Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

By November 1830, the Polish army consisted of 23,800 infantrymen, 6,800 cavalrymen, with 108 guns.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

As a result of active government measures (recruiting recruits, enrolling volunteers, creating mower detachments armed with braids sticking out on the shaft) in March 1831, the army had 57,924 infantry, 18,272 cavalry and 3,000 volunteers — a total of 79,000 people with 158 guns.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In September, by the end of the uprising, the army numbered 80,821 men.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

This was almost equal to the Russian army put up against Poland.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Nevertheless, the quality of the army was much inferior to the Russian: they were mainly recently drafted and inexperienced soldiers, in the mass of which veterans dissolved.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Polish army was especially inferior to the Russian army in cavalry and artillery.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

For the Russian government, the Polish uprising was a surprise: the Russian army was located partly in the western, partly in the inner provinces and had a peaceful organization.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The number of all troops that were supposed to be used against the Poles reached 183 thousand. (not counting 13 Cossack regiments), but it took 3-4 months to concentrate them.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Count Dibich-Zabalkan was appointed Commander-in-Chief, and Count Tol was appointed Chief of the Field Staff.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

By the beginning of 1831, the Poles had about 55 thousand completely ready; on the Russian side, Baron Rosen alone, commander of the 6 (Lithuanian) Corps, could concentrate about 45 thousand in Brest-Litovsk and Bialystok.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

For political reasons, Khlopitsky did not take advantage of the favorable moment for offensive actions, but placed his main forces of troops in echelons along the roads from Kovna and Brest-Litovsk to Warsaw.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Separate detachments of Seravsky and Dvernitsky stood between the rivers Wisla and Pilica; Kozakovsky's detachment observed the Upper Vistula; Dzekonski formed new regiments in Radom; in Warsaw itself it was under arms up to 4 thousand of the National Guard.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Prince Radziwill took the place of Khlopitsky at the head of the army.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

By February 1831, the strength of the Russian army had increased to 125.5 thousand.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Hoping to end the war immediately, inflicting a decisive blow to the enemy, Dibic did not pay due attention to the provision of troops with food, especially to the reliable arrangement of the transportation unit, and this soon responded to the Russians with major difficulties.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On February 5-6 (January 24-25, O.S.), the main forces of the Russian army (I, VI Infantry and III Reserve Cavalry Corps) entered the Kingdom of Poland in several columns, heading to the space between Bug and Narev.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Kreutz's 5 Reserve Cavalry Corps was supposed to occupy the Lublin Voivodeship, cross the Vistula, stop the weapons that began there and divert the enemy's attention.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The movement of some Russian columns to Augustov and Lomza forced the Poles to advance two divisions to Pultusk and Serotsk, which was quite in line with Dibich's plans - to cut the enemy army and defeat it parts.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The unexpectedly thaw changed the situation.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The movement of the Russian army (which reached the Chizhev-Zambrov-Lomzha line on February 8) in the accepted direction was recognized as impossible, since it would have to be drawn into a wooded and swampy strip between the Bug and Narev.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

As a result, Dibich crossed the Bug at Nur (February 11) and moved to the Brest road, against the right wing of the Poles.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Since during this change the far right column, Prince Shakhovsky, moving to Lomzha from Augustov, was too far from the main forces, it was given complete freedom of action.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On February 14, there was a battle at Stochek, where General Geismar could not stop the 1st Brigade of the 2nd Horse Jaeger Division, which fled the battlefield in full force in front of the Dvernitsky detachment.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

This first battle of the war, which turned out to be successful for the Poles, greatly lifted their spirits.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Polish army took a position at Grohov, covering the approaches to Warsaw.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On February 19 (February 7, O.S.), the first battle began - the Battle of Grokhov: the 25th Division of the VI Corps attacked the Poles, but was repulsed, losing 1620 people.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The main battle between the Russian army (72 thousand) and Polish troops (56 thousand) took place on February 25; the Poles, who had lost their commander by that time (Khlopitsky was wounded), left their position and retreated to Warsaw.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In this battle, both sides suffered serious losses: the Poles lost 10,000 people against 8,000 Russians (according to other sources, 12,000 against 9,400).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Dibic near Warsaw


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The day after the battle, the Poles occupied and armed the fortifications of Prague, which could only be attacked with siege weapons — and Dibic did not have them.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

General Skrzynetsky was appointed commander-in-chief of the Polish army to replace Prince Radziwill, who proved his inability.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Baron Kreutz crossed the Vistula at Pulaw and moved towards Warsaw, but was met by Dvernitsky's detachment and forced to retreat beyond the Vistula, and then retreated to Lublin, who, by misunderstanding, was cleared by Russian troops.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Dibic abandoned actions against Warsaw, ordered the troops to retreat and placed them in winter apartments in villages: General Geismar was located in Wavre, Rosen - in Dembe Wielka.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Skrzynetsky entered into negotiations with Dibic, which, however, remained unsuccessful.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On the other hand, the Sejm decided to send troops to other parts of Poland to raise an uprising: the Dvernitsky corps - to Podolia and Volyn, the Seravsky corps - to the Lublin Voivodeship.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On March 3, Dvernitsky (about 6.5 thousand people with 12 guns) crossed the Vistula at Pulaw, overturned the small Russian detachments he met and went through Krasnostav on Wojslawice.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Dibich, having received news of the movement of Dvernitsky, whose forces were very exaggerated in the reports, sent the 3 Reserve Cavalry Corps and the Lithuanian Grenadier Brigade to the Veprzh, and then further strengthened this detachment, entrusting the command over it to Count Tolya.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Having learned about his approach, Dvernitsky took refuge in the fortress of Zamosc.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Polish counteroffensive


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In early March, the Vistula cleared of ice, and Dibic began preparations for the crossing, the point for which Tarchin was scheduled.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, Geismar remained in Wavre, Rosen - in Dembe Wielka, to monitor the Poles.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

For his part, the chief of the Polish General Staff Prondzinsky developed a plan to defeat the Russian army in parts until units of Geismar and Rosen joined the main army, and proposed it Skrzhinetsky.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Skrzynetsky, having spent two weeks thinking, accepted it.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On the night of March 31, a 40,000-strong army of Poles secretly crossed the bridge connecting Warsaw with Warsaw Prague, attacked Geismar at Wavr and scattered in less than an hour, taking two banners, two guns and 2,000 prisoners.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Then the Poles went to Dembe Wielka and attacked Rosen.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

His left flank was completely destroyed by a brilliant attack by the Polish cavalry led by Skrzyniecki; the right managed to retreat; Rosen himself was almost captured; on April 1, the Poles overtook him at Kalushin and took away two banners.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Skrzhinetsky's slowness, whom Prondzinsky vainly persuaded to immediately attack Dibich, led to the fact that Rosen managed to receive strong reinforcements.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, on April 10, under Egan, Rosen was defeated again, losing 1,000 people out of action and 2,000 prisoners.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In total, the Russian army lost 16,000 people, 10 banners and 30 guns in this campaign.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Rosen retreated across the Kostrzyn River; the Poles stopped at Kalushin.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The news of these events thwarted Dibich's campaign to Warsaw, forcing him to take the opposite movement.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On April 11, he entered the city of Siedlce and joined Rosen.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The beginning of the movement in the former GDL and Volyn


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

While regular battles were taking place near Warsaw, a guerrilla war unfolded in Volyn in Podolia and on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Preparation and start of performances in the former GDL


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Already on December 1, 1830, the Russian authorities established martial law in the Vilna, Grodno and Minsk provinces and in the Bialystok district.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Nevertheless, at the end of 1830, preparations for an uprising began in the counties, which was led by the Vilna Central Committee (VCC) [4].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On March 18, 1831, Karol Zalussky was elected head of the VCC on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania [5].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On the Russian side, on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, there was only one weak division (3,200 people) in Vilna; garrisons in other cities were insignificant and consisted mainly of disabled teams.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

As a result, Dibic sent the necessary reinforcements to Lithuania.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In March 1831, rebels began to take over the cities.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In particular, on March 26, they captured the city of Rasiena and repelled the first attempts to dislodge them [4].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In March, the uprising spread to Oshmyansky, Vilensky, Sventyansky, Vileysky, Braslavsky and Disnensky districts, and in the spring to the areas of Belovezhskaya Pushcha.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

County governments were created here, which announced recruitment and sworn in residents.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

A number of prominent feudal lords, landowners (Soltans, Korsaki, Plattera, Brzeetowski, etc.) sided with the rebels.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Catholic monks and priests took an active part in the uprising in the Belarusian provinces.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Many Catholic monasteries became strongholds of the rebels.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Russian troops had to recapture Sventyany, Diena, Vileyka, Oshmyany, Lepel from the rebels.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, in most of the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania (with the exception of Vilna province) there were mainly small clashes between detachments of rebels and government troops .


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The rebels attacked military depots and transport carts.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The tsarist government announced that peasants who voluntarily laid down their arms would be forgiven.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The nobles who took part in the uprising are subject to prosecution, and their estates - confiscation.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Therefore, many peasants, convinced that the uprising did not give them anything and learned that they were forgiven, left the detachments.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The authorities took measures to suppress the uprising.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In early April, a special army was formed from troops stationed near Brest and Grodno, and reserve units.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

It was intended to suppress the uprising on the territory of the former GDL.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Communication between the Kingdom of Poland, Lithuanian and Belarusian provinces was limited, correspondence was censored, police supervision was strengthened, and unreliable ones were sent to the depths of Russia.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The estates of those landowners who had been in the Kingdom of Poland since the beginning of the uprising were subjected to sequestration [6].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Vilna guberniya.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Campaign to capture Vilna


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In the Vilna province, the rebels established control over all villages and cities, except Vilna, Kovno and Vidz.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The main target of the rebels was the city of Vilna (the capital of the GDL) [7].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Wanting to cut off ties between him and Russia, the rebels captured the Belarusian city of Oshmyany, but on April 14, Russian troops led by Colonel Verzilin liberated the city, killing all local residents and rebels from the Stelnitsky department.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Nevertheless, on April 16, the detachment of Karol Zalussky launched an offensive on Vilna, but was defeated by Russian troops led by Verzilin.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Then Russian troops began to advance from Vilna, liberating the Vilna province from the rebels.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Already in May, the rebels lost control of most of the province and were forced to return to guerrilla warfare [4].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

A detachment of rebels led by Onufriy Yatsevich lost the battle of Palanga.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The development of this city could provide the rebels with access to the Baltic Sea, where a transport of weapons purchased in the UK was to arrive [8].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In June, Emilia Plater's detachment took part in battles against the tsarist troops in the vicinity of Vilna.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Minsk and Grodno governorates


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

A guerrilla war broke out in Minsk Province [9].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

To suppress the rebellion, the 2nd Tepter Cossack Regiment was sent to the province [10].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In Disna district, the total number of rebel detachments numbered about 6 thousand people.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

After suffering a number of defeats, on May 16, insurgent detachments united in Luzhki.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Due to the approach of significant Russian troops, they decided to retreat.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In order to divert the attention of the military enemy, the rebels carried out a successful maneuver (a detachment of 1200 people came to the Lepel district, which was later defeated), which allowed a significant part of them ( 2000 people) successfully retreat to Vilna province [11].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

By the end of May, rebel detachments operating in the territory of the Minsk province were defeated [10].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In Grodno province, rebels from Kraskovsky's detachment gathered in Belovezhskaya Pushcha.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On May 17, Russian Colonel Sarabia (sent by General Nu Ruzenu) captured a rebel camp.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, having learned that at the same time the rebels destroyed the train en route from Brest to Skidel, he decided to retreat.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

General Linden's department was sent to Belovezhskaya Pushcha by General Ruzen, but it was defeated by the detachment of Khlapovsky, who came from Poland [4].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Rovko's detachment (300 people) also operated on the territory of Belovezhskaya Pushcha.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Russian troops drove him out of Pushcha, later part of the detachment joined Khlopovsky, and part (about 100 people) continued to fight in the same place, but at the end of July joined the rebel General Dembinsky [6].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Having defeated the detachment of General Linden, Khlapovsky moved north, launching a regular army in false directions and uniting with small detachments of rebels, Khlapovsky reached Lida.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Captain Komarnitsky with 2 companies retreated from Lida, but was detained in an open field by the cavalry of the rebels and after a little resistance laid down his arms.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At this time, the department of Colonel Gaferland came from Zhirmuna to Lida, who arrived there after the defeat of Komarnitsky.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Khlapovsky began a fight with him, forced him to go on the defensive, and then retreated and continued to move, avoiding major fights.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, soon the rebel general Anthony Gelgud crossed the Neman not far from Vilna (near Gelgutsishak) and demanded that Khlapovsky and his troops go to him, which he did [4].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Fighting in Volyn


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Meanwhile, Seravski's detachment, located on the left bank of the Upper Vistula, crossed to the right bank; Kreutz defeated him and forced him to retreat to Kazimierz.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Dvernitsky, for his part, came out of Zamosc and managed to penetrate into Volyn, but there he was met by the Russian detachment of Ridiger and after the battles at Boreml and the Lyulinskaya tavern was forced to leave for Austria, where his troops were disarmed.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Battle at Ostroleka


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Having arranged the food part and taking measures to protect the rear, Dibich again launched the offensive on April 24, but soon stopped to prepare for the implementation of the new action plan indicated to him by Nicholas I.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On May 9, Khrshanovsky's detachment, moved to help Dvernitsky, was attacked by Kreutz near Lyubartov, but managed to retreat to Zamosc.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, Dibic was informed that Skrzhinetsky intends to attack the left flank of the Russians on May 12 and go to Sedlec.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

To anticipate the enemy, Dibic himself moved forward and pushed the Poles back to Yanov, and the next day found out that they had retreated to Prague itself.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

During the 4-week stay of the Russian army at Sedlec, under the influence of inaction and poor hygiene conditions, cholera quickly developed in its environment, and in April there were already about 5,000 patients.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Meanwhile, Skrzhinetsky set his goal to attack the guard, which under the command of General Bistrom and Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich was located between the Bug and Narev, in the villages around Ostroleki.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Its forces numbered 27 thousand people, and Skrzhinetsky sought to prevent its connection with Dibic.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Having sent 8,000 people to Siedlce in order to stop and detain Dibic, he himself moved against the guard with 40 thousand.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Grand Duke and Bistrom began a hasty retreat.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In the interval between the guard and Dibic, a detachment of Khlapovsky was sent to provide assistance to the Lithuanian rebels.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Skrzhinetsky did not dare to immediately attack the guard, but considered it necessary to first seize Ostroleka, occupied by Saken's detachment, in order to secure a retreat route.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On May 18, he moved there with the same division, but Saken had already retreated to Lomza.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Gelgud's division was sent to pursue him, which, moving to Myastkov, found itself almost in the rear of the guard.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Since Lubensky was occupied by Nur at the same time, Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich retreated to Bialystok on May 31 and settled near the village of Zholtki, behind Narev.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Attempts by the Poles to force crossings on this river were unsuccessful.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Meanwhile, Dibic for a long time did not believe the enemy's offensive against the guard and was convinced only by receiving news of the occupation of Nur by a strong Polish detachment.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On May 12, the Russian avant-garde ousted Lubensky's detachment from Nur, which retreated to Zambrov and joined the main forces of the Poles.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Skrzhinetsky, having learned about the approach of Dibich, began to hastily retreat, pursued by Russian troops.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On May 26, a hot battle followed near Ostroleka; the Polish army, which had 48,000 people against 53,000 Russians, was defeated [12].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the military council assembled by Skrzynecki, it was decided to retreat to Warsaw, and Gelgud was ordered to go to Lithuania to support the rebels there.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On May 20, the Russian army was stationed between Pultusk, Golymin and Makov.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Kreutz corps and the troops left on the Brest highway were ordered to join with it; Ridiger's troops entered the Lublin Voivodeship.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Meanwhile, Nicholas I, irritated by the prolongation of the war, sent Count Orlov to Dibich with a proposal to resign.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

“I'll do it tomorrow,” Dibic said June 9.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The next day he fell ill with cholera and died soon after.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Count Tol took over the command of the army until the appointment of a new commander-in-chief.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Suppression of movement in the former GDL and Volyn


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Vilna guberniya


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Meanwhile, Gelgud's detachment (up to 12 thousand) passed to Lithuania, and his forces in conjunction with Khlapovsky and rebel detachments almost doubled.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Osten-Saken retreated to Vilna, where the number of Russian troops on the arrival of reinforcements also reached 24 thousand.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

June 7, “Trinity Day”, A. Gelgud attacked Russian troops located “7 versts from Vilna along the Troksky tract on Ponary” (Volyn Guards Regiment under the command of D. D. Kuruts), but was defeated and, pursued by units of the Russian reserve army, had to go into Prussian borders.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Of all the Polish troops that invaded Lithuania, only Dembinsky's detachment (3,800 people) managed to return to Poland.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Minsk, Vitebsk, Mogilev Provinces


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In June 1831, new unrest began in the Minsk province.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The performances of rebel detachments took place in Mozyr, Rechitsa and Pinsk districts.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The detachments of the rebels were led by landowners F. Kyanevich and T. Puslovsky.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, the uprising here was smaller than in other areas, with a total of about 1,300 people operating in these areas.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

During June-September, they were defeated by the tsarist troops [11] [13].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In Vitebsk and Mogilev provinces, the uprising had a pronounced gentry character and did not become widespread [10].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The actions of T. Puslovsky


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Titus Puslovsky began organizing his speech in Polesie.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

He gathered a detachment in his estate Plyanta, then marched through his estates Pisky, Khomsk, Pyasechna (Posenichi), replenishing his food supplies in them and increasing the number of the detachment (in the second the estate detachment numbered up to 1000 people).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, his stay at the Pyasechna (Posenichi) estate, located near Pinsk, was noticed by the Russian authorities, who expelled a detachment of soldiers from Pinsk against him.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time after him was sent from Kobrin the Russian cavalry group under the command of Colonel Ilyinsky.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Being squeezed on both sides and having swamps in the north, Puslovsky had no choice but to turn south and go to the ancestral estate of Zavishche.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

When crossing the Pina River, he was overtaken by Ilinsky's detachment and a collision occurred between them near Konchitsy.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Puslovsky's detachment managed to break away for a while, but near Nevel (Nevmyany) he was waiting for a decisive battle.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

After a stubborn and bloody battle, Puslovsky's detachment was defeated.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The rebels lost about 400 killed and wounded.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Wounded Puslovsky and a group of rebels managed to leave, they fled to Volyn, where they joined the detachment of Karol Ruzhitsky [14].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Grodno Governorate


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In July 1831, an insurgent detachment (1000 people) arrived from near Warsaw to Polissya under the leadership of S. Ruzhitsky.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The detachment moved to Belovezhskaya Pushcha.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On July 24, Ruzhitsky cut off communications between Brest and Grodno.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

He captured General Panyutin, who was on his way to take the post of chief of staff of Paskevich's army.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Russian infantry and cavalry (dragoon regiment) tried to throw the rebels beyond the Bug, but they failed and Ruzhitsky reached Belovezhskaya Pushcha.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On July 25, there was a battle in Pushcha near the village of Lesnoye, which ended in vain.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, after the battle, the rebels began to retreat northward until they joined Dembinsky's detachment [6].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The approach of Polish troops caused unrest in the Lida, Pruzhany, Kobryn and Slonim districts of the Grodno province, Novogrudok district of the Minsk province, but all of them were suppressed by the tsarist troops [6] .


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The actions of I. Kashia in Grodno and Minsk Provinces


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Local rebels, headed by district marshal Joseph Kashia, spoke in Novogrudok and Slonim districts.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

He in his estate formed a detachment of the gentry, petty officials and students (up to 400 people).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In early July, the number of the detachment increased to a thousand fighters.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Kashitsa's detachment engaged in battle with Russian troops near the villages of Gorodishche, Kamenny Brod, Koshelevo, Radkzhi, Noviny, disarmed the Russian military team in Novogrudok and released the arrested from the local prison, seized the town of Belitsa.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On July 12 (24), Kaszyca's detachment joined the detachment of General Dembinsky and together with him went to Poland [13].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Volyn


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In Volyn, the uprising also failed completely and completely stopped after a large detachment (about 5.5 thousand) led by Kolyshko was defeated by the troops of General Roth near Dashev, and then Majdanek village.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

After the Battle of Ostroleka, the main Polish army gathered near Prague.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

After a long inaction, Skrzyniecki decided to operate simultaneously against Ridiger in the Lublin Voivodeship and against Kreutz, who was still at Siedlz; but when on June 5, Count Toll produced demonstration of the crossing over the Bug between Serock and Zegrzh, then Skrzhinetsky recalled the detachments sent by him back.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Paskevich's movement to Warsaw


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On June 25, the new commander-in-chief, Count Paskevich, arrived at the main Russian army, whose forces at that time reached 50 thousand; in addition, a detachment of gene was expected to arrive on the Brest road.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Muravyov (14 thousand).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

By this time, the Poles had pulled up to 40 thousand people near Warsaw.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

To strengthen the means of combating the Russian troops, a general militia was declared; but this measure did not give the expected results.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Osek, near the Prussian border, was chosen as the crossing point across the Vistula by Paskiewicz.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Skrzhinetsky, although he knew about Paskevich's movement, limited himself to expelling part of his troops after him, and soon returned it, deciding to move against the detachment left on the Brest highway for demonstrations against Prague and Modlin.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On July 1, the construction of bridges near Osek began, and between the 4th and 8th, the most crossing of the Russian army took place.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Meanwhile, Skrzhinetsky, having failed to destroy Golovin's detachment standing on the Brest road, which distracted significant forces, returned to Warsaw and, yielding to public opinion, decided to speak by all means to Sokhachev and there to give the Russian army a battle.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The reconnaissance carried out on August 3 showed that the Russian army was already at Lovich.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Fearing that Paskevich would not reach Warsaw by direct traffic to Bolimov, Skrzhinetsky on August 4 went to this point and occupied Neborov.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On August 5, the Poles were pushed across the Ravka River.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Both armies remained in this position until the middle of the month.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

During this time, Skrzynetsky was replaced, and Dembinsky was temporarily appointed to his place, who moved his troops to Warsaw.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Warsaw mutiny


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

News of the defeats of the army caused unrest among the population of Warsaw.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The first rebellion arose on June 20, at the news of the defeat suffered by General Anthony Yankovsky; under pressure from the crowd, the authorities ordered the arrest of Yankovsky, his son-in-law of General Butkovsky, several more generals and colonels, Chamberlain Fenshau (who served as Konstantin's spy) and the wife of Russian General Bazunov.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Those arrested were taken to the Royal Castle.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the news of the passage of the Russian army through the Vistula, the unrest broke out again.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Skrzynetsky resigned, and Warsaw was left without power.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On 15 August, a crowd broke into the Castle and killed the prisoners held there (including General Bazunova), and then beat and kill prisoners in prisons (a total of 33 people were killed).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The next day, General Krukovetsky declared himself the commandant of the city, dispersed the crowd with the help of troops, closed the premises of the Patriotic Society and began an investigation.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The government has resigned.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Seimas appointed Dembinsky as commander-in-chief, but then replaced him on charges of dictatorial encroachments and re-appointed Krukovetsky, who hanged four rioters.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Siege of Warsaw


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On August 19, the taxation of Warsaw began.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On the Volya side, the main forces of the Russian army were located against the city, on the side of Prague - the Rosen corps, which Paskevich ordered to try to seize Prague with the help of a surprise attack.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Dembinsky was replaced by Malakhovsky.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

A military council was convened in the Polish camp, at which Krukovetsky proposed to give a battle before Volya with all cash forces, Uminsky - to limit himself to defending the city, Dembinsky - to break into Lithuania.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Uminsky's proposal was accepted.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, Lubensky's cavalry detachment with 3,000 people was sent to the Plock Voivodeship to collect supplies there and threaten bridges at Osek, and the Ramorino corps with 20,000 - to the left bank against Rosen.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On the Russian side, General Ridiger, who was in the Lublin Voivodeship, crossed the Upper Vistula with his detachment (up to 12,5 thousand, with 42 guns) on August 6-7, occupied Radom and to reinforce the main forces on August 30 sent the 10th Infantry Division to Nadarzhin.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Upon joining the Russian main army of reinforcements, its forces increased to 86,000; in the Polish troops defending Warsaw, it was counted to 35,000. At the same time, Ramorino pushed Rosen back to Brest (August 31), but after receiving a double order not to leave Warsaw, he withdrew to Miedzyrzec, and Rosen, following him, occupied Bela.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Assault on Warsaw


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

From the west, Warsaw was protected by two lines of fortifications: the first was a series of redoubts 600 meters from the city ditch, stretching from the fortified suburb of Czyste to the village of Mokotow; the second, kilometer from the first one, it leaned on Fort Volia and the fortified village of Rakovets.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The first line was defended by Heinrich Dembinsky, the second — by Jozef Boehm.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Count Yan Krukovetsky, seeing the danger of the situation, entered into negotiations with Paskevich.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The latter offered some guarantees and amnesty, which, however, did not apply to the Poles of the “eight voivodeships”.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On the contrary, Krukovetsky still demanded the return of Lithuania and Russia, saying that the Poles “took up arms to gain independence within the borders that once separated them from Russia.”


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In total, he had 50,000 people at his disposal, of which 15,000 were the National Guard; Paskevich had 78,000 with 400 guns.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At dawn on September 6, after intensive artillery shelling, the Russian infantry went on the attack and took the first-line redoubts with bayonets.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Volya resisted the longest, whose commander, General Sovinsky, replied to the offer to surrender: “One of your nuclei tore off my leg near Borodin, and now I can't take a step back.”


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

He was killed in a fierce assault; Vysotsky was wounded and captured.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Dembinsky and Krukovetsky made a sortie, trying to return the first line, but were repulsed.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Paskevich set up his headquarters in Wola, and during the night bombarded the second line; Polish artillery was poorly responsible for the lack of charges.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On September 7, at 3 o'clock in the morning, Prondzinsky came to Volya with a letter from Krukovetsky, which contained an expression of obedience to the “legitimate sovereign”.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

But when Paskevich demanded unconditional submission, Prondzinsky said that it was too humiliating and he did not have the authority to do so from the Seimas.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Sejm gathered in Warsaw, which, however, attacked Krukovetsky and the government with charges of treason.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At half past two, Paskevich resumed bombing.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Russian army, having lined up in three columns, began an attack.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The bayonet counterattack of the Poles was repulsed by buckshot.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At 4 o'clock, Russian troops attacked the fortifications with music and took them.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, Paskevich himself was wounded in the arm.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

After that, Prondzinsky again appeared with a letter from Krukovetsky, who said that he had received the authority to sign the surrender.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Paskevich sent Adjutant General F. F. Berg, who finally accepted the surrender from Krukovetsky.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, the Seimas did not approve it, offering other conditions.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Krukovetsky left the government and, taking advantage of the fact that the surrender was not approved, led 32,000 soldiers beyond the Vistula River, telling the deputies: “Save Warsaw — my job is to save the army.”


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On the morning of September 8, the troops of the Russian army entered Warsaw through an open gate, and Paskevich wrote to the tsar: “Warsaw is at the feet of Your Majesty.”


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On October 18, 1831, Infantry General Prince Ivan Leontyevich Shakhovsky was awarded the Order of St. George of the 2nd Class No. 90: “For the assault on Warsaw on August 26, 1831.”


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

For pursuing the enemy to the Prussian border, he was also awarded the Order of St. Vladimir of the 1st Class.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The end of war


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The remnants of Krukovetsky's army retreated in confusion to Plock.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Having learned that the Polish army had rejected the surrender, Paskevich sent Berg to Modlin for negotiations in order to give Rosen and Ridiger time to put an end to Ramorino and Rozhnecki.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Ramorino, contrary to Malakhovsky's order to join the main Polish army, went beyond the Upper Vistula, was pushed back to Galicia by Ridiger's troops and surrendered to the Austrians.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Rozhnetsky retreated to the free city of Krakow; the remnants of the main army of 20,000 people under the command of Rybinsky by early October moved to Prussia and were disarmed there.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Only the garrisons of Modlin and Zamosc remained, a total of about 10 thousand people.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Modlin surrendered on October 8, Zamosc on October 21.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

People's Revenge.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The expedition of Jozef Zalivsky (1833)


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Jozef Zaliwski presented to the Polish People's Committee I. Lelevel is a plan for an uprising based on the common population.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Small detachments of emigrants armed in Austrian Galicia and the Prussian Principality of Poznan were supposed to penetrate Polish and Lithuanian-Belarusian lands and, proclaiming freedom and equality there, to persuade peasants and citizens to a general uprising.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Over each two povets (counties), the district chief will take command, over the voivodship or province - the head of the voivodship, and the supreme power over all will be in the hands of Jozef Zaliwski.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

All this enterprise was called “Revenge of the People”.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The People's Committee led by Joachim Lelevel approved the plan of the guerrilla campaign.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Leonard Khodzko, who was a member of the leadership of the committee in Paris, supported the preparation of an armed expedition of Colonel Jozef Zaliwski to the Kingdom of Poland.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Persecuted by the Russian Embassy in Paris, at the request of the French authorities, Khodzko was forced to leave the capital of France and went to the UK.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The uprising was scheduled to begin on March 19, 1833.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Several hundred emigrants made their way through Germany to Polish lands, ceded to Austria and Prussia, finding shelter in noble estates.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

YU.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Zalivsky, who arrived first in Galicia, picked up the commanders of the rebels, collected money and weapons.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On March 19, 1833, he and a group of only eight people crossed the Polish border at Sandomir and headed for Lublin.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Moving from village to village, Zalivsky was convinced that calls for revolution did not meet with a response, that the people, who had not forgotten the defeat of the November Uprising, did not want to attack the Russian troops.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Persecuted by the Cossacks, Jozef Zalivsky retreated to Galician territory, where he was arrested by the Austrians.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

A well-known participant in the uprising Mikhail Volovich, under the influence of Jozef Zalivsky, decided to take part in his military raid on the territory of Belarus and Lithuania.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

It was planned that Western European carbonariums would help them.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

According to the decision of Jozef Zalivsky, Mikhail Volovich was supposed to create and lead a partisan detachment in the Slonimsko-Novogrudok district. On March 19, 1833, the Postanets crossed the Russian border and began to operate on Slonim and Grodno regions.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

To the squad of M. Volovich was joined by the surrounding peasants from Porechye, Ostrov and Bardashov.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

To get the money, the rebels attacked the post office.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Volovich planned to storm the prison in Slonim so that the released prisoners would join the rebels.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

But such actions alarmed the authorities.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Grodno Governor M. N. Muravyov-Vilensky ordered to surround the rebel detachment over Shchara.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Mikhail Volovich tried to commit suicide, but the gun misfired.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The rebels were taken prisoner.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In total, more than 150 people were arrested in the Hrodna region.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

During interrogation, Volovich testified that he “wanted to use the alleged uprising to carry out his intentions and release the peasants.”


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On June 11, 1833, the trial began in Grodno.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Next to Volovich, 10 peasants were sitting in the dock.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Volovich was sentenced to death by quartering, but Prince Dolgorukov commuted the sentence.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Mikhail Volovich was hanged in Grodno on August 2, 1833.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The rest of the rebels were exiled to Siberia — to hard labor, to prison companies and to a settlement.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Results of the uprising


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

February 26, 1832 — the Organic Statute was published, according to which the Kingdom of Poland was declared part of Russia, the Sejm and the Polish army were abolished.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The old administrative division into voivodships was replaced by the division into provinces.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In fact, this meant adopting a course to turn the Kingdom of Poland into a Russian province — the monetary system, the system of measures and weights that operated throughout Russia extended to the territory of the Kingdom.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Polonophilism and Russophobia have become important components of European public opinion in international relations [15]:


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In 1831, thousands of Polish rebels and their families fled the Kingdom of Poland to escape the persecution of the authorities of the Russian Empire.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

They settled in different European countries, arousing sympathy in society, which exerted appropriate pressure on governments and parliaments.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

It was the Polish emigrants who tried to create Russia an extremely unsightly image of a strangler of freedoms and a hotbed of despotism that threatens “civilized Europe”.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Polonophilism and Russophobia since the early 1830s have become important components of European public opinion.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

After the suppression of the uprising, the Russian authorities began a policy of weakening Polish-Catholic influence on the East Slavic population of the western outskirts of the Russian Empire.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

This led to the forced dissolution of the Greek Catholic Church in the western provinces and the transition of local communities to Orthodoxy (see para. Polotsk Church Council of 1839).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The strengthening of this policy followed the Polish uprising of 1863.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The reflection of the uprising in world culture


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

All over the world, with the exception of Russia, the uprising was greeted with great sympathy.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

French poet Casimir Delavigne immediately after the news of him wrote the poem “Varshavyanka”, which was immediately translated in Poland, set to music and became one of the most famous Polish patriotic anthems.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

282px|mini|right| “Polish Prometheus” by Oras Vernet


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In Russia, most of society was opposed to the Poles, especially in view of the Greater Poland ambitions of the leaders of the uprising and the Polish gentry; the suppression of the uprising welcomes in his poems, written in the summer of 1831 by A. S. Pushkin (“Before the Tomb of the Saint...”, “Slanderers of Russia”, “Borodino Anniversary”), as well as Tyutchev.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

“In front of the tomb of the saint...”.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Here the poet praises Kutuzov and expresses confidence that he would quickly suppress the uprising.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

“Slanderers of Russia” (written on August 26, published after the capture of Warsaw).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The reason for this poem was speeches in the French Chamber of Deputies demanding assistance to the Polish people.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The poet argues that the uprising is a “family” affair, and other powers should not speak about it.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

This is what Pushkin wrote on June 1, 1831 to Vyazemsky: “... they need to be strangled and our slowness is painful. For us, the rebellion of Poland is a family affair, an ancient, hereditary quarrel, we cannot judge it by European impressions, whatever our way of thinking may be...” [16] [17] Vyazemsky, who was then still a liberal, was horrified by the “Slanderers of Russia”.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, there were many people who admired the poem.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

P. ME.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Chaadaev wrote to Pushkin on September 18, 1831: “Here you are, finally, a national poet; you have finally found your vocation. I can't convey to you the satisfaction you've given me to experience. I would like to tell you: Dant has finally come” [18].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

“Borodino Anniversary” (written on September 5).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In this poem, Pushkin reminds the “popular vitias” — that is, the French democrats who demanded a speech in support of Poland — as well as participants in the Russian-Polish hostilities about traditions Russian soldiers who can and should serve as a guarantee of good relations:


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, Pushkin expresses satisfaction with the death of Poland:


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Only on September 14, Vyazemsky got acquainted with the poem.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

That day, he wrote in his diary: “If we had the publicity of the press, Zhukovsky would never have thought, Pushkin would not have dared to glorify Paskevich's victories... The chickens laugh to be beside themselves with amazement, seeing that the lion finally managed to put a paw on the mouse... And what a sacrilege to bring Borodino closer to Warsaw. Russia is crying out against this lawlessness...” [19].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Vera Zasulich's first journalistic work, a speech dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Polish uprising of 1830-1831, was published in Polish translation in Biblioteka's collection Równosci (Geneva, 1881).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

See also


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Varshavyanka of 1831


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Seven Generals Monument


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Polish Uprising of 1863


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Great emigration


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Notes


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

References


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Voronin V. E.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Literature


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

N. IN. Berg “Polish Uprising of 1830 and 1863 Uprising” (“Russian Antiquity”, 1879);


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Giller Agathon.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

“Historya powstania narodu polskiego”, 1867—1871.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Lebedev, “The Last Polish Uprising of 1830 and 1863 of Troubles” (ib., 1874, vol. XI, 1875, vol. XII);


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Pavlishchev, “Weeks Polish Uprising of 1830 and 1863 of the Rebellion” (St. Petersburg, 1887); “Vilna Essays” (ib., 1883, vol. LX, 1884, t. LXI); Muravyov's Notes (ib., 1882, 1883 and 1884);


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Puzyrevsky A. K..


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

— St. Petersburg, 1890


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Ustimovich, “Conspiracies and attempts on the life of the governor gr. Berg” (Warsaw, 1870; the appendix contains information about conspiracy circles and societies).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Luferchik, Ye.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

G. Power and society during the Russian-Polish political crisis of 1828—1832/E.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

G. Luferchik//Scientific aspirations — 2011: collection.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

materials Int.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

scientific


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Polish Uprising of 1830

-pract.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

conf.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

young scientists, Minsk, November 14-18, 2011: in 2 vols/Council of Young Scientists of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; ed.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

group: K. S. Bredikhina [et al.].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

— Minsk: Belorus.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

science, 2011.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

— VOL. 2.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

— P. 70-73.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Category:Wars of the Russian Empire


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

German literature includes literary works written in German on the territory of German states of the past and present.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The beginning and end of each literary era is difficult to differentiate.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

However, it is possible to distinguish several main periods:


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Middle Ages


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Early Middle Ages (pre-written period — 1100)


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Poetry of the early Middle Ages is a product of oral folk art and for this reason is almost lost.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

From Roman and early medieval writers, there is a long series of testimonies of the poetry of Germanic tribes to the spread of writing among them.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Tacitus speaks of their mythological, heroic and historical songs: “They sing with the earth the born god Tuisco and his son Mann, the ancestor of his family”; he mentions more than once the songs that the Germans inspired themselves before the battle, as well as those with which they amused themselves at night feasts after the battle; he also says that Arminius, the winner of Var, “still (that is, after almost hundred years) is glorified by barbarian peoples.”


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The latter cannot but see indications of an emerging heroic epic; similar evidence from a later time regarding Alboin, king of the Lombard (Paulus Diaconus).


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Epics of this kind, according to Egingard (“Vita Caroli”), were collected and recorded by order of Charlemagne, but this collection is lost without a trace.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Gregory's Dialogues mention choral songs during sacrifices among pagan Lombards.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

There are documentary references to ancient Germanic wedding songs (brûtesang), funerary (siswa), love songs (winileod), mocking, as well as stories about gnomes and riddles; in the latter, and even clearer in choral songs had a dramatic element.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Poetry was also imbued with such aspects of life that later moved into the field of pure business prose, for example, legal relations, medicine.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At first, all this was a product of mass creativity and a national treasure; but it is too early to find indications of specialist singers.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

According to Anglo-Saxon Beowulf, there is a fairly definite concept of the situation of these poets.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

(scop, German scof-vates, scopfsanc-poësis) at the princely courts and the nature of their lyrical and epic songs.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The Gothic singers mentioned by Prisk at the court of Attila belong to an earlier and quite definite era; Gelimer's well-known request to Velisarius proves that the noble art of poetry and music does not German kings were also neglected.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The written transfer of knowledge almost always meant automatic translation into Latin.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

for example, recording the rights of individual tribes.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

If we leave aside those who have learned some culture early and descended early from the historical scene, the ready, with their writing, the oldest surviving monument of German literature are conspiracies ( Zaubersprüche), preserved in records of Christian times (9th—12th centuries), but representing the worldview of pagan antiquity.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

An example of them is the only two Merseburg Conspiracies of its kind (recorded at the end of the 9th or 10th century in Old High German; one for the release of prisoners, the other against the lameness of the horse; their close the relationship with Old Russian spells is indicated by F. AND. Buslaev back in 1849), the lyrical spell is preceded by a mythoepic introduction.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The decoration of the verse is alliteration, which does not give it a melody, but communicates sonority and strength.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

These conspiracies were discovered by the German historian Georg Weitz in 1841 in Merseburg, and published in 1842 with comments by Jacob Grimm.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The most important monument of alliterated German poetry is the Song of Hildebrand, recorded by ca.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

800 by two scribes, probably in the Fulda Monastery, on the back of the binding of the Latin manuscript, and consisting of only 68 verses.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Its content is the meeting of Hildebrand, a companion of Dietrich of Bern, who fled to the Huns from Odoacer, after 30 years of absence from home, with his son Gadubrand, and their battle that began (the outcome of the fight unknown, because the song is endless; the end is assumed to be tragic: the father kills his son).


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

It is proved that the scribes had in front of them the original, where the song was recorded from memory; the diversity of forms is explained by the fact that a scribe from upper Germany recorded the Lower German folk epic.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Alliteration is also in the oldest monument of German Christian poetry, the Wessobrunner Gebet, the next, which appeared a few decades later, Ludwigslied already written with rhymes; this is the only example of early court poetry of an epico-lyrical nature; its author is from the Rhine francs, a spiritual person, but completely imbued with national interests; the hero is Louis III, grandson of Charles the Bald, born between 863 and 865; as a young man, on August 3, 881, he defeated the Normans at Socur, southwest of the mouth of the Somme; the song was composed after the event, during the hero's lifetime, but recorded at the very end of the 9th century: in the Latin title, the poem is called “King Ludwig's Blessed Memory”.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Both in terms of recording time and form, the so-called Muspilli should be placed between the Wessobrund Prayer and the Song of Ludwig, a poem composed around 800 by a Bavarian of a non-spiritual rank and depicting in the first part how the soul parting with the body, in the second part, the Last Judgment; it is believed to be recorded by the hand of Ludwig the German himself, in the second half of the 9th century. The king who writes a German poem and a cleric glorifying Ludwig's victory in German poems are two characteristic manifestations of the consequences of Charlemagne's reform, who, by ordering the clergy to speak German sermons, was a sower of writing and spiritual poetry in his native language.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Two Messiads of the 9th century are equally connected with it: the Saxon Heliand and the Franconian Book of the Gospels (Liber evangeliorum) by Otfried of Weisenburg.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Although only three or four decades passed between their compilation, these two poems represent a great difference in form and worldview: the cultures of lower and upper Germany were so different.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Instead of alliteration, Otfried uses sonorous rhyme, cunning acrostics.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The facts of gospel history are in the background to him; he often does not present them, but only refers to the source.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In the first place he has interpretation and science: for example, the donkey on which Christ entered Jerusalem is the transformation of a stupid and sensual person for him; speaking of ascension, he lists all the stars, past that Christ was sweeping through, all the instruments that angels played, and so on.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Otfried is a prominent representative of an entire school of spiritual poets, whose main focus in the 10th century was the St. Gallen Monastery, and who, like Otfried, were intended to give the people, instead of wicked secular songs, poetry is both pious and understandable.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

To do this, they translated psalms, composed prayers, processed gospel episodes (for example, the scene of Christ with a Samaritan woman) and the Old Testament (Judith) and some lives of saints (for example, St. George).


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In St. Gallen (and then in other cultural centers), German spiritual and scientific prose is also developing: interpretations of the Holy Scriptures are written, textbooks are translated, “words” of Blessed.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Augustine and available philosophical monographs, sermons are recorded.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

One of the most prolific writers of St. Gallen was Notker German or Fat Lip (d. 1022), who can rightly be called the first German novelist.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In St. Gallen, a Latin poem was also written that processed the German heroic The Tale of Valtaria (Waltharius).


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In the 11th century, the range of subjects of German spiritual poetry and the freedom to process them increased significantly, as can be seen in the song of Bamberg scholasticism about the miracles of Christ (Ezzolid); it was composed by him according to on behalf of Bishop Gunter, shortly before he planned to go to St.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Earth (1064), and successfully withstands the tone of the anthem.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

A little later, “Song of Annolied” (1077—1081) appears.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In “Poor Hartmann's Speech on Faith” (first half of the 12th century), there are already chastisement against knights who, because of the word “honor”, destroy both soul and body.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Next to this poetry for the highest intelligentsia (and next to the folk song eternally alive, but elusive in relation to such a distant era), there was another one — for the people and illiterate people: poetry Spielmans, that is, wandering singers who have made themselves a craft out of the fun of the audience.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

With the spread of Latin education in monastic and episcopal schools in Germany, vagants are increasingly among these spielmans.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Sometimes monks and clerics use material from Spielman songs for exercise in Latin style and version; this is how poems like “Ruodlieb” and poetic stories from the animal epic arise (” Ecbasis captivi”, etc.).


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Occasionally, the works of Spielmans are recorded in the original, and then the content, the rudeness of form, the tendency to joke and exaggerate quite sharply distinguish them from the poetry of the clergy.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Over time, this difference is significantly smoothed out; Spielmans use stories from sacred history; when they become acquainted with new geographical and historical names, they spread and decorate them your songs.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

On the other hand, spiritual poetry is becoming more and more reconciled with life and secular worldview.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Chivalrous lyrics (ca. 1100—1250)


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Since the second half of the 11th century, France began to strongly influence Germany, especially the Rhine countries; from the field of costume and hairstyle, French influence passed into the realm of thoughts and ideals, and the bearers of these ideals, poets from among the clergy, learn French stories, French fashion views and even French words.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

An important point in this matter was the Crusades, which brought together the nobility of all countries and united for a while the interests and ideals of the military and spiritual classes.


Question: What poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Literary themes and forms are becoming more diverse: court lyrics and various stories are recorded.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

There is an interest in the individual and the story of her life.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In the first half of the 12th century, there were poet-priests Conrad Pop, who gave Germany the Song of Roland and Lamprecht, who processed the poem about Alexander, Song of Alexander.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Song of Roland describes the struggle of Charlemagne and his paladins against the Spanish Saracens, as well as the death of Roland.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In the middle of the century, the most significant work of this era appears - the Imperial Chronicle, consisting of about 17,000 stanzas, in which both international and national legends are processed spiritual face, but entirely in the taste of fashionable chivalry.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The chronicle describes the history of the Holy Roman Empire from the founding of Rome to the time of Conrad III.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At the same time, the knights themselves entered the literary field, and since the 60s of the 12th century, German noble poetry began to flourish, excited by the imitation of France.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The French love epic first penetrates the Lower Rhine: around 1170, the story “Fluir and Blancheflor” is translated; Eilhart von Oberg introduces tragic lovers, Tristan and Isolde et al. Heinrich Feldeke, the author of the German Aeneid, is considered to be the real father of the court epic.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

His successors in Thuringia were Heinrich von Morungen (one of the minnesingers in the Mannes Code), Herbort von Fritzlar, Albrecht von Halberstadt.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

All these poets work on ancient subjects; others use biblical, national, most often Celtic legends.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The main thing here is not in the plot, but in the fashionable chivalrous worldview and manner of depiction: pure sonorous rhyme, grace and softness to sweetness, subtle decoration of the movements of feeling, a mixture of epic with lyrics and even didactics.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Compared to the French originals, the Germans have more restraint and external nobility; knights are even more courteous and ladies are even more gentle.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At the same time, knightly lyrics are also developing in southwestern Germany, under the obvious influence of Provencal troubadours; imitators, of course, have less liveliness and feeling, more artificiality and reflections.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The themes of this lyrics are quite diverse, but in the first place is the perfect love — “minne”, which is why poets are called minnesingers.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The characteristic features of the Minnezang are expressed already in the era of Friedrich Barbarossa, in the thoughtful lyrics of his follower Friedrich von Hausen (died 1190) and in the works of the disciple and imitator Hausen, who lived at the Austrian court — Reinmar von Haguenau.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The latter is particularly typical: he always cries for the unprecedented or at least very exaggerated love suffering to which his lady of heart, far exceeding the beauty and virtue of all, exposes him other women.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

His listeners were ready to laugh at the content of his songs, but they were also delighted with the purity of his rhyme and the variety of the meter.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

With the same elegance of form, his follower, Walter von der Vogelweide, had incomparably more life and originality.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Of his younger contemporaries and followers of the most independence and folk features, we find in the author of the sprukhs, Reinmar von Zweter (born on the Rhine, grew up in Austria, acted from the end of the 1920s of the 13th century to 1250).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The time of full flourishing of German chivalrous lyrics was short: Walter's direct disciples already notice either the unnaturally exquisite subtlety of the feeling of “high love”, or, like others Bavarian-Austrian poets, a return to the realism of folk song (cf. Ulrich von Lichtenstein, Nitgard and Tannhauser).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Since the end of the 13th century, the court minnezang began to fall noticeably and give way to more real and rude lyrics.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

True, around the same time, new centers of poetry were formed at the courts of the northeastern princes, even in the Czech Republic; but these late groundless offspring soon freeze, and the lyrics pass into the hands of the Spielmans, from the environment of which poets with school education — maesters — are nominated.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

When these singers settle in cities where they find numerous students, they turn into so-called maestersingers.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

A representative of the transitional era can be considered Heinrich of Meissen, who, after many years of wanderings, settled in Mainz in 1311; Johann Gadlub (?) - is already quite a citizen.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The court epic had a longer existence, but all the activities of the great epics — Hartmann von Aue (Yvane), Wolfram von Eschenbach (Parzifal) and Gottfried of Strasbourg — took place between 1190 and 1220 years.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Hartmann is a pioneer in relation to Wolfram and Gottfried, whose ideas and techniques are still little individual.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Wolfram and Gottfried are the founders of two schools; Gottfried's followers keep close to the source, Wolfram's students surrender to freedom of fantasy; the former strive for clarity and, with a lack of talent, fall into triviality; in the latter, under the same condition, the teacher's thoughtfulness turns into extreme darkness.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Schools also differ geographically: Gottfried's followers operate in Swabia, Wolfram's followers operate in Bavaria.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The Gottfried School belongs to Rudolf von Ems (nobleman, began writing c. 1225, d. c. 1251—1254), who preferred edifying topics and processed, by the way, the famous the Byzantine novel about Barlaam and Joasaph, and the citizen Konrad of Würzburg, who willingly brought allegorical figures to the stage.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Wolfram's manner was learned by Albrecht von Scharfenberg, a very scientist for his time, Reinbot von Durne, who was in the service of Duke Otto II of Bavaria (1231— 1253) and turned into a chivalrous novel the life of St.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

George, author of a Bavarian poem about Lohengrin, written around 1290, and others.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At the best time of German court poetry, there is a struggle between two worldviews — pious and spiritual and fashionable knightly, since the bearers of poetry were either clerics or nobles; but even then parish Priest Ulrich von Zatzikhoven processes Lancelot, and the knight Konrad von Fussbrunnen recounts the childhood of Christ from the apocrypha.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

By the end of the 13th century, as the knights became wild, the white clergy took poetry into their own hands, but, in most cases, obeyed fashion trends, turning creativity into a craft and strengthening elements allegories and morals of a low level.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The traditional plots of the Breton cycle are being exhausted: there are free alterations of them (this began in the classical period: around 1220. Heinrich von dem Türlin (Heinrich von dem Türlin) compiled the poem “Der Aventiure Krone”, ed.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

in 1852, imitations based on their own fiction, revisions in the same tone of Spielmans poems and historical legends.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Then the chivalrous epic is mastered by professional poets, between whom a prominent role is played by people who have received some school education, but at the same time are closely connected with the people.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The same course of affairs is in poetic didactics: by the beginning of the 13th century, the father's chivalrous teaching to his son, “Der Winsbeke”, dates back to the noble author of which firmly believes in the angelic likeness of women and in the invincibility their chivalrous ideals.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

This is the only instructive poem that has survived to us written by a nobleman; the subsequent ones are composed by clerics who have largely mastered the chivalrous secular worldview.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In 1215—1216, Canon Thomasîn von Zerclaire, an Italian by birth, wrote a long poem (15,000 verses), “Der wälsche Gast”, which sets out the rules secularism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Freudank, the author of the poem “Modesty”, is a professional and folk poet in his views and tone, introducing a lot of proverbs and is very indignant at the pope and the curia, who exploit the Germans.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Late Middle Ages (ca. 1250—1500)


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Much further towards the school and the Mastersingers goes the one who wrote at the beginning of the 14th century. Hugo von Trimberg.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Realistic in their very essence types of poetry — a novel and a fable — very early fell into the hands of professional poets and attracted special attention of citizens.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

On the contrary, the spiritual epic — legends that were already cyclized and compiled in collections in the 14th century — remains mainly in the hands of the clergy.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

This is the general course of artificial poetry in the most advanced and French-influenced parts of Germany; but here too, spielmans operate all the time, creating or processing a lot of songs.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In Saxony, they have been the main bearers of poetry for the longest time.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In Austria and Bavaria, folk poetry is ennobled and improved under the influence of enlightened chivalry; here the national poems of the Germans are mainly given literary form: “The Nibelungs”,” Gudrun”, poems about Dietrich of Bernsky, “Laurin”, “King Rother”, “Ortnit”, “Hoogditrich and Wolfdietrich”, etc.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Some of these poems, once in writing, were redone several times, until the 15th century inclusive.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The same wandering singers also mastered several historical and legendary stories: Duke Ernst, King Oswald, Orendel, Solomon and Morolf, St.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Brandane and so on.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

and processed them (e.g. Orendel) with such freedom that the literary borrowed theme turned into a heroic and even mythical saga.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Around 1300, in German literature, “beauty must leave its throne” and give way to piety and entertainment: the first is the German sermon, which back in the 13th century had a gifted representative in Berthold von Regensburg, and in the 14th century was influenced by a powerful and in this case fruitful school of mystics.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Later, the Middle Ages were marked by many changes that were reflected in literature: cities flourished, society was stratified, the number of literate people was increasing, and the first universities (Heidelberg University — 1386, etc.) and religious orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, Teutonic Order), and since 1452, thanks to Johann Gutenberg, printing appeared, which marked a rapid transition from a handwritten book to a printed one.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Humanism and the Reformation (circa 1450—1600)


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The desire for entertaining reading turns into curiosity, which is satisfied by German textbooks on astronomy and natural sciences that appeared as early as the 14th century, abbreviations of encyclopedias, various historical works (urban chronicles, revisions and compilations from Latin vaults, etc.).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Others are looking for delights for the imagination, and in the 15th century German prose novels and novels were compiled for them in huge quantities (the first samples were back in the 13th century); plots are collected from everywhere, starting from” Panchatantra” to the tales of Hugo Capet processed in France; citizens, doctors, and noble ladies work hard on novels; they are read with the same greed in castles and in the houses of burghers.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Meistersingers operate in cities (rarely at princely courts, where, in most cases, they are replaced by court musicians); some of them, for example.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Hans Rosenbluth in Nuremberg are becoming widely known.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Meistersingers delight themselves and a few amateurs; for the fun of the crowd, both urban and rural, are square singers - Benkelsengers, the heirs of the Spielmans.