Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

This concept refers to the concept of the LGBT movement, according to which homosexual, bisexual and transgender people have the right not to be ashamed or ashamed of their sexual orientation and gender identity, but to be proud, with self-esteem, accepting themselves as they are.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Philosophy professor Thomas Lawrence writes that at first glance, it seems as pointless to be proud of your sexual orientation as to be proud that the sky is blue, but the concept of gay pride has the same meaning that activists of the movement against racial segregation in the United States put in the 1960s, saying, “I'm black, and I'm proud of it!” (English: “I am black and I am proud!”) was a way to loudly declare that it is not a shame to be black [35] [36].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Academician and sociologist Igor Kon believed that people can be proud not only of their national or religious, but also of their sexual identity, since for oppressed minorities this can be considered as a form of self-defense.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In his work “The Litmus Test of Russian Democracy”, he expressed the opinion that the slogan “gay is good!” an answer to those who consider same-sex love an “unspeakable vice” [37].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

According to the well-known Russian and American journalist Masha Hessen, the word “pride” was addressed to one of the organizers of homophilic pickets, who tried to separate the participants who joined hands, and also police officers, who took for granted the right to conduct a “gender check”.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In the article “Why do we need gay parades”, Masha explains that the Gay&Proud badge should be translated as “I am gay and I have nothing to be ashamed of”, because a person should not be ashamed of his love [38].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Goals


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The goals of the gay parade are diverse.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In Western countries, a mass demonstration of freedom of expression, self-esteem, diversity and unity of the LGBT community, its cultural development and self-determination come to the fore, the triumph of individual freedom.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The gay parade is designed to show the openness of LGBT people, visually confirm their existence in society, maintain a tolerant attitude towards them, protect human rights and civil equality for all people regardless of sexual orientation and gender identity.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The gay parade is used as a means of drawing attention to the pressing problems of LGBT people.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Many gay parades raise various social and political issues, such as confronting discrimination and homophobia, the spread of the AIDS epidemic, the issue of recognizing same-sex marriage , the problem of prosecutions and executions of gay and lesbian women in third world countries [3] [4] [5] [39].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Form of holding


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

As well as the goals, the form of a gay parade can vary significantly.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Gay parades are held both in the form of civil demonstrations and in the form of theatrical processions [5].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

LGBT activists emphasize that historically, gay parades grew out of protest marches against discrimination carried out by homosexuals in the struggle for human rights.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The LGBT community sometimes diverges in approaches to the form of holding gay parades.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Thus, in Tel Aviv in 2010, the organizing committee of the gay parade split due to the fact that some gay activists wanted to honor the memory of teenagers shot by a homophobic terrorist separating from fun festive events [40] [41].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In the United States, sometimes, in order to shift the focus to the original and main goals of the action, a march is called, for example, a march for equality or a march of pride [42] [43].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Such demonstrations demand respect for human rights of LGBT people, the adoption of laws protecting against discrimination, recognition of same-sex marriage, protest against homophobia and violence, social issues such as the fight against the AIDS epidemic, the problems of social protection of children in same-sex families, and so on are raised.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Some LGBT activists accept an opinion that is more common in the Western world, believing that the gay parade should promote tolerance towards LGBT people through cultural dialogue, a massive fireplace out through a festive demonstration of diversity.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Such gay parades are a procession of costumed participants, a series of moving colorful platforms, music and dance performances, theatrical mini-performances, body art, performances, often with erotic overtones, like the pre-Lenten Brazilian carnival or the Berlin love parade [44].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In practice, the manifestations of these two approaches are mixed.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Even the most festive gay parades usually have moments dedicated to the memory of victims of AIDS and homophobic violence in the form of special minutes of silence and seminars.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The civic character of the march is also given by the participation of political parties and public organizations with their slogans, and delegations from third world countries raise questions about the problems of LGBT people in these countries, such as criminal prosecution, death penalty, authorities' connivance to violence.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Sharp social parodies, such as religion, from members of the Order of Infinite Indulgence cause lively controversy.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

On the other hand, politicized gay parades feature colorful rainbow paraphernalia and various protest performances [5].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Symbolism and name


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Symbolism


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

One of the main, popular and most recognizable symbols is the Rainbow Flag [45], also known as the English: Pride flag [46] [47] and the English: Freedom flag [48].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Traditionally, the flag consists of six longitudinal stripes, the colors of which go according to the natural order of the rainbow from top to bottom: red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple [49].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The flag is designed to reflect the unity in diversity, beauty and joy of the LGBT community [50].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

It is the epitome of pride and openness.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The rainbow flag was designed by Gilbert Baker specifically for the 1978 San Francisco Gay Freedom Day parade.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

This year was historic for the local LGBT community — for the first time in California, “open” gay Harvey Milk was elected to a political post (as a member of the city's supervisory board) [51] [52].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Another frequently recognizable symbol is the Pink Triangle (German: Rosa winkel), which has survived to this day from Nazi Germany.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

A campaign to popularize the “pink triangle” as a symbol was launched by human rights organizations in the early 1970s [50] [53].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Name


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Initially, the first American gay parades were called “Freedom Day” (English: Freedom Day) or “English: Gay Liberation Day”.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

[4] However, in the 1980s, they were replaced by the “gay parade” and the “pride parade”.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Today, the name of the gay parade may vary from country to country: for example, in Austria it is called the Rainbow Parade (German: Regenbogenparade), [54] [55] in Holland it is called Pink Saturday (Dutch: Roze Zaterdag), [56] [room 2] in Germany and Switzerland — Christopher Street Day (English: Christopher Street Day), [57] [58] in Japan — Rainbow March (Japanese: Sunday, English: Rainbow March) [59] .


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Friendship Days are held in Latvia, [60] [61] gay parades in Australia [2] have merged with the Mardi Gras carnival celebrations and bear the same name.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

[5] [62]


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Organizing, preparing and conducting


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Venues


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Gay parades take place in cities regardless of the number of people living in them, be it the multi-million population of Sao Paulo or the Irish town of Sligo, the smallest city in the world that hosts a gay parade [ 63].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Most often, gay parades are held in the so-called gay neighborhoods (English: gay village, also gay neighborhood, gay district) - urban areas in which a large number of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people [64] [65].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The largest gay parades take place in the following areas: Castro Street in San Francisco [66], French Quarter in New Orleans [67], Lakeview in Chicago, Oxford Street in Sydney [room 3] [2].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Holding gay parades in such areas is very convenient for both organizers and participants and spectators, as they have a high concentration of LGBT residents living there and have the necessary for gays and lesbians with infrastructure — gay bars, nightclubs, gay saunas, theme stores, etc. [65]


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In many cities, gay parades are held on central streets, such as Fifth Avenue in New York, Avenida Paulista in São Paulo, Trafalgar Square in London and Place de la Bastille in Paris [68], and in some cases, gay parades are held outside city streets, for example, the Amsterdam Canal Parade runs along the Prinsengracht Canal and the Amstel River [69] [70]


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Preparation and implementation


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Preparations for a gay parade usually begin immediately after the previous parade ends.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Volunteers are recruited through the official websites of the event to help the organizers [72] [73] [74].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Participants book apartments and hotel rooms.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

As a rule, the “best options” end six months before the gay parade [75] [room 4].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Gay parades in different cities around the world gather tens, and sometimes hundreds of thousands, and in some cases millions of participants and spectators.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

More than three million people take part in the largest gay parade in Sao Paulo every year [5].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Gay parades are usually led by parade commanders, Grand Marshals (English: Grand Marshal), honored guests of the holiday who, by their personal example and civic activism, have contributed to the strengthening tolerant attitude towards LGBT people.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Over the years, Grand Marshals have become, for example: Olympic champion Matthew Mitch and American comedian Lily Tomlin in Sydney [76], actor Ian McKellen in Manchester [77], figure skater Johnny Weir in Los Angeles [78], singer Cindy Lauper in San Francisco [79], British basketball player John Amechi in Chicago [80].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Famous politicians and gay activists often become grand marshals, for example: Chicago Mayor Richard Daley, burgomaster of Berlin Klaus Woverright, gay activist Nikolai Alekseev [81].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Media coverage


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Many gay parades are widely covered in national and international media.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

For example, in Australia, in 2011, live broadcasts from the gay parade were broadcast on Joy 94.9 FM, Melbourne and 2SER 107.3 FM, Sydney [82].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The parade was also broadcast in full live on Arena (FOXTEL) [83] [84].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The broadcast was hosted by dancer Louis Spence (Cats), TV presenters Charlotte Dawson (Australian Top Model) and Ruby Rose (MTV Australia), as well as Olympic champion Matthew Mitchum and comedian Caroline Reed (as “Pam Ann”) [85] [86].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The parade was also broadcast via the Australian Satellite Radio Network (CBAA) [82].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The impact on the economy


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Every year, gay parades and related events are visited by several thousand to several million tourists.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Hotels, bars and restaurants, as well as shops selling souvenirs with LGBT symbols, bring multimillion-dollar revenues to the city budget [87].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

For example, according to various estimates, the annual revenue from the gay parade in Toronto is more than $130 million [88], in New Orleans it is more than $160 million [67], and in São Paulo it is more than $190 million [89].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Participants


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Almost every gay parade is attended by representatives of various political parties, governors and mayors of cities, representatives of trade unions, as well as friendly social institutions and companies, such like Google, Microsoft, YouTube.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Well-known human rights and LGBT organizations express their support.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The march is also attended by disabled gays, gay representatives of national minorities, gay Muslims and Catholics, as well as gay representatives of the armed forces, police, rescue and fire services [5].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Prominent representatives of sports and show business stars take part in gay parades in private.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

For example, in 2010, hockey player Brent Sopel participated in the parade in Chicago, holding the Stanley Cup in memory of Brandon Burke, a gay Chicago Blackhawks player who died in a car accident [room 5].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Among others, employees of porn studios, men's magazines, gay bars, nightclubs and gay saunas take part in gay parades to varying degrees.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Human rights organizations


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

A frequent guest at almost every gay parade is Amnesty International, an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 in the UK (also known as Amnesty, AI, Amnesty International, AI, Amnesty), which aims to “undertake research and action aimed at preventing and ending violations of physical and psychological rights inviolability, freedom of conscience and expression, freedom from discrimination in the context of his work to promote human rights” [90].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Another organization that often participates in gay parades is Human Rights Watch [room 6] (English: Human Rights Watch (HRW), a non-governmental organization an organization engaged in monitoring, investigating and documenting human rights violations [91] in more than 70 countries around the world.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

A regular participant in gay parades is the non-profit organization English: PFLAG — Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays, which unites members of the lesbian family, gay, bisexual and transgender people as well as their friends.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

PFLAG has more than 500 affiliates and about 200,000 members and supporters in the United States and 11 other countries [92] [93] [94] [95].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

PFLAG actively supports families and friends of members of the LGBT community through educational and outreach programs, helps gays and lesbians overcome the negative reaction of society to their way of life, as well as actively fights against discrimination against LGBT citizens, participates in the movement for ensuring equal rights, regardless of their sexual orientation [96].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Along with the organization PFLAG, representatives of independent student organizations, the Alliance of Gays and Heterosexuals (English: Gay-straight allies, GSAS, gay straight alliances) participate in gay parades.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Such alliances are most common in North American and Canadian schools, colleges, and universities.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Their goal is to provide a safe, friendly and tolerant environment for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender people and their heterosexual friends and allies.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

By 2007, the number of such organizations approximately exceeded 3,000 [97] [98].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Unlike LGBT human rights organizations, gay and heterosexual alliances focus on the right of everyone, regardless of sexual orientation or identity, to love and be loved; understanding, tolerance [99], mutual respect and the recognition that people may have different preferences, including sexual preferences [100], and creating a safe environment for discussion of problems, challenges faced by LGBT youth [101].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

ILGA (English: International Lesbian and Gay Association, abbreviated), an international organization dealing with the observance of human rights for LGBT people, often participates in parades. ILGA).


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

ILGA includes more than 600 LGBT organizations in about 110 countries around the world [102], united by regions ILGA-Africa, ILGA-Asia, ILGA-ANZAPI (Australia and Oceania), ILGA-Europe, ILGA-North America, ILTGA-LAC (South and Central America).


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Religious organizations


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Although representatives of orthodox movements and religious conservatives often speak out about the inadmissibility of gay parades [103] [104], there are various churches and denominations that advocate LGBT rights, as well as religious organizations that unite LGBT believers who take part in gay parades [105] [106].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Examples of participation in gay parades of such Christian associations include: the Church of Sweden [107] [108], the Episcopal Church [109], the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America [110] [111], The United Church of Christ [112], the Metropolitan Community Church [112] [113] [114], communities [112] [115] and many others.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

International and interfaith, based in the UK [116], also takes part in gay parades [105] [106] [117].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Among other LGBT organizations in Europe, this movement supported protests against the ban on gay parades in Moscow [118].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Communities of various liberal directions of Judaism [105] [106] [119], such as reformist [120] and reconstructivist [121], and Jewish LGBT organizations, such as, for example, World Congress of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Jews: Keshet Ga'avah) [122].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

There are a small number of LGBT host groups in the liberal movements of Islam who also participate in gay parades, such as Al-Fatiha and Muslims for Progressive Values (Muslims for Progressive Values) Progressive Values) [123].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Representatives of subcultures


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Representatives of various gay subcultures play an important role in the gay parade.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Almost any gay parade, political LGBT procession, sporting event from the United States to Australia is opened by representatives of Dykes on Bikes (Russian: Lesbians on Motorcycles), an international network lesbians who prefer motorcycles as a means of transportation.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The expression “Dykes on Bikes” is an established and registered trademark, so it is often used with the® [124] [125] [126] mark.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

“Dykes on Bikes” first appeared in 1976 at the gay parade in San Francisco.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

At first, the motorcycles were not at the beginning of the column, but in the middle, which created serious problems, as the pace of the parade was often slower than the speed of motorcycles.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Over time, the name “Dykes on Bikes” changed to a broader name, Women Motorcyclists, to designate not only lesbians, but also bisexual and transgender people [126].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Recently, it is not uncommon for the male part of the LGBT community to join the Dykes on Bikes columns.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

So in 2002, at a parade in San Francisco, more than a thousand representatives of Dykes on Bikes were joined by several dozen men who called themselves “Mikes on Bikes”.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Their bikes read, “Hi, my name is Mike.” (Russian: Hi. My name is Mike) [5].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

One of the most numerous participants in gay parades are “bears” (English: Gay Bears), representatives of the gay subculture, distinguished by their hairy body (primarily hairiness on the chest and abdomen), as well as the presence of a beard and mustache.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Since the early 1990s, American gay bear communities have been actively spreading their influence on neighboring Canada and Mexico.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Along with the traditional international center of San Francisco's “bear” culture, Mexico City, the Mexican capital, is becoming no less important.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Along with the American continent, the subculture has become widespread in European countries.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

No less numerous participants in gay parades are representatives of the “leather” subculture, the so-called “Leathermen” (from English: leather - leather (material) and English: man - man).


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Unlike the “bears”, the “leather” column involves not only representatives of the LGBT community, but also heterosexual men and women — representatives of numerous BDSM subcultures who prefer wearing leather clothes and accessories in everyday life and using during sexual practices [127].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Together with the “men in leather”, representatives of the relatively young movement “International Brotherhood of BLUF” (Abbr. English: Breeches and Leather Uniform Fanclub — dosl. Pants and Leather Uniform Fan Club), which brings together gay men and MSM who are interested in pants and uniforms made of leather.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

One of the mandatory attributes is also leather boots (English: jackboots), into which trousers are tucked in.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

A vivid example of the hyperbolized masculinity of BLUF representatives is the works of the artist Tom of Finland.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

BLUF leather clothing often resembles the uniforms of German soldiers from the Second World War.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

However, members of the brotherhood are strictly prohibited from using Nazi symbols.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Another popular style is American and German patrol police uniforms.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

BLUF mainly lives in the Nordic countries: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Great Britain and Sweden; as well as in North America.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

However, members of the brotherhood also live in South America, Asia and Africa.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Despite the rather scattered members of the brotherhood, they often hold their international parties and take part in parades, both as participants and as volunteers.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Gay skinheads, who rarely take part in gay parades, are located separately.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Gay skinheads (English: Gay Skinhead) are representatives of the gay subculture that identify themselves with the skinhead subculture.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

It is not uncommon for people with strong ultra-right political and moral convictions to become gay skinheads.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Since such beliefs have nothing to do with sexual orientation, representatives of the skinhead movement are not particularly interested in the sexual preferences of their counterparts [128].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Skinheads are absolutely indifferent to gays in their ranks, but they are wary of the rest of the LGBT community.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

A representative of one skinhead group spoke about gay men:


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Dana International has changed her sex, but she also looks and behaves like a real lady, and it's disgusting to look at everything <... >.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

And it would be fine, they behaved this way in their Blue Oysters, but it's unacceptable to behave like this in the city center.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

But I respect the late gay Pim Fortyne very much — he was the right man, bolder, smarter and more educated than many... [128]


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Gay skinhead organizations (GSM - Gay Skinhead Movement) began to spread since the late 1980s.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In Europe, the largest gay skinhead associations are the Gay Skinhead Group in the UK, the Fenix Gay Skinhead Nation in Belgium and the French European Gay Skinhead Association in France [128].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Gay skinheads rarely take part in gay parades due to the fact that they reject the mainstream gay community as too commercialized [129].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The world's famous gay parades


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

EuroPride and World Pride Parade


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

EuroPride (English: Euro Pride) is the largest European event that is held annually in the capitals of European countries.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In addition to the two-day gay parade, which traditionally concludes the event, Europride, which usually lasts up to two weeks, hosts numerous sports and artistic events, concerts, various club parties, days of remembrance of AIDS victims.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In 2015, Europride will be held for the first time in a Muslim country, Turkey [130].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Another notable event in the life of the LGBT community is the World Pride Parade (English: WorldPride), an event organized by the international association InterPride that helps gays, lesbians, bisexual and transgender people to draw the attention of the international community to their problems.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The first World Pride Parade was held in Rome in 2000, in Jerusalem in 2006, and in 2012 it will be held in London and will coincide with the XIX Europride and XXX Summer Olympic Games.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

From 2014, the “World Pride Parade” will be held every five years.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The city that will host the World Pride Parade is elected by members who are members of InterPride at the English: Annual General Meeting [131] [132] [133] [134].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In 2014, the parade will be hosted by Toronto, which was ahead of Stockholm in the second round of voting [135].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Amsterdam Canal Parade


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The Amsterdam Canal Parade (English: Amsterdam Canal Parade) has been held on the first Saturday of August in the center of the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since 1996.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The parade takes place in the form of a series of platform ships sailing through the water channels of the city.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The parade is supported by the city authorities and is one of the most famous tourist attractions in Amsterdam [136] [137].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Every year, the parade is visited by several hundred thousand tourists, which makes it the largest event taking place in Amsterdam.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The parade route, which includes colorful boats, runs from Westerdock through Prinsengracht and the Amstel River to Osterdoch.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Amsterdam gay parade is considered one of the most successful and recognized in the world.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In addition to the parade itself, concerts, sports competitions, and street festivities are held in the city center on Rembrant Square [138].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In 2008, a boat of the Government of the Netherlands and the Amsterdam City Hall took part in the parade.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

That year, the gay parade was watched by about 500 thousand spectators.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Christopher Street Day


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In Germany and Switzerland, gay parades are held annually under a single name - Christopher Street Day (English: Christopher Street Day, abbreviated. CSD).


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Carnivals and demonstrations are held to celebrate the success achieved by the LGBT movement and against discrimination against LGBT people [139] [140].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The first CSD in Germany took place in 1979 in Bremen and West Berlin.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

It should be noted that the first demonstration of LGBT people took place on April 29, 1972 in Münster.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Various demonstrations also took place in the following years.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The first CSD in Switzerland took place on June 24, 1978 in Zurich.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Then it was called Christopher-Street-Liberation-Memorial Day.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Today, almost every major city in Germany has its own CSD.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The largest of them take place in Berlin and Cologne.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In 2002, more than 1.2 million people (direct participants, guests and spectators) took part in the Cologne Parade.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Germany does not have a clear date for CSD.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Parades take place on a weekend from June to August.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

During the CSD, demonstrations are also held, which are planned by various organizations.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Official delegations of large companies, non-profit organizations, political parties take part in the parades.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Along with CSD parades, many cities host various city street fairs or festivals that open or close the week CSD takes place.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Every year, the next CSD takes place under a specific slogan.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Orgullo Gay


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Madrid gay parade “Orgullo Gay” takes place in the Spanish capital on the first Saturday after June 28.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The first gay parade was organized in 1979 after Franco's death.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The event is currently being organized by the Madrid LGBT Collective (COGAM) and the Spanish Federation of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender People (FELGTB), with the support of national and international LGBT - organizations.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The parade is supported by many well-known organizations such as Microsoft, Google, Schweppes, as well as various political parties and trade unions, including the Spanish Socialist Workers Party, The United Left.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The Madrid Gay Parade is the largest gay parade in Europe, with more than 1.5 million people participating annually [room 7].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In 2007, Madrid hosted Europride, which was attended by about 2.5 million people.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

About 200,000 people came to the parade from other countries.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In addition to Madrid, Europride also hosted Barcelona, Valencia and Sevilla.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Toronto Gay Pride


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

As part of Pride Week, Toronto organizes a gay parade that takes place along Young Street, one of the longest streets in the world [141].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The event is organized by Pride Toronto.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In recent decades, Toronto has become one of the most progressive cities in terms of positive attitudes towards the LGBT community in North America.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Activists won a major victory in 2003, when the Ontario Court of Appeal upheld a court decision that allowed same-sex marriage in the province.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The Toronto Gay Parade is one of the oldest and largest in North America.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

More than a million people visit it every year [143].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

“March of Pride”


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The March of Pride (English: Gay Pride March) is the oldest gay parade in the world [144], held annually on June 28 in New York.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The parade route starts on Fifth Avenue and ends in Greenwich Village in front of Stonewall Inn Bar [145].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The New York gay parade is officially called the March, not the parade.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The organizers of the New York march accepted that until the equality of the LGBT community is recognized around the world, it will be officially called not a parade, but a march [146].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The March of Pride, PrideFest and Dance on the Pier are part of New York Pride Week.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Since 1984, the event has been organized by Heritage of Pride [147].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Chicago Gay Parade


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

On the last Sunday of July, Chicago Pride Parade (English: Chicago Pride Parade) takes place in Chicago.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The parade is the culmination of American Pride Month, which was approved in Chicago by the City Council and personally by the Mayor of Chicago.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The first gay parade was organized on Saturday, June 27, 1970.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The demonstrators marched [148] from Washington Square Park to the Chicago WNB, from where many spontaneously moved downtown to the Daily Plaza [149].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Currently, the parade takes place along the main streets of Lakeview.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The parade starts at noon on Halstead Street and ends at Diversy Parkway and Canon Drive.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Due to the growing political activity of LGBT Americans and the presence of high financial resources among representatives of the LGBT community, the policy of the state of Illinois, both from the Democratic and Republican parties, are increasing their presence at the parade.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Among the most prominent figures are former Democrat Governor Rod Blagojevic and former treasurer Republican Judy Baar Topinka.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Both had a lot of support from LGBT voters.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

On June 28, 2009, more than 500,000 viewers watched the 40th annual gay parade in Chicago.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The participants included several orchestras, dance troupes, as well as many political figures.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

More than 250 organizations took part in the gay parade in 2011, and more than 800,000 people attended.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Gay Parade in Sao Paulo


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The Gay Parade in São Paulo (Portuguese: Parada do Orgulho LGBT de São Paulo) has been taking place on one of the main highways of the city, Avenida Paulista, since 1997.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In 2006, the parade officially entered the Guinness Book of Records as the largest gay parade in the world.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In terms of the number of participants, the parade is second only to the Formula 1 competitions held in São Paulo [150].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The Brazilian-based Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Pride Parade Association (APOGLBT) has been organizing the parade since 1999.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Every year, the parade, which is attended by more than 3.5 million people, is covered by the largest Brazilian media.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The gay parade in São Paulo is widely supported by the Brazilian government and many celebrities.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

During the parade, the city is visited by more than 400,000 tourists [151].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Mardi Gras Parade


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The Sydney Mardi Gras Festival ends with an annual “pride parade”.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

About 8,500 people and about 300,000 spectators take part in the costume parade [152].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Despite its name, Mardi Gras Parade has nothing to do with Mardi Gras [153].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The parade route, 1.7 kilometers long, runs along Oxford Street, then Flinders Street to Hyde Park, and follows the ANZAC Day parade route.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Traffic in this area is blocked.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

During the parade, spectator seats are located along its route.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The parade traditionally begins with the passage of representatives of Dykes on Bikes [room 8] along Oxford Street, which is often accompanied by fireworks.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Over the years, actors Rupert Everett and Lily Tomlin, Olympic champion Matthew Mitchum, model Amanda Lepore have become the commander of the Grand Marshal.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Cape Town Gay Parade


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Since 2001, Cape Town has been hosting the Cape Town Gay Parade (English: Cape Town Pride) [154], which is the largest LGBT event not only in South Africa, but also in Africa as a whole.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

It was the first such event since the fall of apartheid in the country.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Gay Pride usually starts at the end of February and is accompanied by parties, sports and cultural events.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The growing interest in the festival over the past few years has attracted more and more participants, including from other countries.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Every year, the festival is dedicated to a specific topic.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Thus, in 2006, the theme of the festival was “Unity of Cultures”, in 2007, “Carnival of Love”, in 2009, “Cape Town Unites Cultures” [155], and in 2011 “Love in All Diversity” [156].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In December 2010, South African LGBT communities unveiled the official South African gay flag.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The flag was created and designed by Cape Town residents Henry Bantges and Eugene Brockman.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Accompanying events


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Together with gay parades, various events can be held as part of gay pride campaigns, both separately and during multi-day festivals [157], such as: American Pride Month, Toronto Pride Week [158], Sydney Mardi Gras Festival [2], Southern Decadence [67] and others.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Such festivals of LGBT culture are held annually and attract a huge number of tourists from all over the world.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The festival includes various events such as sports events, beach and club parties, film screenings and LGBT-themed performances [room 9].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In most cases, the festival ends with a gay parade and a concert attended by world stars [86] [159] [160].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Sporting events


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In parallel with the gay parade, numerous sports festivals are held, in which people of all sexual orientation and any level of sportsmanship can take part.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Like gay parades, sports play an important role in improving mutual understanding between people of different identities and strengthening people's self-esteem.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Such events prove that, despite popular opinions, gays and lesbians are capable of outstanding sporting achievements.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

During the gay parade in Los Angeles, the LA Front Runners Run race is held, and Vancouver Outgames gay games take place in Vancouver [161].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In Sydney, during the Mardi Gras, a major “Mardi Gras Sports Festival” (English: Sydney Mardi Gras Sports Festival) takes place, the program of which includes an annual sailing regatta (English: Australian Sailing and Cruising Club Annual Regatta), tennis tournament (English: Tennis Sydney's Mardi Gras Championships) [com 10], cyclocross (English: Sydney Spokes Find Love on 2 Wheels) and five-kilometer race (English: Mardi Gras Fun Run), as well as many other events [162].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

There are also comic sporting events during the festival, such as Drug Races, where men dressed in women's clothes throw handbags filled with cosmetics at a distance, and compete in high-heeled running on hot sand [163].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Cultural events


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

During LGBT festivals, theater and film festivals related to LGBT temtatatics are often held, the main task of which is to strengthen the diversity of the gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people, visual confirmation of the existence of LGBT people in society by supporting and promoting a wide range of cultural events and artistic embodiment of LGBT people in cinema, video and others art forms.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Vancouver hosts the Vancouver Queer Film Festival [161], and the Pride Queer Film Festival in Perth [164].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In New York, during the March of Pride, the Shakespeare in the Park Theater Festival is held [165] [166].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

One of the largest international film festivals is the San Francisco International LGBT Film Festival, held by the American non-profit media art organization Frameline (English: Frameline) English: The San Francisco International LGBT Film Festival) [167].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Founded in 1977, this event is now the oldest LGBT film forum [room 11] [168].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

During major gay parades, beauty pageants are held among gay men.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The largest contest is the world beauty contest “Mr. Gay World” (English: Mr Gay World) since 2009, has been held annually in the country of the winner of the previous contest.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Over the past two years, South Africans have won the title “Mr. Gay World”, so the contest will be held in Cape Town for the second year in a row during the Cape Town Gay Parade [169].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Young people from more than forty countries, including Russia and the Middle East, take part in the competition.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In addition to the “Mr. Gay” contest, representatives of the BDSM subculture hold their own competitions.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

For example, Ottawa hosts the Mr. Leather Ottawa competition, and the United States hosts the Mr. Skin international competitions in Chicago (English: International Mr. Leather) and Miss-Leather in San Francisco (English: International Ms. Leather).


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Dublin hosts the English: Alternative Miss Ireland contest, which is open to both women and men, and even animals.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

During the competition, a fundraiser is organized for the AIDS Fund [170].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Before, during and after the gay parade, various concerts, beach and club parties are held, which are an integral part of it.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

For example, a night party in Sydney is currently one of the largest dance events in Australia.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The party takes place in the English: Hordern Pavilion building in the English: Moore Park district.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Every year, the number of people buying tickets to the event varies from 17,000 to 20,000 [171].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Over the years, various stars have given concerts at the party, such as Kylie and Danny Minogue, Boy George, Village People, Jimmy Somerville, Darren Hayes, George Michael, Cindy Lauper, Kelly Roland, Adam Lambert, Alexis Jordan and others [172].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Subcultural festivals


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Representatives of various gay subcultures often hold their own festivals, which can either coincide with the gay parade or take place on other days.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The main idea of such events is one of the basic civil rights: the right to express oneself.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

One of the largest events organized by the bears is Chicago's annual Bear Paw Calypse [173] [174] [175] [176], which hosts various parties, as well as city and water excursions [177].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Since the early 2000s, Barcelona has hosted the largest pan-European bear festival, Bearcelona [178] [179] [180] In addition to Spain, similar events are held annually in Berlin [181] [182], Cologne [ 183] [184] [185], Madrid [186] [187], London [188] [189], Washington [190] San Francisco [191] [192], Los Angeles [193].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

and other cities.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Leather lovers also host their annual events.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Thus, the largest in Australia is the Sydney Leather Pride Week (English: Sydney Leather Pride Week), held since 1990, which brings together not only leather clothing lovers, but also representatives of various BDSM subcultures [194] [195] [196].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Various events take place during the festival, including exhibitions, the Mr. Skin of Australia contest, and Australia's largest fetish-party [197] [198].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In addition to Australia, numerous “leather” events are held annually in Antwerp [199] [200], Cologne [201], Amsterdam [202] [203], Toronto [204] [205], Sitges [206] and other cities.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Since it is extremely rare for gay skinheads to participate in gay parades, they hold their own events.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Many representatives of gay skinheads are opposed not only to gay parades, but also to the gay movement in general, because they believe that LGBT organizations cooperate with funds funded by Western countries, in particular the United States, and other offices that are pursuing an openly anti - national policy.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The most numerous gay skinhead events take place in Berlin [207] [208], Amsterdam [209] [210] and Stockholm [211].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Often, the difference between such events is extremely difficult to trace, since subcultures are often intertwined with each other and the differences between them are blurred.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

For example, one of the permanent attributes of bears is a leather vest worn over the naked body [178].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Men in leather, in turn, often unite in fetishes, one of which is gay skinheads, such as the Dutch GET RUFF [202] [203] Swedish party organized by Scandinavian Leather Men” [211] [212], or German “Berlin Leder und Fetisch”, which mixes representatives of the leather subculture, fetishists and gay skinheads [208] [213].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Gay parades and the ECHR


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Holding gay parades in many cities of the countries of the former USSR still faces difficulties.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Gay activists from three countries — Poland, Russia and Moldova — appealed to the European Court of Human Rights in connection with the bans on gay parades.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In all cases, the ECHR confirmed the rights of sexual minorities to freedom of assembly.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In Warsaw, the gay parade in 2005 was banned by then-mayor Lech Kaczyński, on the pretext that it “could contribute to the spread of homosexuality in the capital” [214], although despite To this end, several thousand people marched through the capital of Poland anyway.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The authorities' decision was appealed to the European Court of Human Rights, which gave the case a name.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In 2007, the ECHR ruled that the ban on gay parades is illegal and discriminatory [215].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Since 2008, gay parades have been held in Warsaw without obstacles from the authorities.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In Moscow, gay parade actions, timed to coincide with the anniversary of the abolition of criminal prosecution of homosexuals in Russia [216], have been regularly banned since May 2006.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Activists of the GayRussia.ru project annually hold rallies, despite the prohibitions, being dispersed and detained [217].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In 2010, LGBT activists from St. Petersburg joined the movement, announcing their intention to hold gay parades in St. Petersburg [218].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In connection with the bans on gay parades, at the request of their organizer Nikolai Alekseev, the ECHR opened a case “Alekseev v. Russia”, and in 2010 the ECHR declared the bans illegal [219].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

However, the Russian authorities again banned the gay parade in 2011 [220] and 2012 [221].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In Moldova, gay activists were denied permission to hold a demonstration of sexual minorities in Chisinau in 2005.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In 2012, the ECHR issued a verdict that the Moldovan authorities violated Articles 11 and 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights (right to freedom of assembly and prohibition of discrimination), in connection with which The ECHR ordered the authorities to pay compensation to the applicants about 11,000 euros [222] [223].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Criticism


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Criticism by religious organizations


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Representatives of the Roman Catholic [224] and the Russian Orthodox Church [103] [104] oppose gay parades.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Vsevolod Chaplin, chairman of the DECO of the Russian Orthodox Church, believes that holding a gay parade in Russia contradicts “the will of the majority of the country's population”, [103] and Metropolitan Hilarion expressed the opinion that gay parades that take place in Paris and Berlin, violate the rights of believers who live in these “once Christian” cities [225].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Officials of Christian churches oppose violence against participants in gay parades [103] [104].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

One of the most odious representatives of Protestantism criticizing gay parades was Fred Phelps, a Protestant pastor and head of the Westborough Baptist Church, who became famous for his radical statements and the organization of protests “God Hates Fags” (Russian: “God hates queers”), directed in particular against gay parades [226].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Holding gay parades and participating in them are also criticized by representatives of Judaism.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

For example, in Toronto, a group of Canadian Orthodox Jews criticized the gay Jewish organization Queers Against Israeli Apartheid (QuAia), which participated in the parade [227].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In 2005, at a gay parade in Jerusalem, Ishay Schliessel, an orthodox Jew from Mea Shearim, attacked marchers with a knife and wounded three people.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

After serving 10 years in prison, he again attacked the march in 2015, injuring six people. [228]


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In 2011, Jewish protesters attacked police officers with stones, and one of the protesters was found carrying a bomb [229].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

However, some orthodox rabbis called for recognition of the rights of homosexuals [230].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The holding of the gay parade in Jerusalem is criticized by the leaders of Judaism, Christianity and Islam [231].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Criticism from the public


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Among the countries where gay parades have appeared recently or are just making the first attempts to hold them are the countries of the post-Soviet space.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

There are many objections and protests in these countries.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Thus, the holding of Europride in Poland caused heated discussions, which were accompanied by criticism and protests [214].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In Croatia, gay parade demonstrators numbering from 200 to 300 people according to various sources were opposed by thousands of protesters [232] [233].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Violent attacks against gay parade demonstrators are often carried out by far-right and other radical movements.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

For example, in 2001, participants in the gay parade in Belgrade were attacked by radicals, and in 2010, football fans and the ultra-right staged mass pogroms, causing damage to the Serbian capital of €1 million [234] [ 235].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Similar attacks were reported in Bratislava [236], Bucharest [237], Budapest [238].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In the Western world, gay parades can be the subject of criticism from individuals and social groups with conservative beliefs [23].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

For example, a small group of anti-gay protesters attended the parade in Brighton, although in contrast, there were thousands of people supporting the participants in the parade [239].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

About 20 people protested during the gay parade in London [240].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In 2010, the gay parade in Helsinki was attacked, later convicted by the President and the Government [241].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In California, there was a case of sending employees of the San Diego Fire Department to a gay parade without their consent.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Some firefighters considered participation in the gay parade on the orders of their superiors an insult and filed a lawsuit against the city administration.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In particular, they stated that during the parade, some participants of the march “showed an unhealthy sexual interest in them” [242] [243] [244].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The Supreme Court of California found it unlawful to force firefighters to participate in the parade and ordered the municipal authorities to pay them compensation for moral damage.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The head of the fire department said that from now on participation in gay parades will be voluntary [245] [246] [247].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Criticism within the LGBT community


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In the LGBT community, the gay parade is criticized for its carnival component to the detriment of human rights.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Some politicians, human rights activists and representatives of the LGBT community believe that the carnival procession replaces the original meaning of the struggle for civil equality through gay parades depoliticized, conformist and commercial purposes [6] [248].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The presence of transvestites, representatives of sexual subcultures, and semi-naked people at the gay parade is criticized as distorting society's perception of LGBT people, discrediting the very idea of protecting tolerance and provoking homophobia [5] [6].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Some LGBT activists reproach gay parades for the prevailing focus on the interests and aesthetics of “white men”, which leads to “female” dyke marches [249] and so-called “black” gay parades African Americans [250].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

See also


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Gay parades in Russia


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

International Day Against Homophobia


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Love Parade


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

comments


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Notes


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

References


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

(in English)


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

(in English)


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

(in English)


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

(in English)


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

(in English)


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

(in English)


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

(in English)


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

(in English)


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

(in English)


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Category:LGBT subculture


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Category:History of the LGBT movement


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The Gunns (Greek: Oonoi, Latin: Hunni) were a nomadic people who invaded Eastern Europe from Asia in the 370s.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The hypothesis about the origin of the Huns from the Central Asian Hunnu people, mentioned in previous times in Chinese sources, is accepted by most scientists [1].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The origin of the Hun language is unknown, scientific theories suggest that it could be Turkic, Altai, Mongolian, Ural or Yenisei.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The invasion of the Huns, which, like the migration of the Sarmatians in the previous period, was due to ethnic shifts in central Eurasia, had far-reaching historical consequences for the further development of both Western Eurasia and, in fact, Europe.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The invasion of the Huns marked the beginning of the “Great Migration of Peoples”.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

During the reign of Attila (434-453), the Hun association with the center in Pannonia reached its maximum expansion, covering the territory from the Volga and the Caucasus to the Rhine.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

After the death of Attila, the Hun Empire collapsed, and the Huns were absorbed by new groups of nomads arriving from the east.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The Alans were the first to experience the consequences of the onslaught of the Huns, and they were soon followed by Geruls, Burgundians, Goths, etc.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The retreat of these peoples before the advancing Huns resulted, in turn, in the movement of other Germanic tribes from their own places, and since all of them at one time or another reached the borders of the Roman empires, the latter have been pushed back or even broken in several places.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Some Germanic tribes were admitted to the Roman Empire peacefully on the condition that they helped protect imperial borders from other “barbarian” tribes approaching from the east or north.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In other cases, the Germans forcibly made their way to the Roman provinces.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Both those who came as allies of the emperor and those who came as his enemy equally proclaimed control of the provinces they occupied.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

For a while, each Germanic tribe seemed to be in constant motion, moving further and further south and west.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Thus, vandals and Alans, moving to the Danube border, invaded first southern Gaul and then Spain, from where the vandals eventually penetrated into Africa and settled near ancient Carthage.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Following in the footsteps of the Germans, the Huns settled in Pannonia on the Middle Danube.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Attila's campaigns hit both Rome and the Germans.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In this whirlpool, most of the western provinces of the Roman Empire were gradually absorbed by various Germanic tribes, and eventually the Hun Odoacer [2] captured Rome itself.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

It should be noted that ancient sources did not use the phonetic form “Huns” to designate this people.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The name in the form of “Huns” was introduced into scientific circulation in 1926 by historian K. A. Foreigners to distinguish European Huns from Asian Huns [3].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In the works of Prisk Paniysky, a Byzantine diplomat, historian and writer of the 5th century, who participated in the Embassy of Byzantium to the leader of the Huns Attila at his headquarters, the Huns are mentioned under the name “Unna” [4].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Presumably, Prisca's texts were used by Jordan [5].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Latin (Roman) sources, on the other hand, used the phonetic form “Hunni”.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The name of the Huns served as an eponym for the asteroid (1452) Gunnius [6].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Influence on people's history


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The international significance of the Hun invasion was partly determined by far-reaching changes in the position of the Anto-Sklaven tribes.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Having destroyed the power of the Ostrogoths, the Huns prevented the possibility of Germanization of the anto-claven in Europe.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In addition, the remnants of Iranian tribes in Eastern Europe have also been weakened.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

A significant part of the Alans moved westward, following the Goths exodus.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

As a result, the role of the Iranian element in the lives of the Antic tribes decreased, while Sklaven and Turkic influence increased.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The era of the Hun invasion is thus, in a sense, a period of liberation of the Eastern Proto-Slavs not only from Gothic, but also from Iranian control.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The Huns attracted Anto-Sklaven units to their army and used them as auxiliary units during their campaigns [7].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

During the reign of Attila (434-453), the Hun association with the center in Pannonia reached its maximum expansion, covering the territory from the Volga and the Caucasus to the Rhine.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

After Attila's death, the Hun Empire collapsed.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In medieval sources, “Huns” called a number of nomadic associations in other parts of Eurasia, in particular the Hephthalites (“white Huns”), Kidarites (“black Huns”), chionites in Central Asia and India and replaced each other nomadic groups in Caspian Dagestan (“khons”, in modern literature are called “Caucasian Huns”).


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Their relationship to the European Huns is unproven.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In Byzantine and Latin sources, the ethnonym “Huns” turned into a common noun for nomads and, in addition to the Huns themselves, was later applied to other peoples living in the Black Sea region (Savirs, Avaram, Hungarians, etc.).


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Origins


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

One of the main hypotheses connects the Huns with the Huns (Xiongnu), a people who lived in northern China, in the bend of the Yellow River.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

It has been mentioned in Chinese sources since the 3rd century BC.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

[8], and it was the first people to create a vast nomadic empire in Central Asia.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In 48 A.D.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The Huns were divided into two branches, north and south.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

After being defeated by Xiangbi and China, the unification of the northern Huns collapsed and its remnants migrated westward.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In addition to the consonance of names, a number of categories of material culture indicate the genetic relationship between the Huns and the Huns of Central Asia [9], especially in the field of military affairs, a characteristic feature of which was use of composite onions [10].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In historiography of the XVIII — 1st floor.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In the 19th century, the Huns were considered Mongols.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

This point of view was first expressed by Pallas, and then supported by Bergman and Thierry.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Joseph de Guigne was the first to express the opinion that the Huns could be Turks or Proto-Turks by origin [11].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

English scientist Peter Heather considers the Huns of the so-called. “the first group of Turks” to invade Europe [12].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Turkish researcher Kemal Cemal sees confirmation of this version in the facts of similarity of names and names in the Turkic and Hun languages.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

This version is also accepted by Hungarian researcher Gyula Nemeth [13].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

According to Turkologist I. L. Kyzlasov, the archaeological material culture of the Huns sharply distinguishes them from the Turkic peoples and, on the contrary, brings them closer to the Mongol-Manchu peoples.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Thus, in particular, all Turkic peoples are characterized by a dwelling called the common Turkic term “ib”, originally stationary, but served as a prototype for the construction of the yurt; on the contrary, the Huns are characteristic dugouts with an L-shaped couch [14].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Paleogenetics


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

DNA study of the skeleton of an elite Hun from the Natural History Museum (St. Budapest, Hungary), dated the middle third of the 5th century, showed that it had a Y chromosomal haplogroup L [15].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Other studies have shown Y-chromosomal haplogroups Q-M242, N, C-M130, and R1a1.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Burial sites in China showed Q-M3 [16] and mitochondrial haplogroup D4j12


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Genetically, the Huns were heterogeneous: one group came from East Asia (Huns), and the other was genetically similar to the Central Asian nomads (Saks) [17].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

History


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In European sources, the first mention of the Huns dates back to the 2nd century AD.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

and belong to the region in the eastern region of the Caspian Sea.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

However, researchers are not sure whether these news relate to the Huns themselves, or are a simple consonance.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In the 70s of the IV century, the Huns conquered the Alans in the North Caucasus, and then defeated the Ostrogothic state of Hermanarich.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The Huns, led by Tsar Balamber, subordinated most of the Ostrogoths (they lived in the lower reaches of the Dnieper) and forced the Visigoths (who lived in the lower reaches of the Dniester) to retreat to Thrace (in the eastern part of the Balkan peninsula, between the Aegean, Black and Marmara Seas).


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Then, having passed through the Caucasus in 395, they devastated the Eastern Roman provinces of Syria [18] and Cappadocia (in Asia Minor).


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Since that time, the main branch of the Huns has settled in Pannonia (a Western Roman province on the right bank of the Danube, now the territory of Hungary) and Austria, raiding the Eastern Roman Empire from there ( in relation to the Western Roman Empire, until the middle of the 5th century, the Huns acted as allies in the struggle against Germanic tribes).


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

By this time, the Hun Union had already had an extremely diverse composition of Germanic and non-German peoples: Bulgars, Ostrogoths, Geruls, Gepids, Sarmatians, etc.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

All conquered tribes were subject to tribute and forced to participate in military campaigns.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In 422, the Huns again attacked Thrace.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II agreed to pay tribute to the Huns in the amount of 350 pounds of gold per year.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In 433, the leader of the Huns Rugila threatened the Eastern Roman Empire to break the peace agreements because of fugitives who took refuge in the territory of the empire.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

During the negotiations, Rugila died.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

After the death of Rugila, his nephews Attila and Bled became the rulers of the Huns, the latter, under unclear circumstances, died hunting in 445 and the power of Attila became sole.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Prisk wrote that “Attila is a man who was born to shake the World.”


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

According to Ammian, “Attila razed the whole of Europe to the ground.”


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

According to Thompson, “Attila was a “scourge of God” only for Roman priests and authorities interested in preserving peoples under the rule of Rome” [19].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Attila moved from cavalry tactics to siege cities and by 447 had taken 60 cities and fortified points in the Balkans, present-day Greece, and other provinces of the Roman Empire.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In 451, at the Battle of the Catalonian Fields in Gaul, the advance of the Huns to the west was stopped by a united Roman army led by commander Aetius and the Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In 452, the Huns invaded Italy, looting Aquileia, Milan and a number of other cities, but then retreated back.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

After the death of Attila in 453, the strife that arose within the empire was taken advantage of by the conquered Gepids, who led the uprising of Germanic tribes against the Huns.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In 454, at the Battle of the Nedao River in Pannonia, the Huns were defeated and driven out to the Black Sea region.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Huns' attempts to break into the Balkan Peninsula in 469 were in vain.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The Huns quickly disappeared among other peoples, who continued to arrive continuously from the east.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

However, their name was used for a long time by medieval authors as a common name for all nomads of the Black Sea region, regardless of their real ties with the former Hun alliance.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The next wave of the Great Migration of Peoples was the appearance of the Ogur tribes in the 460s and the Savir at the beginning of the 6th century.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

From the beginning of the 6th century to the 1st half.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In the VIII century, on the territory of Caspian Dagestan, there was a political association, called in Transcaucasian sources the “kingdom of the Huns” (“khons”).


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Most researchers believe that this name hides one of the Savir tribes [20] [21].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

According to another point of view, this is a union of local Caucasian origin [22] [23].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Its capital was the city of Varachan, but most of the population preserved nomadic life.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

On the 2nd floor.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In the 7th century, its ruler bore the Turkic title of Elteber and recognized himself as a vassal of the Khazars, although in fact he had a large share of independence, making campaigns in Transcaucasia.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In 682, the head of the Huns, Alp Ilitver, received an embassy from Caucasian Albania led by Bishop Israel and, together with the nobility, converted to Christianity.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

There is no clear information about the fate of the Caucasian Huns after the beginning of the 8th century.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Lifestyle and military science


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The Huns instilled the greatest fear in the Western world of all barbarians.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The Germans were familiar with agriculture, while the Huns were nomads.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In these horsemen, some of whom were unusual for Europeans Mongoloid, the Romans saw not so much people as creatures of demons [24].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Roman historian Ammian Marcellin, “godfather of the Huns”, describes them as follows in the 4th century:


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

In contrast to Ammian, the ambassador to the Hun king Attila Prisk of Paniysky describes the Huns in the middle of the 5th century as follows:


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Although Ammian noted that the Huns did not have the habit of eating boiled food, they were actually quite familiar with culinary art, but were very unpretentious on long hikes.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Bronze boilers were used for domestic and religious purposes, which in shape dates back to the Hunn prototypes in Central Asia [25].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Prisk noted that Scythian law allows polygamy.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Apparently, the basis of the social organization was a large patriarchal family.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The social system of the Huns of Europe is described by Engels as a military democracy.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Ammian wrote: “If it happens to talk about serious matters, they all consult together.”


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The Huns used a long-range bow.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The Huns' bow was short, as the shooting was from a horse.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The bow had a reverse bend, due to which, with a smaller size, a greater lethal force of the bow was achieved.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The bow was made composite, and for greater strength and elasticity it was strengthened with overlays made of bones or horns of animals.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Arrows were used with both bone and iron or bronze tips.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Sometimes bone balls were attached to the arrows, with holes drilled in them, making a frightening whistle in flight.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The bow was placed in a special case and attached to the belt on the left, and the arrows were in the quiver behind the warrior's back on the right.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The “Hun bow”, or “Scythian bow” (scytycus arcus) - according to the Romans, the most modern and effective weapon of antiquity - was considered a very valuable trophy among the Romans.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Flavius Aetius, a Roman commander who lived hostage among the Huns for 20 years, put the Scythian bow into service in the Roman army.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Religion


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The main deity was Tengri Khan [26].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

As protective amulets, the Huns wore gold and silver images of fantastic animals (dragons).


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Apparently, there were no human sacrifices (like the Huns).


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The Huns had temples and idols (cast from silver) [27].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

There were special ministers of worship: priests, sorcerers, sorcerers and healers who called on the forces of the earth [28].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Ethnologist L. P. Potapov, based on the reports of Prisk, who lived for some time at the court of Attila, believes that the Huns had shamans (kams).


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

This word was even included in some titles of the Hun ruling elite: ata kam (Turk. “shaman father”) - wore the supreme shaman, who, among other things, determined “which months and years will be favorable for the people”; the second title (for Attila's father-in-law) was as kam (“accomplice”, “comrade” or “associate” ”) [29].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

A detailed description of the beliefs of the Caucasian Huns of the 7th century has been preserved in the work of Movses Kalankatvatsi.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

They were characterized by the deification of the sun, moon, fire, water; veneration of the “gods of the roads”.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Horses were sacrificed to sacred trees and revered gods, whose blood was shed around the tree, and the head and skin of the sacrificial animal were hung on branches.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

During religious ceremonies and funerals, wrestling and sword fights, horse racing, games and dances were held.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

It was a custom to wound and mutilate oneself as a sign of mourning for the deceased.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Huns population


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

There are conflicting data on the number of Huns.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Thus, Chinese chronicles write about the Huns army of 100-400 thousand people.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

According to Roman sources of the 5th century, in 409, Honorius used 10 thousand Huns against Alaric.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Edward Thompson believes that the Huns could be much less than 10 thousand people [30].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Demonizing the Huns


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Otto Mönchen-Helfen, a professor at the University of California, who devoted most of his life to studying the history of the Huns [31], noted the role of medieval chroniclers and some modern scientists in demonizing the Huns [32].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The invasion of Europe by the Huns caused eschatological sentiments among Christian thinkers and the superstitious population.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

They perceived the world as the Roman Empire, and the collapse of the latter seemed like a catastrophe in the general world order.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

The invasion was perceived in the context of the promised end of the world, and the similarity of the names of Goths and Magicians with the “gogs” and “magogs” indicated in the Bible only strengthened the overall impression.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

This demonization, dictated by hatred and fear, prevented Latin historians from objectively studying the Huns, as a result of which they are misrepresented [33].


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

See also


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

List of Hun rulers


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Hun language


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Nomadic state


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Ephthalites


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Notes


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Sources


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Ammian Marcellin.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Roman history/Transl. YU.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

A. Kulakovsky, A. AND. Sonny.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

—: Aletheia, 1996.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

— 576 p. — Series “The Ancient Library. Ancient history”.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

— ISBN 5-89329-008-9.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Beowulf.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

//Library of World Literature, vol. 9.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

/Translation from Old Icelandic by A. Korsun.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

—: Fiction, 1975.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

— 752 p.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Destunis G. S. Tales of Prisk of Paniysky.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

//Scientific notes of the 2nd department.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Imperial Academy of Sciences.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

— Kn.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

VII, vol.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

I.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

— 1861.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Jordan.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

About the origin and deeds of the Goths.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

Getica/Per. E.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

H. Skrzhinskaya.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

—: Aletheia, 1997.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

— 2nd ed.


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

, fixed


Question: Who was the main ally of the Hung Power during the Hun-China War?

Huns

and add.