Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, most of the shells and bullets either passed over the submarine or fell into the water.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

As a result, the American submarine received only two hits: the periscope tube and the base of the antenna [22].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The response of the Japanese and artillery duels of submarines with victims


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In response, the Japanese began to install artillery on previously unarmed ships — fishing sampans and other auxiliary vessels [49].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Taught by bitter and bloody experience, the Japanese began to install machine guns on fishing minesweepers, and in some cases even cannons and torpedo tubes (thereby repeating the experience of the allies in the First World War).


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The Japanese also repeated the experience of the First World War in the construction of trap ships, which outwardly looked like defenseless civilian vessels.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Unexpectedly, American submariners were involved in artillery duels with a seemingly harmless enemy.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On the open deck of the submarine, the artillery crew is defenseless for machine-gun fire, so the Americans suffered serious losses.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

For example, Reginald Mulberry on the Scorpio submarine drowned 1 boat, 3 sampans and 1 patrol boat without resistance, but the second patrol boat encountered went to the submarine and opened fire from of their artillery.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

During the exchange of fire, the gunner of the gun was killed and 2 crew members were injured, after which the submarine dived under water and finished off the boat with a torpedo.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On May 3, 1944, one of the shell loaders was wounded by return fire from sampans on the Halibut submarine.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The cannons were even more dangerous for submarine hulls.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On August 19, 1943, the Finback submarine attacked a convoy of 4 unarmed ships as they decided.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The lead ship suddenly opened fire from a single-pound cannon, but the return fire of a submarine of 3 20-mm and 2 50-caliber machine guns was able to temporarily suppress it.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Meanwhile, the second ship fired at the submarine with a machine gun, but the bullets did not reach the target.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The submarine responded with fire from a 100-mm gun.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Meanwhile, the first ship returned to battle.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In the end, after 4 volleys, the convoy retreated to the west.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The Gunnel submarine found itself in an even more dangerous situation: not only did the gun jam during the attack, but Japanese transports also returned fire from large cannons that they were carrying to tugs.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The submarine urgently dived under water, but in the turmoil one of the crew members was overboard.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

But even Japanese ships armed with machine guns alone bravely attacked and tried to damage American submarines.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In total, as a result of artillery duels during the war, at least 20 American submariners were killed and even more were seriously injured [22].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Artillery was often used after a failed torpedo attack.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

For example, on April 30, 1942, the American submarine Greenling, after 2 unsuccessful torpedo attacks, surfaced and opened artillery fire on a large cargo ship.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The Japanese returned fire and an artillery duel ensued, during which both the submarine and the cargo ship received one hit each.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Fearing for the fate of the submarine, the American captain left the artillery battle, a little later repeated the torpedo attack, but again unsuccessfully.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On April 30, 1942, the Greenling submarine twice fired a volley at a large enemy cargo ship.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Without waiting for the explosion, the submarine surfaced at a great distance from the target for artillery shelling, but the Japanese ship was the first to open fire from the bow gun.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Visibility deteriorated at that time, so Japanese shells did not hit the submarine.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Instead of diving, the commander of the submarine ordered to approach the enemy for return fire.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

When the distance was reduced to 4.5 thousand meters, visibility improved, but the Japanese ship did not resume fire (perhaps the bow gun jammed) and began to move in a zigzag.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

At a distance of 3,000 meters, the submarine fired 6 shells at the ship, the Japanese responded with a volley and the artillery duel resumed.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The Japanese ship received one hit without serious damage, but one shell hit the submarine.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The American submarine, after releasing 4 127-mm shells, repeated the torpedo attack.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Torpedoes again did not hit the target and the Japanese ship began to leave the battlefield.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Meanwhile, the onboard radar detected an approaching Japanese plane and the submarine urgently landed.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On May 4, the Greenling submarine drowned the Japanese ship Kongosan. Maru” [49].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, there were reverse examples, when American submarines mistook ordinary fishing trawlers for trap vessels and refused to attack, as it turned out later, unarmed targets.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

But this does not mean that there were no trap ships at all.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

During the interrogation of prisoners, it turned out that many of the seemingly defenseless fishing trawlers off the coast of Japan were actually disguised anti-submarine ships [49].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On May 10, 1942, at 9 o'clock, the Silversides submarine near Marcus Island (600 miles southeast of Japan) discovered an enemy fishing trawler and decided to sink it with artillery fire.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Surfacing, the American submarine opened fire from a 76-mm gun and machine guns.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The trawler responded with machine-gun and rifle fire.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The artillery battle in stormy weather lasted more than an hour.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

As a result of several shell hits, the trawler caught fire and, considering its situation hopeless, the submarine sank and left the battlefield [22].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Reinforcement and modernization of submarine artillery


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

After being repulsed, the Americans increased the caliber and firepower of the guns to conduct an artillery duel at a distance inaccessible to machine guns and small guns.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

All American submarines were rearmed from 3 to 5-inch barrels (from 76 to 127 millimeters), and the number of guns was increased from 1 to 2.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

It turned out that the armor-piercing shell passes through the wooden hulls of civilian ships and falls into the sea without explosion.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Therefore, a special projectile with a remote fuse was developed for the artillery of submarines, which exploded at the right distance, destroyed enemy manpower with a blast wave and fragments [22].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

It turned out that the civil fleet has its own specifics: even wooden ships riddled with heavy machine gun bullets and 5-inch shells did not sink, and they had to be set on fire [49].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Therefore, incendiary shells began to be actively used against wooden ships, which had a greater effect compared to armor-piercing ones.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

And if earlier American submarines attacked their targets openly in broad daylight, now the Americans have begun to use the German idea of night attacks under the guise of darkness.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

At the same time, submarines began to be equipped with a radar station, which increased the effectiveness of surface attacks.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In 1942, American submarines carried out 34 attacks on trawlers and sampans, 64 attacks in 1943, 113 in 1944, and 99 in 1945.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In 1943, 37 American submarines carried out 121 artillery attacks (including 48 sampans), and in 1944, 83 American submarines carried out 201 artillery attacks.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On March 27, 1944, the Hake submarine finished off a tanker of 10,000 tons with a displacement of 10,000 tons damaged by torpedoes with 30 shells [22].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Intensification of the use of submarine artillery and the end of the war


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In the Pacific Ocean, by the end of the Second World War, there was a surge in the activity of the use of artillery of American submarines.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

By that time, the Japanese fleet and aircraft were largely destroyed, so American submarines began to sail bolder to the surface.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Japan's large-capacity merchant and cargo fleet has also almost completely disappeared, so the Japanese requisitioned small vessels in East Asia for their transportation.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

All these ships did not have enough torpedoes, and they preferred to sail along the coast in shallow water to save them from torpedo attacks.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Unlike the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean, by the end of the Pacific War, the use of artillery on allied submarines increased dramatically for three reasons: first, by the end of the war, the Japanese aviation and navy were almost completely destroyed and the submarines could operate on the surface without fear of an attack by anti-submarine forces, and secondly, the Japanese used civilian small-tonnage ships, on which it was irrational to spend torpedoes, and thirdly, these ships preferred to sail near the coast in shallow water, where attacks in a submerged position were difficult.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

As a result, while cannons on submarines became rare in Europe by the end of the war, in the Pacific Ocean they, on the contrary, experienced their climax.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

But the record in this area belongs not to the Americans, but to British submarines - in 1944, 31 British submarines carried out 293 artillery attacks in the Strait of Malacca.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

British submarines were more adapted for the shallow waters of the Strait of Malacca, so they made the main contribution to the destruction of sampans and sloops that the Japanese used to supply their troops in Burma.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In addition to the English ones, Dutch submarines also operated in the Strait of Malacca.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

At the very end of the war, the Allies, in conditions of complete domination of the sea and in the air, instead of total drowning of all unidentified ships, switched to the landing of inspection parties on suspicious ships.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Thus, the history of submarine artillery in World War II in the Pacific ended in the same way as the history of German artillery submarines began at the beginning of the First World War — as a means intimidation for civilian ships.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

At the same time, Allied submarines for inspection parties began to store personal firearms — assault rifles, pistols and grenades.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

At the end of the war, the Allies switched to the practice of sending inspection teams to suspicious ships and drowning them with explosive charges [22].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Psychological, moral and legal aspect


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In addition to the military aspect of the destruction of the fishing and cargo fleets, the psychological aspect of the artillery attack of the submarine, whose crew was under water for a long time, was also important [49].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In addition to military benefits, for the crews of American submarines, the shooting of defenseless Japanese ships was an act of revenge for Pearl Harbor and raised their spirits.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

During a torpedo attack, the crew sits inside the submarine, and only the submarine commander sees the launch and hit of torpedoes through the periscope.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

When a sailor was asked after the war what he remembered serving on the submarine, he replied “I sat in the hold all the time and did not see the war.”


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

When using artillery, part of the crew goes to the deck of the submarine and directly sees the result of cannon fire.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Compared to warships, the civilian fleet offers much less resistance, which raises morale and strengthens the crew's confidence in their abilities.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

And being on the open deck in the fresh air is much more pleasant for the crew than sitting inside a cramped submarine in stale air.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Civilian ships were often drowned out of a desire to quickly satisfy feelings of revenge and throw out rage for their losses in the first stage of the war.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The American submarine Wahoo carried out similar actions to the Torbay in the Pacific Ocean, drowning unarmed or weakly armed ships with volleys of cannons and carefully shooting machine guns floating in the water seafarers.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, the attack of civilian ships and even more so the shooting of floating sailors are considered crimes in international law, and after the war, the commanders of German and Japanese submarines were tried as military for this criminals.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

It's funny, but the commanders of British and American submarines were not only not tried for absolutely the same actions, but even justified by military necessity and revenge for Pearl Harbor [22].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Nippon


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

General characteristics


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

According to Hashimoto Motitsuri, Japanese submarines of World War II carried artillery pieces with a caliber of 80 to 140 mm for flat shooting or firing at a large elevation angle, as well as twin 25mm air defense machine guns.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The artillery of Japanese submarines was designed to sink unarmed merchant ships and destroy coastal objects not protected by coastal batteries.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

It was not designed to combat warships and coastal batteries and had three major drawbacks: imperfect artillery fire control devices and, as a result, low accuracy of fire, it took more than one minute from the surfacing of the submarine to the opening of artillery fire (during this time the enemy could be the first to open fire and drown the submarine), only 20 shells were stored in fenders on upper deck and when the artillery battle was delayed, the rest of the shells had to be taken out through a special elevator from the artillery cellar (in this case, if an emergency dive was necessary I had to spend time closing and sealing the elevator hatch cover).


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Anti-aircraft guns did not have modern fire control systems in the form of radar sights and therefore it was possible to get into an enemy aircraft only by accident.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In 1944, the Japanese submarine I-44 remained on the surface near the Admiralty Islands and fought off an enemy flying boat with the help of guns.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Submarines, compared to surface ships, have the advantage of greater stealth, so they are able to swim unnoticed to the enemy shore and swim away unnoticed after shelling.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

But during artillery shelling of the coast, one hit by an enemy shell could deprive the submarine of the ability to dive, so the Japanese commanders did not like to obey orders for artillery shelling the enemy coast and preferred to shell the shore at night.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Despite the low accuracy of fire in such conditions, Japanese submarines sometimes managed to destroy important objects and set fire to military barracks on the shore [50].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Ship shelling


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In some cases, ships did not sink even after a dozen shells fired at them.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In June 1942, the I-21 submarine in the Noumea area (New Caledonia) fired 60 shells at a merchant ship, but all the holes were above the waterline and the ship did not sink.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In May, the I-26 submarine in the Dutch Harbor area fired 50 shells at a merchant ship.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The gun overheated from the long shooting, but the ship did not want to sink.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Having lost patience, the Japanese submarine spat on savings and drowned the target with a torpedo.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

It was especially difficult to sink tankers.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Once a Japanese submarine fired 6 torpedoes at a tanker, but it stayed afloat.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Then the submarine surfaced and tried to finish off the tanker with artillery, but came under its cannon fire and retreated [22].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The shelling of the coast


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Cases of the use of artillery of Japanese submarines in the Pacific Ocean against coastal objects were summarized by Hashimoto Motitsuri in his book “The Sunk”.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On December 16, 1941, the Japanese submarine I-22 fired at flying boat bases on Johnston Atoll.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Once again, the island was shelled by the I-68 submarine.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

At the end of December 1941, Japanese submarines shelled the islands of Palmyra, Hawaii, Maui and Kauai.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On December 10 and 11, 1941, the Ro-13, Ro-64, Ro-68 submarines fired 80-mm guns at flying boat bases on Howland and Baker Islands, and in early 1942 shelled the US coast with artillery.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In the second half of January 1942, I-24 shelled Midway Island, and in early February, I-169 shelled military installations on Sand Island.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In June 1942, the island was again shelled, this time by the I-168 submarine.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On February 24, 1942, the I-17 submarine fired at the American coast north of Los Angeles.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The shelling was carried out at sunset and caused panic among the local population.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

After 10 shots, the submarine in the surface position at maximum speed went into the ocean, avoiding meeting with the destroyer.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

At the end of June, the I-26 submarine fired at a navigation radio station on Vancouver Island.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The personnel turned off all the lights at the facility and aired an SOS signal, but despite the panic, 17 shells fired by the submarine caused only minor damage.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The I-25 submarine fired 20 shells at the base of American submarines in Astoria.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Although the damage from all these attacks was insignificant, the Japanese submarines continued their operations.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In March, the I-4 submarine fired at Fr. Cocos, in January 1943, the shelling of the island was repeated by I-166.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

At the same time, the I-165 shelled the port of Gregory on the west coast of Australia north of the city of Geraddton.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

During the retreat from Guadalcanal, a combination of ships consisting of the cruiser Nara, the destroyer and the I-8 submarine fired at the Canton Atoll.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On 31 August, the I-19 submarine shelled an American hydroaviation base in Graciosa Bay in Solomon Islands, and on 8 September, the I-31 brazenly entered the bay and repeated the shelling of the base.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

As a result of these “raids”, the American base was seriously damaged.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In mid-October 1942, the I-7 submarine fired at the airfield on the island of Espiritu Santo, and later repeated the shelling (the airfield was seriously damaged).


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

On 7 and 8 June, the I-21 submarine fired at a steel mill and shipyards in Newcastle, Australia.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The I-24 fired more than 10 shots at the port of Sydney, after which the lights were extinguished throughout the city and turned on the anti-submarine defense searchlights.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Japanese submarines also managed to set fire to enemy barracks on the shore.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

From the beginning of the war until January 1943, most of the Japanese submarines involved in artillery shelling of the coast managed to escape persecution [50].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

After World War II


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The active development of missile and torpedo weapons led to the gradual removal of artillery pieces from submarines.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The active improvement of anti-submarine weapons made it impossible for the submarine to conduct artillery fire in the surface position [3].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In the British Navy, the Amphion-class submarine “HMS Andrew” was the last British submarine equipped with a carrier-based gun (en:QF 4 inch naval gun Mk XXIII).


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

HMS Andrew was decommissioned in 1974 [51].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

The last carrier-based submarines in service in any fleet were two of the four Abtao-class submarines of the Peruvian Navy in 1999.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

A few decades later, projects appeared to return artillery to submarines.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

However, we are not talking about the revival of submarines or underwater monitors.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

There are projects to return small-caliber artillery mounts to submarines for air defense, as well as to combat small targets such as uninhabited surface vehicles or boats.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

According to these projects, artillery mounts on modern submarines should have a caliber of 25-30 mm, a high rate of fire, accuracy and remote control, have low recoil, and the ability to conduct fire from a periscope depth, as well as be on a specially designed lifting and mast device, provided that it is sealed.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

In 2004, a group of German companies developed a similar 30-mm artillery mount, codenamed “Murena” [3].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Influence on mass culture


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Projects of submarines and underwater monitors with artillery weapons (,, British class M submarines and the French submarine Surkuf), as well as British K-class steam-turbine submarines, have become prototypes of dieselpunk weapons as an important feature of the development of society on technologies of the 1920s and 1930s [53].


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

See also


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Submarine


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Underwater monitor


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Squadron submarine


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Notes


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Literature


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

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Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

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Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

CS1 maint: extra text (link) (in English)


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

References


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

— including the use of artillery from German submarines during the First World War.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

on YouTube — including the use of artillery from German submarines during World War II.


Question: How many machine guns did the German UB-1 and UC-1 built in 1915 have?

Submarine artillery

Category:Submarine guns


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Naryan-Mar (Nenets: Nyaryana Mar, “Red City”) is a city in Russia, the administrative center and the only city in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The city is located beyond the Arctic Circle, located in the lower reaches of the Pechora River, 110 km from the Barents Sea.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The distance from Moscow to Naryan-Mar is 1501 km, from Arkhangelsk to Naryan-Mar is 660 km.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The nearest railway station, Usinsk, is 350 km away and can only be reached by land by winter road (winter road).


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

In summer, high-speed passenger boats run from Naryan-Mar to Ust-Tsilma.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Status and management


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The city of Naryan-Mar is the center of the Nenets Autonomous Area, within the administrative and territorial structure of which it has the status of a city


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

As part of the municipal structure, it forms a municipality of the city district of Naryan-Mar with the only settlement in its composition.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Previously, the city district included the village of Yokusha, which was abolished in 2015 [1] [2]


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Local government


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The structure of local governments of the city (city district) is [1]:


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The Council of the Naryan-Mar City District (Naryan-Mar City Council) is a representative body of the municipality.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Head of the Naryan-Mar City District (Mayor of Naryan-Mar).


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

administration of the municipality “City District “City of Naryan-Mar” (administration of the city of Naryan-Mar) is the executive and administrative body of the municipality.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The Control and Accounts Chamber of the Municipal Formation “City District “City of Naryan-Mar” (Control and Accounts Chamber of the City of Naryan-Mar) is the control and accounting body of the municipality.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The head of the city heads the city administration [1].


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Until 2012, the head of the administration (head of the city) was elected in direct elections for a period of 5 years.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Since 2017, the Head of the Administration of the City District (City) has been elected for 5 years by the City Council on an alternative basis from among candidates submitted by the competition commission based on the results of the competition.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Half of the members of the competition commission are appointed by the city council, the other half by the governor of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug [3].


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

List of city leaders


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Belak, Oleg Onufrievich since March 14, 2017.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Fedorova, Tatyana Vasilyevna from March 4, 2012 to March 14, 2017.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Rodionovsky, Yuri Vladimirovich from 2008 to 2012.


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Naryan Mar

Sablin, Leonid Ivanovich (1949-2012) from 2005 to 2008 - Mayor (Head of the City District).


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Rodionovsky, Yuri Vladimirovich from 2001 to 2005.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Kovalenko, Grigory Borisovich from 1997 to 2001.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Kozlov, Vyacheslav Ivanovich (1940—2002) — from 1990 to 1997 — Mayor.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Alekseev, Evgeny Georgievich — from 1985 to 1990 — Chairman of the Naryan-Mar City Executive Committee.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

City Council


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The Naryan-Mar City Council consists of 15 deputies elected in municipal elections by secret ballot.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Seven deputies of the City Council are elected by the majority electoral system.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

8 deputy seats are distributed in proportion to the number of votes among the lists of candidates nominated by electoral associations [1].


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Residential areas


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Geographically, the city consists of three residential areas: Tsentralny, Kachgort and Sawmill [4].


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Tsentralny


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The Central District is a district with a predominant medium-rise and low-rise residential development and developed social infrastructure.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The largest district of the city in terms of population and area of territory.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The central district is located between large water bodies that restrain: the Gorodetsky Shar channel, the Gorodetskaya Kurya Bay, Lake Kachgort and the Kachgortinskaya kurya.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Microdistricts: Tsentralny, Karmanovka, Gorodetsky, Aviatorov, Old Airport, Portovy, Yuzhny.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Kachgort


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Kachgort district is located in the center of the city district.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The district is located on the federal highway A381, connecting the Central District of the city with the airport.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The highway passes through the streets: Rabochaya, they are the 60th anniversary of October and V. AND. Lenina.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The main street of the district is 60th Anniversary of October Street.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The road passes through the entire territory of the Kachgort district from the south-west to the north-east and connects it with the Central District and the Lesozavod.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Microdistricts: RSU, Kachgort, Maly Kachgort, Rybokombinat, Khorey-Versky Expedition, State Farm, Sakhalin.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Sawmill


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Lesozavod district is located in the north-eastern part of the city


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Yubileynaya Street is a citywide highway that passes through the entire district and goes in the northeastern direction to the village of Iskateley.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Yubileynaya Street, as well as Zavodskaya Street connect the components of the district, microdistricts: Lesozavod, Novy Poselok, Mirny, Zakhrebetny, Staraya Bondarka and Novaya Bondarka.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

History


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Background


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The idea of building a city in the lower reaches of the Pechora River arose a long time ago.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

A rich wildlife, beautiful places, a large navigable river, the opportunity to trade in forest — all this attracted people to the North.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The information of Russian chronicles leaves no doubt that since the 12th century, the Nizhnyaya Pechora area has been well known.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Here, local tribes — Yugra, Pechera — first carried out barter trade with the Russians.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

In 1499, Pustozersk appeared.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

In the XVIII-XIX centuries, new villages and villages appeared on the banks of the mouth of the Pechora mouth; Velikovisochnoye, Oksino, Telviska, Kuya - whose residents were engaged in traditional farming, fishing and St. John's wort, reindeer herding.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

In the 1860s, Arctic explorers Captain P. AND. Kruzenshtern, merchant V. N. Latkin and merchant M. K. Sidorov studied in detail the fairway of the Pechora River and organized the Pechora company, which was engaged in the export of Pechora timber.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

M. K. Sidorov dreamed of building a seaport on Pechora, as well as a city that would be called Yugorsk.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

For 16 years, he tried to obtain six acres of land for the construction of the port, but the land was never allocated to him [5].


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

In 1892, the first single-frame sawmill owned by industrialist A. M. Sibiryakov.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

However, the sawmill soon burned down.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

In 1897, a sawmill of the Swedish partnership Alfred Lidbeck and K° was built on the bank of the Gorodetsky Ball opposite the village of Yokusha.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

But after a while, this plant was also destroyed by fire.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Since 1897, the Partnership of the Arkhangelsk-Murmansk Express Shipping Company has established sea voyages between Arkhangelsk and the lower reaches of Pechora (Kuya village).


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

In 1903, the Pechora Sawmill was founded on the territory of modern Naryan-Mar [6], created by the Stella Polyare partnership headed by the Norwegian timber merchant Martin Ulsen [7].


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

City foundation


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The predecessor of Naryan-Mar, the Beloshchelsky settlement (Beloshchelye), is mentioned in the List of Populated Places of the Arkhangelsk Province on May 1, 1922. At that time, there were 29 people in five yards [8].


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

In 1924, the first building of the future city of Naryan-Mar, the agency of the Northern Shipping Company, was built in Beloshchelye.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The building was built by a team of carpenters led by A. S. Durkin.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The staff consisted of eight people.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Two frame warehouses and a shed were also built, which was dismantled for the winter.


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Naryan Mar

The decision to build a new city and port on Pechora was made at a meeting held on board the Umba steamer on October 7, 1929 at the Beloshchelya pier.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The meeting was attended by: Archport Chief Engineer V. IN. Dembovetsky, Chief of Sevportis (Northern Port Survey Bureau) G. ME.


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Naryan Mar

Nalyvaiko, Chairman of the Nenets Regional Executive Committee I. A. Korionov, director of the Komiles sawmill No. 51 Dolgoborodov and others.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The meeting discussed issues of port construction work planned in 1930 at the mouth of the Pechora River, and measures to provide these works with labor, construction materials and food.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

On October 22, 1929, the Nenets District Executive Committee concluded an agreement with engineer Orlov on the “survey of a land plot” in Beloshchelye, where the city was to be built [5].


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

In 1929, construction of the Nenets House and a hospital began in Beloshchelye [9].


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

According to the final documents of the meeting, a meeting of the commission of the Arkhangelsk Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (B) and the Regional Executive Committee of the Northern Territory was held on board the Umba steamer on September 4, 1931 in Beloshchelye.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

We listened to the only question — “On the construction of the Pechora port”.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

It was decided to build 100 pog by the beginning of navigation in 1932.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

m. berths, and by September 1932 another 150 pog.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

m. The main reason for the port's construction was the discovery by geologist A. Chernov in 1930 of the Vorkuta coal deposit.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

There was only one way to deliver coal to the consumer, as well as cargo for the construction of Vorkuta mines — through the port of Pechora.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

This is how the working settlement of Naryan-Mard (Krasny Gorod) was formed, which united the territories and population of the sawmill village (which was named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky [6]), Beloshchelya, the villages of Kalyush, Karmanovo (Gorodetsky), Nosovo (Kachgort) and the village of Yokusha.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The name Naryan-Mard was given to the newly formed village by the resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of October 10, 1931 [10].


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The first buildings on the territory of the future city are a residential barrack for 65 people, an eight-apartment building, a canteen, a post office, a Nenets House, a hospital, a printing house.


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Naryan Mar

By the decision of the Presidium of the Regional Executive Committee of the Northern Territory of October 7, 1931, the need to move the center of the Nenets National District from the village of Telvisochny to the working settlement of Naryan-Mard was recognized.


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Naryan Mar

The same decision obliged the Nenets Regional Executive Committee to create a city council no later than November 1, 1931 on the territory of the Naryan-Mard working village approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.


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Naryan Mar

On December 18, 1931, a resolution was adopted by the Presidium of the Nenets Regional Executive Committee:


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

By the resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of March 2, 1932, the administrative center of the Nenets National District of the Northern Territory was moved from the village of Telvisochny to the Naryan-Mar workers' settlement [11


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

On April 9, 1934, the 5th Plenum of the Nenets Regional Executive Committee decided to transform the Naryan-Mar workers' village, in which more than 8,000 people lived, into the city of Naryan-Mar.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

On March 10, 1935, by the resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the working settlement of Naryan-Mar of the Nenets District of the Northern Territory was transformed into a city


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

In 1934, by the decision of the village council, the first streets were named.


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Naryan Mar

They were Naberezhnaya Street, Partizanskaya Street (now A. P. Pyrerko), Zapolyarny Avenue (now ul. Smidovich Street), Olennaya Street (since 1936 it is M. AND. P. Vyucheysky) and Polyarnaya Street.


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Naryan Mar

In the same year, the city authorities decided to begin construction of the House of Soviets.


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Naryan Mar

In 1934, its first specialists graduated from the pedagogical school.


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Naryan Mar

In 1932, a reindeer herding zonal station began its work.


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Naryan Mar

In 1933, a fishtrest office was established.


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Naryan Mar

The seaport increased its cargo turnover.


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Naryan Mar

In 1933, a horse-drawn brick factory was put into operation in the village of Yokusha, with a design capacity of 2 million bricks per year.


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Naryan Mar

In 1934, the library began its educational activities, and then a district museum was opened.


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Naryan Mar

The development of education did not lag behind the overall development of the city.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Since 1934, a cultural education school and two secondary schools have been operating in the city.


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Naryan Mar

Until 1940, about 120 residential buildings were built in Naryan-Mar.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

In 1936, a weather warning bureau was established.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

In 1937, a professional drama theater was opened, on the basis of which, after its closure in 1948, the Naryan-Mar House of Culture was created.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The trade was represented by two department stores, a specialized grocery store and a specialized store with goods for the tundra population.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

On February 13, 1933, the first polar airline was opened, which connected Arkhangelsk with Naryan-Mar.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

In 1932, the first radio center with 110 radio points began operating, and in 1937, the authorities established a direct telegraph connection with Arkhangelsk.


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Naryan Mar

On March 30, 1937, in Naryan-Mar, aircraft of an expedition to the North Pole landed on the ice of Pechora to organize the world's first polar drifting station, the North Pole-1.


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Naryan Mar

Due to bad weather, the stop in Naryan-Mar was delayed for two weeks.


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Naryan Mar

On April 12, 1937, the aircraft flew to the Matochkin Shar polar station (Novaya Zemlya) [13].


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Naryan Mar

A memorial plaque was installed on the house in which polar explorers lived.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The Great Patriotic War


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

During the Great Patriotic War, Naryan-Mar was a rear city.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Since October 1941, a military airfield began to operate in the city, which belonged to the 772nd air base of the White Sea Military Flotilla.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Aircraft from Naryan-Mar carried out reconnaissance flights in the Arctic.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

On June 22, 1943, a German Yu-88 aircraft flew over Naryan-Mar for the first time in the entire war, and carried out aerial photography of the city [14] and nearby settlements [15].


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Naryan Mar

Similar flights continued later [16].


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Naryan Mar

On Aviation Day 1944, employees of the Naryan-Mar seaport handed over to the pilot of the White Sea Military Flotilla V. IN. Tomashevsky, an IL-4 bomber aircraft “Worker of the Pechora Fleet”, purchased with the money of port workers.


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Naryan Mar

On September 7, 1944, advanced workers of the Nenets District handed over the Yak-7B fighter Naryan-Mar shipbuilder to the pilots of the White Sea Military Flotilla, which was presented to the Hero of the Soviet Union Captain A . K. Tarasov.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

In 1946, the fighter was delivered to Naryan-Mar and installed in the park as a monument to Soviet people who worked in the rear (lost in 1956 and restored in 2010).


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

On August 16, 1942, a group of ships left the village of Khabarovo for Naryan-Mar.


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Naryan Mar

It included the towing steamers Komsomolets, Nord and Komiles.


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Naryan Mar

Nord towed the faulty Komiles and the Sh-500 lighter, and the Komsomolets tugboat towed the P-4 barge.


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Naryan Mar

There were 300 people on the latter, most of whom were prisoners of the Norilstroy camps.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

On August 17, at about 7 o'clock in the morning, when the caravan was passing two miles off the northern coast of Matveev Island in the Barents Sea, a German submarine U-209 surfaced near it, opening an artillery fire.


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Naryan Mar

The Sh-500 lighter, the P-4 barge and the towing steamer Komiles were sunk.


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Naryan Mar

The towing steamer “Komsomolets” caught fire and rushed ashore.


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Naryan Mar

The steamer Nord managed to leave.


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Naryan Mar

Of the 328 people on the ships of the destroyed caravan, 305 drowned or died during artillery shelling.


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Naryan Mar

In memory of this event in Naryan-Mar, on N. E.


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Naryan Mar

Saprygin in November 1968, a monument to the crew of the towing steamer Komsomolets was erected [17].


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Naryan Mar

1940s — 1980s


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In 1940, the Yokusha brick factory produced 1 million 100 thousand bricks.


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The housing stock of the city at that time was 52.4 thousand square meters of total area.


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A new stage in the development of the city in the late 1940s and 1950s was marked by the construction of a quarter of residential buildings along E.


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P. Vucheysky.


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In the 1960s, the first brick buildings were put into operation — the recreation center and school No. 3.


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Naryan Mar

In 1975, builders commissioned the first multi-storey brick building - the building of the CPSU District Committee, now the city administration.


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And in 1981, workers of the Naryan-Mar SMU received apartments in the first panel house in the city.


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The construction was transferred to an industrial basis.


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With the beginning of the construction of brick and panel houses, centralized water supply and a local sewerage system with local treatment facilities are being introduced.


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Naryan Mar

The system of servicing citizens has also been improved.


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Naryan Mar

In 1955, the first bus route was opened.


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Naryan Mar

With the creation of the city's diesel power plant in 1959, a stable power supply was established, and in the early 1960s, residential buildings began to be transferred to central heating.


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Naryan Mar

Since 1973, Naryan-Mar residents have been watching television programs through the Orbita station.


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Naryan Mar

In 1978, a gas pipeline was built from the Vasilkovsky gas condensate field, gasification of the city and the conversion of boilers to gas fuel began.


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Naryan Mar

In 1982, a 92-meter bridge was built across the river. Kachgortinskaya kurya, and then, in 1983, a 57-meter long across the river. Lesozavodskaya kurya.


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Naryan Mar

In the 1980s, new capacities were commissioned at the power plant and oil depot, a bakery was built, and in 1989, a four-story building of the district hospital was built.


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Naryan Mar

In the 1980s, a new polyclinic and pharmacy, the Pechora Hotel, a boarding school with a dormitory, a department store, and a music school were built.


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A whole block of modern panel residential buildings has appeared [18].


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Naryan Mar

1990s — 2010s


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Naryan Mar

In the 90s, the pace of development of the city, as well as the whole country, slowed down, and some residents began to leave Naryan-Mar.


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However, even at this time, several residential buildings, the buildings of Promstroibank, a cash settlement center, and the federal treasury were built in the city.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the growth of oil production in the Nenets Autonomous Area, the city has received a new impetus in its development, dozens of modern monolithic and brick buildings have appeared in the first decade, roads are being built and repaired and communications, there is an active demolition of dilapidated housing and the resettlement of residents to new comfortable apartments.


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Naryan Mar

Until 2004, the village of Iskateley was subordinated to the city, being an independent administrative-territorial entity, residents of the village took part both in the elections of their head of administration and the village council and in the election of the mayor of Naryan-Mar.


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Naryan Mar

In accordance with Federal Law No. 131-FZ of October 6, 2003 “On General Principles for the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation”, separate municipalities the city of Naryan-Mar with the status of a city district and the Iskateley working settlement with the status of an urban settlement included in the Zapolyarny District.


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Naryan Mar


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

In September 2009, Naryan-Mar was visited by Eduard Kokoity, President of South Ossetia, who participated in the celebrations dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Nenets Autonomous Area [20].


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Naryan Mar

On October 4, 2011, in Naryan-Mar, President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev held a meeting of the State Council Presidium on housing and communal services [21].


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On July 29, 2012, President of Vietnam Truong Tan Sang paid an official visit to Naryan-Mar [22].


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Naryan Mar

On November 3, 2013, Naryan-Mar hosted the Olympic torch relay of the 2014 Winter Olympics [23].


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Naryan Mar

Economics


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Naryan Mar

Industry


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Naryan Mar

Seaport and river pier


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Naryan Mar

Food industry enterprises


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Naryan Mar

Nenets Oil Company JSC


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Naryan Mar

Naryan-Marseismic Exploration OJSC


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Naryan Mar

Naryan-Mar United Air Squadron


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Naryan Mar

Gas pipeline from Vasilkovskoye field.


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Naryan Mar

Banks


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Naryan Mar

There are branches of the following banks in the city:


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Sberbank of Russia


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Naryan Mar

Moscow Industrial Bank


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Naryan Mar

Otkritie


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Naryan Mar

VTB 24


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Naryan Mar

Trade


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Naryan Mar

Along with local retail chains (Khoroshiy, Belye Nochi, Naryan-Mar City Consumer Society), the city has retail enterprises of large Russian chains:


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Naryan Mar

Eldorado


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Naryan Mar

Euroset


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Naryan Mar

Svyaznoy


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Naryan Mar

L'Etoile


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Ascona


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33 penguins


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population


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Template:The number of cities in Russia


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sights


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Administration building of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug


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Nenets Museum of Local Lore


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Shevelev House [24] (Pustozersk Museum-Reserve)


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Main Post Office building


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Naryan Mar

Monument to the 500th anniversary of Pustozersk


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Captain Tarasov's plane


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Arktika Palace of Culture


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Naryan Mar

Monument to the crew of the towing steamer Komsomolets


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Monument to the Feat of Members of the Reindeer Transport Battalions during the Great Patriotic War


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Epiphany Cathedral


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Naryan Mar

Holy Kazan Church (Ancient Orthodox Pomor Church)


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Naryan Mar

Monument to Naryan-Mar port workers


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Naryan Mar

Victory Obelisk


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Naryan Mar

Lenin Monument


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Naryan Mar

Natives


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See category Born in Naryan-Mar.


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Transportation


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The city center is connected to the airport by the federal public highway A381.


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City


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Since 1955, the city has been operating bus transport, currently serving 9 routes:


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Naryan Mar

Taxi


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Along with local taxi companies (Alpha, Troika, Metro, NM-Taxi), the city has the following services:


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Yandex.


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Taxi


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inDriver


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Long distance connections


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

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Naryan-Mar is not connected with other cities either by a permanent road or by a railway.


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Naryan Mar

From 1991 to 2008, large-scale construction of the Naryan-Mar — Usinsk road with a length of 386 km was carried out, which was stopped when funding was terminated.


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Naryan Mar

A section with a length of 80 km remained unfinished.


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Naryan Mar

The highway should connect the Nenets Autonomous Okrug with the Komi Republic and provide it with access to the railway junction in Usinsk.


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In 2016, work was resumed, and by the end of 2017 it is planned to commission a 15-kilometer section with a bridge over the Kharayakha River [25] [26].


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Naryan Mar

From December to April, you can drive to Naryan-Mar along a winter road from Kharyaga village.


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Naryan Mar

During the navigation period, the Shchelyayur-Naryan-Mar ferry crossing operates on the Pechora.


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Naryan Mar

While the highway has not been built, aviation remains the main mode of transport that can get to Naryan-Mar.


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Naryan Mar

Naryan-Mar Airport receives An-24, An-26, An-12, Tu-134, Yak-40, Yak-42, IL-18, Boeing 737, ATR 42 aircraft, helicopters of all types.


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The airport operator is Naryan-Mar United Air Squadron OJSC, which has An-2 aircraft and Mi-8 helicopters in its fleet.


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There are regular flights to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Kirov, Syktyvkar, Usinsk, as well as local airlines.


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Cargo to the city is delivered by sea from Arkhangelsk, as well as by river from Pechora to the seaport of Naryan-Mar.


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Climate


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The city is located just north of the Arctic Circle, approximately at the same latitude as Vorkuta, Verkhoyansk and Srednekolymsk.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

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From December 14 to December 29, the polar night lasts.


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Naryan Mar

In accordance with the applied time and geographical longitude [27], the average solar noon in Naryan-Mar occurs at 11:28am.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

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The climate of Naryan-Mar is subarctic, with long winters and short, cool summers.


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Naryan Mar

The city is located in the permafrost zone, but there are no permafrost soils within the city.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

Winter is relatively mild for polar latitudes due to the influence of the Barents Sea, but spring and autumn are long and cold, and summers are relatively warm and short.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

The average daily temperature exceeds 0° C only in May, and again goes beyond zero in early October.


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Naryan Mar

From May 29 to July 15, the polar day lasts, and from April to August there are white nights.


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Naryan Mar

Summer is moderately warm, its average temperature is only 13 degrees (with quite strong variations from year to year, the warmest July was observed in 1974, and the coldest in 1968, with average temperatures of +18.8 and +7.7, respectively).


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

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In summer, the city can sometimes reach hot air masses from the steppes of Kazakhstan, then the temperature can exceed +30° C in the shade.


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Mass media


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Newspapers


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Nyaryana vynder


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Choice of NAO


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News agencies


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Tv


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Channel nameFrequency number “Russia 2" 1 “Russia 1" /"GTRK Pomorie” /"TRK Zapolyarye” 3 “Channel One” 5 “Fifth Channel” 8 “NTV” 11 “Russia K” 27First Multiplex [28] 26Second Multiplex [29] 30


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Television broadcasting in Naryan-Mar began on December 31, 1972, after the commissioning of the Orbita TV station in the village of Telviska [30].


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In 1991, the first private TV channel Alt aired, which existed until 2005 [31].


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On November 29, 1993, television broadcasting of the Nenets District Television and Radio Broadcasting Company Zapolyarye began [32].


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From 2000 to 2006, there was an NMTV channel of the Naryan-Mar TV and Radio Company, financed by Lukoil [33].


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From 2004 to 2005, there was also a TV company of the city hall Region-NAO, which aired on the frequency of the Alt TV channel and the NTN TV channel (New Television of Naryan-Mar — Barents TV Company [34]).


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In 2007, the Nenets Television and Radio Broadcasting Company was established, which in 2008 began broadcasting the Naryan-Mar-TV channel, which changed its name to Sever on August 13, 2012 [35].


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As of January 2016, broadcasting is conducted via cable and ip-television, the Internet, as well as in satellite television packages Tricolor TV and NTV Plus [36].


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Broadcast


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Channel nameRadio Rossii channel frequency of the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company Pomorie/TRK Zapolyarye 66.20 MHz Radio Mayak 67.76 MHz UFM broadcasting stopped from 9.01.201468.84 MHz Naryan-Mar FM/Dorozhnoe Radio broadcasting suspended from 1.04.2017102.5 MHz Russkoe Radio 103.0 MHz Sever FM 103.5 MHz Nashe Radio 104.4 MHz


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Cellular


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Naryan Mar

GSM (2G) /UMTS (3G) mobile operators: MegaFon, MTS, Beeline, Tele2, Yota.


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Naryan Mar

The mobile operator of the LTE (4G) standard is MTS.


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Naryan Mar

In November 2013, Rostelecom launched an LTE (4G) base station in test mode [37].


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Naryan Mar

Naryan-Mar in art


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The song Naryan-Mar, my Naryan-Mar, was written in 1964 (lyrics by Inna Kashezheva, music by Grigory Ponomarenko).


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Galina Shalkova became the first performer of the song [38].


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Subsequently, performed by Ekaterina Shavrina and Kola Belda, the song became popular throughout the country [39].


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Sister cities


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Sister cities [40]:


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Kautokeino (Norway)


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Arkhangelsk (Russia)


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Star City (Russia) [41]


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Zelenograd (Russia)


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Ukhta (Russia)


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Usinsk (Russia)


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Former twin cities


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Mariupol (Ukraine)


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The relationship was established in 1992 on the initiative of I. N. Prosvirnin, torn by the Mariupol City Council on June 29, 2017 [42].


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Views of Naryan-Mar


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City administration


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Arktika Cultural and Business Center


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Naryan Mar

Zapolyarnaya Stolitsa Hotel


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Naryan Mar

The building of the Nenets Museum of Local Lore


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The building of “Nyaryana Vynder” socio-political newspaper


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Sea Port View


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City Stadium


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V.I.


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Lenin, 2010


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The view is towards V.I.


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Lenina


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School No.3


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Nenets Central Library n.a.


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Naryan Mar

A.I.


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Pichkova


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Naryan Mar

I.P.


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Vucheysky


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See also


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Naryan-Mar, my Naryan-Mar


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Naryan Mar

List of streets in Naryan-Mar


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Naryan Mar

Administrative divisions of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug


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Naryan Mar

Flags of Nenets Autonomous Okrug


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Naryan-Mar Diocese


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Notes


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Literature


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A. IN. Chuprov.


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Naryan-Mar


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The Arctic Capital: album.


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— Arkhangelsk: SK Publishing House, 2004 — Page 216.


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— ISBN 5-901992-06-7.


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

Naryan Mar

IN. F. Tolkachev said.


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Naryan Mar

Nenets Krai: through the blizzards of years: essays, articles, documents.


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— Arkhangelsk PomGU, 2000.


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— P. 614.


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— ISBN 5-88086-187-2.


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References


Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

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Question: What is the average winter temperature in the tundra?

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Category:Cities in Nenets Autonomous Okrug


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Category:Cities established in the 20th century


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Category:Former urban-type settlements of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug


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Category:Administrative centers of subjects of the Russian Federation


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

Prince of Wales (English: Prince of Wales, Welsh: Tywysog Cymru), in an old Russian transcription Prince of Welsh, is the title of male heir to the English throne, since 1707, after legal the unification of England and Scotland, the throne of Great Britain.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

As a rule, the female heiress to the throne does not bear the title “Princess of Wales”, it is used only by the wife of the prince.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

An exception to this tradition was the conferment in 1525 by Henry VIII Tudor of the title of Princess of Wales to his daughter, the future Queen Mary I of England.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

Title history


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

The title has been known since the early Middle Ages, until the end of the 13th century it was held by the rulers of Wales, a principality located in western Britain.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

The last ruler of Wales independent of England (Prince of Wales) was Llywelyn ap Gruffydd.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

At the end of the 13th century, with the conquest of Wales by King Edward I of England and the loss of Wales's independence, the title of Prince of Wales passed to the English crown and belonged to the heir to its throne.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

According to legend, Edward I used a trick to achieve the dominance of the English crown in Wales.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

When he, having achieved impressive military successes in this region, gathered the Welsh princes and invited them to recognize the vassal dependence on England, they demanded as the main condition that the prince Welsh was a local native who didn't know a word of English.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

Edward immediately swore a solemn oath to comply with this condition.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

The princes signed a pact on vassal dependence, after which Edward carried them his son (the future King Edward II), who was born the day before at the Welsh castle of Carnarvon, and exclaimed: “Here's the prince Welsh, native to your country and he doesn't speak a word of English!” The legend has been known since the 16th century.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

In fact, at the time of Edward I, the aristocracy in England was Norman and spoke Old French; but Edward II was indeed born in Carnarvon during his father's campaign in Wales.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

Assignment procedure


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

The title of Prince of Wales is not automatically conferred or inherited, it is specifically conferred by the monarch each time, usually a few months or even years after the heir acquires a status.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

A number of heirs, eldest sons did not have time to receive the title of Prince of Wales, in particular, the future Henry VI (his father Henry V died shortly after his birth, and he immediately ascended the throne), two Henry VIII's eldest son, who died in infancy.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

All these princes bore only the title “Duke of Cornwall” (see below).


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

The Prince of Wales also undergoes a formal investment, during which the monarch lays the crown of the Prince of Wales on his head.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

In the case of infancy of the prince, the investment can occur several years after the assignment of the title.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

Since 1911, the investment has been made in the same Carnarvon Castle in Wales, where Edward II was born; the ceremony in Wales was initiated by Welsh David Lloyd George.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

Usually, the princes of Wales are the eldest sons of monarchs, but twice this title was awarded to the grandchildren of kings after the death of their fathers (the future Richard II and George III).


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

Twice after the death of the Princes of Wales (Arthur in 1502 and Henry in 1612), this title was transferred to their younger brothers, who later ascended the throne as Henry VIII and Charles I, respectively.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

Today in the UK, this title is held by Prince Charles (Charles), the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II, who is the 21st Prince of Wales.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

He has been the heir to the throne since his grandfather's death in February 1952, but received the title of Prince of Wales only in 1958, and was invested in 1969, when he turned 20.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

Other titles


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

The Prince of Wales also bears the secondary title of Earl of Chester, which is usually conferred with this title.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

In addition, the eldest son of the monarch automatically (from the moment the reigning monarch is born in the family or the accession of his father or mother to the throne) receives the English title of Duke of Cornwall, and after Anglo-Scottish Union of 1603 is also Scottish Duke of Rothsay, along with a number of other secondary titles.


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

List of princes of wales


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

Prince of Wales — Independent Title


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

Princes of Wales heir to the throne of England


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

Notes


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

References


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales

URL—wikilink conflict (help)


Question: In what year did Edward of Westminster receive the title of Prince of Wales?

Prince of wales


Question: How many years is the full New Horizons research program designed for?

New horizons

New Horizons is a NASA automatic interplanetary station launched as part of the New Frontiers program to study Pluto and its natural satellite Charona.


Question: How many years is the full New Horizons research program designed for?

New horizons

The launch was carried out on January 19, 2006, and the spacecraft flew Jupiter (with a gravitational maneuver in its gravitational field) in 2007 and a scientific program for the study of Pluto in 2015, at the beginning of 2019 it is planned to study Kuiper Belt objects.


Question: How many years is the full New Horizons research program designed for?

New horizons

The full research program of New Horizons is designed for 15—17 years.


Question: How many years is the full New Horizons research program designed for?

New horizons

New Horizons left the Earth's vicinity at the highest speed of all spacecraft.


Question: How many years is the full New Horizons research program designed for?

New horizons

When the engines were turned off, it was 16.26 [1] (relative to Earth).


Question: How many years is the full New Horizons research program designed for?

New horizons

The heliocentric velocity was 45, which would allow New Horizons to leave the solar system even without gravitational maneuver near Jupiter [2].


Question: How many years is the full New Horizons research program designed for?

New horizons

However, in 2015, the heliocentric speed of the device was about 14.5 [3], which is less than the speed of Voyager 1 — 17.012 (Voyager 1 gained more speed due to additional gravitational Saturn's maneuver).


Question: How many years is the full New Horizons research program designed for?

New horizons

Mission Objectives


Question: How many years is the full New Horizons research program designed for?

New horizons

The main goals of the mission are to study the formation of the Pluto and Charon system, the formation of the Kuiper Belt, and the processes that took place in the early stages of the evolution of the


Question: How many years is the full New Horizons research program designed for?

New horizons

The spacecraft will study the surface and atmosphere of objects of the Pluto system, the immediate environment of Pluto.


Question: How many years is the full New Horizons research program designed for?

New horizons

Similar studies are possible at Kuiper Belt objects in an expanded mission [4].


Question: How many years is the full New Horizons research program designed for?

New horizons

The tasks of the spacecraft include:


Question: How many years is the full New Horizons research program designed for?

New horizons

Mapping the surface of Pluto and Charon


Question: How many years is the full New Horizons research program designed for?

New horizons

Exploring the geology and morphology of Pluto and Charon


Question: How many years is the full New Horizons research program designed for?

New horizons

Investigation of Pluto's atmosphere and its scattering into the surrounding space


Question: How many years is the full New Horizons research program designed for?

New horizons

Charon Atmosphere Search