Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In 1925, the Russian-speaking Orenburg province was withdrawn from Kazakhstan, and then the Ilek Uyezd of Aktobe Province and Cherlaksky Uyezd were transferred to the direct subordination of the Russian authorities Akmola Province [13].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Thanks to complaints, Semirechensk Cossacks managed to cancel the new land management in Almaty [15].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Appointment of F. AND. Goloshchekin, who proposed to equalize all nationalities in the right to use land [10], put an end to the practice of redistributing land in favor of the Kazakhs.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

On February 8, 1927, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR equalized the Kazakh and Russian-speaking population in land use rights [10].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In fact, this meant abandoning rooting in land management.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The authorities of Soviet Kazakhstan began to resist.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The Bureau of the Kazrevkom of the All-Union Communist Party (b) confirmed the right of the Kazakh population to priority allocation of land [10].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In August 1927, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR created a special commission for the regulation of interethnic relations, which visited Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions, and based on the results of its work recommended on November 3 of the same year to start alienating excess land from the Kazakh population [10].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In November 1927, at the VI All-Kazakh Conference of the All-Kazakh Conference of the All-Kazakh Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (b), A. Andreev criticized the members of the bureau of the Kazraikom of the All-Union Communist Party (b) for the national bias and reproached F. AND. Goloshchekin in the patronage of nationalists in land management [10].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Andreev demanded that land management in Kazakhstan be carried out not on a national, but on a class basis [10].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The VI All-Kazakh Conference condemned the National Communists, removed them from the Bureau of Kazkraikom, adopting the class principle of allotment of land and recognizing the equality of the right to land regardless of the national applicant's affiliation [10].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In February 1929, the ban on the resettlement of peasants from the European part of the USSR to Kazakhstan was lifted [10].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Collectivization and Kazakhization


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

A significant part of Kazakhs led a nomadic lifestyle.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

According to the 1926 census, only 23% of aul farms were completely sedentary [16].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Collectivization in Kazakhstan was accompanied by the transfer of nomads to settlement, as well as the resettlement of Russian-speaking peasants from other regions of the USSR.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

At the end of the 1920s, Soviet planners calculated that resettlement is economically very profitable, since during nomadic farming, a hectare of land brought income of 9.3 rubles, and with sedentary agriculture — 26.27 rubles [17].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Therefore, resettlement and forced settlement were supposed to solve the problem of agrarian overpopulation in the European part of the USSR.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The plans for resettlement and transfer to settlement were huge.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

It was planned to transfer to sedentary and place in special settlements (“kazgorodki”) [18]:


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

in 1930 — 84 thousand farms;


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

in 1931 — 93 thousand farms (actually 109 thousand). );


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

in 1932 — 151 thousand farms;


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

102,000 farms in 1933.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of March 26, 1929 established the Resettlement Administration under the People's Commissariat of Land of the Kazakh ASSR, subordinate directly to the administrative and financial part of the People's Commissariat


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The transfer to settlement was accompanied by collectivization and caused mass migrations to China.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

As of January 1, 1934, 139.6 thousand farms migrated to China and Mongolia [19].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In addition, a significant part of Kazakhs died during the famine that engulfed the republic.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

On January 17, 1932, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b) allowed the nomadic Kazakh population to keep up to 100 sheep, 8-10 herd horses, 3-5 camels and 8-10 cattle on one private farm cattle, and in sedentary agricultural areas it allowed to have 2-3 heads of cows, 10-20 sheep, 10-20 pigs and piglets in one personal farm [20].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

F. AND. Goloshchekin was recalled and replaced by L. AND. Mirzoyan.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The latter at the July plenum of the Kazkraikom of the All-Union Communist Party (b) of 1933 said that Goloshchekin grossly distorted Lenin's principles of national policy [11].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Nevertheless, collectivization dramatically changed the ethnic composition of Soviet Kazakhstan, whose population began to be dominated by Russian-speaking people.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Therefore, despite the measures taken by Mirzoyan in 1933-1937, Kazakhization could no longer reach even the level of the 1920s.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Resistance to Kazakhization


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Kazakhization met with resistance from both the Russian-speaking population and the local leadership.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In June 1921, the Ural Provincial Committee refused to return to the Kazakh population a 10-verst strip along the left bank of the Urals and, citing the infringement of the rights of the labor Cossacks, asked for Ural Province from the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic [7].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

For this, the leadership of the province was dismissed from work [7].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In the Semipalatinsk region, they acted even tougher — there senior party workers who refused to carry out land management of the Kazakh population were arrested and brought to trial [7].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The Great Terror and the Curtailment of Kazakhization


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The Great Terror caused terrible damage to the Kazakh intelligentsia, which carried out the Kazakhization.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The struggle against the Kazakh intelligentsia was under the banner of the fight against “bourgeois nationalism” (and not only Kazakh).


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

On September 2, 1937, the Pravda newspaper published an article by Pukhov “On the Occasion of Bourgeois Nationalists” [21].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

It reported that “the party leadership of Kazakhstan did not expose a single prominent bourgeois nationalist, although in the absence of sharp signals from the Communists of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Kazakhstan cannot complain” [21].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Only in 1938, 1,029 “national draft evaders” were expelled from the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR and then convicted [21].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In 1937, a Russian nationalist organization was also identified and defeated in Kazakhstan [21].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Migration of non-Kazakh population to Soviet Kazakhstan is an obstacle to Kazakhization


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Kazakhization took place against the background of the continued migration of non-Kazakh population to Kazakhstan.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The newcomers did not know the Kazakh language.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In the 1920s and 1930s, the following waves of mass migrations to Soviet Kazakhstan took place [22]:


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

For the construction of Turksib (late 1920s and early 1930s);


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

About 10,000 Germans and 35,800 Poles from districts adjacent to the western border of the USSR, forcibly deported to the Karaganda region (1936);


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

About 95,000 Koreans deported from the Far East in 1937;


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

About 60 thousand Poles from Western Ukraine and Western Belarus (1940).


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The development of virgin lands in 1955-1965 also led to mass migrations to Soviet Kazakhstan of the Russian-speaking population who did not speak the Kazakh language.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

By 1964, more than 2 million people arrived in the Kazakh SSR, most of whom (69.3%) were from the RSFSR [23].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Kazakhization of the 1940s — 1980s


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

On June 22, 1946, Zh. Shayakhmetov, who was engaged in the “rooting” of the authorities [24].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

However, the second rooting did not work, mainly due to the fact that Kazakhs at that time accounted for less than a third of the population of the republic.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In February 1954, the leadership of the Kazakh SSR was changed - the first and second secretaries of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR were visiting non-Kazakhs P. K. Ponomarenko and L. AND. Brezhnev [25].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Over the next few months, six first secretaries of the regional committees of the Kazakh SSR were dismissed from their posts [26].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Again, the Kazakhs were at the head of the republic five years later.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In January 1959, D. Kunayev, the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR was elected F. Karibzhanov, and Zh. Tashenev [26].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

On December 12, 1958, a new union law “On the connection of school with life and on the future


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

development of the public education system in the USSR”, which abolished the mandatory study of the national languages of the Union and Autonomous Republics in Russian schools in these republics [27].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The law met with resistance from the national elites of the Latvian and Azerbaijani SSR.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In Latvia and Azerbaijan, in June 1959, regulations were adopted that required civil servants to learn Latvian and Azerbaijani (with mandatory exams), after which the leaders of both republics were removed, and both national Communist Parties were purged [25].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In connection with the development of virgin lands, a new flow of Russian-speaking immigrants poured into the northern regions of the Kazakh SSR.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The question arose about the transfer of Northern Kazakhstan to the RSFSR.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In 1960, Tselinny Krai was created on the territory of Kazakhstan, which was twice subordinate to Moscow and Almaty [26].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

For resistance to the transfer of the northern regions of Kazakhstan to the RSFSR and southern cotton-growing areas to the Uzbek SSR, Zhumabek Tashenev was removed in December 1960, and Kunaev was replaced by a Uighur in 1962 Yusupov [26].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The 1960s — 1980s — a period of slow personnel kazakhization.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In December 1964, Kunaev was returned to the post of head of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

He and his entourage did not conflict with the union authorities, achieved the return to Kazakhstan of part of the territories transferred under N. S. Khrushchev to the Uzbek SSR [28]


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Unlike the rooting of the 1920s and 1930s, in the 1960s and 1980s, the authorities of the Kazakh SSR did not establish official quotas for Kazakhs in the authorities, did not issue documents ordering to study The Kazakh language is under threat of dismissal from work.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The leadership of the Kazakh SSR refrained from nationalist protests.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Kazakh leaders regularly followed the orders of the Union authorities on the widespread introduction of the Russian language, closed Kazakh schools and newspapers in the Kazakh language [26].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Kazakh nationalism persisted.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Thus, the note of the Chairman of the KGB Vladimir Semichastny dated December 3, 1965 noted the growth of nationalism among Kazakh youth and reported that there were protests against the widespread imposition Russian language and nominations for senior positions of persons of non-indigenous nationality [29].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

But at the same time, they secretly gave preference to ethnic Kazakhs — when appointing to senior positions, when admitting to universities of the republic.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

At this time, the number of the “titular nation” of Soviet Kazakhstan was increasing - a significant part of the Kazakhs who fled during the “Goloshchekin” famine and their descendants returned from China.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In the 1960s and 1980s, the personnel kazakhization of higher education took place.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The ratio of Kazakh students and Russian students in universities of the Kazakh SSR in 1959 was 1:1 .15, and in 1970 1.31:1 [30].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

By the mid-1980s, the share of Kazakh students was mainly in universities in the city of Almaty (where Kazakhs accounted for about 20% of the population).


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Ethnic Kazakhs prevailed in them both among students and teachers.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

For example, in February 1986, it became known that Kazakhs accounted for 75.8% of all students of Kazakh State University [30].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

At the beginning of 1986, out of 166 members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR, 92 people (54%) were Kazakhs, and among the 18 first secretaries of its regional committees there were 11 Kazakhs (61%) [31].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The share of ethnic Kazakhs among the party leadership was much higher than their share among the “ordinary” communists of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR, where ethnic Russians prevailed.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Thus, in 1981, ethnic Kazakhs accounted for only 38.6% of Kazakh communists, while Russians accounted for 40.7% [31].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Many Kazakhs were nominated for senior positions in the police.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

After Gennady Kolbin came to power, party bodies and the KGB drew attention to the fact that the regional departments of internal affairs of the Kazakh SSR were sent to study at the Karaganda Higher School of Militia mostly Kazakhs [32].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Thus, in 1985, 283 Kazakhs (61% of those sent) and only 85 Russians (19%) were sent there [32].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The leadership of the Kazakh SSR did not control the appointment to a significant part of the leading posts.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In Kazakhstan in the 1960s, a number of industrial enterprises of the space industry, the military-industrial complex, the Ministry of Sredmash and the fuel and energy complex appeared, in which the authorities Kazakhstan could not be regulated [33].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Vacancies were filled by specialists from the European part of the USSR with higher education [34].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

As a result, by the mid-1980s, ethnic Kazakhs dominated the administration, higher education, science and culture of the Kazakh SSR.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

However, this did not mean the widespread introduction of the Kazakh language “from above”.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Moreover, the authorities of Soviet Kazakhstan (including the increasingly dominant ethnic Kazakhs) supported a course towards a gradual reduction in the use of the Kazakh language.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Records were conducted (as of 1988) exclusively in Russian in most regions of the Kazakh SSR, in all republican ministries and departments and in Almaty [35].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In local authorities, paperwork in the Kazakh language was available only in a few regions with a predominance of Kazakhs.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In 1988, paperwork in the Kazakh language was conducted only in 748 (25%) out of 2,995 executive committees of councils of various levels [35].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Higher education and a significant part of school education were Russian-speaking.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

By the mid-1980s, Kazakhstan had developed a wide network of schools and classes with instruction in the Kazakh language.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Most children (including Kazakhs) studied in Russian schools and classes.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

This follows from statistics.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In the 1987-1988 academic year, there were 7,900 schools in the Kazakh SSR, in which 3,917 thousand children studied [36]:


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

4,179 schools with instruction in Russian (200,000 students);


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

2,540 schools with instruction in the Kazakh language (908,000 schoolchildren);


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

1,094 blended schools


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

73 schools teaching in Uzbek (58,000 schoolchildren);


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

11 schools teaching in the Uighur language (13,000 students);


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

9 schools with instruction in the Tajik language (2,000 schoolchildren).


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In the Kazakh SSR, many socio-political and departmental periodicals (newspapers) in the Kazakh language were published.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Popular Kazakh-language republican newspapers were: Socialist Kazakhstan, Leninshil zhas, Kazakhstan pioneers.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Each city and region of the republic published its own local printed publications, for example, regional ones in Almaty region were Zhetysu, the city in Almaty was Vechernyaya Almaty.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Almost every ministry, large enterprise or organization had its own specialized print publication, for example: Temirzholshy, Kazakhstan mugalimi, Kazakh adebieti, Bizdin otan, Kitap zharshysy, Etherde Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan on air and many others [37].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Perestroika and Kazakhization (1985—1991)


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In the first years of Perestroika, a corruption scandal occurred in Kazakhstan, which led to the resignation of the long-term head of the Kazakh SSR Dinmukhammed Kunaev.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Gennady Kolbin became the head of Kazakhstan in 1986 instead of him.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

He was an ethnic Russian, and “inappropriate”, since he was born and raised in Nizhny Tagil, and before his appointment headed the Ulyanovsk region of the RSFSR.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

His appointment caused speeches in Almaty, the participants of which demanded the appointment of a native of Kazakhstan as the head of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

These speeches were quickly and harshly suppressed by the Soviet authorities.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

After that, Kolbin began to fight Kazakh nationalism, removing from office a number of Kunaev's associates, including many ethnic Kazakhs.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

According to Kolbin, from February to August 1987, 144 people who were previously part of the nomenclature of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR were removed from their posts, of which 12 were expelled from the party [38].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In fact, it was a partial decazakhization, since new personnel were put instead of those removed from their posts, among whom there were many non-Kazakhs.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The share of Kazakhs in the top leadership of the Republican Communist Party fell below 50%.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

At the end of 1987, Kazakhs were [38]:


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

13 of 32 members of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

65 of 156 members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan;


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

7 out of 18 first secretaries of regional committees.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

At the grassroots level, under Kolbin, there was a struggle against nationalism and recertification of personnel with the dismissal of persons who did not pass it [38].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The purge also affected universities of the republic, from where teachers, management (including rectors) were fired, and students were expelled.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

It got to the point that local authorities recommended that in the 1987-1988 academic year, no more than 20% of ethnic Kazakhs enrolled in the Karaganda Medical Institute instead of 50% of students in previous period [39].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Kolbin soon changed his national policy in terms of improving the study of the Kazakh language.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In March 1987, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR adopted resolutions “On Improving the Study of the Kazakh Language” and “On Improving the Study of the Russian Language” [40].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The following measures were envisaged [40]:


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Publication of the Kazakh-Russian dictionary, phrasebook, short tutorial and textbooks on the Kazakh language;


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

To open specialties “Kazakh language and literature” in pedagogical institutes;


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Party and Soviet bodies should organize circles for those wishing to learn the Kazakh language;


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Simultaneous interpretation from Russian and Kazakh should be organized during major events;


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Introduction of voluntary hours of classes in the Kazakh language in kindergartens and from grades 1 to 8 of secondary schools.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

On September 22, 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR adopted the Law “On Languages in the Kazakh SSR”, which ordered civil servants to learn the Kazakh language [41].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The introduction of the Kazakh language met with resistance among the numerically predominant Russian-speaking population of the republic and the Russianized.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The document of the Center for the Study of Interethnic Relations of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR “Mechanisms for the introduction and implementation of the Law on Languages in the Kazakh SSR and ways to introduce the state language 1990 Reported [41]:


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

An insurmountable wall on the way to the introduction of the state language is a number of hindering


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

factors, among which it is necessary to highlight the large share of the Russian-speaking population that has developed


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

the account of representatives of Russian nationality, which occupies the second place in the population of the republic, and


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

non-Russian part of the population that changed their native language


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

At that time, paperwork in the Kazakh language was preserved only in some local authorities.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In 1988, paperwork in the Kazakh language was conducted only in 748 out of 2,995 executive committees of Councils of various levels [42].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

In most regions, in all republican ministries, in Almaty, paperwork was conducted only in Russian [42].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Nevertheless, on June 28, 1990, the “State Program for the Development of the Kazakh Language and Other National Languages until 2000" was adopted, which provided for the translation of office work in the regions Kazakhstan into Kazakh by 1995 [42].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The press began to criticize the language reform.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, on the other hand, was very dependent on subventions from the Union budget — in 1990 they accounted for 31% of the republican budget revenues [43].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Under pressure from Moscow on September 27, 1990, a Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR was issued, which adjusted the timing of the introduction of the Kazakh language, and then to the program for further Kazakh language returned only during the period of independence of Kazakhstan [43].


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Results of Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan in the 1920s — 1930s yielded limited results.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Attempts to translate education and paperwork in the republic into Kazakh failed.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

It was only possible to train a certain number of Kazakh personnel.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Due to the mass migrations of Kazakhs and the influx of population from other republics of the USSR, Kazakhstan by 1939 became a predominantly Russian-speaking union republic, where the “titular” nation was in the minority.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

From 1926 to 1939, the number of Kazakhs in the republic decreased from 3.6 million people to 2.3 million people, while the number of Russians during this period increased from 1.3 million people to 2.5 million people, there are almost twice as many.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The Kazakhization of the 1950s — 1980s was “personnel”.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

During this period, ethnic Kazakhs began to dominate in senior positions in the republic, among higher education workers and university students, and among the creative intelligentsia.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

At the same time, during this period, there was no course for the forced introduction of the Kazakh language into all spheres of society (education, office work, legal proceedings).


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

The Kazakh language did not become (and could not become dominant due to its national composition at that time) in the republic.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

At the time of the collapse of the USSR, the education system in Kazakhstan was predominantly Russian-speaking.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Records management in the republic was also conducted mainly in Russian.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

As a result, a specific situation turned out — Kazakhs prevailed in leadership positions in the republic, who switched to Russian in official and everyday communication.


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

See also


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Kazakhization


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Rooting


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Notes


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Category:Kazakh SSR


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Category:Language policy of the USSR


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Category:Domestic policy of the USSR


Question: What is the main tool of “Kazakhization” as a national policy?

Kazakhization of Soviet Kazakhstan

Category:Kazakh language


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Apple I (also known as Apple-1) was an early personal computer, the first Apple Computer, and possibly the first personal computer sold fully assembled.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

History


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

The computer was designed by Steve Wozniak for personal use.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Wozniak's friend Steve Jobs had an idea to sell it.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Apple I was the first Apple Computer product (now Apple Inc.) to be demonstrated in April 1976 at the DIY Computer Club in Palo Alto, California.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

At one of the meetings of the Homemade Computers Club, Jobs and Wozniak staged a presentation of their computer for the first time.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Shy Wozniak, for whom public speaking was a real challenge, drew attention to the advantage of their device, which seemed to him the most important — convenient keyboard input with instantly displaying them on the screen.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Then Steve Jobs, who turned out to be a born speaker, addressed the audience.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

He spoke passionately and with conviction, addressing rhetorical questions to the audience.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

However, even in such an attractive presentation, the proposal did not arouse enthusiasm among the audience: only one person showed interest in acquiring the Apple I.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

It turned out to be the owner of the Byte computer store, which recently opened at El Camino Real in Menlo Park.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

The next day, Jobs showed up at his store barefoot - and made a deal that he and Wozniak later called the main one in their lives.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Terrell ordered 50 computers at once, but he was not interested in printed circuit boards, he needed complete computers, and paid $500 for each.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Jobs immediately agreed, although they did not have the funds to complete such an order [1].


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

It took $15,000, but Jobs found a way out of the situation: he was able to borrow 5,000 from friends, and received components from a Cramer Electronics distributor on credit for 30 days, and as a guarantor made by Terrell, who actually funded the entire project [1].


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

The companions occupied the Jobs' house and garage.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Work was in full swing, Steve attracted everyone he could.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

His friend Daniel Kottke and pregnant sister Patti inserted chips, receiving a dollar for a fee [2].


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Elizabeth Holmes, Daniel's ex-girlfriend with experience in jewelry, initially soldered chips.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

But when she accidentally dripped solder on the board, Jobs announced that they had no spare parts and transferred it to registration and paperwork.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

He took care of the ration.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Quality control and, if necessary, troubleshooting was carried out by Wozniak [1].


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

During this joint work, Jobs for the first time proved to be a rather tough, authoritarian leader.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

He made an exception only for Voz, to whom he had never raised his voice during the entire period of their friendship and cooperation.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

A month later, the order was ready: the companions delivered 50 computers to Terrell, paid off the loan for the components.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

The Apple I did not come with keyboards, monitors, power supplies, and did not even have chassis — only fully equipped motherboards.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Despite this, Apple I is widely recognized as the first computer in history to be supplied by the manufacturer in ready-made form, because other computers of the time, including Altair, entered the market in the form of kits to be collected by the retailer or end customer.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

The appearance of Apple I clearly did not coincide with Terrell's expectations, but thanks to Jobs's diplomatic skills, he met halfway this time by agreeing to pay for the order.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

The production of boards was much cheaper than expected, as Jobs managed to negotiate a significant discount with the supplier on components.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

With the saved funds, it was possible to collect another 50 devices, which Jobs and Wozniak sold to friends from the Homemade Computers Club, making a profit [1].


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Later, the companions managed to sell more than a hundred Apple I computers in other stores and among friends.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Elizabeth was registered as a company accountant with a salary of $4 an hour, and Clara, Jobs's mother, answered calls under the guise of a secretary.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Clients and business partners who had never been to Jobs's house had the impression that a serious company with a large staff was indeed located at this address.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

The computer went on sale in July 1976 and was produced in 1976-1977, and a total of about 200 copies of the device were assembled [3].


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

The price of the computer on sale was $666.66, it is said, because Wozniak loved repeating numbers and because they originally sold it to a local store for $500, to which was added a one third markup.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Unlike other amateur computers of its time, which were sold as an assembly kit, the Apple I was completely assembled on a circuit board containing about 30 chips, which is considered by many, the first full-fledged PC.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

However, to get a working computer, users had to add a chassis, power supply, keyboard, and monitor to it.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

An additional card that provided communication with a cassette recorder for storage was later released at a price of $75.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Apple I is sometimes referred to as the first personal computer sold fully assembled, but others argue that this honor rightfully belongs to other machines, such as MOS Technology KIM-1 , or even the Altair 8800 (which could be purchased as a set of parts or assembled for an additional cost).


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Preserved specimens


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

In 2010, this rare computer was put up for auction at the auction house “Christie's”.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

According to experts, the cost ranged from 160 to 240 thousand dollars [3].


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

In fact, it was sold for 133,250 pounds sterling [4] (approximately 224 thousand dollars).


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

In 2013, one of six working copies of the Apple I model, created in 1976, sold for $671,400 [5], more than 1,000 times its original cost.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

In 2014, at an auction in the United States, the Henry Ford Museum bought one of the working copies of the Apple I for a record price of $905,000, which is almost 1,400 times the original cost of this devices.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Emulators and clones


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

An Apple I clone, compatible with the original software, called, was released in 2003 at a price of about $200. Self-assembly kits with instructions are also available.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

[6] [7]


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

The MAME emulator supports this computer.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Agat Emulator supports Apple I.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Notes


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Literature


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Price, Rob, So Far: the First Ten Years of a Vision, Apple Computer, Cupertino, CA, 1987, ISBN 1-55693-974-4


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Owad, Tom (2005).


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Rockland, MA: Syngress Publishing.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Copyright © 2005.


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

ISBN 1-931836-40-X


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

References


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Category:History of computer technology


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Category:Apple Inc. Hardware


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Category:Early microcomputers


Question: How much did the first computer cost?

Apple I

Category:Apple Inc. Technologies


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes () was an ancient Greek engineer from Syracuse.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

He made a lot of discoveries in the field of geometry.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

He laid the foundations of mechanics, hydrostatics, and was the author of a number of important inventions.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Biography


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Information about the life of Archimedes was left to us by Polybius, Titus Livy, Cicero, Plutarch, Vitruvius, Diodorus of Sicily and others.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Almost all of them lived many years later than the events described, and the reliability of this information is difficult to assess.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes was born in Syracuse, a Greek colony on the island of Sicily.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes's father may have been Phidias, a mathematician and astronomer.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

According to Plutarch, Archimedes was closely related to Hieron II, the tyrant of Syracuse.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

To study, Archimedes went to Alexandria, Egypt, a scientific and cultural center of that time.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Alexandria


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In Alexandria, Archimedes met and made friends with famous scientists: astronomer Conon, the versatile scientist Eratosthenes from Kyrena, with whom he then corresponded for the rest of his life.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

At that time, Alexandria was famous for its library, which collected more than 700,000 manuscripts.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

He called Conon his friend, while two of his works have introductions addressed to Eratosthenes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Apparently, it was here that Archimedes got acquainted with the works of Democritus, Eudox and other wonderful Greek geometers, which he mentioned in his works.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

After completing his studies, Archimedes returned to Sicily.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In Syracuse, he was surrounded by attention and did not need funds.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Because of the years, Archimedes's life is closely intertwined with legends about him.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Legends


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Even during Archimedes's lifetime, legends were created around his name, the reason for which was his amazing inventions, which had a stunning effect on his contemporaries.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

There is a story about how Archimedes was able to determine whether the crown of King Hieron was made of pure gold, or whether the jeweler mixed a significant amount of silver there.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The specific weight of gold was known, but the difficulty was to accurately determine the volume of the crown: it had an irregular shape!


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes was thinking about this task all the time.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

One day he was taking a bath and noticed that as much water was flowing out of it as the volume of his body immersed in the bath, and then he came up with a brilliant idea: by immersing the crown in water, you can determine its volume by measuring the volume of water it has displaced.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

According to legend [1], Archimedes jumped naked into the street shouting “Found it!” ().


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

At this point, the basic law of hydrostatics, Archimedes's law, was discovered.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Another legend cited by Papp of Alexandria says that the heavy multi-deck ship Syracusia, built by Gieron as a gift to the Egyptian king Ptolemy, could not be launched.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes built a system of blocks (pulley block), with which he was able to do this work with one movement of his hand.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

According to legend, Archimedes said at the same time: (“Give me where to become, and I will turn the Earth”, in another version: “Give me a foothold, and I will turn the world upside down”).


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Siege of Syracuse


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes' engineering genius was especially strong during the siege of Syracuse by the Romans in 212 during the Second Punic War.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Since 215, Syracuse was ruled by Hyeronim of Syracuse, grandson of Hieron II.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Hieronym supported Carthage in the war, and Roman troops moved to Syracuse.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

At this point, Archimedes was already 75 years old.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

A detailed description of the siege of Syracuse by the Roman commander Marzell and Archimedes's participation in the defense is contained in the works of Plutarch and Titus Libya.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Powerful throwing vehicles built by Archimedes threw heavy stones at Roman troops.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Thinking that they would be safe at the very walls of the city, the Romans rushed there, but at this time light throwers of close action threw a hail of nuclei at them.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Powerful cranes grabbed ships with iron hooks, lifted them up, and then threw them down, so that the ships turned over and sank (see Archimedes claw).


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In 2005, several experiments were carried out to test the veracity of the description of this “superweapon of antiquity”; the built structure showed its full operability [2].


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The Romans were forced to abandon the idea of taking the city by storm and went on to siege.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The famous historian of antiquity Polybius wrote: “This is the wonderful power of one person, one talent, skillfully directed to any cause... the Romans could quickly take possession of the city if someone seized from among the Syracusians of an old man.”


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

According to one legend, during the siege, the Roman fleet was burned by the defenders of the city, who, with the help of mirrors and polished shields, focused the sun's rays on them on the orders of Archimedes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

It is believed that the ships were set on fire by accurately thrown incendiary shells, and the focused rays served only as an aiming mark for ballistas.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

However, in an experiment by the Greek scientist Ioannis Sakkas (1973), it was possible to set fire to a plywood model of a Roman ship from a distance of 50 m using 70 copper mirrors [3].


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Nevertheless, the reliability of the legend is doubtful; neither Plutarch nor other ancient historians mention mirrors when describing Archimedes' defensive inventions, for the first time this episode was discovered in the treatise Anthimia of Trallia (VI century), one of the architects of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (the treatise was devoted to convex and concave mirrors).


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In the 12th century, the legend gained popularity after John Zonara published an extensive chronicle of world history.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In the autumn of 212 BC


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Syracuse was taken by the Romans (according to Plutarch, thanks to a traitor).


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

At the same time, Archimedes was killed.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Death


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The story of Archimedes's death at the hands of the Romans exists in several versions [4]:


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The story of John Tsetz (Chiliad, Book II): In the midst of the battle, 75-year-old Archimedes sat on the doorstep of his house, reflecting in depth on the blueprints he had made right on the road sand.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

At this time, a Roman warrior running past stepped on the drawing, and the indignant scientist rushed at the Roman shouting: “Do not touch my drawings!” The soldier stopped and hacked the old man in cold blood with his sword.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Plutarch's story: “A soldier approached Archimedes and announced that Marcellus was calling him. But Archimedes insistently asked him to wait one minute so that the task he was doing would not remain unsolved. The soldier, who did not care about his proof, got angry and pierced him with his sword.”


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Plutarch claims that Consul Marcellus was angry at the death of Archimedes, whom he allegedly ordered not to touch.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes himself went to Marzell to bring him his instruments for measuring the magnitude of the Sun.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

On the way, his burden attracted the attention of Roman soldiers.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

They thought that the scientist was carrying gold or jewelry in the casket, and without hesitation, they cut his throat.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The story of Diodorus of Sicily: “While sketching a mechanical diagram, he leaned over it. And when a Roman soldier came up and dragged him as a prisoner, he, completely absorbed in his diagram, not seeing who was in front of him, said, “Get off my diagram! “Then, as the man continued to drag him, he turned around and recognized him as a Roman and exclaimed, 'Quickly, someone, hand over one of my cars! “The Roman, frightened, killed a weak old man, someone whose achievements were a miracle. As soon as Marcellus learned of this, he was very upset and, together with noble citizens and Romans, held a magnificent funeral among the graves of his ancestors. As for the murderer, he seems to have been beheaded.”


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

“Roman History from the Foundation of the City” by Titus Libya (Book XXV, 31): “It is reported that when, with the severe turmoil that the panic that spread in the taken city could cause, the warriors fled, In robbing, many disgusting examples of anger and greed were revealed; by the way, a warrior killed Archimedes, who was drawing geometric shapes on the sand without knowing who he was. Marcellus, they say, was upset by this, took care of the burial of the victim, even found Archimedes's relatives, and his name and memory brought respect and safety to the latter.”


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Cicero, who was a questor in Sicily in 75 BC


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

, writes in Tusculan Conversations (Book V) [6] that he was in 75 BC


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

, 137 years after these events, it was possible to find the dilapidated grave of Archimedes, which, as Archimedes bequeathed, bore an image of a ball inscribed in a cylinder.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Scientific activity


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Math


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

According to Plutarch, Archimedes was simply obsessed with mathematics.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

He forgot about food, did not care about himself at all.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes' ideas were almost two millennia ahead of their time.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

It was only in the 17th century that scientists were able to continue and develop the works of the great Greek mathematician.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Mathematical analysis


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes's works related to almost all areas of mathematics of that time: he wrote wonderful research on geometry, arithmetic, algebra.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Thus, he found all the semi-regular polyhedra that now bear his name, significantly developed the doctrine of conic sections, gave a geometric way to solve cubic equations of the form


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

x


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


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Archimedes

a


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Archimedes


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Archimedes

x


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes

b


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

{\ displaystyle x^ {2} (a\ pm x) =b}


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

, the roots of which he found by crossing the parabola and the hyperbola.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes also conducted a complete study of these equations, that is, he found under what conditions they will have real positive different roots and under what roots will coincide.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

However, Archimedes' main mathematical achievements relate to problems that are now attributed to the field of mathematical analysis.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Before Archimedes, the Greeks were able to determine the areas of polygons and circles, the volume of a prism and cylinder, a pyramid and a cone.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

But only Archimedes found a much more general method for calculating areas or volumes; to do this, he improved and masterfully applied the exhaustion method of Eudox Knidsky.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In his Epistle to Eratosthenes on the Method (sometimes called the Method of Mechanical Theorems), he used infinitesimal ones to calculate volumes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes' ideas later formed the basis of integral calculus.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In his work, the Quadrature of the Parabola Archimedes proved that the area of the parabola segment cut off from it by a straight line is 4/3 of the area of the triangle inscribed in this segment (see figure).


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

For proof, Archimedes calculated the sum of an infinite series:


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

n


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes

n


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

{\ displaystyle\ sum _ {n=0} ^ {\ infty} {\ frac {1} {4^ {n}}} =1+ {\ frac {1} {4^ {1}}} + {\ frac {1} {4^ {2}}} + {\ frac {1} {4^ {3}}} +\ cdots = {4\ over 3}}


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Each term of the series is the total area of triangles inscribed in the part of the parabola segment that is not covered by the previous members of the series.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In mathematics, natural sciences and technology, it is very important to be able to find the largest and lowest values of varying quantities — their extremes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

For example, how can you find the cylinder with the largest volume among the cylinders inscribed in a ball?


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

All such problems can currently be solved with the help of differential calculus.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes was the first to see the connection of these problems with the problems of determining tangents and showed how to solve problems for extremes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Geometry


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes was able to establish that the volumes of the cone and ball inscribed in the cylinder and the cylinder itself correlate as 1:2:3.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

He considered his best achievement to determine the surface and volume of the ball, a task that no one could solve before him.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes asked to knock out a ball inscribed in a cylinder on his grave.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In addition to the above, Archimedes calculated the surface area for the segment of the ball and the turn of the Archimedes spiral he opened, determined the volumes of the segments of the ball, ellipsoid, paraboloid and two-cavity hyperboloid rotation.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The next problem relates to the geometry of the curves.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Let some curve be given.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

How do I determine the tangent at any point?


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Or, if we put this problem in the language of physics, let us know the path of some body at each moment in time.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

How to determine its speed at any point?


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The school teaches how to draw a tangent to a circle.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The ancient Greeks were also able to find tangents to an ellipse, hyperbola and parabola.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The first general method for solving this problem was found by Archimedes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

This method later formed the basis for differential calculus.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The ratio of circumference to diameter calculated by Archimedes was of great importance for the development of mathematics.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In his work “On Measuring a Circle” Archimedes gave his famous approximation for the number


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

π


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

{\ displaystyle\ pi}


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

: “Archimedean number”


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes

{\ displaystyle 3 {\ frac {1} {7}}}


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Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Moreover, he was able to assess the accuracy of this approximation:


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


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Archimedes

π


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


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Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

{\ displaystyle 3 {\ frac {10} {71}} <\ pi <3 {\ frac {1} {7}}}


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

For proof, he built 96-gons inscribed and described for the circle and calculated the lengths of their sides.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

He also proved that the area of a circle is


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

π


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

{\ displaystyle\ pi}


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

(pi) times the square of the circle radius (


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

π


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

r


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

{\ displaystyle\ pi r^ {2}}


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes axiom


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In his work “On the Ball and Cylinder”, Archimedes postulates that any value, when added to itself, will exceed any given value a sufficient number of times.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

This property is Archimedes axiom, which is now included in the axiomatics of real numbers.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

It states the following:


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

If two values are available,


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

a


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

{\ displaystyle a}


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

et


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Archimedes

b


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Archimedes

{\ displaystyle b}


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

, and


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Archimedes

a


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Archimedes

{\ displaystyle a}


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

smaller


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Archimedes

b


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

{\ displaystyle b}


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

, then by taking


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

a


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

{\ displaystyle a}


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

a sufficient number of times, can be surpassed


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

b


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

{\ displaystyle b}


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Archimedes


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Archimedes

a


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Archimedes


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Archimedes

a


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes


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Archimedes

a


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Archimedes


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Archimedes

n


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


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Archimedes

b


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

{\ displaystyle\ underbrace {a+a+\ ldots +a} _ {n} >b}


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Mechanics


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes became famous for many mechanical structures.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The lever was known before him, but only Archimedes presented his complete theory and successfully applied it in practice.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Plutarch reports that Archimedes has built many block-lever mechanisms in the port of Syracuse to facilitate the lifting and transportation of heavy loads.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The Archimedes screw (auger) he invented for scooping water is still used in Egypt.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes is also the first theorist of mechanics.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

He begins his book “On the Equilibrium of Flat Figures” with proof of the law of lever.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

This proof is based on the axiom that equal bodies on equal shoulders must necessarily be balanced.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Similarly, the book “On the Swimming of Bodies” begins with proof of Archimedes's law.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

This Archimedes' evidence represents the first thought experiments in the history of mechanics.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes considered the question of the center of gravity of the parallelogram, triangle, trapezoid and parabolic segment.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In his work “On Floating Bodies” Archimedes proved the law of hydrostatics that bears his name [7].


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Astronomy


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes built a planetarium or “celestial sphere”, in the movement of which it was possible to observe the movement of five planets, the sunrise of the Sun and Moon, the phases and eclipses of the Moon, the disappearance of both bodies beyond the horizon line.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

He was engaged in the problem of determining distances to planets; presumably his calculations were based on a system of the world centered in the Earth, but the planets Mercury, Venus and Mars, orbiting the Sun and along with it — around the Earth [8].


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In his essay, Psummit conveyed information about the heliocentric system of the world by Aristarchus of Samos [9].


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Essays


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The following have survived to this day:


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Parabola quadrature () determines the area of a parabola segment.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

On the ball and the cylinder () — it is proved that the volume of the ball is 2/3 of the volume of the cylinder described near it, and the surface area of the ball is equal to the area of the side surface of this cylinder.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

() - the properties of the Archimedes spiral are derived.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

On conoids and spheroids (), the volumes of segments of paraboloids, hyperboloids, and ellipsoids of rotation are determined.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

On the equilibrium of flat figures () — the law of equilibrium of the lever is derived; it is proved that the center of gravity of a flat triangle is at the intersection of its medians; the centers of gravity of the parallelogram are located, trapezoid and parabolic segment.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

() — discovered in 1906, partially duplicates the work “On the Ball and the Cylinder” on the subject, but it uses a mechanical method of proving mathematical theorems.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

On floating bodies () — the law of navigation of bodies is derived; the problem of equilibrium of the cross-section of a paraboloid modeling a ship hull is considered.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Measuring the circle () — only an excerpt from this essay has survived to us.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

It is here that Archimedes calculates the approximation for the number


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

π


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

{\ displaystyle\ pi}


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Psummit (, On the calculation of grains of sand) - a method for recording very large numbers is introduced.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In this treatise, Archimedes shows that this record can be used to estimate from above the number of grains of sand that will fit inside the universe.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

This book mentions the heliocentric theory of the solar system proposed by Aristarchus of Samos, as well as modern ideas about the size of the Earth and the distance between various celestial bodies.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Using a system of numbers using powers with the base of a myriad (ten thousand), Archimedes comes to the conclusion that the number of grains of sand necessary to fill the universe is no more than


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

{\ displaystyle 10^ {63}}


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

in modern notation.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The first part says that Archimedes' father was an astronomer named Phidias.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Psammit is the only surviving work in which Archimedes discusses his views on astronomy [10].


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Stomachion is a description of a popular mosaic puzzle that consists of making a square of polygons into which it was first cut.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

A simpler version of this puzzle is the Chinese tangram puzzle.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The task is to assemble a square of 14 parts, including 1 pentagon, 2 quadrilateral, and 11 triangles.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

() is the problem that leads to the Pell equation.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

This work was discovered by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing in a Greek manuscript consisting of a 44-line poem in the Duke of Augustus's library in Wolfenbüttel in Germany in 1773.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

It is addressed to Eratosthenes and mathematicians of Alexandria.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes sets them the task of calculating the number of cattle in the herd of the Sun, solving a number of joint Diophantine equations.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

A number of Archimedes' works preserved only in Arabic translation:


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

A treatise on the construction of a bodily figure with fourteen bases near the ball;


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The book of lemmas;


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

A book about building a circle divided into seven equal parts;


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

A book about concerning circles


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

memento


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Named after Archimedes:


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes Crater (29.7° N, 4.0° W) and the Montes Archimedes mountain range (25.3° N, 4.6° W) on the Moon [11] [12];


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

asteroid 3600 Archimedes, discovered on September 26, 1978 by L. IN. Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, the name was given on June 4, 1993 [13] [14].


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Leibniz wrote: “Reading Archimedes's works carefully, you cease to be surprised at all the new discoveries of geometers” [15].


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In honor of Archimedes, streets in


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Donetsk [16],


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Dnepr [17],


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Nizhny Novgorod [18],


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Amsterdam [19],


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

as well as a square in Syracuse [20].


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In fiction


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Zhitomirsky S. IN. Syracuse scientist: Archimedes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

A historical story.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Moscow: Young Guard Publ., 1982.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

— “Pioneer means first” series — 191 p.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Karel Capek.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes death.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Very non-canonical versions of Archimedes's death are given in two stories by contemporary Russian writers Ozar Voron “War and the Geometer” and A. Bashkuev “To Kill Archimedes”.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The stories are historically consistent, but at the same time they are written from the point of view of a Roman legionnaire, the murderer of a great scientist, but not “an illiterate barbarian who did not understand who he was killing.”


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In animation


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Kolya, Olya and Archimedes (1972, dir. Yuri Prytkov)


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

At the movies


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

1914 - Cabiria (Cabiria) - hood.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

film, directed by Giovanni Pastrone, Archimedes played by Enrico Gemelli.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

See also


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

List of sites named after Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Notes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Literature


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Texts and translations


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In Russian


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedean theorems, Andrey Takquet, Jesuit, chosen by Georgy Peter Domkiio abbreviated... /Transl. from lat.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

AND. Satarova.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

SPb., 1745.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

P. 287—457.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes Two books about the ball and the cylinder, measuring the circle and the lemma.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

/Per. F. Petrushevsky.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

SPb., 1823.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

240 p.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes Psummit, or Calculation of sand in a space equal to the ball of fixed stars.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

/Per. F. Petrushevsky.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

SPb., 1824.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

95 p.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes's new work.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes' message to Eratosthenes on some theorems in mechanics.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

/Trans. s nem.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Odessa, 1909.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

XVI, 28 p.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

On the quadrature of a circle (Archimedes, Huygens, Lambert, Legendre).


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

/Trans. s nem.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

ed.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

S. N. Bernstein.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

(“Library of Classics of Exact Knowledge” series, 3).


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Odessa, 1911.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

156 p.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

3-e izd.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

(“Classics of Natural Science” series).


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

M.-L


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

: ONTI.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

235 p. 5000 copies


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Calculus of grains of sand (Psummit).


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

/Trans. and approx.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

G. N. Popova.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

(“Classics of Natural Science” series).


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

M.-L


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

, State Tech.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

-theor.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

ed.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

102 p.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archimedes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Essays.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

/Translation, introductory article and comments by I. N. Veselovsky.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Translation of Arabic texts by B.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

A. Rosenfeld.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Moscow: Gos. izd-vo fiz.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

-mat.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

literature (Fizmatgiz), 1962.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

640 p. 4000 copies


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

In French


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Edition in the Collection Budé series: Archiméde.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Oeuvres.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

T. I: De la sphère et du cylindre.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

— La Mesure du cercle.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

— Sur les conoïdes et les sphéroïdes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Texte établi et traduit par Ch.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Mugler.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

2e tirage 2003.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

XXX, 488 p.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

T. II: Des spirales.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

— De l'équilibre des figures planes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

— L'Arénaire.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

— La Quadrature de la parabole.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Texte établi et traduit par Ch.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Mugler.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

2e tirage 2002.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

371 p.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

T. III: Des corps flottants.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

— Stomachion.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

— La Méthode.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

— Le livre des lemmes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

— Le Problème des boeufs.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Texte établi et traduit par Ch.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Mugler.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

2e tirage 2002.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

324 p.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

T.IV: Comments d'Eutocius.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

— Fragments.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Texte établi et traduit par Ch.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Mugler.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

2e tirage 2002.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

417 p.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

explorations


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Van der Warden.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Moscow, Fizmatgiz Publ., 1959.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Veselovsky I. N. Archimedes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Moscow, Uchpedgiz Publ., 1957.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

111 pages 30000 copies


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Zhitomirsky S. IN. Archimedes astronomical works.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Historical and astronomic studies, 11, 1977, pp. 319—397.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Zhitomirsky S. IN. Moscow, Education Publ., 1981.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

112 pages 100000 copies


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Zhitomirsky S. IN. Ancient astronomy and orphism.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Moscow, Yanus-K Publ., 2001.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

The history of mathematics edited by A. P. Yushkevich in three volumes, M.: Nauka.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Kagan V. F. Archimedes, a short essay on life and work.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

M.-L


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

: Gostekhizdat, 1949.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

52 pages 20,000 copies


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Lurie S. ME.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

M.-L


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1945.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Chvalina A. Archimedes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

M.-L


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

: ONTI, 1934.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Aaaboe A., Berggern J.L. Didactic and other remarks on some theorems of Archimedes and infinitesimals.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Centaurus, 38, 1996, p.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Berggern J.L. A lacuna in Book I of Archimedes' Sphere and Cylinder.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Historia mathematics, 4, 1977, p.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Berggern J. L. Spurious theorems in Archimedes' Equilibria of Planes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 16, 1977, p.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Christianidis J. et al.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Having a Knack for the Non-intuitive: Aristarchus's Heliocentism through Archimedes's Geocentrism, History of Science, V. 40, Part 2, No.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

128, June 2002, 147—168.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Dijksterhuis E.J. Archimedes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Copenhagen, 1956.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Drachmann A.G. Fragments from Archimedes in Heron's Mechanics.


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Archimedes

Centaurus, 8, 1963, p.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Heath T.L. The works of Archimedes.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

(Repr. NY: Dover, 2002)


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Netz R., Saito K., Tschernetska N. A new reading of Method Proposal 14: Preliminary evidence from the Archimedes palimpsest.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

SCIAMVS, 2, 2001, p.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

9-29; 3, 2002, p.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

Kuznetsov O. Archimedes planimetric problems.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

An article in the newspaper Mathematics.


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Archimedes

— 2002 — № 4.- P.27-31.


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

References


Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

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Question: Where was Archimedes born?

Archimedes

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Question: Where was Archimedes born?

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Question: When did Indian philosophy come about?

Indian philosophy

Indian philosophy is a collection of philosophical theories of all Indian thinkers, ancient and modern, Hindus and non-Hindus, Theists and atheists [1].


Question: When did Indian philosophy come about?

Indian philosophy

History of Indian philosophy