Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This property is adapted to the harsh northern climate and short growing season and is also observed in common species (for example, needle rose hips) high in the mountains.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Herbaceous species of rose hips in the evolutionary chain are at the highest stage of development, and dwarf species were considered by Khrzhanovsky as transitional to them [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Root system


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The root system is taproot, penetrates to a depth of 5 m [33].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The main mass of the roots is at a depth of 15—40 cm and spreads in all directions within a radius of 60—80 cm [34].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Some rosehip species have a branched caudex, from which numerous long and at the same time woody rhizomes depart, forming vegetative shoots (turions).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Underground shoots come out, and some of the rhizomes are separated from the mother plant and give rise to new plants.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Additional shoots are formed in series of several pieces, the growth of the bush occurs very quickly.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Due to this property, rose hips quickly form dense thickets, one plant up to several meters in diameter [35] [36].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This ability of rose hips to patriculate (splitting the mother into several parts) is based on its reproduction by root cuttings [36].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

But there are species that do not form underground shoots.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rhizomes live for 8—13 years [37].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Branches and shoots


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Bush forms of rose hips have branches of two types: erect and arcuate, curved downwards [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

They form numerous vegetative shoots of the first year (turions), sometimes reaching 1-1.5 m in height and 10-12 mm in diameter, with soft and thin thorns of various sizes [38], in subsequent years flowering and fruiting.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Vegetative shoots of rose hips are divided into rhizome, stem and tillering shoots, and generative shoots belong to shortened fruit shoots [39].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The lifespan of individual trunks is 4—5 years [37].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Shoots branched, green, brown, dark red, dark brownish, sometimes violet-brown, brown, black-brown, brown-red or gray with felt pubescence; usually straight, curved or hook-shaped thorns, often mixed with numerous bristles and hairs, with stalked grooves.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The core is round.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The thorns are arranged in pairs or scattered, on the shoots of the current year they are softer and thinner than on biennial or perennial shoots.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

At the same time, there are fewer thorns on lignified shoots [40].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Aerial roots extending from the lower part of the trunk are also planted with thorns [41].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In some species, the stems are completely covered with bristles and thorns, in others, the thorns are located with a noticeable gap from each other.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

But there are species without thorns at all [42].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This is, for example, a hanging rose [43].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The thorns also serve to hold branches among other vegetation, although their main purpose is to protect them from being eaten by animals.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Some species may have small needle-shaped spines on their generative shoots and pedicels.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

They serve to protect the flowers from being visited by unwanted insects and other animals.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

At the same time, the aroma emitted by the accompanying glandular hairs is not inferior to the aroma of the flowers themselves and attracts beneficial insects [44].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The kidneys are distant, reddish, less often of a different color, bare or hairy, small, with three to six external renal scales.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The scales of the kidneys along the edges are bare or with glandular cilia.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The leaf scar is usually narrow and covers more than half of the shoot, with three leaf traces [45].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Leaves


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Leaves are summer-green, semi-deciduous or evergreen, spirally located on the shoot, long-petioled, unpaired pinnate, with paired stipules fused with the petiole or rarely unfused [10] ( simple and without stipules only in [46], 4-12 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide, contain one terminal and several pairs of lateral leaflets.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Cultivars usually have five leaves, while wild species have seven or nine.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Asian species have 13, 15 or even 19, while American species have only three leaves.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rachys can be covered in thorns.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Some species have bracteas, which are modified and reduced leaves.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

They occur in inflorescences on peduncles or pedicels and are always simple [47].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Leaflets are elliptical to rounded in shape, with a wedge-shaped, rounded or slightly cordate base, serrate along the edges, doubly serrate or serrate, glabrous or with grooves; by color green, bluish, reddish; stiff, leathery or webbed; smooth or wrinkled (rose hips wrinkled), naked or pubescent, often glandular; 1-2.5 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The size, shape and thickness of the leaflets depend on environmental conditions: temperature, illumination, water availability and humidity, carbon dioxide content in the air, etc. [47]


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Leaflets with one strong central vein and (4) 6-13 lateral ones.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The lateral veins are weak, then strong.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Before reaching the edges of the leaves, they connect to each other and branch to the teeth or (especially those located at the top of the leaf, arcuate, cranked or forked forked) end in teeth without loops.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The network of veins on the underside of the leaflets is mostly clearly visible, rarely protruding [48].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Stipules are mostly narrow, incised, dentate or pinnately dissected, more often fused with petioles over a large length.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Sometimes stipules expand to the base and turn into wide and elongated “ears” [48].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

blossoms


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The flowers are bisexual, 1.5—8 (10) cm in diameter, single or collected in corymbose or paniculate inflorescences with two to three or many flowers, with or without bracts, with or without bracts, with a pleasant aroma.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

There are species of rose hips with an unpleasant odor, for example,.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The peduncle is short, 0.5—1.7 cm long.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Hypanthium ovoid, spherical, bottle-shaped or jugular, narrowed in the throat, with a glandular ring at the top, less often the ring is absent (mainly in species with single, white or cream flowers).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Corolla is large, five-petal, rarely four-lobed and rarely semi-double [10] with more or fewer obovate or inverse cordate petals; red (often pink), yellow (up cream) or pure white, 4—6 cm in diameter.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Sepals are five (rarely four), leaf-shaped, whole-edged or at least two with lateral appendages, sometimes pinnately dissected, sometimes with an enlarged pointed tip [38], up to 3 cm long, directed upwards or downwards, remaining with fruit or falling early, sometimes with the upper part of the fruit.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

More than a thousand years ago, a mystery poem was composed in Latin (translated into Russian by A. IN. Zinger).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It characterizes well the shape of the sepals of many species of rose hips:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Try to guess


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Who are five brothers:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Two beards


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Two beardless


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

And the last, fifth,


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Looks like a freak:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Only on the right is a beard


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

There's no sign of it on the left.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Two sepals of the rose hips are dissected on both sides, two are whole-edged and one is dissected only on one side.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

When the flower is in the bud, the beard cuts cover five gaps between the petals [43].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The stamens are numerous, free, with two-nest anthers, attached to the glandular ring of hypantium, facing inward.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The pistils are numerous, sessile or on short legs, ingrown into the receptacle, located in a spiral [49] at the bottom of the hypanthium.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The ovary is hairy, single-nest, free, sessile or on a leg [50], with one sedentary ovule.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Ovule with one cover [51].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Stylodies are free or connected in a dense column (while numerous stigmas connected in a bundle create a convenient platform for planting insects [49], are located at the top of the carpels, almost entirely enclosed in or protruding from hypanthium, sometimes exceeding the inner circle of the stamens, glabrous or pubescent.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The stylody can remain on the ovary when the fetus ripens, but quickly fades and loses its shape, like a wrinkled rose hip [51].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Stigmas are capitate, glabrous or densely haired [52].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Pollen


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

At the macroscopic level, rosehip pollen is a very fine yellow powder and consists of numerous elongated pollen grains [53].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Pollen grains are oval-rounded, with a constant ratio of length to thickness of 2:1 [54], three-bladed from the poles, three-furrow-, less often two-furrowed pore, with two-layer exina [55].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The outer layer of exina, which determines its sculpture, consists of a polymer and a small amount of polysaccharides.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The furrows are wide, long, the pores are large, the film of pores and furrows is fine-grained, the surface of the exina is fine-grained and coarse-grained [50].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Pollen grains of various species are similar to each other and differ in the membrane of the apertures, the length, density of the furrows and the child, and the density of the pores [54].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Pollen grains of French rose hips are markedly distinguished by the presence of a clearly visible operculum (lid) covering the bottom of the furrow [55].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The inner layer of exina consists mainly of cellulose [54].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

IN. G. Khrzhanovsky noted the similarity of pollen grains of the genus Rosa and Rubus, which indicates their relationship [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In many species of rose hips, pollen grains are deformed (in dog rose hips up to 80%), sometimes very few of them form in anthers, or they are much smaller [55].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

To protect pollen from dew, the flowers close at night, turn to the sun during the day [56], and they also close before the rain.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Pollination


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The inner stamens are shorter than the outer ones.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

First, the internal ones are opened, then the outer ones.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The stamens of the outer circle, when opening the anthers, lean towards the stigmas, as a result of which self-pollination occurs.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Autogamy takes place only at the last moment of flowering; thus, the flower is designed primarily for cross-pollination [49].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Anthers in some species are opened all at the same time.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Hybridization and polyploidy are very common in the genus [55].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Most wild species contain 2n = 14 chromosomes (two sets) and are called diploid [57].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A greater number of chromosome sets (polyploidy) occur in both wild and cultivated species.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Most often, polyploid species contain 2n = 28 (four sets) of chromosomes (tetraploid) or are hybrids between diploid and tetraploid species and contain 2n = 21 (three sets) of chromosomes ( triploid).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Species with an odd number of chromosomes are sterile and do not survive in nature.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

However, Caninae section rose hips containing a pentaploid set of chromosomes are viable, having an unusual way of inheritance [58].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

For a long time, it was believed that the genus is characterized by a reduction in pollination and a transition to apomictic reproduction, in which embryos are formed from unfertilized diploid eggs or tapetum cells.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The phenomenon of apomixis associated with pseudogamy and somatic aposporia (when the diploid germ sac is formed from nucellus cells [59]) were attributed to representatives of the Caninae section [55] [60].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Recent studies prove that apomixis does not exist in rose hips.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The method of inheritance in the Caninae section, leading to the formation of a pentaploid set, is that in species of this section, one part of the chromosome set is transmitted from pollen, the other from the egg.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This method prevents the recombination of the chromosome set and leads to the relative stability of species, which is also characteristic of the phenomenon of apomixis [61].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Pollinators are bees, bumblebees, butterflies, bronzes and woodcutters [56].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

By producing a large amount of pollen, rose hips attract the attention of pollinators and provide them with food rich in proteins and fats [62].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Blossoming


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips bloom in the European part of Russia in May-June.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In phenological observations, the beginning of rose hips flowering in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia marks the beginning of summer [63].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The flowering period is 20 days [37], and individual flowers bloom within two days [49] (in May rose hips up to 5 days [37]).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In most species, flowers bloom between five and six o'clock in the morning and close at night, thereby protecting pollen from getting wet [49].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Due to global warming, the timing of the beginning of flowering of rose hips is shifting towards earlier ones, and the growing season is longer.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In this regard, rosehips sometimes re-bloom.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

For example, in the Kirov area in 2001, with early long spring (14 days more than usual) and a longer summer period (5 days more than usual), warm and sunny weather was observed re-flowering of cinnamon rose hips at the end of August [63].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Fruits


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It begins to bear fruit at the age of three (sometimes at the age of two).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Abundant harvests are repeated after three to five years, and the most abundant harvest is repeated at the age of four to six years.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Fruits ripen in Russia in August-September [64], in Ukraine — in August-October [65].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The fruit is a special form of polynuts, called cynarrhodium (Latin: cynarrhodium) [66], 1-1.5 cm in diameter, topped with sepals, red, orange, purple-red, sometimes black when ripe, usually fleshy, sometimes dry, bare or covered with bristles or spines, coarse-haired inside, with numerous nut fruits on the inner surface of hypantium [66].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The red and orange color of hypanthium is due to the high content of carotenes.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

According to the shape of the fruit, the shape and position of the fetus in the space of cinarrodia, it can be concave (), rounded (), spherical (), ovoid (), obovate (), ellipsoidal (dog rose hips), spindle-shaped (, needle rose hips), jug-shaped (s), pear-shaped (s) [67].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Nuts are single-seeded.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The nut can be borderline in shape (needle rose hips), oblong in outline (Fedchenko rose hips) [67].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The endocarp is thick, with a fused suture.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Seeds with a large germ, without endosperm.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The seed peel is thin.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The germination preservation period is one to two years [68].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The mass of 1000 seeds is 6—6.6 g [69].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Seeds are difficult to germinate, with deep combined dormancy due to weak water permeability of the fruit membrane and the presence of inhibitors that accumulate in hypantia during ripening [70].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Prolonged stratification is required for most species to germinate.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Seeds of many species need to be stratified at 3—5° C for six months or aged under snow from the second half of winter [68].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Under normal conditions, seeds sprout in the second or third year.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the first period of germination, rose hips are demanding on enhanced phosphorus and moderate potassium nutrition.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Increased doses of nitrogen in any combination with phosphorus and potassium delay germination.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

With the appearance of real leaves, the consumption of phosphorus and potassium, and then nitrogen, increases [69].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Wild rose hips are propagated by seeds, dividing bushes, offspring and cuttings.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Distribution and ecology


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips are common in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, as well as occasionally in the mountainous regions of the tropical zone [44].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Some species of rose hips penetrate north up to the Arctic Circle, and south to Ethiopia, Arabia, North India and the Philippine Islands, and in North America to Mexico.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Particularly favorable conditions for its growth are found in the region from the Mediterranean to the Himalayas and further in East Asia [38].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Some species have a very wide range.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

is common in most areas of the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, as well as in Japan on the islands of Hokkaido and Honshu in the high mountains on the coast of the Sea of Japan, Sakhalin, China, and the Korean peninsula, Siberia and Kamchatka [71].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The dog rose is very widespread throughout Europe.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It can also be found in the mountains of Central Asia, Iran and the Caucasus.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is distributed throughout Northern and Central Europe, the territory of the former USSR, with the exception of the south-west.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The range of the young Pleistocene stretches across Eurasia from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This range is in a state of formation within 100-130° east longitude [10] [72].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It forms many hybrids with members of the Caninae section, of which more than 30 species are native to Europe.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It has no less range in Eurasia and also forms hybrids with members of the Caninae section [73].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The greatest variety of morphological features is inherent in rose hips, vines of the subtropical zone, in which you can find evergreen, semi-deciduous and deciduous species, species with white, red and yellow petals, with sepals falling off early and remaining until the fetus is completely reddened, whole or carrying threadlike or pinnate appendages along the edge, with free, early falling off (), fused whole-edged () and fused comb () stipules.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The same variety can be seen in the structure of the gynecea, inflorescence, leaf, etc. Morphological diversity, area and discontinuity of the range and the presence of a large number of paleoendemics indicate the greatest antiquity of Roslians [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The subtropical zone of Europe, Asia and Africa is characterized by evergreen liana roses with white flowers and fused columns.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

All of them have paniculate and panicle-corymbose multicolored inflorescences, as well as randomly scattered thorns.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

They are also characterized by more or less pinnate sepals that fall down to the redness of the fruit.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Their modern range is small and torn.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

To the north of it, white-flowered semi-deciduous and deciduous white-flowered species are common.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The widespread cultivation of roses and rose hips in many countries of the world has led to the fact that some species and early hybrids found favorable conditions and naturalized in natural conditions and in rural areas on either side of the equator [74].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It grows alone or in groups along the edges and undergrowth of coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests, in light forests, floodplain and bayrak forests [75], along rivers, near springs, in damp meadows, on rocky and clay forests cliffs, plains and mountains up to 2,200 m above sea level.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Maksimovich's rose hips and wrinkled ones occupy the sea coast of the Far East, sometimes climbing river valleys.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips are mainly confined to the forest zone, but forms a shrub tier in larch forests along the river valleys of the Siberian continental tundra [75], in the urem forests of the Trans-Ural steppes [75], for example, in northern part of the valleys of the Ural and Emba rivers [75].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Some species of rose hips form shrubby areas of steppes and even deserts [75].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Some species are found in the mountains up to the subalpine belt, up to an altitude of 2000-3500, and in tropical countries up to 4000 m above sea level.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips in some areas form extensive thickets [49], for example, in the mountainous regions of Central Asia [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehip is the dominant feature of the 3rd-4th tiers [72].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Some species grow magnificently in areas freed from under the forest, and are dominant and subdominants in the composition of shrubs and shiblyaks.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Different species belong to mesophytes, xeromesophytes, or mesoxerophytes [72].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips are part of the xerophytic shrubby thickets of Dagestan, which occupy dry slopes of the foothills, and in some places mountainous and high-mountain areas [75].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Wild rose hips are frost-resistant, drought-resistant and undemanding to the soil [76].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The most productive rosehip bushes are found on loamy, moderate moisture soils.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips do not grow on dry and excessively moist soils [69].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Europe


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The range of rose hips covers the whole of Europe to the Arctic.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

There are 62 species of rose hips in Europe [8].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The greatest species diversity on the territory of the former USSR falls on the mountainous regions: the Carpathians, the Caucasus [77].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

There are 44 species in the Caucasus [78], according to more modern data, 18 species, among them not a single endemic has been indicated [8].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

There are 71 species in Ukraine, most of which are found in the Carpathians [79], and according to 2001 data — 51 species [8].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Twenty-three species of rose hips grow in Moldova [77], 20 species in Belarus, of which 11 are feral cultivated species [80].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

There are 45 in the European part of Russia, of which 7 are endemic [8].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Twenty-two species are found in the Baltic States.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the rest of Europe, representatives of 47 species can be found [8].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is distributed in Southern and Central Europe to Belgium and central France [81], and in the territory of the former USSR - in the Carpathians, the Crimea and the Caucasus.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the Carpathians, it forms extensive thickets [72].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In most parts of Europe, to the east to Estonia and Ukraine, it is found.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

grows in Central and Eastern Europe to the Balkan Peninsula and Ukraine.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is widely distributed throughout Europe, but is less common in the north and northwest.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

is present in Western and Central Europe, its range covers Albania and Western Ukraine.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The range includes Eastern and Central Europe, expanding westward to central France and northwestern Italy.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

grows in Central and Western Europe, but has its local range in southern and central Russia.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It grows in Britain, southern Portugal, east to southern Sweden, the Carpathians and Greece.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

is common throughout Europe, north to 61° north latitude.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

is common in the Mediterranean.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In most European countries, it occurs with dense pubescence of leaflets.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It occurs in southeastern Europe.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Several species have a narrower range [73].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Some of the species grown for ornamental purposes have been naturalized.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

These include,.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Outside its range, it has taken root in Europe [73].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Asia


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Asia, rose hips are found everywhere, except deserts and semi-deserts of northwestern China and Mongolia, Central and Western Asia, as well as the highlands of Tibet, the Himalayas, the Pamirs, the Tien Shan, to the north to 68—70° north latitude [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the southeastern triangle of Eurasia there is the main area of the range of evergreen roses, mainly in the Chinese provinces of Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Guizhou, as well as in the southern regions of Gupe, Chan and others.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This area is the center of species diversity of subtropical roses, and they have high polymorphism there [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

There are 79 species of rose hips in China, some of which are the progenitors of cultivated rose varieties [82].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In total, there are up to 150 species of rose hips in Asia.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

To the north of Central and East Asia, starting from 40° north latitude, rose hips appear in a large species diversity, which increases with further movement to the north.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

At 50—52° north latitude, the number of species decreases significantly, but their density in plant cenoses remains high.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the north, only [10] remains in the taiga.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the mountains of Central Asia, 39 species of rose hips grow, 17 of which are endemic [83].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

There are 25 species in Kazakhstan, four of them are endemic [84].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Only seven species of rose hips are found in Siberia [85], three in Kamchatka (needled, wrinkled and blunt) [86], four on Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands (needled, wrinkled, blunt and Marais) [87], five in Altai [88].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Eleven species of rose hips grow in the Far East [89].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Growing in the Far East and elsewhere on the Pacific coast, the wrinkled rose hips in terms of the originality of morphological features and distribution on sandy sea shores was attributed by Khrzhanovsky to the most ancient species of bush deciduous roses [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the north and in the Far East, Pleistocene species grow in the taiga zone:,, needle rose hips.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In lower latitudes, it isolated itself (Tien Shan, Tibet, Himalayas) [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In India, rose hips only grow in the mountains, with the exception of the only tropical species.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

All other rose hips in India grow in the Himalayas.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the arid region of Ladakh and in the northern part of Himachal Pradesh, at an altitude of 3,000 to 4,000 m above sea level, both with bright yellow flowers grow.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A typical species of the lower mountain belt of the Himalayas is the white-flowered Himalayan musk rose ().


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Throughout the Himalayas, at an altitude of 2100-4500 m above sea level, there is a four-lobed shrub with cream flowers.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosa clinophylla grows in the valleys of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The shrubs growing along the shores and on the islands are flooded almost completely during floods, and only the tops of the branches stick out above the surface of the water [90].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Pakistan, rose hips were once widespread, but as a result of economic development, they began to disappear.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Most species can now only be found above 1500 m above sea level, and then they need to be protected.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Pakistan, rosehips are found fetid and.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

is growing in Baluchistan and in the north of the country.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

occurs in the northeastern part of the Border Regions [90].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Dog rose hips grow in Azad Kashmir, Mirpur District, the northeastern part of the Border Regions and Balochistan.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the northeastern part of the Border Regions, there is a Begger rose,.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It's very common.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

is closely related to growing in dry valleys [91].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Japan, 14 species of rose hips grow wild, and two species brought from other countries (Banks rose and smooth rose) have taken root there.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

On Japanese islands along the sea coasts can be found.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Widespread in the northern part of the range, the needled rose hips in Japan have taken root high in the mountains.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In many parts of Japan, a multi-flowered rose grows with many varieties [71].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the southeast of the Asian part of the range of red-flowered roses, there are also species closest to evergreen liana roses.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

They occupy a small area, found only in the foothills and river valleys [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Central Asia, rose hips are found mainly in the mountainous regions of the Pamir-Alay, Tien Shan and Kopetdag [38].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the Pamir-Alay and Western Tien Shan, rose hips form thickets and rose gardens.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

They consist of several types of rose hips: in the southern regions — Kokand, in the northern regions —.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Other types of it are mixed with them.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

On the Turkestan Range, rosaries form rose hips, Eichison, Begger, less often dogs, in the Central Tien Shan - flat-spiked rose hips [92].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The Albert rose rises to the subalpine belt of the Tien Shan, forming, together with other species of rose hips, rose gardens at the felling sites.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Israel, there is the southern border of the distribution of dog rose hips and.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The latter grows there in the only place on Mount Hermon at an altitude of up to 2,800 m above sea level.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Semi-deciduous grows along the shores of water bodies and marshes marshes.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Currently, it can only be found at the source of the Jordan River and along the banks of non-drying rivers, although in the past this species grew along the entire coast, in the Galilee, the Carmel Mountains and elsewhere [93].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In addition, this species is found in the south of the Arabian Peninsula.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Musk rose has been preserved as separate islands in Western Asia [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Africa


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehip is found in North Africa south to Ethiopia [38].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Only one species () is known to have a natural range.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is widely cultivated, and although it grows under natural conditions, its exact origin is unknown [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In South Africa, he naturalized in the Dragon Mountains area at an altitude of 2,000 to 3000 m above sea level.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The cold winter in the mountains promotes the germination of bird-borne seeds.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This species grows there along the roadsides, on pastures and has acquired the character of a malicious weed.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The hybrid between and 'Natal Briar' has settled in the subtropical climate of Natal province in South Africa.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It can be seen there on the coast, roadsides and near fences [94].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This hybrid is preferred as a rootstock for cultivars in South Africa, as well as in Kenya, where 80 million flowers are grown for export annually [94].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In North America


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In North America, rose hips grow in the United States, Canada and Mexico [52].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Bermuda does not have its own rose hips, although it is located in the Northern Hemisphere and has a suitable climate.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

But several species have recently been imported by sea vessels and settlers from different countries [96].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Given the wide variety of climatic and soil conditions in North America, it is not surprising that more than 60 species of rose hips and about 10 more species of rose hips grow on its territory naturalized [95].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the southern states (Florida, Georgia, Texas) grows the only evergreen vine rose in the New World with red flowers.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It also meets here.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is already a cold-resistant deciduous species that reaches the Great Lakes.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The maximum species diversity occurs at 35—45° north latitude.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the taiga zone, the same as in Eurasia grows, the needle rose hips [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Throughout the east coast of the United States, from Maine to Florida and west to Iowa, Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas, as well as in some places in Canada, there is a shrub growing, tending to turn to herbaceous form.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

with the same form of growth is common throughout North America, but is more common from Oklahoma to Texas.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

called the “marsh rose”, it is well adapted to humid habitats, such as the shores of lakes, ponds and rivers.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It grows from Maine to Florida, west to Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, and Nova Scotia.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The shade-tolerant grows in the forests of British Columbia and in the northwestern United States from Washington to Idaho and central California.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

is well adapted to the dry conditions of the Great Plains and grows from Canada south to Texas and from Indiana to Idaho [95].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

With all the variety of rose hips in the New World, there is not a single species with yellow flowers, which indicates the emergence of these species after the separation of America from Eurasia.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Three types of rose hips grow in Alaska: needle rose hips, and Nutka rose hips [97].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In addition to them, it has a very limited range in western Alaska, which is called the “Kamchatka rose” [95].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In many parts of the United States, prickly rose hips, dog rose hips,, cinnamon rose hips, wrinkled rose hips, multicolored rose hips [95] have been naturalized.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Australia and New Zealand


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Some species of rose hips used as a rootstock (multicolored rose hips, red-brown rose hips, dog rose hips,) naturalized in the most favorable conditions of the territory for them Australia.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The red-brown rose hips were first recorded in New Zealand plantings between 1815 and 1820.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In 1900, it was listed as a plant in the Weed Control Act, but continues to exist on the South Island, as it is part of the food chains of birds, rabbits, opossums involved in its distribution [98].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Relationships with animals


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the course of evolution, rose hips have developed thorns and bristles as mechanical protection against being eaten by herbivores.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

But this did not prevent some species of animals from adapting to this protection and thus have an advantage over other species.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Camels, sheep and goats are known to easily cope with the most thorny plants.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Juicy, bright, standing out against the background of green foliage, rose hips serve as food for birds, mammals, rodents and reptiles.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Adaptations to the distribution of seeds by animals in rose hips are both the bright color, the sweet taste of ripe fruits, and the absence of these properties in their immature form, which protects against eating fruits animals until they are fully ripe [62].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Animals leave indigestible rosehip seeds on the ground along with excrement, often at a considerable distance from the plant itself, and contribute to its spread.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips serve as food for black grouse, hazel grouse, gray partridge, gray crow, daw, cedars, starlings, moskovka tit, deryab thrush.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Of these, all, except hazel grouses, gray partridge and starlings, serve to spread rose hips.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In hazel grouses, hard rosehip nuts play the role of millstones in the stomach, lingering in it for a long time and losing germination.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The mess thrush of all birds contributes to the spread of seeds to the greatest extent.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This is due not only to the large number of fruits it eats, but also to the confinement of its forage land to edges, forests and young plantings, which contributes to the settlement of new rose hips territories.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Hare, yellow-necked mouse, red vole, fox eat rose hips.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In predators such as the fox, juicy fruits are a constant admixture to animal food [99].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The red vole takes away the seeds and juicy fruits of plants and makes small reserves of them.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It can be assumed that the red vole is more conducive to the spread of plants than other animals that create large reserves in storerooms, since hardly all the small portions of fruits and seeds stored at random locations, can be found [66].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Another way of spreading is y growing along the seashore.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Its fruits drift through the water until they are washed ashore by the current or the surf.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A dense wax coating on the surface of the fruit protects the seeds from getting wet, and the peduncle serves as a balance.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Grading


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Due to the widespread natural hybridization, species variability and the presence of many cultural forms, the taxonomy of the Rosehip genus is very complex.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The genus has always attracted close attention of systematist botanists.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A huge number of works on rose hips have been published, many species and intraspecific taxa have been described, but at the same time there are completely opposite views on the volume of the genus, and in its taxonomy a lot of things remain unclear.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The first instructions on species diversity were given in the works of Herodotus and Theophrastus.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Pliny tried to summarize the scattered information on distribution.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

During the Renaissance and later, until the 18th century, the classification of roses was reduced to a division into wild and cultural roses and differentiated by the number of petals in the flower.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

K. Linnaeus was the first to draw attention to the hybridization of roses and the associated difficulties in their classification.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Species Plantarum in 1753, he made the first attempt to scientifically classify rose hips and roses.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

At the same time, only the form of hypanthium was considered a distinctive feature of the species.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In this form, the classification lasted until the beginning of the XIX century.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In 1811, K. Vildenov drew attention to the fact that rose hips also differ in the presence of spikes and grooves, as well as in their shape.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This observation led to the emergence by the beginning of the 20th century of many new systems based more on personal preferences in identifying the distinctive features of species than on observations in nature.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This led to large differences in the determined number of taxa of the genus: from 12 for Linnaeus to 146 for N. Serenzha [100].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In 1799, the first monograph on M. Lawrence.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

And in 1813, three classifications of rose hips appeared at once (Dupont, N. Devo and A. Decandol).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Therefore, Soviet botanists attributed the beginning of scientific study of the genus to 1813.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is believed that at this time the science of roses (their morphology, physiology and taxonomy) arose — rhodology.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Decandolle was the first to draw attention to the complex of morphological features of the rose hip flower: the nature of the columns, sepals, the complex of vegetative features of the leaf and leaflets, including the nature of the dentate, and this helped to outline the composition of the sections.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The sections he described by Pimpinellifoliae, Synstylae and Cinnamomeae are still recognized.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The first researchers of the genus in Russia were F. K. Biberstein V. G. Besser [101], H.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

X.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Steven.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In their works, the classification of rose hips was analyzed.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Western European taxonomists of the genus did not recognize new species that grew in Russia, and identified them with Western European species.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The modern taxonomy of the genus was created taking into account morphological, geographical and karyological data.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Wild species were combined into sections, taking into account the genealogical and morphological commonality.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It was based on the F. Crepe, which was later improved by A. Raeder and Crewsman.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The largest Belgian rhodologist, who devoted his entire life to the study of the family, Krepen studied an extensive collection of Leningrad herbariums.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Later, these herbarium samples were re-examined by Bowlanger, the largest rhodologist of modern times, and the mistakes made by Crepen were corrected.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

But both of these rhodologists were representatives of the “synthetic” trend in rhodology [101].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

For a long time, Crepen, G. Boulanger, R. Keller did not distinguish individual (elementary or one-time) variability from group (statistical) variability associated with natural selection.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

As a result, many hundreds of species, varieties and forms have been established by monographs only for the European section of the range of the genus Rosehips [77].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The first modern taxonomy of Eastern European rosehip species was made in 1941 by S. IN. Yuzepchuk in “Flora of the USSR”.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

An important role was played by the monograph on roses by V. G. Khrzhanovsky, published in 1958 and dedicated to wild rose hips growing in the European part of the USSR, which gives an overview of the entire genus and develops its classification.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the 21st century, a system is used that divides the genus into four subgenuses: three very small subgenuses consisting of one or two species and knocked out of the general system (Hulthemia, Hesperhodos, Platyrhodon), and the vast subgenus Rosa.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The Rosa subgenus contains 10 sections and 135 species [58] [102].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The Gallicanae and Cinnamomeae sections are the most studied due to their economic value, as the first of them contains essential oil species, and the second contains vitaminous species.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Chemical composition


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The chemical composition and accumulation of vitamins, tannins, sugars, organic acids and other metabolic products in fruits and leaves of various types of rose hips differ significantly both in quantitative, and in terms of qualitative indicators [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Fruits


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The fruits of many types of rose hips contain a large amount of vitamin C, which makes them valuable for medicine and a healthy diet.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips contain about 10 times more ascorbic acid than blackcurrant berries, and 50 times more than lemon [103], 60-70 times more than pine, spruce, fir or juniper needles.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The most valuable in this respect are white-flowered and red-flowered species.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Hypanthias of pink-flowered species contain much less vitamin C, and hypanthias of yellow-flowered species have very little vitamin C, but there are many tannins and tannids [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Depending on the place of growth, the chemical composition of fruits in different types of rose hips changes.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The pulp of wrinkled rose hips, which is of industrial importance, contains about 1% (wet weight) of vitamin C [104].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Fresh fruits of needle rose hips in the European part of Russia contain 1.5% vitamin C, and in the Irtysh basin in Kazakhstan - 4.5%.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Begger's rose hips have the highest vitamin C content among species growing in the territory of the former USSR, ranging from 7% to 20%.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Petals


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The petals contain:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

essential oil [105] ((0.02 [106]) 0.04 [107] —0.06 [108]%);


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

fatty oils;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

organic acids;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

sugars;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

glycosides: bitterness, saponins [108];


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

flavonoids [109]: astragalin, hyperoside, kaempferol [110], quercitrin [111] [112], quercetin;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

tannins [108] [113] [114];


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

anthocyanins: peonine, peonidin, cyanidin [115];


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

wax [116];


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

vitamin C [117].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A high content of essential oil was noted in the petals of wrinkled rose hips — 0.25—0.38% [118].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Wax contains aldehydes, higher aliphatic hydrocarbons, higher aliphatic alcohols, higher fatty acids: lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, arachic, behenic, lignoceric, cerotinic; triterpenic acids; steroids [119] [120].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Essential oil from rose petals contains phenylethyl alcohol (about 2% and 20-30% of the total amount of alcohols in the oil) [121], citranellol (22.6%), geraniol (50-60%), nerol (up to 10%), nonadekan [106], higher aliphatic hydrocarbons (9%) [122].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

All of them provide a pleasant smell of rose petals, and phenylethyl alcohol is the main carrier of the smell of rose water [116].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In addition, the essential oil contains eugenol, citral, aldehydes: nonyl, cinnamon and others; carotenoid rubixanthin [106].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Essential oils have astringent, bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effects.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Leaves


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The leaves contain:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

vitamin C [117] [123] [124] [125] (up to 1.5%);


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

tannins [108] [126] [127] (up to 4.5%);


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

catechins [128] [129];


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

flavonoids [108] [109] [130]: astragaline [131];


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

phenolcarboxylic acids and their derivatives: gallic, gentisinic, caffeic, protocatechoic, lilac, vanillin, ferulic, salicylic and others [132] [133];


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

some species have saponins [108] [134].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Polysaccharides and carotenoids were found in the leaves of May rose hips [135].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rusty red rose hips contain up to 55% of essential oil [136].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Branches and roots


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The branches contain catechins (up to 18.28%) [129], saponins [108], vitamin P [137], flavonoids [108].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The bark contains sorbitol.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Galls contain tannins.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The roots contain tannins [103] [138], flavonoids [108], catechins (8.24—18.28%) [129], triterpenoids (5.2%) [138].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The content of tannins in branches and roots is up to 4.5%, and in galls there are even more of them.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Application


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Food use


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Excavations of the oldest settlements in Switzerland indicate that the fruits of dog rose hips were used for human food at the end of the Ice Age [139].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The fruits of many types of rose hips are edible fresh, dried in the form of tea (decoction).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Mashed potatoes, pasta, jam [97], jam, marmalade, pastille [140], compote, sweets, jelly, kvass and the like are prepared from rose hips.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Various dishes were prepared from rose petals in China.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Needled rose hips are edible raw [97].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Jam [107] is cooked from cinnamon rose hips, jam and jelly are cooked from wrinkled petals [52].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Of the species of rose hips growing on the territory of Russia, in addition to the already mentioned species, there are edible fruits and petals of rose hips, dog, [141],,,,,,, blunt, Begger [142], Eichison [141], Fedchenko [142].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The tea surrogate is obtained from the flowers of needle rose hips, Albert, Begger, corymbose, Eichison, Fedchenko, Samarkand, flat-thorned, from the fruits and flowers of dog rose hips, Daurian, May, prickly [107] [141], from young leaves of dog rose hips [23]; coffee surrogate is from dog rose hips [143].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The tea surrogate is obtained from French rose nuts [144], and the coffee surrogate is obtained from cinnamon rose hips [145] and dog nuts [23].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the Caucasus, young rose shoots were eaten as a vegetable [146], and leaves and fruits were brewed like tea due to the high content of tannin [107].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Young branches of cinnamon rose hips are used for food [147].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Slovenia, rosehip is used in the preparation of Cockta soft drinks.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips give the wines a spicy taste, and its petals are used to prepare a liqueur [103] [107].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In industry


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips are the main vegetable raw materials for vitamin plants.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

For this purpose, there are industrial rosehip plantations in all parts of the world, especially in Europe and Asia.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Russia, the population harvested rose hips for the future back in the 16th-17th centuries.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the USSR, plantations of wrinkled rose hips as the largest fruited vitamin species were laid in state farms in Bashkiria, the Mari ASSR, the Chelyabinsk region, Lithuania and the Moscow region on an area of several thousand hectares.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

May rose hips are also used to create production plantations.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is less large-fruited and productive than wrinkled rose hips, but significantly exceeds it in terms of vitamins C and P [52].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Needled, Daurian, Begger, Fedchenko, loose, Albert rose hips are also used as vitamin raw materials in Russia and neighboring countries.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The best soils for rose hips are moderately moist, with a powerful arable layer, chernozem, floodplain, but not flooded, sandy loamy or loamy, rich in nutrients, well permeable to water and air by soil, pH 5.5-6.5.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Soils with a high content of lime, crushed stone, solonetzic, swampy, with a close groundwater standing (1-1.5 m) are not suitable for laying rose hips [69].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the USSR, the canning industry produced jam from rose petals.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Bulgaria and Iran produce rose petal jam [51], and canned food and rose hip jam are produced in the eastern provinces of France of Lorraine and Alsace [103].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose oil is mentioned in the oldest monument of Sanskrit literature, the Vedas.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Oil is obtained from French rose petals in Bulgaria, France, Yugoslavia, Greece, Tunisia, India, partially obtained in the USSR; from damask rose petals - in Bulgaria, Hungary, France, Italy, Spain, Greece, Cyprus, Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, North Africa, received in the USSR; from the petals of the capital rose - in Yugoslavia, Iran, India, Florida, partially obtained in the south of the USSR; from rose petals wrinkled — in Korea, China, Japan, received limited in the USSR; from muxus rose petals — in Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq [51].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

On the territory of the USSR, essential oil roses were cultivated in Moldova, Crimea, Krasnodar Krai, Georgia and Azerbaijan on an area of about 4 thousand hectares [33] [52].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Of the species growing on the territory of Russia, essential oil is given by the petals of needle rose hips [143].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose oil is the most expensive essential oil.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Its content in rose petals rarely exceeds 0.15%, and the factory yield is 0.06-0.1%.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

According to other sources, rose petals contain 0.1—0.22% of essential oil [33].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

To produce 1 kg of rose oil, 3,000 kg of rose petals are required [56].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

During the distillation of the oil, rose water remains.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose oil and its components are used to make the most expensive cosmetics, to flavor liqueurs, wines, confectionery, and some medicines [33].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

French perfumers value roses growing near the city of Graça, as well as on Bulgarian plantations in the Rose Valley between the cities of Kazanlak and Karlovy, more than others.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Damask rose oil is especially valuable.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The culture of this rose in the Kazanlak Valley dates back to the 18th century.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The special microclimate of the Kazanlak Valley (high humidity and moderate temperature during flowering) contributes to the accumulation of a large amount of essential oil in rose petals.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The petals are harvested at sunrise (from five to ten o'clock in the morning) by hand for 20-30 days and processed fresh in factories [33].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Dog rose hip oil is used to make drying oil [147].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Medical use


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Fruits


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips have phytoncidal and powerful bactericidal properties.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

They contain a large amount of antioxidants.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

But most importantly, rose hips are a valuable multivitamin remedy.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

They were used for medicinal purposes, especially as an anti-scorbutic agent since the 16th century, and maybe earlier, when sable and other valuable furs, velvet and satin were replaced with them [148].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Vitamin extracts, syrups, tablets, dragees and decoctions of rose hips are used to treat and prevent diseases associated with a lack of vitamins in the body, primarily vitamin C, with anemia and exhaustion.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehip preparations have a beneficial effect on carbohydrate metabolism, bone marrow, liver, gallbladder functions [97].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In folk medicine, tea from rose hips is used, as well as napar, water infusion and alcohol tincture for scarlet fever, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, inflammation of the kidneys, diseases of the intestines, liver, stomach.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Fatty oil obtained from Begger rose hips, Daurian, Fedchenko seeds is used in folk medicine for burns and dermatitis, trophic ulcers and radiation damage to the skin [149].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A decoction of seeds is used for urolithiasis [23] [150], as a choleretic, anti-inflammatory [151], diuretic agent, for diarrhea [23]; externally for gingivitis [152].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Homeopathy uses fresh fruits to prepare medicines.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Ready dosage forms


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Ascorbic acid is obtained from the fruits of cinnamon, needled, Daurian, Begger, Fedchenko, wrinkled, canine rose hips, the fruits of which contain at least 1% vitamin C [153].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Galascorbin is a complex compound of gallic and ascorbic acid salts.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is used for burns, cracks and as an anti-inflammatory agent [153].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehip syrup is a vitamin remedy used for preventive purposes.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehip oil is a nut oil containing carotenoids and tocopherols.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is used as a wound healing agent.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Carotolin is an oil extract from the pulp of rose hips, used in the treatment of trophic ulcers, eczema and other skin diseases.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Holosas is obtained from condensed aqueous extract of dog rose hips; it is used for hepatitis and cholecystitis, as a choleretic and restorative agent [97].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Anti-asthmatic medicine according to Traskov's prescription [154].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Petals


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The healing properties of rose petals have been known since ancient times.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Avicenna in the Canon of Medical Science recommended lubricating teeth and gums overnight with rose oil for dental health.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

He used rose water to treat eye diseases and eliminate bad breath.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In case of inflammation of the eyes, Avicenna recommended digging rose oil into the eyes and applying rose seeds to the forehead as a distraction [155].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the Middle Ages, in Salerno, rose petals infused with wine were used for diarrhea and female diseases; fresh petals — externally for erysipelas; mixed with honey — for gum disease; mixed with honey water — as an antipyretic; rose oil — for stomach pain and constipation; in combination with vinegar — for infected wounds [116].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The medieval medical-botanical poem “On the Properties of Herbs” provides the following recipes for use:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Right, a rose is deservedly considered a flower of flowers;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Everything surpasses flowers with its aroma and beauty.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

But not with one aroma and charm, the rose can


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

To please us, but it is useful with an abundance of healing qualities;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Her strength is dry and cold - the first degree.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

If you apply it, the sacred fire subsides


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

And the hypochondrium with the stomach will heal, if the heat is embraced;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Together with the wine, it will stop the outflow of the stomach and uterus.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Many different ointments need pink juice;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose dry powder for diseases in the mouth helps,


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rubbed without any impurities only with honey alone in combination.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The heat calms down anyone if the rubbed is applied from above


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Fresh rose il if you drink honey with water.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

They make oil from rose, and it is called rose oil, —


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Help with various diseases, as well as in many cases;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

If you drink, your stomach will soften, and it will subside immediately in the stomach


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The heat is exorbitant, and if you warm it up with an old poultice,


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Headache and fever are healed with this medicine.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

If you mix it with vinegar,


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The dirty wound will be cleaned and the cavity of the wound will be filled,


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

And it also helps with burns excellently.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Being in the mouth for a long time, it heals toothache,


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

As they assure, and for centuries their former softness gives;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

If it is applied, the itching that is hidden in the depths will stop;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It also brings help with various sufferings of the uterus.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

And because rose oil is prepared differently,


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

I'll tell you what Palladium said about this:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Take an ounce of crimson petals from a rose


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

And combine them, having cleaned, you with a pound of olive oil;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The product is in a glass vessel, clogged tightly, under the sun


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is necessary to hang it, and so hold it for the duration of the week;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

After that, it is stored as a means for different cases [156].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The Salerno Code of Health, written in the 14th century, states:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Ruta, and with her sage, wine intoxication is driven.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Roses add a flower, and love pains will subside.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

... Rose, verbena, dill, helidonia as well as rue —


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Everyone goes to the potion, from which their eyesight will sharpen.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

According to the beliefs of the Slavs, the red color of rose petals was associated with blood and therefore gave them the ability to stop blood [157].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

For the same reason, hemoptysis was treated with rose hips [158].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Russia, already in the 17th century, rose hips were widely used to treat soldiers wounded in the war with the Turks.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

At the same time, not only fruits were used, but also other parts of the plant.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehip petals were distilled with water and impregnated with bandages applied to wounds.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This remedy contributed to the healing of wounds, prevented them from spreading.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The edges of the wound were washed with a decoction of fruits to avoid gangrene.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Head injuries were treated with seed oil.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

For a speedy recovery, the wounded were given to drink “svoroborin molasses” [159].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the future, rose hips were not used in medicine, and it was remembered only during the Great Patriotic War [97].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

French rose petals are included in the pharmacopoeia of some countries [160] as an anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, analgesic, astringent used for hypertension, atherosclerosis, peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, dysentery, liver disease [116].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Bulgaria, on the basis of rose oil, the drug rosanol has been created, which has antispasmodic, choleretic and bactericidal properties.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is used for diseases of the liver and biliary tract, as well as for urolithiasis [106].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In France, French rose petals are used as a C-vitamin and anthelminthic agent, recommended for diarrhea, hemorrhoids and as a general tonic.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Bulgaria, Damask rose petals are used for diarrhea and inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, for angina and inflammation of the mucous membranes of the eyes.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Russian folk medicine, rose petal preparations are used for pulmonary tuberculosis, neurasthenia, atherosclerosis [161], as choleretic for liver diseases [108], for conjunctivitis [162] [163], as anti-inflammatory and soothing [164]; in the form of rinses for influenza, angina and other diseases of the oral cavity, as well as a deodorant [108]; finely ground pink powder petals are sprinkled with ulcers and applied to places affected by erysipelas [116]; lotions from decoction of dog rose hip petals are used as hemostatic [23].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Petals cooked with honey are used for erysipelas [103] [165].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Armenia, red rose petals are used for liver diseases, and white rose petals are used for heart diseases [116].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

White rose contains mucous substances, and in small doses it acts as an anthelminthic agent [116].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose petals are part of herbal preparations used in folk medicine for symptomatic hypertension, to strengthen the immune system, cardiac asthma, after myocardial infarction, bronchitis with asthmatic phenomena, influenza, croupous pneumonia with pleurisy, chronic lung diseases, for weakened patients, ulcerative colitis, gastritis, duodenitis, allergic manifestations, hemorrhoids, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, inflammatory processes in the liver, nausea, bad breath, stomatitis, amoebic dysentery, erysipelas, in the form of drops - with conjunctivitis, purulent discharge from the eyes, as part of ointments - for cracks in the lips, hands and feet, in the form of gargling - for thrush in children, in the form of lotions and bandages - for long-term non-healing wounds and ulcers [166].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose water acts as an antiseptic for conjunctivitis.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose oil is obtained from freshly harvested petals by water-steam distillation in a 20-25% solution of sodium chloride [167].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is used for abscesses, angina, bronchial asthma [116], to improve the smell and taste of drugs [167].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehip petals are used fresh in homeopathy [168].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Dried rose petals are part of soothing herbal pillows.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose oil is widely used in aromatherapy [169].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Branches, stems and leaves


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Branches, stems in the form of a decoction are used for malaria, as a diuretic and fixing [170] [171], colic, rheumatism, sciatica [154], colds, heat, gastric disorders, anemia, menstrual pain.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The bark is an emetic [172].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehip leaf infusion is used as an antibacterial and analgesic for colic and gastralgia [151] [173], for malaria, as a diuretic [170] for diarrhea and dyspepsia, for colic, rheumatism, radiculitis [174].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A decoction of dog rose hips leaves is used for scarlet fever, typhoid fever, diarrhea, nephritis, pulmonary tuberculosis, as an analgesic during childbirth [175].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Yakut folk medicine, a decoction of needle rose hips was used as a diuretic, and a decoction of stems and leaves was used for malaria [171].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Dog rose hips galls are used to treat goiter, as a detoxification [23], astringent [107].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Roots


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The roots have choleretic, astringent, antiseptic [165] [176] [177] and bactericidal [178] effects.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In folk medicine, a decoction of rose hips is used for malaria, renal [165] [176] [177], bile-, urolithiasis [150] [179], liver and spleen diseases [23], anorexia, diarrhea and dyspepsia [174], cystitis [180], hypertension, heart disease [174] [177], respiratory infections, externally in rheumatism, radiculitis [174], paralysis [165] [176] [177], as well as for foot baths with muscle weakening [ 103].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In China, rose hips are used as a means of improving digestion and as an anthelminthic [103].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The bark of dog rose hips was used for bites of rabid dogs [23].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Yakut folk medicine, a decoction of needle rose hips roots was given to drink with dysentery [171].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Washington State, the Skagits boil the roots of Nutkan rose hips with sugar and use this decoction for inflammation of the throat [181].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The roots are used in veterinary medicine to treat diarrhea in calves [182].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Use in cosmetics


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A decoction and infusion of rose hips and leaves is used for care for oily, acne, dry, sensitive, irritable skin, as well as for baths.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is recommended to wash with a decoction of rose hips to prevent the appearance of wrinkles [183].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The Russian industry produces a nourishing cream “Rosehip”, containing an aqueous infusion of rose hips, intended for skin with hypersensitivity.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The oil extract (carotolin) obtained from the pulp of rose hips contains carotenoids that contribute to faster healing of wounds, prevent dryness and peeling of the skin, soften and smooth it is protected from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation, has an anti-inflammatory effect.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Therefore, carotolin is introduced into day face creams.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehip extract is part of the Scarlet Rose day cream produced by the Russian industry, designed for dry and normal skin.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehip oil was used for cosmetic purposes in the Middle Ages in Salerno [116].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehip seed oil contains essential fatty acids essential for healthy skin.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It has an antioxidant effect, improves skin structure, has a rejuvenating effect and prevents skin aging.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The most useful oil for the skin is obtained by the cold squeeze method.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehip oil is a part of cosmetic creams for various skin types.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The Russian industry produces nourishing creams that include rosehip oil.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Oily skin lacks essential fatty acids, so rose hip oil is part of creams for problem skin of adolescents.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose oil for making perfumes was already used in ancient Rome.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The aroma of Paestum and Phaseli roses was especially appreciated.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Perfume was added to baths, sprayed rooms and beds.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Perfume was even put in especially valuable wines.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

They were added to lamp oil and poured into funeral fires [184].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose oil is currently used to make the highest grades of perfumes, soap, lipstick [56], it is part of 46% men's and 98% women's perfumes.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose oil is part of day creams suitable for all skin types that protect the surface layers of the skin from moisture loss, for example, it is part of the Russian industry cream “Ballet”.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A bath with rose oil, milk and honey helps to make the skin soft and smooth.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose wax is part of lipstick, can make up to 24% of its composition.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It has a pleasant aroma and antibacterial effect, in forming parts it is close to beeswax.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose wax is also part of some moisturizers that normalize its water metabolism and have a high cleansing and refreshing effect [185].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

For hand care, it is recommended to lubricate them with a mixture of glycerin, rose water (or decoction of rose petals) and ammonia.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

From rosehip petals, a decoction is prepared for washing, preparing cosmetic masks that tone the skin, relieve irritation and fatigue.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Egyptian Queen Cleopatra is credited with knowing many beauty recipes.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

One of the recipes for Cleopatra's cream contains rose water and infusion of rose petals, as well as honey and aloe powder.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Use in green construction


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Due to drought resistance, frost resistance and the ability to renew by root offspring, a well-developed root system, rose hips are valued in erosion control and protective plantations.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

For example, it is used to create ravine and surplus erosion control forest belts in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine [186].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

For the purpose of soil protection on the territory of Russia, rose hips are needled, corymbose, Daurian, wrinkled.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips are able to form dense thickets and are therefore often used to create hedges.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Some rose hips are planted in parks and gardens for ornamental purposes.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

They belong to park roses.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Russia, these are needle rose hips, corymbose, Daurian, loose, May, wrinkled, felt and apple [143].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips are the ancestors of cultivated rose varieties that are considered to be the most beautiful flowers.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose varieties are selected when crossing maternal forms, as well as when random mutations occur.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The first varieties were obtained in ancient times by crossing several wild rose hips with each other, and then the resulting cultivated varieties were crossed with other wild species that gave them new properties.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips serve as a rootstock for roses.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The best rootstock for garden rose varieties is dog rose, as it is resistant to adverse climatic conditions, has a well-developed root system and has rapid growth.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Less commonly used rose hips wrinkled, bluish, May, loose and some others.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Roses adorn gardens and parks, garden plots.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

They are also grown for cutting into bouquets, and not only flowers, but also rose fruits serve as decoration.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Beautifully blooming climbing roses have long been covered with arches, gazebos, trellises installed in front of the walls of buildings [41], creating trellises.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Some rose varieties are grown indoors in pots.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Other use


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips do not produce much nectar, but bees willingly visit it, collecting significant amounts of pollen.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The nutritional qualities of pollen are very high [187].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Honeydew sometimes stands out on rose hips.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is recommended to plant rose hips in places where there are few pollen plants at the end of May - the first half of June.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Honey plants include French rose hips, cinnamon [147], prickly, felt, shaggy [188].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Roots and galls on rose hips were once used to dye fabrics brown [101], and fruit decoction orange-red [97].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Roots and galls contain tannins that can be used for tanning.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Diseases and pests


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehip plantations damage the raspberry-strawberry weevil, bronzes, glitter, leaf caterpillars, unpaired and ringed silkworms, larvae of May beetles, click [69].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

On the branches there are mossy growths - galls.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

They are formed from the injection of rose nutworks and serve as a dwelling for its larvae [56].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Powdery mildew, black spot, gray spot, rust and viral diseases are more common among the diseases [69].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Information from paleobotany


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Plant residues of representatives of the genus Rosa were reliably found only in tertiary sediments.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the province of Xinjiang in China, remains of Rosa hornerii were found in Pliocene deposits.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

At this time, a herbaceous formation with tugai thickets was supposedly distributed on the territory of this province.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Of the tertiary deposits, Rosa hilliae is described one leaf at a time, very characteristic of roses of the Synstylae section and resembling the Rosa anemoniflora leaf [189].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehip is known from the Miocene of Krynka in the Azov Sea [190].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In North America, in the Rocky Mountains, an imprint of Rosa willmottiae leaf belonging to the Upper Miocene was found in the sediments of Lake Florissant.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Plant remains in these sediments indicate a warmer climate, although it was not tropical or even subtropical [189].