Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

So, in various episodes Homer beats George W. Bush, Bill Clinton hints at Marge at the possibility of their intimate meeting, and in the episode with a trip to the American Football Championship, when Homer and Moe, so as not jinx, bring a beer mug to their mouths when saying the name of their team, the trip organizer does the same when saying the name of Clinton's wife, Hillary; ex-presidents are often ridiculed in series US Nixon and Carter.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Homer's personal photo album contains photos of him fighting with both the first President Bush (as shown in the episode “Two Bad Neighbors”) and the second (and the fight takes place directly in the White House ).


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Russian politicians also got it.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

In the same episode “Two Bad Neighbors” you can see Gorbachev, and Boris Yeltsin is referred to as the highest degree of intoxication.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

One of the heroes of the first episode of the 23rd season of the cult animated series was “Ukrainian gangster Viktor”.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

The prototype of Viktor, judging by the external similarity and behavior of this character, was the former President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Viktor works in a reputable office in the center of Kiev, walks with armed security guards and takes advice from an assistant who teaches him how to use the Internet.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Celebrity jokes.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

This element is one of the brightest highlights of the series.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

His stories are often attended by real personalities, and many of them voice themselves.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

In each such case, the presence of the star is presented in an ironic way (usually very unpleasant).


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

For example, Stephen Hawking's wheelchair has turned into a futuristic unit with jet engines and a built-in boxing glove, and the famous tenor Placido Domingo curiously asks Homer appreciate his new vocal findings and receives a derogatory response.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

When Homer opens a high-tech company (forgetting to figure out what it will do), Bill Gates immediately comes to him with thugs and “just in case” smashes the Homer startup.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

In the credits of movies watched by the characters, you can read the names of famous actors who are credited with performing unusual or simply stupid roles;


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Parodies of world famous brands: Funtendo Zii game console is a parody of Nintendo Wii; Oogle website is an analogue of the Google search engine; Molksmagen car is a parody of Volkswagen, and Lambargotti Fasterrossa includes Lamborghini, Bugatti and Ferrari Testarossa brands [34].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Parodies of Apple products are very common: MyPod (iPod), MyPhone (iPhone), MyBook (MacBook), MyMac (iMac) and MyPad (iPad).


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

In season 24 of episode 13, you can see Apple juice.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Apple itself is called “Mapple”, and the logo has been replaced by an apple bitten on several sides.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Steve Jobs has also appeared in The Simpsons several times [35].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

In an episode of “Catch 'Em If You Can”, Homer and Bart show VIZA credit cards stolen from Ned and Rod Flanders (see below). VISA).


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

In season 21 of episode 8, Bart throws out “Tac Tic” candies (see below). “Tic Tac”).


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

The erotic magazine “Playdude” appears (see below). Playboy) and the board game “Duopoly” (see Fig.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Monopoly (game)), as well as “BLOCKO”, “YBOX” and “Medal of Duty” (a reference to two games: Call of Duty and Medal of Honor).


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Neologisms and catchphrases


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

A number of neologisms and expressions invented by the writers of the series have become firmly established in spoken English [36] [37].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

In 2007, an American linguist, an employee of the University of Pennsylvania and head of an organization engaged in the creation of English language corpora, claimed that the Simpsons had supplanted the Bible and works by William Shaksir from the place of the main source of phraseological units, catch phrases and all sorts of textual references in English [37].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

The exclamation “D'ou!” , with which Homer Simpson expresses annoyance or grief in the series, was included in the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006 [38].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Actor Dan Castellaneta claimed that he borrowed the exclamation from actor James Finlayson, but pronounced it differently from Finlayson [39].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

The series also contributed to the widespread popularity of the meh interjection, expressing lack of interest [37] [40] [41], included in the Collins English Dictionary in 2008 [42].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Comic ethnopholism cheese-eating surrender monkeys (letters. Russian: cheese-eating capitulants), which denotes the French and sounded in the series in the mouth of Gardener Willie, was used in the American and British press on various occasions, including France's non-accession to the invasion of Iraq by the United States and its allies in 2003 [37] [43].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

A catch expression was the phrase I, for one, welcome our new insect overlords (“And I, for my part, welcome our new insect lords”), sounded in the Deep Space Homer series [44] [45].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

The fictional words cromulent (with the meaning of “normal, acceptable”) and embiggen (with the meaning of “increase, do more”), first heard in the Lisa the Iconoclast series, were included in Lexicon XXI Centuries” of the Dictionary.com dictionary [46] and appeared in various scientific publications [37] [47].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Other words introduced by the Simpsons into English included the interjection yoink and the adjective craptacular [37].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Time paradoxes


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

The series has been going on for 29 years.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

The Simpsons regularly celebrate Halloween, Christmas and their birthdays, everyday realities change in step with the times, mention current events and contemporaries from the real world.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Nevertheless, the age of the characters remains almost unchanged: adults do not age, children do not grow up, but new ones are born, for example, Sideshow Bob's son and Selma Bouvier's daughter, and Sideshow Bob's son can walk, talk and generally looks older than Maggie Simpson, although he was born much later.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

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Bart and Lisa have gone on summer holidays more than once, but are still in fourth and second grade, respectively.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Some episodes mention the age of Homer or Marge, which fluctuates (in different directions) between 36 and 40 years.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Homer Simpson in episode 7 of season 20 (“Mypods and Boomsticks”) says that he is 38 years old, but in episode 21 of season 21 (“Moe Letter Blues”), Homer says he is 39.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Characters only get older in episodes about their likely future.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

The unnaturalness of this situation for some time now also serves as the subject of jokes by the creators of The Simpsons.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

For example, in the first episode of season 19, “He Loves to Fly and He d'Ohs”, Bart writes on the blackboard: “I will not wait 20 years to make another feature film” another movie”), and season 18 episode “You Kent Always Say What You Want” shows a scene from the Simpsons family with the remark “20 Years Ago” (all characters are drawn in the manner of early episodes, The Tracy Ullman Show, but their age is no different from their current age).


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

In the screensaver of episode 10 of season 21, the billboard features Maggie and the inscription “The Fox network: still sucking after 20 years” (“The Fox network: we continue to suck after 20 years”, which contains the famous a play on words).


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

In the non-canonical series “Behind the Laughter” (S11E22), Lisa says at a press conference that her parents put some hormones in her food that hinder growth (English: anti-growth hormones).


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

In season 21 of Episode 22, Clancy writes that he is 43.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Fans of “The Simpsons” put forward the theory that after the series “So It's Come to This: A Simpsons Clip Show” Homer never comes out of a coma, and all the events of all subsequent episodes are just a figment of his imagination (which explains not only ageless characters, but also the appearance in Springfield of many celebrities or other amazing events like Homer's flight into space).


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Later, the producers of the animated series refuted this theory, saying that “if the theory is true, then it turns out that they initially expected the longevity of the series.”


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Awards and nominations


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

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The Simpsons has received many awards and nominations throughout its history.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

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Primetime Emmy Award, the premier American television award, The Simpsons has won 27 times (in four different categories) — more than any other animated series in history of the award.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

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In total, from 1990 to 2011, the Simpsons were nominated for this award 64 times (in eight different categories) [48].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

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The Simpsons has also won the Annie Award, awarded by the California branch of the International Animated Film Association, 27 times, including 12 Best Animated Film Awards for television [49].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

In addition, The Simpsons won the Environmental Media Awards 7 times [50], the Writers Guild of America Award 7 times [51], the Genesis Awards 6 times, the People's Choice Award 5 times [52] and other awards.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

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In 1996, the Simpsons won the George Foster Peabody International Award [53], awarded annually since 1940 for outstanding contributions to radio and television.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

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The Simpsons was the first animated film to win this award.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

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The Simpsons have been recognized not only in the United States, but also in other countries.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

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In the UK, the series won the British Comedy Awards three times and the UK Kids' Choice Awards in 2007; in Australia, it won the Australian Kids' Choice Awards four times.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

In 2001, viewers of the British television company Channel 4 chose The Simpsons first on the list of the 100 greatest children's programs, and Homer Simpson - first in the list of the 100 greatest television characters.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

In 2005, viewers of this channel gave The Simpsons the first place in the list of the 100 greatest cartoons.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Time magazine, in its last issue in 1999, dedicated to the greatest achievements of the twentieth century in the field of art and entertainment, named The Simpsons the best television series of the century [54].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

The same magazine included Bart Simpson in the list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century [55].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

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Bart Simpson was the only fictional character on this list.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

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On January 14, 2000, a star was unveiled on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in honor of the series.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

In 2008, the series was ranked number one on Entertainment Weekly's list of “Top 100 Shows of the Last 25 Years”.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

Empire magazine named The Simpsons the greatest television show of all time.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

In 2010, Entertainment Weekly named Homer Simpson “the greatest character of the last 20 years” [58].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

The Simpsons is also included in the Guinness Book of Records twice: as the longest sitcom in history [59] and as the television series with the most guest stars [60].


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

In 2013, The Simpsons: A Painful Afterschool was nominated for an Oscar for Best Animated Short Film.


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

Simpsons

See also


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

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TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time


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Futurama


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Notes


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References


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Category:1989 animated series


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Category:American animated series


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Category:Hand-drawn cartoons


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Category:Satirical cartoons


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Category:Animated series alphabetically


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Category:Fox Television Studios


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Category:American sitcom television series


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Category:Spin-off TV series


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Category:TV series set in the United States


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Category:Fox TV programs


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Category:Peabody Award-winning programs


Question: When was the first episode of The Simpsons released in Russian?

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Category:Guinness World Records Objects


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Earthquakes are tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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According to modern views, earthquakes reflect the process of geological transformation of the planet.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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It is believed that the primary cause of earthquakes is global geological and tectonic forces, but at present their nature is not entirely clear.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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The appearance of these forces is associated with temperature inhomogeneities in the depths of the Earth.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Most earthquakes occur on the margins of tectonic plates.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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It has been observed that over the past two centuries, strong earthquakes have occurred as a result of the ripping of large faults that come to the surface [1].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Every year, the instruments record more than a million earthquakes.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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The increase in the number of observation points and the improvement of devices for recording seismic vibrations made it possible to record more and more earthquakes occurring in the depths of the planet every decade.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

If in the early 1900s about 40 earthquakes of magnitude 7 and above were recorded, by the 21st century, the location and strength of all earthquakes of this magnitude were recorded, and the number of such earthquakes events accounted for more than 4,000 cases in a decade.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Depending on the energy of earthquakes, they are conditionally divided into strong, weak and micro-earthquakes.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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The terms “destructive” or “catastrophic” are used to refer to an earthquake of any energy and nature, if it was accompanied by destruction and death of people [2].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Oscillations from earthquakes are transmitted in the form of seismic waves.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Earthquakes and related phenomena are studied by seismology, which conducts research in the following main areas:


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Exploring the nature of earthquakes: why, how and where they occur.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Application of knowledge about earthquakes to protect against them by predicting possible seismic shocks in a particular place in order to build structures and structures resistant to their impact.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Study of the structure of the Earth's interior and exploration of mineral deposits using seismic waves from earthquakes and artificial seismic sources [3].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Description


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Earthquakes are best known for the devastation they can produce.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Destruction of buildings and structures is caused by soil fluctuations or giant tidal waves (tsunamis) that occur during seismic displacements on the seabed.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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At the same time, the destruction depends on the type of structures common in the earthquake area.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Raw structures, which are very common in rural areas of many seismically active areas of the Earth, are often lethal for their inhabitants during strong earthquakes, an illustrative example is 1976 Guatemala earthquake [4].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Most earthquake foci occur in the earth's crust at a depth of 30—40 km below the Earth's surface [5].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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The most active zones with regard to earthquakes are the Pacific Belt, which runs along almost the entire Pacific coast (approximately 90% of all earthquakes on Earth) and the Alpine Belt, which stretches from Indonesia to the Mediterranean Sea (5—6% of all earthquakes).


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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It is also worth noting the mid-ocean ridges, although earthquakes here are shallow and have a much lower frequency and strength (together with earthquakes inside the plates account for 4—5% of all earthquakes) [ 4] [5].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Earthquakes can also be caused by collapses and large landslides.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Such earthquakes are called landslide earthquakes, they are local in nature and have little strength.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Volcanic earthquakes are a type of earthquake in which tremors occur as a result of high voltage in the depths of a volcano.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The reason for such earthquakes is lava and volcanic gases.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Earthquakes of this type are weak, but they last for a long time, many times — weeks and months.


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Nevertheless, an earthquake of this type does not pose a danger to people.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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By the way, an earthquake is sometimes the most dangerous natural disaster along with a volcanic eruption.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The cause of the earthquake is the rapid displacement of the lithosphere section (lithospheric plates) as a whole at the time of relaxation (discharge) of the elastic deformation of stressed rocks in the earthquake focus.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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According to scientific classification, earthquakes are divided into 3 groups according to the depth of occurrence:


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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“normal” — 33—70 km,


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“intermediate” — up to 300 km,


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“deep-focus” — more than 300 km.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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The latter group includes the earthquake that occurred on May 24, 2013 in the Sea of Okhotsk, when seismic waves reached many parts of Russia, including Moscow.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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The depth of this earthquake reached 600 km.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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According to Gutenberg and Richter, the depth of the June 29, 1934 earthquake with its epicenter in the Flores Sea was 720 km [6] [5].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Seismic waves and their measurement


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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At first, friction prevents rocks from sliding along the fault.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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As a result, the energy that causes movement accumulates in the form of elastic stresses of the rocks.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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When the stress reaches a critical point exceeding the friction force, there is a sharp rupture of the rocks with their mutual displacement; the accumulated energy, when released, causes wave oscillations of the surface Earthquakes.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Earthquakes can also occur when rocks collapse into folds, when the magnitude of the elastic stress exceeds the ultimate strength of the rocks, and they split, forming a fault.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Seismic waves generated by earthquakes propagate in all directions from the source like sound waves.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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The point at which the movement of rocks begins is called the focus, focus or hypocenter, and the point on the earth's surface above the focus is the epicenter of the earthquake.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Shock waves propagate in all directions from the focus, as they move away from it, their intensity decreases.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Seismic wave velocities can reach 10 km/s.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Special instruments — seismographs — are used to detect and record all types of seismic waves.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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In most cases, the seismograph has a load with a spring attachment, which remains stationary during an earthquake, while the rest of the device (body, support) moves and shifts relative to the load.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Some seismographs are sensitive to horizontal movements, while others are sensitive to vertical movements.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Waves are detected by a vibrating pen on a moving paper tape.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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There are also electronic seismographs (without paper tape).


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Near the epicenter, vibrations may be too strong to be recorded by seismographs.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Therefore, accelerographs are used for near-distant earthquakes, which begin to work during an earthquake and record the acceleration of ground movements [4].


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Types of seismic waves


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Seismic waves are divided into 3 types:


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Compression waves, or longitudinal seismic waves (primary; P-waves).


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Vibrations of rock particles through which they pass along the direction of wave propagation are caused, causing alternation of compression and rarefaction sections in rocks.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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The speed of propagation of compression waves is 1.7 times higher than the speed of shear waves, so seismic stations are the first to record them.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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The velocity of the P-wave is equal to the speed of sound in the corresponding rock.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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At P-wave frequencies greater than 15 Hz, these waves can be heard as underground rumble and rumble.


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Shear waves, or transverse seismic waves (secondary; S-waves).


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Rock particles are forced to oscillate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.


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Long or surface elastic waves (L-waves).


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They cause the most severe destruction.


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They spread along the Earth's surface.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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They are a mixture of two types of waves: Love waves (LQ) with transverse oscillations in the horizontal plane and Rayleigh waves (LR) with oscillations along ellipses forward-up-back-down relative to the direction wave propagation [5].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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The processes that occur during strong earthquakes


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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The earthquake begins with an aftershock, then there is a rupture and movement of rocks in the depths of the Earth.


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This place is called the earthquake center or hypocenter.


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Its depth is usually no more than 100 km, but sometimes it reaches 700 km.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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The depth of the focus distinguishes between normal (70—80 km), intermediate (80—300 km) and deep earthquakes (more than 300 km) [7].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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In some cases, the layers of earth located on the sides of the fault come on top of each other.


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In others, the ground descends on one side of the fault, forming discharges.


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Waterfalls appear in places where they cross river beds.


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The vaults of underground caves crack and collapse.


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It happens that after an earthquake, large tracts of land are lowered and flooded with water.


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Tremors displace the upper, loose layers of soil from the slopes, forming collapses and landslides, and soils can be diluted [4].


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During the earthquake in California in 1906, soil displacements of up to 6-8.5 m were observed in an area of 477 kilometers [8].


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Underwater earthquakes (seaquakes) cause tsunamis - long waves generated by a powerful impact on the entire water column in the ocean, during which a sharp displacement occurs (rise or lowering) of the seabed section.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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Tsunamis are formed during an earthquake of any strength, but those that occur due to strong earthquakes (more than 7 points) reach great forces.


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The sharp movement of large masses of earth in the hearth must be accompanied by a blow of colossal force.


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Measuring the strength and impact of earthquakes


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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A magnitude scale (for example, the Richter scale) and various intensity scales are used to evaluate and compare earthquakes.


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Magnitude scale.


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Richter scale


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The magnitude scale distinguishes earthquakes in terms of magnitude, which is the relative energy characteristic of an earthquake.


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There are several magnitudes and, accordingly, magnitude scales:


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local magnitude (Ml);


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magnitude determined by surface waves (Ms);


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magnitude determined by volume waves (Mb);


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moment magnitude (Mw)


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The most popular scale for assessing the energy of earthquakes for a long time was the local Richter magnitude scale.


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On this scale, an increase in magnitude per unit corresponds to a 32-fold increase in the released seismic energy.


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An earthquake of magnitude 2 is barely perceptible, while magnitude 7 corresponds to the lower limit of destructive earthquakes covering large areas.


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However, since 2002, the US Geological Survey has been using moment magnitude for large earthquakes.


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If in the 1970s and 1980s, the strongest earthquakes in history were considered with Ml = 8.9 for both [4] [5], then since the beginning of the 21st century, the Great Chilean Earthquake with Mw = 9.5 [9] has been considered such, while its Ml = 8.4-8.5 [4] [5].


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The intensity of earthquakes (cannot be estimated by magnitude) is estimated by the damage they cause in populated areas.


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Intensity scale


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Intensity is a qualitative characteristic of an earthquake and indicates the nature and extent of the earthquake's impact on the earth's surface, on people, animals, as well as on natural and artificial structures in the earthquake area.


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Several intensity scales are used in the world:


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in the European Union — the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS),


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in Russia — the Medvedev—Spoonheuer-Karnik scale (see below),


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in Japan, the Japan Meteorological Agency (Shindo) scale,


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in the US — modified Mercalli scale (MM):


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General characteristics of earthquakes according to the intensity scale:


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1 point (inconspicuous) — marked only by special devices;


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2 points (very weak) — felt only by very sensitive pets and some people in the upper floors of buildings;


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3 points (weak) — felt only inside some buildings, like a truck shake;


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4 points (moderate) — the earthquake is observed by many people; windows and doors may fluctuate;


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5 points (quite strong) - swinging hanging objects, creaking floors, rattling glasses, shedding whitewash;


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6 points (severe) — slight damage to buildings: thin cracks in plaster, cracks in furnaces, etc. ;


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7 points (very strong) — significant damage to buildings; cracks in plaster and breaking off individual pieces, thin cracks in walls, damage to chimneys; cracks in wet soils;


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8 points (destructive) — destruction in buildings: large cracks in walls, falling cornices, chimneys.


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Landslides and cracks up to a few centimeters wide on the slopes of mountains;


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9 points (devastating) — collapses in some buildings, collapse of walls, partitions, roofs.


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Collapses, scree and landslides in the mountains.


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The crack advance rate can reach 2 cm/s;


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10 points (destructive) — collapses in many buildings; others have serious damage.


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Cracks in the ground up to 1 m wide, collapses, landslides.


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Lakes appear due to the blockages of river valleys;


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11 points (catastrophe) — numerous cracks on the Earth's surface, large collapses in the mountains.


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General destruction of buildings;


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12 points (severe catastrophe) — change in relief in large sizes.


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Huge collapses and landslides.


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General destruction of buildings and structures.


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Medvedev-Venheuer-Karnik scale (MSK-64)


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The Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik 12-point scale was developed in 1964 and was widely used in Europe and the USSR.


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Since 1996, the more modern European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) has been used in the countries of the European Union.


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MSK-64 is the basis of SNiP II-7-81 “Construction in Seismic Regions” and continues to be used in Russia and the CIS countries.


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Kazakhstan currently uses SNiP RK 2.03-30-2006 “Construction in seismic regions”.


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Other types of earthquakes


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Volcanic


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Volcanic earthquakes are a type of earthquake in which tremors occur as a result of high voltage in the depths of a volcano.


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The reason for such earthquakes is lava, volcanic gas.


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Earthquakes of this type are weak, but they last for a long time, many times — weeks and months.


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Nevertheless, an earthquake of this type does not pose a danger to people.


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They occur when flows of hot lava and gases press from below on the Earth's surface.


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Volcanic earthquakes are usually not very strong, but can last up to several weeks.


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In addition, volcanic earthquakes are usually harbingers of a volcanic eruption, which threatens to have more serious consequences


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Tectonic and technogenic


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Tectonic earthquakes occur when rock plates are displaced or as a result of collisions between oceanic and continental platforms.


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In such collisions, mountains or valleys are formed and the surface oscillates.


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Earthquakes can be caused by human activities.


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For example, in areas of flooding during the construction of large reservoirs, tectonic activity increases — the frequency of earthquakes and their magnitude increase.


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This is due to the fact that the mass of water accumulated in reservoirs increases the pressure in the rocks by its weight, increases the pressure in those pores where water has already been, and the leaking water lowers rock tensile strength.


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This can accelerate the arrival of an earthquake at a fault where the discharge of voltages is just around the corner.


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One of the strongest earthquakes allegedly associated with the construction of the reservoir was that occurred in the area (India) on December 11, 1967, which had a magnitude of 6.4 and caused the death of 177 people [4].


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Similar phenomena occur during oil and gas production (a series of earthquakes with a magnitude of up to 5 occurred at the Romashkinskoye oil field in Tatarstan) and the excavation of large amounts of rock from mines and quarries , in the construction of large cities from imported materials.


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There was also an 8-point earthquake in Kuzbass [10].


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In addition, earthquakes can be caused by pumping water into wells due to the increasing pressure in the pores of the rocks.


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One of the strongest such earthquakes occurred in 1967 in the Denver area, where water was injected into a 3-kilometer well, and had a magnitude of 5.2 [4].


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Landshocks


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Earthquakes can also be caused by collapses and large landslides.


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Such earthquakes are called landslide earthquakes, they are local in nature and have little strength.


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They are associated with the formation of voids underground that arise under the influence of groundwater or underground rivers.


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At the same time, the upper layer of the earth's surface collapses down, causing slight shaking.


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The place where the earthquake (collision of plates) occurs directly is called its focus or hypocenter.


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The area of the earth's surface where an earthquake occurs is called the epicenter.


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This is where the most severe destruction takes place [11].


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Artificial


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An earthquake can also be caused artificially: for example, by the explosion of a large number of explosives or by an underground nuclear explosion (tectonic weapons).


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Such earthquakes depend on the amount of exploded substance.


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For example, when the DPRK tested a nuclear bomb in 2006, a moderate earthquake occurred, which was recorded in many countries.


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Forecasting


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At the end of the twentieth century, a group of well-known Western seismologists held a network debate [12], the main question of which was “Is a reliable forecast of individual earthquakes realistic scientific goal?” All participants in the discussion, despite significant differences on particular issues, agreed that:


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deterministic predictions of individual earthquakes with sufficient accuracy to allow evacuation programs to be planned are unrealistic;


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at least some forms of probabilistic prediction of the current seismic hazard, based on the physics of the process and observations, can be justified.


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Even if the accuracy of measurements and the non-existent physical and mathematical model of the seismic process made it possible to determine with sufficient accuracy the place and time of the beginning of the destruction of the earth crust, the magnitude of the future earthquake remains unknown.


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The fact is that all seismicity models that reproduce the earthquake frequency graph contain one or another stochastic generator that creates dynamic chaos in these models, described only in probabilistic terms.


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More clearly, the source of stochasticity can be described qualitatively as follows.


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Let the fracture front propagating during the earthquake approach the area of increased strength.


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The magnitude of the earthquake depends on whether this area will be destroyed or not.


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For example, if the destruction front goes further, the earthquake will be catastrophic, and if not, it will remain small.


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The outcome depends on the strength of the site: if it is below a certain threshold, the destruction will go according to the first scenario, and if higher, according to the second scenario.


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There is a “butterfly effect”: a negligible difference in strength or stress leads to macroscopic consequences that cannot be predicted deterministically, as this difference is smaller than any measurement accuracy.


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And predicting the place and time of an earthquake with an unknown and possibly quite safe magnitude does not make practical sense, unlike calculating the probability that a large earthquake will happen.


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Nevertheless, Chinese scientists seem to have achieved great success in predicting earthquakes — they have been monitoring the slope of the surface, groundwater levels, and for several years radon (gas) content in rocks.


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According to the researchers, all these parameters, except seasonal changes, as well as long-term trends, should change dramatically a few weeks or months before a major earthquake.


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An earthquake in Liaoning Province on February 4, 1975 was successfully predicted: the Chinese authorities shortly before it invited residents to leave their homes, avoiding a large number of victims [5].


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However, on July 27, 1976, the Tangshan earthquake (8.2 Richter), which was not predicted by scientists, occurred, during which more than 650 thousand people were killed, which became one of the largest in history observations.


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Dissemination and history


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Earthquakes cover large areas and are characterized by: the destruction of buildings and structures, under the rubble of which people fall; the occurrence of mass fires and industrial accidents; flooding settlements and entire areas; gas poisoning during volcanic eruptions; damage to people and destruction of buildings by fragments of volcanic rocks; damage to people and the appearance of cells fires in settlements from volcanic lava; failure of settlements during landslide earthquakes; destruction and flushing of settlements by tsunami waves; negative psychological impact.


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During the historical period, earthquakes have repeatedly caused destruction and casualties.


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For example (biggest earthquakes):


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In 1290, about 100,000 people died in the Bohaiwan Bay area (China).


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In 1556, in Shaanxi Province - 830 thousand people


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1737 in Kolkata (India) — 300 thousand people


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1908 in Messina (Italy) — 120 thousand people


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1923 in Tokyo — 143 thousand people


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1976 in the Tien Shan (China) — about 240 thousand people.


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In 1999, there were about 40 thousand people in Turkey.


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In 2001, there were about 30 thousand people in India.


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The most devastating earthquakes


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In Ganja


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The Ganja earthquake is one of the largest [13] [14] earthquakes in history with a magnitude of 11, which occurred on September 30 [15] 1139 near the city of Ganja in the territory of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan.


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As a result of the disaster, 230 thousand people died.


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During the earthquake, Mount Kapaz collapsed and blocked the bed of the Agsu River that ran through it, resulting in the formation of eight lakes, one of which is Lake Goygol.


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This lake is currently located on the territory of the reserve of the same name [16] [17].


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This earthquake is one of the five earthquakes that claimed the most lives [18].


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Great China Earthquake


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The Great Earthquake of China (Chinese:Chinese:) occurred in Shaanxi Province on January 23, 1556.


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It has claimed the lives of approximately 830,000 people — more than any other earthquake in human history.


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The epicenter of the Shaanxi earthquake was located in the Wei River Valley in Shaanxi Province, near the cities of Huaxian, Weinan and Huayin.


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In Huaxian, all buildings were destroyed, killing more than half of the population.


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At the epicenter of the earthquake, 20-meter dips and cracks opened.


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The destruction affected areas located 500 km from the epicenter.


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Some areas of Shaanxi were completely depopulated, while others killed about 60% of the population.


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This number of victims was due to the fact that most of the population of the province lived in loess caves, which collapsed after the first tremors or were flooded with mudflows [19].


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Within six months after the earthquake, aftershocks followed several times a month [20].


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In Jamaica (1692)


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The Jamaican Earthquake of 1692 was an earthquake that occurred in Port Royal, Jamaica on June 7, 1692 at exactly 11:43am, according to the stopped clock found at the bottom of the bay [21].


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Most of the city, known as the “treasury of the West Indies” and “one of the most immoral places on Earth”, was flooded by the sea.


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About 2,000 people died as a result of the earthquake and tsunami, and about 3,000 more died from injuries and spread diseases [21].


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Great Sicilian Earthquake


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The Sicilian Earthquake of 1693 or the Greater Sicilian Earthquake is one of the largest earthquakes in the history of Sicily.


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The earthquake occurred on January 11, 1693 during the eruption of Etna and caused destruction in southern Italy, Sicily and Malta.


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Between 60 and 100 thousand people died [22] [23].


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Southeastern Sicily was the most affected.


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It was in the Val di Noto area, which was almost completely destroyed, that the new architectural style of the late Baroque, known as the “Sicilian Baroque”, was born [24].


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In Japan (1707)


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— the earthquake that occurred at 14:00 local time on October 28, 1707 was the strongest in Japanese history [25] before the Sendai earthquake of 2011, surpassing it in terms of casualties and destruction, but yielding to the earthquakes in the country in 1896, 1995 and 1923 (the most severe in terms of consequences) years.


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As a result, areas of southwestern Honshu, Shikoku and southeastern Kyushu suffered moderate to severe damage [26].


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The earthquake and the devastating tsunami caused by it caused the death of more than five thousand people [27].


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This 8.6 magnitude earthquake may have triggered the eruption of Mount Fuji 49 days later [28].


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Assamese Earthquake of 1897


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The Assam Earthquake of 1897 was an earthquake that occurred on June 12, 1897 in Assam, British India.


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Its magnitude was estimated to be 8.1 Mw [29].


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It is believed that the hypocenter was located at a depth of 32 km.


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The Assamese earthquake left stone buildings in ruins on an area of 390,000 km², and in total affected more than 650,000 km² from Burma to New Delhi.


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The main blow was followed by a large number of aftershocks.


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Given the scale of the earthquake, the mortality rate was not so high (about 1500 victims), but the material damage was very significant.


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The earthquake occurred on the southwestern outcrop of the Oldham surge, on the northern edge of the Shillong Plateau of the Indian Plate [30] [31].


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The minimum displacement of the earth's surface was 11 m, with maxima up to 16 m. This is one of the largest vertical displacements of all the earthquakes measured [30].


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The calculated displacement area has spread 110 km along the shear line along the surface, and 9 to 45 km below the surface.


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In fact, the earthquake involved the entire thickness of the earth's crust.


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The changes in the relief were so pronounced that almost the entire area changed beyond recognition.


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1902 Shamakhi Earthquake


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The Shamakhi earthquake with a magnitude of 6.9, which occurred on February 13 (January 31 according to the Julian calendar), 1902 on the territory of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan, was the strongest earthquake in the entire history of the city of Shamakhi, which destroyed almost the entire city.


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About 4,000 houses were destroyed and more than 3,000 victims [32] were buried under these ruins.


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Messina Earthquake


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The Messina earthquake (Italian: Terremoto di Messina) of magnitude 7.5 occurred on December 28, 1908 in the Strait of Messina between Sicily and the Apennine Peninsula.


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As a result, the cities of Messina and Reggio Calabria were destroyed.


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This earthquake is considered to be the strongest in the history of Europe [33].


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The earthquake began around 5:20am on December 28 at sea, at the bottom of the Strait of Messina.


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The tremors caused the displacement of sections of the bottom, after which three tsunami waves up to three meters high hit Messina at intervals of 15-20 minutes.


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In the city itself within one minute there were three strong blows, after the second began to collapse buildings.


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In total, the earthquake affected more than twenty settlements in the coastal strip in Sicily and Calabria.


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Aftershocks] continued into January 1909.


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There are different estimates of the total number of deaths, the maximum figure is 200,000 people [33].


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Great Kanto Earthquake


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was a strong earthquake (magnitude 8.3) that occurred in Japan on September 1, 1923.


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It takes its name from the Kanto region, which suffered the most damage.


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In the West, it is also called Tokyo or Yokohama, because it almost completely destroyed Tokyo and Yokohama.


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The earthquake caused the death of several hundred thousand people and caused significant material damage.


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The earthquake began on September 1, 1923, in the afternoon.


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Its epicenter was located 90 km south-west of Tokyo, on the seabed, near Oshima Island in Sagami Bay.


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In just two days, 356 tremors occurred, of which the first were the strongest.


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In Sagami Bay, due to a change in the position of the seabed, 12-meter tsunami waves rose, which devastated coastal settlements.


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In terms of the scale of destruction and the number of victims, this earthquake is the most devastating in the history of Japan (but not the strongest, for example, the 2011 earthquake is more powerful, but caused less large-scale consequences).


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Crimean earthquake of 1927


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The Crimean earthquake of 1927 was an earthquake on the Crimean Peninsula that occurred on June 26, 1927.


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Despite the fact that earthquakes have occurred in Crimea since ancient times, the most famous and most destructive earthquakes occurred in 1927.


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The first of them occurred in the afternoon of June 26.


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The magnitude of the earthquake on June 26 was 6 points on the South Coast.


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It did not cause any serious destruction or casualties, but as a result of the panic that arose in some places, there were casualties.


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The focal area of the earthquake was located under the sea floor, south of the villages of Foros and Mshatka and, probably, stretched across the coast.


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Already during the earthquake itself, fishermen who were in the sea on June 26, 1927 at 1:21pm, noted an unusual excitement: in completely quiet and clear weather, a fine swell formed on the water and the sea seemed to boil .


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Before the earthquake, it remained completely quiet and calm, and during the tremors there was a strong noise.


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Ashgabat earthquake


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The Ashgabat earthquake was a devastating earthquake that occurred on October 6, 1948 at 02:17 local time near the city of Ashgabat with a magnitude of 7.3 on the Richter scale.


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Its focus was located at a depth of 18 km, almost right under the city.


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At the epicenter, the intensity of the concussion reached IX-X on the MSK-64 scale.


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Ashgabat was completely destroyed, killing about 35,000 people.


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In addition to Ashgabat, a large number of settlements in nearby districts were affected, in Ashgabat — 89 and Gokdepa — 55, as well as neighboring Iran.


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Since 1995, the date of October 6 has been legalized in Turkmenistan as the Day of Remembrance.


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Great Chile Earthquake


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The Great Chilean Earthquake (sometimes Valdivia Earthquake, Spanish: Terremoto de Valdivia) is the strongest earthquake in the history of observation, the moment magnitude is according to various estimates from 9.3 to 9.5, happened on May 22, 1960 at 19:11 UTC in Chile.


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The epicenter was located near Valdivia, 435 kilometers south of Santiago.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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The waves of the tsunami reached a height of 10 meters and caused significant damage to the city of Hilo in Hawaii, about 10 thousand kilometers from the epicenter, the remnants of the tsunami even reached the coast of Japan.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

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The number of victims amounted to about 6,000 people, and most of the people died from the tsunami.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Great Alaska Earthquake


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The Great Alaska Earthquake was the strongest earthquake in the history of the United States and the second, after Valdivsky, in the history of observations, its moment magnitude was 9.1-9.2.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The earthquake occurred on March 27, 1964 at 17:36 local time (UTC-9).


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The event took place on Good Friday and is known in the United States as Good Friday Earthquake.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The hypocenter was located in the College Fjord, the northern part of the Gulf of Alaska at a depth of more than 20 km at the junction of the Pacific and North American plates.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The Great Alaska Earthquake caused destruction in the settlements of Alaska, and Anchorage, located 120 km west of the epicenter, suffered the most from major cities.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Tashkent earthquake


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The Tashkent earthquake was a catastrophic earthquake (magnitude 5.2) that occurred on April 26, 1966 at 5:23am in Tashkent.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

At a relatively small magnitude (M = 5.2), due to the shallow depth (from 3 to 8 km) of the occurrence of the focus, it caused 8-9-point (on the 12-point scale MSK-64) shaking of the earth's surface and significant damage to construction sites in the city center.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The zone of maximum destruction was about ten square kilometers.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

On the outskirts of the capital, the seismic effect barely reached 6 points.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Strong soil fluctuations with a frequency of 2—3 Hz lasted 10—12 seconds.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The relatively small number of victims (8 dead and several hundred injured) in a city with a million population is due to the predominance of vertical (rather than horizontal) seismic vibrations, which prevented the complete collapse of even dilapidated adobe houses.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

An analysis of the causes of injuries showed that in 10% of cases they were obtained from collapses of walls and roofs, 35% from falling structural parts of buildings and structures (plaster, gypsum molding, bricks, etc.) and household items.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

In 55%, the causes of injuries were unconscious behavior of the victims themselves, due to panic and fear (jumping out of the upper floors, bruises on various objects, etc.).


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

However, the number of deaths subsequently multiplied as a result of heart attacks during the onset of even minor aftershocks.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Tangshan earthquake


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The Tangshan Earthquake (Chinese:China) was a natural disaster that occurred in the Chinese city of Tangshan (Hebei Province) on July 28, 1976.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

An earthquake of magnitude 8.2 is considered the largest natural disaster of the 20th century.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

According to official data from the Chinese authorities, the death toll was 242,419 people, however, according to some estimates, the death toll reaches 800 thousand people.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The suspicion of underestimation of official Chinese data is supported by the fact that according to them, the magnitude of the earthquake was indicated at only 7.8.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

At 3:42 local time, the city was destroyed by a strong earthquake, the hypocenter of which was at a depth of 22 km.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Destruction also occurred in Tianjin and Beijing, located only 140 km to the west.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

As a result of the earthquake, about 5.3 million homes were destroyed or damaged to such an extent that it was impossible to live in them.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Several aftershocks, the strongest of which had a magnitude of 7.1, led to even greater casualties.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Spitak earthquake


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The Spitak Earthquake (Armenian:), also known as the Leninakan Earthquake (Armenian: Damascus), was a catastrophic earthquake of magnitude 7.2 [34] that occurred 7 December 1988 at 10:41am Moscow time in the north-west of the Armenian SSR.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

As a result of the earthquake, the city of Spitak and 58 villages were completely destroyed; the cities of Leninakan (now Gyumri), Stepanavan, Kirovakan (now Vanadzor) and more than 300 settlements were partially destroyed [35].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

At least 25,000 people died and 514,000 people were left homeless [34].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

In total, the earthquake covered about 40% of the territory of Armenia [34].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Due to the risk of accident, the Armenian NPP was shut down.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

To Kobe


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The Kobe Earthquake (Japanese: ・・) is one of the largest earthquakes in Japanese history.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The earthquake occurred on Tuesday morning, January 17, 1995 at 05:46 local time.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The magnitude was 7.3 on the Richter scale.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

It is estimated that 6,434 people died during the earthquake.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The consequences of the disaster: the destruction of 200,000 buildings, 1 km of the Hanshin expressway, the destruction of 120 of the 150 berths in the port of Kobe, the disruption of the city's power supply.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Residents were afraid to return home because of the tremors, which lasted several days.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The damage amounted to approximately ten trillion yen, or 102.5 billion US dollars, or 2.5 percent of Japan's GDP at the time.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

In Neftegorsk


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The Neftegorsk earthquake was an earthquake with a magnitude of about 7.6 that occurred on the night of May 28, 1995 at 1:04am local time on Sakhalin Island.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

It completely destroyed the village of Neftegorsk — 2,040 people [36] died under the rubble of buildings out of a total population of 3,197 people [37].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Also that night, cities and towns in the north of Sakhalin suffered strong tremors.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

In the city of Okha, the center of the Okha District of the Sakhalin Oblast, with a population of about 30,000, the tremors reached at least 6 points.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The canopies of the entrances in some houses could not stand it.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Izmit earthquake


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The Izmit earthquake was an earthquake (magnitude 7.6) that occurred on August 17, 1999 in Turkey at 3:01am local time [38].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The center was located at a depth of 17 km, the epicenter was located near the industrial city of Izmit (coordinates 41.81ºС. sh. 30.08ºE).


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

As a result, more than 18,000 people died, about 44,000 were injured, and about 500,000 were left homeless.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Indian Ocean Underwater Earthquake


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The Indian Ocean underwater earthquake that occurred on 26 December 2004 at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) triggered a tsunami that was recognized as the deadliest natural disaster in modern history.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The magnitude of the earthquake ranged, according to various estimates, from 9.1 to 9.3.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

This is the third strongest earthquake in the history of observation.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The epicenter of the earthquake was located in the Indian Ocean, north of Simeolue Island, located off the north-western coast of Sumatra Island (Indonesia).


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The tsunami reached the shores of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, southern India, Thailand and other countries.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The wave height exceeded 15 meters.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The tsunami caused massive destruction and a huge number of dead people, even in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 6,900 km from the epicenter.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

According to various estimates, from 225,000 to 300,000 people died.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

According to the US Geological Survey (USGS), the death toll is 227,898 [39].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The true death toll is unlikely to ever be known, as many people were carried away by water into the sea.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Sichuan earthquake


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The Sichuan Earthquake (Chinese:Chinese:06:28:01 .42 UTC) was a devastating earthquake that occurred on May 12, 2008 at 2:28:01 .42 pm Beijing time (06:28:01 .42 UTC) in Sichuan Province of China.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The magnitude of the earthquake was 8 Mw according to the China Seismological Bureau and 7.9 Mw according to the US Geological Survey.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The epicenter was recorded 75 km from Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, and the hypocenter was recorded at a depth of 19 km [40].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

This earthquake is also known as Wenchuan (Chinese:), as the epicenter of the earthquake is in Wenchuan County.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The earthquake was felt in Beijing (1,500 km away) and Shanghai (1,700 km), where office buildings were shaking and evacuation began [41].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

It was also felt in neighboring countries: India, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Nepal, Mongolia and Russia.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Official sources say that as of May 12, 2008, 69,197 people were killed (www.cctv.com), about 18,000 people were missing, and 288,431 were injured [42].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The Sichuan earthquake was the strongest in China since the Tangshan earthquake (1976), which claimed about 250,000 lives.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

In Japan (2011)


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

, as well as an earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0 [43] to 9.1 [44], according to current estimates, occurred on March 11, 2011 at 14:46 local time (05:46 UTC).


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The epicenter of the earthquake was determined at coordinates 38.322° N.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

142.369°E east of Honshu Island, 130 km east of Sendai City and 373 km northeast of Tokyo [43].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The hypocenter of the most destructive tremor (which occurred at 05:46:23 UTC) was at a depth of 32 km below sea level in the Pacific Ocean.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

The earthquake occurred at a distance of about 70 km from the nearest point on the coast of Japan.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

An initial count showed that the tsunami waves took 10 to 30 minutes to reach Japan's first affected areas.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

69 minutes after the earthquake, the tsunami flooded Sendai Airport.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

This is the strongest earthquake in the known history of Japan [43] and the seventh [45], and according to other estimates, even the sixth [46], fifth [44] or fourth [47] in the history of seismic observations in the world [48].


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

However, in terms of the number of victims and the scale of destruction, it is inferior to the earthquakes in Japan in 1896 and 1923 (the most severe in terms of consequences).


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

See also


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Seaquake


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Earthquake resistant construction


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Azonality


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Mega earthquake


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Moonquake


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

List of earthquakes


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Notes


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Literature


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Bolt B.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

A. Earthquakes


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Moscow, Mir Publ., 1981.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

256 p.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Zavyalov A. D. Medium-term forecast of earthquakes: basics, methodology, implementation.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

//Moscow: Nauka, 2006, 254 p.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Earthquakes in the USSR


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Moscow: Nauka, 1990.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

323 p.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Zubkov S. AND. Earthquake harbingers.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

//M.: OIFZ RAS.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

2002, 140 p.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Karryev B.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

S. Natural disasters: Earthquakes.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

RIDERO.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Karryev B.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

S. Here's an earthquake.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

SIBIS.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Myachkin V. AND. Earthquake preparation processes.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Moscow: Nauka, 1978.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

232 p.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Mogi K. Earthquake prediction.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Moscow, Mir Publ., 1988.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

382 p.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Mushketov I. IN. — SPb.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Richter Ch. F. Elementary seismology.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

M., 1963


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Rikitake T. Earthquake prediction.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

M., 1975.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Sobolev G. A. Earthquake prediction basics.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Moscow: Nauka, 1993.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

312 p.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Yung S. L. Methods and results of studying seismotectonic deformations.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Moscow: Nauka, 1990.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

191 p.


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

References


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

(in English) - information on earthquakes since 1900 provided online


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

(in English) from the U.S. Geological Survey


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

(in English)


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

International Institute for Theory of Earthquake Forecast and Mathematical Geophysics of the RAS


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

, an article with a map of seismic activity and intensity scales on the website of the Mountain Encyclopedia


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Service for collecting macroseismic data from the public


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Category:Natural disasters


Question: How long does an earthquake last on average?

quake

Category:Seismology


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Dreamfall Chapters (Norwegian: Drømmefall Kapitler) is an episodic computer game in the quest genre, which is a direct continuation of Dreamfall: The Longest Journey and partially affects the events of The Longest Journey.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Dreamfall Chapters is a 3D game that focuses on interacting with characters, exploring the game world, and solving puzzles.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The first of five episodes of the game was released on PC on October 21, 2014, and the last on June 17, 2016.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The final version of the game, The Final Cut, was released on May 5, 2017 on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One and on July 21 on PC.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game is set in two parallel worlds — Stark, Earth's dystopian future, and Arcadia, his magical twin world.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The Chapters plot continues the story started in Dreamfall, the main character of which, Zoe Castillo, uncovered a criminal conspiracy to steal the dreams of the inhabitants of both worlds and seize power over them, but was betrayed and thrown into a coma at the end of the previous part.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

In Chapters, she will have to refind her purpose in life, and the creators describe the main theme of the game as “chapters/periods of life”.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game was created by the independent Norwegian studio Red Thread Games under license from Funcom (the owner of the rights to the series) under the direction of the creator of both previous parts Ragnar Turnqvist.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Its development was funded by fans of the series, who donated more than $1.5 million through Kickstarter, and the Norwegian Film Institute.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The German company Deep Silver released the game on consoles, and in Russia Buka became the publisher on consoles, but without an official translation.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Gameplay


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Dreamfall Chapters was originally created in the fourth version of the Unity game engine, but was ported to the fifth before the release of the fourth episode [1].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game consists of 3D levels that are much larger than the locations in Dreamfall and hand-drawn 2D backdrops in TLJ.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game does not have a fully open world, but some locations (such as Europol and Mercury [2]) can be explored regardless of the main plot for secrets and more information about the world of the game [3].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Levels change as the story progresses, reflecting the passage of time in the game [4].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Game characters are controlled by a keyboard (WASD keys) and a third-person mouse.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The player interacts with objects and characters highlighted on the screen by hovering the mouse cursor over them and selecting the desired action from the context menus [5].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game supports gamepads, but it was “sharpened” for the keyboard and mouse.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The emphasis in the gameplay is on exploring the world and plot of the game [6] and solving puzzles [7].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Approximately half of the game time is spent on dialogues and puzzles designed as dialogues [8].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game interface is hidden by default for more immersion in the game world [4].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game does not have action and stealth elements like Dreamfall [9].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Although Dreamfall Chapters has a linear plot and one ending [10], the player will have to make important decisions as they progress, the consequences of which will become obvious much later in the game's plot.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

A special “social” feature will allow players to find out (before or after making a decision) without leaving the game what choices other players have made in a particular situation.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

These statistics are stored in a global database regardless of platform [11] and can be disabled at any time [12].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

In addition, the game warns the player about plot decisions with a special symbol “The balance has shifted” (English: The balance has shifted), even offline [8].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

An in-game magazine, like April Ryan's diary in Part 1, automatically updates as the story progresses [4].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Dreamfall Chapters will have a summary of previous installments for new players.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

During the Kickstarter campaign, the developers promised that the game would be the last chapter of the so-called. “The Dreamer Cycle” (that is, Zoe's story) [7] [8], but not the last in The Longest Journey series [13], but during development, the situation radically changed, and the last episode was presented as the finale of the entire saga in general [14] [15].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Content


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Background


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

In the fictional universe The Longest Journey, Earth is one of countless parallel worlds created from the dreams of an original being named Lux, the First Dreamer (English: Lux, the First Dreamer) [16].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Earth (or rather, “Stark”, as it is called in games) is a world of science and logic, in equilibrium with its magical twin world Arcadia, which was separated from it twelve thousand years ago an impassable Section.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game begins in 2220 A.D.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

, and its antagonist is Brian Westhouse, a traveler from Stark, who, once in Arcadia and desperate to find a way home, tries to forcibly reunite the Gemini Worlds, destroying all the magic with with the help of Sleepless (English: Undreaming), Lux's destructive antipode.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Enhancing it with the energy of dreams, Westhaus, under the guise of a “Prophet”, led a conspiracy between treacherous officials of the Azadi Empire in Arcadia and an ambitious Stark scientist named Helena Chan.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

In Arcadia, the Prophet and Azadi conquered the city of Mercury to build the “Machine” (English: Engine), a colossal repository for dreams stolen from Stark residents using technology invented by Chan lucid dreaming, so-called Drimashin (English: Dreamachines).


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

However, Chan, in secret from the Prophet, planned to capture the collected energy herself and rebuild the universe, for which she genetically designed Dreamers (English: Dreamer), children with abilities comparable to A suite.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Chan considered the first of them a failure and gave it to her former accomplice, Gabriel Castillo, who raised the child, Zoe, as her own daughter [17].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

In Dreamfall, 20-year-old Zoe tried to prevent the plans of the Japanese mega-corporation WatiCorp, one of the sponsors of Chan's research, to use Dreamashines to establish total control of Stark, but Chan found her again and put her in an induced coma.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

At the same time, in Arcadia, an agent of Empresses Azadi named Kian Alvane unsuccessfully investigated corruption in Mercury, but was accused by the conspirators of treason and imprisoned.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

In Chapters, their storylines unfold independently of each other until the fifth book, in which they are intertwined with the line of the last playable character, the Saga [17].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The plot


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

After placing Zoe in a coma, Chan transported her body to a secret laboratory in Mumbai [17], while the girl's mind was locked in the Dream World along with millions unable to wake up anymore users of Drimashin [18].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Using the Dreamer's abilities, Zoe tries to wake herself up, but instead creates a secondary physical body in Stark [17], in which, losing the memory of her adventures, begins a new life in Europol metropolis.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Under the secret surveillance of agents Wati and Chan, Zoe signs up as an agitator for the upcoming elections [18], but soon learns that all parties in them, including her own, have been bribed by Wati.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

In order to withdraw the only incorruptible party from the race, Wati is pushing one of its activists and Zoe's friend, Nela, to attack the police [19].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Zoe can't stop her, but the shell shock from the explosion returns some of her lost memories.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Hoping to return the remaining Zoe connects to the Dreamashina, which causes her secondary body to be transferred from Stark to Arcadia [20], where she goes in search of sleeping Lux in the company of her old crow bird companion [16].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Dying Lux makes Zoe her heir and gives her all her power, which allows her to finally wake up her primary body in Mumbai.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

There she meets her “parents” again, but Chan manages to put her to sleep again, intending to use her newly acquired abilities for her own purposes [17].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Meanwhile, one of the Empresses Azadi arrives in Mercury, accompanied by General Hami and Mother Utana, Kian's teacher and adoptive mother, respectively.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Not wanting to meet them, the Prophet's accomplices try to execute Kian without trial, but the rebels opposing Azadi organize his escape to recruit him into their ranks [18].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

On one of the missions of the rebels, Kian meets a street dolmari kid Bip, who helps him uncover a plan to raid a magical ghetto [19].


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The rebels fail to prevent the raid, and Azadi deports hundreds of inhuman inhabitants of the ghetto, including Bip, to remote death camps.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

Following their trail, Kian obtains irrefutable evidence of the genocide of magical peoples with the hands of Azadi [16], with which he convinces Hami to overthrow the corrupt authorities of Mercury before they launch my car.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

When they return to the city, they lead the surviving rebels and loyal Hami soldiers to storm the palace.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The raven, who has just returned from a journey with Zoe, shows Keanu a secret passage to the control center of the Machine, but their sabotage is prevented by Utan, who turns out to be an accomplice of the Prophet and mortally wounds Kiana.


Question: Where does Dreamfall Chapters take place?

Dreamfall Chapters

The Prophet then personally curls the Raven's neck and launches the Machine [17].