Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Ivanov, Y.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Kamenev, Kerzhentsev, I. Kolosov V. Kositsyn P. Kurmsky, I. Larsky, G. Lebedev, Rosa Luxemburg, M. Medvedev V. Nevsky, M. Olminsky, P. Orlovsky, G. Plekhanov, State Duma member N. Poletayev, Ye.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Pridvorov, State Duma member A. Predkaln, Politicus, State Duma member I. Pokrovsky, V. Ponomarev and I. Popov (Brussels), F. Raskolnikov N. Rozhkov A. Ryabin P. Ryabovsky, N. Ryazanov F. Rothstein (London), P. Salin (Switzerland), Y.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Steklov (Paris), State Duma member N. Surkov N. Topalov P. Uralsky, S. Fried V. Frey, G. Tsyperovich and I. Chernyshev, Ye.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Chirikov N. Chuzhak, G. Shapir V. Shkulev, Shtukar, State Duma member V. Shurkanov, D. Yavon.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

1917 year.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The question of German funding


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Before the revolution, part of the circulation was printed at the printing houses of Finnmark, Norway and transported to Arkhangelsk in barrels of herring, and then distributed throughout Russia.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

After the February Revolution, Pravda began to come out with a as an organ of the Central Committee and the Petrograd Committee of the RSDLP (b).


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The circulation of Pravda reached 85-90 thousand copies.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

According to some scholars, at that time the newspaper was actively financed by Germany through Parvus.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

[12] State Secretary (Minister of Foreign Affairs) of Germany Kuhlmann noted in a letter to the Kaiser on December 3, 1917: “Only when the Bolsheviks began to receive from us a constant inflow of funds through various channels and under different labels, they have become able to put their main body Pravda on its feet, conduct vigorous propaganda and significantly expand the initially narrow basis of their party.”


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

[13] [14] On July 3, State Secretary Zimmerman was pleased to telegraph that “Lenin's peaceful propaganda is becoming stronger and his newspaper Pravda is already published in 300,000 copies.”


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

In 1917, after anti-government protests in Petrograd, the newspaper was closed and until October was published under various names (Pravda Leaf, Worker and Soldier, Proletariy, Rabochiy, Rabochiy, Rabochiy the way”).


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

After the October Revolution, 1917, the newspaper again began to be published under the name Pravda as an organ of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b).


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Soviet times


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

With the liquidation of the non-communist press in 1918, Pravda became the main newspaper in the country, pushing back the body of the Soviets, Izvestia.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The date of its first issue, May 5, was declared Press Day.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

In May 1934, the printing house of the Pravda newspaper was put into operation, the largest printing newspaper and magazine enterprise, the construction of which began in 1931 [15].


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Similarly, newspaper matrices were delivered to other printing houses in the country.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

With the development of technology, there was no need for direct delivery of matrices to the printing house and the newspaper was transferred from Moscow to major cities of the USSR by photo telegraph.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The newspaper clearly followed the ideological line of the government, for example, after the conclusion of the Molotov-Ribentropp Pact, the newspaper not only stopped all criticism of the German government, but from its pages The word “fascism” disappeared, while England, France and the United States were declared “the main arsonists of war” [18].


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Pravda's articles and feuilletons were equal to a government decree or a court verdict [7].


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The question of what to print in Pravda and what not was often decided by the Politburo [7].


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Many ideological campaigns — the Stakhanov movement, criticism of Zoshchenko and Akhmatova, the fight against “rootless cosmopolitanism”, the virgin epic — began with the publications of Pravda [7].


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The newspaper's circulation grew and in 1975 reached 10.6 million copies.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

This was largely due to the mandatory subscription to party publications for members of the CPSU.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Articles, essays and feuilletons published in Pravda were practically orders (directives) for the execution and management of all party organizations — the whole country.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Pravda published obituaries, and readers learned from the first page about the deaths of Lenin, Stalin, Brezhnev and others.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The first page of Pravda also spoke about the Victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War, the flight of Yuri Gagarin and many other important events.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Since April 25, 1972 [19], the newspaper has been published in two issues intended for different regions of the USSR, taking into account time zones and delivery time from the nearest printing house (for example, to Kalininskaya the first issue was delivered from Moscow, and the second issue was delivered to Moscow and the Moscow region).


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The schedule for signing the first issue is 18:00 Moscow time, the second is 23:00.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

In addition to being explicitly indicated on the last page, issues were marked with design elements: a diamond in the title and footers of the first issue, and a circle ● in the title and footer of the second.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The Newspaper Department of the Russian State Library keeps both versions of the newspaper on a daily basis.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The main circulation of the first and second issues, printed in Moscow, was produced in the newspaper's own printing house using letterpress, but part of the circulation only for Moscow eventually began to be printed offset method, which significantly improved the quality of photos.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Post-Soviet times


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

On August 19, 1991, Pravda was among nine newspapers not closed by the decree of the State Emergency Committee.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

On August 22, 1991, the newspaper was last published as an “organ of the CPSU Central Committee”.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

On the same day, its release was suspended by decree B.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

N. Yeltsin as a publication that supported the State Emergency Committee.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

In September 1991, the newspaper resumed its publication as a “general political newspaper”, published by the labor collective under the leadership of editor-in-chief Gennady Seleznev.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

At the same time, the editorial office loses most of its premises in the editorial building on Pravdy Street, 24.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Several floors of the building are vacated for publications established by the authorities of the RSFSR, in particular for Rossiyskaya Gazeta and the Rossiya newspaper.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

As a governing body of the newspaper, along with the editorial office, a Public Council was created headed by N. AND. Ryzhkov.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

In 1992, Pravda-International CJSC was established, and until 1996 the newspaper is financed by Greek businessmen Yannikosa.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The publication was again briefly suspended by the Ministry of Press of the Russian Federation after the events of October 4, 1993.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

At this time, elections were held for a new editor-in-chief (Viktor Linnik), and on October 21, Pravda resumed [21] [22].


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

At the same time, some editors of the Soviet Pravda switched to the Internet resource Pravda. Ru” [23] According to them, they did this because Seleznev allowed “only a special category of people” to edit the newspaper, as a result of which the newspaper “turned into a large circulation of the party (CPRF), where only Zyuganov and Vidmanov are mentioned” [24] Resource “Pravda. Ru” continues to consider itself the legitimate successor of the Soviet newspaper [25].


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

In the same 1994, Pravda's editorial team quarreled with its owner, Greek businessman Yannis Yannikos [26].


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

After public proceedings, employees, including editor-in-chief Viktor Linnik, resigned and began publishing their own Pravda [26].


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Yannikos, after a short break, hired journalists who began publishing the Pravda-5 newspaper [26].


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Litigation began between newspapers for orders, logo and archives [26].


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

On May 14, 1997, Yannikos registered Pravda CJSC, which replaced his own company Steelite Holdings Ltd among the founders of the newspaper.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

As a result, a trial was held, which recognized the right to the name “Pravda” for Linnik's team [26].


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Since April 1997, the newspaper began to appear as a body of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation under the leadership of editor-in-chief Alexander Ilyin, which was confirmed by a special resolution of the IV Congress


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Until 2003, several newspapers called Pravda were published, and legal proceedings were periodically held on the use of the trademark.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Pravda was often called Krasnaya Pravda or Pravda-KPRF (because of the line under the newspaper's headline: “Communist Party of the Russian Federation” and the red logo of the publication).


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The circulation in June 2010 was 100.3 thousand copies.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

On May 5, 2012, she celebrated its 100th anniversary in the Hall of Columns of the House of Unions “Pravda”.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

[27] Gennady Zyuganov spoke at the gala evening, which was attended by employees and veterans of the newspaper, as well as its readers and party activists, representatives of the foreign communist press.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Dmitry Medvedev, President of the Russian Federation, sent congratulatory telegrams to truthful people [28]


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The American company East View Information Services (EVIS) has transferred into electronic form the archive of issues of the Pravda newspaper.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The archive is not publicly available and free of charge.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

[29] [30]


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

February 24, 2013 The XV Congress of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation adopted a new version of the Party's Charter, the preamble of which states that the Pravda newspaper is the official press body of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The Communist Party of the Russian Federation also publishes the Pravda Newsletter, usually its frequency is once a month, and the total circulation of the bulletin reaches one million copies.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The bulletin is printed in different regions, it is only 1 sheet of an ordinary Pravda, usually it contains a lot of photos, as it is most often in color.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Such a bulletin is distributed by activists of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and the Komsomol


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

In September 2013, the Russian media reported that Republican Senator John McCain was going to publish in Pravda the Communist Party of the Russian Federation his response to Vladimir Putin on the situation in Syria [31].


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

However, as it turned out later, he published his answer not in Pravda of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, but on the Internet resource Pravda. Ru” [32].


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Honors


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Order of Lenin (1945)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Order of Lenin (1962)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Order of the October Revolution (1972).


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Golden Mercury Award [33]


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Chief editors


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

M. E.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Egorov (since 1912) [34]


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

P. G. Zhibarov F. P. Saburov K. P. Mikhaylov, N. A. Clerikov V. A. Shelgunov M. D. Shumilov (1912—1914) [35]


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Editorial board: K. S. Eremeev, M. AND. Kalinin V. M. Molotov M. S. Olminsky, I. IN. Stalin, M. AND. Ulyanova, L. B.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Kamenev, M. K. Muranov V. AND. Lenin G. ME.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Sokolnikov (March-December 1917)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (December 1917-1929)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Editorial Board Bureau: G. AND. Krumin N. N. Popov, Ye.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

M. Yaroslavsky (1929—1930) [36]


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Saveliev, Maximilian Alexandrovich (1930)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Mekhlis, Lev Zakharovich (1930—1937)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Nikitin, Ivan Yefimovich (1937—1938)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Pyotr Nikolayevich Pospelov (1940—1949)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Mikhail Suslov (1949—1950)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Ilyichev, Leonid Fedorovich (1950—1952)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Shepilov, Dmitry Trofimovich (1952—1956)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Pavel Satyukov (1956—1964)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Rumyantsev, Alexey Matveyevich (1964-1965)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Mikhail Zimyanin (1965—1976)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Viktor Afanasiev (1976—1989)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Ivan Timofeyevich Frolov (1989-1991)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Editor-in-chief after the collapse of the USSR


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Gennady Seleznev (August 1991 — October 1993)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Viktor Linnik (October 1993 — February 1994)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Ilyin, Aleksandr Alekseevich (1994—2003)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Nikiforova, Valentina Nikolaevna (2003—2005) — Acting


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Shurchanov, Valentin Sergeyevich (2005—2009)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Komotsky, Boris Olegovich (since 2009)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Famous journalists


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The festive issue of May 5, 2012, published for the 100th anniversary of the newspaper, lists journalists and authors of Pravda who left their mark on the history of the newspaper [38] [39] [40] [41] [42].


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Well-known Pravda journalists are also listed in the congratulations of the Union of Journalists of Moscow on the 100th anniversary of the newspaper [43].


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Mikhail Efimovich Koltsov


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Boris Efimov


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Yevgeny Primakov [44]


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Amshey Nurenberg


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

David Zaslavsky


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Yuri Zhukov


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Viktor Kozhemyako


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Krivomazov, Nikolay Pavlovich (1947—2012) [45]


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Boris Mironov [46]


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Nikolay Mikhaylovich Kozhanov


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Igor Latyshev


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Vera Tkachenko


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Shirokov, Viktor Stepanovich (1941—2012) [45]


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Vladimir Ryashin


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Vladimir Shelkov [47]


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Georgy Ovcharenko


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Anatoly Baranov


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Viktor Trushkov


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Boris Fyodorovich Slavin


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Sergey Svistunov


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Spekhov, Evgeny Vasilyevich (1933—2014) [48]


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Igor Leonidovich Lensky [49]


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Nikolay Mikhailovich Kozhanov [38] [39]


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Sergey Ivanovich Kavtaradze


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Vsevolod Ovchinnikov [50]


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Pavel Demchenko


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Vladimir Yefimovich Chertkov


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Lev Lebedev


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Vladimir Nikolayevich Snegirev


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Aleksandr Batygin


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Timur Gaidar


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Vladimir Somov


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

See also


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Pravda (publishing house)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Party and Soviet press


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

House of Unions


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Notes


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Literature


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

in Russian


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Andronov S. A. The party's military weapon.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Pravda newspaper in 1912-1917, L., 1962;


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Berezhnoy A. F. Lenin is the creator of a new type of seal (1893-1914), L, 1971;


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Pravda newspaper//Pravda, 05.05.1972


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

The roads of friendship.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

M., 1972.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Kovalyov S. M. Bolshevik Pravda, 1912-1914 M., 1941


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Kuznetsov I. V., Fingerit E.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

M. Newspaper world of the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

VOL. 1.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

M., 1972


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Lenin V. AND. The results of the half-year work//Complete works.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

T. 21./5th ed.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Lenin V. AND. On the reorganization and work of the editorial office of the newspaper “Pravda” //Complete works.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

T. 22./5th ed.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Lenin V. AND. Working class and working print//Complete works.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

VOL. 25.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

/5th ed.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Lenin V. AND. By the results of the working press day//Complete Works.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

VOL. 25.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

/5th ed.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Lenin V. AND. To the 10th Anniversary of Pravda//Complete Works.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

VOL. 45.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

/5th ed.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Lenin in Pravda.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

M., 1970;


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Loginov V. T. Lenin's Pravda (1912-1914).


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

M., 1972


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Olminsky M. S. From the era of “Star” and “Truth” (Articles 1911-1914).


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

M., 1956


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Pages of glorious history.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Memories of Pravda.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

1912-1917 M., 1962


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Epoch is a newspaper line.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

It's true.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

M., 1967.


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

in other languages


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

References


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

text of a number of issues of the Pravda newspaper since 1912


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Category:Russian communism


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Category:Socialist press


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Category:Communist newspapers


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Category:USSR Newspapers


Question: Who was the first editor-in-chief of Pravda: Rabochaya Gazeta?

Pravda (newspaper)

Category:Newspapers of Russia


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

Rapeseed oil is a vegetable oil obtained from rapeseed seeds.


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

For a long time, it was considered technical due to the presence of toxins, an unpleasant taste and a greenish tint of the oil caused by the content of chlorophyll in it.


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

The success of bioengineering at the end of the 20th century made it possible to solve these problems and transfer rapeseed oil to the category of food oil.


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

Undesirable characteristics


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

Unrefined rapeseed oil (as well as oils obtained from related crops: mustard, rapeseed) in varieties without selective seed selection (not elite seeds) contains erucic acid, which is not utilized by the mammalian enzyme system and tends to accumulate in various tissues, which slows down the growth and onset of reproductive maturity of the body, and also causes some other disorders [1].


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

That is why the sale of crude rapeseed oils (containing a higher percentage of this substance compared to refined oils) is prohibited in the European Union and a number of other countries.


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

The conversion of standard rapeseed oil into edible oil (refining) is associated with difficulties due to the need to remove phospholipids, free fatty acids, chlorophyll pigments and sulfur compounds [2].


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

In this regard, the production of edible oil from rapeseed has long been considered unprofitable.


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

Canadian agronomists in the 1970s solved the problems of toxicity and labor intensity of rapeseed oil processing by breeding rapeseed varieties with a reduced content of erucic acid and unpleasant to the taste glucosinolates.


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

In North America, oil from this crop is marketed under the Canola brand.


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

Similar varieties were developed and cultivated in other countries as well.


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

Growing popularity


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

In the old days, raw rapeseed oil, which has a pronounced mustard taste and is therefore unsuitable for food, was used for lighting, and then, with the spread of steam engines, it became widespread as a lubricant, as it adheres well to metal parts and was not washed off with water and steam.


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

Since the end of the 20th century, the production of rapeseed oil has been steadily growing [3] both due to its use as a biofuel and due to the spread of rapeseed oil as edible oil.


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

In the media, rapeseed (canola) oil is often likened to olive oil, because it is often likened to olive oil.


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

these oils are dominated by monounsaturated fatty acids of the oleic series, and the content of di- and triunsaturated acids is insignificant.


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

Interest in rapeseed oil as a raw material for the production of diesel fuel is also growing [4].


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

Rapeseed production for these purposes begins to grow in Russia [5], and a diesel locomotive on rapeseed fuel was tested [6].


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

Notes


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

References


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

Rapeseed oil.


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

Technical conditions


Question: Is rapeseed oil good for humans?

Rapeseed oil

Category:Vegetable oils


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering (genetic engineering) is a set of techniques, methods and technologies for producing recombinant RNA and DNA, isolating genes from the body (cells), manipulating genes, introducing them into other organisms and growing artificial organisms after removing selected genes from DNA [1].


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering is not a science in the broad sense, but it is a tool of biotechnology, using the methods of biological sciences such as molecular and cellular biology, genetics, microbiology , virology.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Economic importance


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering serves to obtain the desired qualities of a modified or genetically modified organism.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Unlike traditional selection, during which the genotype undergoes only indirect changes, genetic engineering allows you to directly interfere with the genetic apparatus using the technique molecular cloning.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Examples of the application of genetic engineering are the production of new genetically modified varieties of grain crops, the production of human insulin through the use of genetically modified bacteria, production of erythropoietin in cell culture or new breeds of experimental mice for scientific research.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The first experiments on the use of bacteria with rebuilt DNA for the treatment of patients are being carried out [2].


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The basis of the microbiological, biosynthetic industry is a bacterial cell.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The cells necessary for industrial production are selected according to certain criteria, the most important of which is the ability to produce, synthesize, at the same time in the maximum possible quantities, a specific compound — an amino acid or antibiotic, a steroid hormone or an organic acid.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Sometimes it is necessary to have a microorganism that can, for example, use oil or wastewater as “food” and process it into biomass or even protein that is quite suitable for feed additives.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Sometimes we need organisms that can develop at elevated temperatures or in the presence of substances that are certainly fatal to other types of microorganisms.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The task of obtaining such industrial strains is very important, numerous methods of active influence on the cell have been developed for their modification and selection - from treatment with potent poisons to radioactive exposure.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The purpose of these techniques is to achieve a change in the hereditary, genetic apparatus of the cell.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Their result is the production of numerous mutant microbes, from hundreds and thousands of which scientists then try to select the most suitable for a particular purpose.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The creation of methods of chemical or radiation mutagenesis was an outstanding achievement in biology and is widely used in modern biotechnology.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

But their capabilities are limited by the nature of the microorganisms themselves.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

They are not able to synthesize a number of valuable substances that accumulate in plants, primarily in medicinal and essential oils.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

They cannot synthesize substances that are very important for the vital functions of animals and humans, a number of enzymes, peptide hormones, immune proteins, interferons and many more simply arranged compounds, which are synthesized in animal and human organisms.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Of course, the possibilities of microorganisms are far from being exhausted.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Of all the abundance of microorganisms, only a tiny fraction has been used by science, and especially industry.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Of great interest for microbial selection are, for example, anaerobic bacteria that can live in the absence of oxygen, phototrophs that use light energy like plants, chemoautotrophs, thermophilic bacteria that can live at temperatures, as recently discovered, about 110° C, etc.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Nevertheless, the limitations of “natural material” are obvious.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

They tried and are trying to circumvent restrictions with the help of cell cultures and tissues of plants and animals.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

This is a very important and promising path that is also being implemented in biotechnology.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Over the past few decades, scientists have developed methods by which individual cells in plant or animal tissue can be made to grow and multiply separately from the body, like bacterial cells.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

This was an important achievement — the resulting cell cultures are used for experiments and for the industrial production of certain substances that cannot be obtained with the help of bacterial cultures.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Another area of research is the removal from DNA of genes that are unnecessary for coding proteins and the functioning of organisms and the creation of artificial organisms with a “truncated set” of genes on the basis of such DNA.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

This makes it possible to dramatically increase the resistance of modified organisms to viruses [1].


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Development history and methods


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

In the second half of the 20th century, several important discoveries and inventions were made that underlie genetic engineering.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Many years of attempts to “read” the biological information that is “recorded” in genes have been successfully completed.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

This work was started by English scientist Frederick Sanger and American scientist Walter Gilbert (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980).


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

As you know, genes contain instruction information for the synthesis of RNA molecules and proteins in the body, including enzymes.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

To force a cell to synthesize new, unusual substances for it, it is necessary that appropriate sets of enzymes be synthesized in it.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

And to do this, you either need to purposefully change the genes in it, or introduce new genes that were previously absent into it.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Gene changes in living cells are mutations.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

They occur under the influence of, for example, mutagens — chemical poisons or radiation.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

But such changes cannot be controlled or guided.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Therefore, scientists have focused their efforts on trying to develop methods for introducing new, very specific genes into the cell that humans need.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

All are used to implement one of the following stages of solving a genetic engineering problem:


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Obtaining an isolated gene.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The introduction of the gene into the vector for transfer to the body.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Transferring a vector with a gene to a modifiable organism.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Transformation of body cells.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Selecting genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and eliminating those that have not been successfully modified.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The gene synthesis process is now very well developed and even largely automated.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

There are special devices equipped with computers, in the memory of which programs for the synthesis of various nucleotide sequences are laid.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Such a device synthesizes DNA segments up to 100-120 nitrogenous bases (oligonucleotides) in length.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

A technique that makes it possible to use polymerase chain reaction for the synthesis of DNA, including mutant, has become widespread.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

A thermostable enzyme, DNA polymerase, is used in it for matrix synthesis of DNA, as a seed of which artificially synthesized pieces of nucleic acid, oligonucleotides, are used.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The reverse transcriptase enzyme makes it possible to synthesize DNA on a matrix isolated from RNA cells using such seeds (primers).


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The DNA synthesized in this way is called complementary (RNA) or cDNA.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

An isolated, “chemically pure” gene can also be obtained from a phage library.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

This is the name of a bacteriophage preparation, in the genome of which random fragments from the genome or cDNA are embedded, reproduced by the phage along with all its DNA.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

To embed the gene into the vector, enzymes are used — restrictases and ligases, which are also a useful tool for genetic engineering.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

With the help of restrictases, the gene and vector can be cut into pieces.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

With the help of ligas, such pieces can be “glued together”, combined in a different combination, constructing a new gene or enclosing it in a vector.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Werner Arber, Daniel Natans and Hamilton Smith were also awarded the Nobel Prize (1978) for their discovery of restrictases.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The technique of introducing genes into bacteria was developed after Frederick Griffith discovered the phenomenon of bacterial transformation.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

This phenomenon is based on a primitive sexual process, which in bacteria is accompanied by the exchange of small fragments of non-chromosomal DNA, plasmids.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Plasmid technologies formed the basis for the introduction of artificial genes into bacterial cells.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Significant difficulties were associated with the introduction of the finished gene into the hereditary apparatus of plant and animal cells.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

However, in nature, there are cases when foreign DNA (virus or bacteriophage) is included in the genetic apparatus of the cell and, with the help of its metabolic mechanisms, begins to synthesize its “own” protein.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Scientists studied the features of the introduction of foreign DNA and used it as a principle for introducing genetic material into the cell.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

This process is called transfection.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

If unicellular organisms or multicellular cell cultures undergo modification, then at this stage cloning begins, that is, the selection of those organisms and their descendants (clones) that have undergone modifications.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

When the task is to obtain multicellular organisms, cells with a changed genotype are used for vegetative reproduction of plants or introduced into blastocysts of a surrogate mother when it comes to about animals.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

As a result, young are born with an altered or unchanged genotype, from which only those that show the expected changes are selected and crossed with each other.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Applications in scientific research


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Gene knockout.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Gene knockout (English: gene knockout) can be used to study the function of a gene.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

This is the name of the technique of removing one or more genes, which allows us to study the consequences of such a mutation


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

For a knockout, the same gene or fragment thereof is synthesized, modified so that the gene product loses its function.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The main methods of implementation are zinc finger, morpholino and TALEN [3].


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

To obtain knockout mice, the resulting genetically engineered design is injected into embryonic stem cells, where the design undergoes somatic recombination and replaces the normal gene, and the altered cells are implanted into the surrogate mother's blastocyst.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

In fruit flies, fruit flies initiate mutations in a large population, in which they then look for offspring with the desired mutation.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

In a similar way, knockout is obtained from plants and microorganisms.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Artificial expression.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The logical addition of a knockout is artificial expression, that is, the addition of a gene to the body that it did not previously have.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

This method of genetic engineering can also be used to study the function of genes.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

In fact, the process of introducing additional genes is the same as during a knockout, but existing genes are not replaced or damaged.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Gene products visualization.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Used when the task is to study the localization of the gene product.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

One method of labeling is to replace a normal gene with a fused gene with a reporter element, such as the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

This protein, which fluoresces in blue light, is used to visualize a gene-modified product.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Although this technique is convenient and useful, its side effects may be partial or complete loss of function of the protein under study.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

A more sophisticated, although not so convenient method, is to add smaller oligopeptides to the protein under study, which can be detected using specific antibodies.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Study of the expression mechanism.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

In such experiments, the task is to study the conditions for gene expression.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The features of expression depend primarily on a small portion of DNA located in front of the coding region, called a promoter, which serves to bind transcription factors.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

This site is injected into the body, replacing it with a reporter gene, for example, GFP or an enzyme that catalyzes an easily detectable reaction.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

In addition to the fact that the functioning of the promoter in certain tissues at one time or another becomes clearly noticeable, such experiments make it possible to study the structure of the promoter, removing or adding to it DNA fragments, as well as artificially enhance its functions.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Human genetic engineering


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

When applied to humans, genetic engineering could be used to treat hereditary diseases.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

However, technically, there is a significant difference between treating the patient himself and changing the genome of his descendants.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The task of changing the genome of an adult is somewhat more difficult than breeding new genetically engineered animal breeds, since in this case it is necessary to change the genome of numerous cells a formed organism, and not just a germ egg.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

For this purpose, it is proposed to use viral particles as a vector.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Viral particles are able to penetrate into a significant percentage of adult cells, embedding their hereditary information into them; controlled multiplication of viral particles in the body is possible.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

At the same time, to reduce side effects, scientists try to avoid the introduction of genetically engineered DNA into genital cells, thereby avoiding exposure to the patient's future descendants.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

It is also worth noting the significant criticism of this technology in the media: the development of genetically engineered viruses is perceived by many as a threat to all mankind.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Gene therapy may change the human genome in the future.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Currently, effective methods for changing the human genome are under development and testing on primates.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

For a long time, the genetic engineering of monkeys faced serious difficulties, but in 2009, the experiments were crowned with success: the journal Nature published a publication about the successful use of genetically engineered viral vectors to cure an adult male monkey from color blindness.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

[4] In the same year, the first genetically modified primacy (grown from a modified egg) gave offspring — [5].


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Although on a small scale, genetic engineering is already being used to give women with certain types of infertility a chance to become pregnant.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

[6] For this purpose, the eggs of a healthy woman are used.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

As a result, the child inherits the genotype from one father and two mothers.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

However, the possibility of making more significant changes to the human genome faces a number of serious ethical problems [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13].


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

In 2016, a group of scientists in the United States received approval for clinical trials of a cancer treatment method using the patient's own immune cells subjected to gene modification using CRISPR technology/ Cas9 [14].


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

At the end of 2018, two children were born in China whose genome was artificially altered (the CCR5 gene turned off) at the embryo stage by CRISPR/Cas9, as part of studies conducted from 2016 to the fight against HIV [15] [16] [17].


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

One of the parents (father) was HIV-positive, and the children, according to the statement, were born healthy [18].


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Since the experiment was unauthorized, the scientist responsible for it did not provide evidence for his statements made at an international conference on genome editing.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

At the end of January 2019, the Chinese authorities officially confirmed the facts of this experiment [19].


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Meanwhile, the scientist was banned from engaging in scientific activities and was arrested [20] [21].


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Cell engineering


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Cell engineering is based on the cultivation of plant and animal cells and tissues that can produce substances necessary for humans outside the body.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

This method is used for clonal (asexual) reproduction of valuable plant forms; to obtain hybrid cells that combine the properties of, for example, blood lymphocytes and tumor cells, which allows get antibodies quickly.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering in Russia


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

It is noted that after the introduction of state registration of GMOs [22], the activity of some public organizations and individual deputies of the State Duma trying to prevent introduction of innovative biotechnologies in Russian agriculture.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

More than 350 Russian scientists signed an open letter from the Society of Scientists in support of the development of genetic engineering in the Russian Federation.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The open letter notes that the ban on GMOs in Russia will not only damage healthy competition in the agricultural market, but will lead to a significant lag in the field of technology food production, increased dependence on food imports, and will undermine the prestige of Russia as a state in which a course for innovative development has been officially announced [23].


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

See also


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Bioengineering


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Biotechnology


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Genetically modified organism


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Genomics


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Genomic library


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Induced stem cells


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Engineering biology


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The use of DNA in technology


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Cloning (biology)


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Molecular genetics


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Synthetic biology


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

CRISPR


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

BioBrick


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Notes


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Literature


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Singer M., Berg P. Genes and genomes.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

— Moscow, 1998.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Stent G., Calindar R. Molecular genetics.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

— Moscow, 1981.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Sambrook J., Fritsch E.F., Maniatis T. Molecular Cloning.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

— 1989.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Panchin A. YU.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

The amount of biotechnology.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

A guide to fighting myths about genetic modification of plants, animals, and humans.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

— M. :AST.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

— 2015.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

— 432 p. ISBN 978-5-17-093602-1


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Patrushev L. AND. Artificial genetic systems.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

— Moscow: Nauka, 2004.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

— ISBN 5-02-032893-6


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Shchelkunov S. N. Genetic engineering.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

— Novosibirsk: Sib.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

univ.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

publishing house, 2010.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

— ISBN 5-379-00335-4, ISBN 978-5-379-00335-7


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Shchelkunov S. N. Genetic engineering [Text]: textbook.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

-Ref.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

allowance/S. N. Shchelkunov said.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

— 4th ed.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

erased.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

— Novosibirsk: Sib.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

univ.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

publishing house, 2010


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Gene Correction.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Methods and Protocols.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Series: Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

1114 Storici, Francesca (Ed.), 2014.


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

— ISBN 978-1-62703-760-0


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Thomas Gaj, Charles A. Gersbach, Carlos F. Barbas (2013).


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Trends in Biotechnology, 31 (7), 397—405, doi:


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

References


Question: What was the prerequisite for the invention of the DNA vaccine?

Genetic engineering

Category:Bioengineering


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Hurghada [1] [2] (also El Khardagha [3] [4] [2], English: Hurghada, Arabic: Arabic — pronounced [el æˈdææ] — El Khardaqa, El Khardaqa) is a city in Egypt and a tourist center on the Red Sea.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

It is located on the west coast of the Red Sea, 400 km southeast of Cairo.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

It is the administrative center of one of the 27 Egyptian provinces — the Red Sea governorate.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The population of the city in 2006 was 16,0901 people.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The distance from Cairo by road is 451 km, the journey time is 6 hours.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The length of the air route is 400 km, the journey time is 1 hour.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

History


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The city got its name from the Arabic name of a plant that has grown in this area since ancient times — black nightshade.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Originating at the beginning of the 20th century from a British oil prospecting village on the Red Sea, Hurghada began its transformation from a military district into a prosperous holiday destination only after the conclusion of Camp - David agreement between Egypt and Israel.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

In 1978, the then new Governor of the Red Sea Province, Major General Youssef Affifi, embarked on economic transformation.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

He managed to lobby for local fishing legislation in such a way that fishing in Hurghada became profitable: the market was protected from large fishing companies from Cairo and Alexandria.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

In addition, a favorable investment climate has been created.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Since 1980, the city has been actively developing thanks to Egyptian and foreign investments.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The key investor at that time was Egyptian multimillionaire Mohamady Howaidak, whom Egyptians call nothing more than the father of Hurghada.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Hovaidak met with Falco Engelhard, an ambitious diving instructor millionaire from Germany, who convinced him that the Red Sea is always warm, the heat and the sky is almost always clear will help turn a small village into the largest resort city of world importance in a decade.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Engelhard rented a small Hurghada house and converted it into a hotel for divers.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

This first hotel was always full.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The hoteliers reacted quickly and opened two more hotels: Sheraton and Magawish (the latter owned by Club Méditerranée hoteliers).


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Hovaidak agreed with hoteliers and Governor Afifi and received land next to these first hotels to build swimming pools, sports grounds and beaches, that is, he turned hotels into resorts.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Business has gone.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

In the summer of 1983, Hurghada declared itself a newly opened resort city.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

In December 1984, another hotel of the new owner, Giftun Village, opened, and after that, the construction of the hotel began in the city.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The city of Hurghada stretches for 36 kilometers along the coast, but it does not extend far into the surrounding desert.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The resort is a holiday destination for Egyptian tourists from Cairo, Delta and Upper Egypt, as well as tourists from Europe.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Today, Hurghada has 248,000 inhabitants and is divided into:


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

El Ahyaa, El Helal, north;


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

El Dahar (Center), old town;


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Sakkala, city center;


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

El Kawsar Hotel, the modern part;


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

El Mamsha (village road), a pedestrian road that is more than 4 km long.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

There are many new Hurghada hotels along El Mamsha.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Dahar has a traditional city bazaar, a post office and an intercity bus station, minibuses and buses.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The city is served by Hurghada International Airport, which has regular passenger services connecting to Cairo and has direct flights to several cities in Europe.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The new terminal was opened in 2015, taking into account the growth in traffic.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Hurghada has the residence of the provincial governor, the provincial government, a small port and coast guard base of the Egyptian Navy, several colleges, a modern library, a provincial court; near the city — military radar base.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The main areas of activity are tourism, trade, construction, services in tourism.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Districts


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Hurghada consists of the old Dahar center (Dahar or English: Downtown), the new Sakkala center and an almost continuous chain of hotels stretching along the coast of Hurghada to the north and south of the city with a total length of almost 40 km (the so-called “New Hurghada”).


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

population


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Population according to the 1986, 1996 and 2006 censuses [5].


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Climate


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The climate of Hurghada, as well as the whole of Egypt, is tropical desert.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Precipitation never occurs in summer and practically does not happen in winter (5 mm of precipitation falls per year).


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Summer in Hurghada is extremely hot: the average temperature in August (the hottest month) is +31.8.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The average January temperature is +16.4, the swimming season lasts almost the whole year, except for the winter months.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The weather is always clear during the summer months and mostly clear during the winter months.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

sights


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The main attractions of the city are the central mosque of Abdulhassan Elshazi, the Coptic church, the traffic light of Hurghada, and the aquarium.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

All this is within the Old City (Dahar district).


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Not far from the port there is the New Marina complex (see marina), which combines yacht parking and an entertainment center.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

There are cafes, restaurants and shops along the embankment, and the Vertical Takeoff attraction operates.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Most restaurants have outdoor tables protected from the sun by awnings and umbrellas.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

In the southern part of Hurghada is the Thousand and One Nights Palace, built in the style of Eastern Disneyland, where theatrical performances are held every evening on the themes of life in Egypt during the era of the pharaohs.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

In the desert, about 12 km from Hurghada, rises the second highest mountain in the country and the highest point of African Egypt, the peak of Shaib al-Banat (2,187 m).


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Dahar is also considered to be the old city in Hurghada.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Here you can see an oriental bazaar with typical souvenir shops and historic buildings.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

This is the Church of St. Anthony, where a Christian monastery was founded above the cave of St. Anthony back in 356.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

According to legend, it stands at the place where the Apostle Paul stayed during the Roman persecution of Christians.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The small aquarium is located near the hospital in the Northern district of Ad-Dahar.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

It has different fish species in the region.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

In addition to live aquatic animals, visitors to the aquarium can also see stuffed animals.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

New Marina was opened in June 2008 and is located in the Sekalla area (the height of the mosque on Sheraton Road).


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

There are 100 shops, catering outlets, shops offering clothes, other goods and services on 120,000 square meters.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Ships and boats depart from Hurghada Port to Sharm El-Sheikh.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Sightseeing bus tours of the Nile Valley, Luxor/Karnak and Cairo depart from all hotels.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Arabian deserts stretch to the west of Hurghada.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Day trips give you the opportunity to visit sand dunes and Bedouin villages, camel rides and quad bikes.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Recreation and hotels


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Hurghada is one of the most popular resorts on the Red Sea.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The main orientation is beach holidays, as well as sightseeing and entertainment tours.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The main excursions to ancient Egyptian antiquities: Cairo (to the pyramids), Luxor.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Boat trips are accompanied by swimming among coral reefs, diving.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Camel or quad bike rides through the desert are also possible.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Tourist hotels are located throughout Hurghada.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Hotels are of different class (number of stars).


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

There are complexes with a large territory, surrounded by walls and adjacent to the sea, as well as simple hotels within the city.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The local beaches are mostly ordinary, sandy, without corals.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Partly living coral reefs are found mainly in the north of Hurghada, in the area of Zahabia Beach, Arabella Azur hotels; in the south - in the area of the Coral Beach Resort hotel, the Golden Five complex, etc.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Also in Hurghada, there are three huge Egyptian water parks on the territory of hotels - Jungle Park, Sinbad and Titanic.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

In connection with the air terrorist attack on October 31, 2015, flights of Russian civil aircraft to Hurghada and Sharm el-Sheikh are banned.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

In anticipation of the return of tourists from Russia, the Consulate General of the Russian Federation opened in Hurghada in January 2017.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

watersports


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Hurghada is an international center for lovers of water sports such as windsurfing, kiting, deep sea fishing, swimming, all kinds of snorkeling and diving, as well as boat trips under sail.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

A large number of diving centers in Hurghada give you freedom of choice on territorial and other grounds.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Gallery


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

At Hurghada Airport


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Red Sea in Hurghada


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Hurghada Desert Landscape


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Street in Hurghada


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Resorts near Hurghada


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

El Qoseir


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

El Qoseir is one of Egypt's gateways, and one of the oldest cities on the west coast of the Red Sea.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

In the past, it was known by various names such as Thagho in the Pharaohs period, Helo Limen (the white port in Greece) in the Hellenistic and Ptolemaic periods, and Portos Albus in the Roman period.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

During the Islamic period, it was given the name El Qoseir, which means “small palace or fortress”.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Located between Hurghada and Marsa Alam, El Quseir was an important port.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Many people traveled from there to Punt country to buy ivory, leather and incense.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

During the Turkish and Islamic periods, Egyptians and Muslims from North Africa traveled from El Quseir as pilgrims to Mecca.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

It was also the only port for importing coffee from Yemen.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

During the French occupation of Egypt, El Qoseir was the place of arrival of Arabs and Muslims from Hegaz going into battle alongside Mamalic against the French army.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The most important sites in the city of Al-Qoseir are the fortress and the reservoir.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The water tank was El Qoseir's only drinking water source 100 years ago.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

El Qoseir El Adima is also another important place.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

It was the old Roman port, where hundreds of amphorae and old pottery were found artifacts.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Even the police station is located in a historic place.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Today, there are many Bazaars, as well as cafes, coffee shops and restaurants offering seafood.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

There are several 300-year-old buildings: the Ottoman Fort and the old mosques of El Farran, El Qenawi and El Senousi.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Makadi Bay


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Located 30 km south of Hurghada, the tourist resort is for hotels, shops and clubs only.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

There are no settlements with local residents.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The place has a nice sandy beach.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Anemone and clownfish at Sharm El Naga Beach


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Sharm El Naga


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

In a village about 40 km south of Hurghada.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

The beach has a beautiful cliff reef.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Soma Bey


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Main article: Soma Bay


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Soma Bay.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Soma Bay is a resort located 45 km south of Hurghada, with various hotels including Palm Royal Soma Bay, La Residence de Cascade, Robinson Club, Hotel (Kempinski — opening August 2008) and Caribbean Soma Bay World Resort (opened December 7)


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

El Gouna


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Main article: El Gouna


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Pathways to Hurghada at night.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Private luxury city hotel, about 25 km north of Hurghada.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Quiet and Clean, the city consists of several islands separated by canals and connected by bridges.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

In addition, there are 14 hotels and 3 marinas, there are also 2,200 private villas and apartments, and more are under construction.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Some of Egyptian Venice contribute to this.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

It is built on 10 km of coastline and has a unique and diverse architecture.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

El Gouna offers diving and water sports centers, stables, go-karts, shopping arcades, bazaars, a wide range of restaurants and bars, nightclubs, Internet cafes, four bank branches, many ATMs ( ATMs), two pharmacies, El Gouna International School, El Gouna National School, a kindergarten, a hospital, three marinas, a library, an airport, one of several casinos on the Red Sea coast, own radio station, post office, museum, real estate office and an 18-hole golf course designed by Jean Bates with a unique Aqua Driving Range.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

El Mahmya


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Tourist beach camp on the protected island of Giftun, 45 minutes by boat from Hurghada.


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

See also


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

El Gouna


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Sahl Hasheesh


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Notes


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

References


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Category:Cities in Egypt


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Category:Tourism in Egypt


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Category:Resorts in Egypt


Question: What is the sea in Egypt?

Hurghada

Category:Hurghada


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov (, Kruzhilinsky Farm, Vyoshenskaya Village, Donetsk District, Don Army Region — February 21, 1984, Vyoshenskaya Village, Sholokhovsky District, Rostov Oblast) was a Russian Soviet writer and screenwriter, journalist.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1965 — “for the artistic strength and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia”), the Stalin Prize (1941), the Lenin Prize (1960).


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939).


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1967, 1980).


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Colonel (1943).


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Biography


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Youthfulness


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

M. A. Sholokhov was born on May 24 [O.S. 1905] on the Kruzhilin farm in the village of Vyoshenskaya (now the Kruzhilinsky farm of the Rostov region).


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

At birth, he received the surname Kuznetsov, which he changed in 1912 to the surname Sholokhov.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

His father, Alexander Mikhailovich Sholokhov (1865—1925), came from the Ryazan province, did not belong to the Cossacks [1], was a “shibai” (buyer of cattle), sowed bread on purchased Cossack land, served as a clerk in a farm-scale commercial enterprise, a steam mill manager, etc. My father's grandfather was a merchant of the third guild, originally from Zaraysk, he moved with his large family to the Verkhnyaya Donshchina in the mid-1870s, bought a house with a farmstead and started buying grain.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Mother, Anastasia Danilovna Chernyak (1871-1942), was a Cossack woman by mother, daughter of a peasant settler on the Don, a former serf of the Chernigov province.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

For a long time she was in service in the pansky estate Yasenevka.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The orphan was forcibly married by the landowner Popova, with whom she served, to the son of the village ataman Kuznetsov.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

But later she left her husband and went to Alexander Sholokhov.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Their son Mikhail was born illegitimate and was registered in the name of his mother's official husband, Kuznetsov.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Only after the death of her official husband, in 1913, the boy's parents were able to get married in the church of the Kargin farm (now the village of Karginskaya) [3], and Mikhail received the surname Sholokhov.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1910, the family left the Kruzhilin farm: Alexander Mikhailovich joined the service of a merchant in the village of Karginskaya.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The father invited a local teacher Timofey Timofeevich Mrykhin to teach the boy to read and write.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1914 he studied for one year in Moscow in the preparatory class of the 8th Moscow Men's (Shelaputinskaya) Gymnasium.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

From 1915 to 1918, Mikhail studied at the gymnasium in Moscow. Boguchar of Voronezh Province.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

He graduated from four grades of the gymnasium (he sat at the same desk with Konstantin Ivanovich Kargin, a future writer who wrote the novel “Bakhchevnik” in the spring of 1930).


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Before the German troops came to the city, according to Mikhail, he dropped out of school and went home to the farm.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1920, the family moved to the village of Karginskaya (after the arrival of Soviet power), where Alexander Mikhailovich received the post of head of the Donprodkom registry office, and his son Mikhail became a clerk Stanichny Revolutionary Committee.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1920—1921 he lived with his family in the village of Karginskaya.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

After completing the Rostov tax courses, he was appointed to the post of food inspector in the village of Bukanovskaya, then joined the food detachment, and participated in the extension.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1920, the food detachment led by 15-year-old Sholokhov was captured by Makhno.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

At the time, he thought he would be shot, but he was released.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

On August 31, 1922, while working as a village tax inspector, M. A. Sholokhov was arrested and was in the district center under investigation.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

He was sentenced to death.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

“I led a steep line, and the time was cool; I was very commissary, I was tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal for abuse of power...” the writer later said. “I waited two days for death... And then they came and released...”


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Until September 19, 1922, Sholokhov was in custody.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

His father gave him a large cash deposit and bailed him home until the trial.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

His parents brought a new metric to the court, and he was released as a minor (according to the new metric, the age decreased by 2.5 years).


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

This was already in March 1923.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

At that time, the “troika” were tried, the sentences were strict.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

It was not difficult to believe that he was a minor, since Mikhail was small and looked like a boy.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The execution was commuted to another punishment — the tribunal took into account his minor.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

He was given one year of correctional labor in a juvenile colony and sent to Bolshevo (near Moscow).


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In Moscow, Sholokhov tried to continue his education, and also tried his hand at writing.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

However, it was not possible to enter the preparatory courses of the workers' faculty due to the lack of work experience required for admission and the referral of the Komsomol.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

According to some sources, he worked as a loader, labourer, bricklayer.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

According to others, he worked in the house management of the worker's housing construction cooperative “Take an Example!” , chaired by L. G. Mirumov (Mirumyan).


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

He was engaged in self-education, took part in the work of the literary group “Molodaya Gvardiya”, attended training sessions conducted by V. B.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Shklovsky, O. M. Brick N. N. Aseev said.


Question: What was the name of Mikhail Sholokhov's mother?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

He joined the Komsomol.