Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The 'Venus' variety is inferior in frost resistance to 'Mars', but it ripens earlier and has a higher taste [4].


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Grape diseases and pests


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Oidium.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Fungal disease, the causative agent of Uncinula necator.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Mildew (downy mildew).


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Fungal disease, the causative agent of Plasmopara viticola.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

White grape rot.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Fungal disease, the causative agent of Coniothyrium diplomdiella.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Gray rot.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Fungal disease, causative agent Botrytis cinerea.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Black rot.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Fungal disease, the causative agent of Guignardia Bidwelii.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Anthracnose.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Fungal disease, the causative agent of Gloesporium ampelophagum.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Cercosporiosis.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Fungal disease, the causative agent of Cercospora vitis and some other types of fungi of the same genus.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Vine paralysis, esca.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

One of the causes of the disease is Stereum hirsutum fungus.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The wood of the affected part is yellow in color.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Root rot.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Fungal disease, the main causative agent of Rosellinia necatrix.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Melanosis.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Fungal disease, the causative agent of Septoria ampelina.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Short node, infectious degeneration.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

A viral disease of grapes, often transmitted through grafting or soil.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Necrosis.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

This is a physiological disease that is not related to the activity of microorganisms.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Necrosis is characterized by necrosis of wood tissues.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Chlorosis.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

It can be infectious and non-infectious.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Infectious chlorosis is a viral disease, and the virus can be transmitted in various ways: through soil, vaccination and vectors.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Non-infectious chlorosis is a physiological disease caused by unfavorable soil conditions and, as a result, metabolic disorders.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Cancer.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Bacterial disease, the causative agent of Bacterium tumefaciens.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Phylloxera.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The pest is the insect Dactylosphaera vitifoliae.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Raw materials for winemaking


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Millions of microorganisms adhere to the wax surface of the skin of grape berries, which is called pruin, including a variety of yeast fungi.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

These microorganisms create a frost effect on the grape skin, known as “fluff”.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

If the grape is crushed, alcoholic fermentation will begin, which is caused by the presence of yeast fungi that feed on grape sugar.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Yeast digestive enzymes break down grape sugar to store energy, and by-products of this process are carbon dioxide and alcohol (the latter in the absence of access oxygen).


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Grape wines are made from technical (wine) grape varieties that occupy most of the world's vineyards.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Technical grape varieties should accumulate sugar well with a moderate decrease in acidity, and be easily subjected to industrial processing.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The best wines are made from grape varieties belonging to the European Vitis vinifera species — Cabernet Sauvignon, Riesling, Chardonnay, Shiraz, Nebbiolo.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

New hybrid technical varieties are approaching them in terms of the quality of wine produced.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

For the preparation of various types of wines, certain grape varieties are used that meet special requirements.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Cultural allusions


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

According to ancient Greek myth, Orestheus's dog gave birth to a piece of wood, he buried it, and grapes grew out of it.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Winemaking is patronized by the ancient Greek god Dionysus.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

In heraldry, grapes are depicted in the historical coats of arms of many cities: Akkerman, Izyum, Kizlyar, Telavi, Chuguev and others.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The city of Izyum was “publicly” named “grape” in the 17th century.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

In honor of cultural grapes, the asteroid (759) of Winifer, discovered in 1913 by the German astronomer Franz Kaiser, whose ancestors were engaged in the cultivation of grapes, is named.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Notes


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Literature


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Lazarevsky M. A. Study of grape varieties.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

— Rostov n/D.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

: Rostov University Publ., 1963.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Merzhanian A. S. Viticulture.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

— M.: Kolos, 1967.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Negrul A. M., Gordeyeva L. N., Kalmykova T. AND. Ampelography with the basics of viticulture.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

— M.: Vyssh.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

shk.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Potebnya A. A., Skrobishevsky V. ME.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

A guide to viticulture.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

— SPb.: Publishing house of Devriena, 1906.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Troshin L. P. Ampelography and grape selection.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

— Krasnodar: Freestyle Masters, 1999.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Encyclopedia of viticulture.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

— Chisinau: ITU, 1986-1987.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

References


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Reviewed Nov 18, 2008


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

A. P. Prison Rezov (The original book is kept in the Russian State Library in Moscow)


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

— information on the site


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Category:Grape


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Category:Fruit bushes


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Dzhokhar Musaevich Dudaev (Chechen: Template:Chechen name; February 15, 1944 [1], Yalkhoroy, Galanchozhsky District of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR (now Achkhoi-Martanovsky District of the Chechen Republic), USSR - April 21, 1996 [2], Gekhi-chu, Urus-Martanovsky District, Chechen Republic, RF) is a Chechen politician, leader of the movement of the 1990s for the separation of Chechnya from Russia, the first president of the self-proclaimed Chechen The Republic of Ichkeria (1991—1996).


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In the USSR, he was a major general of aviation.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Generalissimo of Chechnya (1996) [3].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Biography


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The youngest, thirteenth child of Musa and Rabiat Dudaev, he had three brothers and three sisters of relatives and four brothers and two half-sisters (his father's children from a previous marriage).


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

My father was a veterinarian.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The exact date of birth is unknown: during the deportation, all documents were lost, and due to the large number of children, parents could not remember all the dates (Alla Dudaeva in her book “One Million: Dzhokhar Dudaev” writes that Dzhokhar's year of birth could be 1943, not 1944).


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Dzhokhar was a native of Yalkhor's type [4].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

His mother Rabiat came from Taipa Nashhoy, Haibach.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Eight days [5] after his birth, the Dudaev family was deported to the Pavlodar region of the Kazakh SSR during the mass deportation of Chechens and Ingush in February 1944.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The opposition press wrote that Dudaev was born on April 15, 1944 in the village of Pervomayskoye, Pervomaisky District, Grozny Region.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Thus, the Dudaev family was not deported, which may be explained by the fact that Dudaev's father worked closely with the NKVD [6].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

According to Russian political scientist Sergei Kurginyan, in exile, the Dudaev family adopted the Viskhadzhi Wird (a religious brotherhood established by Vis-Haji Zagiev) of Kadyria's Sufi Islam [7].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

When Dzhokhar was six years old, Musa died, which had a strong impact on his personality: his brothers and sisters did not study well, often missed school, while Dzhokhar studied well and was even elected class head.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

After a while, the Dudaevs, along with other deported Caucasians, were transported to Chimkent, where Dzhokhar studied until the sixth grade, after which in 1957 the family returned to their homeland and settled in Grozny.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In 1959, he graduated from high school No. 45, then began working as an electrician at SMU-5, and at the same time studied in the 10th grade of evening school No. 55, from which he graduated a year later.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In 1960, he entered the Physics and Mathematics Department of the North Ossetian Pedagogical Institute, but after the first year, he secretly left for Tambov from his mother, where, after listening to a one-year course of lectures on specialized training, entered the Tambov Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots named after M. M. Raskova (1962-1966) [8] (since the Chechens were then secretly equated with enemies of the people, Dzhokhar had to lie when entering that he was Ossetian, however, receiving a diploma with honors, he insisted on that his real origin should be recorded in his personal file) [9].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In the Soviet Army


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In the Armed Forces of the USSR since 1962, he served in command positions in combat units of the Air Force.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

After graduating from school in 1966, he was sent to the 52nd Guards Instructor Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Shaikovka airfield, Kaluga Region) as assistant commander of the air ship [10].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

He joined the Communist Party in 1968.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In 1971 he entered, and in 1974 he graduated from the command faculty of the Air Force Academy.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

YU.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

A. Gagarin [11].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Since 1970, he served in the 1225th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Belaya garrison in the Usolsky District of the Irkutsk Region (p. Sredny), Trans-Baikal Military District), where in subsequent years he consistently held the positions of deputy commander of the aviation regiment (1976-1978), chief of staff (1978-1979), detachment commander (1979-1980), commander of this regiment (1980-1982).


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

[10] (Subsequently renamed the 200th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment — 200 Guards. TBAP).


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In 1982, he became Chief of Staff of the 31st Heavy Bomber Division of the 30th Air Army [10], and in 1985 — early 1989 he was transferred as Chief of Staff to the 13th Guards Heavy Bomber Air Division (Poltava): he “was remembered by many Poltava residents, with whom fate brought him together. According to his former colleagues, he was a hot-tempered, emotional and at the same time extremely honest and decent person. At that time, he was still a staunch communist and was responsible for political work with personnel” [12].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

At the beginning of 1987-1991, he was the commander of the strategic 326th Ternopil Heavy Bomber Division of the 46th Strategic Air Army (St. Tartu, Estonian SSR), at the same time served as head of the military garrison.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

He was promoted to the rank of Major General of Aviation in 1989.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In 1988, he made a combat flight to the western regions of Afghanistan aboard a Tu-22MZ bomber from the 185th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment of Long-Range Aviation (Poltava), introducing the carpet technique bombing enemy positions [13] [14] [15].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Dudaev himself has always denied the fact of his active participation in hostilities against Islamists in Afghanistan.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

“Dudaev was a well-trained officer. He graduated from the Gagarin Air Force Academy, commanded the regiment and division with dignity. He firmly managed the aviation group during the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, for which he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Battle. He was distinguished by endurance, calm and care for people. In his division, a new training base was equipped, canteens and airfield life were equipped, and a firm statutory order was established in the Tartu garrison. Dzhokhar was deservedly awarded the rank of Major General of Aviation,” recalled Hero of Russia, Army General Pyotr Deinekin.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

After the events in Vilnius, Dudaev spoke on Estonian radio, saying that if Soviet troops were sent to Estonia, he would not let them through airspace [16].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

According to Galina Starovoitova's memoirs, in January 1991, during Boris Yeltsin's visit to Tallinn, Dudaev provided Yeltsin with his car, in which Yeltsin returned from Tallinn to Leningrad.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On June 20, 1997, a memorial plaque in memory of Dudaev was installed on the Barclay Hotel in Tartu.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The beginning of political activity


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On November 23—25, 1990, the Chechen National Congress (CNS) was held in Grozny, which elected the Executive Committee headed by Chairman Dzhokhar Dudaev [19].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In March 1991, Dudaev demanded the dissolution of the Supreme Soviet of the Chechen-Ingush Republic.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In May, the retired general accepts an offer to return to Chechen-Ingushetia and lead a growing social movement.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On June 9, 1991, at the second session of the Chechen National Congress, Dudaev was elected Chairman of the Executive Committee of the OKCHN (National Congress of the Chechen People), into which he was transformed former Executive Committee of the CNS.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

From that moment on, Dudaev, as the head of the Executive Committee of the OKCHN, began the formation of parallel authorities in the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, saying that the deputies of the Supreme Council of the CHIASSR “did not live up to trust” [20] and announcing them “usurpers”.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The events of August 19-21, 1991 in Moscow became a catalyst for the aggravation of the political situation in the republic.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The Chechen-Ingush Republican Committee of the CPSU, the Supreme Soviet and the government supported the State Emergency Committee, but the OKCHN opposed the State Emergency Committee.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On August 19, at the initiative of the Vainakh Democratic Party, a rally in support of the Russian leadership began in the central square of Grozny, but after August 21 it began to be held under the slogans of resignation Supreme Soviet together with its chairman.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On September 4, the Grozny television center and the Radio House were seized.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Dzhokhar Dudaev read out an appeal in which he called the leadership of the republic “criminals, bribe-takers, embezzlers” and announced that from “September 5 until the holding of democratic elections, the authorities in the republic passes into the hands of the executive committee and other general democratic organizations” [21].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On September 6, the Supreme Council of the CHIASSR was dispersed by armed supporters of the OKCHN.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Dudaevtsy beat the deputies and threw Vitaly Kutsenko, the chairman of the Grozny City Council, out the window.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

As a result, the head of the city died, and more than 40 deputies were injured.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Two days later, Dudaev residents seized Severny Airport and TPP-1, and blocked the center of Grozny [20].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On October 27, 1991, presidential elections were held in Chechen-Ingushetia, which was won by Dzhokhar Dudaev, who won 90.1% of the vote [19].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

By his first decree, Dudaev declared the independence of the self-proclaimed Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (Chechnya) from the RSFSR and the USSR, which was not recognized by either the Union, Russian authorities, or any foreign countries, except for the partially recognized Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (after Dudaev's death).


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On November 2, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR declared the elections invalid [22], and on November 7, Russian President Boris Yeltsin issued a decree introducing a state of emergency in Chechen-Ingushetia [23], but it was never implemented, since the Soviet Union still existed, and the law enforcement agencies were formally subordinate not to Yeltsin, but to Gorbachev; the latter after the August coup by real power actually did not possess and completely lost control over the processes taking place in the country.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In response to Yeltsin's decision, Dudaev imposed martial law on the territory under his control.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The buildings of law enforcement ministries and departments were seized by armed forces, military units were disarmed, military camps of the Ministry of Defense were blocked, and rail and air transportation was stopped.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The OKCHN called on Chechens living in Moscow to “turn the Russian capital into a disaster zone” [20].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In November-December, the Chechen Parliament decided to abolish the existing authorities in the republic and recall people's deputies of the USSR and the RSFSR from the CHIASSR.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Dudaev's decree introduced the right of citizens to purchase and store firearms.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Foreign policy activity


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

After the collapse of the USSR, the situation in Chechnya finally got out of Moscow's control.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In December-February, the seizure of abandoned weapons continued.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In early February, the 556th regiment of internal troops was defeated, and military units were attacked.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

More than 4,000 small arms, about 3 million units of various ammunition, etc. were stolen.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In January 1992, as a result of an armed coup, Georgian President Zviad Gamsakhurdia was overthrown.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Dudaev sent a plane and a special group led by personal bodyguard Abu Arsanukayev to Yerevan for the Gamsakhurdia family [24].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Dudaev accommodated the Gamsakhurdia family at his residence in Grozny [25].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In February, Dudaev and Gamsakhurdia unveiled a project to create a “Union of Military Forces of Transcaucasia” — the unification of all North Caucasus and Transcaucasian states into a league of republics independent of Russia [26].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On March 3, Dudaev said that Chechnya would sit down at the negotiating table with the Russian leadership only if Moscow recognized its independence [27].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Nine days later, on March 12, the Chechen Parliament adopted the Constitution of Chechnya, declaring it an independent secular state.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On March 13, Gamsakhurdia signed a decree recognizing the state independence of Chechnya, and on March 29, Dudaev signed a decree recognizing Georgia as an independent state [26].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The Chechen authorities, meeting almost no organized resistance, seized weapons from Russian military units stationed on the territory of Chechnya [27].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

By May, Dudaev had seized 80% of military equipment and 75% of small arms of the total number at the disposal of the military in Chechnya.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

At the same time, after the coup d'état in Azerbaijan, when the Popular Front of Azerbaijan led by its leader Abulfaz Elchibey came to power in the country, Dudayev established contact with the new the leadership of this South Caucasus republic.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In an exclusive interview given in 2005, former Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze said the following:


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On July 25, Dudaev spoke at an extraordinary congress of the Karachai people and condemned Russia for trying to prevent the highlanders from gaining independence, promising Karachai residents to provide any assistance “in the struggle for the long-awaited freedom and national dignity” [28].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In August, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia and Emir of Kuwait Jaber al-Sabah invited Dudaev to visit their countries as President of the Chechen Republic.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

During lengthy audiences with the king and emir, Dudaev raised the issue of establishing diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level, but the Arab monarchs said that they would be ready to recognize the independence of Chechnya only after appropriate consultations with Russia and the United States.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

As a result of the visit, no documents were signed: according to Arthur Umansky, a representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic, the Arab leaders wanted to avoid reproaches from Moscow.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Nevertheless, at the unofficial level, the monarchs demonstrated their favor to Dudaev in every possible way.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

King Fahd visited with him the holy city of Medina for Muslims and the main shrine of Islam, the Kaaba Temple in Mecca, thereby performing a small Hajj.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The Emir of Kuwait held a gala dinner in honor of Dudaev in the presence of ambassadors of 70 countries.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In Saudi Arabia, the Chechen leader also held talks with Albanian President Sali Berisha and Bosnia and Herzegovina Foreign Minister Haris Silajdzic, who were there. [


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

After that, Dudaev makes visits to the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and Turkey.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

At the end of September, Dzhokhar Dudaev visited Bosnia, where a civil war was going on at that time.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

However, at Sarajevo airport, Dudaev and his plane were arrested by French peacekeepers.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

[30] Dudaev was released only after a telephone conversation between the Kremlin and the UN headquarters [31] [32].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

After that, Dzhokhar Dudaev went to the United States, accompanied by Deputy Prime Minister Mayrbek Mugadaev and Grozny Mayor Bislan Gantamirov.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

According to official sources, the purpose of the visit was to establish contacts with American entrepreneurs for the joint development of Chechen oil fields.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The visit ended on October 17, 1992 [33].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The Constitutional Crisis in Chechnya


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

By the beginning of 1993, the economic and military situation on the territory of Chechnya had deteriorated, and Dudaev had lost his previous support.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On February 19, by his decision, Dudaev approved the Constitution of the Czech Republic, according to which a presidential republic was introduced.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

A survey was organized on the approval of the Constitution, in which, according to Dudaev residents, 117,000 people took part, of which 112,000 approved the project.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On April 15, an indefinite opposition rally began on Teatralnaya Square in Grozny.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The parliament adopted an appeal to citizens to restore legitimate power in the republic and scheduled a referendum on confidence in the parliament and the president for June 5.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In response, on April 17, 1993, Dudaev dissolved the Chechen government, parliament, constitutional court and Grozny City Assembly, introducing direct presidential rule throughout Chechnya and curfew, and also appointed Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev as Vice President.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Shortly before the referendum, armed Dudaev residents defeat the Central Election Commission.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On June 4, an opposition rally was shot, the buildings of the Grozny City Hall and the Central Internal Affairs Directorate were stormed, as a result of which about 50 people were killed.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

At 3.30 am on August 8, several unknown persons broke into Dudaev's office, located on the 9th floor of the presidential palace, and opened fire, but the guards returned fire at the shots, and the attackers fled.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

During the assassination attempt, Dudaev was not injured [35].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The fight against the armed opposition


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In the summer of 1993, constant armed clashes took place on the territory of Chechnya.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The opposition is driven to the north of the republic, where alternative authorities have been formed.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

At the end of the year, Chechnya refuses to take part in the elections of the State Duma and the referendum on the constitution, the parliament opposes the inclusion in the new Constitution of the Russian Federation of a provision on Chechnya as a subject of the Russian Federation.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

By the beginning of 1994, Dudaev's regime was weakened by internal contradictions, instability and the collapse of government.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The opposition forms the Provisional Council of the Chechen Republic headed by Umar Avturkhanov.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In response, Dudaev is launching new repressions against the opposition.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In particular, in August, more than 200 oppositionists were killed in Urus-Martanovsky district.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On August 10, Grozny hosted a National Congress organized by Dudaev's supporters.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The Congress called for a general mobilization and declaration of a “holy war” for Russia.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On September 20, Umar Avturkhanov said that all peaceful ways to solve the Chechen problem had been exhausted.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On September 30, helicopters of the Provisional Council raided the Grozny airfield, destroying part of Dudaev's aircraft.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On October 15, the forces of the Provisional Council entered Grozny with little or no resistance, but then withdrew from the city, as if having received an order from Moscow.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

After receiving armored vehicles, the military potential of the Provisional Council has significantly increased.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On November 17, preparations for a new assault on Grozny began.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On the morning of November 26, 1994, Grozny was shelled and stormed by Russian special services and opposition detachments.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Three armed columns entered Grozny in three directions.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The television center was occupied without a fight, near which three tanks remained.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

It was also reported that the Presidential Palace was taken by a detachment of field commander Ruslan Labazanov, who participated in the assault on the side of the opposition.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The tankers, who took positions near the television center, were soon attacked by the “Abkhazian battalion” Shamil Basayev and surrendered to the guards of the television center.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

By the end of November 26, the Provisional Council left Grozny.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The defeat of the opposition was due to the various goals of the groups that made up it, the restriction of planning the operation to seize the center of Grozny and the involvement of large forces by the Dudaev regime to repel assault.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Dudaev's forces captured Russian servicemen who fought on the side of the opposition under a contract with the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

After the unsuccessful assault on Grozny, the opposition could only count on military assistance from the center.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On December 11, units of the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia entered Chechnya on the basis of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin “On measures to suppress the activities of illegal armed groups on the territory of the Chechen Republic and in the zone of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict”.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The First Chechen War has begun.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

1995 year


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On the instructions of Dzhokhar Dudaev, camps for prisoners of war and civilians have been established in Chechnya, sometimes called concentration camps [37] [38] [39] [40].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On June 14, 1995, a detachment of militants under the command of Shamil Basayev raided the city of Budyonnovsk (Stavropol Krai), accompanied by a mass hostage-taking in the city.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

This action led to the death of about 100 civilians.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Basayev claimed that Dudaev did not know about the operation.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

[41] After the events in Budyonnovsk, Dudaev awarded orders to the personnel of Basayev's detachment.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On July 21, 1995, Dudaev awarded Basaev the rank of brigadier general.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Death


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

From the very beginning of the first Chechen war, Dudaev was hunted by Russian special services.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Three attempts failed.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On April 21, 1996, Russian special services received a signal from Dudaev's satellite phone near the village of Gekhi-chu, 30 km from Grozny.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Two Su-25 attack aircraft with homing missiles were raised into the air.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Presumably, Dudaev was destroyed by a missile strike right during a telephone conversation with State Duma deputy Konstantin Borov.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Alla Dudaeva said in an interview with Kommersant newspaper that she was next to Dzhokhar at the time of his death.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In particular, she said:


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Borovoy himself is not sure that Dudaev was liquidated during a conversation with him on the phone [43].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

According to some reports, [44] Dudaev was going to talk to representatives of King Hassan II of Morocco, whom he himself called a possible candidate for mediator in negotiations with the Kremlin.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The place where Dudaev was buried is unknown.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Fifteen years later, details of Dudaev's liquidation appeared in the Russian press [45].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Despite his death, immediately after it and subsequently there were repeated reports that Dudaev may be alive.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In June 1996, his son-in-law Salman Raduev, also previously declared “killed”, held a press conference in Grozny and swore on the Koran that Dudaev survived the assassination attempt and that on July 5, three months later after the liquidation of Dzhokhar, met with him in one of the European countries [46].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

He said that the wounded general was taken from the scene by car by representatives of the OSCE mission to a safe place indicated by him, that at the moment the President of Chechnya is hiding abroad and” will definitely come back when needed.”


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Raduev's statements had a noisy resonance in the press, but Dudaev did not appear at the appointed “X hour”.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Once in Lefortovo, Raduev repented that he had stated it “for the sake of politics.”


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In August 2001, Chechen President Akhmat Kadyrov said that Dudaev might be alive.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

According to him, there are no grounds to assert that Dudaev was not killed, but there is also no reason to confidently say the opposite [47], and suggested that within the framework of the presidential campaign of 1996, Boris's campaign headquarters Yeltsin advised him to complete the conflict in Chechnya as soon as possible and hold peace negotiations with any representatives of the separatists, with the exception of Dudaev, who was considered the initiator of the conflict in the country.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

However, Kadyrov does not give any details of the operation to leave Dudaev “into the shadows”.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

[48] Kadyrov's statement was later refuted [49].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In September 2003, the representative office of the Regional Operational Headquarters for the Management of the Counter-Terrorist Operation in the North Caucasus, citing separatists' Internet resources, reported that have information about the possible appearance of its double in the Pankisi Gorge in Georgia.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

It was stated that it “is being prepared to be presented in front of TV cameras in Turkey” shortly before the presidential elections scheduled in the republic in order to destabilize the situation [50].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

memento


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Plaques


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The first memorial plaque in memory of Dzhokhar Dudaev was unveiled on July 20, 1997 in Tartu (Estonia) on the wall of the Barclay Hotel.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The inscription on it reads: General Dzhokhar Dudaev, the first president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, worked in this house in 1987-1991.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On September 20, 2007, a board was opened in Poltava at house No. 6 on Nikitchenko Street.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Streets and squares


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

— Gorazde, Dzhokhar Dudaev Street


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

— Riga, Dzhokhar Dudaev Alley (since 1996)


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

— Vilnius, Dzhokhar Dudaev Square [51]


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In September 1998, in the park named after Dzhokhar Dudaev, which is located in Vilnius's Zverinas microdistrict, was opened. The lines of the poet Sigitas Gyada dedicated to Dudaev were engraved on it.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The inscription in Lithuanian reads: “Oh, son! If you wait for the next century and stop in the high Caucasus, you look around: do not forget that there were men here who raised the people and released freedoms to protect the holy ideals.”


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

(literal translation)


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

— Warsaw, Dzhokhar Dudaev Square (since 2005) [52].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Darija, Kocaeli Province, Dzhokhar Dudayev Park [53]


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Afyonkarahisar, Dzhokhar Dudayev Street [53]


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Ivano-Frankivsk, Dzhokhar Dudaev Street (since 1996)


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Lviv, Dzhokhar Dudaev Street (since 1996)


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Khmelnitsky, Dzhokhar Dudaev Street (since 2015)


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Misc


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In August 2008, the First Memorial to Dzhokhar Dudaev in freestyle wrestling was held in Söding (Austria) [54].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

family


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

On September 12, 1969, Dzhokhar Dudaev married the daughter of Major Alevtina (Alla) Dudaeva (nee Kulikova) and had three children: two sons - Avlur (Ovlur, “firstborn lamb”; born 24 December 1969) and Degi (born May 25, 1983), and daughter Dana (born 1973).


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

According to 2006 information, Dzhokhar Dudaev has five grandchildren.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Avlur was wounded in February 1995 while fighting for Argun (there was a version that he died there), but Dzhokhar's former fellow soldier Vytautas Eidukaitis managed to take him to Lithuania, where Avlur on March 26, 2002 received citizenship in the name of Oleg Zakharovich Davydov (his date of birth was changed to December 27, 1970).


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The citizenship itself caused criticism in Lithuania itself, because it was issued in one day.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Avlur is married and according to 2013 data, he and his children live in Sweden [55], where Avlur prefers to distance himself as much as possible from any publicity [56].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Degi, according to 2011 data, has Georgian citizenship, but also lives in Lithuania with a residence permit there.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In 2004, he graduated from the Higher Diplomatic College of International Relations in Baku and in 2009 from the Technical University in Vilnius.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In 2012, he took part in the Georgian show “The Moment of Truth” (the Georgian analogue of the American show “The Moment of Truth”) and became the first in the history of the Georgian version who could not be caught by the detector in a lie [56].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Most of the polls he asked were about his father and his attitude towards Russia:


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Moderator: Do you hate the Russian people?


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Degi: No.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Moderator: If you had the opportunity, would you avenge your father?


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Degi: Yes [56].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

He refused to answer the super question, as he was probably confused by the previous one:


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Moderator: Do you think that Chechen traditions limit human freedom?


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Degi: Yes [56].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

According to 2013 data, he manages VEO, a company specializing in solar energy in Lithuania [55].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In May 2013, Degas was charged with producing forged documents.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Immediately after his arrest, his mother Alla called the incident a “provocation of the Russian special services” [56].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Dagi himself, however, pleaded guilty and was fined LTL 3,250 by court order in December 2014.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Dana, while still in Russia, married Masud Dudaev and had four children.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In August 1999, they left Russia and lived in Azerbaijan for some time, then moved to Lithuania and then to Turkey, where they stayed until 2010.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Then, in June of the same year, their family tried to seek political asylum in Sweden (where Avlur already lived), but failed, as local authorities found many inconsistencies between the documents and the couple's words .


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

The family tried to appeal the refusal of the Swedish authorities to the Stockholm court, but in March 2013 it upheld the decision of the authorities.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Dudaev also denied permission to appeal against the court decision.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

They did not appeal to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, despite the fact that they had the opportunity to do so, because they felt that if they lost, the Swedish authorities would deport them to Russia.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In July 2013, Dana and her two children went to Germany, and Masoud and two others went to the UK (and they crossed the border illegally), where they now live with Akhmed Zakayev.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

There, Masoud asked the British government for protection, but the family was denied, and the British authorities tried to deport them back to Sweden.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Then the family filed a lawsuit demanding to review the decision of the Home Office of Great Britain, but in June 2015, the High Court of London recognized the decision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Sayings


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

“Russia can only be defeated by force” [57].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

After Russian aircraft destroyed several combat training aircraft based in the suburbs of Grozny, Dudaev said: “Congratulations to the leadership of the Russian Air Force on achieving sky supremacy Ichkeria. We'll meet you on the ground.”


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

“Those in the White House who give absolutely crazy orders and are ready to cause global bloodshed on our land,” I dare to assure you once again: we will deal a terrible blow. 30 minutes will be enough to a mountain of corpses. And the grief of the mothers of Russian soldiers will be immense” [58].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

“We can be so useful to Russia that it does not even suspect it. We are very good friends, although we are very disgusting predatory enemies” [59].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

“There is no power or weapon in the world that can break our spirits.”


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

“In order for the whole Caucasus to burn, it is enough to raise the Lezgins” [60] [61].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

“Whoever does not want to get out of slavery deserves double slavery” [62].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

“I would like to hug the Caucasus mountains and fall asleep forever.”


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Facts


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

In the early 90s, Dzhokhar Dudaev banned the screening of the animated series “Well, wait!” on Chechen television.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

According to the general, the image of the wolf, the state symbol of independent Ichkeria, was ridiculed and humiliated in it [63].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Chechen bard Timur Mutsuraev dedicated several of his songs to Dzhokhar Dudaev [64].


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

See also


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Ethnic cleansing in Chechnya


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Liquidation of Dzhokhar Dudaev


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Notes


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Literature


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

References


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

, Author: Nikolay Astashkin 08.04.2011


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Alla Dudayeva, Million One, Baku, 2002 (Yekaterinburg, 2005).


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

French translation: “Le loup tchétchène”, Paris, Maren Sell, 2005 (biography of General Dzhokhar Dudaev, written by his wife).


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Maryam Vakhidova is an ally of D. Dudaev, the author of an election film about him, which helped win a convincing victory in the presidential elections in the Chechen Republic


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Category:Generalissimo


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Category:Participants in the Afghan War (1979—1989)


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Category:Assassinated presidents


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Category:CPSU members


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Category:North Ossetian State University alumni


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Category:Graduates of the Air Force Academy named after Yu.


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

A. Gagarin


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Category:Graduates of the Tambov Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Category:Killed as a result of operations by Russian special services


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Category:Presidents of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria


Question: Where is Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudaev buried?

Dzhokhar Dudayev

Category:Chairmen of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS) is an international scientific and humanitarian organization established in Russia in 1882, whose statutory tasks are to assist the Orthodox pilgrimage to the Holy Land, scientific Palestinian studies, oriental studies and humanitarian cooperation with the peoples of the Middle East.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The predecessors of the Palestinian Society were the Palestinian Committee, founded in 1859, and the Palestinian Commission, to which it was transformed in 1864.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

It was founded on May 21, 1882, on the feast day of Saints Constantine and Helena, Equal-to-the-Apostles, as an Orthodox Palestine Society.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1889, it received the honorary name Imperial.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

After the October Revolution, the Society was forced to divide into two independent organizations — Russian and foreign.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1918, the remaining part of the society in Russia was renamed the Russian Palestinian Society at the Academy of Sciences; on May 22, 1992, the historical name Imperial Palestinian Orthodox Society [1].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since 2007, Sergei Vadimovich Stepashin has been the chairman of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

History


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The Charter of the IOPS was approved on May 8, 1882 by Emperor Alexander III, and later approved by the meeting of founding members on May 21, 1882 [2].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In accordance with this Charter, the IOPS carried out multifaceted and fruitful activities until the First World War.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

At various times, honorary members were representatives of the ruling elite, starting with the imperial family, including the Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (S. YU. Witte, P. A. Stolypin V. N. Kokovtsov and I. L. Goremykin B. IN. Stuermer) and Chief Prosecutors of the Holy Governing Synod (K. P. Pobedonostsev, P. P. Izvolsky, V. K. Sabler), clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church (St. Tikhon Patriarch of Moscow, St. Nicholas of Japan, St.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Vladimir Metropolitan of Kiev, St.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

right.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

John of Kronstadt, Bishop Porphyry (Uspensky), Archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin), Archimandrite Leonid (Kavelin), Metropolitan Arseny (Stadnitsky) and others [3].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Schools for local people


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Through the efforts of the IOPS, the Middle East created its own school system, which by 1914 consisted of more than 100 schools and two teachers' seminaries.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

State Councilor Alexey Fedorovich Kruglov, Consul General in Jerusalem, also contributed to the development of the school system in the Middle East.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

IOPS schools opposed the dissolution of local Orthodox communities in the surrounding mass of the non-Orthodox and non-Orthodox population.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

They were attended mainly by children from Orthodox families, including the poorest, because education was free.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The first elementary school was opened in the year the Society was established in the village of Mujedil on December 6, 1882, and a little later, 1882-1884, three more primary schools, a men's boarding school, were opened in Galilee, later transformed into a male teacher's seminary in Nazareth.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Alexander Gavrilovich Kezma has been the head of the network of Galilee educational institutions of the IOPS for many years.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The Society's schools faced competition from Catholic and Protestant educational institutions, as well as opposition from the Patriarchs of Jerusalem.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since 1895, new schools have been opened mainly in Syria, on the territory of the Patriarchate of Antioch.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Teachers in schools were secular, and in the early years some of them were invited from Russia or studied in Russia.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Two teachers' seminaries were later established to train local teachers, a male seminary in Nazareth and a women's seminary in Beit Jala (see para. Women's Teachers' Seminary), where students received full board.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Elementary schools taught the Law of God, Arabic, arithmetic, geography, history and crafts.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In addition, many schools taught Russian, and the best students continued their education in Russia.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The necessary textbooks were compiled and printed in-house, mainly in Arabic.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

School premises were usually rented, but in some cases they were built.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The maintenance of schools cost more than 240,000 rubles a year and was a heavy burden for the Company, so since 1904, the issue of state funding was raised.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Later, in 1912, Nicholas II approved the law of July 5 approved by the State Duma on the financing of IOPS educational institutions in Syria as a separate line of the state budget (more than 150 thousand gold rubles per year).


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1911, the total number of students was 11,112 (5,426 boys and 5,686 girls), with 1,493 students in schools in Palestine, 1,231 in schools in Lebanon, and 8,388 in Syria.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Several generations of Arab intelligentsia in the Middle East have passed through Russian schools [5].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In the first two decades, schools did not have legal status and received it only on May 1, 1902 by a special firm of Sultan Abdul-Hamid II.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

IOPS schools practically ceased to exist after the outbreak of the First World War [6].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Facilitating pilgrimages


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

From the very beginning of its activity, the IOPS has been actively paying attention to promoting pilgrimage, [7] which corresponded to the goals and objectives of the Society enshrined in its Charter: “The Society's concerns about Russian pilgrims are not are limited to one reduction in the cost of travel to the Holy Land, but are even more aimed at satisfying their material and spiritual needs in the Holy Land” [8].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since February 10, 1883, the Society has been creating special pilgrimage books that make it possible to significantly reduce the cost of a trip to the Holy Land.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Pilgrimage books were sold by authorized representatives of the Company in various provinces of the Russian Empire, were valid for a year from the date of their issuance and gave the right to stop along the way travel at railway junctions, using special coupons.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The company has entered into an agreement with ROPIT on special tariffs.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

So, if an ordinary III class ticket from Odessa to Jaffa at an ordinary fare cost 20 rubles 50 kopecks.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

one-way, then a ticket taken from the pilgrimage book cost 24 rubles round trip [9].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

By the end of the 19th check, the number of pilgrims wishing to visit the Holy Land reached 9,178 people per year, of which more than 4,000 stayed for the celebration of Easter, and in 1907 there was a record figure of 6,410 people, who are in Jerusalem during the Passover [10].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

To receive pilgrims, the efforts of the Palestinian Committee set up the Elizabethan and Mariinsky Metochions, and a Russian Hospital was built next to them to serve patients.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1889, the Elizabethan, Mariinsky Metochions and the Russian Hospital were transferred to the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society, which soon, as part of a program to improve the life of pilgrims, is building a water sewer in Jerusalem, the first in the history of the city.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Also, as part of the expansion of the number of pilgrims in 1889, a New (Sergius) Metochion was built near the Russian Metochion by the efforts of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society, and in 1891 it was under the jurisdiction of The Veniamin Metochion in Jerusalem was transferred to the Society, and in 1896, the Alexander Metochion built by the Society near the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in the old city of Jerusalem was consecrated, in 1905 the building of the Nikolaev Metochion built by the Society in Jerusalem was consecrated, and in 1904, a pilgrimage metochion was built in Nazareth, named after the first Chairman of the IOPS Sergievsky, In 1916, a pilgrimage complex with the Church of St. Nicholas was built in Bari (Italy) [11].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Branches of the Society promoting pilgrimage worked in 52 cities of the Russian Empire [12].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Pilgrims usually arrived from Odessa to the port of Jaffa and from there, accompanied by IOPS kawasses, went to Jerusalem.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since 1895, pilgrims have had the opportunity to use the railway service between Jerusalem and Jaffa.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

At the Russian buildings of the Society in Jerusalem, pilgrims had the opportunity to check their luggage in the storerooms of the farmsteads and deposit their passport, tickets and valuables against the receipt of the Compound Management Office IPPO [13].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Pilgrims could receive a free lunch in the folk refectory of the Sergius Metochion.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Pilgrims could also use the services of a grocery shop, a book and icon shop and visit the bathhouse at the Sergievsky Metochion.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In the evenings, Palestinian readings were held for pilgrims, telling about the history of the Old Testament and shrines visited by pilgrims during pilgrimage routes [14].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Pilgrimage caravans were formed for the pilgrims' journey, which were allocated guides of the Society and security.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

During the routes drawn up by the Society, pilgrims visited the shrines of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Hebron, the Judean Desert, bathed in the sacred waters of the Jordan River, and visited the shrines of Galilee [15].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

On Easter, Easter breaks were held in the courtyard of the Sergius Metochion through the efforts of the Society in Jerusalem [16].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The pilgrimage is significantly reduced due to the First World War that began in 1914, and then the revolution in Russia in 1917.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Between 1917 and 1991, only rare groups and official delegations had the opportunity to visit the Holy Land.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The intensification of the pilgrimage and the visit of IOPS delegations to the Holy Land became possible after the fall of the USSR in 1991.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since November 2009, the efforts of the Jerusalem branch of the IOPS [17] at the Sergius Metochion, returned to Russia, have revived the tradition of Palestinian readings for Russian Orthodox pilgrims arriving in the Holy The land, which are called the Sergius Readings [18].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since April 24, 2011, the Jerusalem branch of the IOPS has revived the pre-revolutionary tradition of Easter breaking the fast at the Sergius Metochion in Jerusalem [19].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since 2013, the Sergius Readings for Russian Orthodox pilgrims and different parts of the Russian Diaspora have also been held at the Russian Museum and Park Complex in Jericho [20].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Scientific activity


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The scientific activity of the IOPS was laid down in the Charter of the Society, which read: “to collect, develop and disseminate information about the Holy Places of the East in Russia”, for this purpose the Society was a separate scientific department has been established [8].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

From the first year of its existence, the Society begins to engage in scientific activities, primarily in the Holy Land and the Mediterranean countries [21].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Despite the scarcity of its material resources, the Society immediately begins to publish scientific works on Palestinian studies and the publication of monuments of the Old Russian, and then Byzantine pilgrimage writing system.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Because of this, the Society at first tries to attract solid scientific forces to its Council: Professors V. G. Vasilyevsky, I. E.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Troitsky, and through them to build relationships with other scientists and scientific authorities.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In various publications of the Society, M. A. Venevetinov, Dr. A. IN. Eliseev, Archimandrites Leonid (Kavelin) and Antonin (Kapustin), Professor A. A. Olesnitsky, G. S. Destunis A. A. Tsagareli, L. IN. Stoyanovich, K. D. Petkovich, Professor I. IN. Pomyalovsky, Professor N. AND. Ivanovsky, Academician N. ME.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Marr, S. O. Dolgov, Academician V. IN. Latyshev, Professor N. F. Kapterev, Professor N. A. Mednikov A. AND. Papadopoulo-Keramevs, P. A. Syrku, Kh.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

M. Loparev P. IN. Bezobrazov [22].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In the pre-revolutionary period from 1882 to 1917, significant and tangible results were achieved in the publishing activities of the Company.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

First of all, 63 volumes of the Palestinian Collection, a permanent scientific journal of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society, were published.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Also published: 10 volumes of Analect and the Catalogue of Jerusalem Manuscripts by A. AND. Papadopoul-Keramevs, 4 parts of Vasily Grigorovich's Wanderings, 7 volumes Book of Genesis Bp.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Porphyria, Bibliotheca geografia Palaestina, Palestine and Sinai (bibliography) by V. N. Khitrovo.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Since 1891, the Society has also published Reports from the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society and numerous reports on the activities of the Society [23].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In addition, the Society published popular science publications in the form of readings about the Holy Land [24].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

For this purpose, the Society involved a number of authors: Archpriest V. AND. Mikhailovsky, Archpriest N. A. Eleonsky, Archpriest V. S. Solovyov, Archpriest P.Smirnov, Archpriest N. N. Tripolsky, D. S. Dmitrevsky, A. AND. Levochsky, I. IN. Malinovsky, A. N. Pypin V. N. Khitrovo, I. A. Vinogradov M. AND. Osipov and I. IN. Viktorovsky et al.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Scientific research in the Holy Land, Mediterranean countries and the Biblical region in the pre-revolutionary period


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1882, Professor A. A. Tsagareli, who, following the results of his trip, writes the work “Information about monuments of Georgian writing in the Holy Land and Sinai” [26].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The first independent scientific project of the Society was the organization of archaeological excavations at the Russian site in the old city of Jerusalem under the leadership of the head of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission Archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin) and Jerusalem architect Konrad Schick, not far from the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The excavations resulted in the discovery on June 10, 1883 of the Threshold of the Judgment Gate, through which, according to legend, Christ went to Calvary [27].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1886, scientific studies of the historical place of Solomon's Temple on the Temple Mount were carried out by Professor of the Kiev Theological Academy in the Department of Jewish Language and Biblical Archaeology A. A. Olesnitsky, as a result of which his monumental work called the Old Testament Temple in Jerusalem was published [28].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

His main works on ancient Palestine are also known: the Holy Land, Jerusalem and its ancient monuments, Other important places in the Holy Land, the fate of ancient monuments of the Holy Land, etc.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

He is a translator from the Hebrew books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel [29].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In the same 1886, a member of the IOPS Dr. A. IN. Eliseev explored the ancient path to the Holy Land through the Caucasus and Asia Minor.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Following the trip, A. IN. Eliseev reads a report at a meeting of the meeting of the Orthodox Palestine Society in 1887 [30].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Also in 1886, a private associate professor, Byzantinist professor P. IN. Bezobrazov, who explores the Patriarchal Library at the metochion of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem in Constantinople.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The purpose of his trip from the IOPS was to search for Byzantine manuscripts in the libraries of Constantinople and on the islands of the Greek Archipelago, which covered the past of Palestine, Byzantine pilgrimages to the Holy Land.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Several issues of the Orthodox Palestinian collection of the early 20th century published his articles on the history of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem, on the Holy Places of Palestine, including joint articles with the famous researcher of Greek manuscripts A. AND. Papadopolo-Kerameves.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1887, Professor of Church Archaeology and Liturgy of the Kiev Theological Academy A. A. Dmitrievsky.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1887—1888, A. A. Dmitrievsky worked for four months in the library of St.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

vlkm.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Catherine on the Sinai Peninsula, where she works with manuscripts and leaves descriptions of more than 500 icons.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1889, 1891 and 1893, he again visited the Sinai Peninsula, Jerusalem, worked on Mount Athos, Constantinople, Athens, having last visited the main and significant book depositories of the Near East.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Dmitrievsky then publishes his research in a Journey to the East and his scientific results/report on a business trip abroad 1877—1888, as well as in the Scientific Description of the Manuscripts of the Sinai Monastery.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1912 His three-volume book is also published: Description of liturgical manuscripts stored in libraries of the Orthodox East, 1895—1917.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Typics, Monuments of patriarchal statutes and Ktitor monastic Typikons.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Kyiv.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

1895, Euchology.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Kyiv, 1901, Typica.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Pg.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

His accumulated heritage amounted to more than 953 storage units of different volumes, which today make up Dmitrievsky's fund in the national library [31].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1891, a joint expedition consisting of professors: N. P. Kondakova, A. A. Olesnitsky and Y.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

AND. Smirnov carried out scientific research on Christian antiquities in Hauran, Ajlun and Zaiordanya.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

As a result of the expedition, N. P. Kondakov under the title Syria and Palestine [32], which included 1000 photographs, more than 50 watercolors and 20 plans [33].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1898, Professor F. AND. Ouspensky, who studied archaeological sites in Syria [34].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In the same 1898, the artist N. L. Kluge, who was staying at the Sergius Metochion in Jerusalem, arrived in the Holy Land to reproduce in watercolor drawings a mosaic map of Medva (Madeba) in Zaiordanya, just opened in the floor Greek Orthodox Church in Madebe [35].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1900, the Society sent Professor V. N. Myshtsyn for the study and subsequent description of manuscripts and the museum of Archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin), head of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem, Honorary Member of the IOPS.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The works compiled by V. N. Myshtsyn, are kept in the Russian State Historical Archive and in the collection of the Holy Synod [36] in St. Petersburg.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1902, the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society, together with the eastern branch of the Russian Archaeological Society, organized and financed a scientific expedition to Sinai to study Georgian manuscripts, headed by the famous philologist, orientalist, historian, ethnologist and archaeologist N. ME.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Marr [37].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The expedition also included I.A. Javakhov and later famous Byzantist A. A. Vasiliev said.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The work of N. ME.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Marra and his colleagues in the study of Sinai manuscripts were continued by V. N. Beneshevich, who studied Greek and Slavic manuscripts in many major European libraries, including Constantinople, Mount Athos and Cairo.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

He also visits the Sinai Monastery of St.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

incl.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Catherine — in 1907, 1908 and 1911 and opens another 200 Greek manuscripts mentioned in the studies of Archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin) and takes more than 6,000 photographs of manuscripts [38].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

A very significant contribution to the study of shrines in the Middle East was made by a graduate of the Faculty of Oriental Languages of St. Petersburg University, a student of Academician V. R. Rosen and I. YU.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Krachkovsky.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

From 1908 to 1910, he traveled to the Middle East, where he visited Syria, Lebanon, Egypt and Palestine in search of ancient manuscripts.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In Palestine, he visits St.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Sava the Consecrated, in Syria explores the manuscript collection of the library of the Patriarchate of Antioch in Damascus.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In 1913, 44 manuscripts of this collection ended up in St. Petersburg and were transferred by them to the Asian Museum, and in 1971-1974 eighty Muslim manuscripts were handed over by his wife V. A. Krachkovskaya to the National Library of Russia (NLR).


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

AND. YU.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Krachkovsky took an active part in the scientific activities of the IOPS and was a member of the commission for the teaching of Russian, Arabic and Western European languages in the Society's schools in Syria, Palestine and Lebanon.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

He also worked in the field of the Society during the Soviet period [31].


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

World War I


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

After the outbreak of World War I, the Turkish authorities requisitioned the property of the IOPS in December 1914, closed churches and expelled members of the Society and clergy from Jerusalem.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Turkish soldiers are housed in premises, shelters and monasteries.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Communication with Russia was interrupted.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

On March 18, 1917, after the February Revolution, the Society's Council decided to be called the Orthodox Palestine Society (PPO).


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

[39] On March 26, 1917, Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna, who headed the Society after the death of her husband, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich (†1905), resigned, and on April 6, her resignation was accepted.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

On April 9, 1917, at the general meeting, Prince A. A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

After the October Revolution, in 1918, the part of the Society that remained in Russia was transformed into the Russian Palestinian Society (RPO) at the Academy of Sciences and is headed by the oldest member Societies of V. IN. Latyshev.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The foreign part of the PPO continued its independent activities.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Thus, the Company was forced to be divided into two independent organizations.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Scientific activities of the Society during the Soviet period


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

In connection with the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, and then with the revolution in Russia in 1917, the scientific activity of the IOPS suffered significant damage, which was expressed as the lack of material base for conducting research, and in the damage caused by the Soviet authorities to the infrastructure of the Company itself.


Question: When did the imperial Orthodox Palestine community split into two independent organizations?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Nevertheless, the Company's activities continued during the Soviet period.