Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Boris Yeltsin immediately made a statement recognizing Ukraine's independence, saying, in particular: “<... > We are convinced of the possibility and need for the speedy formation of new interstate relations between Russia and Ukraine with confidence in preserving the established traditions of friendship, good-neighborliness, mutual respect between both peoples, strict compliance with obligations, including non-proliferation nuclear weapons and their limitation, human rights and other universally recognized norms of international law. <... > Mutually beneficial and balanced cooperation between Russia and Ukraine can and should become an example of bilateral relations between the republics of the old Union. New opportunities are opening up for close interaction with other republics, the formation of a truly equal community of sovereign states <... >” [60].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin announced his intention to establish diplomatic relations with Ukraine and conclude a comprehensive bilateral agreement with it.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On December 5, Yeltsin met with Gorbachev to discuss the prospects of the JIT in connection with the declaration of independence of Ukraine.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

After the meeting, he told reporters that “without Ukraine, the union treaty loses all meaning” [61].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On December 7, Yeltsin (allegedly to discuss oil and gas supplies to Ukraine and Belarus [62]) met in Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus) with the newly elected President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk and Stanislav Shushkevich, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Russian delegation brought with it a draft of a new treaty prepared as a counterbalance to the JIT agreement.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Taking it as a basis, on December 8, the heads of the three states signed the so-called Belovezha Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the preamble of which stated that “the USSR as a subject international law and geopolitical reality ceases to exist” [63].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The agreement was signed despite the results of the referendum on the preservation of the USSR [64].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The central government headed by Gorbachev was paralyzed by this time and could no longer oppose the actions of the leaders of the republics.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Boris Yeltsin, as Ruslan Khasbulatov recalls, insisted on the speedy ratification of the agreement on the establishment of the CIS, citing many problems arising from uncertainty on this issue [65].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On December 12, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR [66].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The legality of this ratification even then raised doubts among some members of the Russian parliament, since according to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978, consideration of this document was under the exclusive jurisdiction Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, since the Agreement affected the state structure of the republic as part of the USSR and thereby entailed amendments to the Russian Constitution [67] [68].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR decided to denounce the Union Treaty of 1922 [69] and to recall Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

This decision paralyzed the work of one of the chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR — the Council of the Union, depriving it of its quorum.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On December 21, most of the Union Republics joined the CIS, which signed the Almaty Declaration and the Protocol to the Agreement on the Establishment of the CIS.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On December 24, Boris Yeltsin informed the UN Secretary General that the RSFSR continues the membership of the USSR in all UN bodies (including the UN Security Council [70]).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Thus, Russia is considered the original member of the UN (since October 24, 1945) along with Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR) and Belarus (BSSR).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On December 25, with the resignation of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin received full presidential power in Russia.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

He was given a residence in the Kremlin and the so-called nuclear suitcase.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In April 1992, the VI Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR refused to ratify the Belovezha Agreement three times and exclude from the text of the Russian Constitution the mention of the Constitution and laws of the USSR [71], which subsequently became one of the reasons for the confrontation between the Congress of People's Deputies and President Yeltsin and later led to the dispersal of the Congress in October 1993 [72] [73] [74].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Constitution of the USSR and the laws of the USSR continued to be mentioned in Articles 4 and 102 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation — Russia (RSFSR) of 1978 [75] until December 25, 1993, when the adopted by popular vote, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which did not contain a mention of the Constitution and laws of the USSR.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In September 1992, a group of people's deputies of the RSFSR, headed by Sergei Baburin, sent a petition to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation to verify the constitutionality of the decision of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of December 12, 1991 “On Ratification of the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States” [76] [77].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

78] This request was never considered. [78]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

1991-1992 years


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In early autumn 1991, it became clear that the USSR was unable to pay its external debt.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Negotiations with creditors that began led to the signing at the end of October of a memorandum “On Mutual Understanding on Debt to Foreign Creditors of the USSR and Its Legal Successors”.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Eight of the fifteen Soviet republics recognized their joint and several liability for this debt.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Foreign banks, for their part, demanded an urgent transition to market reforms.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In the autumn of 1991, Yegor Gaidar's “economic program” was born.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

President Yeltsin announced its main provisions on October 28 in a keynote speech at the 5th Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

It assumed privatization, liberalization of prices, commodity intervention, conversion of the ruble.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Proclaiming this course, Boris Yeltsin assured his fellow citizens that “it will be worse for everyone within about six months.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

This will be followed by “lower prices, filling the consumer market with goods, and in the fall of 1992 — stabilization of the economy, gradual improvement in people's lives” [33] [79].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On November 6, the government of the RSFSR was formed, which Yeltsin personally headed until June 1992 [80].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yegor Gaidar was appointed his first deputy.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The new chairman of the State Property Committee of Russia instead of M. D. Maley, who back in 1991 developed a privatization program that involved the creation of a private sector in Russia while maintaining the state's command heights in the economy, became a Leningrad economist Anatoly Chubais.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On November 21, following the results of the second round of negotiations with the G7 countries on external debt, the Soviet Union was granted a short-term deferral of its debt obligations.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On December 5, the “Agreement on Succession to the State Debt and Assets of the USSR” was signed.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

This agreement determined the amount of the total debt of the USSR — 93 billion dollars — and the share of each of the 15 republics in the repayment of the Soviet debt.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The share of Russia amounted to 61.3%, or about 57 billion dollars.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Seven republics (Azerbaijan, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) refused to sign this agreement.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The main condition for granting another deferral of debt obligations was “cooperation with the International Monetary Fund” (IMF) in the implementation of “market reforms”.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to Ruslan Khasbulatov, the “reform program in Russia as an integral document” did not exist, and at the heart of the transformations that were launched in January 1992 and were called “shock therapy”, were “strict recommendations and requirements of the International Monetary Fund” [33].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The starting point of “shock therapy” is considered to be the liberalization of prices.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Prices were scheduled to be released as early as December 1, 1991 [81], but under pressure from other Union republics that had a common ruble zone with Russia, this was postponed until December 16, and then postponed to the beginning January 1992 [79] [81] [82].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On December 3, a decree “On measures to liberalize prices” was signed, and on December 19, a corresponding decree of the Government of the RSFSR was issued, which entered into force on January 2, 1992 [83] [84].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Already in the first months of the year, the market began to be filled with consumer goods [85], but the monetary policy of issuing money (including in the former Soviet republics) led to hyperinflation and a sharp decline real wages and pensions, the depreciation of bank savings, and a sharp drop in living standards [86].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Hyperinflation was stopped only in 1993.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

One of the first serious economic decisions taken by Yeltsin was the decree on freedom of trade, signed on January 29, 1992.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

This document effectively legalized entrepreneurship and led to the fact that many people engaged in small street vending in order to survive the difficult economic conditions caused by market reforms .


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin's other decrees initiated voucher privatization and collateral auctions, which led to the concentration of most of the former state property in the hands of a few people (the so-called. “oligarchs”).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In addition to hyperinflation, the country faced problems such as a decline in production and non-payments.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Thus, non-payment of wages, as well as pensions and other social benefits has taken on a large scale.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The country was in a deep economic crisis.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The economic problems of the early 1990s were supplemented by a political crisis.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In some regions of Russia, after the collapse of the USSR, separatist sentiments intensified.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On June 8-9, 1991, the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria was proclaimed separation from the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, which declared independence the following month [87] [88].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Declaration of State Sovereignty adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on August 30, 1990, unlike almost all other autonomous Russian republics (except Chechen-Ingushetia), does not it was directly stated that the republic is part of the RSFSR and the USSR.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On December 26, 1991, in connection with the Belovezha agreement on the termination of the existence of the USSR and on the formation of the CIS, the Declaration on the entry of Tatarstan into the CIS as a founder was adopted [89].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In February 1992, the Tatar authorities announced the holding of a referendum on March 21 of the same year, which raised the question that Tatarstan is a sovereign state and a subject of international law , which builds its relations with the Russian Federation and other republics and States on the basis of equal treaties.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On March 13, 1992, the Constitutional Court of the RSFSR recognized as inconsistent with the Constitution of the RSFSR a number of provisions of the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the Tatar SSR of August 30, 1990, the effect of the laws of the RSFSR on the territory of Tatarstan, as well as the resolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tatarstan dated February 21, 1992 “On holding a referendum of the state status of the Republic of Tatarstan” in terms of the wording of the question, providing that the Republic of Tatarstan is a subject of international law and builds its relations with the Russian Federation and other republics, states on the basis of equal treaties [90].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

However, the referendum took place and 61.4% of voters answered his question positively [91].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In February 1992, deputies of the Supreme Soviet of Karelia, which had experience of existing as part of the USSR as a union Karelian-Finnish SSR, tried to put on the agenda of the next session the issue of the possibility of secession of the Republic of Karelia from Russia [92] In the future, Karelia has repeatedly adopted laws that changed the effect of a number of provisions of federal laws on the territory of the republic [93].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Boris Yeltsin managed to convince the heads of regions to sign an updated Federal Treaty — on March 31, 1992, it was signed by the President and heads of regions (except Tatarstan and Chechnya), and on April 10 it was included in The Constitution of the RSFSR.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

VI Congress of People's Deputies and Changes in Economic Policy


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On April 6, 1992, the VI Congress of People's Deputies of Russia opened, which Yegor Gaidar called “the first frontal attack on reforms” [82].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The reduction in public spending undertaken since the beginning of the year led to the formation of opposition to reforms in the face of the industrial and agricultural lobby, which had a wide influence in the Supreme Council and at the Congress [94] [ 95] [96].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On April 11, the Congress adopted a resolution “On the Progress of Economic Reform in the Russian Federation”, in which it pointed out a number of problems in the economy and invited the President of Russia to make significant adjustments to tactics and methods of implementing economic reform [97].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In response, the government headed by Yegor Gaidar handed over his resignation to the President and announced it in the press center of the Congress.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The statement said, in part, [98]:


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The totality of demands announced by the Congress condemns the country to hyperinflation, which means the suspension of the privatization process and the curtailment of agrarian reform.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Proposals to reduce taxes and at the same time increase social and other payments are impossible and can only lead to the collapse of the financial system.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

<... > The inevitable result of the implementation of the decisions of the Congress will be a catastrophic drop in living standards, hunger, social upheavals and chaos.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

<... > We do not consider ourselves entitled to follow the path of irresponsible populism, when, under the pretext of protecting the population, it is robbed as a result of accelerating inflation.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On April 15, the Congress made concessions [96] and adopted the Declaration “On Support for Economic Reform in the Russian Federation”, in which it supported the government's actions aimed at fundamental transformations of the economy, and proposed to implement the resolution of April 11 “taking into account the real economic and social conditions.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

However, the President and the Government were also forced to make compromises [100].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Fulfilling the agreements reached at the Congress, Boris Yeltsin introduced into the government representatives of the “red directors” — Vladimir Shumeiko, Georgy Khizha, without Gaidar's knowledge as Deputy Prime Minister for Fuel and Gazprom CEO Viktor Chernomyrdin [96] [100] was appointed to the energy complex.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

If the first attempt at financial stabilization, based on reducing public spending and introducing new taxes, in April-May led to a decrease in inflation [101] [102] [103], then under pressure from the Supreme The board and directors of enterprises, the government was forced to ease tight monetary policy [101] [104] [105] [106].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to Andrei Nechaev, “by May 1992, we were faced with the fact that only a third of the financial obligations imposed on us could be covered by real sources of budget revenues” [107].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The government raised the salaries of striking miners, and at the insistence of the Supreme Soviet, 600 billion rubles of soft loans were allocated to end the crisis of non-payment [108].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In July, the management of the Central Bank changed.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The new head of the Central Bank, Viktor Gerashchenko, did not support the course of reducing costs promoted by Gaidar, offset the debts of enterprises, on the basis of a one-time loan issue of about 1 trillion rubles [ 104] [109] [110] [111].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

This had a temporary effect and led to an increase in inflation.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In autumn, the problem of non-payments arose again [108] [110].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to Yevgeny Yasin, “with the arrival of Gerashchenko to the Central Bank, the first attempt at financial stabilization was finally thwarted” [101].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In the summer, the seasonal factor also affected the increase in costs [112]: loans were allocated to ensure the Northern Delivery, the Supreme Council approved a decision on large-scale loans to agricultural producers for harvesting harvest [113].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The growth of the money supply and inflation accelerated (from 8.6% in August to 22.9% in October) [102].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Since autumn, the government has been forced to sharply reduce spending again in order to prevent hyperinflation.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The budget deficit fell from 10.8% of GDP in August to 4.4% of GDP in October [106].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Constitutional crisis (1992—1993)


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On December 10, 1992, the day after the Congress of People's Deputies did not approve the candidacy of Yegor Gaidar for the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Yeltsin sharply criticized the work of the Congress and tried to disrupt its work by urging his supporters to leave the meeting.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

A political crisis has begun.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

After negotiations between Yeltsin, Ruslan Khasbulatov and Valery Zorkin and multi-stage voting, the Congress of People's Deputies on December 12 adopted a resolution on the stabilization of the constitutional order [114], and Viktor Chernomyrdin was appointed Prime Minister.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

After the Eighth Congress of People's Deputies, at which the resolution on the stabilization of the constitutional order was repealed and decisions were adopted that undermine the independence of the Government and the Central Bank, On March 20, 1993, Yeltsin, speaking on television with an address to the people, announced that he had signed a decree on the introduction of a “special management regime” [114].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The next day, the Supreme Council appealed to the Constitutional Court, calling Yeltsin's appeal “an attempt on the constitutional foundations of Russian statehood” [114].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, without yet having a signed decree, recognized Yeltsin's actions related to the televised address as unconstitutional and found grounds for his removal from office.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Supreme Council convened the IX (Extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

However, as it turned out a few days later, in fact, another decree was signed, which does not contain gross violations of the Constitution.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On March 28, the Congress attempted to remove Yeltsin from the post of president.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Speaking at a rally on Vasilyevsky Descent in Moscow, Yeltsin vowed not to comply with the decision of the Congress, if it was adopted.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

However, only 617 deputies out of 1,033 voted for impeachment, with the required 689 votes.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The day after the failure of the impeachment attempt, the Congress of People's Deputies scheduled for April 25 an all-Russian referendum on four issues: confidence in President Yeltsin, approval of his socio - economic policy, early presidential elections and early elections of people's deputies.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Boris Yeltsin called on his supporters to vote “all four yes”, while the supporters themselves were inclined to vote “yes-yes-no-yes”.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to the results of the referendum on confidence, he received 58.7% of the vote, while 53.0% voted for economic reforms.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On the issues of early elections of the president and people's deputies, 49.5% and 67.2% of those who took part in the voting, however, voted “for”, respectively, legally significant decisions on these issues was not adopted (since, according to the current laws, more than half of all eligible voters had to vote in favor for this purpose. 64.05% of voters [115] [116] [117]) took part in the referendum.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin and his entourage interpreted the contradictory results of the referendum in their favor.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

After the referendum, Yeltsin focused on the development and adoption of a new Constitution.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On April 30, the Izvestia newspaper published the presidential draft Constitution, on May 18, the start of the Constitutional Conference was announced, and on June 5, the Constitutional Conference met for the first time at meeting in Moscow.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

After the referendum, Yeltsin practically stopped all business contacts with the leadership of the Supreme Soviet, although for some time he continued to sign some laws he adopted, and also lost confidence in Vice President Alexander Rutsky and dismissed him from all instructions, and on September 1 he suspended him from office on suspicion of corruption, which was not confirmed 3 months later [118].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Termination of the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On the evening of September 21, 1993, Boris Yeltsin announced in a televised address to the people that he had signed Decree No. 1400 “On a phased constitutional reform in the Russian Federation”, ordering to stop the activities of the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet, and schedule elections to the new representative body of power that is being created, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, for December 11—12 [119].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Constitutional Court, which met on the night of September 21-22, found in the decree a violation of a number of articles of the Constitution in force at that time, and established the existence of grounds for removing the President from office [ 120].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Supreme Council, on the basis of articles 121.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

6 and 121.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

11 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation — Russia (RSFSR), adopted resolutions on the termination of the powers of President Yeltsin from 8 pm on September 21, 1993 after signing Decree No. 1400 [121], and about their transfer to Vice President Alexander Rutsky [122].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

However, Boris Yeltsin de facto continued to exercise the powers of President of Russia.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Since September 22, by order of Yeltsin, the building of the Supreme Soviet has been blocked by the police and cut off from water and electricity.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Thus, the deputies were under siege [123].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Supreme Council announced the convening of the 10th (Extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies on September 22.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to Ruslan Khasbulatov, Speaker of the Supreme Soviet, those executive authorities that obeyed Yeltsin detained deputies from the regions and prevented their arrival by other means [124].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In fact, the Congress was able to open only on the evening of September 23.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin's supporters claim that the quorum, which required 689 deputies, was not reached at the Congress.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to the leadership of the Supreme Court, 639 deputies were present, the presidential side spoke only about 493 [125].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Then it was decided to deprive those who did not appear at the White House of deputy status, after which they announced that they had reached a quorum [125].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to other sources, 689 people arrived at the congress [126].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Congress approved a parliamentary resolution on the termination of powers of President Yeltsin.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On September 24, at a meeting of the 10th Extraordinary (Extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies, Resolution No. 5807-1 “On the Political Situation in the Russian Federation” was adopted.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In it, the actions of former President Yeltsin were assessed as a coup d'etat, all legal acts signed by him since 20:00 on September 21 were recognized as illegal, and the most dismissed from office the President was asked “not to aggravate his guilt before the people and the law and voluntarily stop his unconstitutional actions” [127].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Congress of People's Deputies, at the suggestion of the regions [128] and Chairman of the Constitutional Court Valery Zorkin, adopted a resolution “On early elections of people's deputies of the Russian Federation and the President of the Russian Federation”, in which it decided, inter alia, to hold these elections no later than March 1994, subject to the normal constitutional activity of the bodies of representative, executive and the judiciary, as well as ensuring pluralism of opinions in the media.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Supreme Council was instructed to prepare relevant regulations within a month to ensure the holding of simultaneous early elections [129].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Parliament also had to set the date for the elections itself. [128]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On September 27, in an interview with Ostankino TV company, Yeltsin said that he would not make any compromises with any authorities against the simultaneous early elections of the president and people's deputies [130 ] [131].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The confrontation between Yeltsin, his loyal law enforcement forces and supporters of the Supreme Soviet escalated into armed clashes.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On October 3, Yeltsin declared a state of emergency.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Supporters of the Supreme Soviet stormed one of the buildings of the Moscow City Hall on Krasnopresnenskaya Embankment (the former SEV building), from where the Ministry of Internal Affairs fired at demonstrators who approached the building Parliament [132] [133].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Then supporters of the Supreme Soviet, led by Albert Makashov, went to the Ostankino TV center in order to provide them with air.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

For reasons that are not fully clarified, soldiers of the pro-government detachment “Vityaz”, who were in the building of the TV center, opened fire on supporters of the parliament.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin, at the suggestion of Gennady Zakharov, Deputy Head of the Security Service of the President of the Russian Federation, ordered the storming of the Supreme Soviet building with the use of tanks [132] [134] [135].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In the early morning of October 4, troops were sent to Moscow, followed by the shelling of the House of Soviets with tanks, and after 5 pm - the surrender of its defenders.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

During these events, according to the investigation [136], 123 people were killed, 384 were injured [136] on both sides, and not a single people's deputy of Russia was among the dead [137].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

One of the deputies (Yuri Yelshin), who provided assistance to the wounded, was slightly wounded [138].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Some people's deputies and employees of the Supreme Soviet apparatus were beaten by police officers after leaving the burning parliament building [132].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On October 6, 1993, the Vesti program of the RTR TV channel reported on the removal of thirty-six corpses from the White House [139].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On October 7, 3 days after the storming of the House of Soviets, the Ministry of Internal Affairs held a press conference by the commander of internal troops Anatoly Kulikov and Rutsky, who was dismissed from office, but continued to hold office Minister of Internal Affairs Viktor Yerin.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

During this press conference, journalists were informed that 49 corpses had been removed from the Supreme Soviet building [140].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In the morning of the same day, the investigation team of the Prosecutor General's Office was admitted to the House of Soviets [132]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

However, investigators did not find the corpses there (by this time they had already been taken out) [138] [141] and therefore the investigation materials do not say anything about those killed in the parliament building.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The information that there were dead inside the House of Soviets is confirmed by the letter of Eduard Nechaev, Minister of Health of the Russian Federation, addressed to Viktor Chernomyrdin No. 01-1/3016-3 dated 6 October 1993, which states that “work is currently underway to extract and identify the dead from the House of Soviets”, as well as the recognition of the commandant of the seized Parliament building, Lieutenant General Arkady Baskaev, that in the period from 6 pm on October 4, 1993, “20-25 wounded and killed were taken out of the building by ambulance crews” [138] [141].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

After the dissolution of the Congress and Parliament, Yeltsin concentrated full power in his hands for some time and makes a number of decisions: on Rutsky's resignation from the post of vice-president [142] (according to Article 121.10 the current Constitution, the Vice-President could be removed from office only by the Congress of People's Deputies on the basis of the opinion of the Constitutional Court [143]), on the suspension of activities Constitutional Court [144], on the termination of the activities of Councils at all levels [145] [146] and changing the system of local self-government, on the appointment of elections to the Federation Council and popular vote, as well as by its decrees repeals and amends a number of provisions of existing laws. [147]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In this regard, some well-known lawyers (including the Chairman of the Constitutional Court, Doctor of Law Prof. Valery Zorkin), statesmen, political scientists, politicians, journalists (primarily from among Yeltsin's political opponents) noted that a dictatorship has been established in the country.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Ruslan Khasbulatov, a former chairman of the Supreme Soviet and an active participant in the events (from among Yeltsin's opponents), writes, for example [124]:


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Grossly violating the current Constitution, the President and his entourage announced the termination of the activities of the highest representative bodies of power provided for by the Basic Law of Russia — the Congress of People's deputies and the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Thus, a dictatorship has been established in the country


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In February 1994, the participants in the events were released in accordance with the resolution of the State Duma on amnesty (all of them, except Rutsky [148], agreed to an amnesty, although they were not convicted).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin demanded to prevent the amnesty [149] [150].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In the report of the State Duma Commission for Additional Study and Analysis of the Events of September 21-October 5, 1993, with reference to a former member of the Presidential Council appointed by Yeltsin on October 5 to the post Prosecutor General Alexei Kazannik, it is alleged that Yeltsin and his entourage offered Kazannik to try Rutsky, Khasbulatov and other persons who opposed the dispersal of the Congress and the Supreme Soviet, according to art.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

102 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (Premeditated murder under aggravating circumstances), which provided for the death penalty [138].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In response, Kazannik told Yeltsin that there are no legal grounds for applying this article [138].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

This fact is confirmed in his memoirs by Rutskaya [148].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to Ilya Konstantinov, one of the defenders of the White House, People's Deputy of Russia: “Yeltsin's tacit order to eliminate opposition leaders existed, and this is not a myth. Yeltsin wanted, but could not finish off the opposition, because the performers did not want to take on excess blood. Korzhakov writes about the same thing that he did not want to kill anyone. If Boris Nikolaevich had the opportunity, knowing his temper, we can assume that he would have dealt with many. Back on October 4, an oral order was issued to liquidate about a dozen people, including me.” [72]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On November 16, 1993, Boris Yeltsin, in an interview with film director Eldar Ryazanov, said that the Supreme Soviet had adopted a special decree on the execution of members of his family.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In response to this statement, members of the dispersed parliament Sergei Baburin and Ivan Fedoseyev filed a lawsuit against Yeltsin and Ostankino TV company for the protection of honor and dignity [151]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In September 1995, criminal case No. 18/123669-93 on the events of 3-4 October 1993 was dismissed.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to Leonid Proshkin, the former head of the investigation team, the amnesty that closed this criminal case suited everyone because, against the will of the leadership, investigators of the Prosecutor General's Office investigated the actions of not only supporters of the Supreme Soviet, but also troops who acted on the side of Yeltsin, who are largely guilty of this situation and the serious consequences of what happened [152].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Proshkin also said that the Yeltsin administration put pressure on the Prosecutor General's Office, and evidence was hidden from investigators [153].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

From a legal point of view, the events of October 1993 were contrary to the Constitution in force at that time [154] [155] [156].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Before these events, serious disagreements arose between the President and the Supreme Soviet.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Back in March 1993, Yeltsin planned to introduce the so-called OPUS (a special procedure for governing the country) in the event that deputies expressed no confidence in the president.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

However, this was not necessary.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Constitutional reform


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On December 12, 1993, elections were held to the Federation Council and the State Duma, as well as a nationwide referendum on the adoption of the draft new Constitution.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On December 20, the CEC of Russia announced the results of the referendum: 32.9 million voters (58.4% of active voters) voted “for”, against 23.4 million (41.6% of active voters).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Constitution was adopted because in accordance with the decree of President Yeltsin dated October 15, 1993 No. 1633 “On holding a popular vote on the draft Constitution in force during the referendum The Russian Federation” for the entry into force of the new Constitution requires an absolute majority of votes.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Subsequently, there were attempts to challenge the results of this vote in the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, but the Court refused to consider the case.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The new Constitution of the Russian Federation gave the President significant powers, while the powers of the Parliament were significantly reduced.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

After its publication on December 25 in Rossiyskaya Gazeta, the Constitution entered into force.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On January 11, 1994, both chambers of the Federal Assembly began their work, and the constitutional crisis ended.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In early 1994, Yeltsin initiated the signing of an agreement on public consent and an agreement on the delimitation of powers with Tatarstan, and then with other constituent entities of the Federation.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Freedom of speech


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

After the fall of the CPSU and the collapse of the USSR, during the initial period (1991-1993) of B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin, the level of freedom in the media remained at the level of 1990—1991 [157]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The well-known television program “Dolls” in 1994-2002 specialized in satire on well-known politicians and government officials, including Yeltsin himself.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On July 10, 1992, the Mayak radio station reported that the leadership of VGTRK banned the broadcasting of Andrei Karaulov's Moment of Truth program with Gennady Yanaev, the arrested vice-president of the collapsed USSR, the reason that “the confession of the former vice president will not interest viewers”.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In an hour-long interview shot in May 1992, Yanaev spoke about the events of August 19, 1991. For example, the documents of the State Emergency Committee were developed on behalf of Mikhail Gorbachev: in April 1991, the President of the USSR instructed the KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Army to prepare documents in case of a state of emergency, which then formed the basis of the program of action of the State Emergency Committee, and that his heart “cannot rest that three guys died”.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Andrei Karaulov told the Kommersant correspondent that Oleg Poptsov went to the ban because he “does not want to spoil relations with the right” and recalled the difficulties with the broadcast for his programs, where journalist Alexander Nevzorov and former Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Nikolai Ryzhkov appeared.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Gorbachev also, by the decision of the leadership of VGTRK, fell out of the list of Karaulov's future interlocutors.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to Oleg Poptsov, chairman of VGTRK, Karaulov “had several conversations very thumbs up”, but the program with Yanaev “is weak, the prisoner's answers are banal, and the author himself repeats himself in questions.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Therefore, it is necessary to “do more directing, look for new moves and plow”.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

At the same time, Poptsov indirectly confirmed to a Kommersant correspondent that the issue of broadcasting the program depends not only on its artistic merits: “After the surge in communist activity on The Constitutional Court and an unexpected statement at the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR about the release of all participants of the State Emergency Committee should not put cards into the hands of right-wing such transfers” [158].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In March 1993, the 600 Seconds program did not air, and instead of the traditional anti-presidential story, a report was shown about a rally in support of Yeltsin on Palace Square.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The program was not released by order of Bella Kurkova, Director of the Federal Television Service (FCS).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Employees of the programs reported that an hour before the broadcast, the hardware and air studios were blocked by the police.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The editors of the programs made a statement to Yeltsin, which said that “this completely discredits your decrees, in particular, the decree on freedoms for the media.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The actions of the Federal Television Service were called “gross forgery”, and its leadership was called “slaves, cowards and scoundrels”, “the same as their president” [159].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Vladimir Lisin, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Committee on Mass Media, called the suspension of the program the introduction of political censorship [160].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

After the dispersal of the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet of Russia in the fall of 1993, the program was closed by


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Since September 25, 1993, the programs “Man of the Week” with the participation of Vice President of Russia Alexander Rutsky, “Red Square” with the participation of the chairman Valery Zorkin's Constitutional Court, Vremechko, where Oleg Rumyantsev, MP of the RSFSR, tried to call live, as well as other programs criticizing Yeltsin.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to Kommersant, in violation of the Law on Mass Media, the publication of Rossiyskaya Gazeta and other publications established by the Supreme Soviet was suspended.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Former Yeltsin press secretary Pavel Voshchanov noted: “This regime does not need a free press” [161].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Speaking about the events of September-October 1993, journalists of the American television company CBS noted that Boris Yeltsin controlled Russian TV and as a result, Russian citizens did not receive full information about current events.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Many shots shown in the West were not shown in Russia, and people's deputies of Russia (including members of the Russian parliament — the Supreme Soviet) did not have the opportunity to speak on television [162].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

During Yeltsin's dispersal of the Russian parliament in the fall of 1993, at least ten newspapers in Moscow were closed, and for two days, preliminary censorship of other publications was introduced, which obliged submit their materials to the government for verification by publication [163].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

By mid-1996, the opposition had almost lost access to television [164].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Alexander Korzhakov, former head of Boris Yeltsin's security service, recalls that when Yeltsin did not like the way NTV showed the war in Chechnya in December 1994, he ordered him to deal with Vladimir Gusinsky, owner of the TV company.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

After that, employees of the Main Directorate of Security of the Russian Federation from the special unit for the protection of the president raided the office of Gusinsky (the former SEV building opposite the White House) and Gusinsky had to leave for a while to London [165] [166] [167].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Gusinsky himself confirms the fact of pressure on the TV company from the Yeltsin Kremlin in his memoirs [168].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Publicist Konstantin Krylov said in 2007: “Under Yeltsin, censorship and propaganda acted no worse, but much better than the current ones. They were simply temporarily transferred to private hands” [169].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post wrote that Yeltsin's presidency was an era of freedom of speech and was characterized by an absence of censorship [170].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The same opinion is shared by a number of liberal Russian politicians.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

For example, Boris Nemtsov said: “Yeltsin gave us freedom, and we should be grateful to him for this, he hated censorship, and there was freedom of speech in the country” [171].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Oleg Naumov wrote that “choosing between censorship and freedom of speech, Yeltsin unconditionally supported freedom of speech” [172] However, there are liberals who hold a different point of view.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Thus, Grigory Yavlinsky wrote in 1999: “Under Yeltsin, freedom of the press can be said very conditionally: the enslavement of the media by financial groups is a phenomenon of the Yeltsin period” [173].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Chechen conflict


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In the spring of 1991, as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and a presidential candidate, Yeltsin visited Chechen-Ingushetia as part of a business trip to Russia timed to coincide with the elections.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

He broadly expressed support for the sovereignty of the republic, repeating his well-known thesis: “Take as much sovereignty as you can bear” [174].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In some autonomies, this was perceived as a call to action.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In July 1991, the rebellious General Dzhokhar Dudaev proclaimed an independent Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-Cho) [87].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In September 1991, Dudaev's people dispersed the Supreme Soviet of Chechen-Ingushetia in Grozny, chaired by Doku Zavgaev [87].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Ruslan Khasbulatov, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Russia, then sent them a telegram “I was pleased to learn about the resignation of the Armed Forces of the Republic” [175].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

For some time, Yeltsin turned a blind eye to what was happening in the Caucasus region.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

As a result, after the collapse of the USSR, separatist sentiments began to flourish in some autonomous republics within Russia [176].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Even after Dudaev stopped paying taxes to the general budget [177] and banned Russian special services from entering the republic, the federal center officially continued to transfer money to Dudaev.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 1993, 140 million rubles were allocated for the Kaliningrad Region, and 10.5 billion rubles for Chechnya.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Russian oil continued to flow to Chechnya until 1994.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Dudaev did not pay for it, but resold it abroad.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Dudaev also got a lot of weapons: 2 missile launchers of the ground forces, 42 tanks, 34 infantry fighting vehicles, 14 armored personnel carriers, 14 lightly armored tractors, 260 aircraft, 57,000 units of small arms and many other weapons.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

For example, in 1999, a representative of the Yabloko party accused Yeltsin of numerous cases of kidnapping in the Chechen Republic: “He, President Yeltsin, is guilty of the fact that in a year when everyone the international community celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Human Rights and he, President Yeltsin, declared the year of human rights protection in Russia, at the turn of the third millennium, the slave trade was revived and revived serfdom. I am referring to the 500 of our guys who are captured and every day this number of prisoners, unfortunately, does not decrease, but increases... It is he, President Yeltsin, who is to blame for the fact that one of my On the Day of International Workers' Solidarity Day, voters received a call from Chechnya, Grozny, and offered to redeem their son for $30,000, or exchange it for one of the captured Chechens in Russian prisons, convicted Chechens” [178].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Moscow secretly supported the anti-Dudaev opposition, but did not interfere in the civil war that began in the autonomy.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

At the end of November 1994, the armed opposition made another attempt to storm Grozny, which failed, despite the support of Yeltsin's special services [87].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

After that, Yeltsin made a decision: federal troops would be sent to Chechnya.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Subsequent events in the Kremlin were called “the restoration of constitutional order in the Chechen Republic” [40].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On November 30, 1994, B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin decided to send troops to Chechnya by signing secret decree No. 2137 “On measures to restore constitutional law and order in the territory of the Chechen Republic” [87].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The first Chechen war has begun.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On December 11, 1994, on the basis of Yeltsin's decree “On measures to suppress the activities of illegal armed groups on the territory of the Chechen Republic and in the zone of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict” the introduction of troops into Chechnya [87].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Many ill-considered actions have led to heavy casualties both among the military and among the civilian population: tens of thousands of people died and hundreds of thousands were injured.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

It often happened that during a military operation or shortly before it, a rebound order came from Moscow.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

This made it possible for Chechen militants to regroup their forces.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The first assault on Grozny was ill-conceived and led to heavy casualties: more than 1,500 people were killed and missing, and 100 Russian servicemen were captured.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In June 1995, during the capture by a detachment of militants led by Sh.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Basayev hospital and maternity hospital in Budyonnovsk, Yeltsin was in Canada, and decided not to stop the trip, giving Chernomyrdin the opportunity to resolve the situation and negotiate with the militants, returned only after the end of all the events, dismissed the heads of a number of law enforcement agencies and the governor of the Stavropol Territory.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 1995, in the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the legality of Decrees No. 2137 and No. 1833 (“On the Main Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation” regarding the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation when permitting internal conflicts) was challenged by a group of deputies of the State Duma and the Federation Council.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to the Federation Council, the acts disputed by it formed a single system and led to the illegal use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, since their use on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as other measures prescribed in these acts are legally possible only under a state of emergency or martial law.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The request emphasizes that the result of these measures was illegal restrictions and massive violations of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to a group of deputies of the State Duma, the use of the acts disputed by them on the territory of the Czech Republic, which caused significant casualties among the civilian population, contradicts the Constitution of the Russian Federation and international obligations assumed by the Russian Federation.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Constitutional Court terminated the proceedings in the case on the compliance of Decree No. 2137 with the Constitution of the Russian Federation without consideration on the merits, since this document was declared invalid on December 11 1994 [179].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In August 1996, Chechen militants drove federal troops out of Grozny.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

After that, the Khasavyurt agreements were signed, which are considered by many as treacherous.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Presidential elections of 1996


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to the former head of the presidential administration Sergei Filatov, Yeltsin initially did not plan to participate in the presidential elections of 1996, but because of the victory of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in the elections to the State Duma in 1995 changed his mind: “In August 1995, the President and I had a serious conversation on this topic. He then told me that he did not want to go to a second term, that he was tired and missed his family very much. I objected to him: “Boris Nikolaevich, but you understand that if not you, it will be Zyuganov.” <... >As you know, the Communists won the parliamentary elections of 1995. Yeltsin summoned me on January 4, 1996 and said: “We lost the elections to the State Duma. There is now the dominance of the Communists. I did not want to go to the presidential election, but now there is no other way “.” [180].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

By early 1996, Yeltsin had lost his former popularity due to the failures and mistakes of economic reform and the war in Chechnya, and his rating fell sharply (to 3% [181]); however, he decided to run for second the term announced on February 15 in Yekaterinburg (although he has repeatedly assured that he will not run for a second term [182]).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin's main opponent was considered the leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation Gennady Zyuganov, who advocated changing the constitutional order, revising economic policy, sharply criticized Yeltsin's course and had enough high rating.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In March 1996, after the adoption by the State Duma of a resolution invalidating the Belovezha agreement regarding the termination of the existence of the USSR, Yeltsin instructed to prepare decrees on the dissolution of the Duma, postponing presidential elections and banning the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

However, Anatoly Chubais convinced Yeltsin to abandon these plans [183]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

During the election campaign, Yeltsin became more active, began to travel around the country with speeches, and visited many regions, including Chechnya.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin's campaign headquarters launched an active propaganda and advertising campaign under the slogan “Vote or you will lose”, after which the gap in the rating between Zyuganov and Yeltsin began to rapidly narrow.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Shortly before the elections, a number of populist legislative acts were adopted (for example, Yeltsin's decree on the abolition of conscription into the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation from 2000 [184] [185]; this decree was soon Yeltsin changed in such a way that references to the transition to a contractual basis, and the timing of the transition [186] [187]) have disappeared from it.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On May 28, Yeltsin and Viktor Chernomyrdin held talks with a Chechen delegation led by Zelimkhan Yandarbiev and signed a ceasefire agreement.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The election campaign led to the polarization of society, its division into supporters of the Soviet system and supporters of the existing system.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On June 9, Yeltsin announced that he had heirs for 2000 in mind, who were “growing rapidly” [188].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

A number of journalists, political scientists and historians (including Doctor of Historical Sciences) Vyacheslav Nikonov, who at that time was deputy chairman of the All-Russian Movement for Support of B. N. Yeltsin” and who headed the press center of Yeltsin's election headquarters [189]) believe that the 1996 campaign cannot be called democratic elections, due to the widespread use of “administrative resources” (” in full” — V. Nikonov), Yeltsin's campaign headquarters repeatedly exceeding the established limit on funds spent, falsifications, as well as due to the fact that almost all media, with the exception of a few which were published in small quantities of communist newspapers, openly supported Yeltsin.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to the results of the first round of voting on June 16, 1996, Yeltsin won 35.28% of the vote and reached the second round of elections, ahead of Zyuganov, who received 32.03% [190].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Alexander Lebed received 14.52%, and after the first round, Yeltsin appointed him Secretary of the Security Council and made a number of personnel changes in the Government and law enforcement agencies.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In the second round on July 3, 1996, Yeltsin received 53.82% of the vote, confidently ahead of Zyuganov, who received only 40.31% [191].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to Sergei Baburin, the fact of falsification of the election results was recognized by the President of the Russian Federation in 2008-2012 Dmitry Medvedev, who, during a meeting with representatives of unregistered parties on February 20, In 2012, he allegedly stated: “Hardly anyone has doubts about who won the presidential election in 1996. It was not Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The presidential administration said that Medvedev did not say anything like this [192].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Between the first and second rounds of voting, Yeltsin was hospitalized with a heart attack, but managed to hide this fact from voters.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

It did not appear in public, but several videos of Yeltsin's meetings filmed a few months earlier, but had not previously been aired, were shown on television, which were called up demonstrate its “high vitality” [189].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On July 3, Yeltsin appeared at the polling station of the sanatorium in Barvikha.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin refused to vote at his place of residence on Osennyaya Street in Moscow, fearing that he would not withstand a long walk down the street, stairs and corridor of this section [181].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

President Yeltsin's second term


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

After the election, B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin left the government for a long time due to poor health and did not appear in front of voters for some time.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

He appeared in public only at the inauguration ceremony on August 9, which took place under a greatly reduced procedure due to Yeltsin's poor health.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Persons who headed and financed Yeltsin's election campaign were appointed to the highest public positions: Anatoly Chubais became the head of the presidential administration of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Potanin became the head of the presidential administration of the Russian Federation First Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation, Boris Berezovsky — Deputy Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation [193] [194].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In August 1996, he authorized the Khasavyurt Agreements, and in October he decided to release A. AND. Swan from all positions.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On November 5, 1996, Yeltsin underwent coronary artery bypass surgery, during which the duties of President were performed by V. S. Chernomyrdin.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

To the work of B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin returned only at the beginning of 1997.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 1997, B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin signed a decree on the denomination of the ruble, held talks in Moscow with A. A. Maskhadov and signed an agreement on peace and the basic principles of relations with the Chechen Republic.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In March 1998, he announced the resignation of the Chernomyrdin Government and on the third attempt, under the threat of dissolution of the State Duma, ran the candidacy of S. IN. Kiriyenko.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

After the economic crisis of August 1998, when, two days after Yeltsin's strong statement on television that there would be no devaluation of the ruble, the ruble was devalued and depreciated by 4 times, dismissed the Kiriyenko Government and proposed to return Chernomyrdin.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On August 21, 1998, at a meeting of the State Duma, the majority of deputies (248 out of 450) called on Yeltsin to voluntarily resign, and only 32 deputies supported him [195].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In September 1998, with the consent of the State Duma, Boris Yeltsin appointed E.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

M. Primakov for the post of Prime Minister.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In May 1999, the State Duma unsuccessfully tried to raise the issue of Yeltsin's removal from office (five charges formulated by the initiators of the impeachment mainly concerned Yeltsin's actions during the first term).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Before the impeachment vote, Yeltsin dismissed the Primakov Government, then, with the consent of the State Duma, appointed S. IN. Stepashin as Prime Minister, but in August he also dismissed him, submitting for approval the candidacy of V. IN. Putin, little known at the time, and declared him his successor.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

After the aggravation of the situation in Chechnya, the attack on Dagestan, the explosions of residential buildings in Moscow, Buinaksk and Volgodonsk, B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin at the suggestion of V. IN. Putin's regime decided to conduct a series of counter-terrorist operations in Chechnya.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Putin's popularity increased, and at the end of 1999 Yeltsin decided to resign, leaving Putin acting head of state.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Resignation


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On December 31, 1999, at 12 noon Moscow time (which was repeated on the main TV channels a few minutes before midnight, before the New Year's televised address) B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin announced his resignation from the post of President of the Russian Federation [196] [197]:


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Dear friends!


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

My dears!


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Today is the last time I am addressing you with a New Year greeting.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

But that's not all.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Today is the last time I am addressing you as President of Russia.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

I've made a decision.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

I thought about it for a long time and painfully.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Today, on the last day of this century, I am retiring.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin explained that he was leaving “not for health reasons, but for the totality of all problems”, and apologized to the citizens of Russia.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

As can be seen from the above text of the appeal, Yeltsin did not say the words “I am tired, I am leaving”; however, these words are often attributed to him [198]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

“After reading the last phrase, he sat motionless for a few more minutes, and tears poured down his face,” recalls cameraman A. Makarov [199].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Acting President was appointed Prime Minister V. IN. Putin, who immediately after B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin addressed a New Year's address to the citizens of Russia about his own resignation.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

IN. IN. Putin on the same day signed a decree guaranteeing Yeltsin protection from prosecution, as well as significant material benefits for him and his family [200].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Criticism


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

During his presidency, Yeltsin was criticized, mainly related to the general negative trends in the development of the country in the 1990s: a decline in the economy, a sharp decline in living standards, and the refusal of the state from social obligations, a decrease in population and an increase in social problems.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Most of these processes were launched in the late 1980s and were caused by the crisis of the Soviet economic system.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

At the same time, a number of researchers note that with the greater competence of the country's leadership, even in conditions of unfavorable conditions (falling oil prices), it was possible to avoid such large-scale economic (Russia's GDP in 1990-98 fell by 40%) and social upheavals.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

During Yeltsin's presidency (especially in the second half of the 1990s), he was often accused of actually transferring the main levers of economic management to a group of influential entrepreneurs (the so-called. oligarchs) and the corrupt elite of the state apparatus, and the entire economic policy was reduced to lobbying the interests of a particular group of people, depending on their current influence.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

By the end of 1992, the differentiation of residents between rich and poor had increased dramatically.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

44% of the population was below the poverty line.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

This is how American political scientist Zbigniew Brzezinski describes the events of that time [201]:


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

By 1996, industrial production had fallen by 50%, agricultural production by a third.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

GDP losses amounted to about 40%.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The decline in industrial production was uneven.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

A relatively favorable situation was observed in the fuel and energy complex and ferrous metallurgy.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In other words, the more raw material the industry was, the smaller the decline was in production.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Mechanical engineering and high-tech industries suffered the most.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The volume of light industry products fell by 90%.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In almost all respects, there was a decrease of tens, hundreds and even thousands of times:


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

combine harvesters — 13 times


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

tractors — 14 times


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

metal-cutting machines — 14 times


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

VCRs — 87 times


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

tape recorders — 1065 times


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Significant negative changes have taken place in the structure of the industry.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Thus, they were reflected in a significant increase in the share of extractive industries and a decrease in the share of mechanical engineering and light industry.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In the structure of exports, the share of raw materials increased sharply: if in 1990 it was 60 per cent, in 1995 it increased to 85 per cent.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Exports of high-tech products decreased by 7 times.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Agricultural production fell by about a third.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

If in 1990 the gross grain harvest amounted to 116 million tons, in 1998 a record low harvest was recorded — less than 48 million tons.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The number of cattle fell from 57 million in 1990 to 28 million in 1999, sheep - from 58 to 14 million, respectively.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

As a result of privatization carried out in 1992-1994, a significant part of state property passed into the hands of a narrow circle of people, as many did not understand what to do with vouchers.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Enterprises of strategic importance were sold at bargain prices: for example, the ZIL plant was sold for $250 million, while its price, according to experts, was at least a billion dollars.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Russia's external debt has increased dramatically.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 1998, it amounted to 146.4% of GDP [202], which was one of the reasons for the default.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The default led to the impoverishment of the majority of the population, the loss of public confidence in the state, and a drop in living standards.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to experts, the default hit the middle class the hardest.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 1999, the Duma Impeachment Commission stated that Yeltsin deliberately pursued a policy aimed at worsening the living standards of citizens, accusing the president of genocide [203]:


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The difficult living conditions of the people of Russia and a significant reduction in their number were the result of the measures that have been implemented since 1992 under the leadership and with the active participation of the President Yeltsin... There are serious reasons to believe that the reduction in the population was also covered by the President's intention.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In an effort to ultimately bring about changes in the country's socio-economic structure and to ensure, with the help of the emerging class of private owners, the strengthening of his political power, Yeltsin deliberately worsened the living conditions of Russian citizens, which inevitably leads to an increase in mortality of the population and a decrease in its birth rate...


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

At the same time, Viktor Ilyukhin, a member of the commission, said: “Yeltsin deliberately did not allow at least a minimal improvement in the material condition of the endangered peoples of Russia” [203].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

However, Anatoly Vishnevsky, head of the Center for Demography and Human Ecology, described this statement as a myth [204] pointing out that nothing special happened in the 90s [204] that could affect on demography, and the increase in mortality rates is due to the fact that it is compared with the times of Gorbachev [204], when it fell significantly as a result of the anti-alcohol campaign [204].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Accusations of destroying the country's defense capability


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On 8 May 1992, the concept of conversion was revised.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In the new version of the concept, 60% of defense enterprises switched to self-financing.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The conversion began to go at a very rapid pace, as a result of which the state defense order decreased by 5 times from 1991 to 1995.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 1999, Deputy from the Yabloko faction A. G. Arbatov said that since 1992, a sharp reduction in funding for defense spending began, which was not accompanied by transformations in the army in the military-industrial complex.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to Arbatov, until 1997, military reform was a “profanity”, and after the default of 1998, “in real terms for the period 1998-1999, the military budget was reduced three times.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Arbatov said that Yeltsin is to blame for this: “In no other area has the President concentrated in his hands such huge powers as in the management of law enforcement agencies. And in none of them the results were so deplorable.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

At the same time, Arbatov noted that Yeltsin should bear moral, and not legal responsibility [205].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Demographic situation


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Since 1992, a sharp deterioration in the demographic situation began.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Back in 1991, natural growth was positive, and in 1992 it became negative.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

If in 1992 the natural decline in the population was 1.5 per thousand, in 1993 it was 5.1 per thousand.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 1994, depopulation bottomed out at 6.1 ppm.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The number of people under 15 years of age fell from 24.5% in 1989 to 23% in 1995, and people over 65 years of age increased from 18.5% to 20.2%, respectively.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

One of the factors in the decline in the population was the reduction of social support for the population


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Life expectancy has fallen from 63 to 56 years for men, from 76 to 70 for women.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Demographic losses (including the unborn) amounted to more than 10 million people.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The incidence of syphilis has increased by 25 times (with the incidence in the Far East increasing 200 times, among children 77 times), and AIDS by 60 times.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Infant mortality has doubled.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The highest infant mortality rate was achieved in 1992, at 19.9 per 1,000 children.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The population of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Magadan Oblast fell the most, where the population decline in 1991-1994 amounted to 35.1% and 26.5%, respectively.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Foreign policy


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin's foreign policy was aimed at recognizing Russia as a sovereign state and was aimed, on the one hand, at establishing relations with Western countries and overcoming the consequences of the Cold War, with on the other hand, to build new relations with the former Soviet republics, most of which became members of the CIS.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On December 24, 1993, Yeltsin was elected Chairman of the Council of Heads of State of the CIS [206].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

During the reign of B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin, summits of the CIS heads of state were held several times a year.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In March 1996, Yeltsin, together with President of Belarus A. G. Lukashenko, President of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev and President of Kyrgyzstan A. A. Akayev signed an agreement on deepening economic and humanitarian integration, and in April 1996 - an agreement on the union of Russia and Belarus.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

This association has changed its name and status several times, but has not yet been fully implemented and exists more “on paper”.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In recent years of his reign, he advocated the creation of a single economic space


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

At the end of January 1992, Boris Yeltsin put forward disarmament initiatives and said that from now on, weapons of the former USSR would not be aimed at US cities [207].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 1993, while on a visit to Poland, Boris Yeltsin signed a Polish-Russian declaration, in which he “sympathized” with Poland's decision to join NATO [208].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The declaration stated that such a decision does not contradict the interests of Russia [208].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Similar statements were made by Yeltsin in Slovakia and the Czech Republic [208].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Strobe Talbot, a direct participant in the negotiations in 1994—2001, pointed out in his memoirs [209] that in his foreign policy “Yeltsin agreed to any concessions, the main thing is to be in time between the glasses... ”.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

It was B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin to alcohol and explains the success of B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Clinton in achieving his political goals.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Here's what Talbot writes about this in his book:


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Clinton saw Yeltsin as a political leader fully focused on one big task: to drive the stake into the heart of the old Soviet system.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Supporting Yeltsin so that he succeeded in solving this problem was, in the eyes of Clinton (and my own), the most important goal that justified the need to come to terms with many much less noble, and sometimes just silly things.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In addition, the friendship between Clinton and Yeltsin made it possible for the United States to achieve specific, difficult goals that could not be achieved through any other channels: the elimination of nuclear weapons in Ukraine, the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Baltic States, obtaining Russia's consent to NATO expansion, involving Russia in a peacekeeping mission in the Balkans.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin's well-known foreign policy steps were also the following:


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Withdrawal of Russian troops from Germany;


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

He opposed the bombing of Yugoslavia, threatened to “redirect” Russian missiles to the United States.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin government


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Vice President


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Rutskoy, Alexander Vladimirovich — from July 1991 to December 1993 (actually released by Yeltsin's decree on October 3, 1993 [210])


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Heads of government


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Silaev, Ivan Stepanovich — from June 1990 to September 1991


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Lobov, Oleg Ivanovich — in fact, acting chairman from September to November 1991


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

From November 1991 to June 1992, President B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin himself headed the Government


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Gaidar, Yegor Timurovich — Acting Chairman from June to December 1992


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Chernomyrdin, Viktor Stepanovich — from December 1992 to March 1998


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Kiriyenko, Sergey Vladilenovich — from April to August 1998


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Chernomyrdin, Viktor Stepanovich — acting chairman from August to September 1998


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Primakov, Yevgeny Maksimovich — from September 1998 to April 1999