Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 10 March, the Government voted to introduce Sharia law in Somalia, [54] and on 18 April this decision was approved by the Transitional Parliament. [55]


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, the civil war in the country did not stop.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Following the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops, the southern part of the country soon came under the control of radical Islamists, who replaced local governments and introduced Sharia law everywhere on the controlled territories.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On May 7, 2009, Islamists attacked Mogadishu, occupied a large part of the city, but failed to overthrow the government, which remained on the few square kilometers left under its control.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In August 2010, the formation of a new autonomous region within Federal Somalia was officially announced.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Referred to as Awdaland or the State of Adal, the local administration does not recognize the claims of the separatist Somaliland government over sovereignty or its territory.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In the spring of 2011, another self-proclaimed state emerged on the territory of Somalia - on April 3, 2011, the independence of the state of Azania was declared in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, whose president was Mohamed Abdi Gandhi.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

As of July 2011, the Transitional Government controls 60 per cent of Mogadishu.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, the armed forces of the Transitional Government are very weak and unable to contain the offensive of Al Shabab troops.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Only the peacekeeping forces of the African Union (20,000 soldiers from Uganda, Burundi and some other countries) prevent Islamists from establishing full control over Mogadishu.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Recently, the situation on the fronts has stabilized.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Al-Shabab controls southern and central Somalia along with 40% of Mogadishu's territory.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The Transitional Government, together with African peacekeepers, controls 60% of Mogadishu's territory.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The rest of the country are occupied by independent states, or even are simply in a state of anarchy.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The situation of the transitional government is aggravated by internal political conflicts and the looting of government troops.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On August 6, Mogadishu was completely liberated from militants.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Meanwhile, the militants themselves called the retreat from the capital for at least 100 kilometers a “tactical maneuver”.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On October 4, 2011, a powerful explosion occurred in Mogadishu, killing more than 80 people.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

: A terrorist in a car bomb detonated an explosive device in a government quarter.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Among the dead and wounded are many military, security forces, as well as students.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The international community has strongly condemned the terrorist attack.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon described it as disgusting.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the explosion, the terrorists promised that the terrorist attacks would continue.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Kenyan intervention


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 13 October 2011, two Spanish female employees of the non-governmental organization Médecins Sans Frontières, were abducted by Al-Shabaab in Kenya.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

They worked in a Somali refugee camp, where about 500,000 people currently live.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

[59] In response, Médecins Sans Frontières partially ceased operations in Kenya [60].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The death of one of the kidnapped, Maria Dedieu, became known on October 19 [61].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On October 16, 2011, the Kenyan army launched a military operation against Al-Shabaab in response to the kidnapping of foreigners.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Convoys of military equipment crossed the border into Somalia on Sunday.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The purpose of the raid, according to the Kenyan authorities, is to oust the formations “Al-Shabab” from the border areas and prevent the penetration of militants into Kenyan territory.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

[62] Islamists have threatened to take revenge on Kenya on its territory if it does not withdraw its troops from Somalia.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Radicals declared “jihad” to the Kenyan military, who, together with the forces of the Somali government, are conducting an operation to destroy the militants “Al-Shabaab”.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On November 19, 2011, the Ethiopian army invaded Somalia to help Kenya with the offensive against Al-Shabab [64].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In June 2012, Kenyan troops were formally subordinated to the AMISOM mission.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On September 28, 2012, in a fierce battle, the city of Kismayo, the main citadel of Al-Shabab in southern Somalia, was captured.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

During the operation, Kenyan troops landed into the city from ships.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Operation Indian Ocean


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In August 2014 began, organized by pro-government forces in Somalia.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

[67] On September 1, an American drone fired a shell that killed al-Shabab leader Godane.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

[68] This event was perceived as a great victory, and in anticipation of the dispersion of the main forces and the split of the factions, the Somali government announced a 45-day amnesty for moderate Al-Shabab militants.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Notes


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Literature


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

References


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Media related to Somali Civil War at Wikimedia Commons


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

The crown of thorns (Ancient Greek: stphanon kantn) is a crown of branches of a plant with thorns (thorns), which, according to the Gospels, was laid on the head of Jesus Christ by Roman soldiers during his scolding.


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

Gospel story


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

Three evangelists write about laying a crown of thorns on Jesus Christ:


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

And weaving a crown of thorns, they put it on his head and gave him a cane in his right hand; and kneeling before him, they mocked him, saying, Hail, King of the Jews.


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

and clothed Him in a purple robe, and weaving a crown of thorns, they put it on him [2]


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

And the soldiers, weaving a crown of thorns, put it on His head, and clothed Him in a purple robe [3]


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

It is not written in the canonical Gospels about when the crown of thorns was removed.


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

Some artists paint Jesus Christ on a cross with a crown of thorns.


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

Crown of thorns in the Middle Ages


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

Nicholas Mesarit, Metropolitan of Ephesus (12th — early 13th centuries), theologian, clergyman and statesman, reports that in 1201 in Constantinople, in the Church of the Virgin Farah (Ancient Greek: tu Toro — at the lighthouse) — in a church intended for daily liturgy in the presence of the emperor and his family, as well as for solemn services on the 1st day of the year, May 1, the day of remembrance of the Prophet Elijah (in the presence of synclite), on Clean Thursday, Holy Saturday and Holy Thursday, the following relics were kept: the Crown of Thorns of Christ, the tunic of Christ, the staff of Christ, the whip of His flagellation, the holy nail, the copy, particles of Christ's sandals (brought by Emperor John Tzimiskes from Palestine in 975) [4].


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

During the Fourth Crusade, Constantinople was looted in 1204.


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

The relics in it were taken out by the Crusaders, including the Crown of Thorns.


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

In 1239, Louis bought the crown, according to some reports, for a huge amount of 135,000 livres from the Latin Emperor Baldwin II.


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

More precisely, Baldwin II laid a crown of thorns to the Venetians, from whom it was bought by Saint Louis.


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

In August 1239, the Crown of Thorns arrived in Paris, where particles of the Holy Cross, Longinus's Spear, and other objects witnessing the Old and New Testaments were later delivered.


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

To store sacred relics, King Louis IX of France ordered the construction of a special Sainte-Chapelle church in Paris (the chapel of the royal palace, the foundation will be laid in 1242) in 1239 temporarily placed the Crown of Thorns in the city cathedral [5].


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

In the theological work Treatise on Relics, written in 1543 by Jean Calvin and published many times later, it is described that there were so many parts of the Crown of Thorns that if you collect them, more than four crowns will be obtained.


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

They were: the third part of the crown at Sainte-Chapelle in Paris; three thorns in the Roman Church of the Holy Cross; many thorns in the Roman Church of St. Eustathius; many thorns in Siena; one thorn in Vicenza; five spikes in Bourges; in Besançon, in the Church of St. John — three; Mont Royal (Sarreinsberg) — three; in Oviedo Cathedral in Spain; St. James's Cathedral in Galicia — two; in Albi — three; in Toulouse; Macon; Charroux (Vienne) (French: Charroux (Vienna)) in Poitou; at the Basilica of Notre-Da de Clery-Saint-André (French: Basilique Notre-Dame de Cléry-Saint-André); Saint-Flour (Cantal); Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume (French: Saint- Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume) in Provence; in French: l'abbaye de la Salle; in the parish church of St. Martin in Noyon [6].


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

Today, the relic, revered as the Crown of Thorns of the Lord, which is a whole crown, is located in Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris.


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

You can see the crown on the first Friday of each month and every Friday during Lent [7].


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

Later use


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

The Crown of Thorns is the central element of the Order of the White Movement “Badge of the 1st Kuban (Ice) Campaign”.


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

See also


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

Christian relics


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

Notes


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

References


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

Category:Christian relics


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

Category:Instruments of Passion


Question: What did you wear the chapelle on?

Crown of thorns

Category:Metaphors


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Nokia Corporation (Finnish: Nokia Oyj, pronounced Nokia) is a Finnish multinational telecommunications equipment company for mobile, fixed, broadband and IP networks.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

As of the beginning of 2013, the company employed a little less than 100,000 employees, and in the late 2000s, the number of employees reached 132,000 people.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company's products are sold in more than 150 countries around the world.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

From the 2000s to 2011, it occupied the largest share in the mobile phone market, as of 2012 it was in second place with a share of 19% (after Samsung with 22%) [1].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2011-2012, Nokia began to actively cooperate with the American giant Microsoft, in fact, abandoning support for its own operating system for mobile devices Symbian and developing MeeGo operating system by switching to the Windows Phone platform.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In the fall of 2013, Nokia announced the sale of its mobile business to Microsoft for 5.44 billion euros [2].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In April 2015, an agreement of intent was signed with Alcatel-Lucent, according to which this company will be acquired for 15.6 billion dollars.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In May 2016, Nokia announced a collaboration with the newly created HMD Global Oy [3] [4], which will produce phones and tablets under the Nokia brand [5].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In a press release dated December 1, 2016, Nokia officially confirmed that it is not an investor or shareholder in HMD [6].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Subsequently, one of the main activities of Nokia was the development of the next generation of standards for 5G mobile networks and their testing on the networks of existing telecom operators.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company is headquartered in Espoo, a satellite city of Helsinki [7].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Name origin


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company takes its name from the city of Nokia, which is located in Finland on the banks of the Nokianvirta River, where Fredrik Idestam built his second paper mill in 1868.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The name Nokia Ab was given to the company in 1871 [8].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The name of the river itself is believed to come from the old Finnish word nois (many nokia), which meant the black sable that was once found in those places.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

When the sable disappeared, this word began to refer to any animal with black fur, such as marten or mink [8].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

History


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company's history dates back to 1865, when mining engineer Frederick Idestam (Finnish: Knut Fredrik Idestam) founded a small paper mill in Tampere, in southwestern Finland.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

His company was renamed Nokia Ab in 1871.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

At the end of the 19th century, Mechelin's plans to expand the business to power generation and cable production were at odds with Idestam's ideas.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 1896, Idestam resigned from the management of Nokia Ab, and Mechelin, who took the place of president of the company, was able to push his idea to shareholders.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 1902, power generation became one of Nokia Ab's activities.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Founded in 1898, the rubber products company Finnish Rubber Works took control of Nokia Ab and the cable company founded in 1912 Finnish Cable Works, and in 1967, the three companies officially merged into one [10].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In order for this operation to comply with Finnish law at that time, Finnish Rubber Works and Finnish Cable Works formally merged into the Nokia Ab, the smallest of the three.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The combined company had five main activities: the production of rubber products (modern Nokian), cables and electronics, wood processing and electricity generation.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Over the years, several secondary ones have been added to them, for example, the production of hunting rifles, plastics and chemical materials.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The new company was engaged in various production, creating at some time paper products, car and bicycle tires, shoes, various cables, televisions and other household appliances, personal computers, electric generators, robotics, capacitors, military communications equipment and equipment (for example, the Sanomalaite M/90 encryption text communicator and a gas mask for the Finnish armies), plastic, aluminum and chemicals.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Each production had its own director who reported to the first president of Nokia Corporation, Bjorn Westerlund.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

As President of Finnish Cable Works, he was responsible for creating and organizing the company's first electronics department in 1960, investing in Nokia's telecommunications future.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Since the early 1980s, the company began to actively develop the development and production of electronics, which was facilitated by the purchase of a number of electronic companies.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 1987, consumer electronics became the main business of the company, in particular, the company became the third largest manufacturer of TVs in Europe.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In the late 1980s, the company was in crisis, which was facilitated by the general downturn in the global economy.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The crisis was overcome by restructuring the business, abandoning most activities and focusing on new technologies — in particular, the development of the telecommunications division.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

As a separate company, Nokian Renkaat was separated from the company in 1988, which has been its “rubber” division since 1967, and since then Nokian Renkaat has nothing to do with Nokia.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 1960, AT&T developed the first commercial modem, and in 1963 Bell System launched the first radiotelephone.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

However, the industry is still conservative, electromechanical and analog switches are widely used, and no one thinks about switching to digital.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

However, the company is making a bold move and is developing a digital switch based on pulse code modulation.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 1969, Nokia became the first company to produce PCM transmission equipment that met the standards of the international telephony and telegraphy advisory committee.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Entering the digital age before anyone else, Nokia is making the most important strategic decision in its history.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In the 1970s, the Nokia DX 200 digital switch for automatic telephone exchanges was released, thanks to which the company successfully entered the telecommunications market.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The versatility of the device and the flexibility of its architecture allowed the company to produce various communication devices on its basis.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Participation in GSM


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The technologies that preceded mobile cellular systems were various “0G” pre-cell mobile radiotelephone standards.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company has been building commercial and military mobile radio technologies since the 1960s, although this part of the company was sold a little earlier than the company's subsequent rationalization.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Since 1964, Nokia has worked with Nokia to develop high-frequency radio broadcasting.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Two years later, companies began to develop ARP, one of the first cellular standards to be used in the Autoradiopuhelin car radiotelephone and served the first commercial cellular network in Finland.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The network was launched in 1971 and 7 years later covered the entire territory of the country.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

As a result of the merger of Nokia and Salora, Mobira Oy appeared in 1979.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Mobira developed mobile phones to operate on the Nordic Mobile Telephone, the first fully automated first-generation cellular network launched in 1981 year.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 1982, Mobira introduced the first Mobira Senator car phone for NMT-450 networks.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 1984, Nokia acquired Salora Oy and, with 100% of the company, renamed its telecommunications division Nokia-Mobira.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 1984, the company launched Mobira Talkman, one of the first portable phones weighing 4.7 kg. In 1987, the company introduced the Mobira Cityman 900, an NMT-900 phone that could already be carried in your hand (weighing 760 grams).


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The phone's battery was charged for almost 4 hours and provided 50 minutes of talk time.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The Mobira Cityman 900 cost 24 thousand Finnish marks (approximately 4,560 euros), but despite the high cost, the phone was in great demand among businessmen for whom owning a new device was a sign of validity.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Nokia mobile phones became extremely popular in 1987, when a photo was taken of Mikhail Gorbachev calling the Minister of Communications in Moscow from Finland on Mobira Cityman.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

After this photo, this phone was called “Hump”.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 1988, Jorma Nieminen resigned as CEO of Nokia-Mobira and, together with two colleagues, created Benefon Oy.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

A year later, Nokia-Mobira was renamed Nokia Mobile Phones.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 1989, the company sold GSM equipment to the Finnish operator Radiolinja, and in 1992 released its first handheld GSM phone, the Nokia 1011.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The world's first phone call using Nokia equipment took place on July 1, 1991 in Helsinki.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

This historic call was made by Finnish Prime Minister Harri Holkeri through a Nokia GSM network through a prototype of Nokia's GSM phone.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 1992, the company launched the first GSM phone in the world, the Nokia 1011.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The model number corresponded to the phone's launch date of November 10 (10.11).


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The Nokia 1011 did not have a proprietary Nokia tune ringtone - it first appeared in 1994 in the Nokia 2110 series phones.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 1992, the company's advertising slogan was “Connecting people” (English: Connecting people).


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Personal computers and IT equipment


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In the 1980s, the computer division of Nokia Data was engaged in the production of MikroMikko personal computers.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

With the release of this computer, the division tried to enter the Business PC market.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The first model in the MikroMikko 1 line of computers was released on September 29, 1981, around the time of the release of the IBM PC.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

However, in 1991, the computer division was sold to British International Computers Limited, which was later sold to Fujitsu.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The MikroMikko line of computers was promoted by Fujitsu under the ErgoPro brand.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Fujitsu later transferred its computer production to Fujitsu Siemens Computers, which closed the only plant in the Finnish city of Espoo (in the Kilo district, where computers had been produced since the 1960s) in March 2000, thus ending the large - scale production of computers in the country.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company was also known for CRT and LCD monitors under the Nokia brand, which was sold in 2000 to ViewSonic.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In addition to computers and monitors, Nokia was engaged in the production of DSL modems and digital television receivers.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 1992, the new CEO, Jorma Ollila, made a key strategic decision: to focus exclusively on the telecommunications business.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 1994, Nokia President Jorma Ollila finally formulated the company's strategy: abandoning the old business and focusing on telecommunications technologies.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

This strategy allowed the company to become the world's largest manufacturer of cell phones, with Nokia's market share estimated at 39% at the end of 2009 [11].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Back in 1991, more than a quarter of Nokia's turnover came from sales in Finland.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

However, after the strategic decision of 1992, the company's sales increased sharply in the Americas and Asia.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The explosive global popularity of mobile phones caused a logistics crisis in the mid-1990s.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

This forced the company to change the entire logistics infrastructure.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

By 1998, thanks to its focus on telecommunications and early investments in GSM, Nokia had become the largest mobile phone manufacturer in the world.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

From 1996 to 2001, trade turnover increased from 6.5 billion to 31 billion euros.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The well-functioning logistics of the company was one of the main advantages of Nokia over competitors.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2004, the company released its extremely successful first touchscreen phone, the Nokia 7710.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In May 2007, the company announced that it had sold more than 200 million Nokia 1100 phones that went on sale in 2003.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

It was both the best-selling phone and the best-selling electronic device of all time.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In November of the same year, Nokia released the Nokia N82, the first N-series phone with a xenon flash.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

At the Nokia World conference in December 2007, the company announced the “Comes with Music” program, which allowed Nokia phone customers to download music for free for one year.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In the second half of 2008, the service became available on a subscription basis.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In April 2008, Nokia Productions, in collaboration with director Spike Lee, began making a film based on user-generated content, the first film to be shot on mobile phones.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The premiere took place in October 2008, six months after the start of the project.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2008, Nokia released the Nokia 5800 Xpress Music smartphone based on Symbian OS 9.4, s60 5th edition.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The smartphone was equipped with an ARM 11 Texas Instruments processor with a clock speed of 369 MHz, after updating the 434 MHz software, and the Nokia 5800 also had 128 MB of RAM and an 8 GB memory card included.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In the same year, the Nokia E71 smartphone was released, designed to compete with Research in Motion's BlackBerry phones, which have a full-fledged physical qwerty keyboard.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The device sold at a lower price than its competitors.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In August 2009, the company announced that it was mastering the release of a netbook with Windows operating system installed, the Nokia Booklet 3G.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On September 2, 2009, Nokia released two new phones designed for listening to music and using social media, the Nokia X6 and the Nokia X3.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The Nokia X6 stood out for its built-in memory with a capacity of 32 GB, a 3.2" touchscreen and a battery capable of playing music for 35 hours.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The Nokia X3, a music phone with stereo speakers, built-in FM radio and a 3.2-megapixel camera, was the first S40-based device to support the Ovi Store.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On September 10, 2009, Nokia introduced a new square-shaped phone with a retractable qwerty keyboard, the Nokia 7705 Twist.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The phone, exclusively distributed via Verizon Wireless, had a 3-megapixel camera, browser, voice commands and weighed only 98 grams.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On September 23, 2010, the company released the Nokia N8, the flagship smartphone of 2010 with the most advanced camera at that time (12 megapixels with a physical matrix size of 1/1.83″) on the market.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The smartphone has collected the largest number of pre-orders in the history of the company.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

At the end of 2011, Nokia released a line of budget Asha phones on the Series 40 platform, which favorably feature advanced multimedia features previously unavailable in this price category.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On October 22, 2013, Nokia unveiled its first tablet computer in Abu Dhabi, [12] [13].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On November 18, 2014, Nokia, for the first time since the sale of the mobile division, introduced the tablet Nokia N1.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2017, HMD Global introduced new smartphones Nokia 3, Nokia 5, Nokia 6 and Nokia 8 running Android, as well as an updated version of the Nokia 3310.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Purchases


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On September 22, 2003, the company acquired Sega.com, a division of Sega, which was used to create the Nokia N-Gage gaming phone and later the N-Gage platform.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On November 16, 2005, the acquisition of Intellisync, a data provider and developer of personal data synchronization software, began, and the transaction was finally completed 10 February 2006 of the year.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On August 8, 2006, Nokia announced the purchase of Loudeye Corporation, an online music distributor, for almost $60 million.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On August 29, 2007, Nokia launched the Nokia Music Store, a music service based on technologies from the acquired company.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In July 2007, Nokia acquired all assets of Twango, a company that provides turnkey solutions for organizing and sharing photos, videos, and other personal media.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In September 2007, Nokia announced its intention to buy Enpocket, a provider of mobile advertising technologies and services.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In October 2007, the company announced the purchase of Navteq ($78 per share).


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company specialized in the supply of digital topographic maps and related information for car navigation systems, mobile phones, special Internet services, government and private organizations.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On July 24, 2009, Nokia announced the acquisition of the German private company Cellity, which develops various mobile services.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The deal was finally completed on August 5, 2009.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On September 11, 2009, Nokia announced the acquisition of Plum Ventures, an American private company, with a dozen employees engaged in cloud communication solutions.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

With the help of Plum, Nokia expected to improve its geolocation services.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On March 28, 2010, Nokia acquired Novarra, which was developing its own mobile web browser and service platform.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On April 10, 2010, Nokia announced the acquisition of MetaCarta, a geolocation-based search service.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Nokia planned to use the company's developments in its geolocation services.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Mergers and acquisitions


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On June 19, 2006, Nokia and Siemens announced the merger of their mobile and fixed telephone network equipment business to create one of the world's largest creation of network equipment — Nokia Siemens Networks.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2008, Trolltech (developer of the Qt library) and Symbian Ltd were acquired.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

(later transformed into Symbian Foundation) [14].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On April 15, 2015, it was announced that an agreement of intent had been signed with the Anglo-French Alcatel-Lucent, according to which the Finnish company would acquire the company.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

It was planned that Nokia would acquire a full stake in Alcatel-Lucent.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Payment will be made in Nokia shares, for each Alcatel-Lucent security, investors will receive 0.55 Nokia securities.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The deal was valued at $15.6 billion and was scheduled to be completed in the first half of 2016 [15].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

After the transaction is completed, the company will be called Nokia, and its headquarters will continue to be located in Helsinki (Espoo), and Nokia's top management will remain the same [16] [17].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

After the completion of the deal, Nokia, according to preliminary estimates, will occupy the second place in the European telecommunications equipment market with a share of 35%, only slightly behind Ericsson (40%).


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

According to Nokia CEO Rajiv Suri, this acquisition will bring Nokia many advantages, while the positive effect of the deal will be felt in the near future, and, in to a greater extent, in five to seven years [18].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On July 24, 2015, the deal was approved by the European Commission.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

According to the European Commission, as a result of the deal, the competition situation will not deteriorate, since the parties are not close competitors [19].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On April 26, 2016, it was reported that Nokia was acquiring the French company Withings, a manufacturer of smartwatches and medical equipment, for 170 million euros [20] [21].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Relocation of production


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On May 5, 2000, the company opened its own telephone factory in Komarom, Hungary.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In March 2007, a memorandum was signed with the council of the Romanian county of Cluj to open a new factory in the commune of Jucu.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

This relocation of production from German Bochum to Romania caused unrest in Germany.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In February 2011, it moved its North American headquarters to Sunnyvale, California.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In autumn 2012, the plant in the Finnish city of Salo was completely closed.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Negotiations on staff reduction affected 780 employees of the enterprise.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The last mobile phone rolled off the production line in Salo on July 25 [22].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Thus, since 2012, all production facilities of the company's mobile sector have been concentrated only in Asian countries.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Transformation and sales of mobile business


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In April 2003, problems in the network equipment division led to the corporation resorting to organizational restructuring and even layoffs.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

This worsened the company's image in Finland and provoked a number of lawsuits.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In February 2006, Nokia and Sanyo announced a memorandum of understanding to create joint activities in the field of business phones in the CDMA standard.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

However, six months later, both companies abandoned the idea.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Nokia has also decided to stop CDMA research, while continuing to produce CDMA business phones for certain markets.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In June 2006, Jorma Ollila resigned as CEO of the corporation, stepping down as chairman of Royal Dutch Shell.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo took the vacant job.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In May 2008, at the annual meeting of shareholders, it was announced that it had decided to engage in Internet business in addition to its main activities.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Google, Apple, and Microsoft, in fact, were not direct competitors to Nokia's new image, but they were still considered the most important players to be reckoned with.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In November 2008, it was announced that the distribution of mobile phones in Japan would cease.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In December, shipments of Nokia E71 from NTT DoCoMo and SoftBank Mobile were canceled, but Nokia Japan retained all its global research and development projects.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In December 2012, the company's management decided to sell its headquarters to Exilion Capital for €170 million and lease it as part of a senior management policy to get rid of non-core assets [23].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In July 2015, Rajiv Suri, CEO of Nokia, announced that the company was going to release its own smartphones in 2016 [24].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On May 18, 2016, it was reported that Microsoft announced the sale of the division responsible for the production of mobile phones to the Chinese company FIH Mobile (a subsidiary of Foxconn) and the newly formed HMD Global for 350 million dollars.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

At the same time, Nokia's official website reported that Nokia Technologies announced the conclusion of a strategic partnership with these two companies for a period of 10 years licensing, development and promotion of mobile devices (including push-button phones, smartphones and tablets) under the Nokia brand [25] [26].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Microsoft mobile business sale


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On September 3, 2013, Microsoft announced the purchase of Nokia's mobile phone division and related patents [27].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The purchase price was described by reporters as “shockingly low” — Nokia's mobile device business was valued at $5 billion, another $2.18 billion, Microsoft was supposed to pay for patents owned by a Finnish company [28].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On November 19, at an emergency meeting of Nokia shareholders, a vote was held, where about 90% of investors approved the decision of the Board of Directors [29].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In this regard, a protest demonstration took place in China [30].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

It was planned that the sale of the mobile business would be closed in March 2014 [31], but this happened only on April 25 [32].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Microsoft has begun to gradually abandon the use of the Nokia brand for its smartphones and mobile phones produced by the mobile division purchased from the Finnish company.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The Nokia brand was officially replaced by Microsoft Lumia [33].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Mobile device software


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Operating systems


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Initially, the company's phones were equipped with Nokia OS, an operating system specially designed for Finnish mobile phones.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The first N-series smartphones (N70, N90) used the old version of the Symbian OS 8.1 mobile operating system.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Later, Nokia began to use Symbian OS 9 in all smartphones in the series, and Symbian OS 9 in the newest phones with Feature Pack improvements included.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2010, the Nokia N8 was released, the first smartphone in the line running on Symbian³.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In May 2011, Nokia announced that it would update Symbian³ smartphones to Symbian Anna, and later, in August 2011, to the Nokia Belle firmware version (originally Symbian Belle).


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

But not all N-series smartphones were on the Symbian operating system.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Nokia released Nokia N800, N810 and N900 smartphones with the Maemo operating system based on the Linux operating system.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Later, the company released the Nokia N9 smartphone, using the MeeGo operating system based on Linux, using the developments of Maemo (from Nokia) and Moblin (from Intel).


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Platform change


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On August 12, 2009, Nokia and Microsoft entered into a partnership agreement.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

As part of the agreement, Nokia and Microsoft developers have begun to create Microsoft Office Mobile and corporate communication tools for Nokia smartphones running the operating system Symbian.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

These solutions were aimed at a wide range of devices, starting with E-series business smartphones, and new joint products were planned in the future [34]


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On February 11, 2011, the company announced a full partnership with Microsoft, deciding to use the Windows Phone operating system for its mobile devices [35] [36].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

This platform was supposed to be the main component of Nokia's smartphone strategy.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

At the same time, according to unofficial data, Microsoft will pay Nokia about $1 billion for the transition to Windows Phone [37].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

It was also announced that Nokia was not going to completely abandon the already used Symbian and that this operating system would be used in some models of its smartphones.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The MeeGo operating system will also remain as an open platform and a product based on it is still planned to be released.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Bing will become the main search engine for Nokia gadgets and services.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The decision to switch to the Windows Phone operating system in their mobile devices caused mixed reactions from both the company's partners and employees of the Finnish telephone giant [38].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

After the announcement of the alliance, Nokia stock prices fell by 14%, which was the largest drop since July 2009 [39].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On May 16, 2011, the company announced on its blog that it intends to abandon the Ovi brand, which combines the music service, app store and many other services of the Finnish company, in favor of Nokia Services .


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

According to the company, after abandoning Ovi, Nokia expects to strengthen its own brand [40] [41].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On October 26, 2011, the first Nokia phones based on the Windows Phone 7 operating system, the Nokia Lumia 800 and 710 smartphones [42], were presented, and later, in early 2012, two more smartphones from of this series, Nokia Lumia 900 and 610 [43].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On September 5, 2012, at the presentation of Nokia World 2012, new devices based on Windows Phone 8, the Nokia Lumia 920 and 820 smartphones, were presented.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

At the Mobile World Congress in February 2013, two more models based on Windows Phone 8 were presented.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

These are Nokia Lumia 720 and Nokia Lumia 520 smartphones.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2013, Nokia began an experiment to change the Asha platform to Android with Windows Phone design and without Google services, in which it was supposed to release Nokia X, X+, XL instead of Asha in five colors : green, red, yellow, black, blue.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Since August 2014, Microsoft has begun rebranding Nokia devices and products used on Windows Phone.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Thus, most of Nokia's unique Nokia Lumia apps have been renamed Lumia.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In July 2016, it was reported that Nokia was preparing smartphones based on the Android 7.0 Nougat platform with the Snapdragon 820 chipset [44].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2017, Nokia released a number of smartphones based on Android 7.0 Nougat and on the S40 platform.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Owners and management


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Nokia (FWB:,, NYSE:) is the largest Finnish company by market capitalization.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Its capitalization ($19.02 billion as of January 2012 [45]) accounted for a significant share (up to a third in 2007) of the total market capitalization of all Finnish companies listed on the Stock Exchange Helsinki is a unique situation for a developed industrial country [46].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Until recently, Stephen Elop was the president of the corporation, who moved from Microsoft and replaced Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo on September 21, 2010 [7].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

After the announcement of the sale of Nokia's mobile division, Risto Siilasmaa, who previously held the post of chairman of the board of directors, was appointed interim head.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On April 29, 2014, changes in the company's management were announced from May 1: CEO was appointed CEO, who had headed Nokia Solutions and Networks (NSN) since 2009; Risto Siilasmaa again assumes the post of Chairman of the Board of Directors [47]


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Corporation structure


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Nokia is a public company listed on the Frankfurt and New York Stock Exchanges, as well as on the Helsinki Stock Exchange.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The management of the company is divided between shareholders at the general meeting and the management of the company (Nokia Leadership Team) [48].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

This process takes place under the guidance of the board of directors [49].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The chairman and other members of the company's management are appointed by the board of directors


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

From the management of the company, only the chairman can also belong to the board of directors.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The Board of Directors includes an audit committee, a personnel committee and a corporate governance and nominating committee [50].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company's activities are regulated by a system based on the Finnish “Companies Act” [51], the company's charter [52], corporate governance principles and acts adopted by the board of directors.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Departments


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

As of 2016, the company has two key divisions:


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Nokia Networks (until August 2013 was called Nokia Siemens Networks).


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

This division is Europe's largest developer, manufacturer and supplier of telecommunications equipment for fixed and mobile operators around the world.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In May 2016, after the completion of the deal with Alcatel-Lucent, it expanded its market presence and became the second supplier of telecommunications equipment in Europe (after Swedish Ericsson).


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Nokia Technologies


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

This division was founded in 2014 shortly after the sale of the mobile division to Microsoft.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

He is engaged in the development of advanced technologies and licensing the Nokia brand to third parties.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company came to this development strategy due to the lack of its own plants for the production of mobile devices (under the terms of the contract, the production and assembly plants became the property the newly formed mobile division of Microsoft Mobile).


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company's key products today (2016) are the Nokia N1 tablet (developed jointly with Foxconn) and a virtual reality camera.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Also, after the completion of the deal with the French company Withings, the latter becomes a division for the development and promotion of digital health technologies.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The division also oversees the activities of the newly formed Finnish company HMD Global, which, as part of a ten-year (under the terms of the transaction) strategic partnership, will develop design, software, promotion and production of new mobile devices (entry-level phones, smartphones and tablets) under the Nokia brand.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Activities


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company produces mobile devices for all major mobile communication standards, including GSM, CDMA and UMTS.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company has several factories located in the Asian region.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2012, in order to save money, production at factories in Finland, Hungary, Romania, and Mexico was closed.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2009, she introduced a netbook — Booklet 3G [53].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Nokia Siemens Networks, a joint venture between Nokia and Siemens, produces equipment, services and other solutions for building telecommunications systems.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company is engaged in serious research work: as of December 2009, Nokia research centers located in 16 countries employed 37,000 people [11].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The total number of Nokia employees is 113.5 thousand people (2012) [54].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The Nokia Research Center, founded in 1986, employs about 500 researchers, engineers and scientists.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Nokia Research Center is represented in seven countries around the world: Finland, China, India, Kenya, Germany, Switzerland, Great Britain and the United States.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In addition, in 2001, Nokia founded the Instituto Nokia de Tecnologia technology research institute in Brazil.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company owns nine production plants in Finland, Brazil, Romania, China, Hungary, India, Mexico and South Korea.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company is engaged in research and production in several countries; in December 2010, Nokia's R&D centers were located in 16 countries and had 36,000 employees, or 27 % of the company's total number of employees.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In January 2018, Rajiv Suri, CEO of the company, spoke about a new project — a bracelet that will be able to predict cancer a few months before its appearance [55].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Performance indicators


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2007, the company ranked first in the world in the supply of mobile phones.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company's revenue in 2009 under IFRS amounted to 41.0 billion euros (in 2008 it was 50.7 billion euros), operating profit was 1.2 billion euros (5.0 billion euros), net profit was 891 million euros (4.0 billion euros) [11].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2010, it occupied 32% (in real terms) of the global mobile device market, a year earlier — 34% [7] (according to its own data, according to Gartner estimates, Nokia's share is already smaller — 28.9% in 2010 and 36.4% a year earlier [56]).


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2011, the share in global production fell to 31%.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The company lost 1.07 billion euros in the fourth quarter of 2011.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Of these, 1 billion are funds written off for the purchase of Navteq [57].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2011, Nokia sales fell.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

For example, 77.3 million smartphones were sold (100.3 million in 2010).


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The fall occurred against the background of the growth of the smartphone market by 60%.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

As a result, Nokia's share in this segment fell from 29% to 12%.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

A drop in sales was also recorded in the phone market: 417 million phones were sold in 2011, compared to 452 million in 2010 [57].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Nokia's sales in the last quarter of 2012 amounted to 8 billion euros against 10 billion euros in 2011.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

At the same time, the company's activities in the fourth quarter of 2012 became profitable again after a year and a half of losses [58].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In January 2013, Nokia Vice President Timo Ihamuotila admitted that the company had not been able to meet the demand for the latest smartphone models in 2012 and that the company achieved only 10% in some markets share of their smartphones based on the Windows operating system [59].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Also in January 2013, it was announced that for the first time in more than 20 years, the company refused to pay dividends [58].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Nokia in Russia


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

On June 1, 1989, a joint venture with MGTS was established AMT, which was engaged in mobile communications in Moscow according to the MPT 1327 standard, paging and maintenance of DX-200 PBX equipment.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Subsequently, Nokia's share was sold to MGTS.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Representative office in Russia — since 2000, since January 1, 2008, CEO of Nokia Eurasia — Viktor Saeijs (Dutch: Victor Saeijs), CEO of Nokia Russia (subordinate to Nokia CEO Eurasia) is Gabriel Speratti (from July 1, 2010 to April 2012) [60].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Nokia's revenue in Russia in 2010 amounted to 1.74 billion euros (an increase of 14.1% compared to 2009) [56].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2010, Russia became the fourth largest market in the world in terms of revenue for a Finnish company [7].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

At the end of 2017, Nokia sold 57,000 devices, occupied almost 2.6% of the market and rose to 8th place in smartphone sales in the Russian market.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

attainments


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2006, Nokia was ranked 20th on Fortune magazine's list of the most outstanding companies in the world.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

This was the best result among telecommunications companies and the fourth result among companies located outside the United States.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The value of the Nokia brand in 2011 amounted to more than $25 billion, ranking 14th in the ranking of the most expensive brands in 2011 according to the consulting group Interbrand and the media group BusinessWeek.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Nokia ranked 8th in the Network and Other Communications Equipment category of Fortune Magazine's 2011 list of the Most Respected Companies in the World [62].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Lawsuits


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

In 2009, Nokia accused Apple of violating 10 patents that affect voice encoding, secure data transmission protocols, and a number of other inventions used in the iPhone since the first version of the device appeared [63].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

As a result, Apple was found guilty of violating these patents after receiving an order to pay compensation to Nokia, as well as pay royalties in the future [64].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Details of the agreement are not disclosed in detail [65].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

ringtones


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The Nokia tune ringtone is based on the melody of the guitar work Gran Vals, written in 1902 by Spanish musician Francisco Tarrega.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

The ringtone first appeared in 1994 in the Nokia 2110 phone series and was originally called a piece of music, but was named Nokia tune in 1998, when it became firmly associated with Nokia phones [66].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

American indie rock band Plain Jane Automobile placed their songs “The Village” (in 2006), “Stones” and “Close My Eyes” (in 2008) on more than a million Nokia phones as standard ringtone.


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Thanks to this, the songs became popular [67].


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

See also


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Vertu


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Base Band 5


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Notes


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

References


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Category:Cell phone manufacturers


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Category:Companies in Finland


Question: When was Nokia Corporation founded?

Nokia

Category:Nokia


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell (English: Bertrand Arthur William Russell, May 18, 1872 — February 2, 1970) was a British and public figure.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

He is known for his work in defense of pacifism, atheism, as well as liberalism and left-wing political movements [1] [2] [3], and made an invaluable contribution to mathematical logic, the history of philosophy and the theory of knowledge.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

His works on aesthetics, pedagogy and sociology are less well known.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell is considered one of the founders of English neo-realism, as well as neopositivism.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1950 he won the Nobel Prize in Literature.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The Executive Secretary of the Swedish Academy described Russell as “one of the most brilliant representatives of rationalism and humanism, a fearless fighter for freedom of speech and freedom of thought in the West”.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The American philosopher highly appreciated Russell's works, even compared him to Voltaire, emphasizing that he, “like his famous compatriots, philosophers of the old time, is a master of English prose.”


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell is considered one of the most influential logicians of the 20th century [4].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Editorial notes to the memorial collection Bertrand Russell, the Philosopher of the Century (1967) noted that Russell's contribution to mathematical logic is the most significant and fundamental since Aristotle.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Biography


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

He belonged to an ancient aristocratic family [5] of politicians, scientists and intellectuals, which was famous for its activities in the political life of the country since the 16th century; the most famous a member of the family after Bertrand Russell himself was his grandfather, Lord John Russell, who twice headed the government of Queen Victoria in the 1840s and 1860s [6].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Russell was born to John Russell, Viscount Amberley, and Catherine (Stanley) Russell.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

By his fourth birthday, he had become a complete orphan.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

After the death of his parents, he and his older brother Frank and sister Rachel were taken care of by their Puritan grandmother, Countess Russell.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

From an early age, Bertrand showed interest in a wide variety of fields of natural science, and liked to spend his free time reading books from the extensive library collected by his grandfather at Pembroke Lodge.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Youth and gaining fame.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Socialism


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Russell attended Trinity College Cambridge in December 1889.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In the second year, at the suggestion of A. Whitehead Russell was elected to the Apostles Discussion Society.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

This society included both students and teachers, including J.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Moore, J.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

McTaggart, with whom Russell will be fruitful in the future.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell, the son of a lord of one of the most influential families, was appointed British diplomatic representative first in Paris and then in Berlin.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In Germany, Russell studied almost the entire range of German philosophy, including Marx's economic works.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

There, having an excellent command of German, he communicated with famous socialists of that time: Wilhelm Liebknecht, August Bebel and others.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell was imbued with the ideas of left-wing reformism, that is, the gradual reconstruction of the whole world on the principles of democratic socialism.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1896, Russell published his first significant work, German Social Democracy, where he considered surprisingly deeply for a relatively young philosopher the problems and ways of developing leftist ideas.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

This and several other works made Russell a famous scientist.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Upon his arrival in 1896, he received an invitation to lecture at the London School of Economics, which he did with constant success.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell has also lectured at universities in the United States.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1900, he participated in the World Congress of Philosophy in Paris and met a number of famous scientists.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

His co-authored book Principia Mathematica (1910-13) with Whitehead earned him international recognition.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1908, the philosopher became a Fellow of the Royal Society.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In the same year, he became a member of the Fabian society.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The Fabians considered socialism an inevitable result of economic development, but recognized only the evolutionary path and opposed the revolution.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell, however, does not fully share the views of the Fabians [7] [8], as he was an opponent of state control of social production [9] [10].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

At the same time, he proclaimed that the existence of a capitalist system is doomed, believed that industries should be managed by working people, and not by entrepreneurs and the state, tries prove the autonomy and independence of political institutions from the economic basis of society [11].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

He sympathized with anarchism, and considered the strength of the state to be the main cause of misfortune in the modern world.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The First World War.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Pacifism


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

During the First World War, Bertrand Russell was involved in a range of complex socio-political problems of war and peace, the structure of the state and its administration.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

While England was preparing for war, Russell was imbued with ideas of pacifism, based on Russell's socialist beliefs [12].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell became a member of the organization “Countering Conscription”, which was a very bold act at a time when England was talking about “defending the fatherland.”


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell is deprived of his place at Trinity College for opposing the authorities [13], but Russell is most upset because of quarrels with many friends for whom in the face of a military threat to the UK pacifism was unacceptable.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1916, Russell anonymously published a leaflet, “Two Years of Hard Work for Those Who Refuse to Obey Conscience,” in which he defended human rights to renounce military service political or religious grounds.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

After several people were convicted of distributing it, Russell, not afraid of losing his credibility, revealed authorship through the Times and suggested that political freedom in England is becoming a farce.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

For this, the authorities are bringing him to justice.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell said that not only he was in the dock, but also all traditional British freedom.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

As a result of the trials, Russell was fined £100, the library was confiscated and prevented from traveling to the United States to give lectures.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In Political Ideals (1917), Russell argues that the only worthy political goal is to ensure the fullest development of the natural creative capabilities of everyone in society, which ultimately comes down to radical liberal reforms and the destruction of a system that divides people into classes and other conservative groups (including religious ones).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

This makes it possible to classify him as a Social Democrat.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

True democracy, according to Russell, should strive for socialism.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Attempts to curb a convinced pacifist fail, and in the article “German Peace Proposal” (January 3, 1918), Russell strongly speaks out against the wave spread by the “patriotic press” reservations and falsifications of the policies of the Bolsheviks and Lenin, as well as the reluctance of the Entente to join Russia's peace proposals.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell also condemns the entry of the United States into the war, stressing that American soldiers who arrive in England can be hired as strikebreakers.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1918, Russell was imprisoned in Brixton Prison for six months.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

There, prisoner No. 2917 read a lot (from Voltaire to Chekhov [14]) and even wrote Introduction to the Philosophy of Mathematics (1919).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

At the same time, Maxim Litvinov, a well-known Russian Bolshevik, was in the same prison.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

R. P. Dutt, a member of the English and international labor movement, then a member of the Independent Workers' Party, who met Russell at a meeting convened by the Organization of Socialist Students in Oxford wrote in the fall of 1919 that the speech of the famous scientist for mass opposition to the war “put him in the ranks of the Socialists in those days” [15].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Long before the actual start, and until the very end of hostilities, Russell was categorically against war [16] [17].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

A trip to Soviet Russia.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

“Practice and Theory of Bolshevism”


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

After the proclamation of Soviet power in Russia in 1918, Russell wrote that this event gave hope for future prosperity around the world, and even admitted that the Bolsheviks admired him [18].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

On May 19, 1920, Russell went to the Soviet Republic as part of the Labor delegation and stayed there until June 17, 1920.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell visits the Kremlin, where he meets V. AND. Lenin and talks to him for more than an hour.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

During this trip, he also met with Trotsky, Gorky and Blok, and gave a lecture at the Petrograd Mathematical Society.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell was able to meet with representatives of the opposition, as well as ordinary people [19].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell recognized the Soviet model of development as inconsistent with truly communist ideas [20] [21] and was largely disillusioned with the Bolsheviks.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In his memoirs of this trip, Practice and Theory of Bolshevism (1920), Russell wrote:


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

If Bolshevism turns out to be the only strong and effective competitor to capitalism, then I am convinced that no socialism will be created, and only chaos and destruction will reign


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Anyone who, like me, considers free intelligence to be the main engine of human progress cannot but resist Bolshevism as fundamentally as he does the Roman Catholic Church.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Bolshevism is not just a political doctrine, it is also a religion with its dogmas and scriptures.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

When Lenin wants to prove a position, he quotes Marx and Engels as much as possible


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Despite criticism of Bolshevism, Russell was not disappointed in the ideas of the left, and continued to call himself a socialist [22] and even a communist [19].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In the same book, Russell wrote:


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

I believe that the world needs communism.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

I came to Russia as a communist, but communication with those who have no doubts increased my own doubts a thousand times over — not about communism itself, but about the reasonableness of such a reckless commitment to the creed , that for his sake people are ready to multiply adversity, suffering and poverty endlessly.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Even under the current conditions, Russia still feels the influence of the life-giving spirit of communism, the spirit of creative hope, the search for means to destroy injustice, tyranny, greed — everything that hinders the growth of the human spirit, the desire to replace personal competition with joint actions, the relationship between master and slave with free cooperation.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

This hope helps the best part of the Communists withstand the trials of the harsh years that Russia is going through, and the same hope inspires the whole world.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

This hope is not a chimera, not a fantasy, but it can only come true through hard work, a more objective study of the facts and, moreover, persistent propaganda that should make it necessary of the transition to communism is obvious to the vast majority of workers.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

It is possible that Russian communism will fail and die, but communism as such will not die.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The existing capitalist system is doomed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Its injustice is so striking that it is only ignorance and tradition that makes employees tolerate it.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

When ignorance recedes, tradition weakens; war has destroyed the power of tradition over the human mind.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Perhaps, under the influence of America, the capitalist system will last fifty years, but it will gradually weaken and will never regain the positions held in the 19th century. Trying to support it is useless to waste energy that can be used to build something new.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Another book based on the impressions of the trip was Bolshevism and the West (1924).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

One of those who questioned the veracity of Russell's words was Aaron Steinberg.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Steinberg admits that Russell did not deny his own claim that the Soviet regime was hostile to freedom of thought, but notes in his memoirs that “Bertrand Russell was propaganda among us for the government of Lenin and Trotsky.”


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

According to Steinberg, what Russell said at the secret meeting was very different from what Russell said later, so Steinberg concluded: “... Russell's books are very necessary to read, but his assessment political events, because it is based on his personal judgments about people, is very doubtful.”


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

A trip to China


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

At the invitation of the Society for New Teachings, organized by the leader of the reform movement Liang Qichao, Russell traveled to China on October 12, 1920, where he stayed until June 10, 1921.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In China, as a professor at Peking University, Russell taught special courses in mathematics, logic, morality, religion, theory of knowledge, and discussed the ways of developing socialism in this country [23] [24].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In his lectures, the thinker advocated communism, but opposed the dictatorship of the proletariat, arguing that only “education will help raise the consciousness of the wealthy classes, avoid wars and revolutions” [25].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell's lectures, which reflected his ideas of freethinking and criticism of religion, gave impetus to a new direction in the atheistic movement in China.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

They were published by Shaonyan Zhongguo Publishing House in a special collection “Problems of Religion” (1921).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The most noticeable impact on the Chinese intelligentsia was exerted by Russell's thoughts about the democratic version of socialism [26].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Both before and after his arrival in China, quite a few works by the English thinker on mathematics, logic, socio-political development of society are translated, which are becoming very popular among Chinese reformers and progressive figures engaged in the search for the future state structure of the country.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

As Wang Singong noted, the philosophy of the English thinker “does not aim to achieve any wealth or happiness, it is designed to help people understand this simple and at the same time complex the world around us” [27].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1920, Peking University created the Bertrand Russell Society and published Russell's Monthly (January 1921).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Losa's philosophy, as Russell was called in China, had a strong impact on advanced youth during the anti-imperialist May 4 Movement.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Bacon Hill School.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Pedagogics


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1921, Russell married for the second time to Dora Winifred Black, who was his secretary during a trip to Russia.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

It was she who wrote the chapter “Art and Education” for his book “Practice and Theory of Bolshevism”.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell has two children (the first marriage to Alice (sometimes Alice) Whitall Pearsall Smith was childless).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell begins to study pedagogy intensively, including innovative methods of education.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

His views on education form a single whole with his socio-political liberal views.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell seeks to protect the free mind from outdated conservative views (which Russell includes any religion).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Children, Russell believes, should be brought up in kindness, in an understanding of the usefulness of moral norms of society, without coercion.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell considers it a terrible act to separate children according to their economic background, gender, race and nationality.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The purpose of education for Russell is to protect a person's creative abilities from the influence of chauvinism, bureaucracy, and class stereotypes.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell sharply criticizes the system of English upbringing and education, proposes its democratization.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The most important result of his work in this area was the books “On Education” (1926), “Marriage and Morality” (1929), “Education and Social System” (1932).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Together with his wife, Russell opens Bacon Hill School, which was aimed mainly for problem young children.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The school existed until the outbreak of the war.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

A kind of refrain of his ideas in pedagogy was the thesis that if love, supported by knowledge, became the real basis of education, the world would be transformed [28].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell repeated this idea in later works.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

His ideas on pedagogy, according to experts, were not as progressive as the views of outstanding English teachers of that time G. Lane and A. S. Neil or Americans G. Browdy and J.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Dewey, but this school allowed and encouraged greater freedom of expression for students.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell wrote that “children should be citizens of the universe”, brought up without coercion, who do not know the feeling of fear.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

His pedagogical views were largely reminiscent of the ideas of socialist utopists Owen and Fourier, who opposed religious education.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Although many researchers often neglect Russell's contribution to pedagogy, in more than twenty years Russell will be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his book Marriage and Morality (1929).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

1920s — 1930s


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In the brochure “Daedalus”, English biologist John Haldane, using the image of a mythological hero, argued that development can only be for the benefit of mankind.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1924, Russell published the Icarus brochure, in which, resorting to a different image of the same myth, Icarus, on the contrary, warned of the dangers inherent in the unbridled growth of knowledge and the development of technology, which can cause great human misfortune if the fruits of scientific activity are in the limited use of individual structures and are also used with malicious intent.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In more than 30 years, it will be clear that Russell's worst fears have become a reality about the invention and use of nuclear weapons against humans.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Summing up his life in his autobiography, Russell writes that he devoted his whole life to reconciling people with each other, Russell has always sought to unite and harmonize the desires of human beings as much as possible, save humanity from extinction and its imminent death.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

During this period, he wrote the following books: “Prospects for Industrial Civilization” (1923), “Education and Welfare” (1926), “Winning Happiness” (1930).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

During the development of totalitarian regimes in the 1930s, Russell struggled to prevent an impending military catastrophe.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Among the numerous books written during this period were Freedom and Organization, 1814—1914 (1934), The Origin of Fascism (1935), What Path Leads to Peace? (1936), “Power: A New Social Analysis” (1938).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell actively fought against fascism and Bolshevism (“The Origin of Fascism” (1935), “Scylla and Charybdis, or Communism and Fascism” (1939)).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In the late 1930s, Russell traveled to the United States and taught at the Universities of Chicago and California.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1931, after the death of his older brother, he inherited the title of peer and became the third Earl of Russell.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1935, Russell divorced a second time and married his secretary Patricia Helen Spence.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

From this marriage, he has a second son.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Based on his pacifist beliefs, Russell welcomed the Munich Agreement of 1938.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

World War II.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Rejection of pacifism


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The approach of World War II gives Russell strong doubts about the appropriateness of pacifism.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

After Hitler's capture of Poland, Russell refuses pacifism.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Now Russell advocates joint military efforts between England and the United States, which causes disapproval of American isolationists, who hoped to keep the country from entering a military conflict.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In his autobiography, recalling this time, Russell writes:


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Although reluctantly, I admitted the possibility of Kaiser Germany's rule; I thought it was evil, of course, but still less than the world war and its consequences, while Hitler's Germany it's quite another matter.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The Nazis were disgusting to me both morally and rationally — cruel, fanatical and stupid.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Although I held pacifist beliefs, it was increasingly difficult for me to do so.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

When England was in danger of occupation in 1940, I realized that throughout World War I I had never seriously thought of defeat.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The idea of him was unbearable, and after serious thought, I decided that I should support everything that is done to win, no matter how difficult this victory is and what its consequences may be.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

This was the last stage in the long process of abandoning the beliefs that matured in 1901


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

From 1938 to 1944, Russell lectured at the Universities of Chicago, California, Harvard in the United States, the Barnes Foundation, published two fundamental works: The Study of Meaning and Truth (1940) and History Western Philosophy” (1945), the latter of which was included in the bestseller lists several times in the United States and still enjoys the attention of both experts and ordinary readers.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1940, Russell became a professor of philosophy at City College, which caused strong attacks from the clergy, against whom Russell actively fought, spreading seclericalism and atheism.