Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

The main way to get money for players is to sell items found or made by hand (the process of making items is called “synthesis”) to other players at auction.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Some items cannot be put up for auction, but can be sold through a so-called “bazaar” (Bazaar).


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Combat system


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

As in other MMORPGs (and unlike previous games in the Final Fantasy series), battles take place in the same place where players met the enemy, and not on a separate screen.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

A similar system is used in Final Fantasy XII.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Skillchains are an essential element of combat.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

The sequential use (the pause should not exceed 5 seconds) of certain combat skills can deal additional damage to the enemy.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Levels


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Initially, the character can only reach level 50, but this limit can be increased by completing a chain of quests, each quest in which increases the border by 5 levels, up to level 99, which is as much as possible.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Professions


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

At the beginning of the game, the player has 6 basic professions available - Warrior (in-game abbreviation - WAR), Monk (MNK), Thief (THF), Black Mage (BLM), White Mage (WHM), Red Mage (RDM).


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

The initial choice of profession is not final, and the player can always switch to another.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

However, experience points and levels for all professions are awarded independently, and if, for example, you start playing Warrior and switch to White Mage after reaching level 10 (WAR10), you will have to start again from level 1.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Upon reaching level 18, a quest for an additional profession (Support job) becomes available.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Completing this quest will allow, while maintaining the main profession, to connect another, and use special skills and blows of both.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

But at the same time, the level of additional profession is limited to 1/2 of the main


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

For example, having level 20 in the Warrior profession and 15 Monk, if you choose WAR as your main profession and Monk as an additional profession, Monk's level will be limited to level 10.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

In the game, this combination is referred to as WAR20/MNK10.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

If you make the opposite choice, then the Warrior profession, MNK15/WAR7, will be limited.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Upon reaching level 30, quests for additional professions become available in any of the basic professions.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

After completing such a quest, the player gets the opportunity to choose the appropriate additional profession - Paladin (PLD), Dark Knight (DRK), Beastmaster (BST), Ranger (RNG), Bard (BRD), Summoner (SMN), Dragoon (DRG), Ninja (NIN), Samurai (SAM), Blue Mage (BLU), Corsair (COR), Puppetmaster (PUP), Dancer (DNC), Scholar (SCH), Geomancer (GEO), Rune Fencer (RUN).


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Thus, a total of 22 professions are represented in the game.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

testimonials


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

The game received positive reviews from critics.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Notes


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

References


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Official website (in English)


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Russian-language game site


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

A Wiki dedicated to Final Fantasy XI (in English)


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Game world maps (in English)


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Information on current product prices and item database (in English)


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Notes, blogs, guides, interesting facts in Russian.


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

— section on the Final Fantasy Forever website


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Category:Final Fantasy


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Category:MMORPG in fantasy genre


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

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Category:Video games with 3D graphics


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

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Category:MMORPG alphabetically


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

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Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

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Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

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Category:Video games developed in Japan


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

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Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Category:Video games developed by Square


Question: When was Last Fantasy VII: Children of the Advent released in Russian?

Final Fantasy XI

Category:Video games published by Square Enix


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav Igorevich (942 — March 972) was Prince of Novgorod, Prince of Kiev from 945 to 972, who became famous as a commander.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Formally, Svyatoslav became a ruler at the age of 3 after the death in 945 of his father, Prince Igor of Kiev, but independent rule began, as can be judged by indirect data, around 961 (according to chronicles in 964).


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Under Svyatoslav, Kievan Rus was largely ruled by his mother, Princess Olga, first because of Svyatoslav's youth, then because of his constant stay in military campaigns.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

When returning from a campaign to Bulgaria, Svyatoslav was killed by the Pechenegs in 972 on the Dnieper rapids.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Early years


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to Old Russian chronicles, Svyatoslav was the only son of Prince Igor of Kiev and Princess Olga.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The year of his birth is not known exactly.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to the Ipatiev list [1], Svyatoslav was born in 942, but other lists of the Tale of Bygone Years, for example, Lavrentievsky, do not have such a record.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Researchers are concerned about the omission of such important information by scribes, although it does not contradict other reports.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In the literature, 920 [note 1] is also mentioned as the year of birth of Svyatoslav, but this contradicts the well-known information about the reign of Svyatoslav.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Name Svyatoslav


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav is the first reliably known prince of Kiev with a Slavic name, while his parents bore names with supposedly Scandinavian etymology.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In Byzantine sources of the 10th century, his name is recorded as Ancient Greek: Sphenoslavos [2], from where historians, starting with Tatishchev, assumed the combination of the Scandinavian name Sven ( Danish: Svend, Old Norse: Sveinn, modern. Swedish: Sven) with a Slavic princely ending [note 2].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

However, in modern historiography, this interpretation is considered implausible.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Other Slavic names begin in a foreign language program with, for example, the name Svyatopolk (in the sources Old High German: Zwentibald - Zventibald, or Latin: Suentepulcus - Sventipulk [3]), Prince of the Great Moravia in 870-894, or Prince of Kiev 1015-1019 Svyatopolk Vladimirovich (Latin: Suentepulcus at Titmar Merseburg).


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to Fasmer's etymological dictionary, the initial part of these names goes back to, which, after the loss of nasal vowels, gives the modern East Slavic saint.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Nasal vowels have been preserved to this day in Polish (Polish: święty — saint).


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In the past, it was noted [4] that the first part of Svyatoslav's name correlates in meaning with the Scandinavian names of his mother Olga and Prince Oleg the Prophet (Old Norse: Helgi is a saint, Old Norse: Helga is a saint), and the second is named after Rurik (Old Norse: Hrorekr - mighty glory), which corresponds to the early medieval tradition to take into account the names of other members of the princely family when naming.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

However, modern researchers question the possibility of such a translation of names from one language to another [5].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The female version of the name Svyatoslav - Svyatoslav - was worn by the sister of the Danish and English king Canute I the Great, whose mother was from the Polish dynasty of Piast.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 1912, on the territory of the Church of the Tithes in Kiev, D. IN. Mileev conducted excavations.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

At the same time, a lead hanging act seal was found [6], on which, in addition to the image of the princely two-tooth, the Greek spelling of the name Svyatoslav was preserved [7].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Childhood and reign in Novgorod


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The first mention of Svyatoslav in a synchronous historical document is contained in the Russian-Byzantine treaty of Prince Igor of 944 [8].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Prince Igor Rurikovich, according to the chronicle version, was killed in the fall of 945 by the Drevlyans for collecting exorbitant tribute from them.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

His widow Olga, who became regent with her three-year-old son, went the following year with her army to the land of the Drevlyans.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The battle was opened by four-year-old Svyatoslav:


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

... [threw] a spear at the Drevlyans, and the spear flew between the ears of the horse and hit the horse in the legs, for Svyatoslav was still a child.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

And Sveneld [the governor] and Asmud [breadwinner] said, “The prince has already begun; let us follow the prince, the squad.”


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Igor's squad defeated the Drevlyans, Olga forced them to obey, and then traveled around Russia, building a system of government.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to the chronicle, Svyatoslav spent all his childhood with his mother in Kiev, which contradicts the remark of the Byzantine Emperor Konstantin Bagryanorodny (about 949):


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Konstantin's Nemogard is usually seen as Novgorod, which the sons of the Kiev princes traditionally owned later.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The phrase is often interpreted as an indication that Svyatoslav was imprisoned in Novgorod during his father's lifetime [9].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Konstantin also mentions the name of Svyatoslav without a title when describing Olga's visit to Constantinople (957).


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The beginning of independent government


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Princess Olga was baptized in 955-957 and tried to convert her son to Christianity.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

But Svyatoslav remained a pagan to the end, explaining that the Christian would not enjoy authority among the squad.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The chronicler quotes the Apostle Paul:


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

During Olga's embassy in Constantinople, her delegation also included “Svyatoslav's people”, who received even less gifts at the first reception than Olga's slaves, and were not mentioned at all in the protocol of the second reception.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

A. IN. Nazarenko assumes that one of the goals of Olga's negotiations was Svyatoslav's marriage with the Greek princess and that after refusing such a marriage, “Svyatoslav's people” were offended and left Constantinople after of the first reception, and Svyatoslav decided to stay in paganism.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Western European chronicle of the Successor Reginon reports under 959 about the ambassadors of Olga, “Queen Rugov”, to King Otto I the Great of Germany on the issue of the baptism of Russia.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

However, in 961, the mission sent by Otto I to Kiev failed — probably due to the resistance of Svyatoslav and indicates his coming to power between 959 and 961 [10].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Tale of Bygone Years has been reporting on Svyatoslav's first independent steps since 964:


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

When Svyatoslav grew up and matured, he began to gather many brave soldiers, and was fast like a pardus, and fought a lot.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

On hikes, he did not carry carts or boilers, did not cook meat, but after thinly slicing horse meat, or animal, or beef and roasted it over charcoal, he ate it like this; he did not have a tent, but slept, posting a sweating with a saddle in heads, and so were all his other warriors.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

And he sent messengers to other lands, saying, “I am coming against you! [11] [12]”


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Khazar campaign


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Tale of Bygone Years notes that in 964 Svyatoslav “went to the Oka River and the Volga, and met the Vyatichi.”


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

It is possible that at this time, when Svyatoslav's main goal was to strike at the Khazars, he did not subordinate the Vyatichi, that is, he had not yet imposed a tribute on them [13].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 965, Svyatoslav attacked Khazaria:


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In the summer of 6473 (965) Svyatoslav went to the Khazar.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Hearing, the Khazars came out to meet him with their prince Khagan and came together to fight, and Svyatoslav Khazar defeated in battle, and took their hail and Belaya Vezha.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

And he won yasov and kasogs.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Ibn Haukal, a contemporary of the events, refers the campaign to a slightly later time and also reports on the war with Volga Bulgaria, the news of which is not confirmed by other sources:


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Bulgar is a small city, there are no numerous districts in it, and was known for being a port for the states mentioned above, and the Rus devastated it and came to Khazaran, Samandar and Itil in the year 358 (968/ 969) and went immediately after to the country of Rum and Andalus... And al-Khazar is a side, and there is a city in it called Samandar, and it is in the space between it and Bab al-Abwab, and there were numerous gardens in it... but here the Rus came there, and there were no grapes or raisins left in the city.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to one version, Svyatoslav first took Sarkel on the Don (in 965), then with the second campaign in 968/969 conquered Itil, the Khazar capital at the mouth of the Volga, and Semender, the second major Khazar city, located on the coast of the Caspian Sea.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to another version, there was one big campaign in 965, the Russian army moved down the Volga and the capture of Itil preceded the capture of Sarkel.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav not only crushed the Khazar Khaganate, but also tried to consolidate the conquered territories for himself.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

On the site of Sarkel, the Slavic settlement Belaya Vezha appeared.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Perhaps at the same time, Tmutarakan came under the power of Kiev [14].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

There is evidence that Russian troops were in Itil until the early 980s [15].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Under 966, after the defeat of the Khazars, the “Tale of Bygone Years” reports a second victory over the Vyatichi and the imposition of tribute on them.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Bulgarian hikes


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

War with the Bulgarian Kingdom (968-969)


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 967, a conflict broke out between Byzantium and the Bulgarian Kingdom, the reason for which sources state in different ways.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 967/968, the Byzantine Emperor Nicephoros Phokas sent an embassy to Svyatoslav.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The head of the embassy Kalokir was given 15 kentinaries of gold (about 455 kg) [note 3] to send the Rus to raid Bulgaria.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to one version, Byzantium wanted to crush the Bulgarian kingdom with someone else's hands, and at the same time weaken Kievan Rus, which, after the annexation of Khazaria, could turn its view to the Crimean possessions empire [16].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to another version, the goal of Byzantium was only to curb the aggression of the Bulgarian king by someone else's hands, which was a standard practice of Byzantine foreign policy [17].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Kalokir agreed with Svyatoslav on an anti-Bulgarian alliance, but at the same time asked to help him take away the Byzantine throne from Nikifor Phoki.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

For this, according to Byzantine chroniclers John Skilitsa and Leo the Deacon, Kalokir promised “great, countless treasures from the state treasury” [18] and the right to all conquered Bulgarian lands.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 968, Svyatoslav invaded Bulgaria, defeated the Bulgarians in the Battle of Dorostol, took many cities and settled at the mouth of the Danube, in Pereyaslavets, where “tribute from the Greeks” was sent to him [19].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Pechenegs attack on Kiev belongs to 968-969.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav with his horse squad returned to the defense of the capital and drove the Pechenegs to the steppe.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Historians A. P. Novoseltsev and T. M. Kalinin suggest that the Khazars contributed to the attack of the nomads (although there are reasons to believe that Byzantium was no less profitable), and Svyatoslav in response organized a second campaign against them, during whom Itil was captured, and Khazaria was finally defeated [15].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

During the prince's stay in Kiev, his mother, Princess Olga, died, who actually ruled Russia in the absence of her son.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav arranged the government of the state in a new way: he put his son Yaropolk in the reign of Kiev, Oleg — in Drevlyansky, Vladimir — in Novgorod.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

After that, in the fall of 969, the prince of Kiev again went to Bulgaria with an army [note 4].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Tale of Bygone Years conveys his words:


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

I don't like to sit in Kiev, I want to live in Pereyaslavets on the Danube — for there is the middle of my land, all the goods flow there: gold, pavoloki, wines, various fruits from the Greek land; from the Czech Republic and Hungary silver and horses; from Russia furs and wax, honey and slaves.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Chronicle Pereyaslavets is not accurately identified.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Sometimes it is identified with Preslav or referred to the Danube port of Preslav Maly.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to unknown sources (as presented by Tatishchev), in the absence of Svyatoslav, his governor in Pereyaslavets, voivode Volk, was forced to withstand the siege by the Bulgarians [20].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Byzantine sources sparingly describe Svyatoslav's war with the Bulgarians.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

His army on boats approached the Bulgarian Dorostol on the Danube and after the battle captured him.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Later, the capital of the Bulgarian kingdom, Preslav the Great, was captured, and Tsar Boris was captured by Svyatoslav [21].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

After the fall of the capital, the whole country quickly fell under the control of Svyatoslav [note 5].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

War with Byzantium (970—971)


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In the spring of 970, Svyatoslav, in alliance with the Bulgarians, Pechenegs and Hungarians, attacked the possessions of Byzantium in Thrace.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Byzantine historian Leo the Deacon counted the number of allies at more than 30,000 soldiers, while the Byzantine commander Varda Sklir had at hand from 10 to 12 thousand soldiers.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Varda Sklear avoided fighting in the open field, retaining strength in the fortresses.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav's army reached Arcadiopol (120 km from Constantinople), where the general battle took place.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to Byzantine sources, all the Pechenegs were surrounded and killed, and then the main forces of Svyatoslav were defeated.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Old Russian chronicle describes events differently: according to the chronicler, Svyatoslav won, came close to Tsargrad, but retreated only taking a great tribute, including to the fallen soldiers.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to Syuzyumov M. ME.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

and Sakharova A. N., the battle told by the Russian chronicle and in which the Russians won, was separate from the Battle of Arkadiopol.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

It also happened in 970, the Byzantine army was commanded by Patrick Peter, who was not mentioned at Arcadiopol, and it was opposed by the part of the Russian army that did not fight together with the allies under Arkadiopol.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The occupation of Bulgaria by the Russ did not suit Byzantium at all, because instead of a weak and Christian neighbor, it received a strong and pagan one [21].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav's unceremonious actions convinced Emperor John Tzimiskes of the futility of diplomacy and he began to prepare for war.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The preparation lasted the whole winter of 970-971.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In April, Tzimiskes, led a detachment of 5,000 of the best warriors, crossed the Balkan Mountains, while the main part of the Byzantine army under the command of the eunuch Vasily Lakapenus followed them.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The vanguard moved so fast that the Russ were taken by surprise, and they learned about the campaign of the emperor only when he was almost at the walls of Preslav.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

At that time, there were about 8,000 Russians in the city, but they did not enter the battle with the avant-garde of Tzimiskes, hiding behind the walls of the city.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Soon the main part of the Byzantine army arrived and the assault began.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

On April 13, the Byzantines broke into the city, but many Russians closed themselves inside the palace of Tsar Simeon.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Byzantines set fire to the palace and many Rus died in the fire.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The fires caused great damage to the city, destroying in particular the famous Golden Church.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Soon Svyatoslav approached the city with the main forces, hoping to return the capital, but near the city of St. Dorostol's army stood in his way by the army of Tzimiskes.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Russians took refuge in the fortress, and a three-month siege began.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The losses of the Rus grew, and Svyatoslav began to look for peace.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

He sent an envoy to Tzimiskes with a message about his readiness to leave Bulgaria.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Seeking to complete the case, John accepted the offer.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The old trade agreement, which allowed Russians to bring their goods to Constantinople, was also renewed.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

On the way back to Kiev, many Russians fell victim to the Pechenegs, including Svyatoslav himself [21].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Byzantines released Boris II, but did not return him to power.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The capital of Bulgaria was renamed Ioannopolis in honor of the emperor, and a Byzantine governor was appointed there.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

All eastern Bulgaria was annexed to Byzantium, and only the western regions retained independence.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Boris II was publicly deprived of the royal crown and regalia, which were placed on the altar of Hagia Sophia.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The former tsar stayed in Constantinople, receiving the rank of master from the emperor [22] [21].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Doom


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

At the conclusion of the peace, Svyatoslav safely reached the mouth of the Dnieper and went on boats to the rapids.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Voivode Sveneld told him: “Go around, Prince, the rapids on horseback, for they stand at the thresholds of the Pechenegs.”


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav's attempt to climb the Dnieper in 971 failed, he had to spend the winter at the mouth of the Dnieper, and in the spring of 972 he decided to try again.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

However, the Pechenegs still guarded the Rus.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav died in the fight:


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

When spring came, Svyatoslav went to the rapids.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

And Kurya, prince of Pechenezh, attacked him, and killed Svyatoslav, and took his head, and made a cup of the skull, shackling him, and drank from it.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Sveneld came to Kiev to visit Yaropolk.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Leo Deacon confirms Svyatoslav's death in the battle with the Pechenegs:


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Sfendoslav left Doristol, returned the prisoners according to the agreement and sailed with the remaining associates, directing his way to his homeland.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

On the way, they were ambushed by the Patinaks, a large nomadic tribe that devours lice, carries homes with them, and spends most of their lives in wagons.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

They killed almost all [the dews], killed Sfendoslav along with others, so that only a few of the huge dew army returned unharmed to their native places.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Starting with N. M. Karamzin, many historians suggest that it was Byzantine diplomacy that convinced the Pechenegs to attack Svyatoslav [note 6].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Konstantin Bagryanorodny's treatise “On the Management of the Empire” speaks about the need for an alliance [of Byzantium] with the Pechenegs to protect against dew and Hungarians (“Strive for Peace with the Pechenegs”), and also that Pechenegs pose a serious danger to the Rus crossing the thresholds [23] On the basis of this, it is emphasized that the use of the Pechenegs to eliminate the hostile prince occurred in accordance with Byzantine foreign policy attitudes of that time.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Although the “Tale of Bygone Years” calls not the Greeks, but Pereyaslavtsy (Bulgarians) as the organizers of the ambush, and John Skilitsa reports [24] that the Byzantine embassy, on the contrary, asked the Pechenegs to let Russ.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Tale of Bygone Years explains Svyatoslav's death by the refusal of his mother, who wanted to baptize him (that is, a violation of the traditional legal principle of subordination to parental power):


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

About Svyatoslav's appearance


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Leo the Deacon left a colorful description of Svyatoslav's appearance when he met with Emperor Tzimiskes after the conclusion of peace:


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Sfendoslav also appeared, who had sailed along the river on a Scythian boat; he was sitting on oars and banging with his entourage, no different from them.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

This was his appearance: moderate stature, not too tall or very short, with thick eyebrows and light blue eyes, snub, beardless, with thick, excessively long hair above the upper lip.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

His head was completely bare, but on the one hand there was a bunch of hair hanging down — a sign of the nobility of the family; a strong back of his head, broad chest and all other parts of his body were quite proportionate, but he looked gloomy and harsh.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

He had a gold earring in one ear; it was decorated with a carbuncle framed by two pearls.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

His robe was white and differed from the clothes of his associates only in noticeable cleanliness.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Some details of the description of Svyatoslav's appearance by Lev Deacon allow for ambiguous interpretation.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

So, instead of Latin: barba rasa — beardless, let's say translation, or it can hang not from one, but from both sides of the head.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

This is exactly how Svyatoslav appears — with a rare beard and two braids — on the pages of S. M. Solovyov [25].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

A flat nose, not a snub nose, is indicated in the first translation into Russian by Popov D. [26]


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Remarkable is M. ME.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Syuzyumova and S. A. Ivanov regarding the description of appearance given by Deacon:


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Leo Deacon describes the peace talks in such a way as if he had witnessed them himself.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

But this is unlikely to be the case.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Perhaps, according to eyewitnesses, he draws the appearance of Svyatoslav correctly, but his narrative is not credible due to a special addiction to imitate ancient authors.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In this case, as Gaza (489) showed, the description of Svyatoslav's appearance resembles that of Priskom Attila.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Sons


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav Igorevich's sons are known:


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Yaropolk Svyatoslavich, Prince of Kiev;


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Oleg Svyatoslavich, Prince of Drevlyansky;


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Vladimir Svyatoslavich, Prince of Novgorod, Prince of Kiev, Baptist of Russia.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

History did not preserve the name of Yaropolk's mother and Oleg [note 7], unlike Vladimir Malusha's mother (Svyatoslav was not officially married to her, she was only a concubine).


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

John Skilitsa also mentions “brother Vladimir, son-in-law of Vasilevs” Sfeng, who in 1016 helped the Byzantines suppress the uprising of George Tsula in Chersonesos [27].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In Old Russian chronicles and other sources, the name of Sfeng does not appear.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to the hypothesis of A. IN. Solovyov, this does not mean Vladimir's brother, but Vladimir's son and grandson of Svyatoslav Mstislav [28].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Assessment in historiography


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Russian historian N. M. Karamzin called him Alexander (Macedonian) of our ancient history [29].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to the Soviet historian Academician B.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

A. Rybakov, Svyatoslav's campaigns of 965-968 “are like a single saber strike that drew a wide semicircle on the map of Europe from the Middle Volga region to the Caspian Sea and further through the North Caucasus and The Black Sea coast to the Balkan lands of Byzantium” [30].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Otherwise, he assessed the merits of Svyatoslav S. M. Soloviev:


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Speaking about Svyatoslav's campaigns, historian A. A. Shakhmatov noted that their “engines are not state interests, but predatory instincts” [31].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Ukrainian historian M. S. Hrushevsky called Svyatoslav “a pure Zaporozhian on the throne of Kiev” [32].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The image of Svyatoslav in art


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

For the first time, Svyatoslav's personality attracted the attention of Russian artists and poets during the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, which, like the events of Svyatoslav's campaigns, took place on the Danube.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Among the works created at that time, it should be noted the tragedy “Olga” by Y.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

B.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Knyazhnina (1772), the plot of which is based on Olga's revenge for the murder of her husband Igor by the Drevlyans.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav appears in it as the main character.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Rival Knyazhnina N. P. Nikolaev also created a play dedicated to the life of Svyatoslav.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In the painting by I. A. Akimov “Grand Duke Svyatoslav kissing his mother and children on his return from the Danube to Kiev” shows the conflict between military valor and loyalty to the family, reflected in Russian chronicles:


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In the XIX century, interest in Svyatoslav slightly decreased.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The story by A. F. Veltman's Raina, Royal Bulgarian (1843), dedicated to the Bulgarian campaigns, was published in Bulgarian in 1866 in Vienna, Dobri Voinikov staged the drama Rayna Princess in Bulgaria on its basis, and the artist's illustrations for Raina... (1860—1880) were included in the classics of Bulgarian fine art [33].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

A little earlier, the episode with Svyatoslav was included by Veltman in the novel “Svetoslavich, an enemy pet. A Wonder of the Times of the Red Sun of Vladimir” (1837) [34].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 1862, Svyatoslav's high relief among thirty-six military commanders and heroes was depicted on the Millennium of Russia monument (sculptor M. O. Mikeshin).


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Here, his portrait followed the late medieval pictorial tradition from the royal titular — the prince was depicted in a helmet.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Around 1880, K. IN. Lebedev painted a picture illustrating Leo the Deacon's description of Svyatoslav's meeting with Tzimiskes.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

At the beginning of the 20th century E.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

A. Lanceray created the sculpture “Svyatoslav on the Way to Tsar City” [35].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 1910, in memory of the death of Svyatoslav Igorevich, a memorial sign was installed at the Dnieper threshold of Nenasytetsky.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

It is a cast-iron memorial plate (with an area of approx. 2 m²), fixed on a massive granite boulder.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The boulder is topped with a vase mounted on a stylized antique column.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

This is one of the rarest surviving pre-revolutionary monuments dedicated to Ancient Rus.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav is dedicated to poems by Velimir Khlebnikov, Valery Bryusov, the historical novel “Svyatoslav” (1958) by Ukrainian writer Semyon Sklyarenko and the novel “Black Arrows of Vyatich” by V. IN. Kargalova.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The image of Svyatoslav was created by Mikhail Kazovsky in his historical novel “The Daughter of the Empress” (1999).


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Alexander Mazin's novels “A Place for Battle” (2001) (the end of the novel), “The Prince” (2005) and “Hero” (2006) describe in detail Svyatoslav's life path, from the battle with the Drevlyans in 946 to death in the battle with the Pechenegs.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In Sergey Alekseev's novel “I Know God!” Svyatoslav's life path, his struggle with the Khazar Khaganate and his death on the Dnieper rapids are described in detail.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The novel “Uleb the Hard Hand” (1978) by writer Igor Kovalenko is dedicated to the period of the reign in Russia of Prince Svyatoslav of Kiev.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The image of Svyatoslav is popular in neo-pagan literature and art.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 2003, Lev Prozorov's book Svyatoslav Khorobre. I'm coming to you!”


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In subsequent years, the book was reprinted several times.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In the post-Soviet period, monuments to Svyatoslav Igorevich were erected in Kiev (two monuments), the village of Starye Petrovtsy, Kiev region, Zaporozhye, Mariupol, Serpukhov.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

A certain public outcry was caused by the project of a monument to Prince Svyatoslav by the famous Russian sculptor V. M. Klykov, which was originally supposed to be installed in Belgorod.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The sculptural composition dedicated to the 1040th anniversary of the defeat of the Khazar Khaganate was made on the initiative of V. M. Klykov of the International Foundation for Slavic Literature and Culture.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Representatives of the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia (FEOR) and the Eurasian Jewish Congress (EAJC) protested against the image of the defeated Khazar warrior on the shield of the defeated Khazar warrior the star of David, seeing This is anti-Semitic motives.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

As a result, the Government of the Belgorod Region first postponed the opening of the monument, and then it was installed in the village of Kholki, Chernyansky District, Belgorod Region (while the scandalous element of the sculptural composition was modified) [36] [37] [38].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The portrait of Svyatoslav is used in the emblem of the ultras of the Kyiv football club Dynamo, in addition, the name Svyatoslav is worn by the printed edition of Dynamo Kyiv fans [39].


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 1983, director Yuri Ilyenko shot the feature film “The Legend of Princess Olga”, and Les Serdyuk played the role of Svyatoslav.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Probable place of death near the village of Nikolskoye-on-Dnepr


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Probable place of death on Khortytsia


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Monument to Svyatoslav in Zaporizhia


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Monument to Svyatoslav in Belgorod region, p. Withers.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The sculptor V. Klykov, 2005


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Monument to Prince Svyatoslav in Mariupol


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav on a Ukrainian coin


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Kiev prince Svyatoslav Igorevich.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Author of the sculpture is Vasily Selivanov.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Installed in St. Serpukhov in 2014.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Notes


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

comments


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Footnotes


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Literature


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Karyshkovsky P. O. Russian-Bulgarian relations during the Balkan Wars of Svyatoslav//Voprosy istorii.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— 1951.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— No. 8.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Karyshkovsky P. O. On the chronology of the Russian-Byzantine war at Svyatoslav//Byzantine time book.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— 1952.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— VOL. 5.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Karyshkovsky P. O. To the question of primary sources on the history of Svyatoslav's campaigns. Brief reports of the Institute of Slavic Studies.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— 1952.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— No. 9.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Karyshkovsky P. O. Svyatoslav's Balkan Wars in Byzantine Historical Literature//Byzantine Vremennik.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— 1953.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— VOL. 6.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Gippius A. A. How did Svyatoslav have lunch?


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

(textual notes)//Ancient Rus.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Medieval studies issues.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— 2008.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— No. 2.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— P. 47-54.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Prozorov L. R. Svyatoslav the Great: “I'm coming to you!”


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

7-e izd.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

—: Yauza-press, 2011.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— 512 p. ISBN 978-5-9955-0316-3.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Kotlyar N. F. Svyatoslav Igorevich//Ancient Rus in the Medieval World.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Encyclopedia/Ed.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

E.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

A. Melnikova, V. ME.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Petrukhin.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— 2nd ed.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— Moscow: Ladomir, 2017.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— P. 726—728.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

References


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

//Encyclopedia Krugosvet


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Sakharov A. N.


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

External link in |publisher= (help)


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Category:Grand Dukes of Kiev


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Category:Princes of Novgorod


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Category:Warlords of Ancient Rus


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Svyatoslav Igorevich

Category:Monarchs killed in battle


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich


Question: When was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Category: Deaths in 972


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Holy Trinity Church is a Russian Orthodox church on Waterloo Island (South Shetland Islands) in Antarctica, near the Russian polar station Bellingshausen.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

The church is 15 meters high and can accommodate up to 30 people.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Now the church is the Patriarchal Metochion of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Construction


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

The idea to create a permanent temple in Antarctica appeared in the 1990s from Valery Lukin, head of the Russian Antarctic Expedition (RAE), Valentina Kuznetsova, captain of the Metelitsa women's polar team and Patriarch Alexy II.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

This idea was actively supported by the head of the Antarctic airline Petr Zadirov.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

At the same time, the Temple of Antarctica Foundation was created, which received the blessing of Patriarch Alexy II.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

The All-Russian competition organized by the Foundation was won by the project of Barnaul architect Svetlana Gustavovna Rybak, who works in the Creative Workshop of P. AND. Anisiforov”.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

The workshop director P. AND. Anisiforov organized and led the work of the creative team.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Alexander Borisovich Schmidt was invited to the team of authors as a designer [1].


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

The location of the future church was consecrated on January 20, 2002.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

The temple was cut down by a team of carpenters from Gorno-Altaysk led by Kirill Vladislavovich Khromov in Altai in the village of Kyzyl-Ozek from cedar and larch wood grown on the shores of Teletskoye Lake.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

The temple building was allowed to “settle” for almost a year, then dismantled, transported by truck to Kaliningrad, [3] and from there on the Akademik Sergey Vavilov ship to Antarctica, where it was again assembled by a brigade of eight person in 60 days.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

The icons for the iconostasis were made by Dmitrov icon painters under the direction of Valery Ivanovich Grishanov [4].


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

A residential house for clergymen was built near the church.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

The church was consecrated in the name of the Holy Trinity on February 15, 2004 by the abbot of the Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra, Bishop Theognost of Sergiev Posad, in the presence of numerous clergy, pilgrims and sponsors who arrived on a special flight from the nearest city, Punta Arenas, Chile [5] [6] [7].


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Temple work


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

The first rector of the Antarctic church was 30-year-old Hieromonk Kallistrat (Romanenko), a resident of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, and formerly the skete chief of the skete on Anzer Island in the Solovetsky Archipelago.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

[8] He spent more than a year on the Antarctic island, leaving for Russia in March 2005, after being replaced by two other hieromonks of the same Lavra, Fathers Gabriel (Bogachikhin) and Vladimir (Petrakov), to spend the year in Antarctica as well.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

[9] [10]


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Since then, priests (Lavra hieromonks) in the church have changed every year, about the same schedule as employees of Antarctic scientific stations.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

However, many of them visited the Antarctic post several times: in the third year (2006), Fr. Kallistrat, and on the fourth (2007), Fr. Vladimir, this time with Fr. Sergiy (Yurin).


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

[10] In 2014, Fr. Sofrony (Kirillov), and in 2015 he was replaced by Hieromonk Veniamin (Maltsev) and Deacon Maxim (Coat of Arms).


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

The duties of the priest include the spiritual care of the staff of Russian and other nearby stations and the commemoration of 64 Russian polar explorers who died during the study of Antarctica.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

The project was financed by Pyotr Zadirov, a former polar explorer and paratrooper, whose Polyus Airlines has been delivering cargo to polar stations since the 1990s.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

The Holy Trinity Church was considered the southernmost Orthodox church in the world.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Today, even further south are the chapel of St. John Rylsky at the Bulgarian station “St. Kliment Ohridsky” (Smolensk Island) and the chapel of St. Vladimir Equal-to-the-Apostles at the Ukrainian station” Academician Vernadsky”.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Nevertheless, the Holy Trinity Church has been and remains the southernmost permanent Orthodox church.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Current events


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

On January 29, 2007, the first wedding in Antarctica of a Russian woman Angelina Zhuldybina and Chilean Eduardo Aliaga Ilabaka, who works at the Chilean Antarctic base, took place in this church [11].


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

On February 21-25, the church was visited by Archbishop Augustine of Lviv and Galicia, head of the Synodal Military Department of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, who performed a moleben for the successful work of the expedition to the Antarctic RAE 51 Bellingshausen station [12].


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

In February 2009, on the occasion of the fifth anniversary of the consecration of the church, a delegation from the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, including several priests who had served at the station during these 5 years, visited Bellingshausen Station.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

On February 17, 2016, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia visited the Bellingshausen station and the church.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

In the general hall of the station, His Holiness Patriarch Kirill talked with members of the Russian expedition, as well as with employees of other expeditions, including polar explorers from Chilean, Chinese and other stations, who came to the meeting with the Primate of the Russian Church [14] [15].


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

After a conversation with polar explorers, the Patriarch noted the peculiarity of Antarctica to unite people of different countries and religions: “Antarctica is the only place where there are no weapons, where there are no military activities, where there is no scientific research aimed at creating new means of killing people. This is a kind of image of an ideal humanity. And this is evidence that people can live like this: they can live without borders, without weapons, without hostile competition, cooperate and feel like members of the same family” [16] [17] [18] [19].


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Interesting facts


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

In 2007, a church in the name of St. Sergius of Radonezh was consecrated near Valdai, Novgorod Region, which is an exact copy of the Church of the Holy Trinity [20].


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Location about. Waterloo


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

English-Spanish-language map of Fr. Waterloo


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

View from Ardley Island


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Bells


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

A flock of penguins at the temple


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

The lunar eclipse of September 28, 2015


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

See also about other Antarctic churches


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Religion in Antarctica


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

The chapel of St.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

John Rylsky (Bulgarian Orthodox Church)


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Argentinean (Roman Catholic)


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Church of the Snows (shared by Roman Catholic and Anglican churches, in fact — outside denominations)


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Notes


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

References


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

on LiveJournal


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

The Tale of a Cold Paradise () is an interview with Hieromonk Gabriel (Bogachikhin), who served for a year at the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in Antarctica (Tatyana's Day)


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

“” — photo report by Fr. Gabriel


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

“” — an interview that priest Konstantin Kravtsov took with Hieromonk Pavel (Gelyastanov), who wintered in Antarctica


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

“” — an article by Deacon Maxim Gerb about life and ministry at the Bellingshausen Antarctic Station in 2015-2016


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

“” — Notes by Deacon Maxim Gerb on life at the Antarctic station on the occasion of the 12th anniversary of the Holy Trinity Church.


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Category:Churches of the Russian Orthodox Church


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Category:Antarctic


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

BUT


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Category:Russia in Antarctica


Question: Who was the first rector of Holy Trinity Orthodox Church?

Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica

Category:Courtyards of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Ali und Nino (German: Ali und Nino) is a popular novel, presumably authored by Kurban Said, about the love of two Bakuvians: Azerbaijani Muslim Ali Khan Shirvanshir and Georgian Christian Nino Kipiani.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The novel takes place in the Caucasus and Iran against the background of the events of the First World War.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The book is a search for ways to reconcile the contradictory principles — Islam and Christianity, East and West, man and woman.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Most of the events of the novel take place in the Old City of Baku (Icheri Sheher) and near it at the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The book tells about the love of Ali and Nino, with “excursions” to the mountain villages of Dagestan, Shusha, Tiflis and Persia.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

It describes in detail Baku at the beginning of the 20th century and the life of Baku residents in those years against the background of such events as the world war, the revolution, the civil war and the March events of 1918, the arrival of the British in Baku, their departure, the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the capture of Baku by Bolshevik units, the Sovietization of Azerbaijan and the suppression of pockets of national resistance.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The novel was first published in German in 1937 in Vienna, Austria.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The novel, the author of which is still unknown, has been published more than 100 times in 33 languages of the world [1].


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

A year later, Kurban Said published the novel “The Girl from the Golden Horn”, the second and last novel by Kurban Said.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Ali and Nino, being a bestseller in 1937, is still read today [2] and has been considered a classic of Azerbaijani literature in recent years.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Novel story


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

It is believed that in 1935, an unknown person left the manuscript in German at the Vienna-based publishing house E.P. Tal & Co/Verlag and disappeared [4].


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The author was a certain Kurban Said.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

It is also believed that the agreement on the publication of the novel was signed in 1937 between the publisher Thal and the Austrian Baroness Elfrida Ehrenfels von Bodmershof [3].


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The novel was published in Vienna in 1937.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Later in 1938, the novel was published in Warsaw in Polish and in Amsterdam in Dutch, in Swedish in the same year, and in 1939 in Prague in Czech.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 1944, the novel was published in Italian, but the author was not Kurban Said, but Essad Bey.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

After World War II, the book was forgotten until in 1969, Berlin artist Zhenya Graman found the old edition from a street bookseller and “broke through” a reprint in the United States, translating it into English language.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 1970, the novel was published in English in New York, London and Beirut (in Arabic).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 1971, the novel was published in Istanbul in Turkish.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In the same year, Majid Musazadeh prepared a translation of the novel's script into Azerbaijani and sent it to Radio Liberty.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In the 1970s, the novel was also published in Amsterdam (1974), Canada (1972), Paris (1973), Bern (1973), Munich (1973), Tokyo (1974), Oslo (1972), Barcelona (1973) and Stockholm (1973).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In the 80s, the novel was published in Amsterdam (1981), Frankfurt (1981), Tehran (1983), Bern (1989).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 1990, the novel was first published in the Azerbaijani language in the art and literary magazine “Azerbaijan”.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 1993, the novel was published for the second time in Baku in Azerbaijani.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 1994, in Baku, in the Literaturny Azerbaijan magazine, a novel translated by Mirza Huseynzade was first published in Russian.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In the 1990s, the novel was also published in Amsterdam (1991), Lahore (1993), New York (1990 and 1996), London (1990), Munich (1992 and 1994), Tehran (1992) and Dhaka (1995).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In the 21st century, the geography of the novel's publications is expanding


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

From 2000 to 2010, the book is published in 37 cities around the world, including Moscow, Beijing, Jakarta, Lisbon, Tel Aviv, etc.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The problem of authorship


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The author of the novel is still unknown.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The manuscript of the novel itself mysteriously disappeared shortly before its publication, and disputes about the authorship of the novel are still ongoing.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Some researchers believe that the pseudonym Kurban Said hides the Azerbaijani writer, publicist and historian Yusif Chemenzeminli, whose biography is similar to the biography of the main character of Ali Khan's novel (studying at Baku real school, living in Shusha, etc.).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Others believe that the author of the work is Lev Nussimbaum, a German writer and journalist, the son of Baku oil tycoon Avram Nussimbaum, which can be proved by the presence of inaccuracies in the novel that are not an Azerbaijani author could admit it, but a person who only outwardly joined Azerbaijan could admit it [4].


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

It is believed that Nussimbaum wrote under the pseudonym “Essad Bay”, and in one of the editions of the novel (1944, in Italian), the author was listed by M. Essad Bay.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

According to the third version, Ali and Nino was written by Baroness Elfrida Ehrenfels von Bodmershof, wife of Baron Omar-Rolf von Ehrenfels.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In the German book catalog “Deutscher Gesamtcatalog” of 1935—1939, “the pseudonym Ehrenfels, f. Bodmershof, Elfrids, Baroness.”


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Baroness's niece Lila Ehrenfels, who lives in Vienna, states that she is the copyright holder of Ali and Nino as the legal successor of the Baroness [3].


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

There is another version that claims that the pseudonym “Kurban Said”, as well as the authorship of the novel, belongs to a certain Muhammad al-Assad bey, who emigrated to the West after the Bolshevik Revolution.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Yusif Chemenzeminli


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Some researchers believe that the author of the novel, which he wrote under the pseudonym “Kurban Said”, was Yusif Chemenzeminli.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

This opinion is shared by Azerbaijan.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In Baku, the novel was even published with the indication of Chemenzeminli as an author.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Frida Anatolyevna Lurie, consultant on American literature of the foreign commission of the Writers' Union of the USSR, also considered Chemenzeminli the author of the novel


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Yusif Chemenzeminli is connected with Kurban Said by the fact that Chemenzeminli himself was a seid.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

As for the name “Gurban”, Chemenzeminli wrote a short story called “Gurban” [5].


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In addition, he called himself “Gurban” in correspondence with the Soviet authorities of Azerbaijan in 1925, when he asked permission to return to his homeland from Europe, where he was appointed as a diplomat representing government of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, which was in opposition to the Bolsheviks.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The main character of the novel was also an ADR ambassador.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In addition, Chemenzeminli's children studied at the same gymnasium as Nino [6].


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

During his literary career, Yusif Chemenzeminli used at least 15 different pseudonyms, starting in 1904, when he was still a high school student.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Aliases included Badbakht (Loser One), Hugg Tarafdara (Defender of Truth), Mousavi (Equality), Sarsam (Madman), Suffering, and Spectator.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Among the pseudonyms is the name Ali (the name of the main character of the novel).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In addition, the name “Ali” appeared in every work of the writer.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The writer's son Orkhan Vezirov said that there was a tendency in Yusif Vezir's work when the names of the characters passed from one work to another.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Orkhan Vezirov claims that his father loved Ali's name, so he even wrote a postcard to the family signed “your Ali” [7].


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Lev Nussimbaum


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

One of the possible authors of the novel is considered to be a German writer and journalist who converted to Islam, the son of Baku oil tycoon Lev Nussimbaum, who, like the main character of the novel Ali Khan, spent his childhood in Baku and studied at the Baku Gymnasium.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 2005, London's Random House/Vintage Books published a book by American journalist Tom Rice, “The Orientalist”, in which he cites the results of his investigation, including including, he received a Nussimbaum manuscript of an autobiographical novel, signed “Kurban Said”.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Tom Rice concludes that Kurban Said is the pseudonym of Lev Nussimbaum [2] [8] [9].


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Under the photo of six-year-old Nussimbaum, standing in Caucasian vestments printed in the New York Harold Tribune, there is the caption: “Essade Bey — he hates problems, but he is ready to do anything.”


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

It is believed that Nussimbaum used the name Essad Bey as his pseudonym (it is believed that Nussimbaum translated his name Lev into Arabic - Essad, and Abramovich's patronymic into Ibrahim oglu).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In the 1944 edition of Ali and Nino in Italian under the name “Ali Khan”, the author indicated M. (Mohammed) Essad Bey; in this edition, Nino was called Erika, after the real wife of Nusenbaum.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Chingiz Huseynov believes that it is a non-Azerbaijani author who can be considered the author of the novel, since, as he claims, there are inaccuracies in the novel that the Azerbaijani author could not allow, but could have allow a person who has only outwardly joined Azerbaijan.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Lev Nussimbaum also had a sister named Tamara [8].


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In the novel, Ali and Nino's daughter were also called Tamara.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Elfrida Ehrenfels von Bodmershof


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The niece and adopted daughter of Baroness Elfrida Ehrenfels von Bodmershof Lila Ehrenfels claims that Baroness Elfrida Ehrenfels is both the author of the novel and the bearer of the pseudonym “Kurban Said”, since it was she who was assigned the pseudonym “Kurban Said” in the German publishing catalog for 1935-39 [3] [10].


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Elfrida Von Bodmershof was born in 1894 to the Bodmershof family, titled by Kaiser Franz Joseph I himself, King of Hungary and Emperor of the Austrian Empire.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

She studied economics at Stanford University in California.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

I knew Malayalam.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In the late 1950s, she traveled to India to study temples in the southern part of the country.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In India, she married Omar Rolf von Ehrenfels, who converted to Islam in 1926, according to Indian rituals.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Omar Rolf von Ehrenfels by this time already had a daughter from his first marriage, Lila Ehrenfels.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Lila Ehrenfels claims that she has documents confirming the Baroness's authorship rights, including in the 1943 German book catalog Deutsches Buecherverzeichnis, the owner of the pseudonym “Kurban Said” and the author of the novel by Ali and Nino is shown by Baroness Elfried Ehrenfels von Bodmershof.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

At that time, the name of every writer who published any of his books in Germany and later in Austria was automatically included in the catalog register, which, like everything else, was under Nazi control .


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Lila Ehrenfels also claims that the original contract for Ali and Nino was signed in 1937 between Elfrida Ehrenfels and publisher Tal.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Lila Ehrenfels states that she, as the legal successor of the Baroness, has the rights to the first publication of the novel.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Over the years, she argues, various people have made claims to copyright.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

For example, in the 1970s it was Lucy Tal, the widow of Peter Tal, the owner of the publishing house that first published the novel in 1937 in Vienna [3].


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 33 world languages


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Ali and Nino's novel was published in 33 languages.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

To date, more than 100 publications of the novel are known, most of which have been translated from the German original and the first English translation.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In Azerbaijani (Azerbaijan: Əli və Nino).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

For the first time, the novel “Ali and Nino” was translated from German into Azerbaijani in 1972, in Munich, by Mejid Musazade, an employee of Radio Liberty.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

And for a year, the radio introduced listeners in Baku to this novel.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The scripts of these programs are currently in the State Archives of the Republic of Azerbaijan.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The second translation was made by Mirza Khazar, an employee of the same radio [11].


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

It was his translation that was published in Baku in 1990 in the Khazar magazine.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In the same year, the novel translated by Mirza Khazar was published in the art and literary magazine “Azerbaijan”.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 1993, the novel in Cyrillic was published by the Yazychy publishing house.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 2004, he was the publishing house “Sada”, but the author is not Kurban Said, but Yusif Chemenzeminli.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Later, the novel was published in Azerbaijani in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2012.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In Albanian (Albanian: Aliu dhe Ninoja).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The novel was published only once in Albanian in 2009 in Tirana by OMSCA-1.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

He translated the novel by Guri Shuti [12].


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In English (English: Ali and Nino).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The novel has been published in English 15 times.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

It was first published in 1970 in London by Hutchinson.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The novel was translated from German in 1967 by Berlin artist Zhenya Gramann (1920s — 2002), who gave birth in Russia and later emigrated to Europe.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

She obtained permission to translate from Lucy Tal, the widow of Peter Tal, the owner of the publishing house that first published the novel in 1937 in Vienna.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

To date, many editions of the novel have been translated from the translation of Zhenya Graman [13].


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In the same year, the novel was published in New York by Random House.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 1971, Arrow Books published the novel in London, and a year later Pocket Books published the book in the United States and Canada.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 1990, Vintage/Ebury published the novel in New York and Robin Clark in London.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 1996, Overlook Press published the novel in New York and the authorship rights belong to Lucy Tal, and in 2000 this niga was also published there under Thorndike Press, where the author of the rights to the book Lila Ehrenfels is listed.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In the same year, the novel was published in London by Chatto & Windus (where Lila Ehrenfels is also listed as the copyright holder) and Vintage, and in New York by Anchor.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In Arabic (Arabic: English).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The novel was published in Arabic three times: in 1970, 2002, 2003 and 2010.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The novel was first published in Beirut in 1970 by Dar Al-Quds.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The novel was translated by Abdel Wahab al-Ahmadi.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 2003, the novel was also published in Beirut by Matabat al-Fakih.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The translation was made from the English translation of the German original.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In Bengali (Bengali: Bengali).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In total, the novel was published five times in Bengali.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The novel was first published in 1995 in Dhaka by Saleh Uddin of Bud Publications.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The novel was translated from Jenny Gramon's translation by Dr. Bulbul Sarwar.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The novel was published for the second time in 2000, and in 2003, the novel was published in Kolkata by Abdur Rahman Mullik.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

And in 2004, Abdur Rouf Bokul was in Dhaka.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The last time the Bengali novel was published in 2008.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In Hungarian (Hungarian: Ali es Nino).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 2002, Magyar Konyvklub published the novel in Budapest.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The book was translated by Maria Borbash.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In Dutch (Dutch: Ali en Nino).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The novel has been published seven times in Dutch.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Van Holkem and Warendorf first published the novel in Amsterdam in 1938.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

De Harmonie published the novel there in 1974 and 1981.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The book was translated from English by Elsa Hug.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Van Holkem and Warendorff re-published the novel in 1991.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

De Bezige Bij published the novel in Amsterdam in 2002, 2004 and 2009.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Translated the novel from German by Meygerink.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In Greek (Greek: Ala Kai Nino).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The Greek novel was published in 2002 in Athens by Psichogios Publications.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The novel was translated from English by Maria and Eleni Paxinou.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In Georgian (Georgian: Georgian).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

The novel has been published twice in Georgian.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 2002, Diogenes Publishing House published a translation by Maya Mirianashvili in Tbilisi and in 2004, a translation by Giorgi Jabashvili.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In Danish (Danish: Ali og Nino).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In November 2008, the novel was published in Copenhagen by Forlaget Vandkhunsten.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

Translated by Judith Price and Jørgen Herman Monrad.


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In Hebrew (Hebrew: English).


Question: Where did Ali and Nino hide in the book of the same name?

Ali & Nino

In 2001, the novel was published in Lod and Tel Aviv by Zmorah-Bitan.