Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The headquarters of the 8th Fleet decided to use destroyers to deliver supplies and developed a plan to increase the capabilities of destroyers to transport supplies.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Destroyers took on board barrels of oil or fuel, which were previously cleaned to the extent possible and partially filled with medicines and food in order to have sufficient buoyancy, and tied with ropes.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Destroyers approached a supply transfer point off the coast of Guadalcanal, dumped barrels overboard, where they were picked up by swimmers or boats.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

By the ropes, they towed the barrels to the shore, where the soldiers could already extract all their contents.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The Reinforcement Group of the 8th Japanese Fleet under Rear Admiral Raizo Tanaka, based in the Shortland Islands, received Mikawa's order to make the first of five scheduled flights to new technology on the night of November 30.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The Tanaka unit, sent to Cape Tassafaronga on Guadalcanal, included eight destroyers (four each from the 2nd and 15th divisions of destroyers, of which six destroyers were loaded from 200 to 240 barrels with supplies.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Tanaka's flagship was the Naganami, who, together with the Takans, formed a cover detachment.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The six destroyers of the transport detachment were Kuroshio, Oyashio, Kagero, Suzukaze, Kawakaze and Makinami.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

To increase capacity, the destroyers and transports left spare torpedoes on the Shortland Islands, with only eight torpedoes loaded into torpedo tubes.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

After the naval battle at Guadalcanal, US Vice Admiral William Halsey, commander of the Allied Forces in the South Pacific, reorganized the fleet under his command, including on November 24 ordered Admiral Thomas Kincaid to establish an operational unit TF67 based in Espírito Santo.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The formation included three groups, two cruising and one destroyer, each with a ship equipped with an SG radar.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

These were the heavy cruisers Minneapolis, New Orleans, Pensacola and Northampton, the Honolulu light cruiser, and four destroyers (Fletcher, Drayton, Maury and Perkins).


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

US Rear Admiral Carlton Wright replaced Thomas Kincaid as commander of the TF67 on November 28.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

After taking command, Wright held a meeting with ship commanders to discuss a plan for fighting Japanese ships in the future, including night battles at Guadalcanal.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The plan, developed by Kinked, assumed that radar-equipped destroyers go ahead of the column of cruisers and attack Japanese ships with torpedoes as soon as they are detected, and then leave the battlefield, leaving cruisers a clear space for firing.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The cruisers were to fire artillery at a distance of 10,000 to 12,000 yards (9,144 to 10,972 m).


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Cruiser seaplanes must conduct reconnaissance and drop flare bombs over the enemy during combat.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

On November 29, Allied intelligence services intercepted and decrypted a Japanese message transmitted to the 17th Army on Guadalcanal warning of the arrival of Tanaka's detachment.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

After receiving this information, Halsey ordered Wright by TF67 to intercept Tanaka from Guadalcanal.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The TF67, where Wright's flagship was Minneapolis, left Espírito Santo at 27 knots (50 km/h) just after midnight on November 29 and crossed 580 miles (1,075 km) to Guadalanal.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

During the crossing, destroyers Lamson and Lardner were met, who were returning after escorting the convoy to Guadalcanal.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

They were ordered to join TF67.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Lacking time to devote the commanders of the destroyers he met into the battle plan, Wright ordered them to take a seat in a column behind the cruisers.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At 17:00 on November 30, Wright's cruisers launched one seaplane each towards Tulaga so that they could illuminate enemy ships during the upcoming night battle.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At 8:00 p.m., Wright ordered a combat alert on the ships.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Tanaka's company left the Shortland Islands just after midnight on November 30 and headed for Guadalcanal.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Tanaka took measures to avoid detection by Allied air reconnaissance by first directing ships northeast through the Bougainville Strait, and then turning southeast, and passing through the strait Independent.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Paul Mason, an Australian coast observer stationed south of Bougainville, broadcast a radio message about the departure of Tanaka's ships from the Shortland Islands.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

This report was received by Wright.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At the same time, Japanese reconnaissance aircraft discovered an Allied convoy near Guadalcanal and reported it to Tanaka, who warned destroyer commanders that a battle was possible tonight and “ In such a turn of events, the most important thing will be to destroy the enemy, even if you have to refuse to deliver supplies.” [15]


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Fight


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Before the fight


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At 21:40 on November 30, Tanaka ships sailing through the Indispensible Strait saw Savo Island.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Japanese ships marched in a column at intervals of 660 yards (600 m), ahead were Oyashio, Kuroshio, Kagero, Makinami, Naganami [cover detachment], Kawakaze, and Suzukaze.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Takanami [cover squad] was on the left traverse of the lead destroyer.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At the same time, the TF67 connection entered the Lengo Strait and headed for the Iron Bottom Strait.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Wright's ships marched in a column, in warrant Fletcher, Perkins, Maury, Drayton, Minneapolis, New Orleans, Pensacola, Honolulu, Northampton, Lamson and Lardner.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The first four destroyers marched in front of the cruisers at a distance of 4,000 yards (3,660 m), and the cruisers followed them at a distance of 1,000 yards (910 m) from the rear guard.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At 22:40, Tanaka's ships sailed south of Savo, 3 miles (5.5 km) from Guadalcanal and reduced their speed to 12 knots (22.2 km/h), as they were already approaching the unloading zone.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Takanami took a position 1 mile (1.8 km) seaward to cover the column.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At the same time, the TF67 connection left the Lengo Strait to a section of the water area infamous as the Iron Bottom at a speed of 20 knots (37 km/h).


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The destroyers of Wright's vanguard moved slightly closer to the shore than the cruisers, which in turn moved in formation resembling a bearing formation.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The night sky was moonless and visibility ranged from 2 to 7 miles (3.7 to 13 km).


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

After evening reconnaissance, the seaplanes of Wright's cruisers flew to Tulagi harbor, and did not take part in the battle in the future.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At 11:06pm, Wright's ships began detecting Tanaka's ships with radars at a distance of about 23,000 yards (21,030 m).


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Wright began to line up his own in a single column, continuing to move towards Savo Island.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At the same time, Tanaka's ships, which were not equipped with radars, split into two groups and prepared to dump the barrels overboard.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Naganami, Kawakaze and Suzukaze headed for their landing point at Dom Reef, while Makinami, Kagero, Oyashio, and Kuroshio headed for Tassafaronga.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At 23:12, Takanami, who was on guard, visually discovered Wright's ships, mistaking them for 7 destroyers, and quickly notified the rest of the Japanese ships.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At 23:16, Tanaka ordered to stop unloading and announce a combat alert on the ships.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

A few minutes later, when the Naganami signalmen discovered the silhouettes of Wright's ships in the dark, Tanaka commanded: “All ships get closer and attack.” [18]


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The course of battle


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At 23:14, operators on Fletcher established confident radar contact with the Takans and the first group of transport destroyers.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At 23:15, when the enemy was 7,000 yards (6,400 m), Commander (Captain 2nd Rank) William M. Cole, the commander of the Wright destroyer group and commander of Fletcher, told Wright that he was ready for a torpedo attack.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Wright hesitated and waited two minutes and then replied, “The distance to [Tanaka's ships on the radar] is not yet sufficient.” [19] Cole replied that the distance is sufficient.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Wright lost his mind for two more minutes.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

When he gave permission for a torpedo attack, the targets of the American destroyers left their optimal range, reaching the range limit of American torpedoes.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At 11:20pm, Fletcher, Perkins and Drayton fired a total of 20 torpedoes at Tanaka's ships.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Maury, who does not have an SG radar, and did not make visual contact with the enemy, refrained from torpedo attack.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At the same time, Wright ordered his ships to open artillery fire.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At 23:21, Minneapolis fired the first volley, followed by the rest of the American cruisers.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At the same time, four destroyers Cole fired illumination shells at the targets and increased their stroke to escape from the battlefield and not interfere with the actions of their cruisers.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Due to the fact that Takanami was closest to the Wright column of all Japanese destroyers, he became the main target of gunners of American ships.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Takanami responded with artillery fire and even fired all eight of his torpedoes, but in a short time he received several hits by heavy shells, and four minutes later he was raging fires and he has stopped firing.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Since all the fire of American ships was focused on the burning, failed Takanami, the rest of the Japanese ships were able to torpedo attack American ships without hindrance.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Tanaka's flagship, Naganami, walking in the center of the Japanese column, turned around to starboard, opened fire and began to put a smokescreen.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Following him, Kawakaze and Suzukaze turned over the port side.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At 23:23, Suzukaze fired eight torpedoes, aiming at flashes of gun shots from American cruisers, followed by Naganami and Kawakaze, who also discharged their torpedo tubes to the side Americans at 23:32 and 23:33, respectively.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

[22] Thanks to the vigorous maneuvers of the Japanese, American torpedoes passed by, although Tanaka claimed that two torpedoes passed right in front of the stem of the flagship Naganami, and the Suzukaze had to dodge torpedoes by changing course to the right.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

[23] At the same time, historian Russell S. Crenshaw Jr.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

believes that if the twenty torpedoes fired by American destroyers were not hopelessly of poor quality, the outcome of the battle could have been different.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Meanwhile, the four destroyers that formed the head of the Japanese column continued to move towards the shore of Guadalcanal, following the opposite course of the Wright cruisers.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Makinami fired all eight torpedoes at 11:28pm, Kagero and Kuroshio fired four torpedoes each, and Oyashio fired eight torpedoes in the direction of Wright's column, and then turned around and increased speed.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

In just 10 minutes, Japanese destroyers fired 44 torpedoes at the enemy.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Wright's cruisers continued to follow the same course and speed.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At 23:27, when Minneapolis fired the ninth volley and Wright was about to order the cruisers to change course, two of the eight Suzukaze or Takanami torpedoes hit the bow of the cruiser.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

One torpedo exploded in the area of the jet fuel tank in front of the GK tower No. 1, causing a detonation of gasoline, and the second hit in the area of the boiler rooms.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

As a result, three of the four compartments were flooded.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The bow in front of gun turret No. 1 broke and descended at an angle of 70°, the ship lost its course and was de-energized.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

There were uncontrollable fires on it.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

37 people were killed.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Less than a minute later, the torpedo hit New Orleans in the artillery cellar area of the GC Tower


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

No. 1. The explosion of the torpedo detonated gasoline in the jet fuel tank, which, in turn, caused the detonation of ammunition in the cellars of the tower.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The explosion tore off the bow of the ship to the tower of the Civil Code


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

#2. It was wrapped to the left, hit the hull, as the cruiser continued to move by inertia, then it finally came off and soon sank.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

All those in the first and second towers died.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

New Orleans still managed to turn around over the starboard side, and then lost its course and was left without communication.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

A total of 183 people were killed.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

[27] Herbert Brown, a sailor from New Orleans, described the events after the torpedo hit as follows:


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

I had to see this.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

I was moving close to the silent second tower and was stopped by a life rope stretched between the port side rail and the tower.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Thank God he was here, one more step of me and I would fly my head down into the dark water from a height of thirty feet.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The nose is gone.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

One hundred and twenty-five feet of the ship and the first bow artillery tower with three eight-inch guns “left”.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Eighteen hundred tons of the ship “left”.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Oh my God, all the guys I went to boot camp with all died.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Pensacola was next in a column of cruisers.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

When Minneapolis and New Orleans received hits and slowed down, Pensacola found nothing better than turning left, leaving them starboard (that is, going to pass between the damaged cruisers and the enemy) and then, having passed them, returned to its original course again.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At 23:39, Pensacola was hit by a torpedo near the mainmast.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The explosion tore off the left outer propeller shaft.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Fuel oil from destroyed fuel tanks ignited and flooded the aft engine room, killing 125 people.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The ship received a roll of 13° to the port side, lost its course and was de-energized, lost communication.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Following Pensacola, Honolulu chose to leave Minneapolis and New Orleans on port side.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At the same time, the commander ordered an increase in travel to 30 knots (55.6 km/h).


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Sharply maneuvering, the cruiser successfully evaded Japanese torpedoes, firing the main caliber at the rapidly retreating Japanese destroyers.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The last cruiser in the American convoy, Northampton, followed Honolulu, leaving damaged and burning cruisers on the port side.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Unlike Honolulu, Northampton did not increase its course and did not make sudden maneuvers.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At 23:48, after returning to its previous course, Northampton received two torpedoes from Kawakaze hit the aft engine room area at intervals of four seconds, at a distance of 40 feet (12.2 m) one from the other one.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The explosion of two torpedoes below the waterline created a hole of about 100 square feet (96 m²).


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The aft engine room was instantly flooded, three of the four shafts stopped rotating, the ship tilted 10° to the port side and began to circle helplessly on the spot.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Fifty people were killed.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

On the last ships of the Wright column, Lamson and Lardner, no enemy was found.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

End Lardner fired 5 torpedoes at random at some unclear silhouettes that flashed against the background of the shore.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

They then withdrew from the battle and found themselves east after being mistakenly fired with machine guns from New Orleans.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Cole's four destroyers circled Savo Island at maximum speed and returned to the battlefield, but it was over.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Meanwhile, at 11:44pm, Tanaka ordered his ships to stop fighting and quickly leave the battlefield.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

While passing along the coast of Guadalcanal, Kuroshio and Kagero fired 8 torpedoes at American transports, but all of them passed by.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

When Takanami did not answer the call on the radio, Tanaka ordered Oyashio and Kuroshio to return to his aid.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Destroyers found a burning ship at 01:00 on December 1 and had already begun to lower lifeboats, but stopped the rescue operation after finding American ships nearby.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Oyashio and Kuroshio quickly left the strait and joined Tanaka's remaining ships on their way back to the Shortland Islands, where they reached 10 hours later.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Takanami was the only Japanese ship sunk by American fire.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Follow-up events


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Takanami's crew left the ship at 01:30am, as a result of the explosion on board Takanami, many of their crew members died in the water, including the commander of the destroyer division Toshio Shimizu and the commander of the ship Masami Ogura.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Of the 244 crew members, 48 reached the coast of Guadalcanal, 19 of them were captured by the Americans.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Northampton's crew could not cope with the fires.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The cruiser's roll reached 23° to the port side.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

In addition, the lost ship came under fire from Japanese guns from Guadalcanal.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

By 02.00, the roll increased to 35° and the commander ordered to leave the ship.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At 03.04, Northampton overturned and sank aft forward 4 miles (7.4 km) west of Dom Bay on Guadalcanal.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Fletcher and Drayton received 773 survivors.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Despite severe damage, Minneapolis, New Orleans and Pensacola were able to travel 19 miles (35.2 km) to Tulaga.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

By the morning of December 1, the threat of death of cruisers was eliminated, although the fires at Pensacola lasted about 12 hours and reached the cellar of the GK Tower No. 3, where 150 shells of the Civil Code detonated alternately.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Pensacola left Tulaga for repairs at the docks of the rear bases and arrived there for further repairs on December 6.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

After the construction of temporary coconut log noses, Minneapolis and New Orleans left Tulaga for Espírito Santo and Sydney, respectively, on December 12.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

All three cruisers have undergone lengthy and expensive repairs.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

New Orleans returned to service in August, Minneapolis in September, and Pensacola in October 1943.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

This battle was one of the largest losses suffered by the US Navy during World War II, the third after the attack on Pearl Harbor and the Battle of Savo Island.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

After the battle, given losses during the Battle of Savo Island, the Battle of Cape Esperance and the naval battle for Guadalcanal, 4 heavy and 9 light cruisers from the Pacific Ocean temporarily failed.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Despite his defeat in battle, Wright was awarded the Naval Cross, one of the highest awards of the US Navy for courage, for his actions during battle.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Justifying, to some extent, the loss of his connection, Wright reported in the battle report that his ships sank four and damaged two Japanese destroyers.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Halsey, in his comments on Wright's report, shifted most of the blame for the defeat to Cole, claiming that the commander of the destroyer division fired his torpedoes too big for the volley to be effective , distances and was supposed to “help” the cruisers instead of bypassing Savo Island.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Tanaka reported to his command that during the battle he sank a battleship and two cruisers.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The battle at Tassafaronga caused a discussion at the headquarters of the US Pacific Fleet on the topic of changing tactical doctrine and the need for technical innovations, such as flameless gunpowder.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

However, only eight months later, the high naval command admitted that there were problems with the technical condition of the torpedoes.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

[37] In addition, the Americans remained in the dark about the range and power of Japanese torpedoes and the effectiveness of Japanese night combat tactics.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Wright claimed that his ships were probably attacked by submarines, as from the distance from which he observed the location of Tanaka's ships “it would be impossible to fire torpedoes from speed and range characteristics similar to ours” to cause such serious damage.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

At the same time, Tanaka claimed that he fired torpedoes from a distance of less than three miles.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The Americans did not recognize the true characteristics of their enemy's torpedoes in the Pacific Ocean and the success of his night tactics until 1943.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

After the war, Tanaka spoke of the victory at Tassafaronga: “I heard that American naval experts praised my actions in this battle. But I don't deserve this honor. It was excellent skill and great dedication from those who served with me, who brought us this tactical victory.” [38]


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Despite the defeat in battle, the Americans prevented Tanaka from delivering life-saving food to Guadalcanal, albeit at a high cost.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The second Japanese food convoy of 10 destroyers under the command of Tanaka successfully delivered 1,500 barrels of provisions to Tassafarong on December 3, but American aircraft destroyed all but 310 of them , the day after unloading.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

On December 7, the third convoy of 12 destroyers was forced to turn around and leave after an attack by American torpedo boats at Cape Esperance.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The following night, two American torpedo boats torpedoed and sank a Japanese submarine I-3, which was trying to deliver food to Guadalcanal.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Only 4 crew members of the I-3 left the sinking boat and were rescued by Japanese soldiers on the shore [39].


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Faced with significant difficulties in delivering food to the island, the Japanese fleet informed Imamura on December 8 that all destroyers would immediately stop all deliveries of goods to Guadalcanal.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

After Imamura's protests, the fleet agreed to another voyage to the island [40].


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Tanaka noted that the reason why 1,500 barrels were not pulled ashore immediately after unloading from the destroyers was “the lack of people on the shore who can drag ropes, the physical exhaustion of those who could do this, and in fact, many ropes were torn when the barrels clung to obstacles in the water” [41].


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

The last attempt to deliver food to Guadalcanal by destroyers in 1942 was organized by Tanaka on the night of December 11, a convoy of 11 destroyers.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Five torpedo boats met Tanaka at Guadalcanal and torpedoed Teruzuki's flagship, seriously damaging the destroyer and injuring Tanaka.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

After that, Tanaka moved to Naganami, and Teruzuki was abandoned.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Only 220 of the 1,200 barrels unloaded that night were brought ashore by Japanese soldiers.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Tanaka was subsequently removed from command and transferred to Japan on December 29, 1942.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

On December 12, the command of the Japanese fleet proposed to leave Guadalcanal.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Despite the objections of the commanders of the ground forces, who hoped that Guadalcanal could be recaptured from the Allies, the General Staff of the Japanese Armed Forces received approval from the Emperor on December 31, 1942 the evacuation of all Japanese forces from the island and the creation of a new Solomon Islands defense line in New Georgia.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

[43] The Japanese began evacuating the remaining troops from Guadalcanal over three nights from February 2 to 7, 1943, losing victory in a difficult six-month campaign to the Allies.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Building on their success on Guadalcanal and the surrounding islands, the Allies continued their campaign against Japan, eventually winning World War II.


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

References


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Notes


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Category:Battles alphabetically


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Category: Naval battles of World War II


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Category: Naval battles of Japan in World War II


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Category:Battles of the Pacific War


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Category:Battles in the Pacific


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Category:US Naval Battles


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Category:History of Oceania


Question: When did the Tassafaronga Fight start?

Battle at Tassafarong

Category:Solomon Islands Campaign


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

[[Module: {{{1}}} | {{{1}}}]]


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

Lyakh, mn.


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

Polish: Lędzianie (Polish: Lędzianie) is a word in the chronicle of Nestor, originally used to refer to West Slavic tribes - Polyans (Poles), Lyutichi, Mazovshan and Pomorans.


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

The Slavs, on the other hand, came and sat on the Vistula, nicknamed the Lyakhs, and from those Lyakhov they were nicknamed Lyashsky Polyana, other Lyutichi, other Mazovshans and other Pomoryans


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

After the capture and approval in the lands of a number of West Slavic tribes of the Polyana (Polish) Piast dynasty, the ethnonym Lyakhi began to refer to all these tribes, and later to the newly formed people of Poles .


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

The Poles themselves did not bear this name in historical times.


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

In one of the ancient Czech chronicles, the legendary founder of the Poles is called Lech.


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

According to Safarik, the word lyakh is based on the common noun Lekha, which since ancient times has been found in almost all Slavic dialects with the meaning of furrow, ridge, field, etc. Shafarik's explanation was tried to make up for P.A.


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

Lavrovsky [2], who argued that in the words lyah (= lech) the Russian “I” is a replacement for the nasal (= en) and brought l x closer to l dina, russian lyada, lyadina, meaning roschist, repair.


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

Due to the fact that the clearing farm, in which crops are made on lyads, that is, in places where the forest was cut down and burned, once existed among the North-Western Slavs, P. A. Lavrovsky comes to the final conclusion that in ancient times, the words l</i> <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[2167,2172,2,2]}'>x = lyakh = lech meant a person who makes raschisti, therefore, a landowner, a landowner.


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

According to the now accepted point of view, the etymology of the words “Poles” and “Lyakh (Lech)” is raised to the word “land (lend)” (wasteland, uncultivated field).


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

In other languages, this name was modified according to phonetic laws: “Lendizi” - in the list of tribes of the geographer Bavarian, “Lendzeninoi” - by Konstantin Bagryanorodny, “Poles” - in Old Russian chronicles.


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

It meant both the Privislen “Lendzian”, who dominated Polish tribes until the middle of the 10th century, and other, apparently, related tribes.


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

At the end of the 10th century, the principality of glades arose, from which the name “Poles” arose.


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

See also


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

Lehita


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

Notes


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

Literature


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

Category:National Nicknames


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh


Question: Who are Poles?

Lyakh

Category:Slavic ethnonyms


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

is an action RPG series [1] developed and published jointly by Square Enix (formerly Squaresoft) and Disney Interactive under the direction of Tetsui Nomura, who designed the characters for the Final series Fantasy.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Kingdom Hearts is a crossover between Final Fantasy characters and numerous cartoon characters from The Walt Disney Company studio, in addition, the characters of the game appeared in Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance Square Enix The World Ends with You [2].


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

In addition, new characters were created especially for her, about which the story tells.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Characters and worlds created specifically for the game are designed in a fantasy style with elements of science fiction.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

The plot tells the story of a boy named Sora (, English: Sora), who turns out to be the chosen Key Blade (English: Keyblade).


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Traveling between worlds, he fights against the forces of darkness.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

At the beginning of the journey, Goofy and Donald Duck join him and help him.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Creation and design


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

, creator of the Kingdom Hearts series, noted that unlike the Final Fantasy series, where each game has nothing to do with the previous ones, Kingdom Hearts has the same heroes, and what is difficult enough to do they remained interesting for the players [3].


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Nomura noted that although Disney characters are usually not gloomy or serious, it was not difficult to make them so for the plot [4].


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Although the team was allowed to choose any worlds and change their storylines, they tried not to distort the original plot of the cartoons and leave the characters as they are [5].


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

When the development team decides which worlds to include in the game, they try to find worlds with as interesting characters as possible, taking into account the variety of worlds [6] [7].


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

The decision which Final Fantasy characters to add to the game was made based on the opinion of fans and developers [8].


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Another criterion for choosing characters was how appropriate they would be in the Kingdom Hearts story [9].


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Nomura did not want to include characters from Square Enix games, which he did not design himself, as he was not familiar with their characters and history in the original works [10].


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

During the development of Kingdom Hearts II, he changed his mind after experiencing pressure from other developers [8].


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Nomura left many things in the story unexplained to stir up interest in the sequel.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

He explained this by saying that if there are still rumors among the players about the game, interest in it will not fade [11].


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Character parameters


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

The following parameters are listed for the main characters:


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Character's name in Russian, English and Japanese versions.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Character's age in years, exact or approximate (at the time of its first appearance).


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

If the age is unknown, this is marked separately.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Character gender.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

If gender cannot be determined, it is marked separately.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Japanese and English voice actor


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

For other characters, the following parameters are listed:


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Character gender.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Japanese and English voice actor


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Protagonists


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

villains


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Council of Villains


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

This section lists the characters that are members of the Council of Villains.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

The Council consists of Disney villains, and is headed by Maleficent and her henchman Pete.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Organization XIII


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

is a group of thirteen Non-existent, led by Xemnas.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

It was organized when six disciples of Ansem the Wise lost their hearts as a result of the experiments of Xehanort, who also lost his heart.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

The goal of the members of the Organization is to create a Kingdom of Hearts and regain their hearts to become human again [21].


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Each member has its own element and its own serial number, which is issued in the order in which they joined the Organization.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

The names of the members of the Organization have been changed: Xemnas took their names when they were human and rearranged the letters in them, adding the letter X. Since its members have no hearts, they belong equally to the Light and In the dark, they lack emotions (although they may pretend to have them) and cannot fully understand their immoral actions.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

In addition to Roxas and Xion, the section lists all members of Organization XIII.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Other characters


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Feedback and relevance


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Notes


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Kingdom Hearts


Question: What is the name of the main character of the game Final Fantasy X?

List of Kingdom Hearts characters

Kingdom Hearts


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

The Scottish Premiership (English: Scottish Premiership) is a professional football league for Scottish football clubs.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

It is the top division in the Scottish football league system.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Premiership's official sponsor is Ladbrokes [1] Premiership was established in July 2013, after the Scottish Professional Football League was formed by the merger of the Scottish The Premier League and the Scottish Football League.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Competition format


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Teams get 3 points for a win and 1 point for a draw.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

In the event of a defeat, no points are awarded.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

In the case when several teams score the same number of points, the difference between goals scored and conceded is taken into account first, and then the number of goals scored.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

At the end of each season, the club with the most points is declared the Scottish Champion.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

If the number of points scored in several teams is equal, the goal difference, and then (with the same difference) the number of goals scored, determine the winner.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

The worst team at the end of the season is eliminated to the Championship, and the penultimate plays in the playoffs for the opportunity to stay in the Premiership with the winner of the play-offs of the second, third and fourth teams of the Championship [3 ].


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Season split


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Since the 2000-01 season, 12 clubs have played in the top flight of Scottish football.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Since then, the FLS, and now the SPFL, have implemented a split season format.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

This was done to avoid decomposing out of 44 games in a season based on playing each other four times.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

This format was used in the former Premier League, but nowadays the number of games of the season is considered too large.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

The season, which runs from August to May, is divided into two stages.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

During the first stage, each club plays three games against each team, or once at home and twice away or vice versa.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

At the end of the first stage, each club has 33 matches played.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

In the second stage, the league is divided into groups of 6 teams each.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

The first includes the first six teams in the standings, the second - the rest.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Each club plays five more matches against five other teams in the group.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

The points earned in the first stage in 33 matches are transferred to the second stage, but during the second stage, teams compete only within their groups.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

After the first stage, clubs cannot move from one group to another, even if they score more or less points than a team playing in a higher or lower league, respectively [4].


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Clubs of season 2015/16


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Statistics


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Champions and prize-winners


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Records and awards


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Biggest Home WinCeltic 8—1 Hamilton Academical, January 19, 2016 [5]


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Biggest Away WinDeMotherwell 0-5 Celtic, Dec 6, 2013; [6] Ross County 0-5 Celtic October 18, 2014 [7]


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Most points scored at the end of the season99; Celtic, 2013—14


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Fewest points scored at the end of the season23 Hearts, 2013—14


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Most goals scored in a single matchCeltic 8-1 Hamilton Academical, 19 January 2016


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

The fastest GolKenny McLean, for St. Mirren against Hibernian, 13 seconds, April 19, 2014 [8]


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Most goals scored in a season31; Lee Griffiths, 2015-16


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

The most expensive bought football player Jozo Simunovic, from Dinamo Zagreb to Celtic, 5.5 million.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Pounds sterling, September 1, 2015 [9]


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

The most expensive footballerGil Van Dyck, from Celtic to Southampton, 11.5 million.


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Pounds sterling, September 1, 2015 [10]


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

UEFA rankings


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

As of November 6, 2015 [11]:


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

23 Danish Super League


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

24 Tippeliga Norway


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

25 Scottish Premiership


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

26 Azerbaijan Premier Football League


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

27 Serbian Super League


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Notes


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Scotland


Question: How many Scottish Championships did the Rangers win as of May 2019?

Scottish Football Championship

Category:Football in Scotland


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Megalodon (Latin: Carcharocles megalodon or Otodus megalodon, from Greek: μα and - big tooth) is a species of extinct sharks from the family.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

It existed during the Miocene and Pliocene, although there is some controversial evidence about older and newer findings.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Disputes about the systematic position of the megalodon have been going on for about a hundred years.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

According to a popular point of view in the past, it belongs to the same genus as the modern white shark - Carcharodon from the Lamnidae family.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In this case, its scientific name would be Carcharodon megalodon.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

However, most modern researchers refer megalodon to the genus Carcharocles, or even include it in the genus Otodus.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Both of these genus are part of the Otodontidae family.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Thus, the correct scientific name for a megalodon would be Carcharocles megalodon or Otodus megalodon [1].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

It is also worth taking into account the fact that the generic name Megalodon means completely different taxa not related to the giant shark (for example, the genus of grasshoppers synonymous with Lesina, bivalve mollusks, etc.).


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Thus, the pronunciation of not only the species, but also the generic name of the shark (for example, literally - Otodus megalodon) will probably be more correct in Russian.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Previously, it was often assumed that the megalodon was similar in appearance and behavior to the modern white shark, but there is reason to believe that due to the restrictions imposed by its large size and unique ecological niche, it was very different in behavior from any modern shark [2].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Currently, it is believed that the appearance of the megalodon did not look like the great white shark, but rather an enlarged sand shark many times [3].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The Megalodon was one of the biggest fish of all time.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Its size is difficult to judge, but a study of the remains, represented by a large number of teeth and fossilized vertebrae, shows that this shark was gigantic in size, reaching, according to various estimates of a maximum length of up to 15-16 meters and a maximum weight of 30-35 to possibly 47 tons.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Thus, the megalodon was one of the largest aquatic predators in the history of our planet along with pliosaurs, mosaurs, gainosaurs, basilosaurs, deinosuchs, purussaurs, kronosaurs and other animals that were larger than any modern predator, with the exception of the sperm whale, which is similar in size, but occupies a slightly different ecological niche.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Fossils suggest that the megalodon was very widespread and was very numerous.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

It was probably a superpredator at the top of the food chain [4], at least before the appearance of organized toothed whales like killer whales.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Megalodon tooth marks on the bone remains of marine animals indicate that they ate small cetaceans, sirens, pinnipeds and large fish, eating them alive or dead.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The bite strength of the largest megalodons probably reached 10.8 tons and made it easy to open the chest of a small whale [5].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Discovery


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Glossopetra


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In works dating back to the Renaissance, cases of finding large triangular teeth in rock formations are mentioned.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

At first, these teeth were considered petrified tongues of dragons or snakes and were called “glossopetra” (from Greek. “stone tongues”).


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The correct explanation was proposed in 1667 by the Danish naturalist Niels Stensen: he recognized them as the teeth of ancient sharks.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

His image of a shark's head armed with such teeth became famous.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Among the teeth he published images are megalodon teeth [6] [7].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Systematics


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The first scientific name Carcharodon megalodon was given to this shark in 1835 by the Swiss naturalist Jean Louis Agassiz [8] in Recherches sur les poissons fossiles [9] (” Research of fossil fish”, 1833—1843).


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Due to the morphological similarity of the teeth of the megalodon with the teeth of the white shark, Agassiz attributed the megalodon to the same genus Carcharodon [8].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In 1960, Belgian explorer Edgar Cazier, who believed that these sharks were far from each other, isolated megalodon and related species into the genus Procarcharodon.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In 1964, Soviet scientist L. S. Glickman, agreeing that the megalodon is not closely related to the white shark, attributed it to a close species, now known as, to the new genus Megaselachus, and close species that had lateral denticles, included in the genus Otodus [1] [10] [11].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In 1987, the French ichthyologist Henri Cappetta drew attention to the fact that Procarcharodon is the youngest synonym for the genus Carcharocles described back in 1923, and attributed megalodon and a number of similar species (with jagged the edge of the tooth, but regardless of the presence of lateral denticles) to Carcharocles [1] [11].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

This variant (Carcharocles megalodon) is most widely used; the Glickman variant (Megaselachus megalodon) is also somewhat popular.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In 2012, Cappetta proposed a new classification: he attributed the megalodon with all close species to the genus Otodus, in which he identified 3 subgenuses: Otodus, Carcharocles and Megaselachus; thus, the species received name Otodus megalodon [12].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In the evolution of sharks of this genus, there was a gradual increase and expansion of teeth, memorization of the cutting edge, and later the loss of a pair of lateral denticles [1] [11].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The main difference between the Glickman (1964), Cappetta (1987) and Cappetta (2012) systems is where conditional boundaries between genera are drawn in this smooth evolutionary transition; but according to all these systems, the megalodon belongs to the Otodontidae family.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The old version about the close relationship between the megalodon and the white shark has no supporters among major scientists.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

However, those who adhere to this version call it Carcharodon megalodon and, accordingly, belong to the Lamnidae family [13] [14].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Fossil remains


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The skeleton of the megalodon, like other sharks, consisted of cartilage, not bones.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Therefore, any of his remains, except for his teeth, are quite rare.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Sometimes vertebrae are found (unlike other skeletal elements, they were well mineralized during the life of the shark) [15].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Fossil teeth


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The most common remains of a megalodon are its teeth.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Of modern sharks, the white shark has the most similar teeth, but the teeth of the megalodon are much larger (up to 2-3 times), more massive, stronger and more evenly jagged [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The inclined height (diagonal length) of megalodon teeth can reach 18-19 cm; these are the largest shark teeth known in the history of the Earth [17].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Megalodon differs from similar species, in particular, by the absence of a pair of lateral denticles on the teeth of adults.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

During evolution, the denticles disappeared gradually, remaining the longest in young sharks and on the teeth along the edges of the mouth.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In the Late Oligocene, the absence of denticles in adults was the exception, and in the Miocene it became the norm.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

At the same time, young megalodons retained their denticles, but by the early Pliocene they lost them [1] [11].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Fossil vertebrae


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

There are several findings of partially preserved megalodon spinal columns [7].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The most famous of these was discovered in Belgium in 1926.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

It consists of 150 vertebrae up to 15.5 cm in diameter [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

However, the maximum diameter of megalodon vertebrae can exceed 22.5 cm [18]; for example, in 2006, a full spinal column was found in Peru with a maximum vertebral diameter of about 26 cm [19].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Megalodon vertebrae are strongly calcified to withstand its mass and loads that occur during muscle contraction [18].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Distribution of remains


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Megalodon remains are found in many parts of the globe, including Europe [11], North America [16], South America [7] [16], Puerto Rico [20], Cuba [21], Jamaica [22], Australia [23], New Zealand [17], Japan [16] [24], Africa [7] [16], Malta [17], Grenadines [25] and India [7].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Megalodon teeth were also found in areas remote from continents (for example, in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean) [17].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

It lived in subtropical and temperate waters of both hemispheres; the water temperature in the region of its distribution is estimated at 12—27° C [11].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In Venezuela, megalodon teeth found in freshwater deposits are known, which may indicate that the megalodon, like the modern bovine shark, was adapted to be in fresh water [26].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The oldest reliable findings of megalodon, according to a review made in 2016, relate to the Lower Miocene (about 20 million years ago) [11] [27], but there are also reports of Oligocene [17] [24] [28] and even Eocene finds [29].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Sometimes the appearance of the species is referred to as the Middle Miocene [29] [30].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The uncertainty of the time of appearance of the species is due, among other things, to the fuzzy boundary between it and its probable ancestor: the change in tooth characteristics during evolution was gradual [1].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Megalodon died out, probably at the border of the Pliocene and Pleistocene, about 2.6 million years ago [31], although there are a number of reports of Pleistocene finds [31] [32].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The figure is sometimes referred to as 1.6 million years ago [33].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

For teeth raised from the bottom of the ocean, some researchers, based on the growth rate of the crust of deposits, obtained the age of tens of thousands [34] and even hundreds of years, but this method of determining age unreliable: the crust can grow at different rates even in different parts of the same tooth, or it may stop growing for unclear reasons [35].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Anatomy


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Among modern species, the white shark was previously considered the most similar to megalodon [7] [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Due to the lack of well-preserved megalodon skeletons, scientists were forced to base its reconstructions and assumptions about its size mainly on the morphology of the white shark [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

However, further studies have shown that otodontids (the family to which Megalodon belongs) are not directly related to herring sharks, and are actually a branch of more primitive sharks, most likely retaining the basal characteristics of lamna sharks.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Thus, it is more likely that the megalodon looked like a sand shark, and some dental features similar to those of the white shark are more likely to be examples of convergent evolution [3].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

On the other hand, the shape and body features of a megalodon resembling those of a giant shark are also likely, since such proportions are common for large aquatic animals [36].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Size estimation


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The question of the maximum size of a megalodon is very debatable [17].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In the scientific community, it is believed that the megalodon was comparable in size to the modern whale shark (Rhincodon typus) and extinct bone fish called Leedsichthys [2].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The first attempt to reconstruct the jaw of a megalodon was made by the professor in 1909.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Based on the size of the reconstructed jaws, an estimate of the body length of the megalodon was obtained: it was approximately 30 meters.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

However, later discovered fossils and new achievements in vertebrate biology called into question the reliability of this reconstruction [37].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The main reason for the inaccuracy of reconstruction is the lack of sufficient knowledge about the number and location of megalodon teeth during Dean's time [37].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

According to expert estimates, the exact version of the megalodon jaw model built by Bashford Dean would be more than 30% smaller than the original size and would correspond to a body length consistent with modern findings [37].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Currently, several methods for assessing the size of megalodon have been proposed, based on the statistical relationship between the size of the teeth and the body length of the great white shark [16] [37].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

John E.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Randall


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In 1973, an ichthyologist proposed a method for determining the size of the great white shark and its extrapolation to determine the size of the megalodon [38].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

According to Randall, the body length of a megalodon in meters is determined by the formula:


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

L = 0.096 × the height of the tooth enamel in millimeters [37] [38].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

This method is based on the fact that the height of the enamel (the vertical distance from the base of the enameled part of the tooth to the tip) of the largest front teeth of the shark's jaw is interrelated with the total length of its body [ 37].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Since the enamel height of the largest megalodon teeth available to Randall at that time was 115 mm [37], it turned out that the megalodon reached a length of 13 meters [37] [38].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

However, in 1991, two shark explorers (Richard Ellis and John E. McCrocker) pointed out an error in Randall's method [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

According to their research, the height of the shark tooth enamel is not always proportional to the total length of the fish.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Based on these studies, new, more accurate methods for determining the size of the great white shark and similar shark species have been proposed [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Gottfried and others method


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The following method was proposed by a team of scientists consisting of Michael D. Gottfried, Leonard Kompagno and S. Curtis Bowman, who, after careful examination of numerous samples of the great white shark, proposed a smaller but more accurate method for determining the size of C. carcharias and C. megalodon; their results were published in 1996.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

According to this method, the body length of a megalodon in meters is determined by the formula:


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

L = −0.22 + 0.096 × (maximum tooth height in millimeters) [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The largest upper front tooth of the megalodon, at the disposal of this team of researchers, was 168 millimeters high.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

This tooth was discovered by L. Kompagno in 1993.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The result of calculations using the formula for it corresponded to a body length of 15.9 m [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The maximum tooth height in this method corresponds to the length of the vertical line from the top of the tooth crown to the lower lobe of the root parallel to the long axis of the tooth [16], that is, the maximum tooth height corresponds to its sloping height [39].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Body weight assessment


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Gottfried et al.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

also proposed a method for determining the body weight of the great white shark, studying the mass-length ratio of 175 individuals of this species of different ages, and extrapolated it to determine the mass of the megalodon.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Megalodon's body weight in kilograms, according to this method, is calculated by the formula [16]:


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

M = 3.2 × 10-6 × (body length in meters) 3.174


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

According to this method, an individual 15.9 meters long would have a body weight of approximately 47 tons [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Clifford Jeremiah method


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In 2002, shark researcher Clifford Jeremiah proposed a method for determining the size of the great white shark and similar shark species [17].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

This method calculates the shark's total body length in feet using the formula:


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

L = root width of the upper anterior tooth in centimeters × 4.5.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

According to K. Jeremiah, the perimeter of the shark's jaw is directly proportional to its length, and the width of the roots of the largest teeth makes it possible to estimate the perimeter of the jaw [17].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The biggest tooth available to K. Jeremiah, had a root width of about 12 centimeters, which corresponded to a body length of 15.5 meters [17].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Vertebrae calculation


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

One of the most accurate methods for estimating the size of megalodons, without the use of teeth, is based on the size of the vertebrae.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Two methods for calculating vertebrae applicable to this species are proposed.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

One of them was proposed in 1996 by Gottfried et al.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In this paper, based on a study of the partial spinal column from Belgium and the vertebrae of the white shark, the following formula was proposed:


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

L = 0.22 + 0.058 × vertebra size


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The second method of calculating vertebrae was proposed by Shimada et al.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In 2008, they estimated the body length of the cretoxyrhina mantelli chalk shark in this way.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The formula looks like this:


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

L = 0.281 + 0.05746 × vertebra size


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The discrepancies in the results when using these formulas are relatively small.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Despite the rarity of megalodon vertebrae, these methods make it possible to calculate the size of some very large samples.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The partial spine of the megalodon, found in Denmark in 1983, had 20 fastened vertebrae with a largest diameter of about 23 cm [18] [39].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Based on the proposed formulas, this individual of megalodon was about 13.5 m in length [39], despite the fact that the largest known teeth of this sample were about 16 cm high [18].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

A very large sample of megalodon, perhaps the largest of all, was found in Peru in 2006.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

For 18.6 cm teeth, its length was estimated at 18.26 meters.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

However, the largest of its 194 vertebrae is about 26 cm in diameter, which, according to the formulas mentioned above, indicates a total body length of about 15.3 meters.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

This suggests that large isolated teeth of megalodons do not necessarily indicate the gigantic size of these sharks during life [19] [39].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Final assessment of the maximum size


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Currently, the most common estimate in the scientific community of the maximum length of a megalodon is 15—16 meters [5] [14] [17].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The expected maximum possible size of a megalodon at which it would be able to breathe is approximately 15.1 m [40].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In 2015, from a large sample of megalodon teeth, C. Pimiento and M. A. Balk estimated the average length of megalodons at about 10 m. Interestingly, at the same time, the largest samples studied by them were estimated at 17—18 m [39] [41].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Although, since the calculation was made based on the height of the teeth, in fact, these individuals were probably slightly smaller in size — their teeth did not exceed much fuller teeth specimen whose vertebrae indicate a total length of 15.3 m.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Thus, recent studies show that despite being slightly smaller than previously thought, the megalodon was the largest shark known to science, competing for this title only with a modern whale shark, as well as one of the largest fish that has ever inhabited the seas of our planet [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Body weight


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The modern formula, derived from measuring the length and weight of 127 white sharks, indicates a mass of 15.3 m of megalodon at about 40,885 kg [42].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

On the contrary, comparison with modern whale sharks gives its lower value in the region of 30-35 tons [43].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Teeth structure and jaw mechanics


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

A team of Japanese scientists (T. Uyeno O. Sakamoto G. Sekine) in 1989 described the partially preserved remains of a megalodon with an almost complete connected set of teeth found in Saitama Prefecture, Japan [7].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Another almost complete set of these was extracted from Leigh Creek, North Carolina, USA.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

It served as the basis for the reconstruction of the jaws of the megalodon, exhibited at the American Museum of Natural History in New York [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

These findings made it possible to determine the number and location of teeth in the jaws, which made it possible to create accurate reconstructions of the jaws.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Later, other articulated sets of Megalodon teeth were found.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In 1996, S. Applegate and L. Espinosa determined his dental formula:


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

{\ displaystyle {\ begin {matrix} {\ frac {2.1.7.4} {3.0.8.4}}\ end {matrix}}}


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

(from left to right is the number of front, intermediate, lateral and posterior teeth in each half of the upper jaw (above) and lower (lower)) [7] [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The most accurate modern reconstructions of megalodon jaws are based on this formula.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The megalodon had very strong teeth [16]; the total number reached 276.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The teeth were arranged in 5 rows.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

According to paleontologists, the size of the jaws of large individuals of the megalodon reached 2 meters [17].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Bite power


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In 2008, a team of scientists led by Stephen Uro created a computer model of the jaws and masticatory muscles of a white shark weighing 240 kg and calculated that the bite force in some places of its mouth reaches 3.1 kN.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

This value was extrapolated to the megalodon (assuming it has the same proportions) using two estimates of its maximum mass.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

With a mass of 48 tons, a force of 109 kN was calculated, and at a mass of 103 tons, 182 kN was calculated [5].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The first of these values seems more adequate from the point of view of modern estimates of the mass of the megalodon; it is about 17 times greater than the bite force of the dunkleostey (6.3 kN), 9 times more than that of the largest white shark (about 12 kN), 3 times more than the modern record holder, the combed crocodile (about 28-34 kN) and slightly higher than that of the pliosaurus kevani pliosaurus (64-81 kN) [44], but inferior to strength bite of a deinosuchus (356 kN), a tyrannosaurus rex (183-235 kN), a Hoffman mosasaurus (more than 200 kN) and similar animals.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Thus, the megalodon, due to its size, had one of the strongest bites known to science today, although in terms of weight this figure was relatively small due to inferior in strength to the bones of the cartilaginous skull.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Teeth function


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Megalodon teeth are quite strong, but thin, jagged with a relatively shallow cutting edge [8] [17].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Paleontologist Bretton Kent points out that these teeth are thick enough for their size and have little flexibility, but good bending strength.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Their roots are quite large compared to the overall height of the tooth.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

These teeth are not just a good cutting tool; they are also well suited to open the chest and bite through the vertebrae of a large animal, and rarely break even when they cut into bones [45].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Thus, when fed on a large carcass, the megalodon could reach parts of it that are inaccessible to many other sharks [46].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Skeletal anatomy


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In addition to determining the size of the megalodon, a group of scientists led by Gottfried also tried to determine the structure of its skeleton [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Cartilaginous skull


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The cartilaginous skull of the megalodon had to be proportionally thicker and stronger than that of the great white shark to fit the more massive jaws and the structure of the teeth, withstanding the loads during their application [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Jaw structure


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

To support very large and strong teeth, the jaws of the megalodon also had to be relatively more massive, strong and stronger than the jaws of the great white shark [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Such highly developed jaws gave the eyes of the megalodon a “pig” appearance [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Pectoral fins


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The fins of the megalodon were most likely proportionally larger and thicker than the fins of the great white shark, as this was required to move and control the movement of such a massive shark [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Axial skeleton


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

By studying the partially preserved vertebral trunks of the megalodon from Belgium, it became obvious that the number of vertebrae in the megalodon exceeded the number of vertebrae in large specimens of any other shark [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Only the number of vertebrae of the great white shark is close, which indicates some anatomical relationship between the two species [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

However, based on the systematic position of the megalodon, it is assumed that it looked more like an ordinary sand shark than a great white shark, since the elongated body and heterocercal the caudal fin is a basal feature for this group [3].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Full skeleton


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Based on the characteristics mentioned above, Gottfried and his colleagues were able to reconstruct the complete skeleton of the megalodon.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

It was exhibited at the Calvert Marine Museum (Solomon Islands, Maryland, USA) [16] [47] [48].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The reconstructed skeleton is 11.5 meters long and corresponds to the average adult [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The team points out that relative and proportional changes in the characteristics of the skeleton of the megalodon compared to the great white shark are ontogenetic in nature, and should occur in great white sharks as they increase in size [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Large size problems


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Megalodon is the largest fish that has ever existed, along with the lidsychtis and the modern whale shark.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

However, the largest predatory shark is the megalodon, the largest filter sharks are ledsychtis and whale sharks, do not reach the size of the largest whales and do not exceed the weight bar of about 40 tons.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

This is due to the fact that as the size of the body increases, the volume grows disproportionately faster than its surface area.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

While the body of fish is limited by the surface area that collects oxygen (gills) [49].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Since giant fish reached huge sizes and their volume increased to a greater extent than the area of the gills, they began to face problems of gas exchange [50].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Thus, these giant fish, including megalodon, can not be fast aerobic swimmers — they have minimal endurance, slow metabolism.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The speed of movement and metabolism of the megalodon will be more correct to compare with those of the whale shark, rather than the great white shark.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

It is not known whether the megalodon has developed a developed homocercal caudal fin, which the white shark uses to jerk sharply and maintain acceleration, which is also facilitated by its homoyothermy.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The megalodon most likely had a heterocercal caudal fin, which is needed for slow swimming and only short-term flashes of speed, and it was unlikely to be warm-blooded [3] [50].