Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

In one of these training centers, the Meshchera photo studio, it is planned to open the Ryazan House of Photography in memory of researcher photographer E.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

N. Kashirin, Honored Worker of Culture of Russia and Honorary Citizen of Ryazan.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Clubs


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Club activity in its modern sense began to open in Ryazan at the very beginning of the 1990s.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

One of the historical representatives is the Planetarium art club, which presents its stage mainly to groups of heavy and alternative directions.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

In 2016, the art club was closed due to financial problems.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Today, the club and entertainment life of the city is represented by many establishments of various sizes: from huge clubs to small themed apartments.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Ryazan has a number of its own dance schools.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

They make it possible to hold the Black Cat All-Russian Contemporary Dance Festival annually, for 31 years in a row, which brings together many participants from all over Russia and neighboring countries.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The city also houses the headquarters of the Interregional Ryazan League of the International KVN Union.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

City festivals


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The Department of Culture and Art of the city of Ryazan pays special attention to festivals and events held both in concert halls and in open air format all year round.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The theme of the event varies from festivities to music and history festivals.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Military personnel representing airborne troops often take part in the events.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Also, in addition to cultural ones, sports festivals and relay races are held annually.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Prefectures of urban districts hold street and yard holidays.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

One of the streets of the city, Moskovskoye Shosse, holds the holiday on the same day as Ryazansky Prospekt in Moscow.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

From May 2 to May 7, 2005, Ryazan hosted the Fourth Youth Delphic Games of Russia, in which 1,496 people from 58 constituent entities of the Russian Federation took part.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

In total, more than 800,000 people competed in the qualifying rounds.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Applications for participation in the Games were submitted by official delegations from 79 regions of Russia, with a total number of more than 10,000 applicants.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

For more than 20 years, Ryazan has been hosting the interregional competition-festival of children's creativity “Beginning”, which is held with the support of the Ryazan City Palace of Children's Creativity (Palace pioneers).


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Architecture and landmarks


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The Ryazan Kremlin is the central core of the city, the architectural dominant of its historical part and the central pearl of the Ryazan region.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Founded in 1095 on a high hill at the confluence of the Trubezh and Lybid rivers, the Kremlin acquired its modern appearance by the beginning of the 20th century, when the last construction on its territory was completed.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Next to it is the Cathedral Park, the complex of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery, and the Prioksky Forest Park.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Sightseeing river buses depart from the Kremlin Wharf every day during the navigation period.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

There is a network of monasteries in the city and next to it, some of which — Holy Trinity, Solotchinsky and Poschupovsky Monasteries — are among the oldest in Russia.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Architectural appearance


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The architectural appearance of modern Ryazan is due to its historical past.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Ryazan belongs to the segmental-radial type of cities.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Unlike Old Ryazan and Moscow, the city did not form a ring structure, this was prevented by the Oka floodplain, which annually floods the suburban territory for kilometers.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

This also explains the fact that the Ryazan Kremlin is still located not in the central, but in the north-eastern part of the city.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Born on a hill between rivers, the city has acquired a fortified prison and settlements outside the city walls.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The main direction of growth was southern and western — it was in these areas that the main transport arteries of Ryazan were subsequently formed.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Until the middle of the 20th century, the city developed on the right bank of the Oka River, but then, with the laying of the Prioksky Forest Park and the inclusion of the resort village of Solotcha within the city limits, Ryazan crossed the Oka River and settled on its left bank.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The historical center of Ryazan during the era of Catherine II underwent a complete redevelopment and received European urban planning features of that time — regular parallel streets with squares in the endings and a clear positioning to the cardinal points.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The squares were dominated by churches, cathedrals or other city institutions.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

In the 19th century, the city outgrew the borders established by Catherine II — its formation continued again in the southern and western directions.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Soviet urban planning plans only strengthened these vectors.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The entire central part of the city (part of the Soviet District) is built up mainly with historical buildings, but recently there has been a tendency to reduce historical sites and monuments architecture [34].


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

In the district grid of streets, you can still see the old Catherine plan.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Saltykov-Shchedrin, Uritsky, Sadovaya streets are a rare example of Russian urban wooden architecture, but under the pressure of multi-storey buildings, wooden architecture is gradually being lost [35 ] [36].


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

In the Zheleznodorozhny District, you can trace the features of Soviet architecture with the transition from Stalinist pseudo-classicism to Khrushchev's buildings.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Moskovsky and Oktyabrsky districts mainly consist of modern districts.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

As of December 2017, the average number of storeys of apartment buildings under construction reached 19.7 floors in the Ryazan Region, according to this indicator, the region is second only to Moscow [37].


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Monuments


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Main article: List of monuments in Ryazan


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Development plans


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Modern construction is carried out both en masse on the outskirts and point-by-point in the center.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The city is growing in the east, southeast, west and south-west directions.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The southern direction is occupied by large industrial enterprises, so the construction of housing in it is carried out at a sufficient distance from the city.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

In the north-west, Ryazan is gradually absorbing Rybnoye, from the north there is construction of low-rise and individual houses.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Mass construction is prohibited in Solotcha.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

In the eastern direction of the city, a vast Novoposadsky District is being built, and a satellite city Vyshgorod is being designed.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The modern urban planning and strategic plan involves the development of not only the urban, but also the suburban territory of Ryazan.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The city will develop as the central point of the Ryazan agglomeration, creating conditions for the mass construction of residential buildings in the Ryazan District.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

These new microdistricts will be connected to each other by transport arteries, and the territories between them will be filled with agricultural and recreational land.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The implementation of the first stage of the new urban development plan is expected to begin in 2013, when the socio-economic justification and plan will be discussed by the Ryazan Regional Duma and the Regional Government expanding the boundaries of the city [38].


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

According to Vitaly Artyomov, Mayor of Ryazan, it is planned to annex the Ryazan District and Rybnoye to Ryazan [39].


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Healthcare


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

There are 32 municipal healthcare institutions in Ryazan.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

One of the largest medical universities in Russia, Ryazan State University named after Academician Pavlov, has departments and representative offices in all highly specialized medical hospitals and dispensaries of the city.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Thanks to this, university students have the opportunity to undergo pre-qualification training in practice, and patients of medical institutions receive modern medical care thanks to the scientific achievements of the university.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Since 2010, the Ryazan Region has adopted a programme for the construction of specially equipped sites for air ambulance, primarily medical helicopters of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the Center for Disaster Medicine.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The total number of such sites in the Ryazan Region should reach 16.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

In Ryazan, they will be located in the largest city hospital complexes, thus minimizing the delivery of patients in critical situations to highly qualified specialist care.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

For the same purpose, class “A” medical posts are being built on federal highways, which make it possible to provide medical assistance to those involved in traffic accidents in the shortest possible time, and, if necessary, deliver patients by air to Ryazan.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Near the city there is a network of sanatoriums and children's camps that conduct medical wellness procedures for the population.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Many of them are located in the resort area of Solotcha.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

In 2011, under the project for the construction of high-tech medical centers, as part of the priority national project “Health”, the regional clinical perinatal center was commissioned [40].


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

From March 1, 2011 to December 1, 2014, 10,766 children were born at the center.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Physical education and sports


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

There are many sports facilities in Ryazan.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The largest of them are the Central Sports Complex, the Olympic Ice Palace, the Olympiets, Lokomotiv, Khimik and Sokol stadiums, the Chaika, Burevestnik, Spartak, Aquamed, Radiovolna pools, Yunost, Rodnost Krai, Kometa, NITI Arena sports complexes and many other facilities.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

There are several horse bases with racetracks, karting, racing and ski tracks near the city.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The construction of an archery and crossbow stadium, a federal center for rhythmic gymnastics, and a yacht club is underway.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The city has several indoor water parks.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Since 2010, Ryazan has adopted a programme to install outdoor exercise equipment.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

These new generation sports grounds allow you to practice physical education for free with the support of professional trainers.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Ryazan is the center for many sports clubs.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Among them are Ryazan Football Club, Ryazan-VDV women's football club, Eleks-Favorit futsal club, Ryazan basketball, hockey and volleyball clubs; karate sports federations, aikido, sambo, archery and crossbow shooting, figure skating.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Mass media


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Tv


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The city has been broadcasting regularly since the 1950s.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Ryazan became the first city in the Soviet Union to receive a signal from Central Television from Moscow.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Today, the Ryazan Television and Radio Broadcasting Center provides confident reception of the main TV channels throughout the city and the region.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The first and main Ryazan television company remains the state television and radio company Oka, which competed with the Ekho TV and Radio Company in the 1990s.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Since the beginning of the 21st century, a number of new companies have begun broadcasting in the city: Krai Ryazansky, the Gorodskoy TV channel and the cable channel network of the Gorod TV company.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Since December 19, 2013, the first digital multiplex has begun broadcasting in Ryazan.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

On December 30, the second multiplex was launched.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Press


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The press in Ryazan is represented by many regional and federal publications.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The largest of them [41] are: Komsomolskaya Pravda. Ryazan”, “Arguments and Facts. Ryazan”, “Argumenty Nedeli”, “Novaya Gazeta”, “Meshcherskaya Storona”, “Moskovsky Komsomolets”, “Molodyozhnaya Sreda”, “Vechernyaya Ryazan”, “Oblastnaya Ryazanskaya Gazeta” (since 2012), “Ryazanskiye Vedomosti”, “Yarmarka”,” City Panorama”, “Pro City”, “Hometown” (2008 [42] —2012), “Priokskaya Pravda” and others.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Connectivity


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

phone


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The main share of the local telephone market belongs to Rostelecom, which, in addition to fixed telephone services, also provides Internet access services under the Domolink trademark.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Other companies MTS, MTT and Sotcom also provide Internet access services in addition to telephony.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Internet


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

More than a dozen companies provide access to the worldwide network.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Among them are Rostelecom, Transtelecom, MTS, Enlink, WestCall, Dom.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

ru, ER-Telecom, Yota and others.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Ryazan was one of the first cities fully covered by WiMAX technology, built on the basis of cooperation with Siemens in 2004.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

At the moment, the city also has wireless access using CDMA, EVDO, UMTS (3G) and LTE (4G) technologies.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Free Wi-Fi hotspots are available in many shopping centers, educational institutions, squares and public transport salons.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

TTK also provides Internet access through an electrical outlet.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Mobile connection


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

In the city, mobile communication is provided by all federal operators: MTS, Beeline, MegaFon and Tele2.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Yota has also been operating since the end of 2015.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Famous people


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Many famous people were natives of Ryazan.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Among them are Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina, mother of Peter the Great, the first Russian Nobel laureate I. P. Pavlov, founder of cosmonautics Tsiolkovsky, biologist and breeder Michurin, mathematician A. A. Markov, the creators of the strategic nuclear shield of Russia, brothers Vladimir and Alexey Utkin, poets Sergey Yesenin and Yakov Polonsky, actors Vladimir Balashov, Nikolai Vekov, Erast Garin, Alexander Fatyushin, Lyubov Tolkalina, and many others.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Alexander Solzhenitsyn lived and worked in Ryazan for more than 12 years, from June 1957 to mid-November 1969.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Solzhenitsyn was a teacher of physics and astronomy at Ryazan Secondary School No. 2 named after Krupskaya on Revolyutsii Street, 7 (now Sobornaya Street).


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

On September 1, 1994, a memorial plaque was unveiled on the facade of the school with the text: “From 1957 to 1962, Russian writer and Nobel Prize winner Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn taught in this building.”


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The School History Museum has a stand dedicated to the writer [43].


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The first Russian Nobel laureate Ivan PavlovosCosmonautics founder Konstantin TsiolkovskyPoet of the silver age of Russian literature - Sergei YeseninPeople's Artist Erast GarinSoviet writer Konstantin Paustovsky


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Honorary citizens of Ryazan


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Honorary Citizen of Ryazan is the highest municipal award of the city awarded by the Ryazan City Duma to citizens of the Russian Federation and other states in order to recognize outstanding services to Ryazan , encouraging personal activities aimed at the benefit of the city, ensuring its well - being and prosperity.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Currently, 57 citizens of Ryazan hold the honorary title.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

They include public figures, doctors and teachers, design engineers and teachers, home front workers and artists, scientists and artists, builders, writers, athletes and cosmonauts.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Some of them have twice the honorary title, while at the same time being an honorary citizen of Ryazan and the Ryazan Region.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Some, for example, Nadezhda Nikolaevna Chumakova, have been awarded multiple times with the highest municipal awards of cities in Russia and foreign countries.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

External relations


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Ryazan officially has 8 sister cities, and several cities with which permanent partnerships have been established.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

The first cities with which Ryazan established friendly relations were Bulgarian Lovech and Slovak Bratislava.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

A hotel was named after Lovech, and a street in the center of Ryazan was named after Bratislava.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

In memory of the twinned relations, a series of commemorative monuments have been installed in Ryazan, the main of which is a sign on Pochtovaya Street, on the plates of which are engraved with the names of cities and distances to new streets have been named after them, as well as in honor of partner cities.


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Sister cities


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Lovech, Bulgaria, since 1964


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Munster, Germany, since 1989


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Bressuire, France, since 1997


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Xuzhou, China, since 1998


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Alessandria, Italy, since 2006


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Ostrow Mazowiecka, Poland, since 2008


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

New Athos, Abkhazia, since 2008 [44]


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Brest, Belorussia, since 2014 [45]


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Partner cities


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Krusevac, Serbia, since 2000


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Omis, Croatia


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Yerevan, Armenia, since 2015


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Genoa, Italy, since 2016


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Notes


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

References


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Category:Cities in Ryazan Oblast


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Category:Cities on the Oka


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Category:Renamed settlements in Russia


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Category:Populated places in Russia that minted coins


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Category:Cities of Ancient Rus


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Category:District centers of Ryazan Oblast


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Category:Cities established in the 11th century


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Category:Regional centers of Russia


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Category:Capitals of historical states


Question: In what year was Ryazan founded?

Ryazan

Category:Cities from the List of Russian Cities Far and Near


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale (English: Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, January 8, 1864 — January 14, 1892) was the eldest son of Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII) and Alexandra of Denmark; the eldest grandson of Queen Victoria in the direct male line.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Throughout his life, Prince Albert Victor held second place after his father in the line of succession to the British throne.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Known in his family by the nickname “Eddie”, Albert Victor became a cadet in the Royal Navy of Great Britain in his youth and traveled extensively around the world.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

When he reached maturity, he enlisted in the British Army, but did not assume any important duties related to his service.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

After two unsuccessful attempts to marry, Albert Victor became engaged to his distant relative Maria Tecskaya in 1891, but a few weeks later, the prince died during the flu pandemic.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Albert Victor's failed fiancée later became the wife of his younger brother George, who became king in 1910.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The prince's intellectual abilities, sexual life and mental health have become the subject of numerous speculations.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Rumors linked him to the scandal surrounding a homosexual brothel on Cleveland Street, but there is no conclusive evidence that the prince has ever been there or had an unconventional sexual orientation.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Some contemporaries have argued that Albert Victor was a serial killer known as Jack the Ripper, but such claims are untenable, Albert Victor was out of London at the time of the murders.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Early years


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Victor Albert was born on January 8, 1864 at the residence of the Frogmore House royal family in Windsor and was the eldest of six children of Edward, Prince of Wales, and his wife Alexandra of Denmark.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The boy, born two months ahead of schedule, was named Albert Victor by the will of his royal grandmother Queen Victoria in honor of Victoria herself and her late husband Prince Albert [1], but in the family, at the suggestion of his parents, he was known by the nickname “Eddie”.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The fact that the boy had already chosen the name Queen Victoria came as a surprise to his mother Princess Alexandra: she learned about this from her maid of honor, who in turn heard the news from the mouth of The Queen's six-year-old daughter, Princess Beatrice.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Nevertheless, the young Princess of Wales did not contradict her mother-in-law [2].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The prince was baptized on March 19, 1864 under the names Albert Victor Christian Edward (these names were also chosen by Queen Victoria [3]) in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace under the direction of the Archbishop Charles Longley of Canterbury; baptismal recipients were Queen Victoria, her uncle King Leopold I of Belgium, and the little prince's maternal grandfather King Christian IX of Denmark (who represented by Brother Johann Sonderburg-Glucksburg), mother of Christian IX Louise, Dowager Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg (represented by Augusta, Duchess of Cambridge), Alexandrina, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (represented by Augusta Carolina, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz), paternal great-grandfather of the prince Wilhelm, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (whom represented by George, Duke of Cambridge), the prince's paternal aunt Crown Princess Victoria of Prussia (represented by Sister Elena, Princess of Schleswig-Holstein) and the prince's paternal uncle Alfred, Duke Edinburgh [4].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Queen Victoria later wrote to her daughter, Crown Princess Victoria of Prussia, that “the poor child roared throughout the ceremony, which none of you did” [5].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Despite the fact that the boy was born prematurely and weighed just under four pounds (less than two kilograms), he was a strong and healthy child [6].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Eddie spent the first months of his life surrounded by numerous servants, courtiers and junior members of the royal family, who were enthusiastic and spoke different languages.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

During this period, the Prince and Princess of Wales and his son traveled between royal residences, accompanied by their secretaries, nannies for Eddie and his footman Charles Fuller, who was assigned to the prince , he was barely two weeks old [7].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Then the prince's parents temporarily settled in their London residence, Marlborough House.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The Queen continued to influence the life of her young grandson: a few months after the birth, Eddie was replaced by nurse Mrs. Clark, chosen by Alexandra; the new nurse, Mrs. Blackburn — was personally chosen by Victoria.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Nevertheless, Mrs. Blackburn managed to find a common language with the Princess of Wales, and in some matters she even became an opponent of the Queen.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Mrs. Blackburn watched all the children of the Welsh couple, but Eddie was her favorite [8].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Princess Alexandra, who grew up in a warm and happy family atmosphere, was by nature disposed towards motherhood and therefore tried to devote as much time as possible to her children, in particular Eddie; So, Eddie began a tradition according to which Alexandra wore a flannel apron and bathed the children herself, and then watched them sleep [9] [10].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

At Alexandra's insistence, when Eddie was not even a year old, he spent several weeks in Denmark with his parents; this trip was very sad for the Queen, who believed that the prince, who was supposed heir to the throne, thus could fall into the hands of the enemy [9].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

When Eddie was about one and a half years old, his brother George was born; unlike the elder prince, as Queen Victoria noted in a letter to Uncle Leopold, Georg was larger and more beautiful than Eddie [11].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The princes were brought up together, but the education of both during this period was very irregular and disorganized: they were raised by constantly changing German and French nannies; knowledge of these two languages were natural to princes, but in the early years they were actually the only knowledge they mastered perfectly.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

As children, the princes shared a room.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

They spent the season from spring to mid-summer at their parents' residence in London; then two weeks on the Isle of Wight, where the regatta took place; hunting season in Scotland, and winter mainly in Sandrigham [12 ].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

With age, Eddie began to look more and more like his mother: he was tall, built and had a long neck, and rumors began to appear, albeit unfounded, that the boy suffered from hearing problems. inherited from their mother [13].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Education


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Since Eddie was close in age to his younger brother George, the princes studied together.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In 1871, the Queen appointed princes mentor; a strict training program included, in addition to studying the sciences, games and military training [14].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Dalton noted that, unlike his brother, Eddie is extremely distracted and has a modest ability to learn due to the boy's “abnormally sleeping” mind [15].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Although the prince was very successful in Danish, very little progress was made in other languages and subjects [16] [17].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Eddie's learning problems were explained in different ways: teachers thought he was simply inattentive and lazy; Queen's secretary Henry Ponsonby linked these problems to hearing problems; there was a version of the fact that the boy suffers from mild epileptic seizures; the prince's prematurity was also called the cause of learning problems [18] [19].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

However, Lady Geraldine Somerset simply found Dalton's lessons so boring that the prince did not learn the material [20].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Since Eddie was far behind his brother in training, the Prince of Wales began to consider the option of separate education of his sons, but Dalton dissuaded him, explaining that “Prince Albert Victor will be able to get an incentive to learn in the presence of a brother” [21].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In 1877, the boys were sent to the Royal Navy training ship HMS Britannia.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The princes managed to study on the ship for only two months when Eddie fell ill with typhoid fever.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The prince was treated by Sir [22] [23]; Dalton also remained next to the boy, who found himself on the ship as a chaplain of the princes.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In 1879, after a lengthy discussion between the Queen, the Welsh couple, their household members and the government, the brothers were sent as Navy cadets on board for a three-year journey [24].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

On board HMS Bacchante, Eddie received the title of midshipman on his sixteenth birthday [25].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The princes, accompanied by a mentor, toured the British Empire, visited America, the Falkland Islands, South Africa, Australia, Fiji, the Far East, Singapore, Ceylon, Aden, the Holy Land and Greece.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

During their stay in Japan, the brothers got tattoos [26].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

By the time he returned to the UK, Eddie was eighteen [27] [28].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In 1883, the brothers began to study separately: Georg remained in the Navy, and Eddie entered Trinity College, Cambridge [29] [30].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Before going to college, accompanied by Dalton, French instructor Monsieur Hua and a new companion tutor, the prince stayed in one of the cottages in Sandrigham, where he underwent an accelerated preparation for training [31] [32].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Some biographers believe that Stephen was a misogynist (although this fact is questioned [33]) and may have had an excessive emotional attachment to the prince, but whether his feelings were frankly homosexual is not clear [34].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Initially, Stephen was optimistic about studying with Eddie, but by the time the prince went to college, he came to the following conclusion: “I don't think he can learn much useful from attending lectures in Cambridge... he hardly knows the meaning of the word read” [35].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

At the beginning of the new semester in October, Eddie, Dalton, and Lieutenant Henderson with HMS Bacchante settled in, where teachers rather than students were usually accommodated.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The prince did not show much interest in studying; he was also exempt from exams and did not participate in student life [36].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

At college, Eddie was introduced to a famous Cambridge teacher who gave receptions and chose “favorites from among those undergraduates who were beautiful and attractive” [ 37]; the prince also became friends with Dalton's godson, who later became his doctor and royal surgeon.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

It is not known whether Eddie had a sexual experience in Cambridge, but partners of both sexes were available to him [38].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In August 1884, he spent some time at the University of Heidelberg, where he studied German, and then returned to Cambridge [36].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

After finally leaving Cambridge in 1885, where he had already served as a cadet in the 2nd Battalion of the University of Cambridge, the prince became an officer [39].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In 1888, he was awarded an honorary degree from the university [40].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

One of the prince's instructors noted that he learned to listen, but not read or write, and had difficulty remembering information [41] [42] [43].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Eddie's great-uncle, George, Duke of Cambridge, had an even more unflattering opinion of the prince and called him “an avid and incorrigible rampant” [44].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The Duke's sister, Princess Augustus Carolina of Cambridge, also spoke disdainfully of the prince, saying that he was “not God knows what” (French: si peu de chose) [45].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Eddie spent most of his time as an officer in Aldershot training that he did not like, although he really enjoyed playing polo [46].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

He passed his exams and was transferred to March 1887, where he rose to the rank of captain.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

He spoke more often in public, visited Ireland and Gibraltar, and opened the Hammersmith Suspension Bridge [47].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The prince's personal life was later recalled by his childhood friend: he said that his life in this regard was monotonous, and “his brother officers said that they would like to make him a socialite. In this [military] world, he refused to begin [his personal life]” [48].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Despite the memories of a friend and colleague, it is known that in letters dated 1885 and 1886, Eddie wrote to his doctor in Aldershot (referred to in the letters only as “Roche”) that he was taking medication for glete — this term at that time meant gonorrhea [49].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Cleveland Street Brothel Scandal


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In July 1889, London police discovered a male brothel run by Charles Hammond on.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

During police interrogation, male prostitutes and pimps revealed the names of their clients, including a Lord, one of the ringmasters of the Prince of Wales [50].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

At that time, all homosexual relations between men were illegal, and clients faced social ostracism, persecution, and criminal liability: at worst, they threatened imprisonment and hard labor for up to two years. [51]


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The investigation revealed that other senior figures in British society were involved in the Cleveland Street scandal, and there were rumors about the involvement of members in the scandal the royal family, in particular Albert Victor [52].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

However, the brothel staff did not name the prince, so there was an assumption that Somerset's lawyer Arthur Newton was spreading these rumors to divert attention from his client [53].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The letters exchanged between Treasury Solicitor Sir and his assistant contain encrypted references to Newton's threats to involve the prince in the case [54] [55] [56].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In December 1889, it was reported that the Prince and Princess of Wales were attacked “daily in letters with the most offensive remarks” about the prince's involvement in the scandal. [


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The Prince of Wales intervened in the investigation; the brothel's clients were no longer prosecuted, and there was no evidence against Albert Victor [58].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Nevertheless, Sir (Chief Justice of England and Wales) left the case in his hands so that Eddie's name would not be mentioned in the event of proceedings. [59]


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Although there is no convincing evidence for or against the prince's involvement in homosexual relations, or that he has ever attended homosexual clubs or brothels [60], rumors and conclusions of some historians say that he has visited Cleveland Street at least once [61] and that he is “possibly bisexual or homosexual” [62].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

At the same time, other researchers call these rumors and conclusions “somewhat unfair” and unjustified [63]; for example, the historian wrote that “there is no evidence that he was homosexual and even bisexual” [64].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

While English newspapers tried to hide any mention of the prince in connection with the scandal, the Welsh-language press [65], as well as colonial and American newspapers, were not so scrupulous.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The New York Times ridiculed him as a “dumb” and “stupid perverted boy” who “will never be allowed to ascend to the British throne” [66].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

According to an American press report, when Albert Victor left the Gare du Nord train station in Paris in May 1890, he was delighted with the crowd of British waiting for him, but some French booed.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

One journalist asked him how Eddie would comment on “the reason for his sudden departure from England”: according to the reporter, “the prince's yellowish face turned scarlet and his eyes seemed to come out of their orbits”, and one of the prince's comrades reproached the journalist for his audacity [67].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Somerset's sister Lady Waterford denied that her brother knew anything about Albert Victor: she wrote that she was “sure the boy was right as a line... Arthur did not know how or where the boy was spending his time... he thinks the boy is completely innocent” [68] [69].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

However, Lady Waterford also believed in her brother's innocence [68].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In a surviving personal correspondence with a friend, Somerset denied knowing anything directly about the prince, but confirmed that he had heard the rumors and hoped that they would help refute any accusations against himself: he wrote that he may well understand “the irritation of the Prince of Wales that his son's name is associated with such a thing... we were both accused of going to this place, but not together... it will end precisely by the fact that it will be announced in open court that everyone is trying to keep quiet. I wonder if this is really a fact or just a fiction that the main scoundrel there is X [emmond]... [70] I never mentioned the boy's name except when, Montague and when they worked for me and had to to know that. If they were wise to hear what I knew and what others knew, they would hush up the case and not share it with the authorities” [71] [61] [72].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Rumors persisted many years after the scandal: sixty years later, the official biographer of King George V, Harold Nicholson, wrote from words who was only twelve years old at the time of these events that Albert Victor “visited a men's brothel, and his lawyer had to perjure in order to clean it up. The lawyer was suspended from service for this crime, but was subsequently reinstated” [73].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In fact, none of the lawyers in this case were convicted of perjury or removed from office during the scandal, and only Somerset's lawyer Arthur Newton had problems with the law: By the Cleveland Street scandal, he was convicted of obstructing justice by helping his clients flee abroad and was sentenced to six weeks in prison; twenty Years later, in 1910, Newton was removed from office for twelve months for breach of duty after falsifying a letter from his other client, the infamous Dr. Crippen , and in 1913 Newton was again suspended from work for an indefinite period and sentenced to three years in prison for fraudulently receiving money [74] [75].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

India Tour


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In October 1889, Albert Victor embarked on a seven-month tour of India.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The foreign press assumed that the journey was undertaken to distract from the gossip related to the Cleveland Street scandal [76].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In fact, the tour of India had nothing to do with the scandal and was planned since the spring of that year [77] [78].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

After passing through Athens, Port Said, Cairo and Aden, the prince arrived in Bombay on November 9, 1889 [79] [80].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Albert Victor received a luxurious reception by the Nizam of Hyderabad Asaf Jah VII, as well as Maharajas in other cities [81].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

He spent Christmas in Mandalay and New Year's Eve in Kolkata.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The prince spent most of his trip on a train, although he also had to ride ceremonial elephants [82].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

During the trip, Albert Victor met Mrs. Margery Haddon, the ex-wife of civil engineer Henry Haddon.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

After several unsuccessful attempts to marry and the death of Albert Victor, Margery came to England and stated that the prince was the father of her son Clarence Haddon.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

However, no evidence was provided from a woman who suffered from alcoholism and possibly mental illness, and all her claims were rejected.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

However, Haddon's statement reached Buckingham Palace, and the head of the special police department was instructed to investigate the case.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Documents from the National Archives show that neither the courtiers nor Margerie herself had any evidence of Albert Victor's paternity.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

However, in a statement to the police, the prince's lawyer admitted that there was “some kind of relationship” between him and Mrs. Haddon, but her paternity claim was dismissed [83].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In the 1920s, Haddon Clarence's son reiterated that he was the son of Prince Albert Victor; he also published a book in the United States, My Uncle George V, in which he claimed that he was born in London in September 1890, about nine months after the Prince met Mrs. Haddon.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In 1933, he was charged with threatening extortion and attempted extortion after a letter to the king demanding money for silence.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

During the trial in January of the following year, the prosecution presented documents showing that Clarence Haddon was born in 1887 or earlier, so he could not be a son Albert Victor.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Haddon was found guilty, but the judge, believing that he suffered from mania, did not sentence him to prison, but banned him from leaving the country for three years, provided that he did not claim his alleged royal ancestry [84].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Haddon broke the terms and was imprisoned for a year.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Even if the Haddons' claims were fair, Clarence would still be considered illegitimate and could not claim the throne [83].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Upon returning from India, on Queen Victoria's 71st birthday on May 24, 1890, Albert Victor received the titles of Duke of Clarence and Avondale and [85].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Prenuptial plans


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In the late 1880s, the prince began to look for a suitable bride.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The first candidate in 1889 was Albert Victor's cousin Alice of Hesse, daughter of Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse, and Alice of Great Britain [86].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

This variant of marriage was approved by both the parents of the prince and his royal grandmother: Alice was the favorite granddaughter of Queen Victoria, and the Prince of Wales considered the late mother of the princess his beloved sister [87].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

However, Alice herself, despite pressure from her family, refused to engage [88].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Queen Victoria, who wanted Alice to become Queen of Great Britain in the future, nevertheless accepted the refusal, which testified to the princess's firm character [89].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Later, Alice converted to Orthodoxy and became the wife of Albert Victor's cousin, the Russian Emperor Nicholas II.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In 1890, Albert Victor planned to marry for love the French princess Elena of Orleans, daughter of Louis-Philippe, Count of Paris, a contender to the French throne, who lived in England after Expulsion from France in 1886, and Maria Isabella of Orleans.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Initially, the Queen opposed the marriage of her grandson to a French princess, who professed Catholicism.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Victoria wrote to the prince, offering him her other granddaughter, Princess Margaret of Prussia, daughter of German Emperor Frederick III and Victoria of Great Britain, but the prince rejected the offer.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The Queen softened and allowed the marriage after learning about the love of Albert Victor and Elena [90] [91].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In addition, Elena was ready to change her faith, and Albert Victor renounce the rights to the throne for the sake of marrying her.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

To the disappointment of the young, Elena's father did not approve of this marriage and was categorically against her daughter's change of faith.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Elena personally visited Pope Leo XIII and applied for permission to marry, but he confirmed her father's verdict.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Negotiations on the marriage of Albert Victor and Elena were terminated [92].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Elena later became the wife of the Duke of Aosta.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In mid-1890, Albert Victor needed to examine and consult several doctors, but doctors did not name the disease in the correspondence, but only referred to fever and gout [93] [94].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Some biographers suggested that the prince suffered from a “mild form of sexually transmitted disease” [63], presumably gonorrhea [95], which he may have suffered before [96].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

However, the exact nature of the disease is unknown [97].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

At the end of 1891, the prince began an affair with chorist Lydia Miller (stage name “Lydia Manton”), who committed suicide in the same year after poisoning with carbolic acid [98].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Although she was the nominal mistress of Lord Charles Montague, who testified during the investigation, it was said that he was only a cover for the prince who asked Lydia to give up his theatrical career for his sake, and that the authorities sought to hide the case by making the inquiry private and blocking access to testimony [99].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Similarly to the situation with the Cleveland Street scandal, foreign newspapers openly linked the name of Albert Victor to the case of Lydia Miller, but regional British newspapers also quoted radical London newspaper The Star, which wrote: “This fact is so well known that blind denial of it looks childish in some circles useless. Lydia Manton was a petite amie of a young prince, and it happened just recently” [98].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Lydia's case was called “a scandal of the first magnitude... on the lips of every member of the club” [98] and compared to, according to which the prince's father testified [100].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In 1900, after the death of Albert Victor, rumors appeared about the prince's connection with another former theater girl Maud Richardson (née Louise Lancy) [101], and that the royal family had tried to pay off from her [102].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In 2002, letters from Albert Victor to his lawyer mentioning Richardson's payment of two hundred pounds were sold by London auction house Bonhams for more than eight thousand pounds sterling [103] [104].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The letters had inconsistencies in dates, so some historians suggest that they were forged [105].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In 1891, in a letter to Lady Albert Victor admitted that he was in love again, but he did not name the object of his feelings [106].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

At the same time, the royal court was considering a new candidate for wife to the prince, Maria Tekskaya.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Maria was the daughter of Queen Victoria Mary Adelaide's cousin of Cambridge and Franz, Duke of Tec.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Queen Victoria favored Mary, who, in her opinion, was the perfect bride — charming, reasonable and beautiful [107].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

On December 3, 1891, Albert Victor, to Mary's great surprise, who knew about the rumors about the prince's affair with the chorist, proposed to her at the residence of the Danish ambassador in Luton [108].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Maria agreed; the wedding was scheduled for February 27 of the following year [109].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Death


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

While the wedding and appointment of Albert Victor to the post of viceroy of Ireland were planned, the prince fell ill with the flu during.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

By mid-January, Albert Victor developed pneumonia, from which he died in Sandringham on January 14, 1892.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The prince died surrounded by relatives and friends, three doctors and three nurses [110].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Prince of Wales Chaplain Frederick Hervey prayed over the dying prince [111].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The people were shocked by the sudden death of the prince.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Mourning was declared in the country.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The Prince of Wales wrote to Queen Victoria that he “would gladly give his life for him” [112].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

However, the Princess of Wales felt the loss most acutely: Mary of Tek wrote to the Queen about Alexander that “the despair on her face was the most heartbreaking thing I had ever seen” [113]; Alexandra never recovered from the death of her son, and turned his room in Sandringham Palace into a sacred place [114].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Albert Victor's younger brother wrote: “I love him so deeply and I remember with pain every cruel word I said and the little quarrels we had with him, and I was going to apologize to him for a long time, but alas, it's too late now!” [115] After his brother's death, George took his brother's place in the line of succession to the throne and became king in 1910.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Maria of Tekskaya experienced the death of her groom with the royal family; during this period she became close to George, whom she married in 1893 [116].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

At Albert Victor's funeral, Maria put her bride's orange blossom wreath on the prince's coffin [113].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The prince was buried in Albert Memorial Chapel, located near Windsor Castle.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The burial of the prince, created, became “the best example of sculpture of the XIX century in the entire British Isles” [117]: above the coffin of Albert Victor there is a horizontal effigy in the form of a prince in a hussar uniform, An angel holding a crown leans above it; the tomb is surrounded by twisted railings with figures of saints.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The final version of the burial was completed only in 1928 and was somewhat different from the original idea [118], as Gilbert spent too much money on commissions, went bankrupt and left country; five figures of saints were completed with “great roughness” after his return to Great Britain in the 1920s [117].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

One journalist, who claimed to have attended most of Albert Victor's public speeches, wrote in an obituary: “He was little known to the English public as a person. His presence at sea, the journey and affairs of his regiment hid him from most eyes... at times his skin turned yellowish... and not only in the metropolis, but throughout the country it was said that he will never ascend to the throne” [119].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Prince's reputation


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

During the prince's lifetime, the British press mostly spoke of him with respect and wrote many speeches of praise, and the same tradition continued some time after the death of Albert Victor.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Radical politician Henry Broadhurst, who met with both Albert Victor and his brother George, noted that both princes were “devoid of manners and arrogance” [120].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

On the day of Albert Victor's death, leading liberal politician William Gladstone wrote in his personal diary that the death of the prince was “a great loss for our party” [121].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Nevertheless, Queen Victoria mentioned Albert Victor's “wild life” in private letters to her eldest daughter [122]; also, in the middle of the 20th century, official biographers of the royal couple (George V and Mary Tekskoy), and Harold Nicholson, repeated the negative assessments of the prince, portraying him lazy, poorly educated and physically weak.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The exact nature of his “frivolous hobbies” is not clear, but in 1994, a biographer journalist put forward a theory of “alleged circumstantial” evidence that “frivolous hobbies” in were mostly related to homosexual relationships.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Aronson's verdict was based on “[the prince's] adoration of his elegant and powerful mother; his desire to be courageous; his sugary, tender, quiet and charming nature”, as well as rumors of involvement prince to the Cleveland Street scandal and his personal opinion that everyone has “some homosexuality.”


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

However, he admitted that “allegations of Prince Eddie's homosexuality should be treated with caution” [123].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

It cannot be ruled out that the interpretation of this issue was influenced by the general increase in the popularity of the topic of homosexuality in the global media environment at the end of the 20th century.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In 1962, rumors spread in the press that Albert Victor may have been involved in or was the murders of Jack the Ripper [124] [125] [126].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Later, there were allegations (in particular in the book) that Albert Victor had a child with a woman in Whitechapel and either he or several high-ranking men committed murders in order to to hide it.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

This version was repeated several times, but researchers rejected it as untenable and referred to indisputable evidence of the prince's innocence [127] [128] [129] [130] [131] [132] [133]: for example, 30 On September 1888, when Albert Victor was killed in London and was more than 500 miles (more than 800 km) from the capital — he was in Balmoral, the royal residence in Scotland, where he was seen Queen Victoria, other family members, members of the German royal family who have visited the country, and a large number of staff.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

According to the official court circular, family diaries and letters, newspaper reports and other sources, Eddie could not be near the places where the rest of the murders took place. [134]


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Other conspiracy theories (though also untenable) claimed that the prince died of syphilis or poison poisoning, that he was pushed off a cliff on behalf of Lord Randolph Churchill, or that his death was falsified to remove him from the line of succession to the throne [135] [136] [137].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Albert Victor's posthumous reputation became so bad that in 1964, a British biographer called his death a “mercy of providence”, thus supporting the theory that his death saved country from an unworthy heir to the throne and replaced him with a more reliable George V [138] [139].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In 1972, he became the first contemporary author to re-evaluate Albert Victor and portray him in a more benevolent light.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In recent years, Andrew Cook has continued to try to rehabilitate Albert Victor's reputation, arguing that the prince's lack of academic performance was partly due to the incompetence of the teacher Dalton, that the prince himself was a sweet and charming person, and there is no strong evidence that he was homosexual or bisexual; in addition, according to Cook, the prince adhered to liberal views, especially on the issue of Irish self-government, and his reputation was tarnished by biographers who wanted to improve the image of his brother George [140].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Image in culture


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Conspiracy theories around Albert Victor led to the fact that in popular culture, the prince was portrayed as involved in the murders of Jack the Ripper.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In 1979, Canadian director's film Murder by Order was released, in which the famous detective Sherlock Holmes (Christopher Plummer) investigates the murders of Jack the Ripper; during the investigation it turns out that a member of the British royal family, Duke Clarence (Robin Marshall), is involved in the case; the idea for the film was taken by Clark from Stephen Knight's book Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution [141].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Prince Eddie was also suspected of being Jack the Ripper in David Weeks's two-part television film Jack the Ripper (1988); the film is largely based on the same defamatory Masonic conspiracy theory [142], as did the film “Murder by Order” and later “From Hell” (2001); the role of the prince in the 1988 film was played by Mark Kalwick [143], in the film “From Hell” by Mark Dexter [144].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Eddie is also a character in the film “The Ripper” (1997), played the role of the prince by Samuel West; the plot of the film focuses not so much on the murders themselves as on the lives of aristocrats associated with heir to the British throne [145].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Albert Victor also appears at different ages in the TV series “” (1975; the role of the prince is played by Samuel West, Jerome Watts and Charles Dance [146]) and “A Rogue in Londinium” (2010, played by Dennis Davis [147]).


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In addition, Eddie is a character in Andrew Cook's documentary Prince Eddie: The King We Didn't Have (2005), using both archival footage and staged scenes , starring Mark Dexter as Eddie [148].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Peter Dickinson's novels The King and the Jester (1976) [149] and Skeleton in Waiting (1989) [150], which take place in an alternative story, describe the adventures of a fictional royal family, which traces its history to Albert Victor, who became King Victor I.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In the novel “The Adventures of the Lost Detective” from the parallel universe of Gary Lovisi, stylized as the adventures of Sherlock Holmes, Albert Victor appears as an oppressive king who rules after death ( under suspicious circumstances) grandmother and father [151].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The prince also appears as a murder victim in the first of David Dickinson's detective novels, Good Night, Prince Dear [152], and as a murder suspect in Death at Glamis Castle [153].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In Kim Newman and I Am a Vampire, Prince Eddie is a vampire [154]; in addition, in the first of these books he is the monarch of Great Britain [155].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

In the comic “”, Eddie is a supporting character in the steampunk alternative legend of Jack the Ripper.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Titles, awards, genealogy and coat of arms


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Titles


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

As the male grandson of the ruling monarch, from birth until May 24, 1890, the prince was called His Royal Highness Prince Albert Victor [4] of Wales.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

From May 1890 until January 14, 1892, Albert Victor was called His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, but the full name given at his funeral was: “the highest, the powerful and famous Prince Albert Victor Christian Edward, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, Earl of Athlone, Duke of Saxon, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Knight of the Noble Order of the Garter, Knight of the illustrious Order of St. Patrick” [156].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Awards and titles


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Awards and titles


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

British [157]


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

September 3, 1883: Order of the Garter


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

June 28, 1887: Order of Saint Patrick


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

1887: Doctor of Law, University of Dublin


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

1888: Doctor of Law, University of Cambridge


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Foreign [157]


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

: Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

: Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

: Grand Cross of the Order of Carlos III


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

: Order of Osmaniye 1st Class with Diamonds


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

: Supreme Order of the Holy Annunciation


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

: Knight of the Order of the Elephant (October 11, 1883) [158]


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

: Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold I (1885)


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Military ranks [157]


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

1877—1879: Cadet of training ship HMS Britannia (Dartmouth, Devonshire)


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

1879-1880: HMS Bacchante Cadet


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

1880—1883: HMS Bacchante midshipman


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

1886—1887: Lieutenant


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

1887: Captain of Her Majesty's 9th Royal Lancers


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

1887—1889: Captain


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

1889—1892: Major of the 10th (own Prince of Wales) Royal Hussars


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Honorary military ranks


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

: Honorary Colonel of the 4th Bengal Infantry Regiment [159]


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

: Honorary Colonel of the 4th Bombay Cavalry Regiment [160]


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

: Honorary Colonel of the 1st Punjab Cavalry Regiment [161]


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

1890—1892: Honorary Colonel of the 3rd London City Volunteer Riflemen Corps


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Genealogy


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Franz, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeldsky8.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeldsky17


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Augusta Reiss-Ebersdorfskaya4.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gothsky18.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.9


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg19.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 2.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Edward, Prince of Wales.20


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

George III


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

King of Great Britain and Ireland, King of Hanover.10


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent.21


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Charlotte Mecklenburg-Strelitzka5.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Victoria


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India.22


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Franz, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (=16) 11.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeldskaya23.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Augusta Reiss-Ebersdorf (=17) 1.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Albert Victor Christian Eduard24.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck.12


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg.25


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Frederick von Schlieben6.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Christian IX


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

King of Denmark.26


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Karl, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel.13


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel.27


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Louise of Danish3.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Alexandra Danskaya28.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Friedrich of Hesse-Kassel.14


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Wilhelm, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel.29


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Carolina Nassau-Uzingenskaya7.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Louise of Hesse-Kasselskaya.30


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Frederick of Denmark and Norwegian15.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Louise Charlotte Danish31.


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Coat of arms


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Together with the ducal title, Prince Albert Victor received the right to use his own coat of arms, based on the British royal coat of arms with the addition of the coat of arms of Saxony (a shield crossed nine times on niello and gold, on top of the shield there is a right sling in the form of a rue crown) and a silver title with three teeth (there is a straight scarlet cross on the middle tooth of the title) [162].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The shield holders are burdened with a title (tournament collar) like in a shield: on the green lawn there is a gold leopard armed with scarlet and crowned with a gold crown [rising lion on the alert] and silver, a gold-armed unicorn, topped like a collar with a gold crown, with a chain attached to it [163].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The shield is crowned with a crown corresponding to the dignity of the children of the heir to the throne; on top of the crown there is a crest in the form of a golden crown topped with a gold leopard, crowned and armed with scarlet ( walking lion on the alert) [164].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

The shield is four-part: in the first and fourth parts there are three golden leopards armed with azure in the scarlet field (walking lions on the alert), one above the other [England]; in the second part, scarlet in the golden field, azure armed lion surrounded by a double blooming and anti-blooming inner border [Scotland]; in the third part there is a gold harp with silver strings in an azure field [Ireland]) [165].


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

comments


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Notes


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Literature


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Category:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Category:Trinity College Cambridge alumni


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Category:Deaths from influenza


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Category: Deaths from pneumonia


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Category:Jack the Ripper


Question: How old did Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale die?

Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence

Category:Non-ascended Heirs (British Isles)


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Final Fantasy XI (Fainaru Fantaji: Irebun) (also known as Final Fantasy XI: Online) is a massive online multiplayer role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by Japanese by Square Co.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

(now Square Enix).


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

This is the first online game in the Final Fantasy series.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

It was originally released in Japan on May 16, 2002 on the PlayStation 2, and six months later, on November 5, a Microsoft Windows version was released.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

In 2003, the game was translated into English and released in North America on October 28, 2003 (Windows version).


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

The PS2 version went on sale on March 23, 2004.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

In Europe, sales of the Windows version began in the fall of the same year, on September 14, the PS2 version was not released in Europe.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

In April 2006, the game port for Xbox 360 was released.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Although Square Enix does not officially support the PlayStation 3 console, the PlayStation 2 backwards compatibility mode allows you to use it for gaming.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

To date, 5 add-ons have been released: Rise of the Zilart (2003), Chains of Promathia (2004), Treasures of Aht Urghan (2006), Wings of the Goddess (2007), Seekers of Adoulin (2013).


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

The first was sold separately only in Japan and was included in the US and European releases (the European release originally included the second expansion, Chains of Promathia).


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

The monthly subscription fee is $13 for the North American version and €13 for the European version (£9 for UK residents).


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

As of 2008, the number of active players is 500 thousand people.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

In Russia, the game was published by Akella.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Gameplay


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

As with many other MMORPGs, the game takes place on independent servers (currently there are 32 of them and 1 test server used by developers).


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

When creating a character, the player is offered a choice of 5 races — Hume, Elvaan, Galka, Mithra and Tarutaru.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Each race has its own strengths and weaknesses, but the choice of race does not impose any restrictions on the professions available.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Highlights


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

A distinctive feature of Final Fantasy XI for a long time was that when creating a character, in general, it was impossible to select a server, it was assigned randomly.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

This was done to ensure an even distribution of players from all over the world across servers.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

However, in early 2007, the ability to select a server was added.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

To make it easier for players from different countries to communicate with each other, the game has an auto-translator that allows you to construct simple phrases from a list of the most common words and phrases.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Initially, another feature was a strong focus on team play.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

For most professions, gaining experience (“leveling”) alone was possible, but required much more time than when participating in a group.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

With the introduction of a computer-controlled recruiting character system (Trust), most of the content has become available for solo playthrough.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Missions and quests


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

The game has many tasks — quests, which (in terms of the game) are divided into so-called missions and quests themselves.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Completing missions is usually accompanied by cutscenes and moves the player along the storyline, unlike quests.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

However, completing quests often opens up new opportunities for the player and/or rewards him with items or play money.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Economics


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

The economy in Final Fantasy XI is quite standard for Asian games.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Very few enemies leave behind game money when killed, and even so, the amounts of this money are very small.