Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The most brutal was persecution in France.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Historians usually look at the process using her example, and it seems that it is similar: torture, prisons and bonfires — it looked like in other countries.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

This is not entirely true.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The facts cited by the historian of the Inquisition G. H. Lee, show that while torture was used almost everywhere, except Cyprus, Castile, Portugal, Trier and Mainz, they were usually imprisoned:


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

not suddenly, as in France;


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

could take the word of honor and leave them in their castles — as in England and Cyprus;


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

could not be arrested at all, but summoned to court.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

This was done in Trier, Mainz, Lombardy and in the Papal States itself.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

However, the Templars sometimes appeared themselves.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Templars were burned at the stake also not everywhere.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The following were burned:


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In France —


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

54 Templars in the Sanaa diocese on April 12, 1310; 4 more Templars were later burned there;


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

in April 1310, 9 Templars in Senlis;


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

3 Knights Templar in Pont de l`Arc;


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Jacques de Molay (last Master of the Order) and Guillaume de Charnay, Commander of Normandy, in 1314.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In other countries —


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

many were burned in Lorraine, but note that Thibaut II, Duke of Lorraine, was a vassal of Philip IV the Beautiful;


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Templars from 4 monasteries in Marburg were burned;


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

48 Templars may have been burned in Italy, although Bishop Denis claimed that not a single Templar was burned in Italy.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Poorly educated brothers of the Order, that is, servant brothers, were often used as witnesses in the trials.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

G. H. Lee notes that it was they who in many places gave the most difficult and valuable testimony from the point of view of the Inquisition.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The testimony of the Order's renegades was also used: Florentine Roffi Dei and Prior of Montfaucon; the latter, having been sentenced by the Grand Master to life imprisonment in prison for numerous crimes, fled and became an accuser of his former brothers.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In Mallorca, all 27 Knights Templar were closed under the mentorship of Matta since November 22, 1307.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Ramon Sa Guardia later joined them in November 1310.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

At the trial of 1313, the Templars were found not guilty.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The property of the Knights Templar passed to the Order of St.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

John, but S. G. Lozinsky notes that Dominicans, Carthusians, Augustines and Cellistins also managed to profit.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Templars were released from prisons even in France, except for the leadership.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In part, they joined the Order of St.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

John's.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In Mallorca, the Templars lived in the fortress of Mas Deux, each of them received a pension of 30 to 100 livres.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Ramon Sa Guardia was granted a pension of 350 livres and income from the orchard and vineyard.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The last of the Knights Templar of Mallorca died in 1350, his name was Berangel de Col.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The obligation to maintain the former Knights Templar was assigned to those who received their property.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

These amounts were sometimes so large that in 1318 John XXII forbade issuing a pension to the Templars of Germany that allowed them to save money and live luxuriously.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In France, the king and his family had:


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

200,000 livres from Temple plus 60,000 livres for the trial;


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

money received from the sale of the Order's property;


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Templar jewels;


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

income from the property of the Knights Templar received during the trial —


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

200,000 livres that the Ioannites kept in Temple;


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

500,000 francs taken by Philip IV for Blanca's wedding;


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

200,000 florins of Philip IV's debt to the Knights Templar;


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

2,500 livres issued by the Knights Templar in 1297 to organize a crusade that was not carried out;


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

payments on bills of exchange of the Knights Templar;


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

royals debts.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

England


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In England, special royal ordinances were required to torture the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Under English law, for example, torture was prohibited.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Church received permission from Edward of England to torture the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

This permission was called “church law”.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

However, Edward himself grew up among the Knights Templar, was knighted in the main London temple, so Dominicans were not allowed to come to Britain for a long time, and were also forced to leave all torture guns on the continent.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The inquisitors were allowed only “light” torture — twisting joints, breaking out fingers and nothing more.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

British templars were warned of the impending massacre long before the persecution began, unlike the French brothers.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Some of the Knights Templar fled to Scotland, where Robert Bruce, who was excommunicated from the church, ruled in those years, because the papal bull did not operate on these lands, declaring the activities of the Order illegal.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Spain


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In Aragon, things were better: the law also did not recognize torture, and the Cortes did not allow it.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The persecution of the Knights Templar in Aragon began in January 1308.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Most of the Knights Templar locked themselves in seven castles, some shaved off their beards and fled.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The commander of Aragon was then Ramon Sa Guardia.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

It has become entrenched in Miravet.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Templars also strengthened themselves in the castles of Ascon, Montceau, Cantavieja, Vilel, Castellot and Chalamera.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The local population helped the Knights Templar, many came to the castles and defended them with weapons in their hands.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In November 1308, the fortress of Castellot surrendered, and in January 1309, the fortress of Miraveta, Monceau and Chalamera surrendered in July 1309.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

By November 1309, the Templars from the rest of the fortresses were allowed to leave in groups of 2-3 with weapons in their hands.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Ramon Sa Guardia addressed Pope Vice-Chancellor Arnold on October 17, pointing out that the Templars, who have been in captivity for 20-30 years, do not renounce God, while renunciation gives them freedom and wealth, and even now 70 Templars are languishing in captivity.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Representatives of many noble families spoke in defense of the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

King James released the prisoners, but kept the lands and castles for himself.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Ramon Sa Guardia retired to Mallorca.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Germany


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In Germany, the measures applied to the Knights Templar depended entirely on the attitude of local secular authorities towards them.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Burchard III of Marburg did not like the Knights Templar and burned the knights from four monasteries, for which their relatives later caused him great trouble.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Archbishops of Trier and Cologne in 1310 ceded their powers over the Knights Templar Burchard III of Marburg for their lands.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Archbishop Peter of Mainz displeased Clement V for justifying the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Knights Templar, in the eyes of the archbishop and the prosecutors there, had undeniable evidence of their correctness: Commander Hugo Salm himself appeared at the council convened on May 11, 1310 and brought all twenty Templars; their cloaks were thrown into the fire and the crosses on them did not burn.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

This miracle had a strong impact on public opinion, and they were acquitted.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In Germany, St.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

John spoke in favor of the Knights Templar, citing the case when, during the famine, with an increase in the price of bread from 3 su to 33, the Templars from the monastery in Moster fed 1000 people daily.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Templars were acquitted.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Having learned about this outcome of the case, Clement V ordered Burchard III of Marburg to take matters into his own hands - the result is known.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Cyprus


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Knights Templars of Cyprus, of whom there were 118 brothers of all degrees on the island (75 knights), first defended for several weeks, then were arrested on parole.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The very number of knights on the island (the usual ratio of knights to employees was 1:10) clearly indicates that Cyprus, and not the Temple in Paris, was at that time the main residence of the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

G. Lee writes: “In Cyprus, where the Knights Templar were better known than anywhere else, they were sympathetic not only by friends, but also by enemies, and especially by all those who had been close to them for a long time; no one blamed the order for any crime until his guilt was so unreasonably confirmed by the Pope's bulls.”


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Torture was not used against the Knights Templar, all of them unanimously denied the guilt of the Order of the Temple.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Another 56 witnesses from among clergymen of all degrees, nobles and citizens, including political opponents of the Knights Templar, unequivocally stated that they knew only facts that did honor The Order emphasized in every possible way their generosity, mercy and jealousy for the performance of religious duties.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Portugal


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In Portugal, the fate of the Knights Templar was more than favorable: in gratitude for the services they provided in the fight against the Saracens, King Dinis I founded the Order of Christ, which was approved in 1318 by the Pope John XXII.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The new order was a simple extension of the old one.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Under this name, the order survived until the 16th century.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The ships of the order sailed under the eight-pointed Templar crosses.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Vasco da Gama sailed to India under the same flags.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Timeline


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1095: The first Crusade is proclaimed by Pope Urban II.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1099: The capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, the founding of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1118-1119: A group of knights establish a religious brotherhood to protect pilgrims from Muslims.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1120: The church council in Nablus recognizes the new brotherhood as a religious order, and King Baldwin II of Jerusalem gives them the premises of the Al-Aqsa Mosque “Solomon's Temple”, since then they have been called Templars (templars).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1128: Countess Teresa of Portugal decides to hand over to the Knights Templar Sur Castle, on Portugal's border with Muslims.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1129: Troyes Cathedral (Champagne, France).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Order receives the Papal Blessing and adopts the Order's Statute.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Before 1130: Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux, writes “Dedication to the New Chivalry” to support the new order.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1131: Raymond Berenger III, Count of Barcelona, hands over Granen border possession to the Knights Templar


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1134: The death of King Alfonso I of Aragon, who bequeathed his kingdom to the Knights Templar, Hospitaller, and Knights of the Holy Sepulcher.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1136-1137: The Templars are established in the border areas north of Antioch (now Turkey)


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1137: Mathilde de Boulogne, Queen of England, niece of Gottfried of Bouillon and Baldwin of Edessa hands over lands in Essex (England) to the Knights Templar


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1139: Pope Innocent II issues the Omne datum optimum bull, which gives the Knights Templar various religious privileges so that they can act more effectively.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1143: The ruler of Aragon, Count Ramon Berenger IV, enters into a pact with the Knights Templar on actions against Muslims and transfers various lands and castles to them.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1144: Pope Celestine II issues a Milites Templi bull, which gives the Knights Templar various religious privileges, which will later be enshrined in the Milites Dei bull issued by Pope Eugene III a year later.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1147—1149: Second Crusade.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1149—1150: The Templars receive the strategic Gaza Castle in southern Palestine.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1153: Ascalon is occupied by the forces of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1163—1169: King Amory of Jerusalem invades Egypt.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1177: Battle of Monjizar, victory of King Baldwin of Jerusalem 4 over Saladdin, ruler of Syria and Damascus.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1179: Battle of Mezafat, Saladin's victory, Saladin destroys St. Jacob's Templar Castle in northern Galilee.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1187: Battle of Hattin: a catastrophe for the crusader states and the victory of Saladdin, who executes all captured Templars and Hospitallers.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Saladdin captures Jerusalem, and the Templars lose their main residence.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1189—1192: Third Crusade.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1191: The Templars settle in their new residence in Acre (now Acre, Israel).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1194—1219: Conflict between the Knights Templar as allies of Ruben the One-Eyed and King of Cilician Armenia Lev, who supported Raimund Ruben [10].


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1204: The Fourth Crusade, the conquest of Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Templars receive some land in Greece.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1217—1221: Fifth Crusade, military campaigns in Palestine and Egypt.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1218: The Templars and some Crusaders build the Pilgrim Castle (now Atlit, Israel) south of Acre.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1228—1229: Frederick II's Crusade, the emperor returns part of Jerusalem by treaty, but not the temple mount where the Knights Templar lived.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1129—1230: King Jaime I of Aragon seizes Muslim positions in the Bolearic Islands, his forces include the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1230: The Templars get their first property in Bohemia (now Czech Republic)


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1233: King Jaime II of Aragon invades Valencia, his powers include the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1237: The Templars suffer a heavy defeat trying to reclaim Darbask Castle in the Principality of Antioch from the Muslims of Aleppo (now Aleppo, Syria)


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1239—1240: Crusade of Thibault of Champagne and Navarre.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1240—1241: Richard Cornwall's Crusade.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1240: The Templars begin rebuilding their Safed Castle in northern Galilee.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1241: Mongol invasion of Hungary and Poland, the combined forces of Christians, which include local Templars, are defeated.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1244: Seizure of Jerusalem by Khorezm Turks.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Battle of La Forbie, the Franks suffer a heavy defeat from the Egyptian forces in alliance with the Khorezmians.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1248—1254: Crusade of Louis IX, King of France: military campaigns in Egypt and Palestine.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1250: Battle of Mansour in Egypt: Crusaders are defeated, many Templars are killed.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1260: Battle of Ain Jalut: The Mongols are defeated by the Egyptian Mamluks.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1266: Sultan Baybars of Egypt captures Safed Templar Castle.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1268: Baybars takes Antioch.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1270: King Louis IX's Second Crusade to Tunisia.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1271—1272: Edward of England's Crusade.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1274: Lyon Cathedral: discussions about a new Crusade that will never be carried out.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1289: Sultan Kalavun of Egypt captures Tripoli.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1291: The capture of Acre by Ashraf Khalil, son of Calavun: the end of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Templars are evacuating their castles Sidon and Tortosa (now Tartus, Syria) and establishing their headquarters in Cyprus.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1302: The Knights Templar lose Rouad, an island near Tortosa.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1306: King Henry II of Cyprus is removed by his brother Amaury de Lusignan, the Templars support Amory.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1307: French Templars arrested by order of King Philip IV


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1310: King Henry II of Cyprus regains power and places the Knights Templar under house arrest.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1311—1312: Ecclesiastical Council in Vienne, France.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1312: Pope Clement V dissolves the Order with a Vox bull in excelso.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

He issues an Ad providam bull, which transfers the Order's property to the Order of St.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

John of Jerusalem (to the Hospitallers).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1314: Two chief dignitaries of the Order, Master of the Order Jacques de Molay and Commander of Normandy, are burned in Paris.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1316—1317: Aime de Ozilier, Marshal of the Knights Templar and other Knights Templar of Cyprus die in prison during the reign of their opponent King Henry II of Cyprus.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1319: The Order of Montesa settles in Valencia and acquires the property of the Knights Templar and the Hospitaller Order of Valencia.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Order of Christ is based in Portugal and takes over the property of the Knights Templar there.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Financial activity


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

One of the Order's most important occupations was finance.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

According to Mark Blok, “the money did not circulate much”.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

They were not real coins, but transferable, counting coins.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

“It was only at the very end of the 13th century that French legists hardly began to distinguish between its (coins) its actual value (weight in gold) and its natural value, that is, its transformation into a banknote, an instrument of exchange,” written by Jacques Le Goff.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The size of the livre varied from 489.5 grams of gold (Carolingian time) to 89.85 grams in 1266 and to 72.76 grams in 1318.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The minting of gold coins resumed in the middle of the 13th century: florin in 1252 (3.537); the ecu of Louis IX; the Venetian ducat in 1284.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In reality, according to Zh. Le Goff, minted silver: a penny of Venice (1203), Florence (c. 1235), France (c. 1235).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Thus, monetary relations are weighty in nature, which makes them somewhat difficult.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Attempts to assess any degree of wealth may lead to inadequate results.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

You can, for example, estimate at the level of 1100 — when the livre fluctuated in the range of 367-498 g, or at the level of 1318 — livre 72.76 g. Thus, the author of a work can, using data, get the result he needs — about the huge amount of wealth of the Knights Templar, for example.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

It should be noted that due to the high risk, only certain individuals and congregations earned money with financial transactions.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Italians (Lombards) and Jews were usually engaged in usury.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

They competed with abbeys, which usually gave money secured by “land and fruits from it.”


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The purpose of the loan was usually a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, the term was to return from there


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The loan amount was, as a rule, 2/3 of the collateral amount.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Order of the Knights Templar looked much more solid in this field of financial activity.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

It had a special status, not only a secular organization, but also a spiritual one; therefore, attacks on the premises of the Order were considered sacrilege.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In addition, the Templars later received the right to engage in financial transactions from the Pope, thanks to which they conducted their activities openly.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Other congregations had to resort to all kinds of tricks (for example, giving money to Jews for growth).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

It is the Templars who are the inventors of checks, and if the deposit amount was exhausted, it could be increased with subsequent replenishment by relatives.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Twice a year, checks were sent to the issue committee for final calculations.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Each check was provided with a depositor's fingerprint.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Order charged a relatively small fee for check operations.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The presence of checks freed people from the need to move precious metals, which played the role of money.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Now it was possible to go on a pilgrimage with a small piece of parchment and get a full-fledged coin in any preceptory (the Templar analogue of Komturia).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Thus, the monetary property of the check holder became inaccessible to robbers.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

It was possible to borrow from the Order at 10% — for comparison, credit and loan offices and moneylenders gave loans at 40%.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

But since the Crusades, the popes have freed the Crusaders from “Jewish debts”, while the Templars have been given back anyway.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In the opinion, “the longest occupation of the Knights Templar, their contribution to the destruction of the Church's monopoly on usury, was to engage in the economy. No medieval institution has done more for the development of capitalism” [11].


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Order had huge land holdings: in the middle of the 13th century about 9,000 Manuaries, and by 1307 - about 10,500 Manuaries.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Manuary in the Middle Ages was called a land plot of 100-200 hectares, the income from which made it possible to arm the knight.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

However, it should be noted that the land holdings of the Order of John were more than twice as large as the possession of the Order of the Temple.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Gradually, the Templars are becoming Europe's largest creditors.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Everyone from peasants to kings and popes is among their debtors.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Their banking is so developed that Philip II Augustus entrusted the Treasurer of the Order with the functions of Minister of Finance: “For 25 years, the royal treasury was managed by the Treasurer of the Order Gaimar, then “Jean de Milly.”


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Under Louis IX the Holy, the royal treasury was located in Temple.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Under Louis's successor, she continued to stay there and almost merged with the Order's cash register.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

“The Chief Treasurer of the Order became the chief treasurer of France and concentrated the financial management of the country,” writes Lozinsky S. G..


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

100 years earlier, one of the keys to the Jerusalem treasury was also given to the Order for safekeeping.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Knights of the Temple were familiar with accounting and the principle of double entry, check calculations and compound interest;


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Order carried out active construction work.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In the East, they mostly consisted of building locks and paving roads.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In the West, roads, churches, cathedrals and castles were built through the efforts and at the expense of the Order.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In Palestine, the Knights Templar owned 18 important castles, such as Tortosa, Feb, Toron, Castel Pelegrinum, Safet, Gustin and others.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In less than 200 years, the Order has built “80 cathedrals and 70 smaller temples” in Europe, says J. Maia.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The road activities of the Knights Templar are important.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The lack of roads, many customs barriers — fees and duties levied by every feudal lord at each bridge and mandatory passage point, not counting robbers and pirates, made it difficult to move.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The quality of existing roads was, according to S. G. Lozinsky, very low.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Templars guarded their roads and built comturia at their crossroads, where they could stay for the night.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

No toll was charged for driving on their roads, a phenomenon exceptional in the Middle Ages.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Order charity was significant.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The charter of the Knights Templar ordered them to feed the poor three times a week in their homes.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In addition to the beggars in the yard, four ate at the table.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

G. Lee writes that when the price of a measure of wheat rose from 3 to 33 sous during the Mostar famine, the Knights Templar fed 1,000 people daily.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In 1291, the Crusader capital in the Holy Land of Acre fell, and both orders moved their residences to Cyprus.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Long before that, using their savings and connections, the Templars became the largest bankers in Europe, and the military side of their activities faded into the background.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The influence of the Knights Templar was great in Spain, France and England.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Order has developed into a rigid hierarchical structure with a Grand Master at the head.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

They were divided into four categories — knights, chaplains, squire bearers, and servants.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

According to some estimates, the number of people of the order at the time of greatest power reached 20,000.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Thanks to a strong network of commands — in the 13th century there were five thousand of them together with dependent castles and monasteries — covering almost entirely Europe and the Middle East, the Templars could provide small loan interest not only to protect the valuables entrusted to them, but also to transport them from one place to another, from lender to borrower or from a deceased pilgrim to his heirs.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The exorbitant riches of the Order caused enmity and envy, especially of the French king Philip IV the Beautiful, who himself was a major debtor of the order and longed to take over their wealth.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The privileges of the Order — jurisdiction only to the Pope, exemption from the jurisdiction of kings, exemption from church taxes — caused ill-will on the part of the church clergy.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Preseptoria


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Equipment and battle formations


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The offensive armament of the Templar was regulated by the Charter.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Every knight must have a long double-edged sword.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The horse warrior was supposed to have a spear and a club.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Three knives were used during the campaign: a combat dagger, a bread knife and a knife with a narrow blade, which made it possible to use it as an awl.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The knight carried his belongings in two bags, one for laundry and the other for armor.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Most of the camping cargo was carried by a squire who did not follow his lord, but drove in front of him so that he could keep his servant in sight.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The knight had a tent to spend the night in the field.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Discipline was the basis of the military predominance of the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Prior to the attack, the Order's banner was carried by the Marshal, who was next to the marshal.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

To signal an attack, the marshal took the banner.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Since he could not defend himself, he was surrounded by 5-10 knights.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The knight was allowed to have three animals (two horses and a donkey, a warhorse and two donkeys, or three horses) and one squire, and a fourth horse and a second squire by the permission of the master.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The armor was chain mail, chain mail stockings and a pot helmet.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Knights wore chain mail over a quilted jacket called les espalieres (shoulder strap).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The coat of arms, worn over armor, with a red cross on the front and back, was made of white fabric for knights, black for sergeants and squire bearers.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The sword was worn on a belt, hung on two wide crosswise sling straps so that the sheath was placed vertically, with the point in the ground.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In addition to the sword, the Templars used a spear with a metal tip and a Turkish club as weapons.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

A triangular shield covered with leather hung around his neck.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The underwear set consisted of two shirts and two pants.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

They were supposed to have a pair of shoes.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The shirt was girded over the pants with a narrow belt.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

This is how the knights slept at night.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Outerwear is a long-brimmed tunic, called a dress, and a large cloak.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The knight received two small napkins or handkerchiefs: one as a table cloth, the other for washing his hair.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Knights Templar Legends


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

There are many different legends associated with the Order of the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Legend of the Curse


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

According to Gottfried of Paris, Jacques de Molay went to the fire and summoned Philip IV, guardian of the seal of Nogare and Clement V. in a loud, thunderous voice, so that the people can hear, says:


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— Justice requires that on this terrible day, in the last minutes of my life, I expose all the baseness of lies and let the truth triumph.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

So, I declare in the face of Earth and Heaven, I say, albeit to my eternal shame, that I did commit the greatest crime, but it is that I pleaded guilty to atrocities, who so treacherously attribute to our order.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

I speak, and the truth forces me to say it: the order is innocent; if I have argued otherwise, it is only to stop the excessive suffering caused by torture and propitiate those who forced me all tolerate it.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

I know the torment of knights who had the courage to retract their confessions, but the terrible sight we are seeing now cannot make me confirm an old lie with new lies.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The life offered to me under these conditions is so pathetic that I voluntarily refuse the deal...


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Obviously, the practice of summoning to God's Judgment is related to faith in the highest justice, in the face of which the guilty answer with their lives.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

They were summoned to God's Judgment in a dying state — this was the last wish of the dying person.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

According to medieval ideas, the last will, the last desire of the dying person is fulfilled.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

This view is not unique to the Middle Ages.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

We can find this view at different periods of human history in completely different regions.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Echoes of such ideas have almost reached modern times — the last desire before the guillotine, for example, or the modern practice of the will — the whole meaning of which is the exact the fulfillment of the deceased's will.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Thus, God's Judgment from trials with hot iron, boiling water, and legal fights in the 14th century turned into a trial before God, where the plaintiff is dead and the defendants are alive.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The practice of such courts was quite common and G. Lee gives several examples of summons to God's Judgment.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

It is not unusual, therefore, for the Grand Master to summon his culprits to God's judgment.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Gradually, the practice of such courts was forgotten, and the consciousness of unscrupulous historians created a legend about the curse of the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

This legend was widely inflated and served as one of the grounds for ascribing various magical practices to the Order.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Gasping for breath in flames, Jacques de Molay anathematized the Pope, the King, Nogaré and all their offspring for eternity, predicting that they would be carried away by a great tornado and scattered to the wind.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

This is where the mystery begins.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

A little more than a month (April 20, 1314) after the incident, Pope Clement V died while hunting. Almost immediately, a loyal ally of King de Nogaré dies (in fact, by the time of the execution of the master ( March 18, 1314) Nogare had been dead for about a year — he died in March 1313 [8]).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In November of the same year, Philip the Beautiful, who fell from a horse while hunting, allegedly died of a stroke.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Philip's fate was shared by his three sons, who were popularly dubbed the “damned kings”.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

For 14 years (1314—1328), they died one after another under mysterious circumstances, leaving no heirs.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

With the death of Charles IV, the last of them, the Capetian dynasty was interrupted.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

But that's not all.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Already on the first representatives of the new Valois dynasty, related to the Capetines, fell unprecedented disasters.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The well-known Hundred Years' War (1337—1453) began.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

During this war, one of Valois, Jean the Good, died in captivity by the British, and the other, Charles VI, went crazy.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Valois, like the Capetians, ended in complete degeneration, while all the last members of the dynasty died a violent death: Henry II (1547-1559) died at the tournament, Francis II (1559—1560) died of diligent treatment, Charles IX (1560-1574) dies of illness, Henry III (1574—1589) was mortally wounded by a fanatic monk.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

And the Bourbons, which replaced Valois at the end of the 16th century, continued to experience the curse of Jacques de Molay: the founder of the dynasty Henry IV fell from the knife of the murderer, while its last representative under the “old order” Louis XVI died on the scaffold during the revolution.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

An interesting detail: before his execution, this king was imprisoned in the Temple Tower, once the fortress of the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

According to contemporaries, after the king was beheaded on the scaffold, a man jumped onto the platform, dipped his hand in the blood of the dead monarch and showed it to the crowd, shouting loudly: “Jacques de Molay, you are avenged! ” [12]


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

No less disasters befell the “damned” Popes.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

As soon as the “Captivity of Avignon” ended, the “schism” began: two or even three popes, elected at the same time, anathematized each other for most of the XV century.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Before the “schism” ended, the Reformation began: first Jan Hus, then Luther, Zwingli and Calvin tried to undermine the influence of the “apostolic governors” in Central Europe, and the already mentioned Great The revolution of 1789-1799 temporarily undermined the influence of the Popes in France.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

It should be noted that even at the dawn of its activity, the order was seen in the eyes of contemporaries as a kind of mystical institution.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Knights of the Temple were suspected of magic, witchcraft, and alchemy.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

It was believed that the Templars were associated with the dark Ones.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In 1208, Pope Innocent III called templars to order because of their “non-Christian actions” and “spells of spirits.”


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In addition, legends claim that the Templars were very skillful in making potent poisons.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The version of the curse of the Knights Templar was shared by the Italian historian Giovanni Villani, author of the “New Chronicle”, or “History of Florence”, brought to 1347:


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Many claimed that the Knights Templar were destroyed unfairly in order to seize their property, which the Pope later seized by his power and handed over to the Order of the Hospitallers, but had to be bought from the French king and other rulers.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

This, counting the payment of interest, took so much money that the Order of the Hospitallers remained even poorer than it was before, owning only its own.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Perhaps you should see the finger of God here.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

As we will see below, the French king and his sons were subjected to great shame and misfortune, both for this transgression and for the capture of Pope Boniface... [13]


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

About the origin of wealth


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

For many years, fantastic speculations have been put forward about the origin of the wealth of the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Researchers Jacques de Maillet and Inge Ott write that the Templars either inspired the idea of Gothic cathedrals, or built Gothic cathedrals, or lent money for their construction.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Jacques de Maillet claims that in less than a hundred years, the Templars built “80 cathedrals and 70 smaller temples”.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Inge Ott talks about the development of ideas for a Gothic cathedral by the architects of the Order and describes the participation of the Order's architects in the construction of cathedrals.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The main question is usually posed as follows: where did the Templars get the huge sums necessary for the construction of a Gothic cathedral?


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

After all, about 150 people usually took part in the construction of the cathedral, each of them received 3-5 sous per day.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

A special fee went to the architect.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

On average, the cathedral had about two to three thousand stained-glass windows.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

One stained glass window cost an average of 15 to 23 livres.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

For comparison, the butcher's house in 1235 on Rue Sablon in Paris cost 15 livres; the rich man's house on the Small Bridge in 1254 cost 900 livres; the construction of the Count de Dreux castle in 1224 cost him 1,175 Paris livres and two pairs of dresses.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In response to this question, a myth arose that the wealth of the Knights Templar owes its origin to the silver mines of South America.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The regular flights of the Knights Templar to America are mentioned by Bigent, Ott and especially Jacques de Maillet, who defends this point of view, having no basis for such versions.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

For example, de Maillet writes about sculptural images of Indians on the pediment of the 12th century of the Templar temple in Verelay in Burgoni: allegedly these Indians with big ears were seen by the Templars in America and sculpturally captured.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The fact, of course, is good, but de Maillet also cites a photo of this pediment.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The photograph shows a fragment of the tympanum relief “The Descent of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles” in the Church of Sainte-Madeleine in Vezelay [14].


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

This church was built in 1125—1135.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Order of the Knights Templar was only gaining strength at that time and had not yet carried out construction, and even if it did, the Knights Templar still did not have a fleet at that time, and with all their desire, they could not reach America then.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The seal with the inscription “Secret Templi” does have an image that at first glance resembles an Indian.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

But anyone familiar, at least superficially with mystical teachings, immediately recognizes Abraxas in this image.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

De Mayet's other arguments are even weaker.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Charges


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Knights Templar are credited with: from katarism in the Order to the idea of establishing a creative unity of all bloods, races and religions — that is, creating a new type of state with a religion that has absorbed the best of Christianity, Islam and Judaism.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Henry Lee is categorical: “There was no Catarism in the Order.”


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Order's Charter is drawn up by St.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Bernard is permeated with the most exalted spirit of the Catholic Faith.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Nevertheless, Huckerthorne writes about the presence of Gnostic symbols in the graves of the Knights Templar (does not provide evidence); the seal with Abraxas may indicate the presence of some traditions of Gnosticism.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

But it is impossible to say categorically about this.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

And Baphomet, attributed to the Knights Templar, has no traditions and parallels in the religious traditions of the world.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

There is a version that he is only a product of the trial against them.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The most likely version is that the alleged heresy of the Knights Templar was invented by historians, and the name of the demon “Baphomet” is a distortion of the name of Mohammed [15], made by troubadour Gavaudan in 1195 in the poem “Senhors, per los nostres peccatz”.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Knights Templar and the Holy Grail


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Holy Grail is a supposed treasure of the Cathars, glorified by chivalrous novels born at the court of the Counts of Champagne, closely associated with the founding of the Order of the Temple.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Vendowed with mysterious power and known as the source of all wealth and fertility on earth, it was supposedly preserved by the Knights of the Order of the Temple.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The legend is connected, among other things, with Chanson de geste, a cycle of epic poems about Godefroy of Bouillon, in particular, declaring him the grandson of Lohengrin, the Knight of the Swan, and Lohengrin's father was Parzifal.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Wolfram von Eschenbach in the novel “Parzifal” (1195—1216) showed the Knights Templar as the guardians of the Holy Grail.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

See also


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Jerusalem Hospitallers (Ioannites; 1080)


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Portuguese Order of Christ (heir to the Knights Templar, 1318)


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Brotherhood of Our Lady (1318)


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Order of the Rosicrucians (1614)


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Knights Templar (Masonic Order, 18th century)


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Templers (Friends of Jerusalem Society, 1862)


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Baucent


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

At the movies


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Crusades - dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Cecil B.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

de Mille (USA, 1935).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Ivanhoe — dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Richard Thorpe (USA, 1952).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

King Richard and the Crusaders - dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

David Butler (USA, 1954).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Ivanhoe - TV series, dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

David Maloney (UK, 1970).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Pan Samochodzik i templariusze (Pan Samochodzik i templariusze) — dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Hubert Drapella (Poland, 1971).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Damned Kings is a television series, dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Claude Barma (France, 1972).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Ivanhoe — dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Douglas Camfield (UK, 1982).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Ballad of the Valorous Knight Ivanhoe — dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

S. S. Tarasov (USSR, 1983).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Ivanhoe — dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Stuart Orme (UK, USA, 1997).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Richard the Lionheart — dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

E.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

IN. Gerasimov (Russia, Syria, 1992).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Kenneth Knight — dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

E.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

IN. Gerasimov (Russia, Syria, 1993).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Highlander (TV series), Season 1, Episode 20, Angel of Vengeance — dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Paolo Barzman (France; Canada, 1993).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Das Blut Der Templer (Blood of the Knights Templer) - dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Florian Baxmeier (Germany, 2004).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Kingdom of Heaven - dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Ridley Scott (USA, Spain, 2005).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Soldier of God - dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

IN. D. Hogan (USA, 2005).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Jose Diane (France, 2005).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In Search of Templar Treasures (Tempelriddernes skat) — dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Kasper Barfed (Denmark, 2006).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Arn: Knight Templar (Tempelriddaren) — dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Peter Flint (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany, 2007).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Last Templar is a television series, dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Paolo Bartzman (Canada, 2009).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Mystery of the Templar Castle (La commanderie) is a television series, dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Didier le Peschor (France, 2010).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Iron Knight (Ironclad) — dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Jonathan English (UK, USA, 2011).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Night of the Templar - dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Paul Sampson (USA, 2013).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Fall of the Order (Knightfall) is a television series, dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Don Handfield, Richard Rainer (USA, Czech Republic, 2017).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

<<Assasin`s creed>> (Assassin's Creed) -dir.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Justin Cruzel (USA, France, UK).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Notes


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Notes


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Footnotes


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Literature


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

In Russian


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Addison Ch. J.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The story of Knights Templar, Temple and Temple, written by Charles J.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Addison, an Esq from the Inner Temple/Trans. from English.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

E.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

E.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Berger.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— SPb.: Aletheia, 2004.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 384 p.: Il.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— ISBN 5-98639-001-6.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Akunov Wolfgang.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The history of military monastic orders in Europe.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— Moscow: Veche, 2012.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 468 p. — ISBN 978-5-9533-5706-7.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Blum Jean.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Rennes-le-Chateau.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Visigoths, Cathars, Templars: the secret of heretics.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— SPb.: Eurasia, 2007.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 252 p. — (Historical Library).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Varanelli Stefano.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Templars/Transl. s ital.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

T. IN. Ivanova.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— M.: Binom.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Knowledge Lab, 2013.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 128 p.: Il.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— (Voyager).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— ISBN 978-5-9963-1404-1.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Wasserman James.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Templars and assassins.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Guardians of celestial secrets.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— SPb.: Eurasia, 2008.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 382 p. — (Historical Library).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— ISBN 978-5-8071-0264-5.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Giovanni Villani.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

/Transl., comm.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

M. A. Yushima.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— Moscow: Nauka, 1997.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 552 p. — (Monuments of Historical Thought).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— ISBN 5-02-009090-5.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Gusev I. E.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The history of religious and knightly orders and societies.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— Minsk: Harvest, 2007.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 240 p.: Il.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Gusev I. E.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The history of orders of the Middle Ages.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— Minsk: Harvest, 2007.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 432 p.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Gusev I. E.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The history of chivalry and the crusades.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— Minsk: Harvest, 2010.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 210 p.: Il.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— ISBN 978-985-16-8754-7.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Devries Kelly, Dickie Ian, Doherty Martin, Gestace Phyllis.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Great crusader battles.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

1097—1444 — M.: Eksmo, 2009.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 224 p. — (Military history of mankind).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— ISBN 978-5-699-30830-9.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Alen Dezgri.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The secret history of the Grail: Cathars, Templars, Rosicrucians and Freemasons.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— SPb.: Eurasia, 2008.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 318 p.: Il.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— (Historical Library).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Alen Dezgri.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Order of the Knights Templar and Masonic Knights Templar Chivalry: Their Esoteric and Mystical Activities/Trans. from French.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

A. AND. Vishnevsky.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— SPb.: Eurasia, 2008.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 352 p.: Il.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— (Historical Library).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— ISBN 978-5-8071-0313-0.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Demurje Alain.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Jacques de Molay.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Grand Master of the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— SPb.: Eurasia, 2009.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 416 p.: Il.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— (Historical Library).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— ISBN 978-5-8071-0322-2.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Jones Dan.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Templars: the birth and death of a great order/Transl. from English.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

N. Narcissus.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— M.: Alpina non-fiction, 2018.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 396 p. — ISBN 978-5-00139-002-2.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Dyachuk I. A., Bogatyrev V. N., Penziev M. IN. Military and spiritual orders.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— SPb.: Renome, 2010.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 304 p.: Il.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— ISBN 978-5-904045-91-3.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Zharinov Ye.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

IN. The prophecies of the Grand Master of the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— Moscow: Eterna, 2013.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 176 p. — (History is interesting!) — ISBN 978-5-480-00275-1.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Zharkov S. IN. The history of the creation of knightly orders and the catalog of edged weapons, equipment of knights of medieval Europe.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— Brest: Academy, 2005.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 142 p. — ISBN 985-6750-82-2.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Ivanov A. M. Cathars.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Templars.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Freemasons.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— M.: Profit-Style, 2009.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 192 p. — ISBN 5-98857-149-2.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Kateley T. The Templars and other secret societies of the Middle Ages.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— Moscow: ZAO “Tsentrpoligraf”, 2012.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 414 p. — ISBN 978-5-227-03786-2.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Cox S. Renaissance Titans and the Secrets of the Knights Templar and Illuminati/Transl. from English.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

A. Bushueva.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— M.: OOO “AST”, 2007.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 288 p.: Il.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— (Historical Library).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— ISBN 5-17-046345-9.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

William F. Mann Templar meridians.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Secret maps of the New World.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— M.: OOO “AST”, 2007.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 382 p. — ISBN 978-5-17-046212-4.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Marcal Jean.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Rennes-le-Chateau and the mystery of cursed gold.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— SPb.: Eurasia, 2008.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 366 p. — (Historical Library).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Nikitin A. L. Mystics, Rosicrucians and Templars in Soviet Russia: Research and Materials.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— M.: Intergraph Service, 1998.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 344 p.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Olsen Oddwar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The legacy of the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Ancient mysteries, secret societies and the Holy Grail.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— SPb.: Eurasia, 2008.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 356 p. — (Historical Library).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Lin von Pal.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Mysteries of the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— M.: OOO “AST” 2007.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 286 p. — (All the secrets of the Earth).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Pechnikov B.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

A. The knights of the church — who are they?


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Essays on the history and modern activities of Catholic orders.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— Moscow: Politizdat, 1991.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 352 p. il.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

John L. Reynolds Secret societies: myths and reality/Trans. from English.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

A. IN. Grishina.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— M.: World of Books, 2007.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 368 p.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Reid Pierce Paul.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Templars/Transl. from English.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

IN. M. Abashkina.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— M.: AST LLC; Yermak, 2005.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 416 p.: Il.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— (Historical Library).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— ISBN 5-17-025996-4.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Fanthorpe L. The secrets of the treasures of the Knights Templar and the Holy Grail.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Secrets of Rennes-le-Chateau/Trans. from English.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

N. A. Kirilenko.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— SPb.: Eurasia, 2008.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 368 p.: Il.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— (Historical Library).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— ISBN 978-5-8071-0254-6.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Frers Ernesto.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Pirates and Templars.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— SPb.: Eurasia, 2008.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 230 p. — (Historical Library).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— ISBN 978-5-8071-0221-8.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Charpentier Louis.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Bosean.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The Mystery of the Knights Templar/Transl. E.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

IN. Golovina.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— Moscow: Enneagon-Press, 2008.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 240 p. — (Garfang Collection. Restless Presence Literature).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— ISBN 978-5-91051-036-8.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Sharan Newman.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The true story of the Templars /The Real History Behind The Templars.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Translated by V.Genkin.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Moscow: Book Club 36.6, 2008.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

496 p. ISBN 978-5-98697-119-3


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Charles G. Addison Order of the Knights Templar.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

The history of the brotherhood of the Knights of the Temple and the London Temple/Transl. from English.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

O. D. Sidorova.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— M.: ZAO “Tsentrpoligraf”, 2017.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— 352 p.: Il.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— (World History).


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

— ISBN 978-5-227-08004-2.


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

in other languages


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

References


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

on the site


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

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Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Category:Catholicism


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Category:Crusades


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Category:Order of chivalry


Question: What was the Visigothic supreme god?

Knights Templar

Category:Usury


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Yosa Buson, also Busson, Yesa, Esa, Teso, Psa, Taniguchi, etc.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

pseudonyms (Japanese: 1716, Kema in Setsu Province (now Miyakojima, one of the 24 districts of Osaka), Japan — December 25, 1783, Kyoto) was a Japanese poet of the 18th century, master of the haiku genre, also is known as a writer, essayist and artist.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Along with Matsuo Basho and Kobayashi Issa, Buson is considered one of the greatest Japanese poets of the Edo period.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Biography


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson is the pseudonym with which the poet signed his works in his adulthood.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Before that, he used other pseudonyms.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The constant use of pseudonyms is characteristic of Japanese culture.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

In Japan, it was not customary to study poetry outside of any school or trend.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Therefore, when starting to publish his poems, the poet necessarily became a member of the poetic society, and, according to tradition, at that moment he had to choose a pseudonym for himself.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The pseudonym made it possible to feel like a person who had experienced a new turn in his spiritual life, and since there could be many such turns, and poetry schools could change, pseudonyms could also change or accumulate.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson was born in Kama Village, Settsu Province.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

His real name is unknown.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

It is believed that he was the son of a village headman named Taniguchi (hence the pseudonym Taniguchi).


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

His mother was originally from Yosa, so later the poet often called himself Yosa Buson.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson received a good education, read Chinese and Japanese classics, studied painting.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

After losing his parents early, at the age of twenty he went to Edo (now Tokyo), where he studied poetry and painting under Hayano Hajin (1676—1742), one of the greatest haikai masters of the time. which continued the Basho Line.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

He moved to Kyoto in 1751.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson never returned to his homeland, even after achieving some success, recognition and material well-being.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The reasons for this are unknown.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Meanwhile, in Buson's poetic work, the mood of nostalgia is very strong.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

There is even a whole nostalgic cycle “Spring Breeze over Cam Dam”.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Under the influence of his idol Basho, Buson traveled extensively in Japan (about 10 years), in particular to the northern suburbs of Honshu, which inspired Basho to write his famous diary.” Along the paths of the North”.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson lived with his friend the poet Ganto in Yuki and then wandered around the Tohoku area.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Unlike Basho, Buson did not leave complete prose works.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

In 1744, he published notes (“haibun” is a Japanese form of essay) about his travels, first using the name Buson as his pseudonym.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson would later become his main poetic pseudonym; as an artist, he was known as Teso.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

At the age of 45, Buson married and had a daughter, Kuno.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

After settling permanently in Kyoto after his travels, Buson taught and wrote poetry in Sumiya, a teahouse that has survived in Shimabara to this day.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

In 1770, Buson was declared head of the Midnight Gazebo School of Poets, as Hajin's successor.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson took the pseudonym of his teacher Hajin and began to write under the name Japanese (Japanese:).


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson received the title of “tenja”, which gave the right to be a judge at poetry tournaments.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

It was not only an honorary title, but also an advantageous title, as refereeing was well paid.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Since then, Buson was able to pay much more attention than before to poetry, because now he could earn money in this area, and not only as an artist.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

It was in the last 15 years of his life that Buson wrote the best of his poems, becoming a professional poet since 1770.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson died at the age of 68 and was buried in Kyoto.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Haikai and Buson Poetry Crisis


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

According to Sokolova-Delyusina, who translated Buson's works into Russian (the collection “Japanese Poetry”, published by the North-West publishing house in 2000), the name of Buson is associated with a new heyday of the genre haiku, after its decline in the first half of the 18th century Basho School has broken up into many rival small groups.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The elevation of language and images began to be replaced by vernacular and everyday life.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This phenomenon was not straightforward.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

In fact, haiku began to be divided into two fundamentally different genres, coinciding in form: poetry of sublime feelings and humorous joke poetry.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The second direction is called “senryu” and is close in spirit to a sketch and anecdote in European laughter culture.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The genre of comic poetry quickly became very popular, because it was easily perceived even by completely inexperienced listeners in poetry and created a lot of opportunities for improvisations.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

It was not only the emergence of comic poetry that threatened the traditions created by Basho.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

By Buson's time, the “sublime” haiku genre began to turn into a game on given topics.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The general decline of haiku is reliably evidenced by the fact of a general decline in the level of poetic skills.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This is a very important and objective indicator, because a living tradition that has preserved the freshness of perception always allows even secondary poets to write high-quality, meaningful poems, writes Sokolova- Delusina.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

When tradition ceases to be a life-giving source and is imperceptibly formalized, an era of empty play of forms begins.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Well-known techniques made it possible to endlessly replicate the same motives, the spirit of creativity and the search for novelty faded away.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

At the same time, novelty in the Japanese tradition is not at all new, as has been customary in Europe since the end of the 18th century, but a return to spiritual sources.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This is a new comeback in an ever-repeating circle of times, just as the seasons repeat forever.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

In itself, this process of stagnation after Basho left was natural, because any movement in art is always associated with the emergence of new major masters, but when they are not there, the process inevitably begins formalization and vulgarity.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Repetition takes the place of creativity, and the desire for novelty is replaced by vulgarity, as the easiest way to impress.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This is a natural phenomenon, because great artists appear as spontaneously as all natural phenomena.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Periods of lack of bright talents are inevitable in any form of creativity, in any country and in any era.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Every time in such periods, the same thing happens, but while in the European tradition of the past two centuries a new movement begins with the breakdown of traditions, in Japan, a new movement begins with a return the spirit of tradition, purification from formalism, a new arrival to the depth and strength of feelings.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This is exactly what Yosa Buson brought to Japanese poetry.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Perhaps its appearance was due to the only positive phenomenon in the post-Basho haiku crisis: the penetration of haiku into the province from capital cities.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

It was from the provinces that Yosa Buson came to Japanese poetry.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The revival of traditions in Buson's work


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson sought to revive Matsuo Basho's high style of poetry.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Gradually, he became the main figure in the movement known as the “return to Basho”.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

In 1776, Buson and his friends restored Basho Hut, where they held regular meetings of poets who sought to restore the haiku principles of Basho.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson also prepared several scrolls and screens with Basho's poems and his own illustrations.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

One of these scrolls, Oku no hosomichi, helped to canonize Basho as “the great saint of Japanese poetry.”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Basho's deification was in line with ancient Japanese traditions and was therefore accepted by society.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Since Buson's time, this approach has lasted for about a hundred years.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

It was not until the end of the 19th century that protests against Basho's idealization first appeared.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson's poetic creativity is characterized by poems that are refined in color, bearing the imprint of the poet's inner experiences.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The distinctive features of Buson's work are everyday themes and descriptive tone, expressed in many, but, of course, not all poems.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The rigor of images and the sophistication of the language, on the contrary, combine Buson's poetry with Basho's classical poetry.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Thanks to the efforts of Buson and his friends, haikai poetry has acquired features that were previously unusual for it: lyricism, contemplation and romance.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson himself introduced the theme of love into haikai, which was almost completely excluded under Basho.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

To summarize briefly the difference between Basho and Buson, we can say that Basho sought to express the world, and Buson sought to express the inner life of man, the experiences of the soul.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The Bead style is considered more sensual and lyrical than Basho's style, but is related to Basho's style by spontaneity and a desire for instant illumination.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

However, these features could be perceived only when reading a much larger number of poems than the one translated into Russian.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The translated corpus of Buson's poems does not differ much in spirit and style from Basho's translated corpus of poems.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Translators follow a certain tradition, conveying the classical features of Japanese poetry, and therefore avoid topics that would be of little interest to the modern reader.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The principle of removal from vulgar


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson owns the well-known principle of “removing from vulgar”.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This meant moving away from declining images, the poetics of vulgarity towards nature and noble feelings.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

At the same time, in principle of “distance from vulgar”, the paradox of Zen remained.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

It was not about avoiding the vulgar, but about spiritualizing it.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson himself said this: “In haikai, the most valuable thing is when, by resorting to vulgar words, you move away from the vulgar.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The most difficult thing is to comply with this rule, which consists in resorting to vulgar when moving away from the vulgar.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

A Zen monk said, “Hear the clap of one hand.”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This is the path of Zen to haikai, and this is the rule of “getting away from the vulgar”.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The paradox here is that Buson is not going to abandon the vocabulary that Basho called vulgar, because he perceives its use as a natural zeitgeist.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

But Buson says that this vocabulary can be “filled” with noble and sublime feelings.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

To be able to do this is, from Buson's point of view, to be natural: to elevate your spirit without going against the spirit of your time.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The call for simplicity of poetry can be understood in different ways.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Proponents of what Buson called vulgar approach also saw their style as an affirmation of simplicity and sincerity of feelings.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The whole question is what we consider simple: what we say every day or what we feel in moments of inspiration.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

For Buson, this was undoubtedly the second.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

He considered the approach of his opponents not simplicity, but a simplification, reducing reality only to the usual and daily.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

In the modern sense, Buson's approach is about the same as a statement in the art of a multidimensional world.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson himself followed the Chinese treatise “The Word of Canlan on Poetry”, written in the XII century.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This treatise spoke of the fight against the “five vulgarities”: the vulgarity of form, meaning, stanza, sign and rhyme.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson also repeatedly quoted the preface of the Chinese poet Li Bo to the poem “On a spring night we feast in a garden where peach and plum bloom”: “We continue to enjoy our privacy, and our speech It has become sublime and now it is going to abstract purity... But without an elegant verse, how can I express a beautiful dream?” Buson saw the return to the poetics of the beautiful in reliance on the best traditions of Chinese classical poetry.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson and Religion