Question: How many times a day did the Novosti program air on Channel One?

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VID TV company


Question: How many times a day did the Novosti program air on Channel One?

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Vesti TV program


Question: How many times a day did the Novosti program air on Channel One?

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“Vesti-Moscow” TV program


Question: How many times a day did the Novosti program air on Channel One?

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Notes


Question: How many times a day did the Novosti program air on Channel One?

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References


Question: How many times a day did the Novosti program air on Channel One?

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Category:Russian TV shows


Question: How many times a day did the Novosti program air on Channel One?

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Category:VID TV Shows


Question: How many times a day did the Novosti program air on Channel One?

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Question: How many times a day did the Novosti program air on Channel One?

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Category:TV shows launched in 1998


Question: How many times a day did the Novosti program air on Channel One?

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Category:Morning TV programs


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The Sahara (Arabic: Sahara, Es-Sahra el-Kubra; French: Sahara) is the largest hot desert and the second, after the Antarctic, desert on Earth in terms of area.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

It is located in the north of the African continent.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

(about 30% of Africa's area, slightly larger than Brazil).


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

From the west, the Sahara is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, from the north by the Atlas Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea, and from the east by the Red Sea.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The southern border of the desert is defined by a zone of sedentary ancient sand dunes at 16° N.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

, to the south of which is the Sahel, a transitional region to the Sudanese savannah [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The Sahara partially captures the territory of more than ten states — Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia and Chad, as well as the disputed territory of Western Sahara.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The vast expanses of the Sahara are uninhabited, the sedentary lifestyle is limited to areas of oases, the valleys of the Nile and Niger rivers.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Sahara does not lend itself to categorization within one type of desert, although the prevailing type is sandy-rocky.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

There are many regions in the desert: Tenere, Greater Eastern Erg, Great Western Erg, Tanezruft, El-Hamra, Igidi, Erg Shesh, Arabian, Algerian, Libyan, Nubian deserts, Talak Desert .


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The Sahara is constantly increasing — every year the desert expands to the south by 6-10 km [2].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Name


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The name “Sahara” has been mentioned since the 1st century AD.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

[3] It comes from the word Arabic: ṣarāā, which means “desert”, and its plural ṣaārā, according to other sources, from the ancient Arabic sahra — “red-brown” [3].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The names of some areas of the Sahara, such as Tanezruft (southwestern Algeria) or Teneré (center of Niger), are often of Berber origin [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Geographic characteristics


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Square


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Different sources define the boundaries of the Sahara in different ways, which is why estimates of its area fluctuate.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Isohyets of 100 and 200 mm, aridity indices, the fruiting boundary of date palms and the growth of esparto grass in the north, as well as other botanical features in the south are used.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In some sources, the eastern border of the Sahara is drawn along the Nile Valley (do not include the Arabian and Nubian deserts).


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

TSB gives a range of 6 to 8 million km² [4].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

According to the Britannica Encyclopedia, the Sahara covers an area of about 8.6 million km², which is about 30% of the area of Africa [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

WWF cites a figure of 9.1 million km², describing the area of the “Greater Sahara” [5].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Geology and minerals


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The Sahara is located on the Sahara Plate, the northwestern part of the ancient African Platform.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Along the central part of the slab, the Central Sahara uplift zone stretches from west to east, where the Precambrian crystalline foundation comes to the surface: the Regibat massif in the west is separated Tanezruft trough from the Akhaggar Highlands, consisting of alternating gorsts and grabens.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Further to the east extend the Tibesti, Al-Uwaynat, Al-Eghlab massifs, as well as the western ledge of the Nubian-Arabian Shield (Etbay Range) [6].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

To the north and south of the uplift zone are the North Sahara and South Sahara descending zones - deflections of the platform filled with Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Until the middle of the Cretaceous, continental strata accumulated in these zones, which later (at the end of the Cretaceous — the beginning of the Paleogene) was blocked by marine sediments (and in the southern part of the descent zone, sea sediments are less are powerful).


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Since the Oligocene era, the sea has receded, and the ancient massifs (especially Ahaggar and Tibesti) have experienced a strong uplift.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In the South Sahara descending zone, there are also Taodenny flat syneclise, Graben Gao, Mali Niger synclysis and Chad syneclise.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Due to the stability of the platform, the formations of the Paleozoic era remained horizontal and changed little.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In most parts of the Sahara, these formations were covered by Mesozoic sediments, to which many important aquifers are associated.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In the northern part of the desert, these formations are also associated with elongated depressions and basins, from the oases of western Egypt to the Shotts of Algeria.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The deflection of the platform in the southern part of the desert created large basins occupied by Cenozoic lakes (for example, the mega-lake Chad and the Uniang group of lakes).


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

On the territory of the Sahara, there are rich deposits of oil and gas (the Sahara oil and gas basin, including the Hassi Mesaud field), iron (Ijil) and copper (Akzhuzht) ores.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Deposits of gold, tungsten, uranium and rare metals are associated with the Precambrian foundation [3] [4].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Relief


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The landscape of the Sahara is very diverse.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Most of its territory (up to 70% [3]) is occupied by plain clay serirs, pebble regs and rocky plateaus (hamada) below 500 m high, descending to 200 m in coastal areas.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Mountain ledges are highest in Central Sahara - the Tibesti Highlands (the highest peak in the Sahara is Amy Kusi volcano, 3415 m) and Ahaggar (Mount Tahat, 3003 m).


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

These areas bear traces of active volcanism from the Neogene and Anthropogen times and are dissected by deep valleys (up to 30 km wide, up to 400 km long) with dry channels of ancient rivers.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Cuesta ridges up to 1000 m high and stepped plateaus Adrar Iforas (up to 728 m), Air (up to 1900 m), Ennedi (up to 1310 m), Tademait and others stretch around the highlands.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

[4] A notable feature of lowland areas is desert tan, a ferromanganese black film that covers rocks.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The Saharan plateaus are mainly made up of weathered rocks, such as the Tademait plateau in Algeria.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

[1] [4]


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In addition to plains, plateaus and mountains in the Sahara, there are numerous shallow saline drainless basins (sebhi, shotts and daiys) and large depressions in which oases meet.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The lowest areas are Kattara (−133 m, the lowest point in the Sahara), El Fayyum, Melgir (-26 m) and Bodele.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Confined to depressions and large wadis, sandy deserts (ergs) and dunes occupy about 25% of the desert surface [1] or about 2.2 million km² [4].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The largest clusters of sands are Igidi, Erg Shesh, Great Western Erg, Greater Eastern Erg, Erg Chebbi, etc.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The ridges are mainly fastened together by weak xerophytic vegetation, round, star-shaped, transverse dunes and sickle-shaped dunes are also found; pyramidal dunes reach a height of 150 m, are found ridges up to 200-300 m high. In the south of the northern and northeastern parts (Aubari, Idekhan-Marzouk, Tenere, Libyan Desert) there are mobile sands.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In some places, the phenomenon of singing sands is observed [1] [4].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

.Tadrart Acacus Mountains, LibyaGelta in Ennedi District, Chad


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Water resources


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Several rivers, originating outside the Sahara, replenish the surface and groundwater of the desert.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The Nile is the only river with a permanent transitive watercourse [4].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Its main tributaries, the Blue and White Nile, merge in the southeastern Sahara, and along the eastern edge of the desert, the river carries its waters to the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

On the Nile, in 1964-1968, a large reservoir Nasser was created, which, during the spill, formed the Toshka lakes, the area of which the Egyptian government plans to turn into an oasis.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In southern Sahara, several rivers flow into Lake Chad, from where a significant amount of water continues to flow northeast and replenishes local aquifers.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The Niger River flows along the southwestern outskirts of the Sahara, near the inner delta of which there are lakes Fagibin, Garu, Niangai, etc.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In the northern regions of the desert, water is brought by streams and wadis (dry watercourses filled with water after heavy rains) flowing down from the Anti-Atlas, Atlas, the Ores Mountains and other coastal hills of Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The largest of these rivers are the Draa, Saura, Ziz.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Many smaller wadis flow into the Schotts, such as the Jedi in Melgir.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Within the Sahara itself, an extensive ancient river network diverges from Akhaggar, Tassilin Ager and Tibesti - Wadi Igargar, Tafasaset, Tamanrasset, etc.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Some of these wadis were formed in the distant past, when the climate of the region was wetter, others are the result of the impact of water flows from sudden manifestations of nature, such as flooding 1922, which destroyed the Algerian city of Tamanrasset.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The sand dunes of the Sahara store significant reserves of rainwater that seeps and springs out on the desert slopes.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Rains also fill gelts, some of which do not dry out (Arshay, Zemmur, etc.) On the outskirts of the Sahara, as well as in the central mountain ranges, relict lakes have been preserved, partially swampy and often highly mineralized, such as Lake Joa from the Uniang Lakes group [1] [4].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Under the sands of the Sahara, there are large basins of groundwater, including artesian ones.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

These basins are mainly confined to continental Lower Cretaceous sandstones and provide water to oases.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Due to the greater volume of underground runoff, the northern part of the Sahara is rich in groundwater; in the southern part, the waters are less abundant, and the aquifers lie deeper.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Groundwater is also used for irrigation (see Libya's Great Man-made River project) [4].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Ziz River flowing into the Sahara Desert from the High Atlas MountainsOasis, AhaggarVerbludy Highlands at the water source in Gelt Arshay, Chad


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Soils


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The soils of most of the Sahara are characteristic of tropical deserts and semi-deserts (crushed, pebble, sandy).


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

They have a low content of organic substances, soil layers are poorly isolated.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are present in some areas, but soils are mostly biologically inactive.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

At the edges of the desert, soils contain higher concentrations of organic matter; soils are often saline in depressions.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The presence of unbound carbonate indicates a low leaching rate.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Predominantly in the north-western part of the desert, dense lime-gypsum layers (crust) with a thickness of several cm to 1-2 m are common, which are associated with calcareous root underlying breeds.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The distribution of finely dispersed, including diatoms, is limited by drainless depressions and depressions.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

As a result of disdain for vegetation and the plowing of light sandy soils, mobile sands step on oases.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In 1974, Algeria launched the Green Wall project, during which barrier lines of eucalyptus trees and other trees were planted for 1,500 km [1] [4].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Climate


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

From a climatic point of view, the Sahara became a desert about 5 million years ago, at the beginning of the Pliocene, after which climate humidity experienced short- and medium-term fluctuations; in particular, during The Neolithic Sahara subpluvial was the last time savannah.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The modern arid climate lasts about 10,000 years [4].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Apparently, the anthropogenic factor has contributed by increasing the reflectivity of the surface and reducing the total evaporation.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Obviously, cattle grazing for 7,000 years on the desert and its borders has consolidated these conditions, and the climate of the Sahara has hardly changed over the past 2,000 years.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

A significant deviation of conditions from normal conditions was observed from the 16th to the 17th centuries, when the so-called Little Ice Age lasted in Europe.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

At this time, precipitation increased significantly along the tropical border, in the desert itself and possibly in its northern regions.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In the 19th century, climatic conditions returned to those that are similar to the current ones [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The climate of most of the Sahara is strongly influenced throughout the year by the northeastern trade winds.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Relative humidity is 30-50%, a huge moisture deficit and high volatility (potential evaporation 2500-6000 mm) are typical for the entire desert, with the exception of narrow coastal bands [4].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

There are two main climatic regimes: dry subtropical in the north and dry tropical in the south.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The northern regions are characterized by unusually large annual and daily temperature fluctuations, with cool and even cold winters and hot summers.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The rainfall has two annual highs.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In the southern regions, summers are hot and winters are mild and dry.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

After the hot and dry season, it rains in summer.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The cooler climate of the narrow coastal strip in the west is explained by the influence of the cold Canary Current [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Satellite image by Erg Issaouane, Algeria.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Salt between the dunes (white and blue areas) is from evaporated rainwater.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Rishat is a geological formation in the west of the SugarSand blown by the Shergi wind from the Sahara towards the Canary Islands


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The northern part


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The dry subtropical climate of northern Sahara is due to stable high-pressure cells located above the Northern Tropic.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The annual difference in average daily temperatures is about 20°C.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Winters are relatively cold in the north and cool in the central regions.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The average monthly winter temperature in the northern part of the desert is +13° C [1], the average monthly air temperature in July reaches +37.2° C (Adrar), and the average daily temperatures can reach +40° C and more.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Daily temperature fluctuations are significant both in winter and summer.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In winter, the soil freezes through at night, and night temperatures of -18° C are recorded in the central mountain ranges.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Summers are hot, the maximum recorded temperature is +57.8° C (El Azizia, Libya); the surface of the earth can warm up to +70... +80° C [4].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The amount of precipitation varies greatly, with an annual average of 76 mm.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Most rains are observed from December to March, and from May to June there is little precipitation.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The second maximum occurs in August and is accompanied by thunderstorms, which cause severe short-term floods [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The hinterland may not receive precipitation for several years in a row; the northern plateaus (Akhaggar and Tibesti) receive short-term snow almost every year.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Most of the desert is characterized by abundant dew in the morning, which contributes to the formation of superficial silty bark [4].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Dry subtropics are also characterized by hot southern winds that carry dust from the interior, causing dust storms for many days (wind speeds sometimes reach more than 50 m/s [4]).


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

They are usually observed in spring, but are also possible at other times of the year.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In Egypt, these winds are known as “khamsin” and “samum”, in Libya - as “died”, in Tunisia - as “chili”.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The Sudanese habub wind has a shorter duration, is observed in summer and, as a rule, accompanies heavy rains [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The southern part


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The dry tropical climate of the south of the desert, in addition to the same high-pressure cells, is also regularly affected by the seasonal interaction of stable subtropical continental and unstable marine air masses to the south.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The annual difference in average daily temperatures in the dry tropical regions of the Sahara is about 17.5° C.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The average temperatures of the coldest months are about the same as in the northern part of the desert, but the daily fluctuations are less.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In high-altitude areas, the temperature sometimes drops below zero — the absolute minimum recorded in the mountains of Tibesti is -15° C.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Late spring and early summer are hot, and the air often warms up to 50° C [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Precipitation in the mountainous regions of the dry tropics is small and distributed throughout the year, rains in low-lying areas occur mainly in summer.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

As in the north, many rains are accompanied by thunderstorms.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The average annual rainfall is about 130 mm, and snow occasionally falls on the central mountain ranges.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The temperature of the western border of the desert is softened by the cool Canary Current, which reduces the amount of convection precipitation, but increases humidity and sometimes fogs are observed.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Winter in southern Sahara is a period of harmatan, a dry northeastern wind that carries dust and sand [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Vegetation


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Saharan vegetation is scarce, consisting of small communities of herbs, shrubs and trees that grow in oases, high-rise areas, and along the wadi.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Salt-resistant halophyte plants are found in the depressions.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

On lower-water plains and plateaus, there are species of grasses, small shrubs and trees that are resistant to drought and heat.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

[1] In many areas (regis, hamads, partially sand accumulations, etc.), there is no vegetation cover at all.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Human activities (grazing livestock, collecting useful plants, harvesting fuel, etc.) had a strong impact on the vegetation of almost all regions [4].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The Saharan flora is particularly well adapted to the irregularity of precipitation.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

This is reflected in a wide variety of physiological adaptations, habitat preferences, the creation of dependent and related communities and reproduction strategies.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Perennial drought-resistant cereals and shrubs have an extensive and deep (up to 15-21 m) root system.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Many of the grass plants are ephemers that can produce seeds three days after sufficient moisture and sow them within 10-15 days thereafter [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In the mountainous regions of the desert, relict Neogene flora, related to the Mediterranean, is found, and many endemics.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Among the relict woody plants growing in mountainous areas are some types of olives, cypress and mastic trees.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

There are also species of acacia, tamarisk and wormwood, doom palm, oleander, finger date, thyme, ephedra.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Dates, figs, olive and fruit trees, some citrus fruits, and various vegetables are cultivated in oases.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Herbal plants that grow in many parts of the desert are represented by the genera triostnitsa, field grass and millet.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Coastal and other salt-resistant grasses grow on the Atlantic coast.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Different combinations of ephemers form seasonal pastures called ashebs.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Algae are found in water bodies [1] [4].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Animal world


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The fauna of the Sahara belongs to the Holarctic and Ethiopian zoogeographical regions, the total number of species is about 4 thousand (most are invertebrates).


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

About 40% of all species are African endemic, although endemism in the Sahara is no more than 10-12%.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The habitats of typical Saharan animals are limited to the central highlands.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In the driest regions, the species composition is extremely poor, and the biomass of animals decreases to 2 kg/ha or less.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Most animals are nocturnal [4].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Mammals (about 60 species in total [4]): sandstone subfamily, jerboa family, Cape hare, Ethiopian hedgehog, maned ram, saberhorned antelope, dorcas gazelle, mouflon, wild Nubian donkey, baboon anubis (in Aura and Tibesti); spotted hyena, common jackal, cheetah, sand fox, fennec fox, Ictonyx libycus and mongoose (Egyptian mongoose, etc.) The last Addax antelope in Northern Sahara was killed in the early 1920s, and its population decreased significantly in the south of the desert and in the central mountain ranges.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The North African elephant died out in ancient Rome; the lion, ostrich and other species were found on the northern borders of the desert as early as 1830 [1] [4].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

If we take into account migratory birds (more than 50% of species diversity [4]), the number of species living in the Sahara exceeds 300.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Coastal zones and inland watercourses attract many species of waterfowl.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In the interior there are ostriches, various birds of prey, secretary bird, guinea fowl, Neotis nuba, African owl and barn owl; Calandrella raytal, Ptyonoprogne obsoleta, desert and trumpet crows [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Lizards, monitor lizards, chameleons, skinks, horned vipers and cobras live in rocky and sandy areas.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Different types of snails serve as an important food source for birds and other animals.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Desert snails can hibernate in summer and remain in this state for several years until they emerge from it as a result of precipitation.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The fauna of the Sahara lakes consists of frogs, toads, small crocodiles, Artemia and other crustaceans.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The relict tropical fauna of northern Sahara includes tropical species of catfish and etropluses that live in Biskra (Algeria) and in isolated oases [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The addax antelope, which lives in remote areas of the Sahara, is in danger of extinctionThe miniature fennec fox, a common inhabitant of the SaharaGazelle Dorcas, is in danger of extinction due to range and uncontrolled shooting


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Peoples


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Despite the fact that the Sahara is comparable to that of the United States, the population density (including the Nile Valley) is estimated at only 0.4 people per km² (a total of 2.5 million people) [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Huge areas are not inhabited, scattered settlements are formed only at reliable sources of water and islands of vegetation that can feed livestock.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In prehistoric times, the Sahara was much more densely populated.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Stone artifacts, fossils and rock paintings, which are common in regions now too dry to sustain life, bear witness to the presence of both humans and wild animals, including antelopes, buffaloes, giraffes, elephants, rhinos and warthogs.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Bone harpoons, places where shells are concentrated and the remains of fish, crocodiles and hippos indicate the existence of prehistoric settlements on the shores of ancient lakes [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

After the arrival of livestock in the Sahara almost 7,000 years ago, nomadic cattle breeding began to dominate hunting and fishing in some groups.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The peoples of the Niger region of Tenere, related to the Berbers or Zaghawa, were engaged in cattle breeding.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The appearance of sheep and goats is probably associated with the peoples of northeast Africa and representatives of the Capsian culture.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The origin of agriculture dates back to the period about 6 thousand years ago, when Egypt began to grow barley and two-grain wheat.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

These crops appear to have come from Asia; evidence of domestication of native African plants was first found in pottery found in Mauritania.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

These items date back to 1000 BC.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

and are attributed to gangara, ancestors of modern soninka [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The emergence of agriculture and pets had led to the specialization of many Saharan peoples and the establishment of economic ties between nearby settlements.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Foreign trade began to develop: copper from Mauritania was supplied to Mediterranean civilizations of the Bronze Age as early as the second millennium BC.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Trade intensified with the advent of Saharan civilizations of the Iron Age in the 1st century BC.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

, including a civilization centered in Nubia [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The mobility of nomadic peoples has made it easier for them to participate in the trans-Saharan trade.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The desertification of the Sahara was reflected in the transition of traders from horses and cattle to camels.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Although camels were used in Egypt as early as the 6th century BC.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

, the beginning of their dominance dates only to the 3rd century AD.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Residents of the Saharan oases were attacked by the Sanhaji (Berber clan) and other nomads, many of whom took refuge in the desert from the anarchy and war of late Roman rule in North Africa.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Many of the remaining inhabitants of the oases, including, were enslaved by nomads.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The spread of Islam in North Africa between the 7th and 11th centuries forced groups of Berbers and Arabs who wanted to preserve traditional beliefs to go into the desert.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Islam, which spread along trade routes, eventually became the main religion of the region [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Despite their considerable cultural diversity, the Saharan peoples are mostly characterized as pastoralists, sedentary farmers or artisans.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Cattle breeding, always to some extent nomadic, is common in the outskirts, in the foothills and in the slightly wetter western areas.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Cattle are found along the southern border with the Sahel, while goats, sheep and camels are bred in the desert.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The main groups of pastoralists are regeibat in the northwest of the desert and the chaamba in the northern part of Algerian Sahara.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

During periods of drought, large migrations took place in search of pastures.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Known for their militancy, the Tuareg have a matriarchal society, and women in it, despite professing Islam, have great freedom.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Moorish groups in the west were formerly organized into tribal alliances.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The Ted people from the Tibesti region and its southern outskirts are mainly engaged in camel breeding, and their representatives are known for their physical endurance [1].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Economics


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Trans-saharan trade


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In the Middle Ages, caravan routes passed through the Sahara, connecting the state formations of the Atlantic coast and the trading cities of North Africa.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The main trade routes have shifted several times.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Thus, until the 11th century, the main caravan route passed through medieval Ghana, and from the 12th century it moved to the east, connecting Malian gold mines with the trading cities of North Africa.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Malian gold, like many other goods (skins, ostrich feathers, etc.), came to the Middle East and from there often to Europe.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Since the 15th century, the main caravan route began to pass through Houseland.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The goods were transported by camel dromedary caravans.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Before being assembled into a caravan, the animals were fattened for several months in the plains of the Maghreb or the Sahel.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

According to Ibn Battuta, who traveled with one of the caravans, the average size of the caravan was about 1,000 camels, and sometimes reached 12,000 camels. The caravans were led by highly paid Berber guides who knew the desert well and inhabited it by the nomadic Tuareg tribes.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The survival of the caravan depended on the coordinated work of many.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Messengers were sent forward to the oases who could bring water from places where the caravan had a few more days to travel.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Transportation


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Two highways pass through the desert, starting in Algiers.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The trans-Saharan “road of unity” runs through In-Salah and Tamanrasset and ends in Lagos and has two branches: Agadez (Niger) and Gao (Mali).


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The second highway passes through the Tuat oasis.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

There are airports in Adrar, Tamanrasset and a number of others [3].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

History


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

The Sahara Desert decreased significantly during a series of episodes of the “green Sahara” of the Middle Pleistocene with a particularly noticeable but short period of about 330 thousand years, corresponding to 9 (MIS 9) [7] [8].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Having reached 4000 BC by 4000 BC


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

the peak of moisture, the Sahara began to slowly turn into a desert during the aridization period from 3600 BC.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

up to 2700 BC


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Such conclusions were drawn on the basis of a study of geological deposits raised from the depths of Lake Joa, located in northern Chad.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

According to research, 6,000 years ago, trees grew in the Sahara and there were many lakes.


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Thus, the work of scientists from Germany, Canada and the United States, led by Stefan Kreplin from the Institute of Prehistoric Geology at the University of Cologne, refutes the existing theory about the rapid transformation of this part Africa to the desert 5500 years ago for several centuries [9].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

In 2017, geologist David Wright of Seoul University suggested that the transition of ancient tribes living in the region about 8,000 years ago to a shepherd type of animal husbandry led to a decrease in vegetation cover and an increase in the amount of sunlight reflected off the surface, which, in turn, made rains less frequent and intensified desertification [10].


Question: What is the temperature of the sand in the Sahara?

Sahara

Notes


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Red Dead Redemption 2 (stylized as Red Dead Redemption II, abbreviated as RDR2) is an action-adventure and open-world third-person shooter video game developed and released Rockstar Games for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in 2018 [1].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

It is the third in the Red Dead series and a prequel to Red Dead Redemption (2010).


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Red Dead Redemption 2, designed in the spirit of a Western, takes place in 1899 in the Wild West, in several fictional states of the United States.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

The plot of the game is built around the adventures of the gang of Dutch van der Linde; the player controls Arthur Morgan, one of the gang members.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

After a failed bank robbery, bandits are forced to hide in the middle of nowhere from federal agents and bounty hunters.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Red Dead Redemption 2 offers the player to freely travel around the vast world of the game, finding interesting places and activities on their own - such possible activities include shootings, robberies, wildlife hunting and horse racing.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

A special system of “honor”, which takes into account both worthy and criminal actions of the player, affects both the plot of the game and the gameplay.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Since the release of Red Dead Redemption 2, as one of the most anticipated and widely advertised games at the time, broke several sales records — selling more than 17 million in just two weeks after its launch copies of the game, bringing Rockstar more than $725 million in profits.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

It received the highest ratings from the press, with observers giving the highest praise for the plot, characters, the freedom given to the player, and the extreme attention of developers to detail.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

At the end of 2018, the game also garnered a number of prestigious awards, including Critics' Choice at the Golden Joystick Awards and Best Narrative and Best Soundtrack at The Game Awards.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Gameplay


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Red Dead Redemption 2 is an open-world first and third person shooter in the western adventure genre [2].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

The single-player campaign tells the story of people's lives and survival in the difficult conditions of the central American Old West at the end of the 19th century [3].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

The game has a very spacious and carefully designed open world, which became the basis for the new online mode [4].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Honor scale


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

As in the previous part, the game has an “honor scale” determined by the actions of the player: friendly and noble deeds (helping strangers, dedication, generosity, etc.) contribute to increase Arthur's reputation by shifting the current value to the right white slider, while unacceptable and immoral actions (murders, brawls, robberies, cruelty, etc.) create the main character the reputation of a notorious bandit, shifting to the red slider.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Honor is an important aspect of the game, as many key points change depending on Arthur's current reputation.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

The plot


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Characters


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

The main character of the game is a member of Dutch van der Linde's gang, Arthur Morgan.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

In addition to Arthur, Dutch's gang includes about 20 other people, including some characters from the previous game in the series.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

In the epilogue, the main character is John Marston, the protagonist of Red Dead Redemption.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Van der Linde's gang is opposed by agents of the detective agency Pinkerton hired by tycoon Levit Cornwall, led by agent Milton, as well as bandits from the rival gang of Colm O'Driscoll.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

music


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

At the end of April 2017, it was reported that Argentine composer Gustavo Santaolaglia, who had previously written music for The Last of Us, was working on the music for the game [6], but closer to the release of the game it was confirmed that Woody Jackson, who was also the composer of Red Dead Redemption, was responsible for writing the music for the game [7] [8].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Development


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Red Dead Redemption 2 took eight years to develop; while previous games released by Rockstar Games were handled by separate internal studios in different countries, such as Rockstar North or Rockstar San Diego — All divisions of the company around the world participated in the creation of Red Dead Redemption 2, working smoothly as one team [9].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

It is the first Rockstar Games game that initially focused on the hardware of eighth generation game consoles [10].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

The game is built on an updated version of the Rockstar Advanced Game Engine [11].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

First information


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Work on Rockstar Games was formally confirmed on July 12, 2012, when fans were assured during a Q&A session that news about the Red Dead series should be expected in the future [12] [13].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Later, in August, Take-Two Interactive registered the RED DEAD trademark [14].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

On March 7, 2013, during the Wedbush Transformational Technologies conference, Take-Two Chief Operating Officer Karl Slatoff said that the Red Dead series is very important for their company [15] and in May 2014, Take-Two chairman Strauss Zelnik announced that it was their “permanent” franchise, along with the Grand Theft Auto and Borderlands series [16] [17].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

In August 2015, REDDEAD.ONLINE was registered [1] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

On April 13, 2016, a photo appeared on the Internet depicting the concept art of the map, allegedly not announced by the Red Dead game [23] [24].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

A couple of days later, on April 15, the British publication, referring to a source close to Rockstar Games, confirms the authenticity of the card, while adding that the new game will be a prequel to Red Dead Redemption [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

At the end of May 2016, a screenshot dated August 17, 2015 with the caption “RDR2” [32] [33] was found in the web portfolio of former Rockstar San Diego employee, artist Matt Klein.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

It shows a certain area with a hut that was not present in the original Red Dead Redemption, and there is also a noticeable chromatic aberration effect that appeared only in the new version of the RAGE engine with the release Grand Theft Auto V for eighth generation game consoles [34] [35] [36] [37].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

After the reaction of game publications, on June 2, the author removed the image from the album [38].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

On June 11, 2016, concept art from an unknown project with a theme from the wild west was found on the personal website of artist Rachel Doimo, who worked for Rockstar London until February 2014; they were later also deleted [39] [40].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Announcements


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Starting October 16, 2016 and the following day at 09:00 EDT (14:00 UTC), Rockstar Games on its official website and social networks began teasing the imminent announcement of the game through images from characteristic artistic style [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Significant attention from news outlets led to an increase in Take-Two Interactive share prices by 5.7% [1] [51].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

On October 18, Red Dead Redemption 2 was officially announced, announced the time of the first trailer and the planned release date for the game in autumn 2017 on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One [4] [1] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

After announcing the game to be released only on console, some players created a petition asking for it to be released on PC [58].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

On October 20, at the scheduled time, at 11:00 EDT (16:00 UTC), the debut trailer was published [59].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

It mainly shows the game's landscapes, nature and urban settlements, against the background voice-over advises you to run without looking back when the time comes; the trailer ends with seven shots characters whose faces are covered with bandanas gallop on the prairie [60].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

At the same time, Sony Interactive Entertainment announced a partnership agreement with Rockstar Games, as a result of which PlayStation 4 users get early access to Red Dead online content Redemption 2 [2] [61].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

On October 23, a trailer for the game aired on NBC, at a cost Rockstar Games $1.4 million [62] [63].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

On February 7, Take-Two chairman Strauss Zelnik assured that Red Dead Redemption 2 multiplayer mode would not compete with Grand Theft Auto Online [64] [65] [66].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

On May 22, Rockstar Games released the first seven screenshots of the game and announced the postponement of its release until spring 2018, commenting that they needed extra time to make “so much a high-quality project, as far as possible” [10].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

At the same time, the developers promised to provide new information about the project in the summer of 2017 [67], but the next day, Take-Two CEO Strauss Zelnik clarified in an interview with the magazine that the game will not be shown at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017 [68].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

On August 2, during Take-Two's financial report for the first quarter of fiscal 2018, the company's president Karl Slatoff declined to comment on the possibility of releasing a PC version of the game [69] [70].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

On April 30, 2018, the third trailer for the game was announced, which was released on May 2 at 18:00 Moscow time [71].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

In September 2018, it also became known that in addition to the story game Red Dead Redemption 2, Rockstar Games is developing a multiplayer Red Dead Online, which is scheduled for release in November 2018.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Testimonials, sales and rewards


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Reception


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Before leaving


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

In December 2016, famous Japanese game designer and director Hideo Kojima revealed that Red Dead Redemption 2 was his most anticipated game of 2017 [87] [88].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

At the beginning of 2018, the game was in the top 10 most anticipated games according to Gazeta.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Ru [89].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Sales


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

After the announcement of Red Dead Redemption 2, analyst Ben Shechter suggested that Take-Two Interactive would sell about 12 million copies of the game in the first quarter of the fiscal year after the release of the game [90].


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

In its first three days of sales, the game brought developers more than $725 million.


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Honors


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Notes


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

comments


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Sources


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

References


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Category:Computer games alphabetically


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

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Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

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Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Category:Western video games


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Category:Red Dead


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Category:PC games 2018


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Category:Video games with 3D graphics


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Category:Open world video games


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

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Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

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Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

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Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Category:Multiplayer and single-player games


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

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Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

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Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Category:Computer games developed by Rockstar San Diego


Question: Where does Red Dead Redemption 2 take place?

Red Dead Redemption 2

Category:Computer games published by Rockstar Games


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Lucille Désirée Ball (August 6, 1911 — April 26, 1989) was an American comedian and star of the television series “I Love Lucy”, nicknamed “Queen of Comedy” in her homeland.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Biography


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Youth


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Lucille Ball was born and raised in Celoron, New York, to a Baptist family.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Her father was of Scottish descent, and her mother's ancestors were from Ireland and France.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Father Ball worked as an installer for the Bell Company telephone company and was often transferred from one job to another on duty.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

When she was three years old, her family left her native Jamestown and moved to Anaconda, Montana.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

But soon their father was transferred again, and their new place of residence was the city of Vinedotte, Michigan.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

There, in February 1915, her father died of typhoid fever, leaving his wife pregnant with her second child.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

After the death of their father, Lucille Ball and her brother Fred were raised by their mother and grandparents.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Her grandfather, Fred S. Hunt was an eccentric socialist who loved theater very much.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

He often took little Lucy to performances at the local theater and was very happy that she participated in school productions herself.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

In 1925, with the approval of her mother, Ball entered the John Muray Anderson School of Dramatic Art.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

There, shy Lucy was overshadowed by another aspiring star, Bette Davis.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

A few weeks later, school teachers told her that she had no future on stage, and Lucille Ball left school.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Her second cousin, Susan Ball (1934—1955), was also an actress.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Acting debut


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

In 1932, she returned to New York to become an actress.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

At first, she achieved little success as a model for designer Hathy Carnegie and an advertisement for Chesterfield cigarettes.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Then she began to participate in Broadway productions, taking the pseudonym Diane Belmont.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

But she didn't last long, and she was soon fired.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

After a little work as one of the Golden Girls in The Roman Scandals, she left New York and moved to Hollywood to become a film actress.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

There she met Ginger Rogers, who became her best friend.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

In the 1930s, she starred extensively in cameo roles, and in the early 1940s she signed a contract with MGM.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

In Hollywood circles, she was known as the “Queen of Bolivar” (a title formerly held by Faye Ray) because she starred mainly in category “B” films, and actor McDonald Carey was recognized as her “king.”


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

In 1940, Lucille Ball met the head of the jazz orchestra, Cuban Desi Arnaz, whom she soon married.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Their frequent public quarrels and extravagant antics attracted a lot of press attention.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

In 1942, Arnaz was drafted into the army, but due to a knee injury, he was left in Los Angeles, where he gave music concerts for wounded soldiers.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

In 1944, Ball filed for divorce, and when they were officially divorced, she reconciled with her husband and decided to stay with him.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

“I love Lucy”


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

In 1948, Lucille Ball landed the role of Liz Kagat (later Cooper), an eccentric wife, in the CBS radio program My Beloved Husband.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

The program was very successful and CBS decided to make a TV version of it, which was called “I Love Lucy”.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

She agreed, but insisted that her husband act with her. At first, the management of “CBS” refused, believing that the public would not like the couple where the wife is American and the husband is Cuban.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

But after an experimental episode in which Lucy showed all her comedy talent, the management of “CBS” was delighted and the series was released on TV.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

On July 17, 1951, the actress gave birth to her first child, daughter Lucy Arnaz, and a year and a half later, her second child, son Desi Arnaz.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

During her second pregnancy, I Love Lucy was so popular that filming was not stopped, and its character, Lucy Ricardo, also had to give birth.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

In 1953, Ball was summoned to court because she voted for the Communist Party in 1936.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

In response to these accusations, the actress's husband, Desi Arnaz, said sarcastically: “The only red thing about Lucy is her hair, and even that dyed one!”


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

In 1960, Lucille Ball made her old dream come true — she played in the Broadway musical Risky Business, from which, “Hey, Look Me Over”, she performed with Paula Stewart on The Ed Sullivan Show.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

On May 4, 1960, the day after filming the Lucy-Dizy Comedy Hour (sequel to I Love Lucy) ended filming, Ball and Arnaz divorced.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

However, until his death in 1986, they maintained very warm and friendly relations.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

The following year, after her divorce, the actress married comedian Gary Morton, who was 12 years younger than her.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Recent years


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

In 1985, Lucille Ball starred in the television film about an elderly homeless woman, Stone Pillow, which was well received by the public.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

In 1986, she released the television show Life with Lucy, which was expected to fail and be removed two months after its first broadcast.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

She last appeared in public a few weeks before her death at the Oscars on March 29, 1989.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

On April 18, 1989, due to chest pain, the actress was hospitalized in a clinic, where she underwent surgery and underwent surgery for thoracic aorta prosthetics.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

On April 26, 1989, Lucille Ball died unexpectedly due to a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

She was first buried in Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles, but was later reburied by children in Jamestown.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

In 2003, the television film Lucy was released as Lucille (Madeline Winter as young Lucille Ball).


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Filmography


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1933 — The Roman scandals


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1934 — Nana


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1934 — Cellini's novels


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1934 — Vain Murder


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1934 — Millions of children


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1934 — Broadway account


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1935 — Roberta — model


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1935 — Cylinder — Flower Clairk


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1935 — The Three Musketeers


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1935 — I Dream Too Much — Gwendoline Dilly


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1936 — Following the Navy — Kitty Collins


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1936 — Winter is on the doorstep — a girl


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1936 — This girl from Paris is Claire Williams


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1937 — The door to the stage — Judy Canfield


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1938 — Enjoy life — Salina Garrett Pine


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1940 - Dance, girl, dance - Bubble


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1942 - Big Street - Gloria Lyons


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1945 — Abbott and Costello in Hollywood play herself


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1946 — Dark Corner — Kathleen Stewart


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1946 — The Madness of Siegfeld


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1946 - It's easy to get married - Gladys Banton


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1947 — Seduced by Sandra Carpenter


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1951 — Red Falcon — Princess Nara


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1954 — The Long, Long Trailer — Tacy Bolton-Collini


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1960 — The Truth of Life — Kitty Weaver


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1963 — Critical Choice — Angela Ballantine


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1967 — Married Man's Guide — Technical Consultant


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1968 — Yours, Mine and Ours — Helen North Beardsley


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

1974 — Mame — Dannis Mame


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Works on television


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

I Love Lucy (1951-1957)


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Lucy-Dizy Comedy Hour (1957-1960)


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

The Lucy Show (1962 — 1968)


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Here's Lucy (1968 — 1974)


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Stone cushion (1985)


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Living with Lucy (1986)


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Works on the radio


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

My Beloved Husband (1948 — 1951)


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Notes


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

References


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Category:American radio presenters


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Category:Hollywood Walk of Fame


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Category:Winners of the Cecile B.


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

De Mille


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Category: Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Category:Female comedians


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Category: Deaths from aortic aneurysm


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Category: Deaths from aortic dissection


Question: Where did Fred Astaire's stage career start?

Lucille Ball

Category: Burials at Hollywood Hills Cemetery


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The Civil War in Burma (Myanmar) is a war that has been waged since 1948 by the official government of Burma with the communist opposition, as well as with ethnic rebels adjacent to the Communists (Shans, karen, kaya, monk, arakans, kachins and a number of others).


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The war was a confrontation between the forces of the social democratic and ultra-left orientation, intertwined with separatist movements of national minorities, acts of armed aggression from the outside, the demonstrations of democratic opposition in cities, and the struggle for the control and marketing of opium products.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Reasons and Actors


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The period of British colonial rule led to the emergence of a market sector in the country's economy and a crisis of archaic social relations in the Burmese village [1].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

After the surrender of Japan in 1945, an unstable situation was created in Burma - the extreme devastation of the country as a result of hostilities was superimposed on significant social tension in the Burmese village.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

By independence in 1948, vast tracts of land throughout the country, especially in Lower Burma, were under the control of Indian moneylenders, as well as Burmese landowners, brutally who exploited the masses of the poor and middle peasantry [2].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In addition, the British promised autonomy or independence to various regions of Burma before their departure, which contributed to increased tension on the outskirts of the country; the situation in Burma was somewhat similar the confrontation between Israel and Arab Palestine in the Middle East after the end of the British protectorate [3].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The radicalization of the mood of the masses throughout the country led to the split of the all-Burmese political coalition “Antifascist League of People's Freedom”, which united socialists, communists and a number of national parties.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

On March 27, 1948, rejecting all attempts at reconciliation by the Prime Minister of Burma, Socialist Wu Nu, the White Flag Communists at a single signal went into the jungle to pre-prepared bases and launched an armed struggle against the government.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The country was engulfed by a large-scale civil war [1].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

On the side of the government in the war were all opponents of extreme measures in domestic and foreign policy: civil and military bureaucracy, ordinary military personnel of different nationalities, at some stages — the national bourgeoisie and middle-class peasants.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The main pillar of the authorities in an agrarian country with an unstable social structure was the army — the most united, energetic and familiar with European culture part of the Burmese elite [3].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The camp opposed to the government was represented by a diverse mass of supporters of various radical transformations of the social structure.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

These were, first of all, the middle and poorest strata of the Burmese peasantry, which before the agrarian reform of the mid-60s massively flocked under the banner of the Burmese communists, part of the national bourgeoisie , dissatisfied with the abolition of democratic freedoms after the coup of 1962 and the suppression of the private sector of the economy, as well as armed groups of national minorities.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The basis of the rebel forces were detachments of the Burmese communists, initially weakened by the political struggle within the CPB (the Communist Party of Burma split into two factions in March 1946: immediately went into the forest of the Red Flag CPB - more radical, popular among the peasants of Lower Burma, and the White Flag CPB - more massive and moderate, relying on the patriarchal peasantry of the middle Ayeyarwady currents).


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The struggle of the Communists with the government of Burma involved in the Civil War a huge number of ethnic groups that entered into conflicts with each other, fought with government troops, made alliances , won, defeated, dissipated and reconvened under a different name.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

There were hotbeds of tension (or still exist) in all regions inhabited by national minorities in Myanmar without exception [3].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The Beginning (1948—1964)


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The main front of the Civil War in Burma was the struggle between Burmese communists and Burmese socialists (ethnic Burmese make up 2/3 of the country's population); groups of national minorities (approximately 1/3 of the country's population) were on one side or the other of the conflict, often fighting each other at the same time.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The popularity of the Burmese Communists, who in 1949 captured the country's second city, Mandalay, and controlled most of Burma's central regions, was facilitated by their promises quickly and harshly solve the land issue and other social contradictions [1].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The position of the Communists within Burma was strengthened by the versatile support of the CPB from China and the Soviet Union.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

For decades, the Maoist leadership of China actively supported the struggle of the Burmese communists for power over the country - sent them weapons, money, instructors, hoping after the victory of the Communists to turn Burma into a completely dependent country on China (like Kampuchea during Pol Pot's time).


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

USSR support for the Burmese communists took place only until the early 1950s and was mainly ideological and political in nature; later it served as the reason for a restrained attitude Burmese leadership to develop ties with the Soviet Union and other socialist countries [4].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Due to the sharp rise in the insurgency, external observers in the late 1940s doubted that the official government of Burma would remain in power and the country would remain as a single state.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

By the beginning of 1949, the weakening of the army, from which more than 40% of the personnel deserted and passed to the rebels, the Karen uprising in Lower Burma, the complete cessation of tax revenues really put Burma's official government on the brink of collapse [3].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In February 1949, rebellious Karen besieged Yangon and started street fighting on the outskirts of the capital.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Another part of the Karen units, together with the Communists, captured Mandalay, the second largest city in the country in April this year [5].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The mobilization of ethnic Burmese into the ranks of the people's militia (People's Volunteer Organization — Yellow Bandages [3]) and the urgent supply of weapons from abroad (mainly from India) made it possible government army to reverse the situation and defend Yangon.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Due to a number of defeats on other fronts and the entry into the war on the government's side of the ranks and kachin militias, the Karen lifted the siege of Yangon in May 1949 and left Mandalay, retreating to their ethnic territory [1].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

However, in the 1950s, the outcome of the Civil War in both the center and outskirts of Burma was not yet obvious, although the balance of power gradually shifted in favor of the Burmese authorities.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The inability of the leaders of the CPB to strictly control their detachments and suppress abuses against the civilian population, their mutual strife and discord with ethnic separatists led in the early 50s to the weakening of pro-communist sympathies among ethnic Burmese.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The strengthened government army was able to regain control of all provincial centers of Burma and a large part of the country's rural areas.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

A stable balance has been established between government and rebel forces.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Nor could it be broken by the aggressive actions of Chiang Kai-shek's regime, which had just been defeated in the Chinese Civil War.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

After the victory of the Communist Revolution in China, units of the Kuomintang army fled to Burma, Shan State, hoping to return to China and create “liberated territories” in China.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

For this reason, the government of Chiang Kai-shek in Taiwan, with the support of the United States, intervened directly and indirectly in the situation in Burma in the 1950s and 60s, financing and supplying those who fought with the government Kuomintang formations and detachments of national minorities allied to them [1].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In response to Burma's appeal to the United Nations, the UN Security Council in 1953 condemned the Kuomintang actions as aggression by China.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The support of the Burmese opposition from China, the USSR and the United States led to Burma's distancing from all these powers in the international arena and contributed to the country's active participation in the Movement Non - Aligned Countries [4].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The Fracture (1964—1989)


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

After the military coup of 1962, Burma's dictator, General U Ne Win (commander-in-chief of the army from 1949 to 1988), carried out a radical agrarian reform that eliminated bonded leases (Act No. 5 April 1964), and established a state monopoly on rice trade in the country.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Indian moneylenders and landowners were expelled from the country and with them most of Burma left Burma.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

As a result of the agrarian transformations of the mid-60s, the progressive ruin of Burmese peasants, the majority of the country's population, stopped [2].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The stabilization of the situation in the village led to the gradual transition of the peasantry of Upper Burma, the main base of the Communists, to the side of the government, which allowed Ne Vin to achieve a military turning point in The Civil War, which occurred in 1968—1970 after the collapse of the “general offensive” of the Burmese Communists, the death of the charismatic leader of the CPB (CF) Takin Tan Tun and the surrender of the head of the CPB (CF) Takin So [ 1].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

All further attempts by the Communists to reverse the situation in their favor were unsuccessful.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

They finally ceased to enjoy the support of ethnic Burmese and were pushed back to remote northeastern areas near the border with China.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The serious battles that took place here in the 70s and 80s between rebels and government troops (often with 2-3 thousand killed on both sides) drained the Burmese communists, who lost their the last supporters among the Wa and peoples.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In April 1989, the uprising of these tribes against the Burmese elite of the CPB forced the latter to flee to China; it put an end to the Communist struggle for power over Burma that had been going on since 1948 [3].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The defeat of the Burmese Communists, Burma's main opposition force, made it a matter of time before the government pacifies ethnic rebels.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

At the same time, the strict unitary policy of the center during the time of Ne Win and anti-market laws (as part of the construction of Burmese socialism) often forced residents of national districts to support armed opposition.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The opposition-controlled outskirts of Burma played an important role in free trade with Thailand, Bangladesh, and India.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The unpopularity among Burmese citizens of the military government, which suppressed democratic forces, closed universities and failed to cope with the country's economy, also fueled the armed groups opposition and prolonged the civil war [3].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Its continuation was facilitated by the transformation of eastern Burma into a “gray” zone of drug production and drug trafficking outside the control of the government, the bulk of the territory of several Southeast Asian countries of the Golden Triangle.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The drug trade brought large profits to rebel groups, making it possible to maintain well-armed armies.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

At the same time, the involvement of the armed opposition in drug production was actually the result of a steady reduction in the social base of the Burmese rebels (back in the 60s and 70s, due to successful agrarian reform, the bulk of ethnic Burmese, residents of rural areas of the country, withdrew from participation in the Civil War [2]).


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Therefore, the inflow of funds from the drug trade did not help the opposition to change in their favor the overall course of the civil war in the country.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The final stage (1989-2012)


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The liberalization of the economy after the military coup of 1988, along with the appearance of significant gas revenues from the state in the 2000s, allowed the government to increase military and political pressure on the right opposition (radical urban strata, ethnic separatist groups) and ensured further stabilization of the situation in the country [3].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

6] The broad participation of representatives of Myanmar's national minorities in the negotiation and adoption of the 2008 Constitution drew a line in the civil war. [


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

A compromise reached in 2011 between the military and urban strata of the right-wing opposition (the inclusion of the National League for Democracy in the reformed political system) [7], as well as reconciliation in January 2012 The years of the Myanmar government with the Karen National Union [8], the most stubborn and irreconcilable group of ethnic separatists, suggests that the civil war in Myanmar as a whole is over.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The brunt of the Civil War was borne by the Burma government army, led by General Ne Win and his nominee, Senior General Than Shwe.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Burma's armed forces, which fought continuously for more than 60 years, by the 2000s had become one of the strongest armies in Southeast Asia (along with Vietnam).


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

During the conflict, the military class became the dominant force in the internal life of Burma — an important core of the emerging civil-military political system [9].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Civil confrontation in the national regions of Burma (1948—2012)


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The spread of commodity-money relations among the marginal peoples and tribes of colonial Burma led to a crisis in their traditional way of life.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The tribal elite of the marginal peoples, which retained great influence on the masses, sought to perpetuate their power and privileges at a new stage of development, ordinary community members, on the contrary, were often dissatisfied increased exploitation on the part of the nobility.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Under the influence of the propaganda of the British colonizers, by the time of the country's declaration of independence (January 4, 1948), the memory of Burma's disintegrated national communities was actualized interethnic conflicts of the past, illusions about the possibility of a separate existence under the protectorate of the former metropolis have spread widely [5].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The national aspect of the Burma Civil War at its first stage (until the early 1970s) was an attempt by monks and Monized Karen tribes to take revenge for defeats in the Monsko-Burmese Wars of the XV— XVIII centuries.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The stake in this struggle was the unity of the country: the preservation of a united Burma led by ethnic Burmese, or its disintegration into a conglomerate of semi - independent tribal formations grouped around the Mon - the Karen state in Lower Burma and the power of ethnic Burmese in the middle reaches of the Ayeyarwady River (a return to the position of the 15th — early 16th centuries [1]).


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

After the turning point in the Civil War (1968—1970s) and the defeat of the Burmese Communists, the country's main opposition force, the pacification of the Burma government with national minorities became a question time.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The strengthening of the position of the Burma government, along with the reduction of support for ethnic rebels from abroad, led to the fact that in the 70s and 90s the course towards achieving full independence of all separatist groups were consistently defended only by the Karen National Union [10].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The rest of the ethnic separatists conducted (or are still conducting) a more or less veiled bargaining with the central authorities about the conditions for joining a single Burmese state.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Chins


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The Chin tribes, which settled in the mountains between Ayeyarwadi and Brahmaputra, have historically been one of the most loyal inhabitants of the mountainous regions of the country to Burmese rulers [11].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Defending their own autonomy, the officials, however, never challenged joining the Burmese state.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

At the turn of the 40s and 50s of the XX century, when the Burmese power was on the verge of collapse during the civil war, the Chin leaders supported the central government by providing order of 15 militia battalions [5].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In exchange for these services, the Burmese government has so far hardly interfered in the internal life of the Chin tribes.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

To this day, Chin National State is perhaps the most closed and completely closed territory of Burma for visiting foreigners [12].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Kachina


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Like other highlanders, warlike Kachins in the XVIII-XIX centuries supplied troops to the army of the Burmese kings, but their connection with the central government was more nominal than that of the ranks or shans [11].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In the late 40s of the XX century, in exchange for maintaining the power of feudal leaders in the Kachin region, the Kachins agreed to support the official government of Burma in the civil war - they put up to support it, a 20-thousandth militia [5].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In addition, the Kachin battalions fought faithfully against the rebels as part of the Burmese army.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

However, the attempts of the Burmese authorities to eliminate traditional institutions of power in the Kachin region that followed in the 50s and 60s led to a cooling of relations between the Kachins and the center [12].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

As of the 2000s, it operated in the territory of Kachin State.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In the 1990s, the PMC signed a ceasefire agreement with the authorities, but it is not disarming and continues activities related to the cultivation of opium and smuggling with neighboring regions China.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The desire of the current Burmese government to stop these activities of PMCs and take control of the border with China in 2011-2012 caused the most serious conflict in recent decades between the central government and the Kachin separatists; it is aggravated by the unresolved conditions under which PMC structures can enter the currently formed pan-Burmese institutions of power [13].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Mona


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Having been defeated in the Monsko-Burmese wars of the 15th-18th centuries, the monks were part of a united Burma for only less than 100 years before the arrival of the British, hatching the idea of regaining their independence [14].