Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

This law has survived to us in the Code of Theodosius, in which, however, it dates back to February 19, 364 (that is, 2 later after the generally accepted date of death of Jovian) and is attributed to Valentinian and Valent [66].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

In Antioch on the Oronta, Augustus was besieged by representatives of various Christian sects flocking from everywhere, hoping to attract the emperor to his interpretation of the Christian faith.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

The greatest activity was shown by Athanasius of Alexandria, a consistent supporter of the decisions of the Council of Nicene, who immediately after receiving news of Julian's death again became Bishop of Alexandria.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

According to various reports, he either came to Antioch himself, or was summoned there by Jovian to present questions of faith [12].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Athanasius wrote a rather voluminous message to Jovian, in which he explained the basics of the Nicene faith (the text of the message survived to us in the work of Theodorite of Kirsky [67]).


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

The emperor, however, was careful not to give anyone a clear advantage, but recognized the Nicene Creed [67] [68].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

In the same place, in Antioch, according to Theodorite, Augustus


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

“issued another law, which ordered the churches to return to the churches the amount of food that Constantine the Great appropriated to them, because Julian, having begun to fight against God and our Savior, deprived them of of this benefit. But since the famine that happened for his wickedness did not allow him to collect the contributions established by Constantine, Jovian ordered only a third to be given (churches), and promised the full amount of bread deliver to them when the time of famine is over” [69].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

The Act of 11 January 364 (also attributed to Valentinian and Valent) was apparently a reaction to Julian's school legislation (which banned Christians from teaching in schools) and allowed them to study teaching to everyone who had the relevant knowledge [70].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

The most controversial is Jovian's belonging to the law [71], which is marked in the code of Theodosius as published on February 4, 364 in Mediolan.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Since there was no emperor in Mediolan in February 364, some researchers change the place of publication (the law is attributed to Jovian), others date it to 365 (February 365) Valentinian was just in Mediolan, the law, accordingly, is attributed to this emperor).


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

It refers to the return to the state of all lands granted or sold to pagan temples by previous emperors [12] [72].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

In connection with the restoration of the dominant position of Christianity, labarum was reintroduced - the letters “Hi” and “Ro” (Christ), removed by Julian, reappeared on military standards, about which testify to coins [73] (which, however, depict the emperor not only with the Christian labarum, but also with the pagan goddess Victoria).


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Death


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Jovian joined the consulate on January 1, 364.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

However, he did not have a chance to stay consul for long:


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

“Jovian soon found himself in the hour of death intended for him. When he arrived in Dadastan, a border town between Bithynia and Galatia, he was found dead at night. Many questionable assumptions have arisen about his death. It was said that he was killed by the poisonous smell left after whitewashing the room in which he spent the night, that he died from the frenzy caused by the brazier that smoked too much, and finally that as a result excessive abundance of food, he received fatal indigestion. He died at the age of 33” [74].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

This event took place on February 17, 364 [12].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

There was no investigation into his death, which is separately emphasized by Ammian Marcellin.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

The most common version in sources is about the natural death of the emperor, but already in ancient times there was a version about his murder.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

John Chrysostom speaks directly about this [75], and Ammian Marcellin and John of Antioch quite actively hint.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

According to Eutropius, after his death, Jovian, according to the old Roman tradition, was added to the gods [76] (although he was a Christian).


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Jovian was buried in Constantinople in the Church of the Apostles [77].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

His body probably stayed there until the capture of the city by the Crusaders in 1204, when the church was looted and the burials of the emperors were opened.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

family


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Varronian is a father [78].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Military, the tribune of the Legion of Jovius.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

He had quite a lot of authority in the troops.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Varronian is a son [79].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

He was the eldest (apparently) son of Jovian.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Jovian appointed him consul with him.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Harito is his wife [80].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

The name of Jovian's wife is mentioned only by Zonara [81].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Harito was the daughter of a very powerful officer Lucillian.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Almost nothing is known about her life.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

She was the mother of two children of Jovian (the first was Varronian, the name of the second is unknown [82]).


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

She was probably still alive in 380 [83].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Harito was buried next to her husband in Constantinople in the Church of the Apostles [84].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Lucillian is father-in-law [85].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

He held high positions under Emperor Constantia II, in particular, was a master of the army in Illyric.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Julian II dismissed him from service, and he returned to the army only after his son-in-law became emperor.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Jovian sent Lucillian west to consolidate his power, but he died during a sudden soldier rebellion in Remach (modern day. Reims).


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Management Board Results


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

The main content of the reign of Flavius Iovian was, firstly, the conclusion of peace with the Persians, and secondly, the restoration of pro-Christian state policy.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Around the world with the Sassanids, areas with several important cities in the east of Roman Mesopotamia were torn away from the Roman Empire.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

The Romans also pledged not to help Armenia in its struggle against the Persians.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

The Roman-Persian border was established for quite a long time, but rivalry soon resumed in Armenia, and it was divided between the two empires.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

In the field of religion, all the privileges of the Christian Church received under Constantine the Great and his sons and selected by Julian were restored.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

No movement in Christianity was officially supported, but the emperor was inclined to the Nicene creed.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

At the same time, Christianity finally took a dominant position in society to the emperor, never yielding to it again.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

If Jovian and his closest successors pursued a rather tolerant religious policy, without infringing on paganism too much, then later the emperors began to act exclusively in the interests of the Christian churches, oppressing the old Roman religion in every possible way.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

During his short reign, Flavius Claudius Jovian did not have time to do much, but the main directions of his policy were obviously continued by his successor Valentinian I.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Jovian in historical literature


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Primary sources


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

The most complete information about Jovian's life and work is contained in Acts (better known as Roman History) by Ammian Marcellin.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

This Greek historian knew the future emperor personally, participating with him in the Persian campaign of Julian II.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Among the contemporary authors, we can note Eutropius (author of Breviary from the Foundation of the City, an abbreviated history of Rome), who also participated in the campaign against the Sassanids, an unknown author of Extracts on life and customs of the Roman emperors” (the work is usually attributed to Aurelius Victor), Ruth Festus and Jerome Stridon.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Historians of the Christian Church pay quite a lot of attention to this emperor - both orthodox (Theodorite Kirsky, Socrates Scholastik, Sozomen, Rufin Aquileia) and Philostorgy, the author of the only surviving church history written from the point of view of Arianism.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Among later historians, Paul Orosius, Zosim (the last Greco-Roman pagan historian), John of Antioch, John Malala, John Zonara, John Lid, Theophanes of Byzantium and some others wrote about Jovian.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Information about Jovian is present in late antique journalistic works, for example, the pagan rhetor of Libanius and some letters and work of John Chrysostom (Ad viduam iuniorem).


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

The most voluminous journalistic work dedicated to Jovian is the speech of the speaker Themistia (speech 5), delivered by him on the occasion of the emperor's entry into the consulate.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

From legal sources, the most important is the Theodosius Code.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Some of the laws marked by this period are contained in the Justinian Code of the 6th century.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

From epigraphic monuments, several official inscriptions and a certain number of coins of different preservation have been preserved.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Assessment of Iovian's Personality and Government in Historiography


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Various assessments of Jovian's rule and personality date back to antiquity.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Various views are also present in subsequent historiography.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Basically, differences in assessments and views relate to the following issues: 1. Election of Jovian as Emperor 2. Making peace with the Persians 3. The level of tolerance of his religious policy 4. Assessment of Iovian's personality.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

At the same time, the emphasis on these issues in ancient and modern historiography is often placed in different ways.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

1. The election of Iovian as emperor.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

In ancient times, this issue was considered from the point of view of the legitimacy of the new Augustus.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

According to modern researchers, Ammian could focus on the election of Jovian not by the entire army, but only as a consistory, part of the army, because he did not consider him a fully legitimate ruler and wanted to convey this idea to my readers [86].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Themistius, on the contrary, emphasized in his court speech that Jovian was elected by unanimous decision of the army [87].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Later Christian writers also wrote about unanimous election, perhaps to give this emperor more legitimacy.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

In subsequent historiography, this issue was considered from a slightly different angle — researchers were more interested in what forces contributed to the election of the emperor.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

2. Making peace with the Persians.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

In antiquity, the question of the need for this world was first of all considered.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Three points of view on this world can be distinguished in ancient writings: negative, neutral and positive.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Ammian wrote that peace was concluded hastily, described it as shameful and unnecessary.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Eutropius called it “shameful, but necessary”.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Most Christian writers welcomed this world.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Mostly the first two points of view passed into modern historiography (in particular, it is noted that Julian was primarily to blame for the severe consequences of the world, while Jovian had no other choice exit).


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

3. Tolerance of religious policy.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

This question is more relevant for modern research.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

In antiquity, the assessment of Augustus's actions in relation to religion can be found mainly in the speech of Themistia, where he welcomes Jovian's tolerant attitude towards all religions, and in the works of Christian writers who welcome support for Christianity.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

The new historiography mainly established the opinion about the tolerance of Jovian's policy, although there is also a point of view that in the last month and a half of his reign he increasingly moved away from such politics and was increasingly inclined to support Christianity to the detriment of paganism [88].


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

4. Assessment of Iovian's personality.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

The question is mainly typical for ancient historiography and the works of modern times (classical examples are the works of Gibbon and Mommsen).


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

The most widespread was the rather negative characteristic of Jovian, leading its origins, obviously, from Ammian.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Supporters of this view speak of this emperor as an incapable, rather limited person.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

A more positive characteristic comes from ancient Christian authors who sought to exalt Jovian.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Jovian in works of art


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Later cultural figures practically did not refer to the image of this emperor.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

One of the exceptions is Henrik Ibsen, who made Jovian one of the heroes (secondary) of the second part of the dilogy “Caesar and the Galilean”.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Jovian also appears in the historical novel by D. S. Merezhkovsky “Julian the Apostate”, which is part of the trilogy “Christ and the Antichrist”.


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

comments


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Notes


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Literature


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Sources


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

(This list contains only the most informative sources on the topic, translated into Russian, as well as the most informative ones translated into English.)


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

translation:


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

(in English)


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

(in English)


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Literature


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Check date values in: |date= (help) (in English)


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

(in English)


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

(in German)


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

(in English)


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (in English)


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

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(in German)


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

(in English)


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

(in English)


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

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Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

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Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

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Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

(in English)


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

(in English)


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

(in English)


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

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(in English)


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

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(in German)


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

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References


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Category:Deified monarchs


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Category: 330 births


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Category: 331 births


Question: What are the main results of the reign of Flavius Claudius Jovian?

Iovian

Category:4th century Roman emperors


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Cocos (Spanish: Isla del Coco) is the largest uninhabited island in the Pacific Ocean [1].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

It is the territory of Costa Rica, part of the province of Puntarenas, located 360 miles (600 km) off the west coast of the country.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The closest archipelago is the Galapagos Islands, a few hundred miles to the southwest [2].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The island is known for the fact that, according to popular legends, it hides the largest treasure [3].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The island is covered with jungle, the seabed is a volcanic rock with lush algae.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The fauna of this island is under protection [4], and in 1997 UNESCO listed Cocos Island as a World Heritage Site [5].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Physical and geographical characteristics


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Geographical location


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Cocos Island is a territory of Costa Rica.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

It is part of the province of Puntarenas, forming its own administrative unit, the 11th canton of Puntarenas (out of 13 existing ones) [6].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

It is located in the Pacific Ocean, about 360 miles (600 km) from the coast.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The total area is about 23.85 km² (9.2 mi²).


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The shape resembles a rectangle with sides of 3 km in the meridional and 8 km in the latitudinal direction [7].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Climate


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The island is located in the so-called Equatorial Convergent Zone, so the weather here is most often cloudy, with frequent showers throughout the year, slightly less from January to March and from September to the end october.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The climate on the island is humid, tropical, with an average annual temperature of 23.6° C and an average annual rainfall of more than 7,000 mm.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Numerous warm currents from the Pacific Ocean also have a huge impact on the island's climate [8].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Geology


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

At the base of the island is the Cocos lithospheric plate, named after the island.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The argon-sodium method of isotopic dating showed that the island was formed about 1.91—2.44 million years ago, during the Late Pliocene era.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Cocos Island is basically made of basalt, which allows us to confidently talk about its volcanic origin — hot lava froze above the ocean surface, forming a small piece hard surface.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The surface of the island is mountainous, the highest point is Mount Cerro Iglesias, which rises to 771 m above sea level [9].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The mountains are located mainly on the coast, the central part is a plain about 200-260 m above sea level.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The coastline of the island is heavily indented, usually distinguishing 2 large bays: Chatham on the northeast side of the island and Wafer Bay on the northwest.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The largest rivers are the Genio and Pittier, both flowing into the ocean near Wafer Bay.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

There are about 200 picturesque waterfalls on the island; there are many more of them during the rainy season [10].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The soil cover was formed as a result of the destruction and weathering of the rock and, in fact, is a mixture of clay, sand and small stones (the so-called. entisol).


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

It is characterized by an acidic reaction, is easily washed out by tropical rains, especially on mountain slopes, where erosion is not restrained by vegetation [9].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

flora


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The vegetation cover of the island is extremely rich, in many ways unique, which was one of the reasons that the island was declared a protected area and can be visited only with a special permit of the Government of Costa Rica.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In particular, of the 235 species of existing flowering plants, 70 are found only here.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Other interesting representatives of the island's flora include 74 species of horsetail and ferns [11], 128 lichens and mosses [12], 90 species of fungi and 41 varieties of fungal mold [13], and the study of the local flora is far from complete.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The island's vegetation is conventionally divided into three types: coastal, internal and mountainous.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The first type consists of tropical rainforests that rise up the slopes of coastal mountains to about 50 m. The main plants in the coastal forest are, and.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The grass cover consists of ferns and plants belonging to the Malva and Legume families [10].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The second type rises along the slopes of coastal mountains to 500 m and forms the vegetation cover of the inner, plain area.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

This type includes ironwood, one of the varieties of avocado (Ocotea insularis), as well as the local variety of diamond cecropia (Cecropia pittieri).


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Epiphytes that entangle trees that hang down and thus turn the forest into a very impassable one are also common - orchids, ferns, bromeliads (the most famous of which is pineapple), Franklin's Rooseveltia palm (Rooseveltia frankliniana), as well as several varieties of mosses.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The herbaceous cover is mainly formed by ferns of various species, among others Cyathea armata and Danaea media.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The third is a mountain rainforest, the main plants of which are trees from the Myrtle family [14].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Animal world


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Island fauna


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The island is home to more than 400 species of insects, of which 65 (about 16%) are endemic, that is, they are found exclusively on this island.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Butterflies and ants are especially numerous and diverse.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In addition, there are many varieties of spiders (among them, the Wendilgarda galapagensis spider, which lives exclusively on Cocos Island), wood lice and centipedes, some of which are poisonous [15].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Poisonous snakes are also found [16].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Cocos Island is home to two lizard species, Sphaerodactylus pacificus and Norops townsendii.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Both of these species are found only here.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The presence of amphibians on the island was not noted.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

About 90 species of birds nest on Coconut.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In the area of the island and nearby surface rocks, there are nesting colonies of many seabirds, such as brown (Sula leucogaster) and red-legged (Sula sula) gannet, a large frigate (Fregata minor), a white (Gygis alba) and common stupid (Anous stolidus) tern.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

7 bird species live in the interior of the island, 3 of which are distributed only here: coconut fly eater (Nesotriccus ridgwayi), coconut cuckoo (Coccyzus ferrugineus) and coconut finch (Pinaroloxias inornata) [17 ].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Four species of land mammals live on the island: virgin deer, feral domestic pigs [18], cats and rats.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

All of them were introduced (brought) to the island by people.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The Costa Rican government is trying to control the spread of these animals as they disrupt the resilience of the local ecosystem.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In particular, rats kill up to 90% of bird broods [19].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Marine fauna


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Warm tropical waters, coral colonies, seamounts, volcanic caves provide shelter and food for 600 species of mollusks and more than 300 species of fish, including yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), manta rays (Manta birostris), sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus), bronze hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) and finally whale sharks (Rhincodon typus), considered the largest in my family.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Coastal waters are also home to humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), grinds (Globicephala), bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and sea lions (Zalophus californianus), whitetip and gray-fin reef sharks (Triaenodon obesus).


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The reefs are home to octopuses, moray eels, bisses (Eretmochelys imbricata), green (Chelonia mydas) and olive (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtles, parrot fish [20].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Island history


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The history of Cocos Island is divided into six periods of different importance and historical content, partially overlapping each other [21]:


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Early history.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Discovery of the island by Europeans (circa 1526—1542)


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

XVII—XVIII centuries.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Actually, the “pirate period”, when the island was used as a base where you could stock up on fish, fresh water and wood for repairing ships.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

According to legend, at this time the island became famous for its “pirate safe”.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The end of the 18th — early 19th centuries.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The least studied period.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The island serves as a base for whalers, and is also used to replenish fresh water, firewood and ship wood.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

1791-1932 years.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Time for scientific description and exploration of the island.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

It starts with a visit to the island by naturalist Alejandro Malaspina and ends with Allan Hancock's journey on the motor yacht Venero III.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

At this time, the island is mapped, its geological exploration, and the study of the island's flora and fauna takes place.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

1879-1912: colonial period.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

An attempt to turn the island into an exiled prison, then establish an agricultural colony on it.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Both attempts fail due to weak communication with the mainland and difficulties associated with human survival in tropical rainforests.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The first quarter of the 19th century is today: treasure hunts and the era of tourism.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

About 300 large and small expeditions have visited the island.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

None of them (at least officially) announced success.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The last expedition led by John Hodges and Leonel Pacheco visited Cocos Island in 1992 and, like many others, left it empty-handed.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Discovery


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

It is possible that Cocos Island was known to the indigenous population of Costa Rica long before the discovery of these lands by the Spaniards, but there is no direct evidence of this.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

According to Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo (General Information on the Natural History of the Indies), Juan Cabezas, a representative of the Seville trading house, was the first European to land on the island.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Cabezas gave the island the name Shell Island of the Holy Cross (Spanish: Isla de Coques e Isla de Santa Cruz), but the name may have been confused or replaced.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The exact date of discovery is unknown; it is believed that this happened almost by accident, somewhere between 1526 and 1542 (sources differ greatly in dates), when the island first appeared in French Nicolas Desliens map under the name of Shell Island (French: Ysle de Coques).


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

This event went almost unnoticed, because the Spanish Empire did not consider the deserted island abandoned in the ocean strategically important for the development of new lands [22].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Legends of Cocos Island


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

All legends related to the island are united by the mention of the presence of a treasure that has not yet been discovered on it.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Inca gold


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In 1532, the Inca Empire of Tauantinsuyu was conquered by the Spaniards under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro [23].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

First of all, conquistadors were attracted by gold, and there was more than enough of it in Cusco, the sacred capital of the Incas.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

It is estimated that about 15,000 arrobes of gold came here annually as taxes, gifts and military loot (one arroba is about 11.4 kg), so during the existence of the empire in its capital According to various estimates, from 50,000 to 100,000 tons of yellow metal should have accumulated.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

According to the laws of this state, gold that once ended up in Cusco was no longer subject to export, which further increased the reserve.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

During temple holidays, 50,000 warriors armed themselves with swords, clubs, and shields made of pure gold.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

A huge gold chain covered the central square of the city, and on holidays, courtiers had to dance with it in their hands.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Just to lift the chain, it took the joint effort of 200 strong men.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

One of Pizarro's moons describes the so-called “golden garden”, one of the greatest masterpieces of Indian art, eventually melted into ingots as prey for the Spanish crown, as follows way [24]:


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The Spaniards captured really huge booty in Cusco, but nevertheless they were sure that the lion's share of the treasure had swam away from their hands.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

According to legend, before his execution, the Supreme Lord of the Incas Atahualpa managed to hand over his last order to the servant — a pile of 13 knots tied to a bar of gold.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

After that, the volume of gold production by the Spaniards almost fell to zero.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Whether this is true or not is unknown, but another fact is documented - after the conquest of Peru, the High Inca Manco II, meeting with the Spanish ambassador, poured a glass of corn on the table in front of him and picking up one of them, said that it was gold that the Spaniards inherited.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Other grains are Inca gold hidden in hiding places and caves.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Manco offered this gold to the Spaniards on the condition that they leave Peru forever.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Despite the temptation of the proposal, the ambassador had to reject it [24].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

German August Giessler, the founder of an agricultural colony on the island of Cocos, stubbornly believed that the treasures of the Incas (or most of them) were hidden here.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

It is not known what formed the basis for such a bold statement: there is no documentary evidence of this, and Giessler himself, after 20 years of fruitless search, was forced to leave the island empty-handed [16].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Henry Morgan


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The second largest treasure allegedly belongs to the legendary pirate, British Henry Morgan, who hid it here in the second half of the 17th century.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In 1668, he captured Panama's Portobelo harbor, where all the gold accumulated before being sent to Spain.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Over the next three years, his military prey was the cities of Maracaibo and Panama.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

After looting these cities, he gained fame as a legendary pirate.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Unlike many others, Morgan scrupulously knighted the required part of the loot to King Charles II of England and for this at the end of his pirate career was knighted and appointed lieutenant governor Jamaica.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Legend has it that after a while Charles II was told that Morgan had hidden most of the looted gold and buried it on Cocos Island.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The King of England “summoned” the pirate king to London, where he wanted to find out the secret of the treasure.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

But Morgan allegedly managed to provide the king with exhaustive evidence of the falsity of the charges against him.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In 1688, the pirate king and “statesman” died.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The mystery of his treasure on Cocos Island is still unsolved [25].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

William Dampier


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

William Dampier is a famous pirate, oceanographer and writer.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

He called the Caribbean Sea his favorite place in the world's oceans.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

After a series of successful raids on coastal settlements, he landed on Cocos Island, which later became his residence.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

This is where the pirate hid most of the stolen gold.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The Spanish king promised large rewards for the heads of the most famous pirate leaders, including Dampier, but this only spurred the pirates - landings on the coast became more frequent, and gold bars have been added to the bowels of Cocos Island.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

William Dampier later left the danger zone and headed for the Indian Ocean.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

On the way, he discovered a group of previously unknown islands.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In 1691, the former pirate was awarded the title of knight, and he finally settled in London [26].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Benito Bonito


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Former captain of the English Royal Navy Alexander Graham, who took the pseudonym Benito Bonito, according to legend, broke with Admiral Nelson after Grahama was bypassed in ranks and awards after Trafalgar Victory, raised the Jolly Roger on the ray and also chose Cocos Island as his refuge.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In 1819, with a gang of thugs, Benito landed on the mainland, captured a convoy with a load of gold en route from Mexico City to Acapulco, and returned to the island.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

There, in an impregnable grotto from the sea, the Bonito pirates set up a reliable cache, which could only be penetrated from the side of almost impenetrable tropical thickets through a narrow passage pierced in the rocks from above down.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In 1820, Bonito, nicknamed the Bloodblade, was hanged from the ray of an English warship [27].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Lima's Treasure


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

However, the most famous in the history of Cocos Island was the so-called legend of the “treasures of Lima”.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

She claims that during the war of independence in Peru, when during the victorious offensive of General José de San Martin, the capital of the then colony, Callao, accumulated the values of noble Spanish refugees, who were decided to send together with state and church values to the metropolis.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Among other things, there is a statue of the Holy Virgin (human height) with a baby in her hands, cast in pure gold.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The task was entrusted to English Captain Scott Thompson, whose ship Mary Dear was anchored at the time in the port of Callao.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The Spaniards promised the corsair a large reward, allegedly hiding what they were loading onto the ship.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

It was officially announced that these were government documents, to which numerous Spanish guards were assigned.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

But Thompson could not be held.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In the middle of the night, the guards were killed to the last man, the anchor rope was cut off, and the brig went to the open sea.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In the morning, the fugitives were missed, and a warship rushed in pursuit.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

He managed to catch up with Thompson's ship in Wafer Bay, Cocos Island.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

There were no treasures in the holds anymore.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The Spaniards hanged everyone except Thompson and his senior navigator.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

They were taken to a Panama prison, where they were going to torture them to confess.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

But on the way, the navigator died, and the captain kept the secret of the treasure, reasonably believing that he was saving his life by doing so.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The wave of liberation struggles reached Panama in 1821.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Scott Thompson was among the released prisoners of Spanish prisons.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

He moved to Canada, where he lived in Newfoundland for many years, gradually accumulating money to go to Cocos Island and dig up the treasure of which he remained the only owner at that time.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Thompson made an agreement with a certain Captain Kitting, allegedly shared a secret with him, but just before the voyage he fell seriously ill and, dying, gave Kitting a map of the island with the coordinates of the secret cave.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Kitting's expedition reached the island.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The captain and his new companion Bogue tried to hide from the team the purpose of visiting Coconut.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Under the pretext of hunting, the two of them went ashore, but this aroused suspicion.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The sailors, in their absence, searched the captain's cabin, found a bag of precious stones, and when the companions returned to the ship, the rebellious crew demanded that they “honestly” share.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Kitting and Bogue agreed for the sake of appearance, left the ship at night and hid in a cave on the shore.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The sailors searched the entire island, but in vain, shared the diamonds found in the cabin and finally raised the sails.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

After a while, a whaling ship, which stopped on the island to replenish fresh water, picked up an exhausted man on the shore.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

It was Captain Kitting.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

He said that his team rebelled and captured the brig, and he was forced to flee to the island.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Kitting didn't mention Bogue.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

It is believed that he killed Bogue in a cave while sharing a treasure.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

With whalers, Kitting returned to Newfoundland, taking with him a bag of precious stones, which provided him with a comfortable existence in the future.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

It is said that all his life he sought to visit Cocos Island again, but for one reason or another failed to fulfill his intention [28].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Whaling


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

As mentioned above, the time of American whalers falls on the end of the 18th and early 19th centuries.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

This period is quite well described, but the existing documents are still waiting for thorough study and publication.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The object of whaling was probably the numerous grinds and humpback whales in these waters.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The island itself was used for temporary parking of ships in order to stock up on fresh water, wood for repairing ships and firewood [29].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

According to legend, it was the whalers who removed one of the unlucky treasure hunters, Captain Kitting, from the island [16].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The period of scientific description and mapping of the island


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

At the end of the 18th century, the Spanish crown seriously took up the problem of mapping and describing overseas colonies.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Therefore, Alessandro Malaspina's expedition was sent to South America (and, among other things, to Cocos Island) on two ships Otkritie (Spanish: Descubierta) and Spanish: Atrevida.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Since later, by order of the Spanish king, Malaspina had to change the route and go north, the expedition was only able to map the island and collect a geological collection [30].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In 1795, Sir George Vancouver, on the orders of the British Admiralty, sailed on the ships Otkritie (English: Discovery) and English: Chatham (English: Chatham) in search of the Northwest Passage and along the way I'm staying on Cocos Island.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The expedition carried out a cartographic survey and compiled a map of the island [31].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Edward Belcher was next to appear on the island on the ships Sulphur and Starling, his expedition determined the temperature of the water and measured the depths.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Later, after visiting Ecuador, Belcher managed to capture a 12-meter crocodile with the help of a loop from the ship's line [32].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

On behalf of the US Fisheries Department, marine zoologist Alexander Agassiz appeared on the island in 1888 on the ship Albatross.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

His collections were later transferred to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard [33].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The Hopkins-Stanford ornithological expedition on the ship Julia Wallen (English: Julia Whalen) in 1899 discovered three species of endemics here — the coconut fly eater, the cuckoo and the finch [34].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

An entomological expedition sent by the California Academy of Sciences on the English: Academy appeared here in 1905 on its way to the Galapagos Islands, and collected a significant collection local insects and returned home after the devastating earthquake in San Francisco [35].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In 1924, the island was visited by an expedition sent by the British Museum on the ship St. George (English: Saint Georges).


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Millionaire William Vanderbilt II visited the island twice on his English: Eagle and English: Ara yachts between 1921 and 1928 during his round-the-world voyages.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In 1930, Vincent Astor visited it on the ship Normal (English: Nourmhal).


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In 1932, marine zoologist Allan Hancock arrived on the island on the motor yacht Velero III (Velero III).


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

He managed to compile a rich collection of marine crustaceans [36].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Attempts to establish a colony


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Almost nothing is known about the attempt to turn the island into an exiled prison.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The colony, consisting of exiles, was able to survive here only three years (1879—1881), apparently due to weak communication with the mainland, as well as many poisonous snakes and mosquitoes that carry yellow fever.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In 1897, the Costa Rican government named the German adventurer and treasure hunter August Giessler the first Governor of Cocos Island and allowed him to create an agricultural colony.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Giessler went to the island with the firm conviction that the treasures of Atahualpa were kept here.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

However, he acted methodically and slowly.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

First of all, Giessler took care of the construction of a farm where it was possible to grow vegetables and harvest ocean fish for the future.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

After that, the island was divided into one hundred squares, and each of them Giessler methodically dug up until the spade rested against the rock base.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

He devoted almost 20 years to this work, finding only a handful of Spanish gold doubloons minted in 1788.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Perhaps this convinced Giessler of the futility of further attempts, perhaps after the death of his wife he did not want to stay here, but twenty years later Giessler leaves the inhospitable island, leaving regular gold diggers have an established economy and advice not to waste time [16].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Treasure hunting and tourism


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Treasure hunting


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The newest period in the history of the island begins in the first quarter of the 19th century, with the arrival of the first expedition of treasure hunters here.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Since then, more than 300 of them have been equipped to hunt for treasures on Coconut.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Interest in the “treasure island” faded over time, then erupted again.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Thompson's map, which he allegedly left before his death to his friend Fitzgerald, has been copied and resold many times, but, as far as we know, has not yet led to success.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In the end, discrepancies began to appear in it caused by copying errors and direct forgery - in some versions of the copy, the “golden” cave was marked at the foot of one of the mountains in the depths of the island, others in the underwater grotto, and others underground.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Good capital was profited from the resales of the “pirate card”, and now it is offered even on the Internet.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

After Fitzgerald's direct clients, who resold the card under the pretext that he could not raise funds to search for treasure, there is a lull until the middle of the century.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Once again, interest in the treasures of Coconut Island erupts after the appearance in San Francisco of a certain Mary Welch, posing as a girlfriend of the Bloodblade.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

According to her story, Benito Bonito kidnapped eighteen-year-old Mary from home, and she spent several years sailing with him on a Relampago until the pirate brig was captured English.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

After Bonito was executed, Mary was sentenced to hard labor; when released, she decided to organize a syndicate to dig up the treasure hidden almost in front of her eyes.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Mary had another pirate map with her, allegedly given to her by Bonito himself.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Shareholders were found relatively easily in 1854. Mary Welch came to Cocos Island on the steamer Francis L Steel.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

However, as she walked around the island, she announced that the area had changed too much since then.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The shareholders of the syndicate decided not to retreat, and continued their search blindly, but after breaking through about a dozen tunnels and mines in the rock, they did not find anything.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The syndicate burst, but Mary Welch managed to make a good fortune on her stories and the sale of another “pirate card”, which allowed her to live comfortably until the end of her life.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In 1926, the island was visited by the famous racing driver Malcolm Campbell, armed with another copy of the Thompson Map.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

It is believed that he invested 40,000 of his own funds in organizing the expedition, but within a month he left the island, of course, empty-handed [16].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

American millionaire William Vanderbilt II also paid tribute to the treasure hunt, but again, all efforts were wasted [37].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Between 1935 and 1940, the island was visited three times by US President Franklin Roosevelt, not for treasure hunting, but for recreation.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

While the president was resting, his guards and assistants searched the entire island (making fun of each other — “What are you going to do when you dig up a pot of gold?”) And, of course, they didn't find any treasure.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In the middle of the 20th century, a citrus grower from California named Forbes returned to the island five times, again, led by Thompson's map.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Forbes himself considered the famous pirate his ancestor, and selling the farm in the hope of an early enrichment, invested all his money in organizing the search.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

However, the last trip to the island in 1950 ended in nothing.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

British Albert Edwards came here three times.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

He stopped searching in 1953, telling reporters [16]:


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Indeed, some of the easy money seekers have found their end here.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The most famous of the tragedies dates back to the summer of 1962, when a group of French treasure hunters landed on Cocos Island: caver Robert Vergnes and his comrades [38]: journalist Jean Portell and writer Claude Charlier.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

They widely advertised their plans to search for pirate gold, hoping that even if there were no treasures, the fees for the published adventure book, television and radio programs would exceed the costs.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

But the unforeseen happened, and the plans were not destined to come true.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

As they inspected the grotto in Chatham Bay going to sea (Vern was sure that the treasure was hidden there) [38], the engine suddenly stalled, and the oars were lying on the bottom of the boat, crushed tent.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

A wave from the side overturned the boat, threw Verna onto the rocks, and two of his friends drowned [38].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Only two months later, a accidentally passing ship removed Verne from the island.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Verne returned to the island in 1973, but the cave had already crumbled and he returned unsalted [38].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Verne later dedicated his work to the island: La Dernière île au trésor (The Last Treasure Island) [39].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

There are always soldiers on the island who accompany treasure hunters.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Treasure hunters must support soldiers at their own expense — these are the conditions of the Costa Rican government.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Also, according to the legislation of this country, when mining a treasure, the state will automatically receive 50% of the treasures found [40].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

A Critique of Treasure Legends


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Cocos Island became famous for pirate treasures allegedly left here during the “golden age” of this trade — the XVII-XVIII centuries.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

However, voices are increasingly heard indicating that, in addition to 300 unsuccessful expeditions, which in itself is thought-provoking, there are facts that clearly indicate that the famous treasure of Cocos Island is nothing more than fiction, which is based only on fragmentary memories and people's eternal craving for the mysterious.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

As already mentioned, there is no information about the treasure of the Incas, except August Giessler's stubborn conviction that they are on Cocos Island.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Where Giessler got this information is unknown, but his 20-year epic and especially its result speak for themselves [16].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

As for Henry Morgan, it's documented that he never sailed in these waters.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

All documents unanimously assure that the pirate carried out all his raids in the Atlantic (but not in the Pacific) Ocean; Francis was the only one who managed to go around America and escape from Spanish warships Oh, Drake.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Apparently, human rumor picked up a vague, guess-based rumor and turned it into a legend of Morgan's treasure [41].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

As for Benito Bonito, Mary Welch's story has too many inconsistencies, according to her, the future pirate kidnapped her shortly after the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, but she turned eighteen 15 years later.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Further, the surviving documents of the trial of Benito Bonito's gang do not mention Mary, her trial and sentence.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Apparently, it should be assumed that the adventurer invented her story from beginning to end, wanting to cash in on the sale of the “pirate card”, which she eventually succeeded [16].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The situation is even worse with Lima's Treasures.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Nowhere in the surviving Spanish archives is there the slightest mention of loading treasures on an English ship, or sending a frigate in pursuit of Thompson to Cocos Island.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Moreover, the two-meter statue of the Virgin Mary with the Child, allegedly hidden in one of the hiding places, is still in the Cathedral of Lima, and, according to the authorities there, has never left it, and General San Martin's army did not encroach on church property at all.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Therefore, it is logical to assume that this story is fictitious from beginning to end [16].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The only one who actually visited Cocos was, without a doubt, William Dampier.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

His ship, the Bachelor's Delight, has repeatedly anchored in Wafer Bay, the very name of which is given in honor of its ship's physician Lionell Wafer.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

But again, there is not the slightest evidence that Dampier left any valuables here [41].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

However, this evidence has no force over those who want to get rich by mining pirate gold.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

As American preacher Sydney Smith once remarked [16]:


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Tourism


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Cocos Island officially became part of Costa Rica on November 7, 1949.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Organized tours have begun here since 1980.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

On the island, the diving season lasts almost all year round.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

This is due to the fact that the island is located above the hurricane belt, so the water here is usually calm and clean.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

However, the coastal waters of Cocos Island are very insidious, the visibility, strength and direction of the current can change in a matter of minutes, so only specialists are recommended to dive here [42].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The island receives about 1,100 people a year, and most prefer to arrive between March and May.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Small boats take divers from the port of Puntarenas, and the sea voyage takes about 36 hours.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

For the needs of tourists, anchorages are equipped in Chatham and Wafer Bays, and there are also sanitary services, cafes and showers [43].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Cocos Islands National Park


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Organization


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Cocos Island National Park was established in 1998 by UNESCO Resolution No. 08748-A.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In 1982, the island's status as a protected area of international importance was further confirmed by Costa Rican Act No. 6794.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In 1991, UNESCO Resolution No. 20260 expanded the protected area; in addition to the island itself, it included a 15-kilometer shelf zone.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The National Park was given the status of a site of “complete inviolability” - in other words, fishing and any other exploitation of marine resources, any commercial, industrial or agricultural activities.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In 1995, the island and its surrounding 15-kilometer zone were granted the status of UNESCO Protected Area No. 24652 [44].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The decision was made according to the ix criteria (“The object is an outstanding example of the ongoing ecological or biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems and plant and animal communities.”) and x (“The object includes the most important or significant natural habitat for the conservation of biological diversity in it, including endangered species of exceptional world value from the point of view of science”) [45] Cocos Island was assigned the number 802 [46] on the UNESCO World Heritage List.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The state of the ecosystem and the rules of stay on the island are constantly monitored by a group of nine Costa Rican observers who have built two houses for themselves - in Chatham Bay (completely rebuilt in 1993) and in Wafer Bay.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In addition, the director of the reserve, his deputy and three administrators are responsible for the state of the ecosystem.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

In the period 1995—1997, 1,040,000 US dollars were spent on maintaining the island's ecosystem and security needs, and another 250,000 was allocated to cover the necessary expenses in 1998 [44].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Scientific value and ongoing research


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Coconut is unique in that it is the only island in the Eastern Pacific Ocean covered by tropical rainforest.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The equatorial counterflow surrounding the island and the complex system of connections between land and ocean make Cocos unique from the point of view of biological science [47].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Due to its isolation from the mainland, the island has developed a special system of plant belts that is not found anywhere else; the coastal coral reef is inhabited by many species of fish and mollusks, on the island a large number of sea and migratory birds nest [48].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Scientific research is constantly being conducted on the island: nesting birds, insects, plants are being studied [49].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Climatological and oceanographic studies are also being carried out [48].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Dangers that threaten the island's ecosystem


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Along with treasure hunting, which has caused significant damage to the unique ecosystem of Cocos Island, the problem of predatory fishing is currently coming to the fore.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Sharks are especially at risk, as shark meat in Costa Rica is considered an exquisite delicacy.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The greatest value for gourmets is shark fins, from which a special type of soup is prepared.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Already in the port of Puntarenas, fins are easy to sell for $30, so most local poachers interested in quick and easy bait simply cut off the fins of the caught sharks, throwing the carcasses overboard .


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The problem of poaching for Cocos Island is exacerbated by the fact that the Costa Rican government, in an attempt to save marine life, cut fish production in coastal bays by 50%, and unpaid fishermen are gradually moving closer to the island.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

The problem is aggravated by the fact that coastal residents have no other sources of income, and families here are traditionally large [50].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Cocos Island in literature


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

It is believed that Cocos Island was one of the prototypes of Robinson Crusoe Island, with the only remark that instead of the Pacific Ocean, the imaginary island was placed in the Atlantic [51].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

There is also an opinion (N. Vnukov, “Sails over the Waves”) that Cocos Island was the prototype of the “treasure island” from Stevenson's novel of the same name.


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Michael Crichton's novel Jurassic Park takes place on the fictional island of Nublar off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, the prototype of which was Cocos Island [52].


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Notes


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Category:Islands of Costa Rica


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Category:Pacific Islands


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Category:Uninhabited islands


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Category:World Heritage Sites in Costa Rica


Question: When was Cocos Island discovered?

Cocos Island

Category:Pirate Treasures


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

USSR Ministry of Energy and Electrification

Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR (abbreviated by A. The Ministry of Energy [1]) is a public administration body in the USSR, according to the Constitution of the USSR, which is an all-Union ministry.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

The central office of the department was located at the address: Moscow, October 25, 17 (until 1990) [2].


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

In addition, the Ministry occupied areas at the address: Moscow, ul. Chinese passage, 7 [2].


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

According to the Regulation on the Ministry of March 14, 1969 No. 195, adopted by the Council of Ministers of the USSR:


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

“The Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR manages the operation and construction of power plants, electrical and heating networks. The Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR is responsible for the state and further development of the country's energy and electrification, scientific and technological progress in the industry and the technical level production, the quality of electricity and other products, the quality of construction and installation works and for the most complete satisfaction of the country's needs for electricity and heat” [3].


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Ministry's tasks


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

According to Regulation No. 195 of March 14, 1969, the main tasks of the Ministry are [3]:


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

“Ensuring the comprehensive development of energy and electrification as an integral part of the country's national economy, high rates of production development and labor productivity growth on the basis of scientific and technological progress in order to fully meet the needs of the population, the national economy and the defense of the country in electricity and heat energy.”


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

“Fulfilling tasks for the production of electricity, the construction of power plants, electric and heating networks and other tasks of the state plan and ensuring strict compliance with state discipline”.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

“Ensuring, with minimal costs of public labor, the production of electrical and thermal energy and other manufactured products, as well as the implementation of construction and installation works, increasing production efficiency, improving the use of fixed assets, labor, material and financial resources, ensuring the uninterrupted supply of electricity and heat to the national economy ”.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

“Carrying out a unified technical policy in the industry, introducing the latest achievements of science and technology and best practices and ensuring high technical and economic indicators of production.”


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

“Rational use of capital investments and increasing their efficiency, industrialization of construction and improvement of technology and organization of construction work, reducing the cost and reduction of construction time, timely commissioning of production facilities and fixed assets, as well as the development of production capacities in a short time.”


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

“Introduction of the scientific organization of labor and management, providing enterprises, organizations and institutions of the Ministry system with qualified personnel, creating conditions for the best use of knowledge and experience of employees, the nomination of young, well-proven specialists for managerial work.”


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

“Ensuring safe working conditions at work, introducing new means and methods for preventing occupational injuries.”


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

“Improvement of housing, cultural and living conditions of workers and employees of enterprises, organizations and institutions of the Ministry system”.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

History


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Predecessors


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

On February 21, 1920, to develop a long-term plan for the electrification of Russia, the State Commission for Electrification of Russia was created (abbreviated. GOELRO).


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

By the end of the year, under the leadership of Gleb Krzhizhanovsky and with the participation of a number of scientists, the “Plan for the Electrification of the RSFSR” appeared, which was a 650-page volume containing diagrams and maps electrified districts.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

The plan, designed for 10-15 years and approved in October 1921, consisted of two sections and provided for the modernization of existing, as well as the commissioning of new energy facilities in eight economic regions of the country: thirty new power plants with a total capacity of 1.75 million kW (20 thermal and 10 hydroelectric stations) and high-voltage power lines for 110 kV and 220 kV [4].


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

On June 15, 1921, on the basis of the GOELRO Commission, the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR was formed, which included a section on energy [5].


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Since 1921, the general management of the energy sector in the country has been carried out by the Main Electrotechnical Directorate (abbreviated. Glavelektro) under the Supreme Council of the National Economy.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Since 1930, its functions have been transferred to the formed State All-Union Association of Energy Economy “Energotsentr”.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Two years later, the association was transferred to the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry and transformed into the Main Directorate of the Energy Economy [6].


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Establishment of the department


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

By the end of the 1930s, due to the increase in the volume of work, it was decided to enlarge the People's Commissariat of Tyazhmash.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

One of the executive bodies created on its basis was the People's Commissariat of Power Plants and Electrical Industry of the USSR, established on January 24, 1939.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Mikhail Pervukhin became the first head of the new department.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

In April next year, a decision was made to divide the People's Commissariat into two.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Independent People's Commissariat of Power Plants of the USSR and the People's Commissariat for Electrical Industry


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

The structure of the first People's Commissariat, headed by Andrei Letkov, included hydroelectric power plants, district thermal power plants, heating and electrical networks.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Also, organizations and enterprises of the peat industry belonging to the People's Commissariat of the Local Fuel Industry, engaged in providing fuel, passed to the People's Commissariat for Power Plants power plants.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Dissolution


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

On August 31, 1991, in accordance with Order No. 37-rp of the President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin, the activities of the Ministry of Energy of the USSR on the territory of the RSFSR were suspended.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

By Order of the President of the RSFSR dated October 4, 1991 No. 50-rp, before the start of the functioning of the state administration bodies of the RSFSR, the nuclear energy complex was resumed.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Officials had to continue to perform their duties, be guided by orders of the Government of the RSFSR and the Ministry of Fuel and Energy, as well as organize the transfer of all property that was part of the structure of the Federal Department (as of August 1, 1991) [8].


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Successors


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

The legal successor of the Ministry of Energy of the USSR on the territory of Russia is the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the RSFSR, established on February 28, 1991.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

May 2008: Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Energy activities in Belarus are currently carried out by the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Belarus.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Departmental awards


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Distinction “Excellence in the Socialist Competition of the People's Commissariat of Electro” (1940-1946).


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

It was approved by People's Commissar Andrei Letkov on September 28, 1940.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

It is made of bronze.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Management and official titles


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Over the years of its history, the state body has repeatedly changed its name:


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Structure


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

The Ministry was headed by the Minister of Energy and Electrification of the USSR, who was appointed in accordance with the Constitution of the USSR by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, and in periods between sessions by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR , with subsequent approval for a session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

The Minister had a number of deputies, and the distribution of duties between them was made by the Minister [3].


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

The number of deputies reached 12, including the first two [2].


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

The Minister of Energy and Electrification of the USSR bore personal responsibility for the fulfillment of the tasks and duties assigned to the Ministry, established the degree of responsibility of deputy ministers, chiefs of chief officers and heads of other departments of the Ministry for leading certain areas of the Ministry's activities and for the work of enterprises, organizations and institutions of the ministry's system [3] .


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

The Board of the Ministry of Energy


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

The Ministry had a Board consisting of the Chairman (Minister) and his deputies by position, as well as leading employees of the department.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Members of the board and deputy ministers were approved by the Council of Ministers of the USSR [3].


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

The board of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR consisted of 20 people, including heads of leading associations and organizations of the industry [2].


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

At its regular meetings, it considered the main issues of energy development, electrification and other issues of the Ministry's activities, discussed issues of practical guidance enterprises, organizations and institutions, inspections of the execution, selection and use of personnel, drafts of the most important orders and instructions, heard reports of ministers and heads of main departments energy and electrification of the Union republics, reports of the main departments, departments and departments of the Ministry, enterprises, organizations and institutions of the Ministry system [3].


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

The decisions of the board were implemented, as a rule, by orders of the Minister.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

In case of disagreement between the Minister and the Board, the Minister implemented his decision, reporting on the disagreements that had arisen to the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and the members of the board, in turn, reported their opinion to The Council of Ministers of the USSR [3].


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

The central office


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

The central office of the department consisted (as of 1990) of [2]:


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Main Scientific and Technical Department of Energy and Electrification.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Main Production Department of Energy and Electrification.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Main Technical Department of Construction.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Main Production Department of Construction.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Main Directorate for Repair Production and Technical Upgrading of Energy Facilities.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Main Production and Technical Department of Electric Networks and Rural Electrification.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Fuel and transport department.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

State Inspectorate for the Operation of Power Plants and Grids.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Main Directorate of State Energy Supervision.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Main Department of Design and Capital Construction.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Department of Development and Organization of the Construction Industry.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Industrial Construction Organization Department.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Department of Industrial Engineering and Production Mechanization.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Department of Social Programs and Working Conditions.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Finance and Credit Department.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Nature Protection Department.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Department of Material and Technical Resources.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Power equipment procurement department.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Working Supply Department.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Human Resources Management Department.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Foreign Economic Relations Department.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Safety department.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Department of Consumer Goods and Public Services.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Special department.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Organizational department.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Department of Production and Economic Organizations and Services.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Economic department.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

The structure and size of the central office were approved by the USSR Council of Ministers [3].


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Below is a list of subordinate (not all) scientific institutions, enterprises and organizations that were part of the Ministry (the names of cities, organizations and factories are indicated at the end of the 1980s).


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Main Departments and Inspections


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Main Energy Directorate (Soyuzglavenergo).


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

It existed in the period from 1959 to 1962 [11].


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Main State Inspectorate for Boiler Supervision.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

It existed in the period from 1937 to 1954 [11].


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Main Design Directorate (Glavenergoproekt).


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

It was created in 1951.


Question: Where is the Central Office of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR located?

Two years later, it was transformed into the Main Directorate for the Design of Power Plants and Plants (Glavelektroproekt), and in 1954 into the Main Directorate for the Design of Power Plants and Power enterprises” (Glavenergoproekt).