Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

This facilitates the penetration of the dye as a result of diffusion deep into a sufficiently densely packed synthetic fiber with the formation of a solid solution in the polymer.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The dye is retained in the fiber by Van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonds.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Disperse dyes are the only class of dyes suitable for dyeing polyester and acetate fibers.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Dyeing process is carried out in the presence of 1-2 g/l of non-ionic surfactant.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

According to the periodic method, the polyamide fiber is dyed at 98-100° C, polyester - at 130° C under pressure, due to the denser packaging of its macromolecules.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The resistance of colors to wet treatments with dispersed dyes on polyamide fiber is quite low, on polyester fiber it is, on the contrary, high.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

In accordance with this, for example, when dyeing cotton/polyamide mixtures, direct and disperse dyes are used if the requirements for color strength are not high.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

And, on the contrary, dyeing of cotton/polyester mixtures, in case of increased requirements for color stability, is carried out by active and disperse dyes.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Cationic dyes are used to dye polyacrylonitrile fiber (PAN fiber) and some other fibers containing COOH or SO3H groups.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

They are salts of colored organic cations with uncolored anions of mineral or carboxylic acid.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The dyeing of PAN fibers with cationic dyes is carried out with gradual heating (about 1.5 hours) of the dye bath to a temperature close to boiling.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The rate of selection of different cationic dyes from the fiber bath is not the same.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

In the case of mixed dyeing, dyes with similar values of this value are selected.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The most widely used is the continuous method of dyeing in gel, when in the production of PAN fibers, freshly obtained yarns (“wet tourniquet”) are passed through a dye bath for a few seconds at at a temperature of about 50° C, continuously replenished with a dye solution.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

This dyeing speed is possible due to the fact that the fiber is in a gel-like, loose state, and the dye solution freely penetrates into its pores.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The colors on PAN fibers obtained with the help of cationic dyes, in terms of combining brightness with resistance to light and other influences, exceed the colors obtained by other classes of dyes on any other fibres.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Some cationic dyes are used to color the skin, are part of inks and ink pastes.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Fat-soluble dyes are synthetic dyes that are highly soluble in non-polar and low-polar organic solvents.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

They are insoluble in water, which is due to the absence of polar groups in their molecules: sulfo- and carboxyl (as well as in dispersed ones).


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Fat-soluble dyes are used for coloring plastics, gasolines, artificial leather, rubber, technical ones.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

fats, oils, waxes, household chemical materials (mastics, varnishes, shoe creams, etc.).


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Confectionery and cosmetic products are also painted.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Acetone-soluble dyes, synthetic dyes that are highly soluble in polar organic solvents, including acetone.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

They are complexes of anionic type Co or Cr 1:2 with monoazo dyes.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Powdered acetone-soluble dyes are used: for dyeing chemical fibers (for example, acetate, polyvinyl chloride) molded from acetone solutions, as well as plastics based on polymers and copolymers of vinyl chloride, phenol-formaldehyde, polyester and epoxy resins; in the production of non-ferrous nitrovarnishes used in the printing, furniture, leather and other industries industry.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Liquid acetone-soluble dyes, which are solutions of dyes in mixtures of organic solvents, are used for surface dyeing and finishing of natural leather.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Acetone-soluble dyes in the form of fine powders are used for dyeing polyamide fibers and fur.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Alcohol-soluble dyes are synthetic dyes soluble in ethanol and other media close to it in dissolving power.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Alcohol-soluble dyes include some metal-containing dyes, indulins, nigrosins and other dyes produced in the form of salts with an organic cation that promotes solubility.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Alcohol-soluble dyes are used to color nitrolacs, pastes for ballpoint pens, some plastics and other substances.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Pigments stand separately, although they may be close to dyes in structure and production methods, but they have very poor solubility in the dyed medium, so they require grinding to a size particles no more than a few micrometers.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The coloring power of pigments depends on the size of their particles and increases sharply with the decrease in the average particle size of the dispersion.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Pigments can be organic or inorganic.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

For coloring products made of polymeric materials, they are most often used in the form of masterbatches (see masterbatches).


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Classification of dyes by chemical structure


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Dyes and pigments have a diverse structure.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

However, more than half of all dyes can be classified as azo dyes and anthraquinone dyes.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

By the nature of chromophore groups, the following groups of dyes can be distinguished [4]:


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

acridine dyes, acridine derivatives;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

anthraquinone dyes, anthraquinone derivatives;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

arylmethane dyes:


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

diphenylmethane dyes based on diphenylmethane;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

triarylmethane dyes, triphenylmethane derivatives;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

azo dyes based on the -N = N- group;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

sudan dyes;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

cyanine dyes containing methine chains =CH-;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

diazonide dyes, derivatives of diazonium salts;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

nitro dyes based on -NO2 nitro group;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

nitroso dyes based on -N = O nitrous group;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

phthalocyanine dyes, phthalocyanine derivatives;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

quinone-imine dyes, quinone derivatives;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

azine dyes:


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

yurchodin dyes;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

safranine dyes, safranin derivatives;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

indamines;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

indophenol dyes, indophenol derivatives;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

oxadine dyes, oxazine derivatives;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

oxazone dyes, oxazone derivatives;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

thiazine dyes, thiazine derivatives;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

thiazole dyes, thiazole derivatives;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

xanthene dyes, xanthene derivatives;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

fluorene dyes, fluorene derivatives:


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

pyronin dyes based on pyronin;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

fluoron dyes based on fluorone:


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

rhodamine dyes, rhodamine derivatives.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Methods for testing color stability


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Textile materials dyed with dyes are subjected to physico-chemical tests in order to assess the color stability.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The tests are carried out in the color intensity corresponding to the standard tone (selected according to the standard tone scales) and evaluated according to the scales of blue and gray standards.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Blue standard scales are used to assess the light fastness of dyes.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Gray gauge scales are used to determine the results of the rest of the tests.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The blue reference scale is a set of eight strips of wool fabric dyed with individual dyes with varying degrees of resistance to light.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The scale of blue standards allows you to evaluate the light fastness of dyes in points from 1 to 8, where 1 point means the lowest light fastness, and 8 points means the highest.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The scales of gray standards make it possible to assess the stability of colors in the range from 1 to 5 points, of which a score of 1 means the lowest, and a score of 5 means the highest degree of color stability.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The gray reference scale for determining changes in the original color as a result of tests is 5 or 9 pairs of neutral gray strips.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Both stripes of the first pair are identical in color and the contrast between them is zero.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

They mean a color fastness of 5 points.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Scores from 4 to 1 are represented by two stripes, one of which is identical to the 5-point stripes, and the other is lighter with increasing contrast.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The scale for determining the degree of coloring of white materials consists of five or nine pairs of strips, which make it possible to evaluate the coloring from 5 to 1 point.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

A score of 5 points indicates the highest degree of color stability and is represented by two white stripes, the contrast between which is zero.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Scores from 4 to 1 are presented in the form of two stripes, one of which is white, identical to the stripes of 5 points, the second stripes are gray with increasing contrast.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

A working sample is prepared for testing.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

A 10x4 cm sample is cut out of the fabric or knitwear to be tested, placed between two adjacent fabrics, one of which is of the same material as the test sample, and the other from the fiber specified in specific test method and stitched with a hint seam.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

GOST 9733-0.83.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The most important tests are the following.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Tests of resistance to light under artificial lighting conditions.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The method is based on the effect of xenon lamp light under certain conditions on the tested colored samples together with eight blue standards.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

GOST 9733-3.83.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Daylight resistance tests.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The sample, together with blue standards, is exposed to daylight under certain conditions.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Color stability is assessed by comparing the change in the color of the sample with the change in the color of the blue standards.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

GOST 9733-1-91.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The dye is classified as light-resistant with light fastness above 4 points, otherwise the dye is classified as not light-resistant.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Testing of resistance to distilled water.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The method is based on immersing the test samples together with samples of uncolored fabrics in distilled water and keeping them at a certain pressure, temperature and time in a testing apparatus.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

GOST 9733.5-83.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Sweat resistance tests.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The methods are based on the treatment of the test sample together with samples of uncolored adjacent tissues with solutions containing histidine with table salt or table salt under certain conditions.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

GOST 9733-6.83.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Washing resistance tests.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The method is based on mechanical mixing of the working sample together with adjacent fabrics in washing solutions at a certain temperature and time.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

GOST 9733.4-83.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Friction resistance tests.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The method is based on painting over a dry or wet fabric when rubbing against a dry test sample.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

GOST 9733.27-83.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Ironing resistance tests.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The method is based on the effect of a certain temperature, pressure and time on the colored sample under conditions of dry ironing, ironing with steaming and wet ironing.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

GOST 9733.7-83.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Tests of resistance to organic solvents.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The method is based on the treatment of the test working composite sample with an organic solvent used in dry cleaning.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

GOST 9733-13.83.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Color theory


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

In 1876, O. Witt formulated a chromophore-auxochrome theory of chromaticity, according to which dyes consist of unsaturated functional groups (chromophores) and salt-forming groups (auxochromes), the latter enhance the color and give the molecule the ability to color.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Typical chromophores are ethylene -CH = CH-, carbonyl -COOH, azo -N = N-, nitro -NO2, nitroso -N = O groups, and hydroxy -OH, amino -NH2 and mercapto -SH groups are auxochromes.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Although chromophore-auxochrome theory made a significant contribution to the development of dye chemistry, it considered the molecule of the colored substance when interacting with light as something unchanged.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

In addition, according to this theory, the presence of a color of a substance is reduced to the presence of chromophore and auxochrome groups.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The rest of the molecule is considered as a passive carrier of these groups.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

According to the modern electronic theory of chromaticity of organic compounds, developed in the works of V. A. Izmail (since 1913), Adams, Rosenstein (1914), Lewis (1916), Dilthey, Wiesinger (1928) and other scientists, the ability to absorb light is determined by the presence of a fairly long chain conjugated double bonds and electron-donor (supplying electrons) and electron-acceptor (receiving electrons) substituents attached to it.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The color of the dye depends on the excitation energy required to transfer the molecule from the ground state to the excited state.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

A substance becomes visually colored if it absorbs energy portions from 158 to 300 kJ/mol.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Only C-H and C-C bonds are present in saturated hydrocarbon molecules.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Such molecules go into an excited state from a portion of energy of more than 800 kJ/mol, which corresponds to the far ultraviolet part of the spectrum.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

For this reason, they are colorless.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

In molecules of unsaturated hydrocarbons, electrons that form double bonds are more delocalized, as they experience less attractive effect from atomic nuclei, and in this case energy the excitation of such molecules is less.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

In molecules with conjugated double bonds, a single electron cloud is formed, the degree of electron delocalization increases, and the excitation energy of the molecule decreases.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

As the conjugate chain of bonds lengthens, less energy is required to move the molecule into an excited state, and absorption shifts to the long-wave region.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

In the chemistry of dyes, aromatic and heterocyclic compounds with closed systems of conjugated double bonds play an important role.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Here, electron clouds overlap and form a single electron cloud, as a result of which the excitation energy of the molecule also decreases, and the absorption of light turns into a longer wavelength region.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Coloring occurs.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The introduction of polarizing substituents (electron-donor and electron-acceptor) into a molecule with conjugated double bonds leads to a shift in electrons, to the appearance at the ends of the molecule of a positive and negative charges.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Electron-donor substituents give their electrons to the conjugate system, and electron-acceptor substituents attract electrons of the conjugate system, and create their constant displacement.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

As a result, in both the first and second cases, the excitation energy decreases, and the absorption of light moves to the long-wave region.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The ionization of their molecules in an alkaline or acidic environment, as well as complexation by metals, also contributes to the change in the color of dyes.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Color index


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

C.I.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

(color index number) - color index or color index, an international dye designation system.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

A multi-volume handbook created and updated by the British Society of Dyers and Colorists (SDC), as well as the American Association of Chemists and Colorists (American association of chemists and colorists (AATCC), has been published since 1925.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

It is currently published on the Internet.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Each chemical that is used as a dye is assigned a five-digit number strictly in accordance with the “colour index generic names” and “colour index constitution numbers”.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

This number is unique for each dye and pigment.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

The main information that S.I.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

dye type: direct (acid), active (reactive), basic (mordant), sulfur (sulfur), vat (vat), dispersed (disperse), pigments (pigment) and others;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

color: purple (violet), blue (blue), green (green), yellow (yellow), orange (orange), red (red), brown (brown) and black (black);


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

structural formula;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

method of obtaining.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

CI numbers are grouped depending on the chemical structure of the dye.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

For example:


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

11000-19999 — monoazo dyes;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

20000-29999 — bisazo dyes;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

58000-72999 — anthraquinone dyes;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

74000-74999 — phthalocyanine dyes;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

77000-77999 — inorganic pigments.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Examples:


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

“C.I. 17757 Reactive orange 16”;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

“C.I. 35435 Direct black 22”.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Sources


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Literature


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) v


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Chemical technology of textile materials: [Textbook. for universities on special. “Khim. -technology and equipment. finishing production”]/G. E.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Krichevsky, M. IN. Korchagin A. IN. Senakhov; Ed.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

G. E.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Krichevsky, 640 p. ill.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

22 sm, M. Legprombytizdat 1985


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Venkataraman K., Chemistry of synthetic dyes, translated from English.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

, vol.1-6, L., 1956-77.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Borodkin V. F. Dyes chemistry.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

M.- Khimiya 1981


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Gordon P., Gregory P., Organic Chemistry of Dyes, translated from English.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

, MOSCOW, 1987;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Stepanov B.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

I., Introduction to chemistry and technology of organic dyes, 3rd ed.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

, M., 1984;


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

GOST 9733.0 - 27.83.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Textile materials.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Methods for testing color stability.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

GOST 9733.1 - 91.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Textile materials.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Test method for color fastness to light.


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

References


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs

Notes


Question: When did the term “dye” come about?

Dyestuffs


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov (, Kruzhilinsky Farm, Vyoshenskaya Village, Donetsk District, Don Army Region — February 21, 1984, Vyoshenskaya Village, Sholokhovsky District, Rostov Oblast) was a Russian Soviet writer and screenwriter, journalist.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1965 — “for the artistic strength and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia”), the Stalin Prize (1941), the Lenin Prize (1960).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1967, 1980).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Colonel (1943).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Biography


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Youthfulness


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

M. A. Sholokhov was born on May 24 [O.S. 1905] on the Kruzhilin farm in the village of Vyoshenskaya (now the Kruzhilinsky farm of the Rostov region).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

At birth, he received the surname Kuznetsov, which he changed in 1912 to the surname Sholokhov.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

His father, Alexander Mikhailovich Sholokhov (1865—1925), came from the Ryazan province, did not belong to the Cossacks [1], was a “shibai” (buyer of cattle), sowed bread on purchased Cossack land, served as a clerk in a farm-scale commercial enterprise, a steam mill manager, etc. My father's grandfather was a merchant of the third guild, originally from Zaraysk, he moved with his large family to the Verkhnyaya Donshchina in the mid-1870s, bought a house with a farmstead and started buying grain.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Mother, Anastasia Danilovna Chernyak (1871-1942), was a Cossack woman by mother, daughter of a peasant settler on the Don, a former serf of the Chernigov province.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

For a long time she was in service in the pansky estate Yasenevka.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The orphan was forcibly married by the landowner Popova, with whom she served, to the son of the village ataman Kuznetsov.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

But later she left her husband and went to Alexander Sholokhov.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Their son Mikhail was born illegitimate and was registered in the name of his mother's official husband, Kuznetsov.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Only after the death of her official husband, in 1913, the boy's parents were able to get married in the church of the Kargin farm (now the village of Karginskaya) [3], and Mikhail received the surname Sholokhov.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1910, the family left the Kruzhilin farm: Alexander Mikhailovich joined the service of a merchant in the village of Karginskaya.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The father invited a local teacher Timofey Timofeevich Mrykhin to teach the boy to read and write.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1914 he studied for one year in Moscow in the preparatory class of the 8th Moscow Men's (Shelaputinskaya) Gymnasium.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

From 1915 to 1918, Mikhail studied at the gymnasium in Moscow. Boguchar of Voronezh Province.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

He graduated from four grades of the gymnasium (he sat at the same desk with Konstantin Ivanovich Kargin, a future writer who wrote the novel “Bakhchevnik” in the spring of 1930).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Before the German troops came to the city, according to Mikhail, he dropped out of school and went home to the farm.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1920, the family moved to the village of Karginskaya (after the arrival of Soviet power), where Alexander Mikhailovich received the post of head of the Donprodkom registry office, and his son Mikhail became a clerk Stanichny Revolutionary Committee.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1920—1921 he lived with his family in the village of Karginskaya.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

After completing the Rostov tax courses, he was appointed to the post of food inspector in the village of Bukanovskaya, then joined the food detachment, and participated in the extension.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1920, the food detachment led by 15-year-old Sholokhov was captured by Makhno.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

At the time, he thought he would be shot, but he was released.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

On August 31, 1922, while working as a village tax inspector, M. A. Sholokhov was arrested and was in the district center under investigation.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

He was sentenced to death by firing squad.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

“I led a steep line, and the time was cool; I was very commissary, I was tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal for abuse of power...” the writer later said. “I waited two days for death... And then they came and released...”


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Until September 19, 1922, Sholokhov was in custody.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

His father gave him a large cash deposit and bailed him home until the trial.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

His parents brought a new metric to the court, and he was released as a minor (according to the new metric, the age decreased by 2.5 years).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

This was already in March 1923.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

At that time, the “troika” were tried, the sentences were strict.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

It was not difficult to believe that he was a minor, since Mikhail was small and looked like a boy.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The execution was commuted to another punishment — the tribunal took into account his minor.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

He was given one year of correctional labor in a juvenile colony and sent to Bolshevo (near Moscow).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In Moscow, Sholokhov tried to continue his education, and also tried his hand at writing.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

However, it was not possible to enter the preparatory courses of the workers' faculty due to the lack of work experience required for admission and the referral of the Komsomol.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

According to some sources, he worked as a loader, labourer, bricklayer.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

According to others, he worked in the house management of the worker's housing construction cooperative “Take an Example!” , chaired by L. G. Mirumov (Mirumyan).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

He was engaged in self-education, took part in the work of the literary group “Molodaya Gvardiya”, attended training sessions conducted by V. B.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Shklovsky, O. M. Brick N. N. Aseev said.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

He joined the Komsomol.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Active assistance in arranging everyday Moscow life by M. A. Sholokhov and in promoting the first literary works with his autograph were provided by Leon Galustovich Mirumov (Mirumyan), a personnel employee of the ECU GPU, a Bolshevik with pre-revolutionary experience, with whom M. A. Sholokhov met in Vyoshenskaya village before arriving in Moscow.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In September 1923, signed “Mih. Sholokh” in the Komsomol newspaper Yunoskaya Pravda (Molodoy Leninets) (now Moskovsky Komsomolets) published a feuilleton — Test, a month later the second feuilleton, Three, appeared, and then the third - “The Inspector General”.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In December 1923, M. A. Sholokhov returned to Karginskaya, and then to the village of Bukanovskaya, where he married Lydia Gromoslavskaya, one of the daughters of the former village ataman Pyotr Yakovlevich Gromoslavsky.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

But the former chieftain said: “Take Maria and I will make you a man.”


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

On January 11, 1924, M. A. Sholokhov married his eldest daughter, Maria Petrovna Gromoslavskaya (1901-1992), who worked as an elementary school teacher (in 1918 M. P. Gromoslavskaya, studied at the Ust-Medveditskaya Gymnasium, the director of which at that time was F. D. Kryukov).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The first story “Animals” (later “Food Commissioner”), sent by M. A. Sholokhov in the Molodogvardeets almanac, was not accepted by the editorial board.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

On December 14, 1924, the Molodoy Leninets newspaper published the story “Mole”, which opened a series of Don stories: “Shepherd”, “Ilyukha”, “Foal”, “Azure Steppe”, “Family Man”, “Mortal Enemy”, “Two-Married ” et al.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

They were published in Komsomol periodicals, and then compiled three collections published one after another: “Don Stories”, “Azure Steppe” (both - 1926) and “About Kolchak, Nettles and Others” (1927).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

After returning to Karginskaya, the eldest daughter Svetlana was born in the family (1926, Art. Karginskaya), then sons Alexander (1930-1990, Rostov-on-Don), Mikhail (1935, Moscow), daughter Maria (1938, Vyoshenskaya).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1938, Sholokhov was threatened with going to prison, because security officer Evdokimov petitioned for arrest from Stalin.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

family


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

December 1923.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Departure of M. A. Sholokhov from Moscow to the village of Karginskaya, to his parents, and with them to Bukanovskaya [4], where his fiancée Lydia Gromoslavskaya and future wife Maria Petrovna Gromoslavskaya lived (since their father Pyotr Yakovlevich Gromoslavsky insisted on the marriage of M. A. Sholokhov on Maria's eldest daughter).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

1924, January 11.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The wedding of M. A. and M. P. Sholokhovs in the Intercession Church of the village of Bukanovskaya.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Marriage registration in the Podtelkovsky registry office (Kumylzhenskaya village).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

1926, February 9.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The birth of her first child, Svetlana, in the village of Karginskaya.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

1930, May 18.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The birth of son Alexander.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Place of birth — g. Rostov-on-Don.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

[5] Alexander was married to Violeta Gosheva, daughter of Bulgarian Prime Minister Anton Yugov [6].


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

He graduated from the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazeva, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

He died on September 20, 1990 [7].


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

1935, May 23.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The birth of son Mikhail [8].


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Place of birth — g. Moscow.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

1938, January 3.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The birth of a daughter Maria.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Place of birth: Vyoshenskaya village.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

[5] She graduated from the Philological Faculty of Moscow State University named after M. IN. Lomonosov, worked in the prose department of the Moscow publishing house Sovremennik.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

1942, June.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

During the bombing of Vyoshenskaya village in the yard of M. A. Sholokhov's mother died.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Artworks


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

“The birthmark” (story)


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Don stories


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

“Tikhiy Don”


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

“Virgin Soil Upturned”


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

“They Fought for the Motherland”


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

“Human Destiny”


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The Science of Hate


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

“A Word About the Motherland”


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

“Lazorevaya steppe”


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Early stories


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1923, M. A. Sholokhov are published in newspapers.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Since 1924, his stories appeared in magazines, later combined into collections “Don Stories” and “Azure Steppe” (1926).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

“Tikhiy Don”


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Sholokhov gained Russian and world fame from the novel “The Quiet Don” (1928 — 1-2 vols., 1932 — 3 volumes, 4 tons published in 1940) about the Don Cossacks in the First World War and the Civil War; this work which combines several storylines, is called an epic.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

A communist writer, who was on the side of the Reds during the Civil War, Sholokhov pays a significant place in the novel to the white Cossacks, and its main character, Grigory Melekhov, at the end of the story doesn't “come to the red.”


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

This caused criticism of communist criticism; however, such an ambiguous novel was personally read by I. IN. Stalin and approved by him for publication.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

During World War II, The Quiet Don was translated into European languages and gained popularity in the West, and after the war it was translated into oriental languages, and the novel was also a success in the East.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

“Virgin Soil Upturned”


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The novel “Virgin Soil Upturned” (vol. 1 — 1932, vol. 2 — 1959) is dedicated to collectivization on the Don and the movement of the “25,000”.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The author's assessment of the course of collectivization is expressed here; the images of the main characters and pictures of collectivization are ambiguous.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The second volume of “Virgin Soil Upturned” was lost during the Great Patriotic War and restored later.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

War works


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Subsequently, M. A. Sholokhov published several excerpts from the unfinished novel “They Fought for the Motherland” (1942—1944, 1949, 1969), the story “Human Destiny” (1956).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1941-1945, working as a war correspondent, he published several essays (“On the Don”, “In the South”, “Cossacks”, etc.) and the story “The Science of Hate” (1942), and in the first postwar years - several journalistic texts of a patriotic orientation (“The Word of the Motherland”, “The Struggle Continues” (1948), “Light and Darkness” (1949), “Executioners will not escape the judgment of peoples!” (1950), etc.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Nobel prize


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1958, Boris Pasternak was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature (for the seventh time) [10].


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In March 1958, a delegation of the Writers' Union of the USSR visited Sweden and learned that Sholokhov, Ezra Pound and Alberto Moravia were among those nominated together with Pasternak.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Georgy Markov, Secretary of the Board of the Writers' Union of the USSR, said “that among the highest circles <Шведской> of the Academy there is a certain opinion in favor of Pasternak”, which should be opposed publication of materials “about Sholokhov's international popularity, his wide fame in the Scandinavian countries” [11].


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

A telegram dated April 7, 1958, sent to the Soviet ambassador to Sweden, said:


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

It would be desirable to make it clear to the Swedish public through cultural figures close to us that the Soviet Union would highly appreciate awarding the Nobel Prize to Sholokhov.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

It is also important to make it clear that Pasternak, as a writer, is not recognized by Soviet writers and progressive writers of other countries [12].


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1958, Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1964, French writer and philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre refused the Nobel Prize in Literature.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In his statement, in addition to personal reasons for refusing the prize, he also pointed out that the Nobel Prize had become “the Western highest cultural authority” and expressed regret that the prize was not awarded to Sholokhov and that “the only Soviet work that won the award was a book published abroad and banned in his native country” [13].


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1965, Sholokhov received the Nobel Prize in Literature “for the artistic strength and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia.”


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The prize was awarded unanimously [14].


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Sholokhov is the only Soviet writer who won the Nobel Prize in Literature with the consent of the leadership of the USSR.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Mikhail Sholokhov did not bow to Gustav Adolf VI, who presented the award.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

According to some sources, this was done intentionally, with the words: “We Cossacks do not bow to anyone. Here before the people — please, but I will not be in front of the king and that's it...” [15] [16].


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 2016, the Swedish Academy published a list of 90 nominees for the 1965 Prize on its website [17].


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

It turned out that academicians discussed the idea of dividing the award between Anna Akhmatova and Mikhail Sholokhov [14].


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Sholokhov vs Sinyavsky and Daniel


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1966, he spoke at the XXIII Congress of the CPSU and spoke about the process of Sinyavsky and Daniel:


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

This statement made Sholokhov's figure odious for some part of the creative intelligentsia in the USSR and in the West [18].


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Sholokhov M. A. v. Solzhenitsyn, Sakharov, 1973


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Sholokhov M. A. signed a Letter from a group of Soviet writers to the editorial office of the Pravda newspaper on August 31, 1973 about Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Recent years


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Until the end of his days, he lived in his house in Vyoshenskaya (now a museum).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

He transferred the Stalin Prize to the Defense Fund, the Lenin Prize for the novel “Virgin Soil Upturned” was transferred to the disposal of the Karginsky Village Council of the Bazkovsky District of the Rostov Region for the construction of a new school, Nobel Prize — for the construction of a school in Vyoshenskaya.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

He was fond of hunting and fishing.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Since the 1960s, he has actually moved away from literature.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The writer died of laryngeal cancer on February 21, 1984.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Mikhail Sholokhov was buried in a village on the banks of the Don, but not in the cemetery, but in the courtyard of the house in which he lived.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Membership in organizations


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

All-Union Communist Party (b) since 1932, delegate to the XVIII-XXVI Congresses;


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The Central Committee of the CPSU since 1961;


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Deputy of the USSR Supreme Council of 1—10 convocations (since 1937);


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Awards and awards


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Lenin Prize (1960) — for the novel “Virgin Soil Upturned” (1932—1960).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Stalin Prize of the First Degree (1941) — for the novel “The Quiet Don” (1928-1940).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Nobel Prize in Literature (1965) — “For the artistic strength and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia”.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

International Peace Peace Prize for Culture of the World Peace Council.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

International Literary Award “Sofia”.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Lotus International Prize for Writers from Asia and Africa.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1967, 1980).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

six Orders of Lenin (1939, 1955, 1965, 1967, 1975, 1980).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Order of the October Revolution (1972).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Order of the Patriotic War I degree (1945).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

medal “For the Defense of Moscow”.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

medal “For the Defence of Stalingrad”.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

medal “For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945”.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

medal “Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945”.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Medal “Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941—1945”


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

medal “For Valorous Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945”.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Alexander Fadeev Gold Medal (1972).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Order “Georgy Dimitrov” (1975) (Bulgaria).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Order “Cyril and Methodius” I class (1975) (Bulgaria).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Order “Peoples' Friendship Star” I class (German Democratic Republic).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Order of Sukhbaatar (Mongolia).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Honorary Doctor of Science from Rostov State University, Karl Marx University Leipzig, University of St. Andrews (Scotland).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

memento


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The asteroid (2448) Sholokhov is named after the writer.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

2005 was declared by UNESCO as the Year of Sholokhov.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

A documentary film “Writer and Leader” was shot about Sholokhov in 2003.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

(about the relationship between the writer himself and Stalin)


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The name of Sholokhov was given (MGSU) named after M.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

M. A. Sholokhov.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

A street in Moscow is named after Sholokhov.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

An avenue in the city of Rostov-on-Don, streets in the village of Vyoshenskaya, Almaty, Aksay, Millerovo, Salsk, Boguchar, Dnepropetrovsk are named after Sholokhov.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Pine forest in memory of M. A. Sholokhov with an area of 1.5 hectares was planted in 2009 in Uralsk (Kazakhstan).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

There is a lilac variety “Mikhail Sholokhov”.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The Orenburg branch of the Writers' Union of Russia established the literary Sholokhov Prize “They Fought for the Motherland” [21].


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

M. A. Memorial plaques and monuments were installed to Sholokhov:


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

A granite bust of Sholokhov by sculptor E.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

A. Sergibaev was opened in 2002 in Uralsk (Kazakhstan).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The monument to Sholokhov is installed on Gogolevsky Boulevard.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Sculptor A. Rukavishnikov and architect I. Voevodin.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The monument to M. A. Sholokhov on the embankment of St. Rostov-na-Donu.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

It was installed in May 2000 in honor of the 95th anniversary of the writer's birth.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The author of the sculpture is N. IN. Mozhaev said.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The bust of Russian and Soviet writer Mikhail Sholokhov was installed on Pushkinskaya Street in St. Rostov-na-Donu.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The sculptural composition “Sentinels” (Monument to M. Sholokhov on Volzhsky Boulevard in Moscow).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Memory of Sholokhov


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Monument on Volzhsky Boulevard in Moscow


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

On Sholokhov Avenue in Rostov-on-Don


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

On the embankment of Rostov-on-Don


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Bust on Pushkinskaya Street in St. Rostov-on-Don


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The heroes of M. A. Sholokhov erected monuments:


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The sculptural composition “Grigory and Aksinya” (Monument to the Heroes of the “Quiet Don” on the banks of the Don in the village of Vyoshenskaya).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The sculptural composition “Grigory and Aksinya in a Boat” (Monument to the Heroes of the “Pacific Don” on the embankment of Rostov-on-Don).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Monument to the Cossacks of the Pacific Don on the outskirts of the Kruzhilinsky farm [22].


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Sculptors N. IN. Mozhaev, E.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

M. Mozhaeva, N. N. Shcherbakov said.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Architect V. AND. Voloshin.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Memorial museums


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The State Museum-Reserve of M. A. Sholokhov, Rostov Oblast


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The Memorial Museum of M.A.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Sholokhov in Western Kazakhstan


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The house-museum of M. A. Sholokhov in St. Nikolaevsk, Nikolaevsky District, Volgograd Oblast


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In philately


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Postage stamps


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

USSR stamps, 1985,


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

USSR stamp, 1990,


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Mark of Russia, 2005,


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The problem of text authorship


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The problem of authorship of texts published under the name of Sholokhov was raised back in the 1920s, when The Quiet Don was first published.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The main reason for the opponents' doubts about Sholokhov's authorship (both then and at a later time) was the unusually young age of the author, who created, and in a very short time, such a grandiose the work, and especially the circumstances of his biography: the novel demonstrates a good acquaintance with the life of the Don Cossacks, knowledge of many areas on the Don, the events of the First World War and the Civil War, that happened when Sholokhov was a child and a teenager.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

To this argument, researchers answer that the novel was written by Sholokhov not at the age of 20, but was written for almost fifteen years.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The author spent a lot of time in archives [23], often communicated with people who later became prototypes of the characters in the novel.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

According to some reports, the prototype of Grigory Melekhov was a colleague of Sholokhov's father Kharlampiy Yermakov [24], one of those who led the Vyoshensky uprising; he spent a lot of time with the future writer, talking about himself and what he saw.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Another argument of the opponents is the low, according to some critics, the artistic level of Sholokhov's “Don Stories” that preceded the novel.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1929, on the instructions of I. IN. Stalin, a commission was formed under the leadership of M. AND. Ulyanova, who investigated this issue and confirmed the authorship of M. A. Sholokhov on the basis of the manuscripts of the novel provided by him.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Later, the manuscript was lost and was discovered only in 1999 [25].


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The main argument of supporters of Sholokhov's sole authorship until 1999 was considered a draft autograph of a significant part of the text of the “Quiet Don” (more than a thousand pages), discovered in 1987 and stored at the Institute of World Literature of RAS.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Supporters of Sholokhov's authorship have always argued that this manuscript testifies to the author's careful work on the novel, and the previously unknown history of the text explains the mistakes noted by their opponents and contradictions in the novel.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In addition, in the 1970s, Norwegian Slavist and mathematician Geir Hietso conducted a computer analysis of Sholokhov's indisputable texts, on the one hand, and the Pacific Don, on the other, and came to the conclusion about the authorship Sholokhov.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

A weighty argument was also that the novel takes place in Sholokhov's native places, and many of the characters of the book have their prototypes of people whom Sholokhov knew personally.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1999, after many years of searching for the Institute of World Literature named after A.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

A. M. Gorky RAS managed to find the manuscripts of the 1st and 2nd books of the “Pacific Don” that were considered lost.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Three examinations carried out: graphological, textual and identification, certified the authenticity of the manuscript, its belonging to its time and solved the problem of authorship with scientific validity “Quiet Don”, after which supporters of Sholokhov's authorship considered their position unconditionally proven.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 2006, a facsimile edition of the manuscript was published, giving everyone the opportunity to verify the true authorship of the novel.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Nevertheless, a number of supporters of the version of plagiarism [26], based on their own analysis of the texts, remained unconvinced.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

It boils down to the fact that Sholokhov, apparently, found a manuscript of an unknown white Cossack and revised it, since the original would not have passed Bolshevik censorship and, perhaps, the manuscript was still there.” raw.”


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Thus, Sholokhov created his own manuscript, but on someone else's material.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

However, this position, based today only on assumptions, is convincingly refuted by the examinations carried out: the “rewritten” and the author's texts are fundamentally different (in the author work on the manuscript, on artistic images is visible; the “rewritten” text or even “rearranged” largely loses any features of the author's work, it is noticeable, often visually, obvious schematism and continuity of the presentation, the absence of author's corrections, and on the other hand, semantic and artistic unevenness, different quality of individual parts of the text).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Thus, based on the examination, it is possible to say with sufficient certainty whether the text is original, artistically complete and has acquired independent value, or has become a compilation fragments and images of another work.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

List of works


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Don stories


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Azure steppe


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Tikhiy Don


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Virgin Soil Upturned


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

They fought for their homeland


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Hate Science


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

A word about the homeland


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Human destiny


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The collection of works consists of 8 volumes.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

He also composed a poem for children, which he read on the New Year tree in Vyoshenskaya, which was recorded by the secretary of the Vyoshensky District Party Committee P. K. Lugov, later found in his archive by Vyoshensky journalist P. E.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Chukarin, but has not yet been published.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

According to Anatoly Kalinin, “the author of “Mukha-Tsokotukha” would also envy her” [27].


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Film adaptation of works


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

“The Quiet Don” (1930) — directors Olga Preobrazhenskaya, Ivan Prav.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The Quiet Don (1958) is based on the novel of the same name.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The director and scriptwriter is Sergey Gerasimov.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

“The Quiet Don” (1992, released in 2006) — director Sergei Bondarchuk.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

“The Quiet Don” (2015) — TV series, directed by Sergey Ursulyak.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The fate of a person (Mosfilm, 1959) is based on the story of the same name.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The scriptwriter is Lukin, Yuri Borisovich, director Sergei Bondarchuk.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Virgin Soil Upturned (1959—1961) — based on the novel of the same name.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Nakhalyonok (1961) — based on the story of the same name.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The director is Evgeny Karelov.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

When Cossacks Cry (1963) — based on stories from the Don Stories series.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The director is Evgeny Morgunov.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Don story (1964) — based on the stories “Shibalkovo Seed” and “Mole”.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The director is Vladimir Fetin.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In the azure steppe (film almanac in 3 parts) — based on early stories.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Colovert (1970) (part 1)


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Wormhole (1970) (part 2)


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Food Commissioner (Mosfilm, 1970) (Part 3)


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

“The Foal” (1959) is a short film based on the story by M. A. Sholokhov, dir.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Vladimir Fetin.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

They Fought for the Motherland (1975) — based on the novel of the same name — dir.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Sergey Bondarchuk.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Born Free (2005) is a TV film based on the short story by M. A. Sholokhov “The Foal”, dir.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Elena Lenskaya.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

See also


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Notes


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Literature


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Lukin Yu.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

B.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

About Mikhail Sholokhov's creative path (1950).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Lukin Yu.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

B.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Mikhail Sholokhov (1952, 2nd ed., 1962).


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Lukin Yu.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

B.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Two portraits.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

A. S. Makarenko.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

M. A. Sholokhov said.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Critical and biographical essays.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

— M.: “Moskovsky Rabochiy”, 1975.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

— 416 p.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Sholokhov M. One language/Mikhail Sholokhov//Name from the front page: heroes of the era - heroes of Komsomolskaya Pravda/ed.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

G. Seleznev, V. Andriyanova.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

- M.: Pravda, 1985.- P. 44 - 48


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Zhbannikov A. S. Mikhail Sholokhov is more than a writer.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

— Rostov-on-Don, 2006.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

— 272 p. ISBN 5-87257-154-2


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

References


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

//Heroes of Don's Labor: Bio-Bibliographic Guide/Don State Public Library.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

— Rostov-n/D, 2008—2015.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Laureates of the A.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

E.


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

F. Stepanova


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Laureates of USSR literary awards


Question: How many children did Mikhail Sholokhov have?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Nobel Prize Winners in Literature


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Nobel laureates from the USSR


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Social realist writers


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Russian writers of the 20th century


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category: Members of the Writers' Union of the USSR


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Full members of the USSR Academy of Sciences


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Twice Heroes of Socialist Labor


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:CPSU Central Committee members


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category: Recipients of the Alexander Fadeev Medal


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Honorary Doctorates from the University of St Andrews


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Colonels (USSR)


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category: Deaths from laryngeal cancer


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category: Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st convocation


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 2nd convocation


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 3rd convocation


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 4th convocation


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 6th convocation


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 7th convocation


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 8th convocation


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 9th convocation


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 10th convocation


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 5th convocation


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category: Delegates to the 19th Congress of the CPSU


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category: Delegates to the XVIII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (b)


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category: Delegates to the 20th Congress of the CPSU


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category: Delegates to the XXI Congress of the CPSU


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Banknote personalities


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Personalities on postage stamps


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Delegates to the 22nd Congress of the CPSU


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category: Delegates to the XXIII Congress of the CPSU


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category: Delegates to the XXIV Congress of the CPSU


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Delegates to the 25th Congress of the CPSU


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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Category:Delegates to the 26th Congress of the CPSU


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Franz Liszt (Hungarian: Template:Hungarian name, German: Franz Liszt; October 22, 1811 — July 31, 1886) was a Hungarian composer, pianist, teacher. conductor, publicist, major representative of musical romanticism.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Liszt was one of the greatest pianists of the 19th century.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

His era was the heyday of concert pianism, Liszt was at the forefront of this process, having unlimited technical capabilities.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Until now, his virtuosity remains a reference point for modern pianists, and his works remain the pinnacle of piano virtuosity.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

In 1843, Liszt toured the Netherlands and Germany with tenor Giovanni Batista Rubini.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Active concert activity as a whole ended in 1848 (the last concert was given in Elisavetgrad), after which Liszt rarely performed.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

As a composer, Liszt made a lot of discoveries in the field of harmony, melody, form and texture.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

He created new instrumental genres (rhapsody, symphonic poem).


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

He formed the structure of a single-part cyclic form, which Schumann and Chopin had outlined, but was not developed so boldly.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Liszt actively promoted the idea of the synthesis of arts (Wagner was his like-minded person in this).


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

He said that the time of “pure arts” was over (this thesis was put forward by the 1850s).


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

If Wagner saw this synthesis in connection with music and words, for Liszt it is more related to painting and architecture, although literature played a big role.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Hence the abundance of programmatic works: Betrothal (based on Raphael's painting), The Thinker (Michelangelo's sculpture on the tombstone of Lorenzo Medici) and many others.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

In the future, the ideas of synthesis of arts were widely used.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Liszt believed in the power of art, which can influence the masses of people, fight evil.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

His educational activities are connected with this.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Liszt conducted pedagogical activity.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Pianists from all over Europe came to Weimar to visit him.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

In my house, where there was a hall, I gave them open lessons, and I never took money for it.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Among others, it was visited by Borodin, Ziloti and D'Albert.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Liszt began conducting in Weimar.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

There he staged operas (including Wagner) and performed symphonies.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

His literary works include a book about Chopin, a book on the music of Hungarian gypsies, as well as many articles on topical and global issues.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Biography


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Franz Liszt was born on October 22, 1811 in Hungary, in Doborjan (Austrian name Riding), Sopron Committee (now the Austrian state of Burgenland) and was the only child in the family.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Parents


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

His father, Adam List (1776—1827), served as an official in the administration of Prince Esterhazy.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

The princes of Esterhazy encouraged art.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Until the age of 14, Adam played the cello in the prince's orchestra, led by Joseph Haydn.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

After graduating from a Catholic gymnasium in Pressburg (now Bratislava), Adam Liszt entered the Franciscan Order as a novice, but two years later decided to leave it.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

According to some reports, he maintained a friendship with one of the Franciscans for life, which, according to some researchers, inspired him to call his son Franz, and Liszt himself, also maintaining ties with Franciscans, and later in his life he joined the Order.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Adam Liszt composed by dedicating his works to Esterhazy.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

In 1805, he achieved his appointment to Eisenstadt, where the residence of the princes was located.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

There, from 1805 to 1809, in his spare time, he continued to play in the orchestra, being able to work with many musicians who came there, including Cherubini and Beethoven.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Adam was sent to Riding in 1809.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

In his house he had a portrait of Beethoven, who was his father's idol and later became the idol of his son.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Franz Liszt's mother, Anna-Maria, nee Lagger (1788—1866), daughter of a baker from Krems an der Donau.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Orphaned at the age of 9, she was forced to move to Vienna, where she was a maid, and at the age of 20 she moved to Mattersburg to live with her brother.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

In 1810, Adam List came to Mattersburg to visit his father and met her, and in January 1811 they married.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

In October 1811, a son was born and became their only child.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

The name given at baptism was written in Latin as Franciscus, and in German it was pronounced Franz.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

In Russian-language sources, the Hungarian name Ferenc is more often used, although Liszt himself, having little command of Hungarian, never used it.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

The father's participation in his son's musical formation was exceptional.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Adam Liszt began to teach his son music early and gave him lessons himself.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

In the church, the boy was taught to sing, and the local organist was taught to play the organ.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

After three years of study, Ferenc performed for the first time in a public concert at the age of eight.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

His father took him to the houses of noble nobles, where the boy played the piano, and managed to evoke a benevolent attitude among them.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Realizing that his son needs a serious school, his father takes him to Vienna.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Since 1821, Liszt studied piano in Vienna with Karl Czerny, who agreed to teach the boy free of charge.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

The great teacher did not like the boy at first, as he was physically weak.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Czerny's school gave Liszt the versatility of his piano art.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Liszt's theory, also free of charge, was studied by Antonio Salieri, who wrote to Nikolai (Miklos) Esterhazy on August 25, 1822: “After I accidentally heard the boy Francesco Liszt preluding and playing the piano from the sheet, I was so amazed that I felt like I was dreaming about it all” [1].


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

By performing at concerts, Liszt made a sensation among the Viennese audience.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

During one of them, Beethoven kissed Ferenc's brilliant improvisation in the cadence of one of his concerts.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Liszt remembered this all his life.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Paris


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

After Vienna, Liszt went to Paris (1823).


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

The goal was the Paris Conservatoire, but Liszt was not accepted there, as only the French were admitted.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

However, my father decided to stay in Paris, despite the difficult financial situation.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Because of this, we had to constantly organize performances.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Thus, Liszt began his professional career at an early age.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Teachers from the same Paris Conservatoire studied with Liszt (among them were such outstanding musicians as Ferdinando Paer and Antonin Reicha), but no one else taught him piano.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Czerny was his last piano teacher.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

During this period, Liszt began to compose, mainly, a repertoire for his performances — sketches.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

At the age of 14, he began Don Sancho, or the Castle of Love, which was even staged at the Grand Opera in 1825.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Adam List died in 1827.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Ferenc was seriously worried about this event, he was depressed for about 3 years.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

In addition, he was annoyed by his role as a “clown”, a curiosity in social salons.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

For these reasons, Liszt turned off from the life of Paris for several years, and his obituary was even published.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

The mystical mood, previously seen in Liszt, has increased.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Liszt appeared in the world only in 1830.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

This is the year of the July Revolution.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Liszt was fascinated by the turbulent life around him, calls for justice.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

The idea of a “Revolutionary Symphony” arose, in which revolutionary songs were to be used.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

Liszt returned to active activity and successfully gave concerts.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

A circle of musicians close to him was formed: Berlioz (who created the Fantastic Symphony at that time), Paganini (who came to Paris in 1831).


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

The performance of the brilliant violinist prompted Liszt to achieve even greater perfection in his performance.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

For a while, he refused to give concerts, worked hard on the technique and shifted Paganini's caprices for piano, published under the title of six sketches.


Question: Was Antonio Salieri a competitor to Mozart in music?

Franz Liszt

This was the first and extremely brilliant experience in piano arrangement, which Liszt later brought to such a high degree.