Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This can be understood as transferring command to Burnside, but historian Don Johnson writes that Porter took command.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Hennessy writes that after Hunter's injury, Burnside and Porter were each engaged in their brigade [34] [35].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At this point, the Rhode Island Regiment had been fighting alone for half an hour.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The rest of the brigade's regiments were in the rear.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Andrew Porter's brigade was ordered by Hunter (even before he was wounded) to help the Rhode Islands, but Porter misunderstood the order and also deployed the brigade in the rear.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Having understood the situation, Burnside sent two additional regiments into battle: the 71st New York and the 2nd New Hampshire, but the 2nd went in the wrong direction, and the 71st maneuvered so clumsily that Burnside left them and sent 1st Rhode Island into battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The New Hampshires were ordered to lie on the ground, the 1st passed through them and went to the left flank of the 2nd Rhode Island [34].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Sometime after 10:00, Major Whit thought he had discovered a weak point in the enemy line, and he threw his Louisiana battalion, 400 men, into an attack on the Reynolds guns.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

They managed to approach 20 meters to the battery, shoot many gunners and horses, but were stopped, and then began to retreat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

While retreating, they did not return to their previous position to the right of the South Carolina Regiment, but retreated beyond Sadley Road, where they took refuge behind the buildings of Dogan's farm.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Evans' right flank shortened dangerously, and he went to Henry Hill to seek help.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

General B saw the disadvantage of Evans' position and advised him to retreat to Henry's Hill, but Evans categorically refused.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

B lost; at 10:15am, he led the 4th Alabama Infantry Regiment (Colonel Egbert Jones) to Matthews Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

They crossed the Young Branch, the Warrensburg Road, reached the right flank of the 4th South Carolina and, under the cover of the forest, turned into the battle line, then approached the enemy 100 meters and opened fire [36] [13].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Then B decided to put the other three regiments into operation.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He put the 2nd Mississippi between the 4th South Carolina and Alabama, the 7th Georgia put to the right of Alabama, and the 8th Georgia on the right flank, hoping that he would be able to flank to the enemy.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, the federal front lengthened as Burnside brought all the regiments of his brigade into battle, and the general front of the battle stretched for 700 meters.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Nevertheless, Burnside felt that his flank was in danger, and asked Porter's Brigade, which was being built to the right, for a battalion of regular infantry to strengthen the flank.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The battalion was sent, but did not flank, as Burnside wanted, but at the Reynolds battery [37].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At this time, the federal batteries of Reynolds and Griffin were engaged in a fierce shootout.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Griffin moved four of his guns to a position near John Dogan's house and fired from there.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Imboden later recalled, “... it's no exaggeration to say that hundreds of shells from these five rifled guns [Reynolds batteries] exploded around my battery that day, but exploded so deep in the ground, that the shrapnel didn't come out. After the battle, the land looked as if pigs had dug it all up” [38].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Porter's Brigade was being built behind Griffin's battery.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Seeing her, Chatham Whit again threw his battalion into the attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

According to some reports, the Louisiana abandoned their rifles and attacked only with Bowie knives in their hands.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Whit was critically wounded during the attack and was taken to the rear.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The doctor said that his wound was fatal, to which Whit replied that he did not feel dying.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The doctor said that the history of medicine does not record cases of recovery from such an injury.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Whit replied, “Okay, then write down my case in the history of medicine” [38].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At this time, the first brigades of Tyler's division began to approach from the east.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Tyler was ordered to attack when the Southerners were spotted on Matthews Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Sherman's brigade (3,400 people) crossed Bull Run, meeting no resistance, reached a height near the farm of Pittsylvania and saw ahead the right flank of enemy positions.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Here, the commander of 69th New York, Lieutenant Colonel Haggerty, rushed to catch up with a small detachment of southerners and was shot by them.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The arrival of the Sherman Brigade immediately made Evans' position hopeless.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Porter's brigade was already threatening his left flank, and Evans could only retreat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

By his order, the regiments began to withdraw.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The 4th Alabama was the last to leave the position, losing Colonel Jones wounded [39].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Burnside's brigade was exhausted by battle and not ready for pursuit, only a battalion of regulars rushed forward and captured Colonel Jones.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Now McDowell had 18,000 men in position, and the enemy army seemed to be retreating in disarray.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“Victory! The day is ours!” , McDowell announced.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It was 11:30, and at that moment many northerners thought that the battle was won and the war was over.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Now McDowell had to decide what to do next [40] [41].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Calm


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The command of the army of the South did not yet know anything about the position of its left flank.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Johnston and Beauregard were on a hill at the Mitchell Ford crossing, waiting for the results of the offensive on.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

They received Alexander's message of the offensive of the flank column, but they hoped that their attack would outstrip the federal offensive.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At 10:30, it turned out that the offensive order had not been delivered to its destination for some reason and that Ewell's brigade had not yet moved.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At 11:00, the cannonade on the left flank intensified, and the pickets reported that the feds were building rubble at Blackburns-Ford and Mitchell Ford and, therefore, did not plan an attack from this side.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Realizing that the most important thing was happening on the left flank, Johnston and Beauregard went there [42].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

By the time the command arrived on Henry Hill, this height was held only by the Imboden battery.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Imboden received General B's order to hold the position at all costs and had been carrying out this order for about an hour.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At 11:00, the Wade Hampton regiment, which stood at a height near Portici Farm, was ordered to move forward and help the retreating.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He led the regiment to Robinson's house, descended into the lowland of Young Branch Creek, and, under fire from Ricketts-Griffin guns, took a position along the Warrenton Road [43] [44].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Hampton's appearance coincided with the first uncertain attempt by the Northerners to begin persecution.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

By this time, almost the entire Evans Brigade had gone to Henry Hill, but separate units of southerners still remained between Young Branch Creek and Matthews Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

When the 27th New York Infantry Regiment entered the battlefield, it was ordered to advance in the direction of the Stone House and the Imboden Battery.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Colonel Henry Slocam led the regiment forward along Sadley Road, while the remnants of Evans's men (4th Alabama and 2nd Mississippi) retreated beyond Young Branch and took up positions along the stream, below slope relative to the Imboden battery.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Using the stream bed as an earth fortification, they opened fire on Slocam's regiment.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

A fierce exchange of fire ensued.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Hampton lost his horse, Lieutenant Colonel Johnson was killed, but the Southerners held their position, and Slokam ordered to retreat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He was also wounded during the retreat. [45]


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

While McDowell was wondering whether to continue the offensive, Colonel William Everell began to act, taking command of the Porter Brigade.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Realizing that the Southerners could gain a foothold on Henry's Hill, he decided to recapture this position and sent on the offensive the 8th New York Militia Regiment and the 14th New York Militia Regiment, also known as the 14th Brooklyn.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Both regiments quickly reached the Warrenton Road, but then the 8th got involved in a shootout with the Hampton regiment, lost order and was out of battle forever.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The 14th came under fire from friends and foes and immediately moved back to Dogan Ridge Hill [46].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Hampton regiment held its position for almost an hour, allowing the command to restore at least some order in the retreating units and giving Jackson's brigade time to reach Henry Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Thomas Jonathan Jackson originally stood with his crew at Mitchell Ford.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

When Brigade B was sent to strengthen Evans, Jackson was ordered to take a position at Lewis Ford.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Arriving there at 11:00, Jackson decided that he was more needed elsewhere, and personally sent his team (2,600 people) to Henry Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The 5th Virginia Infantry Regiment was at the forefront.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Reaching the southeastern edge of Henry's Farm field, the brigade turned on the edge of a hill 400 meters from Henry's house.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This is where Jackson was met by General B.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“General, they're pushing us out,” he said.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Jackson replied, “Sir, we'll give them bayonets” [47] [48].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After the retreat of the Southerners from Matthews Hill, the Imboden battery was almost without cover and almost used up ammunition.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Imboden ordered the battery to be rolled up and moved away, while one gun was destroyed by a shell hit.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Retreating to the lines of Jackson's Brigade, Imboden said, “Damn it, General, I had to leave the position for lack of cover!” Jackson replied, “I'll cover your battery. Get up right here.”


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Imboden had only three shots left, and wanted to take the battery to the rear, but Jackson told him to take a position and wait for the rest of the batteries to approach.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Obeying the order, Imboden installed guns in front of Jackson's infantry line [49] [50].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Jackson, meanwhile, decided that the back slope of Henry's hill was very convenient for defense.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The dense forest made his brigade almost invisible from the heights of Dogan Ridge and Matthews Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Jackson's right flank rested on the Young Branch lowland, and the left flank against the dense forest.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He placed the Imboden battery in the center of the position, in front of the infantry line, reinforcing it with two 6-pound guns.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Behind the battery was the 4th Virginia Infantry Regiment, to the right and slightly behind - the 27th Virginia, and the 5th Virginia on the far right flank.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The 2nd Virginia Regiment stood to the left of the battery, and the 33rd Virginia Regiment even to the left [51] [50].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Johnston and Beauregard arrived at Henry Hill at about the same time as Jackson's brigade.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Beauregard later recalled: “We found commanders who resolutely kept their soldiers from fleeing further, but tried in vain to restore order, and our own efforts were just as in vain. Every section of the line that we managed to form fell apart as soon as we moved to the next one.”


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Moving from regiment to regiment, both generals tried to restore order in the troops.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

When Beauregard was near the Louisiana battery, a shell exploded nearby, killing a horse under it.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The general got up in cold blood, found another horse, and moved on.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

His behavior made the right impression on others; “It's hard for me to describe to you the effect of his appearance,” Private Hampton's regiment later recalled, “indeed, everything changed right away. People cheered up, leveled the ranks and greeted him with loud greetings” [52] [53].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

By one o'clock in the afternoon, the southerners managed to stabilize the situation.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Jackson's brigade occupied a kilometer of front, and behind its right flank, the remnants of General B's brigade were gradually put in order.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Beauregard invited Johnston to go to the rear and distribute reinforcements there, and Beauregard himself would stay on Henry Hill and lead the deployment of reinforcements on the spot.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Johnston did not agree at first, but Beauregard reminded him that the overall command of the troops should be carried out by the commander-in-chief, and eventually persuaded Johnston [52] [54].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

On the way to the hill, Henry Johnston and Beauregard assembled and led artillery batteries.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Now they've given it to Jackson.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Jackson sent the Imboden battery to the rear (Imboden himself remained), and in its place deployed a Rockbridge artillery battery and two more guns (6 in total).


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

To the left, he put 5 Washington artillery battery guns, and to the right - 2 Loudoun artillery battery guns.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Four 6-pound guns from John Pelham's battery were the last to arrive on Henry's Hill, and Jackson placed them on the far right flank, adding another gun to them.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Jackson now had 13 guns frontally and 5 more guns covered the right flank [52] [51].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Keese Brigade Attack


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Colonel Keys's brigade crossed the Stone Bridge after Sherman's Brigade and at 12:30pm stood at heights north of Warrenton Road, front south, towards Henry Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This position allowed him to attack the enemy's flank, but Keys did not realize it.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

His commander, Tyler, spotted Jackson's guns on Henry's Hill and ordered Keys to capture them.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Both Keys and Tyler could have noticed the infantry of the Southerners, but they had no idea about the location of the enemy and did not understand that they were facing the weakest point of the enemy's defense.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Therefore, Keys sent only two regiments on the offensive, the 2nd Manx and the 3rd Connecticut.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Both regiments descended into the lowland of Young Branch Creek, threw back a small cavalry detachment, crossed the stream and stood at the foot of Henry Hill, opposite the positions of the Hampton Legion [55] [44].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Keys placed the 2nd Manx Regiment on the left and the 3rd Connecticut on the right, occupying a front 400 meters wide, and launched an offensive towards Robinson's house.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After 100 meters, the regiments came under fire from the South Carolina Hampton, but the front of the Keys brigade was much wider.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“We were almost surrounded,” Hampton later recalled, “the enemy approached us from three sides, and Generals B and Evans both advised me to withdraw.”


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Hampton left one company at the foot of the hill, and took the rest back to Robinson's house, taking an intermediate position on the road leading from the highway to this house, now known as Robinsons Lane .


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Colonel Kenton Harper and his 5th Virginia Infantry Regiment came to the aid of Hampton here [56].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Some parts were brought in by General B.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In total, Southerners managed to gather about 1,100 people near Robinson's house [57].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Keys's offensive put Hampton in a difficult position, and he had to gradually retreat to Robinson's house and adjacent buildings.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At some point, the Connecticut regiment seized Robinson's house, but the 5th Virginia managed to recapture it.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Keys decided that heavy enemy fire could completely destroy his regiments, and ordered a retreat to the Warrensburg Road, and then beyond Young Branch.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In fact, he remained behind enemy lines for another couple of hours, but did not attempt to attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Keese's attack was a big missed chance for the Northerners.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell may have been aware of the potential for an attack from this direction, but he did not even know that Keys had begun to attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Thus, the northerners were let down by the lack of coordination between the units [58].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Battle for Henry's Hill


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Around 2:00pm, after two hours of hesitation, General McDowell decided to launch an offensive on Henry Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He ordered the artillery commander (major) to remove the Ricketts and Griffin batteries from Dogans Ridge and send them to Henry Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell's plan did not imply an infantry offensive at all.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He didn't even think about infantry cover for the batteries.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He probably wanted to check enemy positions with artillery before a general attack, although there is no indication that he was plotting such an attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After receiving this order, Ricketts and Griffin objected: they considered it risky to move the batteries so close to enemy infantry [59] [60].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Major Barry did take care of the infantry cover: he ordered the 14th Brooklyn Regiment, the Marine Battalion, the 1st Minnesota, the 11th New York and the 38th New York to be sent to Henry Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Griffin, meanwhile, once again reminded Barry that you can't send artillery to Henry Hill without infantry cover.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Having learned that infantry regiments had been sent to the hill, he offered to deploy them in a line, give artillery the opportunity to turn around behind the infantry, so that the infantry would then retreat behind the batteries, but Barry did not allow consent to such a maneuver.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Then Griffin proposed instead of Henry Hill to deploy artillery at Chinn Ridge, where it would be safe even if the infantry failed to cope with their cover mission.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Barry replied that he was ordered to go to Henry Hill, with artillery at the forefront.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Griffin once again expressed his doubt that the Fire Zouaves (11th New York) would be able to cover the batteries.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“Be that as it may, this is McDowell's order,” Barry replied.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“I will go there,” said Griffin, “but remember my words, they will not cover us” [61].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Researcher Harry Schreckengorst wrote that if Griffin's plan were realized, the divisions of Tyler and Heinzelman would have every chance to defeat the Southerners on Henry Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In his opinion, it would be wise to place the Reynolds, Griffin and Ricketts batteries on Matthews Hill and Chinn Ridge Height, from where federal artillery could cover Henry Hill with crossfire using range advantage.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At the same time, Tyler's division could attack the hill from the east, Heinzelman's division from the south, and Hunter's division from the west.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

With this development, the battle would most likely be won, Richmond would fall, and the war would be over [13].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Following the order, all 11 federal guns withdrew from their position on Dogan Ridge, descended into the lowland of Young Branch Creek, passed the Stone House, crossed the stream along the ford, and climbed up Sadley Road.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At the top of the hill, they turned left, dismantled the road fence and took up a position 350 meters from Jackson's infantry.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The gunners immediately came under fire from snipers who sat in Henry's house, which was only 60 meters from their left flank.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Ricketts fired several volleys around the house.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At that time, widow Judith Henry (84 years old), her daughter Helen, son John, and black hired maid Lucy Griffith were in the house.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Lucy was hiding under the widow's bed, and Helen was in the hearth.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

A buckshot volley of Ricketts guns inflicted several wounds on the widow, while her leg was almost cut off.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

She died that evening and became the first civilian to die in a Civil War battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Lucy was shot in the arm and Helen later lost her hearing.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After dealing with the snipers, Ricketts ordered all six of his 10-pound Parrots to open fire on the Jackson Line.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At the same time, Griffin's battery stood to the left, behind Henry's house, and joined the shelling [62] [63].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The 11th New York Infantry Regiment, the Fire Zouaves, stood behind Ricketts's guns.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Marines stood to the left and the 1st Minnesota to the right.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Brooklyn's 14th lingered at the Young Branch crossing, and New York 38 climbed the hill and stood to the left of Henry's house, where he was even earlier than Griffin's battery.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

There was a fierce gun exchange at a short distance.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

General Jackson drove along his infantry line, repeating, “It's all right...” “He seemed very calm,” recalled Private 5th Virginia, “and we decided that everything was really fine and that usual battles look like this” [64].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Ricketts artillery had been firing for about 20 minutes, when General Heinzelman decided to move the infantry forward.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

On his orders, at 15:00, the federal regiments on Henry Hill began to advance, passing through the battery position.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

All three regiments moved simultaneously: the 1st Minnesota and 11th New York were to the right of Henry's house, and the 38th New York to the left.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The 1st Minnesota approached the infantry line of the Southerners, but some officers thought they saw the federal flag ahead.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Lieutenant Colonel 2nd Mississippi, Bartley Boone, approached the Minnesota Regiment and asked who they were.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Upon learning that he was in front of him a Southerner, Captain Wilkins ordered him to surrender.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The neighboring 11th did not hesitate for long and began the attack, immediately falling under the volley of 33rd Virginia, which, however, was given too high.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

A shootout ensued, and the field was clouded with thick smoke.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Federal regiments managed to fire 4 or 5 volleys, after which gradually, company by company, began to withdraw, and the officers failed to restore order in their ranks [65].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Fire Zouaves Escape


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

When the 11th New York Regiment retreated from Henry Hill, Jeb Stewart's cavalry, numbering about 150 men, appeared nearby.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Moving along Sadley Road, Stewart accidentally went straight to the right flank of the Zouaves.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

As often happened that day, Stewart mistook them for his own and shouted, “Don't back down guys, we're here!” , but New Yorkers didn't pay attention to him.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

William Blackford later recalled that Stewart asked him whose regiment it was, and Blackford replied that he did not know, but heard that Beauregard's army had a regiment of Zouaves [66].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Stewart approached and, seeing the regiment's banners, ordered the cavalry to attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The cavalry rushed to attack in a column of four from a distance of 70 meters, and from 30 meters turned to the left, falling on the enemy with a wide front.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The cavalrymen managed to fire a volley, but not very accurate, and the Zouavas fired a volley in response.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Each side subsequently claimed serious losses to the enemy [67] [68].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The cavalry broke through the ranks of the Zouaves, grouped for a second attack, but the New Yorkers retreated under the cover of the forest.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Stewart lost nine people killed and about 18 horses.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Subsequently, he claimed that his attack finally demoralized the Zouaves and sowed panic throughout the enemy's army.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Zouaves claimed that they easily knocked over and dispersed the attackers.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In reality, the Zouavas and the 1st Minnesota Regiment suffered minor losses, but were indeed disabled until the end of the battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In just 20 minutes of fighting on Henry Hill and in a clash with cavalry, each regiment lost 40 men - a record loss among federal regiments.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In subsequent years, 1st Minnesota became famous near Gettysburg, and 11th New York compromised itself so that it was disbanded [69] [70] [71].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“The Stone Wall”


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At this time, between 2:00pm and 3:00pm, reinforcements from the southerners gradually arrived on Henry Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Jackson was sent to help Jackson, the 49th Virginia Infantry Regiment from the Cook Brigade, and then the 6th North Carolina Infantry Regiment, which had just arrived on the battlefield.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At the same time, the regiments broken on Matthews Hill were gradually formed into small battalions.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

General Bernard B found the remnants of his 4th Alabama.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“That's all that's left of my crew,” he said, “will you follow me where the battle is going on?” The Alabamans said, “Yes, General, we'll go wherever you say and do what you say.”


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Then B responded with a phrase known in several versions: “Jackson stands there like a stone wall. Let's go to his aid” (option: “Jackson is there, standing like a stone wall. Let's die here and then we'll win. Follow me!” [72]).


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It is believed that this is how Jackson's nickname “Stonewall” (Stone Wall) was formed.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

There are four memories of this event, which do not coincide in everything, but according to historian Hennessy, it follows from them that the historical phrase was uttered at this moment [73].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Traditionally, in popular literature, the pronunciation of this phrase dates back to an earlier moment, usually at the very beginning of the battle on Henry's Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This is how this event was first described in the Charleston newspaper “” [72].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

An almost accurate retelling from Mercury was presented by Kirill Mal in the Russian-language book “The Civil War in the United States” [74] and in Jackson's biography by James Robertson [75].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Cummings attack


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The retreat of the Northerners infantry immediately put their artillery in a difficult situation.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Ricketts's battery lost all his horses, and he couldn't get out of position.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The horses of Griffin's battery survived, and Lieutenant Charles Hazlett offered to retreat, but Griffin understood that he was dooming Ricketts artillery to death.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

So he made a different decision: ordering Hazlet to stay in place with the three Parrots, took two 12-pound howitzers himself, went down to Sadley Road, went to the right flank of Ricketts and installed howitzers over there.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The remnants of New York 11th covered this position.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Just 200 meters from the howitzers, the 33rd Virginia Infantry Regiment stood in the forest, and its commander, Colonel Arthur Cummings, noticed the appearance of Griffin.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He realized that his regiment could not withstand the fire of howitzers, and decided to attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At this point, 450 men of the 49th Virginia Regiment appeared nearby, led by Colonel William Smith, the former governor of Virginia.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Beauregard ordered him to cover the left flank of the 33rd [76].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Griffin managed to fire two volleys when he noticed Smith's regiment.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He turned two guns towards the Virginians, loading them with buckshot.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, his commander, a major, mistook the Virginians (who wore blue uniforms) for the Heinzelman division, so he ordered the guns to be deployed in the same direction and reloaded with cores.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“These are Confederates,” Griffin said, “it's clear as a day that they are Confederates!” Barry replied, “No, Captain, this is your infantry cover!” The Virginians, meanwhile, approached the battery 70 meters and fired a volley at the gunners.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“That was the end of it for us,” Griffin said during the investigation, “we were all mowed down by fire.”


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At the same time, Cummings's regiment went on the attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“It was an attack that the previous regular army had never seen,” Cummings later recalled, “albeit in a not very regular style.”


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Federal gunners fled, the remnants of the Zouaves also retreated.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Virginians seized the guns, achieving their first clear success that day [77].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Later, historians often referred to this attack as the turning point of the entire battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, John Hennessy wrote that this was only the first success, which could well be temporary [78].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The 33rd and 49th were completely disorganized by the attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Cummings tried to put the battle line in order, but at that moment Brooklyn 14th approached from Sadley Road.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Approaching 100 meters, New Yorkers opened fire, which immediately forced the Virginians to retreat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Brooklyn 14th rushed forward and repulsed Griffin's howitzers.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The retreating Virginians upset the ranks of the 2nd Virginia Regiment, which also began to retreat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The entire left flank of Jackson's defense was now collapsing [79].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In the report, Jackson described Cummings's attack as follows: “... one of his (enemy) batteries was so close to Colonel Cummings that it fell into his hands as a result of a brave attack by his regiment; however, falling under heavy musket fire, he had to leave the battery behind” [80].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Jackson's counterattack


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The attack of the 14th Brooklyn Regiment overturned the 33rd, 49th, and 2nd Virginia.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Fortunately for Jackson, however, the thick smoke disoriented New Yorkers.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Instead of chasing the fleeing, they turned their attention to artillery and rushed screaming at the enemy's guns.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Jackson addressed the 4th and 27th Virginia Regiments and said, “Don't shoot until they reach 50 yards. And that's when you shoot and attack them with bayonets. And when you go on the attack, yell like furies.”


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

A volley of Virginia regiments stopped the 14th Brooklyn and upset its ranks.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The New Yorkers leveled the ranks and went on the attack again, but were thrown back again.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

They went on the attack for the third time, but were thrown back again and began to retreat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This offensive by the New York regiment showed Jackson that his batteries were in danger, and he ordered the guns to be withdrawn to the rear.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At the same time, he said to the 4th and 27th: “Now we are attacking them and throwing them back to Washington!” On his orders, the regiments rushed forward to Ricketts' guns.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Ricketts himself had already been injured by this time.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The gunners fired several volleys with buckshot and fled.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Virginians broke through to the guns [81].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

When Jackson attacked Ricketts guns, some other units came to his aid.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

led a unit of the 7th Georgia Regiment to attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

During the attack, the bullet hit him in the chest and threw him off his horse.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“They killed me,” he said, “but boys, never give them the fields!” To the left of Jackson, the 2nd Mississippi and 49th Virginia joined the attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The colonel brought the 6th North Carolina, who opened rifle fire on Griffin's battery.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“Colonel, should we attack?” Isaac Avery asked, and Fisher agreed; his regiment rushed forward and captured the howitzers.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Fisher decided to level the ranks and continue the attack, but at that moment he was killed.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

His regiment came under heavy fire and began to retreat [82].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It was around 3:30 p.m.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Despite the retreat of South Carolina 6, 8 of the 12 federal guns remained in the hands of the Southerners, and three more left the battlefield.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell decided to recover the lost guns.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

According to historian Hennessy, he thought not so much about the real situation on the battlefield, but about the possible reaction of the public - whatever the outcome of the battle, the loss of guns could cause a negative reaction in society.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, officers on the battlefield also understood the need to return the guns.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The first attempt was made by the 1st Michigan Regiment of Orlando Wilcox.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The regiment opened fire from behind Sadley Road fence, and then launched an attack, but came under heavy fire and retreated back to the road.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Then a small battalion went on the attack, probably assembled from the remnants of the 14th Brooklyn and the Fire Zouaves.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Jackson's Virginians repelled this attack as well [83].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Ricketts guns belonged to William Franklin's brigade, and now this brigade went on the offensive: Franklin sent the 5th and 11th Massachusetts Regiments into battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

They walked down the notch of Sadley Road, past crowds of wounded and retreating, and met a cavalry squad galloping past shouting, “Get out of here or the black cavalry will deal with you!” The cavalry was followed by the retreating Ricketts guns, which had to be missed, and as a result, the order of the regiments was upset, and the officers had to make a lot of effort to build them for battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Franklin ordered an attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The shelves reached the edge of the Henry Hill plateau.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The 5th Massachusetts was advancing on the left flank; he immediately came under fire from the Southerners standing at Henry's house, and immediately retreated.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The 11th Massachusetts was advancing to the right, and his offensive was more successful: he fired several volleys at the Virginians and forced them to retreat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The regiment rushed forward and seized the guns.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The privates tried to drag them to the rear, but the officers returned them to service to maintain the combat line [84].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It was already 16:00, and new units of the Southerners arrived on the battlefield: the Jubal Early Brigade, two regiments of the Bonham Brigade, the Kirby Smith Brigade, and several regiments of the Kok Brigade.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

They approached Portici's farm, from where Johnston would transport them to Beauregard, who directed them to Henry's Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Beauregard also tried to return to service the previously involved units.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

When Jackson's Virginians retreated from the guns, Beauregard collected the remnants of the 5th Virginia and the Hampton Legion and sent them into battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He ordered the Legion to occupy Henry's house, and he personally led the 5th Virginia to attack the guns.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Massachusetts regiment at the batteries came under their fire and retreated.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Virginians rushed to the guns and seized them [85].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At this time, General B found several companies of the 4th South Carolina and two companies of the 2nd Mississippi Regiments.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“Guys, there's a position over there that's important to hold,” he said, “go there quickly and help hold it.”


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He led them into battle himself, but met Jackson's retreating guns, and his squad parted, letting them pass.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

B stayed with a squad of 100 men.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He led this detachment to where Ricketts' far right guns were standing, but came under fire and was mortally wounded.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

B died the next day and became the highest-ranking officer to die in the battle [86].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Sherman Attack


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

By this time, McDowell had already thrown 13 thousand people into battle out of his 18 thousand, and at his disposal remained only two fresh brigades: Oliver Howard and William Sherman.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Howard was ordered to go around Chinn Ridge, and Sherman was sent directly to Henry Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

His crew crossed Bull Run at 11:30am and have been waiting for orders ever since.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At 2:30pm, McDowell ordered her to “join the pursuit of the enemy.”


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Sherman put the 13th New York Infantry Regiment ahead, followed by, one by one, the 2nd Wisconsin, 79th New York and 69th New York.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

They descended down the slope of Buck Hill, crossed the Warrenton Road and Young Branch, and were drawn into the excavation of Sadley Road, which by that time was filled with dead and wounded.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After placing the brigade on the road, Sherman sent the 13th New York left, up the hill, to Henry's house [87].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The 13th went to Henry's house at 70 meters, lay down and opened fire.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Hampton regiment entered into a shootout with him, and the battle lasted about half an hour.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Sherman, on the other hand, decided to send regiments into battle not on a common front, but one by one.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Each regiment came out of the excavation of the road and climbed Henry Hill to the Ricketts guns.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Wisconsin 2nd came first, but he was wearing a gray uniform, and he was fired at by his own volley.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The regiment still went to Henry's house, but was confused, mistaking the enemy flag flashing in front for a federal flag.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After several shots, the regiment began to retreat in disarray to Sadley Road, where it was again mistaken for an enemy, and the 69th New York fired a volley at him [88].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Colonel's 79th New York Infantry Regiment followed the Wisconsin Regiment to the hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He climbed the hill through the wreckage of guns, fronts and charging boxes, was immediately hit by a rifle volley and exchanged fire for several minutes, during which Colonel Cameron was fatally wounded.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

And again, someone thought that the federal flag was visible ahead, and there were shouts to cease fire, and for several minutes the regiment could not decide whether to shoot or not.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

During this time, the Southerners fired another volley at them, which forced the regiment to retreat to Sadley Road in disarray [89].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Virginians and South Carolinans held their position at Henry's house, but their strength was running out.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Hampton ventured to counterattack the enemy retreating to the road, but was wounded in the leg, and Captain James Conner took command.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He decided to be more careful and just hold the position as long as possible.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Meanwhile, another attack was approaching, the fiercest of all: Colonel Hobart Ward's 38th New York Infantry Regiment advanced to the right of Sherman's Brigade.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He was already involved in the battle, but was not injured.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At the same time, several federal guns appeared on Sadley Road, which opened fire on southerners near Henry's house.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

When the 38th launched the offensive, Sherman sent his last regiment, the 69th New York, into battle to his left.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Advancing in the same line, New Yorkers forced the Hampton Legion and the 5th Virginia Legion to move away from Henry's house.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The hill was captured, and no enemy parts remained in the field of view of the attackers.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“At some point, we were full masters of the battlefield,” recalled Lieutenant Colonel Farnsworth.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell himself arrived at Henry Hill and congratulated Colonel Corcoran on his victory.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, the situation of the two New York regiments was difficult: the command did not have reserves to strengthen their position on the hill [90].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Meanwhile, more reinforcements came to Beauregard's aid.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Eppa Hunton's 8th Virginia Regiment and Robert Weathers' 18th Virginia Regiment were the first to approach.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Hunton stepped on Henry's house from the east, and Weathers from the south.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The 18th attacked New York 38 where Griffin's howitzers were stationed and forced him to withdraw.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The 1st hit 69th New York and also threw it off the hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The 13th New York Regiment was still at Henry's house, but he eventually retreated, and all three regiments began to retreat to the Stone House.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Now only Oliver Howard's brigade on Chinn Ridge Hill remains at the disposal of the federal command [91].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Counterattack


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Colonel Oliver Howard was ordered to advance shortly after 3:00 p.m.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

His crew marched from Matthews Hill to Dogan Ridge Hill, descended its western slope to the Warrenton Road, crossed it, and stood at Young Branch Creek.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Here, Howard deployed a brigade in two battle lines: the 2nd Vermont and 4th Manx Regiments in the first line, and the 3rd and 5th Michigan Regiments in the second.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The march under the burning sun was not without casualties.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Some companies have about 8 people left instead of 60.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After a short pause at the stream, Howard ordered the first-line regiments to climb Chinn Ridge Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

By this point, the Northerners have lost almost all chances to win.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

General McDowell was preparing to retreat and ordered Colonel Miles to allocate two brigades to cover this retreat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At the same time, he sent a battalion of regulars under the command of Major George Sykes to Henry Hill [92].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At this time, while Howard was climbing Chinn Ridge, the first two regiments of the Bonham Brigade came to Henry Hill: Colonel Kershaw's 2nd South Carolina Infantry Regiment and Colonel's 8th South Carolina Infantry Regiment Cache.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Northerners had just been driven off Henry Hill; Kershaw and Cash crossed the field near Henry's house, passed Ricketts guns and went to Sadley Road, where they opened fire on the forest on the west side of the road and Sykes regulars.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Soon, the Kemper battery came to their aid and turned around on a hill near Ricketts guns [93].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Following this, Henry's Hill arrived the last, largest reserve of the army of the South - three regiments of Colonel Arnold Elsey (minus Ambrose Hill's 13th Virginia Regiment) and the entire brigade of Colonel Jubal Early.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Elsie was one of the most experienced commanders of the army at the time, his brigade (1,700 men) was the last brigade of the Shenandoah army to arrive on the battlefield.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Brigadier General Edmund Kirby Smith was with the brigade, whose brigade remained at Piedmont Station, but Smith did not want to miss the battle and, as a senior in rank, led the brigade, removing Elsie to Commander level of the 1st Maryland Battalion.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Arriving at Manassas at noon, the brigade marched 5 miles to Johnston's headquarters at Villa Portici, from where it was sent to the left flank of the army.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This was followed by the Early Brigade, removed from their position at McLean-Ford Ford.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Elsie's brigade followed the Kershaw and Cash regiments, but Kershaw turned right, and Elsie went straight, extending Kershaw's front on the left.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Moving through the forest, the brigade met a small detachment of federal infantry, which fired a volley at it.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

These shots shot General Smith in the neck.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He left the battlefield, and Elsie took command again (surrendering the battalion to Lieutenant Colonel George Stewart) [94] [95].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After ensuring Smith's delivery to the rear, Elsie led the brigade further, beyond Sadley Road, to the low height of Bald Hill, where he built a brigade in the battle line with a front north.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, as soon as the brigade was built, Elsie noticed the northerners on Chinn Ridge Hill to his left, so he turned the brigade and moved in that direction, descending into the valley of Chinn Branch Creek.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Nearby was Beckham's battery, which Elsie sent even further left, to Chinn Ridge, where it turned around at Chinn's house.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At this time, two regiments of the Howard Brigade came to Chinn Ridge - the 2nd Vermont Regiment of Colonel Whiting and the 4th Michigan Regiment of Colonel Berry.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

They spotted South Karli Kershaw and Cash standing behind the Sadley Road fence and opened fire on them.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The shootout took place at a distance of 300 meters without a tangible effect.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Elsie's brigade, lined up along Chinn Branch Creek, did not immediately identify the enemy, but as soon as the federal banners appeared, Elsie ordered to open fire.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Beckham's battery joined the musket fire.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Howard returned for his two reserve regiments (Michigan 3rd and 5th), but found them upset and confused.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Half of Michigan 5 has inexplicably disappeared.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After collecting what was left, Howard led the shelves up the hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

His brigade has not yet suffered significant losses, but due to confusion, some units have begun to retreat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Howard commanded a general retreat, hoping to restore order in the rear [96] [95].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Seeing the enemy's retreat, Elsie led the brigade to attack up the hillside.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Having climbed to the top, the Southerners caught up with Howard's brigade, who was just trying to restore order in the regiments.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The fire of the Elsie brigade finally upset Howard's brigade, and it began a chaotic retreat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Many federal units on this day experienced disorganization and retreat, but it was in Howard's brigade that a real panic began for the first time.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Her withdrawal opened the flank of Sykes Battalion, which was also forced to retreat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The retreat of the last combat-ready units initiated a general indiscriminate withdrawal of the entire federal army.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Brigade Private Elsie later recalled that when they climbed Chinn Ridge Hill, the Southerners did not notice any organized units, but only dense crowds of fleeing [97].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

General Beauregard arrived from Henry Hill to Chinn Ridge to the loud greetings of the entire army of the South.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

“Glory to Elsie,” he announced, “to Blucher of the day!” [98]


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Federal Army Escape


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The entire federal army was now retreating to the Bull Run crossings.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Beauregard had the opportunity to organize the pursuit, at his disposal the Elsie Brigade, the Beckham Battery, the Stuart Cavalry Battalion, and the Early Brigade.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The 19th Virginia Infantry Regiment also approached.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In total, Beauregard could gather about 7,000 people ready for battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, the enemy retreated too quickly, and Beauregard had to act without any thoughtful plan: he chased the 28th Virginia Regiment, which climbed Matthews Hill, but found that the hill is already empty.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Early Brigade followed Matthews Hill, but she could not catch up with anyone.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The northerners scattered in different directions, and it was impossible to understand where the main route of retreat was.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Early led the crew to Poplar Ford ford, where he stopped.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Beauregard also had Stuart's cavalry detachment at his disposal - about 150 people.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He began to pursue and immediately ran into Sykes regulars, who lined up in a square to repel a cavalry attack - this was actually the only case of using such a structure in that war.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Stewart did not dare to attack the square and took up the rest of the runners, chasing them in the direction of Sadley-Ford ford [99].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Federal units retreated along the same roads that went on the offensive in the morning, only faster.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Again, the problem arose in the same place as in the morning: at the bridge over Cub Ran.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, if the march was organized in the morning, now the crowds were uncontrollable.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Beauregard has a chance to destroy the enemy by taking advantage of his delay at the bridge.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He sent three regiments forward: the 18th Virginia was the first, but he noticed a heavy gun behind the Stone Bridge and decided to cross east at Lewis Ford.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Joseph Kershaw led his two regiments (South Carolina 2nd and 8th) directly across the Stone Bridge, but, noticing large enemy forces ahead, stopped and asked Beauregard for instructions.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

While he waited for Beauregard's answer, two cavalry units (Ratford and Munford) crossed the river at Lewis Ford and attacked the retreating on the Warrenton Road.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, the cavalry soon collided with large infantry units and retreated.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

During this attack, the banner of the 69th New York Regiment and its colonel, [100] [101], were captured.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Shortly after the withdrawal of the cavalry, Kershaw was ordered to continue the offensive.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Moving along the highway, he soon saw the place where the streams retreating along the Warrensburg Road were joined by a stream running from Sadley Ford, forming a traffic jam that historian Hennessy called unprecedented in American history to this day.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Kershaw ordered Captain Kemper to deploy his guns and open fire on the enemy at the bridge from a distance of 1000 meters.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The very first shell exploded over the bridge, frightening horses, which overturned two wagons, completely blocking the bridge.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This forced the retreating people to run right across the river.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, this route was not accessible to wheeled vehicles.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Kemper fired only about twelve shots, causing damage mainly to the 2nd New Hampshire Regiment [102] [101].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The panic at the Cab Run bridge lasted about half an hour.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

By 18:30, almost all the retreating went across the bridge.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

One of the last to retreat was Lieutenant Peter Haynes with his 30-pound Parrot.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The heavy gun was stuck in the bush, and he was forced to abandon it.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Parrot eventually fell into the hands of the southerners and became the most significant trophy of that day.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

A total of 16 guns were thrown near the bridge [103].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

At sunset, Beauregard's headquarters received a report that the enemy threatened the right flank of the army.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The report later turned out to be false, but Beauregard ordered to stop the persecution and retreat back for Bull Run [104].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Numerous civilians who arrived from Washington this Sunday to watch the battle also witnessed the army's flight.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Among them were politicians and journalists, including Eliyahu Washburn, Senators Henry Wilson and others.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The peculiarity of this retreat, according to Hennessy, was that the most influential people in the country became not only witnesses of the disaster, but also its direct participants.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Their public speeches and publications subsequently greatly influenced public opinion.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Their experience gave rise to a suspicious attitude towards the army command among the Washington administration, the demand for control over the army and, in particular, led to the creation of the “Management Committee War”, chaired by Benjamin Wade [105].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The consequences


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Confederate President Jefferson Davis came to the battlefield in person, catching the very end of the battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He offered to organize the prosecution immediately, but both Johnston and Beauregard found it impossible.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Johnston said that the Southerners are more disorganized by victory than the Northerners by defeat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

A few weeks later, the press began to argue about whose fault the persecution was not organized and why Washington was not taken.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Johnston and Beauregard joined the dispute, accusing each other of disrupting the offensive.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

James McPherson wrote that on July 21, the prospects for the capture of Washington were nothing more than an illusion, and all commanders were aware of this.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell had fresh reserves in Centerville, and the next morning, heavy rains made roads impassable, although poor Confederate logistics would not have allowed persecution even when the weather is nice.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Manassas warehouses in those days did not have food for the army at all [106].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

When General McDowell arrived in, he ordered General Dixon Miles to take up the defensive to allow time for the retreating army to withdraw beyond Centerville.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After that, he went to Fairfax, from where he sent one of the officers a description of the situation.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He wrote that the soldiers had abandoned their rucksacks with food supplies on the battlefield and as a result, they now had no food.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

They didn't eat anything themselves after breakfast in the morning.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Artillery ammunition has also run out.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The army is mostly a disorganized, demoralized crowd.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The commanders, he wrote, agree that it is impossible to stay on the south side of the Potomac.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He, however, hoped that the army would be able to take a position near Fairfax [107].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

toll


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In the Battle of Manassas, according to estimates by the Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine, the Southerners lost 387 people killed, 1,582 wounded and 13 missing.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Federal Army lost 418-460 people killed, 1011-1124 people wounded and 1216-1260 people prisoners.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Official reports do not allow a more accurate assessment of losses, so the final figures differ in different sources [108].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The Virginia Encyclopedia gives almost the same figures — the losses of the North: 460 killed, 1124 wounded, 1312 captured; losses of the South: 387 killed, 1,582 wounded, 13 missing [109]


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

No one was prepared for such losses and proper care for the wounded.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In the federal army, it was assumed that each regiment would deal with its own wounded.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, the regiments often did not have the means to do this: for example, the 1st Connecticut Regiment numbered 600-700 people and only one ambulance cart and two sanitary tents.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Many ambulance wagons left the battlefield during the battle, so there was often nothing to take out the wounded.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Some lay on the field for a whole week after the battle [108].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The battle revealed serious shortcomings in the sanitation of the armies.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It became obvious that there was a need for a serious organized structure that would deal with the wounded.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Federal Army Chief Physician William King was fired and replaced by Charles Tripler.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He remained in this position until July 1862, although he could not eliminate all the shortcomings of the army medical system [110].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Ewell's dispute with Beauregard


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

On July 24, 1861, General Richard Ewell issued his official report.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The next day, he learned that General Beauregard was dissatisfied with his failure to comply with the order to attack Centerville.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Outraged, Ewell wrote a letter to Beauregard, in which he described in detail all his actions during the battle and listed all the orders received, and invited Beauregard to provide a copy of the offensive order and name the courier who delivered it.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Turns out Beauregard doesn't have a copy of that order, and he doesn't even remember the courier.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

He had to give in, and he wrote to Ewell that he did not blame him for the failure in any way and would reflect it in the report.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

And yet Beauregard's report gave rise to bad rumors in society about Ewell, including accusations of treason.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It was believed that it was because of Ewell that the planned offensive failed and the chance to defeat the federal army was missed [111].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Discussions on this issue broke out again in 1884 and were vigorously discussed in the press until 1891 [112].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Reasons for the Failure


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

From the very first days after the battle, disputes began about the reasons for the failure of the federal army.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Such reasons were seen as poor training of officers, poor quality food or combat qualities of privates.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

General McDowell argued that the decision to send untrained troops into battle was a mistake.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Modern historians still believe that the federal army had all the conditions to win the battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

There are several main reasons for the defeat: the first and most obvious is General Patterson's inability to keep Johnston's army in the Shenandoah Valley.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Despite a triple numerical superiority, Patterson missed Johnston, allowed him to join Beauregard, and thus deprived McDowell of his numerical advantage.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

More importantly, Johnston's accession gave Beauregard a mobile reserve that he was able to transfer to a dangerous area without exposing the rest of the front.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It was Johnston's army that bore the brunt on the day of the battle: it lost 1,343 people killed and wounded, while Beauregard's brigades lost only 614 people [113].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Patterson gave Johnston the opportunity to leave, and McDowell gave him time to join Beauregard.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell spent two days on reconnaissance, which was also poorly carried out.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

It did not use cavalry, did not conduct reconnaissance in battle, did not even map the roads.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In fact, during two days of reconnaissance, the federal army did not learn anything new about the area and the enemy [114].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The third reason was the poorly prepared morning march on July 21.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The federal command had two days to study and fix the Cab Run bridge, but this was not done.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The main mistake was that McDowell sent Tyler's First Division.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

If Hunter and Heinzelman divisions were the first, they would have reached the crossings a couple of hours earlier and their chances of success would increase significantly.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Another important factor in the failure was the two-hour pause in the battle, between the capture of Matthews Hill and the beginning of the offensive on Henry Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

If McDowell had moved straight to Henry's Hill, he would easily occupy it and completely change the course of the battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

However, his delay gave time to the Hampton regiment and then Jackson's brigade to come.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The reasons for this behavior of McDowell lie in the unusual nature of the battle itself: it was the first in that war, and no one could know what victory should be like.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

McDowell believed that the battle could be won by maneuvering alone, and the success of the battle for Matthews Hill at that time was mistaken by many for McDowell's final victory [115].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

By the beginning of the battle for Henry Hill, McDowell had a triple superiority.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The hill was stormed by 15 federal regiments, but only once more than two participated in the attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The rest of the time, the regiments went on the attack one by one.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This was because McDowell underestimated the enemy's strength on the hill from the very beginning, but also because McDowell lacked experience in managing the army.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

His troops were consolidated into brigades and divisions, but never did the brigade or division act as a whole.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Even William Sherman sent his brigade into battle in parts that day.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

This strategy was the hallmark of this battle [116].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Museumification


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Already in the first days after the battle, the places where certain famous people died began to be celebrated on the battlefield.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Six weeks after the battle, Bartow's private brigades erected a marble column in his honor on Henry Hill.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

After the war, the army built a granite obelisk on Henry Hill, decorated with five 200-pound shells, which was inaugurated on June 11, 1865.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In 1906, the state of New York ordered the erection of three granite monuments: in memory of the 5th New York Regiments, the 10th New York Regiments and the 14th Brooklyn Regiments.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The opening ceremony was attended by veterans from both sides.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The battlefield has quickly become a popular pilgrimage destination for individuals.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Hugh Henry, the owner of Henry's house, began tours of the battlefield and at the same time collecting historical artifacts, and soon created a private battle museum in his home.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In 1900, he published a souvenir booklet.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In 1918, visitors from 31 states were registered in its museum [117].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The initiative to create a national park on the battlefield belonged to John Carr Rond, who served in the Federal Army Signal Corps, and after the war settled in Manassas and became an ideologist unity between North and South.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

On July 21, 1911, he organized the Manassas National Peace Jubilee on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The ceremony was attended by the Governor of Virginia and President Taft.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

From 1901, Rond sought funds from the US Senate to create the park and was almost successful by 1913, but the outbreak of World War I distracted the government from this task.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Rond died in 1918 [118].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

In 1921, descendants of veteran southerners created Confederation Park on Henry Hill, which was turned into a protected zone by the Roosevelt administration.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

On May 10, 1940, Manassas National Park appeared [119].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Historian Don Johnson wrote that, unfortunately, the park's information center was built right on the site where the Ricketts battery stood during the battle for Henry Hill, which prevents visitors from understanding the overall picture of the battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The entire right side of Ricketts position is now occupied by the information center, and where the center of the position was, there is now a parking lot [63].


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Notes


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

comments


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

References to sources


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Literature


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

References


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

The battle since Jackson arrived at Henry Hill


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Video, the final part of the fight.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Modern views of Bull Run.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

A site dedicated to the battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

General P.G. T Beauregard.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

audio recording, Public Domain, 2007.


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Category:Battles alphabetically


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Category: Battles of the American Civil War


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Category: Battles of 1861


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Category:July 21 events


Question: Who won the Battle of Bull Run?

First Battle of Bull Run

Category: July 1861


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Wystan Hugh Auden (February 21, 1907 — September 29, 1973) was an Anglo-American poet born in Great Britain and became a US citizen after World War II.


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Auden is called one of the greatest poets of the 20th century [2] [3]; he wrote in the genre of intellectual lyrics, addressing both socio-radical and philosophical and religious issues (“Currently”,” Achilles Shield”, “Tribute to Clio”).


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

He has collaborated with Christopher Isherwood and Benjamin Britten.


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

He won the Pulitzer Prize in Poetry for his Baroque eclogue Age of Anxiety (1948) [4].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Auden also won the Bollingen Prize (1953), the National Book Award for the collection Achilles Shield (1956) [5] and the National Literary Medal (1967) [6].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Biography


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Wystan was born in York, England, the son of doctor George Augustus Auden (1872—1957) and his wife Constance Rosalie Bicknell Oden (1870—1941), who studied to be a nurse.


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

He was the youngest of three sons; the eldest, George Bernard Oden, became a farmer, and the middle, John Bicknell Oden, became a geologist [7].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Both grandfathers of Auden were clergymen of the Church of England, and he grew up in a house where everyone followed the “high” form of Anglicanism, the doctrines and rituals of which resembled Roman Catholic [8] [9].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Auden associated his love for music and language with church services he attended as a child and constant translations from Latin and ancient Greek in schools [10].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

He believed that his ancestors were Icelanders, which was the reason for his fascination with Icelandic legends and Old Norse sagas [11].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

In 1908, Auden's family moved to Solihull [12] and then Garborn near Birmingham, where his father became a school medical inspector and professor at the University of Birmingham [7].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Auden's interest in psychoanalysis began with his father's library.


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

After the outbreak of World War I, Auden's father entered the Medical Corps of the Royal Forces.


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

From 1914 to 1917 he served in Gallipoli, France and Egypt [7].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

During this time, Auden was strongly influenced by his mother, despite the fact that from the age of eight he studied in private schools and returned home only for holidays [8].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Christopher Isherwood said that Auden's box of children's toys was “full of thick scientific books taken from his father's library on geology, metals and mechanisms” [13].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

At school, Auden became interested in biology [14], and many of his poems reflected memories of the Pennine landscapes, where traces of the decline of the lead industry could be seen.


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

The remote village of Rukkoup was a “sacred landscape” for him, which he mentioned in his later poem “Amor Loci” [15].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Until the age of fifteen, everyone expected him to become a mining engineer, but he began to compose poetry.


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Auden later wrote:


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Education


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

The first private institution where Auden studied was St. Edmund's School in Surrey, where he first met Christopher Isherwood, who also later became a writer.


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

When Oden was thirteen, he went to Gresham School in Norfolk, and it was there, in 1922, when his friend Robert Middle asked him if he was writing poetry, Auden replied that he wanted to be a poet [8].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Subsequently, he realized that he had gradually “lost faith” [16].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

In school plays based on Shakespeare's plays, he played Katharina in English: The Taming of the Shrew (1922) [17] and Caliban in English: The Tempest (1925) during his last year of study at Gresham [18].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

His first poems were published in a school magazine in 1923 under the pseudonym “W. G. Arden” (English: W.H. Arden) [7] [19].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Auden later wrote a chapter on Gresham for Graham Green's book The Old School: Essays by Divers Hands (1934) [20].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

In 1925, Oden was engaged to a nurse from Birmingham.


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Subsequently, he accompanied his father on a trip to Europe, visiting Kitzbühel in Austria, where his father's lover, Lady Hedwig Petzold, lived [21].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

In the same year, Auden attended Christ Church College in Oxford on a biology scholarship, but began studying English literature the following year.


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

He met new friends at Oxford — Cecil Day-Lewis, Louis McNees and Stephen Spender.


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Auden was re-introduced to Christopher Isherwood in 1925, and for the next few years Isherwood was his literary mentor, to whom he sent his poems and critical reviews.


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

During the 1930s, they maintained friendly relations and were episodic lovers [9].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Auden graduated from Oxford in 1928 with a third degree [8].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Since his Oxford years, Auden's friends have described him as playful, extravagant, sympathetic, generous and, by their own admission, lonely.


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

In society, Auden behaved more dogmatically, but even comically, and in a narrower circle he was shy and insecure when he did not know whether his presence was desirable.


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

He was very punctual in his habits, but this did not prevent him from living in an atmosphere of a certain disorder [9].


Question: What city was Wystan Hugh Auden born in?

Wystan Hugh Auden

Great Britain and Europe: 1928—1938