Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Director of the film — Igor Vakar


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

1986 Refurbished Version


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Restoration Director: Maria Filimonova


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Cameraman — Avetis Zenyan


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Sound engineer — Leonid Voskalchuk


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Recording music — Viktor Babushkin


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Editor: Eleonora Praksina


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Music editor — Arseny Lapisov


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Director — Vitaly Krivonoshchenko


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

State Symphony Orchestra of Cinematography


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Conductor: Emin Khachaturyan


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Technical data


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Country-manufacturer: USSR


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Movie length: 112 minutes


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The languages of the film are Russian.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Color: Black and white.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Sound: Mono.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Shooting type: 35 mm film.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Miscellaneous


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In Conan the Barbarian (USA, 1982), the armor of the villains is based on the armor of the knights from Alexander Nevsky.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Footage of the Battle of the Ice served as the background for one of the scenes of the Soviet-American film “The Blue Bird” (1976), where soldiers are depicted in the images of soldiers of all countries and eras.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The Teutonic figures from the film were used for the animated film “The Wizards” by Ralph Bakshi.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In Yuri Mamin's film Neptune's Holiday (1986), the scene of locals waiting for buses with foreign tourists repeats the moment before the battle — the approach of a knightly army.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Stills from the film were used in the propaganda film “Why We Fight. Battle for Russia” (USA, 1943).


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In episode 1 of the 2000 American television series Witchblade (directed by Ralph Hemeker), the main character (played by Yancy Butler) dreams of the story of the bracelet, while partially using a cut from footage of the Battle of Lake Peipus.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Excerpts from the film are used in the documentary “Behind The Iron Curtain” by British heavy metal band Iron Maiden as a video for “Hallowed Be Thy Name”.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In 1986, the film was restored.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film was cleaned, the studio logo was added, the titles were replaced (only the font, not the content), and the music in the phonogram was rerecorded.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Both versions of the film are found on modern DVD editions — both before restoration and after (2005 release by Soyuz-Video CJSC — before restoration, 2008 release “Master tape” — after restoration).


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In 2015, the highest quality restoration was carried out on the technical basis of the Mosfilm cinema concern, with the release of the final version in HD quality (producer K. Shakhnazarov).


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The video sequence of the film was used in the video of the band “Alice” for the song “Sky of the Slavs”.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Video edition


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In the 1980s, the black and white film began to be released on videotapes by the Video Program of the State Film Agency of the USSR, and since 1990 it has been released on video cassettes by the Krupy Plan film association.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

It was also released on video cassettes by Vostok V, later in the early 2000s by Master Tap and VideoImpulse.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In the 2000s, the film was released on DVD by Master Tap and Vostok V.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On February 24, 2005, the film was released by Soyuz Video studio with the addition “Before and After Restoration” on DVD.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In 2007, it was released by Videobaza, Magnat and Monopoly Studio on DVD.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Notes


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Literature


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Pavlenko P. (together with director S. M. Eisenstein).


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Rus.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Literary script.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— “Znamya”, 1937, No. 12.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Soviet historical film.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

A collection of articles.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Moscow, Goskinoizdat Publ., 1939.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Yurenev R. N. A sense of homeland.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The idea and production of the film “Alexander Nevsky”//Iskusstvo kino.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

P. 56-78.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Krivosheev Yu.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

V., Sokolov R. A. Alexander Nevsky: Creating a Movie Masterpiece: Ist.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

research.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— SPb.: Faces of Russia, 2012.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— 400 p., 300 copies


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

, ISBN 978-5-87417-405-7


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Lurie YA.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

S. On the Problem of the “Historical Genre” in Cinema//In memoriam.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— SPb., 1997.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Maksimenkov L. Mess instead of music.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Stalin's Cultural Revolution of 1936—1938 — M., 1997.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Rogozhina N. AND. Kantata S. Prokofiev's “Alexander Nevsky”.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

M., 1958


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Schenk F. B.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Alexander Nevsky in Russian Cultural Memory: Saint, Ruler, National Hero (1263—2000) /Authorized Translation with Him.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Elena Zemskova and Maya Lavrinovich.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— M.: New Literary Review, 2007.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— 592 p.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Freilikh S. AND. Cinema theory: From Eisenstein to Tarkovsky/S. AND. Freilikh.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— M.: Academic project; Mir Foundation, 2009.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— 512 p.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Shklovsky V. Eisenstein.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— M.: Iskusstvo, 1973.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

References


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

RIA Novosti, December 1, 2008


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

(in Russian) free online viewing of Mosfilm's Golden Collection on the website


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

(in Russian)


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

(in Russian)


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

(in Russian)


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

on IMDb


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Soviet films of 1938


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category: Films directed by Sergei Eisenstein


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category:Black and white films of the USSR


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category: Epics of the USSR


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category: Historical films of the USSR


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category:Soviet drama films


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category:Biographical films of the USSR


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category:Mosfilm studio films


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category:Alexander Nevsky


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category:Historical films about the 13th century


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category:Movies in the public domain


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category:Medieval films


Question: What is Tajik religion?

Tajiks

Tajiks (Tajik: Toicon, Dari: Tajik [t₦'ạk], Persian. Tu) is an Iranian people who speak various dialects of the Perso-Tajik continuum and inhabits the regions east and northeast of the modern state of Iran, located in the modern Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Pakistan.


Question: What is Tajik religion?

Tajiks

The traditional habitat of Tajiks covers the basin of the upper reaches of the Amu Darya (Pyanj), Murghab and Kabul, the Zeravshan Valley, the Zeravshan River basins, as well as the Helmand and Argandab basins.


Question: What is Tajik religion?

Tajiks

In Afghanistan, Tajiks also usually include the Persian-speaking population of the Gerirud basins and Lake Hamun.


Question: What is Tajik religion?

Tajiks

Afghanistan is also characterized by other variants of the name of this population group: Farsivans (Persian-speaking), dehkans (sedentary farmers, that is, those who do not lead a nomadic lifestyle).


Question: What is Tajik religion?

Tajiks

Tajikistan (and other Central Asian countries) and Afghanistan (together with Pakistan) adopted two different forms of the Tajik literary language: Tajik and Dari, respectively.


Question: What is Tajik religion?

Tajiks

The total number of Tajiks, according to various estimates, is about 20 million people.


Question: What is Tajik religion?

Tajiks

More Tajiks live on the territory of Afghanistan than in Tajikistan itself.


Question: What is Tajik religion?

Tajiks

There are more than 8 million in Afghanistan, and more than 6,760,000 in Tajikistan.


Question: What is Tajik religion?

Tajiks

More than 1.5 million Tajiks live on the territory of Uzbekistan [1].


Question: What is Tajik religion?

Tajiks

The second largest ethnic group in Central Asia, according to the CIA Fact Book and UN estimates.


Question: What is Tajik religion?

Tajiks

ethnonym


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Origin of the term.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Ethnogenesis of Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tajiks are one of the oldest indigenous peoples in Central Asia [2].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

According to the most substantiated version, the ethnonym Tāčīk is associated with the Middle Persian tāzīg “Arab” (early tāčīk from the name of the ancient Arab tribe Tāī closest to Iran), modern.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Persian: Tāžīk or the corresponding Sogdian word (*tāžīk), as the armies of the caliphate that invaded under the banner of jihad in the 8th century were called in the east of the Iranian world [3].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Persian-speaking Muslim converts from Fars, Zagros and Khorasan also massively participated in the Muslim conquest of Central Asia as part of the army of the caliphate [4].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Persian, related to the Sogdian, Bactrian and Khorezm spoken here, turned out to be not only the language of the dominant stratum of Persian-speaking missionaries, but also the language of Islamic preaching and began to supplant local Iranian languages, marking the beginning of the Persian-speaking Muslim community of modern Tajiks [5].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The Turks in contact with the Muslim world adopted the Iranian name for this community in the form (“täžik”, that is, Muslims) and used it to refer to the agricultural Iranian-speaking population, converted to Islam [3].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In the dictionary of Mahmud Kashgari (11th century), the word tezhik is already interpreted as “Persian” (Persian al-fārisī) [6].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In this sense, it entered Tibetan and Chinese ([7]).


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The Karakhanid Turks (840-1212), who captured Central Asia, widely used the word “tezhik” to refer to the sedentary Iranian population subject to the control, opposed to the Turks as carriers of nomadic traditions.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

It is noteworthy that a similar use has developed on the other side of the Iranian world, where the word “tačik” of the same origin began to mean all Muslims in the Armenian language.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The application of the ethnonym “Tajik” to the sedentary Persian-speaking population in the Middle Ages was also known in the west, on the territory of modern Iran, but by modern times it was generally forgotten, in a number of regions the north of the country could not withstand competition with the synonymous Turkic term “tat”, which is common primarily among the Oguz peoples.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Nevertheless, the sedentary population of Fars is still called “Tajiks” in the mouth of not only the Kashkai people, but also the Lurs.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Before the Timurid era, Persian widely used tāžīk [taːiːk].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The change in tāīk seems to be due to the influence of the Chagatai language, the ancestor of modern Uzbek, where Persian ž regularly corresponds to [3].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In medieval literature.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tajik history


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The spread of Islam, the persistence and development of the New Persian language (darī) and literature on it, originally poetic, was widely supported by Samanids, who ruled Central Asia in the 9th—10th centuries from Bukhara — a dynasty of Iranian origin, whose power in modern Tajikistan is considered as the first “Tajik state”.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The New Persian language (Farsi) spreads throughout the east of the Iranian world and quickly displaces East Iranian languages that have survived (with the exception of the lands of remote Early Pashtun tribes) only in isolated mountainous regions among the Yagnobi and Pamir peoples [5].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Since the negative connotation (“non-Turk”) was initially more significant for the term Tajik, this ethnonym was also widely used to the Eastern Iranian sedentary population of the Pamirs, the heritage of which is observed to this day.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

For clarification, in China, “Tajiks” are still understood as the Sarykol residents of Xinjiang.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In Persian literature of the Hulaguid, Timurid and Safavid period, the term “Tajik” was usually used in the context of the Turkic or Turkic-Mongolian ruling elite to distinguish Persians as state officials, traders, urban artisans and rural peasants from Turks and Mongols.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Examples can be seen in Ta'rikh-i Gazani by Rashid al-Dina (c. 1247—1318) as: “bitikčiān-i tāzik” “Tajik secretaries”, “ra'iyat-i tāzik” 'Tajik peasant', or Mirkhond (1433—1498): “nisbat ba- mardum-i tāzik” “in relation to the Tajik people”.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Rui González de Clavijo, as envoy of King Enrique III of Castile to Tamerlane on his way to Samarkand in 1404, wrote:


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

People living in this region are called tangiquis (it seems that this is how the Castilian emissary took the word tājīk) and speak Persian, which is slightly different from Persian, which they say “in Persia”.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Gradually, under the rule of the Turkic dynasties (Karakhanids, Ghaznavids, Seljuks), the ethnonym Tajik comes into circulation as the self-name of the Iranians, as evidenced by the appeals of an official from the Persian court which says: mā tāzikān — “we are Tajiks” [9], the ethnonym was spread primarily in the East, where contacts with the Turkic world were especially intense, and where the processes of Turkization were widely unfolding sedentary population and the formation of a new Turkic - speaking community or Turkic - speaking Sarts, who later became Uzbeks, opposed to Tajiks (Persian-speaking Sarts).


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In classical Persian literature, the term Tajik is more often mentioned as an opposition to the Turkic.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

For example, Saadi (c. 1181—1291) writes:


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

“'You should tell the Shah:


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

“Your Turk shed Tajik blood.”


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Jami (1414-1492) wrote in his poems about friendship with Alisher Navoi:


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

“Although he was a Turk and I am Tajik,


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

We were close to each other” [10] [11].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Quote from Encyclopædia Iranica:


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The distinction between a Turk and a Tajik has become stereotypical to express the symbiosis and rivalry (ideally) of the nomadic military elite and the urban civil bureaucracy [12].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Modern use


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The official consolidation of the widely used term Tajik as the name of nationality occurred in the 20th century during the implementation of Soviet “nation-building” and the conduct of national cleavages.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In 1924, the Tajik ASSR was formed with its capital in the new city of Dushanbe as part of the Uzbek SSR, in which Tajiks, from whom the Pamir peoples did not stand out, were declared a titular nation.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In 1929, Tajikistan was separated into a separate Soviet republic, the direct predecessor of modern independent Tajikistan.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Due to the lack of purposeful construction of individual nations, the national self-determination of the Tajiks of Afghanistan is not so clear and is based primarily on opposing themselves to Pashtuns and other peoples as Persian-speaking carriers of sedentary culture.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

For objective reasons, the term “Tajiks” for the Afghan Persian-speaking population is conditional.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In order to clarify this issue, some ethnologists have proposed the term “farsivans” (Persian. [frsiv'n], Pashto [frsiw'n]) comes from *fārsī (za) bān “Persian-speaking”, re-registered in Pashto by the type of names with the suffix -wān) to refer to Afghan Persians.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, “Tajiks” are called Sarykols, one of the Pamir peoples whose representatives usually do not know the Persian (Tajik) language.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Representatives of the Tajik national intelligentsia traditionally reject the academic “Arab” version of the origin of the ethnonym Tajik and adopt the folk etymology widespread since the 19th century , linking it with the word tò [tːd≧] “crown” (Arabizier. from Middle Persian: tāg) [13].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary, published in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, called Tajiks a tribe of Aryan origin, which forms the core of the population of Bukhara, Afghanistan, Balkh, Segestan, Khiva.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

ESBE wrote about the ethnonym “Tajik”:


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The word Tajik means “crowned”; this shows that in the past they held power in those places.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In many countries of the Aral-Caspian slope, Tajiks call themselves “parsivan”, that is, Persians; they are indeed the remnants of the original Persian population of Central Asia [14].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The royal crown even fell on the flag of independent Tajikistan.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

However, from the point of view of semantics, Tajik morphology and historical use, the interpretation of Tajiks as “crowned” is doubtful [15].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Resettlement


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The areas of settlement of Tajiks in Central Asia and Afghanistan do not form an entire area.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

On the one hand, this is due to the fact that the sedentary Tajik population has long been tied to agricultural oases and valleys separated by deserts and mountain ranges.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

On the other hand, Tajik settlements are often separated from each other by sometimes significant massifs of Uzbek (in the north) and Pashtun (in the south) ethnic territory, which reflects historical processes the displacement of Persianism from Central Asia by dynamic Turkic (mainly Karluk-speaking) and Pashtun communities, which began in the 11th and 14th centuries, respectively.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The population of many Tajik regions is mixed, in some areas Tajik villages are islands among the foreign-language environment, being in fact relics of an ancient continuous Tajik range.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tajik-speaking cities


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tajiks make up about 45% of the population of Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, which exceeds 3 million people [16].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Other large (more than 100 thousand people) cities where the Tajik language predominates are:


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In Afghanistan: Ghazni, Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In Tajikistan: Dushanbe, Khujand


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In Uzbekistan: Samarkand, Bukhara [5]


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Dushanbe, the capital of the Republic of Tajikistan, built during the Soviet period, occupies a special position, unlike other cities with a significant Tajik population, dating back to Middle Ages or Antiquity.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

According to the 2010 census [17], out of 747.6 thousand population of Dushanbe, 83.4% (623.5 thousand) are Tajiks.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Northern Tajiks (Tajikistan and Uzbekistan)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Speakers of North Tajik dialects of the Tajik language inhabit the regions north of the Pamir-Alay Mountains, the Syr Darya, Zeravshan, Kashkadarya, Surkhandarya, Varzob basins located in the Sughd region, Varzob and Gissar districts of Tajikistan, Bukhara, Samarkand, Kashkadarya, Surkhandarya, Jizzakh, Tashkent, Namangan, Fergana regions of Uzbekistan, as well as adjacent districts of Kyrgyzstan.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Traditionally, in these areas, the Tajik population lives alternately with the Uzbek population.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The main Tajik areas in Uzbekistan: Bukhara oasis (Bukhara, Gijduvan, Romitan, etc.), Samarkand oasis (Samarkand and its environs), Fergana Sokh, Chust, Rishtan, Kasansay, Surkhandarya Baysun, Derbent, Tashkent Upper Chirchik (Brichmulla).


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The share of ethnic Tajiks in these areas:


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Sughd oblast of Tajikistan — 77.9% (1.8 million)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In total, in Uzbekistan it is 3.8% (1.2 million) [19], including:


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Surkhandarya oblast — 12.5% (234 thousand) [20]


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Samarkand region — 8.8% (232 thousand)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Namangan oblast — 8.9% (169 thousand)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Fergana region — 5.7% (154 thousand)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Kashkadarya region — 5.8% (126 thousand)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tashkent region — 4.9% (113 thousand)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Bukhara oblast — 3.6% (51 thousand)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Andijan region — 1.7% (37 thousand)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Jizzakh region — 2.4% (24 thousand)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

g. Tashkent — 1.0% (22 thousand)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The problem of Tajiks in Uzbekistan.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Turkization of Central Asia


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Official statistics estimate the share of Tajiks in the population of Uzbekistan, according to data for 2017, at 4.8% (1,544,700 people) [21].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Meanwhile, Tajik is the native language [1] for many residents of the country.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

At the same time, many Tajik-speaking citizens of Uzbekistan are registered as Uzbeks on their passports, especially in such large cities as Bukhara and Samarkand, where Tajik is still the main language the indigenous population of the old city.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

[1] This phenomenon is explained, firstly, by the peculiarities of Soviet nation-building, when during the creation of the Uzbek SSR, the Tajik-speaking population was massively recorded as “Uzbeks”, and subsequent the policy of “Uzbekization”, which was continued in independent Uzbekistan.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

On the other hand, this reflects the fuzziness of Tajik self-identification outside the relevant national state entity and a pragmatic approach to determining one's nationality [22].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The Soviet and post-Soviet “Uzbekization” of Tajiks in Uzbekistan is a continuation of the long-standing historical process of Turkization of the sedentary population of the oases of Central Asia and the displacement of Persian-lingualism to the cities or remote mountainous areas.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The Perso-Tajik language was also replaced by other Turkic languages, for example, the ancient Persian city of Merv (Mary) switched to Turkmen in the 17th century.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

This process was especially intensified in the 19th century and was stopped only by the creation of the Tajik SSR with the Persian-speaking elite.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

[23] [24]


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Today, the Tajik language has a rather limited legal status on the territory of Uzbekistan and there is a steady trend towards its displacement.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Since the Uzbek population, formed on a significant Iranian substrate, is culturally almost identical to Tajiks, the integration of the latter into the Uzbek community occurs without significant difficulties [ 22].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The total number of Tajik-speaking population of Uzbekistan has not been calculated and can only be estimated approximately [1]


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Southern Tajiks (Tajikistan)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Southern Tajiks occupy areas of Tajikistan south of Dushanbe in the valleys of Kafirnigan, Vakhsh and Pyanj: Gissar, Karategin, Khatlon (Kulyab, Kurgan-Tube), Darvaz, Vanch, etc.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Separate Tajik-speaking villages are also located in the Pamirs in GBAO.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In the Hissar Valley and Khatlon, Tajik villages are also heavily mixed with Uzbek villages.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The share of ethnic Tajiks in these areas:


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Districts of republican subordination of Tajikistan — 81.4% (1.3 million)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Khatlon oblast — 78.6% (2 million)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (excluding Pamir peoples) — 32% (70 thousand)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tajiks in Afghanistan


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Determining the share of Tajiks in the population of Afghanistan encounters significant difficulties, as well as calculating it itself.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

They are related not only to the lack of full registration of the population, but also to the fuzziness of national identity, the presence of various regional and tribal Persian-speaking groups and mass emigration to the period of civil wars.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Different sources give different estimates: from 27% of the country's population [25] to 38% [26].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

This can range from 8 to 11 million people.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tajiks make up the majority in the northeastern and western provinces of Afghanistan: Balkh, Takhar, Badakhshan, Parvan, Panjshir, Kapisa, Baghlan, Gor, Badghis, Herat.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Significant groups of Tajiks also inhabit other provinces of the country (with the exception of the provinces of Nuristan, Nangarhar, Khost, Zabul).


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

As in Central Asia, Tajik ethnic regions are strongly divided both by desert regions and by the ethnic territory of Uzbeks, Turkmens, Pashtuns, Hazaras, Charaimaks, etc.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tajiks in Afghanistan can be divided into the following groups:


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tajiks of Balkh and Badakhshan (north and north-east), continuing the southern Tajik range of Tajikistan.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tajiks of Kabulistan are in the districts of Kabul, Parvan and Ghazni (the basins of the Kabul, Panjshir rivers, the upper reaches of Argandab).


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tajiks of Herat in the west are predominantly Shiite population of the Gerirud basins and Lake Hamun, continuing the Persians of Iranian Khorasan and Sistan.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Pakistani Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Pakistan has about a million Persian-speaking inhabitants, concentrated primarily in large cities (Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Karachi).


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

More than 200,000 Tajik refugees from Afghanistan also live.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

An interesting phenomenon is the archaic Persian-speaking community of Chitrala, which inhabits the village of Madaklashti southeast of the administrative center of the district and has about.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

1.5 thousand people


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

— descendants of Tajik-speaking blacksmiths from Afghanistan who moved to Chitral at the beginning of the 18th century [27].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tajiks in Russia


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

See also: Tajiks in Saint Petersburg


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

According to a representative of the International Organization for Migration, given in 2002, up to 650,000 Tajik citizens worked in Russia every year, the majority illegally [28].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

According to other estimates, in the period from January 2000 to January 2003, 530,000 Tajik migrants worked in Russia, and in 2007, 450-500 thousand Tajik citizens lived and worked in the Russian Federation [29].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Kitchen


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Language


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Until the 20th century, the literary language of Tajiks was the same as the language of the Persians in Iran and was called “Persian” or “court”, the language of the court.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Numerous colloquial forms of this language were sometimes called “Tajik” (the language of “Tajiks”, that is, the Persian-speaking common people, as opposed to the language of the aristocracy and educated class) [15], but in general this term was poorly used.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The Soviet construction of the “Tajik nation” is inseparable from the creation of a new literary form, for the name of which the neologism of the Tajik language was used.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The Tajik language of the USSR was based on North Tajik dialects, which most strongly departed from the colloquial speech of residents of Afghanistan, Iranian Khorasan and especially the dialects of Western Iran, which received literary processing in the works of Soviet Tajik writers led by Sadriddin Aini, a native of the Bukhara oasis.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

At the same time, the centers of North Tajik culture themselves, Samarkand and Bukhara, ended up in the Uzbek SSR.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

An important step was the translation from the traditional Arabic script into the Latin alphabet, and then the Cyrillic alphabet (since 1940), which is still used for the Tajik language today.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Some representatives of the new Tajik intelligentsia perceive this step as a purposeful separation of the Tajik community of the USSR from the rest of the Persian-speaking world.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Despite the modernization and democratization of the Tajik language, the literary language (Tajik: zaboni adabi) as a whole continues the traditions of Farsi Dari, classical works in which Tajiks traditionally consider not only Persian, but also their own, and is clearly opposed to colloquial speech (Tajik: take care of a bunch of “street language”, Tajik: sabotage the bozor “bazaar language”), which has significantly departed from the classic prototype and some influence of Uzbek and Russian languages.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The version of Persian used in Afghanistan is largely close to the Tajik language, and forms a single “East Persian continuum” with it (as opposed to Iran's “Western” Farsi).


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In 1964, it was officially given the ancient name “dari”.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Religion


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Traditionally, since the time of the Arab conquest, Sunni Islam has been the main religion of the Tajik population of Central Asia.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Such prominent Sunni figures as al-Bukhari and Abu Hanifa come from the east of Greater Iran.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Sufi tariqats (orders) have long played an important role, the most famous of which is Naqshbandi, founded in the XIV century in Bukhara.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Currently, most Tajiks are Sunnis of the Hanafi madhab.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The few Shiite communities of Central Asia (descendants of the Iranian population hijacked by the Bukhara emirs) are traditionally called “Iranians” (Tajik: eroni, see Samarkand Iranians)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Special groups are Farsivans of western Afghanistan — mainly Shiites and Tajiks of the Pamirs, following the Pamir peoples, professing Ismailism.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In the traditional beliefs of Tajiks, the heritage of ancient Iranian beliefs, and above all Zoroastrianism, is also widely manifested.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

A special role in the mythology of Tajiks is played by Bobo-Dekhkon (Tajik: Bobo-Dekhkon) “Grandfather Farmer”, a cultural hero and ancestor of the Tajik people, who taught them to plow the land and sow bread [30].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

National sports


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Gushtingiri is a Tajik national wrestling.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Chovgan is an equestrian team game, the ancestor of modern equestrian polo.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Buzkashi — goat (riders' struggle for a goat carcass)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Anthropology and genetics


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Anthropologically, the bulk of Tajiks (especially mountainous ones) belong to the Pamir-Fergana race of the large Caucasian race.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tajiks of Afghanistan in the southern (Kabulistan) and western (bordering Iran) territories anthropologically gravitate towards the Indo-Iranian (Iran-Afghan) race.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Lowland Tajiks have an admixture of Mongoloid elements [31].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary, published in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, gave the following description of Tajiks:


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

In the external physiognomic features of Tajiks, the main features of the Iranian type are clearly noticed: they are usually of medium height, with wide, strong bones; their face is oblong than that of the Turks, but a wide forehead, thick cheekbones, a thick nose and a large mouth can be concluded about a significant admixture of Turan blood.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tajiks have a high forehead, expressive eyes, black eyelashes, thick dark blond hair, and a thick beard [14].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Mountain Tajiks (galcha)


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The Tajik is characterized by dark hair and eyes and from medium dark to light skin color.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Blond hair and eyes are found in the “mountain Tajiks” of Badakhshan, the Fan Mountains, the Zeravshan Valley between the Gissar and Turkestan ridges in the north of Tajikistan, as well as among Tajiks inhabiting Romitskoye, Varzob, Karatag gorges and Karateginsky gorges from the Tavildara valley and Gissar [32] [33].


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Medium or tall, with abundant facial hair; with black, brown, sometimes blond hair, G. usually differ in a beautiful oval face type, with a high forehead, correct, sometimes eagle nose and beautiful black or blue eyes.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Some Tajiks in Central Asia are mixed with the ethnic features of the Turks, while in remote mountainous areas, Tajiks slightly better preserved the features of eastern Iranians of the pre-Turkic and pre-Mongolian periods.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

A small group of Tajiks in Afghanistan also has features of Turkic-Mongolian ethnic groups (probably the influence of the Hazaras. In addition, despite their common ethnic roots, Sunni Tajiks are often distinguished from others Shia Iranians in the religious direction.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Against this background


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tajiks generally look like an eclectic ethnic group with a wide range of phenotypes.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Genetics


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tajiks are carriers of different haplogroups.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

But the dominant haplogroup among Tajiks is R1a Y-DNA.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

45% of Tajik men have R1a (M17), among Tajiks of Penjikent, 68% are carriers of R1a, and carriers of haplogroup R1a among Tajiks in Khujand reaches 64%.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The most common haplogroups are:


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

R1a — 45%


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

J — 18%


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

R2 — 8% [34]


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Notes


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Literature


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Andreev M. S. On the ethnography of Tajiks//Tajikistan.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tash.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

, 1925;


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Barthold V. IN. Tajiks.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Historical essay//Op.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

, Vol. 2, Part 1, M., 1963;


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Bogoutdinov A. M. Essays on the history of Tajik philosophy.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Dushanbe, 1961.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Gafurov B.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

G. History of the Tajik people.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

M., 1952.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Gafurov B.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

G. Tajiks.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

MOSCOW, 1972;


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

History of the Tajik people.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

VOL. 1—3, M., 1963—65;


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Kislyakov N. A. On the question of the ethnogenesis of Tajiks//Soviet ethnography.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

VOL. 6—7, M., 1947;


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Litvinsky B.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

A. Ancient nomads of “Roofs of the World”.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

MOSCOW, 1972;


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Mandelshtam A. M. On some issues of the formation of the Tajik nationality in the Central Asian interfluve//in the collection: Soviet archeology.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

VOL. 20, M., 1954;


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

The peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

VOL. 1, M., 1962;


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Peoples of Russia: painting album, St. Petersburg, printing house of the Partnership “Public Benefit”, December 3, 1877, Art.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Tajik SSR.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

A shower.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

, 1974.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Gorshunova O.V. Tajik shamanism (Central Asia) //Shamanism.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture, Vol.1.edited by Eva Jane Neumann Fridman and Mariko Namba Walter.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Santa Barbara, CA.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

: ABC-CLIO, 2004.


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

References


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Category:People of Tajikistan


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Category:Peoples of Uzbekistan


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Category:Peoples of Afghanistan


Question: What is the religion of Tajiks?

Tajiks

Category:Iranian peoples


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The savanna elephant [1] (Latin: Loxodonta africana) is a mammal from the genus of African elephants of the proboscis order.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

It is the largest living land animal.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Since the forest elephant, previously considered a subspecies of the African elephant, was separated into a separate species, the modern name savannah elephant arose.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Appearance


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The savannah elephant is characterized by a massive heavy body, a large head on a short neck, thick limbs, huge ears, upper incisors turned into tusks, and a long muscular trunk.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

According to the Guinness Book of Records, this is the largest terrestrial mammal.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The largest specimen ever recorded in the Book of Records was a male shot on November 7, 1974 in Mucusso, Angola, weighing 12.2 tons [2].


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The body length reaches 6-7.5 m, the height in the shoulders (the highest point of the body) is 3-3.8 m. The average body weight in females is 5 tons, in males — 7 tons.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Teeth


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The dental formula of the African elephant, as well as the Asian one,


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

I


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

C


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

P


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

M


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

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Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Sexual dimorphism is expressed not only in body weight, but also in the size of tusks - in males they are much larger: their length is 2.4-2.5 m with a weight of up to 60 kg. The largest known tusk reached 4.1 m and weighed 148 kg, but the elephant killed in 1898 at Kilimanjaro had the heaviest tusks, 225 kg each. Tusks continue to grow throughout the elephant's life and serve as an indicator of its age.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In addition to tusks, the elephant has only 4-6 molars, which change during life as they wear out.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

When changing, new teeth do not grow under the old ones, but further on the jaw, gradually pushing the old teeth forward.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The molars are very large, weighing up to 3.7 kg with a length of 30 cm and a width of 10 cm. They change 3 times during the life of an elephant: at the age of 15, baby teeth are replaced by permanent teeth, the next change of teeth occurs at 30 and 40 years old.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The last teeth wear out by the age of 65-70, after which the animal loses the ability to eat normally and dies of exhaustion.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Just as humans are right-handed and left-handed, different elephants are more likely to use the right or left tusk.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

This can be determined by the degree of wear and tear of the tusk and its more rounded tip.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Trunk


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The trunk is a long flexible process formed by the nose and upper lip fused together.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In an African elephant, the trunk ends in 2 processes, dorsal and ventral.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The usual length of the trunk is about 1.5 m, the weight is 135 kg. Due to the complex system of muscles and tendons, the trunk has great mobility and strength.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

With its help, the elephant is able to both pick up a small object and lift a load weighing 250-275 kg. The elephant's trunk can hold 7.5 liters of water.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Other features


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Huge ears (1.2-1.5 m long from the base to the top) are an evolutionary adaptation to the hot climate.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Due to the large area and developed blood supply, they help the elephant get rid of excess heat.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

By moving their ears, elephants fan them like a fan.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The pattern of veins on the surface of the elephant's ears is as individual as human fingerprints.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

It can be used to identify an elephant.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Holes and tears on the edges of the ears also help in identification.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The skin, dyed in dark gray, reaches a thickness of 2-4 cm and is cut by a network of wrinkles.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Young elephants are covered with dark hair, which wipes off with age, only a long black tassel remains at the end of the tail.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Despite its thickness, elephant skin is sensitive to various injuries and insect bites and needs regular care.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

To protect it from the sun and insects, elephants take dust and mud baths, as well as swim in water bodies.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

[3] Age-related depigmentation of some areas of the skin, followed by their coloring in pinkish color, characteristic of Asian elephants, is almost not observed in African elephants.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The length of the tail is 1-1.3 m, the number of caudal vertebrae is up to 26 (less than that of the Asian elephant).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

There are 5 hooves on the hind limbs, the number of hooves on the forelimbs varies from 4 to 5.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The peculiar arrangement of the soles (a special springy mass located under the skin) makes the gait of elephants almost silent.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Thanks to it, elephants are able to move around swampy terrain: when the animal stretches its leg out of the quagmire, the sole takes the form of a cone narrowed downwards, when it steps, the sole flattens under weight of the body, increasing the support area.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Distribution


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Historically, the range of the African elephant stretched throughout Sub-Saharan Africa.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In ancient times, it (or a separate species of Loxodonta pharaonensis) was also found in North Africa, but completely extinct in the 6th century AD.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Currently, the almost continuous range in the past is severely torn, especially in West Africa.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The area of distribution of elephants decreased from 30 million km² to 5.3 million km² (2003).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The African elephant is completely extinct in Burundi, Gambia and Mauritania (IUCN 2004).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

[4] The northern border of the range runs approximately 16° 4'N.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

, an isolated population has been preserved to the north, in Mali.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Despite their vast distribution area, elephants are mainly concentrated in national parks and reserves.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Taxonomy


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The African elephant is distinguished from the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) by its larger size, darker color, a “saddle” on the back, long tusks in elephants of both sexes, and two processes at the end of the trunk.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The Asian elephant is characterized by two bulges on the forehead, while the African forehead is smooth, less convex and cut back.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

A smaller forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) that lives in the jungle, based on genome studies, morphological and behavioral differences, is now isolated as a separate species Loxodonta cyclotis.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Presumably, two species of the genus Loxodonta dispersed at least 2.5 million years ago, but they can cross and produce hybrids.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In the lists of the International Red Book, both species of African elephants appear under the general name Loxodonta africana.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The identification of a third species, the East African elephant, is questionable.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The savannah elephant differs from the forest elephant in its larger size, sparse hair, triangular ear shape, gray (not brownish) color and thick, curved tusks.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Lifestyle


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

They inhabit a wide variety of landscapes (with the exception of tropical forests and deserts) up to 3660 m above sea level, occasionally occur up to 4570 m above sea level.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The main habitat requirements are food availability, shade and fresh water, from which elephants, however, can move more than 80 km away.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

They are active both during the day and at night, but activity decreases during the hottest hours.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In areas with high activity, people are switching to a nocturnal lifestyle.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

According to observations, during the day, the African elephant spends 13% of its time on rest, 74% on feeding, 11% on crossings and 2% on the rest of the activity.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The peak of feeding is in the morning hours.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Elephants do not see well (at a distance of no more than 20 m), but they have an excellent sense of smell and hearing.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

A large number of visual signals and touches are used for communication, as well as a wide repertoire of vocalizations, including the well-known loud trumpet sounds.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Studies have shown that elephant cries contain infrasound components (14—35 Hz), so that they can be heard over long distances (up to 10 km).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In general, the cognitive and perceptual abilities of African elephants are less studied than that of Asian elephants.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Despite their massive build, elephants are surprisingly mobile.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

They swim well or move along the bottom of the reservoir, exposing only the trunk above the water.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The usual travel speed is 2-6 km/h, but for a short time animals can reach speeds of up to 35-40 km/h.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Elephants sleep standing up, gathered together in a dense group, only the cubs lie on their side on the ground.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Sleep lasts about 40 minutes.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Nutrition and migrations


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

They feed on plant food: leaves, branches, shoots, bark and roots of trees and shrubs, the proportion of feed depends on the habitat and season.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

During the wet season, most of the diet is made up of herbaceous plants such as papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) and cattail (Typha augustifolia).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Old elephants feed mainly on marsh vegetation, which is less nutritious but softer, for this reason fallen elephants are often found in swamps (hence the legend of “elephant cemeteries”, where they come to die).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Elephants need daily watering and during the dry season sometimes dig holes in the beds of parched rivers, where water from aquifers collects.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

These watering holes are used not only by elephants, but also by other animals, including buffaloes and rhinos.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

One elephant consumes 100 to 300 kg of food per day (5% of its own weight) and drinks 100-220 liters of water.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Forest elephants that feed on fruits usually receive the necessary liquid with food, only going to water bodies during the dry season.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

African elephants also need salt, which is either found on licks or dug out of the ground.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In search of food and water, the African elephant can walk up to 500 km, on average, covers a distance of about 12 km per day.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In the past, seasonal migrations of African elephants reached 300 km.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Almost all elephant migrations followed the general pattern: at the beginning of the rainy season — from permanent reservoirs, in the dry season — back.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Off-season, shorter migrations took place between water and food sources.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The animals followed the usual routes, leaving behind clearly visible trampled paths.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Currently, the migration of African elephants is limited due to increased human activity, as well as the concentration of the main number of elephants in protected areas.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Social organization


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Elephants do not have permanent habitats and are nomadic.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

They travel in stable groups, which in the past reached 400 heads.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

There are usually 9-12 animals in the herd that belong to the same family: an old female (matriarch), her offspring, and older daughters with immature cubs.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The female matriarch determines the direction of the nomadic, decides when the herd should feed, rest or swim.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

She leads the herd until the age of 50-60, after which it is inherited by the older female.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Sometimes the family also includes one of the matriarch's sisters and her offspring.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Males are usually expelled or leave the herd when they reach puberty (9-15 years), after which they lead a solitary life, sometimes gathering in temporary herds.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Males come into contact with matriarchal families only during estrus in one of the females.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

When a family gets too big, it separates.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Herds can be combined temporarily (Serengeti, Tanzania), observations have shown that some African elephant families have special relationships and spend significant time together.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

When uniting families of a savanna elephant, clashes between matriarchs for leadership are not uncommon (therefore, not only males, but also females have tusks in this species).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In general, elephants are sociable and do not avoid each other.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Studies in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania, have shown that individual elephant families adhere to certain areas without wandering around the park.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

While not territorial, elephants, however, keep their feeding plots, which under favorable conditions vary from 15 to 50 km².


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The plots of single males are much larger, up to 1500 km².


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The largest areas were recorded in elephants from Kaokoveld (Namibia), where the annual rainfall is only 320 mm: 5800-8700 km².


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Communication within the herd takes many forms, including beeps, touches, and a variety of postures.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Collective behavior includes joint care for offspring and protection from predators.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Family members are extremely attached to each other.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Thus, when elephants from the same family unite after several days of separation, their meeting is accompanied by a greeting ceremony, which sometimes lasts up to 10 minutes.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

At the same time, elephants show great excitement: they make loud screams, intertwine trunks and cross tusks, clap their ears, urinate, etc. If the separation was short, the ceremony is shortened to ear patting, trumpet “greetings” and touching the trunk.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

There are cases when elephants took wounded relatives away from danger, supporting them on the sides.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Elephants, apparently, have some idea of death — judging by their behavior, they, unlike other animals, recognize the corpses and skeletons of relatives.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Fights in the herd are rare.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Elephants demonstrate dominance and aggression by raising their heads and trunk, straightening their ears, digging the ground with their feet, shaking their heads and making demonstrative attacks on the enemy.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Contractions are usually limited to jerking and crossing tusks, only during fights for the female can males inflict serious and fatal wounds on each other with tusks.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The subordinate position denotes the lowered head and ears.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Reproduction


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Breeding is not associated with a specific season, but most of the calving takes place in the middle of the rainy season.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

During dry periods or in crowded habitats, sexual activity decreases, females do not ovulate.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Males roam in search of females in the estrus, staying with them for no more than a few weeks.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Elephant estrus lasts about 48 hours, at which time it screams males.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Usually, before mating, the male and female are removed from the herd for a while, but then return.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Elephant pregnancy is the longest among mammals - 20-22 months.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The female bears 1 developed cub, twins are rare (only 1-2% of births).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The newborn baby elephant weighs 90-120 kg with a shoulder height of about 1 m, its trunk is short and has no tusks.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The birth takes place far from the rest of the herd, often the female giving birth is accompanied by a “midwife”.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

After 15 to 30 minutes after birth, the baby elephant rises to its feet and can follow its mother.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Until the age of 4, he needs maternal care, and is also looked after by young immature females 2-11 years old, who thus prepare for the role of mother.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

A study in Amboseli, Kenya, 1992 showed that the more “nannies” take care of offspring, the more young survive.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Milk feeding lasts until 1.5—5 years, although young begin to eat solid food at the age of 6 months and are able to fully switch to it by the age of 2.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Births occur once every 2.5—9 years, and the baby elephant usually stays with its mother until the next birth.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

A study of elephants in Addo National Park (South Africa, 2000) showed that 95% of mature elephants under 49 years of age are pregnant or feeding offspring.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Young females stay in their herd for life, males leave it when they reach puberty, which usually occurs between 10 and 12 years.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Elephants show the greatest variety in terms of puberty among mammals: the minimum recorded age in females is 7 years.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Under adverse conditions, females reach puberty at 18-19 or even 22 years.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The peak of fertility also varies greatly depending on the habitat: from the age of 18-19 years (the valley of the river. Luangwa, Zambia) to age 31—35 (Northern Bunyoro, Uganda).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Elephants remain fertile until the age of 55—60, bearing 1—9 cubs during their lifetime.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Males reach puberty at 10-12 years, but due to competition with older males, they begin to mate only at the age of 25-30 years, reaching a reproductive peak by 40-50 years.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

From the age of 25, males periodically enter a state of must (Urdu: musth - “intoxication”), characterized by increased aggressiveness and sexual activity.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In general, elephants demonstrate greater reproductive flexibility: in unfavorable conditions (poor feeding conditions, food competition from other species, crowding), the time of onset of sexual intercourse maturity is prolonged and the interval between births increases, and vice versa.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Life expectancy


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

African elephants live to 60 to 70 years, continuing to grow slowly throughout their lives.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In captivity, their age reached 80 years.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The age of an elephant can be determined by its size (relative to the herd matriarch), the length of the tusks and the wear of teeth.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Due to their size, adult elephants do not have natural enemies; elephants younger than 2 years old are attacked by lions, leopards, crocodiles and occasionally hyenas.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

There are cases of clashes between elephants, especially males, with rhinos and hippos.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

About half of young elephants die before the age of 15, then the mortality rate in the population drops to 3-3.5% annually and rises again after 45 years.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The life expectancy of an elephant is limited by the degree of wear and tear of its molars, when the last teeth fall out, the elephant loses the ability to chew food normally and dies of hunger.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Accidents, injuries and illnesses are also causes of death, and elephants suffer from arthritis, tuberculosis and blood diseases (septicemia).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In general, humans are the only creature that has a serious impact on the elephant population.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Ecosystem role


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Due to their size, elephants have a significant impact on the environment.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

It is estimated that vegetation with an area of about 5 km² is needed to feed one elephant throughout the year.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

When feeding, elephants often cut down trees to reach the upper branches and leaves, tear off the bark from the trunks, destroy grass and shrubs, trample the soil, which leads to its erosion and desertification landscape.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Dry cereal steppes appear on the site of the trees and shrubs destroyed by them, unsuitable for herbivores and elephants themselves.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

At the same time, elephants contribute to the dispersion of plant seeds that pass through their digestive tract undigested, in particular African eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Many small animals find refuge in pits dug by elephants in search of salt.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In the past, annual elephant migrations reached many hundreds of kilometers, and damaged vegetation had time to recover.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

However, at present, when elephant migrations are severely limited by the fragmentation of their range, human economic activity and the concentration of a significant part of elephants in national parks, their a growing population can cause serious damage to vegetation.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Population size and status


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The decline in the number of African elephants is due to three main factors:


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

desertification of land, which in particular led to the extinction of species from North Africa and the Sahara;


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

the extermination of elephants for ivory, which has been the main cause of their death for centuries;


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

the displacement of elephants by people who have acquired special importance during the period of modern rapid population growth, as well as with the degradation of natural habitats in general, anthropogenic pressure on the environment ( especially with agricultural land development), unstable civil situation within African countries, etc.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

There are no reliable data on the number of African elephants until the 1970s, and its assessment is difficult due to the size of their range and the diversity of habitats.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The estimates below are largely approximate:


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

At the beginning of the 19th century: up to 27,000,000 elephants;


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Mid-19th century: less than 10,000,000;


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

1989:609,000 maximum;


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

2002:402,000—660,000 [6]


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The general trend of changes in numbers is currently uncertain.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

During the 20th century, the number of elephants:


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

in East Africa was at its highest in the late 1960s and early 1970s,


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

in West Africa fell sharply at the beginning of the century and remains at a low level,


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

South Africa was the lowest at the beginning of the century and has been steadily increasing since then,


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

data on the elephant population in Central Africa until 1977 is not available, and it is believed to have decreased.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The African elephant is found in the following countries (rough estimates for 2002 are given in parentheses): Senegal (2—50), Guinea-Bissau (0—35), Guinea (0—250), Mali (320—380), Sierra Leone (0—200), Liberia (0—1700), Côte d'Ivoire (60—1100), Ghana (500—2400), Burkina Faso (2000—3900), Togo (4—120), Benin (1100-2100), Niger (140-660), Nigeria (480—1120), Cameroon (2000—17,200), Chad (2000—4500), CAR (3000— 7400), Sudan (20-300), Ethiopia (400-1700), Eritrea (80-120), Somalia (0-70), Republic of the Congo (430-27,500), Democratic Republic of the Congo (7700-62,800), Equatorial Guinea (0-300), Gabon (0-81,000), Angola (40-250), Namibia (7800-11,500), Kenya (22,000-29,000), Uganda (2100-2700), Rwanda (34—100), Tanzania (92,000—130,000), Malawi (650-3900), Zambia (12,500—27,300), Mozambique (11,600—24,400), Zimbabwe (82,000—96,000), Botswana (101,000—143,100), Swaziland (39), South Africa (14,100-14,900).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

For centuries, elephants have been harvested for meat and skins, as well as for ivory (tusks).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

With the arrival of Europeans armed with firearms in Africa, the number of elephants killed annually for tusks and other trophies has increased to the thousands.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

By 1880, when the ivory trade reached its climax, up to 70,000 elephants were being killed every year.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

However, in 1913, this number fell to 10,000, and in 1920—1928 — to 6,000 heads.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Elephants became more and more rare, best preserved in hard-to-reach swampy areas along the valleys of the upper Nile and the Congo, and were almost exterminated in the savannas.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

By 1980, the elephant population, numbering several million at the beginning of the 20th century, was only 700,000 heads, and in the 1980s it fell by half.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

According to preliminary estimates, elephants should have died out at this rate by 1995.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In 1988, hunting for African elephants and the ivory trade were officially banned, and a network of national parks and reserves was created (mainly in East Africa).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Conservation measures had a beneficial effect on elephants — their number began to grow, under favorable conditions, giving 4-7% annual growth.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Thus, only 10 elephants lived in Kruger National Park (South Africa) in 1898, 135 in 1931, 995 in 1958, 2,374 in 1964, and currently the number of elephants is 12,000.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In some places, the critically increased number of elephants in limited areas makes it necessary to resort to their planned shooting on legal grounds (rejection), as well as the use of contraceptives and sterilization and resettlement of part of the livestock to other reserves.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

[8] The number of elephants is also being reduced, destroying artificial reservoirs located in the arid parts of some national parks, as a result of which elephants move outside the park.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Licensed sport hunting for elephants is allowed in a number of countries, the following countries have CITES export quotas for sports trophies: Botswana, Gabon, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, South Africa ( IUCN 2004).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In 2004, the status of the African elephant on the International Red Book was changed from “Endangered” to “Vulnerable”, but not so much due to its real changes, how much is it possible to more or less accurately estimate the number and distribution of elephants


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The African elephant is listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Desert elephants


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In the deserts in northwestern Namibia in the Kunene region, where the Skeleton Coast is located, as well as in Mali, there are isolated populations of savannah elephants, the so-called desert elephants [9] [10] [11].


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Desert elephants are a peculiar phenomenon of the Skeleton Coast.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In the past, scientists have long refused to believe that a huge animal could survive in such extremely unfavorable conditions — with almost no water and vegetation to feed.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The existence of desert elephants has been proven by the community of documentary filmmakers and naturalists Des and Jen Barlets.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

As a result of almost a decade of work, they were able to track down desert elephants, trace their lives, which take place entirely on the dunes of the desert, and record on film their way of life and characteristics behaviors [12].


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Desert elephants have adapted to the dry environment.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

They have a lower body weight and longer legs than other elephants.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Their physical abilities allow them to walk up to 70 km a day in search of water in the unbearable heat.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

They move around the desert in small groups of 6-10 individuals [13].


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Elephants survive by feeding on the moisture-rich vegetation that grows in riverbeds and thanks to the ability to go for up to five days without drinking water.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

They store water in a kind of “bag”, which is located under the tongue in the pharynx.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Sometimes they have to travel long distances to reach a drinking spring.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

They have a high life expectancy (comparable to human), good memory and intelligence [14].


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The population of desert elephants in Namibia today does not exceed 600 individuals, and in the 1980s there were about 3,000 [15].


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

A number of volunteer programs are aimed at protecting these populations [16] [17].


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Meaning for humans


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The first encounters of people with African elephants are recorded in rock paintings discovered in the Sahara, it dates back to 11,000—5000 BC.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Despite the fact that African elephants are intelligent and capable of learning, people used their labor much less often than Asian elephants.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The domestication of African elephants for military purposes was practiced under the Ptolemids in Egypt (285 BC, Ptolemy II).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Polybius mentions their inferior combat qualities compared to the Indian elephants used by the Seleucids.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Hannibal used 37 African elephants on his campaign to Rome, then found in North Africa between the Maghreb and the mouth of the Nile (sometimes isolated as a separate extinct species Loxodonta pharaonensis, Carthaginian elephant).


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

These elephants differed from savanna elephants in their smaller size and more peaceful disposition.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Since 1900, work has been carried out in the Belgian Congo to tame the African elephant, which, however, did not receive much practical application.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

A number of elephants are still used in Gangala na Bodio (Democratic Republic of the Congo) for local works.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Elephants are also trained to transport tourists on safaris, usually elephant training begins at the age of 12-15 and takes 10-12 months.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Currently, elephants are mainly an object of ecotourism and sports hunting.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

At the same time, historically, the elephant has been a valuable commercial animal.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In addition to meat and tusks, all parts of his body were disposed of — skin, bones and even a tassel at the end of his tail.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Elephant meat is used for food fresh and dried.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Bone meal was made from bones, and original garbage baskets or stools were made from legs.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Locals weave bracelets from stiff, wire-like tail hair.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Ivory, products from which have been known since prehistoric times, were in great demand.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

From 1860 to 1930, 25,000-100,000 elephants were killed annually, whose tusks were used mainly for making piano keys and various crafts.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The decline in ivory production was caused not only by the fall in the number of elephants, but also by the restriction of their shooting, especially after the conclusion of the London Convention for the Conservation of African Fauna in 1933.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Later, in 1965-1968, a new African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources was prepared, signed by 38 African states and entered into force in July 1969.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

The decrease in the intensity of elephant production along with the creation of large national parks and reserves in 1930-1950 had a positive effect on the number of these animals.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

In addition, thanks to the development of plastics production in the 1940s, the demand for ivory fell markedly.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Despite this, ivory is still in demand and is the object of poaching, which in some areas is a serious problem.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Since 1997, three countries (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa) have introduced controlled sales of ivory, and part of the sales proceeds go to protective measures to protect elephants.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Despite the fact that African elephants do not usually threaten humans, there are a number of incidents every year.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Thus, 108 people were killed by elephants in Kenya in 1990-1993, and 500 people in Zimbabwe from 1982 to 1989.


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

See also


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Forest elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Asian elephant


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Jumbo


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Notes


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

References


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Category:Elephants


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Category:Mammals of Africa


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Category:Animals described in 1797


Question: How much does an elephant baby weigh?

Savannah elephant

Category:CITES Apps


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber (German: Ludwig (Louis) August Bernhard v.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Körber) [1], and from October 30, 1916 — Ludwig Berngardovich Korwin (Roengu —, London).


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The pseudonym in the Navy: “Lev Fedorovich” is a Russian sailor, Vice Admiral of the Russian Imperial Navy.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Participant of the Russo-Japanese War and the First World War at Sea [2]:


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Chief of the Naval Marching Office of the Commander-in-Chief of Land and Sea Forces Operating against Japan (1905—1906);


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Chief of Staff of the Commander of the Baltic Sea Naval Forces (since August 1914 — Commander of the Baltic Fleet) (1913—1915);


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Chief of Mine Defence of the Baltic Sea (1914—1915);


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Commander of a squadron of battleships of the Baltic Fleet (1915);


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Commander of the Arctic Ocean Flotilla (1916—1917).


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Head of the Foreign Statistics Department of the Naval General Staff (1906—1909); Naval Agent in Great Britain (1909—1911); Member of the Admiralty Council of the Russian Empire (Chairman of the Conference on sea transportation) (1916—1917).


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

A hereditary nobleman, a representative of the German-Baltic spiritual and aristocratic family Körber.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Evangelical Lutheran faith, which converted to Orthodoxy in 1916.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Biography


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

He was the eldest son in the family of a young doctor Bernhard Avgustovich Körber and his wife Bertha ur.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Hagen (Gotton Berta Auguste Hagen) (18.11.1838 — 23.02.1912).


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

He was born and raised for the first three years in the home of his grandfather, pastor of the Evangelical Parish in Ringen Ludwig August Körber.