Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The Northern District includes Industrial and Dzerzhinsky districts, and the Southern District - Leninsky and Central.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The territorial units of the city of Orenburg (districts and districts) are not municipalities.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Ten rural settlements are subordinate to the two districts, which, together with the city itself, form the municipality of Orenburg with the status of a city district.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Symbolism


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The first coat of arms of the city of Orenburg (magistrate's seal) appeared 9 years before the founding of the city.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Empress Anna Ioannovna's Privilege to the City of Orenburg, a document declaring the managerial structure of the future city [30].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The coat of arms of 1734 was used as its emblem in the XIX century by the city mutual fire insurance society.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The authorship of the coat of arms belongs to the heraldist Professor I. S. Beckenstein and the head of the Orenburg expedition, founder of Orsk, I. K. Kirillov.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

A second version of the city's coat of arms appeared: a black one-headed crowned eagle sitting on a mountain [30].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The coat of arms of the city of Orenburg was approved on June 8, 1782 by the regional center of the Ufa governorate.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Description of the coat of arms: “A golden field, cut by a blue winding stripe, showing the Ural River flowing here. In the upper part of the shield there is an eagle coming out, in the lower part there is a blue St. Andrew's Cross, as a sign of loyalty to this city” [30].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The coat of arms was compiled by Prince Shcherbatov and granted in 1776 to the Orenburg Field Battalion: an azure wavy belt symbolized the Ural River; the azure St. Andrew's cross marked the valor of the garrison Orenburg, which defended the city from attempts to capture Yemelyan Pugachev by the troops [30].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1864, a new project of the coat of arms of Orenburg was drawn up: “In the golden shield there is an azure hanging St. Andrew's Cross, the head of the shield is wavy.”


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The shield was crowned with a silver walled crown, around it there were ears connected by the Alexander Ribbon [30].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In the 1970s, during the revival of interest in heraldry, several city emblems appeared.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The coat of arms emblem of Orenburg was a coat of arms (gold or azure), separated by “river waves”.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In the early 1990s, an unofficial coat of arms appeared in Orenburg.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Its appearance was timed to coincide with the celebration of the 250th anniversary of the city (1993).


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In general, it repeated the composition of the old Soviet coat of arms.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

But instead of the red banner in the upper half of the shield depicted the Russian tricolor with the inscription “250 years”.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The edges of the shield imitated the lace of Orenburg downy shawls [30].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Since the early 1990s, Orenburg has used exclusively the coat of arms of the 1782 model.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

It decorated the front pages of newspapers, posters on the streets of the city, appeared on the emblems (logos) of private companies.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On February 6, 1996, at a meeting of the City Duma, the historical coat of arms was officially restored in rights, and at the same time samples of images of the coat of arms and flag of the city were approved (Decision No. 7) [30].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

An analysis of the current official symbols of Orenburg conducted by the Union of Heraldists of Russia in 2009 showed that they do not fully comply with the current legislation, heraldic requirements and historical data, which prevents their state registration and entry into the State Heraldic Register of the Russian Federation.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Replacing the image of the double-headed eagle granted by Empress Catherine the Great in 1782 with a figure from the coat of arms of the Russian Federation is illegal heraldic and incorrect from the point of view of restoration historical coat of arms of the city [31].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 2012, at the 16th meeting of the Orenburg City Council, the draft of the new coat of arms and flag was approved [32] [33].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Local government


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Executive


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Executive power is exercised by the administration of the city of Orenburg.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The head of the city of Orenburg is the highest official of the municipality of the Orenburg city district, heads the administration of the city of Orenburg.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Since October 30, 2015, Evgeny Sergeevich Arapov has been the Mayor of Orenburg.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In connection with the arrest of Arapov, the acting head of the city is Sergey Alexandrovich Nikolaev.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Since December 20, 2018, Dmitry Vladimirovich Kulagin has been elected to the post of Mayor.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Representative power


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Representative power is exercised by the Orenburg City Council.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The work of the Orenburg City Council is headed and organized by the chairman of the city council.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Currently, it is Olga Petrovna Berezneva (since November 28, 2016).


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

population


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

National composition


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The ethnic composition of Orenburg according to the 2010 All-Russian Census:


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

People Number of people


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

% of those who indicated nat.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Russian444 47083.45% Tatars41 4517.78 %Kazakhs10 7962.03 %Ukrainians 10 5021.97 %Bashkirs 58901.10% Armenian33780.63 %Mordva27500.52% other nationalities 13 4092.52 %TOTAL532 646100.0% [34]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Persons for whom there is no data on nationality or nationality is not indicated on the census form account for 15,685 people, or 2.86 per cent of the total population of the city.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Economics


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Industry


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In the Orenburg industry, leading places belong to the gas production and gas processing industries, mechanical engineering and metalworking.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Enterprises of the chemical industry, food and light industry are also developed [24]:


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Gazprom dobycha Orenburg LLC:


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Gas Processing Plant,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Helium Plant;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Uralneftegazprom CJSC;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Drilling Equipment Plant OJSC;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Locomotive Repair Plant;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

ZAO Plant of Reinforced Concrete Products “Stepnoy”


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Low pressure polymer pipe plant;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Dry construction mixtures plant;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg feed mill;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

PA Strela JSC;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenshal OJSC is a manufacturer of Orenburg downy shawls (shawls) and other products;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

IDGC of Volga — Orenburgenergo division;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Inverter OJSC;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg downy shawls combine;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Machine-Tool Plant;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Gidropress OJSC;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

PF South Ural Industrial Company JSC;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Federal Grid Company of the Unified Energy System;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

OAO Neftemaslozavod;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Vodokanal LLC;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Radiator LLC;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

John Deere Rus LLC, Branch in St. Orenburg — production of John Deere agricultural machinery


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Technoprom LLC is focused on the production of new modernized products for enterprises of the oil, gas and chemical industries, carriers of liquefied hydrocarbons, oil and petroleum products, boiler houses, public utilities.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Financial services


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The city has regional large banks and branches of the largest Russian and foreign commercial banks: Avangard, Bank of Moscow, Ak Bars Bank, B&N Bank, Bystrobank, VTB, Gazprombank, Koltso Urala, MDM Bank, Niko-Bank, Rus Bank, NCO Brinks, National Bank Trust, Russian Agricultural Bank, Sberbank of Russia, Svyaz-Bank, SKB-Bank, Sovcombank, Promsvyazbank, Raiffeisen Bank, TransCreditBank, Uralsib, Ural Bank for Reconstruction and Development, JSCB Forstadt (CJSC), Uniastrum Bank, Akibank, etc.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In total, there are about 100 banks and their branches [35].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

There are five major financial brokers in Orenburg: BCS, TeleTrade, Forex Club, Finam and Alpari.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Transportation


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg is a major railway junction, where lines going to Samara, Orsk, Uralsk, Aktobe, Ufa intersect [2].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Railway stations belonging to the Orenburg junction are part of the South Ural Railway.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The industry of the region received a great impetus after the Samaro-Zlatoust railway (1876) and the Tashkent railway (1905) [2].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Since 1953, the Orenburg Children's Railway has been operating in the floodplain of the Ural River [36], which is a narrow-gauge railway with a gauge of 750 mm and a length of 6 km.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The second narrow-gauge railway is located in the northern part of the city and belongs to the Orenburg Sleeper Impregnation Plant, its length is about 3 kilometers [37].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In January 2007, after a long reconstruction, a renovated railway station building with an area of 4,100 m² was opened.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The cost of reconstruction amounted to 350 million rubles [38].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The Kazan-Orenburg-Akbulak-border federal highway with the Republic of Kazakhstan passes through the city, and there is an approach to Orenburg of the M-5 Ural federal road.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

There are two airfields: the military Orenburg-Yuzhny, and the Gagarin Central civil airport.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The airport is the home port of Orenburzhye Airlines.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The airport was named after Gagarin on July 21, 2011 in connection with the 50th anniversary of the world's first manned flight into space.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Public transport


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

There are 24 bus routes and 6 trolleybus routes in the city.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The length of bus routes is 380 km.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The system of minibuses is developed.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

There are about 70 commercial routes.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Also, from April to October, 42 municipal horticultural routes operate in the city.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

There is a cable car across the Ural River.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Hotels


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Currently, there are more than 30 hotels in Orenburg:


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

4 stars: Hilton Garden Inn Orenburg [39] Hotel, Rostoshi Business Hotel, La Vie de Chateau Spa Hotel, Stepnaya Palmira, Don Quixote;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

3 stars: Armada Comfort Hotel, Rostoshi Hotel, Mia Hotel, Breeze Hotel, Victoria Hotel, Yuzhnye Vorota, Niva, Orenburg, Fakel Business Hotel;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

2 stars: “Lada”, “Rostoshi”;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

1 star: Bristol, Ruslan, White Swan, Spikelet.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Hostel: Orenhostel.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Like [40] Hostel


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The upper room “Kemi [41]”


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Long-term construction


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Business Center is a 12-storey building (formerly 16-storey, 4 floors dismantled) on Sovetskaya Street.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Work on the construction of this building began more than 28 years ago [42].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Connectivity


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Beeline (PJSC Vimpel-Communications)


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

A home.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

ru (branch in St. (Orenburg JSC ER-Telecom Holding)


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Megaphone


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Yota (Scartel LLC)


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

MTS


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

MTT — Intercity/International calls


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Rostelecom


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Ufanet (Orenburg branch of Ufanet JSC)


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Intelkom


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

FocusLife (Radiosvyaz CJSC)


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Trade


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Among the federal retail chains represented in the city, we can highlight:


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Magnet


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

X5 Retail Group


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Local retail chains include:


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Stroilandia [43].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Science and education


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

General education institutions


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg general education institutions are regularly included in the rating “500 schools in Russia showing consistently high results in the level of student training”.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

[44] The following establishments are its permanent residents:


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Physics and Mathematics Lyceum,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Gymnasium No. 1,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Gymnasium No. 2,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Gymnasium No. 3,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Gymnasium No. 4,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Gymnasium No. 7,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Gymnasium No. 8,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Lyceum No. 1,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Lyceum No. 2,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Lyceum No. 3,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Lyceum No. 4,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Lyceum No. 5,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Lyceum No. 7.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Higher education institutions


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg has state universities and branches of larger universities:


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg State University,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg State Medical University,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg State Agrarian University,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg State Pedagogical University,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg State Institute of Arts n.a.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

L. and M. Rostropovich,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Theological Seminary,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Branch of the Russian State University of Oil and Gas n.a.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

AND. M. Gubkin,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Institute of the Moscow State Law Academy,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Branch of the Russian State University of Trade and Economics,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Branch of the Federal State Educational Budgetary Institution of Higher Professional Education “Volga State University of Telecommunications and Informatics”,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Branch of the Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University (Orenburg State Vocational Pedagogical College),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Branch of the Moscow Technological Institute “VTU”,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Regional Financial and Economic Institute,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg branch of the Academy of Labor and Social Relations,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Branch of Moscow Institute of Entrepreneurship and Law,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Branch of the Ural Academy of Public Administration,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Railway Institute is a branch of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “SamGUPS”.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Culture


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Museums


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Governor's Museum of History and Local Lore;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The memorial complex museum “Salute, Victory!”.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Regional Museum of Fine Arts.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg History Museum:


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Memorial Museum-Guardhouse of T. G. Shevchenko (the house visited by the poet during his exile in Orenburg in 1849 was demolished in the summer of 2015, despite the status of a cultural heritage site of federal significance [45]).


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Yuri and Valentina Gagarin Memorial Apartment Museum,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Leopold and Mstislav Rostropovich Memorial Apartment Museum,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Remembrance House


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Space Museum (in the building of the Municipal Educational Institution “General Education Boarding School with Initial Flight Training” — the Cadet Corps. AND. AND. Neplyueva).


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Regional Museum of the History of Police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Orenburg region.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Museum of Military Glory and the Afghan War.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Museum of the History of Orenburggazprom.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg State University History Museum [46].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Geological Museum n.a.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

A. S. Khomentovsky Orenburg State University.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Galleries and showrooms


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Exhibition hall of the Orenburg Regional Museum of Fine Arts.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Downy Shawl Gallery of the Orenburg Regional Museum of Fine Arts.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Art Gallery “On Pushkinskaya”.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

“Arta” Gallery.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Theatres and concert halls


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The oldest theater in the city is the Orenburg Regional Drama Theater named after M. Gorky.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

For the first time, performances at the Orenburg City Theater began in 1869, before that, only visiting troupes performed in the city [47].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Over the years, Polina Strepetova, Vera Komissarzhevskaya, Mikhail Tarkhanov performed on the stage of the theater [47].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1898, simultaneously with the Moscow Art Theater, Chekhov's The Seagull was staged on the stage of the theater [47].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg State Regional Theater of Musical Comedy, established in 1935 on the basis of the Vinnytsia Theater troupe, shows viewers of all ages the best operettas every theater season, musical comedies, vaudevilles and musical tales.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The Orenburg State Regional Puppet Theater, founded in 1935, shows performances for the youngest spectators.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Puppet Theater is a participant and laureate of international competitions [48].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The Orenburg Municipal Puppet Theater “Pierrot” is the youngest theater in Orenburg.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

It was founded in 1991.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Every two years, the theater holds the international theater festival “Orenburg Watermelon”.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The Orenburg State Tatar Drama Theater named after Mirkhaidar Faizi, which dates back to the Tatar theater troupe organized in 1905 [49], has plays in its repertoire Tatar, Russian, Western and Eastern playwrights.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The Philharmonic Hall operates in Orenburg [24].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Architecture of the Provincial Center


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Volga-Kamsky Bank, 19th century [50]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Ivanovs Almshouse, 19th Century [51]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Enikutsev House [52]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Zaryvnov's house


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Trade House, 1883 [53]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The house in which in 1753-1767.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

lived a researcher of the Orenburg Territory P.I.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Rychkov


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Myakinkov House [54]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Congress of Justices of the Peace, 19th century [55]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Gostiny Dvir [56]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Mutual Loan Society


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Neplyuevsky Cadet Corps


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Architect Bryullov's Caravanserai, 1836—1842


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Yurov's Steam Mill, 1903


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Water tower on the territory of the locomotive depot


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The central power plant, which in 1899 produced the first electricity in the city [57]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The former building of the Mutual Insurance Society (Orenburg, Sovetskaya Street, 61), 1914 [58]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Men's gymnasium, now OrenGPU, 1868-1869 [59]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Zeughaus, 1855 [60]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Engineering Distance Administration [61]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The headquarters is engineering and general.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Stables (Orenburg, Proletarskaya ulitsa, 9) [62]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Water Tower, 1904


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Assembly of the Nobility, 1836—1841.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The architect is A. Bryullov [63]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The house of the city estate of Savinova L. V., 1890—1905 [64]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

City Manor House, Bukharsky Lane [65]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Bristol Hotel, 1901 [66]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Reconstructed water column in Leninsky Square near the Drama Theater


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The Guardhouse, 1856


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Yurov's Steam Mill, 1903


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Savelyev's house, Services are cold.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

1850s [67]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

General Staff, 1836-1841.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The architect is A. Bryullov


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

General Staff, 1836-1841


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Diocesan School, 1889


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Cadet Corps.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

It was built in 1871-1874.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1955—1957 Gagarin and Yuri Alekseevich studied here


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Husainia Minaret, 1892 [68]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Zaryvnova Manor, 1892 [69]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Mezzanine House, 1892 [70]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The building of the Theological School, 1850s st. Brykina [71]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Hospital 1882 [72]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Grand Hotel [73]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

City estate of Chistozvonov V. IN. (front of the main house, view from Sovetskaya Street) [74]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Dr. Voitsekhovich's house, where the Orenburg Bolshevik club discussed Lenin V. AND. [75]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The house of the Azov-Don Commercial Bank in Orenburg, one of the largest joint-stock commercial banks of the Russian Empire in 1871—1917


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The city estate of Malneva N. F. [76]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Former Representative Office of the Emir of Bukhara [77]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Sports


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Sports clubs in the city:


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Neftyanik Volleyball Club;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Sarmaty Youth Hockey Club;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

FC Orenburg (Gazovik until May 2016);


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Lokomotiv Hockey Club, which played in the top league of the Russian Bandy Championship from 1995 to 2007;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Nadezhda Basketball Club, which has been playing in the Super League of the Russian Women's Basketball Championship since 2000, the team has been playing in the FIBA European Cup since 2004, and since 2008 it has been playing in the women's Euroleague.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Achievements: silver medalist of the Russian Cup 2010, 2011, 2013; silver medalist of the FIBA European Cup; bronze medalist of the Russian Championship 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, participant of the FIBA Women's Euroleague TOP-16 2011, 2012 , 2013, 2014.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The Sarmaty hockey team has been playing in the Youth Hockey League since 2015.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Fakel Gazprom Tennis Club is a seven-time Russian table tennis champion and a three-time winner of the European Champions League [78] [79].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

2002—2003 — Higher League “B” — 1st place;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

2003—2004 — Higher League “A” — 1st place;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

2004—2005 — Super League — 1st place;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

2005—2006 — Super League — 1st place;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

2006 — Russian Cup — 1st place;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

2007 — International Tournament (France) — 1st place;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

2007—2008 — Super League — 1st place;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

2010 — Skachkov, Smirnov, Samsonov and Kuzmin on June 4, 2010 in Orenburg won the most prestigious trophy in the history of Soviet and Russian table tennis — the European Cup.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

There are Gazovik, Dynamo, Orenburg, Kommunalschik stadiums, Zvezdny and Kristall ice palaces, Olimpiysky, Orenburzhye, Yubileiny, Gazovik sports complexes.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Religion


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Nikolsky Cathedral [80].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Dmitrievskaya Church.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Chapel of the Tabyn Mother of God.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Caravanserai Mosque.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Cathedral Mosque.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Husainia Mosque.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The Catholic Church of Our Lady of Loreto.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Parish of the Single Evangelical Lutheran Church of Russia.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

ECB Church.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Seventh Day Adventist Christian Church.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The synagogue.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God (1998, architects P. AND. Anisiforov S. G. Rybak [81]) p. Birdy g. Orenburg.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Mass media


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Press


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Newspapers:


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Arguments and Facts in Orenburg Region


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Vecherniy Orenburg


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Week,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

“Orenburgskaya Madam”


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Cossack Vedomosti


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburzhye


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Yuzhny Ural


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Yaik.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Magazines:


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

“Dara. Orenburg”,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

“I'm coming! Orenburg”,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Planeta 56


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Pugachev,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

As-Salam.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

TV


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Channel One;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Russia 1;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

TV Center;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

NTV;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Channel 5;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

REN TV;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

TNT;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

STS;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Home made;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

ORT planet;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Star;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Match TV;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Che;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

YU;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Disney Channel;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Rossiya K;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Russia 24


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

RIAD TV


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The first multiplex of digital television in Russia


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The second multiplex of digital television in Russia


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Broadcast


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Since April 4, 2017, radio broadcasting is carried out only in the VHF CCIR (FM) band (87.5-108 MHz).


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

88.3 MHz — Radio Vera


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

90.5 MHz — Vesti FM


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

91.0 MHz — Radio Rossii;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

100.8 MHz — Radio Record;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

101.3 MHz — Echo of Moscow;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

101.8 MHz — Retro FM;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

102.3 MHz — Autoradio;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

103.0 MHz — Hit FM;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

103.7 MHz — Europe Plus;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

104.3 MHz — DFM;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

104.8 MHz — Road radio;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

105.3 MHz — Radio Dacha;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

105.8 MHz — Police wave;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

106.3 MHz — Radio Mayak;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

106.8 MHz — Radio Mir;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

107.2 MHz — Russian radio;


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

107.7 MHz — Studio 21


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Honorary citizens


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

For 2013, the title of Honorary Citizen of Orenburg was awarded to the following people [82]:


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Aleksey Sergeevich Andreev (1924—2001),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Anatoly Nikiforovich Balandin (born 1927),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Bezak, Aleksandr Pavlovich (1801—1868),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Leonid Bolshakov (1924—2004),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Nikolay Varfolomeyevich Brown (1925—1997)


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Oleg Valeryevich Bukharin (born 1937),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Mikhail Matveyevich Bystrov (1897—1986),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Sergey Timofeevich Vagin (born 1923),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Vladimir Vasilyevich Vereshchagin (b. 1941),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Witte, Sergey Yulievich (1849—1915)


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Voinov, Vasily Ivanovich (born 1929),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Vysheslavtsev Yuri Fedorovich (born 1934),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Gagarin, Yuri Alekseevich (1934—1968),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Garankin, Yuri Dmitrievich (1932—2009),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Gnatynov, Nikolay Stepanovich (1924—2006)


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Donkovtsev, Gennady Pavlovich (1945—2010)


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Viktor Vasilyevich Dorofeev (1927—2012),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Nikolay Pavlovich Yeryshev (1936—2004),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Ivanchenko Vladimir Ivanovich (born 1939),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Vladimir Nikolaevich Kanyukov (b. 1941),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Karpov, Vladimir Vasilievich (1922—2010)


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Kovalenko, Aleksandr Vlasovich (1909—1987)


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Kryzhanovsky, Nikolai Andreevich (1818—1888),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Metropolitan Vladyka Leonty of Orenburg and Buzuluk (1913—1999),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Mishcheryakov Yuri Nikolaevich (b. 1945),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Muravyov, Nikolay Valerianovich (1850—1908),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Vasily Vasilievich Nikolaev (1939—2007),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Petina, Nadezhda Gavrilovna (born 1932),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Polyanichko, Viktor Petrovich (1937-1993),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Nikolay Andreevich Roschin (born 1922),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Rostropovich, Mstislav Leopoldovich (1927—2007)


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Alexey Samoryov (1962—1996),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Dmitry Arkhipovich Tarakov (born 1932),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Ivan Andreevich Tatianin (1923—2002),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Viktor Petrovich Tonkikh (b. 1949),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Lyudmila Pavlovna Filatova (born 1935),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Mikhail Vasilievich Filimonov (1922—2009)


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Alexey Fedorovich Tsibizov (1929—2014),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Chernyshev, Alexey Andreevich (born 1939),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Chernyaev, Mikhail Grigoryevich (1828—1898),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Vasily Vasilievich Shatalov (1930—2007),


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Ilya Abramovich Shpilman (1918—2006).


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Sister and partner cities


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Sister cities


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Partner cities [85]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

See also


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Russian cities


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Notes


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

References


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

. — Official Internet portal.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Category:Renamed settlements in Russia


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Category:Cities established in the 18th century


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Category:Populated places in Orenburg urban district


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Category:District centers of Orenburg Oblast


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Category:Regional centers of Russia


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Category:Populated places on Sakmara


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Category:Arts and crafts centers


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Category:Transcontinental cities


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Category:Cities in Orenburg Oblast


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Category:Former capitals of Kazakhstan


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Category:Cities that were formerly named after people


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

1C (pronounced one es) is a Russian company specializing in the distribution, support and development of computer programs and databases for business and home purposes.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

Legal form: limited liability company.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

The founder and director of the company is Boris Nuraliev.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

The company name originated from the name of its own search program: it took no more than 1 second to obtain information [1].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

The firm also owns SoftClub and Buka.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

The company was founded in 1991 in Russia and employs 1000 people.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

The founder and director is Boris Georgievich Nuraliev.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

History


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

The company was founded in 1991 [3] in Russia.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

In March 2007, 1C and Bitrix created a joint venture 1C-Bitrix with equal equity participation of the parties (50/50) [4].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

On July 17, 2008, it was announced that 1C would acquire 100% of the well-known Russian developer of computer games, Buka.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

According to the Vedomosti newspaper, the deal amounted to about $80-90 million [5].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

On February 24, 2009, it was announced that it would merge with Soft Club [6].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

On April 30, 2010, the Russian publishing house Snowball Studios and 1C-SoftClub announced the signing of an agreement on the merger of companies [7].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

As of 2010, according to the company itself, 1C owned or had shares in more than 300 IT companies in Russia, the CIS and abroad (for example, in Vietnam [8]).


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

In May 2011, 1C became one of the owners of Lognex LLC (the creator of the MySklad trade automation cloud service), having bought a stake from the former co-owner, the Ambient Sound investment fund Investments [9].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

In 2012, 1C acquired 51% of Megaplan, a developer of cloud services for business management [10], and created a joint venture with Agent Plus [11].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

In August 2014, 1C became one of the owners of STK-Lab (the creator of the online service for preparing documents for registering a business regberry.ru), later renamed 1C-Start [12].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

In December 2015, 1C became one of the owners of the UMI group of companies (the creator of services and products UMI.ru, UMI.WS, UMI.CMS, UMI.Cloud), buying a stake from previous co-owners, including of Prostor Capital venture fund [13]


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

By 2015, according to Boris Nuraliev, director of the company, the number of subsidiaries and joint ventures of 1C is about 200 companies [14].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

In April 2016, 1C bought 27.06% of Megaplan and increased its stake in the company to 99%.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

In August of the same year, a controlling stake in Quick Resto, a restaurant business automation service, was acquired.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

In October, 1C announced the purchase of a controlling stake in the developer of the cloud CRM system amoCRM [15].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

Activities


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

Development


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

Of the 1C's own developments, the most famous are the programs of the 1C: Enterprise system, as well as products for the educational sphere: a series of training programs “1C: Tutor”, the “1C: School” series on the platform” 1C: Education”.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

1C develops, translates and publishes various computer games.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

Affiliate network


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

1C works with users through an affiliate network that includes:


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

more than 10,000 permanent dealers in 600 cities of the former USSR;


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

more than 6,000 enterprises of the 1C: Franchising network certified by 1C to provide comprehensive automation services based on management and accounting software products at enterprises;


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

production competence centers;


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

competence centers for budget accounting;


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

construction competence centers;


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

document management competence centers;


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

trade competence centers;


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

Competence centers for education;


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

medical competence centers [16];


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

regional reporting competence centers;


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

certified training centers for 1C:Enterprise products;


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

more than 1,200 authorized training centers;


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

more than 200 authorized certification centers within the framework of the 1C: Professional project;


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

service partners and service centers;


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

distributors in the regions;


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

more than 280 stores of the 1C:Multimedia Association in 100 cities (retail sales of programs for home computers).


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

1C Interest is a chain of multimedia supermarkets and an online store selling games for computers, game consoles, software, movies, music, books, etc.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

The fight against “piracy”


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

In 2008, the distribution of 1C products through the Russian bittorrent tracker rutracker.org (then torrents.ru) was banned [17].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

In 2016, this agreement was canceled at the initiative of the Moscow City Court (case number 3-0726/2015).


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

Performance indicators


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

At the end of 2007, the company occupies 14.4% of the Russian ERP market in monetary terms [18].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

In 2008, the company took the second place in the ERP market of Russia, increasing its share to 18.7% in monetary terms [19].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

According to CNews Analytics, 1C's revenue in 2008 amounted to 10.12 billion rubles. (about $406 million).


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

While sales amounted to $370 million in 2007 and $190 million in 2006 [20].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

According to the Kommersant newspaper, in 2008, the company's net profit amounted to $55 million [21].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

The largest growth — 34% — was in the multimedia software segment.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

The business software segment grew by 8%, distribution remained almost at the level of 2007 — an increase of 1% [22].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

According to Kommersant, revenue for the first quarter of 2009 fell by 39% compared to the same period in 2008 [23].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

According to Andrey Zubkov, Managing Partner of Moorgate Capital, in the summer of 2008, the company was valued at least a billion dollars, but as of June 2009 it was worth $500-600 million [21] [24].


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

YearRevenueProfit2006$190 million/d2007$370 million/d2008$406 million$55 million2009n/d (~$362 million) n/d2010n/a (~$608 million) n/d2011n/a (~$790 million) n/d2018n/d (~$775 million) /45 billion rubles/d


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

See also


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

Built-in 1C:Enterprise programming language


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

Notes


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

References


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

RBC.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

//Expert.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

— 2001.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

— No. 37.


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

Category:Russian software companies


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

Category:Russian video game producers


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

Category:Localization companies


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

Category:Video game publishers


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

Category:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology bases


Question: Who created the 1C program?

1C

Category:Manufacturers of ERP systems


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

Astronomical symbols are used to refer to various celestial bodies, observed phenomena, and theoretical abstractions.


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

Modern symbols are as follows:


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

Miscellaneous


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

Moon Symbols


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

TitleSymbolCode in UnicodeCode in HTMLImageFirst Quarter ☽ U+263D ☽ Last Quarter ☾ U+263E ☾ New Moon 🌑 U+1F311 🌑 First Quarter ⇔ U+1F312 ≡ First Quarter ⇔ U+1F313 ⇔ 🌒 🌒 🌓 🌓 First Quarter 🌔 U+1F314 🌔 Full Moon 🌕 U+1F315 🌕 Last Quarter 🌖 U+1F316 🌖 Last Quarter ⇔ U+1F317 ≡ Last quarter ⇔ U+1F318 ⇔ Sickle of the Moon without specifying, U+1F319&# 🌗 🌗 🌘 🌘 🌙 127769; New Moon “with face” 🌚 U+1F31A 🌚 First quarter “with face” 🌛 U+1F31B 🌛 Last quarter “with face” 🌜 U+1F31C 🌜 Full moon “with face” ⇔ U+1F31D ≡ 🌝 🌝


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

Planetary symbols


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

TitleSymbolCode in UnicodeCode in HTMLImageMercury ☿ U+263F ☿; Venus ♀ U+2640 ♀; EarthU+2295⊕; ♁ U+2641 ♁; Mars ⇔ U+2642 ≡; Jupiter ⇔ U+2643 ⇔; Saturn ⇔ U+2644 ⇔; Uranus ⇔ U+26E2 ≡;, U+2645 ⇔ Neptune ⇔ U+2646; ♂ ♂ ♃ ♃ ♄ ♄ ⛢ ⛢ ♅ ♅ ♆ ♆


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

The sign of Neptune is a trident.


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

Dwarf planet symbols


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

Asteroid symbols


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

Zodiac constellations


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

TitleExplanationSymbolCode in UnicodeImageOvenbaran ♈ U+2648Teletsbull ♉ U+2649Gemini ♊ U+264arakrak or crab ♋ U+264Blevlev ♌ U+264Devadeva ♍ U+264DScales ⇔ U+264esCorpionScorpio ≡ U+264esCorpionScorpio ≡ U+264dScales ⇔ U+264esCorpionScorpio ≡ U+264esCorpionScorpio ≡ U+26Opphiuchus (♎ ♏ mythological.) ⛎ U+26CEArcher ♐ U+2650Capricorn Animal ♑ U+2651Aquarius ♒ U+2652Fishfish ♓ U+2653


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

Medieval image of celestial bodies


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

See also


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

Astronomy


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

Planet


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

Constellation


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

solar system


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

Notes


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

Category:Astronomy


Question: What Latin letter is uranium?

Astronomical symbols

Category:Symbols


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Champa, or Champa (Vietnamese: Chăm Pa, Chiêm Thành) is a state (association of principalities) that existed in the 7th-17th centuries on the territory of modern central and southern Vietnam, the heir to the famous 2nd century Principality of Linyi (Lin-yi or Lâm p).


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Having reached its heyday in the 10th and 11th centuries, Champa was invaded from the north by the Viets (Daiviet) in subsequent centuries; around 1470, the main city of Champa, Vijaya, fell, and at the end of the 17th century - the last principality of Champa, Panduranga, became a vassal of the Vietnamese emperors.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In 1832, Daiviet absorbed the last territories of what was Champa.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The most important preserved cultural monuments of Champa are the “Cham Towers” in Mishon (on the World Heritage List) and the Po Nagar Towers in Nha Trang.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Geography


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The core of the former territory of Champa is the coastal provinces of modern central Vietnam: Binh Dinh, Binh Thuan, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan and Phu Yen.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Champa controlled the mountainous provinces west of the coast and the territory of present-day Laos, but the Cham, the main people of the Champa, remained a seaside, merchant people and rarely settled away from the coast.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Champu formed five coastal principalities, the names of which are associated with the Indian origins of the culture of the Cham people:


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Indrapura, with its center in present-day Danang.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

It included Hue, the ancient center of the Principality of Linyi.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Amaravati is centrally located in present-day Hoi An (Quang Nam Province).


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Vijaya is an archaeological site of Tiaban (Vietnamese: Chà Bàn), 27 km north-west of Quy Nhon (Binh Dinh Province).


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Kautara is now the city of Nha Trang (Khanh Hoa Province).


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Panduranga is now Phan Rang Thaptyam (Ninh Thuan Province).


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The main cities of the principalities have always been located in the mouths of rivers [1].


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Champa's history


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Historians of Champa rely on three types of sources in their research: preserved objects of material culture, inscriptions on monuments and structures, written sources of Chinese and Vietnamese origin.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Sources on the history of each principality are incomplete; for example, Indrapur has well-preserved sources of the 10th century, in Vijaya - the 12th century, in Pandurang, the farthest from the Vietnamese state and the longest resisting invaders from the north — XV century.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

All researchers recognize the coexistence of five principalities, alternately experiencing periods of prosperity and decline, but there are two polar theories about Champa itself: at one pole are supporters of a single state, the political center of which migrated from northern cities to southern cities, on the other - supporters of the theory of a confederation of independent principalities that did not have a single center.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Prehistoric cultures


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In 1909, archaeologists discovered burials of the 1st millennium BC in the village of Sa Huyin.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

; in subsequent years, about fifty such graves were discovered.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Sa Huyin culture owned the production of bronze, glass, pottery; products of this culture were also found in Taiwan and the Philippines, which indicates the developed maritime trade.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In the 1st and 2nd centuries AD


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

on the coast, the Chams themselves appeared - a people of Malay origin, possibly immigrants from Borneo.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Linyi


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The Principality of Linyi was founded in 192 AD.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

in Hue by the Chinese who broke away from the Han Empire, and managed to defend its independence from the empire.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In the 3rd-4th centuries, as a result of the influx of immigrants from India to Hue, under the influence of Indian culture, a new culture was born on the coast - the Champa embryo, which is confirmed by numerous finds of inscriptions in Sanskrit and the appearance of the Tam language inscriptions.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

According to these inscriptions, the first Hindu prince in Hue territory, Bhadravarman I, ruled from 349-361; under the name of the god Bhadreswar he was revered in medieval Champa.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The residents of Linyi, according to the Chinese chronicler, were “both warlike and musical, with deep-seated eyes, straight noses, and curly black hair.”


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In the second quarter of the 6th century, Prince Linyi Sabhuwarman undertook an unsuccessful campaign into the territory of the Viets; in 605, Linyi was defeated by the troops of the Sui Dynasty, who slaughtered and captured Linyi's army the capital.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In 620, residents of what remained of Linyi recognized themselves as subjects of China of the Tang Dynasty.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Linyi's last prince died in 756, and the name “Champa” first appears in Chinese sources since 877.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The heyday of the 7th—10th centuries


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The heyday of the Tyams of the 7th-10th centuries was due to their control over maritime trade between the Caliphate, China, India and the Indonesian islands.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The Tyams themselves traded and did not disdain piracy; neighboring peoples, the Khmers and North Vietnamese, were not yet dangerous at that time.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

According to Cham cosmology, all Tyams belong to one of two complementary parts of Cham society: mountain, Hindu, “male”, and coastal, Islamic, “female” [2].


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

This division can be observed today: of the two temple complexes of the two dynasties, one, Michon, stands in a mountain gorge, the other, Po Nagar, by the sea [1].


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The first temples in Mishon, which is considered the center of the early Cham state, were built in the 7th century, at which time the Hindu cult of Shiva dominated.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

This culture is also called “Michon E1”, after the E1 temple.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In the 8th century, the political center of Champa moved from Mishon to the south, to Panduranga and Kauthara, at which time the temple city of Po Nagar arose, named after the mother goddess Po Nagar.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In 774, Ponagar was first defeated by Indonesian pirates and soon restored by Cham king Satvarman; in 787, a second raid followed, on the temples of Panduranga.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In 875, Prince Indravarman II, who raised his family to the hero of the Mahabharata Bhrigu, united Champa and the Khmers under his rule and founded a new (“northern”) dynasty in Indrapur [3].


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

He became the first Cham prince to adopt Buddhism and begin the construction of Buddhist temples in Dong Duong.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In the next half century, a special culture of Buddhist sculpture flourished, but since 925, historical Hindu cults took up, the paths of the Tyams and Khmers again diverged; in old Mishon the construction of new temples has resumed (Michon A1 culture).


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Islam, which Tyam merchants were supposed to get acquainted with at the dawn of the Caliphate, penetrated the country in the 10th century, but became a mass religion only in the 16th century.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Wars against the Khmers of the 10th—12th centuries


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The history of Champa of the 10th and 15th centuries is largely parallel to the history of Kambujadeshi, the Khmer state: they flourished under dynasties founded in 875 and 877, and after a series of wars (and with external invaders, and among themselves) fell apart during the XV century.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

However, at first, the two cultures collided on the battlefield in 944-945, when the Khmers invaded the principality of Kautara.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In 960-965, the rulers of Champa and Khmer managed to reach an agreement, and the Khmers returned the stolen shrines to Kauthara.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In the second half of the 10th century, the princes of Indrapura fought against Daiviet, who was united by the Dinh dynasty only in 968.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In 979, Champa's navy was destroyed by a storm, in 982 the Vietnamese ruler Le Joan looted Indrapura, which fell into decline forever; the center of Champa's cultural and political life moved south, to Vijayu.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

After the clashes of 1021 and 1026, the Viets managed to capture Vijaya; the princes of Champa agreed to pay tribute to Daiviet.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In 1065, Prince Champa Rudravarman III rebelled and was defeated by the Viets, who ravaged the city.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The prince was captured and paid the ransom with his own lands.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

This was followed by fifteen years of turmoil in the southern principalities of Champa, reunited in 1074 under Prince Harivarman IV.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

This ruler made peace with Daiviet, but provoked a Khmer attack.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Twice, in 1080 and 114s, Khmer invasions put Champa on the verge of extinction; in 1177, the warlike prince of Champa Jaya Indrawarman IV, having agreed on peace with the Viets, built a river fleet on the Mekong and defeated the Khmer capital.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In 1181, the Khmers expelled the invaders, and in 1190 they captured Vijaya themselves, and Prince Jaya Indrawarman IV was captured in Angkor Wat.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The Khmers imprisoned a puppet prince to rule Champa, who managed to suppress the civil war and eventually declared himself an independent ruler; he lasted until 1203, when the Khmers suppressed the resistance , annexed Vijaya to their State.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

13th—15th century invasions


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In 1282-1283, Vijaya was defeated by the Mongols of Kublai, who ruled Beijing; thanks to Daiviet, who blocked the way to the Mongols and actively resisted them, the matter was limited to only one sea by raid.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Sagatu's Mongol-Chinese army crossed to Champa by sea, bypassing Daiviet.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

After a long siege, Vijaya fell, but the weapons-capable Cham went to the mountains.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

A detachment of Mongols sent against them was exterminated in ambush; in 1284, Mongolian commander Khutukhtu was forced to conclude an honorable peace with Indravarman V and leave the country [4].


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The last strong king of Champa was Te Bong Nga, who ruled from 1360 to 1390, the “Red King” of Vietnamese legends.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

By uniting the lands of the Cham, he made a number of successful campaigns to Daiviet, but in 1388 he was defeated by the Vietnamese under the command of Ho Kyui Li.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In 1446, the Vietnamese organized another invasion, recapturing Vijaya.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

A year later, the Tyams knocked them out of the city, but in 1470-1471, the Vietnamese, having gathered a powerful army, suppressed the resistance of the Tyams and destroyed Vijaya [5].


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The defeat resulted in the first mass emigration of Tyams who fled to the Philippines, the islands of Indonesia and Hainan (where they turned into the ethnic group “utsuls”).


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Vassal Principality


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

By the end of the XV century, only the southern principality, Panduranga, remained of Champa, a vassal of Vietnam.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The Panduranga dynasty enjoyed a certain share of independence as a buffer formation useful for Vietnam.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In 1594, Panduranga's troops participated in the attack of the Sultan of Jokhor on Malacca.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In 1692, Prince Pandurangi broke away from Vietnam; after an unsuccessful start, in 1695, the Southerners defeated the Vietnamese and came to an amicable agreement that consolidated Panduranga's autonomy under the rule of Daiviet, which was confirmed by the agreement of 1712, which was formally in force until 1832.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In 1786, as a result of the Vietnamese Civil War, the ruler of Panduranga, who supported the losing side, was forced to flee to Cambodia.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The Vietnamese established control over the principality, demoting the princes to the rank of governors of the province.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In 1832, the Vietnamese emperor finally eliminated the remnants of Panduranga's independence, annexing it to Vietnam proper.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Champa Economy


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Champa's economy was based on agriculture and maritime trade.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

A milder climate than in Daiviet favored high yields, but there was a shortage of easy-to-use land in the country, which made rice cultivation focused purely on the domestic market.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In addition, the extraction of mineral resources, timber harvesting and hunting exotic animals were essential [6].


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The ancient Tyams, like other Austronesian peoples, were mainly seafarers, merchants and pirates.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

They lived in isolated coastal valleys, which made it very difficult for them to unite [6] [7].


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

There was no monetary system in Champa, so the exchange of goods and tax collection were carried out in kind [6].


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The main sources of information about the economy of Champa are archaeological finds and numerous inscriptions, but the Cham epigraphy contains very little socio-economic data.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Large funds from the treasury went to temple construction, military campaigns, as well as to pay tribute to the Khmers and Viets in case of defeat.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

At the same time, after successful campaigns against neighbors, Champa's treasury was replenished with rich prey, and the royal lands were replenished with numerous slaves [6] [8] [9] [10] [7].


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

With the change of the ruling dynasties, the capitals of Champa also changed, and a lot of money was also spent on the development of which.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The most famous royal residences were Simhapura (now the town of Chakieu in Quang Nam Province), Indrapura (the current town of Dongduong near Da Nang), Vijaya (the vicinity of the modern city Qui Nhon) and Kauthara (the vicinity of present-day Nha Trang), located in the mouths of rivers.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Thus, the transition of hegemony from the elite of one Primorsky region to another was accompanied by a change in the capital region.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In terms of their socio-economic structure, the Cham coastal kingdoms resembled the Malay maritime powers more than the neighboring lowland rice growing states of the Khmers and Viets [7] [11].


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Champa Art


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Champa's art was predominantly religious, glorifying gods and donors.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

There were no signed works of art in Champa, handicrafts were made to order and strictly followed religious canons.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Thus, all intellectual property and social prestige from the work belonged to the customer (donor).


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The art of Champa was formed under the influence that came from India, Kambujadeshi and Srivijaya, but in general had an independent character [6].


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

In addition, Champa's art influenced Vietnamese art during the Li Dynasty [12].


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Numerous wars and natural factors did not contribute to the preservation of architectural monuments and sculptures of Champa.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Very little is known about Cham ceramics, wooden sculpture, wall paintings, ritual vessels and metal products, weaving and the art of embroidery are poorly studied.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

It is quite difficult to trace the sequence of evolution of Cham art, including temple complexes, which have been repeatedly captured, destroyed and rebuilt.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Often, the invaders not only reconstructed temples to their liking, but also destroyed all previous inscriptions that mentioned the construction dates and the names of donors.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Almost all inscriptions are placed on religious monuments built by tsars and their entourage.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The construction of these structures symbolized the power of tsarist power and was associated with Shaivism, Buddhism, local cults and beliefs closest to the authorities (Vishnuism played secondary in Champa and a very short role).


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

The originality of Cham's art has been manifested in the choice of themes and types of structures throughout its history.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Although decor and sculpture learned borrowings from Indian art, they still cannot be considered only imitative.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

All sculptures had personal features and details inherent in Cham aesthetics (for example, ornaments and clothes of statues, an abundance of fantastic elements in the images) [6].


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Great damage to Cham art was caused by the Indochina and especially the Vietnam War.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Many temples and sculptures that have survived to this day only in photographs, drawings and descriptions of researchers were destroyed.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Inadequate control over the preservation of cultural heritage continues in modern Vietnam, which leads to the natural destruction, theft or deliberate damage to many artifacts, especially stone steles with ancient inscriptions.


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Extensive work on the study of Champa's art is carried out by the French Institute of the Far East, the Guimet Museum in Paris, the National University of Singapore, the National Museum of Vietnamese History in Hanoi, Cham Sculpture Museum in Danang, Vietnam Institute of Archaeology, Technical University of Milan, Bicocca University of Milan, University of California at Berkeley, Yale University, School Eastern and African Studies at the University of London, the Institute of Archaeology at University College London, Waseda University of Tokyo and the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences [13] [14].


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

See also


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

List of rulers of Champa


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Champa State System


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Population of Champa


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Notes


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

Literature


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa

References


Question: When was Champa founded?

Champa


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Pompeii (Latin: Pompei, Italian: Pompei, Neapolitan: Pompei; Greek: Pompei) is an ancient Roman city near Naples, in the Campania region, buried under a layer of volcanic ash as a result of Vesuvius eruptions in the second half of October [1] AD 79


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Now it is an open-air museum.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

It is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

History


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Recent excavations have shown that in the 1st millennium BC. e.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

there was a settlement near the modern city of Nola in the 7th century BC.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

approached the mouth [2].


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The new settlement, Pompeii, was founded by the Oskas in the 6th century BC.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Their name most likely goes back to the Oska pumpe - five, and has been known since the very foundation of the city, which indicates the formation of Pompeii as a result of the merger of five settlements.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The division into 5 constituencies has been preserved in Roman times.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

According to another version, the name comes from the Greek pompe (triumphal procession): according to the legend about the founding of the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum by the hero Hercules, he defeated the giant Gerion solemnly I walked through the city.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The city's early history is poorly known.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The surviving sources speak of clashes between the Greeks and the Etruscans.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Pompeii belonged to the Kumas for some time, from the end of the 6th century BC.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

were under the influence of the Etruscans and were part of a union of cities led by Capua.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

At the same time, in 525 BC


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

a Doric temple was built in honor of the Greek gods.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

After the defeat of the Etruscans in Keith, Syracuse in 474 BC.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

the Greeks regained dominance in the region.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

In the 1920s of the 5th century BC


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

along with other cities, Campania were conquered by the Samnites [3].


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

During the Second Samnite War, the Samnites were defeated by the Roman Republic, and Pompeii around 310 BC.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

became allies of Rome.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The city participated in the uprising of the Italian allied cities of 90—88 BC.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

, during which in 89 BC


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

was taken by Sulla, after which it was limited in self-government and made the Roman colony of Colonia Cornelia Veneria Pompeianorum.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

It held an important place on the Via Appia trade route connecting Rome and Southern Italy.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Many noble Romans had villas in Pompeii.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

There is evidence that about 2,000 Roman veterans were housed in a large fenced area in the southeastern part of the city with their families.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

It is not known whether these parts of the city were seized from their owners for this purpose.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

According to Tacitus [4], in 59 AD. e.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

there was a brutal massacre between the inhabitants of Pompeii and Nuceria.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Starting with a squabble during the gladiatorial games in the Pompeian arena, the conflict escalated into a fight in which the Pompeians won, and many people died or injured among the Nucerians.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

After a long trial, the Senate sent the perpetrators into exile and banned the games in Pompeii for 10 years.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

However, in 62, the ban was lifted.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The death of the city


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The eruption was preceded by a strong earthquake that occurred on February 5, 62 AD.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

[5] and described, in particular, in Tacitus's Annals.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The disaster caused great damage to the city, almost all buildings were damaged to one degree or another.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Most of the buildings were renovated, but some remained damaged until the death of the city in 79 [6].


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The eruption of Vesuvius began on the afternoon of August 24, 79 and lasted about a day, as evidenced by some surviving manuscripts of Letters by Pliny the Younger [7].


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

It led to the death of three cities — Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabia and several small villages and villas.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

During the excavations, it turned out that everything in the cities has been preserved as it was before the eruption.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Under a multi-meter thickness of ash were found streets, houses with full furnishings, the remains of people and animals that did not have time to escape.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The strength of the eruption was such that ash from it even reached Egypt and Syria.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Of the 20,000 inhabitants of Pompeii, about 2,000 people died in buildings and on the streets.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Most residents left the city before the disaster, but the remains of the dead are found outside the city.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Therefore, the exact death toll cannot be estimated.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Among those killed by the eruption was Pliny the Elder, who, out of scientific interest and desire to help people suffering from the eruption, tried to approach Vesuvius on a ship and found himself in one of the foci Stabia has catastrophes [8].


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

City excavations


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Architect Domenico Fontana, while laying a canal from the Sarno River in 1592, discovered part of the city wall.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

In 1689, during the construction of a well, the ruins of an ancient building were found, containing an inscription with the word “Pompeii”.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Then, however, it was considered that this was the villa of Pompey the Great.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Excavations began only in 1748 under the leadership of R. J.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Alcubierre, who was sure that the city he had found was Stabia [7].


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The main work at that time was carried out in Herculaneum, and only three unrelated sites were excavated in Pompeii.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Alcubierre was only interested in the finds of artistic value, which he sent to the Royal Museum in Portici.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Other finds were destroyed.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

This practice was stopped after a protest by a number of scientists.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Under the manager F. le Vega in 1760—1804, excavations acquired a different character.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The studied buildings ceased to be filled with excavated soil, it began to be taken out of the city.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Open monuments were restored, finds that did not go to the museum were left in place for public viewing.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

A plan of excursion routes was developed.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

In 1763, with the discovery of an inscription on the pedestal of the statue, it became clear that the city buried under the ashes was not Stabia, but Pompeii [9].


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Excavations were especially active in 1808-1814 under Murat.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Carolina Bonaparte played an important role in them.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Since 1863, the excavations were led by Giuseppe Fiorelli.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

In 1870, he discovered that voids had formed on the site of the bodies of people and animals buried under a layer of volcanic ash.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

By flooding these voids with plaster, it was possible to reconstruct the dying poses of the victims of the eruption.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Under him, excavations for the first time became systematic.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Since 1961, and especially after the earthquake of 1980, almost one restoration work has been carried out in the city.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Currently, about 20-23% of Pompeii's territory has not been excavated [10].


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Wall painting and fresco styles


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The walls of Roman houses from the inside were covered with frescoes, studied mostly by the example of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabia.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

German scientist August Mau in 1882 proposed the division of Pompeian frescoes into 4 styles.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Later, with the discovery of other monuments, this classification was expanded to cover all Roman wall paintings.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The time frames given here are typical for Pompeii, and dates may differ in Rome and other cities.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Inlay or structural (150-80 BC) - characterized by rustic (masonry or wall cladding with stones with a rough, convex front surface) and painting that imitates marble cladding slabs.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

It arose under the influence of Hellenistic art, and reproductions of Greek paintings are often found.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Architectural style (80 BC — 14) — columns, cornices, architectural compositions, landscapes were depicted on smooth walls, creating the illusion of volume and space going into the distance.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Figures of people appear in the murals, complex multi-figure compositions are created, often based on mythological subjects.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Egyptized or ornamental (since 14 AD) is a transition to flat ornaments, framed by paintings, usually pastoral themes.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Fantastic or promising ornamental (since 62 AD) — fantastic landscapes appear, the depicted architecture resembles theatrical scenery, ceasing to obey the laws of physics.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Paintings depicting people are becoming more dynamic.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

City facilities


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Forum


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The Pompeian Forum was the center of political, economic and religious life in the city.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

It was based on an area measuring 38 by 157 m, surrounded in the Samnite era by a portico with Doric columns, and paved with travertine by the Romans.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

It was able to accommodate the entire population of the city.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The large square was surrounded by secondary squares, as well as many buildings for various purposes.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Basilica


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

It is located south of the square and opens onto it by a double portico with 5 entrances.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

It was built in 120—78 BC.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

, measures 25 by 55 m. Its central part was a peristyle and was framed by 28 Corinthian columns with a diameter of 1.10 m and a height of about 10 m. Initially, it served as a covered market, and with the beginning of our era it became a courthouse.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

At the same time, a two-story “tribunal” was built in the depths of the basilica, part of which has survived to this day.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The walls of the basilica are decorated from the inside with two tiers of semi-columns.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

There is a lot of graffiti left on the walls, one of which reads: “Oh wall, I wonder how you still have not collapsed under the weight of so many inscriptions.”


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

City Hall Buildings


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Three smaller buildings in the southern part of the forum.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Inside each room there was a hall with niches and an apse, with marble-lined walls and decorated with statues.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The western building was intended for two Aediles, the eastern one for the Duumvir who ruled the city.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The central one served as a meeting place for the municipal council (Ordo Decurionum).


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Comitsiya


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The commissions (the place of voting) were located opposite the basilica.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Evmachia Building


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

It was built by Priestess Eumachia during the Tiberius era (14—37 AD) for the corporation of fullon, weavers and dyers, which formed the basis of the economy of Pompeii.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The building was not inferior in size to the basilica, it housed warehouses and traded fabrics.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

In the far wall of the building there are three apses with statues of Libya, Tiberius and Druze.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Behind the building stood a statue of Eumachia herself (now exhibited in the Naples Museum).


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Vespasian Church


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

A small temple dedicated to the Genius Vespasian, the entrance to which was decorated with a portico with 4 columns.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Two stairs led to the entrance on either side of the podium with the statue of the emperor.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

In front of the temple there is an altar on which there are reliefs depicting the ceremony of sacrifice of a bull.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Some researchers believe that the temple was originally dedicated to Augustus, then sequentially to each emperor ruling at this time, and, finally, Vespasian.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Larov Temple


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

It was built after the earthquake of 62 A.D.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

(according to another version, it existed before that, however, it was dedicated to the cult of the emperor).


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

It covers an area of 18 by 21 meters In several niches there were statues of laras, in the center there was an altar.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Macellum


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Macellum is an indoor food market.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

It consists of an area measuring 37 by 27 m, in the center of which was a rotunda with 12 columns supporting a conical roof, under which there was a pool for live fish.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Small shops were located around the square.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

In the depths of the macellum there are three relatively large halls, in the central one there were statues of sister Augustus Octavia and her son Mark Claudius Marcellus, and fish and meat were traded on the sides.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The Temple of Jupiter


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The main temple of Pompeii stood in the center of the northern side of the forum.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

It was built in 150 BC. e.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

(possibly on the site of an Etruscan temple) on a podium 3 m high, 37 m long and 17 m wide. A double staircase leads to a portico 5 columns deep and 6 columns wide, behind which there is a hall designed only for priests.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

On the sides, it was decorated with a colonnade, and in the depths in three niches there was a statue of Jupiter from Sulla's time (80s BC), of which only the head has survived, as well as statues of Juno and Minerva.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The floor is laid with diamond-shaped stone slabs that create the effect of volumetric cubes.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

There was a treasury in the cellars.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The temple was badly damaged during the earthquake of 62.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

On either side of the staircase were two triumphal arches.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The western one was probably dedicated to Germanic, while the eastern one was dismantled.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

At the northern tip of the temple there is an arch dedicated to Tiberius, in its niches facing the forum there were statues of Nero and Druze.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Temple of Apollo


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Along with the Doric temple on the triangular forum, it is the oldest temple of Pompeii.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Some architectural details make it possible to date it to 575—550 BC. e.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Presumably in the 2nd century BC


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

it was rebuilt, but nevertheless retained a characteristic feature of Greek architecture: a colonnade along the entire perimeter of the temple.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The temple faces the main entrance to the basilica, surrounded by a portico painted with scenes from the Iliad.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The temple itself is surrounded by 28 Corinthian columns, 2 of which are fully preserved.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The floor is made in the same technique as the floor of the temple of Jupiter.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

There is an altar in front of the stairs.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

A bronze statue of Apollo and a bust of Diana have also been preserved (originals in the Museum of Naples, copies in Pompeii).


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

An Ionic column for sundials was erected to the left of the altar during the time of Augustus.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Fortune Augustus Temple and Caligula Arch


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

It is located at the end of Forum Street, which runs from the Tiberius Arch to the north-west.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The small temple with a facade of 4 Corinthian columns was built at the expense of Mark Tullius's duumvir on his own land.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Inside the temple, there are several niches for statues of Augustus, his family, and possibly Tullius himself.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Behind the temple, Forum Street continues as Mercury Street.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

At its beginning, the triumphal arch of Caligula (ruled in 37-41 AD) was installed, made of bricks and lined with travertine (the remains of the cladding have been preserved only at the base).


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Next to the arch, an equestrian statue of the emperor was found, probably on it.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Other buildings


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

To the south-west of the Temple of Jupiter there were public latrines, warehouses for grain trade (now they store archaeological finds) and a weight one - a storage place for standards of Roman units of measurement, according to which checked the ones used by merchants on the forum.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Public buildings complex in the theater district


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

Triangular forum


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

A triangular area surrounded by a colonnade of 95 Ionic columns.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

In the northern corner there were propylaea with 6 Ionic columns, in the east it connects with the Samnite Palestine, the Bolshoi Theater and, along a long staircase, with the Quadriportic.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

On the square there is a 6th-century BC Greek temple.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

(so called. Doric Temple), dedicated to Hercules, the mythical founder of the city.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

The temple measured 21 by 28 m, was built of tuff, and a narrow staircase led to it on the south side.


Question: Who was Herculaneum founded?

Pompeii

There was a sundial behind the temple.