Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the training course, Bunin was the hardest at mathematics — in one of his letters to his older brother, he mentioned that the exam in this subject was “the worst” for him [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Ivan Alekseevich completed his studies at the gymnasium in the winter of 1886.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

After going on vacation to his parents who had moved to his Ozyorki estate, he decided not to return to Yelets.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In early spring, the pedagogical council expelled Bunin from the gymnasium for failing to appear “from Christmas vacation” [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Since that time, his home teacher has become Julius, who was exiled to Ozyorki under police supervision.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The older brother, realizing that mathematics causes rejection in the younger brother, focused his main teaching efforts on the humanities [1] [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin's first literary experiments also belong to this period — he wrote poetry from his gymnasium years, and at the age of fifteen he composed the novel “Hobby”, which was not accepted by any edition [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the winter of 1887, having learned that one of his literary idols, the poet Semyon Nadson, died, Ivan Alekseevich sent several poems to the Rodina magazine.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

One of them, entitled “Over the grave of S. ME. Nadson”, was published in the February issue [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The other, Village Beggar, appeared in the May issue.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Later, the writer recalled: “In the morning, when I was walking with this number from the post office to Ozyorki, tore dewy lilies of the valley through the forests and re-read my work every minute, I will never forget” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Orlovsky Vestnik.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Wanderings


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In January 1889, Nadezhda Semenova, the publisher of the Orlovsky Vestnik, offered Bunin to take the position of assistant editor in her newspaper.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Before agreeing or refusing, Ivan Alekseevich decided to consult with Yulia, who, after leaving Ozyorki, moved to Kharkov.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Thus, a period of wandering began in the writer's life [4].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In Kharkov, Bunin settled with his brother, who helped him find a simple job in the Zemstvo government.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

After receiving his salary, Ivan Alekseevich went to Crimea, visited Yalta and Sevastopol [1] [4].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

He returned to the editorial office of the Oryol newspaper only in the fall [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

At that time, Varvara Pashchenko (1870-1918) worked as a proofreader in the Oryol Vestnik, whom researchers call the writer's first — “unmarried” wife.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

She graduated from seven grades of the Yelets Women's Gymnasium, then entered an additional course “for special study of the Russian language” [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In a letter to his brother, Ivan Alekseevich said that when he first met Varvara — “tall, with very beautiful features, in a pince-nez” — seemed to him a very arrogant and emancipated girl; later he characterized her as an intelligent, interesting interlocutor [4].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Relations between lovers were difficult: Varvara's father refused to see Bunin as his future son-in-law, and he, in turn, was burdened by everyday disorder.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The financial situation of his family at that time was precarious, Ivan Alekseevich's parents, who sold Butyrki and handed over Ozyorki to their son Yevgeny, actually left; according to Bunin's younger sister Maria, they sometimes “sat completely without bread” [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Ivan Alekseevich wrote to Yulia that he was constantly thinking about money: “I do not have a penny, I can't earn money, write something — I don't want to” [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1892, Ivan Alekseevich moved to Poltava, where, with the assistance of Yulia, he got a job in the statistical department of the provincial government.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Varvara soon arrived there [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The attempt to start a family in a new place failed: Bunin devoted a lot of time to meetings with representatives of populist circles, communicated with Tolstoy, and traveled [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In November 1894, Pashchenko left Poltava, leaving a note: “I'm leaving, Vanya, do not remember me dashing” [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Ivan Alekseevich endured parting with his beloved so hard that his older brothers seriously feared for his life.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Returning with them to Yelets, Bunin came to Varvara's house, but a relative of the girl who went out on the porch said that no one knew her address [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Pashchenko, who became the wife of writer and actor Arseny Bibikov, died in 1918 of tuberculosis [5].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to researchers, relations with her are captured in Bunin's artistic autobiographies, in particular, in the novel “The Life of Arsenyev” [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Entering the literary environment.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

First marriage


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

People who knew young Bunin described him as a person who had a lot of “the strength of life, thirst for life” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Perhaps it was these qualities that helped the aspiring poet, the author of the only collection of poems at that time (published in Orel in 1891 with a circulation of 1250 copies and sent free of charge subscribers of the Orlovsky Vestnik [1]) quickly enter the literary circles of Russia at the end of the 19th century.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In January 1895, Ivan Alekseevich, leaving his service in Poltava, came to St. Petersburg for the first time.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In less than two weeks spent in the capital, he met critic Nikolai Mikhailovsky, publicist Sergei Krivenko, poet Konstantin Balmont, visited the editorial office of the magazine Novoe Slovo, met writer Dmitry Grigorovich in a bookstore (the seventy-two-year-old author of Antona-Goremyki struck him with a liveliness of his gaze and a raccoon fur coat to the toe), visited Alexey Zhemchuzhnikov's house and received from him an invitation to lunch [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The series of meetings continued in Moscow and other cities.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

When he came to Tolstoy at his house in Khamovniki, the young writer spoke with the writer about Lev Nikolaevich's newly published story “The Master and the Worker” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Later, he met Chekhov, who surprised Bunin with his friendliness and simplicity: “I, then a young man who was not used to this tone at the first meetings, took this simplicity for coldness” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The first conversation with Valery Bryusov was remembered for the revolutionary maxims about art, loudly proclaimed by the symbolist poet: “Long live only the new and down with all the old!” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Quite quickly Bunin became close to Alexander Kuprin — they were the same age, together began to enter the literary community and, according to Ivan Alekseevich, “wandered endlessly and sat on the cliffs over the pale lethargy” [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In those years, Bunin became a member of the literary circle “Sreda”, whose members, gathering in Nikolai Teleshov's house, read and discussed each other's works [7].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The atmosphere at their meetings was informal, and each of the members of the circle had nicknames associated with the names of Moscow streets — for example, Maxim Gorky, who loved to talk about the life of tramps, was named Khitrovka; Leonid Andreev was called Vagankov for his commitment to the topic of death; Bunin “got” Zhivodyorka for his thinness and irony [7].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Writer Boris Zaitsev, recalling Bunin's performances in the circle, wrote about the charm of Ivan Alekseevich and the ease with which he moved around the world [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Nikolai Teleshov called Bunin a fidget — he did not know how to stay in one place for a long time, and letters from Ivan Alekseevich came from Orel, then from Odessa, then from Yalta [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin knew that he had a reputation as a sociable person, greedily drawn to new impressions, organically fitting into his bohemian artistic time.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

He himself believed that behind his desire to be constantly among people was inner loneliness:


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

This beginning of my new life was the darkest mental time, inwardly the deadliest time of my entire youth, although outwardly I lived then very diverse, sociable, in public, so as not to stay alone with yourself [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1898, Bunin met with the editor of the publication “Yuzhnoye Obozrenie”, a resident of Odessa Nikolai Tsakni.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

His daughter, nineteen-year-old Anna, became the first official wife of Ivan Alekseevich.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In a letter to Yulia, talking about his upcoming marriage, Bunin said that his chosen one was “beautiful, but the girl is amazingly clean and simple” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In September of the same year, a wedding took place, after which the newlyweds went on a voyage by steamer [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Despite joining the family of wealthy Greeks, the writer's financial situation remained difficult - for example, in the summer of 1899, he appealed to his elder brother with a request to send “immediately at least ten rubles ”, noting at the same time: “I will not ask Tsakni, at least I will die” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

After two years of marriage, the couple separated; their only son Nikolai died of scarlet fever in 1905 [7].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Subsequently, already living in France, Ivan Alekseevich admitted that he did not have “special love” for Anna Nikolaevna, although she was a very pleasant lady: “But this pleasantness consisted of this Langeron, the big waves on the shore and the fact that every day there was excellent trout with white wine for lunch, after which we often went to the opera with it” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

First recognition.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Pushkin Prize (1903)


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin did not hide his annoyance at the weak attention of critics to his early works; many of his letters contained the phrase “Praise, please praise!” [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Without literary agents able to organize reviews in the press, he sent his books to friends and acquaintances, accompanied by requests for reviews [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin's debut collection of poems, published in Orel, almost did not arouse interest in the literary environment - the reason was indicated by one of the authors of the magazine “Observer” (1892, No. 3), who noted that “the verse of G. Bunin is smooth and correct, but who writes with non-smooth poems today?” [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1897, the writer's second book, “To the End of the World and Other Stories”, was published in St. Petersburg.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

At least twenty reviewers have already responded to it, but the general intonation was “complacent and condescending” [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In addition, two dozen reviews looked, according to Korney Chukovsky, “microscopically small number” against the background of the resonance that caused the release of any of the works of Maxim Gorky, Leonid Andreev and other “public favorites” of the turn of the century [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

A certain recognition came to Bunin after the publication of the poetry collection “Listopad”, published by the symbolist publishing house Scorpion in 1901 and, according to Vladislav Khodasevich, became “the first a book to which he owes the beginning of his fame” [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Earlier, in 1896, Henry Longfellow's Bunin translation of The Song of Hiawatha appeared [1], which was very approvingly received by the literary community [1] [1] [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the spring of 1901, Ivan Alekseevich asked Chekhov to present “Leaf Fall” and “Song of Hiawatha” for the Pushkin Prize.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Chekhov complied with this request, after consulting with lawyer Anatoly Koni: “Please teach me how to do this, to which address to send. I myself once won an award, but I did not send my own books” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In February 1903, it became known that the award commission appointed Count Arseny Golenishchev-Kutuzov as a reviewer of Bunin's works.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Almost immediately after this news, writer Platon Krasnov published “Literary Characteristics of Yves. Bunin” (“Literary Evenings of the “New World”, 1903, No. 2), in which he noted that the poems of the candidate for the award are “extreme monotony”, and his poem “Leaf Fall” is “only a number of paintings of the forest in autumn.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Comparing the poems of Ivan Alekseevich with the works of Tyutchev and Fet, Krasnov stated that, unlike them, the young poet does not know how to “captivate the reader with such a topic as descriptions of nature” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Golenishchev-Kutuzov gave a different assessment of Bunin's work — in a review sent to the commission, he pointed out that Ivan Alekseevich has “a beautiful, figurative, unborrowed language” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

On October 18, 1903, the commission for awarding the Pushkin Prize voted (the chairman was literary historian Alexander Veselovsky).


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin received eight votes and three non-selective votes.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

As a result, he was awarded a half prize (500 rubles), the second part went to translator Pyotr Weinberg [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The Pushkin Prize strengthened Bunin's reputation as a writer, but did little to contribute to the commercial success of his works.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Korney Chukovsky, in the Moscow Metropol Hotel, where the Scorpion publishing house was located, there were unopened packs of the Listopad collection for several years: “There are no buyers for it it was found. Every time I came to the publishing house, I saw these dusty packs serving as furniture for visitors.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

As a result, Scorpion announced a price reduction: “Ivan Bunin. “Leaf fall” instead of the ruble 60 kopecks” [8] [9].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Second marriage


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In October 1906, Bunin, who lived very chaotically that fall, “migrated from guests to restaurants”, once again arrived in Moscow and stayed in Gunst's furnished rooms.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Among the events with his participation, a literary evening was planned in the apartment of writer Boris Zaitsev.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The evening, held on November 4, was attended by twenty-five-year-old Vera Muromtseva, who was friends with the hostess of the house.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

After reading the poems, Ivan Alekseevich met his future wife [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Vera Muromtseva (1881—1961) was the daughter of Nikolai Muromtsev, a member of the Moscow City Council, and the niece of Sergei Muromtsev, Chairman of the First State Duma [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Her father was very calm, while her mother, according to Boris Zaitsev, resembled Dostoevsky's heroine — “something like General Epanchina” [10].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Vera Nikolaevna, a graduate of the Higher Women's Courses, was engaged in chemistry, knew several European languages and at the time of meeting Bunin was far from the literary and bohemian environment [2] [10].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Contemporaries described her as “a very beautiful girl with huge, light transparent, as if crystal eyes” [10].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Since Anna Tsakni did not divorce Bunin, the writer could not officially formalize his relationship with Muromtseva (they got married after leaving Russia, in 1922; the best man was Alexander Kuprin) [2] [6] .


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The beginning of their life together was a trip abroad: in April-May 1907, Bunin and Vera Nikolaevna traveled to the countries of the East.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Nikolai Dmitrievich Teleshov gave them money for the voyage [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

On those blessed days when the sun of my life was at noon, when, in the color of strength and hope, hand in hand with someone God judged to be my companion to the grave, I was making my first long journey, a marriage journey, which at the same time was a pilgrimage to the holy land [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Pushkin Prize (1909)


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

An unsuccessful experience of cooperation with Scorpio forced Bunin to abandon further work with the symbolist publishing house; as Ivan Alekseevich himself wrote, at some point he lost the desire to play with “new partners to the Argonauts, demons, magicians” [11].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1902, he got another publisher, the St. Petersburg partnership Znanie.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

For eight years, it was engaged in the publication of a collection of works by the writer.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The greatest resonance was caused by the release of the 3rd volume, which contained new poems by Bunin (1906, circulation 5,205 copies, price 1 ruble) [8] [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the autumn of 1906 (or the winter of the next), the 3rd volume, together with the translation of Byron's Cain, was sent by Bunin to the Academy of Sciences for nomination for the next Pushkin Prize.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Two years later, Kuprin's wife, Maria Karlovna, told Ivan Alekseevich that the members of the commission had not received his books, and therefore Valery Bryusov was considered a likely contender for the award.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The overlay may have been due to the fact that Peter Weinberg, who died in the summer of 1908, was appointed reviewer of Bunin's works; the books he took for study were lost.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin quickly reacted to the information received from Kuprina: he re-sent the 3rd and 4th volumes of his works to the Academy of Sciences, as well as a letter with the necessary explanations [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In February 1909, Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich, who became a new reviewer of Bunin's works, prepared a review of his works.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The report noted that the candidate for the award is not an aspiring author, but a poet who “won the black work of presenting poetic thought with the same poetic speech.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

At the same time, according to the reviewer, a realistic description of the inner experiences of his lyrical hero sometimes borders on almost cynicism — it was, in particular, about the poem “Loneliness” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

A detailed analysis, which listed other “roughness” (nebula of thought, unsuccessful comparisons, inaccuracies found when comparing the translated “Cain” with the original), was completed verdict: Bunin's works submitted to the commission do not deserve a prize, but they are quite worthy of an “honorary review” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

This review did not affect the results of the vote, and in early May, Alexander Kuprin, who received information about the preliminary results of the competition, told Bunin that both of them were awarded half Pushkinskaya award; the letter jokingly noted: “I am not angry with you for whistling half a thousand at me” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In response, Bunin assured his comrade that he was pleased with the current situation: “I am glad... that fate has linked my name with yours” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Relations between Kuprin and Bunin were friendly, but, nevertheless, they always had an element of easy rivalry [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

They were different in nature: Alexander Ivanovich forever retained the qualities of a “big child”, while Ivan Alekseevich, who became independent early, was distinguished by the maturity of judgments from his youth [4].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to the memoirs of Maria Karlovna Kuprina, one day during a lunch in their house, Bunin, proud of his pedigree, called her husband a “mother nobleman.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In response, Kuprin composed a parody of Ivan Alekseevich's story Antonov Apples, titled it “Pies with Mushrooms”: “I'm sitting by the window, chewing a washcloth thoughtfully, and beautiful sadness glows in my eyes...” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In October, it was officially announced that the Pushkin Prize for 1909 was divided between Bunin and Kuprin; each of them received 500 rubles [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Less than two weeks later, the Academy of Sciences received new news — about Bunin's election as an honorary academician in the category of fine literature.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The corresponding idea was made back in the spring by writer Konstantin Arsenyev, who, in a description sent to the Academy, pointed out that Bunin's works are “simple, sincerity, artistry of form” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

During the elections to honorary academicians, Ivan Alekseevich received eight votes out of nine [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

“Cursed days”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the 1910s, Bunin and Muromtseva traveled a lot — they visited Egypt, Italy, Turkey, Romania, visited Ceylon and Palestine [12].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Some works by Ivan Alekseevich (for example, the story “Brothers”) were written under the influence of travel impressions [13].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

During this period, the resonant stories “The Lord of San Francisco” (1915), “The Grammar of Love” (1915), “Light Breath” (1916), “Chang's Dreams” (1916) [13] were published.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Despite his creative success, the writer's mood was cloudy, as evidenced by his diary entries made in 1916: “Mental and mental stupidity, weakness, literary infertility it's going on.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Bunin, his fatigue was largely due to the First World War, which brought “great mental disappointment” [4].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The writer met the October events in Moscow — together with Vera Nikolaevna he lived in house No. 26 on Povarskaya Street from the fall of 1917 until next spring [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The diary, which Ivan Alekseevich kept in the 1918-1920s, became the basis for his book “Cursed Days”, which researchers called a significant document of the turning point.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Having categorically refused to accept Soviet power, Bunin in his notes actually argued with Blokov's poem “The Twelve” written in 1918.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to literary critic Igor Sukhikh, in those days “Blok heard the music of the revolution, Bunin heard the cacophony of rebellion” [12].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

On June 5, 1918, Ivan Alekseevich and Vera Nikolaevna left Moscow; Yuliy Alekseevich Bunin saw them off at the Savyolovsky railway station [14].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The couple got to Odessa, a city well known to the writer, in difficult ways: according to Muromtseva's memoirs, together with other refugees, they traveled in a crowded ambulance car to Minsk, then We stayed in Kiev for several days; one day, looking for a place to stay for the night, we found ourselves in a dubious hangout.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Ivan Alekseevich and Vera Nikolaevna arrived in Odessa on June 16 or 17 [14].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

First, they lived in a dacha behind Bolshoy Fontan, in October they moved to Knyazheskaya Street to the mansion of the artist Yevgeny Bukovetsky, who offered them two rooms.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In a letter sent to critic Abram Derman in the fall of 1918, Bunin said that he felt “constant pain, horror and rage when reading every newspaper” [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin lived in Odessa for almost a year and a half — he wrote articles for local publications, headed the literary department of the newspaper Yuzhnoye Slovo, participated in the activities of the agency founded by General Anton Denikin OSVAG [4].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In private conversations, he periodically mentioned his desire to join the Volunteer Army [15].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In an interview given to the newspaper Odesskiy Listok (1918, No. 120), the writer spoke very sharply about the “terrible contrasts” of the era — the coincidence of Turgenev's centenary with the anniversary of the revolution [15] [15].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Novelist Ivan Sokolov-Mikitov, who spoke with Bunin at that time, said that Ivan Alekseevich was in an extremely depressed state in Odessa [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

On January 24, 1920, Bunin and Muromtseva boarded the small French steamer Sparta.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

After standing for two (according to some reports, three [16]) days on the outer roadstead, the ship headed for Constantinople [16].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

As Vera Nikolaevna wrote in her diary, there were so many people on the ship that all decks, aisles and tables were used for the night; she and Bunin managed to take one cramped bed for two [16].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

On the sixth day, Sparta lost its way, entered the Bosphorus on the seventh day, and reached Tuzla on the ninth day [16].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Then there were short stops in Bulgaria and Serbia.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

At the end of March 1920, the writer and his companion arrived in Paris [17].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Suddenly I completely woke up, suddenly it hit me: yes — so this is what it is — I'm in the Black Sea, I'm on someone else's steamer, for some reason I'm sailing to Constantinople, Russia is the end, and everything, my whole former life, is also over, even if a miracle happens and we do not die in this evil and icy depths!


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In Paris and Grasse


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the first years of his life in France, Bunin was little engaged in literary activity.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to the poet Gleb Struve, the temporary “creative impoverishment” of the writer was due to his acute reaction to the political situation in Russia.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Nevertheless, Ivan Alekseevich's books continued to be published — in the early 1920s, collections of his stories written in pre-revolutionary times were published in Paris, Berlin and Prague [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

A definite turning point took place in 1924.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

On February 16, an event called “Mission of Russian Emigration” was held in Paris, which was attended by novelists Ivan Shmelev, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, church historian Anton Kartashev and others.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin made a report in which he pointed out that the task of Russian emigration is to reject the “Lenin commandments”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Responding to the reproaches of those who believed that people who did not recognize the revolution “want rivers to flow back”, the writer said: “No, not so, we want not the opposite, but only a different trend... Russia! Who dares to teach me how to love her?” [18] [19].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the same 1924, the Bunin collection The Rose of Jericho was published in Berlin, which, along with pre-revolutionary works, included poems and stories written in France [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

A year later, the magazine “Modern Notes” (1925, No. 23-24) published Bunin's new novel “Mitina Lyubov”, which caused a large number of reviews in emigrant publications.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Then the stories “Sunstroke”, “The Case of Cornet Elagin”, “Ida” were written [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1927, the writer began work on the novel “The Life of Arsenyev”, in which he began to reproduce impressions that had been preserved in memory from childhood and adolescence [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Literary critics noted that Bunin's previously inherent social message has completely disappeared from the works created during the emigrant period - the writer was completely immersed in the “pre-revolutionary world that it was impossible to check with the original” [12].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

During the winter months, the Bunins usually lived in a Parisian apartment located at 1 Jacques Offenbach Street.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

During the warm season, the family usually moved to the Alpes-Maritimes, to the Belvedere Villa in Grasse to rent there [17].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the mid-1920s, Galina Kuznetsova appeared in the writer's life, whom researchers called him a student and “Grasse Laura” [20].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Kuznetsova is the wife of officer D. M. Petrova left Russia with her husband in 1920.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the spring of 1927, she broke up with Petrov and settled in Bunin's Grasse house [20].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Her book The Grasse Diary reproduces the almost idyllic atmosphere that reigned in the villa: “I cut roses in the morning... I fill the jugs in the house with flowers.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

These entries contrast with Muromtseva's diary confessions: “Today I am all alone. Maybe it's better, it's freer. But the longing is terrible” [20].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Kuznetsova lived in Grasse intermittently until 1942; in 1949 she moved to the United States [20].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1929, writer Leonid Zurov joined the inhabitants of the Grasse villa, who later became the heir to the Bunin archive.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

His acquaintance with Ivan Alekseevich took place by correspondence.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The correspondence communication ended with an invitation to France; Bunin personally promised to take care of a visa and find money to move.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Kuznetsova, the young man appeared in the house with suitcases containing black bread, Antonov apples revered by Bunin, and lime honey.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

“When I. A. went out to him for the first time, he got up, stretched out in front of him, as if on display.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Zurov's work as Ivan Alekseevich's secretary lasted several years, but his relationship with the Bunins lasted for decades [21].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Nobel prize


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin's first nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature took place shortly after the writer's arrival in France.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

At the origins of the Nobel “Russian project” was novelist Mark Aldanov, who wrote in 1922 in one of the questionnaires that among the emigrant environment the most authoritative figures are Bunin, Kuprin and Merezhkovsky; their a joint candidate put up for the award could raise the prestige of “expelled Russian literature”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Aldanov made a proposal for such a nomination to Romain Rollan.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

He replied that he was ready to support Bunin separately, but not in conjunction with Merezhkovsky.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In addition, the French novelist noted that if Gorky was among the applicants, he would give his preference to him.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

As a result, Rolland made changes to the list proposed by Aldanov: in a letter sent to the Nobel Foundation, he indicated three names — Bunin, Gorky and Balmont.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The Nobel Committee had questions about each of the candidates, and the prize for 1923 went to the Irish poet William Yates.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the future, emigrant writers did not abandon attempts to nominate Bunin.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Thus, in 1930, Aldanov negotiated this with Thomas Mann.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

He first said that, respecting Ivan Alekseevich, it was difficult to make a choice between him and another Russian writer, Ivan Shmelev.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Mann later admitted that since there is a representative of German literature on the list of candidates, he, as a German, is ready to vote for him [2] [22].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Muromtseva was the first to learn about Bunin's award of the prize for 1933.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to her memoirs, on the morning of November 9, they received a telegram from Swedish translator Kalgren at their Grasse villa, who asked a question about Ivan Alekseevich's citizenship.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The answer was sent to Sweden: “Russian exile”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the afternoon, Bunin and Galina Kuznetsova went to the cinema.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

During the session, Leonid Zurov appeared in the hall, asking the writer to interrupt the screening and return home,” according to the secretary, Vera Nikolaevna received a phone call from Stockholm; despite the bad the quality of communication, she was able to make out the phrase: “Your husband is a Nobel Prize winner, we would like to talk to Monsieur Bunin!” [23].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Information about the award spread quickly — journalists and photographers arrived in Grasse in the evening.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Writer Andrei Sedykh, who temporarily assumed part of the secretarial duties, later said that on that day the Bunins did not have money and had no money to pay for the work of couriers, constantly who brought congratulatory telegrams [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The official text of the Swedish Academy stated that “the Nobel Prize in Literature... is awarded to Ivan Bunin for the strict skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose” [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the creative environment, the reaction to the award was ambiguous.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Thus, while composer Sergei Rachmaninoff was among the first to send a telegram from New York with the words “Sincere congratulations” [2], Marina Tsvetaeva expressed her disagreement with the decision of the academy — the poetess noted that Gorky or Merezhkovsky deserved the award to a much greater extent: “Gorky is an era, and Bunin is the end of an era” [24].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The award ceremony took place on December 10, 1933 at the Stockholm Concert Hall.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In a Nobel speech, on which the writer worked for a long time, Bunin noted that the prize was awarded to an exiled writer for the first time.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

He was awarded the Nobel medal and laureate diploma by King Gustav V of Sweden [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The writer received a check for SEK 170,331 (715,000 francs) [25].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Ivan Alekseevich transferred part of the award to those in need.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to him, in the first days after the news of the academy's decision, he received almost 2,000 letters from people in a difficult financial situation, so “he had to distribute about 120,000 francs” [2 ].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

During the Second World War


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

At the beginning of World War II, the Bunins moved to the high-mountain villa “Jeannette”, located on the exit from Grasse, next to the Napoleonic Road.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Ivan Alekseevich and Vera Nikolaevna lived there almost without leaving for about six years.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In addition to them, friends and familiar families were constantly in the villa.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The upper floor was occupied by Galina Kuznetsova and her friend Margarita Stepun, the sister of philosopher Fedor Stepun [26].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Leonid Zurov returned to Grasse in 1940 [26].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

American pianist Alexander Lieberman and his wife found a temporary shelter in Bunin's house.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Lieberman's memoirs, in 1942, when he and his wife, having learned about the impending arrests of foreign Jews in Cannes, were looking for an “underground”, Ivan Alekseevich insisted on their settlement in Jeannet: “So we did — and spent several troubling days with him” [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

From 1940 to 1944, the writer Alexander Bahrakh was in Bunin's house, who himself came to the villa with a request for asylum.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Muromtseva arranged a baptism ceremony for him in a small church, and Zurov, through a priest he knew, issued documents that saved Bahrakha's life during his arrest on the street [2] [20].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Subsequently, Alexander Vasilyevich published the book “Bunin in a Robe”, in which, in particular, he mentioned that among the writer's guests was Pushkin's granddaughter, Elena Rosenmeier, brought by Ivan Alekseevich from Nice [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Artist Tatyana Loginova-Muravyova, who visited Grasse during the war, said that Bunin constantly listened to English and Swiss news reports on the radio [26].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Maps were hung in his office, on which the writer made notes with arrows.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In his diaries, he recorded information about the movement of Soviet troops almost daily [4].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

From radio messages and letters, Ivan Alekseevich learned about the fate of his friends: “Balmont and Professor Olan died. Balmont is gone from the world and from my life! And I vividly see my acquaintance with him in Moscow, in the Madrid rooms on Tverskaya Street... Letter from Vera Zaitseva: Nilus died” [4].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

During the war, Villa Jeannette lost its original respectability: the heating system ceased to function, difficulties with water and electricity supply arose, and the furniture became dilapidated [26].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In letters to his friends, Bunin mentioned “cave hunger” [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The Nobel Prize was spent, no new publications were expected; according to Zurov's memoirs, Bunin received offers to work in publications published on the occupied lands, but Ivan Alekseevich refused [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In those days, he wrote: “I was rich — now, by the will of fate, I suddenly became a beggar... I was famous all over the world — now no one in the world needs me... I really want to go home!” Trying to get at least a small fee, Ivan Alekseevich asked Andrei Sedykh, who had left for the United States, to publish the book “Dark Alleys”, which included works written in 1937-1942.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the letter, Bunin noted that he agrees to any conditions.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Andrey Sedykh, who created the Novaya Zemlya publishing house in New York specifically for this project, published Dark Alleys in Russian in 1943 with a circulation of 600 copies.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

There were many problems with the English version of the book, and it was published after the war.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin was paid $300 for the Dark Alleys [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Appearance, character, lifestyle


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin was a nobleman by birth, but his lifestyle — especially in his youth — was akin to Raznochinsky.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Having left his parents' home early (and not finding his own until the end of his life), he used to rely only on himself [12].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

For many years, his refuge was rented corners, furnished rooms, hotels — he lived in Stolichnaya, Patchutnaya, in the village, or in friends' apartments [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In private conversations, the writer admitted that since his youth he had been tormented by “contradictory passions” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Poetess Irina Odoevtseva assumed that both his unbridled disposition and the ability to heroic deeds were largely determined by his heredity: “He received nervousness... not only from his alcoholic father, but also from the mother's martyr” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

People who communicated with Ivan Alekseevich drew attention to his unusually keen sense of smell, hearing and vision — he himself called his hypersensitivity “interior” [26].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Bunin, in his youth, he easily distinguished stars that other people could only see with the help of powerful optical devices; thanks to his excellent hearing, he could hear a few miles from home the sound of approaching horse bells.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

His “mental sight and hearing” were equally acute [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Memoirs wrote about Bunin's “lordly posture” [26], his innate elegance, ability to hold freely and feel naturally in any society.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Kuprin's wife Maria Karlovna, her husband, even in the most fashionable suits, looked awkward and awkward next to Ivan Alekseevich [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Tatyana Loginova-Muravyova, who looked closely at Bunin's appearance as an artist, drew attention to the mobility of all features of his face; sometimes it seemed that even his eyes could change color depending on moods: they could be green, gray, blue.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The writer knew about his “diversity”, so he reluctantly agreed to artists' proposals to work on his portraits [26].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin considered the best time to work in the morning — as a rule, he sat down at his desk before breakfast [26].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Both editors and colleagues knew about his rigor to the word and any punctuation mark,” Kuprin once noted in a conversation with Ivan Alekseevich that he “has sweat in every line” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to the memoirs of Mark Vishnyak, an employee of the Paris magazine Sovremennye Zapiski, Bunin's attitude to the construction of a phrase in the text sometimes reached “painful scrupulousness”; in publishing houses with which he collaborated, and before submitting the manuscript, his urgent telegrams were received asking him to change the word or rearrange the comma.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The writer explained his desire to immediately make the last edit as follows: “Tolstoy demanded a hundred proofreads of The Master and the Worker from the Severny Vestnik... And I ask only two!” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Ivan Alekseevich met the reform of Russian spelling, in which yati and erik disappeared from the alphabet, very negatively — he argued that “the “forest” without “yati” loses all its resinous aroma” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The opinions of contemporaries about Bunin's character turned out to be contradictory.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In some memoirs, he was presented as an easy, witty interlocutor [26], who, however, could not be called an open person [26].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Others wrote that in the creative environment he was perceived as a sharp, unaccommodating, discourteous writer [27].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Irina Odoevtseva, sometimes he “could be very unpleasant, without even noticing it.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Ivan Alekseevich greatly helped those who needed support, but at the same time liked to have students accompany him at events — such a public demonstration of the “retinue” sometimes annoyed his colleagues, who called the writer's followers “Bunin serf ballet” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

After living in France for 33 years, Bunin did not fully master French and did not write in languages other than Russian [28].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Bunin, he never knew how to properly manage money [2], and the Nobel Prize, which, according to friends, could provide the writer with a comfortable old age, was squandered very quickly.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunins did not buy their own housing, did not postpone any amounts “for a rainy day” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Andrei Sedykh, who together with Ivan Alekseevich sorted out the mail received by Grasse after receiving the award, recalled letters that came from all over the world.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

When a sailor asked a writer to send him 50 francs, he responded to the request [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Just as easily, he gave unfamiliar fans, and Vera Nikolaevna distributed money to writers to publish books or pay for studies.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Writer Zinaida Shakhovskaya claimed that the Bunins' open house attracted both unscrupulous publishers and lawyers with a dubious reputation.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The impracticality of the family led to the fact that three years after receiving the award, Ivan Alekseevich wrote in his diary: “Agents who will forever receive interest from me, the return of the Collection of Works is free ... Not a penny from money to income... And old age is ahead. Release” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In recent years.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Death


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

After the war, the Bunins returned to their Paris apartment.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In June 1946, the Soviet Union issued a decree “On the restoration of USSR citizenship to subjects of the former Russian Empire, as well as persons who have lost Soviet citizenship living in France” [29] .


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

As Vera Nikolaevna wrote in those days, the publication of the document caused a lot of unrest among the emigrant environment, and some families split: “Some wanted to go, others wanted to stay” [30].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin, answering the question of the correspondent of “Russkiye Novosti” about the attitude to the decree, cautiously noted that he hopes for the extension of this “generous measure” to other countries where emigrants live — in in particular, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

USSR Ambassador to France Alexander Bogomolov held two meetings, at which, in addition to him, Konstantin Simonov and Ilya Ehrenburg, who arrived in Paris, spoke.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In addition, the ambassador personally invited Bunin for breakfast; during the meeting, Ivan Alekseevich was invited to return to his homeland.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Bogomolov, the writer thanked for the offer and promised to think about it [29] [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

This is what Konstantin Simonov recalls about this [31]:


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The return did not take place, and Bunin, having an emigrant passport, remained stateless until the last days [29].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the post-war period, ties with Soviet writers began to be restored.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Konstantin Simonov, whom he met at one of the meetings, visited Bunin's house more than once.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Judging by Muromtseva's diaries, she was somewhat alarmed by conversations about Simonov's well-being, and the report that he had secretaries and stenographers made her think about the problems of emigrant writers: “ Zaitsev does not have a [typewriter], Zurov has a minimum for a normal life, Yan [Ivan Alekseevich] has the opportunity to go and treat bronchitis” [30].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

At that time, Bunin was given some literary works published in the USSR — for example, he read and spoke very warmly about Vasily Terkin by Alexander Tvardovsky and the story “Tavern on Braginka” Konstantin Paustovsky [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1947, Bunin, who was diagnosed with pulmonary emphysema, went to the resort of Juan-les-Pins, located in southern France [26] at the insistence of doctors.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

After undergoing treatment, he returned to Paris and was able to take part in an event organized by friends in his honor; in the fall of 1947, he last spoke to a large audience [ 26].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Soon Ivan Alekseevich turned to Andrei Sedykh with a request for help: “I became very weak, I was in bed for two months, went completely bankrupt... I was 79 years old, and I am so poor that I do not know at all what how I'm going to exist.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Sedykh managed to agree with American philanthropist Frank Atran on the transfer of a monthly pension of 10,000 francs to the writer.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

This money was sent to Bunin until 1952; after the death of Atran, payments stopped [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In October 1953, Ivan Alekseevich's health deteriorated sharply.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Family friends who helped Vera Nikolaevna take care of the patient, including Alexander Bakhrakh, were almost constantly in the house; Dr. Vladimir Zernov came every day [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

A few hours before his death, Bunin asked his wife to read Chekhov's letters to him aloud.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

As Zernov recalled, on November 8, he was summoned to the writer twice: the first time he performed the necessary medical procedures, and when he arrived again, Ivan Alekseevich was already dead [32].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The cause of death, according to the doctor, was cardiac asthma and pulmonary sclerosis.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin was buried in Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois cemetery [33].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The monument on the grave was made after a drawing by artist Alexander Benois [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Creativity


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Poetry


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin, who published several poetry collections and received two Pushkin Prizes for them, had a reputation as an old-fashioned landscape painter in the literary community for a long time [34].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

During his youth, Russian poetry was looking for new forms for self-expression, and Bunin, a supporter of the classics, looked conservative against the background of Bryusov, who brought to the lyrics “the breath of city streets”, or early Blok with his unsettled heroes, infiltrating into the thick of life [35].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

As Maximilian Voloshin wrote in his review, who responded to the Bunin collection “Poems” (1903—1906, publishing house “Znanie”), Ivan Alekseevich was aloof “from the general movement in the region Russian verse”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

At the same time, according to Voloshin, from the point of view of painting, Bunin's poetic paintings reached the “ultimate points of perfection” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The lyrics of young Bunin are influenced by Yakov Polonsky, Apollon Maykov, Alexey Zhemchuzhnikov and Afanasy Fet [35].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Critic Konstantin Medvedsky, when analyzing the works of the winners of the Pushkin Prize for 1903, cited several quotes from the Bunin collection “Leaf Fall”, which reveal the “Fet school” — speech, in in particular, it is about the following lines: “Hollow water is raging, — /It makes noise both deaf and long. /Rooks migratory herds/They scream both fun and important” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In addition, Ivan Alekseevich's contemporaries linked his poetic sketches with landscapes from the prose works of Turgenev and Chekhov [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the first decades of the 20th century, critics wanted Bunin to quickly get rid of the “repetitions” and go on an independent road in poetry [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The main theme in Bunin's early poems was nature with its seasons, “gray sky” and “forests on distant slopes” [35].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Later, it was the turn of philosophical reflections, when graveyards and tombstones appeared among the elements of the landscape, and the lyrical hero turned to cosmic problems, began to look for answers to eternal questions: “And the shadow pales, and the moon has moved/It is immersed in its pale light, like smoke, /And it seems that I am about to understand/The invisible is going into the smoke” [35].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin has few poems about love, but the intimate experiences of his characters became a kind of prologue to the prose works of Ivan Alekseevich, written much later.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

For example, his love lyrics contain the sensuality that is characteristic of the hero of Mitina of Love (“I entered her at midnight hour/She slept — the moon was shining”), as well as the sadness that appears in the story” Light breathing” (“Graveyard, chapel above the crypt, /Wreaths, lamps, images/And in a frame intertwined with crepe — /Big clear eyes”) [35].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Stories and novels


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin's debut as a novelist took place in 1893, when his story “Village Sketch” was published in the St. Petersburg magazine Russkoe Bogatstvo, which later received a different name - “Tanka”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Nikolai Mikhailovsky, editor of Russkoe Wealth, after reviewing the manuscript, wrote to the twenty-three-year-old author that over time he would “make a great writer” [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In subsequent years, his stories “Saucepans”, “To the End of the World”, “Antonovsky Apples”, “Little Romance” and others were published in various publications.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Critics showed restrained interest in the work of young Bunin, mentioned the “poetic colors” present in his prose [8], but for the time being, none of Ivan Alekseevich's works was perceived in the literary community as a great event [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Korney Chukovsky, his early “semi-elegies, half-novels... lacked iron and stone” [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The turning point occurred after the release of the story “The Village”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin began working on it in 1909, read excerpts in literary circles, and the work was talked about long before the manuscript was submitted to print.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The newspaper Birzhevye Vedomosti (1909, No. 11348) wrote that Bunin's new work is likely to “cause conversations and controversy from the right and left” [36].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The first part of “Village” was published in “Modern World” in March 1910, and the first review appeared even before the issue was published - the columnist of the newspaper “Utro Rossii” was able to meet in the editorial office with a proofreading version and, ahead of colleagues, prepared a review in which he called the story “an outstanding work of the current season” [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Both critics and writers joined the discussion about the Village: the author was complained of “losing a sense of artistic credibility” (G. Polonsky) [8]; he was accused of “chickening out his own sketches and sketches” (Alexander Amfiteatrov) [8]; the story was written as an “outrageous, completely false book” (A. Yablonovsky) [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Among those who supported Bunin was Zinaida Gippius, who noted in the magazine “Russkaya Mysl” (1911, No. 6) that the story “The Village” is strict, simple and harmonious: “... you simply believe it” [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Despite the sharpness of individual assessments, “The Village”, as well as the novel Sukhodol published after it (Vestnik Evropy, 1912, No. 4), consolidated Bunin's reputation as a popular novelist - his magazines and newspapers have become much more willing to purchase works, and the A. F. Marx” offered the writer to sign a contract for the publication of the Complete Collection of his works.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The six-volume book was published in 1915 in a very impressive circulation of 200,000 copies [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the same year, Bunin's story “Mr. from San Francisco” appeared.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Muromtseva, the idea of the work arose from Ivan Alekseevich during their journey on a steamer en route from Italy.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

A discussion about social inequality began among the passengers, and the writer invited his opponent to present their ship in a section: on the upper deck people walk and drink wine, and in the lower compartments they work: “Is this fair?” [13].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The story was generally warmly received by reviewers: for example, literary historian Abram Derman (Russkaya Mysl, 1916, No. 5) discovered in it some artistic techniques characteristic of Leo Tolstoy — for example, the test of death [8], and writer Elena Koltonovskaya, who previously found many flaws in Bunin's prose, called Ivan Alekseevich “the largest representative of new literature” [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Alexander Izmailov appreciated this work more restrained, to whom the story of a rich 58-year-old American who went to the Old World for entertainment seemed too long, according to criticism, it could fit in the format of a small sketch [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

One of the last works of art written by Bunin in the pre-revolutionary period was the story “Light Breath” (“Russian Word”, 1916, No. 83).


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The story of a gymnasium student Olya Meshcherskaya, shot at the station by a Cossack officer, was invented by the writer during walks through the cemetery of Capri, when he saw a portrait on one of the tombstones a cheerful girl [13].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The young heroine of the story is a special female type that has always been interesting to Ivan Alekseevich — she has a mystery that subordinates men and makes them commit reckless actions.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The same gallery of fatal female images with a natural gift to charm includes characters from Bunin's stories Klasha and Aglaya, as well as the novel Mitina Lyubov, created in exile [13].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The novel “Mitina's Love”, first published in the Paris magazine Modern Notes (1925, No. 13-14) and telling about the love of student Mitya for a student of the private theater school Katya, contains autobiographical motives.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

They do not relate to the plot, but to the depth of feelings experienced by the young hero, and make us remember the mental anguish of young Bunin, who lost Varvara Pashchenko.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Her features — “inconstancy, unreliability of feelings” — are guessed in the image of Katya.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

As Muromtseva wrote, “nowhere did Ivan Alekseevich reveal his love experiences, as in Mitina's Love, carefully camouflaging them” [13].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

This story, stylistically reminiscent of a large poem in prose, marks a new stage in Bunin's work:


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Before Bunin, they did not write about love like that.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin's innovation lies in the fact that modern courage (“modernity”, as they used to say at the time) in depicting the feelings of the characters is combined with classical clarity and perfection of verbal form.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Mitya's experiences, endowed with extraordinary emotionality, able to feel the awakening of nature and himself with exorbitant sharpness, pain and bliss... are undoubtedly autobiographical [13].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The book “Dark Alleys” (1943—1946), on which the writer worked in the pre-war and war years, caused a mixed reaction among colleagues and readers of Bunin.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

If the poet Gleb Struve called the works included in the collection “the best stories about love and passion in Russian literature”, Mark Aldanov informed the author about the letters received by the editorial office of Novy Zhurnal , who has published several short stories.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Aldanov, subscribers of the publication were outraged by the excess of erotic scenes, and a scientist sent a letter asking: “Well, how can you? I have a wife” [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The collection, the title of which was suggested to the writer by Nikolai Ogarev's lines “Scarlet rose hips bloomed all around, /There were dark linden alleys”, includes the stories “Russia”, “Late Hour”, “Cold Autumn”, “The Muse”,” Young Lady Clara”, “Iron Wool” and others [37].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

“Arsenyev's Life”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin came up with the idea of the novel “The Life of Arsenyev”, a book that influenced the decision of the Swedish Academy to award the Nobel Prize, in October 1920, on the eve of his fiftieth anniversary [37].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

A little later, in 1921, the writer made preliminary hints in which he tried to outline the outline of the work about growing up and becoming a person.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Initially, its names varied: “The Book of My Life”, “At the Source of Days”, “Nameless Notes” [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The idea was formed for several years, and direct work began on June 27, 1927 [37].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Judging by Muromtseva's memoirs, every time he completed the next part, Ivan Alekseevich intended to stop working — he claimed that “human life cannot be written.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

As a result, Bunin created five parts and “brought” his hero Alexey Arsenyev to the age of twenty [37].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Researchers did not come to a consensus on the genre of the Bunin novel.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Literary critic Boris Averin, who studied the creative history of the work, noted that early author's manuscripts, which reflected the “course of memory”, allow us to talk about “The Life of Arsenyev” as a memoir prose .


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

At the same time, when making amendments, Ivan Alekseevich deliberately distanced himself from the characters of the work — he changed the names and removed from the text those details that would guess the episodes of his own biographies [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to literary critic Anna Sahakyants, “Life of Arsenyev” combines several genres — the book intertwines artistic biography, memoirs, lyrical and philosophical prose.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Literary critic Igor Sukhikh wrote that the novel is based on a “poetic transformation of the past” [12].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin himself urged not to perceive the story of Alexey Arsenyev as the story of the author; he explained that “Life of Arsenyev” is “an autobiography of a fictional person” [37].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The fifth part of the work, originally called “Face”, is called the most important by researchers: it is in it that the hero grows up, experiencing the first acute feeling.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The test of love gives birth to an artist and poet in him [37].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Assumptions that the prototype of Alexey Arsenyev's beloved Lika is Varvara Pashchenko have been repeatedly refuted by Muromtseva.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to her, the heroine combines the features of those women whom Bunin loved over the years.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

For example, outwardly, the heroine of “The Life of Arsenyev” is more reminiscent of the writer's first wife, Anna Nikolaevna Tsakni; some episodes reproduce the details of the relationship that developed between Bunin and herself Muromtseva [2].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

However, the feeling felt by Alexey Arsenyev towards Lika largely coincides with the experiences of young Bunin.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The final lines of the novel (“I recently saw her in a dream...”) are close to the confession that was made in one of Ivan Alekseevich's letters after parting with Pashchenko: “I saw you today in a dream — it's like you were lying, slept, dressed, on her right side” [37].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In Life of Arsenyev, Bunin did what young Arsenyev dreamed of without realizing it when he was eager to write and did not know what to write.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

It shows the simplest and deepest thing that can be shown in art: a direct vision of the world by the artist: not thinking about the visible, but the very process of seeing, the process of intelligent vision [8].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Journalism, diaries, memoirs


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the pre-revolutionary period, many of Bunin's contemporaries saw him only as a coldish writer, nostalgically remembering the disappearing noble nests.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The appearance of his polemical notes, articles and essays on the October events allowed readers to see another Bunin — sarcastic and caustic [15], who perceived the revolution as a Russian rebellion, and its participants — as characters from the novel “Demons”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to literary critic Oleg Mikhailov, many of Ivan Alekseevich's articles written at that time were akin to the monologues of Dostoevsky's characters [15].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the emigrant press of the 1920s, Bunin made publications in which, on the one hand, he insisted on abandoning compromises with the Bolsheviks, on the other hand, he gave high marks to the leaders of the white movement.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The writer knew General Denikin personally and spoke of him as a noble and easy person to communicate with.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Admiral Alexander Kolchak, according to Ivan Alekseevich, has earned a special place in history: “The time will come when his name will be inscribed in gold inscriptions... in the chronicle of the Russian land” [15].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1925, the Parisian emigrant newspaper Vozrozhdenie began publishing excerpts from Bunin's diaries, called “Cursed Days”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Researchers draw attention to the fact that the daily notes that Ivan Alekseevich kept in the 1918-1920s differ from the diaries presented in the book version.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The writer prepared for publication not so much a calendar as a mosaic diary, including many disparate fragments.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The first part of “Cursed Days” consists mainly of miniature sketches that recreate the general atmosphere in post-revolutionary Moscow: the writer captures the texts of street posters, newspaper headlines, random replicas of passers-by.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The image of the city is created at the expense of faces snatched from the crowd, flashing with kaleidoscopic speed, as in an instant photo.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The second part, which tells about Odessa in 1919, is dominated by short stories and notes [38].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

There was V. Kataev (young writer).


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The cynicism of today's young people is incredible.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

He said, “I'll kill anyone for a hundred thousand. I want to eat well, I want to have a good hat, great boots...” I went out with Kataev to walk, and suddenly for a minute my whole being felt the charm of spring, which is what this year (for the first time in my life ) I did not feel it at all [39].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Since the second half of the 1920s, the political message began to gradually move away from Bunin journalism - the writer focused on literary and critical articles and memoirs, published the book “Liberation Tolstoy” (1937), wrote essays about the Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and poetess Anna Bunina, began memoirs about Chekhov, which remained unfinished and were published by Muromtseva after the death of Ivan Alekseevich [ 15].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The previous controversy returned to Bunin while working on the book “Memories”, published in 1950, in which, according to researchers, the eighty-year-old writer demonstrated the temperament what was characteristic of him in the post-revolutionary period [15].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Andrei Sedykh, who visited Ivan Alekseevich in Paris in the summer of 1949, one day the owner of the house read excerpts from Memories that had not yet been completed to the guests.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Writer Taffy and poet Georgy Adamovich, who were present at the reading, experienced some confusion at the harsh assessments that Bunin gave to many of his contemporaries.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Sedykh tried to mitigate the situation with the phrase: “You are a kind person, Ivan Alekseevich! Everyone was caressed” [40].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Transfers


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin, who left the gymnasium after the fourth grade, was constantly engaged in self-education.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Thus, at the age of sixteen, he began to study English seriously, and in adulthood, for the sake of reading and translating Adam Mickiewicz's works, he independently mastered Polish.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Ivan Alekseevich made his debut as a translator in the second half of the 1880s.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

He himself later admitted that by taking up the translation into Russian of Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet, “he tortured himself over him with extraordinary and increasing pleasure.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

At different periods of his life, Bunin turned as a translator to Byron's dramas, Tennyson's poems, Petrarch's sonnets, lyrical works by Heine [41].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin's translation of the poem “Song of Hiawatha”, first published in the newspaper “Orlovsky Vestnik” in 1896, was called “highly poetic” by critics [35].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

However, “The Song...” is not the only work of the American poet that interested Ivan Alekseevich.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1901, his translation of Henry Longfellow's poem The Psalm of Life was published.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Textological analysis conducted by linguists showed that Bunin used different techniques for the two works.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

If, when transcribing the text of the poem, which is based on the legends and traditions of the Indians, the translator sought to preserve the intonation of the original, then in the Psalm of Life he brought his own poetic motives: “Life calls the great/Us to go to the great, /So that in the sands of times/The trace of our path will remain.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Linguists explain the difference in approaches by the “artistic nature” of the originals, which either set certain limits for the translator or allow them to go beyond them [42].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The originality of creativity.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Innovation.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Effects


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin, whose creative style began to form at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, was far from the currents that arose at that time and considered himself free from the influence of any literary schools [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Researchers called him one of the most “difficult to comprehend artists” [6], because even when trying to determine his creative method, a variety of options arose, including “realistic symbolism”, “extraordinary realism”, “hidden modernism” [43].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The author of the monograph about Bunin, Yuri Maltsev, believed that Ivan Alekseevich was a novelist who existed outside the usual cultural trends, and this gave reason to philologist Tamara Nikonova to note: in the heritage Ivan Alekseevich does not have “a single scheme or system that explains and unites everything” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Work system


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Textologists, studying Bunin's manuscripts, drew attention to the fact that he, as a rule, began work on the next work without preliminary plans.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The writer did not draw diagrams showing the relationship between the characters, did not think over the order of the chapters — he immediately reproduced the finished story [44], which he later polished and improved, achieving accurate intonation and maximum expressiveness.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Sometimes his stories were born instantly (for example, Bunin wrote “Easy Breath” with “delightful speed”); sometimes it took hours or even days to find the right word: “I start writing, I speak the most a simple phrase, but suddenly I remember that either Lermontov or Turgenev said such a phrase. I turn the phrase in a different way, it turns out vulgarity” [44].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

This complex work took place already at a time when the composition process was launched, when not only a story formed in the author's mind, but also the sound, rhythm, melody of the story or story took shape [44].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Creative evolution


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

For decades, Bunin's creative style has changed.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

His early stories, as if born from his own early poems, were lyrical and almost eventless.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Such works as “Antonov Apples”, “Bonanza”, “New Road” are elegiac, subtle and musical, and the narrator in them is a contemplator and observer, resembling a hero of poetic works [34] [43 ].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the first half of the 1910s, the plot basis of Bunin's works became somewhat more complicated, although the writer still did not seek “external entertainment” or fascination of the narrative — on he came to the fore a man whose fate and worldview were revealed against the background of time, and sometimes several everyday episodes were enough for the writer to create a specific story.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

At that time, Gorky, appreciating the rhythm and intonation of Ivan Alekseevich's stories, said: “He began to write prose in such a way that if they say about him: he is the best stylist of our time, there will be no exaggeration here” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

During the First World War, the subject of Bunin's works expanded to include other countries, cultures and civilizations.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Among his characters are a Ceylon rickshaw (Brothers), who is worried about the loss of his bride, an American millionaire dying in a hotel in Capri (Mr. from San Francisco), a young German scientist who dreams write your name in the history of science (Otto Stein).


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

During this period, social pathos appeared in Bunin's works, and their creation, according to the author, was accompanied by internal “journalistic monologues”: “Woe to you, Babylon, the city is strong!” — these terrible words of the Apocalypse sounded relentlessly in my soul when I wrote “The Brothers” and conceived “The Lord of San Francisco” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In exile, social motives almost completely disappeared from Bunin's work, the writer returned to the desire to reveal the inner world of an individual, but from a different angle, beyond reference to a specific historical era with its fractures and upheavals: “Love, suffering, longing for the ideal remain” [43] [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to literary critic Olga Slivitskaya, the content of Bunin's prose at some point began to fit into the model “Space and Human Soul”, when the heroes of one time or another were replaced by “man as part of Universe” [43].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin's words are widely known: “There is no nature separate from us, <... > every movement of air is the movement of our own life”... These words formulate the most important thing: the place of man in of the universe.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Just as an atom, an unimaginably small part of the solar system, repeats its entire structure, so does man both oppose and includes the Cosmos [45].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Elements of innovation


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Writer Ivan Nazhivin in the pamphlet novel “Shallow Dear!” (Harbin, 1935) compiled a list of claims addressed to Bunin.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Nazhivin, the Nobel laureate did not create a single type or image that could go down in the history of Russian literature on a par with Natasha Rostova, Lisa Kalitina, Yevgeny Onegin, Taras Bulba, Raskolnikov, Khlestakov, Oblomov and other heroes.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin's characters are “cloudy spots, ghosts, words,” Nazhivin claimed [43].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Literary critic Tatyana Marchenko, responding to his reproaches, noted that all the types and archetypes mentioned by Nazhivin were representatives of a certain time or social environment.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin — perhaps unconsciously — developed the same characters, but taking into account the “unused opportunities”: “not Tatyana, separated from Onegin, but Tatyana, who united with Buyanov or Ivan Petushkov, etc. . d. to the infinity of artistic imagination” [43].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Thus, the experiences of the hero of “Mitina of Love” correlate with the suffering of Goethe Werther, who pulls the trigger because of a personal drama.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

But if Werther commits suicide because of “world sorrow”, then the Bunin hero - because of “world happiness”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

He passes away with a “joyful sigh” because he is too tormented by earthly trials.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Shortly before his death, Mitya hears night music from Charles Gounod's opera Faust, sees himself soaring above the world — and at this moment he feels unusual lightness and freedom from suffering.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

One of the phrases uttered by the hero is “Oh, when will this all end!” , sounds like an antithesis to Faust's exclamation “Stop, moment: you're beautiful!” At the same time, Ivan Alekseevich was also able to “stop the moment” — he did it in such stories as “Sunstroke” and “Ida”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Yuri Maltsev, “the moment” is the new unit of time that Bunin introduces into Russian prose” [43].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Another peculiar discovery of Bunin is the appearance in his prose of short sketches resembling miniatures, which literary critic Ivan Ilyin called “dreams”, and Yuri Maltsev - “fragments” .


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

A significant part of them (including “Calf's Head”, “Cranes”, “The Hunchback's Romance”, “First Class”) was presented in the book “Modern Notes” (Paris, 1931), where they look like episodes from a large, variegated, polyphonic work.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Sometimes they are perceived as short everyday jokes, sometimes as travel notes, but in all cases the “fragments” are completed works [43].