Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

From 1918 to 1921, the organization was headed by Academician V. IN. Latyshev, who managed to preserve in the Society the “backbone” of Moscow and Leningrad professors who worked in the institutions of the Academy of Sciences.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In the 1920s, members of the Palestinian Society included academicians: V. IN. Bartold, N. AND. Vavilov V. AND. Vernadsky, S. A. Zhebelev P. K. Kokovtsov N. P. Likhachev, A. IN. Nikitsky, S. F. Oldenburg, A. AND. Sobolevsky, B.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

A. Turaev A. E.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Fersman A. A. Shakhmatov, as well as professors: D. IN. Ainalov and I. D. Andreev V. N. Beneshevich, A. AND. Brilliantov A. A. Vasiliev, V. M. Veryuzhsky, I. A. Karabinov M. D. Priselkov, B.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

IN. Titlinov and I. G. Troitsky, V. V. and M. IN. Farmakovskiye, I. G. Frank-Kamenetsky, V. K. Shileiko [41].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The last issue of the Orthodox Palestinian collection was published in 1918.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

However, in 1926, with the assistance of Academician F. AND. Ouspensky (chairman of the Society from 1921 to 1928) managed to publish the only magazine during the Soviet period Messages of the Palestinian Society.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

By the 1930s, well-known figures of the IOPS remained in Soviet Russia: academicians I. YU.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Krachkovsky, N. ME.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Marr and I. AND. Meshchaninov and V. IN. Struve; Professor A. A. Dmitrievsky and I. AND. Sokolov said.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1928-1934, the chairman of the Society was N. ME.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Marr.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

After his death, the management of the Company for seventeen years was represented by I. YU.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Krachkovsky.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

He was the last member of the Pre-Revolutionary Society [42].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1942, he headed the Institute of Oriental Studies [43].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The Society received a new impetus for development in 1951, when it was headed by Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Professor S. P. Tolstov said.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

He gathered a number of talented scientists around him.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1950, Metropolitan Nikolai Yarushevich, a well-known church leader, came to the Palestinian Society.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since 1954, publications of the Palestinian Collection, the Society's main printed collection, have resumed.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The Palestinian Society continued to operate in the Leningrad branch and in two different sections in Moscow.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

One of them was called Literary Relations between East and West.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Until 1988, this section was led by L. P. Zhukovskaya is a professor, a well-known historian of the Russian language, a researcher of the oldest Slavic and Old Russian texts, who studied about 500 handwritten Gospels, starting with the very first — Reims, Ostromirov, Mstislavov and up to the 16th century.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1988, the section was headed by the famous historian N. N. Lisova.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The section consisted of historians, philologists, Byzantinists, who were engaged, in particular, with Russian-Palestinian relations and Russian heritage in the Middle East [44].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The second section, where political and economic issues of the Middle East countries were discussed, was called Contemporary Problems of Palestine.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Many respected scientists also worked there: historians, legal scholars and economists.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The Palestinian Society during this period was headed by the chairmen: S. P. Tolstov (1951—1970), Academician A. A. Guber (1970—1971), Academician S. L. Tikhvinsky (1971—1978), Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Z. IN. Udaltsova (1978—1982), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. G. Solodovnikov (1982—1985), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. P. Novoseltsev (1985—1988), Professor R. T. Akhramovich (1988—1989), Professor O. G. Peresypkin (1989—2001) [45].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Activities abroad after 1917


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In the autumn of 1918, the Chairman of the Society, Prince A. A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov emigrated to Germany [46], where he headed the PPO Council in Emigration.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since 1918, members of the Society who found themselves abroad — PPO — continued to operate as far as the political situation of that time allowed, however, as a result of their activities, they were sold a significant number of IOPS and RDM parcels of land located in both Israel and the Palestinian National Authority.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The PPO was divided into three independent sections: American, European and Holy Land.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Seven people left the Holy Land section, having broken ties with the PPO in 1986, led by Anthony Grabbe, who went into a church schism, and since 2004 this group of people was headed by a follower of Anthony ( Grabbe) — N. A. Hoffman.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

This group of individuals call themselves differently, including the “PPO in the Holy Land”, the “Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society”, but is officially registered in Munich under the name “Russian Orthodox Society” Holy Land — Russian Orthodox Society of the Holy Land” and has the same details as the foundation of composer A. K. Glazunov [47], which is also led by Hoffmann, who appropriated the surname Vorontsov.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since 2000, there has been a PPO Council in the Holy Land, which consists of clergymen and monastics of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem (RDM) of ROCOR, and is headed by the Archbishop of Berlin and German Mark (Arndt).


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

[48] [49] Signed between the Council of PPO in the Holy Land and the IOPS.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Currently, the PPO Council in the Holy Land and the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS) do not recognize a group of people who call themselves the “Russian Orthodox Society of the Holy Land” and occupy Alexander Compound of the IOPS in Jerusalem [50].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

British Mandate Period (1917—1948)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1917, the period of British colonial rule over Palestine began.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since December 11, 1917, the troops of British General E.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Alenby occupy Jerusalem.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

From 1917 to 1919, supervision over Russian buildings in Jerusalem was carried out by an employee and member of the Society, acting. The manager of farmsteads K. N. Petropulo.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Contrary to the resolution of the Society Council, Petropulo allows Turkish officers and soldiers to enter Russian buildings, and then, after the arrival of the British authorities, he allows the use of the IOPS farmsteads by the British colonial authorities [51].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

These actions, contrary to the instructions of the IOPS Council, subsequently led to the fact that most of the Russian buildings were occupied by the British authorities.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1919, Nikolai Romanovich Seleznev arrived in Jerusalem, who served before World War I as an assistant manager of the IOPS farmsteads in Jerusalem, who, as far as he could, tried his best to straighten the situation created as a result of the irresponsible actions of K. N. Petropulo.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

With the support of the Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral A. IN. Kolchak, Commander-in-Chief A. AND. Denikin and member of the IOPS Council A. A. Neratova N. R. Seleznev arrived to take office as the manager of the IOPS farmsteads in Jerusalem and is recognized as the Manager of the IOPS farmsteads by the British authorities.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In a deplorable state, it receives the Russian metochions looted by the Turks in Jerusalem and partially occupied by the British colonial troops [52].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1923, he traveled to Europe to enlist the support of the Russian emigration there, meeting with Prince A. A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, lawyers, persons with access to the foreign ministries of Great Britain and France, influential church figures.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Members of the Administration of Metochions during this period were also: V. K. Antipov A. G. Kezma, M. N. Trapeznikova, Ya.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

N. Faraj, and I. AND. Spassky, E.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

M. Alekseev.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

N. R. Until his death on May 26, 1925, Seleznev tried, as much as possible, to preserve the Russian buildings of the IOPS, supporting the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission, which at that time was in heavy financial position, however, most of the Russian buildings were occupied by the administration of the British colonial authorities [53].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1922, the British Mandate began to operate in Palestine.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The English administration recognizes the existence of the Society and becomes the guardian of the PPO and the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In January 1925, she appointed Captain Caste [54] as administrator, who notified the PPO that the British recognized the actual existence of the Society, based in Berlin, and the Office Farmsteads that have a permanent residence in Jerusalem.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

At the same time, colonial authorities are beginning to forcibly lease the property of the OPP and the Mission


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

From this period, Russian property remained until the end of the British Mandate in 1948 under the close supervision of the administrator of Russian property, the English officer Captain G. A. Kasta [55].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

At the same time, the Soviet government does not abandon attempts to seize the property of the PPO and the Mission in Palestine and Syria.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Corresponding notes are sent to the British and French governments [40], and plenipotentiary envoy Rakovsky negotiated in London in 1925, but did not achieve success.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since 1925, the IOPS farmsteads in Jerusalem and land plots throughout Palestine were managed by the former Imperial Consul in Persia, V. K. Antipov [56].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1948, on the eve of the departure of the British authorities from Palestine, V. K. Antipov moves from the Sergievsky Metochion of Jerusalem to the Alexander Metochion in the old city.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In western Jerusalem, at the Sergius Metochion, which soon fell into the power of the newly formed state of Israel, Colonel of the Imperial Army V. A. Samarsky, who manages the farmstead from 1948 to 1951 [57]


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The Israeli period (since 1948)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

On May 14, 1948, the state of Israel was proclaimed and the First Arab-Israeli War immediately began.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The USSR was one of the first to establish diplomatic relations with Israel.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

On May 20, the Commissioner for Russian Property in Israel I. L. Rabinovich.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The Israeli government recognized the property of the USSR all buildings and lands of the PPO and RDM in the territory conquered by Israel during the war.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Only those buildings and lands that were located in the Old City, East Jerusalem and the West Bank remained under the jurisdiction of the PPO in the Holy Land, that is, in the territories annexed after Arab-Israeli War (1947—1949) to Jordan.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Until 1951, Colonel V. A. Samarsky, who lived at the Sergievsky Metochion.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In the same 1951, an authorized representative of the Russian Palestinian Society M. P. Kalugin, whose employees [58] were located in the eastern building of the Sergius Metochion in Jerusalem and stayed there until the outbreak of the Six Day War in 1967 [59].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

At the Alexander Metochion in the old city of Jerusalem, the PPO manager until 1959 was V. K. Antipov said.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1969, General Mikhail Khripunov became the manager of the Alexander Metochion, who retained his post until 1983 [60].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

On November 3, 2005, the IOPS Jerusalem Branch was established.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since December 2008, as in pre-revolutionary times, an authorized representative of the IOPS began to operate in Jerusalem, whose duties were performed by Pavel Platonov (from 2008 to 2015).


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since December 25, 2015, the IOPS has been represented in Israel by Igor Ashurbeyli, Director of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society in the State of Israel [61].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since February 2009, the headquarters of the Jerusalem branch of the IOPS has been located at the Sergius Metochion in Jerusalem [62].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1967, after the Six Day War, all of Jerusalem and the West Bank came under the control of the State of Israel.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The PPO Council decided on the temporary care of society by the Synod of Bishops of ROCOR, which is implemented by the latter's Decree of March 24, 1969 [63].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In addition, in April 1970, the structure of the PPO was reorganized and three independent sections appeared: American, European and in the Holy Land [64].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Chairmen of the EPO Section in the Holy Land (after the 1969—1970 reorganization)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1969—1983 — General Mikhail Khripunov


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1983—1986 — Archimandrite Anthony (Grabbe)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since 1986, Archimandrite Anthony (Grabbe), according to the decree of the Synod of Bishops of September 4, 1986, has been deprived of his dignity “for irresponsible embezzlement of church funds, lack of reporting in the Russian Spiritual Missions in Jerusalem, violations of the laws on the administration of other people's property and a seductive way of life morally” [65].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

From that moment on, Anthony Grabbe separated from the “section of the Holy Land” of ROCOR, who went into a church schism, thus losing contact with the PPO and its section in the Holy Land [65].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The following chairmen of the self-styled organization occupying the Alexander Metochion, which is no longer related to the foreign section of the “Holy Land” and the PPO, are self-nominated respectively in:


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1986—1994 —


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1994—2004 — Antony (Grabbe)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

May 2004 — present — Nikolay Vorontsov (real name Hoffman) [66]


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

nowadays


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Currently, a group of 8 people has separated from the section of the Holy Land with the official name, according to legal registration in Munich (Germany), “Russian Orthodox Society of the Holy Earth”, is outside any ecclesiastical jurisdiction.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

This group of people occupies the Alexander Metochion, located next to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The courtyard is located in the Old City of Jerusalem and includes the Threshold of the Judgment Gate, the house church of St. Alexander Nevsky, archaeological excavations and other attractions.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Archaeological research on this site began in 1882, and the construction of the courtyard in 1887.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In the 2000s, reconstruction began at the Alexander Metochion.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

On June 11, 2015, Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev signed an order according to which the Office of the President of the Russian Federation must conduct the necessary procedures for registering Russia's rights to the Alexander Metochion and the Alexander Nevsky Church in Jerusalem [67].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The Russian Palestinian Society (RPS) (since 1918)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

October 5 (18), 1918 — due to the absence in Petrograd of the Chairman of the Society A. A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, Academician V. IN. Latyshev (1918—1921).


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The Soviet Period (1918—1991)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1918-1925 — the struggle for survival.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The number of members decreased to 30-50 people, mainly Petrograd and Moscow scientists.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Only scientific activity has been preserved [68].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since December 16, 1918, it began to be called the Russian Palestinian Society [40].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

January 1921 — Society House in Petrograd — 4-storey building No. 10/49 at the corner of Mytninskaya Street and 5th Rozhdestvenskaya Street (now 5th Sovetskaya Street), built in 1915 by architect Stepan Krichinsky [69] — nationalized and transferred to the jurisdiction of the Academy of Sciences.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

June 1921 — Byzantinist Academician Fedor Uspensky (1921-1928) was elected chairman of the RPS [40].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The end of June 1921 — April 3, 1922 — the premises of the Society on Mytninskaya Street, house 10 were sealed by the Cheka, the head of the house and affairs of the Society V. D. Yushmanov was arrested [40].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

May 18, 1923 — A note was filed with the governments of Great Britain, France and Italy stating that “... The Russian government considers it its duty to state in this regard that due to Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of January 23, 1918 No. The Russian Palestinian Society was liquidated and all its property, both movable and immovable, was declared the property of the Russian state” (quoted from Izvestia by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of June 22, 1923, published also in Petrogradskaya Pravda) [40].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

June 20, 1923 — the NKVD liquidated the Society [40].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

October 29, 1925 — The Charter of the RPO was registered by the NKVD, activities resumed.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

October 1929 — Academician Nikolai Marr (1929—1934) was elected chairman of the RPS [40].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

May 20, 1932 — by decision of the Soviet authorities, the Society's church in St. Petersburg, the one-domed Nikolo-Alexander Church, was blown up.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

It was located at the intersection of Kalashnikovsky Prospekt (now Bakunin Avenue), 2nd Rozhdestvenskaya Street (now 2nd Sovetskaya Street) and Mytninskaya Street, the walls were decorated inside with frescoes in the style Dionysius.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

It was built in 1913-1915 according to the project of architect Stepan Krichinsky.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The temple was very similar to the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Bari, so it was sometimes called Nikolo-Bargradsky.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Many of the most valuable old icons and utensils collected by Alexey Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, a connoisseur of Old Russian art, were kept here [70].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

On December 20, 1934, academician Nikolai Marr, chairman of the RPS, died; the new chairman was not elected [40]


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1934-1951 — The RPO was represented by Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, historian and Arabist Ignaty Krachkovsky, the last member of the Society of Pre-Revolutionary Composition.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1950 — in connection with the change in the political situation in the Middle East — the emergence of Israel — the Soviet government decided to intensify its presence in the region and, resumption of the activities of the RPO AS of the USSR, whose representative office is organized in Jerusalem.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Metropolitan Nikolai Krutitsky was the first to apply for membership in the Society [71].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

On January 16, 1951, at the constituent meeting of the new composition of the RPS, Sergei Tolstov, a researcher of Central Asia (1951-1970), was elected chairman.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

At the same time, Mikhail Kalugin, an employee of the USSR Foreign Ministry, was approved as the representative of the RPO in Israel [40] [72]


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The representative office of the Russian Palestinian Society at the USSR Academy of Sciences is located in the eastern building of the Sergius Metochion in Jerusalem from 1951 to 1967 [73].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1954 — resumption of the release of the Palestinian Collection.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

October 17, 1964 — the so-called “Orange Deal” (Agreement No. 593) was concluded, according to which the USSR sold Israel the house of the Russian Consulate General, the Russian Hospital, the Mariinskoye, Elizavetinskoye, Nikolaevskoye, Veniaminov metochions in Jerusalem and other facilities for 4.5 million US dollars.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1967 — After the Six Day War, the USSR broke off relations with Israel.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

At the request of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, the representative office of the RPO AS of the USSR in Jerusalem was evacuated and left the premises occupied at the Sergius Metochion.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

A resolution of the CPSU Central Committee was issued on the intensification of the work of the RPS, which, for ideological reasons, emphasizes the need to strengthen the ideological struggle against Zionism.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1970 — Academician Alexander Guber (1970—1971) became the chairman of the RPS [72].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1985 — Orientalist Anatoly Novoseltsev (1985—1988) became the chairman of the RPS [72].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1988 — Oleg Peresypkin (1988—2000) became the chairman of the RPS [72].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1990 — The USSR restored relations with Israel.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

A group of RPS staff visited the Holy Land for the first time after a long break.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In January, Moscow hosted the first major international conference “Russia and Palestine: Cultural and Religious Ties and Contacts in the Past, Present and Future”.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Post-Soviet period (since 1992)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

May 22, 1992 — The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation adopts a resolution on the restoration of the historical name of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS) [74] and recommends to the Government of Russia take the necessary measures for the practical restoration and return of its real estate to the IOPS.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation recognizes him as the legal successor of both the IOPS that existed before 1917, and the RPS that existed in Soviet times.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

2000 — Russian Foreign Ministry employee A. F. Chistyakov (2000—2003).


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

2003 — historian Y.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

N. Shchapov (2003—2007).


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

2005 — in Jerusalem, at the Hebrew University on Mount Scopus, through the efforts of the IOPS, an international scientific and public conference “Jerusalem in the Russian Spiritual Tradition” was organized with the participation of Russian, Israeli and Arab scholars [76].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

2005 — IOPS branches are established in the Holy Land in Bethlehem and Jerusalem.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The chairman in Bethlehem is D. Matar (from 2005 to the present), in Jerusalem — P. IN. Platonov [77].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since December 2015, Igor Ashurbeyli, Director of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society in the State of Israel, has been representing the IOPS in Israel [61].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

2007 — Chairman of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation S. IN. Stepashin (from 2007 to the present).


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

October 5, 2008 — The Israeli government approved the decision to transfer the Sergiev Metochion to Russia.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

December 28, 2008 — Sergius Metochion is fully returned to Russia.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

February 3, 2009 — Israeli Finance Minister Roni Bar-On officially announced the transfer of rights to the Sergius Metochion in Jerusalem to the Government of the Russian Federation.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

February 10, 2009 — Conservation and restoration work began at the Sergievsky Metochion, and the office of the Jerusalem branch of the IOPS was located [79].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

June 2012 — In the presence of the President of the Russian Federation V. IN. Putin inaugurated the building of the Russian Cultural Center for Culture and Science in Bethlehem, which also houses the office of the Bethlehem branch of the IOPS [80] [81]


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

August 2012 — Full-scale restoration work began at the Sergievsky Metochion in Jerusalem after the complete liberation of all premises from tenants [82].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

November 2012 — Restoration of the building of the Moscow IOPS Center on ul. Zabelina, 3, p. 2, which was donated to the Company by the Government of the City of Moscow [83]


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

March 13, 2013 — In the presence of the IOPS Chairman S. IN. Stepashin held a solemn ceremony of laying a commemorative capsule in the foundation of the future secondary school in Bethlehem [84], the first school in the Palestinian National Authority with study Russian as the main foreign language.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Society Chairmen


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1882—1905 — Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich (1857-1905)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1905—1917 — Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna (1864—1918)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1917—1918 — Prince Alexey Alexandrovich Shirinsky-Shikhmatov (1862—1930) [85]


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1918—1921 — Academician Vasily Vasilyevich Latyshev (1855—1921)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1921—1928 — Academician Fedor Ivanovich Uspensky (1845—1928)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1928—1934 — Academician Nikolai Yakovlevich Marr (1865—1934)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1934-1951, the chairman was not elected, the leadership of the RPO was represented by Deputy Chairman Academician Ignaty Yulianovich Krachkovsky (1883-1951).


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1951—1970 — Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Sergey Pavlovich Tolstov (1907—1976)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1970—1971 — Academician Alexander Andreyevich Guber (1902—1971)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1971—1978 — Academician Sergei Leonidovich Tikhvinsky (1918—2018)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1978—1982 — Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Zinaida Vladimirovna Udaltsova (1918—1987)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1983—1985 — Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Vasily Grigorievich Solodovnikov (1918—2018)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1985—1988 — Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Anatoly Petrovich Novoseltsev (1933—1995)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1988—1989 — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Roman Timofeyevich Akhramovich (1923—1989)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1989—2000 — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Oleg Gerasimovich Peresypkin (b. 1935)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

2001—2003 — Candidate of Political Sciences Alexey Fedorovich Chistyakov (b. 1946)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

2003—2006 — Yaroslav Nikolaevich Shchapov, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1928—2011)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

since 2007 — Doctor of Law, Sergey Vadimovich Stepashin (b. 1952) [86]


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The modern structure of the IOPS


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Chairman of the IOPS:


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Sergey Stepashin.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Chairman of the IOPS Honorary Members Committee:


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Kirill, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

IOPS Vice-Chairmen:


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Yury Grachev


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Nikolay N. Lisovoy, Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Senior Researcher, Doctor of Historical Sciences


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Mark, Archbishop of Ryazan and Mikhailovsky, Moscow Patriarchate


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Alexander Vladimirovich Saltanov, Vice President, Russian Railways


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Elena Agapova


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Mikhail Bogdanov, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

IOPS offices


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The IOPS has 26 and 4 representative offices in Russia and abroad.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In Russia, branches have been opened in such cities as Moscow (chaired by Sergey Baidakov), Belgorod, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Orel, Perm, Rostov-on-Don, St. Petersburg, Tver, Voronezh, Kostroma, Veliky Novgorod et al.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In the Holy Land, branches operate in Jerusalem (chairman - Pavel Platonov), Bethlehem (chairman - Daud Matar).


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In addition, branches have been established in Cyprus, Bulgaria and Uzbekistan.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Cyprus branches are legally registered in the territories of the State of Israel, the Palestinian National Authority and the Republic of Cyprus.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Foreign branches and representative offices


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Varna (Bulgaria)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Bethlehem (Palestinian National Authority)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Jerusalem, Israel


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Kyiv (Ukraine)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Larnaca (Cyprus)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Amman, Jordan


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Representative office in Darmstadt (Germany)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Representative office in Latvia


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Representative office in Acre (Israel)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Representative office in Greece (Thessaloniki)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Representative office in Uzbekistan


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Regional offices


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Astrakhan


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Belgorod


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Veliky Novgorod


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Vladimir


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Vladivostok


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Voronezh


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Ivanovo


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Kaluga


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Karachay-Cherkessia


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Kostroma


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Krasnodar


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Moscow


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Moscow Oblast


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Nizhny Novgorod


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Orenburg


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Oryol


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Perm


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Rostov-on-don


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Saint Petersburg


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Tatarstan (Naberezhnye Chelny)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Tver


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

IOPS press bodies


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The IOPS publishes a printed scientific collection — “Orthodox Palestinian Collection” [87], as well as publishes other printed publications that can be carried out by the Society in cooperation with Russian and foreign scientific and socio-cultural institutions and organizations.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The Jerusalem branch of the IOPS has its own printed scientific collection in Jerusalem — the Jerusalem Bulletin of the IOPS [88].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The IOPS has its own library in the official center on Zabelina Street in Moscow (Building 3, Building 2) and completes a collection of rare books, manuscripts, and geographical maps.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Honors


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Gratitude from the President of the Russian Federation (March 23, 2012) — for his great contribution to the preservation and popularization of Russia's cultural and historical heritage in the Holy Land, strengthening friendship and cooperation among nations [89]


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

See also


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Media related to Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society at Wikimedia Commons


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Notes


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Literature


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The Russian Palestinian Society and prospects for its work//Unknown pages of Russian oriental studies/Publ.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

A. O. Tamazishvili.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

— MOSCOW, 1997.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

— C. 142-150.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

— H. II.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

— SPb., 1910.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

References


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Category:Orthodoxy in Israel


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Category:Religious and political organizations


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Category:Imperial Russian Societies


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Category:Charitable organizations of the Russian Empire


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Category:Organizations established in 1882


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Alien (English: Alien) is a science fiction horror film [1] directed by Ridley Scott.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The title refers to the main antagonist of the film - Alien, an extremely aggressive alien creature that tracks down and kills the crew of a spacecraft.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The film premiered in the United States on May 25, 1979 [2].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The film won a number of awards, including the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects [3], Saturn for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Director, Best Supporting Actress [ 4] and the Hugo Award for Best Production, as well as a large number of other awards and nominations [5].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Alien marked the beginning of a series of films starring Sigourney Weaver and other works such as books, computer games, comics and toys, as well as the beginning of the series “Intersections of Fiction” — “Alien” against the Predator” [6], which released two films and a large number of comics and video games [7].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Movie slogans [8]:


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

“No one in space will hear you scream” [9]


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

“A word of caution”


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

“This is Alien, the eighth passenger”


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The plot


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The distant future.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The Nostromo space tug transports cargo to Earth — a processing complex designed to process twenty million tons of ore.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Due to the long duration of the flight, the crew is immersed in suspended animation, and the ship is driving autopilot.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

When the Nostromo automation awakens the ship's crew, the crew initially believes that the voyage is over and the ship is in the solar system.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

However, the team soon learns that Nostromo is in the -2 (Zeta Grid) system of the constellation Grid near the unexplored planet LV-426.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The computer of the ship “Mother” interrupted the flight when it discovered a constantly repeated radio signal emanating from this planet of unknown but probably reasonable origin — presumably a request for help.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The team, in accordance with the basic instructions, is required to find and investigate the source of the signal.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The crew undocks the main ship from the cargo, leaving it in orbit, and descends to the surface of the planet.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Captain Dallas, his assistant Kane and navigator Lambert go to the source of the signal.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

They discover a colossal structure that turned out to be a crashed alien starship.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Upon entering, the expedition party loses contact with Nostromo and is unable to learn that the on-board computer partially deciphered a mysterious signal: this is not a request for help, but a warning about the danger.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

On the ship, astronauts find the corpse of an alien pilot who died in his chair, with a chest torn from the inside.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Examining the ship, Kane descends into its hold compartments, where he discovers incomprehensible leathery objects, similar to eggs.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

At the touch of Kane, one of the eggs opens, and a facehugger jumps out of it.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

He burns a hole in the helmet of Kane's spacesuit and sticks to his face.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Dallas and Lambert refer the unconscious Kane to the shuttle, on the bridge of which Ripley is on duty.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After learning that Kane is affected by an unknown biological organism, Ripley, as a security officer and acting captain on the ship in the absence of Dallas, refuses to let the group on board, following the requirement of the charter for mandatory daily quarantine, not even obeying the order of Captain Dallas.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

However, Research Officer Ash ignores Ripley's decision and, in violation of the rules, manually opens the gateway, letting the crew in.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After that, Ash and Dallas conduct an initial study and find out that an alien organism keeps Kane in a state of coma.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

It is not possible to remove the body - it holds firmly to the skin of the face and neck, and when trying to cut off the limb of an alien “spider”, it turns out that its blood, connecting with the air, forms molecular acid that burns the ship's internal floors into two levels.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Dallas decides to put Kane in a cryochamber before returning to Earth, but even before the launch of Nostromo with LV-426, Ash discovers that the facehugger left Kane's head and died.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

With the consent of Captain Dallas, he decides to preserve the corpse of the creature, despite Ripley's indignation.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After a successful start from the planet and the departure of the Nostromo with cargo towards Earth, Kane wakes up, and the crew prepares to lie back in the cryocambers, but during lunch Kane begins to convulse, he overturns on the table, and from his body, tearing the chest, is pulled out by the breast, which quickly disappears in the depths of the compartments.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After the funeral of Kane, whose body is thrown into outer space, Ripley and other crew members, armed with a motion detector, go in search of the creature.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

However, the source of movement discovered by them turns out to be the ship cat Jones.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In order not to be distracted by the signal created by the cat, Parker orders Brett to catch the animal and put it in a cage.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

However, the tug crew does not know that during this time the breast (a small worm-like creature) shed its skin and grew into an adult, which is now larger and stronger than humans.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The stranger attacks Brett who has separated from the group and drags him into the duct.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Dallas decides to go with a homemade flamethrower into the ventilation system of the tug to drive Alien to the lock and throw it into space.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

He also comes across a monster, misunderstanding the instructions of comrades who detected an Alien approaching him with a motion detector.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After the death of Dallas, command of the Nostromo and access to the on-board computer passes to Lieutenant Ripley, who discovers that the computer has secret instructions - “Special Order No. 937” requiring a change in the course of Nostromo, exploring a new form of life, and bringing samples to Earth; the survival of the team is not a priority.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After that, she is suddenly attacked by Ash, who turns out to be an android: his program also requires the delivery of an alien to Earth.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ripley Parker and Lambert come to the rescue to disable mad Ash.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ripley, having activated the brain of the damaged android, tries to get some information from him that could help.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

However, according to Ash, the remaining crew members have no chance to withstand the “perfect organism” that has acid instead of blood and can survive in any atmosphere and in any conditions.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ripley, Lambert and Parker decide to launch the procedure for self-destruction of the ship and fly away on the rescue shuttle “Narcissus”, although there are only two cryocambers.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

While Lambert and Parker carry the necessary appliances and supplies to the shuttle, Ripley goes to the wheelhouse to find the cat Jones, whom she does not want to throw on the starship.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

During this time, Alien kills Lambert and Parker, and left alone Ripley launches the procedure, but discovers that Alien blocks her way to the shuttle.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ripley tries to interrupt the procedure, but misses the deadline for the possibility of cancellation, and again tries to get into the shuttle - this time successfully.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The shuttle manages to retire to a safe distance from the Nostromo before the ship explodes.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Preparing to dive into suspended animation and having managed to put a cat in the cryochamber, Ripley suddenly discovers that Alien also entered the shuttle before it undocked and hid among his piping system.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

She manages to put on a spacesuit, drive Alien out of his hiding place, and open the shuttle lock so that the monster is pulled overboard.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

But Alien manages to catch both paws on the opening of the lock, and Ripley shoots him with a harpoon gun, which then releases and tries to close the lock, but the gun clings to the threshold and Alien hangs on wire rope.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Then Ripley starts the engines and throws it with a jet stream into outer space.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ripley dictates the story of what happened aboard the Nostromo (saying that she calculates that she will reach the boundary of inhabited worlds in six weeks and if she is lucky, the shuttle signal will be detected) and lies in the suspended animation chamber.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Production


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Background


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

While studying cinematography at the University of Southern California, Dan O'Bannon, together with director John Carpenter and the artist, took part in the work on the fantastic comedy Dark Star [10].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The film featured an “alien” made of a painted volleyball ball, and this experience gave O'Bannon the desire to “create an alien who looked alive” [11] [12].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

A few years later, he began working on a similar story, but with a bias towards a horror movie: “I knew I wanted to make a horror movie where the action would take place on a spaceship with a small crew,” he recalled later, “like in Dark Star, but not a comedy, but a horror movie.”


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Meanwhile, aspiring author Ronald Shusett, impressed by the Dark Star, approached O'Bannon with a proposal to cooperate, and they agreed to work together on their projects [10].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Shusett wanted to try his hand at cinema and bought the film rights to the story by Philip K. Dick “We'll Remember It All.”


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Now he was looking for an ally to help him write a script for a feature film based on it.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

They quickly found a common language, and O'Bannon began working on an adaptation of Dick's story, which many years later turned into the movie “Recall” [10].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

At the same time, he shared with Shusett his long-standing idea of a film about astronauts who landed on an uncharted planet and faced a hostile form of life there.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

O'Bannon had a good idea of the first act of the film, but did not know in which direction to move the plot further.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Shusett suggested that O'Bannon use one of his ideas — the gremlins that inhabited the B-17 aircraft during World War II, adjusted for space orientation — for the second part of the story [11] [12] [13].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

They decided to start with O'Bannon's idea because they found it cheaper to implement.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

O'Bannon wrote 29 pages of a script called “Memory”, which was supposed to serve as the first act of the future film: a waking crew of astronauts discovers that their flight was interrupted by a signal obtained from a strange planetoid.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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In the course of his research, their ship fails.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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However, at the time, O'Bannon did not yet have a clear idea of what an alien antagonist would be like.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

But soon he received a call from director Alejandro Jodorovsky, who was impressed by The Dark Star, and invited O'Bannon to work on special effects and finalize the script for his film adaptation of Dunes ”.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

O'Bannon accepted the offer and went to Paris, where he spent the next six months [10].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

There he met artists such as Chris Foss, Jean Giraud (also known by his pseudonym Moebius) and Hans Rudolf Giger, whose work made a very strong impression on him.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

O'Bannon was impressed by Foss's science fiction book covers, and Giger found Giger's work “unbalanced”: “His paintings made a deep impression on me. I've never seen anything more creepy and at the same time beautiful than his work before. So I wrote a script about the monster Giger” [10].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Then the unexpected happened - the film adaptation of “Dune” was canceled, and O'Bannon had to return to the States penniless.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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He did not have a car, had no money to pay for his rent, fell into severe depression and suffered excruciating abdominal pain.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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In order not to spend the night on the street, he had to ask Ronald Shusett to shelter him for a while.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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Shusett himself lived in far from the most luxurious apartments, and therefore he was able to provide O'Bannon only a sofa at his disposal.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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O'Bannon interrupted odd jobs as best he could (like a little part-time job on Star Wars special effects) and his only way out of this difficult situation was to write and sell the script.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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As a result, the choice fell on the story of an uncharted planet and an alien, because it seemed a much simpler and more budgetary project than Recall Everything [13].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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Scenario


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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The updated project received the working name “Star Beast” (English: Star Beast), but it did not satisfy O'Bannon, who renamed it “Alien” after discovering how often the word was is found in the script.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

He and Shusett liked the simplicity of the new name and its double meaning (in English, as in Russian, this word is both a noun and an adjective).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Shusett proposed the idea of an alien embryo implanted in one of the crew members and later escaping from it, considering it an interesting plot twist that allows an alien to penetrate aboard the ship [13].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

When writing the script, O'Bannon drew inspiration from many previous works in the genre of science fiction and horror.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

He later said, “I didn't steal Alien from anyone, I stole it from everyone at once.”


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Many critics suggest that the main idea of the film stems from the novel (1950) by Alfred van Vogt [14] (compiled from 4 early novels) - in “The Black Destroyer” (1939), an alien infiltrates the ship hunts crew members, and in Discord in Scarlet (1939), he also implants his eggs into the stomachs of the crew members, paralyzing them, and the cubs must gnaw through the exit of the body after hatching [15].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Van Vogt sued 20th Century Fox, which ended in a pre-trial agreement paying him a fee [16] ($50,000, according to some reports [17]).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The film “Something from Another World” (1951) gave the idea of people persecuted by a deadly alien in a confined space.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The painting “Forbidden Planet” (1956) gave O'Bannon the idea of a ship that received a warning of the danger of landing; on a ship that did not heed the warning, crew members are killed one by one a mysterious creature.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Planet of Vampires (1965) contains a scene in which the characters discover a giant alien skeleton, as reflected in the scene of the discovery by the Nostromo team of the body of an alien on the wrecked ship.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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O'Bannon also noted the influence of Clifford Simak's story “The Dump” (1953), in which the crew lands on an asteroid and discovers a container of eggs.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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He also mentions the influence of Philip José Farmer's “Strange Relatives” (1960), which describes ways of alien reproduction, as well as various comics in which monsters gnaw your way out through human flesh.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Only the idea of acid instead of blood was original — O'Bannon could not think of a reason why the heroes would not be able to use firearms against Alien, and Ron Cobb, who the moment was already making sketches for the film, offered him the idea of acid.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Thus, although the characters in the film had weapons (Kane holds a kind of gun in the cut episode; the actors pose in promotional photos with some futuristic devices as firearms), but they simply could not use it so as not to destroy the ship [13].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Also, many sources note the striking similarity of Alien with the 1958 film “It! Terror from Space” [18] [19] [20].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Initial option


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In 2087, the Snark spacecraft, with a crew of 6 people, returns to Earth when its computer intercepts an alien signal near the Zeta Grid star system, and then wakes up a team of six people in suspended animation [13]: Executive Officer Martin Robie (Ripley), Captain Chaz Standard (Dallas), Navigator Dell Brossard (Kane), Communicator Sandy Melkonis (Lambert), miner Clive Hunter (Parker), technician Jay Faust (Brett).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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The script had a postscript that all the characters were unisex and could be played by both men and women.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

However, according to O'Bannon's plan, the main character was only a man [13].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After analyzing the signal, the team determines that it comes from a small planetoid, 120 kilometers in diameter.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The Snark lands on the surface of the cliff (according to the scenario, the ship could change its configuration to fly in the atmosphere), then the crew goes to search for the source of the signal.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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It turns out to be an alien mushroom-shaped ship abandoned many decades ago, eaten from the inside by acid.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Inside the ship, earthlings find the skeleton of a huge alien (whose skull they will take with them), a triangle sign scratched on the dashboard, an empty leather “urn” and an automatic mechanism, which is the source of the signal.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The astronauts return to the Snark to discuss what they saw.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

At this point, the dust storm on the surface of the planetoid briefly subsides and the crew notices a small stone pyramid in the distance.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Deciding that the triangle scratched by the alien means that this object was of some special importance to him, Standard, Melkonis and Brossard go to him for reconnaissance.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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At this time, Robie finally decrypts the signal, which turns out to be a warning.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

But by this point, the storm breaks out with renewed vigor, making any radio communication impossible.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

When they reach the pyramid, the characters climb it and find a hole from above.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Curious Brossard goes down (under the pyramid there is something like a cave), discovers that the atmosphere inside the structure is rich in oxygen and takes off his mask to get a better look at everything.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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The cave turns out to be an ancient religious structure built by a primitive local civilization, which seems to have long since disappeared.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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Inside there are statues of octopus-like creatures, and pictograms are painted on the frescoes placed on the walls, as well as the life cycle of a creature consisting of 4 stages.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

But Brossard does not have time to properly examine them, for his attention is drawn to a pedestal on which leather urns are displayed, similar to the one found in the alien ship.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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When he gets closer, a parasite jumps on his face [13].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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Brossard is being returned to the ship.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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Roby refuses to let him in, but the captain gives the order, and he has to obey (after that there will be a small scuffle between them).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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They try to cut the parasite.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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It turns out that he has acidic blood.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After a while, it falls down on its own, but it is impossible to explore its body, because the dead being is rapidly decomposing.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

It has to be thrown overboard until the acid corrodes the entire hull.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After that, the Snark finally starts from the surface of the planet, Brossard wakes up, and before going to the cryoson, the crew decides to eat.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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During the meal, a parasite emerges from Brossard.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Having thrown Brossard's body into space, the team decides to catch and throw overboard the alien.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The situation is complicated by the fact that the ship's resources are limited (it was assumed that the crew would spend almost the entire flight time in suspended animation) and oxygen will last only for a week.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The crew is divided into two groups - while Robie's squad is trying to catch the ship's cat so that it does not interfere with the search, Captain Standard discovers an alien who has grown up and now looks like a worm with legs and tentacles, in the food compartment and closes it there.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After that, the team begins to pump poisonous gas inside, but the monster, which managed to eat almost all the food supplies, breaks into the grille and hides in the ventilation.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Since there is only one way out of there, the captain proposes a new plan - Hunter, who is drawn by lot, crawls through the ventilation and drives the alien with the help of a flamethrower, others wait at the exit with a net.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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Hunter manages to drive Alien directly to the other exit, but by that time he discovers that he has still grown up.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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An alien kills Melkonis and drags his body away.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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While shocked astronauts once again study the photos of hieroglyphs taken in the cave to understand what else to expect from the monster, Faust goes to the warehouse to refuel the flamethrower, and suddenly sees An alien who sits in the airlock and eats up Melkonis's leg.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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Faust talks on the radio about what he saw to Standard, and he decides to open the gateway, but Alien shows an instant reaction and jumps out of the compartment, while knocking Faust down, who falls right on the threshold sluice, as a result of which it is flattened by a door.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Due to the fact that the door did not close to the end, depressurization begins.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The remaining crew members have difficulty isolating the compartment.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Now there are only three people alive, and they only have six hours of air.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Roby offers to blow up the ship and escape on a boat, but others do not agree — there is only one cryochamber on the boat and there are no superluminal engines, so the flight to Earth will take several hundred years [13].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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Standard suggests loading the boat with explosives, driving Alien there using someone as bait, and then blowing it up.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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The lot falls on Robie, who must now be on the boat, to make sure that Alien got inside, and then have time to jump out of it before the doors of the lock close.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

While the team collects explosives, he suddenly hears a loud knock from somewhere above.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

It turns out that this body of Brossard, which was attracted by the gravity of the starship, is entangled in outdoor equipment and is now beating against the observation dome of the ship.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

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When everything is ready, Standard and Hunter follow Alien, but the monster attacks the astronauts from cover, grabs Hunter and holds him in front of him as a shield, begins to eat.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Unable to withstand this spectacle, Standard shoots a flamethrower and kills Hunter.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Robie, hearing screams on the radio, leaves the boat and runs to the rescue.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After a while, he finds Alien's lair with Standard walled up in a cocoon.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Nearby lies a cocoon with the remains of Melkonis, which has almost turned into a dispute from which a new parasite will soon hatch.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Standard begs to kill him, which is what Robie does.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After taking the cat, the alien skull and 10 kilograms of some valuable mineral, Roby turns off the cooling system of the engines, which will inevitably lead to the destruction of the starship.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

He runs to the lifeboat and discovers that Alien is waiting for him there.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Roby locks the alien, then returns to the engine compartment and tries to turn on the cooling system, but it's too late, the reactor core has already begun to melt and there are less than three minutes left before the explosion .


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Roby returns to the boat and finds that its doors are open.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

You can't see a stranger in the boat, and there is no time for a detailed inspection.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Robie flies away on a boat and then watches as a thermonuclear explosion absorbs the Snark.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Then Robie discovers that Alien still hides in the boat, puts on a spacesuit, and, saying “Try a little of this, you banging bastard”, Robie pierces Alien with a harpoon and at the same time opens the gateway.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The stream of air sucks Alien out, but at the same time he manages to catch on Robie's leg.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

He reaches for the control panel and closes the gateway, clamping one of Alien's tentacles, and then turns on the engines that finally burn the monster.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In the last scene, Robie dictates a message in which he says that in about 250 years the boat will reach the border of inhabited worlds, and if he is a little lucky, the signal from his ship will be detected.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

He looks at the alien's skull and then lies down with the cat in a cryocapsule.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The last frame shows a boat drifting in the middle of space, to the bottom of which a spore pod is attached [13].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

When the script was about 85% complete, O'Bannon and Schussett registered their script with the Writers Guild on August 5, 1976 and began offering it to several studios, positioning it as “” Jaws “in space”.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After a series of negotiations, Roger Corman's studio became interested in the script and expressed its readiness not only to buy it, but also to allocate $750,000 for the production of the film.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

O'Bannon planned to personally direct, and Chasette was supposed to produce the film.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

They were ready to make an agreement when another director and friend Mark Haggard offered to help them find a better offer, and handed the script to Walter Hill, David Gyler, and Gordon Carroll, who recently founded the Brandywine manufacturing company associated with 20th Century Fox.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

With the consent of 20th Century Fox President Alan Ladd, Jr.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

, Hill and Gyler made a deal with O'Bannon and Shusset [21].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Gyler and Hill version


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Hill and Gyler were dissatisfied with the script and made a lot of edits and changes to it.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

First of all, the edits affected characters that, according to O'Bannon, Hill literally hated - so the characters received the names Ripley, Kane, etc., and Ripley herself became a woman.