Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In connection with the crisis, the GAZ management has taken various anti-crisis packages of measures, for example, since the end of 2008, a shorter working week has been introduced and staff has been reduced (from 105,000 to 95,000).


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Despite the shutdown in November 2008 of the assembly line production of sedans 31105 and 3102 of the obsolete Volga family, it was planned to reduce their cost and, if there was demand, again put into production.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

However, demand did not resume, and in the spring and summer of 2009, the passenger conveyor was dismantled, and in the future it is planned to assemble foreign cars on it.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Plans for the production of the new Volga Siber model in 2009 were adjusted to 8,000, and later to 3,000, in fact, only 1,717 sedans were produced, of which 428 cars were sold.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 2009, Volga Siber was included in the list of domestic cars for centralized public procurement, but was not included in the official list of passenger models with subsidized loans for individuals.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 2010, Siber was included in the list of models included in the recycling program, due to which GAZ was able to produce the planned volume of 5.1 thousand sedans in 10 months of 2010 and curtailed them on October 31 production [6].


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

On May 6, 2009, GAZ Group sold its British plant LDV Holdings to the Malaysian concern Weststar, which belonged to the Russian concern for three years and produced commercial vehicles under the Maxus brand [7].


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Deliveries of Maxus assembly kits to GAZ were stopped in the same 2009, and the model was withdrawn from the Russian market.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

To maintain sales of light commercial vehicles, GAZ has developed a Gazelle version with an UMZ-4216 engine and a lightweight cabin, reduced to $6,000 [8].


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

However, the model was not in demand - only a limited batch of about 700 cars was produced.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

On February 4, 2010, GAZ Group began serial production of the modernized families of light commercial vehicles Gazelle-Business and Sobol-Business.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The sale of modernized cars through the dealer network began on February 25, 2010 [9].


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

On July 20, 2010, GAZ Group began serial production of a diesel modification of the Gazelle-Business car [10].


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

At the end of October 2010, GAZ announced the start of production of a 4-ton version of the GAZ-33106 with the Cummins ISF 3.8 engine [11].


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

On October 31, 2010, production of Volga Siber was discontinued [12].


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

On December 23, 2010, Daimler and GAZ Group signed an agreement on the organization of production of Mercedes-Benz Sprinter light commercial vehicles (W901-W905 series) at the Gorky Automobile Plant.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

LCV was launched in 2013 [13].


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In early February 2011, GAZ Group and the American concern GM signed an agreement on the contract assembly of the new generation Chevrolet Aveo model at GAZ facilities.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The assembly started in February 2013.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In mid-June 2011, Volkswagen Group Rus and GAZ Group signed an eight-year agreement on the contract assembly of 110,000 cars per year at GAZ facilities.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The agreement was signed as part of Volkswagen's transition to a new mode of industrial assembly of cars in Russia.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The assembly of the VW Jetta, Škoda Yeti and Škoda Octavia models will be carried out on the basis of the Volga Siber line [14].


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The production of passenger cars of our own design is not yet expected in the near future.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

On April 9, 2013, mass production of the Gazelle Next car, which is the second-generation Gazelle, began.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Initially, this car was designed for export to other countries.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

It is planned to start exporting these cars to Turkey, Poland and Germany.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Gazelle Next will be released in parallel, along with the release of Gazelle Business.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

First, 45 new light commercial trucks per day will roll off the assembly line, and in two months it is planned to produce 150 cars per day [15].


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In March 2017, the media reported that GAZ Group plans to revive the Volga brand for the production of light trucks under it [16].


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

On December 6, 2017, on the territory of GAZ, during the celebration of the 85th anniversary of the plant, Vladimir Putin announced his nomination for the presidential election in Russia [17].


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Honors


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Two Orders of Lenin;


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Order of the Red Banner;


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Order of the Patriotic War


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Golden Mercury Award, 1980 [18]


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In the period from 1935 to 1957, the plant was called ZIM, that is, the Molotov Plant.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Products and sales


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 2012, the plant produced various car models:


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZelle NEXT light commercial vehicles


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

light trucks (LCV segment) Sobol (2310 and 2752), Gazelle/Gazelle-Business (3302 and 2705) with a carrying capacity of 0.75—1.5 tons;


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

medium-duty trucks of the GAZ-3310 Valdai and 3307, 3309 families with a carrying capacity of 3.5—5.0 tons;


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

especially small capacity buses (minibuses) Sobol (2217, 22171) for 6—10 seats and Gazelle/Gazelle-Business (3221, 32213) for 6—13 seats.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In addition, the automobile plant participates in the implementation of the national project “Healthcare”, supplying ambulances based on the Gazelle car to healthcare institutions in all regions of Russia ( 80% of the country's medical vehicle fleet).


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 2010, 88,347 vehicles were shipped to AZ GAZ, which is 64.6% more than in 2009 (53,668 units) [19].


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ exports its products to more than 30 countries around the world.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Traditional sales markets are the countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS, Southeast Asia, South America, the Middle East and Africa.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ has a certificate for compliance of the quality system with national and international standards ISO 9001:2000, awarded by experts from TUV Management Service GmbH (Germany).


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Model range


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Passenger cars


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ serial (base) trucks


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Off-road vehicles


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ buses


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Military equipment


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

BAI-M


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

BA-64, BA-64B


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

BTR-90 Rostok


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Experimental


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1934 — Gaz-a-Aero


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1936 — GAS-VM


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1936 — GAZ-AAAA, 6х4


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1937 — GAZ-21, GAZ-22, 6х4


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1938 — GAZ-25, 6х4


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1938 — GAZ-62, GAZ-63, 4x4


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1938 — GAZ-33, GAZ-34, 6х6


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1943 — BA-64Z, ski-crawler


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1944 — GAZ-68 (KSP-76), 4x4


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1938 — GAS-GL-1


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1948 — Pobeda nami


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1952—1956 — GAZ-62, first series


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1954 — GAS-M73


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1955—1957 — GAS-18


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1958 — GAZ-56, first series


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1961 — GAZ-56, second series


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1995 — GAZ-2308 Ataman


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1998 — GAZ-3103 Volga (4×2)


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1998 — GAZ-3104 Volga (4×4)


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1999 — GAZ-23081 Ataman Yermak


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1999 — GAZ-3106 Ataman-2, first series


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

2003 — GAS-3115


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

project — GAZ-3902 “Vepr”


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

2004 — GAZ-3106 Ataman-2, second series


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

2006 — CityVan GAZ-2332


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

2006 — GAZ-3121 Tiger-2


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Tracked conveyors


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ-34039K Irbis


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ-3409 Bobr


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ-3344 (two-link)


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ-3351 (two-link)


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Plant management


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

01.01.1932—28.09.1932 — Semyon Semyonovich Dybets


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1932—1938 — Sergei Sergeyevich Dyakonov


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1938—1942 — Ivan Kuzmich Loskutov


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1942—1943: Alexander Markovich Livshits


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1943—1948 — AND. K. Loskutov


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1948-1950: Grigory Sergeyevich Khlamov


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1950—1952: Georgy Aleksandrovich Vedenyapin


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1952—1954 — Pavel Yakovlevich Lisnyak


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1954—1955 — Nikolai Ivanovich Strokin


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1955—1958: Nikolai Vasilievich Sazanov


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

19.03.1958—27.07.1983 — Ivan Ivanovich Kiselyov


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1983—1986 — Nikolai Andreyevich Pugin


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1986—1994 — Boris Pavlovich Vidyaev


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1994—2001 — N. A. Pugin


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

01.2001—11.2001 — Viktor Nikolaevich Belyaev


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

2001—2002 — Dmitry Stepanovich Strezhnev


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

2002—2005 — Alexey Georgievich Barantsev


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

General designers


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1933-1951 - Andrey Alexandrovich Lipgart - supervised and was directly involved in the creation of 67 models, 27 of which went into production


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1958-1987 - Alexander Dmitrievich Prosvirnin - created a large number of basic models and modifications of cars and trucks


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

See also


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Arzamas Machine Building Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ Museum of History


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Sotsgorod


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Lenin Avenue


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Notes


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

References


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

in the Truck Encyclopedia.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

- 2nd ed.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Rev.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

and add.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

— M.: LLC “Book Publishing House “Za rulem””, 2008.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Category:Russian automobile manufacturers


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Category:Bus manufacturers in Russia


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Category:Objects named after Vyacheslav Molotov


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Category:Organizations awarded the Order of Lenin


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Category:Organizations awarded the Order of the Red Banner


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Category:Organizations awarded the Order of the Patriotic War


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Category:Companies in Nizhny Novgorod


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Category:Companies in Nizhny Novgorod


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The history of cinema began on December 28, 1895, when the first screening of the film took place on Boulevard de Capucinok in one of the halls of the Grand Cafe.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

First steps towards cinema


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The first step towards cinema was taken in the XV-XVII centuries, when the “magic lantern”, the camera obscura, was developed (in addition, shadow theater previously appeared in China and Japan, and the principle of creating an image by means of a narrow hole it was known in antiquity).


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The term “camera obscura” arose at the end of the XV century, and the corresponding experiments were carried out by Leonardo da Vinci.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The magic lantern for projecting images onto a vertical screen became widely known in the 17th century.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

In simplification, it was a box with a magnifying tube and a lamp inside.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

At the back of this lamp there was a reflector reflector, between the pipe and the box there was a gap where a painted frame was placed in ink.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

At the same time, the image was static.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The next step towards cinema was taken in 1830 by Michael Faraday and his friend Max Roger.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The whole of Europe tried to invent a device to revive the drawing.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Faraday's instrument was called a phenakistiscope.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

A number of consecutive pictures were attached to the device.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Previously, scientist Joseph Plateau was engaged in the decomposition of motion into phases (for example, human movement).


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

When Faraday got his hands on these works, he had very little time left until the completion of the phenakistiscope.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

As a result, it is possible to create a moving drawing (but not an actual image) that lasts a few seconds.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The third step took place in 1877 with the invention of chronography.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

It became possible thanks to the works of Louis Daguerre and Joseph Niepce, who developed a wet collodion process with a fairly high light sensitivity, but requires the preparation of photographic material just before shooting.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

High light sensitivity made it possible to reduce exposure time, without which shooting fast movement would be impossible.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

In 1878, California Governor Leland Stanford and photographer Edward Maybridge conducted an experiment to photograph a horse's gallop.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

According to some sources, Stanford argued with Maybridge about whether “tears the horse off the ground during a gallop or not”, according to others - Maybridge simply fulfilled the order of Stanford, who was engaged in analysis of horse movement.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

They installed 12 cameras along the horse treadmill, placed in special opaque booths.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Assistants in the booths simultaneously began to prepare photographic plates for shooting using a signal whistle [2].


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

As all the cameras were ready, a horse was released onto the track, which rode along the white wall in front of the cameras.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The shutters of all cameras were activated by ropes stretched across the track: the horse tore them, alternately launching the cameras [3].


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

As a result, each of the cameras captured a separate phase of the horse's movement against a white background of a wall that emphasizes the silhouette.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

This was the first attempt to break down the movement into phases.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Maybridge later increased the number of cameras to 24, and used the images in a zoopraxiscope he invented, which gave a moving image.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Photographing animal and human movements is Maybridge's main area of interest, and for his work in this area he received a grant from the University of Pennsylvania, with which he collaborated for three years.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Eleven volumes published under the auspices of the university in 1887, Animal Movement: Electrophotographic Studies of Successive Phases of Animal Motion, contained all photographic Maybridge's experiments from 1872 to 1885, and they contained more than one hundred thousand photographs of him.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The photos showed not only a domestic dog, cat and horse, but also an American elk, deer, bear, raccoon, lion, tiger, monkey and birds.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

In 1901, Maybridge published The Figure of Man in Motion.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

He returned to England and was hardly involved in photography anymore.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

He died in his hometown of Kingston on the Thames in 1904.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Further development


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

In the second half of the 19th century, photography became very popular, and photo albums appeared in homes, where people kept photos of friends and relatives.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

During this period, many patents for “live” photography were registered.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

In 1876, French professor Etienne Marais invented the “photographic gun”.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

A rotating octagonal photographic plate captured the phases of movement of animals and birds at a speed of up to 10 frames per second [3].


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Later, the inventor created a more successful device called the “chronophotographic camera”, using roll photosensitive photo paper [4].


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

After modernizing his invention, Mare received a chronographic camera that could use a roll non-perforated film.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

In 1876, time-lapse cinema appeared in Paris.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Its inventor is Emile Renaud, and his invention is optical theater.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

It was a magic lantern on a “large scale”: a film with drawings printed on it went through the lantern.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Thus, it turned out to be a theater of shots shown sequentially on the big screen: 80, 90 or 100 pictures, depending on the plot.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

A specially invited actor talked about the action.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

“Film” consisted of a series of videos for a few seconds each, the lack of technology was the inability to make long videos.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

At the heyday, there were about 12 such theaters in Paris.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

An example of such a film: a young woman reads a book, a young man approaches her, and a dialogue begins.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Then he takes her by the arm and takes her to the carriage, and they go to lunch.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

A few meetings, then the wedding takes place.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The altar.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

They are escorted to a steamer and sent on a honeymoon to Africa.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Their journey is summarized.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The young spouses return, they are met by their parents.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Then a white frame is shown.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The girl is sitting on the bench again, she picks up the book — she dreamed of everything.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

In 1870, American John Hyatt invented celluloid, later used to produce flexible tape.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Seven years later, Russian photographer Ivan Boldyrev suggested using film on such a substrate [5].


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

In 1889, the American inventor George Eastman, who had previously developed an effective industrial method for coating “dry” photographic plates with a photographic emulsion, launched a transparent film based on celluloid.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

After that, it became possible to create an effective and durable film.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Cinema is on the verge of birth


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Among all the other inventors who were looking for a way to create “moving pictures”, four people were closest to creating cinema.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

This is Thomas Edison, the Lumiere Brothers and Joseph Timchenko.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

In 1894, Thomas Edison handed over film developments to William Dixon.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Under the leadership of Edison, Dixon invents the device “kinetoscope”.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

This device was designed in such a way that only one person could observe the “moving pictures” that it showed.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

In addition, the kinetoscope did not use a frame-by-frame display, but constant scrolling, which gave the viewer the impression of blurring the image when viewing.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

On the basis of the kinetoscope, the world's first film chain was created, which brought in a profit of $150,000 in a year.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The 35mm film used for the kinetograph and kinetoscope has survived without significant changes to this day.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The aspect ratio of 1. 33:1 was the standard before the advent of sound cinema.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

In 1893, Russian engineer Joseph Timchenko invented a projector for watching a film [6].


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

He was Deputy Chief Engineer of the Baltic Shipyard.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

After reading about the developments of “live pictures”, he also joined the process of invention (we know the history of this invention from the materials of Karen Shakhnazarov).


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

In 1893, Timchenko began to study this issue.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

He invented a camera that shoots with a rotating photographic plate, and also invented a projector and tried to shoot half a dozen stories about his family and his children.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

After a while, he demonstrated his apparatus to the Russian scientific society.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

His merits were appreciated, but no money was allocated for further development and study; then he turned to a society of entrepreneurs, which included owner Putilov, banker Dmitry Rubinstein, shopkeeper Eliseev, baker Phillipov and others.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

But even there his proposal did not meet with support.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

But Timchenko did not stop there, he turned to Savva Ivanovich Mamontov.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

In early 1894, in the spring, he came to Moscow and talked about his inventions, and also presented his idea to Mamontov, to which he said: “This has a great future, but I have no money” [7].


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

A year later, the Lumiere Brothers demonstrated their technology of film screening — and went down in history as creators of cinematography as an art genre.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The Lumiere brothers were specialists in photographic recording technologies and by 1895 were able to create a working cinematograph camera and make several videos.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

At least five screenings of 1895 are known: March 22 in Paris at the Society for the Development of Domestic Industry; June 11 at the Congress of Photographers in Lyon; July 11 in Paris at a technical exhibition; November 10 in Brussels at the Belgian Association of Photographers and on November 16 at the Sorbonne amphitheater.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

These screenings were not available to everyone and were held mainly for specialists.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

However, on December 28, 1895, the first film show took place at the Indian Salon of the Grand Cafe in Paris on Boulevard de Capucins, held for everyone for a fee.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Several videos lasting 45-50 seconds, shot in the spring of 1895, were shown on Capucinok Boulevard.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Among them was the comedy plot “The Watered Waterer”, but there was no famous video “The Arrival of the Train at La Ciotat Station”, which was shown later, in 1896.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Contrary to legend, the audience did not try to leave their seats, seeing the train approaching them.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The importance of the Lumiere's work was that their technology made it possible to shoot not in special rooms, but anywhere (including outdoors), quickly prepare the film for viewing and show it not to one viewer, but to the whole audience.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Silent cinema and the formation of a cinema network


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Main article: Silent cinema


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The Lumiere brothers decided to build a business not on the sale of movie cameras, but on the creation of a chain of cinemas.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Lumieres provided a franchise, and their partners organized film screenings, paid for projectionists and rental of devices, purchased film material (in total, Lumiere shot several hundred in three years one-minute tapes).


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

At first, the business was successful (a film chain was created around the world), but a few years later, the brothers faced fierce competition as the number of cinemas grew rapidly.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

In 1898, the Lumieres decided to stop their film activities and return to improving photographic technologies (including the creation of color photos).


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

The duration of the films was increased thanks to the invention of Woodville Latham, who in 1897 created a mechanism that allows the use of long film (Latham loop).


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Previously, the length of the film was limited to 15 meters to prevent it from breaking in the tape drive; this was enough for no more than one minute of the show.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Frenchman Georges Méliès and American David Griffith made a major contribution to the development of early cinema.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Mélies founded the first film studio (as a separate enterprise), where he developed technologies for creating special effects and shot the first science fiction film and the first horror film.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Griffith developed the concept of “close-up” and became the founder of “Hollywood directing”, creating a classic frame-plan-scene-episode scheme.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Europe before World War I was dominated by the Pate Brothers in Paris, and in the United States, New York was originally the center of the film industry.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

However, in the 1910s, more and more studios moved to Hollywood, a suburb of Los Angeles, where there were good conditions for field shooting (plenty of sunlight and rare rainfall).


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

In the early 1920s, 8 of the largest film studios that controlled film production were already based in Hollywood.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Five of them — Fox, Loew-MGM, Paramount, RCA and Warner Brothers — had their own cinema chains, and three — Universal Pictures, Columbia Pictures and United Artists — did not have their own networks.


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Sound and color films


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Main article: Sound cinema


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Main article: Color cinema


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

See also


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

List of pre-cinematographic devices for recording and playing back moving images


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Notes


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Literature


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Darovsky V. P. “The history of Russian cinema. Lecture Course”


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

References


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

(in Russian)


Question: When did the wet collodion process appear?

The history of cinema

Category:Movie history


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The Tuloksin Desant Operation June 23-27, 1944 was an amphibious operation of the Soviet Ladoga Military Flotilla during the Svirsko-Petrozavodsk offensive of the Great Patriotic War [1].


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Preparing surgery


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

When planning the Svirsko-Petrozavodsk operation, the commander of the Karelian Front, Army General K. A. Meretskov made a decision by the forces of the Ladoga Military Flotilla (Commander Rear Admiral V. S. Cherokov) to land a lake landing in the rear of the Finnish troops in the interfluve Vidlitsa and Tuloksa.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The purpose of the landing is to cut off the highway and railway running along the shore of Lake Ladoga to the front line along the Svir River, to deprive the enemy of the ability to supply reserves and supply ammunition.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

With the successful development of the offensive, the landing forces threatened to cover the Olonets enemy grouping, would deprive the Finns of convenient evacuation routes and the ability to occupy intermediate lines of defense [1].


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The 70th Naval Rifle Brigade of the Karelian Front (3,169 people, commander Lieutenant Colonel A. IN. Blak).


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Four vehicles, 2 minesweepers, 2 schooners, and a rescue vessel were allocated to the landing transportation detachment.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The landing equipment detachment included 12 KM boats, 19 tenders and 9 motorboats, the security detachment included 6 sea hunter boats, 2 torpedo boats, the DB-51 amphibious assault ship (former German high-speed amphibious barge captured in 1942 in the battle near Sukho Island), in the artillery support detachment - 5 gunboats, 2 armored boats.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

In total, 78 ships and boats (almost the entire ship composition of the flotilla) were involved in the operation.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The commander of the landing forces is Captain 1st Rank N. AND. Meshchersky.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The operation was personally led by the commander of the flotilla Rear Admiral V. S. Cherokov.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

He also chose a specific site for landing, taking into account its convenience for landing and the weakness of the enemy's coastal defense (thorough reconnaissance of the coast by the flotilla forces was made in advance, May-first half of June 1944).


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Air cover for the landing and subsequent actions of the landing was entrusted to the 7th Air Army and aviation of the Baltic Fleet (a total of three assault regiments, two bomber regiments, one fighter regiment, reconnaissance aircraft, 230 aircraft in total).


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The starting point of the landing was Novaya Ladoga.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

This section of the coast was defended by the Finnish Ladoga Coastal Defense Brigade, whose units were scattered at a great distance.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Along the coast, a wire barrier was installed in 1-2 rows deep, reinforced in amphibious areas and in the mouths of rivers.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

There were small-caliber coastal artillery positions and machine-gun points.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Given the nature of the enemy's defense, the forces intended for the operation were significant.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

On the positive side, it should be noted the thorough reconnaissance training of the landing and the well-developed organization of its landing and further support by the flotilla forces.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Each of the Marine Corps battalions that landed was supported by artillery fire of a detachment of ships assigned to it, spotters with radio stations were allocated, and duplicate communication channels were prepared.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

At the same time, the commander of the landing detachment had his own artillery headquarters and could concentrate the fire of all ships in any threatened area.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

During the battle, he repeatedly resorted to this opportunity.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Operation progress


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

On June 23, 1944, at 5 o'clock, ships of the artillery support detachment opened fire on the landing area, and at 5:30am an air strike was launched [1].


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

At 5:55am, the ships of the first landing approached the shore and, under the cover of a smokescreen, began landing, which was supported by the fire of gunboats.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Two landing echelons were landed with an interval of 4 hours.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The landing of the first echelon of the landing was unexpected for the enemy - with it, the losses of the paratroopers amounted to only 6 wounded, the enemy opened indiscriminate fire when the landing means had already come close to the shore and began disembarking.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Taking advantage of the favorable development of the situation, during the day of June 23, the flotilla landed 3,667 people, 30 guns, 62 mortars, 72 anti-tank rifles, 108 heavy and light machine guns.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

A bridgehead 4.5 km along the front and 2 km in depth was captured, and the Olonets-Pitkyaranta road was cut off [1].


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The Finnish artillery unit that was in the landing area was defeated, 3 guns and 10 tractors and vehicles with ammunition, 7 prisoners were captured [2].


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Although the Finnish command hastily threw additional forces to the battlefield and from the afternoon of June 23 began to counterattack the landing.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The first attacks of the enemy were erratic and scattered, but then their onslaught intensified.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

To support the landing, the aviation made 347 sorties in a day.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

In the morning, Finnish aircraft (from 14 to 18 aircraft) tried to strike at the landing ships, but this attempt was repelled by anti-aircraft fire from ships and at the same time 1 aircraft was shot down [3], the enemy managed to achieve one hit an amphibious assault ship, causing minor damage (7 people were wounded, 2 of them seriously).


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Also, 1 sailor on a gunboat was wounded by shrapnel from close explosions According to Finnish data, only 5 aircraft participated in the raid, which allegedly sank 1 vehicle (which is unreliable report) and caused a fire on the second transport (apparently, referring to a damaged amphibious assault ship).


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

A stubborn battle went on throughout the second half of the day on June 23 and all night.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Finnish units continuously attacked.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

By the morning of June 24, the landing force began to experience a shortage of ammunition (a few hours earlier, the Finns managed to destroy a barge with ammunition approaching the bridgehead by a direct hit by a shell).


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

By the middle of the day, a crisis situation arose, while the enemy's forces were constantly increasing - the battle was already conducted by two Finnish regiments, a separate reserve battalion, and 1 armored train.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Taking advantage of the deterioration of the weather (from the afternoon, which forced the Soviet support aircraft to stop flights to the bridgehead) by the beginning of the storm, the enemy tried a decisive attack drop troops into the lake.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Once the Finns managed to get into the defensive and come close to the command post of the brigade commander, to eliminate the threat, all soldiers and officers at the command post entered the battle, as well as paramedics and slightly wounded.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Since the delivery of ammunition from Novaya Ladoga was difficult due to the storm, Rear Admiral Cherokov ordered all ships covering the landing from the sea to come close to the shore and maximize the fire, and also transfer some of the available ammunition to shore.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

In addition, the pilots made several single sorties, very risky in inclement weather, in which containers with ammunition were dropped on the bridgehead.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

By evening, the enemy's attacks ran out of steam (in just the first two days of the battle, 16 enemy attacks were repulsed).


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The warships of the Ladoga Flotilla were continuously off the coast and fired at the enemy.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Realizing that the enemy has the opportunity to increase his forces at the battlefield, the commander of the flotilla decided to land the second echelon of the landing (3rd Separate Marine Brigade, Captain 1st Rank S. A. Gudimov) on June 25 in stormy weather conditions [1].


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

This decision has fully justified itself.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

By the end of the day, 2,443 people were disembarked.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The total number of troops exceeded 4,900 people, 115 artillery pieces and mortars.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The situation changed again in favor of the Soviet troops: the landing moved forward and improved their positions.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The last counterattacks of the enemy were repelled (then the Finns conducted only artillery and mortar shelling of the bridgehead).


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

At night and in the morning of June 26, the rest of the 3rd Marine Brigade, artillery and anti-aircraft regiments (4,907 people, 59 guns, 46 mortars) landed on the bridgehead.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Due to the successful development of the offensive of the main forces of the Karelian Front, the Finnish command on June 26 abandoned further attacks on the bridgehead and focused its efforts on the evacuation of troops from the river line Svir.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Unable to use the railway and highway to Pitkyaranta, the retreating Finnish troops abandoned equipment, property, equipment supplies and retreated along village roads bypassing the bridgehead.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Shortly after midnight on June 27, the landing joined the advancing units of the 7 Army, continued the offensive to the north and on the same day participated in the liberation of Vidlitsa [1].


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Gunboats and boats continued artillery support for the Soviet offensive.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Surgery results


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The operation was a complete success and achieved all its goals.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

It is rightfully considered one of the most successful amphibious operations of the Soviet Navy in the war.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Theoretically, the Finnish command could use the distance of the landing from the front line (35 kilometers) and quickly increase its forces at the battlefield, but it was clearly late with this decision.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

When the units withdrawn from the front arrived at Tuloksa, the landing force had already taken and prepared advantageous positions.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The Ladoga Military Flotilla, the 3rd and 70th Naval Rifle Brigades were awarded the Order of the Red Banner for this victory [1].


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Many sailors and marines were awarded orders and medals, four marines were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (A.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

AND. Moshkin (posthumously), V. S. Cook F. N. Khudanin and V. P. Sharenko).


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

The losses of Soviet troops during the operation amounted to: in the 70th and 3rd Naval Rifle Brigades - 190 killed and 346 wounded, in the Ladoga Military Flotilla - 4 killed and 30 wounded [4] [5].


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Losses in ships during the operation amounted to: 2 patrol boats (I-42 and KM-15) were washed ashore by a storm on June 25 (removed and repaired after the operation) [6], 1 motorboat was sunk by artillery fire and 1 towed barge, 5 ships were damaged by enemy aircraft and artillery (1 amphibious assault ship and 4 barges, all remained in service and continued to perform combat missions until the end of the operation) [7].


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

According to Soviet data, during the amphibious operation, the actions of paratroopers, ship fire and air attacks killed up to 1,300 Finnish soldiers, captured 16 prisoners, destroyed 36 artillery batteries and individual guns, 17 mortar batteries, 15 pillboxes, 56 machine gun points, up to 50 vehicles, 3 aircraft were shot down.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Six guns, 1 wedge, up to 80 machine guns and 56 small arms were captured [4].


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Notes


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

References


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

on the website of the Ministry of Defense


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Literature


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Abramov Ye.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

P. Marine Corps feat: “Stop to the death!”


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

— M.: “Yauza”, “Eksmo”, 2013.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

— 416 p. — (Stalin's special forces. Marines).


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

— 2500 copies


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

— ISBN 978-5-699-62623-6.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Tuloksin amphibious operation.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

/Morozov M., Platonov A., Goncharov V. The landing troops of the Great Patriotic War.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

M: Yauza Eksmo, 2008.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

— pp.482-510.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Bunakov S. /Tuloksin landing.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

//“Military History Journal”.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Zhumatiy V. AND. Naval amphibious operations of the Armed Forces of the USSR.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

M. : Tsentrpoligraf, 2011.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

— 399 p. — ISBN: 978-5-2270-2784-9.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Kozlov O. IN. Ladoga sailors during the Great Patriotic War.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

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Saint Petersburg Institute of History RAS.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Saint Petersburg, 2015.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Cherokov V. S. For you, Leningrad!


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

— M., Voenizdat, 1978.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

— 205 p. With Il.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

(Military memoirs).


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

Tuloksin amphibious operation

Circulation: 65000 copies


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

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— Chapter “New Glory Multiplies Old”.


Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

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Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

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Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

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Question: How did the Svirsko-Petrozavod operation end?

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Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Uyghurs (Uyghur: Uyghur: Uygurlar, Chinese:Wéiwú'ěr) is a Turkic indigenous people of East Turkestan, now the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

They are Sunni Muslims by religion.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The Uyghur language belongs to the Turkic language group.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The Uighurs are Turkic-speaking people, the vast majority of them live in a region called Xinjiang in the far west of China [1].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

History of ethnonym


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

For the first time, the ethnonym “Uighur” begins to be found in sources since the beginning of AD.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

, initially as the name of only one of the Turkic-speaking Telesky tribes, during the Uighur Khaganate (7th-9th centuries), among the tribes that were part of the confederation of 19 tribes, the ethnonym “Uighur” became common, during this period along with this ethnonym, the exoethnonym “tokkuz oguz” has also become widespread [2].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

After the collapse of the Uighur Khaganate and the migration of ancient Uighur tribes from the steppes of present-day Mongolia to Eastern Turkestan (9th century), the self-name “Uighur” continued to be used by groups of the population of Turfan, Kumula, Kuchi until the 16th—17th centuries, when the process of Islamization of the population of East Turkestan was finally completed [3] [4] [5].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

At the same time, the ethnic composition of the region has changed more than once: Turkic-speaking yellow Uighurs, descendants of ancient Uighurs in Gansu, who have preserved the Buddhist religion, speak the Saryg-Yugur language, which, according to analysis Swadesh lists are not close to the (new) Uighur, but closer to the Khakass and Gorno-Altai languages — moreover, the Karakhanid-Uyghur Koine, formed as a result of the mixing of ancient Uighur and the language of the Turks, who came in the 11th century from the west (from Maverranahr), are closer not to the above languages, but to the Oguz languages [6].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

With the adoption of Islam, the population of East Turkestan began to call themselves simply “Muslims” or “Turks”, identifying themselves by Turkic origin and Muslim religion, as well as by name his ethnographic group (yurt) — Kashgar, Dolan, Machin, Taranchi.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The common self-name for a long time was the colloquial yarlik “fellow countrymen” or “local” - this word, sometimes found today, was used in the Uighur environment to describe Uighur residents of any from oases.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Despite the absence of a common ethnic identity, the Uighurs were an established medieval nation that was aware of common origin and interests, shared a common language, historical traditions, culture, Muslim faith; neighboring nationalities also perceived different Uighur yurts as a single nationality, Central Asian peoples called them Kashgars, Mongols Khoton, Chinese Chantou [7].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The country continued to be called Uyghurstan or Uighuristan for a long time along with the names Mogulia and Kashgaria.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

This is noted by various sources; Muhammad Imin Sadr Kashgari in his work Asar al Futuh (1790) called the country Uyguristan, which includes six cities [8].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

“In the east, this country is called Alti Shahar/Six cities, Uyghurstan or Kashgar, in Europe it is known as Little Bukhara, Eastern Tatarstan, Eastern, or Chinese, Turkestan, sometimes is called Kashgaria.” [9]


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The loss of the ethnonym was associated with the Muslim tradition, which is characterized by the absence of ethnic self-name (for example, the names of yurts were used as ethnonyms in censuses in the Russian empire).


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The educated part of the Turkic population of East Turkestan, represented by the nobility and clergy, believed that their people descended from the Uighurs, as noted by some researchers of the 19th century who were in good contact with representatives of local nobility (beks) and clergy (akhunami).


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

In particular, Valikhanov wrote that the local Turkic population is descendants of ancient Uighurs, Dolons and Nygates (the last two groups are descendants of moguls) and they speak the Uighur language [7].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

English Ambassador Bellew, when describing the bek (nobility) Artusha, noted that he was a Tatar of a pure Uighur tribe [10].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Bartold also noted on this issue that the intelligentsia prefers to call themselves Uighurs [11].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

These segments of the population (nobility, clergy, intelligentsia) were the initiators of the adoption of the old ethnonym, which was done after the revolution in Russia.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

With the national-territorial delimitation in Central Asia in Tashkent in 1921, at the congress of representatives of the Turkic population of East Turkestan, it was decided to restore the ethnic self-name “Uighur” [12].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

There are several versions of the etymology of the ethnonym “Uighur”:


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Abulgazi (1603—1663) in the chronicle “Genealogy Tree of the Turks” derived the ethnonym “Uighur” from the Turkic root: “Oguz Khan gave them the name Uygur. Uighur is a Turkic word, the meaning of which is known all over the world, it means supporter (yapyshgur)” [13].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Also, according to Rashid al-Din, the legendary Oguz Khan gave the name “Uighur” of the tribe, which joined him to help him.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

In Turkic, this word means “uniting, connecting” [14].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

According to M. Kashgari, the self-name “Uighur” dates back to the time of Alexander the Great.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

He called the horsemen opposing him in Central Asia “hudhurand”, “like a falcon that no animal can escape when hunting.”


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

“Hudhurand” eventually decreased to “Khudhur”, and the last word turned into “Uighur”.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Ethnographic groups


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Historically, the modern Uighur ethnos was formed in the difficult political and geographical conditions of the East Turkestan region from geographically remote population groups, often different ethnic background.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Currently, the Uighur ethnic group maintains a division into ethnographic groups (subeethnos) — yurts (Uyg. yurtlar):


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Turphans (uyg. turpanliklar)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Kashgartsy (uyg. kashkarliklar)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

komultsy (uyg. kumulluklar)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

khotans (uyg. hotanliklar)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Aksui people (uyg. aksuluklar)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

yarkendtsy (uyg. yarkandlikler)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

dolans (uyg. dolanlar)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

lop nortsy (uyg. lopnurluklar)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Chuguchaktsy (uyg. chochaklikler)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Uchturfans (uyg. uchturpanliklar)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

kuldzhintsy (uyg. guliliklar)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

atushtsy (uyg. atushluklar)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

kuchartsy (uyg. kucharliklar)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Korlintsy (uyg. korlaliklar)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

machins (uyg. machinlar)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

polurtsy (uyg. polurluklar)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

abdaly (uyg. abdalar)


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Each ethnographic group of Uighurs has its own cultural characteristics.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Most of these groups were formed as ethno-territorial groups due to the significant distance between historically established ancient oasis settlements separated by uninhabitable man by the sands of the Taklamakan Desert.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Some of the groups were formed from previous tribal divisions or incomplete assimilation of groups of other ethnic origins.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Gallery


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Khotantsy clergymen, 1933


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Turphans, late 19th century


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Machintsy, the end of the 19th century


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Yarkendtsy, 1870


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Khoja Niyaz, Kumulets, President of TIRVT


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Kashgaris, participants of the Uighur uprising in the 1930s


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Ili Uighurs (Taranchi) in Kulja, late 19th century


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Atushets, Musa bai Haji, the richest Uighur merchant and industrialist of the late 19th century


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Kuchartsy, Timur-run, with brothers, 1933


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Lop Nor people, late 19th century


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Halftime, clergyman, late 19th century


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Aksui people, 1933


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Kumulets, late 19th century


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Kumultsy, late 19th century


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Uighur anthropology


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Anthropologically, the Uighurs are a population that is a mixture of Mongoloid and Caucasian races.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

In a scientific genetic study by Xu and Jing, Chinese geneticists found that Uighurs are 60% Caucasian and 40% Mongoloid.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

According to their estimates, the possible mixing event occurred about 126 generations ago, or 2520 years ago [15] [16] In another scientific paper, Lee and Kid found only about 30% of the Caucasian impurity [17].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Genetics of the Uyghur ethnic group


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The Uighurs are of mixed origin, belong to the population of Eurasia, with East Eurasian and Western Eurasian genetic and anthropometric traits.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Thus, the Uighurs are one of the many peoples of Central Eurasia, which has both genetics related to Caucasians and the genetics of the population of East Asia.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

But detailed studies identify the Uighurs not as a mono-ethnic people, but consisting of many components, in different proportions [18].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Thus, when studying gene material in people from Khotan alone — a small city-district with a population of 322,000 people — it turned out that the Uighurs living there have 60% of European genes and 40% East Asian [19].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

In Southern Xinjiang, the European component in the genome accounted for 52%.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

At the same time, in the northern part of the study area, the share of European genes falls to 47% [20].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

A larger study, with more material and greater coverage of the area, found that 30% of the European component is present in the overall genetic picture [21].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

When studying mtDNA (female DNA), the following data were obtained.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The frequency of the Western Eurasian haplogroup in the Uighurs is 42.6%.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The frequency of the East Asian haplogroup is 57.4% [22].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

When refining the data on Y DNA, haplogroups (male DNA) — the Western Eurasian component — up to 65%, the East Asian Component — from 30% to 35% [23].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

This ratio of gene components can be caused by two reasons.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The result of a continuous flow of genes from populations in the European and Asian regions [24].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The formation by one large migration flow, in a relatively short historical period, is a model of hybrid isolation.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

If we take into account this theory, a similar period was possible 126 generations ago or 2,520 years ago.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

At the same time, one generation is considered to be 20 years old [25].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

According to a theory from Chinese scientists in an article in the American Journal of Human Genetics, the West East Asian population is more closely related to the Uighurs than the population of East Asia.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

An analysis of historical data indicates that the Uighurs were formed by mixing between Tokhars from the West and Orkhon Uighurs from the East in the 8th century AD.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The Uighur Empire was originally located in present-day Mongolia and conquered the Tokhar tribes in Xinjiang.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

archaeological findings from Tokharian excavations indicate similarities with Northern and Central Europeans.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The Uyghurs from the Orkhon region are clearly of East Asian descent.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

in Xinjiang, these two ethnic communities were mixed up and as a result, the current Uighurs appeared.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

What makes it difficult to finally identify the past genetic history of the Uighurs is that the unknown exact genetics of the Tokhars assimilated by the Uighurs.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The general conclusion of the research is that the Uighurs are more similar to East Asia in terms of genetics, if we take into account exactly the entire population that makes up the Uighur ethnic group, that is, take into account the widest possible sample genetic material, rather than strictly from one area.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The initial conclusions that the European component prevails in the Uighurs are due to the fact that in early studies, the coverage of the population was focal and did not include many areas of the Xinjiang Uygur region.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The median line of the Eurasian genetic component lies to the West of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, as found out when studying 34 populations on its territory [21].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

This mixed genetics in the modern period has led to the fact that girls of Uighur nationality have become very popular in the fashion industry in China, due to their exotic appearance, but with maintaining a significant share of East Asian standards.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

During this period, Uighurs account for a high share, relative to their number, in the fashion industry in China.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Uighur actors are just as popular in theaters in China because their appearance allows them to play the roles of foreign characters, but they can speak North Chinese flawlessly [26] — It is spoken by 960 million people and is China's main language in terms of population and served as the basis for the creation of Putonghua, the state language standard in China.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Resettlement and numbers


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The largest Turkic and second after Hui (Dungan) Muslim people in China.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The main settlement area is the north-western part of China (Eastern Turkestan or Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region) and the border regions of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

According to official Chinese data, the number of Uighurs in China is approximately 11 million people.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The vast majority of Uighurs live in East Turkestan/Xuar, where they are the largest people, accounting for 45% of the region's population, and small communities live in large cities in the eastern part China.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

There is also a small enclave of Uighurs numbering about 7,000 people in Hunan Province, in southeastern China, where they have been living for several centuries [28].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Outside China, the number of Uighurs is approximately 0.5 million, they are represented in many countries, but most live in the former Soviet republics of Central Asia neighboring China, where their the number is more than 300 thousand.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Of these, 238 thousand are in Kazakhstan, 50 thousand in Kyrgyzstan [29], in Uzbekistan 20 thousand [30], in Turkmenistan about 3 thousand.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

A large Uighur diaspora exists in the Republic of Turkey.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

There are also Uighur communities in Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Sweden, Canada, the USA, Russia, Japan, Australia, and Tajikistan.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Uighur diasporas can be found in cities around the world such as Sydney, Beijing, Shanghai, Mecca, Almaty, Bishkek, Munich, Dushanbe.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Uighur communities are characterized by traditional self-organization in the form of mallya, headed by elected foremen zhigit-beshi (yigit-beshi).


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Communities are usually part of Uighur public organizations, the unifying organization of which, in turn, is the World Uighur Congress.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

History


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The process of forming the Uighur ethnic group was complex and lengthy.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Their ancestors, the nomadic tribes of East Turkestan, played a significant role in the Hunnu Empire (3rd century BC — 4th centuries AD).


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Written sources mention the ancestors of the Uighurs since the 3rd century AD.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

(including in Orkhon inscriptions from the 8th century).


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

In the 3rd—4th centuries W. were part of an association that in Chinese dynastic chronicles was called gaoju (letters. “high carts”).


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

In the 5th century, a new name for this union appeared in Chinese sources - tele (tegreg “carts”).


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

A significant group of Tele tribes migrated to the west, in the steppe of Kazakhstan and South-Eastern Europe.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The remaining in the Central Asian steppes were conquered by the Turks and became part of their state.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The main lands of the body were then in Dzungaria and Semirechye.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

But in 605, after the destruction of several hundred Tele leaders by the Western Turkic Churyn Khagan, the leader of the Uighurs took the tribes to the Hangai Mountains, where they created a separate group called Chinese historiographers “nine tribes” (Tokuz-Oguz).


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The Tatars of Tongga and Kara Igah Byuruk had experience as advisors and mentors to other nomadic khans, especially Naiman and Kara Kitei, before they were absorbed by the Mongol Empire.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The Uighur state was based on diplomatic relations with neighbors and high-ranking Uighur advisers sent to their courts [31].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Since 630, after the fall of the first Turkic Khaganate, the Tokuz-Oguz have acted as a significant political force, the leadership within which was established for ten Uighur tribes led by the Yaglakar family.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

In the 5th-8th centuries, the Uighurs were part of the Zhuzhan Khaganate and then the Turkic Khaganate.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The process of ethnic consolidation of the Uighurs ended in the 8th century after the collapse of the Turkic Khaganate and the formation of the Uighur early feudal state (Uighur Khaganate) on the river. Orkhon.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

At the head of the Khaganate were Khagans from the Uighur family yaglakar (whale. Yao-luo-ko; 745-795).


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

It was at this point that Manichaeism was recognized as the official religion.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

In 795, the Ediz tribe (795-840) came to power, which also took the name yaglakar.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Gumilyov considers this episode to be the coming to power of the Manichaean theocracy:


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

... in 795, the adopted son of one of the nobles Kutlug was enthroned, under conditions of restriction of power.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

“The nobles, officials and others reported: “You, the heavenly king, sit over your sleeves on the precious throne, and an assistant must get an assistant with the ability to control the measure from the sea and the mountain:... laws and commands must be given: one must hope for heavenly mercy and favor.” In other words, the Khan's executive and judicial power was taken away, and politics was taken under the control of heavenly mercy”, that is, the Manichaeans.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The tribal alliance has become a theocracy.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

In 840, power in the Khaganate returned to the Yaglakar tribe for 7 years.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

In the 840s, due to complex domestic political and economic reasons, as well as the external invasion of the ancient Kyrgyz, the Uighur state collapsed.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

From that moment on, Kyrgyz detachments have been chasing the defeated Uighurs, penetrating deep into East Turkestan.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Some of the Uighurs moved to Eastern Turkestan and the western part of Gansu, where two independent states were created - the Kyansu (Ganzhou) principality (on the territory of present-day Gansu Province) with the center near the modern city of Zhangye and the Uighur Idykut in the Turpan oasis.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Initially, some of the Uighurs in the amount of up to 500 people [33] moved to the territory of the Shiwei tribe on lands up to the middle reaches of the Amur and to the lands of the Khi tribe in present-day Inner Mongolia, however, in 847, the Kyrgyz marched to the Amur against the Uighurs and the Shivey tribe, and the Chinese against the Khi tribe, after which this part of the Uighurs also fled to East Turkestan [34].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

In the eastern part of the Karakhanid state, in the state of the Turfan idykut Kocho in Turfan, the Uighurs gradually assimilated the local, predominantly Iranian- and pseudo-Tochar-speaking population, handing them over its language and culture and, in turn, adopting the traditions of oasis agriculture and some types of crafts.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

During this period, Buddhism spread among the Uighurs of Turfan and Komul, whose religion was Manichaeism and shamanism, and then Christianity (Nestorianism) [35].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

In the same historical period, starting from the 10th century, Islam spread among the Uighurs of Kashgar, Yarkand, Khotan, and by the 16th century, which by the 16th century replaced other religions throughout East Turkestan.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

With the adoption of Islam, the Arabic script replaced the Old Uighur script.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The formation of a modern Uighur ethnic group with the New Uighur language dates back to this time.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The last major ethnic component that became part of the modern Uighur ethnic group was the Manglai-Sube moguls (Turkized Mongols), who settled in East Turkestan in the 14th—15th centuries, consisting of such tribes as Barlas, Douglas, Nygate, Arlat, Churas and others [36].


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

Political and administrative disunity in the period of the 15th—16th centuries, as well as a number of other reasons, led to the fact that the ethnonym “Uighur” became little used and was soon replaced by religious identity.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

The Uighurs called themselves primarily “Muslims”, as well as by region of origin — Kashkarlyk (Kashgar), Khotanlyk (Khotan), etc.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

or by occupation - taranchi (farmer).


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

In the 17th—18th centuries, there was a Uighur state in East Turkestan, which in 1760 was captured by the Manchu rulers of China.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

National oppression and brutal exploitation sparked numerous Uighur uprisings against the Qing Empire and later the Kuomintang Empire.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

In 1921, at a congress of representatives of the Uighurs in Tashkent, the ancient self-name “Uighur” was restored as a national one.


Question: When did the population of East Turkestan start calling themselves “Muslims”?

Uyghurs

With the destruction of the last Uighur statehood in 1949 and with the formation in 1955. In the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Chinese authorities are pursuing a purposeful policy to assimilate the Uighurs primarily through the mass resettlement of ethnic Han people to XUAR and artificial restrictions on the birth rate of the indigenous Uyghur population.