Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

However, in May 2008, the Governor of St. Petersburg Valentina Matvienko criticized this idea, saying that tram traffic on the new bridge could lead to its rapid wear and tear [104].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Possible development of the St. Petersburg tram


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

According to representatives of the Committee on Transport and the State Unitary Enterprise Gorelectrotrans, in the coming years it is planned to build a new tram fleet on Malaya Balkanskaya Street [105] and reconstruct tram tracks on St. Petersburg Shosse for high-speed traffic [106], but no specific actions have been taken to implement these projects yet.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

On May 26, 2008, at a meeting in Smolny devoted to the discussion of the Program for the Development of Land Electric Transport in St. Petersburg for the period up to 2012 and prospects until 2015, it was proposed organize tram traffic along the existing railway tracks — the eastern and western arcs that pass through the city [107].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

As of 2008, this proposal has not received any further development.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Further reduction in tram traffic in St. Petersburg


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In 2008, it was planned to begin work on the repair of Dobrolyubov Avenue [108].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

It was likely that in this case, the movement of trams on it would have to be stopped [50], which could lead to the elimination of tram traffic throughout Vasilyevsky Island, Tuchkov Bridge, Avenue Dobrolyubov, Kronverksky Prospekt and Kuibysheva Street [8].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In September 2010, Valentina Matviyenko, Governor of St. Petersburg, said: “... we have taken into account the opinion of this part of Petersburgers. Therefore, such a moratorium was declared on the dismantling of tram tracks on Kronverksky Prospekt and other streets of the Petrogradskaya side. Tram traffic will continue there until we are convinced that the rails are really not needed” [109].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Tram fleet No. 1 was previously planned to be closed [110], and in the 1980s it was possible to move it to Malaya Balkanskaya Street in the area of the terminal station of the same name.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Officials also planned to dismantle the rails on Obukhovskaya Oborony Avenue on the section from Bolshoy Smolensky Prospekt to the Alexander Nevsky Bridge, on the Alexander Nevsky Bridge itself [8] [9] [92] [111] [112], Lermontovsky Prospekt, 1st Krasnoarmeyskaya Street, Zagorodny Prospekt, Zvenigorodsky Street, Marata Street, Vladimirsky and Liteyny Prospekt.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Such actions would lead to the division of the single tram network into several separate segments in the outskirts of the city [9] [111].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Private tram


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

At the beginning of 2015, discussion of the project of a private tram in Krasnogvardeysky district began, which was approved.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

As a result, the Rzhev-Ladoga network with routes No. 8, 10, 59 and 64 will be transferred to the LSR Group for 30 years, and the company will perform the following work:


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

set up a “green wave” of traffic lights for the tram;


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

create about 40 convenient bus stops equipped with electronic displays;


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

restore the unfinished tram fleet on Industrialny Prospekt, build a tram line to it;


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

rebuild the Malaya Okhta terminal station;


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

To reconstruct tram lines:


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Mentors Avenue — a section from Kosygin Avenue to Khasanskaya Street (including the end station), from Kosygin Avenue to Irinovsky Prospekt;


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Irinovsky Prospekt and Ryabovskoye Shosse — the section from Peredovikov Street to the Rzhevka railway station;


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Build tram lines:


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Potapova Street — a section from Irinovsky Prospekt to the new tram fleet;


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Granitnaya Street is a section from Novocherkassky Prospekt to Ladozhsky Railway Station (including the reconstruction of the ring).


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The carrier will be the Transport Concession Company.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The fate of tram routes No. 7 and 30 is unclear — they may be closed altogether.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Initially, it was also planned that route No. 10 would be divided into two parts - for this purpose it was planned to arrange a dirty exit on Bolshaya Porokhovskaya Street.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

It is also planned to change or close bus routes so that they do not lure passengers away from the tram:


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Route No. 92 will be straightened along Udarnikov Avenue without entering Irinovsky Prospekt;


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Routes No. K-28k, K-102, K-137, K-163, K-264, K-284, K-388 will be removed from Mentors Avenue;


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Routes No. 21, 168, K-21, K-77, K-92, K-153 will be closed;


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Route No. K-401 will be shortened to the Prospekt Bolshevikov metro station.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Transport Concession Company chose a rolling stock supplier back in early 2016 — this is the Belarusian-Swiss company Stadler Minsk, from which 23 three-section Metelitsa tram.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Trams will be equipped with electronic signs, an information system, one-time ticket sales machines, passenger counting sensors, navigation equipment and a multimedia system.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The project was called “Chizhik” [113].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Mini|250px|Thumbtime=71|Chizhik tram system.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The first month of operation of the Stadler B85600M trams on route 8


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

On March 7, 2018, Russia's first private tram, Chizhik, began transporting passengers on route No. 8 [114].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

On December 15, 2018, the private tram Chizhik began transporting passengers on route No. 64 (to Irinovsky Prospekt).


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

High speed tram


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In 1998, the first projects of the Overground Express, namely light rail transport, appeared in St. Petersburg.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Initially, the highway was supposed to run from Pionerstroy Street (later from the Baltiyskaya Zhemchuzhina residential complex) to the Obukhovo metro station.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The project has been changed several times and in 2011 it was frozen.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In 2014, it became known that after 2020, the construction of the first LRT line, Kirovsky Zavod — Strelna-Peterhof metro station, will begin.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

There was also information about two other lines: “Shushary metro station — Slavyanka microdistrict” and “Rybatskoye metro station — Kolpino”.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Criticism of officials


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Distorting facts or operating with false facts


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

On September 27, 2007, Alexander Datsyuk, Chairman of the Transport Committee, said that it was planned to repair the tram line on Komendantsky Prospekt [105], although there had never been tracks there [8].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

On October 18, 2007, Vladimir Antonov, Deputy Chairman of the Committee for Improvement and Roads, said that “tram rails are being removed all over the world” and only residents of St. Petersburg for some reason “are fighting for the title of “tram capital””.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

He also noted that in the central part of the city, due to the narrowness of highways, it is more advisable to use buses [115].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

At the end of October 2007, Mikhail Mochalov, Director of the State Unitary Enterprise Gorelectrotrans, announced that new high-speed lines would be commissioned on Lanskoye Shosse in 2008 [106], although tram tracks were not laid along Lanskoye Shosse, and along Torzhkovskaya Street parallel to it [8].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In early December 2007, Vice-Governor Alexander Polukeev said that “city tram tracks are growing in length” [116] despite the fact that over the previous 6 years not a single new line has been built and the length of tram lines in the city decreases by tens of kilometers every year.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

At the end of May 2008, he also announced that the currently unused tram tracks on Chkalovsky Prospekt will be dismantled only after the construction of tram fleet No. 11 on Rzhevka [ 117], but the tracks were dismantled [118] and the park was never built.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

On August 26, 2009, commenting on the proposal to restore tram traffic at the Narvskaya metro station, which was closing for repair, the Deputy Chairman of the Transport Committee of the Administration of St. Dmitry Znamensky said that there are no tram tracks near Narvskaya, and they have never existed on Stachek Avenue.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Both of these statements do not correspond to reality [119] [120].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

On December 13, 2010, Anton Gubankov, chairman of the Committee for Culture of the St. Petersburg Administration, said on the air of the Ekho Moskvy radio station that “there is no museum of electric transport in historical hangars Vasileostrovsky tram park does not exist, the territory is closed and inaccessible to visitors. And of the entire collection contained on the territory, only 22 trams and 6 trolleybuses are valuable.”


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Both these statements do not correspond to reality [121].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Quality of track laying


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

It is believed that in recent years, the repair of tram tracks has often not been carried out very qualitatively, which has led or will lead in the near future to rapid wear of the rails and, accordingly, a decrease tram speed, comfort of movement and attractiveness of the tram for passengers:


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In 2006, the tram tracks on Zhukova Street were completely replaced.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Three years later, due to the unsatisfactory condition of the line, a speed limit was introduced on the street [122].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

It is alleged that the widely advertised high-speed line on Prosvescheniya Avenue was made in 2007 from old rails transported from dismantled sections, laid on defective sleepers, and in addition, the rails were also poorly welded [123] [124] [125].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The paving slabs, which were paved with a separate canvas, did not last long [126].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In May 2008, the fact of poor quality of work on Prosvescheniya Avenue was recognized by Alexander Polukeev, Vice-Governor of St. Petersburg [117].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In 2007, when traffic on Sredny Avenue of Vasilyevsky Island was resumed after repair, it turned out that the work was carried out with violations: in particular, the track width in some places differed from the standard by 14 millimeters, and the joints between the rails were welded poorly [8] [123] [124] [127] [128].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The reconstruction of Ligovsky Prospekt in the fall of 2007 was carried out in an emergency mode due to the failure to put the route into operation, as a result of which the tram tracks were laid on an emergency basis with violation of technology [8] [124].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

During the repair of Piskaryovsky Prospekt, tram tracks were laid in late autumn and early winter 2007 directly on the frozen ground, which raises fears for the prosperous future of the remaining section from the street Rustaveli Street to Mechnikov Avenue [129] [130].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Despite the fact that during the repair of tracks on Gavanskaya Street, the Committee for Improvement and Road Management promised a more reliable and less noisy sleepless design of tram tracks on concrete rails with wooden sleepers [131] [134] [135] [136] were laid on the concrete slab with a rubber lining under the foot of the rail [131] [135] [136], and the work was carried out in a hurry [131], which creates additional doubts about the quality of the work performed.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Inappropriate use of budget funds


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Dismantling of recently renovated tracks


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Repair of tram tracks was often carried out before the removal of the tram line from this street or the beginning of the overhaul of the entire road surface, which is regarded by many as laundering money officials [137]; in everyday life, the term “bury money in the ground” has become widespread, which applies to the actions of officials [138] [139].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In 2005, the line on Nekrasova Street was decommissioned, repaired several years before the cessation of traffic [126] [140].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In 2005-2006, tram tracks on Ligovsky Prospekt were repaired.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

At the same time, in 2007, the section of tracks from Kuznechny Lane to 2nd Sovetskaya Street was completely dismantled due to the overhaul of Ligovsky Prospekt [124] [126].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In 2006, recently repaired tracks were dismantled on parts of the 1st and Kadetskaya lines (from Sredny Prospekt to Universitetskaya Embankment), Universitetskaya Embankment, Blagoveshchensky Bridge and Izmailovsky Prospekt [137], the widely advertised expensive reconstruction of tracks on Truda Square lost its meaning due to the cessation of traffic through it [141].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In 2008, the dismantling of lines along Vvedenskaya, Rybatskaya, Bolshaya Zelenina streets began, where the tracks were recently overhauled [53] [118] [126] [138] [139] [142] [143]


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In 2009, the line on Chkalovsky Prospekt, which has the title of the most modern in St. Petersburg from Bolshaya Zeleninaya Street to the Karpovka River Embankment [53] [118] [138] [144] [145] [146] and the line along Maly Prospekt of Vasilyevsky Island from Gavanskaya Street to Bering Street [146] [147] [148].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

It is also common practice when lines recently renovated using new technologies (concrete base, rubber pads, etc.) become impossible to operate and remain abandoned for an indefinite period, or are completely dismantled during road works.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

These lines include the Obvodny Canal Embankment from Ligovsky Prospekt to Rybinskaya Street [138]


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The use of inefficient and expensive technologies in the repair of tracks


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Since the late 1990s, instead of a single tram rail, which has a special “lip” that forms a groove for rolling the wheel crest, St. Petersburg began to use railway rails that can be laid only on selected sections where the path will not pass in the body of the road.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

To ensure the missing groove, a steel corner was welded to the crutch, which is hammered into a wooden sleeper.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The sleepers were poured with concrete from above, which formed ideal conditions for rotting the tree.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

At the same time, the drainage system was implemented in such a way that all water from the tram rails does not enter the storm sewer, but under the concrete cap directly to the sleepers.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

At the same time, sleepers of proper quality were not always supplied.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

As a result, many recently repaired tracks began to tear off the steel corner.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

On some streets, a concrete slab was used instead of wooden sleepers.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In this case, the steel corner was welded to the ties between the rails, however, 3-4 welding points per 4-meter corner are not enough, which after a while leads to a dangerous separation of the corner [149] [150].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Since 2007, in the repair of tram tracks in St. Petersburg, the technology of paving a separate canvas with paving slabs has been widely used, the use of which is undesirable for for a number of reasons [126]:


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Undisciplined motorists get the opportunity to unauthorized access to tram tracks and move along them at high speed


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Current repairs, maintenance and monitoring of the condition of tracks become extremely difficult


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The canvas, paved in this way, has a very short service life


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Paving with paving slabs is very expensive, in contrast, for example, to sowing grass between paths, which is also more efficient in terms of technical indicators and slightly more environmentally friendly


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

An additional step is formed in front of the car door, which minimizes the effect of using low-floor trams [90]


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Premature closure of tram fleets


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Due to the closure of tram fleet No. 4 in Degtyarny Lane in 2003, the empty run time of rolling stock from the park to Rzhevka has significantly increased: now trams are forced to enter the route make empty flights from tram fleet No. 7 along a significant part of Obukhovskaya Oborony Avenue and along Novocherkassky Prospekt.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The preservation of tram fleet No. 4 and tracks along the Bolsheokhtinsky Bridge until the completion of the construction of tram fleet No. 11 would significantly increase the efficiency of using trams on Rzhevka [3] [151].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

After the dismantling of tram tracks on the Blagoveshchensky Bridge, Vasilyevsky Island was connected to the rest of the tram network by only one line passing along the Tuchkov Bridge, Dobrolyubova Avenue and Kronverksky Prospekt.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

After the closure of tram fleet No. 2 on Sredny Prospekt in 2007, any repair on the section from Sredny Prospekt to Kronverksky Prospekt means the cessation of tram traffic throughout Vasilyevsky Island.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Thus, the operation of tram fleet No. 2 would remain expedient at least until the possible construction of a tram line along the projected bridge across the Neva in the alignment of lines 22-23 or the construction of another tram fleet on Vasilyevsky Island [151].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Liquidation of tram facilities


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The issue of putting up for sale a number of substations is being considered — liquidation will cause a decrease in the reliability of electric transport [17] [18] [152].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Liquidation of cultural heritage sites


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Several tram fleets in St. Petersburg were built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and are (or were before their destruction) monuments of industrial architecture [13] [153].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In 2005, the territory of tram fleet No. 6 at 12 Barochnaya Street was given for the construction of a residential building, and the park's hangars were completely destroyed [153].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In October 2005, tram depot No. 4 in Degtyarny Pereulok, 4, was cut off from the transport network.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Despite the fact that initially the depots were going to be preserved [153] [154] [155], on April 28, 2008, the destruction of the park buildings began [156] [157] to free up space for the construction of public and business Nevskaya Ratusha complex [158].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

On January 15, 2007, tram depot No. 2 at 77 Sredny Prospekt was closed.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

It was reopened in 2016 as part of the Tram Fleet No. 3 division.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The territories of tram fleet No. 1 at 83 Moskovsky Prospekt, and No. 3 on Bolshaya Posadskaya Street, 24/2 are likely to be given for development.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The historical so-called “Blockade Substation” is an electrical substation on the Fontanka River embankment, house 3a, thanks to which the tram was restored in besieged Leningrad movement, will be destroyed to free up space for the construction of a hotel, the request of the state circus to transfer to it for unlimited use the land plot on which the substation is located, for the placement of a creative circus complex in the territories adjacent to the substation (the building itself was planned to be preserved) was rejected [145] [159] [160] [161] [162] [163] [164].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Gaining momentary benefits instead of working for the future


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

By moving all tram fleets from the central districts to the periphery, the city receives momentary benefits from the sale of expensive land, but at the same time significantly aggravates possible development prospects public transport, because even if in a few years the policy of senior officials changes and a purposeful course is chosen for the development of public transport, in particular, rail, the organization of efficient passenger transportation can be fraught with significant difficulties: you will either have to look for new areas to accommodate rolling stock, which is in the center cities seem to be a rather difficult task, or significant resources will have to be spent on empty mileage of rolling stock [9] [165].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Also, due to the massive dismantling and liquidation of tram fleets, the tram network lost its previously existing margin of safety, when the cessation of traffic on a single line did not lead to serious problems due to the branching of the network, which allows you to bypass a non-functioning line, and tram fleets evenly distributed throughout the city could, if necessary, quickly establish traffic in the segment networks that are normally serviced by other fleets.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The decision to give priority to private vehicles on the roads by destroying the public transport system is often blamed in plain text by officials [51] [166].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The last line on Krestovsky Island was closed in 2007, although at that time it was already known that in its western part on the site of the Kirov Stadium, for the export of fans from which tram lines and were used, a new major football stadium will be built [139] [144].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

At the end of 2009, preparations began for the development of a project for the construction of a bus ring on the site of the tram [167] [168].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

At the same time, the line on the Blagoveshchensky Bridge was liquidated, despite the fact that after the completion of the construction of the Sea Facade on Vasilyevsky Island, transport problems will only worsen due to significant increase in the population of the island [144], and according to experts, rail transport should necessarily run along bridges, especially if there are as many of them as in St. Petersburg [169].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The line on Lensovet Street is under threat of dismantling, despite its popularity and the recommendation of the Research Institute for Territorial Development and Transport Infrastructure to maintain line due to its great potential [144].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Elimination of tram lines without arranging replacement by alternative transport


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The logic of the development of the route network is often criticized due to the elimination of tram lines without organizing replacement with alternative transport [170]: for example, after the dismantling of the line on Izmailovsky Prospekt communication with the Senny Market became difficult, the elimination of tram traffic at the Moskovsky railway station was lost - the communication between the Liteynaya Side and the main station of the city was lost.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

After the liquidation of 10 out of 12 tram routes passing through Vasilyevsky Island, the only additional social bus was introduced with an interval of up to 30 minutes.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

After the closure of the lines, many microdistricts (for example, Liteynaya and Rozhdestvenskaya parts, Vasilyevsky Island, Petrogradskaya Side) were basically left without public transport [171].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

After the reconstruction of Piskaryovsky Prospekt and the closure of tram traffic on the Mechnikova Avenue — Polyustrovsky Prospekt section, it became difficult to connect the Piskaryovka district with the city center and with the avenue Obukhovskoy Oborony, as bus routes run only to the Finlyandsky railway station and Alexander Nevsky Square.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Inconsistent actions leading to line closures


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In some cases, the closure of lines was caused by uncoordinated actions of officials who sold plots of land occupied by reverse rings, without taking into account the real needs of the population, and sometimes even without consulting the Committee on Transport.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Thus, the terminal stations “Maly Prospekt” and “Dvinskaya Ulitsa” were given for gas stations, which led to the closure of traffic on the adjacent sections of Maly Prospekt of Vasilyevsky Island and Obvodny Canal embankment


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

There is a high probability of stopping traffic along Lensovet Street due to the sale of the Myasokombinat terminal station at the gas station, despite the fact that a few months earlier the deputy head of the Transport Committee Stanislav Popov said that the issue of removing the tram from Lensovet Street is not considered [146] [172] [173] [174] [175].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

St. Petersburg tram in culture


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Tram Museum


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The Museum of Electric Transport of St. Petersburg, a structural unit of the State Unitary Enterprise Gorelectrotrans, operates on the territory of the oldest tram fleet in the city, Vasileostrovsky.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Tram monuments


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In 2005, 30 meters of rails [176] [177] were mounted into the sidewalk on Admiralteysky Prospekt at the site of the launch of the first St. Petersburg tram, and on September 29, 2007, a memorial plaque was installed [ 178].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

On August 17, 2007, a monument to the first in St. Petersburg was erected on Sredny Prospekt 77, on the territory of the former tram fleet No. 2, where the Museum of Electric Transport now continues to operate to the Brush tram car.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The installed car is built on the basis of an old freight car and is a model of the Brush tram, which opened permanent traffic on September 29, 1907 from Admiralteysky Prospekt to Vasilyevsky island.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

In the manufacture of the model, the surviving elements of the very first cars were used, for example, the buffer lantern [179] [180].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The official opening of the monument took place on September 29, 2007, the 100th anniversary of the St. Petersburg tram [181] [182].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

On August 22, 2007, a monument to the blockade tram was erected on Stachek Avenue (Avtovo metro station) near house No. 114.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Several meters of rails installed where defensive structures were located during the blockade were used as a pedestal for the monument.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The official opening of the monument took place on September 8, 2007 [183] [184].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The MS series retractory car has been restored by restorers in the smallest detail.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

It was these trams that ran along the streets of the besieged city.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The tram of route 12 [185] [186] [187] became a monument to the heroic wagon driver.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Tram related monuments


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Traction substation No. 11 — “Blockade substation”.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

On the building there is a memorial plaque “To the Feat of Trams of Besieged Leningrad. After the harsh winter of 1941-1942, this traction substation supplied energy to the grid and ensured the movement of the revived tram” on the building of the traction substation at Emb.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Fontanka River, 3, lit.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

A (the building is under threat of demolition).


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Memorial plaque “To the Feat of Trams of Besieged Leningrad. After the harsh winter of 1941-1942, this traction substation supplied energy to the grid and ensured the movement of the revived tram” on the building of the traction substation at Lesnoy Prospect, 26—28 [188].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Memorial plaque “To the Feat of Trams of Besieged Leningrad. On April 15, 1942, the first tram trains entered the line from this park” on the building of the former tram fleet No. 2 at Sredny Vasilievsky Island Avenue, 77.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Monument to the horse on lines 6-7.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Petersburg tram in cinema


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Trams in St. Petersburg have repeatedly been included in the footage of films and have been directly involved in the development of the plot.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Specifically:


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The blockade tram was repeatedly used by directors as a symbol of the failed Leningrad;


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Freight trams have been repeatedly used as an original means of rescuing the characters of the film (for example, in the films “The Incredible Adventures of Italians in Russia”, “Brother”);


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Director Vladimir Bortko used museum trams to recreate the atmosphere of St. Petersburg and other cities of the early 20th century.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Also watch Documentaries:


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

“The Tram Goes Through the City” 1973, director: Lyudmila Stanukinas;


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

“The Melody of the Old Tram” 1974, People's Film Studio of the House of Culture of Students of Vocational Educational Institutions of Leningrad, director: Vladimir Medvedev;


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

“” 2005, directed by Vladimir Dvinsky, screenplay Evgeny Rein.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Petersburg tram in literature


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Nikolay Gumilyov — “Lost Tram”


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Osip Mandelshtam — a cycle of poems


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Samuil Marshak — “That's how absent-minded”


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Characteristic references are found in the works of Osip Mandelstam, Joseph Brodsky, Lev Losev, Sergei Dovlatov, Alexander Kushner, Yevgeny Rein, Elena Shvarts


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Saint Petersburg tram in folklore


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

During the Great Patriotic War, there were sayings about some of the tram routes in Leningrad [189]:


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

“I'll starve, I'll starve — and on Volkovo” — about route No. 5 (Goloday Island — Volkovo Cemetery)


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

“I'll starve, I'll starve — and go to Krasnenkoye” — about route 6 (Goloday Island — Krasnenkoe Cemetery)


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

There are also songs dedicated to the St. Petersburg tram [190].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Also, the topic of the tram has been repeatedly raised in the works of St. Petersburg musicians:


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Aquarium — Before Jazz Starts


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Aquarium — Tram


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Zero — Trams were driving along the streets... [“going somewhere to die”]


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Pilot — Tramway


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Fly agarics — High Speed Tram


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Secret — The Last Tram


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Spleen — Sleep in an abandoned house


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Vadim Karev — Tramway


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Igor Kornelyuk — Ballet ticket


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Leonid Sergeev — Tramvaychik


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Movie — We saw the night


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Iva Nova — City


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Commemorative signs, postcards, stamps.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

1987 The badge “Leningrad Tram — 80” (materials: metal, enamel. USSR) [191]


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

1997 The badge “90 years of the St. Petersburg tram”.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

(materials: metal, enamel. USSR) [192]


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

2007 y. The icon “Gorelectrotrans. 100 years of the St. Petersburg tram”.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

(materials: metal, enamel) [193]


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Postcard Nevsky Prospect.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Gostiny Dvir


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

The beginning of the 20th century.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Postcard “Tram on the ice of the Neva (1895—1900)”.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Stamp series.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

1996 The history of the domestic tram.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Two out of five.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Tram car of the Putilov plant in 1896.


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

4-axle tram car LM-57-1957 [196]


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Leningradsky Tramway Newspaper


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

It has been published since 1945, once a week, No. 1 was published on Friday, June 1 [197].


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

comments


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Notes


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

Literature


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

References


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

(see also)


Question: How many minutes does it take to get from Kolpino to the center of St. Petersburg by car without traffic jams?

Saint Petersburg tram

‹See Tfd› (in German)


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

The tallest building in Seattle is the 76-story Columbia Center, which is 937 feet (286 meters) high and was built in 1985.


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

[1] Today, this building is one of the 20 tallest buildings in the United States and is the tallest building in Washington State.


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

The second tallest building in the city and state is 1201 Third Avenue, which is 772 feet (235 meters) high [2]. 19 of the 20 tallest skyscrapers in Washington state are located in Seattle.


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

The history of the construction of skyscrapers in Seattle began in 1904, when the Alaska Building was completed, which is often called the first skyscraper in the city built with steel structures; the building has 14 floors and rises 203 feet (62 meters).


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

Seattle experienced a major construction boom from the late 1970s and early 1980s, resulting in the construction of 15 high-rise buildings out of 20 in the city, including the Columbia Center and 1201 Third Avenue.


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

The second construction boom, which began in 2000, led to the creation of several more high-rise buildings in the city, up to 500 feet (152 meters) high.


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

Today, Seattle has 12 skyscrapers that are more than 152 meters high, and two more skyscrapers are under construction.


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

In terms of the number of skyscrapers, Seattle ranks first among the northwestern states of the United States, third on the west coast (after Los Angeles and San Francisco) and eleventh in the United States.


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

As of May 2008, there are 204 high-rise buildings in the city, 63 are in the process of construction and design,


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

of which 22 are more than 400 feet (122 meters) tall, [4]


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

List of buildings


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

The list includes buildings with a height of at least 400 feet (122 meters).


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

The list mentions buildings with spires and architectural details, antenna masts are excluded.


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

The “year” column indicates the year of completion of the building.


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

Observation towers as non-residential premises are included in the comparison list, but were not included in the statistics.


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

Notes


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

Seattle


Question: What is the name of Seattle's tallest building?

List of tallest buildings in Seattle

Seattle Buildings


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The ordinary iguana [1], or green iguana [1] (Latin: Iguana iguana), is a large herbivorous lizard of the iguana family that leads a daytime woody lifestyle.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

It is found in Central and South America.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The original natural range covers a large area from Mexico to the south to southern Brazil and Paraguay, as well as the islands of the Caribbean Sea.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In addition, several populations whose ancestors were pets have been formed in parts of the United States: southern Florida (including the Florida Keys), Hawaii, and the Rio Grande Valley in Texas.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The body length from nose to tail tip in adults usually does not exceed 1.5 m, although history has known individuals more than 2 m long and weighing more than 8 kg. [2] [3] Due to its bright colors, calm liking and liveliness, ordinary iguanas are often bred and kept indoors as pets.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Nevertheless, their maintenance requires proper and careful care, among the requirements are a specially equipped terrarium with an abundance of space, maintaining acceptable humidity, temperature and illumination.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

History


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In 1553, the iguana was first mentioned in literature - in the book “Chronicle of Peru” by Pedro Cieza de Leon:


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

When we left Antioch for Cartagena, when we settled it, Captain Jorge Robledo and others found so many fish that we killed with sticks whatever we wanted to catch.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In the trees near the rivers themselves, there is an animal called the iguana [yguana], which looks like a snake; if you compare it, it is very similar to the large lizards of Spain, except that it has a larger head and it more predatory, and the tail is longer, but almost the same in color and appearance.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Skinning, roasting or stewing the meat is as good food as rabbits, and for me, females are more delicious, they have a lot of eggs, so it [makes] good food; and for those who [previously] do not were known to run away from them before he was afraid and horrified by the sight of her alone, [at all] without thinking [of] eating it.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

No one can fully determine whether it's meat or fish, because we saw it jump from trees into the water, and feels good in it, and just like in a land where there are absolutely no rivers, it is there feels [good].


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Systematics and etymology


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The common iguana was scientifically described by the Swedish physician and naturalist Karl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systems of Nature.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[4] In subsequent years, at least 17 more species and subspecies belonging to the common iguana were identified, but all of them, with the exception of the Caribbean green iguana, were declared invalid.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In the first half of the 2000s, employees of the American University of the Utah Valley (English: Utah Valley University) conducted a study of the phylogenetic origin of the iguana using methods for comparing nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of animals imported from 17 countries.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The analysis showed that the species originated in South America, from where it spread to Central America and the Caribbean.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Despite the variety of colors and other morphological features, the study did not find unique mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, but showed a clear evolutionary discrepancy between populations of South and Central America.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The name “iguana” originally comes from the word iwana, the name of an animal in the Taino language (a people who inhabited the islands of the Caribbean and disappeared with the arrival of the conquistadors).


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The Spaniards began to call the reptile in their own way - iguana, and then the word migrated from Spanish both to scientific terminology and to all modern European languages.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[6] [7]


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Description


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Appearance


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The largest member of the family: Adults tend to grow to 1.2-1.7 m in length from head to tail tip.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

However, it should be borne in mind that most of this length is occupied by the tail, and the length from the tip of the nose to the cloaca in most adult iguanas is usually 30 to 42 cm [3].


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

On average, an adult male of an ordinary iguana weighs about 4 kg, while adult females tend to weigh between 1.2 and 3 kg [8].


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Some large males in the forests of South America can reach a length of 2 m with a mass of 6-8 kg [2] [9].


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

It is reported that some iguanas can reach a weight of 9.1 kg [3] On the contrary, on semi-arid islands such as Curacao, lizards are usually 30% smaller than animals living on the mainland.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[10] At birth, the length of the young varies from 17 to 25 cm and weighs about 12 g [2]


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Despite its name, the color of the iguana is not necessarily green, and largely depends on its age and habitat.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In the south of the range, as in Peru, iguanas look bluish with black spots.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[11] On the islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Aruba and Grenada, their color varies from green to pale purple, black and even pink.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In western Costa Rica, common iguanas appear red, while in more northern regions, such as Mexico, they look orange.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[2] [11] In El Salvador, juveniles often look bright blue, but their color changes significantly as lizards grow older.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The body is thin, the tail is very long and compressed laterally, the back and tail with a longitudinal crest, a large bag on the throat, compressed from the sides (plays a significant role in thermoregulation, as well as the mating behavior of males [ 2] [12]).


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The legs are short and have sharp claws, with which the lizard moves easily among woody vegetation.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The head is tetrahedral, covered with shields, the body with scales arranged in transverse rows.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The toes are long, without membranes, 5 on the front and hind legs.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[13] [14] A massive thorny crest gives the iguana additional protection from enemies.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[11] With the help of a flexible tail, the animal not only swims well, but is also able to inflict hard blows like a whip.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Like many other lizard species, the common iguana can leave a tail in the teeth or claws of a predator, and eventually grow a new one.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The floor of the green iguana can be determined by examining the underside of its hind legs.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Males in this area have well-developed pores that produce odor, which are often covered with a waxy substance.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In addition, in males, the prickly scales along the tail are noticeably longer and thicker than in females.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Sensory organs


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In bright light, the green iguana has excellent vision, which helps it recognize objects and movements over a long distance.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

But at nightfall, the lizard's vision deteriorates markedly - this is evidenced by the very small number of rod-shaped cells in the retina of the eye, responsible for the ability to see in low light.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The abundance of cone-shaped and double cone-shaped visual cells significantly improves the clarity of the image, and also allows you to perceive not only the colors of the spectrum visible by a person, but also ultraviolet rays.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[16] The latter fact plays an important role in regulating the intake of vitamin D during sunbathing.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[2] [17] If the iguana is abruptly moved from a bright room to a dark room, it will behave restlessly and try to escape and escape.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Like most other lizards, the iguana also has a “third eye”, called the parietal eye, located on the top of its head.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

It is located in a special hole at the junction of the frontal and parietal bones of the skull and is covered with a large scale, the central part of which is translucent.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

This rudimentary photosensitive organ was inherited by the animal from its distant ancestors — currently it is unable to produce an image, although it has an underdeveloped lens and retina [16].


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Its functions are obscure, but, apparently, it participates in the synchronization of the circadian rhythms of the body with the cycle of changing day and night and in ensuring the orientation of the animal in space [19] [20].


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The hearing of iguanas is very subtle and is able to capture the lightest sounds, but its range only partially coincides with the human range: while humans perceive sounds best with a height of 2 to 5 kHz, lizards from 0.5 kHz up to 3 kHz.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Hearing an unfamiliar noise, the iguana turns its head and tries to identify the object that makes it.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Being a cold-blooded animal, the iguana is unable to maintain its own body temperature on its own, and uses external sources for this.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The ideal body temperature of lizards is about 37 [21]° C, and with a significant increase or decrease, hearing deteriorates, especially in the upper range.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Teeth


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The lizard's teeth are very sharp, wide and flat in the shape of a leaf, with small denticles along the edges.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In the wild, an iguana easily cuts green foliage with them, and if necessary, can bite painfully, including humans.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[2] When researchers discovered the remains of the teeth of one of the early lizards in shape resembling the teeth of an iguana in the first half of the 19th century, they assumed that they had found fossils of a giant iguana, her iguanodon (literally, “iguanosub”).


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Subsequently, it turned out that these animals do not have a close relationship, but the ancient reptile has preserved this name.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[22] The iguana's teeth are located on the inner sides of the jaw bones, so they are sometimes difficult to see, especially in young and small individuals.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Other bodies


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

A predominantly herbivorous animal, the green iguana experiences certain problems in osmoregulation, or maintaining constant osmotic pressure.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Plant fiber contains a large amount of potassium, but a relatively small percentage of nutrients, so the lizard needs a large amount of food.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The animal's body is unable to accumulate liquid concentrated urine, and excess potassium and sodium salts are removed by sneezing through a special organ - the salt glands located on the head.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Therefore, lizards sneeze periodically, leaving white marks on the walls of the terrarium.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In Guatemala and southern Mexico, most iguanas have small horns between the eyes and nostrils, while populations in other regions do not have such an organ or are very rare.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[11] Previously, experts identified these lizards as a separate subspecies of Iguana iguana rhinolopha, however, as shown above, molecular studies have not shown any differences in the structure of mtDNA, and the classification was declared untenable.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Moreover, individuals from different populations freely cross with each other.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[2] [11]


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Distribution


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

habitat


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The green iguana is one of the most common lizard species [10], whose original range covers the tropical regions of the western hemisphere from southern Mexico (Sinaloa and Veracruz) south to central Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia, east to the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea — mainly Grenada, Curaçao, Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Lucia, Guadeloupe, Saint Vincent, Utila and Aruba .


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[25] [26] In addition, in the second half of the 20th century, lizards were introduced to Grand Cayman, Puerto Rico, the US and British Virgin Islands, the continental states of Florida and Texas, and also Hawaii.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[26] [27]


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Habitats


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The habitats are a variety of biotopes with dense woody vegetation, mainly tropical rainforests, but also semi-humid forests, mangroves and dry, open areas of sea coasts.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

He spends most of his life on trees, usually growing along the banks of slowly flowing rivers.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Iguanas are only active during daylight hours.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[11] [28] They spend cool nights on thick branches in the middle and lower tiers of trees, but at sunrise they try to climb higher, where they warm up for a long time — sunbathing increases the temperature body, and ultraviolet radiation produces vitamin D, which promotes digestion.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[29] [30] It is only after a few hours of friction that the reptiles go down in the crown in search of food.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In inclement or cool weather, the animal stays on the surface of the earth, so it retains internal heat better.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

An excellent climber, the lizard can fall from a height of up to 15 m to the ground and not break (while falling, iguanas try to catch the foliage with the claws of their hind limbs).


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[11] [12] [17] The lizard also swims well, while keeping the body completely submerged in water and stretching its paws along the body, and moving with the help of winding movements of the tail.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Invasion


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In Florida, where iguanas live in the coastal zone, they are considered an invasive species that disrupts the ecology of the region.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[23] [26] Some of the animals fell on the peninsula along with hurricanes that came from Mexico and the Caribbean islands.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Another wave of “immigrants” traveled in the holds of ships carrying fruit from South America.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[32] Finally, some animals have been thrown out into the street or escaped from their owners, or are descendants of such lizards.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[33] Iguanas often cause damage to gardens and green spaces.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[33] In the wild, they eat the leaves of the rare Cordia globosa tree and seeds of native Caesalpinia species, plants that are the main food of extremely rare and protected International Red Book of Butterflies Cyclargus thomasi bethunebakeri.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

On Marco Island off the west coast of Florida, iguanas occupy the burrows of a rabbit owl, an owl whose status in the Red Book is listed as vulnerable (NT category).


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[26] [32]


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Breeding


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In the wild, most iguanas begin to breed at three or four years of age, although some are ready to breed much earlier.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[2] The beginning of the breeding season most often occurs in January or February, but can vary depending on the habitat area: during the seasonal cycle, fluctuations in humidity occur the first half of the dry period, laying eggs in the second (at this time the soil temperature is quite high, and there is less risk of masonry death from water-related problems), and hatching at the beginning the rainy season, when young shoots provide abundant food for their offspring.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

During the mating season, which lasts about two weeks, males choose a place for future mating, mark the territory with secretions from the pores in the lower part of the limbs, and become aggressive in relation to nearby rivals.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In the wild, direct clashes between them are quite rare, in case of threat, a weaker lizard prefers to leave someone else's territory in the event of a conflict, rather than engage in battle.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

If the ability to escape is limited (in particular, when kept in captivity), animals can bite each other.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The demonstrative behavior of the male is frequent swaying his head, inflating the throat sac and changing the color of the body to a brighter, more saturated one.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[34] A typical combination of polygyny and polyandry is typical for the species, that is, it is not uncommon for one male to care for several females at the same time, and the female cohabitates with several males.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

During courtship, males sniff and slightly bite females by the neck.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[2] [35] [36]


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Pregnancy lasts about 65 days [2] [36].


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

At its end, females leave their traditional habitats along the banks of rivers, and along the channels of streams flowing into them, go upstream to dry sandbanks and dunes.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[14] A hole is dug in the sand with a depth of 45 cm to 1 m, where the female lays a large number of eggs, from 20 to 71, for three days or more.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Eggs are white, 35-40 mm long, about 15.4 mm in diameter, with a leathery and soft, but strong shell.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[35] If there is a shortage of suitable places, several lizards can use one pit at the same time.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[2] [35] In Panama, there are cases of sharing one pit with an iguana and a sharp-nosed crocodile, and in Honduras by an iguana and a crocodile caiman (Caiman crocodilus).


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[26] After laying eggs, the lizard carefully buries the hole and leaves the place, no longer caring for the offspring.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The incubation lasts from 90 to 120 days at an ambient temperature of 30—32°C.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[38] Cubs are usually born in May, piercing the shell with a special fleshy growth on the forehead — karuncle, and climbing to the surface of the earth.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In their color and shape, they hardly differ from adults, but they have only a slightly pronounced crest.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[37] Young lizards are quite independent, although when born they may carry a small yolk sac containing a nutrient mixture for the first one to two weeks.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[36] The brood stays together for the first year of life.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[37] In the group, males cover females from predators with their bodies, a feature noted only in this species among all other reptiles.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

On average, iguanas live in the wild for about 8 years.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

A green iguana can live in captivity for more than 20 years with proper care.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[2] [35]


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Meals


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Unlike most other species in the family, green iguanas are exclusively herbivores, eating the leaves, shoots, flowers and fruits of about 100 species of tropical plants.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[2] [37] For example, in Panama, one of the lizard's favorite delicacies is the Jamaican plum (Spondias mombin).


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[31] Other types of woody vegetation, the greenery and fruits of which iguanas most often feed on in nature are incense tree (Bursera simaruba), erect tecoma (Tecoma stans), annona pointed ( Annona acuminata), amphilophium paniculatum liana (Amphilophium paniculatum), ambellate merremia (Merremia umbellata), etc.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[40] Young lizards often eat the excrement of adult animals to meet their needs for the microflora necessary to digest low-calorie vegetarian foods.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[31] [37] Animals are not able to chew food, they only cut off large enough pieces with their small teeth and immediately swallow them whole.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Occasionally, iguanas drink water, immersing part of their heads in a pond and swallowing it, or lick drops from the greens.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Sometimes there are reports in the reference literature that iguanas in the wild also feed on insects.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[25] Another source claims that lizards also eat bird eggs and carrion.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[25] However, no published academic study confirms that animals absorb animal proteins.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Moreover, all publications say that all the components of the lizard necessary for development are obtained from feeds only of plant origin, and the protein diet is harmful to their health.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[42] It is true that insects and other small invertebrates may be in the stomachs of lizards, but experts believe that they are swallowed only by chance along with plant foods: for example, The iguana can swallow an insect sitting on the flower bed along with the flower.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In addition, a hungry lizard can eat an animal for lack of other food.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[41] On the other hand, observations at the Miami Seaaquarium and Key Biscayne Island in Florida recorded iguanas eating dead fish.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In his book, Philippe De Vosjoli argues that in captivity, lizards can eat rodent meat without any harm to their health.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Raptors


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Iguanas have a large number of enemies in nature, including hawks and other birds of prey, crocodiles, caimans, basilisk lizards, cats, foxes, ferrets, rats and some species of snakes, including anacondas and common boas.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[44] However, only a small number of them pose a threat to adults, and especially large adults.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

First of all, lizards are saved from predators by the protective coloring of the body, which allows them to merge with the environment.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

As noted by the famous Swiss zoologist and researcher of the animal world of South America E.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Geldi, who observed an iguana in Brazil at the beginning of the 20th century, “a newcomer to these places is likely to notice large old specimens covered with dark leather. It takes a more experienced look to discern young or newly shimmering lizards as they sit motionless in their gorgeous outfit on a pillow of juicy leaves...”


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

When a danger is detected, the lizard first tries to flee, often jumping into the water and quickly swimming away.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[31] The iguana, caught up by surprise, swells and sticks out its throat bag, also inflates its body, making it inflexible, hissing and attacking the enemy with its head.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[11] If these measures do not help, the animal may be hit painfully with its tail, bite or scratch with its claws.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[31] Wounded animals tend to behave more aggressively, preferring fight to flight.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The characteristic behavior when predators appear is sometimes used by hunters.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

It is noticed that when he hears the cry of a hawk, the iguana freezes and becomes motionless.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

When using similar beeps, catching lizards becomes easier.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Iguana and man


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Threats and security


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Currently, there is no information about the green iguana in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, that is, its status remains uncertain.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[45] However, the lizard is listed in Appendix II of the CITES Convention on International Trade.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

This category does not include the species in the list of threatened, but declares that “trade in this species must be controlled so as not to face the threat of extinction in the future”).


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Content


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

Green iguanas are very popular in many countries around the world, including Russia, as an exotic pet.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In 1995 alone, more than 800,000 animals were imported to the United States, mainly bred on farms in their natural habitats — Honduras, El Salvador, Colombia and Panama.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[47] Despite the huge demand, these reptiles require proper and constant care throughout their lives.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

If it is absent or deficient, reptiles may die several years after acquisition.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[2] [48]


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

At home, iguanas are kept in fairly spacious terrariums, usually having side openings or a mesh for air circulation.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

It should be borne in mind that the young lizard is growing, and as it grows, it may need more and more free space.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In the wild, the optimal temperature for iguanas varies from 26 to 35°C — for this reason, terrariums are equipped with heaters if necessary.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

In addition, animals need a source of ultraviolet radiation that produces vitamin D, a key component for the absorption of calcium.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The lack of this element leads to metabolic bone disease and, as a result, the death of the animal.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The terrarium is also equipped with a thick branch through which the lizard can climb up, and a small pool with warm water.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[2] [17]


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

One of the key conditions for successful maintenance is a proper and varied diet.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

The iguana willingly feeds on insects, mice and other meat products offered to it, but an overabundance of protein foods of animal origin leads to serious kidney dysfunction and often premature death.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[17] [29] Most authors strongly recommend feeding iguanas exclusively plant food, justifying this by the characteristics of their body and laboratory tests (details in the Meals section).


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[42] The Green Iguana Society recommends giving up to 90% of the diet to greens and vegetables: kale, turnip leaves, mustard, common jerukha, dandelion leaves and flowers, escarole lettuce, green beans, orange and yellow fleshed pumpkin, green beans, parsnips, asparagus, okra fruits, alfalfa, sweet peppers, carrots, sweet potatoes, etc.


Question: When was an iguana first mentioned in literature?

Common iguana

[41] Iguanas are not shown in large quantities spinach, rhubarb, beets and celery.