Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

However, he immediately changes his point of view when Janus Poluektovich decides to conduct tests at the test site due to the fact that “the experiment will be accompanied by significant destruction”.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

For some reason, Nevstruev also makes “preliminary gratitude” to Roman Oire-Oira for his “resourcefulness and courage”.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

This is exactly what happens — the Ideal Consumer model immediately after birth transfers to itself all the material values that she was able to reach with her magical abilities, and then tries collapse space, apparently in order to gain omnipotence in a closed volume.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The cataclysm is prevented by Roman Oira-Oira, who throws a bottle of genie at the Ideal Consumer, and the genie that escapes destroys the Runaway model before she can find omnipotence.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

“All fuss”


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The action takes place at NIICHAVO within a few normal working days.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The Aldan computer in the Privalov computer center is faulty, so Privalov wanders around the institute and participates in various events - for example, in testing a machine that allows you to go to the described writers past or future.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Privalov goes to the future described by science fiction writers.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

This part of the chapter is a caustic parody of literature about the future — from ancient utopias to the new Soviet and foreign futuristic fiction, where authors at times do not spare even their own works.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Then Privalov witnesses the strange death of a talking parrot, which appeared from the office of Janus Poluektovich.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

It turns out that this death fits into the chain of events that took place in the previous two days.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The next day, the parrot is alive.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Interested in this, Oira-Oira, Korneev, Edik Amperyan and Privalov begin to study this phenomenon, which leads them to the idea of contramotion — the possibility of the existence of objects and processes moving in in the opposite direction in time.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

This theory explains not only the events with the parrot, but also all the unusual circumstances associated with Janus Poluektovich Nevstruev.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

And also, if you really want, even the mystery of the Tunguska meteorite.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

applications


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

In most publications, the main text of the story is accompanied by an afterword allegedly written at the request of the authors by Alexander Privalov (in which he unflatteringly points to a number of those admitted by the authors annoying mistakes, although it recognizes a number of advantages for the story), and a glossary that explains the mythological and magical realities mentioned in the story.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Time of action


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

According to the calculations of researchers of Strugatsky's work, the following dates of the story are most likely [1]:


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The first movement begins on Thursday evening, July 26, 1962, and ends on Saturday morning, July 28, 1962.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The second part begins on the evening of December 31, 1962 on Monday and ends on the morning of January 1, 1963 on Tuesday.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The third story dates back to the interval from Wednesday morning April 10, 1963 to Friday afternoon April 12, 1963, retroactively commemorating Tuesday April 9, and Janus Poluektovich predicts to Privalov some events of Saturday, April 13.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

There is not a single Sunday among the days when the story takes place.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Name origin


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

According to the story of Boris Strugatsky [2], in the early 1960s, his good friend N. A. Sventsitskaya played it, claiming that Ernest Hemingway's new book “Monday Begins Saturday” was being sold in the Leningrad Book House.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Strugatsky liked the name she invented for its deep aphorism, and later they used it for their story.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Character prototypes


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

It is known that a number of characters in the story were “written off” by the authors from real people, but the Strugatsky avoided revealing their names (“We always preferred not to talk about the prototypes of our heroes. Not everyone likes to be a prototype” [3]).


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

However, Boris Strugatsky confirmed in answers to an online interview [4] the following correspondences:


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Professor Vybegallo — the main prototype was Trofim Lysenko, the secondary prototype was Alexander Kazantsev, as well as one of the cleaners at the Pulkovo Observatory;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Yanus Poluektovich Nevstruev — Alexander Mikhailov, Director of the Pulkovo Observatory;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Fedor Simeonovich Kivrin — Ivan Antonovich Efremov was the prototype;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Roman Oira-Oira — mathematician Sergey Novikov.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Soviet censorship


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The editor of the story crossed out several fragments of the text: the mention of the “Minister of State Security” Malyuta Skuratov, as well as reminiscences to the anthem “International” in the memoirs of Sir Citizen Merlin.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Unlike “The Tale of the Troika”, in “Monday” the authors themselves had to change only one word.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The original version has the following comic couplet:


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Here ZIM is driving along the road,


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

And I'm going to run it over.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

After the conviction of the “anti-party group”, the enterprise “ZIM” (Molotov Plant) was renamed “GAZ” (Gorky Automobile Plant), and the word “ZIM” had to be replaced.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Since at the same time, the Stalin Automobile Plant (ZIS) was renamed ZIL (Likhachev Plant), the authors used this abbreviation, so that the couplet in all pre-perestroika publications lost its rhyme:


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Here ZIL is driving along the road,


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

And I'm going to run it over.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

In 1992, the story was published in the editorial office of Boris Natanovich Strugatsky.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The aforementioned censorship cuts have been restored.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Meaning


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The novel “Monday Begins on Saturday” had a significant impact on the worldview of several generations of Soviet readers of the 1960s and 1980s, repeatedly caused heated controversy; phrases from it were quoted and are still widely recognizable.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Since the story was largely tied to the realities of the socialist era, after the collapse of the global socialist system by 1991, it became less understandable to the new generation of readers, which caused a drop in interest in it.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

However, the new system in Russia at the end of the 20th century, having lost the positive features of the Soviet era, retained its negative aspects, and “Monday Begins on Saturday” again turned out to be unexpectedly relevant - as in utopian part (topics of psychology of creativity, freedom of scientific research, attempts at conceptual scientific breakthroughs), and in the satirical part (the spread of pseudoscientific concepts and profanation of scientific achievements, bureaucracy, consumerism psychology, and so on).


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The story is the only work of Soviet literature that satirically derived a common (especially during Stalinism) type of political demagogue — Vystagallo [6].


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

True, for censorship reasons, he quotes not ideological classics, but French aphorisms, but the political emphasis is constantly manifested: “extracurricular fire-breathing dragon”, “you fence off our science from the people” and so on.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

This aspect was significantly strengthened by the authors in the continuation of the story — “The Tale of the Troika”.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Testimonials about the story


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Now in the Strugatsky story “The Hustle Around the Sofa”, for example, they say a transgressor, a hyperpole, anisotropic modulation or something as science-based - and it's done: you can wind up any miracles from fairy tales of all times and nations.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Of course, works like the story by the Strugatsky, the story by V. Grigoriev's “Cornucopia”, collected in the book “Fantasy. 1964”, have the right to life.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

And a trinket, if made skillfully, can amuse you.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

But aren't there too many of these trinkets, don't they drown in the main tasks of science fiction?


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

In these fairy tales, where everything is solved with the help of a famous word (instead of “trif traffic” — “transgressor”), the hero struggles only with the difficulties that nature raises on the way to such plans.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The lack of direct struggle between the actors dries up our fiction, makes it less attractive to teenagers.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

No matter how fresh, unexpected, fascinating this or that idea may be, but if there is no clash of characters around it, there is no clear social balance of struggling forces, and hence there are no vivid adventures, plot surprises, the interest of young readers, and not only young ones, will not be fully awakened.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Unfortunately, for our science fiction writers, adventures are purely official, head in nature, they are clearly invented in a chair, and not inspired by a storm of struggle, or there are simply no adventures, as in the story mentioned earlier Strugatsky.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

You can't really consider what happens in a hut on chicken legs an adventure...


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

From all over the world and from all over the centuries, sorcerers and wizards have gathered in the provincial North Russian town.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

For all its diversity, the noisy international is marked by noticeable Soviet features.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Oh, these are highly skilled magicians!


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

They can pass through walls and turn others into spiders, wood lice, lizards and other “quiet animals”, they have succeeded in training fire-breathing dragons, deftly manage already non-linear transgression, but their brotherhood is helpless in the face of the Administrative and Command System, which, however, in those years did not yet know that it was called that.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

I do not assume that the characters of the Strugatsky could become harbingers of perestroika, this, of course, is not the competence of the wizards, we are talking only about their relationship with the leadership of the Institute sorcery and magic, for which the Strugatsky came up with a charming abbreviation - NIICHAVO.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Full-time magicians obediently obey the deputy director for AHC Kamnoedov, a fool and a bureaucrat, stand in line for pay, take for granted the inevitability of observing many ridiculous instructions and rules internal and external regulations, and, most importantly, are forced to endure in their honest working family such ignorant people as Professor Vybegallo, who speaks a touching mixture of French and Nizhny Novgorod, although they are well aware of the value of this figure of national education.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Apparently, there are powers that both black and white magic succumb to.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

In Baird Searles's book “A Reader's Guide to Science Fiction” (1979), the story is curiously annotated as dedicated to “large-scale secret studies in the USSR of paranormal and paraphysical phenomena” (“about the secret Soviet investigation on a grand scale into paranormal and paraphysical phenomenona”).


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The polemical review of the work of the Strugatsky, published by Irina Vasyuchenko in 1989, plays on the title of this story: “Those Who Rejected Sunday” [7].


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Publications


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The first part of the story was published in 1964 in the collection “Fantasy, 1964” (Young Guard) under the title “The Hustle Around the Sofa: A Tale for Young Scientists” [8].


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

In No. 6 of the magazine “Iskatel” for the same year, the beginning of the first chapter of the second part was published [9].


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The first full book edition of the story was published in 1965 by the Children's Literature publishing house [10].


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The story was also included in the author's collection of the Strugatsky brothers in the book series “Library of Modern Fiction” (vol. 7), published in 1966 [11].


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The next reprint of the story took place only in 1979 [12].


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Since 1986, the story has been reprinted annually in central and regional publishing houses and to this day remains the most popular work of the Strugatsky brothers.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Among amateurs and researchers of the work of the Strugatsky brothers, it is customary to use the abbreviation PNS or PNS when referring to “Monday begins on Saturday”.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Derivative works


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Transfers


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The novel “Monday Begins on Saturday” has been translated and published many times abroad.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The first translation into English was published in 1977 by the American publishing house DAW Books under the title “Monday Begins on Saturday” translated by Leonid Renen [13].


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

In 2005, the British publishing house Seagull Publishing released (called “Monday starts on Saturday”) a new translation of the story by Andrew Bromfield [14].


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Film adaptations


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

In 1965, director Alexander Belinsky staged a TV show of the same name on Leningrad Television based on a story released in the same year.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

[15] The TV film was negatively received by the authors and viewers and did not appear on the air again.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Konstantin Bromberg's television film “Magicians” (1982) uses separate motifs and characters from the story “Monday Begins on Saturday”, since the first version of the script, written by the Strugatsky, does not satisfied the director, and the authors were asked to write an independent work.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The script of a feature film written by the Strugatsky (in the Ural Pathfinder magazine) [17] based on the story, which is quite close to the original, but attempts at its screen implementation has not yet been undertaken.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Teterin Film planned to release in 2016 a low-budget ($2 million at the beginning of 2015) film with the working title “PNVS” (an abbreviation for the title of the story “Monday starts on Saturday”) [18].


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

In the 1977 film “Office Romance”, during the opening credits (in the second minute), at the front entrance to the building where what was described in the film “Statistical Institution” was located, a sign “Research Institute of What” from the story “Monday begins on Saturday”.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Illustrations


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The story has been repeatedly published with classic illustrations by Yevgeny Migunov.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

For a number of reprints, Migunov made new illustrations, somewhat adapting and modernizing the images of the characters.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The original series of illustrations by Andrey Karapetyan, made for the 1992 reissue, is also known, who also illustrated “The Tale of the Troika”.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Continuation


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The continuation of the story, the characters associated with it, was the satirical novel “The Tale of the Troika”, written a few years later, which was published in a revised and abbreviated form in 1968, and in more or less the author's version — only in 1989.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The name Dramba, mentioned in this story by the parrot Photon, is later used by the Strugatsky as the name of the robot in the story “The Boy from the Underworld”.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The surname Privalov is found in another work by the Strugatsky - “Country of Crimson Clouds”.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The anthologies of the project “Time of Students” contain two short stories written by other authors using the images and motifs of “Monday...” — “Temporary Bustle” by Sergei Lukyanenko and “The Order of St. Monday” by Nikolay Yutanov.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

There are also “unofficial” sequels, for example, Sergei Afanasyev's story “Vybegalla's Fourth Experience”.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Computer games


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

RootFix Entertainment has released a quest with the same name based on the story [19].


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Poetry


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The lyrics of the song “Allergy” from the album “Intrigue and Love” by the rock band Agatha Christie are completely taken from the story [20], where it is quoted from the book by P. AND. Karpov “Creativity of the mentally ill and its impact on the development of science, art and technology” [21].


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Literary and general cultural reminiscences in the story


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The story regularly quotes (directly and “twisted”) well-known literary (and not only) works.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Here are a few examples.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The titles of the second and third parts of the story — “The Vanity of Vanities” and “All Vanity” — refer to Ecclesiastes: “The vanity of fussiness, the speech of the ecclesiastes, the vanity of fussiness, all vanity” (; quote from Church Slavonic Bible).


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The first phrase of the story “I was approaching my destination” is also a phrase from Pushkin's novel “The Captain's Daughter”.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

This beginning, according to Alexander Shcherbakov's memoirs, was accepted by writers close to the Strugatsky in the early 1960s as a sign that the text is not quite serious [22].


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

In the first story (“The Hustle Around the Sofa”) there is a scene in which Privalov is then shouted “Style-yeah! Dad's “Pobeda”!”


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

This refers to Boris Prorokov's famous cartoon Dad's Victory, in which dudes were ridiculed [23] (published in 1954 [24] in the magazine Crocodile [25]).


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Sasha Privalov got an idea of Giuseppe Balsamo's appearance from Alexei Tolstoy's novel Count Cagliostro (“... according to Tolstoy, the count was fat and very untidy in appearance...”).


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The authors created the parody image of Merlin not on the basis of the extensive mythology of classical Arturiana, but based on the satirical image of this character in Mark Twain's novel “The Yankees of Connecticut at King Arthur's court.”


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

In “Monday...” Merlin tells a “modernized” version of the same story about Arthur's acquisition of the magic sword as in Twain's novel (which also uses the story as a quote from Death Arthur” by Thomas Mallory — book 1, p. I, ch. 25).


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Savaof Baalovich Odin.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The name Sabaoth is taken from the text of the Old Testament and goes back to one of the Hebrew names of God “Allohei Zwaot” (“God of Armies” (OE Heb.)).


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Baal (Vaal) is an ancient Semitic deity, whose main sanctuary was located on the site of modern Kidron Valley in Jerusalem.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

One is the supreme deity in Norse mythology.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

All the French expressions that Vygallo trumps to the place and out of place are gleaned by him (and, of course, by the authors) from Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The description of the airplane carpet mentions a Circassian “hugging a young Circassian woman against the background of fellow tribal mountains” — this is an ironic reference to Lermontov's poem “Dispute”: “Once in front of a crowd of tribal mountains...” and so on.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The “paradoxical” definition of happiness by Magnus Fedorovich Redkin “Happier than all are jesters, fools, real stupid and negligent, because they do not know the reproaches of conscience, they are not afraid of ghosts and other undead, fear coming disasters are not tormented, hope for future benefits will not be deceived” is a paraphrase from the 35th chapter of Erasmus Rotterdam's Word of Praise of Stupidity [26].


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

In the episode at the polygon, the moment of “convolution of space” (“... the edge of the horizon crawls, wrapping inward...”) directly refers to John's Revelation: “And the sky disappeared, twisted like a scroll”.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The episode “Journey to the Described Future” parodies the cliches of science fiction.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Part of the text contains explicit references to A. Kolpakov's “Griada” (1960), in particular the “pantheon”, in which women immersed in suspended animation expect astronauts to fly away.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

“The Mutilated Starship” and “The Iron Dictator from the Small Magellanic Cloud” are taken from Oles Berdnik's novel “The Paths of the Titans”; this story also contains a “pantheon”.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Crouching pioneers with Shakespeare's volumes are a hint either of Adamov's books “The Mystery of Two Oceans” and “Winners of the Subsoil”, or Oles Berdnik's story “Martian Hares”.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

In passing, the mentioned word “Eoella” came to the text from Kazantsev's novel “Grandchildren of Mars”, which, interestingly, was published under the same cover as “Paths of the Titans” - in the almanac “World of Adventure” for 1962, which indicates that the Strugatsky had this particular thing at hand when they were gaining a base for their parody.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

The work acts and mentions characters and objects of Russian fairy tales, folklore and mythological works (however, despite this, the narrative is more emphasized everyday than fairytale character):


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Augurs are traditionally engaged in predictions;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Ghouls — according to the glossary, “Magicians who, for one reason or another, have embarked on the path of abstract evil”;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Vasily, a talking cat — “The Scientist Cat” from the prologue of Pushkin's poem Ruslan and Lyudmila;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Hecatonheirs are hundred-armed fifty-headed giants, sons of the supreme god Uranus (heaven) and Gaia (earth): Briaray, Cott and Gies; in the book they live in the NIICHAVO vivarium, sometimes involved in general work as loaders;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Hydra — according to the glossary, “a really existing many-headed reptile, daughter of Z. Gorynych and plesiosaurics from Loch Ness”;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Talking pike is a pike caught by Emelya from the Russian folk tale “By the Pike's Command”;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Golem — according to the glossary, “one of the first cybernetic robots”;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Homunculus is “an artificial humanoid creature, it is used for biomechanical modeling”;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Dwarves — according to the glossary, “most gnomes are forgotten and badly shrunken takes”;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Maxwell's demons are doormen, “all their lives they've been opening and closing doors”;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Genies — according to the glossary, “almost all jinns are doubles of King Solomon and his modern magicians”;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Brownies - according to the glossary, “these are either completely descended magicians that do not lend themselves to re-education, or a cross between gnomes and some pets”;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Zmey Gorynych is used for experiments at NIICHAVO (“Z. Gorynych was locked in an old boiler room...”);


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Kerber Psoevich Dyomin, managers;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Kitezhgrad Magotechnics Plant — a reference to the legend of Kitezh-grad;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Koschey the Immortal — “he was kept in endless pre-trial detention while an endless investigation was underway into the case of his endless crimes”;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Lev Ben Bezalel is a legendary Rebbe of the Renaissance.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

His philosophical works are mostly related to the consideration of the irrational and the supernatural in the traditional teachings of Kabbalah.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Numerous legends about him vary the motive of the magical abilities attributed to him.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Like the legendary magician Faust, he created a “golem”, an artificial humanoid creature, and breathed life into it, just as the alchemists did to the homunculus;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

“Hammer of the Witches” is a truly existing book;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Werewolf — according to the glossary, “a person who can transform into some animals”;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Oracle — “Solovetsky Oracle” is a small dark room, where for many years it has been planned to install a powerful electronic counting machine for small divination”;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Pythias — “smoke a lot and are engaged in the general theory of predictions”;


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Janus Poluektovich Nevstruev is a two-faced director of the institute; got his name from Janus (Latin: Ianus, from — door) of Roman mythology, the two-faced god of doors, entrances, exits, various passages, and as well as all kinds of undertakings and beginnings in time.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Notes


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

References


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

in Maxim Moshkov's library


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Byron Lindsay.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

(translated by A. Kuznetsova)


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Kozlovski Yu.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

H. (translated by A. Kuznetsova)


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

to, which allows you to refer to individual lines of text.


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Category:Novels by the Strugatsky brothers


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Category:Science fiction stories in Russian


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Category:Niichavo


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Category:Novels of 1965


Question: What is the title of the first part of Monday Beginning Saturday?

Monday starts Saturday

Category:Humorous fiction


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Pathological hoarding of animals is the collection of a large number of pets in the absence of sufficient space for their living in an apartment (house) and the ability to care for them properly in a way — and at the same time denying their insolvency.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Pathological hoarding can be described as a symptom of a mental disorder rather than a manifestation of cruelty to animals.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Gatherers are deeply attached to their pets, and it is incredibly difficult for them to part with animals.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

They usually cannot realize that animals suffer because they cannot be properly cared for [1].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Gatherers tend to believe that they provide enough care for their pets.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Gatherer characteristics


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

An animal collector is obsessed with a passion for hoarding animals, usually mongrel, in their place of residence.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Initially, being a seemingly sound idea, gathering quickly becomes a pronounced form of mental illness.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Most often, the collector cannot provide the animals in his possession with the required care, nutrition, stay in the fresh air and other conditions of detention, while continuing to increase the number the animals he has.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

As a rule, animals are in unsanitary conditions, sick, do not leave the place of detention (apartment, house), relieve their natural needs right in the place of detention, feces and urine do not are removed, decomposing and giving off the stench.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The corpses of dead animals may not be removed.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

A gatherer should be distinguished from a professional breeder of animals that can keep a significant number of animals for breeding.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

But, it is in the interests of the breeder to raise the healthiest and most compliant animal, which increases its price and profit.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Therefore, as a rule, breeders, as opposed to gatherers, pay great attention to the conditions for keeping their animals, strictly observing all requirements.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Gary Patroneck, director of the Center for Animal Attitudes Research at Tufts University, defines gathering as “pathological human behavior, including obsessive the need to receive animals into their subordination, combined with the denial of the suffering of these animals” [2].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

According to another study, a distinctive feature is that the collector is not able to provide animals with food and water in sufficient quantities, monitor their health, provide veterinary care, and categorically denies its failure to provide proper care.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

In conjunction with other behavioral signs of compulsive gathering, according to the Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Illness 4th Edition, gathering is defined as Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Alternatively, gathering animals can be considered addiction, dementia (insanity, dementia) or even a focal (focal) delusional idea


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

[3] [4].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Legal solutions


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

United States of America


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The American Society for the Prevention of Animal Cruelty has a “Gathering Prevention Team” that works with gatherers to ensure that their homes are kept as many healthy animals as they can keep [5].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Many states do not have a legal definition for collecting animals (although local authorities may limit the number and types of animals people can keep at home), and many people don't even suspect how brutally the rules for keeping animals are neglected in typical cases of gathering.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Animals saved from gatherers often have to be kept at the expense of the rescuers themselves, and the high cost of rescue can also be a negative incentive for prosecuting gatherings in court OK.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

These factors make legal proceedings against animal gatherers and the verdict on “animal cruelty” lengthy and controversial.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

In 2005, the Animal Legal Defense Fund (ADLF) won a landmark victory in Sandford, North Carolina, in ADLF v. Woodley.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

North Carolina law allows any person or organization to sue animal offenders [6] [7] [8].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

In April 2005, the court in the case issued an order allowing the ADLF and the county to remove more than 300 sick, neglected dogs from the Woodley couple's home.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The ADLF was appointed guardian, and the gatherers were found guilty of cruelty to animals.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

As a next step, the ADLF won the right to restrict gatherers in their right to visit dogs under the Fund's care during the appeal [6].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Europe


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

In the UK, the chairman of the Royal Society for the Protection of Animals from Cruelty (RSPCA) said that the society has launched a campaign to legalize the surveillance of people who take a lot number of animals [9].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Russia


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Russia is currently developing a law according to which the number of animals should be limited and depend on the living space owned by their owner [10].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

At the same time, animal rights activists oppose the adoption of this law.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Svetlana Ilyinskaya, President of the Center for Legal Animal Protection, argues that in conditions when the free habitation of stray animals is not prohibited or suppressed in the country, the adoption of this law will lead to irreparable consequences for the health of those citizens who are forced by this situation to pick up stray animals dying on the street.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

According to Ilyinskaya, as a result of the unresolved problem of homeless animals, Russian citizens have created about a million home shelters [11] [12].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Alexander Kulagin, an employee of the same organization, introduces the concept of “zoorabism” (selecting homeless animals and creating shelters for them in apartments), explaining this phenomenon by the criminal inaction of Russian authorities in solving the problem of stray animals.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

In this case, according to Kulagin, we are not talking about illness, but about a sense of compassion among these people.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

At the same time, even now, in cases where a large number of animals in the landlord's apartment create problems of living together with neighbors, the animals are seized by a court decision, and their owner admitted to a psychiatric clinic [14].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

They do the same in Ukraine [15] [16].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

There is a known case when a woman who kept more than 10 dogs in an apartment with an area of 30 m2 strongly resisted bailiffs by all means available to her [17].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Risks when picking animals


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

When collecting animals, there are many problems related to both personal and public health.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Gathering is the cause of many serious threats to the health of both collected animals and people living in the premises with collected animals and living in the neighborhood.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Effects on animal health


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Since gathering has a detrimental effect on animal health, animal gathering is considered a form of animal cruelty [2].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Collectors are often unable to provide basic care for their animals, which causes illness and often death.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The main causes that affect the health of the animal are poor nutrition, excessive crowding and improper care.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The consequences of gathering are long and continue to affect animals even after they have been rescued and better cared for


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Poor nutrition


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Lack of food and water is a common thing for gathering.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The immediate result is exhaustion and death [2].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

One study found that half of the cases studied had the death of at least one animal, with lack of food and water being the main cause of death [19].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Poor nutrition also leads to a predisposition to disease, and collected animals are often in an advanced stage of the disease.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Moreover, if there is not enough food, animals become aggressive in the fight for food, killing and sometimes even eating other animals [20] (even strictly herbivores, such as rabbits).


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The gatherer's inability to provide animals with enough food and water poses a great threat to the health of the animals collected.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Excessive crowding


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Excessive crowding is also an acute problem for animal health in the gathering situation.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The number of animals among gatherers ranges from ten to several hundred, in extreme cases, more than a thousand animals.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Animals are locked in houses, apartments or trailers [19].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

In one case, 306 cats were removed from the house, 87 of whom were dead [2].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The bodies were found in the chimney and furniture [20].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Moreover, in cases where representatives of more than one species are locked in the room, the animals can pose a danger to each other due to interspecies aggression.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Due to insufficient living space, the spread of diseases and close proximity to each other, excessive crowding is the main threat to animal health during gathering [21].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Gatherer negligence


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Various other health problems can occur due to the negligence of gatherers and the inability to provide basic care for animals.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Among other things, the lack of veterinary care should be noted.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Collectors, in order to avoid publicizing the conditions of their animals and for fear that the animals will be taken away from them, often do not show their animals to veterinarians [18].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

As a result, the disease is not treated and launched.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Another problem associated with the owners' inattention is unsanitary conditions.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Elementary cleaning of waste products is absent in almost all cases of animal gathering, animals are very dirty and teeming with parasites [20].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Moreover, animals are behaviourally abnormal due to a lack of socialization caused by a lack of normal communication with other animals.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Collectors neglect to comply with even minimum standards of care, which, combined with insufficient nutrition and excessive crowding, leads to problems with animal health [18].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Lasting consequences


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Many animal health problems continue even after animals are released [21].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Temporary animal shelters or public organizations that are forced to prioritize work with a large number of rescued animals sometimes fail to provide the necessary treatment for many animals [18] [21].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Most of the rescued animals cannot be reattached due to poor health and behavior [18].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Very often, sleep is the only option to solve the problem [21], since prolonged living in cramped conditions with other animals has a strong impact on health and socialization of animals and requires too much expenditure on their further rehabilitation.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Danger to humans


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The hoarding of animals causes a large number of health problems for both gatherers themselves and those who live near them.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Collectors are unable to eliminate the deterioration of sanitary conditions and the decrease in living space [22] [2].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Due to neglect of health, one's own and others, the risk of fires, zoonotic diseases, and intoxications increases.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Sanitation problems


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The poor sanitary condition of the premises creates a danger to the health of people and animals.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

In a typical habitat of large numbers of animals, animal waste ends up on surrounding objects and furniture [23].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

There is a known case when in such a room the floor and other surfaces were covered with a fifteen-centimeter layer of feces and debris [2].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

In addition to the unpleasant odor that causes inconvenience to neighbors, biological waste poses a serious health hazard due to the spread of parasites and the high ammonia content in air [20] [22].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The United States Department of Safety and Hygiene has found that 300ppm ammonia is life-threatening [18]; in most cases indoors gatherers, the concentration of ammonia in the atmosphere is approaching this value [21], which requires the use of protective clothing and gas masks for inspections and removal of animals [23].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Moreover, even after ventilation, the ammonia content in the room reached 152 units per million [18].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The constant presence of waste products also worsens the conditions for storing and cooking food, which is why there is a constant risk of food poisoning [23].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

A large number of insects and rodents are constantly present, which spread to the surrounding areas [21].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

There has been a known case of elementary school closure due to infection with fleas spread from a nearby dog gatherer [23].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

In addition, gatherers can also collect various items in addition to animals [19], which leads to disorder [22].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

It could be old newspapers, clothes and food packages.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

A large number of foreign objects prevent normal movement indoors, interfere with cleaning and cooking, and increase the risk of accidents [19].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The problem is further aggravated by the lack of a properly functioning toilet, running water, electricity, heating [23] due to unpaid bills [22] or improper maintenance [23].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

With the deterioration of housing conditions, the fire hazard increases [23]: rubbish in the room limits the possibility of evacuation in case of fire, at the same time, being located near heat sources, can be fuel to start a fire.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The risk of fire is increased when alternative sources of heat, such as fireplaces, stoves, kerosene or gas heaters are used due to non-working heating [23] [24].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

At the same time, the frequency of thefts of electricity and utility water, justified by a variety of reasons, increases significantly.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Zoonotic diseases


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Another health issue is zoonotic diseases, diseases that can be transmitted between humans and any other vertebrate [25].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Zoonotic diseases can be fatal and pose a serious public health problem.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The best-known examples of zoonotic diseases are bubonic plague, influenza and rabies [26].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Pets make up the majority of animals that carry zoonoses [25], and as a result, people who gather animals are at particular risk of infection [19].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Zoonoses that can occur with a large number of dogs and cats or through rat bites include rabies, salmonellosis, felinosis, nematodes, and ringworm [27].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Toxoplasmosis is especially dangerous, which can be transmitted to humans through cat feces or with poorly cooked meat and causes severe congenital malformations or stillbirth when infection of pregnant women.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

[28] Zoonotic diseases also cause various dermatitis.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Self-neglect and abuse of the elderly and children


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Resulting from the hoarding of animals, neglect of health, one's own and loved ones, and child abuse is defined as “the inability to provide oneself with goods and services for meet basic needs” and is an independent risk factor [29].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

While self-neglect is mainly associated with older people, animal owners can be of any age [23].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

The fact of child or elderly abuse occurs when dependents live with the animal owner.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

This is about half of all cases.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

This is evidenced by the fact that animal owners often live in the absence of normal sanitary and hygienic conditions [18].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

As with animals, the landlord is unable to provide adequate care for dependents who suffer from lack of basic necessities and health problems caused by the need to live in unsanitary conditions [19].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

In one case, two children in a family with 58 cats and other animals were forced to stay a second year in first grade due to long absences from classes due to respiratory infections [ 23].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Disdain for oneself and loved ones caused by excessive accumulation of animals poses a major health hazard.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Mental health issues


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Many evidence points to significant mental health problems for animal gatherers, and there is no association with specific psychological disorders [24].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Behaviors, based on the explanations of collectors, include delusional disorders, attachment disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, dementia, and addiction [30].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

However, there is no direct evidence for most of them [23].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Delusional disorders


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

A sign that animal gatherers have symptoms of delusional disorder is that they have a belief system that is out of touch with reality [24].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Almost all owners do not understand the degree of deterioration of their housing and animal health, while refusing to admit this [23].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Moreover, owners believe that they have a special ability to communicate with and/or sympathize with animals [30], rejecting any offers of help.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Delusional disorders effectively explain this pattern of behavior by offering an explanation for the obvious blindness of concealers to the realities of their situation.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Attachment disorder


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Another model that has been proposed to explain the behavior of animal gatherers is attachment disorder, which was primarily caused by poor relationships with parents during childhood.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

It is characterized by an inability to form close relationships with others in adulthood [30].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

As a result, a person suffering from an attachment disorder can seek communication with animals.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Interviews with animal owners confirmed that they were often abused as children, suffering the psychological trauma that underlies the evidence for this model [30].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Obsessive compulsive disorder


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Perhaps the most comprehensive psychological model explaining animal gatherer behavior is obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

RCR patients are characterized by an overwhelming sense of responsibility; as a result, they take unrealistic measures to fulfill their duties.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Animal owners also have a strong sense of responsibility towards their pets and acquire unrealistically large numbers of animals to take care of them [30].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

In addition, the accumulation of inanimate objects, which is practiced by most animal gatherers [23], is quite common in patients with OCD.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

[30] These coincidences between animal accumulators and patients with obsessive compulsive disorder suggest that OCD may be a useful model for explaining gatherer behavior [30].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

In culture


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Animal Planet has a program called “Confessions: Animal Hoarding” (English: “Confessions: Animal Hoarding”), in which friends and relatives of gatherers try to help them by offering psychological assistance, veterinary care and placement of their pets [31].


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

In the animated series The Simpsons, Eleanor Abernathy, known as the Crazy Cat Girl (originally Crazy Cat Lady), plays the role of the animal collector.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

She is a mentally ill woman who, when she appears in the frame, screams loudly and throws cats at passers-by.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

In the Novchalo episode of the animated series “South Park”, they tried to treat a shepherd from collecting animals.


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Notes


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

References


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|dead-url= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Category:Pets


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Category:Animal welfare


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Category:Neuroses


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Category:Symptoms of mental disorders


Question: What is often called obsessive compulsive behavior in animals?

Pathological hoarding of animals

Category:Conduct disorders


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian I (German: Maximilian I; March 22, 1459 — January 12, 1519) was King of Germany (King of Rome) from February 16, 1486, Holy Roman Emperor from February 4, 1508. Archduke of Austria since 19 August 1493, reformer of the state systems of Germany and Austria and one of the architects of the multinational Habsburg power, which spread not only to half of Europe, but also to overseas colonies.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Younger years


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Childhood


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian I was the second son of Frederick III, Archduke and Holy Roman Emperor of Austria, and Eleanor of Portugal, daughter of Duarte, King of Portugal.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

He was baptized on March 25 at St. George's Church in Neustadt and his godfather was voivode Nicholas Uylaki, who enjoyed the trust of Emperor Frederick.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

As a child, he was greatly influenced by his mother, to whom he went with his character.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

The early death of his mother in 1467 was a severe blow to Maximilian [1].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

His older brother Christophe died in infancy, and Maximilian was trained from early childhood as an heir to his father.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Initially, Maximilian was raised by his mother, but later Friedrich, considering that his son was growing up too pampered, took his son from his mother, appointing priest Peter as his tutor Engelbrecht.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

The new teacher tried to “drive” knowledge into Maximilian, but did not achieve much success in this.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Later, the mother managed to get Thomas von Zilli appointed grammar teacher.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Much attention was also paid to the study of church scriptures, but Maximilian, under the influence of his mother, believed according to his own understanding, sometimes very disagreed with the Catholic Church [1].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Chroniclers of that time did not hide the fact that Maximilian could not assimilate a large amount of knowledge.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian had language abilities and mastered Dutch, French and English, but did not know Latin very well.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Teachers also tried to correct Maximilian's stuttering, but did not achieve much success in this.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

wedding


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

At the age of 15, they found a bride for Maximilian.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

The choice fell on Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Mary was one of the richest brides of her time, the heiress of her father's vast possessions, which included the duchies of Burgundy, Luxembourg, Brabant, Limburg and Geldern, the Palatinate Burgundy (Franche-Comté), as well as a number of counties - Flanders, Gennegau (Hainaut), Holland, Zealand, Friesland, Namur, Auxerre, Macon, Boulogne, and Picardy.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

King Louis XI of France persistently sought her hand for his son, and there were other contenders, including the brother of the King of England and the son of the Duke of Clevsky.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

However, Duke Charles chose Maximilian, the son of the emperor, who could give the Duke of Burgundy the coveted royal title [2].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Marriage negotiations began in 1473, but Emperor Frederick, to Charles's disappointment, was in no hurry to promise him a royal title, and also refused to allocate money for military spending.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Negotiations have reached an impasse.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

After Charles's death at the Battle of Nancy in January 1477, Mary, who became Duchess, fearing King Louis of France, who demanded that she marry the Dauphin, resumed negotiations on marriage with Maximilian, abandoning many of his father's demands.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Friedrich agreed and on April 21, a per procurationem (proxy marriage) ceremony took place in Priesendorf in Bruges, where Maximilian was represented by Duke Ludwig of Bavaria.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Later, the ceremony was repeated in Ghent.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

King Louis of France tried in every possible way to prevent the marriage, announcing that as Mary's suzerain, he refused to agree to the marriage.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian personally managed to arrive in Ghent only on August 18.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

The next day, a wedding ceremony took place [3].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Wars with France


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

War of the Burgundy Succession


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

As a result of the marriage of Maximilian and Maria Habsburg, they were able to claim the lands of the Duchy of Burgundy.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

After his marriage, Maximilian lived at the Burgundy court.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

According to an agreement drawn up on September 17, 1477, Maximilian was declared Mary's heir.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Earlier, an agreement concluded with Burgundy cities stated that Burgundy possessions should be inseparable.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

King Louis XI of France did not accept the loss of Burgundy, and in the spring of 1478, a war broke out for the Burgundy inheritance between him and Maximilian.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

At the same time, Maximilian's father, Emperor Frederick III, did not help his son in any way [4] [5].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Since January 1477, Louis's army had already occupied most of Burgundy, Franche-Comté, Picardy, and Artois.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Louis appointed three of his commissioners, based in Dijon, to manage these possessions.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

However, soon an uprising broke out in Franche-Comté, which spread to Burgundy.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

One of Louis's commissioners, Jean de Chalons, Prince of Orange, defected to Mary and by June was able to liberate most of Burgundy from the French.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

The commander-in-chief of the French army Georges de La Tremoille was able to return Dijon, but could not build on his success further, as Maximilian managed to quickly recruit an army.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

On July 11, 1478, Maximilian and Louis signed an armistice for a year [4].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

After the expiration of the truce in 1479, hostilities resumed.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

The French army, under the command of Charles, Count of Angouleme, invaded Burgundy and Franche-Comté, where it managed to capture several cities, including Beaune, Semur, Dole, Auxon and Besançon.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian left Mary's supporters to fight in Burgundy, and focused on the hostilities in Flanders and Artois [4].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

On August 7, 1479, the Battle of Ginegata took place.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Initially, the advantage was on the side of the French, commanded by Philippe de Crevcoeur, but thanks to the personal courage of Maximilian, who rushed into the thick of the fight, he managed to win.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

The French continued their predatory raids, and Maximilian did not have enough money to continue the fight against them [5].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

On March 6, 1482, Maximilian's wife Maria crashed when she fell from her horse during a falconry [6].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

She died three weeks later and was buried in Bruges.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

The death of his wife, in addition to personal grief (according to contemporaries, Maximilian loved his wife very much and his heart remained in Bruges), brought Maximilian additional political problems.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

According to Mary's will, their young son Philip was proclaimed the new Duke, and Maximilian became regent under the young Duke.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

However, the Dutch estates refused to recognize Mary's will in terms of regency, which was immediately taken advantage of by the French king Louis XI, who invaded the territory of Franche-Comté and announced his claims to the entire legacy of Karl the Bold.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

The States General, without the participation of Maximilian, concluded the Treaty of Arras with the King of France on December 23, 1482, according to which Burgundy, Franche-Comté, Artois and Picardy were assigned to France, and the Netherlands and Luxembourg is for the Habsburgs.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Also, the French Dauphin Charles got engaged to Maximilian's daughter Margarita, who was supposed to be brought up in France.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Artois and Franche-Comté were promised as a dowry for Margarita [4].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian was unable to resist the decision of the States General — in his own words he “felt like Saint Eustachius, from whom the wolf dragged his son and the lion dragged his daughter” [7] — and began against they are a real war, fighting both against the French and against their cities.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

He was able to find adventurers in the Netherlands and in 1483 created the famous Landsknecht army from them.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

The war continued until June 1485, when the city of Ghent made peace with Maximilian, recognizing his right to custody of his son.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

As a result, Maximilian managed to consolidate the highly developed Netherlands and a number of regions between France and Germany.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

This immediately put Maximilian at the center of European politics and dramatically increased the prestige of the Habsburg house [8].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

In September 1494, Maximilian's son Philip the Beautiful reached the age of 16 and was declared an adult.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

In Leuven, he was given the reins of the Burgundy state.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

However, Philip had friendly relations with King Louis XII of France, and he pursued a pro-French policy, even taking the oath to Louis, which gave rise to a conflict with his father [9].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

In 1496, Philippe married Infanta Juana of Spain.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

The unexpected death of brother Juana, the rightful heir to the Spanish throne, made Philip King of Castile and Leon in 1504.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

But on September 25, 1506, Philip suddenly died, leaving behind his young son Charles, the future king of Spain (under the name Charles I) and the emperor (under the name Charles V), whose custody received his aunt, Maximilian's daughter Margarita, who became the ruler of the Netherlands [10].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

War of the Breton Succession


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

After being elected King of Germany in 1486, Maximilian returned to the Netherlands.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

In 1488, King Charles VIII of France claimed the Duchy of Brittany.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Earlier, the Duchess of Breton Anna was promised to Maximilian I as a wife, so he intervened in the issue of the Breton inheritance.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

The war broke out, in which Maximilian and Anna were supported by England and Castile.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

In February 1488, the inhabitants of Bruges rebelled, and Maximilian himself was captured by them.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Ghent soon joined the uprising.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian, in order to gain freedom, was forced to sign an agreement in May, which significantly reduced his rights, renounce regency and conclude peace with France.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

France, which occupied Brittany, did not hesitate to take advantage of this.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Emperor Frederick III came to the aid of his son with a recruited army, but looting among the population led to the fact that many other cities in Flanders rebelled.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

As a result, in 1489, Maximilian, tired of the struggle, handed over the control of the Netherlands to his friend and ally Duke Albrecht of Saxony, and moved to Germany [11].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

On July 13, 1489, at the Battle of Dieksmund, the Anglo-imperial troops defeated the Dutch rebels and soon the power of the Habsburgs was restored.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

This allowed Maximilian to return to the Breton question again, and in 1490, during the lifetime of Anne's father Francis II of Brittany, Duke of Brittany, Maximilian received official consent to marry.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

On December 19, 1490, he married Anna of Breton by proxy in Rennes, but Maximilian himself, busy solving problems with the Kingdom of Hungary, was in no hurry to Brittany.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

This was taken advantage of by Anne de Bogueux, regent to King Charles VIII of France, who was engaged to his young daughter Maximilian.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Not wanting Brittany to go to Maximilian and until he arrived in Brittany to complete their marriage, Anna and Charles decided to go to the Duchy on the pretext that the king is the suzerain of Brittany and The Duchess is required to obtain his marriage permit.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

The campaign was led by a young king


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

He took Rennes and demanded that Anna be his wife.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

The marriage was concluded on December 6, 1491 at Langers Castle on the Loire, after which Brittany became part of the French kingdom [12].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

This marriage has been condemned throughout Europe.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

In particular, Pope Innocent VIII was dissatisfied, since Charles did not wait for permission to break the previous engagement with Margarita.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Wounded, Maximilian accused Charles of dishonesty and tried to spread the notoriety of the French king everywhere.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

At the same time, he had to abandon the war against France, as the imperial princes refused to finance his personal revenge.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

However, Maximilian managed to return Franche-Comté, defeating the French at Senlis in 1493, but could not build on his success.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Under the Treaty of Sanlis, Charles was forced to recognize this conquest, and France officially recognized the rights of the Habsburgs to rule in the Netherlands [12].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Board in Austria


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Association of Austrian Länder


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

In 1487, Albrecht IV, Duke of Bavarian-Munich, married Kunigunda, Maximilian's sister.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Before that, he proposed to Sigismund, Duke of Front Austria and Count of Tyrol, Maximilian's cousin, to sell him Tyrol, which was of great strategic importance.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Sigismund would get rid of numerous debts.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Albrecht considered marriage with the daughter of the emperor as a kind of safety net - Sigismund had no children and his possessions were to be inherited by the emperor, and being the husband of his daughter, Albrecht on behalf of his wife could claim part of the inheritance.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

After learning about his son-in-law's plans, Emperor Frederick became furious and launched a war against Albrecht, while Albrecht was also opposed by the Swabian Cities Alliance.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

The conflict was extinguished only thanks to the intervention of Maximilian, who persuaded Sigismund to abandon his plans, and, moreover, in 1490 he ceded his possessions to Maximilian.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Albrecht of Bavaria was forced to agree, and as compensation he was promised that he would inherit the Duchy of Lansgout-Bavaria after the death of Duke George, who had no offspring.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

At the same time, Maximilian had to show diplomatic skills in order to reconcile Albrecht and Friedrich [13].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

After the death of Frederick III in 1493, Maximilian became Archduke of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Kraina.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Thus, all the lands of the Habsburg fell under the rule of Maximilian, and the centuries-old division of the Austrian monarchy came to an end.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

In 1500, after the end of the Gorica dynasty, Maximilian I annexed Gorica County to his possessions, including lands in East Tyrol.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

The Hungarian question


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

One of the problems that he had to face during his reign was relations with Hungary.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

King Matthias Corvinus, taking advantage of the non-payment of the contribution by Emperor Frederick III, declared war on him in 1482, which was extremely unsuccessful for Frederick.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

In 1485, Matthias took possession of Vienna, which became his new residence.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

By the end of his reign, Matthias annexed Lower Austria, Slavonia, Styria and Carinthia, formerly owned by the Habsburgs, to his possessions.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

After moving to Austria, Maximilian joined the fight, but realized that success in the fight against the Hungarians needed a lot of financial resources.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

At the same time, Matthias was married to a Neapolitan princess, which provided Hungary with the assistance of the Kingdom of Naples [14].


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

As a result, Maximilian decided to resolve the conflict peacefully.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

He intended to offer Matthias Lower Austria, but this proposal was categorically rejected by Frederick III.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

However, everything was changed by the sudden death of Matthias, which occurred on April 6, 1490 in Vienna.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

After recruiting the Landsknechts, Maximilian returned Vienna and invaded the Hungarian lands.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

However, a mercenary riot prevented him from building on his success, so he had to return.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Ultimately, King Vladislav II of Bohemia was elected King of Hungary.


Question: How many wives did Maximilian I have?

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

At the same time, Maximilian managed to insist that if Vladislav dies without heirs, Hungary would pass to the Habsburgs.