Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Per capita income in 2016 reached 36.8 million dong, with 39.2 million dong in urban areas and 28.9 million dong in rural communes of Hoi An (in 2008, per capita income amounted to 17.2 million VND in Hoi An, and in 2009 — 18.7 million VND) [81] [82].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

As of 2015, the area of cultivated land was 1767.6 hectares, of which 778.4 hectares were occupied for rice (rice production was 4,750 tons, the yield was 64.5 centners hectare) [48].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Crafts


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Kimbong Village, located in the rural commune of Kamkim, on the southern bank of the Thubon River, is famous for its carpenters and woodcarvers.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

It was founded at the end of the 16th century by settlers from North Vietnam, who brought with them woodworking traditions.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Over the centuries, the people of Kimbong have adopted the methods and technologies of wood processing from the Chinese, Japanese and Europeans, eventually forming their own style.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Through the efforts of Kimbong carpenters and carvers, all the ancient houses and temples of Hoi An were built [83].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The skill of Kimbong's carpenters and carvers was so highly valued that the Nguyens invited them to build and decorate palaces, pavilions, temples and tombs in the Hue Citadel.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

For a long time, students have been hired by local craftsmen, learn the craft for years, and then open their own workshops.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Modern Kimbong carpenters and carvers produce wooden gates, doors, windows, furniture, religious figurines and boats [83] [84].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Thanh Ha Village, located in the southeastern part of Hoi An District of the same name, is famous for the production of pottery and other ceramics (tiles, floor tiles, pots, kitchen utensils).


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Some of the products are decorated and embossed, some are covered with dark brown or dark yellow glaze.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The village used to produce bricks, but the kilns were closed due to smoke that polluted the air.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The village of Thanh Ha was founded around the same time as Kimbong, and also by immigrants from North Vietnam (probably Viets from present-day Thanh Hoa and Nghe An provinces) [85].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Many generations of Hoi ans had dishes and pots in their homes made in the village of Thanh Ha.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The proximity to a convenient pier on the Thubon River made it possible to export the village's products to other coastal areas of Vietnam and even abroad.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Today, the pottery industry in Thanh Ha has its own ancient gender characteristics: men mainly bring in and knead clay, while women work at the potter's wheel (one woman the foot rotates the circle, and the other gives shape to the product).


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Then the men lay out the products in the sun to dry, after which they are taken to burn in a furnace, the desired temperature in which is achieved by burning firewood [85] [86].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Tourism


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Hoi An is sometimes referred to as an open-air museum city.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Today, Hoi An has more than a thousand officially recognized buildings of historical importance.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Among them are ancient Chinese houses and shops, ruins of Cham temples, public buildings, tombs.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The city is also known for its souvenir and antique shops, and a large number of sewing workshops.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In addition, numerous tourists are attracted by the beaches of the coast, sand dunes and the Cham Islands Nature Reserve.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

If in 1997 Hoi An was visited by 140,000 tourists (including 81,000 foreign tourists), in 2007 this number exceeded 1 million people (including more than 600,000 foreign tourists).


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Since 1999, tourism revenues have been constantly growing, the average annual economic growth of the city was about 13%.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Whereas in 1997, the turnover of the tourism sector was 2.9 million dollars, by 2007 it had grown to 38.4 million dollars (34.4 million came from services such as accommodation, meals, communications, massage and spa services) procedures, entrance tickets, transport, excursions, and 4 million for the sale of goods).


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

As of 2007, tourism, trade and other services provided 64% of the total revenue of the Hoi An economy, industry and construction - 21%, agriculture and forestry, fishing - 15% [87].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

As of 2007, the hotel sector accounted for almost 60 per cent of the turnover of tourism services.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The city had 79 establishments with 3,000 rooms (in 1999 there were 530 rooms), including 34 guest houses (10% of rooms), 26 one-two-star hotels (28% of rooms) and 19 three-five-star hotels ( 56% of rooms).


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Hoi An has hotels of various categories, both local and international chains.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The first include Vinpearl hotels owned by billionaire Pham Nhat Vuong, the second are Royal Hoi An hotels of the French chain Sofitel and The Nam Hai of the Canadian Four Seasons chain [88] [89].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

About 70 restaurants and bars accounted for 25% of the turnover of tourism services (most of them were located in the restored historic buildings of old Hoi An) [90].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

At the end of 1995, Hoi An authorities introduced fees for visiting performances, museums, assembly halls, old houses, temples and other historical monuments (including the Japan Bridge).


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In 2007, the total income received from the entrance fee from tourists amounted to almost 1.7 million dollars (5% of the turnover of the tourism services sector) [91].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

As of 2007, the largest groups of foreign tourists visiting Hoi An were citizens of France and Australia, followed by citizens of Germany, the United States and Great Britain.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The big tourist “five” was followed by Spaniards, Japanese, Canadians, Dutch, Danes, Swedes, New Zealanders, Italians, Swiss, Belgians, Norwegians and Austrians [92].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In 2011, Hoi An was visited by about 1.5 million tourists [93], and in 2016, more than 2.6 million tourists, which is 17.9% more than in 2015.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Revenue from the sale of entrance tickets amounted to 172.5 billion VND, an increase of 36% compared to 2015.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

By 2016, Hoi An was actively developing new types of tourism, including bicycle tours, tours of the surrounding villages, diving and water sports on the Cham Islands.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Authorities and the private sector have invested in infrastructure, including parking lots, recreation stations, public toilets, as well as expanding beaches and marinas for boats [81].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Transportation


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Since ancient times, Hoi An has benefited from its geographical location at the mouth of the Thubon River and the presence of a deep-water protected harbor capable of receiving merchant sailing ships.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Despite its historical fame, today Hoi An does not have its own port, there are only small berths in the Kiadai area and near the Kamnam Bridge.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Wooden boats transport goods and people to remote villages along the Thubon River and tourists within the city.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In addition, speedboats and several ferries provide regular connections between Hoi An and the Cham Islands (the most important pier is located in Bayong Village on Lao's largest island).


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

With the beginning of the tourist boom in the late 1990s, the authorities of Hoi An and the province invested heavily in the modernization of the city's transport infrastructure [94].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The main flow of tourists arrives in Hoi An through Da Nang International Airport and Chulai International Airport.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Da Nang is also the closest railway station to Hoi An, where trains from Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City arrive.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

There is a regular bus service between Da Nang and Hoi An.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

You can rent a car or take a taxi in Da Nang and Hoi An.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In addition, Hoi An has a widespread rental service for motorcycles, mopeds and bicycles [90].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Inexpensive trikshaws and motor rickshaws are popular among tourists.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Three road bridges have been built over the Thubon River in the Hoi An area - Kaukyadai within the city, opened to traffic in 2016, Kaukaulau and Kaukaulauma west of the city (the latter passes Highway 1A, which is part of the Asian route AH1).


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The Ho Chi Minh Hoi An Da Nang highway and the highway from Hoi An to the Laos border (QL14D and QL14B) are important.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

As of autumn 2010, Hoi An had 265.8 roads, including 161.4 concrete roads, 87.9 asphalt roads and 16.4 dirt roads [79].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

As of 2007, cars, trucks and motorcycles were prohibited from 8:00am to 11:00am, 2:00pm to 4:30pm and 6:00pm to 9:00pm through the historic center of Hoi An (only on Tuesdays and Thursdays at this time motorcycles were allowed to move) [47].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In the summer of 2014, Hoi An authorities launched a program to expand the pedestrian zone in the old town, accessible only for bicycles.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Hoi An's tourist brand has become the slogan “The walking town”.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Cars and motorcycles were banned from entering the historic center from 8:30am to 11:00am and from 15:00 to 21:30 in summer and until 21:00 in winter [95].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Utilities


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The growth of the population and the number of tourists, the increase in income and consumption of packaged products have led to the fact that Hoi An has significantly increased the amount of solid household waste, especially plastic.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In 2003, a waste collection service was organized in the city.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Hoi An and the surrounding area are serviced by modern garbage trucks.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Garbage is removed from the center daily, from peripheral areas — twice a week.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

However, the recycling system, despite its effectiveness, is experiencing difficulties due to the increase in the amount of garbage and is putting increasing pressure on the city budget [45].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

As of 2010, Hoi An had 54 power grids, 58.1 sewers, 108.7 thousand m² of sidewalks, and more than 3.3 thousand trees [79].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Previously, the old district of Hoi An did not have a modern sewerage system, and it was only with the beginning of the tourist boom in the late 1990s that pipes for wastewater began to be laid along the streets.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Roads were also asphalted, sidewalks and drainage systems were laid, and street lights were installed.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

However, the new infrastructure does not always satisfy the historical character of the city.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

For example, granite sidewalks built in old Hoi An in 2006 did not harmonize with the traditional appearance of the facades and courtyards [96].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Employment and living standards


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The tourism boom has created significant employment opportunities in Hoi An.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Since the late 1990s, many jobs have been created in sectors such as hotel and restaurant business, tourist escort, sewing and tailoring, transport services (taxi, bicycle rental and motorcycles), selling souvenirs and making paper lanterns [97].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

According to the Hoi An Statistics Department, in 2005, 9.9 thousand people were employed in the service sector, including 3.3 thousand people in the tourism sector.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In 2006, the number of people employed in the service sector increased to 10.8 thousand people, including in tourism — to 3.4 thousand people.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

There were 180 companies in the tailoring and tailoring sector, employing about 400 people (only shops and fitting rooms are concentrated in Hoi An, and the bulk of orders are fulfilled in the surrounding towns: the owner sends dimensions by mobile phone, work continues all night, and in the morning motorcycle contractors bring finished products to the city; some orders come from abroad through websites) [98].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Villages surrounding old Hoi An, such as Kimbong (wood carving), Thanh Ha (pottery), Chakue (vegetables and herbs), Thanh Nam and Anbang (seafood), have also experienced an increase in employment.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

This is due both to the increase in demand for their products sold in Hoi An and to the increase in the number of tourists visiting the villages themselves.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

However, there is a different trend in these and other surrounding villages: higher earnings in the service sector mean that young people are no longer engaged in the traditional crafts of their parents, but prefers to learn the professions of cook, bartender, waiter or translator that are in demand in tourist Hoi An [99] [100] [101].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The growth of revenues from tourism and the entire service sector contributed to the fact that the average income of local residents increased and the poverty rate was reduced.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

While in 2000 the number of low-income households accounted for 7.7 per cent of the total number of Hoi An households, in 2007 this figure fell to 6.5 per cent.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The level of monthly income per household increased from $6.9 in 2000 to $16.25 in 2007 (or from 100,000 VND to 260,000 VND) [99].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

As of 2007, Hoi An had a lower proportion of low-income households than the national average (6.5 per cent versus 14.7 per cent).


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Although GDP per capita in Hoi An (about $920) was much more modest than in Ho Chi Minh City ($2.8 thousand) or Hanoi ($2.4 thousand), it still exceeded the GDP of other Vietnamese cities of similar size or GDP on average for the country ($800) [102].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Since the late 1990s, the income of Hoi An residents who invested in the tourism sector and real estate, including hotels, hostels, restaurants, shops and tourism, has increased especially agencies.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The increase in living standards and the influx of foreign tourists have led to an increase in prices for all goods and services.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

For example, the cost of a rickshaw ride in Hoi An is higher than in wealthier Da Nang and Hanoi, while drivers do not provide local residents with a reduced rate, preferring to carry tourists.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Food prices have also increased, especially those that are in high demand among tourists.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

As a result, some categories of products, for example, seafood, have become almost inaccessible to a significant part of local residents [103].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The tourism boom and gentrification of old Hoi An has led to a significant increase in property prices, especially in the area of Changfu, Nguyen Thihawk and Leloy pedestrian streets.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Many historic buildings formerly owned by low-income families were bought by private investors from Da Nang, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi (both for resale and commercial use).


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Gradually, the indigenous people began to leave old Hoi An, moving to cheaper and less prestigious neighborhoods.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In addition, social facilities began to be closed in the old city, including the last hospital and pharmacy, on the site of which commercial enterprises were opened [104].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The same situation was observed in the coastal zone of Kaman and Kyadai districts, where the lands of beaches and dunes were reserved exclusively for the construction of expensive resorts and hotels.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Many fishing villages have been evicted elsewhere, often without any compensation.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Fishermen who refused to move and were left without means of subsistence were forced to look for work in the service sector [104].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In 2010, 5.8 thousand people were employed in the field of industry and crafts (including 3.2 thousand people in households, 0.9 thousand in the public sector), in the field of fishing — 4.8 thousand people, in agriculture — 4,800 people [79].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

As of 2015, there were 154 low-income households in Hoi An, accounting for 0.7% of all households in the city [48].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Healthcare


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Hoi An was the largest center of traditional medicine in central Vietnam.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The drugs were known as “northern medicine” if imported from China, and “southern medicine” if produced domestically.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Many traditional pharmacies and treatment parlors were located along Changfu, Nguyen Thaihok, Hoang Wanthu and Leloy streets.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Until the beginning of the 20th century, when Western medicine began to spread in Hoi An, patients from all over the country flocked to the city.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Today, traditional medicine is still popular in Hoi An, numerous pharmacies, massage parlors and clinics receive locals and tourists looking for an alternative to Western medicine.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

However, most residents seek help from so-called “medical stations” available in each district [75].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

There are several modern hospitals in Hoi An, including the Pacific Private Hospital in Kampho District and Hoi An State Hospital in Son Phong District (which operates an ambulance station).


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In addition, the city has a medical consultation, a backup health center and 12 district medical stations.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

As of 2010, 268 people worked in the healthcare sector, including 17 pharmacists [105] [82].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The city authorities carry out measures for the prevention of diseases and family planning, monitor food safety.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In 2016, 81% of Hoi An residents were enrolled in health insurance [81].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Education


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

As of 2007, there were 36 educational institutions in Hoi An, including 12 kindergartens (3.8 thousand students), 14 primary schools (5.9 thousand students) and 10 secondary and higher schools (6 thousand students).


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In addition, the city is home to the Phan Chau Ching University campus, the Central College of Electric Power Engineering and the College of Technology, which trains economists and irrigation specialists [82].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

As of 2016, 37 educational institutions operated in the city [81].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Culture and art


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

According to the agricultural seasons and the lunar calendar, Hoi An residents celebrate many holidays and practice various rituals.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The main ones are prayers for a good harvest and good fishing, rituals for the deity of the earth and freshly planted rice, rituals in honor of the anniversary of the death of an ancestor and the anniversary of the death of the famous Minh Hai monk, rituals of worship of the Fire Emperor and the guardian spirits of the hearth, the ritual of commemorating the Hung kings, the rite of seeking peace of mind, the rite of protection from evil spirits, celebrations Buddha's birthday and New Year's holiday Tet [66].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The Tet holiday (“New Morning Festival” or “First Full Moon Festival”) is traditionally celebrated with family members.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The streets and houses of Hoi An are decorated with flowers and fruits, citizens hold fairs and folk festivals everywhere, and fireworks are launched [66].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The Fujian Hoi An Community celebrates Luk tan Wuong Zia - “the holiday of six royal families”.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The assembly hall of this community honors six generals who came from Man County, Fujian Province, to defend the Ming Dynasty, but died in battle.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

During the festival, traditional dishes (including noodles and wontons) are prepared and various rituals are performed.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The celebration of the “Ancestral Day” (thanh min) is accompanied by a visit to the village cemetery, cleaning graves and preparing special dishes — “floating pies” and five colorful types of glutinous rice, steamed [106].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

On Buddha's birthday, it is customary to decorate pagodas and temples, as well as release birds and fish that were kept in cages and aquariums into the wild.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In summer, Tet doan ngo or Dragon Boat Festival is widely celebrated.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

On this day, families prepare small pyramid-shaped rice pies, “Chinese” pies, steamed glutinous rice, roasted duck, Quang Nam noodles, sweet soups and fruit dishes.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In addition, various rituals are held to drive away evil spirits and demons, save family members from diseases (for example, citizens fry ants and termites, put a lizard in the baby's bath, collect medicinal leaves and herbs, guess on an egg) [107].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The Kuan Kong holiday is dedicated to the death of the hero of the Three Kingdoms of the same name (aka Kuan Wu and Guan Yu), who embodied courage, nobility and justice.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Celebrations take place at Quan Kong Temple and Ong Pagoda, which were built at the beginning of the 17th century by the Chinese community of Hoi An [107].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

On the feast of Tet chung nguyen (also known as the “feast of hungry spirits” or “wandering souls day”), it is customary to pray to the Buddha and ask to drop all unfair accusations against deceased ancestors and other spirits.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Families place the figure of the bodhisattva Kshitigarbha on a high platform, and statuettes of deities from the North, South, East and West are placed in the corners.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Various rituals are held throughout the night, as well as treats are prepared — rice, pies and meat [108] [109].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

During Tet chung thu (“mid-autumn festival”), dedicated to children, citizens make or buy dragon and unicorn costumes, as well as star-shaped lanterns.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Performances take place on the streets of Hoi An until late at night: dragon and unicorn dances, flower dances, lantern launches, drummers performances.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Parents traditionally treat their children to “moon gingerbread” [110] [111].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Tuk Thanh Pagoda, which is located in Tanan District, annually celebrates the anniversary of the death of monk Minh Hai, who founded the temple in 1454.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The beginning of the New Year holidays marks a ceremony in honor of Tao Kuan (the “god of the kitchen”), who manages the family's affairs and reports to heaven.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

To take God on a trip to heaven, the family prepares sweet dishes for him, including sweet glutinous rice, various fruits, and sweetened porridge (the ceremony is accompanied by worship of fire) [110].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The “whale festival”, which is worshiped by all fishermen in Quang Nam Province, is important.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Hoi An residents believe that honoring a deity in the form of a whale will bring a good catch and prosperity to fishing villages, as well as help fishermen in bad weather.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

During the festival, groups of the traditional Vietnamese Hatboy theater perform, citizens decorate temples, buildings and boats.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Generous offerings are brought to the whale altar, in which seafood should not be placed.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Then a procession of fishing boats goes to sea [112].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The Nguentyeu holiday is widely celebrated by the Chinese of Hoi An, the most massive celebrations take place in the assembly halls of the Chaozhou and Cantonese communities.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

During the rituals, Shennong and the patron deities of the clans are honored, prayed for a rich harvest, health and wealth.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The holiday is accompanied by reading poetry,


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

launching lanterns and drawing a lottery, all guests are treated to techoynyok — glutinous rice pies stuffed with bean paste, sprinkled with ginger syrup (Vietnamese version of tangyuan) [113].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

During Longtyu, religious ceremonies are held to protect against diseases and epidemics, as well as to expel evil spirits from homes.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Citizens smoke incense sticks, “hide” protective amulets and talismans to chants, pronounce magic spells designed to stop diseases, and “throw” evil spirits into the river.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

After a series of rituals, solemn processions, folk festivals and joint meals begin.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The symbol of the holiday is the “royal” dragon boat, which is carried through the city and lowered into the sea [114].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Zuisuen County, which borders Hoi An from the south, celebrates the feast of the goddess of the Thubon River, inherited by the Viets from the ancient Cham.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The holiday is accompanied by religious ceremonies, a water procession, a regatta of several rowing teams, traditional dances and songs [115].


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Hoi An

Children in Hoi An play many traditional games: boys throw glass balls and coins against the wall (daqien, tangtien), girls jump rope and rhyme words, they all play “follow leader” (rongran) and hide and seek (chontim).


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Adult entertainment is mainly related to excitement and singing: tyoga (cockfights), toth (card game), baiteya (watchtower singing), taiboybatheo (“pig fishing divination”) and nembya (” throwing pomelo”), karaoke is widespread in drinking establishments.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Usually, these games are attended by a lot of people with a large audience and are held during holidays or weekends in the center of Hoi An [116].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In recent decades, due to changes in the way of life of Hoi ans, many aspects of cultural heritage have been disappearing.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Residents are moving away from traditional occupations such as agriculture and fishing, preferring to work in the service sector or industry.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

As a result, many games, celebrations, events and rituals, especially those related to agricultural and fishing traditions, are no longer practiced in everyday life.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

However, with the beginning of the tourist boom, the authorities and the public realized the attractiveness of folk traditions and began to organize, including for tourists, various cultural festivals and events [ 117].


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Hoi An

The most popular is the monthly festival “Legendary Night”, which the city authorities have been organizing since 1995.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

This event is accompanied by folk songs and dances, as well as playing traditional musical instruments.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The old quarters of Hoi An are decorated with colored paper lanterns and garlands, paper rafts decorated with burning candles are lowered onto the river, traditional delicacies are prepared on the streets and souvenirs are sold, made by artisans [117].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In addition to supporting cultural activities, Hoi An authorities actively support traditional village crafts and crafts, including wood carving in Kimbong Village, pottery in Thanh Ha Village, vegetable growing in the village of Chakue (where bamboo water wheels are still used to water their gardens) and fishing along the coast.


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Hoi An

These villages are included in tourist routes and have tax preferences [117].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Performing arts


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Hoi An has a wide range of folk and other types of singing, dance performances, theatrical and musical performances, the Hoi An Theater of Traditional Performing Arts, the Hoi An a puppet theater on the water and other theatrical venues.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The themes of folk songs are most often housework, handicrafts, the feelings of peasants and fishermen, stories about the struggle for freedom and the Vietnam War.


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Hoi An

For example, among the songs about everyday worries, there are topics about making lime, processing rice, cinnamon and areca fruits, and raising children.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Usually, these songs are sung by women during homework [118] [119].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Other songs are sung by men and women working in the fields (this helps them forget about difficulties and serves as a source of motivation).


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Hoi An

They change among themselves, singing in an antiphonic style.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The bachao (“farewell songs”) style is common in fishing villages in central Vietnam.


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Hoi An

Performers adjust their singing to strokes performed by large oars.


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Hoi An

Usually, the choir has three or four soloists and 10 to 14 ordinary “rowers”.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The singing is accompanied by music performed on traditional instruments.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The bachao style plays an important role in the spiritual life of Hoi An fishermen, who address their songs to the “whale god”, which is responsible for good weather and safety when fishing [120].


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Hoi An

During the Mid-Autumn Festival, dragon dance and lion dance are performed everywhere, rooted in Vietnamese-Chinese traditions.


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Hoi An

Several people put on a long suit and dance to the rhythmic beats of the drum.


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Hoi An

Other dancers accompany the procession with flags and lanterns in their hands.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The dance is performed to ward off evil spirits and ask the gods for health, happiness, prosperity and a good harvest.


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Hoi An

Previously, in Hoi An, the Zuho style was very popular among local Chinese, which appeared in the early 20th century, but has fallen out of use since the second half of the 1970s.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

During the holidays, groups of about 20 people sang and played various musical instruments, and drummers threw high and simultaneously caught their sticks and cymbals.


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Hoi An

In addition, the game was accompanied by performances by acrobats and fireblowers [121].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Kitchen


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Traditional Hoi An cuisine has its own characteristics based on local products and spices.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

It is dominated by seafood, including shrimp, crab and squid, fish, various vegetables and rice.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The most popular dishes include kaolau (seafood and vegetable noodles), mikuang (shrimp and crab noodles), fo-ga (chicken noodle soup), pho bo (noodle and beef soup), tebap (corn sugar pudding), banchangdap (fried rice and steamed rice pancakes), banseo (spicy fried pork and shrimp pie), nems (rice paper rolls), tamhyu (shrimp and pork with onions), nyokmamzan (fermented fish sauce) and nyoktam (chilli, garlic, ginger, sugar and fish sauce sauce sauce sauce).


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Hoi An

The most favorite dish of citizens and tourists is kaolau, which is made from a special variety of rice noodles fried with soy sprouts.


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Hoi An

Then seafood, pork, vegetables, chili peppers are added to the noodles and served in a bowl with sweet and sour sauce [122] [123] [124] [125].


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Hoi An

Many traditional dishes are cooked by frying, the main methods being tien, sao, yum, tai and ram.


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Hoi An

The city offers both street food and inexpensive eateries, as well as European fast food and haute cuisine restaurants at expensive hotels.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Hoi An dishes of Chinese origin include pies with various fillings (including baozi and Fujian fried pork pies), seafood and mushroom wontons, banbao banwak (pies” white rose”), sweet soups, com duong chau (Cantonese fried rice) and “Fujian yam”.


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Hoi An

Other cultures have also left a noticeable mark on local cuisine, with Hoi An restaurants serving Indian curry (cà ri), Thai seafood soup tom yum and European beef steaks (bo-bittet).


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Hoi An

Coconut milk, bean milk with sugar, soy milk with sugar, leaf tea, rice wine and leaf juice from the Cham Islands are widespread among drinks [118] [124] [126].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Museums


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Hoi An is home to several museums, four of which — the Museum of Folk Culture, the Museum of History and Culture, the Commercial Ceramics Museum and the Sahuin Cultural Museum — are housed in restored historical buildings.


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Hoi An

The Museum of Folk Culture displays traditional crafts and artifacts from village life.


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Hoi An

Opened in 2005, the museum occupies the largest wooden two-story house in the old part of Hoi An.


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Hoi An

The Museum of History and Culture displays artifacts from the prehistoric period, Dongshon and Sahuin cultures, the Cham period, the Daiviet and Dainam periods.


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Hoi An

It is located in the former Quanyin Pagoda of the 17th century, adjacent to Guan Yu Temple [127] [128].


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Hoi An

The Merchant Ceramics Museum features ancient trade routes, as well as 13th-17th century ceramics from Japan, China, the Middle East, Southeast Asia and various parts of Vietnam.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Founded in 1995, the museum is housed in a traditional two-story wooden building with a large courtyard, built in the middle of the 19th century in the Vietnamese-Japanese style.


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Hoi An

The Sahuin Museum of Culture displays Vietnam's richest collection of artefacts related to this archaeological culture.


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Hoi An

The exhibits tell about the ancient population of the country and its contacts with the cultures of neighboring regions.


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Hoi An

The museum, founded in 1994, is based in a two-story brick mansion built in the French colonial style.


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Hoi An

Hoi An is also home to Terracotta Park, which exhibits various pottery and smaller copies of architectural monuments, an art museum of gems and a gallery museum precious heritage, where photographs and original costumes of Vietnam's national minorities are exhibited,


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

collected by a French photographer [129] [130] [131] [132] [133].


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Hoi An

Authenticity


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Hoi An

Municipal authorities actively contributed to the transformation of historic buildings in old Hoi An into hotels, shops and restaurants.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

These transformations have increased the income of tourists, but in some cases they have disrupted the authenticity of the heritage.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Following the outflow of the indigenous population in the old town, the number of traditional shops aimed at local citizens rather than tourists has decreased.


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Hoi An

Many residents rent out their real estate in the old town for commercial properties, and move to the outskirts themselves.


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Hoi An

Others remain in the building, but most of the premises are used as a “living museum” accessible to tourists.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Thus, the exterior and structure of buildings are preserved, and their functions and habitat are radically changed.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Authorities and merchants assess these changes as positive, but many tourists criticize old Hoi An for losing authenticity, lack of real life, turning many elements of culture and everyday life into theatrical performance [134].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Hoi An residents compensate for the lack of authenticity of everyday life in the old city with new cultural products, such as silk and paper lanterns or paintings, but these are not traditional products Hoi An, they appeared and took root in the city in the wake of the tourist boom thanks to the creative potential of citizens.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Many traditional festivals, rituals and rituals have become entertainment for tourists and have lost their original spiritual significance.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Even fishing on the Thubon River has turned from fishing to a way to make money from tourists for photos.


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Hoi An

Tourists are in demand for cultural events, but they want to see events that are significant to the locals, and not just entertainment shows [135].


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Hoi An

Architecture and landmarks


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

According to archaeological excavations and historical documents, the first settlements on the site of Hoi An originated in the area of modern Nguyen Thiminh Thai Street (Kampho District) and Changfu Street (Min'an District).


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Hoi An

Due to silt deposits and changes in the riverbed, the area of the ancient port gradually shifted to the south.


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Hoi An

Nguyen Thaihok Street was created in the late 18th and early 19th centuries precisely to make it easier for transport to access this port area.


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Hoi An

Old streets running from east to west parallel to the river cross perpendicular streets running from north to south.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

This grid of streets greatly distinguishes Hoi An from traditional villages, in which the layout is superimposed on a labyrinth of narrow winding streets, chaotically laid according to the landscape [136].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The main tourist attraction of Hoi An is the old town, which has a protected area of 30 (another 280 is a buffer zone, which is also regulated).


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Hoi An

The old town is home to 1107 well-preserved historic buildings with wooden frames, brick or wooden walls, tiled roofs and traditional wood carvings.


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Hoi An

The buildings are crowded together, facing narrow pedestrian streets with their front facades.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Buildings of historical and architectural value include a market, a ferry pier, Buddhist pagodas and temples, family places of worship, assembly halls of the Cantonese, Fujian and Hainan communities, wooden Japanese bridge with a pagoda on it, old houses [2].


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Hoi An

The original layout of the old town was based on its port activities.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The street grid has two main axes: some are parallel to the river, others cross them at right angles.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The ground floors of buildings facing the streets are occupied by shops and workshops, and buildings facing the river or canals are equipped with berths for unloading goods from boats.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Most of the wooden buildings date back to the XVII-XVIII centuries and are unique to Vietnam's traditional urban ensemble [2].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Most of Hoi An's old houses bear the stamp of a once very significant foreign presence in the city.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The architectural appearance of old Hoi An was especially influenced by Chinese and Japanese merchants who built buildings in their usual style.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

These old houses were built before the 19th century, and newer ones were built during the French colonial era (they intertwine Vietnamese and European styles).


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In total, more than 1,350 facilities are under the supervision and protection of the Hoi An Centre for Monument Management and Preservation (HACMMP), including 1,254 artistic and architectural structures, including shops, markets, family sanctuaries, pagodas, temples, churches, public houses, assembly rooms of various communities, tombs, bridges and wells [136].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Traditional construction is no longer carried out outside old Hoi An, and new hotels and restaurants are often not in harmony with the picturesque rural landscape [46].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The city authorities are actively fighting against modern infrastructure and equipment that spoils the visual image of old Hoi An — they remove wires underground, clean the facades from antennas and air conditioners.


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Hoi An

The authorities also ensure that only traditional materials are used in the reconstruction of historical buildings [137].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Historical buildings


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Hoi An's historic buildings are classified into five main styles.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The first style includes single-story buildings with wooden facades and sloping tiled roofs.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Most of these buildings were built in the 18th and 19th centuries and are located mainly along Changfu Street.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The second style includes two-story buildings with a canopy on the ground floor.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Most of these buildings were built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

A typical example of such a building is located on Nguyen Thiminh Thai Street.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The third style includes two-story buildings with wooden floors and carved balconies.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

They were also built mainly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries [138].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The fourth style includes two-story brick buildings with small balconies or verandas.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

These buildings were built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and most of them are located along Changfu Street and Nguyen Thaihok Street.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The fifth style includes two-story brick buildings in the French style, built mainly at the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

These buildings are characterized by wide steps leading to the main entrance, shaded galleries on the ground floor and balconies decorated with balustrade.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Typical houses of this style can be found on the western side of Nguyen Thaihok Street (for example, the Sahuinh Cultural Museum building) [139].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

According to their purpose (use), Hoi An traditional buildings are divided into four types: trading houses, family shrines, public buildings and meeting rooms.


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Hoi An

The Hoi An wooden trading house complex is one of the largest in Southeast Asia.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Previously, in Vietnam, buildings in this style were common in the old quarters of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, but unlike Hoi An, they have hardly survived to this day.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Trading houses consist of three main parts: the main building facing a busy street, annexes that make up the backyard, and buildings that connect these parts to each other.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The building facing the street is usually designed for commercial operations and has a large canopy that gives shade to buyers.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The outdoor courtyard is often decorated with an ornamental pool.


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Hoi An

The backyard has a kitchen, bathroom (shower) and toilet.


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Hoi An

Several generations of the same patriarchal family live in such houses [140].


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Hoi An

All trading houses have internal wooden frames.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The facade is made of wood or brick, depending on the period of construction of the house.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The buildings have a layout adapted to the tropical climate, which contributes to maximum air circulation.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The courtyard, surrounded by wooden panels, also provides the building with sunlight and fresh air.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The interior doorways are oriented to each other, and the entrance doors are aligned with the doors of the house on the opposite side of the street.


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Hoi An

The floors in the houses are raised, which protects against cold and dampness; the rooms are separated from each other by light partitions, and there is a living room and a bedroom [141].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Zepdongnguyen House, located on Nguyen Thaihok Street, next to the Museum of Folk Culture, was built at the end of the 19th century by immigrants from Guangdong who made a fortune on traditional medicine.


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Hoi An

Five generations of the same family sold medicines, fabrics, ready-made clothes and books in this house.


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Hoi An

The interior of the house is designed in a mixed Vietnamese-Chinese-Japanese style.


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Hoi An

Today, various ceramics and a large collection of ancient coins are exhibited on the ground floor of the house [142].


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Hoi An

Built in 1850, Dykan House is located on Changfu Shopping Street and belongs to the family of the original owners.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

This is one of the few houses in old Hoi An that has preserved its original layout, furniture and utensils.


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Hoi An

For a long time, Dykan's house housed Hoi An's most popular bookstore, then housed the practice of Chinese medicine and the headquarters of the anti-French movement.


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Hoi An

Politician Phan Chau Chinh and General Vo Nguyen Giap visited this house at various times [143].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Kuan Thang House was built in the early 18th century on Changfu Street in Chinese style by order of a wealthy family of shipowners and merchants.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The interior decoration of the building (including beams and rafters), wooden sculptures, shutters, railings and furniture, the arched roof and verandas are carefully preserved.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The walls surrounding the courtyard are decorated with beautiful blue ceramics [144].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Tanka's miniature two-story house is located near the Bridge of Lights and is considered one of the oldest in Hoi An.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

It is built in a mixed Japanese-Chinese style, all four of its rooms are filled with antiques and wood carvings, and the walls are decorated with unique mosaics [145].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Phunghung Old Wooden House is located in Kampho District, next to Japan Bridge and Nguyen Tyong Family Shrine.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The house, built in 1780 in the Japanese-Chinese style, has a characteristic tiled roof, carved terrace railings, and the second floor is supported by eighty columns.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The rooms are filled with antiques, including antique furniture and utensils, and one of the rooms has a beautiful family altar.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

For eight generations, Phunghung House has been inhabited by members of the same family [146].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Family shrines usually have a square base and are located in small alleys.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

There is usually a large garden in front of the main building.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The shrine buildings have the same structure as the Hoi An trading houses, but with a protruding cornice on all sides of the structure.


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Hoi An

Often, a detached residential building was built in one part of the complex.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Family sanctuaries are used as religious centers for ancestral cults (primarily the ancestral cult common among the Vietnamese), as well as places where the older generation teaches the younger generation the most important rituals and rules of conduct.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Family shrines are the most important symbols of strong ties between members of the same clan.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Important Hoi An family shrines are Ly, Pham, Nguyen, Lam, Thai, Hua, Truong, Tran, Phan, Tang, and Hoang.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

A prime example of a traditional family shrine is the Truong Clan's Worship House.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

It was built in 1840, restored in the late 1990s, and is then used for its intended purpose — members of the Truong clan regularly gather there for holidays [147].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Another typical example of a family sanctuary is the house of the Chan clan, located at the intersection of Leloy Street and Fantiauchin Street.


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Hoi An

It was built in 1802 to worship the ancestors of this aristocratic family.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The Chinese-style sanctuary is famous for its wood carvings, richly decorated altars and antique furniture.


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Hoi An

The left door in the living room is for men, the right door is for women, and the central door is for the spirits of ancestors, who return to relatives during Theta [148].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Meeting rooms were built in Hoi An for meetings of members of Chinese communities or representatives of the entire community.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

They had both socio-cultural and religious purposes, and they contain both Chinese and Vietnamese architectural and stylistic elements.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Functionally, Chinese meeting rooms were very close to Vietnamese public houses, but they also negotiated trade deals, among other things.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Among the meeting rooms, the most famous are the Trieu Chau Assembly Hall, the Hainan Assembly Hall, the Phuoc Kien Assembly Hall, the Cantonese communities (Cantonese Assembly Hall) and the Trung Hoa Assembly Hall.


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Hoi An

All of them are located along Hoi An's main trading axis — Changfu Street and Nguyen Zuihyeu Street [149].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The assembly hall of the Chaozhou community was built by Huaqiao in 1845 and is dedicated to the god of wind and big waves, who patronizes sailors and merchants.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The hall is distinguished by beautiful wood carvings and complex porcelain reliefs.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In the main hall there are altars dedicated to the deities of wealth and luck, as well as the ancestors of the community [150].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The assembly hall of the Cantonese community was built by merchants in 1885 near the Japan Bridge.


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Hoi An

Some elements of the complex were manufactured in China and then assembled together in Hoi An.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In the courtyard there is a ceramic fountain made in the form of dragons, and there are many statues and altars in the halls [151].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The oldest and most famous is the assembly hall of the Fujian community, built by merchants in 1697 near the city market.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

With a two-tier gate, a large courtyard, traditional pavilions, the shrine of the goddess Mazu and dragon sculptures, this complex is a prime example of Chinese architecture.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

There are many animal symbols in the design of the hall: the mosaic fountain in the main hall has a fish sculpture that symbolizes success.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

There are also sculptures of a unicorn, phoenix, lion and turtle.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The central courtyard of the complex is filled with flower pots and ornamental plants such as bonsai [152].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

To the west of the assembly hall of the Fujian community is the Chinese assembly hall, built in 1741 and also dedicated to the goddess Mazu.


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Hoi An

In the first half of the 20th century, it housed a Chinese school that still exists today.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In addition to the goddess Mazu, Confucius, Sun Yat-sen and soldiers who died in the war with Japan are also revered in the hall [153].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Public houses serve as cultural and religious centers of the Vietnamese and Chinese communities of Hoi An, they are the main places for social and cultural interaction between members of the same clan or immigrants from one village.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Clan meetings are held in public houses, where funds are raised for holidays and other community needs.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Among the public houses, many of which have their own temples and shrines, stand out Kampho (Kampho District), Ongwoi and Minhuong (Min'an District), Kimbong (Kamkim Commune) [149].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Campho Public House was built in 1817 in the Chinese style and was later renovated.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

It has right, left and main halls, a large courtyard, uniquely designed interiors and ancient altars dedicated to the patron god and ancestors [154].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Minhuong Public House was built by local Hoa Chinese to worship their heroic ancestors.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In the middle of the 17th century, newcomers settled in the small village of Minhuong, near the port of Hoi An.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Soon, carpenters from the neighboring village of Kimbong built an original public house for the Chinese, which was reconstructed in 1820, 1849, 1905, 1953 and 1970.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In 1993, Minh Huong Public House and its shrines were recognized as a monument of national history of Vietnam [155].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Compared to the rest of Hoi An architecture, the religious one looks more decorative.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Religious sites are scattered throughout Hoi An and the surrounding area.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

A striking example of religious architecture is the Fioklam pagoda, located in Kamkha commune.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

It was built in the 18th century by a monk and illustrates the development of Buddhism in central Vietnam.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Other religious buildings of Old Hoi An include Quan Kong Temple, Ong Pagoda, Tinnghia, Wan Thanh and Amhon Temples, Bamu Pagoda located in Min'an District, and Confucian temple (Miu ThKhng T) in Kampho [149].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Ong Pagoda was built on Changfu Street in 1653 and is dedicated to the Chinese deity Xuanwu.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

As one of the oldest temples in Hoi An, Ong Pagoda has been reconstructed several times [156].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Hoi An's history and extensive international connections are reflected in various architectural styles of graves and tombs, including Cham, Vietnamese, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish, French and German burial sites.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

For example, the graves of Japanese merchants of the XVII century have a vivid identity.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

They were built according to Japanese religious canons and had small Shinto altars.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Graves at the city's largest memorial “Martyr Cemetery” in the western district of Tanan have a modern look [149].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Hoi An's oldest bridge is Japan Bridge, also known as the Pagoda Bridge.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

A covered wooden bridge with stone supports once connected the Japanese and Chinese quarters, which is why it was called Japanese.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

It was built at the end of the 16th century by Japanese merchants and has a Buddhist sanctuary (at one end of the bridge there is a sculpture of a dog and at the other end there is a sculpture of a monkey).


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

According to legend, the bridge was built to calm the mythical creature that caused the earthquakes [157] [158].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

After its opening, the Japanese Bridge has been reconstructed at least six times, only the supports and arches are part of the original design.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

As a result of these reconstructions, the bridge does not belong to a specific architectural style, its structure and decoration are a combination of Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese and Western styles.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

For this reason, the bridge is a symbol of the close ties between different cultures that have existed in Hoi An throughout its history.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In addition, the Japanese Bridge is depicted on the coat of arms of Hoi An [157].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Another attraction of Hoi An is the ancient wells, which are scattered throughout the city and the surrounding area.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Most wells are built with bricks that help filter water.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The oldest wells discovered are square in shape and were built in the Cham period.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

An example of such a well can be seen in the rural commune of Kamkha.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

It is one meter in diameter and has 10 cm thick stone walls, surrounded by four stone columns and a small rectangular courtyard.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Later wells of the Daiviet period have a round shape and rise on a small round pedestal [157].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In Min'an District, next to Fantiauchin Street, there is another old well, Bale, in a private garden.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

It was dug around the 10th century, during the Cham rule, and has a traditional square shape.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In Hoi An, there is an opinion that only water from Bale Well is suitable for making the best noodles for Kaolau [159].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

All Hoi An historical monuments are divided into four classification categories according to their value.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

The first category includes buildings that are unique in architectural and artistic terms, in which all the original elements have been preserved; the second category includes structures in which the original elements have been preserved facade and roof; the third, in which some elements of the house and roof have been preserved; in the fourth, buildings located in the old town, but do not have great cultural value or reconstructed with using modern materials.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Of the 1254 monuments of old Hoi An, 1,064 are residential buildings, 39 are family sanctuaries, 39 are tombs, 34 are temples, 22 are public houses, 19 are pagodas, 16 are sanctuaries, 10 are wells, 5 are meeting rooms, 4 churches and houses of worship, 1 by a bridge.


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Of the 1,254 objects, 929 are privately owned, 205 are state-owned, 120 are collective (that is, owned by associations and public groups) [160].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Sister cities


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Currently, Hoi An's sister cities are three cities: (Australia) [161], Wernigerode (Germany) [162] and Szentendre (Hungary) [163].


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Notes


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Literature


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In Russian


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

In English


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

References


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Category:Provincial cities of Vietnam


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Category:World Heritage Sites in Vietnam


Question: How many languages are spoken in Hoi An?

Hoi An

Category:Quang Nam


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

St Kilda (English: St Kilda, Scottish Gaelic: Hiort [hirsht]) is an isolated archipelago 64 kilometers (40 miles) west-northwest of North Uist Island in the North Atlantic Ocean.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

It is often included in the Outer Hebrides archipelago, administratively belongs to the Scottish district of Na h Elanan-Shiar.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Soei Island is the westernmost point of the UK state [1].


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The largest island in the archipelago is Hirta Island, whose sea cliffs are the highest in the UK.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The Gaelic speaking population may never have exceeded 180 and has never been more than 100 after 1851.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Despite the fact that St. Kilda was permanently inhabited for at least two millennia, and despite the unique lifestyle of its inhabitants, the entire population was evacuated in 1930.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Currently, the only residents are the military [2].


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Administratively, the islands are part of the local government area Comhairle nan Eilean Siar [3].


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The origin of the name Saint Kilda belongs to the realm of speculation.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The islands' cultural heritage sites include numerous unique architectural monuments from the historical and prehistoric periods, although the earliest written references to life on the islands date back to to the late Middle Ages.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The medieval settlement on Hirte was restored in the 19th century, but the influence of religion, tourism and the First World War led to the evacuation of the island in 1930 [4].


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The history of the St. Kilda archipelago is reflected in art, including a recently written opera [5].


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The archipelago is wholly owned by the National Trust for Scotland.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

In 1986, it became one of Scotland's four World Heritage Sites and one of the few in the world that is of both natural, marine and cultural value [6].


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The islands are breeding grounds for many important species of seabirds, including northern gannet, Atlantic puffin and silly.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Endemic are the common wren and the St. Kilda vole mouse living on St. Kilda [2].


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Volunteer teams are working on the islands during the summer months to rebuild many of the destroyed buildings left over by the residents of St. Kilda.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The island also has a small military base established in 1957 [7].


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The origin of archipelago names


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

A saint named Kilda is not known, and therefore different versions of the origin of this word, which dates back to the end of the 16th century, have been expressed [8]


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Haswell-Smith (2004) notes that the full name St. Kilda (Saint Kilda) first appears on the Dutch map of 1666, and that it may have come from the Norwegian sunt kelda (“fresh well water”) or is due to the erroneous guess of the Dutch that the Tobar Child key was dedicated to a saint.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

In fact, the latter is a combination of Gaelic and Norwegian words meaning well, that is, “well well” [2].


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Martin Martin, who visited it in 1697, believed that the name “comes from a Kielder who lived here; from him, the large Tubir Kilda well (Toubir- Kilda)”.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[9] [10]


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Similarly, Maclean (1972) suggests that this may be a distorted form of the Old Norse word for source, the key on Hirt, Childa, and indicates that on one card In 1588, the archipelago is designated as Kilda.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

He also suggests that the word may refer to kuldi, the hermits who brought Christianity to the island, or it is a distorted form of Gaelic designation for the main island groups of islands, as islanders tended to pronounce p as l, and they usually referred to the island by the word “Hilta”.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[11] Steel (1988) gives more weight to this hypothesis, noting that the islanders pronounced “x” (H) “slightly guttural”, which made the sounds they use when pronouncing the word “Hirta” ), “almost” similar to “Kilta” [12].


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Maclean (1972) also suggests that the Dutch may have simply made a cartographic mistake and confused Hirtu with Skildar, the old designation for Haskeir Island , lying much closer to the main archipelago of the Outer Hebrides [11] [13].


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Quine (2000) hypothesizes that this name appeared as a result of a number of cartographic errors, starting with the use of the Old Icelandic Skildir (“shields”), transmitted as Skildar on the map of Nicholas de Nicolay (1583).


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

According to his hypothesis, it was mistakenly conveyed by Lucas J. Waghenaer on his maps of 1592 without the last letter p and with a dot after the letter C, which led to the appearance of S.Kilda.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

This, in turn, was perceived by others as the designation “saint”, bringing to life a form that had been used for several centuries, St Kilda.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[14] [15] [16]


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Similarly, the origin of the name “Hirta” (Hirta), which appeared long before St. Kilda, can only be guessed.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Martin (1703) argues that “Hirta comes from the Irish word “Ier”, which means west in this language.”


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[9] Maclean offers several options, including (unspecified) [17] The Celtic word meaning “darkness” or “death” or the Scottish Gaelic word H-iar-tir (“western land”).


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Based on an Icelandic saga that describes Ireland's journey in the early 13th century and mentions a visit to the Hirtir Islands, he hypothesizes that the shape of Hirta resembles a deer, Hirtir (“deer” in Norwegian) [11]


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Steel (1998) quotes the opinion of Reverend Neil Mackenzie (who lived there from 1829 to 1844) that the name comes from the Gaelic word I-Àrd (“high island”), and it is also possible that it comes from the Norwegian word Hirt (“shepherd”).


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[18] In the same vein, Murray (1966) argues that it may be based on the Norwegian word Hirðö, which is pronounced “Hirtha” (“shepherd's island”).


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[19] All the names of the islands and all the names that exist on the islands are considered in detail by Coates (1990) [20].


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Geography


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The islands are composed of tertiary volcanic structures of granites and gabbro, which have undergone strong atmospheric weathering.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The archipelago is the remains of a long-extinct ring volcano rising from a sea plateau about 40 meters (130 feet) below sea level [21].


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

With an area of 670 hectares (1.656 acres), Hirta is the largest island in the archipelago, accounting for more than 78% of its surface.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The next largest are Soei (translated as “sheep island”) with 99 hectares (247 acres) and Borerey (“fortified island”), which occupies 77 hectares (190 acres).


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[2] Soei is 0.5 km (0.3 mi) northwest of Hirta, and Borerey is 6 km (4 mi) northeast.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Smaller islands and sea cliffs (stacks) of the archipelago include Stac an Armin (“warrior's rock”), Stac Lee (“gray rock”) and Stac Levenish (“stream” or “river”).


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[11] [22] Dün Island (“fort”), which protects Village Bay from prevailing southwesterly winds, was once connected to Hirtoy Island by a natural arch.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

MacLean (1972) suggests that the arch was destroyed after the impact of a galleon fleeing after the defeat of the Spanish Armada, but other sources such as Mitchell (1992) and Fleming (2005) , give a more plausible (albeit less romantic) explanation that the arch was blown away by one of the many ferocious storms that attack the islands every winter.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[23] [24]


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The archipelago's highest peak, Mount Conachair (“lighthouse”) at 430 meters (1.411 feet), is located on Hirt, north of the village.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

In the southeast of the island rises Oiseval (“eastern mountain”), reaching 293 meters, and to the west of Conahair is Mullach Mòr ('top of the great hill'), 361 meters.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The west of the island is dominated by Ruival (“red mountain”) — 137 meters — and Mullach Bi (“columnar peak”) with 358 meters.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The mountains on Borerey reach 384 meters and Soei 378 meters.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[2] Stac an Armin reaches 196 meters and Stac Lee 172 meters, making it the tallest sea kekurs in the UK [25] [26].


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

In modern times, the only settlement on St. Kilda was located in Village Bay (Scottish Gaelic: Bàgh a' Bhaile or Loch Hiort) on Hirt.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

There are also traces of early human settlements on Gleann Mòr off the northern coast of Hirta and on Borerey.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[27] When approaching Hirte by sea to Village Bay, there is a kind of small settlement, behind which high hills rise in a semicircle.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

This is a misleading impression.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[28] The entire northern side of Conahair is a vertical cliff up to 427 meters (1,400 feet) high, [29] growing directly from the sea.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

This is the tallest sea cliff in the UK.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

On the archipelago, you can see cliffs that are considered by many to be the most picturesque sea cliffs in the British Isles.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Baxter and Crumley (1988) suggest that St. Kilda: “... the pantry of a mad, imperfect god for all the unnecessary generous luxurious landscapes he has ever created in his madness. He scattered them at random in the middle of the Atlantic, 100 miles from the corrupting influence of the continent, 40 miles west of the westernmost Hebrides. He kept only the best pieces and created the earth around them as proof of his madness.” [31]


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Although it is 64 km (40 miles) from the nearest land, St Kilda is visible even from the peaks of the Isle of Skye Cuillin Range, about 129 km (80 miles) away.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[32] The climate is oceanic, with high rainfall (1400 mm) and humidity.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Temperatures are mostly cool, averaging 5.6°C in January and 11.8°C in July.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The prevailing winds, especially strong in winter, come from the south and south-west.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The wind speed averages 13 kilometers per hour about 85 percent of the time and more than 24 kilometers per hour for more than 30 percent of the time.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Heavy winds occur less than 2 percent of the time per year, but gusts of 185 km per hour or more are regularly observed at the peaks, with winds of 209 km per hour sometimes recorded almost at sea level (130 miles per hour).


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

33] The tide amplitude is 2.9 meters (9.5 feet), and there is often an ocean swell of 5 meters (16.4 feet) of magnitude that makes it difficult or impossible to land ashore at any time of the year.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[34] [35] However, the location in the ocean protects the islands from snow, which lies only about ten days a year.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

With the remote location of the archipelago and ocean climate, only a few smaller remote islands, such as the islands of Flannan, North Rhone and the Sulisker skerries, are comparable in the UK.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Administratively, St. Kilda was part of Harris Ward in Invernessshire (Invernessshire).


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[36] Today it is part of the Outer Hebrides region.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Flora and fauna


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

St Kilda is a nesting site for many important seabird species.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The world's largest colony of northern gannets, with 30,000 pairs, accounts for up to 24 percent of their total number in the world.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

There are 49,000 nesting pairs of northern petrels, up to 90 percent of their number in Europe; 136 thousand pairs of Atlantic puffins, about 30 percent of their total nesting number in Great Britain, 67,000 pairs of silly people, about 13 percent of their total number in the UK.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[37] Dùn Island is home to Britain's largest silly colony.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Until 1828, St. Kilda was their only nesting site in Great Britain, but since then they have spread and established colonies in other places, such as Fowlsheugh.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

About 300 wild sheep of the same breed live on the island of Borerey.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Lifestyle


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Life on St Kilda was very isolated.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

When Martin Martin visited the archipelago in 1697, [9] it was only possible to get there by open launch, and the trip could take several days of rowing and sailing in open ocean and was almost impossible in autumn and winter.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

At any time of the year, waves up to 12 meters high hit the shore of Village Bay, and even when the sea is calmer, landing on slippery rocks is risky.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Cut off by distance and weather conditions, the island's inhabitants knew little about the rest of the world.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

After the Battle of Culloden in 1746, it was rumored that Prince Charles Edward Stewart and several of his Jacobite associates fled to St. Kilda.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

A military expedition was equipped, and after a while British soldiers landed on Hirt.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

They found an abandoned village, as the islanders, fearing a pirate attack, took refuge in caves west of the village.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

When they were persuaded to return, the soldiers found that the secluded villagers knew nothing about the prince and had never even heard of King George II.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Even at the end of the 19th century, the islanders communicated with the rest of the world only by making a fire on the top of Conahair in the hope of being noticed from a passing ship, or with the help of the St. Kilda Post Boat.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

It was invented by John Sands, who visited the island in 1877.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

When he was on the island, nine Austrian sailors were shipwrecked on St. Kilda, and by February food supplies were running out.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Sands attached the note to the rescue buoy that survived the Peti Dubrovacki and threw it into the sea.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[41] Nine days later, a buoy was caught near the village of Bersey in the northwest Mainland of the Orkney Islands, and a rescue operation was organized.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Creatively developing this idea, the inhabitants of St. Kilda gave the piece of wood the shape of a boat, attached a bubble of sheepskin to it, in which they placed a bottle or jar of message.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Sent to sea when the wind blew from the northwest, every two of the three messages were later found on the west coast of Scotland, or, less conveniently, in Norway.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[42] [43]


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Another characteristic of life on St Kilda was its diet.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The islanders kept sheep and some cattle and were able to grow a limited number of food crops, such as barley and potatoes, on the more drained land in Village Bay.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

According to Samuel Johnson, in the 18th century, the islanders made “small cheeses” from sheep's milk.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[44] They gave up fishing due to rough seas and unpredictable weather.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Their diet was based on the abundance of birds on the island, especially gannets and silly people.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

These birds were eaten in the form of eggs and young birds, which were eaten raw and processed.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Adult Atlantic puffins were also caught with bird fishing rods.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[29] However, this aspect of the islanders' lives was costly for them.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

When Henry Brougham visited here in 1799, he noted that “the air is saturated with an almost unbearable stench — a mixture of rotten fish, mud of all kinds, and smelly seabird” [45].


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[46] During excavations at Taigh an T-sithiche (“fairy house” — see below) in 1877, Sands discovered the remains of gannets, sheep, cattle, and sea saucer shells among various stone tools.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The building is from 1,700 to 2,500 years old, which tells us that in a thousand years, the diet of St. Kilda residents has not changed much.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Indeed, the islanders recognized stone tools and said their names, as similar ones were still in use.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Such hunting for feathered game requires significant climbing skills, especially on steep sea cliffs.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

One important island tradition was the Mistress Stone, a doorway hole in the rocks northwest of Ruival hanging over the ravine.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The young men of the island had to undergo a ritual here to show that they were capable of climbing rocks and deserved to be married.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Martin Martin wrote:


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

History


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Prehistoric


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

Previously, it was believed that St. Kilda was permanently inhabited by people for two thousand years or more, from the Bronze Age to the 20th century.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[48] Recently, the first direct evidence of an earlier Neolithic settlement, Hebridean Ware pottery shards, found east of the village, has appeared.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The subsequent discovery of a stone tool quarry at Mullach Sgar above Village Bay led to numerous finds of Skaill stone scrapers, sharpeners and knives [49] in stone warehouses Village Bay Clite structures (see below).


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

It is possible that these tools are also of Neolithic origin. [50]


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

14th—17th centuries


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The first written mention of St. Kilda dates back to 1202, when an Icelandic priest wrote that he had found refuge on “islands called Hirtir”.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[51] Early reports mention the findings of brooches, an iron sword and Danish coins, while the surviving Norwegian place names indicate the continued presence of Vikings on Hirte, but clear evidence of this has been lost.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[52] The first mention in English dates back to the end of the 14th century, when John of Fordun mentioned “the island of Irte, which is generally believed to belong to Cirtius and is at the end of the world” (“the isle of Irte, which is agreed to be under the Circius and on the margins of the world”).


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

[53] Historically, the islands were part of the McLeod estate of Harris, whose manager was responsible for collecting in-kind rent and other duties.


Question: Which country does the St. Kilda archipelago belong to?

St Kilda

The first detailed report on a visit to the islands dates back to 1549, when Donald Munro wrote: “The inhabitants are ordinary poor people, hardly knowledgeable in any religion, but McLeod's manager of Harris or his the deputy sails there once a year in the middle of summer with a chaplain to baptize the children.” [54]