Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

After Burma achieved independence from England in 1948, the Mon Popular Front and, relying on the monized southern Karen, tried to replay the results of the Monco-Burmese wars.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In August 1948, the military wings of the MNF and the KNU, the Organization for the Protection of the Mon and Karen Peoples, announced a course towards the creation of a united Monsko-Karen state throughout Lower Burma.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

With the beginning of the Karen uprising in January 1949, Mon troops took an active part in the siege of Yangon [5].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Most of the Mon population of Burma, however, remained aloof from the armed struggle for independence - its most active supporters among the monks in the Middle Ages were killed by the Burmese or fled to neighboring Karen and Thailand [14].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In the Mon regions of Burma proper, a limited armed struggle for independence until the early 1990s was waged by the Mon People's Front, which in 1962 was transformed into the New Mon State Party.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In general, Mon State in the 2000s was Burma's most peaceful and open national region for tourists.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Karens


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Nominally, the Karens recognized the power of the medieval Mon and Burmese rulers, but practically they did not obey anyone, made constant raids on more developed neighbors and were actively engaged in slave trade.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

With the capture of Burma by the British, the anti-Burmese top of the Monized Karen willingly accepted Christianity and became a reliable support for the colonizers [12].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

English-oriented Karen leaders played an important role in escalating the conflict between Burmese communists and socialists into a full-scale civil war.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In January 1949, the uprising of the well-trained Karen battalions of the Burmese army put the official government of the country on the brink of death.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In the winter of 1949, the Karen besieged Rangoon (Yangon) and started street fighting on the outskirts of the capital.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The mobilization of ethnic Burmese into the ranks of the people's militia and the urgent supply of weapons from abroad allowed the government army to reverse the situation and defend Yangon.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

With a number of defeats on other fronts and the entry into the war on the government's side of ethnic militias of the ranks and kachins, the Karen lifted the siege of Yangon in May 1949, retreating to their ethnic territory [5].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Here, the KNU successfully repelled the attacks of government troops and for many decades hatched the idea of creating an independent state.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

To facilitate its recognition by Western powers, the Karen — the only ethnic rebels — even fought seriously against drug planting and drug trafficking on their territory [10].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The final defeat of the Burmese Communists, Burma's main opposition force, made the Karen's hopes for independence completely illusory.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In 1995, as a result of a massive offensive, government troops occupied the capital of the Karen opposition, the town of Maneplo, and the parties managed to reach a truce.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

General Bo Mya, the leader of the KNU, resigned and handed over control to his son Nerdah Mya.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

On January 12, 2012, the KNU officially reconciled with the government and stopped the armed struggle for independence. [


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Kaya


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

During the civil war that began in independent Burma, the Kaya tribes (known among the Burmese as the “Karenni” - the “red” Karens), after the assassination of their leader Prince U Bi Htu in August 1948, joined to the Karen rebels and took part in the siege of Yangon in the winter and spring of 1949 [5].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

After the defeat of the Monsko-Karen Uprising of 1949-1950, the Kayai tribes split: in 1957, supporters of Kai independence formed the Karenni National Progressive Party, with an armed wing which it is.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

This army continues to resist to the present day, except for a brief ceasefire in 1995.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

It was also opposed by the Karenni National Liberation Front, which entered into an alliance with the central government of Burma.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Although ceasefire negotiations with the Karenni Army are regularly resumed, no final agreement has been found and armed clashes recur every now and then.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The Kaya parties loyal to the government, meanwhile, approved the 2008 Constitution and took part in national parliamentary elections in November 2010 [15].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Shany


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

After the beginning of the colonial period, the British established a system of indirect control in the Shan regions - they preserved the ancient order in 33 principalities of the Shan Federation and strengthened their omnipotence local aristocracy [16].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

By the time Burma achieved independence in 1948, the pro-English grand Shan Sobua princes had achieved the constitutional right for the Shans to secede from Burmese after 10 years states.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

This development was opposed by the owners of small principalities of the Shan region and the masses of ordinary Shans, who were oppressed and exploited by large Shan magnates [5].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Given the unpopularity of a large aristocracy among the population of the Shan state, the government of Wu Nu in 1952 passed a law in parliament establishing temporary military power in the Shan principalities administration.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In the autumn of 1952, units of the Burmese government army entered the territory of Shan region, but soon faced stubborn resistance from the squads of the Shan feudal lords and tribal militias of some others Shan nationalities (Wa, Palaung, and others) [5].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Local separatists acted with the support of the Kuomintang army, which in 1950 ceded to Burma under the onslaught of the victorious Chinese Communists.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Using comprehensive assistance from the United States, the Kuomintang of General Lee Mi, in alliance with local tribal leaders, created a “gray” zone on Burmese territory beyond the control of the central government drug production and drug trafficking is a springboard for sabotage against China [1].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In the early 1960s, Burmese government forces, together with PLA units, ousted most of the Kuomintang outside the Shan region [1].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

However, taking advantage of the constraint of the main forces of the government army against the Communists in Central Burma, the tribal separatists of the Shan region largely retained control over their possessions.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

After the defeat of the Burmese Communists, Burma's central authorities were able to increase military and political pressure on drug lords in the Shan region.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Among the 17 ethnic separatist groups operating in the Shan region by the beginning of the 90s, the United Army of the Wa State, the Mon Thai Army, and the Southern Army stood out with special strength and influence Shan state and.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In January 1996, Burmese government forces took Homong, the stronghold of one of the most powerful groups, and major drug lord Khun Sa, the leader of the MTA, surrendered to the authorities along with 15,000 of his fighters [3].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Under pressure from the center, other ethnic separatist groups of the Shan region also concluded a truce with the authorities in the 90s, then formed political parties and took part in the all-Burmese parliamentary elections in November 2010 [15].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

However, even by 2015, the problem of the Shan region has not been fully resolved — central government power is still nominal in many areas of Shan State, especially where illegal migrants from neighboring China are massively settling.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Arakan


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

At different periods of its history, Arakan was either part of the Burmese kingdoms, or existed as an independent state.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Despite the fact that Muslim Bengal in the 16th and 17th centuries was directly part of the Kingdom of Arakan [1], Arakan Buddhists in the Middle Ages practically did not mix with Muslims.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Preserving the memory of the former glory of independent Arakan, some Rakhines, after the declaration of independence of Burma in 1948, supported the broad political autonomy of the region, which in the 50s and 60s Activists of the Arakan National United Front defended for years with arms in their hands.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Local communists were even more popular in Arakan, who controlled a significant part of its territory in 1948 and 1950 [3].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Only in the early 1970s, after the successful agrarian reform of General Ne Win and the granting of the status of a national minority to Arakan Buddhists, did the local population move away from supporting the armed opposition to the government.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The reconciliation of Arakans with the central government was facilitated by the aggravation of relations between local Buddhists and the Muslim minority, which began during the colonial period.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Since the second half of the 19th century, the rapid economic development of British Burma has led to massive labor migration of Indians, including Indian Muslims, to Burmese territory.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The latter were especially willing to settle in Rakhine, bordering Bengal.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Back in the 1930s, growing tensions between local Buddhists and Muslims resulted in a series of bloody mutual pogroms, which reached their greatest proportions in 1942, after the Japanese occupation.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

At the same time, there was a movement of Mujahideen Muslims that exists to this day for the separation of the districts of Rakhine with a predominantly Muslim population and the formation of an independent state of Arakandesh [17].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Separatist leaders of local Muslims demand Myanmar to grant them civil rights and declare their belonging to a special Rohingya people.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

After the Buddhist-Muslim pogroms of 2012, they were recognized by the UN as one of the most oppressed ethnic groups in the world.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The Burmese authorities believe that the Rohingya people do not exist, as Rakhine Muslims speak Bengali dialects and for the most part identify themselves with Bengalis [18].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The separatist groups that dominate the Muslim enclaves of Arakan the Arakan Rohingya Independence Front and the Rohingya Solidarity Organization [17] rely on political, financial and information support for Western democracies and monarchies of the Arabian Peninsula [19].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The lack of a sound policy towards Rakhine Muslims on the part of Myanmar's central authorities has led to the spread of radical Islamist ideas among them and has shaped western South - East Asia is a potentially dangerous terrorist hotbed.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Current status


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Ethnic Burmese moved away from mass participation in the armed struggle against the government back in the 70s and 1980s.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Burma's national minorities, having suffered a number of defeats from government forces, took an active part in the negotiation and adoption of the 2008 Constitution, which streamlines the system of government in national regions of the country and includes armed ethnic groups in the Burmese army [6].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

20] The reconciliation in January 2012 of the Myanmar government with the Karen National Union, the most stubborn and irreconcilable ethnic separatist group, drew a line in the war on the outskirts of Burma. [


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Political parties formed in all regions of the country participated in the elections for the Myanmar Parliament and local civil authorities in November 2010 and April 2012 [15].


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Despite possible future isolated conflicts and tensions over the participation of national minorities in the pan-Burmese institutions of power, the civil war in Burma (Myanmar) is currently possible to be considered complete.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

In movies


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The events of the Burma Civil War are reflected in the feature film Rambo IV, which, although not a serious and reliable source, gives an idea of the state of affairs in the country.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The reflection of this war can also be seen in Largo Winch 2: The Conspiracy in Burma, which shows the horror of the civil war.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Far From Rangoon, which is based on real events that took place in Burma in 1988,


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

and Luc Besson's “Lady”, which tells about the civil confrontation in Burma on behalf of Nobel laureate Aung San Suu Kyi and her family.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

See also


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

List of 20th-century wars


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Notes


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Literature and Internet resources


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

André and Louis Boucaud.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Burma's Golden Triangle: On the Trail of the Opium Warlords.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

— Bangkok: Asia Books, 1988.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

— 187 p.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Bertil Lintner.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Burma in revolt: Opium and insurance since 1948.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

— Bangkok: Westview Press, 1994.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

— 514 p.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Bertil Lintner.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB).


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

— Hong Kong: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 2014.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

— 111 p.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Shelby Tucker: Among Insurgents — Walking through Burma.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

— London: The Radcliff Press, 2000.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

— 386 p.


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

(ISBN 0-00-712705-7)


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

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Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

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Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

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Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

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Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

References


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Burma


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Category:20th Century Wars


Question: What is the outcome of the Burma Civil War?

Burma Civil War

Category:Myanmar Wars


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The military group of Ukraine in the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine

The military group of Ukraine in the armed conflict in Donbass is a group of units of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine (Armed Forces and Territorial Defense), the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine ( police units and the National Guard), the State Border Service of Ukraine, the Security Service of Ukraine and the State Security Department of Ukraine, which are involved in the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

History


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The number and composition of the Ukrainian military group during the conflict underwent changes.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Thus, according to Alexander Sharkovsky, the author of the Independent Military Review, in the spring of 2014, the group consisted of 10-15 thousand military personnel with 250 armored vehicles [1].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

According to the statement of Prime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy Yatsenyuk, as of August 2014, the group reached 50,000 people [2].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

According to the author of the Independent Military Review Alexander Sharkovsky, at the beginning of April 2015, Ukrainian troops in the east of the country numbered up to 20 brigades (6 mechanized, 3 airmobile, 1 airborne, 3 artillery and others) with a total number of 60-65 thousand people, taking into account the rear units and volunteer battalions, which were armed with 300 tanks, about 900 armored personnel carriers (about 300 more can be trained during the year), 800 units of barrel and rocket artillery (of which about 300 self-propelled guns).


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

According to Petro Poroshenko, as of June 26, 2015, the number of Ukrainian troops in the ATO zone increased to 60 thousand people [3].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

According to representatives of the DPR, at the end of August 2015, the group of Ukrainian troops in Donbass numbered 90 thousand people, 450 tanks and 2.5 thousand infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers [4].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

According to Top Secret, at the beginning of September 2015, there were about 50,000 Ukrainian troops in the east of the country [5].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Territorial and organizational structure of the group


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The military group is divided into 5 sectors [6]: Sector A, Sector B, Sector C, Sector D and Sector M.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The composition of the group by units


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Subdivisions of the Ministry of Defense


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The following units from the Armed Forces are involved in the operation:


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Ground forces:


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

25th Dnepropetrovsk Separate Airborne Brigade [7]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

79th separate airmobile brigade [8]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

80th Separate Airborne Brigade [9]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

95th Separate Airborne Brigade [10]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

11th Separate Army Aviation Brigade [11]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

16th Separate Army Aviation Brigade [12]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

15px 24th iron them.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Prince Danila Galitsky a separate mechanized brigade [13]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

28th Guards Mechanized Brigade [14]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

30th Separate Guards Rivne Novograd-Volyn Mechanized Brigade of the Orders of the Red Banner and Suvorov [15]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

51st Separate Mechanized Brigade [16] — disbanded on September 21, 2014 [17]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

72nd Separate Mechanized Brigade [18]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

92nd separate mechanized Chuguyevo-Ropshinskaya brigade of the Order of the October Revolution and the Red Banner [19]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

93rd Separate Mechanized Brigade [20]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

101st separate security brigade of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine [21]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

15px 128th Mountain Infantry Brigade [22]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

1st Separate Tank Brigade [23]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

27th Rocket Artillery Regiment [24]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

17th Separate Tank Brigade [25]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

26th Artillery Brigade [26]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

44th separate artillery brigade (formed in September 2014) [27]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

55th Separate Artillery Brigade [28]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Naval forces:


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Combined Marine Brigade [29] [30] [31], according to other sources, only a company of about 200 people [32] At the end of July 2015, Petro Poroshenko announced the dispatch of 2 more battalions and 1 division [33], and according to other sources - a whole brigade of the Marine Corps of Ukraine [34].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

In Shirokin, the volunteer battalions “Donbass” and “Azov” were replaced by marines from the 1st separate battalion, which was previously based in the Crimea [35].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

As of August 22, 2015, more than 2,000 marines of Ukraine were involved in the defense of Mariupol, and in the near future it is planned to increase this number [36].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

73rd Naval Special Purpose Center [37]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

801st separate detachment to combat underwater sabotage forces and means [38]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Air force:


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

15th Separate Transport Aviation Brigade [39]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

General Intelligence Directorate:


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

3rd Special Forces Separate Regiment [40]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

8th Special Forces Separate Regiment [40]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

140th Special Operations Center [41]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

54th Separate Reconnaissance Battalion [42] [43]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Main Operational Support Directorate:


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Mine Action Centre [44] [45]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Territorial defense battalions


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The operation also involves territorial defense battalions partially formed from volunteers [46] subordinate to the General Staff and the heads of state regional administrations:


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

2nd battalion of territorial defense of Rivne region “Goryn” [47]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

3rd battalion of territorial defense of Lviv region “Volya” [48]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

5th Territorial Defense Battalion of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast “Prykarpattya” [49]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

9th Territorial Defense Battalion of Vinnytsia Oblast [50]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

11th Territorial Defense Battalion of Kyiv Oblast “Kyivska Rus” [51]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

12th Territorial Defense Battalion “Kyiv” [52]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

13th Territorial Defense Battalion of Chernihiv Oblast [53]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

14th Territorial Defense Battalion of Cherkasy Oblast “Cherkasy” [54]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

15th Territorial Defense Battalion of Sumy Oblast [55]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

20th Territorial Defense Battalion of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast [56]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

22nd Territorial Defense Battalion of Kharkiv Oblast [57]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

23rd Territorial Defense Battalion of Zaporizhia Oblast [58]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

24th battalion of territorial defense of Luhansk region “Aydar” [59] [60]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

34th Battalion of Territorial Defense of Kirovograd Oblast “Batkivshchyna” [61]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

39th Territorial Defense Battalion of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast [62]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

40th battalion of territorial defense of Dnipropetrovsk region “Kryvbas” [63]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

41st Territorial Defense Battalion of Chernihiv Oblast [64].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

42nd battalion of territorial defense of Kirovograd region “Rukh Opora” [65] [66]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Subdivisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

According to information published by the Minister of Internal Affairs of Ukraine Arsen Avakov, as of August 2014, the combined group of forces of the National Guard and the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the ATO zone numbered almost 10 thousand people [67].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The following units from the National Guard are involved in the operation:


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Separate special purpose regiment “Cheetah” [68]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Separate Special Forces Regiment “Jaguar” [69]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Special Forces Regiment “Azov” [18] [70] [71] [72] (until September 17, 2014 — battalion [73], until October 9, 2014 as part of the police patrol service [74])


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

1st Operational Brigade [75]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Special purpose battalion “Donbass” (formed on the basis of the 1st company of the Volunteer Territorial Defense Battalion “Donbass”, which has already participated in the conflict) [70] [76]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Special Forces Battalion n.a.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Hero of Ukraine, General Kulchytsky (formed from the 1st [77] and 2nd Reserve Battalions of the National Guard [78] that have already participated in the conflict) [79]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

1st Battalion [70]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

2nd Battalion [70]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

3rd Battalion [70]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Military Unit No. 3004 [80]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Military unit No. 3023 — surrendered on June 28, 2014 [80]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Military unit No. 3035 [81]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Military Unit No. 3037 [82]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Military Unit No. 3057 [83]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Omega Special Forces Counter-Terrorism Squad [84]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Bars Special Forces Detachment [85]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Soldiers of the special unit of the judicial police “Griffin” also take part in the operation.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Units from Vinnitsa [86], Lviv [87] and Transcarpathia [88] are involved in the ATO.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Rapid response departments “Sokol” are involved in the ATO.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Units from Ivano-Frankivsk [89], Rivne [90] and Sumy regions [91] take part in the operation.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Soldiers of the former special police unit “Berkut” [92] from Ivano-Frankivsk [93] and Zakarpattia [94] regions, as well as Kiev [95] also take part in the hostilities.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Also, employees of the State Automobile Inspectorate, including the special unit of the traffic police “Cobra”, are involved in the operation.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

As of mid-July 2014, more than 250 of its employees from 11 regions of Ukraine took part in the anti-terrorist operation [96].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Combined police units from Vinnytsia [86], Volyn [97], Kiev [98], Lviv [99], Mykolaiv [100], Poltava [101], Ternopil [102] and Chernihiv [103] regions take part in the ATO.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Also, volunteer special forces for the protection of public order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine are involved in the operation:


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Special Police Patrol Regiment “Dnipro-1” [84] (battalion until September 23, 2014) [104]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Battalion of the patrol service of the special police “Artemivsk” [70] [105]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The battalion of patrol service of the special police “Vinnytsia” [106]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“Golden Gate” Special Police Patrol Battalion [107] [108]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Special Police Patrol Battalion “Ivano-Frankivsk” [109]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Special Police Patrol Battalion “Kyiv-1” [70] [110]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Special Police Patrol Battalion “Kyiv-2” [111]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Special Police Patrol Battalion “Kyivshchyna” [112]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“Kryvbas” Special Police Patrol Battalion [113]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Special Police Patrol Battalion “Lugansk-1” [70] [114]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Battalion of the patrol service of the special police “Lviv” [115]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Battalion of the patrol service of the special police “Mirotvorets” [116]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Battalion of patrol service of militia of special purpose “Nikolaev” [70] [100]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Battalion of the patrol service of the special police “Poltavshchyna” (formed on September 5, 2014 from the battalion of the patrol service of the special police “Poltava” [101] and the patrol service company special police “Kremenchuk” [101] who have already participated in the conflict, as well as from the newly formed company of the patrol service of the special police “Mirny”) [117]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“Sarmat” Special Police Patrol Service Battalion [118]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“Svityaz” Special Police Patrol Service Battalion [119]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Battalion of the patrol service of the special police “St. Mary” (formed on September 24, 2014 from soldiers of the Shakhtarsk battalion and the Azov regiment who previously took part in hostilities, Hundred Jesus Christ) [120] [121]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“Sich” Special Police Patrol Service Battalion [122]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Battalion of patrol service of special police “Slobozhanshchina” [70]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Patrol battalion of special police “Ternopil” [123]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Special Police Patrol Battalion “Kharkiv-1” [70]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Special Police Patrol Battalion “Kharkiv-2” [70]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Patrol battalion of special police “Kherson” [25]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The battalion of patrol service of the special police “Chernihiv” [124]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The battalion of the patrol service of the special police “Shakhtarsk” [125] — disbanded in October 2014 [126]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“Storm” Special Police Patrol Battalion [70]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“Berd” Special Police Patrol Service Company [127]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Patrol company of the special police “Bogdan” [128]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“Eastern Corps” Special Police Patrol Service Company [127]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The company of the patrol service of the special police “Sumy” [129] [130].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The company of the patrol service of the special police “Tornado” was disbanded in June 2015 (see para. The case of crimes of the battalion “Tornado”) [131].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Subdivisions of the State Border Service of Ukraine


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Units of the State Border Service are involved in the hostilities:


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Donetsk border detachment:


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“Novoazovsk” Border Guard Service Department [132]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“Dmitrovka” Border Service Department [133]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Luhansk Border Detachment:


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“Dyakovo” Border Service Department [134]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“Biryukovo” Border Service Department [135]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Sverdlovsk Border Service Department [136]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Krasnodon Border Service Department [137]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Stanichno-Luhanske Border Service Department [138]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“Krasnaya Talovka” Border Service Department [139]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“Belovodsk” Border Guard Service Department [140]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Units of the Security Service of Ukraine


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The Security Service of Ukraine from the very beginning is involved in the military conflict.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Group A of the Special Operations Center of the Security Service of Ukraine takes part directly in the hostilities.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Its fighters were involved in the battles for Slavyansk [141], Kramatorsk [142] and Mariupol [143].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Also, SBU operatives are actively engaged in counterintelligence and anti-sabotage activities.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

During the operation, according to Ukrainian media, they detained and neutralized a number of “spies, saboteurs and high-ranking militants” [144] [145] [146].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Divisions of the State Security Department


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Units of the State Security Directorate (ASB) have been actively involved in hostilities from the very beginning.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

In early April 2014, the Bulat Security Strengthening Service of the State Security Department of Ukraine was involved to ensure the protection of state institutions in Donetsk.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Arriving in the city, the unit vacated and held the building of the Directorate of the Security Service of Ukraine in the Donetsk region [147].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

In May 2014, the special forces of the ASB were involved in the battles for Slavyansk.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

A group of special forces of the ASB conducted a successful operation in the area of the Slavic TV tower, expanding the security zone around it to 5,000 meters within a radius [148].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

From April to September 2014, about 350-400 soldiers of the State Security Department took part in operations on the territory of hostilities [149].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Volunteers in the group


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The military group is partially staffed by units formed from volunteers.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

These units are supervised by the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Internal Affairs.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The Ministry of Defense is responsible for partially staffed territorial defense battalions on a voluntary basis, created on the basis of the Law “On Approval of the Decree of the President of Ukraine “On Partial mobilization “” and the decree of the President of Ukraine “On approval of the regulation on the territorial defense of Ukraine”.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

These units are jointly subordinate to the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the heads of regional state administrations [46] [150].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

A volunteer unit of a different kind is the 3rd Phoenix Airmobile Battalion of the 79th Separate Airmobile Brigade, created on the initiative of volunteer Yuri Biryukov - it is directly part of the structure of the Armed Forces of Ukraine [151] [152].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The Ministry of Internal Affairs is responsible for a number of units of the National Guard, formed from volunteers.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Initially, two volunteer units were created as part of the National Guard - the 1st and 2nd Reserve Battalions, later they were merged into the battalion named after the hero of Ukraine, General Kulchytsky.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Also, during the conflict, as part of the National Guard, a special purpose battalion “Donbass” was formed, the basis of which was the 1st company of the Volunteer Battalion of Territorial Defense “Donbass” Semyon Semenchenko, and the Azov Special Forces Regiment, also consisting of volunteers, was handed over.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The Ministry of Internal Affairs also has special units of the patrol service of the police, fully staffed on a voluntary basis [46].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Citizens and organizations support the group


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

State programs to support the army


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

On July 31, 2014 [153], a 1.5% “war tax” was introduced during the hostilities.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

This tax is levied on official salaries, compensation amounts, bonuses and incentive funds, winnings in state or non-state money lotteries, winnings of winners in gambling [154].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

There is also a state campaign “Support the Ukrainian Army”, under which citizens can transfer money to the account of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine through bank transfers and calls to the number “565” (the cost of one call is 5 UAH).


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

As of July 31, 2014, as part of the campaign, UAH 130,463,000 was transferred to the accounts of the Ministry of Defense, of which: by calling the number “565” — UAH 33,975,000; in addition, through transfers to foreign currency — 122,600 US dollars, 58,200 euros, 5,000 Czech crowns, 450 Canadian dollars and 140 Swiss francs, which is equivalent to 2,329,600 hryvnia.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

These funds are divided into the needs of the army as follows: 130,463,000 hryvnia — for material and technical equipment of the army, the rest — for medical support for the army [155].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

In addition, the government issued “war” bonds for legal entities with a nominal value of UAH 1,000 with a circulation period of 2 years with a yield of 7% per annum and interest payment twice a year and “military” treasury obligations for UAH 100,000,000 for individuals.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Only at an unscheduled auction held on September 4, 2014, the Ministry of Finance sold “war” bonds to legal entities in the amount of UAH 21,402,000 [156].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

By September 18, following the results of four auctions, 113,903,000 hryvnia [157] were raised.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Help from volunteers


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The military receive active support from volunteers.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Thus, according to the National Security and Defense Council, as of July 2014, volunteers handed over 8,886 bulletproof vests, of which 4,860 to units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 2,576 to units of the Ministry of Defense, 1,450 to the GPS forces [158].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

By mid-March 2015, according to the Ukrainian edition AUTO-Consulting, volunteers handed over to the Ukrainian army at least 260 armored vehicles and more than 2,000 conventional SUVs, vans and pickups [159].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Group losses


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

According to Petro Poroshenko's interview with the First National TV Channel, as of March 9, 2015, 1,549 Ukrainian servicemen were killed, of which [160]:


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Soldiers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine — 1232 people;


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Soldiers of the National Guard of Ukraine — 132 people;


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine — 99 people;


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Soldiers of the State Border Service of Ukraine — 63 people;


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Employees of the State Service of Ukraine for Emergency Situations — 16 people;


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Employees of the Security Service of Ukraine — 7 people.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Also, according to official information from the National Security and Defense Council and the General Staff of the Ukrainian Army at the beginning of March 2015, 6226 soldiers were injured, 968 armored vehicles were lost [161].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

According to Iryna Gerashchenko (Commissioner of the President of Ukraine for the Peaceful Settlement of the Conflict in the East of the Country), published on September 19, about 2.4 thousand military and civilians are on the lists prisoners and missing persons in Donbass [162].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The press service of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine reported with reference to the data of the website “Book of Pam'yati Lost”, created with the support of the National Military Historical Museum of Ukraine and the Ukrainian Institute national memory, that during the ATO in the period up to February 1, 2015, 1,750 Ukrainian servicemen were killed.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

[163] [164]


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

It should also be noted that at the beginning of the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine, the Ukrainian media questioned the official statistics of losses announced in Kiev.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

On August 6, 2014, Speaker of the Parliament of Novorossia Oleg Tsarev said that, in his opinion, the leadership of Ukraine underestimates the number of military losses by 2-2.5 times [165].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

On August 19, the human rights organization “Soldiers' Mothers of Ukraine” announced the deliberate concealment by the Ukrainian authorities of real military losses in the zone of military operation in the east of the country.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

In her opinion, according to a secret order of the National Security and Defense Council, only the military are recorded in the account of losses, while “the number of killed policemen, border guards, military from the SBU, the National Guard and volunteers from territorial battalions are classified.”


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

According to the mothers of soldiers, “in Slavyansk alone, losses amounted to hundreds”.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

She also stated that after the retreat of the rebels, the Ukrainian military who came “dumped the bodies of all the dead into a pit and simply covered with an excavator, telling reporters that this was a “mass grave” of the killed rebels of local residents.”


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

According to the human rights organization, “in recent weeks, from 40 to 60 servicemen have been killed every day”, and also says that currently at the Kupyansk-Uzlovaya station “four wagons are at an impasse, a refrigerator with the bodies of our military who liberated the Luhansk region”, to which “even railway workers are not allowed”, and the police say that they contain “secret military cargo”.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

She also points out that on July 17 “six refrigerated cars were sent to the Donetsk region to remove the bodies of the dead” [166].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

UN experts came to the conclusion that official data on the number of dead and injured in the battles in Donbass of the Ukrainian military are “inaccurate and contradictory”.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

This is indicated in the report on the results of the work of the UN monitoring mission in Ukraine.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“The UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine and WHO believe that data on the number of deaths of Ukrainian military, civilians and members of armed groups have been underestimated throughout the period of the anti-terrorist operation,” the report says.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

As an example, it is indicated that the National Security and Defense Council reported 151 dead in the period from August 24 to September 12, while the Ministry of Defense said that only in the area of Ilovaisk and some other places 181 soldiers of the ATO forces were killed in the most intense battles.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“The level of underestimation of military losses by the government can be seen by comparing the data on the wounded provided by the National Security and Defense Council (3277) with the number of servicemen treated in the main military and civilian medical institutions located in the regions closest to hostilities — Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv and Zaporizhzhya. Their number was at least 4,800 people (...),” the report says.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

In addition, some soldiers received medical care with minor wounds right on the battlefield, and therefore, probably, were not taken into account in official reports, experts say.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The current number of wounded may double the officially announced figure, they believe [167] [168].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Desertion


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

On July 7, Pavlo Shisholin, First Deputy Chairman of the State Border Service of Ukraine, reported on the “desertion of several dozen border guards” [169].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

On July 26, 42 Ukrainian soldiers from the 51st Mechanized Guards Brigade crossed into the territory of Russia due to the complete lack of ammunition, food and water.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

[170]; on the same day, according to the press service of the border department of the FSB in the Rostov region, two Ukrainian border guards, “a major and a senior warrant officer, announced their intention to ask for Russian citizenship” [171].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

On August 3, 12 Ukrainian soldiers, at the Gukovo border crossing in the Rostov region, laid down their arms and asked for asylum, indicating the reason for their lack of allowances and security [172].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

On the night of August 4, 438 Ukrainian servicemen, including soldiers of the 72nd Motorized Brigade and the Border Guard Service, appealed to the Russian border guards with a request to provide them with a humanitarian corridor [173 ] [174].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Later, 180 of them were sent back to Ukraine at their own request [175].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Spokesman of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine Andriy Lysenko said that there are 311 Ukrainian servicemen on the territory of the Russian Federation — 171 servicemen of the armed forces and 140 border guards [176].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

On August 6, another 200 soldiers of the Ukrainian army were sent back [177].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

On August 7, the remaining 48 people [178] [179] were sent.


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

On August 16, Alexander Zakharchenko said that “one of the commanders of the 25th airmobile brigade took an infantry fighting vehicle with him and went over to our side. From today, he took command of the company. And such cases are massive” [180].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

On the same day, Nikolai Sinitsyn, the official representative of the border department of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation for the Rostov region, reported that in the morning 17 Ukrainian soldiers crossed into the territory of the Russian Federation in the Rostov region [181 ].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

On August 17, they were delivered to the checkpoint “Veselo-Voznesenka” and transferred to the Ukrainian side [182].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

On August 27, Nikolai Sinitsyn, the official representative of the border department of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation for the Rostov region, said that in the area of the Russian settlement of Shramko Matveyevo-Kurgansky 62 Ukrainian the military, having laid down their arms in the adjacent territory, crossed the border in the Rostov region with a request for shelter [183].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

According to the chief military prosecutor of Ukraine Anatoly Matios, by March 2015, the military prosecutor's office had opened 17,000 cases on the fact of desertion from the armed forces [184].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Mass drunkenness


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

“According to the statistics of the Main Directorate, every sixth case of non-combat losses, every fifth accident involving military personnel, almost all cases of hooliganism, every fifth violation of military discipline and every the tenth psychiatric illness is a consequence of alcohol abuse” said the head of the socio-psychological department, deputy head of the main department for work with Colonel Vitaly Pokotylo [185].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

The Main Directorate for Work with Personnel has repeatedly sent letters to the state administrations of Donetsk and Luhansk regions on the issue of restricting the sale of alcoholic beverages in the territory ATO for military personnel [185].


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Notes


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Literature


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

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Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

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Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

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Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

References


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

on YouTube


Question: How long does military service in Ukraine last for April 2019?

Category:The Armed Forces of Ukraine during the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Kumys (from; Kyrgyz: kymyz, Kazakh: kymyz, Bashkir: ymy, Mongolian: airag, Buryat: airag, Tatar:kymyz, Chuvash: kămăs, Azerbaijan: qımız, Turkish: kımız, Uzbek: qimiz, Yakut: kymys, Tuvan: khymys, Turkmen: gymyz, Crimean Tatar: qımız) is a fermented milk drink made from mare's milk, obtained as a result of lactic acid and alcohol fermentation with Bulgarian and acidophilic lactic acid sticks and yeast.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

The drink is frothy, whitish in color, the taste is sweet and sour.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

It is common in everyday life among residents of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, as well as Turkic and Mongolian regions of Russia (Altai, Bashkortostan, Buryatia, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Tatarstan, Tyva, Khakassia, Chuvashia, Sakha (Yakutia)).


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Depending on the sourdough, duration and conditions, koumiss turns out to be different.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Sometimes koumiss is very strong, with a high alcohol content, which can intoxicate, bringing a person into an excited and intoxicating state - this koumiss is called asaw qımız (asau kumis) and such koumiss came out from the everyday life of the Turkic peoples with the adoption of Islam.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

There is koumiss, on the contrary, soothing, bringing a person into a sleepy state.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

History


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

For the first time, nomadic tribes of Central Asia and Mongolia began to cook koumiss [1] [2].


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

The earliest traces of koumiss use found correspond to the Chalcolithic era (5500 years ago).


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

In the Susamyr Valley, among other evidence of domestication of horses, leather bags made of goatskin were found with traces of mare's milk, possibly fermented as koumiss [1] [2].


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Nomads have kept the method of preparing koumiss secret for centuries.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

One of the first mentions of koumiss can be found in the works of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (484—424 BC), who, describing the life of the Scythians, said that they had a favorite drink prepared by churning mare's milk in deep wooden tubs.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

According to Herodotus, the Scythians were so afraid of the “leakage of information” about kumys that they blinded all slaves who knew how to prepare it [3].


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

The mention of koumiss can also be found in the Old Russian Ipatiev Chronicle.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

French monk and missionary of the 13th century Guillaume de Rubruk, talking about his journey to Tartaria in 1253, was the first to describe in detail the preparation, taste and effect of koumiss, which is not entirely correct, but which allows you to get some idea about the drink.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Composition and properties


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

During koumiss fermentation, protein turns into easily digestible substances, and milk sugar into lactic acid, ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and a number of aromatic substances.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

All this creates high nutritional value of koumiss, easy digestibility, pleasant taste and aroma.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Usually, koumiss contains 0.2% to 2.5% ethyl alcohol.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Strong natural koumiss (only from mare's milk) can contain up to 4.5% alcohol.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Acidity: 60—120 °T.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

There is a Kazakh method of preparing especially strong kumis with an alcohol content of more than 40% (the so-called asau kumis is unbridled kumis or lush kumis [4] [5]).


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Koumiss is obtained by fermenting milk with lactic acid bacteria and yeast, which synthesize vitamins C and B, form alcohol, and abundantly release carbon dioxide, which gives koumiss character a refreshing effervescent drink.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Due to the influence of microorganisms, koumiss proteins are mostly in a dissolved or semi-dissolved state, and undissolved proteins are in the form of tiny flakes.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Koumiss has a pronounced antimicrobial activity due to the presence in it of antibiotic substances produced by microorganisms during fermentation, has significant nutritional value and is capable stimulate biological processes in the body.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Due to the presence of alcohol, carbon dioxide and lactic acid, koumiss stimulates the activity of the gastric glands and improves digestion.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Antibiotic substances of koumiss increase the body's resistance to infection, and lactic acid bacteria create a favorable intestinal microflora for the body and suppress putrefactive processes in it, leading to self-poisoning of the body.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

With koumiss therapy, appetite, secretion of gastric juice and absorption of food significantly improve, the digestibility of proteins and fats in food increases, and weight increases.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Koumiss is able to replace hydrochloric acid to some extent if it is deficient in gastric contents.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Kumys therapy is widely used in the treatment of certain forms of tuberculosis, as well as for loss of appetite after severe, debilitating diseases, anemia, stomach diseases, to restore normal intestinal microflora.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Medicinal properties


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Koumiss is used to prevent tuberculosis.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

At the end of the 19th century, in his doctoral dissertation, N. F. Golubov first pointed out that the lactic acid bacterium found in koumiss can have 2 forms: Bacterim and Bacillus; he tried to explain the effect of koumiss from the standpoint of cellular pathology, pointing out that cellular metabolism is enhanced under the influence of a large amount of koumiss drunk, which contains a lot of carbon dioxide, lactic acid, alcohol and proteins in the form optimal for absorption.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Koumiss has a stimulating effect on digestion, blood and blood circulation.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Koumiss contains a large amount of 95% nutrient digestible substances.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Among them are vitamins (A, E, C, group B), minerals (iron, iodine, copper), fats and live fermented milk bacteria.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

The beneficial properties of koumiss were studied by N. IN. Postnikov in 1858 and on the basis of his scientific works, health resorts were opened and the main methods of treating various diseases of koumiss were created.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Koumiss is saturated with antibiotic substances that have a negative effect on the vital functions of tuberculosis bacillus, typhoid fever and dysentery.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Sour-milk bacteria have a beneficial effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, increase the secretion of gastric juice, fats splitting substances of the pancreas and gallbladder.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

It is effective to treat koumiss ulcers of the stomach and duodenum at the stage after exacerbation.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Koumiss bacteria have a negative effect on the reproduction and development of putrefactive microorganisms and E. coli.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

From the cardiovascular system, koumiss has a positive effect on the composition and properties of blood.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

It increases the content of red blood cells and white blood cells, which actively fight against all foreign microorganisms and bacteria.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

On the part of the nervous system, koumiss has a calming and relaxing effect, normalizes sleep, reduces irritability and chronic fatigue.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Use of kumys


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Koumiss is used for tuberculosis, scurvy, gastritis, pancreatic diseases, anemia, neurasthenia, cardiovascular diseases and typhoid fever.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

In addition to human diseases, koumiss is also used in the treatment of animals - dyspepsia, wound healing.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Based on the healing properties of koumiss, a whole recovery system was developed — koumiss therapy.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Kumys therapy


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Kumys therapy (koumiss therapy) is the use of koumiss for medicinal purposes.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

The meaning of koumiss therapy is reduced to the dosed use of koumiss according to an individual schedule in combination with climatotherapy at specially equipped resorts.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

When koumiss therapy, the nutritional value of the main diet should be significantly reduced to prevent excessive nutrition.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

The first koumiss medical sanatorium was organized in 1858 by Dr. N. IN. Postnikov near Samara.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Postnikov expressed in just three words the essence of the effect of this miraculous drink on the human body: “nutrit, roborat, etalterat” — “nourishes, strengthens, renews.”


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Later, koumiss baths were organized in the Volga region, Buryatia, Kyrgyzstan, Bashkiria.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Kumys therapy was also carried out in ordinary medical institutions in other districts.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Koumiss therapy was resorted to by L. N. Tolstoy and A. P. Chekhov.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Organized koumiss therapy was carried out only in the former USSR.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

With the collapse of the USSR, an organized network of health resorts practicing koumiss therapy ceased to exist.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

At the moment, there are operating sanatoriums practicing koumiss therapy on the territory of Bashkiria, for example, the Shafranovo and Yumatovo sanatoriums.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Contraindications


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Consumption of koumiss is contraindicated in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in the acute stage, lactose intolerance and individual intolerance to koumiss.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Cooking


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Mini|250px|kumys whipping process (Taraz, Kazakhstan).


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

For the preparation of kumis, as a rule, mare's milk is used, it is possible to prepare koumiss from cow or goat milk.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

The mare is milked at intervals of an hour, as the udder of the mares is small and each milking gives only about 1 liter of milk, about 5 liters of milk are collected during the whole milking day.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

When milking, a foal must be brought in, which begins to suck the udder, otherwise the mare will not let you milk, then he is taken away and then milks the milkmaid.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

A tub/barrel for knocking down koumiss is a cylindrical container tapering upwards with a diameter of 20-40 cm and a height of about a meter, closed on top with a lid with a hole in the center.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

A whipping (a pole with a crosspiece at the end or a disk with holes) is inserted into the specified hole.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Fresh mare's milk is added to the remaining small amount of koumiss (for sourdough).


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

After that, for a day/two, the koumiss should be shaken regularly for several hours.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Sometimes (rarely) a piece of salted horse fat is added to koumiss to soften the taste and increase fat content, as a result of which sometimes the knocked down fat floats on the surface of the koumiss with dark dots.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Sometimes fresh thick cream is added for whipping, which also improves the taste of koumiss.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Periodically (after two to three weeks), the keg for sourdough and churning koumiss is completely released, it is thoroughly washed, greased with butter and smoked from the inside.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

When smoking a keg, branches of meadowsweet are used, ignition is usually carried out with birch bark.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

The use of other means leads to a deterioration in taste.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Previously, it was not wooden containers for kumys that were more common, but leather ones - sabaa (large capacity), torsuk (small capacity).


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

The advantage of the leather container is their convenience for nomadic life.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Koumiss is only alive and is not subject to long-term storage.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

The impossibility of industrial preparation, bottling and storage, as well as difficulties with milking, make koumiss expensive and not widespread.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

In recent years, measures have been taken to bottle and sell in a retail network, but the quality, taste and usefulness are inferior to the original koumiss.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Modern production and consumption


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Currently, koumiss is massively consumed in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, a number of regions of the Russian Federation and other countries.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Industrial production (on a small scale) of koumiss is also carried out, there are kumys farms, etc.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

In the Russian Federation, koumiss is produced in Bashkortostan, Rostov, Tver, Yaroslavl regions, the republics of Mari El, Altai, Sakha (Yakutia), etc.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Bashkortostan occupies a leading position — more than 63% of Russian koumiss is produced here [6].


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Regional kumys competitions are also regularly held in Bashkortostan [7].


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

On June 28, 2014, in Yakutsk, during the national holiday of Ysyakh Tuymaady, 11 thousand 136 participants simultaneously performed a solemn ceremony of libation of koumiss, which was recorded in the Book of Records Guinness.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Koumiss can be consumed both in its pure form and as part of other drinks, for example, ak-serke — a mixture of shurpa and kumys or ayran.


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Notes


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Literature


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

References


Question: What animal's milk is koumiss made from?

Kumys

Category:Sour-milk drinks


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Erast Petrovich Fandorin is the hero of the series of historical detectives by Russian writer Boris Akunin “The Adventures of Erast Fandorin”.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

In this series, the writer set himself the task of writing one detective story of different styles: conspiracy detective, spy detective, hermetic detective, ethnographic detective, etc.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

The character of Fandorin embodied the ideal of an aristocrat of the XIX century: nobility, education, devotion, integrity, loyalty to principles.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

In addition, Erast Petrovich is handsome, he has impeccable manners, he is popular with ladies, although he is always alone.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

He is also the owner of an unusual ability — he always wins any game of chance and in any dispute in general, if the result is completely determined by chance.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Reviewers expressed the opinion [1] [2] that the name of Fandorin is an allusion to journalist Jerome Fandor, the hero of a series of detective novels by French writers Marcel Allen and Pierre Suvestre about Fantomas (1911—1913) and the French film trilogy of the 1960s, based on these novels.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Biography


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Erast Petrovich Fandorin was born into an old noble family.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

The boy's mother died during childbirth.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Therefore, either out of annoyance or in a mockery of a bitter fate, his father, Pyotr Isaakievich, mourning his wife Elizabeth, called the boy Erast (in the famous sentimental story by N. M. Karamzin “Poor Lisa”, the heroine Lisa was killed by a young man Erast).


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

The name Elizabeth (Lisa) later became fatal for Erast Petrovich.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Erast Petrovich spent his childhood and youth in abundance, he received a good home and gymnasium education.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

From a Bonn English woman, the boy perfectly adopted English, and gymnasium education included French and German.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Later, Erast Petrovich mastered Turkish and Bulgarian during his participation in the Russo-Turkish War, Japanese during his tenure as Vice-Consul of the Russian Empire in Yokohama, Japan.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

At the age of fifty, he planned to learn Chinese and Arabic, but it is not known whether he implemented these plans.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

By the age of fifty-one, he had mastered Spanish, and by the age of fifty-two he had mastered Italian.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

The addiction of his father, Pyotr Isaakievich Fandorin, to gambling, as well as various economic “projects”, eventually led to the ruin of the family.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Pyotr Isaakievich could not stand the blow of fate and died of a heart attack, leaving his son no means of livelihood.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

As a result, Erast Fandorin was deprived of the opportunity to enter university and get higher education, and was forced to support himself, for which he joined the service.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Interest in everything related to the investigation of crimes led him to the Moscow police department, where his first chief and mentor was investigative bailiff Xavier Feofilaktovich Grushin .


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Serving in 1876 as a collegiate registrar, Fandorin holds the position of clerk in the detective department and by chance is involved in the investigation of the mysterious suicide of a student Moscow University, which resulted in the exposure of the mysterious and powerful organization “Azazel”.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Fandorin manages to unravel the Azazel case, as a result of which he joins the Third Branch of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

During the investigation, Erast Petrovich finds out that fortune, so unmerciful to his parent, gave him the ability to win always and in all games related to excitement and risk (cards, dice, lotteries etc.).


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Erast Petrovich also acquires the habit of numbering all the facts (“this time”, “this is two”, “this is three”, etc.).


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

In addition, he meets 17-year-old Elizaveta (Lizanka) Alexandrovna von Evert-Kolokoltseva, who becomes his wife.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

However, as a result of the attempt on Erast Petrovich, committed on her wedding day, Lizanka tragically dies immediately after the wedding.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

This event leads to the fact that Fandorin acquires two characteristics - gray whiskey and a slight stuttering (a consequence of emotional shock; the stuttering completely disappears when Fandorin depicts another person, is in extreme nervous tension or is furious).


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

In addition, the shock of the death of his wife is so great that Fandorin loses most of his inherent emotionality (in the author's words, “becomes emotionally disabled”).


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

It is described in the novel “Azazel”.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

1876-1878 years.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

The Balkans, the Ottoman Empire.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Having fallen into despair after the death of his beloved, Erast Petrovic goes to the Balkans as a Serbian volunteer.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Fandorin participates in the Russian-Turkish war.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

He will suffer heavy fighting, captivity (which will adversely affect his reputation in Japan), and severe concussion.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Having won freedom against Vidin Pasha in backgammon, he goes to the headquarters of the Russian Commander-in-Chief, as he knows information of extreme importance.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

On the way, he meets a “modern woman” Varvara Andreevna Suvorova.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Together, they will have to search for Turkish spy Anwar Efendi, who, according to some reports, is at the Russian headquarters.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

It is described in the novel “The Turkish Gambit”.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

After the successful completion of the Turkish Gambit case, Fandorin, despite the dizzying proposals of the chief of the gendarme department, asks for his appointment to serve “far away” and is appointed Secretary of the Embassy of the Russian Empire in Japan.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

1878 year.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

On his way to duty, Fandorin uncovers a series of mysterious murders that took place in Paris and on the passenger ship Leviathan, has a fleeting affair in India with one of the passengers, Clarissa Stump, who delayed his arrival in Japan, and receives a gift that he cannot refuse — a huge and uncomfortable floor clock — a miniature Big Ben.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

They saved his life by falling on the head of a person who attempted to kill him while pitching at sea.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

It is described in the novel “Leviathan”.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

1878 year.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Yokohama, Japan.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

In Japan, Fandorin is again involved in a political and criminal intrigue, which involves the most prominent Japanese politicians, bandits from the brothels of Yokohama, as well as mysterious ninjas shinobi.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Fandorin gains the friendship and loyalty of former robber Masahiro Shibata, whose life and honor (which Masa valued more than life) were saved by Fandorin's gambling luck.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Masahiro (Masa) now becomes Fandorin's valet and his faithful companion in all adventures.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

In addition, Erast Petrovich meets a beautiful courtesan O-Yumi (real name Midori).


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

A passion breaks out between Midori and Fandorin.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Midori is the daughter of the last head of the ancient Shinobi clan, Momochi Tamba.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Thanks to Momochi, Fandorin is introduced to the skills of the ninja arts.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

With the help of Midori, Masa and Tamba, Fandorin unravels the tangle of intrigue and punishes the main akunin (villain).


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

But, by a fateful coincidence, Midori has to sacrifice his life to save Erast (it turns out that O-Yumi survived and even gave birth to him an illegitimate son, but all this will remain a mystery for Fandorin forever).


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

After the “death” of Midori, Fandorin finally closes his heart and devotes himself to studying the art of the “sneaking” — shinobi.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Momochi Tamba becomes his mentor.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

This period of Erast Petrovich's life is covered in the second volume of the novel “The Diamond Chariot”.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

1881 year.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Yokohama.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Japan.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Fandorin is investigating a small werewolf case.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

It is described in the short story “Sigumo” (the collection “Jade Beads”).


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

1882 year.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Moscow.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Fandorin returns from Japan, and, having taken office as an official at large under the Governor-General of Moscow, investigates the murder of his comrade Mikhail Sobolev (prototype - Mikhail Dmitrievich Skobelev).


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

During the investigation, Fandorin again comes into contact with the Azazel case.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

The book “Death of Achilles” is dedicated to these events.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

1882 year.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Moscow.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Fandorin reveals the disappearance of one of the Karakin sisters, the heiresses of a huge fortune.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

It is described in the story “Table-talk” (the collection “Jade Beads”).


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

1882 year.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Moscow.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Fandorin investigates the circumstances of the disappearance of an ancient Chinese fan with the characters “yin” and “yang”, which, according to legend, has magical properties.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

It is described in the play “Yin and Yang”.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

1883 year.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Moscow.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Fandorin is investigating the murder of the richest businessman Leonard von Mack.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

During the investigation, Erast Petrovich is forced to impersonate a student at the Institute of Railway Engineers (in fact, the Moscow Engineering School of the Ministry of Railways was founded in 1896).


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

It was then that the famous portrait of Fandorin appeared in the uniform of a track engineer.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

It is described in the story “From the Life of Chips” (the collection “Jade Beads”).


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

1884 year.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Moscow.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Fandorin solves the murder of antiques dealer Pryakhin.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

During the investigation, Fandorin finds ancient jade rosary that once belonged to the Chinese sage Te Guangzi.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

This rosary will help Fandorin gain an “irrational insight” throughout his life.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Later, the rosary will be inherited by his son Alexander and grandson Nicholas.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

The story “Jade Beads” from the collection of the same name.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

1886 year.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Moscow.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Fandorin is opposed by an inventive fraudster nicknamed Momus.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

During this investigation, Fandorin has a new assistant - a petty official Anisy Tyulpanov.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

It is described in the novel “The Jack of Spades” (the collection “Special Assignments”).


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

1888 year.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Pakhrinsky Uyezd of Moscow Province.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Fandorin and Anisy Tyulpanov face the mysterious legend of Scarpei Baskakov, incomprehensibly connected with the death of the last of the Baskakovs, a wealthy farmer Sofia Konstantinovna.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Erast Petrovich also meets local beauty Angelina Krasheninnikova there.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

It is described in the story “Scarpei Baskakov” (collection “Jade Beads”).


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

1889 year.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Moscow.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Fandorin is busy investigating the case of a killer maniac nicknamed “Decorator”, who later turned out to be Jack the Ripper himself.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

During this investigation, Anisy Tyulpanov dies heroically.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

Realizing that it will be difficult to stop the maniac by legal methods, Erast Petrovich personally executes the Decorator.


Question: What was the name of the Japanese assistant Fandorin?

Erast Fandorin

After that, Angelina Krasheninnikova can no longer live with Fandorin and goes to the monastery.