Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

Even at the stage of developing the project for the construction of the city, it was argued that education in the capital would be radically different from the education of the country.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

In the wake of the popularity of progressive education under the guidance of teacher Anisio Teixeira (Portuguese: Anisio Teixeira) and, in part, an anthropologist.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

primary school education focused on the development of the child's intelligence, and not on mechanical memorization of the content of academic subjects.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

Secondary schools are located in L2, W4 and W5 [33].


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

There are two higher public educational institutions in the capital: the University of Brasilia (founded in 1962) and the Higher School of Health Sciences (Portuguese: Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, abbreviated. ESCS; opened in 2001) [34].


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

In the field of private education, the largest educational institutions are [35] (1974), [36] (1968) and the University Center of the Federal District.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

The educational buildings of the University of Brasilia are located in a number of administrative districts of the capital [37]


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

The number of libraries is disproportionate to the number of residents


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

The book collection is based on books from the libraries of the Metropolitan University, Congress and Senate and the City Library (Portuguese: Biblioteca Demonstrativa de Brasília).


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

In 2006, the Leonel di Mur Brisola National Library was opened.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

Sports


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

In 2019, the city will host the Summer Universiade.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

Architectural features


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

Brasilia was built (1957-1960) by order of Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek specifically as the capital in central Brazil.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

The master plan was drawn up by architect L. Costa using Le Corbusier's ideas.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

The chief architect of administrative and public buildings was O. Niemeyer.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

Among the outstanding creations of Niemeyer is the Cathedral of Brazil, the main premises of which are located underground, while only its dome made of concrete and stained glass can be seen from the street.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

The layout of the city is very unusual: a bird's eye view shows that the main highways of the city with adjacent neighborhoods form a kind of jet passenger plane flying southeast.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

Lucio Costa, however, claimed that he designed the city as a giant butterfly [38].


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

At the same time, most of the institutions of city and federal significance are located in the fuselage of this “airplane”.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

The central part is reserved for hotels, shops, banks, etc.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

At the “tail of the plane” there are city municipal institutions, and in the cockpit area there are federal ones: the prosecutor's office, the parliament (National Congress) and other institutions.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

There are residential quarters in the wings.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

Axial highways (Portuguese: Eixos) are surrounded by double-row streets, and each, as a rule, has its own “specialization”: bank street, pharmacy street, etc.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

Addressing residential buildings in the city is alphanumeric: the South or North Wing is optional, the number of the superblock (quarter) is indicated - with even “hundreds” located in the South Wing, and the odd ones in the North Wing , the smaller ones are closer to the axis line, the larger ones are further; as well as the letter denoting a specific structure in the block — there are always no more than 11 of them.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

The neighborhoods are grouped into four, and this group includes a school, a church and a number of other social institutions.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

Finding the right address is easy.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

“N-102-L”, for example, is located in the northern “wing” of the city, block 102, house L. And if you remember that the block numbers increase (102-116) when you drive to the ends of the “wings”, you can hardly be mistaken.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

The neighborhoods, as a rule, have a lot of greenery, the richest neighborhoods hire full-time gardeners.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

Each residential building has a mandatory security guard to control the flow of visitors.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

For order and convenience, residential buildings above six floors are not built.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

It is also interesting that for each building in the city, the master plan allocates a certain amount of space above the ground.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

In this regard, the most interesting architecturally interesting buildings of the commercial sector (banks, shops, hotels, etc.) are usually more compact than their typical counterparts.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

Much more freedom is given to builders in the suburbs of Brasilia, where mostly poor citizens live.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

At the same time, the wealthiest citizens most often buy villas on the opposite central part of the city — the eastern shore of the reservoir.


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

Notes


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

comments


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

Sources


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

Category:South American capitals


Question: Which is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

Category:Millionaire cities in Brazil


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Alexander Sergeevich Misharin (born January 21, 1959) is a Russian statesman and manager.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

First Deputy General Director of Russian Railways for the Development of High-Speed and High-speed Traffic from December 3, 2012 [1] [2].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Chairman of the Board of Directors of High-Speed Magistrali OJSC, a subsidiary of Russian Railways engaged in innovative railway projects, including the creation of high-speed highways (HSM) [3].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Former Governor of the Sverdlovsk Region (2009—2012) [4], previously Head of the Sverdlovsk Railway, First Deputy Minister of Railways of the Russian Federation.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Biography


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

He was born into a family of a railway worker.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In 1981 he graduated from the Electromechanical Faculty of the Ural Electromechanical Institute of Railway Engineers (qualification “railway engineer — electromechanic”) [5].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

After graduation, from 1981 to 1989, he worked at the Sverdlovsk Railway as an electromechanic of the Shartash power supply section 1981-1984), head of the power grid district of the station Sedelnikovo (1984—1985), Chief Engineer of the Ishim Power Supply Distance (1985—1989) [5].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In 1989-1991, he worked on the construction of the Yekaterinburg Metro as chief engineer of power supply.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

After the metro was put into operation (April 1991), he returned to the Sverdlovsk Railway as Deputy Head of the Power Supply Service of the Road, and in the same year he became the head of the service.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In 1996—1998, he was Chief Engineer of the Sverdlovsk Railway [5].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In 1997, he received a higher economic education at the Ural State Academy of Railways [5].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

On July 20, 1998, he was appointed Deputy Minister of Railways of the Russian Federation, and since July 14, 2000 — First Deputy Minister.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In February 2002, after the resignation of Nikolai Aksyonenko from the post of Minister of Railways, Misharin was demoted to an “ordinary” deputy [5].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

On May 15, 2002, he was appointed Head of the Sverdlovsk Railway and member of the board of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

He took part in the political life of the Sverdlovsk Region.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In March 2004, he was one of the leaders of the list (No. 3) of United Russia in the elections of the Regional Duma of the Legislative Assembly of the Sverdlovsk Region [5].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Since May 2004 — Director of the Department for Integrated Infrastructure Development of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

June 2004 to March 2009: Deputy Minister of Transport of the Russian Federation.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

As a representative of the state, he headed the boards of directors of Krasnoyarsk Airlines OJSC (declared bankrupt in 2009) and the Novorossiysk Shipping Company.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

During 2008, Krasnoyarsk Airlines faced financial difficulties, which led to the disruption of air transportation in late August-early September.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In this regard, Misharin was invited to the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation, where he was officially warned.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

According to the prosecutor's office, he “withdrew from the management of the company, control over the activities of its management and the financial situation of the company”, which caused these problems [6] [7].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In 2005—2008, he was a member of the Board of Directors of Russian Railways.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Member of the General Council of the United Russia party.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

March 2009: Appointed Director of the Industry and Infrastructure Department of the Government of the Russian Federation.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In August 2009, he was nominated by the United Russia party as one of three candidates for the post of Governor of the Sverdlovsk Region [8].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

On November 17, 2009, 47 out of 49 deputies of the Legislative Assembly of the Sverdlovsk Region approved Misharin's candidacy for the post of Governor of the Sverdlovsk Region [9].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Two MPs, members of the LDPR faction, voted against [10].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

On November 23, 2009, he was sworn in as Governor of the Sverdlovsk Region.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

On December 1, 2011, he was involved in an accident on the 206 km of the Yekaterinburg-Serov highway near the city of Krasnouralsk, returning from a meeting with voters.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

One person was killed in an accident involving three cars, and the governor himself was hospitalized in the intensive care unit of the regional clinical hospital No. 1 [11] [12].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

He underwent treatment in Germany, then in Moscow [13].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

On February 6, 2012, Misharin returned to his duties as governor, but in May of the same year submitted an early resignation from this post at his own request.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

On May 14, the application was approved by Russian President Vladimir Putin [5].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

On August 6, 2012, Misharin became a member of the Expert Council under the Government of the Russian Federation as President of the All-Russian Public Organization “Russian Academy of Transport” [14].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

On December 3, 2012, he was appointed First Vice President of Russian Railways [2] and on February 6, 2013 — General Director of High-Speed Magistrali OJSC [15], which will be engaged in the construction of high-speed Moscow—Kazan HSR highways [16].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Since November 17, 2017, by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, the posts of President and Vice-Presidents of Russian Railways have been renamed CEO and his deputies [17].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In July 2018, Misharin, due to the expansion of his duties on the Management Board of Russian Railways, left the post of General Director of High-Speed Magistrali OJSC and was elected Chairman of the Board of Directors of this company [3].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In October 2018, at the Transport and Logistics Forum in Sochi “PRO//Motion.1520”, Misharin announced that a pilot dedicated section of the Moscow-Kazan high-speed railway from Zheleznodorozhnaya station in the nearest Moscow region Gorokhovets station in the Vladimir Region with a length of 301 km will be built by 2024.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

At the same time, the rest of the high-speed train route from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod will run along the current line.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The timing of the construction of the rest of the high-speed railway has not been determined and the decision to build it in the planned length has not been made [18].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

family


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

He is married and has two daughters from his first marriage.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The first wife died in 2004 after a serious illness [19].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The current wife, Inna Andreeva, had the highest declared income among the spouses of the governors of the Ural Federal District in 2009 [20].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

According to Misharin, his daughter Anastasia works for Alrosa.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

[21] She is also a co-owner of a timber processing enterprise in the Sverdlovsk Region.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

According to media reports, since 2013, this company has a growing debt on rent for forest lands [22].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In September 2017, the debt dispute was settled by an amicable agreement [23].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Acting as Governor of the Sverdlovsk Region


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Misharin's activities as governor caused both approval and criticism.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

On June 30, 2011, at the United Russia party conference in Yekaterinburg, Vladimir Putin gave a positive assessment of Misharin's activities: “Governor Misharin is clearly following today's demands...” [24] According to the polls of the Public Opinion Foundation conducted in 2011 were trusted by the governor by 37%.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

of the population of the region, did not trust — 11 per cent.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

[25] Misharin was criticized mainly by representatives of regional elites associated with former governor Eduard Rossel.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Misharin is credited with a number of implemented exhibition projects of the international level, attracting large foreign investors to the region and establishing close contact with the federal center, the transformation of the Sverdlovsk Region into a priority Russian region for the country's leadership.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Ill-conceived personnel policy was criticized, political opponents accused Misharin of lobbying and nepotism.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Misharin himself attributed to his own successes the reduction of unemployment, the growth of wages, the reduction of the queue for kindergartens, the pace of housing construction, the repair and construction of roads, the launch of the program renewal of healthcare institutions [26] [27].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Innoprom and Expo 2020


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Since 2010, at Misharin's initiative, the Ural International Exhibition and Forum of Industry and Innovation Innoprom has been held annually in Yekaterinburg.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

After the first Innoprom, it was decided to hold a larger Expo 2020 exhibition in Yekaterinburg.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The previous exhibition of this kind in 2010 was held in Shanghai.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed Yekaterinburg's official bid to host Expo 2020 on October 24, 2010 [28].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In July 2011, the new Ekaterinburg-Expo exhibition center was put into operation, and the Innoprom-2011 exhibition was held in this room.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Misharin personally oversaw this construction as a priority [29].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

2018 FIFA World Cup


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In connection with the upcoming holding of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, Misharin made significant efforts to ensure that part of the matches of the championship take place in Yekaterinburg.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

To this end, in April 2011, construction of the fourth indoor football arena in Russia began in the capital of the region, for the creation of which 1.5 billion rubles were allocated, including 350 million rubles from regional budget [30].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

As a test before the World Cup, Misharin convinced Sergei Fursenko, President of the Russian Football Union, to hold the Russian Football Cup in Yekaterinburg [31].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

High-speed railway construction projects


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The day after his inauguration, on November 24, 2009, at a meeting of the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation in Ulyanovsk, Misharin proposed to implement a major project for the construction of a high-speed highway Moscow — Yekaterinburg [32] [33].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Six months later, Misharin spoke about this project again, presenting it at the Strategic Partnership international railway business forum in Sochi [34].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

According to the Governor's estimates, the total cost of the project will amount to about 2.5 trillion rubles [35].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Later, Denis Muratov, General Director of High-Speed Magistrali OJSC, estimated the project at 1.3-1.8 trillion rubles.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

[36] It is proposed to build the VSZHM-2 highway at the expense of investors whom Russian Railways will select on the basis of a tender, as well as the budgets of the regions through which it will pass.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Some experts [37] expressed doubts that this project will ever pay off depending on the chosen technological scheme for the operation of the canvas [38].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In September 2010, Misharin launched another railway project: the organization of high-speed communication between Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Tagil, the distance to which is about 150 km.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

According to him, the project worth 17 billion rubles can be implemented in three years.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

[39] Later, the cost of the project was already estimated at 19 billion, of which Russian Railways could independently finance no more than 30 percent [40].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

This project was also criticized for the too high cost of implementation, according to journalists [38] [41].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Currently, high-speed electric trains of superior comfort already run twice a day on this route.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

After the launch of the high-speed train, the travel time will be reduced from 2 hours and 20 minutes to 1 hour [42].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

At the same time, the implementation of both projects should have an effect on the region, which will receive the built buildings and infrastructure at the expense of federal money [27].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Subway


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

On February 4 and March 6, 2010, on the eve of the elections of deputies to the regional Duma, Misharin (who was at that time the first candidate on the election list of the United Russia party) announced his desire to help financing the construction of the metro in Yekaterinburg, including the issue of securities (construction lending) [43] [44].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Subsequently, the City Administration borrowed 1.9 billion rubles [45], and deductions from the regional budget were planned for 2011 [46].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In September 2010, Misharin announced the acceleration of the construction of the Yekaterinburg metro [47].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

As a result, the Botanicheskaya station was opened on November 28, 2011 (for the first time since 2002), and the Chkalovskaya station - on July 28, 2012.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Verkhoturye


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The fate of Verkhoturye, an important town for the Russian Orthodox Church [48], aroused great interest among the governor [49] [50].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

He instructed to allocate several billion rubles from the regional budget for the construction of a new road and a cafe-hotel [51].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Meanwhile, experts are extremely skeptical about Misharin's plans to turn Verkhoturye into an international tourist center, believing that the main flow of visitors will be low-income pilgrims, coming mainly on major holidays [52] [53] [54] [55].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Attempts to attract private investors were also not very successful [56], the main burden of the adopted 7 billion Regional Target Program “Formation of a Tourist and Recreational Zone” Spiritual Center Ural” for 2011-2015 fell on the regional budget [57] [58].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The goal of the program was to triple the flow of tourists in five years [59] [60] [61].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The regional Ministry of Tourism spent almost 9 million rubles on the formation of a positive image of Verkhoturye, in particular, several electronic resources were launched and a weekly newspaper [62] [63].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The governor also insistently asked large businessmen of the region to help the program [64].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Fires in summer 2010


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The summer of 2010 turned out to be unusually dry in the Sverdlovsk Region, which led to a huge number of forest fires.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

By September 23, about 150,000 hectares of forest had burned down in the region [65].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The media and political opponents accused the regional leadership and Misharin personally of ineffective work to eliminate fires, in particular, Misharin was complained of going on vacation during this period [66] [67].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

However, in general, following the results of the summer fire season, Misharin was awarded the Medal of the Ministry of Emergency Situations “For Commonwealth for Salvation” with the wording for courage, dedication, high professionalism shown during extinguishing forest and peat fires, as well as effective and efficient assistance provided to the Ural Regional Center of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia [68] [69]


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Administrative reforms


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

One of Misharin's projects was an attempt in 2010 to create a single settlement from Yekaterinburg and the 4 satellite cities closest to it under the code name “Greater Yekaterinburg”.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The leaders of satellite cities did not want such an association, and the head of Yekaterinburg Arkady Chernetsky supported him.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

According to federal legislation, such a reform can only be carried out through a referendum, which was not organized during Misharin's governorship [70].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

One of Misharin's initiatives was the idea of reorganizing the local self-government system.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Thus, in February 2010, he put forward a proposal to move from direct elections of heads of municipalities to their appointment [71].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In March of the same year, he supported a compromise proposal to introduce the post of city manager in Yekaterinburg [72], who should deal with the household, and the head of the city should head the city Duma [73].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

An amendment to the Charter of the city with the introduction of a new position and the abolition of direct mayoral elections was adopted by the Yekaterinburg City Duma in October 2010 [74] [75].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

By April 2011, similar posts of city managers were introduced in 26 municipalities of the region out of 94 [76].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

St. Catherine's Church


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Misharin, together with the head of the Ekaterinburg eparchy at that time, Metropolitan Vincent, put forward an initiative to restore St. Catherine's Church on Truda Square in the very center of the city (built at founded the city in 1723, destroyed in 1930) and instructed to hold public hearings on this issue [77].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

This initiative caused a great public outcry.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Various public, scientific and political figures of Yekaterinburg spoke out both “for” and “against” the construction.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

On April 10, 2010, a rally was held on Truda Square and signatures were collected in defense of the currently located park and fountain, which were supposed to be liquidated during construction.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Nevertheless, Misharin supported the idea of building a temple [79] [80] [81].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Personnel policy


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The chairman of the regional government was appointed A. L. Gredin, who was Misharin's first deputy during the leadership of the Sverdlovsk Railway.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The Deputy Prime Minister was appointed E.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

R. Bugulov, former member of the Federation Council from North Ossetia, head of OJSC Central Ring Road [82] [83].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The Minister of Health was appointed A. R. Belyavsky, who previously held the post of chief physician of the District Clinical Hospital in St. Khanty-Mansiysk [84].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Minister Belyavski's poor organization of purchases of preferential medicines was sharply criticized [85] [86].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The Minister of Finance was appointed 28-year-old K. A. Koltonyuk, who previously worked as Deputy Director of the Department of Development Programs of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In the presentation of the future minister to the deputies of the Regional Duma, Misharin noted that Koltonyuk was an experienced leader who was engaged in important targeted federal programs, in particular, the program development of the transport system of the Russian Federation with financing of more than 400 billion rubles [87].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

At the same time, according to some media, Koltonyuk was appointed due to a good acquaintance with the governor of his father, the general director of the branch of CJSC Foratek EnergoTransStroy Alexander Aronovich Koltonyuk [88 ] [89].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

This gave reason to reproach the governor for nepotism [90] [91].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The appointment of unknown officials from other regions to the posts of ministers caused criticism.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

[92] [93] In his speech on 11 October 2010, A. M. Chernetsky said: “I can say directly that Misharin has a lot of weak people in the administration” [94].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

During the first year of Misharin's leadership of the region, the heads of 9 municipalities resigned [95].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In July 2011, Alexey Bagaryakov, a former State Duma deputy from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, was appointed Deputy Prime Minister of the Sverdlovsk Region.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Bagaryakov headed the list of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, which took second place in the regional elections of 2010, actively criticized “United Russia”.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

After his appointment, Bagaryakov radically changed his political views and became one of the key officials responsible for the election campaign of United Russia [96].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Accusations by the opposition in the regional Duma


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Opposition deputies suspected the governor that the election posters of “United Russia” with a photo of Misharin were paid from the regional budget, and also accused that the allocation of money from of the federal budget for road repairs has been undeservedly credited to the Governor and the party he represents.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The regional branch of United Russia denied accusations of using budget money [97].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The authors of the Expert magazine believe that the allocation of federal money for road repairs can be credited to Misharin [27].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The opposition also accused Misharin of lobbying for the interests of the railway industry with the help of tax benefits.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

The regional government claimed that the new laws will give a significant increase in tax revenues to the regional budget in the future [98].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Research and invention


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In 1999, as Deputy Minister of Railways, he defended his thesis on the topic “Determining the effectiveness of measures to improve the level of informatization of railways” for a scientific degree candidate of economic sciences.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In 2005, while working as Deputy Minister of Transport, he defended his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences on the topic “Organization of effective functioning railway transport based on modern information technologies”.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

According to RIA “Ura. Ru” and Slon.ru, the ex-governor of the Sverdlovsk region, own patents for devices for electrical connection of railway rails with a throttle transformer, devices for suspending a contact wires to a carrier cable, a method for producing wire rod from used copper contact wire, a method for processing dump metallurgical slags, a method for manufacturing steel-copper wire and a new reinforced concrete stand for supports of the contact network of railways [99] [100].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

These inventions were registered during the work of A. S. Misharin in the Ministry of Transport.


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Awards and titles


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Alexander Misharin has state, departmental and confessional awards, and in terms of the number of awards, distinctions and order bars he holds the record on the Management Board of Russian Railways (2017).


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

In particular, he was awarded [101]:


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Medal of the Order “For Merit to the Fatherland” 2nd class [102]


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Medal “For the Development of Railways” (February 21, 2008)


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Jubilee medal “100 years of the Trans-Siberian Railway”


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

State Prize of the Russian Federation in Science and Technology 2003 (September 9, 2004)


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Stolypin P. A. II degree (November 18, 2009) — for merits in solving strategic tasks for the development of the country's industrial potential and many years of conscientious work [103]


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Certificate of Honor of the Government of the Russian Federation (January 2009)


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Medal “For Commonwealth for Salvation” (Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2010) — for courage, dedication, high professionalism shown in extinguishing forest and peat fires, as well as effective and effective assistance provided to the Ural Regional Center of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia [68] [69]


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Badge “Honorary Railwayman” (1998)


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Order of the Holy Blessed Prince Daniel of Moscow, III degree (ROC, 2003) [104]


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Distinction “For Merit to the Sverdlovsk Region” II degree (January 15, 2019) — for outstanding achievements in the field of socio-economic development of the Sverdlovsk Region [105]


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Class rank “Full State Counselor of the Russian Federation of the 2nd Class” (awarded on February 5, 2009) [106].


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Notes


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

References


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Category: Governors of Sverdlovsk Oblast


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Category:Members of United Russia


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Category:People from Sverdlovsk Oblast


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Category:Honorary Railwaymen


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Category:Economists alphabetically


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Category:Russian economists


Question: Where was Alexander Sergeevich Misharin born?

Aleksandr Misharin

Category:Ural Railway University alumni


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

Shevardino is a village in the Mozhaisky district of the Moscow region as part of the rural settlement Borodinskoye.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

In 2006, 80 people lived in Shevardino.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

The village lies 3 km south-west of the village of Borodino, west of the village of Semenovskoye; the nearest railway station is 5 km away in the village of Borodino [1].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

Shevardino is located on the historic Borodino Field; during the Patriotic War of 1812 on September 5 [O.S. 1812], and on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, a battle took place in it between Russians and Napoleonic troops [2].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

History


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

Early history


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

According to some reports, at the beginning of the 17th century, the village of Shevardino belonged to Vasily Konoplev, whose son, the “hawk” Fedor Konoplev after 1613 by Mikhail Fedorovich as the “Tsarevo Tsarevo Salary” Borodino village [3] [4] [5] [6] was granted.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

Around 1767, Shevardino housed the estate of Collegiate Counselor I. AND. Dyatlova [1].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

In the middle of the 19th century, the estate was owned by Yu.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

D. Trubetskaya, then I. AND. Cherkasovsky [1].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

In 1911 Shevardino belonged to M. AND. Volodin [1].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

Battle of Borodino (Patriotic War of 1812)


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

On the eve of the main battle, in the early morning of September 5 [O.S.], a Russian rearguard under the command of Lieutenant General Konovnitsyn, who was at the Kolotsky Monastery, 8 km west of the location of the main forces, was attacked by the enemy's vanguard.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

A stubborn battle ensued, which lasted several hours.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

After news of the enemy's bypass movement was received, Konovnitsyn withdrew troops across the Kolochu River and joined the corps occupying a position near the village of Shevardino.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

A detachment of Lieutenant General Gorchakov was deployed near the Shevardinsky Redoubt.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

In total, under the command of Gorchakov were 11 thousand units of troops and 46 guns.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

To cover the Old Smolenskaya Road, 6 Cossack regiments of Major General Karpov 2 remained.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

Napoleon's great army approached Borodin in three columns.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

The main forces: the 3 cavalry corps of Marshal Murat, the infantry corps of Marshals Davout, Ney, divisional General Junot and the Guard - moved along the New Smolensk Road.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

To the north of them advanced the infantry corps of the Viceroy of Italy Eugene Beauharnais and the cavalry corps of divisional general Grusha


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

The corps of divisional general Ponyatovsky was approaching along the Old Smolenskaya road.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

35,000 infantry and cavalry, 180 guns were sent against the defenders of the fortification.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

Napoleon I sought to seize such an important center as Shevardino, where the main communication lines of Borodino Field converged between the Old and New Smolensk Roads [7].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

The enemy, covering the Shevardinsky redoubt from the north and south, tried to surround the troops of Lieutenant General Gorchakov.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

The French broke into the redoubt twice, and each time the infantry of Lieutenant General Neverovsky knocked them out.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

Twilight descended on Borodino Field, when the enemy once again managed to seize the redoubt and break into the village of Shevardino, but the Russian reserves from the 2 grenadier and 2 grenadier divisions approached repulsed the redoubt.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

The battle gradually weakened and finally stopped.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

The commander-in-chief of the Russian army Kutuzov ordered Lieutenant General Gorchakov to withdraw troops to the main forces behind the Semenovsky ravine.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

The Shevarda battle made it possible for the Russian troops to gain time to complete defensive work at the Borodino position, made it possible to clarify the grouping of forces of the French troops and the direction of their main impact [8].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

In the battle near the village of Shevardino, Nadezhda Andreevna Durova (1783—1866) was wounded, the first Russian female officer, participant in the Patriotic War of 1812, orderly M. AND. Kutuzova, the only woman awarded the Cross of St. George, for heroism and courage shown in battles [9].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

During the Battle of Borodino, 12 yards out of 16 burned down in Shevardin [10].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

According to the results of the 7th census held in Shevardin on March 14, 1816, 40 male peasants and 37 female peasants were recorded [10].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

At this time, Shevardino belonged to the landowner and gentleman Dmitry Nikolaevich Dyatlov, the head of the village was Ilya Stepanov, who was not trained to read and write [10].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

The Great Patriotic War


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

The village of Shevardino and Borodinskoye Field were one of the sites of fierce battles in the defense of Moscow during the Great Patriotic War.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

The main hostilities in the village area unfolded on October 13, 1941 [11] with the 5 Army just being formed here, the SS Reich Division [3], whose offensive was delayed for six days [5] [12].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

On October 13, the enemy tried to break through to Borodino station from the village of Rogachevo [12].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

By the end of the day, the battalion of the 322nd regiment, which lost a third of its personnel in the battles for the village of Rogachevo, retreated to the Fomkino-Doronino-Shevardino line and organized all-round defense [12].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

Until October 15, fighting took place near the village of Utitsy, Borodino station, the villages of Doronino, Shevardino [12].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

Having brought tanks into battle, the enemy forced one of the battalions of the 322nd regiment to retreat to the forest between the villages of Semenovskoye and Shevardino [12].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

Another battalion of Captain V. A. Shcherbakov and units of the 230th Reserve Training Regiment held the defense near the village of Doronino and the Shevardinsky Redoubt [12].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

Our forces were supported by the artillery of the 133rd Light Artillery Regiment [12].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

On the same day, the commander of the 5 Army Dmitry Danilovich Lelyushenko was wounded, and Major General Leonid Alexandrovich Govorov was appointed the new commander [12].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

For the battles at the Shevardinsky Redoubt, Captain V. A. Shcherbakov was awarded the Order of Lenin [12].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

After fierce battles, it was only on October 17 that the enemy was able to continue the offensive by breaking through to Mozhayskoye highway near the village of Gorki [12].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

After three months of occupation, Borodino Field was liberated on January 21, 1942 [5].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

Modern history


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

On December 21, 2004, the Law “On the Status and Borders of the Mozhaisky Municipal District and Newly Formed Municipalities within it” initially formed a municipality The rural settlement of Borodinskoye with the center in the village of Borodino, which included the village of Shevardino [13].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

14] In March 2005, an updated version of this law was issued. [


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

And according to Resolution No. 156-PG of November 9, 2006, Borodinsky, Kukarinsky and Sinichinsky rural districts of the Mozhaisky District of Moscow were abolished as administrative-territorial units oblasts [15].


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

sights


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

In the vicinity of the village there are several commemorative steles in honor of the events of the Battle of Borodino.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

A monument to the fallen Napoleonic soldiers is located 100 m south-east of the redoubt.


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

Notes


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

Literature


Question: How many people lived in Borodino in 2018?

Shevardino

Category:Populated places in Mozhaisky District


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The Bermuda Triangle (English: Bermuda Triangle) is an area in the Sargasso Sea (Atlantic Ocean), where mysterious disappearances of ships and aircraft and other anomalous phenomena.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The area is bounded by a triangle, the peaks of which are Miami, Bermuda and San Juan, Puerto Rico.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The area is very difficult to navigate: there are a large number of shoals, cyclones and storms often occur here.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Those who are of the opinion that mysterious disappearances in this area do occur put forward various hypotheses to explain them: from unusual weather events to abductions by aliens or residents of Atlantis.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Skeptics, however, argue that the disappearance of ships in the Bermuda Triangle does not occur more often than in other areas of the oceans and is due to natural causes.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The same opinion is shared by the US Coast Guard and the Lloyd's insurance market.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

History


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Associated Press correspondent Edward Van Winkle Jones first mentioned “mysterious disappearances” in this part of the world, calling the area the “devil's sea” in 1950.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The very phrase “Bermuda Triangle” was first used by writer Vincent Gaddis in 1964 in his article “The Deadly Bermuda Triangle” (English: The Deadly Bermuda Triangle) about a strange disappearance “link 19” published in the magazine “Argosi” [1].


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

In the late 60s and early 70s of the XX century, numerous publications about the mysteries of the Bermuda Triangle began to appear.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

In 1974, Charles Berlitz, a supporter of the existence of anomalous phenomena in the Bermuda Triangle, published the book “The Bermuda Triangle”, which collected descriptions of various mysterious disappearances in this neighborhood.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The book became a bestseller, and it was after its publication that the theory of the unusual properties of the Bermuda Triangle became especially popular.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Later, however, it was shown that some facts in Berlitz's book were misstated.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

In 1975, the skeptic realist published the book “The Bermuda Triangle: Myths and Reality” (Russian translation — M.: Progress, 1978), in which he argued that there is nothing supernatural and mysterious in this the area is not happening.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

This book is based on years of research on documents and interviews with eyewitnesses that have revealed numerous factual errors and inaccuracies in the publications of supporters of the existence of the mystery of Bermuda triangle.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Accidents


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Proponents of the theory mention the disappearance of about 100 large ships and aircraft over the past hundred years.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

In addition to disappearances, there are reports of serviceable ships abandoned by the crew, and other unusual phenomena, such as instantaneous movements in space, anomalies over time, etc. Lawrence Kouchet and other researchers have shown that some of these cases occurred outside the Bermuda Triangle.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

About some incidents, no information could be found in official sources at all.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Avengers link (departure No. 19)


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The most famous case mentioned in connection with the Bermuda Triangle is the disappearance of a link of five Avenger torpedo bombers.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

These aircraft took off from the US Navy Base in Fort Lauderdale on December 5, 1945 and did not return.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Their wreckage was not found.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

According to Berlitz, the squadron, consisting of 14 experienced pilots, mysteriously disappeared during a normal flight in clear weather over a calm sea.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

It is also reported that in radio conversations with the base, the pilots allegedly talked about inexplicable failures of navigation equipment and unusual visual effects — “we cannot determine the direction, and the ocean does not look like usual”, “we go down into white waters”.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

After the disappearance of the Avengers, other aircraft were sent to search for them, and one of them, the Martin Mariner seaplane, also disappeared without a trace.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

According to Kushe, in fact, the link consisted of cadets who performed a training flight.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The only experienced pilot was their instructor, Lieutenant Taylor, but he had only recently been transferred to Fort Lauderdale and was not familiar with the flight area.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The recorded radio conversations do not say anything about any mysterious phenomena.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Lieutenant Taylor reported that he had lost his orientation and that both compasses failed.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Trying to determine his location, he mistakenly assumed that the link was over the Florida Keys, south of Florida, so he was asked to navigate the sun and fly north.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Subsequent analysis showed that, perhaps, in fact, the aircraft were much east and, sticking to the north, were moving parallel to the shore.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Poor radio communication conditions (interference from other radio stations) made it difficult to determine the exact position of the squadron.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

After a while, Taylor decided to fly west, but could not reach the shore, the planes ran out of fuel.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The crews of the Avengers were forced to try to land on the water.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

By that time, it was already dark, and the sea, according to reports from ships in the area at the time, was very turbulent.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

After it became known that Taylor's link had lost, other aircraft were sent to search for them, including two Martin Mariners.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

According to Kouche, this type of aircraft had a drawback, which was that fuel vapors penetrated into the cockpit and there was enough spark to cause an explosion.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The captain of the tanker Heine Mills (English: Gaines Mills) reported that he had observed an explosion and falling debris and then found an oil stain on the sea surface.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The C-119 with 10 crew members disappeared on June 6, 1965 in the Bahamas [2].


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The exact time and place of the disappearance is unknown, and his search did not yield anything.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Although the disappearance of the aircraft while flying across the Atlantic can be explained by many natural causes, this incident is often associated with alien kidnapping.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Attempts to explain


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Proponents of the mystery of the Bermuda Triangle have put forward several dozen different theories to explain the mysterious phenomena that, in their opinion, occur there.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

These theories include assumptions about the abduction of ships by aliens from space or Atlantis inhabitants, travel through holes in time or faults in space, and other paranormal causes.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

None of them have yet been confirmed.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Other authors are trying to provide a scientific explanation for these phenomena.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Their opponents claim that reports of mysterious events in the Bermuda Triangle are greatly exaggerated.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Ships and aircraft also disappear in other parts of the world, sometimes without a trace.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

A malfunction of the radio or the surprise of a catastrophe can prevent the crew from transmitting a distress signal.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Finding debris at sea is not an easy task, especially in a storm or when the exact location of the crash is not known.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

If we take into account the very busy traffic in the Bermuda Triangle, frequent cyclones and storms, the large number of shallows, the number of disasters that occurred here that have not been explained is not unusually large.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Moreover, the mere notoriety of the Bermuda Triangle can lead to the attribution of catastrophes that actually occurred far beyond its borders, thereby artificially distorting to statistics.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Methane emissions


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Several hypotheses have been proposed that explain the sudden death of ships and aircraft by gas emissions, for example, as a result of the decomposition of methane hydrate at the bottom of the sea.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

According to one such hypothesis, large bubbles form in the water, saturated with methane, in which the density is lowered so much that ships can not stay afloat and instantly sink.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

There is an assumption that once methane takes off, it can also cause aircraft crashes — for example, due to a decrease in air density, which leads to a decrease in lift and distortion of readings altimeters.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

In addition, methane in the air can cause engines to stop or explode.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Experimentally, the possibility of a fairly rapid (within tens of seconds) flooding of a ship that is at the border of gas release in the event that gas is released was really confirmed one bubble whose size is greater than or equal to the length of the vessel [3] [4] [5].


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

However, the question of such gas emissions remains open.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

In addition, methane hydrate is located in other places in the world's oceans, where no mass cases of loss of ships have been recorded.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Wandering waves


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

It is suggested that the cause of death of some ships, including in the Bermuda Triangle, may be caused by so-called wandering waves, which are believed to reach a height of 30 meters [6].


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Infrasound


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

It is assumed that under certain conditions, infrasound can be generated at sea, which affects crew members, causing panic and hallucinations, as a result of which they leave the ship.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Notes


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Literature


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The Bermuda Triangle, Charles Berlitz.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

ISBN 0-385-04114-4


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved (1975).


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Lawrence David Kusche.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

ISBN 0-87975-971-2


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Russian translation: Lawrence D. Kush.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The Bermuda Triangle: Myths and Reality.


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

— M.: Progress, 1978


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

References


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Lenta.ru


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Category:Anomalous zones


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Category:Atlantic Ocean


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Category:Urban legends


Question: What is the area of the Bermuda triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Category:Nautical legends


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wi-Fi is a wireless LAN technology with devices based on IEEE 802.11 standards.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The Wi-Fi logo is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Under the abbreviation Wi-Fi (from the English phrase Wireless Fidelity [1], which can be literally translated as “wireless attachment”), a whole family of standards is currently being developed transmission of digital data streams over radio channels.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wi-Fi operates in the unlicensed ISM frequency range (2402-2480 MHz).


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Any equipment that complies with the IEEE 802.11 standard can be tested in the Wi-Fi Alliance and obtain the appropriate certificate and the right to apply the Wi-Fi logo.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

History


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wi-Fi was created in 1998 at the CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) radio astronomy laboratory in Canberra, Australia [2].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The creator of the wireless data exchange protocol is an engineer.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The IEEE 802.11n standard was approved on 11.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Its use makes it possible to increase the data transfer speed almost fourfold compared to 802.11g devices (the maximum speed of which is 54 Mbit/s), provided that it is used in 802.11n mode with other 802.11n devices.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In theory, 802.11n can provide data rates of up to 600 Mbps [3].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

From 2011 to 2013, the IEEE 802.11ac standard was developed, and the standard was adopted in January 2014 [4] [5].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The data transfer rate with 802.11ac can reach several Gbit/s.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Most of the leading equipment manufacturers have already announced devices that support this standard.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

27 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has released the official version of the IEEE 802.22 standard [6].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Systems and devices that support this standard allow data to be received at speeds of up to 22 Mbps within a 100 km radius from the nearest transmitter.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In October 2018, Wi-Fi Alliance introduced new names and icons for Wi-Fi: 802.11n — Wi-Fi 4, 802.11ac — Wi-Fi 5, 802.11ax — Wi-Fi 6 [7] [8].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Name origin


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The term “Wi-Fi” was originally coined as a play on words to attract the consumer's attention with a “hint” of Hi-Fi (English: High Fidelity).


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Despite the fact that some WECA press releases initially included the phrase “Wireless Fidelity” [9], this wording has so far been abandoned, and the term “Wi-Fi” is not deciphered in any way [10].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The principle of operation


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Typically, a Wi-Fi network layout contains at least one access point and at least one client.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

It is also possible to connect two clients in point-to-point (AD-hoc) mode, when the access point is not in use and clients are connected via network adapters “directly”.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The access point transmits its network identifier () using special signal packets at a speed of 0.1 Mbps every 100 ms.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Therefore, 0.1 Mbps is the lowest data transfer rate for Wi-Fi.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Knowing the SSID of the network, the client can determine whether it is possible to connect to this access point.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

When two access points with identical SSIDs fall into range, the receiver can choose between them based on signal strength data.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The Wi-Fi standard gives the customer complete freedom in choosing the criteria for the connection.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The working principle is described in more detail in the official text of the standard [11].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

However, the standard does not cover all aspects of building Wi-Fi wireless LANs.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Therefore, each equipment manufacturer solves this problem in its own way, applying the approaches that it considers the best from one point of view or another.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Therefore, there is a need to classify ways to build wireless local networks.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

According to the method of combining access points into a single system, we can distinguish:


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Autonomous access points (also called autonomous, decentralized, smart)


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Controller-controlled access points (also referred to as “lightweight”, centralized)


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Uncontrolled but not autonomous (controllable without a controller)


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

According to the method of organizing and managing radio channels, wireless local networks can be distinguished:


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

With static settings for radio channels


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

With dynamic (adaptive) radio channel settings


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

With a “layered” or multilayer structure of radio channels


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Performance and speed


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wi-Fi Benefits


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

It allows you to deploy a network without laying a cable, which can reduce the cost of deploying and/or expanding the network.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Locations where cabling is not possible, such as outdoors and in buildings of historical value, can be served by wireless networks.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Allows mobile devices to access the network.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wi-Fi devices are widely available in the market.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Equipment compatibility is guaranteed due to mandatory certification of equipment with the Wi-Fi logo.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Mobility.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

You are no longer tied to one place and can surf the Internet in a comfortable environment for you.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Within the Wi-Fi zone, several users can access the Internet from computers, laptops, phones, etc.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Radiation from Wi-Fi devices at the time of data transmission is an order of magnitude (10 times) less than that of a cell phone [12].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Disadvantages of Wi-Fi


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

There are many devices in the 2.4GHz band, such as devices that support Bluetooth, etc.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

, and even microwaves, which impairs electromagnetic compatibility.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Equipment manufacturers indicate the speed on L1 (OSI), which creates the illusion that the equipment manufacturer is overestimating the speed, but in fact, Wi-Fi has very high service rates.” overhead costs.”


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

It turns out that the data transfer rate to L2 (OSI) in a Wi-Fi network is always lower than the declared speed on L1 (OSI).


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The actual speed depends on the share of service traffic, which depends on the presence of physical barriers between the devices (furniture, walls), the presence of interference from other wireless devices or electronic equipment, device locations relative to each other, etc. [13]


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The frequency range and operating limits vary from country to country.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Many European countries allow two additional channels, which are banned in the US; Japan has another channel in the upper end of the range, and other countries, such as Spain, ban use of low-frequency channels.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Moreover, some countries, such as Russia, Belarus and Italy, require registration of all Wi-Fi networks operating outdoors or require registration of a Wi-Fi operator [14].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

As mentioned above, in Russia, wireless access points, as well as Wi-Fi adapters with an EIMI exceeding 100 mW (20 dBm), are subject to mandatory registration [15].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The WEP encryption standard can be broken relatively easily even with the correct configuration (due to the weak strength of the algorithm).


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The new devices support more advanced WPA and WPA2 data encryption protocols.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The adoption of the IEEE 802.11i (WPA2) standard in June 2004 made it possible to apply a more secure communication scheme that is available in new equipment.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Both schemes require a stronger password than those usually assigned by users.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Many organizations use additional encryption (such as a VPN) to protect against intrusion.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

At the moment, the main method of hacking WPA2 is password guessing and active KRACK attacks, so it is recommended to use complex alphanumeric passwords in order to make the task as difficult as possible password guessing.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In point-to-point (AD-hoc) mode, the standard only prescribes to implement a speed of 11 Mbit/s (802.11b) [16].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

WPA (2) encryption is not available, only easily cracked WEP.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wireless technologies in industry


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wi-Fi technologies are still offered for use in industry by a limited number of suppliers.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

This is how Siemens Automation & Drives offers Wi-Fi solutions for its SIMATIC controllers in accordance with the IEEE 802.11g standard in the free 2.4 GHz ISM band and provides maximum speed 54 Mbit/s transmission.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

These technologies are used to manage moving objects and warehouse logistics, as well as in cases where for any reason it is impossible to lay wired Ethernet networks.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The use of Wi-Fi devices in enterprises is due to their high noise immunity, which leads to their use in enterprises with many metal structures.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In turn, Wi-Fi devices do not create significant interference with narrowband radio signals.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Currently, the technology is widely used in remote or hazardous production, where the presence of operational personnel is associated with increased danger or even difficult.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

For example, for telemetry tasks at oil and gas production enterprises, as well as for monitoring the movement of personnel and vehicles in mines and mines, to determine the location of personnel in emergency situations.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wi-Fi and cell phones


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Some believe that Wi-Fi and similar technologies can eventually replace cellular networks such as GSM.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Obstacles to this development in the near future are the lack of global roaming, limited frequency range and very limited Wi-Fi range.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

It is more correct to compare cellular networks with other wireless network standards, such as UMTS, CDMA, or WiMAX.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

However, Wi-Fi is suitable for VoIP use in corporate networks or in a SOHO environment.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The first samples of equipment appeared in the early 2000s, but they entered the market only in 2005.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Then companies such as Zyxel, UT Starcomm, Samsung, Hitachi and many others introduced VoIP Wi-Fi phones to the market at “reasonable” prices.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In 2005, ADSL ISP providers began to provide VoIP services to their customers (for example, the Dutch ISP).


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

When VoIP calls became very cheap, and often free, providers capable of providing VoIP services were able to open a new market — VoIP services.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

GSM phones with integrated support for Wi-Fi and VoIP capabilities have begun to enter the market, and they have the potential to replace corded phones.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

At the moment, a direct comparison of Wi-Fi and cellular networks is unreasonable.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wi-Fi-only phones have a very limited range, so deploying such networks is very expensive.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

However, deploying such networks may be the best solution for local use, for example, in corporate networks.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

However, devices that support multiple standards can take a significant market share.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

It is worth noting that if there is both GSM and Wi-Fi coverage in this particular place, it is economically much more profitable to use Wi-Fi when talking through Internet telephony services.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

For example, the Skype client has long existed in versions for both smartphones and PDAs.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

International projects


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Another business model is to connect existing networks into new ones.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The idea is that users will share their


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

frequency range through personal wireless routers equipped with special software.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

For example


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

FON is a Spanish company established in November 2005.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The community now has more than 2,000,000 users in Europe, Asia and the Americas and is growing rapidly.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Users fall into three categories:


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

linus — providing free Internet access,


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

bills — selling their frequency range,


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

aliens — using access through bills.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Thus, the system is similar to peer-to-peer services.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Despite the fact that FON receives financial support from companies such as Google and Skype, it will only be clear over time whether this idea will really work.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Currently, this service has three main problems.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The first is that more attention from the public and the media is required to move the project from the initial stage to the main stage.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

You should also take into account the fact that sharing your Internet channel with others may be limited by your contract with your ISP.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Therefore, ISPs will try to protect their interests.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The same is likely to be done by record companies that oppose the free distribution of MP3.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In Russia, the majority of FON community access points are located in the Moscow region.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The Israeli company WeFi has created a common social network, with the ability to search for Wi-Fi networks and communicate between users.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The program and system as a whole was created under the leadership of Yossi Vardi, one of the founders of Mirabilis, and the ICQ protocol.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wi-Fi in the gaming industry


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Compatible with game consoles and PDAs and allows you to play online games through any access point or point-to-point mode.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

All seventh generation game consoles support IEEE 802.11g Wi-Fi standards.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Non-commercial use of Wi-Fi


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

While commercial services are trying to leverage existing Wi-Fi business models, many groups, communities, cities, and individuals are building free Wi-Fi networks, often using shared peer-to-peer an agreement for networks to be able to interact freely with each other.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Many municipalities are teaming up with local communities to expand free Wi-Fi networks.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Some groups are building their own Wi-Fi networks based entirely on voluntary assistance and donations.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

For more information, see the Shared Wireless Networks section, where you can also find a list of free Wi-Fi networks located around the world (see also Free Wi Hotspots -Fi in Moscow).


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

OLSR is one of the protocols used to create free networks.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Some networks use static routing, while others rely entirely on OSPF.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Israel is developing the WiPeer protocol to create free P2P networks based on Wi-Fi.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wireless Leiden has developed its own routing software called LVRouted to combine Wi-Fi networks built on a completely wireless basis.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Most networks are built on open source software, or publish their scheme under an open license.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

(turns any laptop with a Wi-Fi module installed into an open Wi-Fi node).


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

You should also pay attention to netsukuku — Development of a worldwide free mesh network.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Some smaller countries and municipalities are already providing free access to Wi-Fi hotspots and community-based Wi-Fi internet access for everyone.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

For example, the Kingdom of Tonga and Estonia, which have a large number of free Wi-Fi hotspots throughout the country.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In Paris, OZoneParis provides unlimited free Internet access to anyone who contributes to the development of the Pervasive Network by providing a roof for installing Wi-Fi equipment.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Unwire Jerusalem is a project to install free Wi-Fi hotspots in major shopping malls in Jerusalem.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Many universities provide free Wi-Fi access to the Internet for their students, visitors and everyone on campus.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Some commercial organizations, such as Panera Bread, provide free Wi-Fi access to regular customers.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

McDonald's Corporation also provide access to Wi-Fi under the McInternet brand.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

This service was launched at a restaurant in Oak Brook, Illinois; it is also available at many restaurants in London, Moscow.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

However, there is a third subcategory of networks created by communities and organizations, such as universities, where free access is given to community members and those who are not members have access is provided on a paid basis.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Sparknet in Finland is an example of such a service.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Sparknet also supports OpenSparkNet, a project in which people can make their own access points part of the Sparknet network, benefiting from it.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Recently, commercial Wi-Fi providers have been building free Wi-Fi hotspots and hot zones.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

They believe that free Wi-Fi access will attract new customers and investments will return.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Free Wi-Fi internet access


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Regardless of the initial goals (attracting customers, creating additional convenience or pure altruism), the number of free hot spots where you can get access to the most popular global network (Internet) is completely free.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

These can also be large transport hubs (such hot spot zones, for example, are already located at metro stations in various cities around the world, such as: London, Paris, New York, Tokyo, Seoul, Singapore, Hong Kong, Moscow), where you can connect yourself automatically, and catering places where you need to ask for an access card with a password from the staff to connect, and even simply territories of the urban landscape, which are a place of constant crowds of people.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wi-Fi standards do not provide for encryption of transmitted data on open networks.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

This means that all data that is transmitted over an open wireless connection can be listened to by attackers using sniffer programs.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Such data may include login/password pairs, bank account numbers, plastic cards, confidential correspondence.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Therefore, when using free hotspots, you should not transfer such data to the Internet.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The first hot zones in the Moscow Metro, covering trains of the Koltsevaya line, were launched jointly with the mobile operator MTS on March 23, 2012.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

For the first months, the Internet was in test mode at a speed of 7.2 Mbit/s.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

[17] In 2013, the Moscow Metro held a competition with the support of the Moscow Government for the installation of a Wi-Fi connection at all metro stations.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

[18] [19] The tender was won by CJSC Maxima Telecom and invested 1.8 billion rubles in the creation of a wireless network in the metro.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

[20] This Wi-Fi network is called MT_Free.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

1.2 million people use this network every day.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

At the beginning of 2015, more than 55 million unique users connected to the Wi-Fi network in the metro.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Moscow Metro trains, unlike other countries of the world, where Internet access points are located only at stations or in tunnels, are equipped with an individual Wi-Fi router.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In 2015, Wi-Fi began to appear not only in electric train cars, but also on escalators, crossings and lobbies of metro stations.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

[21] In 2015, hot zones with an Internet session duration of 25 minutes appeared at more than 100 public transport stops in Moscow.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

[22] The connection network is called Mosgortrans_Free.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The internet connection speed is 10 Mbps.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In 2015, more than 70,000 unique users went online at bus stops.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

[23] After the adoption of Federal Law No. 97 of May 5, 2014, in order to connect to Wi-Fi at public transport stops or in the metro, you must be identified using the State Service portal or SMS.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

At the end of 2015, 300 more stops were equipped with wireless Internet. [24] [25]


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

WiFi and software


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

BSD family operating systems (FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD) can work with most adapters since 1998.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Drivers for Atheros, Prism, Harris/Intersil, and Aironet chips (from their respective Wi-Fi device manufacturers) are usually included in BSD OS version 3 onwards.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

OpenBSD 3.7 included more drivers for wireless chips, including RealTek RTL8180L, Ralink RT25x0, Atmel AT76C50x, and Intel 2100 and 2200BG/2225BG/2915ABG.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Thanks to this, it was partially possible to solve the problem of the lack of open wireless chip drivers for OpenBSD.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

It is possible that some drivers implemented for other BSDs can be migrated if they have not yet been created.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

NDisulator allows FreeBSD systems running on Intel x86 architecture computers to “wrap” the manufacturer's Microsoft Windows drivers for direct use.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

OS X (formerly Mac OS X).


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Apple-manufactured adapters were supported from Mac OS 9, released in 1999.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Since 2006, all Apple Inc. desktops and laptops


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

(as well as later iPhone phones, iPod Touch players and iPad tablets) come standard with Wi-Fi adapters, Wi-Fi is currently Apple's main transmission solution data, and is fully supported by OS X. The computer adapter can operate as an access point, which allows you to connect Macintosh computers to wireless networks if necessary in the absence of infrastructure.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Darwin and OS X, despite a partial coincidence with BSD, have their own, unique Wi-Fi implementation.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Linux: Since version 2.6, support for some Wi-Fi devices has been introduced directly in the Linux kernel.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Support for Orinoco, Prism, Aironet, Atmel, Ralink chips are included in the main kernel branch, ADMTek and Realtek RTL8180L chips are supported by both manufacturers' closed drivers and open source drivers. written by the community.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Intel Calexico is supported by open drivers available on SourceForge.net.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Atheros is supported through open source projects.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Support for other wireless devices is available with the NDisWrapper open driver, which allows Linux systems running on Intel x86 architecture computers to “wrap” manufacturer drivers for Microsoft Windows for direct use.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

At least one commercial implementation of this idea is known.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

FSF has created, more information can be found on the website.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

There is a fairly large number of Linux-based firmware for wireless routers distributed under the GNU GPL license.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

These include the so-called FreeWrt, OpenWrt, X-WRT, DD-WRT, etc. As a rule, they support much more features than the original firmware.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The necessary services are easily added by installing appropriate packages.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The list of supported equipment is constantly growing.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In the Microsoft Windows family, Wi-Fi support is provided, depending on the version, either through vendor-specific drivers, or through Windows itself.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Earlier versions of Windows, such as Windows 2000 and earlier, do not have built-in configuration and management tools, and this depends on the hardware vendor.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Microsoft Windows XP supports setting up wireless devices.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Although the initial version included rather weak support, it improved significantly with the release of Service Pack 2, and WPA2 support was added with the release of Service Pack 3.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Microsoft Windows Vista has improved Wi-Fi support over Windows XP.