Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is reliably known about the existence of rose hips in North America from the Paleogene and Neogene [191].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

There is no reliable information about the place and time of origin of the genus Rosehip, as well as the morphology of its prototype, but paleontological data indicate that in tertiary times, representatives of this genus were distributed in both hemispheres [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Khrzhanovsky divided the species of rose hips into three large groups according to the time of occurrence:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

lianas (Paleogene, humid subtropical forest).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This group is joined by secondary vines and species of the Caninae section and the dog rose hip itself;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

shrubs (Neogene, xerotic formations of Ancient Middle-earth, flora of Velvichia);


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

herbs (Pleistocene, boreal subkingdom).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This form is produced in colder climates [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

At the beginning of the Miocene, there was a cooling and the movement of vegetation zones to the south.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The distribution of Pliocene forests has acquired an island character.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

These islands were naturally associated with the forests of the elevated areas of the East European Plain.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

As a result of this movement and adaptation of trees and shrubs to more arid conditions, endemic species have emerged in southern Eastern Europe.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

According to Khrzhanovsky's treatment, out of 50 wild rose hips in Ukraine, 30 were endemic [192].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose in history


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

For the first time, roses were bred for their beauty in Persia (Iran).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The poets called Persia Gulistan — “Land of Roses” [43].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

From there, garden roses first came to Ancient Greece and then to Rome.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

(Other sources report that, in addition to the East, landscape art (and therefore roses) was borrowed by the Greeks and then by the Romans from Ancient Egypt thanks to the conquests of Alexander the Great.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

) Aristotle's writings give instruction on the cultivation of roses [193].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In ancient times, roses were dedicated to gods.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

With the heyday of the Roman Empire, the rose cult took off [194].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Winners were awarded with roses, newlyweds were decorated, the dead and tombstones were showered.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Republican Rome celebrated “Rose Day” — the day of remembrance of the dead [43].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the ancient Greeks and Romans, flowers for decoration were used mainly in the form of wreaths, most often violets and roses.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Participants of the feasts wore ivy or saffron wreaths on their heads, which were credited with the ability to disperse hops.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

For this purpose, rose wreaths were also used.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

From the east, it was the custom of the Romans to sprinkle flowers on the altars of the gods and the earth.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Roses were sprinkled on the altar of Venus, tables for feasts, and a rain of roses fell on the feasts themselves from the ceiling.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

To meet the great demand for flowers, special gardens were set up in which violets and roses were grown.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Roman emperors used roses no longer as a divine symbol, but as a luxury item.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The extermination of roses for feasts took on monstrous proportions.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Ships loaded to the brim with roses sailed between Paestum and Rome.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Even in winter, Nero and Heliogabal ordered roses from Egypt, and flowers for just one feast cost more than a barrel of gold [195].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

According to legend, Heliogabal, having decided to get rid of his associates, whom he suspected of betrayal, ordered the servants to pour a huge number of rose petals on them, in which they suffocated [43].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Persian landscape art influenced the creation of gardens throughout the Ancient East.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This is how Moorish gardens appeared in Spain, gardens of Tatar khans in the Crimea, gardens in Turkey [193].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In ancient Egypt, rose was grown in gardens already in the Ptolemaic era.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This is evidenced by the surviving sculptures, bas-reliefs, descriptions of writers who lived at that time (Pliny the Elder, Diodorus of Sicily).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

At that time, in Egypt, it was customary to plant grave gardens at tombs: there was a belief that the soul of the deceased, buried according to all the rules, comes out of the grave at night and rests in the garden under the shade trees, inhales the scent of flowers.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Garlands, wreaths were woven from the grown flowers to decorate mummies, columns of temples.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

At feasts, guests were put wreaths of flowers on their heads, and flower necklaces were hung around their necks.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The petals of the grown roses were used to make rose water and various balms.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Athenaeus said that Cleopatra, preparing for Antony's meeting, ordered to cover the floor of the refectory with rose flowers to a height of one elbow [196].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Roses were brought to Babylonia and Assyria back in the days of the Akkadian Kingdom by Sargon I from his campaign for the Central Taurus [197].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Roses were grown in gardens and parks set up at the palaces of kings and nobility and served for walking, recreation and hunting.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

These gardens were created on artificial embankments, terraces and hills (the so-called “hanging gardens”) [196].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Many famous people were fond of growing roses.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Russia, when rose growing was just in its infancy, roses were grown in greenhouses, and only wealthy people could afford it.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

P. A. Demidov, the elder brother of the Ural entrepreneur and owner of metallurgical plants G. A. Demidov had a botanical garden in Neskuchny, where he grew exotic plants in greenhouses.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

From a census of plants in this garden made by P. S. Pallas, it is known that 11 species of rose hips were grown in Demidov's garden, of which only three grew in Russia, while the rest were imported, apparently, from France.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

At the same time, lacquer painting of metal trays was born in the Urals, in Nizhny Tagil, the main element of which is the “Tagil rose”.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In 1870, an enterprising serf peasant of Count Sheremetyev F. N. Vishnyakov opened a lacquer workshop in Zhostovo and began to produce painted caskets, chests, trays.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose became the central theme of his compositions.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose in symbolism and literature


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose is one of the most common mythopoetic images [198].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Hinduism, rose ranks first among flowers.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Brahma argued about flowers with Vishnu and preferred lotus first, but when he saw the rose shown to him by Vishnu, he admitted his mistake and at the same time Vishnu's primacy.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A silver rose is Brahma's home.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Aesop's fable, a beautiful rose, whose age is brief, is a symbol of short-lived luxury, not like a modest, but long-living and blooming marigold neighbor “as if it had just bloomed” [199].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the work of the ancient writer Apuleius “Metamorphoses”, the main character Lucius, who turned into a donkey with the help of witchcraft and underwent many ordeals in this form, turned to the gods for help.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Isis responded to Lucius's request, offering him to eat blooming roses, after which Lucius regained his human form and became the priest of Isis and Osiris.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the ancient Romans, the rose symbolized joy, later mystery, silence.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

There was an expression that became a proverb — “Sub rosa dictum” (“It is said under the rose”), that is, it must be kept secret.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Later in Germany, the rose continued to be a sign of secret societies and sacraments in general.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The German expression Unter der Rosen — “under the rose” means “keep secret.”


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

If a rose was hung on the wall above the table, it meant that the conversation should be kept secret [200].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose is a symbol of sun, star, love and beauty.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In ancient Rome, the rose was associated with Venus and, according to a number of versions, came from the tears of Venus, a woman in general, mostly beautiful.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is no coincidence that there are many names associated with a rose: Rose, Rosina, Rosita, Rosetta, Rosalia, Rosalind, Rosamund, etc. In ancient Greece, the rose is a symbol of the god of love Eros and an attribute of Aphrodite, who, pricked with a thorn of a white rose, shed her blood on its petals, after which red roses appeared [201].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose was called the sun in his poems by V. K. Trediakovsky, G. R. Derzhavin, it “shines” in F. A. Iskander, Igor Severyanin.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

S. A. Yesenin compared it to a lamp, and N. A. Klyuev — with a lamp.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

No less often, a rose was compared to a precious stone: B.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

L. Parsnip with diamond, Trediakovsky with yakhont.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the poetry of all times and peoples, the rose is the queen of flowers.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

“Queen of Flowers”, “Queen”, “Lady of Kingdoms” in their poems Derzhavin, M. YU.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Lermontov, Ye.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A. Baratynsky.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In poetry and prose, the rose is often used in comparisons when describing female beauty: M. A. Lokhvitskaya, B.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

YU.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Poplavsky, V. AND. Narbut, Arseny Tarkovsky compared a rose with lips; Narbut rose petals with fingers; a figurative comparison of a rose with an ear was cited in his poem by N. M. Oleinikov; I. A. Bunin compared roses with eyes; Lokhvitskaya likened matte pale roses to the beauty of women's shoulders, and pink roses to scarlet cheeks.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Some poets (Severyanin, A. A. Voznesensky) heard music in roses.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Tarkovsky compared the sounds made by rose hips with the sound of piano strings [202].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

At the same time, in Rome, ancient Greece, China and in a number of German-speaking countries, the rose was a flower associated with funeral and death.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It was often turned into a flower of the afterlife.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the novel by M. A. Bulgakov's “The Master and Margarita” by Pontius Pilate from dawn is haunted by the smell of rose oil, which he hated the most.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The reason seems to be due to the rose's death.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

After Yeshua's execution, the wind carries plucked roses to the balcony, and two white roses drown in a red, bloody pool of spilled wine.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Here, roses represent death both in number and color.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose in the novel appears in various versions in the scene of Woland's ball: Margarita is washed with rose oil after a bloody shower; shoes made of “pale rose petals” are put on her feet; in the second hall, walls of red, pink, milky white roses.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose acts as a direct attribute of Woland, that is, it symbolizes the afterlife [203].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose symbolizes the number five.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Catholic use, rosary and a special prayer for them are called the Rosary.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rosary is associated with the reflection on three “fives”, five “joyful”, five “mournful” and five “glorious” mysteries of the life of the Virgin Mary, whose attribute is also a rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose in Catholicism is also an attribute of Jesus Christ, St. George, Saints Catherine, Sophia, Dorothea, Valentine, Theresa and others, often symbolizes the church in general.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Ukraine, where the influence of the Catholic religion is strong, the wedding towel was decorated with red and blue tassels.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Red was associated with a rose, and blue with periwinkle, and this combination symbolized “nev'yanuchi the purity of love” — “unfading pure love” [204].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Christianity, rose means mercy, mercy, forgiveness, divine love, martyrdom, victory.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Lermontov's poems, the rose is “the daughter of heaven”.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Voznesensky found a resemblance between a rose with a bud and a Madonna with a child [202].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In medieval Christian art, the rose symbolized heavenly bliss.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The parts of the rose also received a symbolic meaning: greenery is joy, thorns are sadness, the flower itself is glory.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

At the end of Dante's Divine Comedy, the rose is a mystical symbol that unites all the souls of the righteous.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Each petal is the soul of the righteous, and the highest of them is the Mother of God.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The heavenly rose is the image of Dante's Paradise, the universe and supreme bliss.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

After Dante, the rose increasingly symbolized spiritual selectivity and perfection, creative impulse (in Italian humanistic Neoplatonism, the philosophy of the Rosicrucians and Freemasons, etc.).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose as a symbol of earthly sensitive passion was popular in medieval courtly literature (for example, “The Novel of the Rose”), modern European love lyrics, erotic allegorics of the 16th-18th centuries.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

With earthly love and passion, the rose was associated in their poems by M. Lermontov, Vyach.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

AND. Ivanov N. S. Gumilyov.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

We compared a rose with fire Derzhavin, Bunin, M. A. Voloshin, Andrey Bely, A. A. Akhmatova [202].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Sasha Black rose hips called “violently fiery” and compared it with an “unrestrained lover” [202].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose became the pivotal symbol image in the art of romantics (W. Blake, D. G. Rosseti, A. Stifter), symbolists of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries (S. Mallarme, W. de Lisle-Adan, O. Wilde), poets of the Silver Age (A. A. Blok, O. E. Mandelstam, Akhmatova).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A. A. Fet dedicated poems “Rose”, “Autumn Rose”, “September Rose”, “Month and Rose”, “Nightingale and Rose” to the rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Akhmatova wrote a series of poems called “Rosehip blooms. From a burnt notebook.”


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Her rose hips in this cycle are a symbol of eternal separation and longing.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Red rose is a Christian symbol of the earthly world; the emblem of Adonis, Aphrodite, Venus, Sappho; the sign of the house of Lancaster; delight, shyness, shame, desire, hug, passion, motherhood, death, martyrdom.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Gumilyov called the rose a virgin, in his poems the rose turns pink with embarrassment and blushes “burned by the fire of love.”


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Derzhavin, Vyazemsky and Gumilyov compared the red color of the rose with blush, women's cheeks.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The red rose was compared to the blood of K. N. Batyushkov, Mandelshtam, M. D. Roizman, Y.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A. Eichenwald.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the verses of Derzhavin and Pushkin, the red rose is the “child of dawn” [202].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

White rose — purity, virginity, spirituality, abstract thought, silence; a sign of the House of York; a symbol of Lutheranism (Luther Rose).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Red and white roses together mean unity, union.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A garland or crown of roses is an attribute of Eros, Cupid, Saint Cecilia; a blissful soul, heavenly joy, comfort in the Christian faith; an angelic crown.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

U A. Blok in the poem “The Twelve” Jesus Christ “in a white corolla of roses”.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Akhmatova's poems we read: “but soon... roses will be braided with a crown of hearts and the voices of the invisible will sound” [202].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose on the cross represents the death of Christ, the rose thorn represents suffering, death, the Christian symbol of sin; the rose without thorns is ingratitude; the wreath on the rose is heavenly joy, the reward for virtue; the rose garden New Jerusalem.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The golden rose is a rose made of gold and strewn with diamonds, every year on the fourth Sunday of fasting (Sunday of Roses) is consecrated by the Pope in the presence of the college of cardinals and brought into the temple; a symbol of the church, heavenly blessing and joy; complains by the Pope as a special difference, usually to the face of the sovereign house.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

According to some reports, this custom already existed under Pope Leo IX; according to others, it first occurs only around 1400.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A rose rosette is a sign of the seven names of Allah in Islam; in Buddhism, knowledge, law, the path of order, that is, a triple axiom symbolized by the lotus; a star, a circle of the universe.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

For Arabs, the rose is a male symbol; in Jewish Kabbalah, the rose is a symbol of unity.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the classic image, the rose has 32 petals, hence the name wind rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose in myths and legends


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the myths of the ancient Greeks, the rose arose from the nectar that Eros shed at the feast of the gods.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In ancient Roman mythology, the rose arose from the tears of Venus.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the mythology of different peoples, there are several versions of explaining the red color of a rose and the appearance of thorns in it:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose turned red after blood fell on her from Aphrodite's leg, which pricked her thorn while searching for Adonis she killed.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose turned red and turned red with pleasure after being kissed by Eve walking in the Garden of Eden.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose turned red due to Cupid's carelessness, who spilled a drop of wine on its petals.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The origin of rose thorns is also associated with Cupid.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Breathing in the scent of the rose, Cupid was stung by a bee.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Angry, he shot the bee with a bow and hit the stem of a rose, after which the arrow turned into a thorn.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The origin of rose thorns is also associated with Bacchus.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In pursuit of the nymph, Bacchus found himself in front of an insurmountable barrier of thorns and ordered her to turn into a fence of roses.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

However, after making sure later that such a fence would not be able to hold the nymph, Bacchus provided the roses with thorns.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A similar myth exists among the Algonquin Indians.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Gluskabe provided the rose with thorns to protect it from being eaten by animals.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the Christian religion, the red color of a rose is associated with the blood of Christ shed on the cross.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The white rose is associated with tears shed by Mary Magdalene.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Often, the red color of the rose is associated with fire.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

There is a well-known motive for turning the ashes of burned Christian martyrs into red roses.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the Iranian legend of Zarathustra, he was laid on a bed of ashes to kill him, but the ashes turned into red roses.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the Arab Muslim myth, a white rose is the sweat that fell from Muhammad to the ground, which appeared on his way to heaven.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose is found in legends and fairy tales of many peoples.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Iranian legends and fairy tales, the nightingale's love for the rose is traditional.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The nightingale cries out if a rose is picked.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose is red from the blood of a nightingale in love with it.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

If the rose is the embodiment of youth and beauty that pleases the eye, then the nightingale is the best singer and the standard of beauty in music.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Lithuanians have a fairy tale about the unrequited love for the beautiful singer Dainas, who drowned himself in grief and turned into a nightingale; only then did the beauty feel love for him, also died of grief and turned into a hundred-petal rose that blooms when the nightingale stops singing [205].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale “Swineherd” says: On the grave of the prince's father grew a rose bush of unspeakable beauty; it blossomed only once every five years, and only one bloomed on it rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

But she poured such a sweet aroma that by drinking it, you could forget all your sorrows and worries.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The prince also had a nightingale who sang so wonderfully, as if he had all the most wonderful melodies in the world in his neck.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

All the best that the poor prince had — a rose and a nightingale — he gave to the princess by marrying her.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

However, she did not appreciate this gift.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The same motif sounds in poetry.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The poems “Nightingale and the Rose” were written by Pushkin, A. AND. Odoevsky and Fet.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Blok's poem “Nightingale Garden”, although it does not mention the nightingale's love for the rose, roses grow in the nightingale garden.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

U D. IN. Davydov in the poem “Siskin and the Rose” is replaced by a siskin.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In a famous Georgian song by A. Tsereteli and V. Tsereteli “Suliko” the author is looking for the grave of his beloved, his feelings suggest that it has turned into a rose he found in the forest, shedding tears in the form of dew.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The longing lover asks if it is not her, and the nightingale singing in the bushes seems to answer him: “It's me!”


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose in fairy tales is the standard of earthly beauty, the personification of spring and youth.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the Grimm brothers' fairy tale Snow White and the Krasnozorka, one girl (Snow White) looked like a white rose, and the other (Krasnozorka) looked like a red, like two rose bushes growing under the window of their house.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In a Slovak fairy tale, a young sea maiden says to the old king: “My face is blooming with roses, and your head is covered with snow” [205].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Roses in fairy tales and myths are associated with the afterlife evergreen garden.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In German fairy tales (including the fairy tale of the Brothers Grimm “Mrs. Metelitsa”) and myths, the kind and hard-working stepdaughter, jumping into the well on the orders of her stepmother, got into the service of Mrs. Metelitsa, where every morning shook the feather bed, while it was snowing on the ground.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

For her work, the girl was showered with golden rain, pieces of gold fell from her mouth, tears turned into pearls, and fresh roses grew from under her feet.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Instead of a reward, the angry and negligent stepmother's own daughter was smeared with soot and resin, snakes and toads fell from her mouth.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A. N. Afanasyev connected Mrs. Metelitsa in such fairy tales with the cloud goddesses Holda (Golda) and Perkhta (Bertha), whose dwelling, according to many peoples, was a deep well that led not down, but up into the sky.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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There is an eternal garden, where dawn roses and bright lightning flowers bloom, golden apples ripen.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The souls of unborn babies and the dead go there.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In the tales of Holde, two souls enter her kingdom: one selfless and kind, the other greedy and evil.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The good one settles in the area of light and becomes golden, illuminated by the sun, it gets to where the golden sun rises, the sky is painted with pink colors of dawn and dew and pearl falls, and the evil one hits to the area of demons, darkness and bad weather, that is, where there is snow and rain [205].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In the Christian religion, St. Peter scatters “roses of paradise”, inviting the righteous to paradise [200].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Some fairy tales use the ability of rose hips to form impassable thickets.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm “Spiked” and Charles Perrault “Sleeping Beauty” describe the same plot in which a princess or just a beauty falls asleep at the request of an evil witch for many years and wakes up at the appointed hour (at the behest of fate), when she is found by a prince who has made his way through insurmountable thickets of thorns or rose hips for other people.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In the German tradition, the rose belongs to and is protected by dwarves, dwarfs and fairies.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In Germany, the gall, which forms on wild rose hips in the form of a mossy round growth, is called the “sleepy apple”.


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There is a belief that if you put a “sleepy apple” under your head, a person will sleep until the gall is removed.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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To protect the house from misfortune, the gall is stuck behind the kitchen beams.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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This belief is associated with the myths that exist among different peoples about the murder of the sun god (and the onset of winter) with an arrow made from an alien mistletoe plant [206].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Rose in other forms of oral folk art


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In proverbs and sayings


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Proverbs of many peoples contrast the beauty of rose flowers and its thorns and are used in the sense that everything attractive has drawbacks:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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“There is no rose without thorns” — in Russian, English (There is no rose without a thorn), French (Il n'y a pas de rose sans épines), Turkish;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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“Whoever collects roses is not afraid of thorns” — in Azerbaijani and Crimean Tatar languages;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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“Who loves roses also loves thorns” — in Uzbek and Armenian;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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“There is no rose without thorns, no pearl without a shell” — in Uzbek;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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“Wherever a rose is, there is always a thorn next to it” and “Rose is a friend of the thorn” in Persian;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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“There is no rose without thorns, no honey without poison” — in Turkmen;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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“There is no rose without thorns and love without rivals” — in the Kurdish language.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Other sayings have the opposite meaning — there can be something good in everything bad:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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“Roses come out of thorns” — in Arabic;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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“His mother is onions, his father is garlic, and he grew up with pink jam” — in Turkish.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Still others use the tenderness of the rose and its aroma:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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“What's harder than stones? A man! That roses are more tender? Man!” — in Persian;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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“Man is harder than stone and softer than rose” and “What does buffalo understand in rose aroma?” — in Pashtun;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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“Someone else's rose does not smell” — in Turkish;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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“The finished business smells like roses” — in Turkmen;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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“Anyone who does not know how to be grateful will not smell fragrant, even if he is showered with a hundred rose petals” — in Vietnamese.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In French, there are many expressions involving a rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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If you look good, they say that you are “fresh as a rose” — fraîche comme une rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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If the French doubt someone's hygiene, they will say, that he “does not smell like a rose” — il ne sent pas la rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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“Sentimental story” in French — “story in rose water” — histoire dans l'eau de rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The expression “discover all the secrets” in French means “find a pot of roses” — decouvrir le pot aux roses [207].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In riddles


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Riddles in Russian folklore:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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There is a thorn on a pitchfork, dressed in purple; whoever comes up will ring.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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There is a khan's tree, a shamakhan dress, angelic flowers, claws devilishly.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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It is worth a green bush, if you touch it, it will bite.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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He sits on a stick in a red shirt, his abdomen is stuffed with pebbles [208].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In Serbo-Croatian folklore: “Swi tsarimi u crveno, tsar himself is green”, which can be translated as “All princesses are in red, and the king himself is in green” [209].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In songs


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In Russian folk songs, there is a motif “bed for an old husband”, which the young wife spreads from nettles and rose hips.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Similar songs were recorded in Perm and Kursk provinces, in the Tver region [210], as well as in the Vyatka province:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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I'm dexterous to the old man


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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I'm dexterous, dexterous:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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I'll bed a bed,


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Bed, bed, —


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In three rows brick;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The fourth spike is prickly,


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Prickly, prickly;


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The nettle is effervescent,


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Effervescent, effervescent [211].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Many folk songs have been composed about the rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The Serbian folk song is called “Oj, ruzice rumena” — “Oh, rosy rose”, Bulgarian — “Byala rose” — “White rose”, Hungarian — “You see a rose”, Georgian — “I admired a rose”, gypsy — “Two roses”.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In Finnish, there are folk songs “Rose in the Valley” and “Rose by the Road”.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The Oryol Russian Folk Choir sings the song “There is a white and pink rose in the garden”.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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There is a song by unknown authors “They picked a rose”.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In people's signs


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Phenologists consider the flowering of rose hips to be the beginning of summer.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Rosehip blooms - the blush of the year leads [212].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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“Rosehip, sweet messenger of summer...” (N. A. Kholodkovsky)


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The flowers of rose hips can be used to determine the time: they open at 4-5 am and close at 7-8 pm [213].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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If the rose hip or rose does not open its buds, it is for rain [214].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Roses fade — good dews fall [214].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Rose Traditions


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The Rose Festival — Rosalia — has been known in ancient Rome since the 1st century, celebrated in mid-May, during the flowering of roses.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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It was a holiday of remembrance of the dead, when it was customary to put roses on the grave.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Later, among the peoples of the Mediterranean (Spain, Italy and Southern France), the spring-summer holiday of the Trinity (Pentecost) was called the “pink resurrection” (domenica rosarum, pascha rosata, etc.) [200] [215].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In more nordic countries (Holland, Belgium, Southern Germany and Austria), this holiday was moved to the end of June — early July and combined with Petrov's Day [200].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Until now, Bulgarians and Macedonians after the Trinity celebrate Rusalia, or mermaids.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Russians also celebrated mermaid week or mermaid farewell after Troits.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The Russian word “mermaid” comes from the name of this holiday [216].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The rose is used in the Balkans in various ceremonial actions on St. George's Day, which marks the arrival of spring and the awakening of nature.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In the rite of the first milking, the windowsill is decorated with a Damascus rosebud or dog rose hip [217].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The rose is used in the ritual of driving away evil forces from cattle and the house, which is due to the thorns of the rose and its property of an amulet [218].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The sacrificial lamb is slaughtered under a rose bush [217].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The ability of a rose, along with other plants, to revive, grow, bloom and bear fruit every year is transferred to people who come into contact with it.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In order to preserve and increase their health, Bulgarian girls wash under a rose bush [217] or leave water under it on the eve of Yuri's Day, which they wash their hair on Yuri's Day, so that “the girl's braid is pink and beautiful as a rose” [217].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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P. AND. Melnikov-Pechersky in his novel “In the Woods” described the celebration in Russia of Ivan Kupala's Day, dedicated to the pagan god of the sun Yaril.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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During this holiday, rose hips, along with other prickly and burning plants, were covered with brushwood prepared for the festive fire.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The Southern Slavs lowered hawthorn and rose hips into the bathing water for a newborn to make it a protection for the child [219].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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June 6 was called the day of the freedom tree among the Russian people, from that day rose hips bloomed and summer began [212].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The first of October is Evmen-day, or the day of Arina Rosehip.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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On this day, rose hips were harvested.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The rose hips harvested at this time was considered the most useful [220].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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On April 23, Spain celebrates St. George's Day, which is also called the Rose and Book Festival.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The Spanish version of the legend of Saint George says that a drop of the dragon's blood killed by George grew a scarlet rose, which George gave to the princess.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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On this day, it is customary to give girls scarlet roses, and books to young men [221] [222].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Rose is especially honored in Bulgaria, where it has long been grown to produce rose oil.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In Bulgaria, every year on May 21 (in turn in the cities of Kazanlak and Karlovy), the Rose Festival is held, at which the Rose Queen is selected [223] [224].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Rose festivals are also held in other countries.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The most famous is the annual Rose Festival in Portland, Oregon, USA.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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It also selects the Rose Queen.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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It has been celebrated since 1907, and rose cultivation in the state began in 1837, when the first rose bush was presented as a wedding gift [225].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In the Czech city of Cesky Krumlov, since the Middle Ages, the Rosenberg Castle has held a five-petal rose festival every year on June 17 [226].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Vardavar holiday in Armenia is also associated with roses.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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According to one version, the name of the holiday is associated with the root ward — “rose”, and it means “showering roses” [227].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Catholics celebrate Saint Rose Day on August 30 in Latin America and August 23 in Europe.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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This day is celebrated by all women whose names are associated with the rose as their name days [207].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The custom that existed since ancient times to pour rose petals on the head of the bride and groom has been revived.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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According to the custom that existed in the 19th century in Russia, the bride was decorated with a wreath of orange flowers and myrtle flowers, a bouquet of the same flowers was given to the bride before the wedding by the groom or best man, for lack of them - from white roses or lilies of the valley [228].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Rose in music


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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F. Schubert composed music for the songs “Garland of Roses” to lyrics by F. Klopstock, “The Rose” to the words of F. Schlegel and Wild Rose to the words of an unknown poet, R. Wagner — for the song “The Rose” to lyrics by P. Ronsard.


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A. A. Alyabyev wrote the romance “Rose” to the words of S. F. Tolstoy [229].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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M. AND. Glinka wrote the song “Where is our rose” to the words of A. S. Pushkin, and A. S. Dargomyzhsky — to the songs “O Maiden Rose, I'm in Shackles” to the words of Pushkin, “Oh, Lucky You, Rose” and music for the duet “Virgo and the Rose” to lyrics by A. A. Delvig.


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M. A. Kuzmin wrote the romance “Child and the Rose”.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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R. Strauss wrote music for the comic opera Der Rosenkavalier [230].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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One of the most beautiful waltzes by I. Strauss is called “Roses from the South”, or “Southern Roses” (“Rosen aus den Sden”) [231].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Many singers sing the song “Black Rose”, which is considered to be folk, although the author of its words (later modified) is A. B.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Kusikov, who emigrated to France in 1925 [232].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Rose in visual arts


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The rose marks the “divine” harmony of the universe, serves as a symbol of holiness and is present in many works of art, on the stained glass windows of many medieval temples, in images of saints.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In Sweden, the very concept of “folk art” is called rosemalning, that is, “rose painting”.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The rose is depicted on a 3rd century mosaic from Daphne, a suburb of Antioch, kept in the Louvre.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The image of a rose is found in works of medieval miniature (Mughal painting, Armenian miniature, Persian miniature).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Sandro Botticelli depicted roses in his paintings (“The Birth of Venus”, “Madonna and Child John the Baptist”).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In baroque painting of the 17th century, the rose became the main part of symbolic still lifes (Frans Snyders, Maria van Oosterwijk, Evert van Aelst).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Since the 17th century, primarily in Holland, flower painting has become a separate branch of art, and paintings with roses appeared [195].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The image of a rose is often found in paintings by Francois Boucher.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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IN. A. Tropinin painted the painting “Girl with a Pot of Roses” (1850).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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He often turned to the image of rose hips by M. A. Vrubel (“Rosehip”, “Lilies and Roses” and “Yellow Roses” — 1884, “Rose in a Glass” — 1904 [233]).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Still lifes with roses were painted by impressionist artists Auguste Renoir, Van Gogh, Edouard Manet, Zacharia Astruk, from Russians by K. A. Korovin.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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No artist can compare with Konstantin Korovin in terms of the number of paintings dedicated to the Crimean rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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At his dacha in Crimea, he became interested in painting still lifes, among which roses occupied the main place.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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He painted bouquets of roses in various vases, against the background of the sea or in a wicker chair, sometimes a slender female figure appeared next to them.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Despite the fact that the roses were mostly plain, the artist caught the slightest change in tones when the lighting changed.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Sometimes, in the absence of live roses, Korovin painted paper roses [32].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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French artist and botanist Pierre-Joseph Redoute is known for his drawings of roses from the Josephine Beauharnais rose garden.


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In 1817, he published the book Roses with watercolor illustrations.


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Botanical illustrations of Redute roses were at that time a significant phenomenon not only for science, but also for art.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The most ancient element of the floral ornament - the rosette - is a stylized image of a flower that can be a daisy, a daisy, etc., when viewed from above.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In Persian ornaments, which replaced ancient Egyptian, Assyrian and Babylonian ornaments, an image of a rose hip appeared.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In the later Islamic floral ornament, there are very often images of a rose and pomegranate fruit, symbolizing paradise life.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The rose has become an element of ornaments in Europe since the late Middle Ages [234] [235].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The image of floral ornaments, including roses, on carpets came to Europe from the East and is as old as the carpets themselves.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Such ornaments were depicted on wall carpets produced at the factory of the Gobelin brothers in Paris, who received their name by their last name.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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And already from the tapestries, the image of the rose passed to paper wallpaper.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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From the East in the Middle Ages, the custom of applying floral ornaments with beautiful flowers to clothes and fabric came to Europe.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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This custom reached its peak in the Baroque era, when large flower patterns began to be applied to the fabric, as well as covering dresses from top to bottom with embroideries.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Rose in architecture


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The rosette is the main and oldest element of stylized ornaments in architecture.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The rosette was found in the ruins of a palace in Nineveh and is still a favorite decoration for architecture of all styles [195].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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A rose is a round window with a binding in the form of radial rays in Romanesque and Gothic buildings of the 12th-15th centuries.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Magnificent in its exquisite pattern, the rose decorated in the 15th century the holy chapel of Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, which is the pinnacle of Gothic art in architecture [236].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The rose in the northern transverse nave of Chartres Cathedral is very famous.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The intersection points of the squares and circles of the binding of this window are determined by the Fibonacci series, a proportion associated with many structures of the plant world, including rose flowers [237].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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During the Gothic period, a type of openwork ornament was created (or rather designed with the help of a ruler and a compass), called a maswerk, one of the elements of which was a rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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A large place in Gothic was given to floral ornaments, thorny plants were especially often used, and rose hips were often depicted [235].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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An image of a Damascus rose, made to the smallest detail, can be seen on the bronze door at the entrance to the Florentine Baptistery, made by Ghiberti between 1403 and 1424.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Rose in applied art


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Since ancient times, rose has been used in painting ceramic products.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In ancient Greece and ancient Rome, mythological scenes were chosen as a drawing, but flowers were already present in them.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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As a rule, these were single flowers.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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On a ceramic medallion from 510—500 BC


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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, stored in the Archaeological Museum in Florence, depicts Eros flying with a rose flower in his hands.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Rose is an integral part of the products of masters of Russian folk art crafts (Zhostovo painting, Gzhel, Khokhloma, Gorodetsky painting), Ukrainian Petrikov painting.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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A special technique of depicting a rose in Zhostovo lacquer painting on metal trays is called the “Tagil rose”, since this craft first appeared in Nizhny Tagil.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In the center of the tray, it is customary to draw a rose or other large garden flower, as well as rose hips [238].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The Gzhel rose is the hallmark of Gzhel cobalt underglaze painting.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The Dulyovo Porcelain Factory, located in the city of Likino-Dulyovo, was engaged in the production of porcelain using the Gzhel technique.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Dulev residents adopted the traditional manner of painting dishes with roses from Gzhel masters, but the Dulev rose contains mainly four colors and gold instead of one blue, and the signature Dulev rose is pink- purple.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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Dulevo rose is called “agashka” after the most common name of craftsmen who were engaged in hand painting products of the Dulyov factory [239].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Gorodetskaya and Petrikov painting is a painting of wooden products, although originally Petrikov painting was used to decorate the walls.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The main compositional motifs of Petrikov's painting are decorative panels resembling manufactory carpets of the 19th century.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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It is dominated by floral ornament, in which a rose is often present.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In Gorodets painting, floral ornament is also often used, and tempera is the main material.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The rose is drawn schematically in a peculiar manner of writing.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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In 1824-1827, the Yusupov porcelain factory in Arkhangelskoye produced a series of plates “Roses” with rose drawings made exactly according to Redute's illustrations.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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A dessert service with drawings of roses from the Josephine and rose hips collection is kept in the Pink Pavilion of the Pavlovsk Palace.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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It was presented to Empress Dowager Maria Fedorovna in 1820 by the wife of Emperor Alexander I and called the “Rose Pavilion Service” [240].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The rose has become an element of vegetative-geometric ornaments of Ukrainian folk embroidery since the 18th century, and since the 20th century it has become an element of plant-naturalistic ornaments.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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If in the first case a stylized image of a rose was used, in the second case it was a naturalistic image [241].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The favorite plot of Torzhok gold embroidery (embroidery with gold threads) is a rose branch with flowers, buds and leaves [242].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The spread of rose cross stitch among the common people of Ukraine and Russia at the end of the XIX century was facilitated by the soap company Brocar & K°, whose products at that time were very popular and wrapped in a package with printed embroidery patterns.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

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The motifs of Ukrainian embroidery are close to the embroidery of the peoples of Southern Europe [241].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A special place in all Russian folk paintings and embroideries was occupied by a bathing suit, or swimsuit.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This name was kept until the middle of the XIX century, that is, before the appearance of French garden roses in Russia, and later this element was called “rosan” or “rose” for its resemblance to a real rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose, or “face”, is present on traditional “Easter eggs” of Ukrainian Polissya [241].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the Alpine countries, in the 16th and 17th centuries, there was a custom to paint chests that served as dowries to brides, blooming rose branches and grapes [195].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The method of cutting gemstones is called a rose cut, and a distinction is made between a Dutch rose, an Antwerp rose, a semi-Dutch rose, a double Dutch rose and others [243].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose is such a vivid symbol that even in mathematics, the curve was called a rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose in numismatics


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The image of a rose is found on a silver coin of Rhodes, dating back to 500-400 BC.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

[244] The goddess of the island is considered to be the nymph Rhoda, wife of Helios, according to the ancient Greek legend of the founder of the island.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The symbol of Rhoda was a rose, from its name the name of Rhoda came from, and the name of the goddess, in turn, gave the name to the island [245].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

One of the rare Russian silver coins minted in 1736 with a denomination of one ruble depicts Anna Ioannovna with a rose flower in her hand.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The stamp for it was made by Gedlinger I. K. [246]


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose in heraldry


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Since the 12th century, the rose has been introduced into heraldry and has become one of its most stable signs.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A rose in heraldry could be gold, silver, red, white and even blue [200].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Heraldry uses a stylized wild rose with five petals.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It can be depicted with thorns and a core, it can be true, that is, depicted with sepals and a golden core.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A rose can also have a branch and leaves.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Russia, in the XVIII-XIX centuries, not a stylized, but a natural rose was used [200].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The much earlier use of the rose on Rhodes as an emblem (depicted on coins, seals, medals, etc.) can be attributed to the nascent state heraldry and therefore the rose can be considered one of the most ancient heraldic figures [247].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In England, the red rose was the emblem of Lancaster, and the white rose was the emblem of the York dynasty that was at odds with it (War of the Scarlet and White Rose).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

After the reconciliation of these dynasties, the rose appeared in the coat of arms of King Henry VII of England, and later became a traditional heraldic figure in England, the so-called Tudor Rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The transformation of the rose into an English emblem occurred after the Crusades and the participation of King Richard the Lionheart in them.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose became even more entrenched as an emblem in England after the Pope twice presented a golden rose to the English kings.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The Tudor Rose is now the semi-official emblem of England [200].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The image of the rose can be seen on the coats of arms and flags of Hampshire, Lancashire, Leicestershire, Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Cumbria, Northamptonshire.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Three red roses are depicted on the coat of arms and flag of the city of Roosendaal in the Netherlands.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Three red roses are depicted on the coat of arms of the French city of Grenoble.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The red rose is the emblem of the England national rugby team.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The scarlet rose is the emblem of the Socialist International and its member parties.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is depicted natural in both shape and color along with the branch.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Individual parties vary this emblem, changing the number of leaves, size and apparent number of petals.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The Swedish Social Democratic Party depicts a rose with a scarlet contour inscribed in a circle [200].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The English rose, along with burdock (Scotland) and narcissus (Wales), is depicted on the national emblem of Canada at the feet of the shield holders, thereby indicating which states laid the foundation for the Canadian States [200].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A blooming rose hip is depicted on the coat of arms of the Canadian province of Alberta.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The coat of arms of Finland depicts nine white roses [200].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Four white roses are present on the coats of arms of Örebro and Östergötland County in Sweden.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The white rose is a component of the Lutheran emblem — the Luther Rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

One of the most famous petroglyphs of the Camonica Valley was named the Kamun rose for its resemblance to a flower.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The stylized Kamun rose has become a symbol of Lombardy and is depicted on its flag.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose blooming on the cross is the emblem of the Order of the Rosicrucians.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose is depicted on the coats of arms of the Baron Rosen dynasty, dating back to the 13th century.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The coat of arms and emblem of the Rosenberg family is a red five-petalled rose in silver frame.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

A stylized yellow rose is depicted on the coat of arms of the Krasnoselsky rural settlement of Krasnodar Krai and indicates that almost all residents of the settlement are engaged in breeding roses.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The coat of arms of Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Region, depicts a scarlet rose hip flower.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

There is an opinion that the rose hip flower symbolizes the propeller of the nuclear submarine and, in addition, it is a flower symbol of the first name of the place on the site of the future city of Severodvinsk - “Pink”.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

This is the name of the island of Yagra by the members of the English expedition of Richard Chansler in 1553, because of the surprise when landing ashore by the large number of rose hips


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose like a national flower


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose has been the national flower of the United States [200] [248] since 1986 [249].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In addition, the rose is the national flower of the states of the United States: - Iowa since 1897 and North Dakota since 1907, - Georgia since 1916 and the rose in general - New York since 1955.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

'American Beauty' rose variety is Washington's national flower [250].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Needled rose hips have been the national flower of Alberta, Canada since 1930 [251].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose is the national flower of England, dog rose hips in Hampshire [252], red rose - Lancashire.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The red rose has been the national flower of Lancashire County since the Middle Ages, when the Lancasters chose it as a heraldic sign [253].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose is a symbol and semi-official emblem of Bulgaria [200] [223].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The Chinese rose is a symbol of Beijing [200] [254].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The rose has been the national flower of the Maldives since 1985, although it does not grow there, but is imported from Sri Lanka and India [255].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose in other botanical names


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The Chinese rose, unlike the Chinese rose, belongs to the Malvo-colored order.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

An alpine rose (not to be confused with an alpine rose) is called a rhododendron, which belongs to the order of Heather.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

If the previous plants were called “rose” for their beautiful flowers, the Jericho rose is for the shape of the plant itself.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It belongs to the order of Cabbage flowers.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The stone rose belongs to the Saxifrage order.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The leaf rosette of this plant resembles a rose, and the adjective “stone” indicates its ability to grow on rocks.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rose in place names


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

There are many place names associated with the rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The most famous ones are:


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Santa Rosa and Santa Rosa are common place names in honor of Saint Rose of Lima in Latin America.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Monte Rosa is a mountain range, part of the Pennines.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosenheim is an ancient city in Bavaria, famous for its botanical garden.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Gulistan has many place names of Iranian origin, including the center of the Syrdarya region of Uzbekistan.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Notes


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Literature


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

— P. 163—167.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

— P. 449—476.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

— P. 616-625.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

— P. 270-278.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

— P. 329—361.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Category:Flora of Eurasia


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Sterlitamak (Bashkir: Starletama, MFA: Starletama) is a city in Russia, the second most populous city in Bashkortostan, the administrative center of Sterlitamak District, which is not part of.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

A city of republican significance, forms the municipality of Sterlitamak urban district as the only settlement in its composition [1].


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

A major center of chemical industry and mechanical engineering, one of the centers of the South Bashkortostan polycentric agglomeration.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

It was founded in 1766 as Sterlitamak salt water pier, and was granted the status of a city in 1781.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In the past, the capital of the Autonomous Soviet Bashkir Republic [2] (1919-1922) [3] and the administrative center of the Sterlitamak region of the BASSR (1952—1953).


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Name


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The name of the city appeared by merging two words: the name of the Sterli River flowing through the city and the Bashkir word “tama” (mouth, throat), that is, in translation the name Sterlitamak means “The mouth of the river Sterli” [4].


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Physical and geographical characteristics


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The city is located on the left bank of the Belaya River, 121 km south of Ufa, slightly south of the geographical center of Bashkiria.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

To the east of the city (about 50 km) are the Ural Mountains, in the west begins the East European Plain.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In the vicinity of Sterlitamak (in the valley of the river. White) there are shikhans (Yurak-Tau, Kushtau, Shakhtau (dug to the ground), Tratau), which are unique geological natural monuments.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In the area of Mount Kushtau, there are children's health camps, the Shikhany holiday home with the Kushtau ski complex, which has ski slopes equipped with lifts.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Sterlitamak Airport is 15 km from the city.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Ufa International Airport is about 100 km from Sterlitamak.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Initially, the city was built between the rivers Ashkadar and Sterli (where the historical center of the city, the so-called Old Town, is now located).


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Subsequently, Sterlitamak was built up mainly to the west and north.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The nearest major settlements are the cities of Ishimbay (21 km to the southeast) and Salavat (26 km to the south).


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Together with them, Sterlitamak is one of the centers of the South Bashkortostan polycentric agglomeration with a powerful production potential and a population of about 600 thousand people.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In the central part of the city flows the Sterlya River, flowing into the Ashkadar River in the eastern part of Sterlitamak.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Five road bridges have been built across Sterlya within the city (see Fig. Transport) and one rail.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In the southeastern part, the Ashkadar River separates Zaashkadarya district from the main part of the city.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

To the east of Sterlitamak flows the Belaya River, along which the border between Sterlitamak and Ishimbay districts of the republic passes.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In the south, near Mashzavod, the city is limited by the Olkhovka River, the left tributary of Ashkadar.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Climate


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The climate is temperate continental.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Winter is quite cold and snowy.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Summer is warm, sometimes hot.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The average annual air temperature is 4.1°C


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Relative humidity — 72.0%


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The average wind speed is 3.5 m/s


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Time zone


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

History


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Salt wharf base


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The city of Sterlitamak owes its origin to the merchant Savva Nikiforovich Tetyushev (b. 1726 - date of death is unknown).


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Tetyushev was a fairly well-known entrepreneur who had experience in supplying goods to the Russian army and the imperial palace.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

He successfully combined commerce with bureaucratic activities.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In 1763, he was granted the rank of court councilor, and in 1765 - collegiate counselor in connection with his appointment to Bashkiria.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

High ties allowed Savva to turn to Empress Catherine the Great herself with a business initiative.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Tetyushev proposed a project to build a pier for the reception of Ilets salt, in addition to those already existing in Bugulma and Tabynsk “by the Ashkadar River, which flows into the Belaya River, through which salt is sent by ships It will be. The distance from the pier to the confluence of Ashkadar into Belaya is 3 versts 150 fathoms.”


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The weight of the salt supplied was supposed to reach one million pounds.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The project, with the notes of the Orenburg governor attached to it, was approved by the highest decree of January 19, 1766.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The first caravan with Iletsky salt, which left the pier in the spring of 1767, was not the promised million pounds, but three times less.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Soon, the shortcomings of the place chosen for the pier were discovered, and at the suggestion of the chairman of the Salt Commission of Russia, Lieutenant General P. D. Eropkin dated November 30, 1769, the salt pier from the shallow Ashkadar River was moved to its original place near the Bugulchan tract on the Belaya River.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

However, barques with other cargoes continued to be sent from Sterlitamak pier, the mass of which was many times higher than the mass of previously exported salt.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

With the advent of the pier, its established name did not yet exist.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In 1766, Iletsk salt carters from Bugulma called it Ashkadar salt.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Nikolay Rychkov, describing the pier, also calls it Ashkadar.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In 1770, I. AND. Lepyokhin mentions Sterlitamak Wharf, and Tetyushev also calls it in all his reports.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Both names were in use at the same time, the second name was strengthened as an official one precisely because it appeared in Tetyushev's papers.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

During the Pugachev rebellion


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In the seventh year of its existence, the small fortress of Sterlitamak Wharf was involved in a major historical event by the will of fate - the waves of Pugachevsky rolled through it for two years rebellion, which entered Soviet historiography as the Peasant War of 1773—1775.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

On October 9, Orenburg Governor Ivan Andreevich Reinsdorp sent the Ufa voivode Colonel A. N. A warrant for Borisov demanding to urgently collect and send 5,000 Bashkir soldiers to help the Orenburg Fortress.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The voivode announced mobilization, appointing Sterlitamak pier as a collection point.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

However, it was not possible to use the many thousands cavalry detachment of Bashkirs and Mishars in the defense of Orenburg.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

While the authorities were forming four separate detachments from two and a half thousand armed militias for almost a month, agitators of Sergeant Sergeant Kinzi Arslanov, who joined Pugachev, drove around the pier, who disclosed that their “sovereign, the true emperor Peter III”, was near Orenburg.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The campaign was quite successful.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Detachments sent in late October - early November from Sterlitamak assembly point to fight the rebels, almost completely defected to the rebels.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

One of them, a detachment of 95 Bashkirs of Shaitan-Kudeyskaya volost, was headed by young Salavat Yulaev.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

On the night of November 19, four thousand Bashkirs (according to other sources, eight thousand) appeared near the walls of the pier under the command of Pugachev's colonels Kaskyn Samarov, Kanbulat Yuldashev and Karanay Muratov.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The salt pier was defended by a garrison of 70 soldiers led by Majors N. AND. Golov and I. K. Marshilov.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

However, both majors, Warrant Officer Vetoshnikov and “loyal” Bashkir foremen Kuly Boltachev and Sharip Kiikov, accompanied by Nagaybak Cossacks, fled to Ufa.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Having appeared there on November 19, they announced the fall of the pier, but it lasted until November 22.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Captain Ivan Bogdanov, sent from Kazan the day before, with soldiers and the pier garrison with Captain Anton Gurov remained to defend the pier.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Sterlitamak pier remained in the hands of the rebels until March 30, 1774 and was liberated by government troops under the command of Second Major S. M. Tyutchev.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

But even later it was subjected to frequent attacks by Bashkir rebel detachments.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

It was defended by two companies of the St. Petersburg Carabinieri Regiment under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Ivan Karpovich Ryleev.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Units of this regiment guarded the Novo-Moskovskaya Road, the main communication between Kazan and Orenburg, while simultaneously participating in battles with Pugachev detachments in the central part of the Orenburg province.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In mid-May 1774, Lieutenant Colonel Ryleev opposed Karanay Muratov, who gathered detachments in the peaks of Urshak and Dyoma.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

On May 18, a battle took place between the villages of Urshakbash-Karamaly and Karkali.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Having lost 60 people, Ryleev, his hussars and carabinieri were forced to retreat to the village of Murzalar, 12 versts from the pier, where they fought off the Pugachev for three days.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The noise of the battle could be heard to Sterlitamak.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

On May 20, Ryleev managed to break through to the place of deployment.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Pugachevtsy surrounded the pier, looted and burned warehouses with food.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

On July 1 and 2, Karanay Muratov and Kusyapkul Azatbayev again tried to take the pier twice.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

On July 5, between the pier and the Allaguwatat Pit, Karanay tried to block the way for the corps of General P. M. Golitsyn, who made a campaign from Orenburg to Ufa, but was defeated.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

This was the last significant event of the Peasant War, which took place in the vicinity of Sterlitamak.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

County town


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

By the highest decree of December 23, 1781, in connection with the creation of Sterlitamak Uyezd within the framework of the Ufa governorship, it was ordered to raise the Sterlitamak salt water pier from April 1782 to the degree county town.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The convenience of the location of the pier contributed to this elevation


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Like all county towns, Sterlitamak received its coat of arms: “At the top of the shield is the Ufa coat of arms (a running marten in a silver field, as a sign of such animals of abundance). At the bottom there are three floating silver geese in a blue field, as a sign of the great abundance of these birds.”


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The coat of arms was approved on June 8, 1782.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The Ufa governorship lasted 15 years, having been transformed into the Orenburg province in 1796.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Sterlitamak remains a county town [5].


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In 1839, a parochial school was opened with a two-year study period.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In 1837-1864, the Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan was built.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

February and October Revolutions


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

After the February Revolution, a district Committee of Public Organizations was formed in Sterlitamak, and a city police detachment was organized.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Simultaneously, since March 15, 1917, the Council of Workers and Soldiers Deputies operated in the city, most of the seats in which were occupied by the Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

On October 30, 1917, at a joint meeting of the Committee of Public Organizations and the Council of Workers and Soldiers Deputies, Bolshevik Cheveryov, who arrived from Ufa, announced the transfer of power in the province to the hands of the Soviets.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

On October 31, at a city rally, the Revolutionary Committee and the district Council of People's Commissars were organized under the chairmanship of soldier Vladimir Krasilnikov.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In 1917, the newspaper Rabochiy i Soldat began to be published.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Civil war


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In the spring of 1918, revolutionary detachments were formed, and in June, under a state of emergency, power was transferred to the Revolutionary Committee chaired by Vasily Prozorovsky.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

On July 12, Czechoslovaks suddenly enter Sterlitamak with a fight.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Although their arrival was expected, the Red Guards were caught by surprise and retreated to the right bank of the Ashkadar River and further to the village of Petrovsky.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

From there, Sterlitamak detachments moved to join the detachments of Blucher and Kashirin.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

It was Blucher's famous raid that lasted 40 days.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In Sterlitamak left by the Reds, the power of the Komuch (Committee for the Protection of the Constituent Assembly) was established.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The troops of the Red Army entered Sterlitamak on December 29, 1918.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Revkomovtsy returned to the city with the cavalry of the 20th Penza Rifle Division, which was part of the 1 Army.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

On April 5, 1919, Kolchak residents entered the city.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Revkom residents evacuated in advance, there was no resistance to the white parts.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The peaceful respite was short-lived.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

At the end of May 1919, the city was again occupied by units of the Red Army.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

On August 20, 1919, Bashrevkom, the government of Malaya Bashkiria, arrived in Sterlitamak.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In 1919-1922, Sterlitamak was the residence of the government of the Bashkir Soviet Republic.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Soviet period


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In 1930, the administrative structure was zoned.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Sterlitamak becomes the center of Sterlitamak district.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

On May 16, 1932, southeast of Sterlitamak, on the territory of the future city of Ishimbay, oil production began.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Subsequently, Ishimbay received the title of the capital of Second Baku.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In connection with the development of Ishimbay oil in 1933-1934, the Ufa-Ishimbaevo railway was built, passing through Sterlitamak (before that, the city did not have a railway connection).


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

On September 12, 1934, the first freight train arrived in Sterlitamak.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Sterlitamak is already starting the third five-year plan as a large industrial center.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

During the Great Patriotic War, many industrial enterprises were evacuated to Sterlitamak: the Odessa Machine-Tool Plant named after Lenin, equipment of plant No. 59 of the People's Commissariat of Ammunition named after M.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

G. AND. Petrovsky from Voroshilovograd Oblast, Slavyansk and Donetsk Soda Plants, Novo-Podolsky, Bryansk, Volkhov Cement Plants, Krasny Proletariy Baku Plant, Kongressovsky a sugar factory, two workshops, a shoe factory and an educational unit of the Moscow Tannery and Footwear Plant.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

With the outbreak of the war, the Bashnefterazvedka Trust was transferred to the city.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Specially for the construction of military plant No. 850 in 1941, a special construction and installation unit (OSMCH-50) was formed, transformed in 1944 into trust No. 50, and in 1947 into a trust” Sterlitamakstroy”.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In 1943, Plant No. 850 of the People's Commissariat of Ammunition, the current FKP Avangard, was put into operation.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In 1944, Plant No. 880 for the production of aerial bombs, today's Stroymash, was put into operation.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In 1952-1953 it was the administrative center of Sterlitamak region of the BASSR.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In 1960, a synthetic rubber plant was put into operation, now Sintez-Kauchuk OJSC, and the first city automatic telephone exchange was built.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In 1961, the first trolleybus line in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was launched.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

In 1964, a chemical plant (now Bashkir Soda Company JSC) was put into operation.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Due to the sharp increase in the population in the 1960s, it was decided to build Sterlitamak to the east, to the Belaya River, and build a bypass road for trucks from the west for two cities at once : Sterlitamak and Salavat.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

population


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

According to the forecast of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, the population will be [6]:


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

2024 — 295.2 thousand people


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

2035 — 312.45 thousand people


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

National composition


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The national composition according to the 2010 All-Russian Population Census: Russians — 49.5%, Tatars — 23.9%, Bashkirs — 15.8%, Chuvash — 5.3%, Ukrainians — 1.9%, Mordovians — 1.5% [7].


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Territorial division


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The city is conditionally divided into two parts — western and eastern (the border passes by rail), which include microdistricts [8]:


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Western part: Communist, Komsomolsky, Kurchatov, Leninsky, Nakhimovsky, Pervomaisky, Solnechny, Uralsky;


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Eastern part: Ashkadar, Zheleznodorozhny, Krasnoznamensky, Mikhailovsky, Northern, Sovetsky, Shakhtau, Yuzhny.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

Local government


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The structure of local governments consists of [1]:


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

the representative body of the city district, called the Council;


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

the head of the city district, called the chairman of the Council;


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

the administration of the city district, called the Administration;


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

control and accounting body, called the Control and Accounts Chamber.


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The highest official of the city is the head of the Sterlitamak administration (mayor, since 2006 - the head of the administration of the city district of Sterlitamak).


Question: On the bank of which river is Sterlitamak located?

Sterlitamak

The heads of administration were: