Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

On this day, the one-time newspaper Tarasov Svyato (Tarasov holiday — Russian) was published in large quantities [19], containing poems and dedications in honor of the “great rokovins” (big anniversary — Russian) “fighter for social liberation and Ukrainian poet TARAS SHEVCHENKO”.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Soon after the Congress, the key task of the Soviet authorities of Kharkov was to organize a campaign by the Red Army to help the Hungarian Soviet Republic formed on March 21, 1919 [21].


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

However, due to the rebellion of Ataman Grigoriev's units intended for operations in Hungary (rebel military forces 20 thousand people, more than 50 guns, 700 machine guns, 6 armored trains), in May 1919, the campaign was ripped off.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

On May 10, in connection with the rebellion of Ataman N. Grigoriev introduced the post of commander of the troops of the Kharkov Military District, to which K. Voroshilov said.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

After the suppression of the hotbeds of the uprising, the post was abolished.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Activities of the Kharkiv Cheka


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

(Main article Kharkiv Cheka)


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

In the first half of 1919, a concentration camp was created in the city at the territorial branch of the Cheka.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The camp was located in the former building of the Kharkov Hard Labor Prison, and its commandant was appointed a former Kharkov carpenter, later a convict convicted in the Russian Empire for criminal crimes by S. Sayenko.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

[22] [23]


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

According to the data provided by historian S. Volkov, In Kharkov, before the arrival of whites, 40-50 people were shot every day, more than 1000 in total.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

A number of reports of these executions appeared in the Izvestia of the Kharkov Council [12]


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

White emigrant historian S. P. Melgunov claims that the Kharkiv Cheka under the leadership of Saenko used scalping and “removing gloves from the hands”.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

It is known that the commander of the Soviet Ukrainian Front, and later the People's Commissar of Military Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko had a negative attitude to the work of the Cheka bodies in 1919, calling them (“emergency”), and in particular, the Kharkov Cheka - “too much”.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The White Guard Underground and the White Uprising


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

(Main article: White Uprising in Kharkiv)


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The White Guard underground existed in the city since 1918 and was actively operating.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

In the summer of 1918, Kharkiv resident, General B.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Stefon, who served with the Whites, came to Kharkov, where, together with General A. von Lampe, he organized a center for recruiting officers to the Volunteer Army.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

He went back to the army in September.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

In the spring of 1919, the headquarters of the whites sent Kornilovets Alexander Dolgopolov to the city.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Having successfully completed the task of transferring secret documents to the Kharkov Center, Dolgopolov began to collect any information useful to the Volunteer Army.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

He got a job at the Defense Headquarters, located on Diocesan Street (present-day Artyom Street), where he offered his assistance in the construction of fortifications in the hope of getting their drawings from the headquarters, but this mission was not for him was a success.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

During the days of Whites entering Kharkov, Dolgopolov managed to facilitate the transition to the side of the whites of the Soviet Southern Rifle Regiment, which held the defense in the city on Sumskaya Street.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

In April 1919, Colonel Alexey Dvigubsky was sent to Kharkov by the white command.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Dvigubsky managed, under the name of Colonel Zakharov, to infiltrate the headquarters of the 2nd Soviet Ukrainian Army and gain confidence in the commander of the Ukrainian Front V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, as well as to be able to make personal reports by L. D. Trotsky on key issues.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

He secretly organized a number of local armed protests in the city against Soviet power, rescued like-minded people who got to the Extraordinary Commission from execution, seeking acquittals or by organizing escapes.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

When approaching the city of the Volunteer Army on June 9 (22) — 10 (23), 1919, under the leadership of the Dvigubsky and Kharkov centers, a white uprising was raised in order to liberate the city from Soviet troops, which had half success due to the small number of participants: the rebels temporarily occupied Sumy, seized the school of red commanders, the International University and the lower 4 floors of the Cheka building, from where released the arrested (including Dvigubsky's sister), but retreated under pressure from the Reds to the Ioannovskoye cemetery and the hippodrome.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The rebels retreated from the city to Sokolniki, then Bolshaya Danilovka, hit the rear with the captured Shosha machine guns red and waited for the main units to enter the city, with which later joined together.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

June—December 1919.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

White movement.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

City under control of Denikin's troops


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

(see also main article on the topic: Volunteer Army in Kharkiv)


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

(see


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

also Kharkiv operation (June 1919))


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

By the second half of June 1919, the main forces of the Volunteer Army under the command of General V. H. May-Mayevsky came close to Kharkov, controlled by the Red Army.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Since June 20, fighting ensued on the outskirts of the city near the Losevo railway station, and then in the area of the Locomotive Plant (the current plant named after M. Malyshev) and at Osnova station.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

From the north, on June 21, the Terek division of General S. M. Toporkov, who raided the rear in red, but due to lack of strength and under the onslaught of Soviet armored vehicles, she moved away from the city to the Zolochev area [28].


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The capture of Kharkiv by Drazdy


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

On June 24, Drozdy units broke through the defense of the Soviet forces at the Osnova station in the morning, and pursuing those retreating along the railway line to the Kharkiv-Levada station, crossed the Kharkov River along a wooden bridge near Kharkiv power plant [29].


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

After crossing the bridge, white forces entered the central part of the city along Kuznechnaya Street.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The most fierce resistance to the Drazdy residents entering the city was exerted on the central streets of the city by the red armored car “Comrade Artyom” (commander - E. Stankevich) [30].


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The armored car was thrown with grenades, and its crew, who tried to escape, was caught and shot in the presence of the people on Nikolaevskaya Square.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The memory of the crew of the armored car is immortalized by a memorial plaque on the building


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The main forces of the Volunteer Army entered the city the next morning, June 25, 1919, landing at the South Station.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The troops marched towards the city center along Yekaterinoslavskaya Street (now Poltavsky Shlyakh) led by the commander of the Drazdy team, General V. K. Vitkovsky [31].


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Gravitsky's order on the “white” garrison of Kharkov on June 25, 1919: tomorrow is considered June 13 in connection with the abolition of the Gregorian calendar and the transition to the Julian calendar


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The title page of the issue of the daily Kharkiv newspaper Novaya Rossiya dated June 22 (art.), 1919 with announcements about the arrival of General Denikin in Kharkov


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The capital of the Kharkiv military region.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The power of the Armed Forces of Southern Russia


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

(main article Kharkiv Oblast (VSYUR))


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

With the entry of white troops into Kharkov on June 25, 1919, the Kharkov region was formed.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The commander of the Volunteer Army, Lieutenant General V. H. May-Mayevsky [32].


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Its headquarters was located in the building of the Assembly of the Nobility.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

On June 28, Kharkiv was visited by the Commander-in-Chief of the Supreme Court AND. Denikin, in honor of which a parade of volunteer units was organized in the city, which took place on Sobornaya (now Universitetskaya) Square.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

After the parade, Denikin attended a solemn prayer service dedicated to the liberation of the city on the square in front of St. Nicholas Cathedral.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Residents of the city and deputations of city public organizations presented the Commander-in-Chief with bread and salt on a special dish, which is now stored in the Central Museum of the Armed Forces.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Kharkov in June-July 1919, together with Denikin and without him, was also visited (some several times) by Generals I. Romanovsky, A. Lukomsky A. Shkuro, A. Kutepov and many others.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

During their visit to Kharkov, the highest officials of the Armed Forces of Ukraine stayed at the Grand Hotel, where the headquarters of the Volunteer Army was also located.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The Metropol Hotel houses first the headquarters of Drazdy residents, and then the Military Commandant's Office.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

On July 5, 1919, when Denikin returned to Kharkov, another parade took place.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

On this day, on Pavlovskaya Square, with a large gathering of people, Denikin announced to the residents of the city that “on the third day (July 3) he ordered the troops to attack Moscow.”


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Then the Commander-in-Chief attended a performance at the City Drama Theater [33].


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

In the park in front of the Grand Hotel on Sergievskaya Square in the summer of 1919, a delegation of Russian industrialists led by Ryabushinsky presented Mayevsky with a golden sword [34].


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

In Kharkov, under the whites, the official press bodies of the VSYUR authorities were three newspapers: Yuzhny Krai, Novaya Rossiya (editor V. Davatz) and Noon [35].


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Whites in Kharkov received significant replenishment with volunteers, which gave them the opportunity to significantly increase the number of their army (from 9.6 to 26 thousand) [36] and continue the offensive against Moscow.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The ranks of whites were then joined by a red high-ranking defector, head of the administrative department of the Kharkov Military District, A. A. Bene [37].


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

During the presence of whites in the city, several major parades took place.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

In Kharkov, the 3rd Kornilov Shock Regiment was formed, which since the end of August 1919 took part in the offensive against Moscow.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

White retreat


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

(see


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

also Kharkiv operation (December 1919))


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The situation at the front in October 1919 changed, and the troops of the Armed Forces of Ukraine began to retreat.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

By December, the front of hostilities again approached Kharkov.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The city from the advancing units of the Red Army was defended by the forces of the Volunteer (1st Army) Corps of General A. P. Kutepov.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The main resistance of the retreating units was provided to the north-east of the city.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

At the same time, the city itself did not defend itself on December 6-12 by large forces and was surrendered almost without a fight.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Some retreating units made attempts to carry out only local resistance.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The headquarters of the Volunteer Army, headed by V. H. May-Mayevsky evacuated from Kharkiv on December 10 [38].


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

On December 12, 1919, the last Kornilov units left the city, which retreated to Bezlyudovka and Rogan, after which the troops of the Red Army entered Kharkov and the period of stay of the Volunteer Army in the city ended [39 ].


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

December 1919 of the year.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The third establishment of Soviet power


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

On December 12, 1919, in the afternoon, the city was completely occupied by the troops of the Red Army, and Soviet power was established in Kharkov for the third time.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

A week later, on December 19, Kharkiv was declared the capital of the Ukrainian SSR.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

[40] This ended the active phase of the Civil War for Kharkiv.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

This time, Soviet troops came to the city thoroughly.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

And, as it turned out later, finally.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Since the end of 1919, the Kharkiv Cheka resumed its work.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

White Guard city newspapers (such as Novaya Rossiya, Yuzhny Krai and Noon) were closed with the arrival of the Bolsheviks, and their editorial offices were defeated.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Instead, the official publications of the city were “News of the Kharkov Council of Workers' Deputies”; “News of the Provisional Workers and Peasants Government of Ukraine and the Kharkov Council of Workers' Deputies”.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

In 1920, the magazine “Communist”, an organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) U.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The council system has been restored.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

In the summer and autumn of 1920, the Kharkov Council considered issues of assistance to the front, the participation of its deputies in the fight against the food crisis, the mobilization of Council members into the Red Army, etc. [41]


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

In literature


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

White memoirs


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Anton Turkul.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Munich, 1947.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Memoirs of the Reds


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Antonov—Ovseenko V. A. Notes on the Civil War (in 4 volumes).


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

— —: State Military Publishing House, 1924−1933.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

— 1262 p. — 5000 copies


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

(on the Military Literature website: militera.lib.ru)


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Makarov P..


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

“May-Mayevsky's Adjutant”.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

The first edition is Moscow, 1926.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Accessible edition —


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

At the movies


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

His Excellency's Adjutant


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Sources and notes


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Butenko Yu.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

A. “Formation of Kharkiv Oblast and the White Guard Administration in 1919.” Dis.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

(abstract) Mr. ist.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

/Y.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

A. Butenko.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

— X.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

, KhNU, 2006 — 82 p.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

See also


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

History of Kharkiv


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Civil war in Russia


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Volunteer army in Kharkiv


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Kharkiv Cheka


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Kharkiv branch of OSVAG


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Personalities


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Reds


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Artyom (Sergeev), Kharkiv Bolshevik, head of the DKR;


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, Commander of the Ukrainian Front;


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Mykola Skrypnyk, Chairman of the Workers and Peasants' Government


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Stepan Saenko, Chairman of the Kharkiv Cheka;


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Alexey Selyavkin, the first red tanker;


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Pavel Makarov, May-Mayevsky's adjutant, red spy.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Petliurites, hetmans


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Yemelyan Volokh, commander of the 2nd Ukrainian Reserve Regiment of the Kharkov garrison in November 1917 — January 1918;


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Pyotr Bolbochan, commander of the Zaporizhzhya Corps, which was stationed in Kharkov in 1918;


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Alexander Shapoval, Kharkov Provincial Commissar at the UPR in April 1918.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Whites


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Alexey Dvigubsky, head of the city White Guard underground;


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Vladimir May-Mayevsky, the chief in the Kharkiv region;


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Anton Denikin, Commander-in-Chief of the Supreme Council of


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Anton Turkul, the commander of Drazdy, who took Kharkov in June 1919;


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Vladimir Rummel, commandant of Kharkov in 1919;


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Boris Shteyfon, head of recruitment centers;


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Fyodor Keller, Count, lived in Kharkov in 1918.


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Others


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Khlebnikov, Velimir, poet, eyewitness to the events in Kharkiv


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Category:Civil War in Kharkiv


Question: What kind of power was there in Kharkiv before Soviet power came during the Civil War?

Kharkiv during the Civil War

Category:History of Kharkiv


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

For the EUR Roman Quarter, see World's Fair Quarter.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Euro (currency sign - €, bank code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 eurozone countries (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia).


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The euro is also the national currency of 9 other countries, 7 of which are located in Europe.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

However, unlike members of the eurozone, these countries cannot influence the monetary policy of the European Central Bank and send their representatives to its governing bodies.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Thus, the euro is the common currency for more than 340 million Europeans.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

As of November 2013, 951 billion euros were in circulation, making it the highest total value of cash circulating worldwide, ahead of the dollar USA.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The euro was introduced into non-cash circulation on January 1, 1999, and banknotes and coins were put into cash circulation on January 1, 2002.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The euro replaced at a 1:1 ratio the European currency unit (ECU), which was used in the European monetary system from 1979 to 1998.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The euro is managed by the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), led by the European Central Bank (ECB), located in Frankfurt am Main (Germany).


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The ESCB, in addition to the ECB, includes the national central banks of all EU member states, regardless of whether they have adopted the euro as their national currency.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The ECB is an independent central bank.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

It has the exclusive right to determine monetary policy in the eurozone.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The ESCB is engaged in printing banknotes and minting coins, distributing cash to the eurozone countries, and ensuring the functioning of payment systems in the eurozone.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

All member states of the European Union are eligible to join the eurozone provided that they meet the convergence criteria established by the Treaty on European Union — also referred to as the Maastricht criteria.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The decision on the compliance of the country's macroeconomic indicators with the convergence criteria is made by the EU Council, then approved by the European Council.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

For new members of the European Union, joining the euro area is a natural step towards full integration into the EU.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

According to Bloomberg, the share of the euro in the interbank turnover in the SWIFT system in the period from May 2013 to May 2014 amounted to 32%.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

At the same time, the share of the US dollar (for the same period of time) is 42%, the yuan is 1.47%, the Russian ruble is 0.35% [1].


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Euro characteristics


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Name


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

In Latin, the name is written as Euro (with a capital or lowercase letter - differently in different languages), in Greek - euro.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

In the languages of some countries of the European Union, in addition to the spelling euro (adopted in official documents, but not in accordance with the norms of these languages), there are national spellings: Latvian: eiro, Lithuanian: euras, Slovenia: evro, Maltese: ewro, Hungarian: euró.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Cyrillic spelling in Bulgarian is Euro.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

On banknotes, the name of the currency is indicated in capital Latin and Greek letters, and on banknotes of the new series - in Cyrillic letters.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The name is read according to the spelling of specific languages, mainly on the model of how the word Europe is pronounced in this language: about yoro in French, oiro in German, Spanish and Italian - Euro, English - yurou, etc.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

In the Russian language, the transmission of this word as Euro prevails.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

According to normative dictionaries, this word is masculine, although there is also an average word in colloquial speech.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

In connection with its upcoming accession to the eurozone, Bulgaria raised the issue that banknotes should also indicate the Cyrillic version of the name of the currency.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The ECB opposed such an initiative [2], but in 2007 it was forced to agree with Bulgaria, stipulating that the word “euro” on banknotes would not be declined according to grammar rules:


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

In 2013, the first 5 euro banknote of the new series was issued, containing the Cyrillic spelling of the name “euro” [4] The next new 10 euro banknote was put into circulation 23 September 2014 year.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

In 2015, a new banknote with a nominal value of 20 euros was introduced, also with the inscription in Cyrillic.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

On April 4, 2017, a new 50 euro banknote was put into circulation.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Coins and banknotes


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The euro is made up of 100 cents (sometimes referred to as euro cents).


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

All euro coins, including commemorative coins of 2 euros, have one common side, on which the value of the coin is indicated against the background of a schematic map of Europe.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

On the other, “national” side, there is an image chosen by the country in which the coin is minted.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

All coins can be used in all countries where the euro has been adopted as its official currency.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Coins are issued in denominations of 2€, 1€, 0.50€, 0.20€, 0.10€, 0.05€, 0.02€ and 0.01€.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Many stores in the eurozone prefer to equalize prices so that they are multiples of 5 cents, for example, in Finland, 1 and 2 cent coins are not needed; in Austria, on the contrary, a 1 cent coin is very is common.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

All euro banknotes share a common design for each denomination on both sides in all countries.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Banknotes are issued in denominations of 500€, 200€, 100€, 50€, 20€, 10€ and 5€.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Some older banknotes, such as 500€ and 200€, are not issued in some countries, but are legal tender everywhere.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The ECB has created a clearing system for large euro payment transactions, TARGET.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

All remittances within the eurozone countries should cost the same as transfers within one country.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

This is true for retail payments as well, although different payment methods may be used.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Credit card payments and ATM withdrawals also cost the same in all countries as in the country where the card is issued.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Payments using “paper” payment orders, such as checks, are not standardized by the ECB and are processed by each country separately.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Euro symbol (€)


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The special euro sign (€) was designed after two options out of ten proposals were selected through opinion polls, and then the European Commission chose one of them in as a final option.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The winning design was allegedly designed by a team of four experts whose names were not officially announced.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The official version of the creation of the euro design is disputed by Arthur Eisenmenger [6], a former leading graphic designer of the European Community, who declares that he created this sign as a general a symbol of Europe.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The sign is, according to the European Commission, “a combination of Greek epsilon, as an indicator of the importance of European civilization, the letter E, denoting Europe, and parallel lines crossing the sign, meaning the stability of the euro”.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Because of these two lines, the graphic sign of the euro turned out to be much similar to the “Yes” symbol from the Slavic alphabet of the “round Glagolitic”.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The European Commission has also developed the euro logo with the exact proportions and colors of the foreground and background [7].


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

While some font designers simply copied the euro logo exactly as the euro sign in these fonts, most have developed their own variations, which are often based on the letter C in appropriate font so that the currency sign is the same width as the Arabic numerals [8].


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Euro banknotes and coins are issued by decision of the ECB.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Each eurozone country puts before the serial number the letter indicating it: Austria — N, Belgium — Z, Germany — X, Greece — Y, Ireland — T, Spain — V, Italy — S, Cyprus — G, Latvia — C, Lithuania — B, Luxembourg — R, Malta — F, Netherlands — P, Portugal — M, Slovakia — E, Slovenia — H, Finland — L, France — U, Estonia — D. Reserved: United Kingdom — J, Denmark — W, Sweden — K. A, I, O, Q.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Euro sign location and separator type in different languages


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The position of the euro sign in relation to the figures indicating the denomination of the currency varies from country to country.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Although it is officially recommended to place a sign in front of the numbers (which contradicts the ISO general recommendation to place the unit of measure after the number), in many countries the euro sign is placed in the same way as this was adopted for national currencies that preceded the euro.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Putting into circulation


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Euros were introduced in non-cash payments on January 1, 1999, and in cash on January 1, 2002.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

For two months, that is, until February 28, 2002 (with the exception of the Netherlands, France and Ireland, where this period was reduced by law), the euro and national banknotes of the first countries eurozones traded in parallel.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

After the end of the transition period, national banknotes were completely replaced by euros and ceased to be legal tender.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

In countries that joined the eurozone after 2002, transition periods were reduced to two weeks.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Euro cash replaced the national currencies of 19 (out of 28) countries of the European Union.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

When signing the Treaty on European Union (1992) In a special protocol, the UK and Denmark stipulated their right not to move to the third stage of the EU Economic and Monetary Union, which provided for the introduction of a single currency.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

In Sweden and Denmark, referendums were held, in which the majority voted against the adoption of the euro.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

In March 2013, Swedish Finance Minister Anders Borg said that there were no plans to introduce the euro in Sweden [15].


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Lithuania planned to switch to the euro in 2007, but due to a slight excess of the Maastricht inflation criteria, the transition had to be postponed, and it introduced the euro only on January 1, 2015.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Latvia was able to meet all the required criteria after the onset of the crisis only as a result of austerity policy and entered the euro area on January 1, 2014.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Estonia was able to meet all the Maastricht criteria earlier and joined the eurozone on January 1, 2011.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Lithuania's transition to the euro from January 1, 2015 was approved by the ECB and the European Commission in the annual report on compliance with the Maastricht criteria [16], and the final agreement was given and the exchange rate confirmed by the Council of Ministers of the EU in July 2014 [17].


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The next expansion of the eurozone will take place no earlier than 2019 due to the country's need for two-year membership in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism-2.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Currently, one country, Denmark, is a member of ERM-2.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Of the rest of the countries, at the end of 2014, only the Czech Republic meets all the Maastricht criteria, except for membership in ERM-2, but the government does not plan to join ERM-2 in 2015 [18].


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Romania's accession to the eurozone, originally expected in 2015, was postponed to 2019, then to 2022.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

As of 2014, Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary have refused to set a deadline for the transition to the euro [19].


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

1 In fact, since January 1, 2002 (the date of introduction of the euro in cash).


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

2 Separated on 22 February 2007 from the French Overseas Department of Guadeloupe.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Effects of the introduction of the single currency


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The use of a single currency in many countries has both advantages and disadvantages for member countries.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

To date, there are different opinions about the effects caused by the introduction of the euro, as many of these effects will take many years to understand and evaluate.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Many theories and predictions are being expressed.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Eliminate exchange rate risks


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

One of the most important advantages of the euro is the reduction of risks associated with exchange rates, which makes it easier to invest between countries.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The risk of changes in exchange rates against each other has always made investments outside their currency area, and even import/export, very risky for both companies and individuals.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Possible profit can be simultaneously reduced to zero by fluctuations in the exchange rate.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

As a result, many investors and importers/exporters had to either accept this risk or use hedging their investments, which leads to further increases in prices in financial markets.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Therefore, investments outside the national currency zone are becoming less attractive.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The creation of the eurozone greatly increases the field for investment, free from the risks associated with the exchange rate.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Since the European economy is heavily dependent on intra-European export operations, the merits of this effect cannot be overestimated.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

In particular, it is very important for countries whose national currencies have traditionally been subject to strong fluctuations in the exchange rate (for example, the Mediterranean countries).


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

At the same time, it is very likely that this effect will increase investment in countries with more liberal markets and reduce it where markets are stricter.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Some people are concerned that profits will flow to neighboring countries, and this will have to reduce traditional social programs.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Eliminate costs associated with conversion operations


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

With the introduction of the single currency, the fees charged by banks for transferring funds from one currency to another, which were previously charged to both individuals and commercial organizations, are eliminated.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Although the savings from this for each operation are small, taking into account the many thousands of transactions performed, it provides a significant increase in the funds rotating in the European economy.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

For electronic payments (credit cards, debit cards and ATMs), eurozone banks must now charge the same fees for international payments in the eurozone as for payments within one countries.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

French banks have bypassed this rule by imposing a fee on all transactions (national and international) with the exception of those conducted using online banking, a method that is not available in France for international payments.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Thus, French banks actually continue to charge higher fees for international transactions than for national ones.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

More resilient financial markets


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Another notable advantage of switching to the euro is the creation of more stable financial markets.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Financial markets on the European continent are expected to become much more liquid and flexible than they were in the past.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

There will be more competition, and financial products will be more accessible throughout the European Union.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

This will reduce financial transaction costs for businesses and possibly even individuals across the continent.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The costs associated with servicing the public debt will also fall.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

It is expected that the emergence of more stable and broader markets will lead to an increase in the capitalization of the stock market and increase investment.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Larger and internationally competitive financial institutions may emerge.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Price parity


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Another effect of the introduction of the single European currency is that the difference in prices — in particular, in price levels — should decrease.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Differences in prices can trigger arbitrage operations, that is, speculative trade in goods between countries only to exploit the price difference.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The introduction of the single currency equalizes prices in the eurozone, and it is expected that this will result in increased competition or consolidation of companies, which should contain inflation and will thus be useful for consumers.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Similarly, price transparency across borders should help consumers find a quality product or service at a low price.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Competitive refinancing


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Competitive refinancing is also an advantage for many countries (and companies) that have entered the eurozone.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

National and corporate bonds denominated in euros are significantly more liquid and have a lower interest rate than they used to be when they were denominated in local currency.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Companies also have more freedom to borrow money from banks abroad without exposing themselves to exchange rate risks.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

This forces national banks to cut interest rates in order to be competitive.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Euro as a peg currency


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

There are two categories of countries that peg their exchange rates to the euro.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The first category is EU member states participating in the Exchange Rate Mechanism 2 (IOC-2) on the basis of an agreement between the national Central Bank and the ECB.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Two-year participation in this mechanism without revising the exchange rate ratio (that is, without devaluations and revaluations) is a prerequisite for the country's accession to the Economic and Monetary Union, that is, eurozone.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Within the framework of IOC-2, the central exchange rate of the national currency against the euro is established, in relation to which its market rate can fluctuate within ± 15%.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

At the same time, the country has the right to conclude an agreement with the ECB on narrower limits of fluctuations, as Denmark did.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Currently, one country, Denmark, is a member of IOC-2.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The central exchange rate of the Danish krone is set at 7.46038 kroner per euro.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The fluctuation limits are ± 2.25 percentage points.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The second category is EU countries and third countries that bind their currencies to the euro unilaterally under the exchange rate regime chosen by the national Central Bank.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Some currencies were originally pegged to the German mark (Bosnian mark (1:1), Bulgarian lev (1:1), Estonian kroon (1 DEM = 8 EEK)).


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

After Germany switched to the euro, the pegging ratio of these currencies to the euro was multiplied by the exchange rate of the Deutsche Mark to the Euro.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Thus, after the crisis of 1996-1997, Bulgaria practices a currency board regime, which includes a fixed exchange rate of the Bulgarian lev against the euro — 1.95583 leva per euro.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

However, Bulgaria does not participate in IOC — 2; therefore, the ECB does not undertake to maintain the left.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The currencies of 14 African countries that are part of the franc zone are also pegged to the euro.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Various forms of pegging and controlled navigation in relation to a basket of currencies (including SDRs) are practiced: Botswana, Algeria, Belarus, Fiji, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, Singapore, Syria, Tunisia and some other countries and territories.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The euro as a reserve currency


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The euro is currently the second most used reserve currency.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

After the introduction of the euro in 1999, this currency partially inherited a share in settlements and reserves from the Deutsche Mark, the French Franc and other European currencies that were used for settlements and savings .


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Since then, the share of the euro has been steadily increasing, as central banks seek to diversify their reserves [25].


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Former Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan said in September 2007 that the euro could replace the US dollar as the world's main reserve currency [26].


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

In 2009, the euro's share in central banks' international reserves amounted to a record 28%, which has not yet been surpassed [27].


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Criticism


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

“Where the euro is, prices, taxes and unemployment have risen, wages and pensions have decreased, and citizens have become poorer. In Britain, when the financial crisis was created, the pound began to devalue, and soon economic growth began again” [28]


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Exchange-rate regime


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

The euro is subject to a freely floating exchange rate regime.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

See also


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Single Euro Payments Area


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Eurocurrency


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Eurozone


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Euro index


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Maastricht criteria


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Central banks and currencies of Europe


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Notes


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

References


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

(including gold and silver)


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

(in German) (in English)


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:European Union money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Laureates of the International Award.


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Charlemagne


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Economy of the European Union


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Austrian money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Åland Islands Money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Andorra money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Belgium money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Vatican Money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Guadeloupe Money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:German money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Greek money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Irish money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Spain Money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Italy Money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Cyprus Money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Money of Kosovo


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Latvian money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Luxembourg money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Mayotte Money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Malta Money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Martinique Money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Monaco Money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Dutch money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Portuguese money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Reunion Money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:San Marino Money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Saint Barthelemy Money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Saint Martin Money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Slovakian money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Slovenian money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Finnish money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:French money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Money of the French Southern and Antarctic Territories


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:French Guiana Money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Montenegrin money


Question: Does the European Union accept dollars?

Euro

Category:Estonian money


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Education is a highly politicized concept, so its definitions are highly dependent on the scientific (or pseudoscientific) school that defines it.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

At the same time, the more the technology of education itself is reflected (or implied) in the definition of upbringing, the politicization, and, accordingly, the greater the differences in definitions.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

According to academician I.P.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Pavlov, education is the formation of socially necessary relations to the world, the country, society, oneself (historical and philosophical approach, politically neutral).


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

According to A.S.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Makarenko, education is the creation (development) of stable behavioral habits.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Makarenko thus (following KD Ushinsky) significantly separated the concepts of “training” and “upbringing”, pointing out that only a verbal and theoretical message of knowledge (training) of “what is good and what is bad” is usually not enough for a person to become brave, kind, honest, decent (and further on the list of “what is good” in the culture of a given people in this cultural - historical era).


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

One of the main discoveries of A.S.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Makarenko was the definition that successful upbringing and successful training require different means (although complementary, with skillful application, each other), identification and testing necessary and sufficient conditions for education in the training and labor collective, which, on the one hand, is successful, on the other hand, does not violate permissible (ethically and legally) norms of influence on the brought up persons.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

According to the definition of T.D.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Lysenko - L.S.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Vygotsky, which arose (partly on the basis of I. Herbart) in the 1930s, in the conditions of a clear predominance of political arguments and assessments over scientific ones in the “Soviet” pedagogy, the concept of “educative education” arose, according to which the development of positive habits (education itself) are replaced by learning (reporting) what is considered good in a given society.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Her followers believe that by doing so they carried out a psychological neoplasm (more often said formation to cause fewer associations with a well-known medical concept) of the child's personality and so their task is accomplished.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Based on this approach, in most Soviet schools, education was limited mainly to reading the story “Mu-Mu” and other moralizing literature (in accordance exclusively with age, since a significant variety of natural abilities of students, according to the same approaches of Lysenko-Vygotsky, was not recognized or taken into account), holding “educating” rulers and meetings .


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

In folk pedagogy (and a century ago, most of the population was not covered by school) of most countries and peoples, education was carried out through the example of elders (in the family and society) on the basis of natural involvement in feasible work in the family or community (rural, professional, religious, etc.)


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

The obvious discrepancy between the approaches of “educative learning” to the truth of life already in the very first years of its emergence found an artistic response, for example, in the novel by M.A.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Bulgakov's “Heart of a Dog”.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Much has been said about such education in the works of the same A.S.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Makarenko.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

But due to the distribution of responsibility for the consequences of the application of “educational education” to all citizens, and not to teachers (first of all), a noticeable time delay in these consequences, and also the undemocratic nature of managerial decision-making in Soviet times, “educating education” to this day remains the main concept of the Russian school (with corresponding consequences for upbringing of the population, its real preparation for life, labor productivity, etc.) [1]


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

There is no analogue of the Russian word “upbringing” in English.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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The Russian word “educate” will be translated into English by many other words — teach, train, put on your feet, etc.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

The socialization of the child is closely related to the concept of upbringing, that is, the assimilation by children and adolescents of the foundations of their native culture that regulates the concepts of good and evil, approved and disapproved actions, knowledge traditions and customs.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

At the same time, it is difficult to talk about socialization as education in relation to traditional (primitive) cultures.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Modern societies have developed a set of technologies, methods, rituals, practical actions designed to raise a child into a citizen in accordance with the ideas of the older generation or public authority.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Such practices of socialization of children are systemic in nature and are called methods of upbringing.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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There is a profession of an educator or teacher, whose activity consists exclusively in the upbringing and education of children.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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This is how modern societies are fundamentally different from traditional cultures, where the socialization of children was carried out by all members of the tribe or village simply as part of the ordinary life of the community.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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It should be noted that some principles of educational technologies existed in traditional primitive communal communities in the form of an institution of age-related initiations of boys.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Childhood story


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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In his works on childhood history, Lloyd Demos identified six different dominant models of attitudes towards children throughout history, substantiated the impact of upbringing in childhood on the characteristics of the adult personality and linked the models of raising children identified by him with the peculiarities of the development of civilization in each period.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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The six models, according to Demos, are as follows [3]:


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Infanticide (until the IV century AD) - characterized by the massacre of children and violence against them;


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Abandoning/suspended (4th-13th centuries) - characterized by the rejection of infanticide due to the spread of Christianity and the practice of parents transferring children to upbringing to third parties;


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Ambivalent (XIV-XVII centuries) - characterized by the beginning of the displacement of the practice of physical punishment;


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Obsessive/forced (XVIII century) - characterized by the beginning of understanding the needs of the child;


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Socializing (XIX — first half of the XX century) — is characterized by the massive spread of pedagogical knowledge, as well as primary and secondary education;


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Helping (since the middle of the 20th century) is characterized by the individualization of the upbringing process, the rejection of physical punishment and equal relations between parents and children.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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The emergence of parenting concepts in European society


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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In the Middle Ages, as soon as a child could do without a mother, babysitter, or wet nurse, he moved into the adult world.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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[4] The understanding of childhood and the need for upbringing in European society appears in the 17th and 18th centuries in the works of philosopher John Locke and writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Parenting concepts differ in their original idea.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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According to John Locke, the child's consciousness is like a blank sheet of paper on which, in the process of growing up, you can “write down” any future personality.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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At the beginning of the last century, behaviorist John Watson wrote:


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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“Give me a dozen normal, healthy babies and the ability to build a world in which they will be brought up at my discretion, and I guarantee you that by taking any randomly chosen child, I I'll raise him into what you call a doctor, a lawyer, an artist, a merchant, a manager, and if you like, even a beggar or a thief, regardless of his talents, inclinations, preferences, abilities, vocation or race of his parents.”


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Subsequently, this approach to education was developed by behaviorist psychologist Barris Frederick Skinner, who reduced education to reinforcing (encouraging) the desired behavior.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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[6] Behaviorism methods are very effective and are now used when modifying behavior in children's correctional institutions [7], but according to modern ideas, to reduce education to reinforcements and punishments are erroneous.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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In particular, Albert Bandura showed how important it is for a child to observe and imitate the behavior of others, both children and adults.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Opposite ideas belong to the French writer and philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who believed that the child develops according to his innate nature, and the teacher's task is to create conditions for manifestations and flourishing of these natural tendencies.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Modern concepts of upbringing


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Modern ideas of upbringing are largely based on the opposite concepts of childhood, inherent on the one hand, in Western society, and on the other hand, in communist and post-communist societies.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

For Western society, a child is a sinless, pure angel, growing up is not progress, but regression, familiarization with the vicious world of adults.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Within the framework of such ideas, a vicious adult cannot educate, he is only able to teach.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Education is reduced exclusively to family education and is completely entrusted to parents.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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School, clubs, sections, studios are engaged in training.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

For Soviet and some other societies (Germany in the 30-40s of the last century, China), the child has not yet been formed as a full-fledged member of society and should be equal to the adult ideal of a person and citizen .


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

In the pedagogical theory of communist societies, the child was likened to a workpiece in a lathe, from which, under the clearly calibrated influences of the cutter-educator, it turned out to be drawn in advance by an engineer detail.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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In fact, we are talking about violent personality change (“if you don't know how, we'll teach you, if you don't want to, we'll force you”).


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Hence a different understanding of education.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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For example, in Russian textbooks, education is defined as the purposeful formation of the individual [8] in order to prepare it for participation in social and cultural life in accordance with socio-cultural regulatory models.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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The goals of education are the expected changes in a person, carried out under the influence of specially prepared and systematically carried out educational actions and actions.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Education is, among other things, the subject of pedagogy as a science.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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As part of this concept, a child and a teenager are brought up in children's groups led by adults (pioneers, Hitler Youth, etc.).


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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This approach is deeply alien to modern Western thought.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Foreign “education” is much closer to the non-violent concept of “socialization of the child” than to the forced change in the personality of children, as upbringing in the post-Soviet space understood and understood.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Both concepts seem to contain reasonable approaches, but in their extreme manifestations they are dangerous both for society and for children.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Western ideas, centered exclusively on the family, led to the alienation of the child from adult society, depriving him of the necessary informal communication with the elders, and the lack of necessary


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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ideals to follow.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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[9] Focus on training


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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has led to a difficult situation in American schools, where children live according to the laws of an animal pack in which a small elite brutally humiliates its subordinate majority.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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On the other hand, the idea of a child as a blank sheet, about a blank for the manufacture of the future patriotic screw of the state machine is erroneous from a scientific point of view and can lead to the construction totalitarian, extremely violent societies.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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However, within the framework of collective methods of education, such progressive trends as scouting in Western society and informal pedagogy in Soviet society were born [11].


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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The essence of the method of collective education is that adolescents unite in a group under the guidance of adult leaders who become largely role models and older partners of children.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Such groups are built on the principles of equality, respect for the child's personality and his rights.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Children are treated like adults, responsible people for their actions, and are asked as adults.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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However, belonging to such a children's association is always voluntary.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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The child decides for himself whether he wants to be there, and does not depend on the decision of parents or education officials.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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In contrast to school, detachment pedagogy uses innate, natural mechanisms of growing up: the need of adolescents to unite (grouping reaction), equality with adults (emancipation reaction), the desire to acquire practical skills (hobby reaction).


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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The collective (detachment) method of education in Russia has been given the name “informal pedagogy”.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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In general, foreign studies are reduced to the study of the style of family education or the study of training.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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[13] Due to the specifics of the subject, Western researchers believe that upbringing in a family does not have a significant impact on the formation of the child's personality.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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In statistical data processing, the upbringing factor does not give a statistically significant result and can be neglected.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Russian and Soviet scientists (O. IN. Lishin, D. B. Elkonin, etc.) mainly studied detachment methods, but there is still no systematic study of the results of such education.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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General mechanisms of learning and education


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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The concept of upbringing is inseparable from others, such as education and professionalization.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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It correlates with the values of the functions skill (knowledge, skill) planning (organization, control), etc. The presence of these cross-cutting links between the achieved volumes of ideas (the whole) makes it possible to establish compliance with the level of civilization in society.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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And in educational institutions, the relationship of these functions makes it possible to form methodological support depending on the specialization.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Education in general in animals is the process of implementing signal heredity — transferring skills to offspring through a conditioned imitation reflex in order to form stereotypes of behavior, as well as its result (presence or absence of education).


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Actually, the rudiments of upbringing are already demonstrated by lower chordates (for example, lampreys), mollusks and arthropods.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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mammals


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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In higher animals, this process becomes many times more complicated, including, in addition to transferring certain skills to adapt to the environment, also collective behavior skills (in a herd or pack).


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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The most important element of education is the joint play between children and parents.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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For many predators, games are more complex, they include training elements with the division of roles necessary for successful hunting together.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Man


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Education is usually based on “three pillars”:


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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punishment (whip),


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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promotion (gingerbread)


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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personal example of a caregiver.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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No animal spends as much time and effort raising its cub as it takes for a person to raise a child as an individual.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Education is of exceptional importance in human society.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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With its help, the following are formed:


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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second signal system (speech)


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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behavioral activity aimed at changing the external environment


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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activities mediated through altered elements of the external environment (production tools).


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Thanks to these modifying capabilities, the human population has created specific hereditary structures of a non-genetic nature — culture and ethnic tradition.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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The phenomenon of the human population is inherent in qualitatively new methods, in comparison with the populations of other higher animals, collective processing of information and high speed of information processing an individual living in society.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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In principle, the human body is structurally no different from all other higher animals, but the combination of the above two factors has created a significant advantage in survival due to directed changes in the habitat within the available limits of adaptation of the human body.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Jungle Kids


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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There are cases when children left without care survived in difficult wild conditions, including with the support of wild animals, and were later brought up by them.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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For obvious reasons, such cases are more common in countries with warm climates, in particular India.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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According to the name of the famous English fairy tale, such children are often called “Mowgli Children”.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Unlike the benevolent conclusion of this fairy tale, such children, being returned to human society even at the age of 6-7 years, are unable to fully master the language and other types cultural interaction in society.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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The explanation of these facts is given depending on the pedagogical theories adhered to by the relevant authors.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Thus, followers of the cultural-historical approach to training (Herbart, Vygotsky, T. D. Lysenko and their followers), who took as a basis the possibility of neoplasm (in English - formation) of learning abilities and subsequent “development”, explain these facts by delays neoplasms of abilities and mental development of children, and the formation of socially necessary roles for life in human society.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Followers of a natural-based approach to learning (Komensky, Diesterweg, Pestalozzi, Ushinsky and others) suggest that the corresponding natural abilities of children in this case were not were awakened and in demand in a timely manner, and therefore later they could not fully reveal themselves.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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There is also a known case of Caspar Hauser, who was brought up in prison conditions, was deprived of a full upbringing and therefore did not understand the world around him at all.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Definitions


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Over the centuries, the concept of upbringing has been repeatedly changed and adjusted.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Before the reforms of Peter I, upbringing was understood as “feeding, growing” [15], since the word itself is the same root with the word nutrition.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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In Dahl's dictionary, it was said that educating means “taking care of the material and moral needs of a minor, until his age; in the lowest sense, feeding, cultivating (about the plant), feeding and dress up to age; in the highest sense to teach, instruct, teach everything you need for life...” [16].


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

According to the definition of the ESBE (as amended in 1892), upbringing “is the deliberate influence of an adult on a child or young man, aimed at bringing him to the share of independence that is necessary to man to fulfill his purpose of man on earth” [17].


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Sigmund Freud, in accordance with his concept, broadly defined education as “the process of encouraging people to overcome the principle of pleasure and replace it with the principle of reality.”


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary described education as “behavioral skills instilled in the family, school, environment and manifested in public life” [18].


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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At the same time, modern pedagogy also gives a clearer definition: education is the development of the orientation of the individual as the “upper floor” of its hierarchical structure (forms of orientation: worldview, beliefs, ideals, aspirations, interests, etc.) [19].


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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In psychology, education is considered primarily as “an activity to transfer socio-historical experience to new generations; a systematic and purposeful impact on consciousness and behavior a person in order to form certain attitudes, concepts, principles, value orientations that provide conditions for his development, preparation for social life and work” [20].


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Types of human education


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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The following types of human education are distinguished:


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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According to the content of education:


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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mental


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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labor


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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physical


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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moral


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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spiritual-moral


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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aesthetic


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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legal


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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patriotic


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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sexuality and sex-role


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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economic


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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ecological (the author of the concept is E. K. Yanakiev)


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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etc.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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On an institutional basis:


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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family


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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religious


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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social (in a narrow sense)


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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dissocial (antisocial)


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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correctional


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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According to the dominant principles and style of relations (this division is neither generally accepted nor clear):


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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authoritarian


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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free


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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democratic


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Due to the significant breadth of coverage of the concept as a whole, Russian pedagogy distinguishes such a concept as


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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social education is the purposeful creation of conditions (material, spiritual, organizational) for human development.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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The category of education is one of the main ones in pedagogy.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Historically, different approaches to dealing with this category have developed.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Describing the scope of the concept, many researchers identify education in a broad, social sense, including its impact on the personality of society as a whole (that is, identifying upbringing with socialization), and education in a narrow sense — as a purposeful activity designed to form a system of personality traits, views and observations in children [21].


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Parenting principles


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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The principles of the educational process (principles of upbringing) are general initial provisions that express the basic requirements for the content, methods, and organization of the educational process.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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Requirements for the principles of upbringing


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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1. Obligation.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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The principles of upbringing are not advice, not a recommendation: they require mandatory and full implementation into practice.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

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2. Complexity.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

The principles carry the requirement of complexity, which implies their simultaneous, and not alternate, isolated application at all stages of the educational process.