Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The longest bridge across the Volga to date, which is also the longest in Russia, is the Presidential Bridge in Ulyanovsk (5,825 meters).


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Volga or Kama


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The catchment area to the confluence of the rivers is slightly larger than the Volga (if we do not take into account the mountainous relief of the Kama basin, which increases the total surface area relative to the flat surface Volga Basin).


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The areas are considered as they developed in natural conditions: 260.9 thousand km² against 251.7 thousand km².


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

However, in this territory, the Volga unites fewer rivers and is inferior to the Kama basin (66.5 thousand rivers against 73.7 thousand).


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The flow rate of the Kama River at its confluence with the Volga is 4300 m³/s, and the Volga is 3100 m³/s.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Before the confluence of the Volga and Kama, the length of the Kama is 1882 km [22] (before the construction of dams, the length of the Kama was 2030 km [23]), against 1390 km near the Volga [24].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The spring flood of the Middle Volga accounts for 60-70% of the annual runoff [25], and in the summer-autumn period, a small amount of precipitation leads to the shallowing of the Volga [26].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

On the Kama River, in the summer-autumn period, the drainage decreases slightly (due to glacial nutrition from the mountain rivers of the Urals and the northern tributaries of the Kama basin), so the Kama is full at any time of the year.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The height of the source of the Kama River is 335 meters above sea level, and the height of the source of the Volga is only 228 meters.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The average and absolute heights of the Volga basin are less than the Kama basin, since the Ural Mountains are located in the Kama basin.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The first serious scientific observations of these rivers began in 1875 [27].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Then, as a result of the study of the muddy deposits of these rivers, it was proved that the Kama existed long before the appearance of the Volga.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In the first half of the Quaternary period, before the era of maximum glaciation, the Volga did not exist in its modern form.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

There was the Kama, which, united with Vishera, directly flowed into the Caspian Sea.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The flow of the modern upper reaches of the Kama River went to the north, to Vychegda.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Glaciation led to a reorganization of the hydrographic network: the Upper Volga, which used to give water to the Don, began to flow into the Kama River, and almost at right angles (the Kama does not change the direction of its flow, and Volga — turns almost 90 degrees).


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Even today, the Lower Volga serves as a natural continuation of the Kama Valley, and not the Volga Valley [28].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

From a scientific point of view, according to most hydrological features, the Kama is the main river, and the Volga is its tributary [29].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

However, taking into account the most important historical factor, namely, the unifying role of the Volga River in the creation of a single Russian state, part of the river from the confluence of the Volga with the Kama to the Caspian Sea is accepted consider it a continuation of the Volga, not the Kama.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In modern times, the Kama River is considered a tributary of the Volga River, or rather, a tributary of the Kuibyshev Reservoir on the Volga River [30].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The point of view about the primacy of the Kama is also supported by the Arab geographical tradition of the Middle Ages, which connected the source of Itil with the Belaya-Kama system (the Arabs believed that the Kama flows into Belaya) [31].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

After the launch of the last cascade of reservoirs, Cheboksarsky, in 1983, the Volga above Volgograd ceased to be actually a river and turned into a cascade of large flowing lakes.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Kama is less regulated by dams, and in many parts of the river the natural channel has been preserved [32].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In popular culture


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Volga River plays an exceptional and central role in the figurative perception of the Russian people.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

This is the root and core of Russian people, a figurative ideal.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

It is always animated, human qualities are attributed to it, and a Russian person must correspond to the image of this river.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Volga was associated with the life and work of such “folk” cultural representatives as Nikolai Nekrasov, Maxim Gorky, Fedor Chaliapin.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Soviet art made full use of the image of the Volga, created by the art of pre-revolutionary Russia.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Volga is identified with the Motherland, it is a symbol of freedom, spaciousness, breadth and greatness of the spirit of the Soviet person.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The central role in building this image was played by Grigory Alexandrov's film Volga, Volga and Lyudmila Zykina's song “The Volga River Flows”.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In the city of Rybinsk, there is a monument to the great Russian river and is called the Volga (also “Mother Volga”).


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The sculpture with a height of 17.4 meters is installed at the entrance to the locks from the Rybinsk Reservoir and welcomes ships passing by.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In literature and art, the Volga is quite common, and many works of culture are associated with it:


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In literature


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“The Dowry”, “Kozma Minin”, “The Storm” — plays by A. N. Ostrovsky


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“In the Woods” and “On the Mountains” — A. P. Melnikova


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“Egor Bulychev and Others”, “Dostigaev and Others” — plays by A. M. Gorky


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“Beyond the Distance”, chapter “Seven Thousand Rivers” — poem by A. T. Tvardovsky


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“On the Volga” is a poem by N. A. Nekrasova


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“Volga and Vazuza” is a poem by S. ME.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Marshak


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“The Cliff” — novel by I. A. Goncharova


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In folklore and songs


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Russian folk tale “Vazuza and Volga”.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

According to folk legends, in the Snake Cave near the Volga, there are mythical creatures — divia people.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“From the Island to the Rod”, “Cliff” — songs about the Volga and Stepan Razin


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“Dubinushka” is a song of Volga haulers


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“Down the Volga River”, “Between Steep Banks” — Russian folk songs


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“Zhiguli” is a Russian folk song


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“Volga-rechenka is deep /It beats the coast with waves” (russkaya narodnaya)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“Volga-rechenka is deep /I come to you longingly” (N. Nolinsky — M. Zubova)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“Volga, Volga” is a song from the film of the same name (1938)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“Sormovskaya Lyric” — B.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Mokrousov E.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Dolmatovsky (1949)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“The Volga River Flows” is a song performed by L. G. Zykina (1962)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“What a song without an accordion” — O. Anofriev (1972)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“From the Volga to the Yenisei” is a song performed by the band “Lyube”


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Volga River — Nadezhda Kadysheva


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“Burlak” — “Aquarium” (“Russian Album” 1992)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In painting


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“View of the county town of Romanov-Borisoglebsk from the southeastern side” — I. M. Belonogov (1838)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“The Cross Procession in Yaroslavl” — A. P. Bogolyubov (1863)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“Wading Barge Haulers” — I. E.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Repin (1872)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“Grave on the Volga” — A. K. Savrasov (1874)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“On the Volga” — A. E.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Arkhipov (1889)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Yaroslavl. Strelka” — G. P. Sabaneev (1904)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“Walking on the Volga” — B.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

M. Kustodiev (1909)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“Stepan Razin” — V. AND. Surikov, ca.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“On the Volga” — B.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

M. Kustodiev (1922)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In movies


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“Volga, Volga” (1938) — musical comedy


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Ekaterina Voronina (1957) is a film directed by Isidor Annensky, based on the novel of the same name by Anatoly Rybakov


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

“A Bridge Is Under Construction” (1965) is a feature film about the construction of a road bridge across the Volga in Saratov


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Cruel Romance (1984) — film based on Ostrovsky's play “The Dowry”, directed by Eldar Ryazanov


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Election Day (2007) is a comedy film directed by O. Fomina


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Volga (2016) — documentary film directed by Andrey Alyoshin


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Volga Day


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The unofficial holiday Volga Day was established in 2008.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

For the first time, it was celebrated in Nizhny Novgorod during the 10th International Scientific and Industrial Forum “Great Rivers — 2008”, and then began to be celebrated in Volgograd, Astrakhan, Yaroslavl, Samara Oblasts and the Republic of Tatarstan.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The date of the holiday is May 20 [33].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

As part of the Volga Day, environmental events are held to clean the shores, scientific discussions and exhibitions.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The main goal of the event is to unite efforts to protect the Volga.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

See also


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Volga in heraldry


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Notes


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Literature


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

— SPb.: Samolet, 1862.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

— VIII, 415 p., 10 lithograph


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

, 31 figs.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Vodarsky E.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

A. A guide to the Volga from Rybinsk to Astrakhan.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

— M.: T-vo Skoropech.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

A. A. Levenson, 1908.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

— 147 ps+9 maps.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

(per.)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Rybakov B.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

A. Gerodotova Skifia: Historical and geographical analysis.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

— M.: Nauka.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

— 248 p. — 50,000 copies


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Reizd.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

: M.: Eksmo; Algorithm, 2010.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Novosad E.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

IN. Pollution of the Volga during the formation of the oil industry in Russia.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

(based on the materials of the “Bulletin of the Fish Industry”) //Questions of the History of Natural Science and Technology/Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology named after V.I.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

S. AND. Vavilov RAS.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

— Moscow: Nauka, 2006 — P. 61 — 72.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

—, read the text:


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

References


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Missing or empty |series= (help)


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Grigory Moskvich.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

on YouTube


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Tver Oblast


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Moscow Oblast


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Yaroslavl Oblast


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Kostroma Oblast


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Category: Rivers of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Mari El


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Chuvashia


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Tatarstan


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Ulyanovsk Oblast


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Samara Oblast


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Saratov Oblast


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Volgograd Oblast


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Astrakhan Oblast


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Kalmykia


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Category:Rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Category:Rivers of Ivanovo Oblast


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang Laboratories (pronounced: wong laboratories) is an international company, a manufacturer of computer equipment.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

It was founded in 1951 by Wang An and Chu Geyao as an individual enterprise.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The company was headquartered at various times in Massachusetts — Cambridge (1954—1963), Tewksbury (1963—1976) and Lowell (1976—1997).


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The company's development peaked in the 1980s, when it earned $3 billion in profit and employed more than 40,000 people.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The company has always been under the direct management of Wang, who personally set the business and production strategy, which has had an impact on both the company's successes and failures.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang took action to keep control of the company in the hands of his family even after the company was transformed into a public company in 1955.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

To this end, a second class of shares, Class B, was issued with higher dividends, but had 1 vote per 10 shares in the voting compared to Class C shares, each of which had the right to vote.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

While Class B shares were in high demand, the Wang family held the majority of Class C shares. Wang Laboratories shares were listed on the New York Stock Exchange, but this maneuver did not comply with the rules of the exchange and the company was forced to withdraw the shares from the quote and place them on a more liberal The American Stock Exchange.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Under the leadership of Wang An, the company went through several distinct stages in the production of various goods.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In August 1992, Wang Laboratories went bankrupt.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

After coming out of bankruptcy, the company changed its name to WangGlobal.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In 1999, Wang Global was bought by the Dutch company Getronics (which later changed its name to Getronics North America), then resold to KPN in 2007, then in 2008, - CompuCom, after which it ceased to exist as a brand and an independent organizational unit.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Stacking machines


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The company's first major project was Linasec, released in 1964.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

It was a specialized electronic computer designed to align paper tape in automated linotypes.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

It was developed under contract for Compugraphic, a company that produced photosetting machines.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Compugraphic retained the right to produce the machine without paying license fees and effectively took advantage of it, displacing Wang from this market.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Calculators


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The first calculator developed by the company was Wang LOCI-1, but it was never released for sale.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The Wang LOCI-2 calculator was released in 1965 and may have been the first desktop calculator with the ability to calculate logarithms, which was achieved mechanically without any integrated circuits .


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The electronic part contained 1275 individual transistors.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In fact, it multiplied by adding logarithms and rounding the result was noticeable on the display.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

For example, two times two was 3.999999999.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

From 1965 to about 1971, Wang was mainly engaged in the production of calculators and earned a good reputation.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang calculators cost no more than $10,000, used sign glow discharge indicators to display information, worked with transcendental functions, and had varying degrees of programmability and used magnetic core memory.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In the calculator market, the company competed with HP, which released the HP9100A in 1968, and with traditional calculator manufacturers Monroe and Marchant.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Initially, Wang calculators were sold to scientists and engineers, but later the company conquered a large niche in the financial transactions industry, which previously depended on complex printed spreadsheets with mortgages and rents.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

One possibly mythical story tells the story of a banker who randomly checked the calculations of the Wang calculator compared to a printed mortgage chart and found a discrepancy.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The calculator was right and the table was wrong, and as a result, the company gained a good reputation among financiers.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In the early 1970s, Wang An considered that the production and sale of calculators had ceased to be profitable, and decided to leave the calculator business.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Word processing computers


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The Wang word processing computer was developed by Harold Coplow and David Moros, who began by writing a user manual.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In 2002, in a newspaper article published by the Boston Globe, Harold Coplow was called a “witty rebel” who “in preparation for his dismissal, developed a product that made computers in 1975 publicly available.”


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Koplow says, “Wang kicked me out of marketing. David Moros and I have been demoted and transferred to forward planning. This... was like being fired: a temporary job until you find another one at another company.”


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Although Koplow and Moros were given the task of developing a computer for word processing, they were not given any means to do so.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

They perceived the task as useless work, only creating the appearance of employment.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

But one way or another, they moved forward, wrote a guide and convinced Wang to turn it into a real project.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Thus, the word processing computer, the Wang 1200 WPS, was released in June 1976 and enjoyed continued commercial success, as did its descendant Wang OIS (abbreviated from English: Office Information System, Office Information System) released in 1977.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

This product was a technological breakthrough.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

It was a multiplayer system.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Each workstation looked like a regular terminal, but contained its own Z80 microprocessor and 64K words of RAM (comparable to the capabilities of the IBM PC, released only in 1981).


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The disk storage device was concentrated in the main control device (master) and was divided among all workstations connected via high-speed coaxial cable “928 Link”.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

[1] Many wizards could connect to each other, sharing files with hundreds of users.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The system was quite easy to use and administer, and the latter was often handled by ordinary office staff, while most computers at the time required experienced administrators.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

All software for the OIS system was developed at Wang Laboratories.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The operating system, file formats, and electronic interface specifications have been closed with proprietary secrets.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang did not want other companies to develop software for his systems or to interact with them, although this became a little easier in the late 1980s.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Aggressive marketing


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In the late 1980s, British television shot a documentary accusing Wang Laboratories of trying to remove from the market competitor, the Canadian company AES Wordplex.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The film had no consequences.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

This attempt was called the Gas Stove Program within the company, by analogy with a similar program that took into account the cost of an old gas stove when buying a new one.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wordplex accused Wang of providing large discounts on the purchase of Wang OIS systems, which accept Wordplex computers in any condition and have been in use for as long as they like .


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Based on a good reputation among consumers and an aggressive discount program, Wang increased the market share of its products in this market.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wordplex was subsequently taken over by Norsk Data.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Market crash


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The market for single systems, the only function of which was word processing, collapsed with the advent of the IBM PC personal computer and the MultiMate program for it, which repeats the interface and functions of text Wang Laboratories processors.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Digital voice messaging


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang DVX was one of the first systems to combine a switch and voicemail.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In the UK, in the mid-1980s, she was selected for a pilot project in the field of office automation by the Department of Commerce and Industry of the National Coal Administration.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Personal computers and products based on them


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang Personal Computer


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang PC was introduced as opposed to IBM PC, which was widely recognized in the market for which Wang traditionally positioned Wang OIS systems.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The Wang PC ran on an Intel 8086 processor, which at the time was more powerful than the Intel 8088 processor in IBM PC.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The hardware and software that allow Wang PC to function as a terminal for OIS and VS systems were quite popular.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Despite some of the advantages of the Wang PC, the stumbling block was its incompatibility with IBM PC.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

This meant that the many applications available for IBM PC could not be directly run on the Wang PC.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Either programs written specifically for Wang PC or ported from IBM PC could be used.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The most commonly sold software products were the original Wang text editor and MS Multiplan spreadsheet editor.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The shortage of application software was the main factor in the rapid withdrawal from the market of the original Wang PC, which was replaced by IBM PC-compatible products based on Intel 80286.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Most Wang PCs came with a monochrome graphics card that supported one video mode with text and two-dimensional graphics that could be viewed independently of each other, unlike from IBM PC-compatible computers at the time, which required you to select a special video mode for graphics output.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Color graphics adapters and color monitors manufactured under the Wang brand were also available.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

IBM PC-compatible Wang PC


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang Laboratories released an emulator board for its workstations that allowed the computer to boot in IBM PC compatibility mode, despite a special program that allowed load the operating system.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The board emulated a virtual monochrome graphics card running in text-only mode for IBM PC-compatible programs, allowing plain text applications to work as they would on a standard IBM PC-compatible computer.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The next step was the release of a personal computer based on the 80286 microprocessor, which had an IBM PC-compatible BIOS.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

These later models loaded directly into the MS-DOS (or other operating system for IBM PC) and supported standard ISA expansion cards.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang Laptops


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang Freestyle


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang Freestyle [2] [3] was released in 1990 and consisted of:


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

tablet and pen for commenting on any files being processed on a PC.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

a handset for recording voice commentary, but not for telephone communication.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

It was shown only in conjunction with a tablet to explain text records.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

was able to email a completed set of comments via Wang OFFICE.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The product did not have any success in the market.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

An article from the University of Southern California shows symptoms of failure:


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

“The University of Southern California's $1.2 million system includes a VS 7150 mid-performance computer, 30 graphics stations, 25 of which have Freestyle capabilities, a laser printer, five readers and five scanners. The initial storage for scanned documents is an 8 gigabyte magnetic hard drive.”


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The Freestyle system was so expensive even by the standards of the Wang Integrated Imaging System that it was only available to narrow specialists or senior staff.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Unlike the University of Southern California, where the system was used at the level of office employees, the manufacturer positioned it in the market as a manager's tool (C-Level [4]) for communicating with other executives.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

This immediately reduced the potential market and separated it from the mass market where the system might be in demand [5]


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang 2200


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

On its way from calculators and word processors to serious data processing systems, Wang developed and sold several families of small computers, some of which were based on word processing systems, and some based on data processing systems.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Instead of a logical, consistent development of products, their functions often duplicated and borrowed technology from each other.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The most pronounced data processing functions were the Wang 2200 mini-computer, released in May 1973.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Unlike other desktops, such as the HP 9830, it contained a CRT monitor in a chassis that also included a computer-controlled tape drive and a keyboard.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The software made up a BASIC interpreter recorded in ROM.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Since then, 65,000 such systems have been produced, which are widely used mainly in small and medium-sized businesses around the world.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The Wang 2200 stood out for being both a desktop computer and a large system that supported up to 16 workstations and leveraged the industrial disk technology that emerged at the end 1970s — early 1980s.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Up to 15 computers could be connected to a common disk subsystem, which theoretically made it possible to connect up to 240 workstations into a cluster.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Unlike the VS and OIS series, Wang Laboratories actively used a variety of reseller services for the 2200 series, who modified computers at the request of customers and sold them.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

For one such creative solution developed by Algorithmis, Inc.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

it took a dozen 2200 systems.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

It provided paging services to most customers in Hong Kong in the early 1980s.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Left in the shadow of the Wang VS series, the 2200 series has weakened as a cost-effective but forgotten solution in the hands of buyers.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In the late 1980s, Wang updated the 2200 series in one of its latest attempts to increase profits and offered the owners of the 2200 a new Wang 2200 CS, along with technical support, for a price less than they paid just for supporting their legacy 2200 systems.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The Wang 2200 CS shipped with updated disk devices and other peripherals, and most of the 2200 owners signed replacement contracts, after which Wang fulfilled its obligations and more has never developed or sold a new 2200 series product.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In 1997, Wang reported that about 200 2200 series computer systems were still in use worldwide at the time.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Throughout the years of its existence, Wang has provided technical support for the 2200 series.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In the Soviet Union, an analogue of Wang 2200 was produced - the Iskra 226 personal computer.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang OIS


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The Wang OIS series was primarily text-oriented.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Its distinctive feature was the Glossary language, which was a programming system built into the text processing model and was easy to understand and work with, as a result of which secretaries widely used Glossary to extend the original functions of OIS to manage and manipulate documents.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Like the Wang 2200, OIS has gradually evolved into a system that supports up to 240 users.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Oddly enough, the OIS and VS series overlapped in some ways and, for example, such a distinctive feature of the latter as dual coaxial connection to workstations and printers was transferred to VS is precisely from the OIS being developed.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

And VS firmware contains entire snippets of OIS code, possibly due to the fact that the text functionality was not built into the original design of the VS Series computers, but were added later.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang also manufactured a series of computers called Alliance, which was built on the high-performance 140/145 model of the OIS hardware architecture.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

They had more powerful text-processing software than OIS, and they also had list processing software.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The most significant improvement in Alliance was the discreteness of indexing — every word contained in documents was indexed.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The Visual Memory database made it possible to index every word in any input field.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In addition to improved indexing features, the Alliance text editor has also been significantly improved, even though the Z80 processor it ran on was 8-bit and workstations had 64 KB of RAM.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang VS Computer Series


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The first computer in the Wang VS series was introduced in 1978, around the same time as the DEC VAX computer.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Its command system was compatible with the IBM 360 series command system, but could not run 360 series software on it.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The VS operating system and all system software created from scratch supported both interactive work with the user and batch processing of data.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The VS series was mainly aimed directly at the commercial data market and partly on the market occupied by IBM.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Despite the availability of a large number of programming languages, VS series machines were usually programmed in COBOL.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The VS IDE also supported assembly language, COBOL 74, COBOL 85, BASIC, Ada, RPG II, C, PL/I, FORTRAN, Glossary, MABIC and Procedure (analogous to scripting languages in Unix- similar operating systems).


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Pascal was also able to work with an I/O coprocessor.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The 4th generation programming language Wang PACE (Professional Application Development Environment) and database have been used since the mid-1980s by buyers and third-party developers to create complex applications that sometimes include thousands of screens, hundreds of separate software modules and serve hundreds of users.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

During the 1980s, third-party companies developed highly specialized software for Wang VS on COBOL, PACE, BASIC, PL/I and RPG II.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The Wang OFFICE family of programs and the Wang WP word processor were also popular on VS series computers.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The word processor was run on VS using a service that emulated the OIS environment and downloaded the appropriate software to the VS workstation — “microcode” (in Wang's terminology Laboratories).


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The press and industry called the class of computers manufactured by Wang, including VS, mini-computers [6] [7] [8], and Charles Kinney also calls the VS series minicomputers in his 1992 book.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

While there are some prerequisites for high-performance VS systems and their descendants to be classified as mainframes, Wang An avoided this term.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In his autobiography, before calling VS 300 mainframe, he recalls that his “performance is at the edge of mainframe performance.”


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

He continued to distinguish between mainframes, such as IBM's high-performance systems (“just as Detroit sells large cars... IBM sells mainframes”), for which IBM markets held a virtual monopoly, and medium-performance systems that IBM did not dominate the market: “The minicomputer market is still flourishing. This is good for both buyers and minicomputers manufacturers.” Wang Laboratories positioned the VS Series as minicomputers, which was reflected in its marketing materials and press releases.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Later models of the small VS5000 series, launched around 1988, were installed by users and the smallest of them were comparable in physical dimensions to personal computers in that time.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The largest, on the other hand, supported a significant, increasing number of users.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Competing with IBM


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang Anh had personal accounts with IBM after IBM put pressure on him in a conflict between 1955 and 1956 over the rights to his magnetic core memory patents.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

(This clash was the subject of a long chapter in Van's Lessons.)


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

As Charles Kinney says, “Jack Connors remembers an incident that happened once in Wang's office when he showed a diagram that predicted the company's growth and that it would overtake IBM somewhere in the middle 1990s.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

“He kept this diagram for a long time,” Jack said. “And he really believed it.”


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang was one of the first computer companies to start advertising on television and the first to launch ads during the Super Bowl.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The first advertisement for Wang Laboratories literally showed Wang Laboratories and IBM in the images of David and Goliath.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

A later ad depicted Wang Laboratories as a heavily armed helicopter aiming at IBM.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang wanted to compete with IBM as a computer company by selling his products directly to IT divisions.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

However, before the introduction of the series, VS Wang Laboratories was not taken seriously as a computer company.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Calculators, word processing computers, and OIS systems were sold to individual units, passing by corporate data decision makers.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

A chapter in Wang's book on this shows that he only saw them as a “springboard in the Fortune 1000.”


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The Wang VS series opened the doors of IT divisions for Wang Laboratories.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In his book, Wang notes that by selling VS computers, “we aggressively hired salespeople with good knowledge of data processing... who had experience working with executives different IT departments, and who have had their way into Fortune 1000 companies.”


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

After the release of VS, production of word processing computers and the OIS series was discontinued.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

All that remained was word processing software, in the form of downloadable microcode, which allowed VS workstations to behave like traditional text terminals working with VS and using it as a server for storing documents.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang encroached on IBM and DEC markets in the 1980s, but was unable to seriously squeeze IBM in the mainframe market due to self-limiting factors.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Although Wang Anh wanted to compete with IBM, many Wang sellers were not fully aware of the VS Series's significant data processing capabilities.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In many cases, VS computers operated in small businesses with revenues of up to $500 million per year or were used in large organizations as managed gateways to access enterprise mainframes and managed workstation network access and mass print services.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

At the headquarters of the American oil company ExxonMobil (Houston), 13 units of the Wang VS300, the most high-performance computers in the 1985 series, were used in the 1980s and 1990s to obtain Mainframe reports and real-time access to them by management personnel.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

At Mellon Mortgage, 18 VS systems, ranging from the smallest to the largest, were used to introduce, maintain, finance, document and hedge mortgages, as well as to access mainframes to work on and print.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The computer network connecting Mellon Mortgage and the parent Mellon Bank contained 45 VS systems and the banking part of the network supported about 16,000 Wang OFFICE users, providing functions email, reporting, and scheduling.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

At Kent and KTec Electronics, based in Houston, VS clusters operated as enterprise-level systems, managing supply, production, and accounting, with significant electronic data exchange capabilities, which included forecasting demand, sending invoices, sending product orders and receiving delivery notifications.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Both systems were supported by the GEISCO electronic data exchange program.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Kent, whose profit grew to $600 million per year, used the Arcus program written in COBOL.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

KTec, whose profit grew to $250 million per year, used the CAELUS MRP system written in BASIC in production.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The highest market mark for the VS Series was about 30,000 concurrent systems around the world in the second half of the 1980s, serving at least several million users.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Recession and collapse


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

According to the general opinion of the PC community, the company went bankrupt due to the fact that it specialized in the development and production of computers only for word processing and did not foresee (which means it was unable to oppose this) the emergence of general-purpose personal computers with word processing software in the mid-1980s.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

However, word processing computers were no longer the core business of Wang Laboratories at a time when personal computers began to become popular.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Although the company made PCs, its business in the 1980s was based on the VS mainframe series.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Despite the fact that the market for these mainframes was eventually conquered by personal computers.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang insisted that his son Fred Wang, who became the head of the company after him, contributed to the collapse of the company.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Fred Wang was a graduate of business school, “but almost by default,” writes Charles Kinney, “did not correspond to the work his father entrusted him with.”


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

His appointment, first as head of research and development and then as president of the company, led to the envy and dismissal of key employees of the research department and manager staff.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

One of the crucial moments came when Fred Wang was appointed Head of Research and Development.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

On October 4, 1983, Wang Laboratories announced the release of 14 major hardware and software products and set delivery dates.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Announcements were widespread, but even then there were alarming signals.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

According to Datamation, Wang Labs announced “everything except a kitchen knife. But if you wanted to connect a kitchen knife to a personal computer, they would announce it too.”


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Few of the announced products were close to release, and many of them were not even started.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Some of the products were delayed, while others were not delivered at all.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In hindsight, this would now be called “ghostly promises”, and it dealt a blow to the credibility of Fred Wang and Wang Laboratories as a whole.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In 1986, Fred Wang, 36, was appointed President of Wang Laboratories.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

On August 4, 1989, Wang An fired his son.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Richard Miller, who had been with the company since 1988, replaced him as president.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In December 1989, Miller announced that the company would follow common software standards instead of using original developments.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang An died in March 1990.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The company underwent a major restructuring and repaid its bank debt in August 1990, but financial losses were still recorded at the end of the year.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In November 1990, it was announced that their first Unix computer was released.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang Labs' presence in the Unix and Open Systems market was modest.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

UNIX worked on VS computers, but in emulation mode under VS OS, which caused big performance problems.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

PACE, which offered its own data dictionary, excellent reference integrity, and allowed for rapid application development, was not ported to UNIX, and there were no plans to port it.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Ira Magaziner, invited by Miller in 1990, proposed to move completely away from computer production and instead focus on software production.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In June 1991, Wang began reselling IBM computers in exchange for IBM's investment in Wang shares.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang's IBM RS/6000 resale strategy also sought to promote UNIX and its software.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In August 1991, the company won a lawsuit against NEC and Toshiba, who violated a patent for SIMM memory modules.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

At the end of the financial year, the company continued to suffer losses


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

On August 18, 1992, Wang Laboratories filed for bankruptcy.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang Laboratories 3 high-rise buildings in Lowell, which cost $60 million and accommodated 4,500 workers on more than 100,000 m² of office space, were mortgaged and sold for 525 $000.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The company wanted to buy back the ownership of the buildings at the mortgaged property auction, but no one in Wang expected the final price to be so low and therefore the opportunity to buy back the buildings has been lost.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

These buildings, now known as CrossPoint Towers, have been converted into offices and are now occupied by companies such as Cisco Systems, Motorola, Eastman Kodak, AT&T and Sovereign Bank.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Richard Miller stepped down as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer in January 1993 and joined AT&T.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

After bankruptcy


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The company revived after bankruptcy 2 years later with $200 million in the account and set a course towards acquisitions and self-renewal, wary of its former role as a pioneer developer and manufacturer computers and everything related to them.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Later, in the mid-1990s, after the acquisition of Olsy from Olivetti, the company changed its name to Wang Global.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

After that, the company decided that its main business would be network services.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In 1999, Wang Global, whose annual profit by that time had grown to $3.5 billion, was purchased by the Dutch company Getronics, and the company's $1.5 billion network services were are only available in certain parts of Europe.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Sales of the Wang VS series have been discontinued since the company's bankruptcy in 1992 and now service 2,000 systems around the world are still in operation today (February 2006) is a small part of Getronics' business.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The most advanced model that inherits the original VS Series architecture and supports more than 1,000 users, the VS18000 Model 950, was released in 1999.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The weaker VS6760 and VS6780 models, based on the same microprocessor, were released in 2000.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The new Wang VS series, introduced in 2005, is based on completely new hardware.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

On July 27, 2007, the Dutch telecommunications operator KPN NV put forward, supported by the company's management, a proposal to purchase information technology services Getronics for 766 million euros (1.04 billion euros dollars) in cash.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

KPN Executive Director Ad Schepbauver said that it is possible to reduce jobs after the merger.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

“But in this case, we can talk about hundreds of workers, not thousands.”


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Clas Wagenar, CEO of Getronics, will take a lower position after the merger is completed.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang VS Revival


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In 2005, the release of New VS, a computer that runs VS OS and supports all VS software.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

It is built using the hardware abstraction layer for Intel x86 and IBM POWER.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

New VS was created by joint commercial efforts of Getronics and the developer of the virtualization technology used in the product.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

In 2006, the New VS series was officially named VS22000.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The series produced by both companies includes 8 models of different form factors and different performance.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Migrating from Wang VS to other computers has been difficult, risky, and expensive throughout their history.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Wang VS OS, workstation, compiled programming language, and database functionality were usually implemented by extending existing solutions that were difficult to replicate on target systems when migrating to another platform.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Despite this, VS software can run on New VS without any program and data transformations.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

New VS consists of a virtualization environment running on a specially configured hardware platform and standard system software for Wang VS computers.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Although it is based on widely used server hardware (PCs and PowerPCs), especially specific settings require the hardware platform prepared or tested at Getronics and TransVirtual Systems.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

New VS can interact with original SCSI hard drives and tape drives, providing the means to recover VS files from standard backups tapes or copies of VS hard drives.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

It can also use distributed RAID in conjunction with the original VS for high-speed file sharing.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

The original networking and clustering capabilities that Wang VS possessed are supported via TCP/IP instead of the traditional synchronous communication lines and dedicated FDDI for these systems connections.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

New VS reportedly operates with higher processor and disk I/O performance than the fastest original Wang VS, the VS18950, released in 1999.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Notes


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

References


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Some of the first products — 700 and 2200 series (in English) are presented


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Oldest site specializing in VS Series information and everything related to it (in English)


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Developer New VS.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Free VS emulator for PC (in English)


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Various information on Wang 2200 (in English)


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

(in English)


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Description, photos and technical documentation for various calculators manufactured by Wang (in English)


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

(in English)


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Dennis McNurland's Memories (in English)


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Various materials and the Wang OIS emulator (in English)


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Harold Coplow's website about Wang WP and OIS development.


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

It contains the memories of many of the participants (in English)


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

(in Russian)


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

on bitsavers.org (in English)


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Category:Defunct US Companies


Question: When did Wang Laboratories go bankrupt?

Wang Laboratories

Category:US computer manufacturers


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Nashville (English: Nashville) is an American music and drama television series [1] starring Connie Britton and Hayden Panettier, created and produced by Callie Howry with the participation of RJ Cutler, Dee Johnson, Jim Parriot, Steve Bukhannan, and Connie Britton.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The series premiered on October 10, 2012 on ABC [2].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The series tells the story of legendary country singer Rayna James (Connie Britton), whose career begins to fade, after which she has to collaborate with rising young star Juliet Barnes (Hayden) Panettier).


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

All this is happening against the backdrop of an election campaign in which Rayna's father, Lamar Wyatt (Powers Booth), an influential politician in Nashville, participates.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Even before its premiere, the series collected a number of favorable reviews from television critics [3] [4] [5] and led in terms of positive reviews among autumn premieres [6].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

In June 2012, the project won the Critics' Choice Award in the category “Most Exciting and Anticipated Television Series” [7].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Exactly a week before the premiere, the pilot episode was available for online viewing on ABC and a number of others [8].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

On November 12, after the release of five episodes, the channel renewed the series for a full season [9] [10].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Connie Britton was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series [11] and a Golden Globe Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Series Drama, and Hayden Panettier on” Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress, while the project was nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Screenplay and People's Choice for Best New Drama.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

A number of television critics also noted Nashville in the lists of the best programs of 2012 [12] [13] [14] [15].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Meanwhile, the musical accompaniment of the series was a commercial success in the United States [16], and the first album, The Music Of Nashville, released in December 2012, topped the Billboard soundtrack chart [17 ].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

On May 10, 2013, the channel renewed the series for a second season [18], which premiered on September 25.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

On May 9, 2014, after lengthy negotiations [20], the series was renewed for a third season [21], which started on September 24, 2014.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

On May 7, 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth season [22], which premiered on September 23.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

On May 12, 2016, the series was closed after four seasons on ABC, but the channel and studio announced that the project was likely to find a new home on a cable channel or web service [24].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

On June 10, 2016, cable country network CMT and web service Hulu officially ordered the fifth season, which will consist of 22 episodes.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Marshall Herskowitz and Edward Zwick, meanwhile, replaced Dee Johnson as showrunner [25].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

On April 10, 2017, the series was renewed for a sixth season of 16 episodes, which was the last [26].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Production


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Concept


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The creator of the series, Callie Howry, lived in Nashville from 1978 to 1982 and, according to her, whenever she saw movies or TV shows about the city, she did not feel that they conveyed real life in it [27].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

In her opinion, the city with one of the fastest growing labor markets according to Forbes is too often portrayed as rural Hollywood, inhabited by charlatans and alcoholic managers [27].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Howry wanted to show Nashville as an “Incredibly beautiful cosmopolitan city” and show it to the world, as well as the population of the city [27].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Nashville combines genres of family drama with a mixture of politics and country music [28].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The main character in the series is middle-aged singer Rayna James, who has reached the top of the charts during her career and became a legend of country music at a time when her success begins to evaporate.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Although fans are still haunting her, fewer and fewer people come to concerts, and meanwhile Rayna's record label believes she needs a concert tour with a young and sexy singer Juliet Barnes.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Barnes, meanwhile, pursues his goal — to become the new Rayna James.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Rayna is not happy that she has to share the stage with a mediocre little bitch and she wants to keep the situation under control.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

She wants to get hold of some songs written by talented composer Scarlett O'Connor with the aim of releasing another hit.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

At the same time, Rayna's father, a wealthy, powerful authority politician in Tennessee Lamar Wyatt, who once brought against her will to Teddy Conrad, a handsome and promising candidate for mayor of Nashville, is now living at the expense of his wife Rayna, participates in the election race [29].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Some commentators often made comparisons between Nashville and Dallas, [27] describing the series as Dallas in Tennessee [30] [31].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Many also noted the similarity of the main plot with the failed film “Power of Country” with Gwyneth Paltrow as an aging singer [31] [32].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The main character of the series, Raina James, has been repeatedly compared to Reba McIntyre [33] [34] in terms of artistry and success, and Faith Hill at the time of her fall [35], and Juliet Barnes was called the evil version Taylor Swift [31] [36].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The producers offered Ribe herself to make a cameo appearance in the series, but she is currently busy filming the sitcom Country in Malibu and said in an interview that she is not interested in playing herself [34].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Faith Hill also said in an interview that she was not interested in acting in the series, but her husband, singer Tim McGraw, spoke favorably about the project, noting that it would be able to attract more attention public to Nashville and country music [35].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Filming


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

In early October 2011, ABC bought the script for a pilot episode written by Academy Award-winning Callie Howry and co-produced by Emmy winner RJ Cutler.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

This is the second attempt to launch a television series in Howry's career, who works mainly on the big screen, and in 2006 she also wrote the script for ABC pilot Hollis and Ray, who did not get the green light on further shooting [37].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

On January 27, 2012, the channel commissioned a pilot episode and was directed by RJ Cutler [1].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The series is produced by Callie Howry together with ABC Studios and Lionsgate, and Connie Britton is one of the producers of the project [38].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

In the course of further production of the series, Jim Parriot, who had previously worked for ABC on Grey's Anatomy and Ugly Betty, joined the producers in May [39], and at the end of August it was announced that Dee Johnson took the post of showrunner of the project [40] [41].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The series is filmed entirely in Nashville and all exteriors are filmed on the main streets of the city, especially on, and [42].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Bluebird Music Cafe, a replica of the real establishment where much of the action takes place, was specially built eleven kilometers from a large shopping complex, and some of his real employees appeared as extras on the show [42].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The budget for each episode is around four million dollars, and the production of a full season of twenty-two episodes is estimated at 88 million [42].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

A significant part of the money goes to the city [42].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

It was planned that the second season would be divided into two parts, the first twelve episodes would be shown until the new year, after which the series would go on break until February 26, 2014.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Nashville, along with four other soap dramas of the channel (Scandal, Revenge, Once Upon a Time and Grey's Anatomy), is thus switching to a new broadcasting format in the 2013-14 TV season, from two blocks that are broadcast almost without interruptions [43].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

casting


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

When conceiving the series, Callie Howry immediately wanted Connie Britton to play the main role in it.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Howry watched the actress on her TV series Friday Night Lights and liked how she played the role of a simple southern woman [44].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Casting for permanent roles in the pilot began in February.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

British actor Sam Palladio was the first to be confirmed for the role in the project on February 14 [45].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Next Claire Bowen (February 17) [46], Jonathan Jackson (February 22) [47], Powers Booth (February 23) [48], Eric Close (March 5) [49] and Charles Esten (March 13) [50].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

On February 29, it was announced that Hayden Panettier had landed the role of Juliet Barnes [51] [52], and on March 6, Connie Britton signed for the lead role of Rayna James [53] [54] [55].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

In the early stages, Nashville led the rest of the channel's drivers as the most promising of them [56] [57], and on May 11, 2012, ABC officially commissioned filming for the first season [58].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

It is known that Britton's fee for each episode of the series is one hundred thousand dollars [59], and Panettier, meanwhile, receives seventy-five thousand [60].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Marketing


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

In an advertising campaign to promote the series, ABC focused on the rivalry between a young and ruthless rising star (Hayden Panettier) and the peak of her success, the queen of country music in performed by Connie Britton [27].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The posters for the series depicted Britton sitting on a silver throne, with Panettier sitting under her feet [61].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Exactly a week before its premiere on television, the pilot episode was available for viewing by anyone on Amazon, iTunes, Hulu and ABC [8].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

music


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Grammy and Oscar winner Ty Bone Burnat, who is the husband of Callie Howry, the creator of the series, was invited to replace the music producer and composer in December 2011.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

For several months, Burnat was actively engaged in vocal skills with Connie Britton, who previously studied music during her studies at drama school.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

According to the actress herself, in preparation for her role in the series, she listened to the music of singer Bonnie Ratt for hours and sought to combine southern rock genres with country music in the style of her heroine's performance [32].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

While working on the series, the producers decided to name its episodes after famous songs [64].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Thus, the second episode was named after Hank Williams's classic song “I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)” [64].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

In early October 2012, it was announced that ABC had signed a contract with Big Machine Records to release songs that were performed in episodes of the series.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The label is primarily known for its lead star Taylor Swift [65].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The first single will be the song “If I Didn't Know Better” performed by Claire Bowen and Sam Palladio, which sounds at the finale of the pilot episode, and “Telescope”, written by Hillary Lindsay and Carey Barlow, performed by Hayden Panettier, will be the first to be released on radio [65].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

At the same time, all songs will be available for viewing on YouTube and purchased on iTunes the day after the episodes premiere.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

According to the channel's idea to make different directions in the musical style of the characters, the heroine Panettier performs more pop songs, while Britton's music is aimed at the audience of Reba McIntyre [65].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

In addition to the original songs, the series will feature cover versions of classic hits [65].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

According to the label's producer, the release of the first album is scheduled either for early 2013 or will be postponed until May [65].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

As a result, the release of the first album, consisting of eleven songs, was announced for December 11 [16].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

This early release date was due to high sales of singles from the first five episodes, which sold more than half a million copies as of mid-November [16].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Actors and characters


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The main composition


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The series features nine regular actors listed in the opening credits [29].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Connie Britton stars the aging singer Reina James, often called the “Ruling Queen of the Country” [66], and Hayden Panettier plays the young and popular, but deprived of talent, Juliet Barnes [29].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Powers Booth plays the role of Rayna's father, a powerful politician and one of the most influential businessmen in Tennessee, Lamar Wyatt [66].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Charles Easten plays the role of Rayna's former lover, songwriter and guitarist Deacon Claiborne, and Eric Close plays her husband, Teddy Conrad, an unsuccessful politician and protégé Lamar, who is currently after loss of work stays at home and raises children, living on his wife's money [29] [66].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Claire Bowen plays Scarlett O'Connor as a young and talented composer and waitress in a cafe; Jonathan Jackson plays Scarlett's musician and friend Avery Berkeley; and Sam Palladio plays Gunnar Scott, an aspiring and promising musician performing with Scarlett [29].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Robert Wisdom plays the role of a friend of the family of Coleman Carlisle, another politician and candidate for mayor with whom Teddy has to compete [29] [66].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

In the second season, three actors were promoted to a regular contract cast.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

among them were Chris Carmack, who played aspiring singer Willie Lexington, who is a hidden homosexual since March 2013, as well as Lennon and Macy Stella, who play the roles of Rayna's daughters [67] [68].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The Stella sisters became famous for posting their performances on YouTube, which is why they were included in the series, despite their lack of experience in acting [69].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

In the third, Will Chase and Oliver Hudson were promoted to the first team as Luke Wheeler and Jeff Fordham, respectively.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Hudson left the first team after his third season with Eric Close, while Aubrey Peoples (playing Leila Grant), on the contrary, was promoted to the regular roster after two seasons in the periodic status [70].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Secondary roster


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The series features several dozen supporting actors and characters.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Among them are Judith Hoag as Tandy Hampton, daughter of Lamar and sister Raina, who acts as a referee between him and Raina [3]; Sylvia Jeffries as Jolene Barnes, Juliet's mother [71 ]; Burgess Jenkins as Randy Roberts, Rayna's longtime friend and music producer.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Kimberly Williams-Paisley also appeared in several episodes, playing Peggy Samper, former mistress and colleague of Teddy Conrad.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Composer J.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

D. Sauser played the role of legendary music producer Vanni White [73], and Wyclef Jean Dominic King, another major music producer [74].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Ria Kilstedt played Marilyn Rhodes, director of the recording studio, and Tilkey Jones played the role of a young football player and friend of Juliet Sean Butler [75].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The series also has a number of “background” characters that do not affect the plot in any way.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

These are Rayna's loyal manager Buck (David Alford), Juliet's manager Glenn Goodman (Ed Amatrudo), her assistant Emily (Courtney Hansen) and image maker Makena (Afton Williamson), Marilyn's assistant Haley ( Chloe Bennett) and Rayna's label owner is Marshal Evans (Todd Truoli).


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Reaction


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Critics reviews


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The pilot episode received favorable reviews from most leading television critics [76].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

First of all, most of them praised the acting of leading actress Connie Britton, as well as the script by Callie Howry [77].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

In his review, The Hollywood Reporter columnist Tim Goodman described the project as “An adult soap opera with an impeccable cast” [77].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Goodman compared the project with Connie Britton's previous series, Friday Night Lights, noting their general similarity in terms of departing from the main idea of the series.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

While the sports concept of “Lights” appealed to a teenage audience, in practice the project quickly turned into a serious family drama, as well as Nashville, where country music is not driving plot link [77].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

In general, the critic praised Britton's acting, the realistic manner of shooting the city, as well as the screenwriting makings for the development of storylines in subsequent episodes [77].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Hank Stever of The Washington Post described the pilot with the phrase “Sounding Perfect” and especially praised Claire Bowen and Sam Palladio's performance of the final composition in the episode [78].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly also positively assessed Callie Howry's screenwriting ideas and the performance of Britton and the cast, but expressed doubts about the need for a political line nomination of the main character's husband for the post of mayor of the city [79].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Tucker even expressed the idea that “Nashville is the best drama ever made about the city”, but nevertheless felt that the future show would need some other innovations besides the musical component and politicians [79].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Awards and nominations


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

In June 2012, the series was one of five winners of the Critics' Choice Television Award in the category “Most Exciting and Anticipated Television Series” [7].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

YearAwardCategoryRecipientResult2012Television Critics' ChoiceThe Most Exciting and Anticipated Nashville TV Series Won Satellite [80] Best Series — Nashville Drama NominatedBest Actress in TV Series — DramaConnie BrittonNominatedBest Actress in a Television Series — DramaHayden Panettiernominated Best Supporting ActorPowers BootNominated2013People's Choice AwardsBest New Nashville TV Drama NominatedGolden Globe [81] Best Actress in a Television Series — DramaConnie BrittonNominatedBest Supporting Actress — Miniseries, TV Series or TV FilmHayden PanettierNominated Writers Guild of America Award [82] Best Screenplay for Nashville New Series Nominated [83] Best Editing in an Hour Advertising Television SeriesKate HendersonNominated Best Costume Design in Modern Television SeriesLesusi Airborne NominatedTeen Choice Awards [84] Best Nashville Drama Series NominatedBest Actress in a Drama SeriesHayden PanettierNominatedammy Best Actress in drama television seriesConnie BrittonNominatedBest Original Music and Lyrics by Sarah Buxton and Kate York for


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

“Nothing in This World Will Ever Break My Heart Again” Nominatedtv.com AwardBest Primetime Soap Opera Nashville Nominated2014People's Choice AwardsBest Nashville Drama Series Nominated Golden Globe” [85] Best Supporting Actress - Miniseries, TV Series or TV FilmHayden PanettierNominatedCostume Designers Guild [86] Best Costume Design in Modern Television SeriesLesusi TroopedNominated


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

TV ratings


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The pilot episode, which aired on October 10, 2012 at 10 pm after the sitcom Modern Family, attracted nine million viewers, allowing the series to win its temporary interval [87].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

In the key demographic category for advertisers, the rating was 2.8 [88].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The following week, the series aired after the less successful sitcom Suburb and attracted 6.8 million viewers and 2.0 in the 18-49 category.


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Thus, the series lost almost thirty percent of the premiere episode [89].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The ratings of subsequent episodes remained stable around 2.0-1.8 in the 18-49 category, and when counting show views on the DVR demo, the target remained above 3.0 [90] [91].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

The series, however, performed well in the 18-34 category and regularly won a time slot in this and narrower women's categories [92].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

In an article about the low ratings of the critically acclaimed show, columnist James Lakob of The Daily Beast magazine expressed the opinion that the late time interval was to blame [93].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

In recent years, each of the broadcast networks has faced a significant drop in ratings for ten-hour shows due to viewers switching to cable channels or simply going to bed [ 93].


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Episodes


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

List of nashville episodes


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Notes


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

References


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

(in English)


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Category:2010s US television series


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Category: American television series launched in 2012


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Category:English-language television series


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Category:American drama television series


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Category:US soap operas


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Category:LGBT themes in TV shows


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Category:ABC Studios television series


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Category:Lionsgate Television series


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Category:American Broadcasting Company programs


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Category:TV series with a plot set in Tennessee


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Category:TV Shows resumed after closing


Question: When was ABC's Nashville closed?

Nashville (tv series)

Category: American television series completed in 2018 year


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The schism of the Russian Church is a church schism in the Russian Orthodox Church that began in the 1650s in Moscow.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

It is connected with the reform of Patriarch Nikon aimed at amending the liturgical books of the Moscow press and some rituals in order to unify them with modern Greek [1] [2] [3].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The reform was carried out with the participation and support of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and some other Orthodox patriarchs, was approved and confirmed by resolutions of a number of councils held in Moscow in 1650— The 1680s.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Opponents of the reform, later called the “Old Believers”, were anathematized [4] at the Moscow Cathedral in 1656 (only holding on to the double-finger sign of the cross) and at the Bolshoy Moskovsky cathedral of 1666—1667 [1] [2] [5].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

As a result, Old Believer groups appeared, which were later divided into numerous consents [3].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Background: Greek and Russian liturgical customs


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The evolution of forms of public Christian worship in the early era, especially those elements that are determined not by the book tradition, but by oral church tradition (and these include such significant customs, such as the sign of the cross), are known from information in the works of the Church Fathers and early historians of the church.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

No patristic or canonical documents (as well as liturgical monuments) contain a clear indication of how many fingers the sign of the cross should be performed: there is no doubt that the oldest known form of finger type was single-finger, which coexisted with multifinger, evidence of which has been preserved from the 4th century; the appearance of triplets and duals, according to the opinion of a number of researchers was probably caused by Trinitarian and Christological disputes of the era of the first ecumenical councils, and the appearance of triplets, respectively, preceded the appearance of duality , dating back to the half of the 5th century (the era of the struggle against monophysitism) [6].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

By the 9th century and by the time of the Baptism of Rus (988), dual was adopted in Constantinople; later, around the middle of the 13th century, the Greeks began to switch to triplets [7].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

As for the number of prosphoras on proskomedia, fervor or treguba hallelujah, the direction of movement of the procession, there was no uniformity here.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Among the Russians, a combination of some customs (duality, fervent hallelujah, salting, etc.), which will later be called the old rite, received a dominant position, and the Greeks established a set other customs, which will later be called a new rite in Russia [8].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The process of political and cultural separation of North-Eastern (Vladimir, and then Moscow) and South-Western Russia (which became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania), which began in the XIII-XIV centuries, led to the penetration of modern Greek liturgical traditions through Lithuania, although, for example, double-finger was still widespread in Lithuania itself and even among the Serbs at the beginning of the 17th century [10].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In this regard, the question arose in the Russian state as to what order should be followed in worship.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

At the Stoglavy Cathedral in 1551, this question was answered: “Does anyone not bless two fingers, like Christ, or does not imagine the sign of the cross, let him be cursed, holy fathers recosha” [11] ( Stoglav 31) is a correct statement of the text: “This is the right statement of the text: “This is osfragiei tis daktlois, kats ka Cristos,” from the Greek liturgical collections “Euchologists” of the 10th-12th centuries, translated into Slavic, from the rank: “Apotis tin airetik Armenin” [12]; “... holy halleluia tregubiti does not befit, but twice the verb halleluia, and in the third - “glory to you, God”...” (Stoglav 42).


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Boris Uspensky, a linguist and historian of Russian and Church Slavonic languages, described the difference between Donikon and Poslenikon traditions as follows:


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Using the example of the sign of the cross, we see that we have to talk about Byzantinization only conditionally: we are talking about orientation towards Byzantium, but since Byzantium no longer existed by this time, modern Greeks were perceived as bearers of the Byzantine cultural tradition.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

As a result, the assimilated forms and norms could differ very significantly from Byzantine ones, and this is especially noticeable in the field of church culture.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Thus, the Russian clergy under Patriarch Nikon change into Greek dresses and generally resemble the Greek clergy in their guise (dressing up the clergy in a Greek dress under Nikon precedes the dressing of civil Russian society in a Western European dress under Peter I).


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

However, the new clothes of the Russian clergy do not correspond to the clothes that Greek clergymen wore in Byzantium, but to the ones they began to wear under the Turks after the fall of Byzantine empires: this is how kamilavka, whose shape dates back to the Turkish fez, and the wide-sleeved robe, also reflecting the Turkish style of clothing, appears.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Following the Greek clergy, Russian clergymen and monks begin to wear long hair.