Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(Bishop Panteleimon of Orekhovo-Zuyevsky, chairman of the Synodal Department for Charity, told the correspondent of the newspaper Gudok. Friday” on how to prepare and spend the days of Great Lent).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(Channel One report on the visit of the Chairman of the Synodal Department for Charity to wounded children of Donbass who are being treated at the “Dr. Roshal Clinic”).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(in an interview with Ogonyok magazine, the head of the Synodal Department for Charity spoke about the return of our society to mercy, about the activities of the Orthodox relief service “Mercy” and why it is impossible not to help the unhappy).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(Gazeta.ru report on the opening of the Salvation Hangar for the Homeless, a tent set up in the courtyard next to the building of the Synodal Department for Charity. A homeless person who looks into the tent to warm up can return to his loved ones in a few days and learn to live in society again).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(NTV report on the Church's plan to help refugees from southeastern Ukraine.


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

Recommendations have been sent to all dioceses on the creation of humanitarian aid warehouses at churches, the accommodation of refugees and assistance in finding work.


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(Izvestia reported on a payphone installed in Moscow on Nikoloyamskaya Street near the heating point for the homeless. You can use the phone to find a job and communicate with loved ones).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(Kommersant newspaper publication about an experiment on the social rehabilitation of drug addicts, which started on June 1, 2014 in Moscow: they will receive a state certificate and the opportunity to choose where take a course of psychological assistance — in a public clinic or a private institution).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(interview of Expert magazine with Bishop Panteleimon of Orekhovo-Zuevsky about charity, which “brought the authors to a very acute topic”).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(AIF spoke with Bishop Panteleimon of Orekhovo-Zuevsky, chairman of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service, about how to do good deeds correctly).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(special correspondent for the Vedomosti. Friday” — about people who came to the first heating point for the homeless, founded under the Synodal Department for Charity on Nikoloyamskaya Street).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(Business FM radio on the opening of the first heating point in Moscow for the homeless, which will be located on the territory of the Synodal Department for Church Charity).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(Bishop Panteleimon of Orekhovo-Zuyevsky, chairman of the Synodal Department for Charity, said in an interview with Gazeta. Ru”, how social service work is established in the Church and what means it is carried out).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(article by the magazine “Kommersant. Vlast” about two social shelters that help pregnant women and mothers with children cope with a difficult life situation and what difficulties their organizers have to face).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(blood is donated in the capital to help patients of the Hematology Research Center of the Ministry of Health. NTV report about a mobile blood transfusion station, which was organized by the Orthodox relief service Mercy).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(Snob magazine on the Church's attitude to posthumous organ donation).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(Ogonyok magazine's story about Vera Kostyleva, winner of the Nadezhda Monetova Award for Helping the Homeless, organized by the Synodal Department for Charity).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(article by Marina Vasilyeva, Deputy Chairman of the Synodal Department for Charity, in the Forum supplement of the Vedomosti newspaper).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(Channel One report on the White Flower charity festival organized by the Orthodox Relief Service Mercy and the Synodal Department for Charity).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

on the activities of the Church in the social sphere).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(Gazeta.ru report on the Orthodox Rehabilitation Center at St. George's Parish of the Kineshma Diocese, the resource center of the Coordination Center for Combating Drug Addiction of the Synodal Department for charity).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

(interview on Ekho Moskvy radio about the work of the church headquarters for assistance to flood victims in Krymsk).


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

Notes


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

References


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

Category:Synodal institutions of the Russian Orthodox Church


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

Category:Organizations established in 1991


Question: Who was the first head of the Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service of the Russian Orthodox Church?

Category:Organizations alphabetically


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Volga River () is a river in the European part of Russia (a small part of the Volga Delta, outside the main riverbed, is located in Kazakhstan).


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

One of the largest rivers on Earth and the largest in terms of water content and length in Europe, as well as the largest river in the world that flows into a drainless (inland) body of water [1].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The length of the river is 3,530 km (3,690 km before the construction of reservoirs), and its catchment area is 1,360 thousand km² [2].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The annual runoff is 254 km3.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

There are four millionaire cities on the Volga (from source to mouth): Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara and Volgograd.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In the 1930s and 1980s, eight hydroelectric power plants were built on the Volga, which are part of the Volga-Kama cascade.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The part of the territory of Russia adjacent to the Volga is called the Volga region.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Name


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Ancient authors of the first centuries AD


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

(Claudius Ptolemy and Ammian Marcellin) The Volga was called Ra [3], Latin: Rha (cf.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

[] error: {{lang-xx}}: no text (help) and Erzya: Rav are both names of Iranian origin).


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In the Middle Ages, the Volga with Kama and Belaya is known as Itil (cf. Modern names Tatar: Idel, Nogai: Edil, Kazakh: Edil, Chuvash: Atl, Oirat: Iil).


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor, describing the geographical names of the Northern Black Sea region, several times mentions “the greatest river flowing down from the ocean through the land of the Sarmatians and called Ateλ” [4].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The modern Mari Yul comes from Tatar: Jelga “stream, river”.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Russian name Volga (Old East Slavic: Vlga) comes from the Proto-Slavic *Vlga, cf.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

volgly - vologa - moisture.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Slavic version of the origin of the name is supported by the presence of the Vlha [5] rivers in the Czech Republic and Poland [6] [7].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Based on the fact that the upper reaches of the Volga are located in a zone where hydronymy of Baltic origin is widely represented, an etymology from the Baltic languages is proposed: ilga “long, long” → oz.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Volgo → r. Volga [8]; valka “stream, small river” [9].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Alternative versions derive the name of the river from the Baltic-Finnish (Finnish: valkea, Estonian: valge “white”, cf. Vologda) and Mari (dr.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

-Mariysk.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

*Jylγ (from Turk.), modern


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Mari: Yul; Mari: Volgydo “bright”) languages.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Paleo-Volga


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The geological history of the Volga River begins in the Pliocene 5 million years ago.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The source of the river was the Ural Mountains and the main channel went through the Kama River.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The modern upper reaches were a minor inflow.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Paleo-Volga flowed into the Caspian Sea near present-day Baku.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Paleo-Volga flowed in the canyon and was a turbulent mountain river.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

At this time, the climate of the region was subtropical, and magnolias grew along the banks of the river [10].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

3—1 million years ago, the rise in the level of the Caspian Sea led to the disappearance of the Paleo-Volga, as the Caspian began to reach the Kama Ustye in the north.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Later, the ice age and the subsequent melting of glaciers formed the modern type of river.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

During the Dnieper glaciation (300 thousand years ago), the glacier covered almost the entire river basin up to the territory of modern Volgograd.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

There is a version that before the Dnieper glaciation, the Volga did not exist at all, the Upper Volga channels flowed into the Paleo-Don, and the Paleo-Kama flowed into the Caspian Sea [11].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Historical data


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

It is believed that the first mention of the Volga is found in the works of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC), in the story about the campaign of the Persian king Darius I against the Scythians.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Herodotus reports that Darius, pursuing the Scythians across the Tanais River (modern. Don), stopped at the Oar River [12].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

They are trying to identify the Oar River with the Volga, although Herodotus also said that Oar flows into Meotida (modern. Sea of Azov).


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Some researchers see the Volga in the river reported by Diodorus of Sicily (approx. 90—30 BC): At first, they [the Scythians] lived in very small numbers near the Arax River and were despised for his disgrace.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

But even in ancient times, under the control of one warlike and strategic king, they acquired a country in the mountains to the Caucasus, and in the lowlands of the coast of the Ocean and the Meotian lakes — and other areas up to the Tanaisa River.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Based on this information, they are trying to identify Arax Diodora with the Volga.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In written ancient Roman sources of the II-IV centuries, the Volga is geographically identified as the Ra River - “generous”, in Arabic sources of the IX century it is called the Atelier - “the river of rivers, the great river”.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The earliest Old Russian chronicle, the Tale of Bygone Years, says: “From that Volokovsky Forest [modern. Valdai Upland] will flow the Volga to the east and flow... into the Khvalisskoye Sea [modern. Caspian Sea]”.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

According to the medieval Turkic and Arab-Persian geographical tradition, the source of the Itil River was located at the confluence of the Ak-Ideli (Belaya), Kuk-Ideli (Dyoma) and Kara-Ideli (Ufa) rivers.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Later, in Russian maps, Ak-Idel was designated as the White Volga (Volozhka).


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The geographical location of the Volga and its tributaries led to the emergence of the Volga trade route.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Through the Volgodonsk crossing, communication was carried out with the Don-Azov-Black Sea.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Fabrics and metals were exported from the Arab caliphate, weapons (swords), furs, wax, honey were exported from the Slavic lands.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In the 9th-10th centuries, such centers as the Khazar Itil at the mouth, the Bulgarian Bulgar on the Middle Volga, the Russian Rostov, Suzdal, Murom in the Upper Volga region played a significant role in trade.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

After Prince Svyatoslav's campaign to the Volga in 965 and the defeat of many Khazar cities, the importance of the Volga trade route falls, and many ancient trading cities fall into decline.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Since the 11th century, most of Russian international trade has passed along the Dnieper trade route, which is facilitated by princely policy focused on trade and religious ties with Byzantium.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

During this period, the Volga trade weakened greatly, and in the 13th century, the Mongol-Tatar invasion disrupted economic ties, except for the upper Volga basin, where Novgorod, Tver and cities played an active role Vladimir-Suzdal Rus.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Since the 15th century, the importance of the trade route has been restored, and the role of such centers as Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan has been growing.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Ivan the Terrible's conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates in the middle of the 16th century led to the unification of the entire Volga River System in the hands of Russia, which contributed to the flourishing of the Volga trade in the 17th century.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

New large cities are emerging — Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn; Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Simbirsk play an important role.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Large caravans of ships (up to 500) run along the Volga.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In the 18th century, the main trade routes moved to the West, and the economic development of the lower Volga was hampered by weak population and raids of nomads.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Volga basin in the XVII-XVIII centuries was the main area of action of rebellious Cossacks and peasants under the leadership of Stepan Razin and Yemelyan Pugachev.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In the 19th century, the Volga Trade Route developed significantly after the connection of the Volga and Neva basins by the Mariinsky River System (1808); a large river fleet appeared (in 1820 it was the first steamer), The Volga employs up to 300 thousand haulers.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

There are large shipments of bread, salt, fish, and later oil and cotton.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The development of the Civil War of 1917-1922 in Russia is largely due to the establishment in 1918 of the power of the Committee of the Constituent Assembly in a number of cities of the Volga region.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The restoration of Bolsheviks control over the Volga is considered an important turning point in the Civil War, since control over the Volga provided access to grain resources and Baku oil.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

An important role in the Civil War was played by the defense of Tsaritsyn, in which I. IN. Stalin, which was the reason for renaming Tsaritsyn to Stalingrad.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

During the years of socialist construction, due to the industrialization of the whole country, the importance of the Volga Route increased.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Since the end of the 1930s, the Volga began to be used as a source of hydroelectricity.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

During the Great Patriotic War, the turning point and bloodiest battles of Rzhev and Stalingrad took place on the river.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In the post-war period, the economic role of the Volga significantly increased, especially after the creation of a number of large reservoirs and hydroelectric power plants.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Geographical location


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Volga originates at the Valdai Upland (at an altitude of 228 meters) and flows into the Caspian Sea.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The mouth of the river lies 28 meters below sea level.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Volga is the world's largest river of internal runoff, that is, it does not flow into the world's oceans.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The river system of the Volga basin includes 151,000 watercourses with a total length of 574,000 km.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Volga receives about 200 tributaries.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Left tributaries are more numerous and more abundant than the right ones.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

After Kamyshin, there are no significant tributaries.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Volga basin occupies about ⅓ of the European territory of Russia and stretches from the Valdai and Central Russian Upland in the west to the Urals in the east.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The main, feeding part of the Volga catchment area, from the source to the cities of Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan, is located in the forest zone, the middle part of the basin to the cities of Samara and Saratov is in the forest-steppe zone, the lower part is in the steppe zone up to Volgograd, and to the south - in the semi-desert zone.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

It is customary to divide the Volga into the upper Volga — from the source to the mouth of the Oka, the middle Volga from the confluence of the Oka to the mouth of the Kama and the lower Volga from the confluence of the Kama to the confluence with the Caspian Sea [14].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Istok


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The source of the Volga is the key near the village of Volgoverkhovye in the Tver region.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In the upper reaches, within the Valdai Upland, the Volga passes through small lakes - Maloe and Bolshoye Verkhity, then through a system of large lakes known as the Verkhnevolzhskie Lakes: Sterzh, Vselug, Peno and Volgo, united in the Verkhnevolzhskoye Reservoir.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Upper Volga


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

After the Volga passed through the Verkhnevolzhsky Lakes system in 1843, a dam (Verkhnevolzhsky baselot) was built to regulate water flow and maintain navigable depths in the low water.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The first large settlement on the Volga from its source is the city of Rzhev.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The shipping zone begins behind it [15].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Between the cities of Tver and Rybinsk on the Volga, the Ivankovo Reservoir (the so-called Moscow Sea) with a dam and a hydroelectric power station near St. Dubna, Uglich Reservoir (HPP near Uglich) - Rybinsk Reservoir (HPP near Rybinsk).


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In the Rybinsk-Yaroslavl area and below Kostroma, the river flows in a narrow valley among high banks, crossing the Uglichsko-Danilovskaya and Galichsko-Chukhloma Upland.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Then the Volga flows along the Unzhenskaya and Balakhninskaya lowlands.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

At Gorodets (above Nizhny Novgorod), the Volga, blocked by the dam of the Nizhny Novgorod HPP, forms the Gorky Reservoir.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The largest tributaries of the upper Volga are Selizharovka, Tma, Tvertsa, Mologa, Sheksna, Kotorosl and Unzha.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Srednyaya Volga


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In the middle reaches, below the confluence of the Oka River, the Volga becomes even more full-flowing.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

It flows along the northern edge of the Volga Upland.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The right bank of the river is high, the left bank is low-lying.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Cheboksary HPP has been built near Cheboksary, above the dam of which the Cheboksary Reservoir is located.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The largest tributaries of the Volga in its middle reaches are the Oka, Sura, Vetluga and Sviyaga.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Nizhnyaya Volga


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In the lower reaches, after the confluence of the Kama River, the Volga becomes a mighty river.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

It flows here along the Volga Upland.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Near Togliatti, above Samarskaya Luka, which is formed by the Volga, skirting the Zhigulevsky Mountains, a dam of the Zhigulevskaya HPP was built; above the dam stretches the Kuibyshev Reservoir.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

A dam of the Saratov HPP was built on the Volga near the city of Balakovo.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Above the dam is the Saratov Reservoir.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Lower Volga receives relatively small tributaries — Sok, Samara, Bolshoy Irgiz, Yeruslan.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In Volgograd, near the Volzhskaya HPP, the left branch, Akhtuba (537 km long), separates from the Volga, which flows parallel to the main channel.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The vast area between the Volga and Akhtuba, crossed by numerous channels and old rivers, is called the Volga-Akhtubinskaya floodplain; the width of the floodplain within this floodplain previously reached 20-30 km.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Volzhskaya HPP was built on the Volga between the beginning of Akhtuba and Volgograd; the Volgograd Reservoir stretches above the dam.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Forty kilometers below the dam, the Volga-Don Canal adjoins the Volga, connecting it with the Tsimlyansk Reservoir of the Don.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Volga Delta begins at the place where the Buzan branch separates from the Volga bed (46 km north of Astrakhan) and is one of the largest in Russia and the largest in Europe.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The delta has up to 500 branches, channels and small rivers.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The main arms are Buzan, Bakhtemir, Kamyzyak, Staraya Volga, Bolda, Akhtuba; of which Bakhtemir is maintained in navigable condition, forming the Volga-Caspian Canal.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

One of the branches of the lower reaches of the Volga, the Kigach River, crosses the territory of Kazakhstan.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

From this branch, the strategic Volga-Mangyshlak water pipeline originates, providing fresh water to certain districts of the Mangystau region of Kazakhstan.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

At different times, the Volga Delta changed its position.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Thus, <... > in the 2nd century, the arid zone began to dry out, which reached a maximum in the 3rd century.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

During this period, the Caspian Sea rose to minus 33-32 m. The Volga carried so much water that the then channel could not accommodate, and formed a delta of a modern type.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

To the south, the delta stretched almost to the Buzachi Peninsula (north of Mangyshlak).


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

After the construction of the Kuibyshev reservoir, the Zhigulevskaya HPP is considered to be the border between the middle and lower Volga in some sources above Samara.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In other sources, the Saratov HPP (in the city of Balakovo) is considered to be the border between the middle and lower Volga; thus (as in the division of the Volga region into parts), the Saratov Region belongs to the lower Volga ( except for the extreme northern regions), Volgograd Oblast, the Republic of Kalmykia and Astrakhan Oblast.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Hydrological regime


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The main supply of the Volga is carried out by snow (60% of annual runoff), groundwater (30%) and rain (10%) water.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The natural regime is characterized by spring floods (April-June), low water content during summer and winter low water and autumn rain floods (October).


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Annual fluctuations in the level of the Volga before regulation reached 11 m near Tver, 15—17 m below the Kama mouth and 3 m near Astrakhan. With the construction of reservoirs, the flow of the Volga is regulated, and level fluctuations have sharply decreased.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Severe floods occurred on the Volga in 1709, 1719, 1853, 1908 and 1926.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In addition, in connection with the rise in the level when creating reservoirs along low-lying shores, wide and often shallow swampy estuaries and backwaters were formed in a number of cities, and engineering protective structures in the form of dams, backup pumps, etc.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The average annual water discharge at the Verkhnevolzhsky baselot is 29 m³/s, near the city of Tver - 182, near the city of Yaroslavl - 1110, near the city of Nizhny Novgorod - 2970, near the city of Samara - 7,720, near the city of Volgograd - 8060 m³/s.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Below Volgograd, the river loses about 2% of its evaporation consumption.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The maximum water consumption during the flood period in the past below the confluence of the Kama River reached 67,000 m³/s, and in Volgograd, as a result of a spill along the floodplain, did not exceed 52,000 m³/s.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In connection with the regulation of runoff, the maximum flood costs fell sharply, and summer and winter low-cost costs increased greatly.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The water balance of the Volga basin to Volgograd on average over a long-term period is: precipitation is 662 mm, or 900 km³ per year, river flow 187 mm, or 254 km³ per year, evaporation 475 mm, or 646 km³ per year.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Prior to the creation of reservoirs, the Volga carried about 25 million tons of sediment and 40—50 million tons of dissolved minerals to the mouth during the year.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Volga water temperature in mid-summer (July) reaches 20—25 °C.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Volga near Astrakhan is opened in mid-March, in the first half of April, an autopsy takes place on the upper Volga and below Kamyshin, and throughout the rest of the river in mid-April.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

It freezes in the upper and middle reaches at the end of November, in the lower reaches in early December; about 200 days remain free from ice, and about 260 days near Astrakhan.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

With the creation of reservoirs, the thermal regime of the Volga has changed: on the upper reaches, the duration of ice phenomena has increased, and on the lower reaches it has become shorter.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Volga is the central waterway of Russia


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Volga flows through the territory of 15 constituent entities of the Russian Federation (from source to mouth):


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Tver Oblast,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Moscow Oblast,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Yaroslavskaya Oblast',


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Kostromskaya Oblast',


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Ivanovskaya Oblast',


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Nizhny Novgorod Oblast,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Mari El,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Chuvashia,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Tatarstan,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Ulyanovsk Oblast,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Samara Oblast,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Saratovskaya Oblast'


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Volgograd Oblast,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Astrakhanskaya Oblast'


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Kalmykia.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Geographically, the Volga basin is located on the territory of the following constituent entities of the Russian Federation


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Kaluzhskaya Oblast'


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Oryol Oblast,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Tula Oblast,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Vladimirskaya Oblast'


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Ryazan Oblast,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Smolensk Oblast,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Tambov Oblast,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Vologodskaya Oblast',


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Komi,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Kirovskaya Oblast'


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Udmurtia,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Perm Krai,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Sverdlovskaya Oblast',


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Chelyabinskaya Oblast',


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Bashkortostan,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Penzenskaya Oblast',


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Orenburgskaya Oblast',


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Mordovia,


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Moscow;


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

as well as Atyrau oblast of Kazakhstan.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Volga is connected to:


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

the Baltic Sea — the Volga-Baltic Waterway, Vyshnevolotskaya and Tikhvin systems;


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

by the White Sea — through the Severodvinsk system and the White Sea-Baltic Canal;


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Azov and Black Seas — through the Volga-Don Canal.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Large forests are located in the upper Volga basin, and in the Middle and partially in the Lower Volga region, large areas are occupied by crops of grain and industrial crops.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Melon growing and horticulture are developed.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Volga-Uralsky District has rich oil and gas fields.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Large deposits of potash salts are located near Solikamsk.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In the Lower Volga region (Lake Baskunchak, Elton) there is table salt.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Ecology and fisheries


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Volga is home to about 70 species of fish, of which 40 are commercial (the most important are roach, bream, pike perch, carp, catfish, pike, sturgeon, sterlet).


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

During the Russian Empire, there were 4 fishing seasons per year: in spring (from the end of March to May 15-20), pike perch, bream and carp were caught; in summer (from July 15) - sturgeon (beluga, stellate sturgeon, thorn, sterlet); in autumn (from 1 September to November 1) and in winter, through the ice-hole, all species were caught.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The largest catch was in spring, then in autumn, in winter, the least fish were caught.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

During the spawning period, from May 15 to July 15, fishing on the Volga was prohibited.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The sturgeon caught alive was sent along the river to various Volga cities, using special boats with slots for the passage of running water.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

For salting fish, the Sapozhnikov enterprise alone spent 16 thousand tons of salt annually.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In winter, sturgeons up to 4 meters long, containing up to 200 kg of caviar, were sold in their shops.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Already at the end of the 19th century, the number of commercial fish in the Volga decreased significantly.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Some attributed this to excessive fishing, others to water pollution with oil, which heated steamers [16].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The water of the Volga and most of its major tributaries is currently very heavily polluted [17].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In 2017, the federal program “Preservation and Prevention of Pollution of the Volga River” was adopted [18], according to which it is planned to seriously reduce the discharge of polluted wastewater by 2025, build and modernize 26 hydraulic structures, while up to 50 thousand hectares of agricultural land will be irrigated, and the same area will be allocated for fish spawning [19].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Dredging and clearing of water bodies will also be carried out, and sunken ships will be lifted (more than 3,000 units were recorded in 2018) [20].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Shipping


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Volga is navigable from Rzhev to the mouth [15].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Inland waterways along the Volga: from the city of Rzhev to the Kolkhoznik pier (589 kilometers), the Kolkhoznik-Bertyul pier (pos. Krasnye Barricades) is 2604 kilometers, as well as a 40-kilometer section in the river delta [21].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

River vessels, which at various times were used for navigation along the Volga, are exhibited at the River Fleet Museum at the Volga State University of Water Transport in Nizhny Novgorod.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Bridges and crossings


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Apart from the short bridges in the upper reaches of the Volga, the first permanent bridge across the river was the Alexandrovsky Railway Bridge near Syzran, commissioned in 1880.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Prior to that, ferry steamers were used to transport cargo and crews, and even earlier, large flat-bottomed boats called imports.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The longest bridge across the Volga to date, which is also the longest in Russia, is the Presidential Bridge in Ulyanovsk (5,825 meters).


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Volga or Kama


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The catchment area to the confluence of the rivers is slightly larger than the Volga (if we do not take into account the mountainous relief of the Kama basin, which increases the total surface area relative to the flat surface Volga Basin).


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The areas are considered as they developed in natural conditions: 260.9 thousand km² against 251.7 thousand km².


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

However, in this territory, the Volga unites fewer rivers and is inferior to the Kama basin (66.5 thousand rivers against 73.7 thousand).


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The flow rate of the Kama River at its confluence with the Volga is 4300 m³/s, and the Volga is 3100 m³/s.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Before the confluence of the Volga and Kama, the length of the Kama is 1882 km [22] (before the construction of dams, the length of the Kama was 2030 km [23]), against 1390 km near the Volga [24].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The spring flood of the Middle Volga accounts for 60-70% of the annual runoff [25], and in the summer-autumn period, a small amount of precipitation leads to the shallowing of the Volga [26].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

On the Kama River, in the summer-autumn period, the drainage decreases slightly (due to glacial nutrition from the mountain rivers of the Urals and the northern tributaries of the Kama basin), so the Kama is full at any time of the year.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The height of the source of the Kama River is 335 meters above sea level, and the height of the source of the Volga is only 228 meters.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The average and absolute heights of the Volga basin are less than the Kama basin, since the Ural Mountains are located in the Kama basin.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The first serious scientific observations of these rivers began in 1875 [27].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Then, as a result of the study of the muddy deposits of these rivers, it was proved that the Kama existed long before the appearance of the Volga.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In the first half of the Quaternary period, before the era of maximum glaciation, the Volga did not exist in its modern form.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

There was the Kama, which, united with Vishera, directly flowed into the Caspian Sea.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The flow of the modern upper reaches of the Kama River went to the north, to Vychegda.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Glaciation led to a reorganization of the hydrographic network: the Upper Volga, which used to give water to the Don, began to flow into the Kama River, and almost at right angles (the Kama does not change the direction of its flow, and Volga — turns almost 90 degrees).


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Even today, the Lower Volga serves as a natural continuation of the Kama Valley, and not the Volga Valley [28].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

From a scientific point of view, according to most hydrological features, the Kama is the main river, and the Volga is its tributary [29].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

However, taking into account the most important historical factor, namely, the unifying role of the Volga River in the creation of a single Russian state, part of the river from the confluence of the Volga with the Kama to the Caspian Sea is accepted consider it a continuation of the Volga, not the Kama.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In modern times, the Kama River is considered a tributary of the Volga River, or rather, a tributary of the Kuibyshev Reservoir on the Volga River [30].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The point of view about the primacy of the Kama is also supported by the Arab geographical tradition of the Middle Ages, which connected the source of Itil with the Belaya-Kama system (the Arabs believed that the Kama flows into Belaya) [31].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

After the launch of the last cascade of reservoirs, Cheboksarsky, in 1983, the Volga above Volgograd ceased to be actually a river and turned into a cascade of large flowing lakes.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Kama is less regulated by dams, and in many parts of the river the natural channel has been preserved [32].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In popular culture


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Volga River plays an exceptional and central role in the figurative perception of the Russian people.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

This is the root and core of Russian people, a figurative ideal.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

It is always animated, human qualities are attributed to it, and a Russian person must correspond to the image of this river.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Volga was associated with the life and work of such “folk” cultural representatives as Nikolai Nekrasov, Maxim Gorky, Fedor Chaliapin.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Soviet art made full use of the image of the Volga, created by the art of pre-revolutionary Russia.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The Volga is identified with the Motherland, it is a symbol of freedom, spaciousness, breadth and greatness of the spirit of the Soviet person.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The central role in building this image was played by Grigory Alexandrov's film Volga, Volga and Lyudmila Zykina's song “The Volga River Flows”.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In the city of Rybinsk, there is a monument to the great Russian river and is called the Volga (also “Mother Volga”).


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The sculpture with a height of 17.4 meters is installed at the entrance to the locks from the Rybinsk Reservoir and welcomes ships passing by.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In literature and art, the Volga is quite common, and many works of culture are associated with it:


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In literature


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“The Dowry”, “Kozma Minin”, “The Storm” — plays by A. N. Ostrovsky


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“In the Woods” and “On the Mountains” — A. P. Melnikova


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“Egor Bulychev and Others”, “Dostigaev and Others” — plays by A. M. Gorky


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“Beyond the Distance”, chapter “Seven Thousand Rivers” — poem by A. T. Tvardovsky


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“On the Volga” is a poem by N. A. Nekrasova


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“Volga and Vazuza” is a poem by S. ME.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Marshak


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“The Cliff” — novel by I. A. Goncharova


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In folklore and songs


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Russian folk tale “Vazuza and Volga”.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

According to folk legends, in the Snake Cave near the Volga, there are mythical creatures — divia people.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“From the Island to the Rod”, “Cliff” — songs about the Volga and Stepan Razin


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“Dubinushka” is a song of Volga haulers


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“Down the Volga River”, “Between Steep Banks” — Russian folk songs


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“Zhiguli” — Russian folk song


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“Volga-rechenka is deep /It beats the coast with waves” (russkaya narodnaya)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“Volga-rechenka is deep /I come to you longingly” (N. Nolinsky — M. Zubova)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“Volga, Volga” is a song from the film of the same name (1938)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“Sormovskaya Lyric” — B.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Mokrousov E.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Dolmatovsky (1949)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“The Volga River Flows” is a song performed by L. G. Zykina (1962)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“What a song without an accordion” — O. Anofriev (1972)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“From the Volga to the Yenisei” is a song performed by the band “Lyube”


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Volga River — Nadezhda Kadysheva


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“Burlak” — “Aquarium” (“Russian Album” 1992)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In painting


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“View of the county town of Romanov-Borisoglebsk from the southeastern side” — I. M. Belonogov (1838)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“The Cross Procession in Yaroslavl” — A. P. Bogolyubov (1863)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“Wading Barge Haulers” — I. E.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Repin (1872)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“Grave on the Volga” — A. K. Savrasov (1874)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“On the Volga” — A. E.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Arkhipov (1889)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Yaroslavl. Strelka” — G. P. Sabaneev (1904)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“Walking on the Volga” — B.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

M. Kustodiev (1909)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“Stepan Razin” — V. AND. Surikov, ca.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“On the Volga” — B.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

M. Kustodiev (1922)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

In movies


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“Volga, Volga” (1938) — musical comedy


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Ekaterina Voronina (1957) is a film directed by Isidor Annensky, based on the novel of the same name by Anatoly Rybakov


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

“A Bridge Is Under Construction” (1965) is a feature film about the construction of a road bridge across the Volga in Saratov


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Cruel Romance (1984) — film based on Ostrovsky's play “The Dowry”, directed by Eldar Ryazanov


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Election Day (2007) is a comedy film directed by O. Fomina


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Volga (2016) — documentary film directed by Andrey Alyoshin


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Volga Day


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The unofficial holiday Volga Day was established in 2008.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

For the first time, it was celebrated in Nizhny Novgorod during the 10th International Scientific and Industrial Forum “Great Rivers — 2008”, and then began to be celebrated in Volgograd, Astrakhan, Yaroslavl, Samara Oblasts and the Republic of Tatarstan.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The date of the holiday is May 20 [33].


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

As part of the Volga Day, environmental events are held to clean the shores, scientific discussions and exhibitions.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

The main goal of the event is to unite efforts to protect the Volga.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

See also


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Volga in heraldry


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Notes


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Literature


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

— SPb.: Samolet, 1862.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

— VIII, 415 p., 10 lithograph


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

, 31 figs.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Vodarsky E.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

A. A guide to the Volga from Rybinsk to Astrakhan.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

— M.: T-vo Skoropech.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

A. A. Levenson, 1908.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

— 147 ps+9 maps.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

(per.)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Rybakov B.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

A. Gerodotova Skifia: Historical and geographical analysis.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

— M.: Nauka.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

— 248 p. — 50,000 copies


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Reizd.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

: M.: Eksmo; Algorithm, 2010.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Novosad E.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

IN. Pollution of the Volga during the formation of the oil industry in Russia.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

(based on the materials of the “Bulletin of the Fish Industry”) //Questions of the History of Natural Science and Technology/Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology named after V.I.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

S. AND. Vavilov RAS.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

— Moscow: Nauka, 2006 — P. 61 — 72.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

—, read the text:


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

References


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Missing or empty |series= (help)


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Grigory Moskvich.


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

on YouTube


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Tver Oblast


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Moscow Oblast


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Yaroslavl Oblast


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Kostroma Oblast


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Category: Rivers of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Mari El


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Chuvashia


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Tatarstan


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Ulyanovsk Oblast


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Samara Oblast


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Saratov Oblast


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Volgograd Oblast


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Astrakhan Oblast


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Kalmykia


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Category:Rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea


Question: What is the depth of the Volga?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Ivanovo Oblast


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Erebuni (Irpuni, Irepuni, Erevuni, Erevani [1], Armenian: Armenia) is an ancient city in the state of Urartu, the ruins of which are located on Arin-Berd Hill in Yerevan, Armenia.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Erebuni was founded by Urartu king Argishti I in 782 BC.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

as a stronghold for the consolidation of the Urartians in the Ararat Valley.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Due to the fact that Erebuni was located inside Yerevan, as well as linguistic evidence that when translating from Armenian, Erebuni and Yerevan have a very close semantic meaning, namely” father's place of residence”, Erebuni is identified with Yerevan, counting 782 BC. e.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

the year of foundation of Yerevan.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

After the decline of the city in the 4th century BC


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

, up to the 3rd century AD


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

there are no data indicating the existence of a significant settlement on the site of Yerevan.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The city began to be built up again only from the 3rd century AD.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

2 kilometers north of Erebuni, but with “Erevan” uniform.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Forbes magazine included the settlement in the list of “9 oldest fortresses in the world” [2]


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Study history


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

For the first time, Arin-Berd Hill attracted the attention of scientists in 1894, when the Russian scientist A. A. Ivanovsky bought a stone with Urartian cuneiform writing from a resident of the surrounding village of Cholmakchi (now the Old Nork district of Yerevan).


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

A local resident, Papak Ter-Avetisov, claimed to have found it in 1879 on Arin-Berd Hill.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

A drawing and a rough translation of the inscription was soon published by M. IN. Nikolsky [3].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The inscription on the stone reported that Urartian king Argishti I built a granary with a “capacity of 10,100 kapi” on this place.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

However, for a long period of time, the hill remained without the attention of archaeologists, and only in 1947 an archaeological expedition led by B.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

B.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Piotrovsky, who was engaged in excavations of Karmir-Blur in Yerevan, carried out reconnaissance work on the hill.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

In 1950, the same archaeological expedition began systematic archaeological excavations on the hill [4].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Identification of Urartian Erebuni with the ruins on Arin-Berd


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

On October 25, 1950, during reconnaissance work, Armenian scientist K. L. Hovhannisyan discovered two basalt stones covered with cuneiform writing.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

One of these stones reported on the construction of the granary by Urartian king Sarduri II, and the second attributed the construction of the Erebuni fortress to King Argishti I.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

After this discovery, a hypothesis appeared that Arin-Berd Hill hides the ruins of ancient Erebuni, and since 1952, archaeological excavations continued on the hill, carried out jointly by two archaeological expeditions: the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR and the State Museum of Fine Arts named after A.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Pushkin under the general scientific supervision of B.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

B.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Piotrovsky.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Due to the fact that many objects with the inscription “Erebuni” were discovered during the excavations of neighboring Teishebaini, for some time there were doubts whether Erebuni was really on the Arin-Berd hill: there was a possibility that the sign discovered by Hovhannisyan in 1950 fell on the hill by accident.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Eight years later, in 1958, the doubts were finally resolved, and the hypothesis was finally confirmed: during archaeological excavations, another inscription by Argishti I about the foundation of Erebuni was was found intact, on a stone embedded in an ancient wall.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Thus, since 1958, Erebuni has been finally localized on Arin-Berd Hill [4] [5].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Discovered inscriptions about the construction of Erebuni by Urartian Tsar Margishti I 1950 Nakhodka 1958 (stored in the “Erebuni Museum”, in Yerevan) Translation of inscriptions: By the greatness of the god Khaldi Argishti, son of Menua, this he built a powerful fortress; established its name Erebuni for the power of the country of Biaini and to intimidate the enemy country.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The land was deserted, and I did mighty things here.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

By the greatness of the god Khaldi Argishti, son of Menua, the powerful king, the king of the country of Biaini, the ruler of the city of Tushpa [6].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The issue of Erebuni and Yerevan relationship


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The reading of the title also caused doubts of researchers for a long time.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Initially, the name of the Urartian city was read by Irpuni, Irepuni, Irbuni and even Sabuni.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Only after it was finally established that a number of Erebuni items were transported to Teishebaini, as well as after the discovery in Teishebaini of the shield of King Argishti I with the spelling of the word “Erebuni”, which evokes there are significantly fewer doubts about the correctness of the reading, the reading of “Erebuni” has finally been established, and also the assumption about the etymological connection between the words “Erebuni” and “Yerevan” has received a scientific basis first expressed by G. R. Kapantsyan in popular press [7].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

In his 1959 work, Academician Piotrovsky cautiously stated: “It is possible that even in the name of the capital of the Armenian SSR, Yerevan, the Urartian name of the city of Erebuni continues to live... It should be noted that comparisons of ancient Urartian names with medieval and modern names, carried out without sufficient justification, can mislead researchers.” [8]


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Modern historians take a more definite position, believing that the etymological connection between Erebuni and Yerevan is generally accepted today [9] [10] [11]


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Other results of archaeological excavations


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The archaeological excavations in the fortress, which have been going on since 1950, have brought many valuable finds and made a great contribution to the study of the state of Urartu.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

A total of 23 cuneiform tablets of kings Argishti I, Sarduri II and Rusa III were found on the hill.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Few objects of material culture were found on Erebuni Hill, which is mainly due to the fact that in the middle of the 6th century BC.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The Urartians left Erebuni without a fight and took everything valuable to neighboring Teishebaini [15].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

In addition, Erebuni city buildings were located mainly east of the hill, and most of these buildings were destroyed during the intensive construction of the settlements of Nor-Aresh and Vardashen on outskirts of Yerevan [16].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

This area was declared a nature reserve only in 1952.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Excavations of the fortress continued until 1958, excavations of urban areas began in 1968.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Currently, both settlements and Arin-Berd Hill have already become part of the sprawling Yerevan.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

On the Arin-Berd hill itself, the Erebuni Museum is set up, which in turn is filled mainly with objects of material culture brought “back” from the excavations of neighboring Teishebaini.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Excavations of city blocks lying near the hill are gradually continuing to this day with the participation of Armenian and Western archaeologists [17].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

History of Erebuni


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The founding of the city (782 BC)


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

As is known from the cuneiform tablets of Argishti I and its chronicle, preserved in the capital of Urartu, Tushpa, Erebuni was founded in 782 BC.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

During this period, Urartu experienced its heyday and was the most powerful state in Western Asia.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Argishti I was concerned about expanding the borders of his state and strengthening economic well-being.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Ararat Valley, under artificial irrigation, which was perfectly owned by the Urartians, had extremely favorable conditions for agriculture, and therefore was an attractive territory for Urartian expansion.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The local population (according to the chronicles - the country of Aza) resisted the Urartians, and as a stronghold for further expansion, Argishti I founded a new fortress city of Erebuni.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

An excerpt from “Khorkhor Chronicle” by Argishti I, which tells about the foundation of Erebuni


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The chronicle was discovered at the end of the 19th century on Van Rock, in Tushpa.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The inscription was damaged by cannon shells from the First World War.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Translation of the passage: By the greatness of the god Khaldi, I went on a campaign against the country of Hati [18]... At the behest of the god Khaldi, Argishti, son of Menua, says: I built the city of Irpuni for the power of the country of Biainili and for pacification enemy country.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The land was deserted; nothing was built there.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

I did some mighty things there.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

I settled 6,600 warriors of the Hate and Tsupani countries there [19].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Ethnic composition and religion of Erebuni


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The chronicle of Argishti I tells about the settlement of Erebuni by prisoners from the country of Khati [18], namely 6,600 soldiers captured in Melitene and on the upper Euphrates, in all likelihood by proto-Armenians by ethnic affiliation, as well as by other tribes [20].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

In addition, one of the temples located in the fortress (the so-called Susi temple [21]) was equipped with an unusual inscription Argishti I, which mentioned the deity “Ivarsha”, never again in Urartian texts encountered.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Cuneiform inscription at the entrance to Sushi Temple


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

It was discovered in 1956.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Translation of the inscription: To God Ivarsha this house was built by Susi Argishti, the son of Menua, Argishti says: the land in this place was deserted, nothing was built there.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Argishti, a powerful king, a great king, king of the country of Biainili, the ruler of Tushpa City [22].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Based on these data, scientists suggested that the god “Ivarsha” is the Hittite-Luvian deity Immarshia, mentioned in the Hittite cuneiform inscriptions of the Bogazkoy Archive, and the temple “Susi” was built for settler soldiers from the countries of Hachi [18] and Tsupani [23].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The lack of data for this argument gave rise to an alternative theory that the Susi temple was built for the deity of the local population of the Ararat Valley, the so-called in the Urartian texts residents of the country Aza [24].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Although the question of the deity of Ivarsha remains open, scientists agree that the composition of the population of Erebuni since its inception has been multinational [4] [24] [25] [26].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Probably from the very foundation of Erebuni, the fortress also had a temple of the god Khaldi, the main god of Urartu.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

This temple occupied a much larger area than the Susi temple and was the main temple of Erebuni.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

During the final Achaemenid period of Erebuni's life, both temples were expanded and rebuilt into Persian sanctuaries.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The temple “Susi” was converted into the “Temple of Fire”, and the temple of the god Khaldi into Persian apadan [4] [27].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Erebouni Sanctuaries The foundation of the Urartian temple “Susi” and (in the foreground) the fragments of the later Persian “temple of fire”.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Urartian cuneiform writings of King Argishti I have been preserved on both sides of the entrance to the Susi temple.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The restored wall of the temple of the god Khaldi with wall paintings and peristyle elements.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The bases of the columns in the foreground are the remains of Persian apadana.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The heyday of Erebuni (782—735 BC)


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The foundation of the city of Erebuni achieved its goal: the Urartians successfully settled in the Ararat Valley.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

For the first six years, Erebuni remained the only Urartian city in the Ararat Valley, but in 776 BC.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Argishti I founded Argishtikhinili, another large city near modern Armavir.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The device of Argishtikhinili demonstrates that this city solved mainly economic, and not military tasks.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Thus, six years after the founding of Erebuni, the Urartians were firmly entrenched in the Ararat Valley and reaped the fruits of their economic activities.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The canals laid by Argishti I provided the lands with the necessary irrigation, and the fertile lands of the valley began to bring rich harvests.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

In the period from 782 to 735 BC. e.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

During the reign of Argishti I and his son Sarduri II, several large granaries were built in Erebuni.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Such construction in neighboring Argishtikhinili was even larger, and Erebuni retained military power and strength in the region [28].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Examples of cuneiform inscriptions about the construction of granaries in Erebuni


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The inscriptions were discovered during archaeological excavations in 1967-1968 on the stones laid in the foundation of the premises.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

They are kept in the Erebuni Museum in Yerevan.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Translation of the inscription: Argishti, son of Menua, filled this granary; there are 10 thousand 100 kapis [29].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Translation of the inscription: With the greatness of the god Khaldi Sarduri, son of Argishti, poured this granary; 10 thousand 100 kapi here [29].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The Decline of Erebuni (735-600 BC)


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The cloudless period of Erebuni's existence ended with the beginning of the sunset of Urartu.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

In 735 BC


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Sarduri II on the opposite western end of the country from Erebuni was defeated by the Assyrian king Tiglatpalasar III.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

This defeat was a turning point in the history of Urartu.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

From about 735 BC


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Urartu gradually lost its power and its possessions.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Although the armies of Assyria, Urartu's eternal rival, never penetrated into the Urartian possessions in Transcaucasia, the subsequent years of confrontation with Assyria greatly weakened the Urartian army.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

On the other hand, since the reign of Sarduri II's son, Rusa I, attacks by Cimmerians from the north-east of the Urartian possessions on the Ararat Valley have become more frequent.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

As a result, economic activity in Ararat Valley stopped its calm and peaceful development, and administrative reforms were carried out that slowed down development and changed the status of Erebuni and neighboring Argishtikhinili [25].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Nevertheless, both cities continued to exist at least until the fall of Assyria (609 BC) and the reign of Rusa III, son of Erimena (reign ca. 605—595 BC).


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The positions of Urartu in the former center of the country, near Lake Van, under Ruse III were greatly shaken, and the Urartian administrative center was forced to shift to Transcaucasia.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

These events briefly breathed new life in Erebuni, and the inscriptions of Rusa III about the construction of new granaries in Argishtikhinili and Erebuni have been preserved.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

An inscription from the times of Rusa III about the construction of a granary in Erebuni


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

It was discovered in 1968 on Arin-Berd Hill.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

It is kept in the Erebuni Museum in Yerevan, Armenia.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Translation of the inscription:... Rusa, Hermine's son, filled this granary.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

There are 6848 grain drops here [29].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

However, soon, after a short period of revival, the Urartian army leaves Erebuni without a fight and another Urartian city of Transcaucasia, Teishebaini, becomes the capital of the ever-weakening Urartu [25].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The archaeologists who carried out the excavations found neither the Urartian cultural layer in the Erebuni fortress, nor traces of fire or other military destruction [4].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

On the other hand, during the excavations of Teishebaini, many items that were previously stored in Erebuni were discovered.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The Urartian history of Erebuni ends there, and after a short time, having lost military support to Erebuni, Argishtikhinili dies [28], then Teishebaini and the Urartian state are stormed and burned ceases to exist.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The Achaemenid Period in the History of the Fortress (5th—6th Centuries BC)


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

It is likely that the fact that the Urartians left Erebuni without a fight made it possible to preserve the fortress for its subsequent inhabitants [4].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

According to archaeological findings in the 5th—6th centuries BC


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

some of the buildings of the fortress were rebuilt, and a Persian-style temple appeared on the territory of the fortress [30].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

In addition, archaeologists discovered silver items of the post-Urartian period on the territory of the fortress, and in 1956, two Miletus coinage coins of the 4th century BC were discovered.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

In addition, iron horse bits, probably of Iranian origin, were found in the upper cultural layer of the fortress [31].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

These data and findings suggest that Erebuni was still alive during the times of the Achaemenids.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

During this period, the territory where Erebuni was located was sometimes called “Armenia” in both Greek and Persian sources, but was divided between 13 and 18 satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Scientists suggest that Erebuni was used as a stronghold of the Achaemenid Empire for at least a century after the fall of Urartu.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

After 4th century BC


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

life in the Erebuni fortress is finally frozen [4] [25].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Items from the treasure of silver items from the Achaemenid era


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The treasure was discovered in 1968 on Arin-Berd Hill.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

It is kept in the Erebuni Museum in Yerevan, Armenia.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Silver rhytons of the Achaemenid era combine elements of Eastern, Ancient Greek and Urartian art [32].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

City structure


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The city of Erebuni consisted of a citadel located on the top of Arin-Berd Hill, as well as city blocks located at the foot of the hill.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The total area of the city was 200 hectares [33].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

In addition, archaeologists have discovered the remains of Urartian ceramics on the tops of two neighboring small hills, so it is possible that their peaks were also part of the ancient city [26].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Unfortunately, by the middle of the 20th century, the possible territory of the city blocks was included in the suburbs of Yerevan and was intensively built up, and therefore poorly preserved for archaeologists [16].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

At the same time, researchers note that unlike other Urartian cities of Transcaucasia (Teishebaini, Argishtikhinili), the Erebuni fortress was not intended for close integration with urban buildings, which is probably due to its original military purpose [4].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Scientists believe that the location of Erebuni was due exclusively to military-strategic considerations: both the Ararat Valley and most roads are clearly visible from the Arin-Berd hill, taking place in the region [34].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Fortress arrangement


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The fortress (citadel) of Erebuni had a triangular shape and occupied the top of Arin-Berd Hill about 65 meters high.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

During the construction of the fortress, the hilltop was artificially leveled.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The total area of the citadel was about 8 hectares.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The foundation of the fortress was built of basalt blocks stacked on a leveled rock that forms the basis of the hill.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The only access to the fortress was located at its southeastern part, the rest of the slopes of Arin-Berd are too steep.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

This is where the main gate of the fortress was located, in the foundation of which in 1958 an inscription by Argishti I about the foundation of Erebuni was discovered [4].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The interior of the fortress


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

In the fortress, the palace part stands out, located to the left of the main gate.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Erebuni Palace was located on the south-western side of the fortress (overlooking Mount Ararat) and was probably regularly used by the kings of Urartu.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

On the territory of the palace part there was the Susi temple, a peristyle courtyard, utility rooms, which included two wine storerooms filled with karas [4].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

To the right of the main gate was the inner courtyard of the fortress measuring 14×17 meters and the adjacent temple of the god Khaldi.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The temple included a colonnade and a multi-level tower-type room resembling a small ziggurat.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Other sections of the fortress housed granaries, other utility rooms, as well as dwellings of the military garrison guarding the fortress.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

As in other Urartian cities, there were several wine storerooms in Erebuni, the largest of which, measuring 13×38 meters, contained 100 wine caras.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

According to various estimates, the total capacity of Erebuni wine storerooms ranged from 750 to 1750 liters [35].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

During the Achaemenid period, the temple “Susi” and the temple of the god Khaldi were rebuilt into Persian structures: the “Temple of Fire” and “Apadan”, respectively, called by archaeologists Erebuni for their similarity with the same name Persian buildings in Susa and Persepolis [36].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Fortress architecture


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The outer fortress wall consisted of a 2 meter high plinth made of basalt stones (sometimes tuff was also used as foundation stones) and a wall made of raw bricks, about Seven meters.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The fortress wall was reinforced every 8 meters with buttresses of five meters wide.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

In some places, the total height of the walls reached 12 meters.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Clay mortar was used to bond stones and mud bricks.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

A blind area was made around the fortress walls from the outside, further strengthening the foundation and allowing the guards to make rounds of the fortress [37].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The walls of the fortress of ErebuniThe foundation of the outer wall with protruding buttresses.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The preserved blind area on the south wall.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Wall structure: stone base, above the wall is made of raw brick.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

(Over the centuries, the brick wall has turned into a clay mass, where you can only see the outlines of ancient masonry.)


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The foundations of the walls at the base did not have an extension, as in later Urartian buildings, for example, in Teishebaini.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Bricks were made of clay with the addition (for strength) of finely chopped straw, similar to other Urartian and Mesopotamian structures.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The brickwork was carefully bandaged, for this purpose bricks of two sizes were used: rectangular 32.3 × 47.4 × 12.5 cm and square 47.4 × 47.4 × 12.5 cm. Clay mortar was used for masonry.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The walls were plastered with clay mixed with finely chopped straw [4].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The floor in most rooms is arranged on a rock base, leveled with a clay mass screed 8-9 cm thick. A layer of bricks was laid on top of the screed, on top of which a layer of wood was laid in many rooms, reminiscent of modern parquet.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The floors were mainly made of wood, only in some cases brick arches were used.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The lower part of the inner rooms of the fortress was also made of basalt and tuff stones, the upper part was made of raw bricks.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Archaeological excavations made it possible to establish that a thick wooden beam was used as door beams, the doors were wooden and massive 12 cm thick, the roof consisted of wooden beams intertwined with reeds [4].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Architectural elements of Erebuni fortress


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Based on archaeological excavations.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The ceiling of the door of the interior, made of wooden beams.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Reconstruction based on archaeological excavations.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The roof of the interior: wooden beams covered with reeds.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Stone staircase to utility rooms.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Temple architecture


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The architecture of the temples of God Khaldi and the “Susi” temple in Erebuni differs from that of the citadel and is remarkable in its own way.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Temple of god Khaldi


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The temple of the god Khaldi in Erebuni is notable for the fact that it is the largest at least partially preserved Urartian temple building [38].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The temple of the god Khaldi was founded by Argishti I, as evidenced by a partially preserved cuneiform tablet discovered in 1968.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The temple consisted of four parts: a utility room 7.2 × 7.2 m, a large hall 7.2 × 37.0 m, a square tower with a staircase and a peristyle U-shaped courtyard.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The floor of the large hall, unlike other rooms, was made of wooden planks resembling parquet.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The peristyle courtyard of the temple is a unique structure for Urartian architecture, although it is typical for the architecture of other ancient Eastern cultures.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The roof of the yard was supported by 12 columns, and a wastewater drainage system was arranged under the floor paved with small cobblestones.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The tower with the staircase vaguely resembled a small Mesopotamian ziggurat [39], the entire temple was oriented diagonally to the cardinal points, which is also consistent with the Mesopotamian tradition.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The walls of the temple were painted with wall paintings, mostly against a blue background.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

During the Achaemenid period, half of the temple of the god Khaldi was used for household needs, and the other half became part of a large apadana.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The architecture of the Susi temple


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Susi Temple is a rectangular room with internal dimensions of 5.05 × 8.08 m, external 10.00 × 13.45 m, an area of 40 m², and was obviously intended for only a small number of visitors.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The temple was located strictly diagonally to the cardinal points, which is typical for the temples of Mesopotamia.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

There was an altar in the back of the room.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The temple was illuminated through the upper opening, which was also used to remove smoke from the sacrificial fire.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The inner walls of the temple were decorated with wall paintings.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

There was one doorway in the temple, on both sides of which there were cuneiform inscriptions of King Argishti I about the laying of the structure.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The foundation of the temple is made of larger and more carefully hewn blocks than other foundations of Erebuni, which architecturally brings it closer to the Urartian fortresses on the northern shore of Lake Van.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

In this regard, scientists suggest that the temple may have been built with the help of the Neurartic population of Erebuni (either, more likely, with the help of immigrants from the country of Khati, or with the participation of the local of the population of the country “Aza”).


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

During the Achaemenid period, the temple was also rebuilt into a Persian temple [4].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Architecture of Erebuni temples 218px218pxFragment of the peristyle courtyard of the temple of the god Khaldi, reconstruction.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The image of the god Khaldi, the wall painting of the temple, reconstruction.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Entrance to Susi Shrine


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Monumental murals


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Apparently, due to the fact that the Urartians left Erebuni without a fight, it is in this city that the monumental internal murals of the walls are best preserved, traces of which were discovered by archaeologists almost all Urartian cities [4].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The first murals were discovered in the first year of excavations, in 1950, in the temple of the god Khaldi.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

After that, archaeologists who studied Erebuni did a lot of work to preserve the fallen pieces of walls and plaster with fragments of paintings and to preserve them.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Urartian painting technology has preserved to this day the bright range of colors of wall paintings.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The surviving original fragments of the murals are kept in museums in Armenia, mainly in the Historical Museum of Armenia.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Numerous copies and reconstructions of these paintings are also exhibited in the Erebuni Museum, on the ruins of Erebuni itself and in other museums.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Monumental murals from Erebuni fortress


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

City water supply


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

As in other Urartian fortresses, water supply and drainage systems were carefully thought out and organized in the Erebuni fortress.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The water supply to the fortress was provided by an underground gravity water supply system made of round stone pipes docking each other.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The outer diameter of the pipes was 40 cm, the inner diameter was 10 cm, the joints between them were sealed with clay.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The source of water for the water pipeline was probably the springs of the Garni Mountains, located 7 km from Erebuni [40].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The remains of branches of the ancient Urartian water supply system were discovered during excavations on the Arin-Berd hill.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The water pipeline was carefully hidden and was also of strategic importance, especially in the event of a siege of the fortress [4].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The drainage of wastewater from the fortress was also carefully organized.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

For example, in the large courtyard of the fortress and in the peristyle courtyard, wells have been preserved for collecting rainwater with subsequent drainage.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Water from the fortress's water pipeline was probably not used in the city blocks, as it was not enough.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

A stone vat was found on the territory of the city, filtering water from more polluted sources [41].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The legacy of Erebuni


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

The Erebuni fortress on Arin-Berd hill is considered with some degree of convention (in the words of B. B. Piotrovsky) is the “ancient core” of modern Yerevan.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

On the one hand, the Erebuni fortress was abandoned by the Urartians in the 6th century BC.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

, and then occupied by the Persians in the 5th-4th centuries BC


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

and in the 4th century BC


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

finally abandoned [4] [25].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

It is also known that after the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great, the Greek center in Armenia was already located near modern Vagharshapat, 20 kilometers from Erebuni [16].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Thus, there is no direct connection between Erebuni, abandoned in the 4th century BC.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

, and Yerevan, first mentioned in 609 AD


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

(but perhaps existing since the 3rd century AD).


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

On the other hand, an etymological connection is possible between the words “Yerevan” (“Erivan”) and “Erebuni” (despite the initial reading of “Irpuni”), which allows for a certain connection between Erebuni and Yerevan [25].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

In addition, there is no doubt that Urartu has a cultural influence on Armenia in general and on Yerevan in particular.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Researchers also see traces of Urartu's cultural influence on the Achaemenid Empire in the reconstructions of Erebuni of the Achaemenid era and in the silverware of this time discovered in Erebuni [4] [32].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Erebuni is currently


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

All archaeological works in the Erebuni fortress, located on the top of the hill, are currently conserved.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Many objects of the fortress, including large areas of wall foundations and temple foundations, have been partially restored.


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

Some elements of the temple of the god Khaldi and the utility rooms of the fortress, where the brickwork areas have been best preserved, have been partially restored and partially reconstructed in order to demonstrate to visitors the principle of their structure in Urartian time [42].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

At the foot of the north-western part of the hill, the Erebuni Museum was opened in 1968, where finds from Erebuni itself and from neighboring Teishebaini are collected, while the originals of some of the most valuable items material culture from both cities has been replaced by copies, and the items themselves are in the Historical Museum of Armenia or in its vaults [17].


Question: Who discovered the ruins of Erebuni?

Erebuni

At the opposite slope of the hill, where urban buildings were located in Urartian times, archaeological excavations resumed in 2002, financed by the Soros Foundation, in which Armenian and Western archaeologists [17].