Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Gene Allmendinger, professor of naval architecture at the University of New Hampshire, designed the concrete supports on which the boat was to be installed.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Now enthusiasts face another problem — how to install the boat on these supports.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

After all, the eternal parking place of the boat was a quarter mile from the shore, at an altitude of 27 feet above sea level [24].


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

It was decided to use a design similar to a slip for launching ships.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

With the help of a winch, the boat had to be pulled out onto a special slide.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Then, along the dug channel, the sled with the boat along two rail guides had to be pulled ashore and dragged to the installation site.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

At the same time, it was necessary to dismantle the railway overpass and dig through the four-lane highway.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

After obtaining the necessary permits, the boat began its movement on May 4, 1985.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

It seemed that everything was calculated, but enthusiasts began to fail [24].


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

The span of the railway overpass was removed, the highway was blocked and the boat, waiting for the greatest tide, began to be brought stern forward to the slide.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

But, after walking several hundred meters, the Albacore buried the lower parts of the rudders in the silt.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

I had to wait for the next tide to continue moving.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

After waiting for the tide, the boat was dragged to the sled.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

But then it turned out that the propeller fairing prevents the boat from being pulled out onto the sled.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

It was decided to turn the boat around to move its nose forward.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

The submarine was deployed, but due to the breakdown of the winch, the work had to be postponed.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

The next day, the boat was put on a sled and began to be pulled out.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

But when the boat was completely out of the water, the sled beams caved under its weight and the slide flew off the rails.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

At the next tide, the boat was pulled back to the river with the help of a tug.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

While the boat was aground for several months overgrown with silt, the builders decided what to do next [24].


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

It was decided to use a scheme similar to that of gateways.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Cofferdam was built around the boat.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

With the help of powerful pumps, water was pumped into the cofferdam, the boat floated in it and pulled up to the opposite end of the caisson.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Here, the boat passed to the next cofferdam with higher walls.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Water was collected again, the submarine surfaced and stretched further.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Ultimately, in three days, after passing through this system of “locks”, the boat hovered over its future berth.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

The water was launched and at 4:30pm on October 3, 1985, the submarine took its place [24].


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

The periscope was restored, the screws were mounted back, the body was cleaned and painted.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

The boat was connected to the shore power grid, and two entrances were made on board for visitors.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

A park was set up around the boat that bears her name.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

On August 30, 1986, Albacore was opened to visitors [24].


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Project evaluation


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

For its time, Albacore was undoubtedly a revolutionary project.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

As well as German submarines of types XXI and XXIII, becoming a milestone in the development of submarines.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Submarines from “diving” became truly “submarines” [25].


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

After modernization in phase IV with coaxial screws, it was calculated to reach a speed of 36 knots.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

In fact, it reached a maximum speed of 37 knots, becoming the fastest boat at that time [22].


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

According to its chief designer, Captain Harry Jackson, he developed such a high speed not only due to the high power of the power plant, but also due to a number of technical innovations:


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

coaxial screws of opposite rotation driven by individual electric motors;


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

X-shaped stern steering surfaces;


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

elimination of bow horizontal rudders


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

careful attention to smoothing the contours of the light body and minimizing holes on freely streamlined surfaces;


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Kingston design of main ballast tanks;


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

careful attention to all details in order to achieve maximum speed;


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

ensuring the minimum possible size of submarines [26].


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Following the Albacor with the same hull shape, diesel submarines of the Barbel type [27] and nuclear submarines of the Skate type [28] [27] were created in the United States.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

After that, all American submarines were built with similar contours [17] [29].


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Following the United States, other countries began to use a similar design of submarines.


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Thus, the bow shape of the hull of the first nuclear submarine of Project 627 was chosen by Soviet designers with an eye to the photo of the Albacor [30].


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Having de facto become the standard [31], the “Albacore hull” (English: Albacore hull) has become synonymous with the streamlined spindle-shaped shape of the submarine [32] [28].


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Notes


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Literature


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

References


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Category:US Navy submarines


Question: What was the speed of the US Navy's Albacore diesel-electric submarine?

USS Albacore (AGSS-569)

Category:Diesel-electric submarines


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Cosmological models are models that describe the development of the universe as a whole.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In general, the following theories and branches of physics are used to build models:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Equilibrium statistical physics, its basic concepts and principles, as well as the theory of relativistic gas.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The theory of gravity is usually GR.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Although its effects have only been tested on the scale of the solar system [1] [2], and its use on the scale of galaxies and the Universe as a whole may be questioned.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Some information from particle physics: a list of basic particles, their characteristics, types of interaction, conservation laws.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Cosmological models would be much simpler if the proton was not a stable particle and decays [3], which modern experiments in physics laboratories do not confirm.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

At the moment, the set of models that best explain the observational data is:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

approx.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

: green means absolutely dominant theories; amber is recognized by many, but widely discussed; scarlet means big problems lately, but supported by many theorists.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Starting positions


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Of all the many observational data for building and confirming theories, the key are the following:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

All observations related to the distance scale.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

It is their results that give the values of the Hubble constant H, which in the law bears his name:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

c


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

z


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

H


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

D


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle CZ=H_ {0} D,}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

where z is the redshift of the galaxy, D is the distance to it, c is the speed of light.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The age of the universe obtained from the law of expansion must be strictly greater than the age of the oldest objects.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

(For example, from observations of star clusters)


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Measurements of the initial abundance of elements.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

(For example, from observations of BCDG galaxies and G-dwarfs)


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Relict background data.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Data on the evolution of large-scale structures.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

(In addition to direct observations of the structure, data sources can be very diverse from observations of individual objects to the relict background).


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Their interpretation begins with the postulate that each observer at the same time, regardless of the place and direction of observation, finds on average the same picture.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

That is, on a large scale, the universe is spatially homogeneous and isotropic.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Note that this statement does not prohibit heterogeneity in time, that is, the existence of selected sequences of events available to all observers.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Supporters of theories of the stationary universe sometimes formulate a “perfect cosmological principle”, according to which four-dimensional space-time should have the properties of homogeneity and isotropy.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

However, the evolutionary processes observed in the Universe do not seem to agree with this cosmological principle.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Expanding Universe Model


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The model of the expanding universe describes the very fact of expansion.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In general, it does not consider when or why the universe began to expand.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Most models are based on GR and its geometric view of the nature of gravity.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

If an isotropic expanding medium is considered in a coordinate system rigidly connected with matter, then the expansion of the Universe formally reduces to a change in the scale factor of the entire coordinate grid, in the nodes of which galaxies are “planted”.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

This coordinate system is called a co-ordinate system.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The beginning of the countdown is usually attached to the observer.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

There is no single point of view as to whether the universe is really infinite or finite in space and volume.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

However, the observed universe is finite because the speed of light is finite and the Big Bang existed.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Friedman model


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Within the framework of GR, the entire dynamics of the Universe can be reduced to simple differential equations for the scale factor


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle a (t)}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In a homogeneous, isotropic four-dimensional space with constant curvature, the distance between two infinitely approximate points can be written as follows:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

If the expression for the metric is substituted into the GR equations, we obtain the following system of equations:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Energy equation


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

π


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

G


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

k


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

c


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

c


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ left ({\ frac {\ dot {a}} {a}}\ right) ^ {2} = {\ frac {8\ pi G\ rho} {3}} -\ left ({\ frac {kc^ {2}} {a^ {2}}}\ right) + {\ frac {\ Lambda c^ {2}} {3}}}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Equation of motion


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

π


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

G


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

P


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

c


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

c


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle {\ frac {\ ddot {a}} {a}} =- {\ frac {4\ pi G} {3}}\ left (\ rho + {\ frac {3P} {c^ {2}}}\ right) + {\ frac {\ Lambda c^ {2}} {3}}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Continuity equation


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

d


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

d


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

H


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

P


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

c


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle {\ frac {d\ rho} {dt}} =-3H\ left (\ rho + {\ frac {P} {c^ {2}}\ right),}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

where


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ Lambda}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

— cosmological constant


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ rho}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

is the average density of the Universe


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

P


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle P}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

— pressure,


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

c


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle c}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

is the speed of light.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The given system of equations allows for many solutions, depending on the selected parameters.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In fact, the values of the parameters are fixed only at the moment and evolve over time, so the evolution of the extension is described by a set of solutions [4].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Explaining Hubble's Law


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Let's say there is a source located in a companion system at a distance r1 from the observer.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The receiving equipment of the observer records the phase of the incoming wave.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Let us consider two intervals between points with the same phase [4]:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ν


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ν


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

z


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle {\ frac {\ delta t_ {1}} {\ delta t_ {0}}} = {\ frac {\ nu _ {0}} {\ nu _ {1}}}\ equiv 1+z.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

On the other hand, for a light wave in the adopted metric, equality is fulfilled:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

d


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

d


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

r


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

k


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

r


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle dt=\ pm a (t) {\ frac {dr} {\ sqrt {1-kr^ {2}}}}.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

If we integrate this equation and remember that in the accompanying coordinates r does not depend on time, then provided that the wavelength is small relative to the radius of curvature of the Universe, we obtain the ratio:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle {\ frac {\ delta t_ {1}} {a (t_ {1})}} = {\ frac {\ delta t_ {0}} {a (t_ {0})}}.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

If we now substitute it in the original ratio:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

z


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle 1+z= {\ frac {a (t_ {0})} {a (t_ {1})}}.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

After decomposing the right side into a Taylor series, taking into account the first-order term of smallness, we get a ratio that exactly coincides with Hubble's law.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Where the H constant takes the form:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

H


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle H= {\ frac {{\ dot {a}} (t)} {a (t)}}.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ΛCDM


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

As already mentioned, Friedman equations allow for many solutions, depending on the parameters.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

And the modern CDM model is a Friedman model with generally accepted parameters.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Usually, in the work of observers, they are given in concepts related to critical density [4]:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

c


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

r


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

H


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

π


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

G


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ rho _ {cr} = {\ frac {3H_ {0} ^ {2}} {8\ pi G}}.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

If we express the left side of Hubble's law, then after the conversion we get the following form:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Ω


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

m


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Ω


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

k


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Ω


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle 1=\ Omega _ {m} +\ Omega _ {k} +\ Omega _ {\ Lambda},}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

where Ωm = ρ/ρCR, Ωk = - (kc2)/(A2H2), ΩΛ= (8πGλC2) /ρcr.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

It can be seen from this record that if Ωm+Ωλ= 1, that is, the total density of matter and dark energy is critical, then k = 0, that is, the space is flat, if greater, then k = 1, if less than k = -1.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In the modern generally accepted expansion model, the cosmological constant is positive and significantly different from zero, that is, antigravity forces occur on a large scale.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The nature of such forces is unknown, theoretically this effect could be explained by the action of a physical vacuum, but the expected energy density is many orders of magnitude greater than energy, corresponding to the observed value of the cosmological constant — the problem of the cosmological constant [4].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The rest of the options are currently of only theoretical interest, but this may change as new experimental data become available.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The modern history of cosmology already knows similar examples: models with zero cosmological constant unconditionally dominated (in addition to a short surge of interest in other models in the 1960s) with when Hubble discovered the cosmological redshift and until 1998, when data on Type Ia supernovae convincingly refuted them [comment 1].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Further evolution of the extension


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The further course of expansion generally depends on the values of the cosmological constant Λ, the curvature of space k and the equation of state P (ρ).


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

However, the qualitative evolution of the expansion can be assessed based on fairly general assumptions [4].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ Lambda <0}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

If the value of the cosmological constant is negative, then only the forces of attraction act and none else.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The right side of the energy equation will be non-negative only for finite R values, which means that at a certain Rc value, the universe will begin to contract at any k value and regardless of type equations of state [7].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ Lambda =0}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

If the cosmological constant is zero, then the evolution at a given value of H0 depends entirely on the initial density of the substance [4]:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

d


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

d


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

G


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

π


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

H


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

H


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

π


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

G


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ left ({\ frac {da} {dt}}\ right) ^ {2} =G {\ frac {8\ pi\ rho _ {0} a_ {0} ^ {3}} {3a}} -a_ {0} ^ {2} H_ {0}\ left (\ rho _ {0} - {\ frac {3H_ {0} ^ {2}} {8\ pi G}}\ right).


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

If


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

c


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

r


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ rho _ {0} =\ rho _ {cr}}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

, then the expansion continues indefinitely, at the limit with an asymptotically tending speed to zero.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

If the density is greater than critical, then the expansion of the universe is slowed down and replaced by compression.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

If less, it expands indefinitely with a non-zero limit


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

H


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle H}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ Lambda >0}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

If


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ Lambda >0}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

et


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

k


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle k\ leq 0}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

, the universe expands monotonously, but unlike the case with


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ Lambda =0}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

at high values


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

R


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle R}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

the expansion rate is increasing [7]:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

R


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

e


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

x


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

p


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle R\ propto exp [(\ Lambda /3) ^ {1/2} t].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

When


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

k


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle k=1}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

the highlighted value is


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

c


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

π


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

G


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ Lambda _ {c} =4\ pi G\ rho}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In this case, there is such a value


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

R


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle R}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

, in which


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

R


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle R'=0}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

et


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

R


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle R"=0}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

, that is, the universe is static.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

When


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

c


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ Lambda >\ Lambda _ {c}}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

the expansion rate decreases to a certain point, and then begins to increase indefinitely.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

If


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ Lambda}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

slightly exceeds


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

c


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ Lambda _ {c}}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

, then the expansion rate has remained almost unchanged for some time.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In case


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

c


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ Lambda <\ Lambda _ {c}}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

it all depends on the initial value


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

R


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle R}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

, from which the expansion began.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Depending on this value, the universe will either expand to some size and then shrink, or expand indefinitely.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The Big Bang Theory (Hot Universe Model)


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The Big Bang theory is the theory of primary nucleosynthesis.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

It answers the question of how chemical elements were formed and why their prevalence is exactly the same as it is now observed.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

It is based on extrapolation of the laws of nuclear and quantum physics, assuming that when moving into the past, the average energy of particles (temperature) increases [8].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The limit of applicability is the area of high energies, above which the laws studied cease to work.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

At the same time, there is no substance as such, but there is almost pure energy.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

If we extrapolate Hubble's law at that time, it turns out that the visible region of the universe is located in a small volume.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Small volume and high energy are the characteristic state of matter after the explosion, hence the name of the theory — the Big Bang Theory.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

At the same time, the answer to the question: “What caused this explosion and what is its nature?”


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The Big Bang theory also predicted and explained the origin of CMB radiation — a legacy of the moment when all matter was still ionized and could not resist the pressure of light.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In other words, the relic background is the remnant of the “photosphere of the universe”.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The entropy of the universe


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The main argument that supports the theory of the hot universe is the significance of its specific entropy.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

It is equal to the ratio of the concentration of equilibrium photons nγ to the concentration of baryons nb with accuracy to the numerical coefficient.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Let us express nb in terms of the critical density and proportion of baryons [4]:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

n


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

b


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

c


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

r


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

m


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

p


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Ω


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

b


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

h


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle n_ {b} = {\ frac {\ rho _ {c} r} {m_ {p}}} =1 {,} 124\ cdot 10^ {-5}\ Omega _ {b} h_ {100} ^ {2},}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

where h100 is the current Hubble value, expressed in units of 100 km/ (c Mpc), and taking into account that for CMB radiation with T = 2.73 K


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

n


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

γ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

z


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle n_ {\ gamma}\ approve 420 (1+z) ^ {3}}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

we get:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

η


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

n


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

b


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

n


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

γ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Ω


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

b


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

h


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ eta\ simeq n_ {b} /n_ {\ gamma}\ approach 2 {,} 7\ cdot 10^ {-8}\ Omega _ {b} h_ {100} ^ {2}\ sim 10^ {-9}.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The reciprocal is the value of specific entropy.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The first three minutes.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Primary nucleosynthesis


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Presumably, from the beginning of birth (or at least from the end of the inflationary stage) and as long as the temperature remains at least 1016 GeV (10-10s), all known elementary particles, all of which have no mass.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

This period is called the period of Great Unification, when electroweak and strong interactions are united [9].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

At the moment, it is impossible to say which particles are present at that moment, but something is still known.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The η value is not only an indicator of specific entropy, but also characterizes the excess of particles over antiparticles [10]:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

n


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

p


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

n


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

p


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

n


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

p


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle {\ frac {n_ {p} -n_ {\ bar {p}}} {n_ {p}} =10^ {-9}.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

At the moment when the temperature drops below 1015 GeV, the X- and Y-bosons with the corresponding masses are probably released.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The era of the Great Unification is replaced by the era of electroweak unification, when electromagnetic and weak interactions represent a single whole.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In this era, the X- and Y-bosons are being annihilated.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

At the moment when the temperature drops to 100 GeV, the era of electroweak unification ends, quarks, leptons and intermediate bosons are formed.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The hadron era is coming, the era of active birth and annihilation of hadrons and leptons.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In this era, the moment of the quark-hadron transition or the moment of confinement of quarks, when it became possible to merge quarks into hadrons, is noteworthy.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

At this point, the temperature is 300—1000 MeV, and the time from the birth of the universe is 10−6 s.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The era of the hadron era is inherited by the lepton era - at a time when the temperature drops to 100 MeV, and on the clock 10-4 s. In this era, the composition of the Universe begins to resemble the modern one; the main particles are photons, in addition to them there are only electrons and neutrinos with their antiparticles, as well as protons and neutrons.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

During this period, one important event occurs: the substance becomes transparent to neutrinos.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

There is something like a relict background, but for neutrinos.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

But since the separation of neutrinos occurred before the separation of photons, when some types of particles had not yet proannihilated, giving their energy to the rest, they cooled down more.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

By now, the neutrino gas should have cooled to 1.9 K if the neutrinos have no mass (or their masses are negligible).


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

At a temperature of T≈0.7 MeV, the thermodynamic equilibrium between protons and neutrons that existed before is disturbed and the ratio of the concentration of neutrons and protons freezes at 0.19.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The synthesis of deuterium, helium, lithium nuclei begins.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

~200 seconds after the birth of the Universe, the temperature drops to values at which nucleosynthesis is no longer possible, and the chemical composition of the substance remains unchanged until the birth of the first stars [9].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Problems of the Big Bang Theory


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Despite significant advances, the theory of the hot universe faces a number of difficulties.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

If the Big Bang caused the expansion of the universe, then in general, there could be a strong heterogeneous distribution of matter, which is not observed.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The Big Bang theory also does not explain the expansion of the universe, it takes it as a fact [11].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The theory also suggests that the ratio of the number of particles and antiparticles at the initial stage was such that the result was the modern predominance of matter over antimatter.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

It can be assumed that at first the universe was symmetrical — there was the same amount of matter and antimatter, but then, to explain baryonic asymmetry, some mechanism of baryogenesis is needed, which should lead to the possibility of proton decay, which is also not observed [3].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Various theories of the Great Unification suggest the birth in the early Universe of a large number of magnetic monopoles, which have not yet been discovered [12].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Inflationary model


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The task of inflation theory is to answer the questions left behind by expansion theory and the Big Bang theory: “Why is the universe expanding? And what is the Big Bang?” To do this, the expansion is extrapolated to point zero in time and the entire mass of the Universe is at one point, forming a cosmological singularity, often called the Big Bang.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Apparently, general relativity is no longer applicable at that time, which leads to numerous, but so far, alas, only purely speculative attempts to develop a more general theory (or even” new physics”), which solves this problem of cosmological singularity.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The main idea of the inflationary stage is if we introduce a scalar field called inflanton, the impact of which is great at the initial stages (starting from about 10−42s), but rapidly decreases over time, then the plane geometry of space can be explained, while Hubble expansion becomes inertial motion due to the large kinetic energy accumulated during inflation, and the origin from a small the initially causal region explains the homogeneity and isotropy of the universe [13].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

However, there are a lot of ways to set an inflaton, which in turn gives rise to a whole variety of models.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

But most are based on the assumption of a slow slide: the inflanton potential slowly decreases to zero.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The specific type of potential and the way to set the initial values depends on the chosen theory.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Inflation theories are also divided into infinite and finite in time.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In theory, with infinite inflation, there are areas of space — domains — that have begun to expand, but due to quantum fluctuations have returned to their original state, in which conditions arise for re-inflation.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Such theories include any theory with infinite potential and Linde's chaotic theory of inflation [13].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The hybrid model belongs to theories with the finite time of inflation.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

There are two types of field in it: the first is responsible for large energies (and therefore for the speed of expansion), and the second for small ones that determine the moment of completion of inflation.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In this case, quantum fluctuations can affect only the first field, but not the second, which means that the inflation process itself is finite.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Unresolved problems of inflation include temperature jumps in a very large range, at some point it drops to almost absolute zero.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

At the end of inflation, the substance is reheated to high temperatures.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

A “parametric resonance” is proposed for the role of a possible explanation for such a strange behavior [14].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The multiverse


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

“Multiverse”, “Great Universe”, “Multiverse”, “Hyperuniverse”, “Superuniverse”, “Multilinear”, “Omniverse” are various translations of the English term multiverse.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

It appeared during the development of the theory of inflation [15].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Regions of the universe separated by distances larger than the particle horizon evolve independently of each other.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Any observer sees only those processes that occur in a domain equal in volume to a sphere with a radius that is the distance to the particle horizon.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In an era of inflation, two areas of expansion, separated by distance of the order of the horizon, do not intersect.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Such domains can be thought of as separate universes like ours: they are just as homogeneous and isotropic on a large scale.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The conglomerate of such formations is the Multiverse.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The chaotic theory of inflation assumes an infinite variety of Universes, each of which can have different physical constants from other Universes [16].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In another theory, universes differ in their quantum dimension [17].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

By definition, these assumptions cannot be tested experimentally.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Alternatives to inflation theory


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The cosmic inflation model is quite successful, but it is not necessary for considering cosmology.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

She has opponents, including Roger Penrose.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Their argument is that the solutions offered by the inflationary model leave behind missing details.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

For example, there is no fundamental justification that density perturbations at the pre-inflationary stage should be just so small that after inflation there is an observed degree of homogeneity, this theory doesn't suggest.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The situation is similar with spatial curvature: it decreases very much with inflation, but nothing prevented it from being so important before inflation that it still manifests itself in the modern stage of development of the universe.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In other words, the problem of initial values is not solved, but only skillfully draped.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Alternatively, theories such as string theory and bran theory, as well as cyclic theory, are proposed.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The main idea behind these theories is that all the necessary initial values are formed before the Big Bang.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

String theory requires that ordinary four-dimensional space-time be supplemented with a few more dimensions that would play a role early in the universe, but are now in a compactified state.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

To the inevitable question of why these measurements are compactified, the following answer is offered: superstrings have a T duality, so the string is “wound” on additional dimensions, limiting their size [18].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Within the framework of the bran theory (M-theory), it all starts with a cold, static five-dimensional space-time.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The four spatial dimensions are limited to three-dimensional walls or tri-brans; one of these walls is the space we live in, while the other brana is hidden from perception.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

There is another tri-brana, “lost” somewhere between two boundary brans in four-dimensional space.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

According to the theory, when this brana collides with ours, a large amount of energy is released and thereby conditions are created for the Big Bang to occur [19].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Cyclic theories postulate that the Big Bang is not unique in its kind, but implies the transition of the Universe from one state to another.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Cyclic theories were first proposed in the 1930s.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The stumbling block of such theories was the second law of thermodynamics, according to which entropy can only increase.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

This means that the previous cycles would be much shorter and the substance in them would be much hotter than at the time of the last Big Bang, which is unlikely.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

At the moment, there are two cyclic theories that have managed to solve the problem of ever-increasing entropy: the Steinhardt-Turok theory and the Baum-Frampton theory [20] [21].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Theory of evolution of large-scale structures


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

As the data on the relict background show, at the time of separation of radiation from matter, the universe was actually homogeneous, the fluctuations of matter were extremely small, and this is a significant problem.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The second problem is the cellular structure of galaxy superclusters and at the same time the sphere-like structure in smaller clusters.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Any theory that attempts to explain the origin of the large-scale structure of the universe must necessarily solve these two problems (as well as correctly model the morphology of galaxies).


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The modern theory of the formation of a large-scale structure, as well as individual galaxies, is called the “hierarchical theory”.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The theory goes as follows: at first, galaxies were small in size (about the Magellanic Cloud), but over time they merge to form larger galaxies.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Recently, the accuracy of the theory has been questioned and downsizing has contributed to this to a large extent.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

However, in theoretical studies, this theory is dominant.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The most striking example of such a study is Millennium simulation (Millennium run) [22].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

General provisions


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The classical theory of the emergence and evolution of fluctuations in the early Universe is Jeans's theory against the background of the expansion of a homogeneous isotropic universe [23]:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Φ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

π


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

G


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ vartriangle\ Phi =4\ pi G\ rho\ delta,}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

H


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

x


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

v


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle {\ frac {\ partial\ delta} {\ partial t}} +Hx\ triangledown\ delta +\ triangledown v=0,}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

v


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

H


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

v


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

H


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

x


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

v


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

u


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

s


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Φ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle {\ frac {\ partial v} {\ partial t}} +Hv+H (x\ triangledown) v=-u_ {s} ^ {2}\ triangledown\ delta -\ triangledown\ Phi.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

where us is the speed of sound in the medium, G is the gravitational constant, and ρ is the density of the unperturbed medium,


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ delta = {\ frac {\ delta\ rho} {\ rho}}.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

is the value of the relative fluctuation, Φ is the gravitational potential created by the medium, v is the velocity of the medium, p (x, t) is the local density of the medium and consideration takes place in the concomitant coordinate system.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The above system of equations can be reduced to one describing the evolution of inhomogeneities:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

H


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

t


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

k


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

u


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

s


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

π


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

G


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle {\ frac {\ partial ^ {2}\ delta} {\ partial t^ {2}}} +2H {\ frac {\ partial\ delta} {\ partial t}} +\ left ({\ frac {k^ {2}}} {a^ {2}} u_ {s} ^ {2} -u_ {s} ^ {2} -4\ pi G\ rho\ right)\ delta =0,}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

where a is the scale factor and k is the wave vector.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

It follows from it, in particular, that fluctuations are unstable, the size of which exceeds:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

λ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

J


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

u


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

s


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

π


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

G


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ lambda >\ lambda _ {J} = {\ sqrt {\ frac {u_ {s} ^ {2}\ pi} {G\ rho}}}.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

At the same time, the disturbance increases linearly or weaker, depending on the evolution of the Hubble parameter and energy density.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

This model adequately describes the collapse of disturbances in a non-relativistic medium, if their size is much smaller than the current event horizon (including for dark matter during radiation-dominated stages).


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

For the opposite cases, it is necessary to consider exact relativistic equations.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The energy-momentum tensor of an ideal fluid taking into account small density perturbations


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

T


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ν


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

μ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ρ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

p


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

p


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

u


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

μ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

u


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ν


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

ν


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

μ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

p


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

p


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle T_ {\ nu} ^ {\ mu} = (\ rho +\ delta\ rho +p+\ delta p) u^ {\ mu} u_ {\ nu} -\ delta _ {\ nu} ^ {\ mu} (p+\ delta p)}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

covariantly preserved, from which the hydrodynamics equations generalized for the relativistic case follow.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Together with GR equations, they represent the initial system of equations that determine the evolution of fluctuations in cosmology against the background of Friedman's solution [23].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The era before recombination


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The moment of hydrogen recombination can be considered an isolated moment in the evolution of the large-scale structure of the Universe.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Up to this point, some mechanisms operate, and then completely different ones [24].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The initial density waves are larger than the event horizon and are frozen — do not affect the density of matter in the universe.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

But as it expands, the horizon is compared to the wavelength of the disturbance, as they say, “the wave is coming out of the horizon” or “entering the horizon.”


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

After that, the density begins to fluctuate - the sound wave propagates against the expanding background.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In the era of recombination, waves with a wavelength of no more than 790 Mpc at the current era enter the horizon.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The waves that are important for the formation of galaxies and their clusters enter at the very beginning of this stage.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

At this time, the substance is a multicomponent plasma, in which there are many different effective mechanisms for the attenuation of all sound disturbances.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Perhaps the most effective among them in cosmology is the Silk decay.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

After all sound disturbances have been suppressed, only adiabatic disturbances remain.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

For some time, the evolution of ordinary and dark matter is synchronous, but due to interaction with radiation, the temperature of ordinary matter drops more slowly.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

There is a kinematic and thermal separation of dark matter and baryonic matter.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

It is assumed that this moment occurs when z=105.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The behavior of the baryon-photon component after separation and until the end of the radiation stage is described by equation [24]:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Φ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

η


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Φ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

u


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

s


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

k


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Φ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ Phi “+ {\ frac {4} {\ eta}}\ Phi '+u_ {s} ^ {2} k^ {2}\ Phi =0,}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

where k is the wave vector of the wave under consideration, and the derivatives are taken from η — conformal time.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

It follows from its solution that at that time the amplitude of perturbations in the density of the baryonic component did not increase or decrease, but experienced acoustic oscillations:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

r


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

d


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

c


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

o


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

s


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

u


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

s


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

k


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

η


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ delta _ {rad}\ propto -cos (u_ {s} k\ eta).


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

At the same time, dark matter did not experience such oscillations, since neither the pressure of light nor the pressure of baryons and electrons affect it.