Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

From July 2010 to January 2018, Victoria Davydova, who began her career in the Russian version of Vogue, was the editor-in-chief of Vogue Russia [3].


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Tatyana Sorokko, Viktor Pelevin, Andrey Plakhov, Lyudmila Ulitskaya and others collaborated with the magazine.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

In February 2018, Maria Fedorova was appointed editor-in-chief.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

At the end of 2010, the Russian National Circulation Service (NTS) accused the editorial staff of the magazine (and the management of five other publications) of deliberately overestimating the declared circulation several times, “which allows them to attract more advertising than their bona fide competitors” [4].


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Notes


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

References


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Category:Publications established in 1892


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Category:US magazines


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Category:Women's magazines


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Category:Magazines of universal content


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Category:International magazines


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

Gassed (English: Gassed) is a 1919 painting by American artist John Singer Sargent.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

Sargent received an order for the painting from the Committee on British War Memorials, which aimed to preserve the memory of the victims of the First World War with the help of fine art.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

After leaving for the Western Front in July 1918, Sargent arrived at the Guards Division near Arras, and then went with the American Expeditionary Force to the Ypres area.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

After experiencing the hardships of war, Sargent moved away from his original theme of the picture and took a more balanced approach to highlighting the realities of the conflict, unfamiliar to British citizens.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

The giant canvas was completed in March 1919 and exhibited at the Royal Academy.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

The painting depicts the consequences of a gas attack.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

Several groups of wounded soldiers with eyes bandaged after gas poisoning walk along the boardwalk, accompanied by paramedics to the dressing station.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

Each of the soldiers, in order not to get lost, holds his hand on the shoulder of the person in front.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

They are surrounded by many weak and wounded fellow soldiers lying on the ground waiting for help.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

Meanwhile, everyday front-line life is in full swing around: groups of biplanes are engaged in air combat, and several soldiers play football.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

Sargent's work was recognized by the Academy as the “picture of the year”, but not everyone liked it, and there are still disputes around it, which, however, do not detract from the significance of the canvas as an interpretation of the theme of war.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

Currently, the painting is in the collection of the Imperial War Museum in Lambeth (London, UK).


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

Context


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

John Singer Sargent (1856—1925) was born in Florence to expatriates from America.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

He spent his childhood on constant trips to Europe, mainly to Italy, France, Switzerland and Germany.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

After receiving mainly home education, Sargent completed his studies at the Paris studio of the French painter Carolus-Durand in 1874 and remained with him as an assistant until 1878, devoting himself study of works by Hals, Rembrandt, van Dyck, Reynolds.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

In 1876, Sargent visited America, and the following year he exhibited his first painting at the Paris Salon.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

After traveling to Spain and Morocco from 1879 to 1880, he settled in Paris in 1884, and settled in London the following year.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

From 1890 to 1900, Sargent was a great success as a skillful portrait painter, but later he abandoned all unnecessary portrait orders, focusing mainly on landscapes and watercolors, as well as murals at the Boston Public Library and Museum of Fine Arts.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

Sargent constantly exhibited at the Royal Academy, of which he became an associate member in 1894 and a full member in 1897.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

He was known as a cosmopolitan and bon vivant, who lived mainly abroad, although he valued his American citizenship enough to take the liberty of giving up chivalry.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gassed

Found himself in the circles of the social and political beau monde of Europe and the United States, Sargent painted rather flattering portraits of American presidents, British prime ministers, entrepreneurs, actresses and art dealers, representatives of the aristocracy of the “gilded age” and members of their families, whose boundless optimism will soon be swept away by the First World War [1] [2] [3].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The history of creation and fate


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

In May 1918, Sargent became one of several artists who received from when commissioned to create large paintings for the planned [4] [5] [6] [7].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Information Minister Lord Beaverbrook, who took office in 1918, drew this idea from the Canadian War Memorials Foundation, which commissioned a number of art works on the war back in 1916.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Beaverbrook attracted artists such as Percy Lewis, Paul Nash, Henry Lamb, John Nash, Richard Nevinson and Stanley Spencer to work on the project, among whom Sargent looked strange because he was not a representative of modernism.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The scale of the work was inspired by the triptych “Battle of San Romano” by Ucello and the painting “The Surrender of Breda” by Diego Velazquez [8] [9] [10].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Previously, 62-year-old Sargent was not very interested in the war, and he was not even honored to read about it in the newspapers or interrupt his creative expedition to Tyrol when hostilities broke out in Austria [11].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

From this period, many sketches of Tyrolean landscapes have been preserved, including images of cemeteries with tombstones, from which we can distinguish the drawing “Cemetery in Tyrol” from 1914 (British museum), as if predicting the future, the death toll in Europe [12].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

A real revolution in the artist's mind occurred when his beloved niece and model, Rose-Marie Ormond Andre-Michel, died on March 29, 1918 while praying for Good Friday in a church in Paris Saint-Gervais from a German long-range artillery shell [11] [13].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

On May 16 of the same year, Sargent received a letter from British Prime Minister David Lloyd-George urging the artist to create a “work on the great and steadfast service of the nation”, which would it can be seen how “British and American troops act in unison” [1] [14].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

He accepted the offer, still mourning the loss of his niece [11], but the choice of plot for the film itself was initially problematic [4].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

On July 2 of the same year, accompanied by artist Henry Tonks, who had experience in military service, Sargent arrived at the Western Front in France, where they were personally greeted by the commander of the British Field Marshal Douglas Hague [1] [6] [15] [14].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Soldier sleeping on a duffel bagNurses lead the woundSoldiersStanding with riflesLying wounded soldiersSoldier with a duffel bagSketches of soldiers drinking waterFive pairs of nail soldiersLying soldier


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Sargent was located near Arras for some time, and then went with him to the Ypres area.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

He was determined to paint an epic canvas with many human figures and tried his best to find a plot that would involve American and British soldiers [1] [4] [6].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Sargent spent many hours every day looking for interesting scenes from an artistic point of view, sketching all sorts of soldiers lying, sleeping, bathing, marching and eating, and unable to reflect on canvas pain or torment of war [11].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Knowing absolutely nothing about military service and affairs at the front, he surprised everyone with his questions about whether they fight on Sundays, and also did not pay any attention to the possible danger when drew on an easel under a large white umbrella, which covered the artist from the sun and at the same time made him a tempting target for German guns [1].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Sargent of that time can be distinguished by only a few works that only partially touch on the topic of war and therefore did not show the whole


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

its bitterness, the loss for his entire generation of that exquisite and pleasant, pre-war life [11].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Among them (Imperial War Museum) are “On the Street in Arras” [16]: infantrymen rest next to the collapsed wall of someone's private mansion [11]; “Crashed Airplane” [17]: a farmer walks around his field and harvests crops, paying absolutely no attention to the wreckage of the biplane lying behind him [11]; “Destroyed Sugar Factory” [18]: the sugar factory turned into some brutally mutilated iron beast [11].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

From the same series are “Excavated Road to Ransard” [19], “Old Bivouacs” [20], “Tarpaulin over the Dugout, Ransard” [21], “Twisted Tank” [22], “Chateau Gate, Ransard” [23], “Build Horses” [24].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

“On the street in Arras” “Crashed airplane” “Destroyed sugar factory” “Road in excavation to Ransard” “Old bivouacs” “Tarpaulin above the dugout, Ransard” “Twisted tank” “Chateau gate, Ransard” “Build horses”


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

In addition to Sargent, several other figures of American culture saw with their own eyes the Western Front, including George Bellows, David Griffith, Edward Steichen, but they kept, or kept them, far away from the battlefields, which is why they faced the problem of visualizing a modern, industrial war [11].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Thus, Sargent wrote in a letter [4]:


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The Ministry of Information is waiting for an epic — how can you create an epic without masses of people?


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

With the exception of the night, I saw only three beautiful topics with a lot of people — one painful look, a full field of gassed blindfolded men — another series of cars loaded with cannon meat” — and another extensive look at the big road crowded with troops and traffic, and I dare say that based on the latter story, by uniting the British and the Americans, Something to create if it can prevent a possible departure to Derby.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

On August 21, 1918, far beyond the front line near Le Bac du Sud between Arras and Dullan, Sargent witnessed the heartbreaking consequences of a German gas attack against the advancing 2nd Infantry Division and 3rd Infantry Division of the British Army during the Second Battle of Arras [25] [1].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

There, near Arras, his attention was especially drawn to a soldier blinded by mustard gas, who was groping for the way to the dressing station — the very symbol of the elusive appearance of modern warfare [11].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Later, in a letter to Alfred Yokney Tonks, Secretary of the Memorial Committee, noted [6] [26]:


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

After tea, we heard that there were quite a few cases of gas poisoning at the dressing station of the building on the Dullan Road in Le Bac du Sud, so we went there.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The dressing station was located on the road and consisted of several huts and a few tents.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The gassed continued to come, led together in batches of about six, in an orderly manner, just as Sargent portrayed them.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

They were sitting or lying on the grass, must be close to a few hundred, obviously suffering very much, mainly, I think, with eyes that were covered with scraps of cotton wool... Sargent was very impressed by this scene and immediately made a lot of sketches.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

It was a very beautiful evening and the sun was going down.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Sargent's artistic accuracy in depicting the events that took place before his eyes can only be argued by looking at the well-known photograph “The First World War: Gas Attack”, dated 10 April 1918, which shows blind soldiers walking in a column to a dressing station near Bethune during the German “spring offensive” [10] [27] [28].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The significance of gas attacks from a military-strategic point of view was not so much in the physical weakening of people, but in the fact that the gas blinded and visually disoriented its victims who fell into the thickness impenetrable clouds and vapors through which nothing could be seen [11].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Since 1914, armies that resorted to killing, injuring and maiming their enemies also began to strive to suppress the feelings of the enemy and thereby reduce their ability to fight effectively.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Armed with a new arsenal of destructive devices such as tanks, machine guns, fighter jets, bombs, searchlights, flares, barbed wire and poisonous gases, they tried to achieve this goal with everyone in unthinkable and indescribable ways [11].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Of these new sensory tactics, gas was perhaps the most mysterious and terrifying.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Invented at the end of the 19th century and banned by the Hague Convention of 1899, the poisonous gas was first used on April 22, 1915 during the Battle of Ypres in Belgium.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Supporting the advance of their infantry, the Germans launched greenish clouds of chlorine gas on unprepared British, Canadian and French troops, causing panic and chaos, and then their fleeing the battlefield [11].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

After that, the gas was widely used by all parties to the conflict, causing extensive injuries and burns to soldiers during its spraying, as well as destroying nearby vegetation for many years poisoning the land exposed to toxic substances [1] [29] [30].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

At the same time, the productivity of its use fell due to the lack of a proper moment of surprise for the attack and the widespread spread of gas masks [11].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

At the end of September 1918, while collecting materials for work near Peronne, Sargent fell ill with the flu, after which he spent a week with wounded soldiers in a hospital near Roiselle [31].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Impressed by a field hospital he saw with his own eyes, crowded with moaning soldiers suffering from the consequences of a gas attack, Sargent decided to move away from excessive heroics and change the theme of the future painting [10] [15] [32].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

After four months at the front, Sargent and Tonks returned to the UK at the end of October of the same year [10] [33].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Sargent discussed his modified plot with members of the Memorial Committee so that the painting would fit into the size of the Hall of Remembrance [4].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

At the same time, he expressed doubts about the possibility of the quality of work of this scale and in a letter to Alfred Yokney dated October 4, 1918 noted that it turns out to be “a picture in a terribly long strip... the picture would be much better and much less difficult to paint if it were half as small” [4].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Having received permission to change the theme, Sargent intended to express on the canvas his negative attitude to the previously proposed story about combat camaraderie [1] [34].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

In the winter of 1918 and 1919, Sargent continued to work on the painting in his studio in Fulham, with sketches made on the battlefields, as well as detailed sketches of the bodies of professional models [4].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

While World War I posters promoted recruitment to the front and the purchase of war loans, Sargent's numerous drawings show pain and suffering, and therefore another war [ 32].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

For example, nurse Vera Britten, who worked at the dressing station, wrote in a letter home in 1917: “Now we have many victims of gas poisoning who came a day or two ago: there are only Ten people. I think that those people who write so cheerfully that this is a holy war, and speakers who say so verbally that the war will last as long as necessary, will not see at least one victim — and will not tell anything about dozens of others injured in the early stages of mustard gas poisoning — these poor creatures are all burned and covered with large festering blisters, blind with their eyes — when temporarily [sic] and when forever — everyone is sticky and stuck together, and everyone is fighting for life, their voices are a whisper, they say that their throats stick together and they know they will suffocate” [11] [ 35].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Sargent completed work on the film in March 1919, after which this rectangular canvas nine feet high and twenty feet long, resembling a widescreen movie format, was first exhibited under the title “Gassed” at the Royal Academy in London [36] [11] [37] [1] [6].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Sargent received only 300 pounds sterling for his work, while William Orpen was paid 3 thousand pounds for the painting “Signing Peace in the Hall of Mirrors” alone, a record amount during the war for a work of art [38].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Sargent's painting was recognized by the Academy as “Picture of the Year” [25] [39].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Reviews of the painting were contradictory [40].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

In particular, Winston Churchill praised the canvas for its “brilliant genius and painful expressiveness” [1], while Edward Forster considered it at the same time “Sargent's great military painting” but also too heroic for an artist who switched from glamorous portraits of high society to depicting the “lower classes” [41] [35], while Virginia Woolf, who rejected militarism in any forms, wrote that when looking at the picture, “some nerve of protest, or perhaps humanity, sits down”, emphasizing that the exaggerated step of a wounded soldier is “this little example of excessive expressiveness was the last incision of the surgical knife, which is said to be more painful than the whole operation” [11].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Despite all the efforts of the artists to this end, the Hall of Remembrance was never built, and the existing paintings, including “Poisoned by Gases”, were transferred to the Imperial War Museum, where are currently [1] [4] [6].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The simple painted frame with a wide central frieze bounded on the outside and inside by moldings was made for the painting at the C.M. May & Son family business, shortly after this stopped trading [42].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

It is noteworthy that on the wall of the exhibition hall “Poisoned by Gases” hang between Orpen's works “Signing Peace in the Mirror Hall” and “Peace Conference on the Orsay Embankment” [43].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Several of Sargent's charcoal sketches are also in the collection of the Imperial War Museum, as well as in the Corcoran Art Gallery [4].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

In 2003, a small sketch of an oil painting measuring 26 × 69, originally owned by Evan Charteris, was sold at Christie's for 162,000 pounds sterling (267,000 US dollars) [4].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

composition


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The painting is painted in oil on canvas and measures 231 × 611 [6].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

In the center of the composition, filled with horizontally directed movement, is a group of eleven soldiers, depicted almost full length.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Nine soldiers go three in three groups to the guys, hinting at the proximity of the dressing station located beyond the edge of the picture.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Each soldier holds his hand on the shoulder of the person in front, still carrying behind his back his “Anfield” rifles with useless optical sights and duffel bags with now unnecessary gas masks.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Soldiers with eyes tied with white fabric stripes, blind due to gas poisoning, are helped to walk by two paramedics.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Approaching the ascent to the boards, the wounded raise their legs in a rather hypertrophied way, which gives the impression that they are asked to do so by the guides themselves.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The tall, blond warriors marching in formation seem to form a naturalistic and allegorical, temple ancient Greek frieze with a repeating pattern of woven bodies and rifles that brings into the picture some rhythm and hinting at the similarity of what is depicted with a religious procession.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

In this regard, it can be assumed that soldiers are marching to Christ for redemption earned on the battlefield by their courage and dedication.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

On the sides of the central group lies a large number, about a dozen, helpless and weakened wounded soldiers - they do not enjoy nature, but greedily swallow water from flasks, suffer from vomiting urge or clench their heads and ears with their hands from irresistible pain.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Far from them, you can see another similar column of eight wounded, accompanied by two paramedics.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The picture takes place against the background of a simultaneously rising moon and a setting watery sun, creating a pinkish-yellow haze and giving everything around a golden glow, which dramatizes the color soldier's uniform.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

In the empty evening sky, painted with pale lavender, cream and mustard, like gas tones, as if vultures are dogfighting several groups of biplanes, so that you can hear the crackling sound machine guns.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

On the ground, in the gaps between the legs of the wounded, several men in blue and red striped shirts play football.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

One of the players in the shot on the ball bent his leg at the knee, in a pose similar to the step of a blind man in the ranks.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

It seems that these healthy young soldiers remain at first glance indifferent to the suffering around them, the current order of things [1] [4] [10] [34] [40] [11] [35] [35] [35].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

perception


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The painting “Poisoned by Gases” is rightfully considered one of the masterpieces of Sargent's late work, his most important work on the war and the most exciting artistic interpretation of the theme armed conflict [2] [44] [45].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The painting is still presented by art critics as an illustration of the horrors brought by technological progress, in particular by depicting the consequences of the use of chemical weapons, the morality of its use is questioned [34].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

In his film, Sargent masterfully depicted the consequences of the gas attack, the behavior of the victims, the relative lack of protective clothing, as well as the routine nature of what happened [6] [34].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The topic of the gas attack he raised echoes the plot of Wilfred Owen's poem “Dulce Et Decorum Est”, which is the most famous literary work among readers about the horrors of war in English .


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Sargent, who may already be afraid of going blind from his old age, depicted tall and blond soldiers on his canvas who, blind, walk holding on to each other.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

At the same time, young Owen, who could have experienced a gas attack, in his poem plunges the reader into the darkness of the night, in the midst of hostilities, in which the joy of overcoming enemy barriers is replaced by complete panic and confusion at the sight of wounded fellow soldiers crawling on the ground with horror and suffocation [45] [30] [46] [11].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

“Cashmere”, Sargent “The Parable of the Blind”, Bruegel Sr. “Oyster Collectors in Cancale”, Sargent


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The theme of depicting human processions attracted Sargent from the very beginning of his career, as can be seen in Oyster Collectors at Cancale in 1878 (Corcoran Art Gallery) and 1908 years (private collection, USA), as well as in the Danaida series of murals (Boston Museum of Fine Arts).


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Their plots, going back to the idea of the dance of death, which originated in ancient times and continued in the art of the Renaissance, echo the painting “” by Frederick Leighton and Auguste Rodin's Citizens of Calais sculpture [1] [4] [15].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Particularly noteworthy is the connection between Sargent's painting and Peter Bruegel Sr.'s The Parable of the Blind, which illustrates Christ's words recorded in the Gospel of Matthew that “” [47].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Bruegel increased the number of blind people to six, and Sargent to ten.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

At the same time, according to critics, he concluded a new meaning in the proverb — criticism of the war, which consists in the fact that “blind” politicians and generals irresponsibly “blinded” in their incitement to war the soldiers under their command drove them wave after wave to the slaughter like donkeys, not to mention the ordinary people following them like a stupid crowd [11] [4].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Soldiers follow one another in unison like Bruegel fools, and although Sargent avoided depicting a pit into which they could fall, the viewer could not help but have the sad realization that the old The world order collapsed along with the heroism of the Empire, and this ironic action unexpectedly reveals the last remnants of masculinity [35].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The facelessness, rigidity and coldness of military figures was emphasized in the film “Generals of the First World War”, made by Sargent during the same period and in its format of a Greek frieze similar to” Gassed” [11] — but the brotherhood of the weak and wounded has nothing to do with the society of the proud and detached [11].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The amazing similarity between Sargent and Bruegel's works was unwittingly manifested in the 21st century in a photograph showing Marines leading their prisoners to a helicopter during Operation Steel Curtain.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Smith's work simultaneously speaks of the involvement of civilians in hostilities and the limited scale of modern conflict, unlike the First World War, one episode of which depicted Sargent [48].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Art critics David Fraser Jenkins and Elaine Kilmurray noticed parallels between the guys going to the tents on Sargent's canvas and the ropes raising the cross in Tintoretto's painting “”, in addition which brings together both works of their wide format.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

The dressing station can be seen as a place of salvation and healing, and the delays coming to it are harbingers of hope or death, emanating from a mysterious and invisible source.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

At the same time, a huge number of lying people, in pain and fatigue tightly intertwined with each other with their knees and elbows, seems to form a frieze framing the picture from below, referring the viewer to ancient Greek a tragedy in which people suffer from blindness and madness, which is why they die in agony at the whim of indifferent gods (it is noteworthy that the word “gas” itself comes from the ancient Greek concept meaning “chaos” ) [11] [4] [10].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

In this regard, it can be noted that the foreground is sin and suffering, the middle plan is redemption, and the background is paradise and salvation [35].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Meanwhile, at the same time, a solemn and miserable soldier's procession, as if becoming a parody of a military parade, also resembles an ancient Greek or Roman frieze, so similar to sculptural compositions of the Parthenon or “Altar of Peace” [1] [40] [29].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Sargent's depiction of a football match, a fairly common sport in the British Army, shows motives for Christian redemption, in addition to a hint of carelessness on the part of the military guides to the suffering of their soldiers and lack of knowledge about the war on the domestic front in Britain [10].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Thus, Sargent challenged the norms of decency and normality, depicting pleasure right next to suffering in order to make the sensations of the latter more tangible and acute [35].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Here parallels can be drawn with the painting “” by Nicolas Poussin, which shows how the widow of the Athenian commander Phokion collects his ashes on the river bank against the background of a rather frivolous swimming as an act opposed to the unjust death of a person [35].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Sargent deliberately chose ordinary soldiers as the characters of his film, who suddenly turned out to be senseless victims of a brutal war, involuntarily inspiring the viewer to think about the meaning and cost of its conduct [34].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Unlike some military artists who profess nihilism and are a generation younger than him, Sargent followed the traditions of the Victorian era, seeing war as nobility and considering it necessary sacrifices made [1].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Perhaps with this picture he wanted to say: yes, war is hell, politicians are liars and generals are idiots, but, nevertheless, those who respond to the call of their country are good, decent people, that deserve our sincere respect [11].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

In this regard, Richard Slocombe, senior researcher at the Art Department of the Imperial War Museum, noted that “the painting was supposed to tell about the cost of war, which will lead to a better future, which is the main argument that it is not a terrible waste of life. This painting is imbued with symbolism. Temporary blindness is a metaphor, a semi-religious purgatory for British youth on their way to resurrection. You can see all this in the men marching to the guys of the tents of the field hospital” [30].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Although the dressing station itself is not depicted in the picture, the soldier's procession is like a funeral procession, and they themselves may be going to their deaths [35].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

During the First World War, art kept pace with the horrors of our time, which gave some impetus to such artistic genres as cubism, futurism, vorticism.


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Meanwhile, Sargent's painting belongs to the old tradition of narrative realism, becoming similar in depth and monumentality to the paintings “Haulers on the Volga” by Ilya Repin and “Funeral in Ornan” Gustave Courbet [40] [49] [50].


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

See also


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Works of Mercy is a polyptych by Frederick Kayleigh Robinson depicting the wounded of the First World War (1915—1920).


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Notes


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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Literature


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

(in Russian)


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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(in English)


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (in English)


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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(in English)


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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(in English)


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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(in English)


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link) (in English)


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link) (in English)


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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(in English)


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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(in English)


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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(in English)


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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(in English)


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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(in English)


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (in Russian)


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

(in English)


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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References


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Category:Paintings by John Sargent


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Category:World War I in culture and art


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

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Category:War in the visual arts


Question: Where is the painting “Poisoned by Gases” kept?

Gas-poisoned

Category:Paintings from the collections of the Imperial War Museum


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

India is located in South Asia, mostly on the Indian subcontinent.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The coast of India, which is more than 7 thousand km long.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

, is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean - the Bay of Bengal from the southeast and the Arabian Sea from the southwest.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The area of India's territory is 3 million 288 thousand km², according to this indicator, the country ranks seventh in the world.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

India is located north of the equator between 6°44' and 35°30' north latitude [1] and 68°7' and 97°25' east longitude.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

Geology


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

Most of India is located within the Precambrian Indian subcontinent plate, which forms the peninsula of the same name and the adjacent Indo-Ganges Plain from the north and is part of the Australian slabs.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

India's defining geological processes began 75 million years ago, when the Indian subcontinent, at that time part of the southern supercontinent of Gondwana, began to drift in the northwest through the then non-existent Indian Ocean, a process that lasted about 50 million years.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

[3] The subsequent collision of the subcontinent with the Eurasian plate and its subduction below it led to the emergence of the Himalayas, the highest mountains on the planet, which now surround India from the north and northeast.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

[3] On the former seabed, just south of the emerging Himalayas, a huge deflection was formed as a result of the movement of the plates, which gradually filled with alluvium [4] and turned into the modern Indo- The Ganges Plain.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

[5] To the west of this plain, separated from it by the Aravalli mountain range, stretches the Tar Desert.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

[6] The original Indian subcontinent plate has survived to this day as the Indian subcontinent, the oldest and geologically most stable part of India, stretching north to the Satpur and Windhya mountain ranges in central India.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

These parallel mountain ranges run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chhota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

[7] The interior of the Indian subcontinent is occupied by the Decan Plateau, divided by discharges into low and medium-altitude mountains with smoothed peaks and extensive flat or wavy plateaus, above which hills and table mountains with steep slopes rise.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

To the west and east, the Dekan Plateau rises, forming, respectively, the Western and Eastern Ghats.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

[8] The slopes of the Gat facing the sea are steep, and those facing the Dean are gentle, cut by river valleys.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The Dean Plateau is home to the oldest mountain formations in India, some more than 1 billion years old.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The dean is rich in deposits of iron, copper, manganese, tungsten ores, bauxite, chromite, mica, gold, diamonds, rare and precious stones, as well as coal, oil and gas.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

Relief


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

Through India, the Himalayas stretch in an arc from north to northeast of the country, forming a natural border with China in three sections interrupted by Nepal and Bhutan, between which, in Sikkim State, is located the highest peak in India, Mount Kanchenjung.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

Karakorum is located in the far north of India in Jammu and Kashmir, mainly in the part of Kashmir held by Pakistan.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

In the northeastern appendix of India are the medium-altitude Assamo-Burma Mountains and the Shillong Plateau.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The main glaciation centers are concentrated in Karakorum and on the southern slopes of the Zaskar ridge in the Himalayas.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

Glaciers are fed by snowfalls during the summer monsoons and snowstorm transfer of snow from the slopes.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The average height of the snow line decreases from 5,300 m in the west to 4,500 m in the east.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

As a result of global warming, glaciers are retreating.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

Hydrology


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

India's inland waters are represented by numerous rivers, which, depending on the nature of nutrition, are divided into “Himalayan”, full-flowing throughout the year, with a mixed snow-glacial and rain food, and “dean”, mainly with rain, monsoon nutrition, large fluctuations in runoff, floods from June to October.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

All major rivers experience a sharp rise in summer, often accompanied by floods.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The Indus River, which gave the country its name, after the partition of British India, was most of Pakistan.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The largest rivers that originate in the Himalayas and mostly flow through India are the Ganges and Brahmaputra, both of which flow into the Bay of Bengal.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

[9] The main tributaries of the Ganges are the Yamuna and Koshi.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

Their low shores cause catastrophic floods every year.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

Other important rivers of the Indian subcontinent are the Godavari, Mahanadi, Kaveri and Krishna, which also flow into the Bay of Bengal, [10] and Narmada and Tapti, which flow into the Arabian Sea [11] — the steep bank of these rivers does not give their waters overflow.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

Many of them are important sources of irrigation.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

There are no significant lakes in India.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

Elder lakes are most often found in the valleys of large rivers; there are also glacial-tectonic lakes in the Himalayas.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The largest lake Sambhar, located in arid Rajasthan, is used for salt residue.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The coast


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The length of the coastline is 7,517 km, of which 5,423 km belong to mainland India, and 2,094 km to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Laccadives Islands [12].


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The coast of mainland India has the following character: 43% sandy beaches, 11% rocky and rocky coast, and 46% watts or swampy coast.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

[12] Weakly dismembered, low, sandy shores have almost no convenient natural harbors, so large ports are located either in the mouths of rivers (Kolkata) or artificially arranged (Chennai).


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The south of the west coast of the Indian subcontinent is called the Malabar coast, the south of the east coast is called the Coromandel Coast.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The most remarkable coastal regions of India are the Great Kach Rann in Western India and the Sundarbans, the swampy lower reaches of the Ganges Delta and Brahmaputra in India and Bangladesh.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

[13] Two archipelagos are part of India: the Lakshadweep coral atolls west of the Malabar coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a chain of volcanic islands in the Andaman Sea.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

Climate


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, causing monsoons.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

[15] The Himalayas act as a barrier to cold Central Asian winds, thus making the climate in most of the Indian subcontinent warmer than at the same latitudes in other regions of the planet.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

[16] [17] The Thar Desert plays a key role in attracting the humid southwesterly summer monsoon winds, which provide much of India with rain between June and October.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

[15] India is dominated by four main climates: humid tropical, dry tropical, subtropical monsoon and alpine.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

In most parts of India, there are three seasons: hot and humid with the dominance of the southwest monsoon (June-October); relatively cool and dry with a predominance of the northeastern trade winds ( November — February); very hot and dry transitional (March-May).


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

During the wet season, more than 80% of the annual rainfall falls.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The windward slopes of the Western Ghats and the Himalayas are most moistened (up to 6000 mm per year), and on the slopes of the Shillong Plateau there is the rainiest place on Earth - Cherrapunji (about 12,000 mm).


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The driest areas are the western part of the Indo-Ganges Plain (less than 100 mm in the Thar Desert, the dry period is 9-10 months) and the central part of the Indian subcontinent (300-500 mm, the dry period is 8-9 months).


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

The amount of precipitation varies greatly from year to year.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

On the plains, the average January temperature increases from north to south from 15 to 27° C, in May everywhere 28-35° C, sometimes reaching 45-48° C.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

During the wet period, temperatures in most parts of the country are 28° C.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

In the mountains at an altitude of 1500 m in January -1° C, in July 23° C, at an altitude of 3,500 m, respectively -8° C and 18° C.


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

Notes


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India

Literature


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India


Question: What is India's highest mountain?

Geography of India


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Cathedral Square (Lenin Square) is the central square of Lipetsk.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

It is located in the Soviet district between Internatsionalnaya, Zegel and Petrovsky Proezd streets.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

It was formed even before the advent of Soviet power as a square in front of the Nativity Cathedral.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

On the eve of the first anniversary of the October Revolution (November 6, 1918 AD), by the decision of the Lipetsk Executive Committee, Sobornaya Square became known as International Square.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

On July 9, 1958, Internatsionalnaya Square was renamed in honor of Lenin.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

On June 30, 1993, the second, additional official name was introduced - Cathedral Square.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

The decision of the Small Council of the Lipetsk City Council of People's Deputies [1] states that “the equality of these names has been established, any of which is equivalent. Both names are indicated on plates and signs.”


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Therefore, many documents have such a form: Lenina-Sobornaya Square, which is incorrect from the point of view of spelling.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Ensemble decoration


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

In 1957, in connection with plans to build the House of Soviets on it, a large-scale reconstruction began.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

In 1958, the House of Soviets was put into operation; it housed regional party and administrative bodies.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

The facade of the building is decorated with twenty-four columns.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

This is the most representative civil building in the city.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

At the same time, residential building No. 3 with the Tsentralnaya Hotel was put into operation.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Both buildings were designed by architect N. F. Brovkin.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

In addition, the city authorities faced a serious question: what to do with the cathedral, because it was the main temple of the city.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

The idea of blowing up the cathedral was helped to escape the chief architect of the Lipetsk region L. E.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Rudakov said.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

As a result, it was decided to reconstruct it without crosses and create a regional museum of local lore inside.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

In the 1960s and 1970s, it was planned to build a 9-storey building of the regional committee of the CPSU, but many architects spoke out against this, as otherwise the prospect would be blocked.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

In 1955-1965, the square was landscaped.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

From it, the main staircase descended to Petrovsky Passage (Petrovsky Descent) (architect A. M. IN. Mordukhovich and A. K. Kuzmina).


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

In Brovkin's project, it was planned to descend directly along the central axis of the House of Soviets to the monument to Peter the Great and further to the main alley of the Lower Park.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

However, the new decision was made based on the existing directions (along the trails).


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

In 2007, the reconstruction of the staircase began: in the summer, a fountain complex in the form of a cascade was opened along the descent.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Monuments to Lenin


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

There were two monuments to the leader on Lenin Square.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

The first one, made by sculptor S. D. Merkurov, was installed in early November 1957, when the main work on the creation of the ensemble was completed.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

The pedestal is 6.25 meters high; it is a parallelepiped lined with brown granite, with granite steps along the perimeter.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

The sculpture itself had a height of 5.5 meters.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Then Lenin looked east, and his left arm was bent at the elbow.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

By the mid-1980s, the sculpture made of reinforced concrete began to crumble [2].


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Another sculptor, L. E.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Karbel.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

He did it together with architect N. F. Brovkin.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

The grand opening took place in July 1983.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

The height of the pedestal has been reduced.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Today, the monument is.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Literature


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Transportation


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Sobornaya Square can be reached by the following means of public transport:


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Buses 2, 12, 315, 328, 345, 352, stop.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

: Sobornaya Square (“Pl. Lenin”); trolleybuses 7, 9; buses 2, 12, 300, 302, 309, 315, 328, 345, 352, 380, stop.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

: “Pl. Plekhanov”.


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Notes


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Category:Squares in Lipetsk


Question: What is the name of the main square of Lipetsk?

Sobornaya Square (Lipetsk)

Category:Objects named after Vladimir Lenin


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Boris Vladimir Stomakhin (born August 24, 1974, Moscow, USSR) is a Russian publicist convicted of inciting ethnic hatred and calling for extremist actions.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In 2006, he received the longest sentence among all convicts under Article 282 of the Criminal Code [1].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

He was released on March 21, 2011.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

He was detained again on November 20, 2012 on suspicion of violating the same articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as justifying terrorism.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On April 22, 2014, he was sentenced to 6.5 years in prison [2].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On April 20, 2015, while serving his sentence, he was sentenced to 3 years in prison.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Biography


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In 2000 he graduated from Moscow State University of Printing Arts.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Boris Stomakhin has been participating in political life since 1991 and is a regular participant in many political actions and events in Moscow.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Since 1994, he has been published in various “informal” political publications of a predominantly opposition nature.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Subsequently, it is published in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Chechen, etc.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

print and online media.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

He was a member of Sergei Biyts's Trotskyist KRDMS, from where in 1998 he was expelled with the wording “for bourgeois-democratic bias and non-compliance with revolutionary ethics” [3].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

One of the reasons for this was the publication of Boris Stomakhin's article “Lenin, the Nazis and the Freedom of Sexual Minorities” [4], in which he, in particular, stated: “If Lenin was a homosexual, it was his Really, we have nothing against it and in any case remain true to his cause.”


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In the spring of 1999, Stomakhin created the Revolutionary Contact Association, a radical liberal organization, sharply opposed to the authorities, and became its co-chairman together with Pavel Kantor.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In this capacity, he actively participates in all political events held by the RKO - numerous rallies, pickets, marches, leaflet campaigns, establishing contacts with friendly organizations CIS and Europe.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Since May 2000, he has founded the monthly newspaper of the RKO Radical Politics and becomes its permanent editor.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The newspaper, like the organization, is not registered with the Russian authorities in principle.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On November 17, 2000, under Stomakhin's article “The Program of the National Revolution”, as well as on the political statements of the organization published on the website of the RKO, the prosecutor's office initiated a criminal case under the articles” Calls for the violent overthrow of the constitutional order”, “Insulting a representative of the authorities” and “Slander of a representative of the authorities”, which was then transferred for investigation to the FSB.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The “representative of the authorities” meant the President of the Russian Federation V. Putin Early in the morning of February 13, 2001, Stomakhin and four of his comrades in the RKO and the Russian Movement for the Independence of Chechnya are searched by FSB officers.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

After searches and several interrogations in this case, the FSB closed it in August 2001 “for lack of evidence”, and without charging Stomakhin.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Since the summer of 2001, Stomakhin began publishing his articles on the Kavkaz-Center website of Chechen separatists.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

He also continues to publish Radical Politics, which diverges in the circles of the democratic opposition of Moscow and Russia.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In August 2002, one of the figures of this opposition, then State Duma deputy Vladimir Lysenko, received from his assistant the issue “RP” heard at a rally in Moscow, writes a statement in prosecutor's office, and a new criminal case is initiated against Stomakhin and “RP” under Art.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

280 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the investigation of which is also entrusted


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

After several interrogations, it was closed in March in the summer of 2003.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In parallel with criminal prosecution, he is also subjected to administrative prosecution, numerous detentions by the police and courts as an organizer and active participant in many unauthorized street actions in Moscow .


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The next criminal case, on the basis of a statement by the State Duma deputy from the Communist Party faction Zorkaltsev, is initiated against Stomakhin by the North-Eastern District Prosecutor's Office Moscow, at his place of residence.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

This time it comes not only to a new search of Stomakhin's apartment, but also to bringing charges against him under articles 280 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Calls for extremist actions) and 282 (Incitement to commit extremist actions) national, religious and social hatred) based on the materials of the Radical Policy.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

He is issued a written undertaking not to leave Moscow.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

At the end of April, Stomakhin is being examined by the Independent Psychiatric Association, which recognizes him completely healthy.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Fearing persecution, Stomakhin left for Ukraine at the end of May 2004.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

There, with the assistance of local human rights activists, he is trying to obtain refugee status, but the Vinnytsia branch of the Migration Service of Ukraine refuses to consider his documents on the merits, saying that Russia is a democratic country where you can assert your rights in court.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In the Russian Federation, meanwhile, Stomakhin is put on the wanted list.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In 2005, Boris Stomakhin took part in the creation of the Society of Friends of Ichkeria and became a member of its Organizing Committee.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

He founded the online newspaper Resistance, which positions itself as “an organ of revolutionary liberal resistance to the bloody Putin regime and Russian imperialism.”


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

He becomes a member of the Union of Caucasian Journalists


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In 2006, he joined the International Movement for Decolonization of the Caucasus.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

At the same time, he continues both to publish Radical Politics, distributed in Russia by his associates and like-minded people, and to publish sharp journalistic articles on the Internet, in particular at the Caucasus Center.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Its main topic is the activities of the Russian opposition, whose role in this struggle is assessed by Stomakhny as “treacherous” and “complicit”.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Stomakhin proclaims “the need to create, forge a new, radical and uncompromising opposition to overthrow the bloody and totalitarian power of the security officers.”


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Political views


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In numerous publications related to the Chechen war, Stomakhin advocates the independence of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

This topic is devoted to both his journalism and most of the activities of the RKO he leads.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

It demands not only recognition of Chechnya's independence, but also the complete dismantling and dissolution of the “colonial Russian empire”, since “the people who oppress other peoples cannot be free.”


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Stomakhin supported Chechen separatists leading terrorist activities, including calls for the destruction of the Russian state and the genocide of Russians.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Quotes from Stomakhin's texts:


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

“There are no and cannot be any negotiations with Russia, about which Aslan Maskhadov spoke so much. Russia can only be destroyed. And it MUST be destroyed is a measure of preventive self-defense of the human race from the savage devil that Russia has been carrying since the first massacres and executions for criticizing the authorities, the time of the capture of Novgorod and Kazan. Russians must be killed, and only killed — among them there are no normal, intelligent, intelligent people with whom you can talk to and understand. Strict collective responsibility must be introduced for all Russians, all loyal citizens of Russia for the actions of the authorities they elect — for genocide, for massacres, executions, torture, trafficking in corpses... From now on, there should be no division of murderers into peaceful and non-peaceful, conscious and involuntary.”


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

“To kill, to kill, to kill! Pouring blood on the whole of Russia, not giving the slightest mercy to anyone, trying to arrange at least one nuclear explosion on the territory of the Russian Federation by all means - this is what the program of the radical Resistance should be like, and Russian, Chechen, and anyone! Let the Russians reap what they deserve.”


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

“Death to Russian occupiers! The death of a savage bloody empire! Freedom for the peoples it enslaved!” [5]


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

“Of course, there are normal Russians, this is certain. A handful of normal scum and evil spirits scattered among the ocean is still there. And one of the main signs of a normal Russian is that after reading the truth about this ocean surrounding him, he will not begin to resent, will not consider himself offended for the entire crowd of his beastlike alcoholic tribesmen. On the contrary, he will only grin bitterly, confirming that what is written about them is really a bitter truth and that he cannot identify with this meaningless herd of two-legged cattle drinking and stealing rabble. And of course, a normal Russian will not run to write a denunciation on Article 282 who wrote this truth about the rabble...” [6]


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

“The fact is that Russians in central Russia are not, in fact, a people. Sadly, this is not a people, but a drunken rabble. Massive alcohol consumption, already noted by international organizations as exorbitant (18 liters per capita?) - this is their real life.”


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

“Muscovites settled in the deserted Crimea by Stalin in the 40s and voted in a false “referendum” (at gunpoint of Putin's occupiers - “green men”) for the annexation of Crimea by Russia, it would be absolutely not a pity to heat it in the sea, even burn it in furnaces.”


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Stomakhin distributed his materials on the Internet and the Fido network, as well as in small print media.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

He was regularly published on the Kavkaz-Center website of Chechen separatists.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Stomakhin approved the hostage-taking at the Dubrovka Theater Center, committed by a group of Chechen terrorists led by Movsar Barayev.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

He also speaks from an anticlerical position — against the Russian Orthodox Church and “the clericalism and obscurantism it imposes in Russia”, for full equality of national, religious, sexual and others for the recognition of the right to same-sex marriage and adoption by same-sex couples, for the total legalization of all types of weapons and drugs without any restrictions.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Stomakhin insists on the complete abandonment of the “social state” and the eradication of all “remnants of socialism”, on the total refusal of the state to interfere in the economy and from “traditional for Russia great-power-chauvinistic, imperial policy towards neighbors.”


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

First arrest, conviction, imprisonment


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On March 21, 2006, three plainclothes operatives from the police of the North-Eastern District of Moscow came to the apartment of Stomakhin and his mother.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

After refusing to let them into the apartment, they began to break open the door.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Stomakhin tried to escape from the apartment, going down the rope from the window.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The rope broke off, Stomakhin fell from the height of the fourth floor.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In the city hospital No. 20, where the victim was taken by an ambulance, a fracture of the leg and processes of two vertebrae was diagnosed.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

At the end of March 2006, he was visited in the hospital by Snezhana Kolobova, an investigator of the Prosecutor's Office of the North-Eastern District of Moscow, with the materials of the criminal case initiated against him in December 2003 under the article” incitement to national, racial or religious enmity”.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Stomakhin was transferred to the closed department of the 20th hospital.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On July 18, Judge of the Ostankino Court of Moscow S. Kostyuchenko extended Stomakhin's detention for two months.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On October 3, 2006, court hearings began in the case of Boris Stomakhin, accused of public calls for extremist activity and incitement to religious hatred.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On November 20, 2006, he was sentenced by the Butyrsky Court of Moscow under Part 2 of Art.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

280 (“public calls for extremist activity”), Part 1 of Art.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

282 (“incitement to hatred or enmity”) of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation by partially adding sentences to five years in prison, with deprivation of the right to engage in journalistic activities for a period of three years, with serving sentences in a general regime correctional colony; the sentence has been calculated since 22 March 2006.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

May 23, 2007 The Moscow City Court upheld the verdict.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On June 23, Stomakhin was sent to the stage in prison in Nizhny Novgorod.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

He served his sentence in IK-4 village.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Burepol of the Nizhny Novgorod Region.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

February 7, 2008 The Tonshaevsky District Court of the Nizhny Novgorod Region denied Boris Stomakhin parole.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On September 11, 2008, the same court agreed with the prosecutor's statement that Stomakhin did not deserve parole, because he did not admit his guilt and did not cooperate with the administration of the colony.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On April 27, 2009, the court denied Boris Stomakhin parole (parole) for the third time.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In total, during the period of imprisonment, which Stomakhin served in full, the court denied him parole five times.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Former Soviet dissidents and political prisoners Vladimir Bukovsky [9] [10], Sergei Grigoryants [9], Valeria Novodvorskaya [11] [12] supported the release of Boris Stomakhin (she also testified as a witness defense at his trial), Yuliy Rybakov, Elena Sannikova [9], Alexander Podrabinek [10], Kirill Podrabinek, Sergey Kovalev, Malva Landa, politician Konstantin Borovoy [9], human rights activists Lev Ponomarev [10 ], Svetlana Gannushkina [10], Lyudmila Alekseeva, Yuri Samodurov, Alexey Simonov, priest of the UAOC (o) Yakov Krotov [10] and priest of the AOC Gleb Yakunin, writer Alla Gerber, former FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

During his imprisonment, Boris Stomakhin continued to publish, including in the newspaper of the Democratic Union “Free Word”.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The authors of this publication and members of the DS supported the release of Stomakhin, in particular, Mikhail Kukobaka [9], Pavel Lyuzakov, Andrey Derevyankin [9], Adele Naidenovich, Nadezhda Nizovkina [13], Tatyana Stetsura [14].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Criminal prosecution and imprisonment of B.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Stomakhin was publicly supported, in particular, by journalists Maxim Sokolov [15], Dmitry Sokolov-Mitrich [10], politician Leonid Volkov [10].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In August 2009, a criminal case was reopened on the fact of distributing the Radical Politics bulletin in Nizhny Novgorod in early 2006 (when Stomakhin was still at large).


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

As part of this case, Stomakhin was interrogated on August 29.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In 2010, Akhmed Zakayev signed a document granting Boris Stomakhin citizenship of Ichkeria, in which he called him “a political prisoner, one of the brightest allies and defender of the rights of the Chechen people ” [16].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

He was released on March 21, 2011 [17].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Second arrest and new criminal case


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

After being at large for about a year and a half, Boris Stomakhin was again detained in his apartment on November 20, 2012 on charges of violating “anti-extremist” articles of the Criminal Code (Articles 282 and 205.2 of the Criminal Code) .


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The arrest took place on the anniversary of his conviction in 2006.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The court authorized his detention.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The criminal case was opened on July 10, 2012, but this was not reported anywhere, and Stomakhin did not receive summons for interrogation until the moment of his arrest.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The case was initiated at the request of well-known blogger Roman Nosikov [18]


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The subject of the charge brought on November 21, 2012 was three articles signed by Stomakhin, published on the Internet, namely “Preventing a New Holocaust” and “Untermension” (under Part 1 of Article 282 of the Criminal Code The Russian Federation, “incitement to hatred and enmity on the grounds of nationality and origin”), and “In memory of martyrs” (under Part 1 of Article 205.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, “public justification of terrorism”).


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The case also includes other articles signed by Stomakhin, published since 2001 (including before his first arrest). [20]


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On March 14, 2013, B.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Stomakhin was expanded and supplemented, and he was also charged under Article 280 Part 1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (“Public calls for extremist activity”.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The texts “Second Civil” have been added to the charge (which, according to the prosecution, “contains calls for destructive actions (sabotage), the result of which is the destruction of buildings, communications, equipment, urban infrastructure facilities”), “To the ax!” (“which, according to the investigation, contains calls and motives for armed resistance to the authorities”) and “Time of Heroes” (which, according to the prosecution, “contains calls and motives for violent actions (murder) of government officials, including judges, law enforcement officers, representatives of the armed forces”).


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

All this investigation qualified as a violation of Article 280, Part 1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation [21].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

During the investigation, Stomakhin refused to testify in accordance with Article 51 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On April 24, 2013, B.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Stomakhin was changed to more difficult ones — the blog and website on which the texts incriminated to him were published were considered by the investigation “the media”.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Accordingly, Part 1 of Articles 280 and 205.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation were reclassified to Part 2 [22] [23].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Also, the article “Untermension” was excluded from the charge due to the expiration of the statute of limitations, but the charge under Part 2 of Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation was not dropped.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On June 4, 2013, an accusation of inciting hatred towards the Orthodox way of “offensive nominations of the Most High” and “derogatory offensive nominations of the saint” was added to the list of charges (from the text charges).


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Stomakhin was also accused of “preparing for a public justification of terrorism committed using the media”, which was expressed, in particular, in “justifying the activities of the terrorists who killed Alexander The second one.”


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

This was manifested, according to the investigation, in Stomakhin's article “The Anniversary of the Regicide”, “which praises the activities of the terrorists who killed Alexander II: the photo illustrating the article shows a balcony with a hauling with the inscription “1861-2011 Your Feat Is Not Forgotten”. The inscription repeats the style of the inscriptions on the monuments to those killed in the Second World War “1941-1945 Your feat is not forgotten”, which evokes positive associations among the majority of Russian citizens who are accustomed to treating thanks to the memory of those killed in the Second World War”.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

“Preparation to justify terrorism” (Article 205.2 of the Criminal Code) as of June 4, 2013 remained the only serious offense in which Stomakhin is accused, the rest of the actions in which he is accused, relate to crimes of moderate gravity.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

A number of public figures opposed the arrest of the publicist, including historian and sociologist Alec D. Epstein [24], journalists Daniil Kotsyubinsky [25]


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

[26] and Vladimir Pribylovsky [27], former member of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation Alexey Manannikov, politician Konstantin Borovoy, human rights activist Leonid Romankov, priest of the UAOC (o) Yakov Krotov [28] [29], blogger Mikhail Verbitsky, media artist Alexey Plutser-Sarno, Eduard Limonov's press secretary Alexander Averin, neo-pagan Alexey Shiropaev [30], journalist and writer Arkady Babchenko [31], writer Polina Zherebtsova [ 32] [33], poetess Alina Vitukhnovskaya [34], Dzhokhar Dudaev's widow Alla Dudaeva, former Lithuanian President Vytautas Landsbergis [35], activist of the Voina group Pyotr Verzilov [36], former dissidents Vladimir Bukovsky, Adele Naydenovich [37], Natalia Gorbanevskaya [38], Andrey Derevyankin [39], Pavel Lyuzakov, Alexander Skobov [40], Elena Sannikova [41] [42], Alexander Podrabinek [43], Kirill Podrabinek and Valeria Novodvorskaya [44], general director of Grani portal.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

en Yulia Berezovskaya [45].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

There was a campaign for his release.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Thus, posters with the text “Freedom to Boris Stomakhin!” were raised at the rallies of the Russian opposition in 2012-2013 — in Moscow [46], St. Petersburg [47] [48] [49] [50], Ulyanovsk [51], Saratov [52], Omsk [53], Hanover [54], Chelyabinsk [55],


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Yekaterinburg [56].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Also, his portraits with the inscription “Boris Stomakhin. 5 years in prison” were pasted on the walls of the Russian Embassy in Berlin on the night of January 16, 2013 during a rally in support of arrested activists of the Russian opposition [57].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

More than 300 representatives of the Russian opposition and citizens of other countries (from more than 105 cities in more than 18 countries) signed an appeal demanding the release of Stomakhin.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On August 24, 2013, on Boris Stomakhin's birthday and on the eve of the start of his trial, as part of the World Stomakhin Day, actions in his defense took place simultaneously in Moscow, Petersburg, Omsk, Ulyanovsk, Helsinki (Finland), Tbilisi (Georgia), Cambridge (USA, Massachusetts).


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Among the slogans: “I did not read Stomakhin, but I demand his release!” “No persecution for thoughts and words!” [59].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Later, actions in defense of Stomakhin also took place in Tallinn (Estonia) [60], Ulyanovsk [61], Yekaterinburg [62], St. Petersburg [63] [64].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Supporters of the release of Boris Stomakhin from custody were sharply opposed, in particular, by journalist and TV presenter Anatoly Vasserman, who called them “accomplices” of the accused [65], science fiction writer Lev Vershinin [66].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Poet Yuri Nesterenko said that he considers Stomakhin guilty, but proposed to limit himself to a fine [67] [68] as a punishment.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In November 2012, the Central District Court of Moscow. Omsk recognized as extremist all materials No. 11 of the newspaper Radical Politics, published by Stomakhin.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Among these materials was, in particular, an official message from the Kremlin's website reprinted by the newspaper about Dmitry Medvedev's speech to special forces.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Thus, the court recognized Medvedev's speech as extremist [69] [70] [71] [72].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

This court decision was later overturned and the case was sent for retrial [73] [74].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The second trial


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In September 2013, the Butyrsky Court of Moscow began the trial of Stomakhin.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

In total, he was charged with four charges: under Parts 1 of Articles 205.2 (justification of terrorism), 280 (calls for extremism) and 282 (incitement to hatred or enmity) and under Part 1 of Article 30, Part 2 of Article 205.2 Criminal Code (preparation for public justification of terrorism using the media).


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The reason for bringing all charges was Stomakhin's articles published in 2011-2012 on the Internet and in the Radical Politics bulletin.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On October 22, the accused stated that he did not recognize “your laws, your court and your sentence”. [75]


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

At the hearing on November 11, the defendant cursed Judge Yuri Kovalevsky, who was conducting his trial, and was removed from the courtroom.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

[76] The defendant was defended at the trial by lawyers Viktor Borodin and Mikhail Trepashkin [77], as well as public defender Elena Sannikova [78].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

During the trial, a dispute arose between the parties whether the ballot issued by Stomakhin was “samizdat” (as the defense claimed) or a full-fledged media outlet (as the prosecution insisted on).


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The severity of the act charged to the defendant depended on this.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The prosecutor agreed that the ballot of the accused was not registered as a media outlet, but said: “As a result of the inspection of the leaflets that were seized from Stomakhin's apartment — the newspaper “Radical Politics” — there was it has been established that all publications have the same title. This means that the newspaper is a mass media outlet” [79].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On December 2, 2013, blogger Roman Nosikov was interrogated as a witness at a court hearing, and a criminal case was opened at whose request a criminal case was opened.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Nosikov is a member of the Essence of Time movement, a columnist for the magazine However, as well as an activist of the LiveJournal community of the FSB Brigade to Strangle Democracy.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Nosikov said that Stomakhin's texts are used in training camps for neo-Nazis as doping to incite hatred towards Jews and Chechens, as well as towards the Russian state.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

“The leaders of these people tell them: 'Look how Jews hate you, and the Russian state does nothing about it,” he said at the trial.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

[80] “I know Vasilisa Kovaleva,” Nosikov said in court. “She even worked for me. This is the same girl who was imprisoned in the Ryno-Skachevsky case. These are the Tajiks who were killed with knives. She was familiar with the work of Boris Stomakhin. This was one of her claims to the authorities that he was not in prison. Tajiks were killed, yes. She's Russian. But there was hatred in them, among other things, thanks to Stomakhin's articles.”


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

He also spoke in favor of preserving Article 282 in the Criminal Code: “I believe that the abolition of Article 282 is dangerous for the country and for people. You can't cancel it. You can't leave it just Russian. It must work in all directions. This is the law, it is the same for everyone” [81].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Linguist expert Yulia Safonova, interrogated in court on March 6, 2014, said that she did not find signs of incitement to hatred towards any nation other than the Russian one in Stomakhin's texts.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

“Mr. Stomakhin is very good at the pen and the impact is increasing,” she said. “I read these texts with pleasure, I will not hide it. The syllable is very good” [82].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

During the trial, a heated discussion arose among human rights defenders over the issue of including Boris Stomakhin in the list of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The Human Rights Society Memorial did not recognize Boris Stomakhin as a political prisoner, as well as a prisoner of conscience [83].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Former political prisoners Alexander Podrabinek [84] [85], Alexander Skobov [86], Sergei Grigoryants supported the inclusion of Stomakhin in the list.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

[87] [88] Natalia Gorbanevskaya, a former political prisoner and former editor-in-chief of the dissident Chronicle of Current Events, called “impossible, unthinkable” the fundamental ignoring of a political prisoner for his views [89].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Gorbanevskaya repeatedly defended Boris Stomakhin [90] and until her death in November 2013 was a member of the international Committee for his defense, like Vladimir Bukovsky.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On November 20, 2013, an action was held on Red Square in Moscow to mark the anniversary of Stomakhin's arrest.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Five activists unfurled a banner “Freedom to Stomakhin! Down with Article 282!”


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

[91] [92] Two protesters, Ildar Dadin and Gennady Stroganov, were sentenced the next day to seven days of arrest under Part 1 of Article 19.3 of the Administrative Code (disobeying the lawful request of a police officer) [93].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On January 22, 2014, Alexander Sidyakin, a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation from United Russia, appealed to the prosecutor's office Moscow with a request to take measures against prisoner Stomakhin B.