despite all his efforts, none of the people responded to his voice and even the axe-bearers promised assistance only for money, dishonestly and thievously considering the extreme danger of the situation the most convenient time to bargain.” [64]


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

After the fall of Constantinople, there is no news about Varangians warriors in Byzantium, but the ethnonym “Varangian” is gradually turning into a patronym, an integral part of a personal name.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Documents of the 13th and 14th centuries indicate Greeks of apparently Scandinavian origin with the names Varang, Varangopul, Varangag, Varankat, of whom one was the owner of baths, the other a doctor, and the third was a church lawyer ( ecdicom).


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

[62] Thus, military craft did not become a hereditary affair among the descendants of the Varangians who settled on Greek soil.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Varangians in Scandinavia


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The word Værings is found on 11th-century runestones Ög 111 and Ög 68.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In northern Norway, near Russian Murmansk, there is the Varanger Peninsula and the bay of the same name.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

For the first time, the Varangians as væringjar (verings) appear in Scandinavian sagas recorded in the 12th century.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Verings were called mercenaries in Byzantium.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The Nyala Saga tells the story of Icelandic Kolskegg, who around the 990s: [65]


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

“I went to the east, to Gardariki [Rus], and stayed there for the winter. From there he went to Miklagard [Constantinople] and joined the Varangian squad there. The last thing they heard about him was that he married there, was the leader of the Varangian squad, and stayed there until his death.”


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The Salmon Valley Saga is somewhat contradictory in the chronology of the Nyala Saga, calling Bolly the first Icelandic in the Varangians in the 1020s:


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

“After spending the winter in Denmark, Bolly went to distant lands and did not interrupt his journey until he arrived in Miklagard. He did not stay there long when he joined the Varangian squad. We have never heard before any Norwegian or Icelander before Bolly, Bolly's son, become a vigilante of King Miklagard [Constantinople]” [67].


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Bolly returned to Iceland in 1030 with rich weapons and luxurious robes that amazed his fellow tribesmen.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

One of the most famous heroes of the sagas was the future Norwegian king Harald III Severe, who fought in 1034-1043 throughout the Mediterranean with a detachment of 500 Varangians, and before that served Yaroslav A wise man.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The Harald Severe saga from the Circle of the Earth cycle reports a legendary custom that allowed the Varangians, after the death of the Byzantine emperor, to take treasures out of the palace: “Harald went around the chambers three times until was in Miklagard. It was customary there that whenever the king of the Greeks died, the Verings had the right to go around all the chambers of the king where his treasures were located, and everyone was free to appropriate what he could impose hand” [68].


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

However, Harald, according to the same saga, was thrown into prison on charges of embezzlement of the emperor's property, and then fled to Russia.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Harald died in 1066 at the Battle of Stamfordbridge, which ended a two-hundred-year history of Scandinavian Viking invasions of England.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In the “Saga of Olav the Holy” and “The Life of Olav the Saint”, the Varangians appear in a slightly different capacity: a blacksmith slave in Novgorod of Norwegian origin is called wearing [69].


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In the Egil Skalagrimsson Saga, Egil calls himself and his people “væringja” in one of the hangs [70].


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

See also


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Varangian Guard


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Vikings


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The Normans


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Chumaki


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Farang


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Ushkuiniks


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Wendel period


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Rus (people)


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Rurik


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Rurik State


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Varyazhskaya Street in Staraya Ladoga


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Kolbyagi


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Norman theory


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Anti-Normanism


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Notes


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

In fiction


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Semenova, Maria Vasilievna.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Valkyrie


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Mazin, Aleksandr Vladimirovich.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Varyag


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Literature


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Vikings and Slavs.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Scientists, politicians, diplomats on Russian-Scandinavian relations: Sat.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

/Ed.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Anders Hedman, A. N. Kirpichnikova.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— SPb.: Publishing house “Dmitry Bulanin”, 1998.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 96 p. — ISBN 5-86007-095-0


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Gurevich A. ME.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Viking hikes.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— Moscow: Book House “University”, 2005.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 2nd ed.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 208 p. — “Golden Stock of Knowledge” series.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 5000 copies


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— ISBN 5-98227-036-9.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Jackson T. N


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Jackson T. N. Icelandic royal sagas as a source on the history of Ancient Rus and its neighbors.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

X—XIII centuries//The oldest states on the territory of the USSR.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

1988—1989 — M.: Nauka 1991.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— P. 5-169.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Duvernoix A. L. — M.: Univ.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

type.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

, 1862.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 80 p.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Klein L. S. The dispute about the Varangians.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The history of the confrontation and arguments of the parties.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— SPb.: Eurasia, 2009.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 400 s.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Koa Yves.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Vikings, kings of the seas.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— M.: OOO “AST Publishing House”, 2003.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 176 p. — Series “History. Discovery”.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Laskavy G. IN. Vikings: Hikes, discoveries, culture.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— Minsk: MFTP, 2004.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 322 p. — “Peoples of the Earth” series.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

External link in |title= (help)


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Henrik Lovmiansky.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Rus and Normans/Trans. s pol.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

ed.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

IN. T. Pashuto.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— Moscow: Progress Publ., 1985.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 304 p.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Melnikova Ye.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

A.//Drevnyaya Rus.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Medieval studies issues.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— MOSCOW, 2008.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— No. 2 (32).


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— P. 12-26.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Melnikova Ye.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

A. Varangians//Ancient Rus in the Medieval World.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Encyclopedia/Ed.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

E.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

A. Melnikova, V. ME.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Petrukhin.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 2nd ed.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— Moscow: Ladomir, 2017.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— P. 102-104.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Mikheev S. M.//Drevnyaya Rus.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Medieval studies issues.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

#2 (32).


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

P. 27-32.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Musset Lucien.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Barbaric invasions of Western Europe: Wave Two.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— SPb.: Eurasia, 2001.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 352 p. — “Barbaricum” series.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Nikitin A. L. The Royal Saga//V kn.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

: Nikitin A. L. Bonfires on the banks: Notes of an archaeologist.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— M.: Young Guard.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— P. 333-493.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Nikolaev S. L.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Oleinikov A. IN. Varangian Guard of Byzantium.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— Moscow: Veche, 2015.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 336 p.: Il.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— History Files series.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— ISBN 978-5-444-42364-6.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Petrukhin V. ME.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

//Ancient Rus.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Medieval studies issues.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

#2 (32).


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

P. 41-46.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Rydzevskaya E.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

A. Ancient Russia and Scandinavia in the 9th—14th centuries Materials and studies.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1978.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 240 p. — Series “The Oldest States on the Territory of the USSR”.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

/Ed.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

E.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

A. Melnikova.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

: Progress, 1986.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

[Orig. ed.: Wikinger und Slawen: Zur Frühgeschichte der Ostseevölker. — Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1982]


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Stringolm Anders Magnus.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Viking hikes/Trans. s him.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

A. Shemyakina.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Ed.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

A. A. Khlevova.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— M.: OOO “AST Publishing House”, 2002.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 736 p. — Historical Library Series.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Tiander K. F. Scandinavian trips to the White Sea.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— SPb.: Type.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

AND. N. Skorokhodov, 1906.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 464 p.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Fetisov A. A., Shchavelev A. S. Vikings.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Between Scandinavia and Russia.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— M.: Veche, 2009.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 336 p. — Terra Historica series.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— ISBN 978-5-9533-2840-1


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Heath I. Vikings.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The story.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Armament.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Tactics.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— M.: AST LLC, Astrel, 2004.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 64 p.: Il.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— “Elite Forces” series.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Hackansdotter L. (Original publication:)


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

The works of anti-Normanists:


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Reizd.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

: Gedeonov S. A. Varangians and Rus.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Exposing the Norman myth.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— M.: Eksmo; Algorithm, 2012.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— 288 p. — Series “The True History of Russia”.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

— ISBN 978-5-699-56960-1


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Kuzmin A. G.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Kuzmin A. G.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Tatishchev V. N.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Fomin V. IN.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Fomin V. IN.


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Category:Byzantine Army


Question: When did the Varangians appear in Russia?

Varangians

Category:History of Pskov


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Supernatural (English: Supernatural) is an American fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The series premiered on The WB on September 13, 2005, and then became part of The CW, which was formed after the merger of The WB and UPN.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Starring Jared Padalecki and Jensen Ackles, starring Sam and Dean Winchester, respectively, the series tells the story of two evil hunter brothers who travel the United States in a black Chevrolet Impala from 1967, investigating paranormal phenomena, many of which are based on urban legends and folklore, as well as fighting creatures of evil: demons, ghosts and other evil spirits.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The show is produced by Warner Bros.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Television together with Wonderland Sound and Vision.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Along with Kripke, the main executive producers of the television series over the years have been McG, Robert Singer, Philip Sgricchia, Sera Gamble, Jeremy Carver, John Sheeban, Ben Edlund and Adam Glass.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Another executive producer and director Kim Manners died of lung cancer during the production of the fourth season [1].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Supernatural became the longest-running North American science fiction series (before that, it was Smallville Mysteries, which had 218 episodes).


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The series is filmed in British Columbia, Canada, and took more than a decade to create, given that the show's creator Eric Kripke has been designing the show over the years.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The pilot episode was watched by 5.69 million people [2], and ratings for the first four episodes allowed The WB to order the full first season.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Initially, Kripke planned to finish the story in the third season, but later decided to shoot the full five seasons.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

In the fifth season, the main storyline of the show ended [3] and Kripke left the post of showrunner of the project [4].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The television series continued with Gray Gamble (seasons 6-7), Jeremy Carver (seasons 8-11) and Andrew Dubb and Robert Singer (season 12) as showrunners [5] [6].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Production


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Concept and development


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Before Supernatural became a television series, its creator Eric Kripke developed the project for almost a decade [8], being passionate about urban legends from early childhood [9].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Initially imagining Supernatural as a film [10], Kripke spent years translating ideas into a television series [11].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The concept has changed several times, going from the original idea of the anthology series and the idea of two reporters who “travel around the country and fight demons in search of the truth” to the final project of the television series [9] [12].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Kripke wanted it to necessarily be a travel TV series, feeling that it was “the best way to tell these stories, as it's pure, concise and unique in American... These stories exist in small towns all over the country, and it means a lot that we dive into them and then leave” [9].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Since he had previously written the script for another television series, The WB, Kripke took the chance to present ideas to the channel's management and launch Supernatural [10].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

However, the channel did not like the idea of reporters, and Kripke offered his last-minute idea of the characters being brothers, for which he received approval [13].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

He decided that the brothers should be from Lawrence, Kansas because of its proximity to Stall Cemetery, which had become the site of many urban legends [14].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

When it came time to name the main characters, Kripke settled on the names “Sal” and “Dean” to make a homage to the protagonists of Jack Kerouac's travel novel On the Road.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

However, he found the name Sal not suitable for the main character and changed it to “Sam” [7].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Initially, it was planned that the brothers' name would be “Harrison”, as a bow to actor Harrison Ford and because Kripke wanted Dean to look like Han Solo.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

However, Sam Harrison lived in Kansas and his surname had to be changed for legal reasons [15].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Linking his interest in the Winchester House and his desire to turn the series into a “modern western”, Kripke settled on the name “Winchester”.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

However, there was also a problem here.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The first name of Sam and Dean's father was “Jack”, and the real Jack Winchester lived in Kansas, and Kripke was forced to change his name to “John” [15].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

“We call it a modern western — two shooters come to town, fight bad guys, kiss girls, and then go to the sunset. And from the very beginning, we always say that if we have cowboys, they need loyal mounts.” —Eric Kripke on the decision to add an Impala car to the show [16].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

As a child, Kripke loved TV shows where cars played a big role, such as Hazzard Jerks and Knight Rider.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

This prompted him to include the car in Supernatural [16].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

He planned that it would be a 1965 Ford Mustang, but a neighbor convinced him to change the car to a 1967 Chevrolet Impala, arguing that “you can put a body in the trunk” and because “you want such a car so that people who stop next to it at traffic lights block the doors” [7].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Kripke had previously offered the project to Fox producer Peter Johnson, and when Johnson joined Wonderland Sound and Vision as director of television, he contacted Kripke [17].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Johnson soon became a co-executive producer of the television series, as did Wonderland owner McGee executive producer, and the company took on the production of the pilot episode.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Nevertheless, before we could start filming, I had to work a lot on the script.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Initially, according to the script, the brothers were raised not by their father, but by an aunt and uncle.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

So when Dean first comes to Sam for help in the first episode, he first had to convince him that the supernatural existed.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

However, Kripke decided that this made the background too confusing and reworked it with Peter Johnson in such a way that the brothers were raised by their father to become hunters [18].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The script went through a lot of revisions and additions.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

According to one idea, Sam's girlfriend Jessica turned out to be a demon, and this is what prompted him to go on a journey with Dean; Kripke felt that a more appropriate motivation would be the death of Jessica, and she was killed as did Sam's mother, which gave the show the right start [19].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

According to other rejected ideas, Sam decides that Dean is a serial killer who killed their father [20] or their father dies in Jessica's house [21].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The pilot episode was given the green light after director David Nutter, who had previously worked with Kripke on Tarzan, agreed to shoot it [22] [23].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

When the channel commissioned the series, the studio appointed Robert Singer as executive producer, as she wanted Kripke to work with someone who had experience in producing.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Thanks to his experience with The X-Files, co-executive producer John Sheeban was hired to work on the mythology of the television series [24].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Kripke planned for the show to last three seasons, but later he decided to increase the number of seasons to five [25] and hoped that the series would end on a high note [26].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

However, due to the high ratings and requests of fans of the series, thirteen seasons have already been filmed.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

And the management of the studio does not intend to stop there yet.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Screenwriting team


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The first season team consisted of Kripke and five other writers, along with assistants recruited to help find urban legends [10].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Most of the screenwriting work on the series is joint, and the writers often gathered in groups to work.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

At the beginning of each season, all writers come together and offer their ideas, which are later passed on to a specific screenwriter for processing.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Each idea for the story was written on a whiteboard, and Kripke and Bob Singer made the necessary changes.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

After writing the script [27], Kripke reviewed it to make sure that the episode would be in the spirit of the whole season [10].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Kripke noted that this was very difficult to do for the first season [28], but by the third season his work was facilitated, as the team “really imbued with the style of the show” [28].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The spirit of the television series Supernatural has been significantly influenced by films such as: Poltergeist — horrors happen in the family, Evil Dead 2 and American Werewolf in London — are present comedy elements.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Commenting on the format of the show, Kripke said the idea is that horrors can happen in your backyard.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

How many viewers will worry about a vampire in a Gothic castle?


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

[7] Other films that have influenced Asian horror films include “The Eye” and “The Bell” [29].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

“It's always been a show about family.” —Eric Kripke [25]


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

According to creator Eric Kripke, the show was originally supposed to focus on weekly monsters, and Sam and Dean Winchesters were only supposed to be links [30].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

His only idea was to “scare people” [31].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

However, after several episodes filmed, Kripke and Bob Singer noticed on-screen chemistry between Jared Padalecki and Jensen Ackles.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

This discovery prompted them to focus the show more on brothers than on monsters, adjusting the line with monsters to the plot line planned for the Winchesters [30].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Special effects


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Although companies were hired to work only on a pilot episode — such as Entity FX for visual effects [32] — special effects departments began to work exclusively for the series [33].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Ivan Hayden was responsible for visual effects and worked with a large number of different production staff for the series.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

During production preparation, Hayden had to review scenarios to find possible places to use special effects.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Then he met with the writers to discuss the concept, and after working out all the details, coordinated the special effects and stuntmen departments.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Hayden is also present during filming to help the director make sure the scenes are shot in the best possible way for visual effects, ensuring that actors are looking at the right place, in which will later be added to the effect.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

After that, he met with editors [34].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Another aspect of the work of the visual effects department is the development of physics rules for each supernatural being [34], although these rules were often ignored if it benefited history [33].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

In 2012, it was announced that Hayden would be working at Encore's new position in Vancouver in the visual effects department [35].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

music


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The peculiarity of Supernatural is its synthesized orchestral score, although traditional acoustic instruments, such as guitar and cello, are also used.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Special instruments were also used in some episodes, such as blues music, which was performed on an old piano in the Faith episode.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Unlike other television shows, two composers worked on the television series: Christopher Lennertz and Jay Grushka [36].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Each composer worked on every second episode, giving the other extra time to write the score, which usually ends up being about 30 minutes per episode.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

They wrote musical themes for their own episodes and characters, working with each other if the plots of the episodes overlap.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

They tried to base the music on the footage of the episode, as in the episode Dead Man in the Water, in which shots of water are accompanied by repetitive and dissonant notes, and after the words “water” and “die” there is a sound on a low pitch to create a “gurgling” sound [37].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The musical accompaniment is similar, for example, in scenes with brothers and their father, but a third of the music had to be written anew for each season [36].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

If the original score is used throughout the episodes, another important aspect of the series is the use of classic rock.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Eric Kripke threatened to leave the series if the channel did not allow him to use the music.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Most of the songs come from Kripke's private collection.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The songs of one of his favorite bands, Led Zeppelin, are too expensive to use on television, and only the titles of some episodes are references to songs by Led Zeppelin [38].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The series features bands such as Blue Öyster Cult, Bad Company, Stevie Ray Vaughn, Rush, Boston, Triumph and AC/DC more than once.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

At the beginning of the last episode of each season, the song “Carry On Wayward Son” is usually played by Kansas, while the screen briefly shows the main events of the entire season [39].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Filming locations


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Although the pilot episode was filmed in Los Angeles, the main filming took place in Vancouver, British Columbia [20].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Thus, shooting on the ground, as a rule, also took place in the vicinity of the city.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The Dead Man in the Water episode was filmed on Lake Bantzen [40], and the final scenes from Simon Speaks were filmed at Cleveland Dam [41].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Other venues are often used on the show two or three times with the use of decoration to hide this [42].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Heritage Park in Burnaby was used as a cemetery in the Scarlet Dawn episode and as a neighborhood of a gingerbread house (cottage) in Bedtime Tales [43].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

In addition, Riverview Hospital in Coquitlam was used as completely different institutions in the series, including as a mental hospital in the episode “Psychiatric Hospital” [44], the hospital in When My Hour of Death Comes [45], and prison at the Blues of Folsom Prison [45].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The Promised Heaven episode was filmed on location at St. Andrew-Wesley United Church in Vancouver.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Since the episodes usually take place in the middle of nowhere, filming often took place at an old military base.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The base was closed for many years, and the buildings were demolished; only the roads remained intact, on which the scenes of the road are filmed [46].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Cast


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

About the table:


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The Seasons section lists the seasons in which the hero spawns.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Permanently— the actor is listed in the opening credits.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Periodically — the actor is credited.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The guest is a guest actor, listed after the words “Guest Actors”.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The special guest is a specially invited actor, listed after the words “Specially Guest Actors”.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The special appearance is the cameo of an important hero of the series, the actor is listed after the words “Special Appearance”


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

* indicates that more than one actor played the role of the character, so only the main actor is listed.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

** indicates that the character primarily acts as an antagonist, but helped the Winchesters and can be considered neutral.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The main composition


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Secondary roster


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antagonists


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Supernatural (tv series)

Cast and characters


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Supernatural (tv series)

The series focuses on two brothers Sam Winchester and Dean Winchester, played by Jared Padalecki and Jensen Ackles; they travel the country and hunt evil supernatural creatures, most of the demons.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Padalecki became interested in the role because of his love for horror television series such as The X-Files and The Twilight Zone, which he found similar to Supernatural.


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He has always been interested in playing the role of a “involuntary hero”, comparing Sam to Neo in The Matrix and Luke Skywalker of Star Wars.


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Padalecki already had experience working with executive producers McG and David Nutter [47], and they convinced him to audition for the role [48].


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Ackles was originally invited by Nutter to audition for the role of Sam [49], but he chose to play Dean after reading the script [50].


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During the audition, he already played one of the recurring roles in The WB television series Smallville.


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After he was cast for the role of Dean, his role in Smallville was shortened and cut out of the script [51].


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Although the TV series does not have a large number of main characters, there are plenty of supporting characters.


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Jeffrey Dean Morgan played the role of John Winchester, father of Sam and Dean.


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After appearing in the pilot episode, John does not return until almost the end of the first season, when he becomes a supporting character until his own death in the premiere episode of the second season.


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In the finale of the same season, John returns as a ghost to help his sons.


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Later on the show, it turns out that John had a third son with another woman, who is half-brother Sam and Dean.


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According to screenwriter John Sheeban, it was decided in advance that John would die.


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The writers considered the fact of separation of brothers from their father “splitting show”.


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Shiban noted that “... the guys are looking for their father and looking for the monsters of the week, whoever they are and whatever stands in their way. It gets tricky because we thought it looked like, “What does dad do? Does he do more interesting things than guys or what? “” [52].


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They believed that Morgan was not eager to return to Supernatural in the second season, as he had a supporting role in Grey's Anatomy [53].


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His further appearances were shortened due to Morgan's busy schedule [54].


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The first season also featured the demon Azazel and his nameless daughter.


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If Azazel appears mainly as a shadow or silhouette, taking physical shape only when she moves into John Winchester, Azazel's daughter uses a girl named Meg Masters (Nikki Acox) as vessel [55].


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In the premiere episode of the second season, the body Azazel occupied was played by Fredrik Lene; originally a character designed for only one episode, Lene was so impressed by the showrunners that they invited him return to the two-hour final of the season [56].


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Even after his own death, Azazel appears in season four, and his role is played by Christopher B.


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McCabe and Mitch Pilegi in the time travel episode “At the Beginning” and Rob Labelle in the flashback in the final episode of the season.


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In the same way, when Azazel's daughter was expelled from Meg's body towards the end of the first season, both the demon and her former receptacle continued to appear on the series, but as different characters.


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Aicox played the role of the angry spirit of Meg, who tried to kill the Winchesters; the demon returns in an episode of the second season, and was played by the Padalecki, as the demon temporarily took possession of Sam's body.


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She appears from seasons five to eight in a supporting role played by Rachel Miner.


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The writers wanted to gradually specify the concept of hunters, introducing many new characters [58].


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Actor Jim Beaver first appears as Bobby Singer, a hunter and old friend of the Winchester family at the end of the first season.


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He becomes something like a father to Sam and Dean after the death of their dad [28] and behaves like their mentor and emergency contact until his departure in season seven.


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Other hunters appear in Season 2 along with the House by the Road Bar.


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It is owned by Ellen Harwell (Samantha Ferris), whose husband was a friend of John Winchester.


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Her daughter Joe Harwell (Alona Tal) works with her mother.


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There is also a computer genius Ash (Chad Lindbergh) who uses his computer skills to track the supernatural on the Internet.


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Tal was later cut out of the script and the actress believes that this was done because the producers decided that she looked like Sam and Dean's “fourteen-year-old sister” [59].


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Kripke claimed that her character was misunderstood, and also referred to the weak response of fans to her disappearance [60].


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Ash's character was also killed in the finale of the second season, and Roadhouse was destroyed.


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Ellen was supposed to return in the third season, but due to a strike by writers, this episode was never written [61].


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The writers assumed that she would appear in the final of the season [62], but Ferris rejected the offer because she found the deal unacceptable [63].


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However, both actresses returned as Ellen and Joe in season five.


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In the third season, the writers decided to introduce the character of Ruby, a demon who claims to be on the side of the Winchesters.


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There was also going to be a girl named Bela who would be Sam's new love interest.


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Katie Cassidy and Lauren Cohen received the roles of Ruby and Bela, respectively, although they were originally cast for each other's roles [64].


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However, The CW asked for another female character, so Bela Talbot became a selfish thief who sells occult items to wealthy clients, and Cohen was included in the main cast of the television series [65].


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Both actresses appeared in only six episodes of the third season, but are credited with the caption “also in roles”.


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At the end of the season, Cohen's character was killed [66], and Cassidy was not renewed for budgetary reasons.


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The role of Ruby was recast for the fourth season, a role that was called only a “love interest” at the castings.


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Genevieve Cortese (who later married Padalecki) played this role until the character's death in the finale of the fourth season [68].


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Wanting to bring Christian mythology to the show, the writers created the character of Angel Castiel [69].


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Kripke wanted to keep the angel's introduction to the series a secret, so the character was described at castings as a demon [70].


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Misha Collins got this role.


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Appearing for the first time in the premiere episode of the fourth season, Castiel resurrects Dean, whose soul was in hell after his death in the finale of the third season, and becomes an ally of the Winchesters.


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Initially, it was planned that his character would only appear in a six-episode arch, but later his role was expanded [71].


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For seasons five and six, Collins was included in the main cast of the show.


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He believes that this was partly due to the support of fans [72].


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In seasons seven and eight, Castiel was demoted to a secondary hero again, but from season nine he became the main character again [73].


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Along with Castiel, other angelic characters appeared, including Robert Wisdom as the “militant” and “dogmatic” [74] Uriel, who secretly supports Lucifer; Julie McNiven played fallen angel Anna Milton, who regains her angelic essence but still remains an outcast in heaven; Kurt Fuller takes on the role of Castiel's boss, an angel named Zechariah who craves create an Apocalypse so that Paradise on Earth will later come.


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If Wisdom's character was soon killed, McNiven and Fuller continued to play their roles in season five.


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In the fifth season, the demon Crowley appears for the first time, played by Mark Sheppard.


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His character became the longest-ever secondary antagonist of the Winchester and a periodic anti-hero of the television series.


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Crowley appears in three episodes of the fifth season to help Winchester imprison Lucifer back in the cage, as he believes that after the destruction of humanity, he will take on demons.


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In season six, Crowley becomes King of Hell and one of the main antagonists, who works with Castiel to stop Archangel Raphael, the other main antagonist of the season, who wanted start the Apocalypse again.


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In season seven, Crowley becomes an anti-hero who helps the Winchesters with the threat of Leviathans, led by Dick Roman, after they were released from Purgatory by Castiel.


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In season eight, he becomes an antagonist again, trying to stop the Winchesters as they work to seal Hell forever.


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In the ninth season, Crowley is captured by the Winchesters, but makes an alliance with them against Abaddon, who removes him from the post of King of Hell.


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Since the tenth season, Sheppard's character has become one of the main characters of the series [75].


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In season 5, Mark Pellegrino appears, who played the fallen archangel Lucifer.


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Pellegrino also appears in season seven as Sam's hallucination.


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Pellegrino was the second choice for the role of Castiel [76] and was offered the role of Lucifer without audition [77].


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Lucifer is later mentioned in every season of the series.


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The character returns in season 11, and most of the time he was performed by Misha Collins, who was in the first lineup.


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In season 12, the character's first three episodes were played by Rick Springfield.


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Pellegrino returns to the role from episode 12 of season 12, and starting from 15 he is listed in the main cast.


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Season 7 introduces the character of the prophet Kevin Tren (Osric Chau), who translates the Word of God for the Winchesters so that they can stop the Leviathans.


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In season nine, Kevin tries to find a way to return the angels back to Heaven, but he is killed by Gadriel, who takes possession of Sam's body.


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In season nine, Gadriel's character appears, who first introduces himself as Isakiel.


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His role was played by Tamo Penicett and Padalecki.


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After Sam was seriously wounded when he decided not to close the Gate to Hell, Gadriel responds to Dean's prayer for help, moves into Sam's body to heal him, and becomes an ally of Dean.


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However, later Gadriel's real identity was discovered by Metatron, and it turned out that Gadriel was the guardian who let Lucifer into the Garden of Eden, for which he was imprisoned until everyone fell angels.


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Subsequently, Gadriel makes an alliance with Metatron in an attempt to atone for his guilt and return the angels to Heaven.


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He kills Kevin Tren, but is later expelled from Sam's body and occupies his original vessel.


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However, when Metatron begins to sacrifice angels for his plans, he regrets what he did and joins Sam, Dean and Castiel.


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Since the show focuses primarily on the two Winchester brothers, the writers realized that viewers would know in advance that these characters were not in danger of being killed.


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To remedy this, writers often prescribe guest characters to make the episode more intense, and sometimes even kill them [78].


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The plot


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Season 1


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The first season, which premiered on September 13, 2005 and the final episode aired on May 4, 2006, consists of 22 episodes.


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The first 16 episodes aired on Tuesdays at 21:00, and subsequent episodes were postponed to Thursday at the same time [79].


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On November 2, 1983, when Sam Winchester was still a baby and his older brother Dean was only 4 years old, their mother, Mary Winchester, was killed by something supernatural.


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They travel with Father John Winchester in search of the creature that killed Mary.


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Years later, Dean and Sam team up to find their father who went missing on the last hunt.


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Along the way, Sam and Dean hunt supernatural creatures such as ghosts, vampires, spirits, demons, as their father taught them.


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Season 2


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The second season consists of 22 episodes that aired on Thursdays at 9:00pm starting September 28, 2006 and ending May 17, 2007.


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The Winchester brothers continue to hunt the demon that killed their mother, they are helped by other hunters: Ellen Harwell, Joe Harwell and Ash.


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Together with his father, they were able to get hold of a weapon that can kill Azazel - the Colt (modified by Colt Paterson in 1836), but Dean Winchester falls into a coma and almost dies, but his father gives Colt and soul in exchange for his recovery.


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After the death of his father, the brothers learn that Azazel wants to open the gates of hell and release all the demons from there, but for this he needed a Colt, and now he has it.


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Season 3


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The third season consists of 16 episodes that aired at 9:00pm from October 4, 2007 to May 17, 2008.


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Initially, 22 episodes were ordered for the season, but production stopped at 12 episodes on December 5, 2007 due to a strike by writers.


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The season was shortened to 16 episodes, and four new episodes were released in April and May 2008.


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Hundreds of demons broke free after the gates of hell had been opened for a while, and the world was seriously threatened.


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Once again, the Winchester brothers have plenty of work to do.


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And time runs inexorably forward, counting down the 365 days left by Dean after the deal with the demon of the crossroads that brought his brother back to life.


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Season 4


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The fourth season consists of 22 episodes that aired from September 18, 2008 to May 14, 2009 at 9:00pm on Thursdays [83].


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Dean Winchester is suddenly coming back from hell.


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Having found Bobby Singer and Sam, Dean begins to look for the creature that resurrected him, but it turns out that no demon is capable of this.


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Throughout the season, the Winchester brothers try to prevent the breaking of 66 seals that Lilith breaks so that Lucifer rises from hell and makes an apocalypse.


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Season 5


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The fifth season, which premiered on September 10, 2009 and the final episode aired on May 13, 2010, consists of 22 episodes that aired at 9:00pm on Thursdays.


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This season was considered the final, as Eric Kripke had previously said that he planned to shoot five seasons [26].


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Despite this, Padalecki and Ackles signed contracts for the sixth season [85], and The CW renewed the show for a sixth season on February 16, 2010.


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The last seal is broken, Lucifer is free and is preparing to do Armageddon.


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The Horsemen of the Apocalypse actively help him in this.


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There will be no end of the world without a fight between two archangels — Michael and Lucifer.


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But the archangels cannot arrange a battle without vessels, which are the Winchester brothers.


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There's no hope.


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All the brothers have to do is fight desperately.


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As the story progresses, Sam and Dean will gradually solve difficult tasks.


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Horsemen are dangerous.


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They cloud the minds of civilians, not to mention the deadly demonic Croatoan virus, a milestone in Lucifer's plan to erase the human race.


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The brothers will be able to find out that thanks to the rings of the Horsemen there is a chance to reopen the Devil's “cage” and enclose it in it, but will the brothers be able to do so?


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Season 6


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The sixth season consists of 22 episodes that aired on Fridays at 9:00pm from September 24, 2010 to May 20, 2011.


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Starting this season, Kripke ceased to be the showrunner of the television series, but remained a consulting executive producer, and Sera Gamble took over his position [87].


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It's been a year since the Winchesters prevented the apocalypse.


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Sam jumped into the Lucifer cage.


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Dean keeps his word to his brother and tries to live a normal life with Lisa and her son.


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Suddenly, he is attacked by Genies who want to avenge the death of their father.


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Dean is poisoned, and Sam, who is suddenly resurrected, manages to save him from death.


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Dean learns that Sam and his grandfather incomprehensibly resurrected a year ago and since then have been hunting evil spirits.


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Gradually, Dean begins to notice some oddities in Sam's behavior.


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With the help of Castiel, he learns that Sam does not have a soul — it is still locked in a cage with Lucifer and Mikhail.


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The brothers face a new monster — Eva, the mother of all evil spirits.


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Eva intends to create new creatures to exterminate the human race in revenge for the suffering caused to her children Crowley.


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Castiel teams up with the King of Hell, and their task is to discover Purgatory in order to gain the boundless power of the souls languishing there.


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The rebellious angel decided to make a deal in the hope of defeating the Archangel Raphael and finally ending the civil war in Heaven.


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Later, Sam manages to recover his soul with Death.


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The latter brings back the soul by placing a “Barrier” that blocks the memories of Hell.


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The season ends with Raphael's death and the emergence of a new enemy...


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Season 7


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The seventh season consists of 23 episodes that aired on Fridays at 9:00pm from September 23, 2011 to May 18, 2012.


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In the seventh season, the Winchesters will face one of the most sinister creatures of Purgatory - the Leviathans.


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Old tricks and weapons do not help in the fight against them, shelters cannot be saved.


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All the heroes have left is themselves.


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Sam and Dean are going to suffer a lot of losses.


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Castiel damaged the wall, and Sam began to terrorize the memories of Hell and Lucifer.


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There's no one else to lean on.


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The enemy is more cunning and smarter.


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Leviathans move into politicians, including Dick Roman, the head of Richard Roman Enterprises.


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RRI is a monopolist company that buys up enterprises.


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Thanks to a new ally Frank Devereaux, the Winchesters learn that Roman bought an empty field in Winconsin, while one Leviathan says that they are not here to kill.


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Leviathans are going to treat cancer.


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Bobby Singer dies at the hands of Dick and, becoming a ghost, helps the brothers in the fight against a new antagonist.


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At the end of the season, they manage to create weapons and defeat Dick, but after killing him, Dean and Castiel disappear.


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Crowley appears, who claims that killing Dick was part of his plan.


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Dean and Castiel find themselves in Purgatory, where every soul is a monster.


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Season 8


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The eighth season consists of 23 episodes that aired on Wednesdays at 9:00pm from October 3, 2012 to May 15, 2013.


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A year has passed since being imprisoned in Purgatory.


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Dean returns to Earth, taking the vampire Benny with him.


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During this time, Sam Winchester's life has changed.


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Remembering the fraternal agreement (not to look for each other in the event of the death of one of his brothers), he gives up hunting and tries to live a normal life.


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Dean is secretly helping Benny find his body.


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After that, the brothers start looking for Kevin Tren (Osric Chao).


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Kevin tells the brothers that Crowley found a tablet that contains a spell that can close the gates of Hell forever, imprisoning demons in it.


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Crowley again kidnaps the prophet, and Metatron, an angel hiding from heaven, who is the scribe of the Word of God, helps to rescue him.


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Castiel for unknown reasons returns from Purgatory and continues to help the Winchesters.


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Later it becomes clear that Naomi, a high-ranking angel with great power, is responsible for his salvation.


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Sam goes through two trials, and the inexplicable begins to happen to him.


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It remains to pass the final test.


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Brothers catch Crowley.


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Meanwhile, Metatron convinces Casa to close the gates of Paradise in order to restore order in heaven.


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Castiel agrees and is being tested.


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Later it becomes clear that Metatron is lying, and Castiel loses his Grace.


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Sam is getting worse and the brothers stop testing.


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The season ends with a thousand angels falling from heaven.


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Season 9


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Supernatural (tv series)

The ninth season consists of 23 episodes that aired on Tuesdays at 9:00pm from October 8, 2013 to May 20, 2014.


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After testing, Sam fell into a coma.


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Dean does everything to help his brother, but when it becomes clear that everything is in vain, he is forced to send a prayer to all the angels.


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An angel who introduced himself as Ezekiel responds to him.


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On the pretext that Sam is too weak and healing is possible only from the inside.


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The angel enters the body of the victim; Dean, under the terms of the deal, keeps Ezekiel's presence a secret from his brother.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

At this time, Castiel, deprived of his Grace, falls to earth.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

A little later, he becomes an angel again, using the Grace of another messenger of heaven.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Sam is getting much better, but later it becomes clear that Sam is not Ezekiel at all, but the fallen angel Gadriel, who in the distant past let Lucifer into Paradise.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

As punishment, he has been imprisoned in heaven since the beginning of time; hoping to atone for his deeds, he joins Metatron.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Dean collaborates with Crowley, and their goal is to kill Abaddon.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Crowley manages to find out that the murder of the Knight of Hell is possible only with the help of the First Blade.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

They find Cain, and he gives Dean his mark, explaining that without a mark, the blade is of no use.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

After finding the blade, Dean kills Abaddon, after which, thanks to the influence of the mark, he has an uncontrollable craving for murder.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Castiel leads an army of angels in a heavenly war against Metatron.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Later, his band joined Metatron, and Gadriel, in turn, went over to the side of the Winchester and Castiel.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Castiel and Gadriel make their way to heaven, but they're being caught.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Gadriel sacrifices himself to free Castiel from Heavenly Prison.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Meanwhile, Dean fights Metatron.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Metatron is killing him.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Castiel breaks the tablet at this moment and, with the help of other angels, soon captures Metatron.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Sam calls Crowley to save Dean.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Crowley arrives immediately to Dean's body and says that the mark will not release its wearer.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Dean opens his eyes and the hunter becomes a demon.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Season 10


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The tenth season consists of 23 episodes that aired from October 7, 2014 to May 20, 2015.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Until March 18, 2015, the series aired on Tuesdays at 9:00pm, and later on Wednesdays at the same time.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Dean becomes a demon and escapes with Crowley.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Sam tries to save Dean, and in the end he succeeds by purifying his blood.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Kasu gets worse as his borrowed Grace burns out and he is forced to accept Crowley's help.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The brothers go hunting, and they just have to rid Dean of the mark — but how to do it, they have no idea.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

They later find a way — a spell from the Book of the Damned Charlie found.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Castiel, with the help of Metatron, finds the lost grace, but he, due to his cunning, escapes, taking a demonic tablet.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

At the end of the season, the brothers manage to remove Cain's mark, but the cost of the consequences is too high...


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Season 11


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The eleventh season consists of 23 episodes, which aired on October 7, 2015 and aired on Wednesdays at 9:00pm.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

After the seal of Cain is removed, a new evil appears on Earth: Darkness.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Desperate, Sam sends a prayer to God, and soon he begins to have strange visions — what he believes are of divine origin.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Having found its embodiment in a little girl, Darkness absorbs people's souls, and due to this, it grows very quickly.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Crowley tries to take control of the Darkness in order to gain more power, but Amara does not want to cooperate with him.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Sam and Dean are going to kill the Darkness.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Castiel decides to go in search of Metatron - according to his assumptions, the latter should know about the Darkness.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Dean sneaks into the room to Amara, but Crowley appears; a fight ensues between the King of Hell and the elder Winchester.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Amara saves the latter from death; the demon understands the minority of his forces and retreats, and Amara leaves.