Question: How much does a bottle of water cost in Algeria?

Absinthe

The film is based on the graphic novel of the same name by Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell, while Alan Moore expressed dissatisfaction with the fact that the character of Inspector Fred Abberline, presented by Moore in his graphic novel, turned into a “gushing absinthe dandy and a regular in opium brothels” performed by Johnny Depp.


Question: How much does a bottle of water cost in Algeria?

Absinthe


Question: How much does a bottle of water cost in Algeria?

Absinthe

Moulin Rouge! (2001).


Question: How much does a bottle of water cost in Algeria?

Absinthe

“Handsome Alfie, or What Men Want” (2004), characters Jude Law and Susan Sarandon use absinthe in one of the scenes.


Question: How much does a bottle of water cost in Algeria?

Absinthe

Episode 5 of Season 1 of the sitcom Black's Bookstore (2000).


Question: How much does a bottle of water cost in Algeria?

Absinthe

Episode 22 of season 6 of the sitcom How I Met Your Mother (2005—2014).


Question: How much does a bottle of water cost in Algeria?

Absinthe

Episode 6 (“Absinthe Makes the Heart Grow Fonder”) season 1 of “California”.


Question: How much does a bottle of water cost in Algeria?

Absinthe

Eurotrip stage in Bratislava.


Question: How much does a bottle of water cost in Algeria?

Absinthe

14 episode 1 season of Highlander (1992-1998)


Question: How much does a bottle of water cost in Algeria?

Absinthe

comments


Question: How much does a bottle of water cost in Algeria?

Absinthe

Notes


Question: How much does a bottle of water cost in Algeria?

Absinthe

Literature


Question: How much does a bottle of water cost in Algeria?

Absinthe

Marie-Claude Delahaye: L'Absinthe, histoire de la Fée verte, Paris, Berger-Levrault, 1983.


Question: How much does a bottle of water cost in Algeria?

Absinthe

References


Question: How much does a bottle of water cost in Algeria?

Absinthe

Category:Absinthe


Question: How much does a bottle of water cost in Algeria?

Absinthe

Category:Alcoholic drinks


Question: What is often called the Nigerian film industry?

Nigerian cinema

Nigerian Cinema (English: Cinema of Nigeria) is the cinema of the African state of Nigeria.


Question: What is often called the Nigerian film industry?

Nigerian cinema

Most of the films were released in English.


Question: What is often called the Nigerian film industry?

Nigerian cinema

Review


Question: What is often called the Nigerian film industry?

Nigerian cinema

Nigerian cinema began to develop rapidly in the 1990s and 2000s, eventually becoming the second largest film industry in the world in terms of the number of annual film premieres, surpassing the United States of America and losing only Indian film industry [1].


Question: What is often called the Nigerian film industry?

Nigerian cinema

According to a CNN report, Nigeria receives $250 million in revenue from film production, releasing about 200 videos per month [2] [3].


Question: What is often called the Nigerian film industry?

Nigerian cinema

Nigerian cinema is the largest film industry in Africa in terms of revenues and the number of films produced per year.


Question: What is often called the Nigerian film industry?

Nigerian cinema

Although films were shot in Nigeria before 1960, the growth of affordable digital shooting and editing technology stimulated the industry's growth.


Question: What is often called the Nigerian film industry?

Nigerian cinema

Videos from the Nigerian film industry are often known as Nollywood, by analogy with Hollywood and Bollywood [4].


Question: What is often called the Nigerian film industry?

Nigerian cinema

Notes


Question: What is often called the Nigerian film industry?

Nigerian cinema


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev (born February 6, 1967) - Russian businessman, statesman and public figure.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Deputy of the Moscow City Duma (2001—2003) and the State Duma (2003—2011), Governor of the Tula Region (2011—2016) [1].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Since 2007 — Chairman of the Association of Young Entrepreneurs of Russia, since December 2016 — Chairman of the Board of the Association of Lawyers of Russia [2].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Early biography


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Vladimir Gruzdev was born on February 6, 1967 in the village of Bolshevo, Moscow Region.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

His mother worked as a chemistry and biology teacher in high school, his father was a career military man.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev made his choice of profession looking up to his father [3] [4].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Education and military service


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 1984 he graduated from the Moscow Suvorov Military School and entered the Military Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, known for training military translators.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

He speaks Spanish, Portuguese and English [4].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev was sent as a cadet to Angola and Mozambique as an interpreter, for which in 1989 he was awarded the Medal “For Service in Battle” [3] [4].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 1991, after receiving a diploma with honors, he was sent to the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation, which became the legal successor of the First Main Directorate of the KGB of the USSR.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

However, Gruzdev stayed in the service for only two years: the period just coincided with the collapse of the USSR.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 1993, at the age of 26, Gruzdev decided to leave the Foreign Intelligence Service and try his hand at business [3] [4].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Later in 2000, he received his second higher education at the Law Faculty of Moscow State University, and in 2003 he defended his Ph.D. thesis at the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia on the topic “Legal Status civil servants of the Russian Federation and the organizational and legal basis for the functioning of the system of training, retraining and advanced training” [4] [5].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 2013, the Dissernet network community stated that the entire content of the work is plagiarism: 168 out of 182 pages are entirely borrowed from Pavel Vostrikov's original work “Organizational and legal problems of training, retraining and advanced training of civil servants”, defended in 1998 [6].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Entrepreneurial activity


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Seventh continent


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 1993, after his dismissal from service, Gruzdev joined the Albee Group of Companies at the invitation of a school friend.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

He quickly went on promotion and soon became one of the key executives, but was forced to leave Albee: according to Gruzdev, the company's CFO wanted to replace him with a friend.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev used his experience at Albee in a new business: he attracted co-founders and founded the Sedmoy Kontinent grocery chain, whose first store opened at the end of 1993.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Part of the financing for the project was received from MDM Bank due to the connections of one of the co-founders, Alexander Mamut.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Against the background of the general economic recovery in the country, the network grew rapidly.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 1994-1996, Gruzdev served as General Director of the Seventh Continent, in 1996-1997 he was First Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors, and in 1997 he took the chair of Chairman [5].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Initially, all co-founders of the company had equal shares of 12.5%, but gradually Gruzdev and the main shareholder of Manezhnaya Ploshchad (owner of the shopping complex) remained co-owners of the company Okhotny Ryad” and other facilities) and Alexander Zanadvorov, Chairman of the Management Board of Sobinbank.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

By the mid-2000s, Gruzdev and Zanadvorov owned half of the Seventh Continent through shares in its structures [3] [4] [4] [4].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In autumn 2007, journalists learned about Zanadvorov's plans to buy the Seventh Continent from Gruzdev.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The deal took place in November, and the investment bankers accompanying it estimated Gruzdev's assets at 24.5 billion rubles — about $995 million at the exchange rate of that year.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The agreement was concluded in Russian jurisdiction with the payment of 130 million dollars in tax to the budget of the city of Moscow.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

A year later, against the backdrop of the economic crisis, Zanadvorov faced difficulties in managing a loan from Deutsche Bank, taken for the redemption of the “Seventh Continent” secured by its share in one of the company's structures.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

According to Gruzdev, at that time the partner did not have time to pay his obligations in full, and the Gruzdev family had to buy back part of the shares to prevent the bankruptcy of the network [3].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 2008-2010, the Gruzdev family fund represented by his wife Olga and mother Nelly Gruzdev bought about 20% of the Seventh Continent [7].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In October 2010, Zanadvorov bought their entire stake from the Gruzdev family fund, paying about $400 million [4] [8].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Fashion continent


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The Fashion Continent unified company was established in 2002 on the basis of multi- and mono-brand clothing stores 7th Element, 007, 7th Floor and others that were part of the structure of the Seventh Continent.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev's share in the formed company amounted to 28%.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Initially, Fashion Continent planned to become a franchisee of a famous world brand, but after unsuccessful negotiations with Zara and Topshop, it focused on the development of its own brand Incity.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The first Incity store opened in spring 2005 in Okhotny Ryad.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

By the end of the year, the chain was represented by 11 stores, by the end of 2006 — 58 (including 39 franchised), and in 2007 it united 42 own stores and 79 franchisee stores.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The company did not charge partners a lump-sum payment and royalties and earned money on the supply of clothing.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 2007, Fashion Continent acquired a portfolio investor represented by United Capital Partners.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

As a result of several transactions, a number of co-founders of the company withdrew from the capital, UCP received 25%, and the main owner of Fashion Continent was the Gruzdev family fund with 61%.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev himself did not directly participate in the management of the company [9] [10].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

By 2011, Fashion Continent entered the top three Russian retailers in terms of turnover per m², the company equaled the revenue of the Russian Zara and H&M, and launched online trading through its own Internet shop, Wildberries and Lamoda sites.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The company survived the crisis of 2008 without losses, increased revenue and profit.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 2010 and 2011, Fashion Continent announced plans for an early initial public offer, but the listing did not take place [11] [12].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

For the first time in many years, the company posted a loss in 2014 against the background of the currency crisis and the accompanying devaluation of the ruble and an increase in interest on loans [9].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Political activity


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Moscow City Duma


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Journalist Pavel Sheremet noted that Gruzdev was ambitious and always interested in politics.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 1995, Gruzdev ran for the first time for the State Duma of the second convocation in Cheryomushkinsky constituency No. 203.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The entrepreneur lost those elections, as well as the subsequent elections to the Duma of the third convocation in 1999, but in 2001 he passed to the Moscow City Duma of the third convocation in the 27th single-member constituency, which included Northern Butovo, Yuzhnoye Butovo and Yasenevo [4].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

As a deputy of the Moscow City Duma, Gruzdev led the working group on personnel policy of the courts of the city of Moscow, was a member of the Budget and Finance Commission, the Commission on Legislation and Security, entrepreneurship, the education commission and the joint commission of the Moscow City Duma and the Government of Moscow on the regulatory framework for land and property relations [5].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

State Duma


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In the State Duma of the 4th convocation, Gruzdev joined the United Russia faction, worked as Deputy Chairman of the Committee on Civil, Criminal, Arbitration and Procedural Legislation and was a member of composition of the commission on the practice of applying electoral legislation [13].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In the next parliamentary elections, Gruzdev was number 7 on the Moscow list of United Russia, headed by Yuri Luzhkov [4].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In the Duma of the 5th convocation, Gruzdev continued to work in the Committee on Civil, Criminal, Arbitration and Constitutional Legislation [5] [8].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

During his term as a deputy, Gruzdev repeatedly made legislative amendments that were useful for private business and NGOs.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 2006, Gruzdev, Pavel Krasheninnikov, Pyotr Shelishch and Alexey Likhachev initiated a draft law on endowments — trust funds for investments designed to ensure the activities of non-profit organizations [14].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 2010, Gruzdev, together with Andrei Nazarov, proposed to prohibit the initiation of criminal cases under economic articles without statements from victims.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The initiative assumed cash retroactive effect and the review of thousands of criminal cases against entrepreneurs [15].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Later, together with Nazarov and Krashennikov, he called for the liberalization of punishment for “illegal entrepreneurship” — entrepreneurial activity without registration or license [16].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Colleagues in parliament spoke positively about Gruzdev's work.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The only member of the same party with whom he did not have a relationship was Vyacheslav Volodin, Secretary of the Presidium of the General Council of the party, who criticized Gruzdev for insufficient respect for the elders comrades [3].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Governor of Tula Region


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Purpose


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

On July 29, 2011, he was appointed Acting Governor of Tula Region.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

On August 11, 2011, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev submitted to the Tula Regional Duma the candidacy of Vladimir Gruzdev to give him the powers of governor.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

On August 18, 2011, the Tula Kremlin hosted a solemn ceremony of Vladimir Gruzdev's official inauguration as Governor of the Tula Region.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In September 2011, Vladimir Gruzdev was included in the list of candidates from United Russia in the Tula Region as the second number (after Boris Gryzlov).


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

On December 4, 2011, Russia held elections to the State Duma of the sixth convocation, as a result of which “United Russia” received 61% of the vote in the Tula region.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev refused his deputy mandate.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Activities


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In his work as the head of the region, Vladimir Gruzdev mainly relied on loyal but inexperienced personnel from Moscow [17] [18].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

After the resignations and dismissals of most of the staff of his predecessor, Gruzdev had to form a new team from scratch [19].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

At the same time, Gruzdev did not show much loyalty to his own appointees and removed them in case of dissatisfaction with the results [20].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

As a result, the next governor of the Tula region, Alexey Dyumin, almost completely retained the apparatus of his predecessor Gruzdev, limiting himself to the reappointment of the deputy governor and deputy Prime Minister [21].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev also paid attention to combating conflicts of interest in local authorities.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Having assumed the powers of governor, he found that the majority of deputies of the Tula City Duma of the IV convocation combined mandates with senior positions in local municipal unitary enterprises.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The governor presented them with a choice, and not a single head of municipal enterprises entered the Duma of the 5th convocation, which met in the fall of 2014 [18].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev's administrative policy was aimed at increasing the control, transparency and informatization of the authorities.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Before he took office, many officials did not have their own email addresses [22].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev also started an official Twitter and ordered other regional officials to follow his example and maintain microblogs to receive complaints from the population and report on the work done [23] [24].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

On the instructions of Gruzdev, the Open Region 71 website was launched, which provided residents of the Tula Region with electronic access to public services, drawing up appeals and complaints to the authorities [25].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

To monitor the work of local officials, Gruzdev made it a regular practice to travel to districts and meet with local residents and municipal authorities, which often resulted in ambulances resignations [18].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

A vivid example of Gruzdev's peremptory attitude towards local officials was his meeting with residents of Bogoroditsky District in October 2011 [25].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Then, dissatisfied with the poor organization of basic consumer services for the population, the governor criticized the head of the district who was present and shared the advice that his Duma deputy Pavel Voronin gave former Minister of Health and Social Development Mikhail Zurabov during a parliamentary discussion the catastrophic state of affairs with the availability of medicines to preferential categories of the population in 2007 — to preserve officer honor using an award pistol [26] [27].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

On August 13, 2014, Vladimir Gruzdev appointed Maxim Mishchenko, former deputy of the State Duma of the fifth convocation and former leader of the Molodaya Rossiya movement, to the post of deputy head of the representative office the Government of the Tula Region under the Government of the Russian Federation and the Deputy Minister of Internal Policy and Development of Local Self-Government of the Tula Region [28] [29] [30].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

At the end of 2015, based on materials received from the government of the Tula Region [31], regarding Mishchenko and the Chairman of the Union for the Protection of Persons with Disabilities and Participants in the Liquidation of the The Chernobyl NPP in Novomoskovsk Gennady Efimov initiated a criminal case on the fact of withdrawing budget funds sent to the accounts of supplied firms sent to a non-profit organization as grants for the rehabilitation of Chernobyl victims [28].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

On March 17, 2017, the Novomoskovsk City Court of the Tula Region found Mishchenko guilty of fraud and sentenced him to 2.5 years in prison [30].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In the summer of 2017, the Investigative Committee opened a case under Part 1 of Art.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

286 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (“Exceeding Official Powers”) against Arthur Kontrabaev, Chairman of the Committee on Informatization and Communications in 2011-2014 and Minister for Informatization, Communications and Open management in 2014—2015 [32].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

As the Tulskie Novosti news agency found out, in the year since the initiation, the case against Kontrabayev has not moved from the stage of preliminary investigation [33].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Despite journalists' assumptions that Gruzdev was aware of the actions of his subordinates, law enforcement agencies did not find a connection between the governor and their offenses [18] [34] [35].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The Gruzdev administration also initiated a number of investigations against regional officials suspected of corruption.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

High-profile cases were the persecution of the mayor of Tula Alexander Prokopuk for fraud as the head of the municipal enterprise “Spetsavtohozyaistvo”, which he headed before taking office, the head the administration of the Dubensky district and his deputies, the head of the Uzlovsky district and high-ranking officials of the city of Donskoy [34].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Work results


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In terms of growth in actual revenues, the region took 1st place in the Central Federal District.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Economic growth made it possible to reduce borrowing from the federal budget by 2 billion rubles, and the debt burden (the ratio of public debt to tax and non-tax revenues) decreased from 37% to 32%.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

According to this indicator, the region rose in the Central Federal District from 7th place in 2010 to 4th place at the end of 2014, in Russia — from 49th place to 16th place [34] [36].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 2010-2014, the consolidated (including municipal revenues) budget of the region increased by 85% from 34.5 to 63.7 billion, the regional budget's own revenues more than doubled - from 23.2 up to 50 billion [34] [36].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 2011-2015, the Tula Region increased the dynamics of industrial production by 51.5% and reached 2nd place in the Central Federal District and 5th in Russia in this indicator [36].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The volume of investments in fixed assets for the period 2011-2015 amounted to 348 billion rubles, their share in the gross regional product in 2014 reached 26.4%, almost catching up with the target for 2018 in 27% [34] [36].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Economic growth contributed to a decrease in unemployment from 5.3% in 2011 to 3.7% in December 2015 (15th and 7th in the country, respectively).


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The average wage increased from 17.3 thousand rubles in 2011 to 26.8 thousand rubles in December 2015 (48th and 40th places in the country), and in educational institutions the growth reached 200-250%.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

During Gruzdev's work, the region has reached a record pace of housing construction in 25 years.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 2011-2015, a total of 1.7 million m² of housing were commissioned in the region, with twice as much housing commissioning as before.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In terms of housing growth, the Tula Region ranked 6th in the Central Federal District and 32nd in Russia, and ranked 1st in the Federal District and 7th in the country in terms of resettlement [36].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Since 2011, 2 new kindergartens have been built in the region, 6 have been overhauled, 7 buildings have been converted for preschool institutions, and 4 more buildings have been purchased by 2015.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

At the end of 2011, there were 11,104 children on the waiting list for kindergartens, and by April 2015, their number had fallen to 480.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The statistical indicator of the provision of kindergartens for children aged 3—7 years has reached 99% [34].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev headed the Tula Region at a time when it was in a demographic hole.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

However, 2011-2014 was marked by noticeable improvements in statistics: the annual birth rate increased from 9.4 to 10 per 1,000 people, mortality decreased from 17.7 to 17.1 per 1,000 people [34].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

During his tenure as governor, Gruzdev donated for the restoration of one of the bells for the bell tower of the Assumption Cathedral of the Tula Kremlin [37], and also annually spent on charity in Tula 250 million rubles from personal funds, and transferred the entire salary to the Yasnopolyansky orphanage [38].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Since December 2012, the governor's salary in the amount of 48,115 rubles has been sent to the Tula Kremlin fund and for the organization of disabled people.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The governor's press service announced the transfer of the entire salary to charity throughout 2013 [39].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

During its work, a specialized cardiology center was opened in Tula, which made it possible to reduce the mortality rate due to cardiovascular diseases by 30% [34].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

During its work, the Uzlovaya Industrial Park was created in the Uzlovsky District of the Tula Region, the main resident of which was the Chinese carmaker Great Wall Motors [34] [36].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Since 2011, the number of civil servants in regional executive authorities has decreased by 35% from 1,289 to 847 people.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The number of municipal officials during this time decreased by almost half - from 4,022 to 2,242 people.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In terms of the small number of state apparatus in terms of per capita terms, the Tula Region, as a result of reforms, took 1st place in the Central Federal District and second in Russia, behind only the Chelyabinsk Region, with the average age Tula managers were reduced to 38 years.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

With the increase in requirements for officials, the average salary also increased: for regional civil servants it amounted to 50 thousand rubles, for municipal employees - 35.5 thousand rubles [34].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Resignation


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

On February 2, 2016, he resigned at his own request. [


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The reason for his resignation was family circumstances (the governor had a daughter) [41].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Accepting his resignation, Vladimir Putin noted that “Vladimir Sergeevich is a Muscovite and wants to be closer to Moscow” [42].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Later, the press published a version that his dismissal was caused by a criminal case against Maxim Mishchenko's closest assistant, as well as an investigation due to the misappropriation of grants for 3 billion rubles in favor of TD Medved and Baltika.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

On December 6, 2016, the Arbitration Court of the Voronezh Region, in the reasoning part of its decision, stated that Gruzdev, during the governorship, in violation of the law, continued to deal entrepreneurial activity and took a direct part in the management of the company “Fashion Continent” [43] [44] [45].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In August 2017, by the decision of the Arbitration Court of the Central District, the conclusions on Gruzdev's control over the activities of Fashion Continent were excluded from the reasoning part of the decision of the Arbitration Court Voronezh Oblast [46].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Public activities


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In the summer of 2007, Gruzdev took part in a polar expedition on the scientific vessel Akademik Fedorov, during which on August 2, 2007, as part of the crew of the Mir-1 bathyscaphe, piloted by oceanologist Anatoly Sagalevich Gruzdev dived to a depth of 4,261 meters at the North Pole [3] [47].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

According to Russian Forbes, Gruzdev also acted as the main or one of the main sponsors of the expedition.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

According to some sources, the expedition cost the organizers 100 million rubles, and Gruzdev contributed more than half of the amount directly or through the Seventh Continent controlled by him [48]; according to another Forbes source, Arctic-2007 cost the organizers about $2 million, of which Gruzdev provided about 700 thousand.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The project was of great symbolic importance and marked the beginning of the revival of the Russian Geographical Society under the guardianship of large businesses [49].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In January 2008, by decree of Vladimir Putin, the expedition members were presented with state awards for courage and heroism shown in extreme conditions.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev was awarded the Order “For Merit to the Fatherland” III degree [3] [50].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Space tourism


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev first announced plans to fly into space as a space tourist in an interview in April 2007.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In the summer, the entrepreneur signed a contract with Roscosmos and, according to the results of a medical examination, was recognized as fit for space flights.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Boris Gryzlov, his parliamentary colleague and Chairman of the State Duma of the 5th convocation, petitioned for Gruzdev's participation in space flight.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

It was planned that Gruzdev would become the first Russian space tourist, and his flight would become an important party-state project, which would be financed from the extra-budgetary funds of the United Russia”.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Initially, the space tour was scheduled for 2008, but due to the reservation of seats for other space tourists (the Soyuz TMA spacecraft could take on board only one space tourist , if the third place in the crew was not intended for another participant in the flight), the flight shifted no earlier than autumn 2009 [51] [52].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The final decision was made in May 2009: due to a significant increase in the cost of the flight amid the financial crisis, Gruzdev refused to participate in the program [53] [54].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The revival of Tula football club “Arsenal”


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The revival of the Tula football club “Arsenal” began as part of the Duma election campaign of 2011.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

At that time, former Duma speaker Boris Gryzlov, who headed the regional list of United Russia, brought veterans of local football to Tula and made a public promise to return the club to its former glory.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev, who was the second number on the party list, supported the initiative and helped organize funding, including from his own funds.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Thanks to the wide support, Arsenal, who played in the second division for a long time, were able to advance to the Premier League [55].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Lawyers Association of Russia


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdeva is a member of the Russian Bar Association (AYR).


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Since 2009, he held the position of Deputy Chairman of the Board of the Association, and in December 2016 he was elected Chairman of the Management Board [56] [57].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In April 2017, Gruzdev, as chairman of the Association of Legal Affairs, joined the government commission on legislative activity [58], and in May he became co-chairman of the Center for Public Procedures “Business Against Corruption”, established in 2011 by order of the Government of Russia with the participation of the public organization Delovaya Rossiya [59] [60].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

With the participation of Gruzdev, a new version of the draft law on changing the procedure for recording the time of preliminary investigation in the term of punishment was developed, adopted by the State Duma in the first reading in June 2018 years [61].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Philanthropy


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev is a member of the boards of trustees of the Moscow Suvorov Military School [62], MGIMO [63], the Public Institute for Social Strategy and Tactics Charitable Foundation at Moscow State University and the Charitable Varyag Cruiser Foundation [64] [65].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev closely cooperates with the Russian Military Historical Society, is a member of the organization's Board of Trustees, and during the leadership of the Tula Region he headed the Board of Trustees of its regional departments [66] [67].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 2016-2017, Gruzdev financially supported the reconstruction of the monument to Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin, which was worked on by the Foundation for Assistance to the Revival of Traditions mercy and charity “Elisavetinsko-Sergius Educational Society” on behalf of Vladimir Putin.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

The monument was unveiled in May 2017 [68].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

A separate area of Gruzdev's charitable activity is associated with the Tula Region.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Since 2012, he has fully transferred his governor's salary to the public organization of disabled people “Ravnopravie”, the Tula Kremlin Cultural Heritage Revival Fund and the Tula Orthodox classical gymnasium [69].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

At his own expense, Gruzdev installed playgrounds in the Tula Region (about 500 in total in four years) and large playgrounds in the Tula Kremlin Square, Novomoskovsk, Aleksin, Belev and Donskoy city [18] [70].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

According to Gruzdev's income statement for 2014, the governor sent everything to charitable programs for the installation of playgrounds and sports grounds, assistance to the poor and the purchase of housing for large families families over 250 million rubles [71].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev continued to provide support in the Tula region after leaving the post of governor: his official website reported that he was a donor to the Perspektiva Charitable Foundation, established in April 2016 on the initiative of Dyumin, who replaced him [72].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Personal life


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

family


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Father Sergei Gruzdev is a military career [73], Nelly Gruzdev's mother is a teacher of chemistry and biology at secondary school [45].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

His wife is Olga Gruzdeva (married since 1994) [74] [75].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Four children: daughters Arina and Maria, sons Grigory [76] and Leonid.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

According to the income statement submitted by Gruzdev at the end of 2013, the total income of his family then amounted to 1.6 billion rubles, mainly represented by dividends from securities and interest on deposits.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

His wife's income amounted to less than half of the amount — 619.5 million rubles, and his 17-year-old son Leonid declared 25,000 rubles [71].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Members of the Gruzdev family own a 61% stake in Fashion Continent through a family fund [9].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 2016, Olga Gruzdeva purchased a villa in Sardinia with an estimated value of 25 million euros [77] [78].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Condition


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gruzdev is a regular figure in the Forbes rating of the richest Russian entrepreneurs.


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In the list, he ranked from 36th (2009) to 147th (2015).


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

He first entered the ranking in 2005 with a fortune of $340 million as a co-owner of the Seventh Continent [79].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 2006, Gruzdev climbed to 66th place in the rating, which was his highest result for the entire measurement period [80].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 2008, the entrepreneur was not on the list, and his largest fortune reached in 2014, when he ranked 79th with 1.3 billion dollars [81].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

In 2018, Forbes estimated Gruzdev's fortune at $750 million, which corresponded to 134th place in the ranking of the richest entrepreneurs [82].


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Awards, rewards


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Order “For Merit to the Fatherland” III degree (January 9, 2008) — for courage shown in extreme conditions during the High-Latitude Arctic Deep-Sea Expedition [83]


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Order “For Merit to the Fatherland” IV degree (February 2, 2013) — for many years of conscientious work and great charitable activities [84]


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Order of Alexander Nevsky (January 30, 2017) [85] [86]


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Medal of the Order “For Merit to the Fatherland” II degree (March 21, 2007) — for services in strengthening the rule of law, protecting the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, many years of conscientious work [87]


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Medal “For Service in Battle” (1989)


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Badge “Internationalist Soldier”


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Medal “For Merit” (FSSP) (October 22, 2013) [88]


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Encouragement from the President and the Government


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Certificate of Honor of the President of the Russian Federation (July 30, 2010) — for merits in legislative activity and many years of conscientious work [89]


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gratitude from the President of the Russian Federation (May 6, 2008) — for his great contribution to the work of the Public Reception of a Candidate for the Post of President of the Russian Federation [


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gratitude from the President of the Russian Federation (October 24, 2017) — for his great contribution to the preservation of cultural and historical heritage [91]


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Certificate of Honor of the Government of the Russian Federation (July 6, 2011) — for merits in legislative activity and many years of conscientious work [92]


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gratitude from the Government of the Russian Federation (July 22, 2009) — for merits in legislative activity and many years of conscientious work [93]


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Gratitude from the Government of the Russian Federation (June 9, 2015) — for the effective organization of work on training citizens of the Russian Federation for military service in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Stolypin P. A. II degree (August 31, 2013) — for merits in solving strategic tasks of the socio-economic development of the country and many years of conscientious work [94]


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Honorary Badge of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation “For Merits in the Development of Parliamentarism” (June 3, 2009)


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Honorary Badge of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation “For Merits in the Development of Parliamentarism” (November 26, 2013)


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Pennant of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation (June 30, 2015) — for assisting in solving the tasks assigned to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and the first place taken by the Tula Region in competition among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the best preparation of citizens of the Russian Federation for military service, the organization and conduct of the conscription of citizens for military service in 2014


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Notes


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

References


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

on Twitter


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Category:Graduates of the Moscow Suvorov Military School


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Category:Graduates of the Military Institute of the Ministry of Defense


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Category:MSU Law Faculty graduates


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Category:Members of United Russia


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Category:Deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation from single-member constituencies


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Category: Deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the 4th convocation


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Category: Deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the 5th convocation


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Category:Governors of Tula Oblast


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Category:Russian entrepreneurs


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Category:Russian billionaires


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Category:Persons accused of plagiarism


Question: When did Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev become a deputy?

Vladimir Gruzdev

Category:Deputies of the Moscow City Duma


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

New Horizons is a NASA automatic interplanetary station launched as part of the New Frontiers program to study Pluto and its natural satellite Charona.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The launch was carried out on January 19, 2006, and the spacecraft flew Jupiter (with a gravitational maneuver in its gravitational field) in 2007 and a scientific program for the study of Pluto in 2015, at the beginning of 2019 it is planned to study Kuiper Belt objects.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The full research program of New Horizons is designed for 15—17 years.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

New Horizons left the Earth's vicinity at the highest speed of all spacecraft.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

When the engines were turned off, it was 16.26 [1] (relative to Earth).


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The heliocentric velocity was 45, which would allow New Horizons to leave the solar system even without gravitational maneuver near Jupiter [2].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

However, in 2015, the heliocentric speed of the device was about 14.5 [3], which is less than the speed of Voyager 1 — 17.012 (Voyager 1 gained more speed due to additional gravitational Saturn's maneuver).


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Mission goals


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The main goals of the mission are to study the formation of the Pluto and Charon system, the formation of the Kuiper Belt, and the processes that took place in the early stages of the evolution of the


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The spacecraft will study the surface and atmosphere of objects of the Pluto system, the immediate environment of Pluto.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Similar studies are possible at Kuiper Belt objects in an expanded mission [4].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The tasks of the spacecraft include:


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Mapping the surface of Pluto and Charon


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Exploring the geology and morphology of Pluto and Charon


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Investigation of Pluto's atmosphere and its scattering into the surrounding space


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Charon Atmosphere Search


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Mapping surface temperatures of Pluto and Charon


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The search for rings and new moons of Pluto


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Exploring Kuiper Belt Objects


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Description of the device


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The mass of the device is 478, including 77 fuels.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Dimensions — 2.2×2.7×3.2 meters.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

For the launch, the American Atlas-5 launch vehicle was used in the 551 configuration with the Russian RD-180 engine installed on it [5], which was due to the need for significant acceleration and is the heaviest version of this missile used for 2012.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Telemetry and control system


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Communication with the spacecraft is carried out in the X-band using antennas - narrowly focused with high gain, broad-directional with medium gain and a pair of omnidirectional .


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

From the Earth, communication is carried out using deep space communication antennas having a diameter of 70 and have already been used to fly beyond the orbit of Jupiter.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The signal is circularly polarized.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The narrowly focused antenna of the apparatus has a diameter of 2.1, is made according to the Cassegrain scheme, and has an opening angle of 0.3 and a gain of 42.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

A wide-directional antenna with a diameter of 0.3 and an opening angle of 14 is attached to the reverse side of the secondary reflector of the narrowly directed antenna.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

A pair of omnidirectional antennas are located on opposite sides of the spacecraft.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

One of them is located on top of the receiver of the wide-directional antenna, and the other is inside the adapter for mounting to the launch vehicle.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Omnidirectional antennas were used only in the early phases of flight in near-Earth space and could help in emergency situations when losing orientation.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The outgoing signal is amplified by a 12-watt traveling wave tube, which (together with the spare one) is installed on the spacecraft body under the dish of a narrowly focused antenna.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The control of the transmitting device allows the simultaneous use of both lamps, which makes it possible to almost double the speed of data transmission to Earth.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

At the same time, the signal will be polarized twice.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Tests of this transmission method at the beginning of the flight were recognized as successful and are now considered a working option (if there is enough power reserve of the power supply system).


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The communication system has a redundant design — most of the key devices in the communication system are duplicated, and in the event of failure of the main devices, their work will be taken over by backup ones.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The system made it possible to transmit data to Earth at a speed of 38 (4.75) in the Jupiter region, a speed comparable to the speed of an outdated modem.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Upon reaching Pluto, the device will be able to transmit data at a speed of 768 (96 per second); 1 will transmit approximately 3.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

This is an extremely low speed, but it will also allow us to transfer valuable scientific data and even high-quality photographs to Earth.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

In addition to the low speed, an additional complicating factor will be the signal delay of 4.5 in each direction.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Scientific information obtained as a result of observations will not be transmitted immediately — first it is stored in the memory banks of the on-board computer complex.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

This is partly because the speed of receipt of such information is significantly higher than the bandwidth of the transmitter, and also because all equipment, in order to reduce the mass of the device is mounted directly on the body of the spacecraft and requires the rotation of the entire spacecraft for its aiming.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

This arrangement makes it possible to make the spacecraft lighter.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

This approach is not widely used — for example, Voyager spacecraft had turntables for scientific instruments.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

However, Voyager 2 jammed its platform during the flight of Saturn, and changes had to be made to the scientific program - to obtain images of Uranus and Neptune with proper exposure without smearing effects I had to turn the spacecraft after the planet.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The same approach has been applied at New Horizons.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Power supply system


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) was taken as a source of electricity.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

At the start, its electric capacity was 250, and according to forecasts, it will fall by 5% every four years, which will provide a capacity of 200 in 2015, during the main phase of the entire of the research program — the Pluton-Charon flight.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

This is much less than the capacity of the Voyagers RTG (470 at launch, 290 in 2006), which explains the shorter duration of the program, which is scheduled to be completed in the 2020s, when the device passes 50-55


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

It was based on the existing model of the RTAG “GPHS-RTG”, which has already been used in the space missions “Ulysses”, “Galileo”, “Cassini-Huygens”.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

RTGs contain about 11 radioactive fuels in the form of 72 plutonium-238 oxide.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

An interesting parallel is that the chemical element plutonium was named after the celestial body of Pluto, the study of which is the purpose of the New Horizons spacecraft.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Each tablet is enclosed in a power case made of iridium and covered with a graphite shell on top of it.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The features of this isotope are high heat generation per unit mass, as well as radioactive decay that occurs with the emission of only alpha particles, which makes it possible to do with light radiation protection.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

However, this isotope is a by-product of the production of weapons-grade plutonium, the production of which has been stopped in both the United States and Russia, which makes it an extremely scarce material.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The RTG was developed by the US Department of Energy at the Materials and Fuels Complex (formerly West Argonne), a division of the Idaho National Laboratory in Bingham.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

In 2002, the US Department of Energy was forced to transfer the spacecraft battery development program from Ohio to Idaho for safety reasons.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Due to funding difficulties and delays in production, the generator turned out to be less powerful than originally planned.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

This required a review of the mission's scientific program.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

There are no other power sources on board the spacecraft, all energy is fully generated by the RTG, and peak load periods are covered by capacitor banks.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The load is controlled by means of quick switch units.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The mass of plutonium loaded into the New Horizons RTG is about three times less than it was at Cassini-Huygens.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Nevertheless, this project caused protests from activists.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The United States Department of Energy estimated the probability of a failed launch, which would cause a radioactive release into the atmosphere, at 1 in 350.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

It was believed that the worst case for full dispersion of plutonium would spread radioactive contamination equivalent to 80% of the average annual background radiation dose in North America to a neighborhood with a radius 105 (65).


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Onboard computing complex


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The on-board computer complex consists of two systems — a command and data processing system and a navigation and control system [6].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Each of the two systems is duplicated, which makes a total of four computers.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The computers are built on the Mongoose-V processor with MIPS architecture, which is a radiation-resistant version of the R3000 processor and operates at a frequency of 12.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Compared to the RAD750 processor used in the Curiosity rover, it is less productive and runs at a lower frequency (12 versus 200), but also much cheaper ($20-40 [7] vs $200, based on contract prices for 2012).


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

To store scientific information, two flash memory banks (main and spare) with a volume of 8 [8] were used.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Computer boards are housed in integrated electronic modules, inside which the required mode is maintained.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

In addition to computer boards, there are boards of other electronics — scientific instruments and controls.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Each module contains 9.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

On March 19, 2007, the command and data processing system computer experienced an uncorrectable memory failure, as a result of which the computer rebooted and entered protected mode.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

It took two days to fully restore performance, while part of the scientific data on the magnetosphere of Jupiter was lost.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

This failure did not affect the main scientific program.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Orientation and stabilization system


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The New Horizons space probe does not have sufficient onboard power to be able to stabilize by means of flywheels.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Therefore, the task of orientation and stabilization is entirely entrusted to the corrective propulsion system.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Methylhydrazine is used as fuel for it.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

As a monofuel, methylhydrazine has slightly worse energy characteristics and requires a certain culture of system execution to prevent premature decomposition, according to compared to traditional two-component fuels.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

On the other hand, the two-component system is more complicated, including due to the need for long-term storage of a chemically aggressive high-boiling oxidizing agent (for example, nitric acid, diazote tetraoxide), although it was successfully implemented earlier in the USSR and the United States (currently used on Soyuz spacecraft, it was previously used, in particular, on the Apollo spacecraft and in the Sistema orbital maneuvering” of space shuttle spacecraft).


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Up to 90 methylhydrazine could be placed in the spacecraft's fuel tank, but only 77 were refueled during this flight.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

This amount of fuel is enough to give the device an additional speed of 290.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Helium is used as a displacer.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The stock of the main research program (that is, the mass of fuel that should remain after completing the main task — the flight past Pluto) is divided into the main and additional reserves and can be used to execute an extended program — flying past an object from the Kuiper Belt.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

New Horizons has two stabilization modes — normal and high-precision.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

In normal mode, stabilization by engines is carried out along two axes, and along the third, directed from the Earth and passing through antennas, the device is stabilized by a gyroscopic effect (rotation at a speed five revolutions per minute).


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

In high-precision mode, the engines are stabilized along all three axes.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

High-precision mode is used for most scientific research and requires higher fuel consumption.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

In normal stabilization mode, observations using REX, SWAP, PEPSSI and VB-SDC are available.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Thermal management system


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The temperature inside the spacecraft is maintained in the range of 10—30 °C.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

At the beginning of the flight, on the side facing the Sun, the temperature was higher, but did not exceed 40° C.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The lowest permissible temperature is 0 °C and is due to the freezing point of hydrazine fuel.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The temperature regime is maintained by balancing the power supply and waste heat of the RTG and heat losses through thermal insulation, external parts of the devices and the control system.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

To maintain the temperature, the spacecraft is wrapped in light multilayer thermal insulation, which retains heat from operating electronics according to the thermos principle [9].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Scientific instruments


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The following devices are installed on the device itself:


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Alice ultraviolet spectrometer that will study the composition of the atmosphere and the surface structure of Pluto.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

It is developed.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

A similar instrument has been developed for the Rosetta spacecraft of the European Space Agency;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Ralph surveillance camera operating in the visible and infrared wavelength ranges;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

LORRI camera () with a resolution of 5 for detailed shooting and shooting from a long distance, developed in APL;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

a solar wind particle meter SWAP () developed at the Southwest Research Institute.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

With its help, it is planned to determine whether Pluto has a magnetosphere, as well as to establish the leakage rate of its atmosphere;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

PEPSSI energy particle spectrometer () to search for neutral atoms that leave Pluto's atmosphere and turn into charged particles when interacting with the solar wind;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

VB-SDC dust detector () for measuring the concentration of dust particles in the Kuiper belt.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The device is a fan-shaped device with a radius of 42 and a thickness of 3 made of aluminum honeycomb material covered with a thin film, connected by a cable to the electronics unit;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

REX radio spectrometer (English: Radio Experiment) combined with the main antenna of the probe (it is planned to study the structure of Pluto's atmosphere, the thermal properties of its surface and measure the mass of Pluto, Charon, and Kuiper Belt objects that have not yet been selected).


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

events


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The flight was repeatedly postponed due to lack of funding, as well as delays in the manufacture of a plutonium thermoelectric generator.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The cost of implementing the project in 2006 was estimated at 650 dollars [10].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Past


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

2004—2005 — spacecraft assembly [11];


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

January 19, 2006 — the New Horizons spacecraft was successfully launched from Cape Canaveral [12];


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

January 2006 — planned correction of the flight path of the spacecraft was carried out for the upcoming gravitational maneuver near Jupiter.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

On 28 and 30 January, two shunting engines of the probe were briefly switched on, as a result of which the speed of the device changed by a total of 18;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

April 7, 2006 — The spacecraft crossed the orbit of Mars [1] at a distance of 243 million km from the Sun.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The speed of the device was about 21;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

June 13, 2006 — The spacecraft sailed 110 from the small asteroid 132524 APL (formerly known as 2002 JF56).


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The systems for capturing and tracking a moving target were photographed and checked;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

By September 2006, the operability of all seven scientific instruments was tested;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

February 28, 2007 — A gravitational maneuver around Jupiter.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

At 05:43:40 UTC, the device approached the planet at a distance of 2.305; high-resolution photographs of the planet and its satellites were obtained [13];


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

June 8, 2008 — the spacecraft crossed the orbit of Saturn;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

From July 7 to September 2, 2009 — the third scheduled inspection (ASO-3).


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

A comprehensive inspection began with the removal of the station from standby mode on July 7.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

During it, it was found that the on-board equipment was functioning normally.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

After checking, New Horizons went back into hibernation mode;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

November 9, 2009 — a series of trajectory corrections was carried out to ensure the necessary orientation of the antenna radiation pattern for communication with the Earth;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

December 29, 2009 — the probe crossed the conventional boundary, which marks half the distance from Earth to Pluto [14];


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

July 30, 2010 — New Horizons successfully tested the LORRI camera on Neptune and its satellite Triton from a distance of about 23.2 from Neptune [15].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

March 18, 2011 — the spacecraft crossed the orbit of Uranus [16];


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

February 11, 2012 — the device was at a distance of 10 minutes from Pluto;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

January 10, 2013 — regular communication session with the device, passing the planned equipment inspection cycle, downloading updated software [17];


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

On July 1 and 3, 2013, the LORRI camera captured Pluto and its largest satellite, Charon, from a distance of 880.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

LORRI's excellent sensitivity and angular resolution showed Charon exactly in the predicted position relative to Pluto, 35 years after its discovery by James Christie.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The New Horizons camera took images of Pluto and Charon at a much larger phase angle (the angle between the ray of light from the Sun falling on the surface of the celestial body and the ray of light reflected by it in the direction observer) than can be reached from Earth or Earth orbit.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

This can provide important information about the surface properties of Pluto and Charon — for example, the presence of a layer of fine particles covering the surface;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

October 2013 — the device was at a distance of 5 from Pluto;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

at the end of 2013, the spacecraft passed 1.2 from the Trojan asteroid Neptune 2011 HM102, but no observations were carried out, as preparations for Pluto were already underway [18];


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

On January 5, 2014, the device was removed from hibernation in order to check the antenna, update the navigation map of the stars, and a number of other technical checks.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

On January 17, the device was re-introduced into hibernation mode;


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

June 17, 2014 — the beginning of the annual inspection of systems (the last before arriving at Pluto) [19].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

July 14, 2014 — for the first time since 2010 (and for the sixth time since launch), the device corrected the course.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The engines of the device worked 87.52 and provided an increment of speed of 1.08, spending about 250 fuel out of 53 available on board.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

As a result of the maneuver, the probe will arrive at the target 36 earlier - according to calculations based on updated data on the orbits of Pluto and Charon, their relative position at this moment will allow observations according to plans.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Performing a correction at this relatively long distance from the target avoids more serious maneuvers in the future [20].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

August 25, 2014 — The spacecraft crossed the orbit of Neptune [21].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

December 6, 2014 — successful withdrawal of the device from sleep mode; from mid-2007 to that time, the device spent 1837 in sleep mode (almost two-thirds of the flight time), divided into 18 periods with a duration of 36 to 202.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

January 15, 2015 — The spacecraft flew 75 (0.5) from the asteroid 2011 KW48.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

This celestial body orbits at a distance of about 30-40 astronomical units from the Sun.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

January 2015 — the beginning of observations of Pluto from a long distance [22].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

It was possible that it would be necessary to correct the trajectory in order to avoid a collision of the probe with space objects located near Pluto (satellites, rings invisible so far);


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

On March 12, 2015, the spacecraft approached Pluto at a distance of less than 1; two days earlier, another trajectory correction was carried out, which became the most remote in the history of cosmonautics - the probe was on a distance of about 4.77 from the Sun [23];


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

May 5, 2015 — The resolution of New Horizons images of Pluto exceeded the resolution of the best images of the object obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope [24].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

May 12, 2015 — Photos taken by New Horizons are published showing all currently known satellites of Pluto (photos taken from April 25 to May 1) [25].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

June 30, 2015 — New Horizons using the Ralph instrument confirmed the presence of methane ice on Pluto, discovered back in 1976 at the Kitt Peak Observatory [26] [27].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

July 4, 2015 — The computer of the New Horizons probe crashes, leading to the interruption of communication with the mission control center at 81.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The task of eliminating the problem was complicated by the passage of command packets from the Earth to the probe (at the time of the disconnection, it was 4,30) [28].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

July 6, 2015 — NASA experts assured that the computer failure on July 4 will not affect the further course of the mission [29].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

July 14, 2015, at about 11:50 UTC [24], flew at a distance of about 12.5 kilometers from the surface of Pluto [24].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

In general, the device conducted only 9 observations, for which it collected about 50 information [30].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The transfer of all collected data will continue until the end of 2016 — early 2017 [31] [32].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

July 20, 2015 — the completion of the transmission to Earth of the first package of images of the Pluto system from the flight path.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

August 28, 2015 — NASA's management team has chosen the next New Horizons target.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Due to the extremely limited fuel supply, any trajectory corrections after the passage of Pluto were possible only in a small range (about 1).


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

At the time of the launch of the device, there were no known target objects.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Only in 2014, the Hubble telescope was able to find 3 suitable asteroids: (486958) 2014 MU69 (1110113Y), 100% probability of reachability, would require about 35% of the available fuel (designation in the New Horizons team — PT1, from English: potential target1, potential target 1); (G12000JZ, PT3), 97% reachability probability, would require almost all fuel (the size of this object about 2 more than the 2014 MU69 dimensions), and (E31007AI, PT2) is a 7% probability of reachability.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The last two goals were rejected.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

September 5, 2015 — The resumption of transmission of data collected during the flight past Pluto.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

October 22, 2015 was the first correction of the trajectory of a space probe after the flight of Pluto using two small hydrazine engines that worked 16 and changed the station's speed by 10 [34].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

October 25, 2015 — the second correction of the space probe trajectory.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

October 28, 2015 — the third correction of the space probe trajectory.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

November 2, 2015 — LORRI camera footage of asteroid (15810) 1994 JR1 (called (15810) Araun in January 2017) from a distance of 274 [35].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

November 4, 2015 — the fourth correction of the space probe trajectory [36].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

April 7—8, 2016 was another LORRI camera footage of asteroid (15810) 1994 JR1 from a distance of 111 (0.74).


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

July 13—14, 2016 — photography of the trans-Neptunian object (50,000) Kvawar, galaxies IC 1048 and UGC 09485 [37].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

October 25, 2016 — The transfer to Earth of scientific data collected during the flight of Pluto in July 2015 was completed [38].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

On December 5, 2017, at a distance of 6.12 billion km (40.9 AU) from Earth, New Horizons took images of trans-Neptunian objects 2012 HZ84 and 2012 HE85 from a distance of 0.50 and 0.34 AU.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

respectively [39] [40] (the diameter of the footage is approximately 42 and 51 km [41]).


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

December 9, 2017 — engine start to correct the trajectory and increase the speed by 1.51 m/s [42].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

August 2018 — New Horizons made further measurements and found an increase in radiation in the ultraviolet range from the opposite direction to the Sun.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

This effect can be explained by the existence of a “hydrogen wall” surrounding the solar system — an area of compaction of interstellar matter at the boundary of the distribution of the solar wind.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Similar observations were made by Voyager 30 years ago [43].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

On August 16, 2018, the Kuiper Belt object Ultima Thule (2014 MU69), to which the station is heading, was first photographed by a LORRI camera from a distance of more than 160 million km [44] [45].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

On December 2, 2018, being at a distance of 6.48 billion km from Earth, the New Horizons station, during a 105-second turn on of the engines, updated its own record for the farthest correction in history by changing its speed to 1 m/s [46].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

January 1, 2019 — The station flew near the Kuiper Belt 2014 MU69 object at a distance of 43.4 from the Sun [47] and more than 1 billion km from the orbit of Pluto [48].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Between January 4 and 9, the station will not transmit new data to Earth: during this period of time, the Sun will be near the conditional line between the Earth and the spacecraft.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

She will be in touch again on January 10.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

It will take about 20 months to fully transfer all the information collected during the flight [49].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The New Horizons flight near Pluto in the artist's view


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Pluto.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

A photograph taken as the spacecraft approached Pluto


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Pluto's surface: mountains and plain visible


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Pluto's surface: plain


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Pluto and Charon.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Two-frame composite photo


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Planned


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

January 2019 — observation from a distance of 0.09-0.15


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

March 2019 — observation from a distance of 0.1-0.2


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

2026 is the expected end of the research program on the condition of producing an isotopic source.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

2038 — the device will reach 100 from the Sun.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Interesting facts


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

In addition to scientific equipment, the spacecraft has a capsule with part of the ashes of astronomer Clyde Tombaugh, the discoverer of Pluto [50], a CD with 434,738 names of people who participated in NASA's Send Your Name to Pluto [51], two coins, two United States flags, a fragment of the first manned private spacecraft, a CD with photographs of the spacecraft and its developers, 1990 US brand “Pluto: Not Yet Explored” [11].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

The data transfer rate from a distance of 4.5 was no more than 2,000 [31] (for comparison, the Voyager 2 probe located 15 kilometers from Earth transmits data at a speed of about 160).


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

After the flight of Pluto, scientific data was transmitted for more than a year, until October 2016.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Based on part of the data, a concise survey set was created, completely transferred for 40 [31] [52].


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Shortly after flying past Pluto and Charon, the automatic interplanetary station fell successively into the shadow of each of the bodies, which made it possible to check for even a weak atmosphere in the form of haze.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

However, it should be borne in mind that the speed of the spacecraft (unlike spacecraft sent to the Earth's satellite) did not decrease to enter lunar orbit.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

New horizons in culture


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Brian May, British rock musician, Queen guitarist and former astrophysicist, released the New Horizons (Ultima Thule Mix) video clip on January 1, 2019.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

See also


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Radioisotope energy sources


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Notes


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Literature


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Glen H. Fountain, et al.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

, //Space Sci.Rev. 140:23-47 ,2008 doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9374-8


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

H.A. Weaver, et al.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

, //Space Sci.Rev. 140:75-91 ,2008 doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9376-6


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Leslie A. Young, et al.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

, //Space Sci.Rev. 140:93-127 ,2008 doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9462-9


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

S. Alan Stern, et al.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

, //Space Sci.Rev. 140:155-187 ,2008 doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9407-3


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Dennis C. Reuter, et al.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

, //Space Sci.Rev. 140:129-154 ,2008 doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9375-7


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

S. Alan Stern, //Space Sci.Rev. 140:3-21 ,2008 doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9295-y


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Ralph L. McNutt, et al.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

, //Space Sci.Rev. 140:315-385 ,2008; Corr.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

-ibid t. 145:381 ,2009 doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9436-y 10.1007/s11214-009-9534-5


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

D. McComas, et.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

al.


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

, //Space Sci.Rev. 140:261-313 ,2008 doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9205-3


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

References


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Space Science Reviews, dedicated to the mission New Horizons (New Horizons: Reconnaissance of the Pluto-Charon System. Volume 140, Issue 1-4, October 2008) (in English)


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

, Johns Hopkins University/Applied Physics Laboratory (in English)


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

(in English)


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

(in English)


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

//Elements, 20.01.2006


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

//magazine “Cosmonautics News” № 2006/3


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

/“X-Files”, No. 5, March 2006


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

//RIA Novosti, 2012-08-21


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

, 2013-04


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Category:Automatic interplanetary stations


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Category:US space


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Category:nasa


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Category:New Frontiers Program


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Category:Exploration of Jupiter


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Category:Asteroid exploration


Question: When was the New Horizons station launched?

New horizons

Category:Current events in space


Question: When did Mikhail Sholokhov die?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov (, Kruzhilinsky Farm, Vyoshenskaya Village, Donetsk District, Don Army Region — February 21, 1984, Vyoshenskaya Village, Sholokhovsky District, Rostov Oblast) was a Russian Soviet writer and screenwriter, journalist.


Question: When did Mikhail Sholokhov die?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1965 — “for the artistic strength and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia”), the Stalin Prize (1941), the Lenin Prize (1960).


Question: When did Mikhail Sholokhov die?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939).


Question: When did Mikhail Sholokhov die?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1967, 1980).


Question: When did Mikhail Sholokhov die?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Colonel (1943).


Question: When did Mikhail Sholokhov die?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Biography


Question: When did Mikhail Sholokhov die?

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Youthfulness