Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

In 1964, a new high-rise building “Senturi” was built for the SIS on the street. Vauxhall Bridge.


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

The main building of the SIS (1996- present)


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

In 1995, according to the project of an architect for the SIS of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the newest building was built near the building of the 1960s on the embankment near the Vauxhall Bridge.


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

The SIS building can be seen in the footage of James Bond films: “Golden Eye”, “And the Whole World Is Not Enough”, “Die, But Not Now”, “Casino Royale”, “007. Coordinates: Skyfall”, as well as in the series “Ghosts” about the work of MI5, the BBC series “Sherlock” and the miniseries “The Night Manager”.


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

In movie 007: Spectrum ICU building is blown up.


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

Executive list


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

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Well-known employees


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

Daphne Park


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

Bruce Lockhart


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

Sydney Raleigh


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

Somerset Maugham


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

Graham Greene


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

Frederick Forsyth


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

Claude Dancy


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

— died in the summer of 2010 under unclear circumstances.


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

George Blake


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

Interesting facts


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

Intelligence officers for some time were famous writers Somerset Maugham and Graham Green.


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

Maugham served in Russia during World War I, and Green worked in British intelligence in Sierra Leone and Portugal from 1941 to 1944, where he was listed as a representative of the Foreign Ministry of Great Britain.


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

One of his colleagues in those years was Kim Philby.


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

As Professor Robert Service notes: “Today, the British special services are not allowed to conduct subversive activities against foreign countries and kill foreign political leaders.”


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

In his opinion, “Whitehall wants to pretend that this has always been the case, as if Britain has completely clean hands. But our hands were not always clean—they were as dirty as everyone else's” [46].


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

comments


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

Notes


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

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Literature


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

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References


Question: How many people worked in the USO?

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Question: How many people worked in the USO?

The Secret Intelligence Service

Category:British intelligence agencies


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov (1891-1951) - Soviet, founder of the scientific school of physical optics in the USSR, full member (1932) and President of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1945—1951), public figure and popularizer science [1].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

The younger brother of N. AND. Vavilov, Soviet geneticist.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Winner of four Stalin Prizes.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Biography


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Sergey Vavilov was born on March 24 [O.S. 1891] in Moscow in the family of Ivan Ilyich Vavilov (1863—1928), a successful merchant, merchant of the 2nd guild, a vowel of the Moscow City Duma Ivan Ilyich Vavilov (1863—1928) and Alexandra Mikhailovna Vavilova, née Postnikova (1868-1938).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

He studied at the commercial school on Ostozhenka, then, since 1909, at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

As a student, he published two scientific papers: the first, “Photometry of Multicolored Sources” [2], and the second, for which he received a gold medal, “Towards the Kinetics of Thermal Fading of Dyes” [3].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

After graduating from the university in 1914 with a degree in physics with a first degree diploma, he received an offer to stay at the university to prepare for the title of professor, but rejected it as a sign protest against the reactionary policy of Education Minister L. A. Kasso.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In July 1914, he entered the 25th Sapper Battalion of the Moscow Military District as a volunteer.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

During the First World War, Vavilov served first as a private, then as an ensign in various technical units of the Russian army.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

At the front, Sergey Ivanovich completed his experimental and theoretical work “The oscillation frequency of a loaded antenna” [4].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

He was demobilized in February 1918.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1918-1932, he worked at the Moscow Higher Technical University (associate professor, professor), where he taught courses in physics and theoretical lighting engineering [5] [6], headed the Department of Physical Optics at the Institute of Physics and Biophysics of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR, created and headed by P. P. Lazarev.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

He taught at (Moscow Higher Zootechnical Institute (professor) and at Moscow State University (private associate professor, professor, head of the department).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1919, he passed the exam for a master's degree in physics at Moscow University [7].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1920 he married Olga Mikhailovna Bagrinovskaya (1894—1978), daughter of a Moscow sworn attorney, assistant to the famous lawyer and court speaker F. N. Plevako [8].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

A son Victor (1921—1999) was born in the marriage.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1926, he was sent to Germany to work at the Physics Institute of the University of Berlin.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1929-1932 he was a full member of the Research Institute of Physics at Moscow State University.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1930-1932 he was chairman of the production commission of the physical department of Moscow State University


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

On January 31, 1931, S. AND. Vavilov was elected a corresponding member, on March 29, 1932 - a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In September 1932, Vavilov was appointed scientific director of the State Optical Institute (GOI) [9], and therefore moved to Leningrad, where he lived in 1932-1941 at Birzhevaya Liniya, 12-15, in 1941 and 1945—1946 — Birzhevaya Line, 4-3.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

At the same time, he headed the Physical Department of the Physics and Mathematics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences located in Leningrad


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

From 1933 to 1937, Vavilov was chairman of the Commission for the Study of the Stratosphere under the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences [10].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In December 1933, he headed the organizing committee for holding the 1st All-Union Conference on the Study of the Stratosphere in Leningrad in March 1934.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In September 1933, he took part in the 1st All-Union Conference on the Study of the Atomic Nucleus (Leningrad), among foreign participants of which were Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie and Paul Dirac.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Since 1933, he has been the permanent chairman of the Academy of Sciences Commission for the Publication of Popular Science Literature.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1933-1934, P. A. Cherenkov and S. AND. Vavilov discovered and studied radiation known as the “radiation (effect) of Vavilov-Cherenkov” [11].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1934, the Institute of Physics and Mathematics was divided into two independent institutes — the Physical Institute (FIAN), which, at the suggestion of Vavilov, was named after P. N. Lebedev, and Mathematical them.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

IN. A. Steklova (MIAN).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Vavilov was appointed director of the FIAN.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In the same year, the LPI, like the Academy of Sciences, was transferred to Moscow.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Vavilov continued to head the institute, for which he regularly, several times a month, came to Moscow.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1934—1936 he was head of the Physics and Mathematics Section of the Institute of the History of Science and Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, member of the Academic Council


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1935 he was sent to Poland, Italy, France, Germany, Austria to familiarize himself with the work of optical laboratories and factories.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1935-1938, Vavilov was elected to the Leningrad City Council.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1935-1938 he was a member of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1935-1938 he was Deputy Chairman of the Physical Group of the Department of Mathematical and Natural Sciences of the Academy of Sciences


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Since 1936 — Chairman of the Editorial Board of the Priroda magazine.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In March 1936, he made a report “Ways of Development of the Optical Institute” [12] at a session of the Academy of Sciences dedicated to the activities of leading domestic physical schools headed by academicians D. S. Rozhdestvensky and S. AND. Vavilov in GOI, A. F. Ioffe at the PTI and L. AND. Mandelstam at Moscow State University.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1938 he was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR from Leningrad.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In October 1938, he was appointed Chairman of the Commission on the History of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Chairman of the Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences for the Study


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Since 1939 — Deputy Academician-Secretary and member of the Bureau of the Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences of the USSR Academy


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Executive editor of the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics and the Journal of Physics.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1940, S. AND. Vavilov learned about the arrest of his brother N. AND. Vavilova.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In this regard, he obtained a reception with V. M. Molotova and L. P. Beria in order to release his brother from arrest [13].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

However, N. AND. Vavilov was not released and died in Saratov prison on January 26, 1943.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

S. AND. Vavilov learned about the death of his brother on July 5, 1943 from a telegram from Oleg, son of N. AND. Vavilova.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

He received an official notification from the NKVD only on October 26, 1943 [14].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

During the Great Patriotic War, Vavilov and his wife were evacuated to Yoshkar-Ola, where the GOI worked at that time [15].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

His son Viktor, a serviceman, remained in besieged Leningrad.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

The FIAN headed by Vavilov was evacuated to Kazan.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

1943 — Stalin Prize for scientific works on physical optics: “Theory of concentration quenching of fluorescence of solutions”, “Theory of concentration depolarization of fluorescence in solutions” and Visual Measurements of Quantum Fluctuations.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

He was awarded the Order of Lenin for successful work on the development of the domestic optical-mechanical industry, fulfilling government tasks to develop new samples of optical devices and scientific achievements.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In June 1943, he was appointed Commissioner of the USSR GKO for the Development and Coordination of Scientific Work in the Field of Infrared Technology [16].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1945, he was awarded the Second Order of Lenin for outstanding services in the development of science and technology in connection with the 220th anniversary of the Academy of Sciences.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

On July 17, 1945, he was elected President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, replacing V. L. Komarova.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1945, by resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Council for Coordination of Scientific Activities of the Academies of Sciences of the Union Republics was established at the Academy of Sciences, the main organizer and permanent chairman who was S. AND. Vavilov [17].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

1945—1951 — Chairman of the USSR Academy of Sciences Commissions on Luminescence and on the History of Physical and Mathematical Sciences.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Chairman of the Editorial and Publishing Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Editor-in-chief of the Doklady USSR Academy of Sciences journal


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Editor-in-chief of the USSR Academy of Sciences publication “Materials for Bio-Bibliography of Scientists of the USSR”.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Deputy (since 1949 chairman) of the Physical Section of the Committee for Awarding Stalin Prizes.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1946, Vavilov, together with Cherenkov, I. M. Frank and I. E.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Tamm received the Stalin Prize for discovering and explaining the nature of a new type of radiation.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1946 and 1950 he was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, and in 1947 he was elected to the Moscow City Council.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

On March 6, 1947, he joined the first Academic Council of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Moscow State University (hereinafter referred to as MIPT).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

1947-1951 — Chairman of the Board of the All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge, created on his initiative.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

1948—1951 — editor-in-chief of the second edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In June-August 1950, during his summer vacation, he wrote his last fundamental work, “The Microstructure of Light”.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

At the end of 1950, S. AND. Vavilov deteriorated significantly — heart and lung diseases suffered during the evacuation period affected.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In December-January, he was treated at the Barvikha sanatorium.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Returning from the sanatorium on January 12, 1951, he chaired an expanded meeting of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

On January 25, 1951, at 4:45am, he died of myocardial infarction.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

He was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery (precinct No. 1).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Work at SOI


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In September 1932, Vavilov was appointed scientific director of the GOI and remained so until his election in 1945 as President of the USSR Academy of Sciences.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

He made a great contribution to the scientific activities of the institute, organized and headed the luminescence analysis laboratory, which he led until the last days of his life.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

He actively participated in the development of the optical-mechanical industry of the country and SOI as an industry scientific center.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

He defended the need for a close connection between science and production, opposed the division of science into “big” and “small”.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

During the Second World War, he ensured the reorientation of the scientific activities of the Institute to work on defense topics.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

FIAN Director


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In the summer of 1932, at the suggestion of Vice President of the USSR Academy L. Komarova Vavilov headed the Physical Department of the small Physics and Mathematics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR located in Leningrad.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

The entire staff of the institute by that time consisted of less than 10 employees, and in 1928 Academician A. N. Krylov said.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Several employees of the physical department published an average of one article per year.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

With the arrival of S. AND. Vavilov began the reorganization of the physical department of the institute, which worked almost independently of the mathematical department headed by Academician I. M. Vinogradov.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

The main activity of the department is S. AND. Vavilov considered the study of the structure of matter in solid, liquid and gaseous states.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In less than a year, a specific research topic was determined — the properties of recently discovered neutrons, the glow of liquids under the influence of radioactive radiation, colored crystals, microstructure liquids, electrical breakdown in gases, etc.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

The first result during this period was the discovery in 1933 by graduate student P. A. Cherenkov of the weak glow of liquids under the influence of gamma radiation (“Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation”), experimental studies of the collision of neutrons and protons, new results in the field of the dielectric strength of gases, the nature of the latent photographic image, the optical and electrical properties of colored crystals.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

On April 28, 1934, the General Meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences adopted a resolution on the division of the Physics and Mathematics Institute into two independent ones - the Physical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (FIAN) [18], which soon Vavilov's proposal was named after P. N. Lebedev, and the Mathematical Institute named after V. A. Steklova (MIAN).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

This date is considered the official date of creation of the FIAN.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Despite the move of the FIAN simultaneously with the Academy of Sciences in August 1934 to Moscow, Vavilov was appointed its director.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

He invited physicists already known by that time to work at the institute — D. AND. Blokhintseva, V. AND. Wexler, G. S. Landsberg, V. L. Levshin, M. A. Leontovich, L. AND. Mandelstam, P. A. Rebinder, D. IN. Skobeltsyn, I. E.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Tamma, S. N. Rzhevkin and a number of others.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

One of the first in the physics department was the Laboratory of the Atomic Nucleus with the inclusion of studies of the nature of cosmic rays in its topics [19].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Anticipating already in the early 1930s the importance and prospects of the development of nuclear physics, S. AND. Vavilov attracted his graduate students P. A. Cherenkova and N. A. Dobrodin, young physicists I. M. Frank, L. IN. Grosheva, a little later D. IN. Skobeltsyn, (who headed the laboratory at the LPI), V. AND. Wexler, S. N. Vernova, S. N. Rzhevkin.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

A significant result was the theory of “Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation”, developed by S. AND. Vavilov, and I. E.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Tamm and I. M. Frank.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Until 1940, laboratory staff took an active part in complex Elbrus expeditions to measure cosmic rays and observe a number of atmospheric optical phenomena [10].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

At the initiative of S. AND. Vavilov in 1940, a “cyclotron brigade” was created to study the possibility of building a cyclotron with a pole diameter of several meters.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

It includes Veksler, Vernov, Groshev, Feinberg and Cherenkov.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Back during the Second World War, in 1944, Wechsler discovered the principle of autophasing, on the basis of which in 1947 an electronic synchrotron with an energy of up to 250 million eV was built at the FIAN.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In accordance with S. AND. Vavilov to create a generalist physical institute following the Laboratory of the Atomic Nucleus over the next few years, laboratories in current areas of physics were formed at the LPI:


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

• Laboratory of Physics of Oscillations (hands.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— L. AND. Mandelstam (since 1935 — N. D. Papalexy, the main direction is the study of the propagation of electromagnetic waves and the problem of nonlinear oscillations)).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

• Laboratory of Physical Optics (headed by G. S. Landsberg, the main direction is Raman scattering, molecular analysis, study of the structure of liquids and crystals).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

• Luminescence laboratory (led by S. AND. Vavilov, the main direction is the study of the nature and application of crystalline phosphors).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

• Spectral Analysis Laboratory (supervised by S. L. Mandelstam, the main direction is the development of the theory of spectral and analytical research methods).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

• Laboratory of Physics of Dielectrics (supervisor — B. M. Vul, the main direction is the study of dielectric properties and electrical breakdown of materials).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

• Laboratory of Theoretical Physics (headed by I. E. Tamm, the main direction is the theory of the atomic nucleus, cosmic rays and other issues of theoretical physics).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

• Acoustics Laboratory (head. S. N. Rzhevkin, since 1940 — N. N. Andreev, the main direction is hydroacoustics issues).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

From 1934 to 1937, the institute included a laboratory of surface phenomena (hands. P. A. Rebinder).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

At the end of July 1941, the FIAN was evacuated to Kazan and worked there until the fall of 1943.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

S. AND. Vavilov insisted on sending to Kazan most of the fund of the institute's scientific library, which turned out to be the only academic library open to all institutions there.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Permanently living in Yoshkar-Ola, where the GOI was evacuated, he continued to lead the institute, coming several times a month to Kazan, and then, after the re-evacuation of the FIAN, to Moscow.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

During the Great Patriotic War, the FIAN significantly restructured its work, bringing it as close as possible to the needs of wartime.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Under the direct supervision of S. AND. Vavilov in the luminescence laboratory, glowing compositions of constant action were developed for application to instrument scales and orientation in complete darkness.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Employees of the acoustic laboratory created a trawl to detonate German floating mines, worked to improve methods for detecting enemy aircraft.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

The atomic nucleus laboratory has developed new flaw detection devices.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

The Spectral Analysis Laboratory has created and put into production devices (styloscopes) for express analysis and sorting of metal parts coming from the front of the broken domestic and captured military equipment.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In June 1945, the Academy of Sciences celebrated the 220th anniversary of its foundation.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

At the same time, the FIAN celebrated its 220th anniversary as a “direct descendant” of the Academy's physical office.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In an article [20] dedicated to the anniversary date, Vavilov briefly summed up the results of the activities of the FIAN over the past 12 years, that is, during his leadership of the institute.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

He notes, in particular, that the number of works published by the staff of the institute during this period is approaching a thousand.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

For the most outstanding results, the Stalin Prizes were awarded to:


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Academicians L. AND. Mandelstam and N. D. Papalexy for his work on the propagation of radio waves


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Academician S. AND. Vavilov for research in the field of luminescence and visual quantum fluctuations


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Corresponding Member of USSR Academy of Sciences G. S. Landsberg for his work on spectral analysis


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

S. A. Friedman for his work on luminous compounds


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

The increase in the volume of work in a number of areas has led to the formation of new scientific institutions on the basis of departments and with the participation of FIAN employees


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

1937 — Colloid Electrochemical Institute (P. A. Rebinder)


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

1946 — Research Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University (D. IN. Skobeltsyn)


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

1946 — Radio Engineering Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences (A. L. Mints), since 1957 — Radio Engineering Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

1947 — Obninsk Research Laboratory (D. AND. Blokhintsev), in 1950 it was transformed into the Institute of Physics and Energy


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

1951 — High Energy Laboratory of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna; V. AND. Wexler)


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

1953 — Acoustical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (N. N. Andreev, L. M. Brekhovskikh)


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

President of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1945—1951)


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

On July 17, 1945, he was elected President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, replacing V. L. Komarova.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

On March 6, 1947, he joined the first Academic Council of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Moscow State University (hereinafter referred to as MIPT).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

S. AND. Vavilov was a popularizer of science, the initiator of the creation of the All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge and its first chairman (1947—1951); in many respects it was his efforts that the name of M. IN. Lomonosov established itself as a symbol of Russian science, at his suggestion, the M. IN. Lomonosov.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Editor-in-Chief of M. IN. Lomonosov Moscow State University in 10 volumes (1950—1957; Volume 11 was published in 1983).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Editor-in-chief of the second edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (volumes 1—7; 1949—1951).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Deputy of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR (1938—1947).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Deputy of the Supreme Council of the USSR of the 2nd-3rd convocation from the Leninsky District of Moscow (1946—1951).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Scientific activity


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

The main direction in science for S. AND. Vavilov conducted research in the field of physical optics, in particular the phenomenon of luminescence.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In 1925, together with V. L. Levshin, he conducted a number of experiments, during which a decrease in the absorption rate of uranium glass at high light intensities was found.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

The observed effect formed the basis for nonlinear optics [21].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

He introduced the concept of luminescence quantum yield and studied the dependence of this parameter on the wavelength of exciting light (Vavilov's law).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

He studied the phenomenon of luminescence polarization, became the founder of a new direction — microoptics, and did a lot for the development of nonlinear optics.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Together with his graduate student P. A. Cherenkov discovered the Vavilov-Cherenkov effect in 1934, for which Cherenkov was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958, after Vavilov's death [22].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

S. AND. Vavilov was nominated for the Nobel Prize twice (in 1957 and 1958) [23].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In the 1920s, at the initiative of S. AND. Vavilov began research aimed at creating new light sources for that time — fluorescent lamps.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Then, under his leadership, work continued simultaneously in three scientific organizations — at the P. N. Lebedev, GOI, V. AND. Lenina.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Shortly before the outbreak of the war, May 30, 1941, at the General Meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences S. AND. Vavilov made a report “Fluorescent Light Sources”, accompanied by a demonstration of the first samples of fluorescent lamps.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Later, in the post-war years, with the most active participation of S. AND. Vavilov began their widespread industrial production [24].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Awards and titles


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

two Orders of Lenin (1943, June 10, 1945)


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1939) — for fulfilling government tasks and mastering new weapons and strengthening the combat power of the Red Army and Navy


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

medal “For Valorous Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941—1945” (1945)


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

medal “In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow” (1947)


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Stalin Prize of the second degree (1943) — for scientific works on physical optics “Theory of concentration quenching of fluorescence of solutions”, “Theory of concentration depolarization of fluorescence in solutions ”, “Visual measurements of quantum fluctuations” (1942)


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Stalin Prize of the First Degree (1946) — for the discovery and study of the radiation of electrons when they move in a substance at superluminal speed, the results of which are summarized and published in the “Proceedings of the FIAN named after P. N. Lebedev” (1944)


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Stalin Prize of the second degree (1951 — posthumously) — for the development of fluorescent lamps


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Stalin Prize of the first degree (1952 — posthumously) — for the scientific works “Microstructure of Light” and “The Eye and the Sun” (1950)


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

S. AND. Vavilov was an honorary member of the Academies of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, the Belarusian SSR, the Kazakh SSR, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Committee of Sciences of Mongolia, National Geographic Society of the United States, Indian Academy of Sciences in Bangalore; Corresponding Member of the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin, the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts; Honorary Doctor of Science Prague University; honorary member of the Moscow Society of Nature Testers.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

memento


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

State Optical Institute n.a.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

S. AND. Vavilova (Saint Petersburg)


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Institute for the History of Natural Science and Technology named after S. AND. Vavilov Academy of Sciences (1991)


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Prior to assigning the Institute of Physical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences L. Kapitsa Institute was named after S. AND. Vavilova


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Gold medal named after S. AND. Vavilov — awarded annually for outstanding work in the field of physics, established in 1951 by the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

All-Union Research Lighting Engineering Institute n.a.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

S. AND. Vavilova


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Scientific and Technical Society of Instrument-Making Industry n.a.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Acad. S. AND. Vavilova


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Streets in various settlements of the states of the former USSR


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Research vessels “Sergey Vavilov” and “Academician Sergey Vavilov”


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In honor of S. AND. Vavilov and his brother N. AND. Vavilov named asteroid (2862) Vavilov, discovered by astronomer of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory N. S. Chernykh on May 15, 1977 [25]


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Crater on the far side of the Moon [26]


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

All-Russian Research and Design Institute of Electric Locomotive Engineering n.a.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

S. AND. Vavilova (Moscow)


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Plaques on the building of the State Optical Institute, on the old building of the Physical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Miusskaya Square) and on the house where S. AND. Vavilov


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

The monument to S. AND. Vavilov in front of the main building of the State Optical Institute (1971)


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Minsk Mechanical Plant n.a.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

S. AND. Vavilov (1957, since 1971 as part of BelOMO) [27]


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In philately


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Postage stamps dedicated to Vavilov were issued in the USSR:


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

1961 year


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Notes


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Literature


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

In memory of S. AND. Vavilova.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

MOSCOW, 1952;


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Levshin L. IN. S. AND. Vavilov said.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

M., 1960 (4th ed. 2003; in ser. “Scientific biographies”);


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Koehler V. R. Sergey Vavilov.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

M., 1961 (2nd ed. 1975; in ser. “ZHZL”);


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov: essays and memoirs /ed.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

AND. M. Frank.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

M., 1979 (3rd ed. 1991);


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Levshin L. IN. Light is my vocation.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— Moscow: Moscow worker, 1987.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— (Ser. “Creators of Science and Technology”).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Bolotovsky B.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

M.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

M., 1998;


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Soloviev Yu.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

AND. Academician S. AND. Vavilov: drama of a Russian intellectual//Questions of the history of natural science and technology.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

No. 1;


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Feinberg E.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

L. Era and personality.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Physicists: Collection.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— Moscow: Fizmatgiz, 2003.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Vavilov Yu.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

N. In a long search.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

The book is about brothers Nikolai and Sergey Vavilov.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

MOSCOW, FIAN PUBL., 2004.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

M., 2004.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Bibliography


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Collected works, vol. 1—4.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— 1952—1956.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Diaries, 1909—1951: in 2 vol.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

/Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov; comp.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

IN. IN. Vavilova; editor-compiler Yu.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

AND. Krivonosov; otv.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

ed.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

IN. M. Orel.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— Moscow: Nauka, 2012.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— (Scientific Heritage; Vol. 35: in 2 vol.).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

ISBN 978-5-02-037639-7


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Experimental foundations of the theory of relativity.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— M. —L.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

: Gosizdat.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— 1928.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— 168 p.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Isaac Newton (1643—1727).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

4th ed.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

(add.) - M.: Publishing house “Nauka”.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— 1989.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— 271 p.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Lomonosov and Russian science.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

2nd ed.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— M.: Voennoye Izd-vo Min. Voor.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Forces of the USSR.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— 1947.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— 46 p.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

About “warm” and “cold” light (Thermal radiation and luminescence).


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— M.— L.: Izd-vo AN SSSR.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— 1949.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— 75s.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

The microstructure of light (Studies and essays.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— 1950.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— 199 p.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

The eye and the sun.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

— M., 1927, 1932 [2nd ed.], 1938 [3rd ed.], 1941 [4th ed.], 1950 [5th ed.], 195?


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

[6th ed.], 1956 [7th ed.], 1961 [8th ed.], 1976 [9th ed.], 1981 [10th ed.], 2006 [reprint, “Amphora”].


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

ISBN 5-367-00060-6.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

References


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

on the RAS Archive website


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

in the Krugosvet encyclopedia


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

on the website of the Literary Monuments book series


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

on the ITMO SPbU Virtual Museum website


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Krivonosov Yu.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

AND.


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category: Participants of the First World War


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Graduates of the Moscow Commercial School


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Graduates of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Employees of the SOI named after S. AND. Vavilova


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:LPI employees


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:IFAN staff


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Teachers of Moscow Zootechnical Institute


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:MSU Faculty of Physics


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Faculty of Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:MSTU teachers


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:ITMO SPbNRU


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Presidents of the Russian Academy of Sciences


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Signatories of the “letter of four academicians”


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 2nd convocation


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 3rd convocation


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category: Deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of the 1st convocation


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Leaders of the Znanie Society


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Honorary Doctors of Charles University


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Honorary Members of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Foreign members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category: Foreign members of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Foreign members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Members of the GDR Academy of Sciences


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Deputies of the Moscow City Council


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Sergey Ivanovich


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category: Deaths from myocardial infarction


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category: Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery


Question: What university did Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov study at?

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Category:Deputies of the Leningrad City Council


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean on Earth in terms of area and depth, located entirely in the northern hemisphere, between Eurasia and North America.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The ocean area is 14.75 million km², the water volume is 18.07 million km3.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The average depth is 1225 m, the greatest depth is 5527 m in the Greenland Sea.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Most of the bottom relief of the Arctic Ocean is occupied by the shelf (more than 45% of the ocean floor) and the underwater margins of the continents (up to 70% of the bottom area).


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The ocean is usually divided into three vast areas: the Arctic basin, the North European basin and the Canadian basin.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Due to its polar geographical location, the ice cover in the central part of the ocean remains throughout the year, although it is in a mobile state.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean is adjacent to the territories of Denmark (Greenland), Iceland, Canada, Norway, Russia and the United States of America.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The legal status of the ocean at the international level is not directly regulated.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

It is fragmented by the national legislation of the Arctic countries and international legal agreements.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

For most of the year, the Arctic Ocean is used for sea transportation carried out by Russia along the Northern Sea Route, the United States and Canada along the Northwest Passage.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

etymology


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The ocean was singled out as an independent geographer Varenius in 1650 under the name of the Hyperborean Ocean - “Ocean in the far north” (Ancient Greek: Boras is the mythical god of the north wind or another North, Ancient Greek: peρ- is a prefix indicating excess of something).


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Foreign sources of that time also used the names: Oceanus Septentrionalis - “Northern Ocean” (Latin: Septentrio - north), Oceanus Scythicus - “Scythian Ocean” (Latin: Scythae - Scythae - Scythians), Oceanes Tartaricus — “Tartar Ocean” [1], μare Glaciale — “Arctic Sea” (Latin: Glaces - ice).


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In the Word on the Destruction of the Russian Land, the Arctic Ocean is called the “Breathable Sea”.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In the message of Archbishop Vasily of Novgorod to Bishop Theodore of Tver, the Arctic Ocean is also called the Breathing Sea: “Many of my children, Novogorodtsy, view this on the Dyshuchy Sea: the worm is awake and gnashing dental, and the river is a lightning Morgue, and that water enters the underworld and packs come 3 times in the afternoon” [2].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

On Russian maps of the XVII - XVIII centuries, the names are used: Ocean Sea, Arctic Ocean Sea, Arctic Sea, North Ocean, North or Arctic Sea, Arctic Ocean, North Polar Sea, and Russian navigator Admiral F. P. Litke in the 1920s called it the Arctic Ocean [3].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In other countries, the name English is widely used: Arctic Ocean - “Arctic Ocean”, which in 1845 gave the ocean the London Geographical Society [4].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

By the Resolution of the Central Election Commission of the USSR of June 27, 1935, the name of the Arctic Ocean was adopted, as corresponding to the form already used in Russia since the beginning of the XIX century, and close to earlier Russian names [3].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Physical and geographical characteristics


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Main morphological characteristics of the oceans


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

(Atlas of the Oceans, 1980) [5] OceansArea


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

surfaces


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

water, million


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

million


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

depth,


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

I'm the biggest


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

the depth of the ocean


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

mArctic 14,7518,071225Greenland Sea (5527) Indian76,17282,653711Sunda Trench (7209) Atlantic91,66329,663597Puerto Rico Trench (8742) Quiet178,68710,363976Mariana Trench (11022) Mirova361,261340,74371111 022


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

General information


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean is located between Eurasia and North America.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The border with the Atlantic Ocean runs along the eastern entrance of the Hudson Strait, then through the Davis Strait and along the coast of Greenland Island to Cape Brewster, through the Danish Strait to Cape Reidinupur on Iceland, along its coast to Cape Gerpir, then to the Faroe Islands, then to the Shetland Islands and 61° north latitude to the coast of the Scandinavian Peninsula [6].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In the terminology of the international hydrographic organization, the border of the Arctic Ocean runs from Greenland through Iceland, then to Svalbard, then through Bear Island and to the coast of Norway , which includes the Greenland and Norwegian Seas as part of the Atlantic Ocean [7].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The border with the Pacific Ocean is a line in the Bering Strait from Cape Dezhnev to Cape Prince of Wales.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In the terminology of the international hydrographic organization, the border runs along the Arctic Circle between Alaska and Siberia, which, in the same terminology, separates the Chukchi and Bering Seas [8].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

At the same time, some oceanographers refer the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean [9].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the oceans.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Depending on the method of determining the boundaries of the ocean, its area ranges from 14,056 [10] to 15.558 [11] million km², that is, about 4% of the total area of the World Ocean.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The volume of water is 18.07 million km3, or 1.3% of the world's oceans.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Some oceanographers [12] consider it an inland sea of the Atlantic Ocean.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean is the shallowest of all oceans, with an average depth of 1225 m (the greatest depth is 5527 m in the Greenland Sea) [13] [14].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The length of the coastline is 45,389 km [10].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Seas


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The area of the seas, bays and straits of the Arctic Ocean is 10.28 million km² (70% of the total ocean area), the volume is 6.63 million km3 (37%) [5].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The marginal seas (from west to east): the Barents Sea, the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea, the East Siberian Sea, the Chukchi Sea, the Beaufort Sea, the Lincoln Sea, the Greenland Sea, the Norwegian Sea.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Inland seas: White Sea, Baffin Sea.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The largest bay is Hudson Bay [15].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Isles


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In terms of the number of islands, the Arctic Ocean ranks second after the Pacific Ocean.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In the ocean is the largest island on Earth Greenland (2,175.6 thousand km²) and the second largest archipelago: the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (1372.6 thousand km², including the largest islands: Baffin Island Earth, Ellesmere, Victoria, Banks, Devon, Melville, Axel-Heiberg, Southampton, Prince of Wales, Somerset, Prince Patrick, Bathurst, King William, Bylot, Ellef Ringnes).


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The largest islands and archipelagos: Novaya Zemlya (North and South Islands), Svalbard (islands: West Spitsbergen, North-Eastern Land), Novosibirsk Islands (Kotelny Island), Severnaya Zemlya (islands) : October Revolution, Bolshevik, Komsomolets), Franz Josef Land, Kong Oscar Islands, Wrangel Island, Kolguev Island, Milna Land, Vaigach Island [5].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

A glacier near Clyde River.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Baffinova EarthPolar night in the village of Rogachevo.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

New Earth Longyearbyen.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

SpitsbergenThe coast of Northbrook Island.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Franz Josef Land Archipelago


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Shores


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The land relief along the North American shores of the ocean is predominantly hilly with low raised denudation plains and low mountains.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Accumulative plains with permafrost relief forms are typical for the north-western trough.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The large islands of the north of the Canadian archipelago, as well as the northern part of Baffin Land, have a mountainous ice relief with ice sheets and rocky peaks and ridges protruding above their surface, which form the Arctic Cordillera.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The maximum altitude on Ellesmere Earth reaches 2616 m (Barbo Peak).


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

About 80% of Greenland's area is covered by an extensive ice sheet of up to 3,000 m, rising to 3,231 m. The coastal land strip (ranging from 5 to 120 km wide) is free of ice almost along the entire length of the coast and is characterized by a mountainous relief with trog valleys, glacial circuses and carlings.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In many places, this strip of land is cut by valleys of outlet glaciers, through which glacial discharge into the ocean occurs, where icebergs form.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The main features of the surface relief of the island of Iceland are determined by volcanic forms — there are more than 30 active volcanoes here.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The highest areas of the basalt plateaus are occupied by glaciers of the cover type.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

From south-west to northeast, a rift zone passes through the whole of Iceland (part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, to which most volcanoes and earthquake epicenters are confined) [16].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The shores in western Eurasia are mostly high, dissected by fjords, the apical surfaces of which are often covered with ice.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Lamb foreheads, drumlins, kama, and regional formations are widespread in the coastal strip.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The northern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula is represented by the Finnmark lowlands, the main elements here are also created by the glacier.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The same relief of the coast is characteristic of the Kola Peninsula.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The Karelian coast of the White Sea is deeply dissected by glacial valleys.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The opposite coast in the relief is represented by surface plains descending from the south to the White Sea.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Here, the low-mountain Timan Ridge and the Pechora Lowland come ashore.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Further east is the mountain belt of the Urals and Novaya Zemlya.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The southern island of Novaya Zemlya is free of ice cover, but bears traces of recent glaciation.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In the north of the South Island and the North Island there are powerful glaciers (except for a narrow coastal strip).


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The islands are dominated by mountain-glacial relief, a large area of which is covered with glaciers that descend to the sea and generate icebergs.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

85% of Franz Josef Land is covered by glaciers, under which a basalt plateau.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The southern coast of the Kara Sea is formed by the West Siberian Plain, which is a young platform, composed of Quaternary deposits on top.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The Taimyr Peninsula in its northern part is occupied by the Byrranga Highlands, consisting of ridges and plateau-shaped massifs.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Permafrost forms of relief are ubiquitous.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

About half of the area of Severnaya Zemlya is covered with ice sheets and domes.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The lower reaches of the valleys are flooded by the sea and form fjords.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The coasts of the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas are located within the Verkhoyansko-Chukotka folded country.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The Lena River forms a vast and complex delta in structure and origin.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

To the east of it to the mouth of the Kolyma River stretches the Primorsky Plain, composed of Quaternary deposits with permafrost, cut by the valleys of numerous rivers [16].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Geological structure and bottom topography


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Most of the bottom relief of the Arctic Ocean is occupied by the shelf (more than 45% of the ocean floor) and the underwater margins of the continents (up to 70% of the bottom area).


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

This explains the shallow average depth of the ocean — about 40% of its area has a depth of less than 200 m. The Arctic Ocean is bordered and partially continued under its waters by continental tectonic structures: the North American ancient platform; the Iceland-Faroese ledge of the Caledonian Eurasian platforms; the Eastern European ancient platform with the Baltic Shield and the Barents Sea ancient platform lying almost completely under water; the Ural-Novozemelskoye mining structure; the West Siberian young platform and Khatanga trough; Siberian ancient platform; Verkhoyano-Chukotka folded country [16].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In Russian science, the ocean is usually divided into 3 vast areas: the Arctic basin, which includes the deep-water central part of the ocean; the North European basin, which includes the continental slope of the Barents seas to the 80th parallel between Svalbard and Greenland; the Canadian basin, which includes the waters of the Straits of the Canadian Archipelago, Hudson Bay and the Baffin Sea [14].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

North European Basin


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The basis of the relief of the bottom of the North European basin is a system of mid-ocean ridges, which are a continuation of the Mid-Atlantic ridge.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

On the extension of the Reykjanes Ridge is the rift zone of Iceland.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

This rift zone is characterized by active volcanism and intense hydrothermal activity.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In the north, in the ocean, it continues with the Colbeinsey rift ridge with a well-defined rift valley and transverse faults secant the ridge.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

At 72° north latitude, the ridge is crossed by a large Jan Mayen fault zone.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

To the north of the intersection of the ridge by this fault, the mountain structure experienced a displacement of several hundred kilometers to the east.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The displaced segment of the mid-ocean ridge has a sub-latitudinal strike and is called the Mona Ridge.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The ridge retains its northeastern strike until it intersects with 74° north latitude, after which the strike changes to the meridional, where it is called the Knipovich ridge.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The western part of the ridge is a high monolithic ridge, the eastern part is relatively lowered and merges with the mainland foot, under the sediments of which this part of the ridge is largely degree is buried [14].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

From Jan Mayen Island in the south to the Faro-Icelandic Rapids stretches the Jan Mayen Range, which is an ancient mid-ocean ridge.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The bottom of the basin formed between it and the Colbeinsey Ridge is composed of poured basalts, due to which the bottom surface is leveled and raised above the ocean bed adjacent to the east, and forms an underwater Icelandic plateau.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

An element of the underwater margin of the European subcontinent off the coast of the Scandinavian Peninsula is the Woring Plateau protruding far to the west.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

It divides the Norwegian Sea into two basins — the Norwegian and Lofoten, with maximum depths of up to 3,970 meters.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The bottom of the Norwegian Basin has a hilly and low-mountainous relief.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The basin is divided into two parts by the Norwegian Range, a chain of low mountains stretching from the Faroe Islands to the Voring Plateau.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

To the west of the mid-ocean ridges is the Greenland Basin, which is dominated by flat abyssal plains.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The maximum depth of the Greenland Sea, which is also the maximum depth of the Arctic Ocean, is 5527 m [14].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

On the underwater continental margin, the earth's crust of continental type is widespread, with a crystalline basement very close to the surface within the shelf.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The relief of the bottom of the Greenland and Norwegian shelves is characterized by experimental forms of glacial relief [14].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Canadian pool


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Most of the Canadian Basin is made up of the straits of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, which are also called the Northwest Passage [12].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The bottom of most straits is deepened, the maximum depths exceed 500 m. The bottom relief is characterized by the widespread distribution of relict glacial relief and the great complexity of the outlines of the islands and straits of the Canadian archipelago.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

This indicates the tectonic predetermination of the relief, as well as the recent glaciation of this part of the ocean floor.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

On many islands of the archipelago, vast areas are still occupied by glaciers [14].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The shelf width is 50-90 km [12], according to other sources it is up to 200 km [9].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Glacial forms of relief are characteristic of the bottom of Hudson Bay, which, unlike the straits, is generally shallow.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The Baffin Sea has a great depth of up to 2,141 m. It occupies a large and deep basin with a clearly defined continental slope and a wide shelf, most of which lies deeper than 500 m. The shelf is characterized by submerged forms of relief of glacial origin.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The bottom is covered with terrigenous deposits with a large participation of iceberg material [14].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Arctic basin


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The main part of the Arctic Ocean is the Arctic basin.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

More than half of the basin is occupied by a shelf, the width of which is 450-1700 km, with an average of 800 km.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

According to the names of the marginal Arctic seas, it is divided into the Barents Sea, Kara, Laptevsky and East Sibirsko-Chukotka (a significant part is adjacent to the shores of North America) [9] [12] [14].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Structurally and geologically, the Barents Sea shelf is a Precambrian platform with a powerful cover of sedimentary rocks of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, its depth [12] is 100—350 m. On the outskirts of the Barents Sea, the bottom is composed of ancient folded complexes of various ages (near the Kola Peninsula and northwest of Svalbard — Archae-Proterozoic, off the coast of Novaya Zemlya — Hercyn and Caledonian).


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The most significant depressions and troughs of the sea: the Medvezhinsky Trench in the west, the Franz-Victoria and St. Anna gutters in the north, the Samoilov Trench in the central part of the Barents Sea, large hills Medvezhinskoye Plateau, Nordkinskaya and Demidov Banks, Central Plateau, Perseus Upland, Admiralty Upland.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The bottom of the White Sea in the northern and western parts is composed of the Baltic Shield, in the eastern part - by the Russian Platform.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The bottom of the Barents Sea is characterized by dense dismemberment of glacial and river valleys flooded by the sea.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The southern part of the Kara Sea shelf is mainly a continuation of the West Siberian Hercyn Platform.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In the northern part, the shelf crosses a submerged link of the Ural-Novozemelsky meganticlinorium, the structures of which continue in northern Taimyr and the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

To the north are the New Zealand Trench, the Voronin Trench and the Central Karskaya Upland.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The bottom of the Kara Sea is crossed by clearly defined extensions of the Ob and Yenisei valleys.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Near Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, Taimyr, experimental and accumulative relict glacial forms of relief are common at the bottom [14].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The shelf depth is on average 100 m. The predominant type of relief on the shelf of the Laptev Sea, the depth of which is 10—40 m [12], is the accumulative marine plain, along the coasts, and on some banks there are abrasive-accumulative plains.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The same leveled relief continues at the bottom of the East Siberian Sea, in some places at the bottom of the sea (near the Novosibirsk Islands and northwest of the Bear Islands), a ridge relief is clearly expressed.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

At the bottom of the Chukchi Sea, flooded denudation plains predominate.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The southern part of the sea is a deep structural depression filled with loose sediments and Mesocainozoic effusives [14].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The shelf depth in the Chukchi Sea is 20—60 m [12].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The continental slope of the Arctic basin is dissected by large wide underwater canyons.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Cones for the removal of turbidity flows form an accumulative shelf — the continental foot.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

A large takeout cone forms the underwater Mackenzie Canyon in the southern part of the Canadian Basin.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The abyssal part of the Arctic basin is occupied by the mid-ocean Gakkel ridge and the ocean bed.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The Gakkel ridge (with depths of 2500 m below sea level) starts from the Lena Valley, then stretches parallel to the Eurasian underwater margin and adjoins the continental slope in the Laptev Sea.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Numerous earthquake epicenters are located along the rift zone of the ridge.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

From the underwater outskirts of northern Greenland to the continental slope of the Laptev Sea, the Lomonosov Ridge stretches - this is a monolithic mountain structure in the form of a solid rampart with depths of 850-1600 m below sea level.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Under the Lomonosov Ridge lies the earth's crust of continental type.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

From the underwater edge of the East Siberian Sea north of Wrangel Island to Ellesmere Island in the Canadian archipelago stretches the Mendeleev Ridge (1200-1600 m below sea level).


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

It has a block structure and is composed of rocks typical of the oceanic crust.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

There are also two marginal plateaus in the Arctic basin — Yermak to the north of Svalbard and the Chukotka to the north of the Chukchi Sea.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Both are formed by a continental crust [12] [14].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Between the underwater part of Eurasia and the Gakkel ridge lies the Nansen Basin with a maximum depth of 3975 m. Its bottom is occupied by flat abyssal plains.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The Amundsen Basin is located between the Gakkel and Lomonosov ridges.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The bottom of the basin is a vast flat abyssal plain with a maximum depth of 4,485 m. The North Pole is located in this basin.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Between the Lomonosov and Mendeleev ridges there is the Makarov Basin with maximum depths of more than 4510 m. The southern, relatively shallow (with a maximum depth of 2793 m) part of the basin is separated separately as the Podvodnikov basin.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The bottom of the Makarov basin is formed by flat and wavy abyssal plains, the bottom of the Podvodnikov basin is an inclined accumulative plain.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The Canadian Basin, located south of the Mendeleev Ridge and east of the Chukotka Plateau, is the largest basin in terms of area with a maximum depth of 3,909 m. Its bottom is mainly a flat abyssal plain.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Under all basins, the earth's crust does not have a granite layer.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The crust thickness here is up to 10 km due to a significant increase in the thickness of the sedimentary layer [14].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The bottom sediments of the Arctic basin are of exclusively terrigenous origin.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Precipitation of fine mechanical composition prevails.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Sand deposits are widely represented in the south of the Barents Sea and in the coastal strip of the White and Kara Seas.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Ferromanganese nodules are widespread, but mainly on the shelf of the Barents and Kara Seas.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The thickness of bottom sediments in the Arctic Ocean reaches 2-3 km in the American part and 6 km in the Eurasian part, which is explained by the widespread distribution of flat abyssal plains.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The high thickness of bottom sediments is determined by the high amount of sedimentary material entering the ocean, about 2 billion tons annually, or about 8% of the total amount entering the World ocean [14] [17].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The history of ocean formation


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

During the Cretaceous period (145—66 million years ago), there was a division of North America and Europe on the one hand and the convergence of Eurasia with North America on the other.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

At the end of the Cretaceous period, Greenland's rift zones began to break off from Canada and the Scandinavian Peninsula.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

At the same time, the Chukotka-Alaska folded-mountain region was formed, as a result of which the current Canadian depression was separated from the Pacific depression [18].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

During the Late Paleocene, the current Lomonosov Ridge separated from Eurasia along the Gakkel Ridge [17].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In the Cenozoic era, until the Late Oligocene, the separation of Eurasia and North America in the North Atlantic region and their rapprochement in the region of Alaska and Chukotka continued.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

By this time, Greenland had joined the North American Plate, but the growth of the ocean floor between Greenland and the current underwater Lomonosov Ridge and Scandinavia continues to this day.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

About 15-13 million years ago, the southern part of the Greenland Sea began to grow.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

At the same time, due to the abundant outpouring of basalts, Iceland began to rise above sea level [18].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Climate


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The climate of the Arctic Ocean is primarily determined by its polar geographical location.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The existence of huge masses of ice increases the severity of the climate, primarily due to the insufficient amount of heat received from the Sun by the polar regions [19].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The main feature of the radiation regime of the Arctic zone is that during the polar night there is no arrival of solar radiation, as a result, continuous cooling of the underlying surface.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In summer, due to the length of the polar day, the amount of heat coming from solar radiation is quite large.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The annual value of the radiation balance on the shores and islands is positive and ranges from 2 to 12—15 kcal/cm, and in the central regions of the ocean it is negative and amounts to about 3 kcal/cm [16].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In the polar regions, the amount of precipitation is low, while in the subpolar regions, where westerly winds dominate, it is slightly higher.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Most of the precipitation falls above the ice cover and does not have a big impact on the water balance.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Ocean evaporation is less than precipitation [12].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Scientists note that during the period from 1951 to 2009, precipitation of more than 450 mm per year was observed in 2000, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2008 [20].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In winter (lasting more than 6.5 months), a stable high-pressure area (Arctic anticyclone) is located above the ocean, the center of which is shifted relative to the pole towards Greenland .


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Cold dry masses of Arctic air in winter penetrate deep into the continents surrounding the ocean up to the subtropical climatic zone and cause a sharp drop in air temperature.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In summer (June-September), the Icelandic depression forms, caused by the summer increase in temperature, as well as as a result of intensive cyclonic activity in the Arctic, which is shifted almost to the very pole front.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

At this time, heat comes here from the south due to temperate latitudes penetrating into the polar zone and due to river waters [12] [19].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Temperature fluctuations in the Arctic are influenced by the Arctic and Pacific decade oscillations, which are associated with the spread of temperature anomalies near the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, respectively [20].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

On approaches to the ocean, the warm waters of the North Atlantic Current give more than 70% of heat to the atmosphere.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

This has a great impact on the dynamics of air masses.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The huge heat transfer of Atlantic waters entering the Arctic Ocean is a powerful causative agent of atmospheric processes over the vast ocean area.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The Greenland anticyclone, which is stable throughout the year, also significantly affects local atmospheric circulation.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

It contributes to the formation of winds, which in their direction increase the effect of water discharge from the Arctic into the Atlantic Ocean [12] [19].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The observed climate change in the Arctic is the largest in the history of measurements in the region, as well as in the last 2000 years.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The main influence is exerted by the reflective and insulating ability of the ice cover, which depend on seasonal and periodic changes in temperatures and precipitation.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Although the current anomalies can be explained by long-period fluctuations, the general trend, primarily associated with the strongest warming in the last five years, leads a number of scientists to say that summer ice melting and absorption of solar radiation are no longer compensated by the winter growth of the ice cover [20].


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Based on the results of observations since the beginning of the 20th century, climate changes have been revealed over the surface air temperature in the Arctic.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The long-period oscillation formed by the warming of the 1930s and 1940s and the 1990-2000s and the decrease in temperature in the 1970s is well expressed.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

In the period 1990-2000s, an additional external impact, presumably of anthropogenic origin, is added to natural fluctuations, which gives a large amplitude of temperature deviations from annual average.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

Warming accelerated in the 2000s and was most evident during the summer months.


Question: Are there any corals in the North Sea?

Arctic Ocean

The absolute record of the increase in average annual temperatures was recorded in 2007, then there was a slight decrease [21].