Question: What was the name of the main villain in the Tokyo Mew Mew manga?

List of Tokyo Mew Mew characters

Critical perception


Question: What was the name of the main villain in the Tokyo Mew Mew manga?

List of Tokyo Mew Mew characters

Tokyo Mew Mew characters have received positive ratings from several publications in the field of anime and manga.


Question: What was the name of the main villain in the Tokyo Mew Mew manga?

List of Tokyo Mew Mew characters

Patrick King of AnimeFringe commented favorably on the character design, noting: “One of the most attractive features of the manga is definitely the ultra-cute drawing by Mia Ikumi. Big eyes, cat ears, fluffy ponytails and short skirts all create a cute atmosphere that is difficult to resist” [106].


Question: What was the name of the main villain in the Tokyo Mew Mew manga?

List of Tokyo Mew Mew characters

In Manga: The Complete Guide, Shannon Gerrity called the characters “cute girls dressed as animals” [107].


Question: What was the name of the main villain in the Tokyo Mew Mew manga?

List of Tokyo Mew Mew characters

New characters from Tokyo Mew Mew a La Mode received more restrained reviews.


Question: What was the name of the main villain in the Tokyo Mew Mew manga?

List of Tokyo Mew Mew characters

Mike Dungan of Mania Entertainment considered Barry Shirayuki a “funny character” due to her energy and carefree nature.


Question: What was the name of the main villain in the Tokyo Mew Mew manga?

List of Tokyo Mew Mew characters

Tasuku was called a wonderful couple for the heroine [108].


Question: What was the name of the main villain in the Tokyo Mew Mew manga?

List of Tokyo Mew Mew characters

Janet Crocker of Anime Fringe found Barry too superficial heroine, who only reflects the image of Ichigo.


Question: What was the name of the main villain in the Tokyo Mew Mew manga?

List of Tokyo Mew Mew characters

She also criticized Duke's costume for resembling the clothes of the nationalist organization Ku Klux Klan [77].


Question: What was the name of the main villain in the Tokyo Mew Mew manga?

List of Tokyo Mew Mew characters

In a review of Anime News Network, Carlo Santos stressed that “Barry has everything she needs to become unbearable,” but noted that she behaves like a “typical little girl” which is “nice and stupid, but stops just when it starts to annoy”, which makes it unusual [109].


Question: What was the name of the main villain in the Tokyo Mew Mew manga?

List of Tokyo Mew Mew characters

Notes


Question: What was the name of the main villain in the Tokyo Mew Mew manga?

List of Tokyo Mew Mew characters

Tokyo Mew Mew


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Aga toad [1] [2], or yeah [1] [2] (Latin: Rhinella marina) is a tailless amphibian from the toad family, native to South and Central America.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Description


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Yeah, the second of the largest toads (the largest is the Blomberg toad): its body length reaches 24 cm (usually 15-17 cm), weighs more than a kilogram.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Males are slightly smaller than females.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

The skin of the yeah is very keratinized, warty.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

The color is dim: dark brown or gray above with large dark spots; the belly is yellowish, with frequent brown spots.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Large parotid glands on the sides of the head, which produce a poisonous secretion, and bone supraorbital ridges are characteristic.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Leathery membranes are found only on the hind legs.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Like other nocturnal species, the aha toad has horizontal pupils.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Distribution


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

The natural range of the aga toad is from the Rio Grande River in Texas to the central Amazon and northeastern Peru.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

In addition, agu for pest control was specially brought to the east coast of Australia (mainly East Queensland and the coast of New South Wales), south Florida, Papua - New Guinea, the Philippines, the Japanese islands of Ogasawara and Ryukyu, and many Caribbean and Pacific islands, including Hawaii (in 1935) and Fiji.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Yeah, it can live in a temperature range of 5—40 °C.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Ecology


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Aga toads are found from sandy seaside dunes to the edges of rainforests and mangroves.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Unlike other amphibians, they are constantly found in the brackish waters of river estuaries along the coast and on islands.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

For this, yeah, it got its scientific name - Bufo marinus, “sea toad”.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Dry, keratinized skin is poorly suited for gas exchange, and, as a result, its lungs are one of the most developed among amphibians.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Yeah, can survive up to 50% loss of body water.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Like all toads, she prefers to spend the day in shelters, going hunting at dusk.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

The way of life is mostly solitary.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

He moves yeah with short quick jumps.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Taking a defensive position, they inflate.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Adults are hunted by crocodiles, freshwater lobsters, water rats, crows, herons and other animals that are immune to their poison.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Tadpoles are eaten by dragonfly nymphs, water beetles, some turtles and snakes.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Many predators eat only the toad's tongue, or eat away the stomach, which contains less poisonous internal organs.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Lifecycle


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

The aha larvae are black in color and disproportionately small compared to adults.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Tadpoles feed on algae and other aquatic plants, which they scrape off with five rows of teeth.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Big tadpoles sometimes eat others' eggs.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Metamorphosis occurs 2 to 20 weeks after the larvae hatch (depending on nutrition and water temperature).


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Toads that have just undergone metamorphosis are also very small — only about 1-1.5 cm. After metamorphosis, young toads leave the reservoir and sometimes accumulate in large quantities on the shore.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Puberty occurs at the age of 1-1.5 years.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

They live up to 10 years (in nature) and up to 15 years (in captivity).


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Only 0.5% of toads hatched from eggs survive to reproductive age.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Meals


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Adults are omnivorous, which is not typical for toads: they eat not only arthropods and other invertebrates (bees, beetles, centipedes, cockroaches, locusts, ants, snails), but also other amphibians small lizards, chicks and mouse-sized animals.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

They do not disdain carrion and garbage.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Crabs and jellyfish are eaten on the seashore.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

In the absence of food, they can engage in cannibalism.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Breeding


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

The reproduction of yeah is mainly timed to coincide with the rainy season, when temporary reservoirs are formed in many (June-October).


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Males gather in stagnant or slow waters and call females with screams similar to loud purrs.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

The female lays 4—35 thousand eggs in one season.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Care for fertilized and deferred eggs is not manifested.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

The incubation lasts from 2 to 7 days.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Both eggs and tadpoles are poisonous to most animals and humans.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

After metamorphosis, this feature disappears in them until the development of the parotid glands.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Poison


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Yeah, it's poisonous at all stages of life.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

When an adult toad is disturbed, its glands secrete a milky white secretion containing buphotoxins; it can even “shoot” it at the predator.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Poison aha is potent; it affects mainly the heart and nervous system, causing excessive salivation, convulsions, vomiting, arrhythmia, increased blood pressure, sometimes temporary paralysis and death from cardiac arrest.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

For poisoning, simple contact with poisonous glands is sufficient.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

The poison that penetrates the mucous membrane of the eyes, nose and mouth causes severe pain, inflammation and temporary blindness.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

The discharge of the skin glands yeah is traditionally used by the population of South America to wet the arrowheads.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

The Choco Indians from western Colombia milked poisonous toads by placing them in bamboo pipes suspended above a fire, then collected the isolated yellow poison in ceramic dishes.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

The Australian raven learned to turn toads over and, hitting its beak, eat, throwing aside parts with poisonous glands.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Meaning for humans


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

They tried to breed toads to exterminate insect pests on sugar cane and sweet potato plantations, as a result of which they widely settled outside their natural range and themselves turned into pests, causing poisoning of local predators that are not immune to their poison, and compete for food with local amphibians.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Aga toads in Australia


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

102 toads were brought to Australia in June 1935 from Hawaii to control sugarcane pests.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

They multiplied in captivity, and in August 1935, more than 3,000 young toads were released on a plantation in northern Queensland.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Yeah, they turned out to be ineffective against pests (because they found another prey), but they quickly began to increase their number and spread, reaching the border of New South Wales in 1978, and 1984 — Northern Territory.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Currently, the distribution limit of this species in Australia shifts 25 km south and west every year.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Overbred amphibians seriously threaten Australia's biodiversity [3]


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Currently, yeah have a negative impact on the fauna of Australia, eating, displacing and causing poisoning of native animals.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Its victims are local species of amphibians and lizards and small marsupials, including those belonging to rare species.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

The spread of yeah is associated with the decline in the number of spotted marsupial martens, as well as large lizards and snakes (deadly and tiger snakes, black echidna).


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

They are also ravaging apiaries, destroying honey bees.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

At the same time, a number of species successfully hunt these toads, including the Australian crow and the black kite.


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Methods to combat aha have not yet been developed, although there is a proposal to use carnivorous ants Iridomyrmex purpureus for this purpose [4].


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

See also


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Invasive species in Australia


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Notes


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

References


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Category:Toads


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Category:Animals described in 1758


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Category:Poisonous animals


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Category:Amphibians of North America


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Category:Amphibians of South America


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Category:Amphibians Australia


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Category:Amphibians Oceania


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Category:Amphibians of Asia


Question: What is the name of the biggest frog?

Toad Aga

Category:List of the 100 most dangerous invasive species


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

The Vegetarian Society (English: Vegetarian Society) is a British charity founded on September 30, 1847 with the aim of “supporting, representing, and increasing the number of vegetarians in Great Britain”.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

History


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

In the 19th century, there were several groups in Great Britain that followed a vegetarian diet and were actively engaged in promoting vegetarianism.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

The Vegetarian Society was created by members of the Bible Christian Church in collaboration with members of the utopian spiritual community Concorduim and readers of The Truth-Tester magazine.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

Biblical Christian Church


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

The Biblical Christian Church was founded in 1809 in Salford, Manchester by priest William Cowghard after the split in the New Church.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

Biblical Christians considered a meat-free diet, or ovolacto-vegetarianism, to be a form of moderation.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

[3] [4]


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

Concordium


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

The Concordium was a boarding school founded in 1838 in the vicinity of London.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

Students followed a diet completely free of animal products, which is now known as veganism.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

The Concordium was also called Alcott House, after American activist Amos B.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

Alcotta [2]


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

The Truth-Tester and Psychological Conference (1847)


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

The Truth-Tester was a magazine that published materials in support of the moderation movement.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

William Horsell became the magazine's editor-in-chief in 1846.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

At his suggestion, the magazine gradually moved to promoting a vegetarian diet.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

At the beginning of 1847, a letter received from the editorial staff of the magazine contained a proposal to form a Vegetarian Society.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

In response to this letter, William Oldham held a so-called “psychological conference” at Alcott House in July 1847.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

The event was attended by about 130 people, including biblical Christian James Simpson, who delivered a speech.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

Several resolutions were adopted at the conference.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

In particular, it was decided to hold a new event at the end of September of the same year.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

1847 Ramsgate Conference


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

On September 30, 1847, a new meeting took place in Ramgate, previously planned at a psychological conference.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

[5] The session was chaired by Joseph Brotherton, Member of the British Parliament for Salford and Biblical Christian.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

Another biblical Christian, James Simpson, was elected president of the society, William Oldham became treasurer of the organization, and William Horsell, editor-in-chief of The Truth-Tester, was elected secretary.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

[6] The Vegetarian Society was unanimously chosen as the official name of the new organization.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

After Ramsgate


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

The first public meeting was held by the Vegetarian Society in Manchester in 1848.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

In 1853, the society had 889 members.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

In 1897, the society had more than 5,000 members.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

Our days


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

In the 20th century, the Society was mainly engaged in advisory activities, providing assistance to both individuals and companies and institutions.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

The Vegetarian Society also acts as a group of interest to encourage food producers to stop using non-vegetarian ingredients such as gelatin or rennin of animal origin.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

The society actively opposes the designation as vegetarian products containing fish (especially in restaurants) and criticizes vegetarian celebrities who eat fish.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

The Vegetarian Society maintains a regularly updated list of non-vegetarian products.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

Notable members


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

Notable members of the Society include Peter Cushing, Isaac Pitman, George Fox, George Bernard Shaw, Mahatma Gandhi, as well as Paul, Linda and Stella McCartney.


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

Notes


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

References


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

Category:Organizations established in 1847


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

Category:Vegetarian organizations


Question: When was the first vegetarian society in the world founded?

Vegetarian society

Category:Public organizations in the UK


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

An analog-to-digital converter [1] [2] [3] (ADC, English: Analog-to-Digital converter, ADC) is a device that converts an input analog signal into a discrete code (digital signal).


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The reverse conversion is carried out using a digital-to-analog converter (DAC, DAC).


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

As a rule, an ADC is an electronic device that converts voltage into a binary digital code.


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

However, some non-electronic devices with digital output should also be classified as ADCs, such as some types of angle-to-code converters.


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The simplest single-bit binary ADC is the comparator.


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Permission


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The ADC resolution — the minimum change in the magnitude of the analog signal that can be converted by this ADC — is due to its bit depth.


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In the case of a single measurement without taking into account noise, the resolution is directly determined by the bit depth of the ADC.


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The bit depth of the ADC characterizes the number of discrete values that the converter can output at the output.


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In binary ADCs, it is measured in bits, in ternary ADCs it is measured in trits.


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example, a binary 8-bit ADC can output 256 discrete values (0... 255) because


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle 2^ {8} =256}


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

, a ternary 8 bit ADC is capable of producing 6561 discrete values because


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle 3^ {8} =6561}


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The voltage resolution is equal to the voltage difference corresponding to the maximum and minimum output code divided by the number of output discrete values.


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example:


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Example 1


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Input Range = 0 to 10 Volts


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The bit width of the binary ADC is 12 bits: 212 = 4096 quantization levels


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Binary ADC voltage resolution: (10-0) /4096 = 0.00244 volts = 2.44 mV


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The bit depth of the ternary ADC 12 tri: 312 = 531,441 quantization levels


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Ternary ADC voltage resolution: (10-0) /531441 = 0.0188 mV = 18.8 μV


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Example 2


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Input range = −10 to +10 volts


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The bit width of the binary ADC is 14 bits: 214 = 16384 quantization levels


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Binary ADC voltage resolution: (10- (-10)) /16384 = 20/16384 = 0.00122 volts = 1.22 mV


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The bit depth of the ternary ADC 14 tri: 314 = 4,782,969 quantization levels


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Ternary ADC voltage resolution: (10- (-10)) /4782969 = 0.00418 mV = 4.18 μV


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In practice, ADC resolution is limited by the signal-to-noise ratio of the input signal.


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

With a high noise intensity at the ADC input, it becomes impossible to distinguish between adjacent levels of the input signal, that is, the resolution deteriorates.


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

At the same time, the achievable resolution is described by the effective bit depth (English: effective number of bits, ENOB), which is less than the actual bit depth of the ADC.


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

When converting a highly noisy signal, the low bits of the output code are almost useless, as they contain noise.


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

To achieve the stated bit depth, the signal-to-noise ratio of the input signal must be approximately 6 dB for each bit depth (6 dB corresponds to a twofold change in the signal level).


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Conversion types


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

According to the method of algorithms used, ADCs are divided into:


Question: What is the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Serial direct conversions


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Sequential approximation


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Serial with sigma-delta modulation


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Parallel single-stage


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Parallel two- and more steps (conveyor)


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The first two types of ADCs imply the mandatory use of a sampling and storage device (UHF) in their composition.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This device is used to store the analog value of the signal for the time required to perform the conversion.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Without it, the result of converting a serial ADC will be unreliable.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Integral sequential approximation ADCs are produced, both containing UHC in their composition and requiring external UHC.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Linear ADCs


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Most ADCs are considered linear, although analog-to-digital conversion is essentially a nonlinear process (since the operation of mapping continuous space to discrete is an operation nonlinear).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The term linear as applied to an ADC means that the range of input values mapped to the output digital value is linearly related to that output value, that is, the output value k is achieved when the input range is from


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

m (k+b)


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

upto


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

m (k + 1+b),


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

where m and b are some constants.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The b constant is usually 0 or −0.5.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

If b = 0, the ADC is called a quantizer with a non-zero step (mid-rise), but if b = −0.5, then the ADC is called a quantizer with zero in the center of the quantization step (mid-tread).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Nonlinear ADCs


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

If the probability density of the amplitude of the input signal had a uniform distribution, the signal-to-noise ratio (as applied to quantization noise) would be the maximum possible.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

For this reason, before amplitude quantization, the signal is usually passed through an inertialess transducer, the transfer function of which repeats the distribution function of the signal itself.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This improves the reliability of signal transmission, as the most important areas of the signal amplitude are quantized with the best resolution.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Accordingly, in digital-to-analog conversion, it will be necessary to process the signal with a function inverse to the distribution function of the original signal.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This is the same principle used in companders used in tape recorders and various communication systems, it is aimed at maximizing entropy.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

(Don't confuse compander with compressor!)


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example, a voice signal has a Laplace amplitude distribution.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This means that the amplitude neighborhood of zero carries more information than areas with a larger amplitude.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

For this reason, logarithmic ADCs are often used in voice transmission systems to increase the dynamic range of transmitted values without changing the quality of signal transmission in the region of small amplitudes.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

8-bit a-law or μ-law logarithmic ADCs provide a wide dynamic range and have high resolution in the most critical range of small amplitudes; linear ADCs with similar quality the transmission would have to have a bit width of about 12 bits.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Features


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The transfer characteristic of the ADC is the dependence of the numerical equivalent of the output binary code on the value of the input analog signal.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

They talk about linear and nonlinear ADCs.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This division is conditional.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Both gear characteristics are stepped.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

But for “linear” ADCs, it is always possible to draw such a straight line that all transfer characteristic points corresponding to the input values


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

δ


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

k


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle\ delta\ cdot 2^ {k}}


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

(where


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

δ


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle\ delta}


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

is the sampling step, k is in the range 0..


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

N, where N is the ADC bit depth), were equidistant from it.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Accuracy


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

There are several sources of ADC error.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Quantization errors and (assuming that the ADC should be linear) nonlinearity are inherent in any analog-to-digital conversion.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In addition, there are so-called aperture errors, which are the result of jitter (English: jitter) of the clock generator, they occur when converting the signal as a whole (and not a single sample ).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

These errors are measured in units called MHR —.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In the above example of an 8-bit binary ADC, the error in 1 MZR is 1/256 of the full signal range, that is, 0.4%, in a 5-digit ternary ADC, the error in 1 MZR is 1/243 of the full range signal, that is, 0.412%, in an 8-triple ternary ADC, the error in 1 MHR is 1/6561, that is, 0.015%.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Quantization errors


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Quantization errors are a consequence of the ADC's limited resolution.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This shortcoming cannot be eliminated by any type of analog-to-digital conversion.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The absolute value of the quantization error at each sample is in the range from zero to half of the MPR.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

As a rule, the amplitude of the input signal is much larger than the MPR.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In this case, the quantization error is not correlated with the signal and has a uniform distribution.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Its root-mean-square value coincides with the standard deviation of the distribution, which is


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

L


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

S


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

B


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

L


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

S


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

B


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle {1\ over {\ sqrt {12}}}\ mathrm {LSB}\ approach 0.289\\ mathrm {LSB}}


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In the case of an 8-bit ADC, this would be 0.13% of the full signal range.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Nonlinearity


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

All ADCs have errors related to nonlinearity, which are a consequence of the physical imperfection of the ADC.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This leads to the fact that the transfer characteristic (in the sense above) is different from the linear one (more precisely, from the desired function, since it is not necessarily linear).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Errors can be reduced by calibrating [4].


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

An important parameter describing nonlinearity is integral nonlinearity (INL) and differential nonlinearity (DNL).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Aperture error (jitter)


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Let us digitize the sinusoidal signal


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

x


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

t


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

A


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

sin


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

π


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

f


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

t


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle x (t) =A\ sin 2\ pi f_ {0} t}


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Ideally, counts are taken at regular intervals.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

However, in reality, the time of taking the sample is subject to fluctuations due to jitter of the clock jitter.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Assuming that the uncertainty of the point in time of taking the order


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Δ


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

t


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle\ Delta t}


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

, we get that the error caused by this phenomenon can be assessed as


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

E


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

a


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

p


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

x


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

t


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Δ


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

t


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

A


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

π


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

f


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Δ


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

t


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle E_ {ap}\ leq |x' (t)\ Delta t|\ leq 2A\ pi f_ {0}\ Delta t}


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The error is relatively small at low frequencies, but at higher frequencies it can increase significantly.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The effect of the aperture error can be ignored if its magnitude is relatively small compared to the quantization error.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Thus, it is possible to set the following requirements for jitter of the clock signal front:


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Δ


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

t


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

q


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

π


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

f


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle\ Delta t< {\ frac {1} {2^ {q}\ pi f_ {0}}}


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

where


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

q


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle q}


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

— ADC bit depth.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADC bit widthMaximum input frequency44.1 kHz192 kHz1 MHz10 MHz100 MHz828.2 ns6.48 ns1.24 ns124 ps12.4 ps107.05 ns1.62 ns311 ps31.1 ps3.11 ps121.76 ns405 ps77.7 ps7.77 ps777 fs14441 ps101 ps19.4 ps1.94 ps194 fs16110 ps25.3 ps4.86 ps486 fs48.6 fs1827.5 ps6.32 ps1.21 ps121 fs12.1 fs24430 fs98.8 fs19.0 fs1.9 fs190 ac


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

From this table, we can conclude that it is advisable to use an ADC of a certain bit depth, taking into account the restrictions imposed by clock jitter.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example, it is pointless to use a precision 24-bit ADC to record sound if the clock distribution system is unable to provide ultra-low uncertainty.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In general, the quality of the clock signal is extremely important for more than this reason.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example, from the AD9218 (Analog Devices) chip description:


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Any high speed ADC is extremely sensitive to the quality of the sampling clock provided by the user.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

A track-and-hold circuit is essentially a mixer.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Any noise, distortion, or timing jitter on the clock is combined with the desired signal at the analog-to-digital output.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

That is, any high-speed ADC is extremely sensitive to the quality of the digitizing clock frequency supplied by the user.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The sampling and storage circuit is essentially a mixer (multiplier).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Any noise, distortion, or jitter of the clock frequency is mixed with the useful signal and fed to the digital output.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Sampling rate


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

An analog signal is a continuous function of time, and in an ADC it is converted into a sequence of digital values.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Therefore, it is necessary to determine the frequency at which digital values are sampled from an analog signal.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The frequency at which digital values are produced is called the sampling rate of the ADC.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

A continuously changing signal with a limited spectral band is digitized (that is, the signal values are measured at a time interval T — the sampling period), and the original signal can be is accurately restored from discrete values in time by interpolation.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The accuracy of the recovery is limited by the quantization error.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

However, according to the Kotelnikov-Shannon theorem, accurate recovery is possible only if the sampling rate is higher than twice the maximum frequency in the signal spectrum.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Since real ADCs cannot perform analog-to-digital conversion instantaneously, the analog input value must be kept constant at least from the beginning to the end of the conversion process (This time interval is called the conversion time).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This problem is solved by using a special circuit at the input of the ADC — a sampling-storage device (UHF).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

UHF, as a rule, stores the input voltage on a capacitor that is connected to the input via an analog switch: when the key is closed, the input signal is sampled (the capacitor is charged to the input voltage), when opened, storage.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Many ADCs, made in the form of integrated circuits, contain built-in UHF.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Spectra overlay (aliasing)


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

All ADCs work by sampling input values at fixed intervals.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Therefore, the output values are an incomplete picture of what is being input.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Looking at the output values, there is no way to determine how the input signal behaved between samples.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

If it is known that the input signal changes quite slowly relative to the sampling rate, then we can assume that the intermediate values between the samples are somewhere between the values of these samples.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

If the input signal changes rapidly, no assumptions can be made about the intermediate values of the input signal, and therefore it is impossible to uniquely restore the shape of the original signal.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

If the sequence of digital values produced by the ADC is converted back to analog somewhere by a digital-to-analog converter, it is desirable that the received analog signal be the most accurate copy of the original signal.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

If the input signal changes faster than its readings are made, it is impossible to recover the signal accurately, and a false signal will be present at the DAC output.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

False frequency components of the signal (absent in the spectrum of the original signal) are called alias (false frequency, side low-frequency component).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The frequency of false components depends on the difference between the signal frequency and the sampling rate.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example, a 2 kHz sine wave sampled at 1.5 kHz would be played back as a 500 Hz sine wave.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This problem is known as frequency overlap (aliasing).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

To prevent spectra overlapping, the signal supplied to the ADC input must be passed through a low-pass filter to suppress spectral components whose frequency exceeds half the frequency discretization.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This filter is called anti-aliasing filter, and its use is extremely important when building real ADCs.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In general, the use of an analog input filter is interesting not only for this reason.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

It would seem that the digital filter, which is usually used after digitization, has incomparably better parameters.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

But if there are components in the signal that are significantly more powerful than the useful signal and far enough away from it in frequency to be effectively suppressed by an analog filter, such the solution allows you to maintain the dynamic range of the ADC: if the interference is 10 dB stronger than the signal, it will waste, on average, three bits of bit depth.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Although spectra overlapping is in most cases an undesirable effect, it can be used for good.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example, this effect makes it possible to avoid converting the frequency down when digitizing a narrowband high-frequency signal (see the mixer).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

To do this, however, the analog input stages of the ADC must have significantly higher parameters than is required for standard use of the ADC at the main (video or lower) harmonic.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This also requires effective filtering of out-of-band frequencies to the ADC, since after digitization there is no way to identify and/or filter out most of them.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Pseudorandom signal mixing (dither)


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Some characteristics of the ADC can be improved by using the method of mixing a pseudo-random signal (English: dither).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

It consists in adding a small amplitude random noise (white noise) to the analog input signal.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The noise amplitude, as a rule, is chosen at the level of half of the MPR.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The effect of this addition is that the MPR state randomly changes between states 0 and 1 with a very small input signal (without adding noise, the MPR would be in state 0 or 1 for a long time).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

For a signal with mixed noise, instead of simply rounding the signal to the nearest digit, there is a random rounding up or down, with the average time during which the signal is rounded to one or a different level depends on how close the signal is to this level.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Thus, the digitized signal contains information about the amplitude of the signal with a resolution better than the MZR, that is, the effective bit depth of the ADC increases.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The negative side of the technique is the increase in noise in the output signal.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In fact, the quantization error is smeared over several adjacent samples.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This approach is more desirable than simply rounding to the nearest discrete level.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

As a result of using the method of mixing a pseudorandom signal, we have a more accurate reproduction of the signal over time.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Small changes in the signal can be restored from pseudorandom jumps of the MSR by filtering.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In addition, if the noise is determined (the amplitude of the added noise is known exactly at any time), then it can be subtracted from the digitized signal, having previously increased its bit depth, thereby almost completely get rid of the added noise.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Sound signals of very small amplitudes, digitized without a pseudo-random signal, are perceived by ear very distorted and unpleasant.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

When mixing a pseudo-random signal, the true signal strength is represented by the average value of several consecutive samples.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

However, since 2009, due to the reduction in the cost of 24-bit ADCs, which even without dither have a dynamic range of more than 120 dB, which is several orders of magnitude higher than the full hearing range perceived by a person, this technology has lost its relevance in sound engineering.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

At the same time, it is used in RF and microwave technology, where the bit rate of the ADC is usually low due to the high sampling rate.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

A similar process, also called dither or error diffusion, is used to represent halftones of images in computer graphics at low bits per pixel.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

At the same time, the image becomes noisy, but visually perceives it more realistically than the same image obtained by simple quantization.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Oversampling


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

As a rule, signals are digitized at the minimum required sampling rate for reasons of economy, while the quantization noise is white, that is, its power spectral density is uniform distributed throughout the band.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

If you digitize a signal with a sampling rate much higher than according to the Kotelnikov-Shannon theorem, and then digitally filter it to suppress the spectrum outside the frequency band of the original signal, the signal-to-noise ratio will be better than using the entire band.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Thus, it is possible to achieve an effective resolution greater than the bit depth of the ADC.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Oversampling can also be used to mitigate the requirements for the steepness of the transition from the passband to the suppression band of the anti-aliasing filter.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

To do this, the signal is digitized, for example, at twice the frequency, then digitally filtered, suppressing the frequency components outside the band of the original signal, and finally lowering the frequency discretization by decimation.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADC types


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The following are the main ways to build an electronic ADC:


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Direct conversion ADC


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Direct-Conversion (Flash) ADCs, which are fully parallel to ADCs, contain one comparator for each discrete input signal level.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

At any given time, only comparators corresponding to levels below the input signal level produce an overshoot signal at their output.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Signals from all comparators go either directly to a parallel register, then the code is processed by software, or to a hardware logic encoder that generates the desired digital code in hardware depending on the code at the encoder input.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Data from the encoder is recorded in a parallel register.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The sampling rate of parallel ADCs generally depends on the hardware characteristics of analog and logic elements, as well as on the required sampling rate.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Direct conversion parallel ADCs are the fastest, but usually have a resolution of 8 bits or more, like digital oscilloscopes, as they entail high hardware costs (


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle 2^ {n} -1=2^ {8} -1=255}


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

comparators).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADCs of this type have a very large chip size of the chip, high input capacitance, and can produce short-term errors at the output.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

They are often used for video or other high-frequency signals, and are also widely used in industry to monitor rapidly changing processes in real time.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Professional models can have a resolution of up to 14 bits or higher [5].


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Subbranging Direct-Conversion (Flash) ADCs [6] are partially serial ADCs.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

R. Staffin and R. Lohman R. were proposed in 1956 (Staffin and R. Lohman, “Signal Amplitude Quantizer”, U.S. Patent 2,869,079, Filed December 19, 1956, Issued January 13, 1959) [7].


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Slightly reducing the speed can significantly reduce the number of op-amps to


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

k


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

k


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

k


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle k\ cdot (2^ {n/k} -1) +k-1}


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

, where n is the number of bits of the output code, and k is the number of parallel direct conversion ADCs.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

With 8 bits and 2 ADCs, 31 op-amps will be required.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Two (k=2) or more sub-band steps are used.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

When k=2, the converter is called Half-Flash (Subbranging) ADC.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Second, third, etc. ADCs are used to reduce the quantization error of the first ADC by digitizing this error.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The first step is to perform a coarse (low resolution) conversion.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Next, the difference between the input signal and the analog signal corresponding to the coarse conversion result (from the auxiliary DAC to which the coarse code is applied) is determined.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In the second step, the difference found is multiplied by


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

k


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle 2^ {n/k}}


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

and is undergoing the following transformation.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The resulting code is combined with the coarse code to obtain the full output digital value.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This type of ADC is slower than parallel direct-conversion ADCs, has a high resolution and a small body size.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

To increase the speed of the output digitized data stream in parallel-serial direct-conversion ADCs, the pipeline operation of parallel ADCs is used.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Pipelined Subbranging Direct-Conversion (Flash) ADC) [8] is used in parallel-serial direct conversion ADCs, in contrast to the usual operation mode of parallel- sequential direct conversion ADC, in which data is transmitted after full conversion, during pipeline operation, partial transformation data is transmitted as soon as it is ready until the end complete transformation.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In 1966, Kinniment et al.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

proposed an architecture for a parallel-serial direct conversion ADC with recirculation (Recirculating ADC Architecture) [9].


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This architecture uses a single subrange parallel direct-conversion ADC.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Subbranging Direct-Conversion (Flash) ADCs, fully serial ADCs (k=n), slower than parallel direct conversion ADCs and slightly slower parallel-serial direct-conversion ADCs, but even more (up to


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle n\ cdot (2^ {n/n} -1) +n-1=n\ cdot (2^ {1} -1) +n-1=2n-1}


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

, where n is the number of bits of the output code, and k is the number of parallel direct conversion ADCs) reduce the number of op-amps (at 8 bits, 15 op-amps will be required: 8 comparators per op amp and 7 subtractors multipliers by 2 by OH) [10].


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Ternary ADCs of this type are approximately 1.5 times faster than binary ADCs of the same type commensurate in terms of the number of levels and hardware costs [11].


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Sequential approximation ADC


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

A sequential approximation ADC or a bitwise balancing ADC contains a comparator, an auxiliary DAC and a sequential approximation register.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The ADC converts an analog signal into a digital signal in N steps, where N is the bit depth of the ADC.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

At each step, one bit of the required digital value is determined, starting from the PPP (High Significant Digit) and ending with the MSR (Lowest Significant Digit).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The sequence of actions for determining the next bit is as follows.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The auxiliary DAC is set to the analog value formed from the bits already defined in the previous steps; the bit to be defined in this step is set to 1, the lower bits are set to 0.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The value obtained at the auxiliary DAC is compared with the analog input value.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

If the input signal value is greater than the AUX DAC value, the bit being determined is set to 1, otherwise 0.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Thus, determining the final digital value resembles a binary search.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADCs of this type have both high speed and good resolution.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

However, in the absence of a storage sampling device, the error will be significantly greater (imagine that after digitizing the largest bit, the signal begins to change).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Differential encoding ADC


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Differential coding ADCs (English: delta-encoded ADC) contain a reversible counter, the code from which goes to the auxiliary DAC.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The input signal and the signal from the auxiliary DAC are compared on the comparator.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Due to the negative feedback from the comparator to the counter, the code on the meter is constantly changing so that the signal from the auxiliary DAC differs as little as possible from the input signal.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

After some time, the signal difference becomes smaller than the MZR, and the counter code is read as the output digital signal of the ADC.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This type of ADC has a very large input range and high resolution, but the conversion time depends on the input signal, although it is limited from above.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In the worst case, the conversion time is Tmax= (2q) /fs, where q is the bit depth of the ADC, fs is the frequency of the counter clock generator.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Differential encoded ADCs are usually a good choice for digitizing real-world signals, as most signals in physical systems are not prone to jumps.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Some ADCs use a combined approach: differential coding and sequential approximation; this works especially well in cases where it is known that high-frequency components in the signal is relatively small.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Sawtooth Comparison ADC


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The sawtooth comparison ADC (some ADCs of this type are called Integrating ADCs, also include serial counting ADCs) contain a sawtooth voltage generator (in ADC sequential counting step voltage generator consisting of a meter and a DAC), a comparator and a time counter.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The sawtooth rises linearly from the lower level to the upper level, then quickly drops to the lower level.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

When the rise starts, the time counter starts.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

When the sawtooth reaches the input signal level, the comparator triggers and stops the counter; the value is read from the counter and fed to the ADC output.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This type of ADC is the simplest in structure and contains the minimum number of elements.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

At the same time, the simplest ADCs of this type have rather low accuracy and are sensitive to temperature and other external parameters.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

To increase accuracy, the sawtooth generator can be built on the basis of a counter and an auxiliary DAC, but this structure has no other advantages compared to an ADC sequential approximation and differential coding ADC.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Charge-balancing ADC


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Charge-balancing ADCs (these include ADC with two-stage integration, ADC with multi-stage integration and some others) contain a stable current generator, a comparator, a current integrator , clock generator and pulse counter.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The transformation takes place in two stages (two-stage integration).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

At the first stage, the input voltage value is converted to a current (proportional to the input voltage), which is supplied to the current integrator, the charge of which is initially zero.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This process lasts for time TN, where T is the period of the clock generator, N is a constant (a large integer that determines the time of charge accumulation).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

After this time, the integrator input is disconnected from the ADC input and connected to the stable current generator.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The polarity of the generator is such that it reduces the charge accumulated in the integrator.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The discharge process lasts until the charge in the integrator decreases to zero.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The discharge time is measured by counting the clock pulses from the moment the discharge begins to reach zero charge on the integrator.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The calculated number of clock pulses will be the output code of the ADC.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

It can be shown that the number of pulses n calculated during the discharge time is: N = UBxN (RI0) −1, where Ubx is the input voltage of the ADC, N is the number of pulses of the accumulation stage (defined above), R is the resistance a resistor that converts the input voltage into current, I0 is the current value from the stable current generator that discharges the integrator at the second stage.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Thus, potentially unstable parameters of the system (primarily the capacitance of the integrator capacitor) are not included in the final expression.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This is a consequence of the two-stage process: the errors introduced at the first and second stages are mutually subtracted.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

There are no strict requirements even for the long-term stability of the clock generator and the bias voltage of the comparator: these parameters should be stable only for a short time, that is, for of each conversion (no more than 2TN).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In fact, the principle of two-stage integration makes it possible to directly convert the ratio of two analog values (input and reference current) into the ratio of numerical codes (n and N in terms defined above) with little or no additional errors.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The typical bit depth of this type of ADC is from 10 to 18 binary bits.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

An additional advantage is the ability to build converters that are insensitive to periodic interference (for example, interference from the mains supply) due to the accurate integration of the input signal for a fixed time interval.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The disadvantage of this type of ADC is the low conversion speed.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Charge balancing ADCs are used in measuring instruments of high accuracy.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Intermediate conversion to pulse repetition rate ADC


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADC with intermediate conversion to pulse repetition rate.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The signal from the sensor passes through a level converter and then through a voltage-frequency converter.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Thus, the input of the logic circuit directly receives a signal, the characteristic of which is only the pulse frequency.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The logic counter receives these pulses for input during the sampling time, thus issuing by its end a code combination numerically equal to the number of pulses that came to the converter for sampling time.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

These ADCs are quite slow and not very accurate, but nevertheless very easy to perform and therefore have a low cost.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Sigma delta ADC


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

A sigma-delta ADC (also called delta-sigma ADC) performs analog-to-digital conversion with a sample rate many times higher than the required one, and by filtering it leaves only the desired spectral band.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Non-electronic ADCs are usually built on the same principles.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Optical ADCs


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

There are optical methods for converting an electrical signal into a code.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

They are based on the ability of some substances to change the refractive index under the influence of an electric field.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In this case, the light beam passing through the substance changes its speed or angle of deviation at the boundary of this substance in accordance with the change in the refractive index.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

There are several ways to record these changes.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example, a line of photodetectors records the deflection of the beam, translating it into a discrete code.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Various interference schemes involving a delayed beam make it possible to evaluate signal changes or build comparators of electrical quantities.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Optical ADCs can be very fast.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADC chips


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

For most ADCs, the bit depth is from 6 to 24 bits, the sampling rate is up to 1 MHz.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Megahertz and Gigahertz ADCs are also available (12-bit 2-channel 1 GSPS ADC cost $238 as of December 2015).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Megahertz ADCs are required in digital video cameras, video capture devices, and digital TV tuners to digitize the full video signal.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Commercial ADCs typically have an output error of ±0.5 to ±1.5 MMR.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

One of the factors that increase the cost of chips is the number of pins, as they force the chip body to be made larger, and each pin must be attached to the chip.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

To reduce the number of pins, ADCs operating at low sample rates often have a serial interface.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The use of a serial ADC often makes it possible to increase the mounting density and create a board with a smaller footprint.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Often, ADC chips have several analog inputs connected inside the chip to a single ADC via an analog multiplexer.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Various ADC models may include sample-hold devices, instrumentation amplifiers or a high-voltage differential input, and other similar circuits.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The use of ADC in sound recording


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADCs are built into most modern recording equipment, as audio processing is usually done on computers; even when using analog recording, the ADC is necessary for translation signal to a PCM stream that will be recorded on an information medium.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Modern ADCs used in sound recording can operate at sampling rates up to 192 kHz.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Many people engaged in this field believe that this indicator is excessive and is used for purely marketing reasons (this is evidenced by the Kotelnikov-Shannon theorem).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

It can be said that an analog audio signal does not contain as much information as can be stored in a digital signal at such a high sampling rate, and often for Hi-Fi audio equipment uses a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz (typical for CDs) or 48 kHz (typical for computer audio).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

However, a wide band is useful for the following, and the wider (larger than the minimum required) band, the stronger the corresponding effect:


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

simplifies and reduces the cost of implementing anti-aliasing filters, allowing them to be made with fewer links or with less steepness in the barrier band, which has a positive effect on the phase characteristic a filter in the passband;


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

simplifies the requirements for accuracy and especially for parasitic parameters of passive electronic components that make up the anti-aliasing filter, for example, less influence of the Q-factor of inductors;


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

makes it possible to reduce the amplitude distortions that inevitably occur due to the presence of a sampling and storage scheme.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Such distortions (nonlinearity of frequency response) are sin (x) /x and relate to the entire bandwidth, so the smaller part of the bandwidth (in frequency) is used (occupied by the payload signal), the less distortion data.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Analog-to-digital converters for sound recording have a wide range of prices — from $5 to $10,000 and more for a dual-channel ADC.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Recording ADCs used in computers can be internal and external.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

There is also a free PulseAudio software package for Linux, which allows you to use auxiliary computers as external DAC/ADC for the main computer with a guaranteed time delays.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Other applications


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Analog-to-digital conversion is used wherever you need to receive an analog signal and process it digitally.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The ADC is an integral part of a digital voltmeter and a multimeter.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Special video ADCs are used in computer TV tuners, video input boards, video cameras to digitize the video signal.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The microphone and line audio inputs of computers are connected to the Audio-ADC.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADCs are an integral part of data acquisition systems.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

A sequential approximation ADC with a bit depth of 8-12 bits and a Sigma-delta ADC with a bit depth of 16-24 bits are built into single-chip microcontrollers.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Very fast ADCs are required in digital oscilloscopes (parallel and pipelined ADCs are used)


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Modern scales use ADCs with a bit depth of up to 24 bits, which convert the signal directly from the strain gauge sensor (Sigma-delta ADC).


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADCs are part of radio modems and other radio data transmission devices, where they are used in conjunction with the DSP processor as a demodulator.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Ultrafast ADCs are used in digital antenna arrays (SMART antennas) in cellular base stations and radars.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

See also


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Digital to analog converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Quantization (signal processing)


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Discretization


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Delta modulation


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Kotelnikov theorem


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Switched capacitor circuits


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Audio encoding


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Notes


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Literature


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Horowitz P., Hill W. The art of circuitry.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In 3 t: vol. 2.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Translated from English.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

— 4th ed.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

, Rev.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

and add.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

— M.: Mir, 1993.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

— 371 p. ISBN 5-03-002338-0.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

S. Norsworthy, R. Schreier, G. Temes.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Delta-Sigma Data Converters.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ISBN 0-7803-1045-4.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Mingliang Liu.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Demystifying Switched-Capacitor Circuits'.


Question: What is the resolution of an A/D converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ISBN 0-7506-7907-7.