Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Meanwhile, Emperor Nicholas I died, and about a year later - the governor of the Kingdom of Poland, Prince Paskevich.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The reign of Alexander II and subsequent reigns


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In May 1856, Emperor Alexander II arrived in Warsaw and was greeted with great enthusiasm.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In a speech delivered to the deputation of ordinary people, the Tsar warned the Poles against dreams:


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Soon, however, the former harsh regime was somewhat eased.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The emperor allowed the publication of some of Mickiewicz's works.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Censorship stopped the prosecution of works by Slovacki, Krasinski and Lelevel.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Many political prisoners have been released.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Some emigrants have returned.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In June 1857, it was allowed to open a Medical and Surgical Academy in Warsaw, and in November it was allowed to establish an Agricultural Society, which became important centers of intellectual life.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The political mood of the Poles was strongly influenced by the unification of Italy and liberal reforms in Austria.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Young people who read Herzen and Bakunin believed that Russia was on the eve of the revolution.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Both moderates and radicals hoped for the help of Napoleon III, who wanted to see the idea of nationality as the guiding international principle.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Radicals began to hold demonstrations on every glorious occasion from Polish history.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

A grand demonstration took place on November 29, 1860, on the anniversary of the November Uprising of 1830.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

On February 27, 1861, troops shot into the crowd and killed five people.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The governor Prince Gorchakov agreed to satisfy the complaints, promised to remove police chief Trepov and allowed the establishment of a committee to manage Warsaw.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Government has agreed to a series of reforms in the spirit of autonomy.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

By decree of March 26, 1861, the State Council was restored, provincial, district and city councils were formed, it was decided to open higher educational institutions and transform secondary schools.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Marquis Alexander Velyopolsky, appointed assistant to the governor, irritated the gentry by the closure of the Agricultural Society, which caused a grandiose demonstration (April 8, 1861), which led to about 200 dead.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The revolutionary mood grew, and Velyopolsky began to vigorously implement reforms: he destroyed serfdom, replaced the corps with rent, equalized Jews in rights, increased the number of schools, improved the system teaching and established a higher education institution in Warsaw.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

On May 30, 1861, the governor Prince Gorchakov died, his successors did not sympathize with the activities of the Marquis.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

On the anniversary of Tadeusz Kosciuszko's death (November 15), churches were filled with worshipers who sang patriotic hymns.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Governor General Gerstenzweig declared a state of siege and moved troops to temples.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Blood has been shed.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The clergy considered it sacrilege and closed the churches.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Velyopolsky resigned.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Tsar accepted her, ordering him to remain a member of the State Council.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The emperor appointed his brother, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, governor, giving him Velyopolsky as an assistant in civil affairs, and Baron Ramsay in military affairs.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Kingdom of Poland was granted full autonomy.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The radicals, or “Reds”, did not stop their activities, however, and moved from demonstrations to terror.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Attempts were made on the life of the Grand Duke.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Moderates, or “whites”, did not sympathize with the “red”, but they also differed from Velyopolsky.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

He wanted to restore the Constitution of 1815, while the “moderates” thought about combining all the lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into one with the constitutional structure.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

White intended to make an address in the highest name, but Velyopolsky opposed it.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

White leader Zamoisky was ordered to emigrate.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

This finally shook the “whites” away from Velyopolsky.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

A revolutionary explosion was approaching, which Velyopolsky decided to prevent by recruiting.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The calculation turned out to be bad.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The uprising broke out in January 1863, lasted until the late autumn of 1864 and ended with the execution of the most active participants and mass expulsions of rebels.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In March 1863, Count Berg was appointed commander-in-chief, who, after the departure of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich on September 8, 1863 and the resignation of Velyopolsky, became governor.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The former police chief, General Trepov, was entrusted with the management of the police.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In early January 1864, a Committee for the Affairs of the Kingdom of Poland was established in St. Petersburg under the chairmanship of the Tsar himself.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

By decree of March 2 [O.S. 1864], Polish peasants acquired ownership of the arable land they cultivated.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The landowners received compensation from the treasury with so-called liquidation papers according to the assessment of the alienated lands.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

At the same time, an all-class gmina was established.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The Department of Affairs of the Catholic Clergy is provided to the Commission of Internal Affairs, the director of which is Prince Cherkassky.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

All church property was confiscated and almost all monasteries were closed.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

According to the charter of 1865, the Catholic Church in the Kingdom of Poland was divided into 7 dioceses — Plock, Lublin, Sandomierz, Keletskaya, Augustow, Kuyavian-Kalisz and Podlasie; in 1867 Podlasie the diocese is connected to Lublin.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The clergy began to receive salaries from the treasury.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Since 1871, it has been subordinate to the Department of Foreign Confessions of the Ministry of the Interior.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In 1875, the Union was abolished in the Kingdom of Poland and a new (Kholm) Orthodox diocese was founded.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

At the same time, changes were made in the civil administration.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In 1866, a charter on provincial and district administration was issued: 10 provinces (instead of five) and 84 districts.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In 1867, the Council of State was abolished, and in 1868 the administrative council and government commissions (confessions and education, finance and internal affairs) were abolished.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The cases have been transferred to the relevant general imperial institutions in St. Petersburg.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In the spirit of the complete merger of the Kingdom of Poland with the Russian Empire, reforms were also carried out in the field of education.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In 1872, the Polish General Imperial Charter on Gymnasiums of 1871 was extended to the Kingdom of Poland.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

A general imperial judicial organization has also been introduced, with an important exception: the region did not receive a jury trial.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Since 1871, the publication of the Diary of the Laws of the Kingdom of Poland has been suspended, as the general imperial rules for the promulgation of legislative resolutions began to apply to the country.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The use of the Russian language has been introduced in administration, legal proceedings and teaching.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Attempts are being made to translate the Polish language into Cyrillic.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

After the death of Count Berg in 1874, Count Kotzebue received the post of chief of the region and commander-in-chief of the Warsaw Military District, with the title of Governor-General; then the region was ruled by generals Albedinsky (1880—1883), Gurko (1883—1894), Count Shuvalov (1894—1896), Prince Imeretinsky (1896—1900) and M. AND. Chertkov (1900—1905).


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

From the Revolution of 1905—1907 to the First World War


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

During the revolution of 1905—1907, mass anti-government protests took place in the Kingdom of Poland, representatives of Russian liberal organizations put forward a demand for the restoration of the autonomy of the Kingdom Polish, Polish parties, depending on the degree of their radicalism, fought for autonomy or independence.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In the State Duma and in the State Council of the Russian Empire, deputies from the Kingdom of Poland formed a political association — the “Polish Kolo”.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In 1912, the Kholm province was separated from the provinces of the Kingdom of Poland, where a significant number of Ukrainians lived.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The end of the Kingdom of Poland


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

On August 14, 1914, Nicholas II promised, after the victory in the war, to unite the Kingdom of Poland with the Polish lands, which will be taken away from Germany and Austria-Hungary, into an autonomous state in union with the Russian empire [5].


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The war created a situation in which Poles, Russian subjects, fought against Poles serving in the Austro-Hungarian and German armies.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The pro-Russian National Democratic Party of Poland led by Roman Dmowski considered Germany the main enemy of Poland, its supporters considered it necessary to unite all Polish lands under the Russian control with obtaining the status of a state in union with the Russian Empire.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Anti-Russian supporters of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) believed that the way to Poland's independence lay through the defeat of Russia in the war.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

A few years before the outbreak of the First World War, police leader Jozef Pilsudski began military training for Polish youth in Austro-Hungarian Galicia.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

After the outbreak of the war, he formed Polish legions as part of the Austro-Hungarian army.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

During the offensive of the German and Austro-Hungarian armies in the spring and summer of 1915, the Kingdom of Poland was under German-Austrian occupation.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

In its place, the occupiers proclaimed on November 5, 1916 the short-lived puppet Kingdom of Poland (1916-1918), from which Germany planned to seize the western part (almost 30,000 km²) after the war , the so - called “Polish border strip”.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

This entity was not recognized by anyone other than the central powers that occupied it.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

After the February 1917 Revolution in the Russian Empire, the Provisional Government of Russia announced on 16 (29) March 1917 that it would promote the creation of the Polish State on all lands, populated in the majority by Poles, provided that he concludes a “free military alliance” with Russia.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

The October Revolution of 1917 in Russia and the defeat of the German Empire and Austria-Hungary in the First World War led to the final disappearance of the Kingdom of Poland and the creation of an independent Polish states.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Governors of the Kingdom of Poland


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

March 22, 1832 — January 20, 1856 — Adjutant General, Field Marshal Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

January 20, 1856 — May 18, 1861 — Adjutant General, Artillery General Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

May 16 — August 1, 1861 — Artillery General Nikolai Onufrievich Sukhozanet, acting


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

August 6 — October 9, 1861 — Adjutant General, Cavalry General Karl Karlovich Lambert


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

October 9, 1861 — May 1862 — Infantry General Alexander Nikolaevich Leaders


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

October 11 — October 27, 1861 — Artillery General Nikolai Onufrievich Sukhozanet, acting


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

May 27, 1862 — October 19, 1863 — Adjutant General, Admiral General Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

May 1863 — January 6, 1874 — Adjutant General, Field Marshal, Count Fedor Fedorovich Berg


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

See also


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Seven Generals Monument


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Army of the Kingdom of Poland


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Russification of Poland


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Formation of the Russian Empire territory


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Notes


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Literature


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Hirschberg, “Bibljografja powstania 1830—1831” (detailed references to works related to the history of the period 1815—30 are given here. );


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

J. Bojasiński, “Rządy tymczasowe w Królestwie Polskiem. Maj-Grudzień 1815” (“Monografie w zakresie dziejów nowo żytnych”, Varsh., 1902);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

F. Skarbek, “Królestwo polskie od epoki początku swego do rewolucyi listopadowej” (h. II and h. (III);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Królestwo Polskie po rewolucyi listopadowej (Poznan, 1877);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

M. Mochnacki, “Powstanie narodu polskiego” (ed. 3, Berlin-Poznan, 1863, vol. I—III);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

St.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Barzykowski, “Historya powstania listopadowego” (Poznan, 1883-84, vol. I—V);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

memoirs by L. Dembovsky, G. Dembinsky and others.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Al.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Hirschberg, “Zbiór pamiętników do historyi powstania 1830-31” (Lviv, 1882);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

E. Minkowiecki, Spis pamiętników (Krakow, 1882);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Ag.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Giller, “Historya powstania narodu polskiego w 1861-1864” (4 t.. P., 1867—1871; describes the period from the November uprising to the uprising of 1863. );


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

N. IN. Berg, Notes on Polish Conspiracies and Uprisings (1873);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

IN. Limanowski, “Historya demokracyi polskiej w epoce porozbiorowej” (Zurich, 1901);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

kn.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Shcherbatov, “Field Marshal General Prince Paskevich, His Life and Work” (vol. V; describes the period 1832—1847);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

H. Lisicki, “Aleksandr Wielopolski” (Krakow, 1878-79, vol. I—IV; in the first volume of the biography, in the rest documents and works of Velyopolsky; in addition, the 4th volume contains an essay on the history of the period 1815—1830 under the title. Przyczyny powstania roku 1830-31);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Vl.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Spasovich, “The Life and Politics of Marquis Velyopolsky” (1882);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Wł.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Grabieński, “Dzieje narodu polskiego” (h. II, Krakow, 1898);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Z.L.S., “Historya dwóch lat” (5 tt., 1892-1896); “Ostatnie chwile powstania styczniowego” (4 vols. );


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

St.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Koźmian, “Rzecz about roku 1863" (3 vols. );


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Sz.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Askenazy, “Sto lat zarządu w Królestwie Polskiem 1800-1900” (2nd ed., 1902);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Η.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Υ.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

(Β. Limanowski), “Stuletnia walka narodu Polskiego o niepodległość”;


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

the unnamed author of “Dwadzieścia pięć lat Rosyi w Polsce” (the period after the January uprising);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

A. Lewicki, “Zarys historyi polskiej az do najnowszych czasow” (Krakow, 1897);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

“Wydawnictwo materyałow do Historyi powstania r. 1863—1864” (5 tons, Lviv, 1898—1894);


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

unnamed author, “Historya ruchu narodowego od 1861-1864 r.” (2 vols., Lviv, 1882).


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Rudnev Ya.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

AND. — MOSCOW, 1904.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

— 174 p.: Il.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

, k.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Sergeenkova, V. IN. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815 and the Polish-Belarusian-Ukrainian borderland/V. IN. Sergeenkova//Chalavek.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Ethnas.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Terytoryya.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Prablema razvitsya zakhodnyaga regien of Belarus: materyyaly Mizhnar.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

navuk.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

-practical kanf.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

, Brest, handsome 1998: at 2 hours - Brest: out.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Lavrova Publ., 1998.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

— H 2.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

— P. 75—80.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Sergeenkova, V. IN. The Kingdom of Poland in the 30s and 50s XIX century/V. IN. Sergeenkova//Materyaly kanf.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

, prysvechanay 65-year gistarychnaga faculty.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

— Minsk: BDU, 2000.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

— P. 123—126.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Luferchik, Ye.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

G. The Kingdom of Poland in 1815—1830: Political Development in the Context of Constitutional Parliamentarism/E.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

G. Luferchik//Socio-political, historical and philosophical aspects of scientific knowledge.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Ser.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

“The Edge of Science” [Electronic resource] /Ed.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

A. IN. Golovinova, M. S. Rechkova; Publishing house “Sisyphus” by D. S. Petrova.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

— An electron.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

dan.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

and prog.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

(1.6 MB).


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

— Barnaul, 2011.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

— Vol.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

— P. 31-36.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

— 1 electron.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

opt.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

disc (CD-ROM).


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Sidorov A. A. The Polish Uprising of 1863.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

— SPb.: 1903.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

References


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

IN. D. Spasovich, E.


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Pilz


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Category:History of the Russian Empire


Question: Who was the first head of the Polish society “Education”?

Kingdom of Poland

Category:Personal unions


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants (Latin: Elephantidae) are a family of mammals of the proboscis order.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Currently, this family includes the largest terrestrial mammals.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Description


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants are the largest land animals on Earth.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

They live in Southeast Asia and Africa in tropical forests and savannas.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

There is a fat pad in the center of the elephant's foot, which every time the elephant lowers its leg, “flattens”, increasing the support area.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants have tusks on the upper jaw — modified incisors that grow throughout the life of the animal.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Usually elephants either have two tusks or do not have them at all (African elephants have tusks both males and females, Indian elephants have only males).


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

With the help of tusks, they peel off the bark from trees and loosen the ground in search of salt, as well as wound predators.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

To protect themselves from parasites, elephants often pour liquid mud.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The dried mud crust serves as a good protection against insects and promotes the healing of wounds on the skin.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The elephant's characteristic organ is the trunk, formed from the nose and upper lip and ending in one or two processes.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The nostrils located at the end of the trunk serve as an organ of smell; the trunk serves as a grasping organ, allowing the elephant to pick up small objects from the ground and pick fruits from high branches; when drinking, the elephant draws water into the trunk and then pours it into the mouth.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Also, with the help of a trunk, an elephant can take a shower in extreme heat, drenching itself with water, dust or the same dirt.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants are illegally hunted because of their tusks used in jewelry and crafts (the international sale of ivory has been prohibited since 1989 by the CITES agreement) [1].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

To prevent complete destruction, elephants were listed in the International Red Book.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In a number of African countries, where the elephant population is quite high, expensive trophy hunting and safari for elephants is allowed under licenses in hunting reserves [2].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The proceeds are used to finance the protection of parks and reserves, the meat of killed elephants is eaten.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

It was mistakenly believed that tusks of dead elephants are not found in the African savannas and jungles.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

There is even a legend that elephants go to mysterious and impregnable elephant cemeteries to die.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

However, Bernhard Grzhimek, a West German zoologist and researcher of African animals, refuted this myth [3].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Since the colonial period, the tusks of killed or dead elephants were immediately broken by the local population for sale to Europeans, which was the reason for legends about the absence of tusks in dead elephants [3 ].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Contrary to popular belief, an elephant has only two kneecaps and elephants do not know how to jump [4].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The ears of modern elephants have thick bases and thin edges.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The auricles are permeated with numerous blood vessels - capillaries.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The blood entering the capillaries gives off heat to the environment, thereby creating a mechanism for thermoregulation.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The large surface area of the auricles allows elephants to effectively get rid of excess heat.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Waving your ears increases the cooling effect.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

African elephants living in a hotter climate than Indian elephants have, respectively, larger auricles [5].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants hear well at low frequencies, up to infrasound, but their hearing sensitivity is greatest at a frequency of about 1 [6].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants have an ear for music and musical memory, are able to distinguish three-note melodies, violin music and low bass and horn sounds are preferred to high flute melodies [7].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants are social animals.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

They usually form groups of females and young, led by an old and experienced female.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Males form separate herds.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

An adult male can temporarily join a herd with females that has at least one female ready to conceive.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

During this time, the strongest male is determined in fights for her.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Communication


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Tactile contact is an important aspect of communication among elephants.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Individuals greet each other by stroking or wrapping around their trunks.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The last gesture is also found in situations of easy competition.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Older individuals punish the younger ones with blows of the trunk, legs, or push them.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Individuals of all genders and ages touch each other's mouths, temporal glands, and genitals when they meet or are excited, which allows them to perceive signals based on chemical secretions.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Tactile contact is especially important in communication between elephants and baby elephants.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

When moving, the mother constantly touches the cub with its trunk, legs or tail, depending on whether the cub is in front of her, next to her, or behind her.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The baby elephant, which needs rest, is pressed against the mother's front legs, and if it is hungry, it will touch her udder or legs [8].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Visual communication in elephants mainly involves aggression.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants try to appear more threatening by raising their heads and spreading their ears.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

To this, if necessary, can be added swinging the head, flapping ears and throwing land and vegetation.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Excited elephants lift their trunk up.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Individuals who are ready to obey lower their heads and trunk, and their ears are pressed to their necks, and those who accept the challenge stretch their ears [9].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants make various sounds, mainly through the larynx, although some can be modified by the trunk.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The most famous elephant sound is trumpet.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants blow in a state of excitement, suffering and threat [10].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The fighting elephants roar and scream, the wounded also roar, but in a different way [11].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

With some excitement, elephants make a characteristic rumble [12], which in its tone goes into infrasound [13].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Infrasound urges are of particular importance when communicating over long distances [10].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Indian elephants are capable of making sounds with a frequency of 14-24 Hz, with a sound intensity of 85 to 90 dB for 10-15 seconds [13].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

African elephants, on the other hand, are able to make sounds with a frequency of 15-35 Hz, with a force of up to 117, which spread for many kilometers (possibly up to 10) [14].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Many different types of infrasound signals have been identified in Amboseli National Park (Kenya, Africa), where research on elephant communication methods was conducted.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Members of the family group make a welcome rumble after a few hours of separation.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The call signs of individuals separated from their group sound like quiet, unmodulated sounds.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The response of the group members begins loudly and gradually subsides.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The quiet roar of the elephant, the matriarch of the herd, can mean a “go” signal intended for the rest of the individuals, as it is time to move to a new point.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Males in the must state make a special low-frequency pulsating rumble.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

This rumble can also be answered by a low-frequency chorus of females.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

A loud sound is made by a tight female after mating, and members of her family group respond to her (the so-called “mating pandemonium”) [12].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants use so-called seismic communication — vibrations caused by impacts on the ground and sound waves passing through it.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Presumably, seismic signals pass into the middle ear of the elephant through the bones of the forelimbs.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Listening to seismic signals, elephants transfer weight to their front legs and freeze for a while.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants can find several adaptations to seismic communication, including in the structure of the foot pads and the structure of the auditory canal [15].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants use this method of communication for several purposes.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

An individual running or simulating running can create vibrations that can be detected at long distances [16].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

After catching a seismic alarm, which may mean the approach of a predator, elephants stand in a protective stance, and family groups gather together.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Seismic waves caused by motion propagate over a distance of more than 30 km [17].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Intelligence Level


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants can identify themselves in a mirror image, which is considered a sign of self-awareness, which has also been demonstrated in some monkeys and dolphins [18].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

One study conducted on a female Indian elephant raised in captivity showed that these animals are able to remember and distinguish between many visual and some sound pairs.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Repeated testing a year later showed good results again, which indicates a developed memory [19].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants are among the few species of animals that use tools.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

One observation of an Indian elephant showed that it used branches as fly swatters [20].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

However, elephants are inferior to chimpanzees in their ability to create tools.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants have a good memory as their ability to track the whereabouts of members of their family group [21].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Researchers have not yet come to a consensus on how elephants are able to experience emotions.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Observations indicate that there is a certain ritual associated with death.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In addition, elephants are interested in skulls and tusks of their species, regardless of the degree of kinship [22].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

A dying or dead elephant receives increased attention from its individuals and not only its family group [23].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Grading


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The elephant family has three [24] (previously only two [25]) modern elephant species belonging to two genera, and several ancient extinct genera [26] [27]:


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

, went extinct at the end of the ice age about 10,000 years ago.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant fossils have been known since the Early Miocene [26].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Meals


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In natural conditions, the diet of elephants directly depends on the region of their habitat.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants living in southern India, for example, like to chew ficus foliage, while elephants living in Zimbabwe consume completely different plants.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants also change their food source depending on the drought or rainy seasons.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In general, the diet of these animals includes the leaves, bark and fruits of various trees, grass that meets their need for minerals.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Grass and hay are the main food for elephants in captivity.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants' favorite treat is a variety of sweet fruits, such as apples and bananas.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

From vegetables, elephants love carrots.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Cookies and bread are also very popular.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants, like humans, love candy of different varieties.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

And just like humans, elephants are at risk of overeating sweets.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

As a result, the animal has health problems.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The elephant is getting fat, its behavior becomes unnatural: the animal walks along the fence staggered, waiting for the arrival of visitors with the long-awaited sweets.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In one day, the elephant consumes about 300 kg of leaves and grass that contain a high percentage of moisture.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

This applies to elephants living on the loose.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In captivity, an adult elephant eats about 30 kg of hay, 10 kg of vegetables, 10 kg of bread.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Depending on the air temperature, an elephant drinks from 100 to 300 liters of water in one day [28].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Human interaction


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

domestication


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Indian elephants are well tamed, while African elephants are rarely tamed (for example, Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo, created in the early 20th century and which existed before the 1970s) [29] [30].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants are used as a vehicle in difficult terrain, in household, logging, loading operations, in photo hunting (tourist safari) for tigers and leopards (on their backs drovers and tourists are located), as well as in the circus.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Despite the possibility of training, cases of elephant attacks on humans have been reported: in the United States, the circus elephant Topsy was sentenced to death for the murder of three people, and on September 13, 1916 in the state Tennessee, an elephant named Mary, who ran over several people, was executed without trial by hanging.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants at war


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants were tamed and used for military purposes for the first time in India (it is widely known that the troops of Alexander the Great clashed with war elephants there).


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Later, elephants were used both in the army of Alexander and in the Hellenistic states.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

It is worth noting that in combat, elephants are effective mainly as intimidating an enemy unfamiliar with elephants, since an enemy familiar with them could effectively counter them.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In addition, in the heat of battle, elephants sometimes ceased to distinguish between friends and foes.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The etymology of the word “elephant”


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The word elephant goes back to the Proto-Slavic form*slon, the origin of which has not been established [31].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Some scientists believe that the word “elephant” is of Turkic-speaking origin [31] [32].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

For more information on word etymology, see the Wiktionary article.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The image of an elephant in culture


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In Russian, an elephant is associated with large size and visibility (making an elephant out of a fly, I didn't even notice an elephant), clumsiness (an elephant in a china shop), heavy weight (you stomp like an elephant), strength, self-confidence, invulnerability (like a grain to an elephant, a pachyderm like an elephant), pleasantness and usefulness (distribution of elephants), foreign origin (“Russia is the birthplace of elephants”) [33].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The Bugatti Royale Type 41 was decorated with an elephant figure on the radiator plug [34].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The symbol of Makhachkala's Sahab gymnasium is an elephant [35].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Beverage logos


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The elephant is depicted on the logo of the Moscow Tea Factory [36]


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The logo of Hindu Kush coffee is an elephant.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Indian elephant tea [37].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant Tea (Williamson Tea) [38].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Three elephants tea.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In heraldry


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The flag of the white elephant was the national contribution of Siam (Thailand) in 1855—1916 with the image of a white elephant (royal symbol) on the red flag [39] [40].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The coat of arms of India depicts an elephant.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Coventry City Coat of Arms [41].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Coat of arms of swaziland [42]


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Coat of arms of Congo [43]


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The coat of arms of the Central African Republic.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Coat of arms of the Srednekolymsky ulus (1967—2006) [44].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Bangkok Flag and Seal [45]


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The coat of arms of Ivory Coast (the name of the country in French means Ivory Coast) [46].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Coat of arms of Kobrin rural settlement [47].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Hannibal's coat of arms.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The family coat of arms of Abram Petrovich Hannibal, the legendary great-grandfather of A. S. Pushkin along the mother's line-Suida estate.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In bonistics


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The elephant was depicted on the country's banknotes:


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Vietnam: 1000 VND.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Djibouti: 100 francs.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Zambia: 200 and 500 kwachas.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Zimbabwe: $20, $500 and $5,000,000,000,000.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

India: Rs 10.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Cameroon: 1,000 francs.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Congo: 5 and 100 francs.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Laos: 1000 kips.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Malawi: 200 kwacha.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Myanmar: 200 and 5,000 kyats.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Sudan: 50 francs.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Sudan: 50 piastres.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Tanzania: 10,000 shillings.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Central African Republic: 1000 francs.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Sri Lanka: 1000 rupees.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Ethiopia: 100 thalers.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

South Africa: 20 rand [48].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In numismatics


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The coins depicted elephants from the following countries:


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Australia: $1 [49].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Benin: 1,000 CFA francs (2014, silver) [50].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Belgian Congo: 1 CFA franc (1943), 2 francs (1943), 5 francs (1947).


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Gabon: 1000 CFA francs (2013, silver) [51].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Ghana: 100 cedis (2013, silver) [52].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Spain: 10 euro (2011, silver) [53] [54]


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Italy: 50 euros (2014, gold) [55].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Canada: $5 and $20 (2014, silver) [56].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

China: 10,000 yuan (2014, gold) [57].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

One coin weighs 1 kg.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Malawi: 20 kwachas (2011, silver) [58].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Niue: 1 dollar (2011, silver) [59], 1 dollar (2012, silver) [60].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Palau: $5 (2013, silver) [61]


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Republic of the Congo: 1000 CFA francs (2010, silver) [62].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Russia: 100 rubles (1992, gold) [63].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Rwanda: 1000 CFA francs (2007, silver+gold) [64].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Somalia: 50 shillings (2013, bimetal) [65], 100 shillings (2013, silver) [66] [67].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Tanzania: 1500 shillings (2013, gold) [68].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Togo: 1000 CFA francs (2011, silver) [69].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Tuvalu: 50 cents (in 2014, the Australian Mint of St. Perth, commissioned by the Government of Tuvalu, produced a silver coin of the “Motherly Love” series) [70]


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

South Africa: 20 cents (2002, silver) [71], 20 cents (2011, silver) [72]


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In sculpture


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Monument to the Pink Elephant (Pereslavl-Zalessky).


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Monument to the Pink Elephant (Rostov-on-Don) [73].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Sculpture “From a Smile” (Kemerovo) [74].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant and Pug Bas-relief (Moscow) [75]


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant Monument (Samara) [76].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant Monument (Vienna) [77].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Three-headed elephant statue (Bangkok) [78].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The largest elephant monument in the world.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Three statues of three-headed elephants guarding the monk (Wat Huay Mongkol Temple) [79].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant sculpture (Beijing) [80].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant and Blind Sages Monument (Bonn) [81].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant Monument (Chicago) [82].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Sculpture “Features of gravity for an elephant” (Paris) [83].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Sculpture “Elephant in the booth” (Yerevan) [84].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant Monument (Nairobi) [85].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The very first elephant monument in the world.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Monument “Indian Boy with an Elephant” (Krasnodar) [86].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant Monument (Rome) [87].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant statue (Singapur).


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant Monument (Copenhagen).


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant Monument (London).


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant Monument (Saint Petersburg).


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant Monument (Cremona).


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant House (Samara).


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Mammoth monuments


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In literature


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Sergey Baruzdin “Ravi and Shashi”.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Vladimir Chaplin “Shango”.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Leo Tolstoy “Jackals and the Elephant”.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Bernard Grzhimek “Elephant School”.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Vitaly Bianchi “Heavenly Elephant”.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In cinematography


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The White Elephant is an award from the Guild of Film Critics and Film Critics of Russia.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The White Elephant (German: Der weiße Elefant) is a German film award for children's films.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

White elephant


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

White hunter, black heart


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

tusks


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Bob and the elephant


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

More than life


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Water for elephants!


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Eva's Magical Adventure


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Surviving Skeleton Shores


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

And here comes Bumbo...


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Operation Dumbo


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant and rope


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Soldier and elephant


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant solo with orchestra


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Jerry and Jumbo


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Animated


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Babar


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The Great Elephant Battle with the Whale


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephant Rhino War


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Dumbo


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Free Jimmy


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

A Tale of a Good Elephant


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Baby Elephant


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Babar baby elephant


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Baby elephant got sick


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Baby elephant and letter


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Tourist elephant


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Wrapper (Primitive Story)


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Horton


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Miracle Castle


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

I can hear you


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

I'm waiting for a baby bird


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In music


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

A song about a white elephant (Vladimir Vysotsky, 1972).


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Seven elephants (Vladimir Bolotin, 1978).


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Pink elephant (Evgeny Osin).


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In phaleristics


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Order of the White Elephant (Thai: Order of the White Elephant) is a state award of the Kingdom of Thailand, an order awarded for military and civilian merits [88].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The Order of the Elephant (Danish: Elefantordenen) is Denmark's highest national award.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Famous elephants


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Batyr


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Guruvayur Keshavan


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Jumbo


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Castor & Pollux


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Kosik


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Lin Wang


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Mary


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Topsy


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Hanako


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Hanno


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Hansken


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Interesting facts


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

In the United States, the circus elephant Topsy was sentenced to death for the murder of three people and executed by electric shock on January 4, 1903, and on September 13, 1916, in Tennessee, an elephant named Big Mary, who ran over several people, was summarily hanged.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The legend of the “four elephant's knees” is not true.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The largest officially “registered” elephant weighed 12 tons.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

The elephant swims very well.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants usually travel at a speed of 2-6 km/h, but for a short time they can reach speeds of up to 35-40 km/h.


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Elephants can't jump [4].


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Notes


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Literature


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

References


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

, article


Question: How long do elephants live?

Elephants

Category:Mammal families


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Ramesses II the Great was a pharaoh of Ancient Egypt from the XIX dynasty, who ruled approximately 1279—1213 BC.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Son of Seti I and Queen Tuya.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

One of the greatest pharaohs of Ancient Egypt.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

He was mainly awarded the honorary title of Hanakhtu, that is, “Winner”.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Monuments and papyri often call it the popular nickname Sesu or Sessu.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

This is undoubtedly the same name that Manethon's tradition mentions in this way: “Setosis, also called Ramesses”.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

For the Greeks, this name turned into Sezostris, the hero of legendary tales and the world conqueror.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The number of its monuments of varying degrees of preservation in Egypt and Nubia is extremely large.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The beginning of the reign


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Accession to the throne


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Ramesses II ascended the throne on the 27th day of the third month of the yu season (that is, Drought).


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The young king was about twenty years old at that time.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Despite the huge number of monuments and documents bearing the name of Ramesses II, the history of his more than 66 years of reign is covered in sources rather unevenly.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Dated documents exist for each year of his reign, but they are extremely heterogeneous, from religious monuments to honey pots from Deir el-Medina.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Victory over Nubians and Libyans


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The change of pharaohs could, as in previous times, encourage oppressed peoples to hope for successful uprisings.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

From the first months of the reign of Ramesses, the image of the drive of Canaan prisoners to the pharaoh has been preserved, but it is somewhat conditional.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

But the uprising in Nubia was apparently so significant that it required the personal presence of the pharaoh to suppress it.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The country was pacified.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

During this campaign, 7,000 people were killed in only one sparsely populated region of Irem.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The governor of Ramesses in Nubia was able to pay him a rich tribute in the first months of his reign and was happy for this with awards and royal favor.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Perhaps at the very beginning of his reign, Ramesses also had to deal with Libyans.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

In any case, an image of his triumph over his western neighbor has been preserved, dating back to the first months of his reign.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Sherdan defeat


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

No later than the 2nd year of his reign, Ramesses defeated the Sherdans, representatives of one of the “peoples of the sea” (it is believed that they later settled the island of Sardinia).


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Egyptian inscriptions speak of enemy ships and their defeat during sleep.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

From this we can conclude that it took place at sea or on one of the Nile branches and that the warlike Sherdans were taken by surprise by the Egyptians.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Sherdan prisoners were incorporated into the Egyptian army.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

They felt, apparently, thumbs up in the service of the Pharaoh, as later images show them fighting in Syria and Palestine at the forefront of Ramesses's warriors.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Successes in internal affairs


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Certain successes have been achieved in domestic affairs.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

In the autumn of the first year of his reign, Ramesses appointed his faithful Nebunenef, who previously held the post of first priest of the Tini god Onuris (An-Hara), to the vacant place of the first priest Amon.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

In the third year of Ramesses's reign, water was finally found at a depth of 6 meters in the gold mines in Wadi Alaki, which significantly increased gold production there.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

First name


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Name typeHieroglyphic spellingTransliteration — Russian-language voweling — Translation “Horovo name”


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

(as Choir) k-nt Mrj-mt — ka-naht Meri Maat —


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

“Powerful bull loving truth” is identical to the previous C177 identical to the previous C18ck-nt Mrj-mt Nb-BW-SD-MJ-JT.F-PT-tnn —


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

“Mighty bull, loved by truth, lord of the holidays cheb-sed, like his father Bird” k-nt Mrj-r-nt Mrj-r-ptpt-st-st-nb (t) -r-bwj.fk-nt j-r-mtk-nt j-wstk-nt sm-ptjk-nt wsr-ptjk-nt wr-ptjk-nt Z-jtmk-nt -r-pš.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

fk-nt wr-ntw -r-pš.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

fk-nt wsr-pšk-n-nt wz-mtk-nt wsr-pšk-nt spd-bwjk-n-t qj-tk-nt wsr-pšk-n-n-t qj-tk-nt wsr-pšk-t-n-n-t t z-twjk-nt mn-jb m-ptjk-nt wr bw-sd mrj-twjk-nt s-S-tjwk-n-t n-r-s-tjwk-n- qw C18cwr-bw (-sd) -Mj-ttnn “Nebti Name”


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

(as Mr. Double Crown) Mk-kmt wf.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

-Swtmk-KMT wf.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

-swt R-Msj-nrw grg-twj —


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

“The brave man of Egypt who inherited foreign countries, a product of the gods that put two lands in order” O43B


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Šzp-nrj-n-prjwr-šfjt mk-kmt —


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Uer Shefit-Mek-Kemet —


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

“Dear defender of Egypt” Smn-MNW-M-JPT-RSJ (t) -n-jt.f-jmn-dj-sw-r-nst.f V71j-r-mj-tj-n-w mj-r-pš.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

f mk-mšw.fsr-pw-sw jnj-pwj-t“ Golden Name”


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

(as the Golden Choir) wsr-rnpwt -ntw — “Strong for years, great victories” identical to the previous -pš mry-twj — aa-hepesh mery-taui —


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

“Initiative and beloved in Both Countries” wsr-pš Mrj-twjw-mj-jmj-wst-wt-n-msj-swsm-pš dr-pt-9wr-ntw-r-st-st-nst-nbtwr-fw smm-pš m-ptjwf.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

-swt dr-bšw “Throne Name”


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

(as the king of Upper and Lower Egypt) WSR-Mt-R— User-Maat-ra —


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

“Powerful by Truth Ra” is identical to the previous one identical to the previous one, identical to the previousWSR-MT-RWSR-MT-RQ-WST — User-Maat-Ra Heka Huaset —


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

“Strong Truth Ra, Lord of Thebes” WSR-MT-RJW-RWSR-MT-Rwsr-Mrj-Rwsr-Mt-t-RSTP.n-RIdentical to the previousWSR-mt-rt-nb-pšidentical to the previousWSR-Mt-rt-nb-pšidentical to the previousWSR-MRT-stp.n-rptj-mj- MnWwsr-Mt-R“ Personal Name”


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

(as son of Ra) R-Msj-sw Mrj-jmn — Ra-mesi su Mery-amon —


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

“Born Ra, beloved by Amon” is identical to the previousidentical to the previousidentical to the previousidentical to the previousidentical to the previousidentical to the previousidentical previousidentical to the previousIdentical to the previousR-Msj-sw Mrj-jmn Nr-q-jwnw — Ra-mesi su Mery-amon Neter-heka-Iunu—


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

“Born Ra, loved by Amon, divine lord of Heliopolis” is identical to the previousidentical to the previous R-Msj-sw Mrj-Jmn Mrwtj-mj-jtmr-Msj-sw Mrj-Jmn WR-Mnwr-Msj-sw Mrj-Jmn WR-Mnwr-Msj-sw Mrj-jmnss (j) -sw mrj-jmnss-swsw


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Diodorus of Sicily calls Ramesses II Osimandius (Ancient Greek: Sumandia) [1], apparently raising this name from the throne name of Ramesses - User-Maat-ra (or “Uashmuariya”, as the Semites wrote).


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Hittite War


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The first hike


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Having thus strengthened the state, Ramesses began to prepare for a big war with the Hittites.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Since Ramesses called the “second expedition” the campaign that ended with the Battle of Kadesh in his 5th year of reign, it can be assumed that the stele erected in Year 4 at Nahr el-Kelb, north of Beirut, is a reminder of the first campaign.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Despite the fact that almost the entire text is lost, the image of Ra-Khorakhti reaching out to the king leading the prisoner allows us to talk about a military event.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Apparently, in the 4th year of his reign, Ramesses undertook his first campaign to Western Asia, aimed at subjugating the sea coast of Palestine and Phoenicia, as a necessary prerequisite for further successful fighting the Hittites.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

During this campaign, Ramesses took the city of Berit and reached the Eleutheros River (El Kebira, “Dog River”), where he erected his memorial stele.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The fact that Nahr el-Kelb is located in the territory occupied by the Amurru tribes probably indicates the subordination of King Ammur Benteshin to the Egyptian authorities.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

This happened primarily due to the intensification of the Hittite raids, while the Egyptian presence guaranteed at least some calm.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

It was this event that led to the declaration of war between Ramesses II and the Hittite ruler Muvatalli II: this is quite clear from the text of the treaty signed by Shaushkamuya, son of Benteshin and Tudhalia, son of Muvatalli.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Battle of Kadesh


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Egyptian army


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

In the spring of the 5th year of his reign, Ramesses, having gathered more than 20,000 troops, left the border fortress of Chilu on a second campaign.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

29 days later, counting from the day of the speech from Chile, four Egyptian military units named after Amon, Ra, Ptah and Seth, each of which had about 5,000 soldiers, set up camp at a distance one crossing from Kadesh.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

One of the formations, called “well done” in Canaan (neaarim), and compiled by the Pharaoh, apparently from the most selected warriors, was sent along the sea coast even earlier, for subsequent reunification with Kadesh has the main forces.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The next day, in the morning, an army of thousands of Egyptians began crossing the Oront at Shabtun (later known to Jews as Ribla).


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Misled by Hittite infiltrators sent to the Egyptian camp, who claimed that the Hittites had retreated far north to Aleppo, Ramesses with one Amon compound that had already crossed, did not waiting for the rest of the troops to cross, he moved to Kadesh.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Hittite army


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

In the north, on a small cape at the confluence of Oronta with its left tributary, the battlements and towers of Kadesh were piled up.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

And in the plain beyond the river, northeast of the fortress, hidden by the city in full combat readiness, stood the entire army of the Hittite Kingdom and its allies.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

According to Egyptian sources, the Hittite army consisted of 3,500 chariots with three soldiers each and 17 thousand infantry.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The total number of soldiers was approximately 28 thousand.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

But the Hittite army was utterly mixed and largely mercenary.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

In addition to Hittite warriors, almost all Anatolian and Syrian kingdoms were represented in it: Artsakh, Lucca, Kitzzuvatna, Aravanna, Euphrates Syria, Karkemish, Halab, Ugarit, Nuhashshe, Kadesh, nomadic tribes and so forth.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Each of these diverse allies came under the command of their rulers, and, therefore, it was extremely difficult for Muvatalli to manage all this hoard.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

King Hatti Muvatalli had every reason to avoid fighting the Egyptians in open combat.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

It was difficult to count on such hordes to defeat the Egyptian army in open combat, united, well-trained and guided by a single will.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The ensuing sixteen years of struggle showed that Hatti's troops avoided battles in the open field and sat more in Syrian fortresses.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

In any case, none of the countless monuments of Ramesses II show a single major battle with the Hutty kingdom outside the city walls after the Battle of Kadesh.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

But the Battle of Kadesh itself proves that the Hittites hoped more for deception and surprise attack than for their military force.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The Battle


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

After crossing the Oront, the Ra compound did not wait for the Bird and Seth connections, which had not even reached the ford yet, and went north to meet the Pharaoh.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Meanwhile, south of Kadesh, out of sight of the Egyptians, concentrated the bulk of the enemy's chariot troops.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The crossing of his chariots over the Oront, apparently, took place in advance and passed unnoticed by the Egyptians.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The Ra formation in a marching order, not ready for battle, was attacked by enemy chariots, and was dispersed with lightning speed, and the chariots collapsed on the Amon formation, which was engaged in the breakdown of the camp.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Some of the Egyptian soldiers fled, and some, together with the pharaoh, were surrounded.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The Egyptians suffered huge losses.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Ramesses managed to rally his guard around him and take up all-round defense.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Ramesses was saved from inevitable defeat only by the fact that the Hittite infantry could not cross the stormy waters of Oront and did not come to the aid of their chariots.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Lucky coincidence — the unexpected appearance on the battlefield of another Egyptian formation, the one that went by the sea, somewhat rectified the situation, and the Egyptians were able to hold out until evening, when Kadesh was approached by the Bird compound.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The Hittites were forced to retreat behind Oront, receiving, in turn, damage when crossing the river.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Two brothers of the Hittite king Muvatalli, several military leaders and many other noble Hittites and their allies were killed in this battle.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The next day, in the morning, Ramesses again attacked the Hittite army, but it was not possible to defeat the enemy in this battle either.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

In any case, no source says that Pharaoh took possession of Kadesh.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The bloodless opponents were clearly unable to defeat each other.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Hittite king Muwatalli offered Pharaoh a truce, which gave Ramesses the opportunity to retreat with honor and safely return to Egypt.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The Hittite king successfully continued his actions in order to subordinate Amurra and, as a result, removed the ruler Benteshin.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The Hittites even advanced further south and captured the country of Ube (that is, the oasis of Damascus), formerly owned by Egypt.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Sources about the Battle of Kadesh


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The Battle of Kadesh greatly impressed Ramesses II, who ordered to reproduce the story of this event and grandiose panoramic “illustrations” to it on the walls of many temple complexes, including Abydos, Karnak, Luxor, Ramesseum and Abu Simbel.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The main sources that tell about what happened are three different texts: a long detailed story with lyrical digressions included — the so-called “Pentaur Poem”; a short story dedicated to to the events of the battle itself — “Report” and comments on relief compositions.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Several Hittite documents also mention the Battle of Kadesh.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Capture of Dapur


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Sources regarding the further course of the war with the Hittites are very scarce, and the order of events is not entirely reliable.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The wars in Asia that Ramesses II waged after his fifth year of reign were primarily caused by the new strengthening of the Hittite kingdom, the hostility of the Syrian north, and the loss of Amurrah.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

In his 8th year in power, Ramesses again invaded Western Asia.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The result of this campaign was the capture of Dapur.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

With the help of his sons, Ramesses besieged and took this strategically important fortress.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Ramesses considered the capture of Dapur, depicted on the walls of the Ramesseum, one of his most glorious deeds.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

He gave this feat second place after the “victory” near Kadesh.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Dapur, located, according to Egyptian texts, “in the country of Amur, in the region of the city of Tunis”, probably had already entered the Hittite Empire by this time, as some sources say about his and at the same time “in Hutty Country”.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

As usual, the attack was preceded by a battle on the plain under the fortress, and soon it itself was taken, and a representative of King Hatti came out to Ramesses, leading a calf intended as a gift to Pharaoh, accompanied by women carrying vessels and baskets of bread.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The defeat of Syria and Phoenicia


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

By the time of Ramesses II, the military art of the Egyptians had stepped far ahead compared to the slow techniques of Thutmose III, who founded the “Egyptian world power” two centuries earlier.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

He preferred to starve the fortified cities and often, failing to achieve his goal, devastated the surrounding gardens and fields in impotent anger.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

On the contrary, the wars of Ramesses II turned into a continuous seizure by attack of large and small fortresses.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

With the difficult situation in which the Egyptians found themselves in Syria-Palestine, Pharaoh could not waste time on a long siege.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The list of cities “captured by His Majesty” in Asia is preserved on the Ramesseum wall.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Many place names are poorly preserved, some are still not localized.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

In the country of Keda, possibly located on the outskirts of Anatolia, a fortified city with a magnificent princely palace was taken.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Apparently, at the same time, Acre on the Phoenician coast, Jenoam on the border with southern Lebanon, and other northern Palestinian cities were taken and looted, also mentioned in the Ramesseum list.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Although none of the documents indicate the capture of Kadesh, but due to the fact that Ramesses made conquests far north of this city, the latter was undoubtedly captured by the Egyptians.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Ramesses also took the city of Tunip, where he erected his own statue.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

But when Ramesses returned to Egypt, the Hittites again occupied Tunip, and in the 10th year of his reign, Ramesses was forced to take the city again.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Moreover, during this time, an incident happened to him again; Ramesses, for some reason, even had to fight without armor, but the information about this feat, unfortunately, is too sketchy to accurately compile have an idea of what happened to him.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

This event is mentioned in the text of the stele in the Nahr el-Kelb Valley.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The continuation of hostilities


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Apparently, during the Ramesses struggle in Syria or a little later, there was some turmoil in Palestine.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

An undated scene in Karnak depicts the subordination of the city of Ascalon.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

In 18, Ramesses fought near the city of Beit Sheana.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Between the 11th and 20th years of his reign, Ramesses was busy consolidating Egyptian rule in Palestine.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Undated military campaigns are depicted on the walls of Luxor, Karnak and Abydos.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Among the reliefs of Luxor, mention is made of the military campaign in the Moab region; it is also known that Ramesses fought with the Shasu tribes in the south of the Dead Sea in the Seir area, later renamed Edom.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

To the east of Lake Gennisaret, Ramesses placed a slab to mark his visit to the area.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The Ramesseum list mentions Bet Anat, Kanah and Merom, cities that, by biblical tradition, are located in Galilee.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Ramesses's inscriptions claim that he conquered Naharina (Euphrates regions), Nizhny Rechena (North. Syria), Arvad, Keftiu (Fr. Cyprus), Katnu.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

However, despite the large number of victories, the “world” power of Thutmose III was not fully restored: in all his endeavors Ramesses was hampered by the kingdom of Hatti, being the support of the small princes of Syria-Palestine.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Ultimately, Northern Syria and even the Amurru kingdom were left to the Hatti kingdom.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Only in the coastal strip, according to Egyptian sources, the possessions of the pharaoh reached, at least, Simira.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The Treaty of Peace between Egypt and the Hittite Kingdom


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

With the death of Muvatalli, probably in the 10th year of Ramesses II's reign, relations between Egypt and Hatti improved markedly.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Muvatalli's son, Urhi-Teshub, inherited the throne under the name Mursili III, but was soon removed by his uncle Hattusili III, who made peace with Egypt.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

It may be that the formation of a strong Assyrian power and related fears gradually contributed to the reconciliation of rivals.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

At the beginning of the winter of 21 years of the reign of Ramesses II, Ambassador Hattusili, accompanied by an Egyptian interpreter, arrived in the capital of Pharaoh Per-Ramesses and presented the Egyptian king, on behalf of his lord, a silver a plaque with a cuneiform text of the contract, certified by seals depicting King and Queen Hatti in the arms of their deities.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The treaty was translated into Egyptian and later immortalized on the walls of Karnak and Ramesseum.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The text of the agreement that Pharaoh sent to Hattusili in exchange for his plaque was also cuneiform, compiled in the then international Akkadian language.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Its fragments have been preserved in the Bogazkoy Archives.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Basically, the treaty was aimed at ensuring the mutual inviolability of possessions and providing assistance, infantry and chariots, in the event of an attack on one of the contracting parties or an uprising subjects.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Both sides have committed themselves to extraditing defectors.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

This was the first diplomatically executed agreement in world history that has survived to this day.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Whether due to the signing of this treaty or due to poor health, the period of active military campaigns of Ramesses II has come to an end.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The time of active diplomatic correspondence between the two countries has begun.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Messages from Ramesses II, his family and Vezir Paser addressed to King Hattusili III and his wife Puduhepa were found in the Bogazkoy Archives.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Egyptian doctors were often sent to the Hittite court.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Ramesses's marriage to Hittite princesses


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The consequence of the treaty, thirteen years after its signing, in the 34th year of the reign of the Egyptian pharaoh, was the marriage of Ramesses II and the eldest daughter Hattusili, who took the Egyptian name Maathornefrur (” Seeing the beauty of the Sun”, that is, Pharaoh).


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The princess became not one of the secondary wives of the king, as was usually the case with foreigners at the Egyptian court, but the “great” wife of the pharaoh.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The meeting of the future queen was arranged very solemnly.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The princess was accompanied by her father's soldiers.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

A lot of silver, gold and copper were carried in front of her, slaves and horses stretched “endlessly”, whole herds of bulls, goats and sheep moved.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

From the Egyptian side, the princess was accompanied by the “royal son Kush”.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

King Hutty's daughter “was brought to His Majesty, and she fell to His Majesty's heart.”


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

On the reliefs of the stele in Abu Simbel, which tells about this event, Hattusili III is depicted accompanying his daughter to Egypt; indeed, a letter from Ramesses II with a proposal was found in Bogazkey's archive father-in-law to visit Egypt, but it is not known for certain whether such a trip was carried out.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The second daughter of Hattucilis III also became Ramesses's wife.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

The exact date of this marriage is unknown, but it happened shortly before the death of the Hittite king, around 42 of the reign of Ramesses II.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Expanding global trade


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Peace between Egypt and Asia has been established for more than half a century, which caused an “explosion” of trade activity in the region.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

For many cities, such as Ugarit, this era was a time of unprecedented growth and economic prosperity.


Question: How many children did Pharaoh Seti I and his wife Tuya have?

Ramesses II

Since then, relations between Egypt and Asia have undergone qualitative changes.