Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

— Telegraph squad [3].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On the eve of the Great Kemalist


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

M. Kemal, could not underestimate the Greek army, which has been advancing continuously since 1919.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Even the withdrawal from Ankara in 1921 was carried out by the Greek army in perfect order and only after its material resources were exhausted.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Despite pressure from the National Assembly, M. Kemal hesitated and used the respite to strengthen his strength.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

With the support of the French and Italians, he took steps to ensure the neutrality of the British.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

He was not sure if his forces were ready for an offensive.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Knowing that his troops were sufficient for only one large offensive, he strengthened Nureddin's First Army by deploying it against the southern flank of the Greek ledge at Afyonkarahisar.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

It was assumed that the I Army would attack to the north, against the positions of the I Greek Corps southwest of Karahisar.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The V Cavalry Corps had to pass through unguarded positions in the Kirk Valley and go beyond the Greek line of defense.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The II Army will attack to the west, against Greek positions north of Karahisar.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The first goal was to cross the Smyrna-Karahisar and Karahisar-Eskisehir railway lines, cutting off Greek forces in Karahisar from Smyrna and the III Corps in Eskisehir.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Further, the I and II Turkish armies were to meet south of Kutahya, closing the ring around the Greek forces in Karahisar.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

But after the Greek army easily and with heavy losses for the Turks repulsed a local attack by two Turkish divisions from Shavran in the south, Kemal's doubts intensified, he did not dare to attack.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

D. Dakin believes that it is the “delusional idea” of Hatzianestis and his transfer of forces to Thrace to occupy Constantinople, as well as Lloyd George's speech in the House of Commons on July 22/August 4, which Kemal considered a sign The fact that Britain could abandon its policy of neutrality were the factors that contributed to its decision to finally launch its offensive [5] :353.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

M. Ismet, in the order “to prepare for the last attempt”, wrote: “an enemy engaged in military preparations in Thrace.”


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Kemal, who had previously hesitated knowing that his army's morale remained low, felt that the hour had come [11] :173.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

800 km front from Kios on the Sea of Marmara, went to Karahisar and, turning southwest, ended at the mouth of Meander [5] :353.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The distance from the headquarters in Smyrna to its critical section is 420 km.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The supply center of the I and II Greek corps was Usak, on the Smyrna-Karahisar railway, 80 km from the latter.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Fotiadis writes that one look at the map was enough to assess how dangerous the so-called. “The ledge of Afyon”, where the bulk of the Greek army was located.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Its far right flank, where the I and IV divisions were located, was only 15 km from the railway, the only supply route for the I and II corps [11] :173.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

“This is an anti-strategic location,” writes D. Fotiadis, “simply provoked the enemy to strike at this place, with the ability to cut off and surround the bulk of the army, which actually happened.”


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

In an effort to keep the plan secret, the Turkish command banned the communication of troops with the outside world.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The regroupings were carried out at night; soldiers were told that troops were moving in order to repel the expected offensive of the Greeks [26].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Despite the secrecy of the preparation of the offensive, the Greek army knew that the Turks would soon attack.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

A Turkish officer captured in Demerli said that Kemal would advance in August.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

To mislead the Greek command, Kemal attacked on August 8/21 in the south against the Greek Ortangi bridgehead in the Meander Valley.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On the same day, a Turkish deserter informed that the offensive would begin any minute.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Since August 8/21, the I Corps knew from information collected by its intelligence officers that a Turkish offensive was expected in the coming days and reported this to the army headquarters.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

But the headquarters remained passive.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

According to General Spyridonos, “the enemy was preparing to attack the Ledge without hindrance.”


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Instead of immediately going to the front, Hatzianestis stayed in Smyrna, while Kemal was stationed at the observation post to lead the battle [11] :174.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Horton writes that the “miserable” Hatzianestis was busy repairing and furnishing his dacha in Smyrna [14] :115.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

With relative equality of power, Kemal used the opportunity to gather superior forces against the Greek right flank.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

His plan was simple and aimed at crossing the only supply artery of the Greek army, the Ushak-Dumlupinar railway.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

If successful, the bulk of the Greek army would be forced to look for an exit to the northwest, in the mountains without roads, and in this attempt would be surrounded and defeated.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Kemal was not only looking for an opportunity to push the Greek army west, but pursued the goal of complete victory [11] :175.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On the night of August 12/25 to 13/26, 12 Turkish infantry and 4 cavalry divisions concentrated in front of the Greek positions in Akar Dag.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Kemal and his headquarters were located in an observation post on Kochatepe Hill, which allowed them to observe the actions of the enemy without binoculars.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The beginning of the Great Kemalist Offensive, the actions of the Turkish V Cavalry Corps and the inaction of the Greek Cavalry Division


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On August 12, 1922, on the eve of the Great Turkish Offensive, the forces of the Greek Cavalry Division were scattered, fulfilling the tasks of the Army headquarters.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Having received information about the concentration of large Turkish forces, the Division requested the Army headquarters to assemble its units in Usak in order to withstand the expected invasion of the Turkish cavalry.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Long before the Turkish offensive and studying the topography of the region, the commander of the I Corps, General N. Trikoupis, marked the “goat path” in the Kirka Gorge in the Akar Dag Mountains as impassable.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

At night and a few hours before the start of the offensive, as many as three Turkish divisions of the V Cavalry Corps (I, II and XIV) under the command of Fakhreddin Altai, with mountain artillery, began their ascent along this trail.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

To do this, the Turks dismounted and, leading the horses by the bridles, walked one after another line of several kilometers.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Later, Fakhreddin said that as he approached the top, his agony increased and added that “if there was at least one Greek battalion there, our cavalry would be destroyed.”


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Greek patrols of several dozen soldiers standing at the exit from the gorge were unable to stop the Turkish divisions and only briefly delayed their advance.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

By 16:00, Turkish cavalry occupied the Kucuköy railway station, 50 km east of Dumlupinar, cutting off telephone and telegraph communications and the possibility of supplying Greek units located east stations [11] :175.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Meanwhile, the Cavalry Division stationed in Usak under the command of A. Kalinskis and A. Papagosa, following the initial instructions of the army headquarters, did not show initiative and continued to remain idle, although she could quickly move to Dumlupinar to provide his defense and a corridor for the exit of most of of the Greek army from the cauldron that was just planned at that time [11] :176.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The inaction of the Greek cavalry surprised Fakhredin, who in previous years avoided open combat with it.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

According to D. Fotiadis, later meeting with the captured General Trikoupis, Fakhredin asked where the Greek cavalry was located.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

To which Trikupis replied “pinching grass in Usak” [11] :176.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

D. Fotiadis believes that along with the miscalculations of the headquarters of Hatzianestis, the lack of initiative of the new command of the Cavalry Division had fatal consequences both for this battle and for everything Asia Minor campaign [11] :176.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry on the Asia Minor campaign

The breakthrough of the front, the retreat of the I and II Corps of the Asia Minor Army


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

At dawn on August 13/26, 200 guns began firing at 40 km of the front, from Sinan Pasha (Greek I Division) to positions west of Karahisar (IV Division).


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Kemal reported to the National Assembly: “The offensive has begun, Inshaallah.”


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek artillery responded, but without success, since the Austrian Skoda guns of the Turks had a longer range and fired from distances beyond the reach of Greek artillery.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

The shelling led to heavy losses in the advanced Greek units, which lost up to 50% of their personnel only due to shelling and inadequate trenches.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

An hour later, the Turks moved the fire deep into the Greek location and the infantry went on the attack.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The I army of Nureddin Pasha and II Yakup Subashi attacked simultaneously - 7 divisions against 2 Greek (I and IV).


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The situation for the I corps became critical and soon all its reserves were used.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

But the commander of the corps N. Trikoupis did not take the initiative, waiting for an order from Smyrna [27].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

By noon, the Turkish I Corps managed to enter the trenches of the Greek I Division.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Turkish II Army occupied several positions of the Greek V Division (I Corps), but its subsequent attacks were unsuccessful.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

After receiving reinforcements, the V Division restored the initial front line.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

At 07:30, after a fierce battle, the Turks occupied Kamlar in Sector IV of the Greek Division.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The 49th regiment, which “unfortunately” was entrusted with the position of Tilka-Kiri - Bel, left them in panic.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

K. Kanellopoulos writes that the regiment left its positions without a fight, in a shameful flight and “that there is not a single such example in the history of the Asia Minor Army.”


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

But there was no other such regiment in the Asia Minor Army - the regiment consisted of mobilized deserters and criminals.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The IV division, having received reinforcements, managed to temporarily hold the front line.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Reshad Bey, commander of the Lviv Turkish division, who promised Kemal to take height 1310 in an hour, which was defended by the 5/42 regiment of eusons N. Plastiras, failed to do so and committed suicide.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

By evening, the VII Division, transferred from the II Corps, with the help of the IV Division, recaptured the positions abandoned by the early 49th regiment from the Turks [11] :177.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Turkish II Army also attacked the III Corps in the north, shackling its forces and preventing them from helping the II Corps.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The headquarters in Smyrna did not have a clear picture of the situation.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Hatzianestis only in the evening sent an order to the corps, which, according to Fotiadis, begins with a “unique phrase”: “the army, not wanting to be initiated by the enemy, will launch an attack, only an impulse which is enough to break its positions, with the objective aim of pushing the enemy south of its supply lines.”


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Fotiadis writes that it was a drama: Kemal was on the front line, while Hatzianestis, far from the front, issued orders according to the desired, but not reality.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Spyridonos writes that the Turkish command made decisions on the battlefield, while the Greek command, at a distance of 420 km, receiving information and giving orders over the radio, spent 4 hours compiling telegrams, its encryption, sending, decrypting and transmitting, but in the meantime, the situation changed every quarter of an hour [11] :177.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

After the dissolution of the Southern Group, the decisive battle began for the Greek army without a commander at the front.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

In an order on August 26 to the I and II corps, the headquarters expressed the opinion that the Turks had not yet identified the axis of their offensive.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The headquarters, according to the initial plan, ordered the II Corps to prepare for an offensive on the Turkish right flank, while the I Corps will hold its positions.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

This contradicted the instructions of the I Corps to the II Corps, and subsequently the I Corps ordered the II Corps to stop preparations for the offensive and resume sending units south to strengthen the battered I and IV divisions.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Due to the disruption of communication, the headquarters in Smyrna did not receive notifications from the I and II corps and believed that everything was going according to his order.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The main forces of the Turks collapsed on the I Corps, but the II Corps remained an observer.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Spyridonos writes that while the I Corps was defeated, the II Corps, not daring to violate the orders of the army headquarters, supported the I Corps morally [11] :179.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The XII Division, located north of Karahisar, sent reconnaissance groups across the front line, and everyone reported that they did not meet concentrations of Turks.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Turks left small forces against the II Corps.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

But in order to mislead the Greek command, they carried out a local attack, which the commander of the corps D. Dimaras considered it a prelude to a general attack.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

When Trikoupis asked for help from the IX Division, Dimaras sent one regiment, justifying that he himself was in danger before the offensive, which would begin any minute [11] :178.c


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The transfer of the IX Division to the I Corps was made late [11] :178.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

In this situation, Trikoupis telegraphed to the army headquarters that the orders of the headquarters were impossible and that he must resolve the issue of withdrawal.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The headquarters replied that if he was forced to withdraw, the withdrawal should be made “step by step”, “as if it were a question of defending the Acropolis” [11] :178.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The next morning, the Turks threw most of their forces against the IV Division, in order to consolidate the breakthrough achieved by the cavalry the previous day and finally cut off the connection of the Greek units with Dumlupinar.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Turks managed to occupy the center of Greek resistance in Kamelar.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Trikupis at 09:00 informed the army headquarters that 10 Turkish divisions were attacking his corps and in order to avoid a catastrophe asked for help to him by all forces of the II and III corps.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The headquarters in Smyrna lost control of the situation.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On August 27, he ordered the I Corps to attack and restore the front line, or if this is not possible, to withdraw fighting, while the II Corps was to attack Chobanlar, southeast of Karahisar.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Meanwhile, the Turks finally overturned the IV division defending Ak Dag, broke through the front line, and their divisions poured into the Dumlupinar-Karahisar railway [11] :180.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Having received information that the IV division was broken and that the situation was rapidly deteriorating, Trikupis ordered to leave Karahisar by noon and withdraw to the west, to Dumlupinar [27].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

When Afyon left, the radio of the headquarters of the I Corps was lost.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

20,000 Karahisar Christians followed the retreating units [9] :A-203, giving the army columns a picture of dubious discipline [11] :159.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

At the same time, “as the greatest historical irony”, 40 deserters of the VI Turkish Division arrived at the Greek defense center in Kirk, “an unmistakable sign of the enemy's low morale,” writes General Bulalas [11]: 179.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

D. Fotiadis adds that it is a tragic fact that “we have suffered the greatest defeat in our history from an enemy who did not have morale” [11] :179.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

At 02:00 on August 28, the headquarters of the Asia Minor Army canceled orders for a counterattack, and subordinated the II Corps and one division of the III Corps to the I Corps.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

But the Southern Group was divided into two parts.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The first, to the left of the breakthrough, was formed by the I and VII divisions and part of the IV division and the detachments of Lufas and N. Plastiras.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

This group, which had the opportunity to retreat to Usak, was headed by the commander of the I division A. Frangu.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Frangu did not know that Trikupis was going to organize a second line with his help, and seeing that the Turks were moving towards Dumlupinar, cutting off the way to withdrawal, decided to get ahead of them [27].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The withdrawal of Group Frangu (I and VII divisions, the remnants of the IV division, two battalions of the XII division) to Dumlupinar took place on the night of August 27-28.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Plastiras's rear guard stayed in Hasan Dede Tepe.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The cavalry group of scouts Lieutenant Nakis I Division met at the Uludzhak Pass with the reconnaissance group of Lieutenant Kavris IX Division.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

From the pass, you could see “hordes of Turks in the valley of Dos Agach, trying to block the way to Dumlupinar”.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Kavris saw Plastiras rearguard on the heights and reported this to his commander P. Gardikas.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Gardikas arrived at the headquarters of the I Corps and insisted on making a night march through the mountains to Dumlupinar.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

But Trikoupis refused the offer, saying that he was “waiting for the order of the army headquarters” [27].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Trikoupis's slowness led to the fact that a gap of 25 km was formed between his group and Frangu's group.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Turks rushed with all their might into this gap, while their cavalry prevented contact between the two retreating Greek groups [27].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

At 05:00 on August 28, the Trikoupis Group (V, IX, XII, XIII and the remnants of the IV divisions) moved northwest, hoping to bypass the advancing enemy and reach Usak, avoiding the encirclement, which was becoming more and more obvious.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Unaware of the withdrawal of Group Frangou, the column of the IV Division was caught by surprise by an attack by the Turks at 07:00, and suffered heavy losses.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

IX Division P. Gardicasa defeated the Turkish II Cavalry Division (V Cavalry Corps), which stood in its way, and inflicted heavy losses on it, including prisoners and captured guns [27].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The II Cavalry Division was withdrawn by the Turks from battle and put into reserve.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The rest of the Trikoupis Group (V, XII and XIII Divisions) withdrew westward without problems.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Trikupis's group spent the night of August 28-29 at Oluchak's place.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

At the same time, units of the Frangu Group, under pressure from the Turkish IV Corps, created a defense line around Bashkims.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

After unsuccessful attempts to establish contact with the I Corps, Frangu ordered his units to begin retreating to the positions of Dumlupinar.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On the night of August 15/28-16/29, the Turkish VI Corps (II Army) went north of the Trikupis Group.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Turkish V Cavalry Corps and units of the I Army (I, II and IV Corps) approached the groups of Frangu and Trikoupis.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Turkish I Corps advanced towards Dumlupinar and came into contact with the Frangu Group, while the Turkish V Cavalry Corps and IV Corps separated the Trikupis and Frangu groups from one another.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Trikoupis group was essentially surrounded.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

At 05:00 on August 16/29, all units of the Frangu Group reached positions near Dumlupinar in order, despite the pressure of the Turkish IV Corps.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The group was attacked by Karagyoseli, but held their positions.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

At noon, Plastiras requested permission to attack east to connect with Trikoupis.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

He did not give permission to Frang, which, according to Y.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Capsis was doomed by the Trikupis group.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

As the sun set, he ordered his units to move further west, to Islamkoy [27].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Trikoupis group moved west on the morning of August 16/29.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The II division came to Hamurkoy in the head of the column.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

It was followed by units of the defeated IV division.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Greek units entered the location of the Turkish V and IV buildings.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Trikupis ordered the IX Division to break through the Turkish line and open the road to Dumlupinar.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The II Division engaged in a desperate battle with three divisions of the Turkish IV Corps [28].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Turks also attacked from the eastern flank of the Group, on the positions of the XII Division.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Trikupis used the V and IV divisions in the defense of the Group, keeping the XIII Division in reserve.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

By 10:30, the situation had become dramatic.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The morale of the soldiers who had not slept or eaten since August 13/26 and realized that they were surrounded was shaken.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The onslaught of the Turks, who were approached by new forces, intensified.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The artillery of the division operated naked on the same line with the infantry.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The commander of the IX Division, Gardicas, repeatedly intervened to hold the line of defense.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The XIV Cavalry Division of the Turks tried to strike at the Trikoupis group from the flank and was held back all day long by the II/26 battalion of D. Papayannis.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

At 17:00, the Turks launched an attack against the entire defense line of the IX Division.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Battalion commanders and companies died or failed and their units began to retreat.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

All officers of the 3/40th regiment of Major G. Papastergiu and the IX cavalry semi-squadron of V. Bovoletis were disabled.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

But the division's artillery held back the enemy with fire from distances of 100 to 400 meters, giving the infantry time to regroup.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

An order was received to counterattack.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The attack was attended by the I/26 battalion A. Vutsinas II Corps, parts of the defeated 11th Infantry Regiment and cadets of the School of Officers from Karahisar.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The counterattack restored order in the location of the Greek units.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

However, the death of the commander of the 26th regiment and the commander of the IV battery A. Pournaras, once again shook the Greek parts.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

A new Turkish attack pushed back units of the IX Division in complete disarray.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

At a critical moment, the II/A' field artillery battery intervened, whose horses galloped guns to the battlefield, and forced the Turks to retreat for a kilometer with direct fire.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

All divisions suffered heavy losses and were on the verge of collapse [29].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Weakened by losses, the IV division managed to repel the attack of the Turks on the positions of Hamurkoy-Imbulak.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The battle lasted all day on August 29, with heavy losses on both sides.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The IX Division continued its march and at night, under Turkish artillery fire, gathered near the village of Hamurkoy, along with other forces of the Trikupis group and thousands of refugees.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Trikoupis team was unable to open the Dumlupinar road or establish contact with the Frangu Group.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Turks were also unable to destroy the Trikoupis Group, despite the fact that they surrounded it with their II, IV, V, and VI corps.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

However, for parts of Trikoupis, things were getting worse by the hour.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The supply of ammunition and food supplies was cut off.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The battalions were left without ammunition and used artillery fire to drive away the Turkish cavalry.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

At 23:00 on August 29, hungry and tattered parts of the Trikupis Group broke through and began a march to Chalkoy, where Trikupis held a meeting with the commanders who offered to continue the march through the Aliveran Gorge.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Having received a report that the combat strength of the Group decreased to 7,000 infantrymen, 80 cavalrymen and 116 guns, while it included up to 15,000 unarmed soldiers, as well as refugees, without ammunition and food, Trikoupis agreed.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Aliveran and its consequences


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The term “Battle of Dumlupinar” is used in Turkish historiography, but rarely in Greek historiography.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

For Greek historians, there is Aliveran and events before and after it.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

D. Fotiadis writes that Aliveran is the Sedan of the Greek army and that it is “the place where our forces are slaughtered” and “the place where all our hopes were buried, along with thousands of fighters” [11] :181.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

In fact, the term Battle of Aliveran does not quite correctly describe the event: it was the shooting by Turkish artillery of a crowd of Greek soldiers and civilians.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Aliveran gorge is located at the spurs of Murat Dag, between Ak Burun (1260 m) and Hasan Dede Tepe (1480 m).


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Exhausted by the march and hunger, parts of the Trikoupis Group, unable to continue the march in the dark, have accumulated in the gorge.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Having received this information, Kemal ordered the I and II armies and the V cavalry group to surround the gorge and eliminate the Trikupis Group [11] :180.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

At dawn on August 17/30, Kemal moved to the observation post in Zafer Tepe, 6 km from the battle center, while Hatzianestis studied the battlefield on maps, 420 km away.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Of the 20-25,000 people who entered the gorge, only 7,000 were combat-ready, the rest were unarmed soldiers of auxiliary units, wounded and civilians [11] :180.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

By noon, Trikoupis ordered the units to continue the march, unaware that he was surrounded.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Suddenly, all Turkish artillery began shelling this horseshoe-shaped gorge, where at its base 20,000 unarmed auxiliary units, interspersed with women and children, were unsuccessfully looking for an opportunity get out of the gorge, complicating the actions of combat units.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

At the exit from the gorge, the XIV Turkish Cavalry Division stood up, against which Trikupis abandoned the infantry regiment, but after the Turkish cavalrymen received reinforcements, he was ordered to wait until dark.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

And only at the entrance to the gorge, where the heroic XIII Division, which included the 2nd regiment of Konstantin Tsakalos, “stood to death”, a real battle took place.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Saving ammunition, the soldiers of the division let the Turks approach 100 meters, after which they launched continuous bayonet counterattacks [13] :159.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The 2nd Regiment defended the Group from the south against the IV Corps of the Turks.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Under continuous shelling, defending in unprepared positions and with scarce ammunition, the 2nd Regiment repelled all attacks of the Turks [13] :160.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

To the east of the 2nd regiment, a company of cadets fought its last battle, which arrived at the front a week before these events.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

During one of Tsakalos' attacks, his legs were torn off by a shell.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

He asked to be leaned against a rock so that he could watch his part [13] :161.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Knowing that death was close to his only question was “How the Battle Goes.”


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Having received the answer “We won, the Turks are fleeing”, he said the phrase “I die happy” [13] :162.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Soon, 6 Turkish divisions fell on the broken Greek forces, while new batteries of the Turks began shelling from the east.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Greeks resisted desperately, the artillery of the Turks began shelling from the north.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Greek batteries fell silent one after another.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

People, animals, cars, carts took off into the air.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

With heroic efforts, the Greek units held the only remaining western exit from the gorge.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The regiments ran out of ammunition and collected them from the dead.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Since 16:00, no point in the gorge provided shelter.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The only hope for a breakthrough was the night [11] :161.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

But the commander of the 14th regiment I. Kotulas took the initiative before nightfall.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Unfolding the regimental banner, he gathered the soldiers of the regiment, hiding from shelling, and on horseback led the attack to height 1140.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The height was taken, but dense artillery fire made it impossible to stay on it, after which the soldiers of the regiment retreated in disarray [11] :183.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Their indiscriminate departure also carried away the artillery grooms, who freed their horses from guns and galloped to the west.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

At nightfall, Turkish artillery stopped shelling, fearing to hit their own.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Then all the survivors, leaving guns, trucks, ambulances, rushed to the exit from the gorge, where thousands of soldiers and refugees crowded.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Of the wounded, only those who were able to walk followed the column of those leaving.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The rest were left lying on the ground.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Some were lucky enough to die the same night [11] :183.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The fate of the wounded left behind can only be guessed.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

According to Turkish reports, 2,000 Greeks killed were found in the gorge this morning, not counting the wounded, “who died later as a result of their serious wounds” [30]


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The shooting of the Trikoupis Group in Aliveran, according to Greek historians, “was the crown of the five-day offensive of the Turks”.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

As a result of the defeat of the Trikoupis Group, with the simultaneous loss of strategic capabilities by the Frangu Group, the need to evacuate the Asia Minor Army became more and more obvious [11] :182.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The parts and population that escaped from the gorge were divided into two columns that still observed discipline — the Trikupis/Digenis column and the Kallidopoulos/Dimaras column.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Each of them has chosen a different direction.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The maps did not help and they searched for local guides without success.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Kalidopoulos/Dimaras column, 1,500 soldiers and 82 officers [27], went without stopping for two days, until August 19 [11] :183.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Soldiers, hungry and sleepless, in the words of D. Fotiadis, “physically and mentally were corpses”.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

By 16:00, the column was surrounded by Turkish cavalry in the Murat Daga Mountains.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The commanders decided to surrender.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Parliamentarians were sent, but the Turks killed one of them.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

After that, the order was given to “resist to death”.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

But the convoy refused to obey the order and its soldiers surrendered [11] :184.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

However, I. Kotulas, the hero of the battles of Sakarya and Aliveran, having led his 14th regiment, refused to surrender and fought out of the encirclement.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Two other battalions, I/41 and III/41, also broke through and joined the name “Iron Division” [31], I Division A. Frangu.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The march of the Trikupis/Digenis column was tragic.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Without guides, food and ammunition, the column, accompanied by refugees, wandered in the mountains of Murat Dag spiritually broken and physically exhausted [27].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On August 20, the march slowed down and, according to Trikoupis records, “barely standing on their feet, soldiers were most likely trudging rather than walking” [11] :184.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

When the column reached Oyochuk, Trikupis learned from the residents that Usak, to which they were going, was occupied by the Turks the previous day and that the pass, which Plastiras held until the last, was left by them two hours early [27].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

ME.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Kapsis writes that Trikoupis once again made an erroneous decision and did not dare to make a breakthrough [27].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The commander of the IX Division P. Gardikas tried to persuade Trikupis to break through with a bayonet.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Trikoupis did not dare.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Gardicas was determined.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On horseback and shouting “forward ninth, let's go to Plastiras”, he led the attack (remnants) of his division, broke through the Turkish cavalry barriers, passed through Murat Dag and escaped capture [27].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Trikoupis's column stood up, he ordered to take up the defense “to the last”.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

But the soldiers refused to obey the order.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

According to D. Fotiadis, “they were already spiritually and physically corpses, and corpses do not fight.”


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Trikoupis gathered the officers, saying that in this situation “any resistance will be a senseless victim” and ordered them to surrender.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Athanasy Saketas, staff officer of the XII Division, considered the order an insult to his officer's honor.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Jumping on his horse, he rushed alone against the Turks surrounding the Group, hoping to break through or die worthy of an officer.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

After hacking several Turks, he was shot during this attempt [32].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Generals Trikupis and Digenis surrendered.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

In the history of the modern Greek army, there were no officers of this rank who surrendered to the enemy before.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Together with them, 4,000 soldiers and officers surrendered.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Among them were the Asia Minor Greeks, many of whom chose to commit suicide, knowing what the Turks had in store for them [27].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The fate of Greek and Armenian refugees who went with the Trikoupis Group is a separate issue.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Asia Minor army actually no longer existed, but the government, in search of an alibi, removed Hatzianestis on August 23 and appointed Trikupis commander, who had already been in captivity two days earlier.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Trikoupis learned about his appointment from Kemal [11] :184.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Ak Tash and Salikhli, rehabilitation of the Cavalry Division


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Frangou's group, step by step, retreated to the west, followed, changing positions, was followed by the rearguard of the Group, “The detachment of Colonel N. Plastiras” (5/42 regiment of eusons).


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On the pass of Mount Ak Tash northeast of Philadelphia, the Evzones of Plastiras killed 500 Turkish cavalrymen following them and fled three Turkish divisions (!).


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

ME.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Capsis writes that it was a kind of revenge for the shooting of the Trikoupis group in Aliveran [13].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The next day, Frangu's group retreated to Philadelphia, where the Cavalry Division was also located.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Thousands of refugees gathered in the city prevented units from creating an elementary line of defense.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

August 23/September 5, while trying to evacuate scattered units and refugees and holding the railway station in the city of Salihli [33], Plastiras Detachment, which was subordinate to the commander of the Cavalry Kalinskisu Division, was blocked by two Turkish cavalry divisions and urban irregular groups of Kemalists.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The battle in Salihli was the only battle of regular formations on the streets of any city in the history of the Asia Minor campaign and, at the same time, one of the last Greek victories in this war.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Despite the limited scale of the battle, the victory of Colonel Plastiras's 5/42 Euson Regiment in Salihli allowed the retreating Greek units and refugees to advance without much obstacle from the Turks to Eritrean Peninsula [13].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Historians of the Greek General Staff also note that Plastiras's victory in Salihli was ensured by the actions of the Cavalry Division, which, despite a number of mistakes made by its command, eventually covered south of the city and Plastiras regiment from the threat of the 3rd Turkish Cavalry Division [3].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

It was a kind of rehabilitation of the command of the Cavalry Division, but incommensurate with the damage caused by the inaction of the division at the beginning of the Turkish offensive.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Rearguard battles and evacuation of Frangou Group and Cavalry Division


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On August 24, ignoring the Trikoupis fiasco, the government hastily appointed General G. Polimenakosa.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

It was a late appointment.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Polimenakos, former commander of the III Corps, after the resignation of A. Papoulas, was among the candidates for his post.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

But the government of monarchists, not trusting his political views, appointed G. Khadzianestis, in the words of T. Gerosisis is “the most hated officer in the army”.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Before the start of the Turkish offensive, Polimenakos resigned, expressing his disagreement with the government in waging the war.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On the same day, August 24, the headquarters of the Cavalry Division, which settled in Akhmetli, reported to the Army that the division remained combat-ready and ready to perform any task.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On the same day, August 24, another detachment of Frangos's group, Colonel Lufas's Detachment, climbed the heights of Bin Tepe, covering the forces retreating to Kasab.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The detachment was subjected to a powerful attack, but held positions, allowing the retreating forces to create a temporary line of defense on August 25, in the immediate vicinity of Smyrna.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The cavalry division is located in Manisa, 33 km northeast of Smyrna.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

But the government had no plans to defend Smyrna.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

In addition, during its two years in power, it did not provide for the creation of an elementary line of defense around the city.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

ME.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Capsis writes that the government of monarchists had been preparing to leave Asia Minor since April 1922, but at the same time did not allow the population to leave for Greece, and refused to give him weapons [16] :136.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The fact remains that on July 18/30, the government passed a law in parliament “prohibiting the illegal transportation of persons and groups to Greek ports from abroad” and punished captains who violated it.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

With the start of the Turkish offensive, Governor Smyrna Stergiadis informed district officials to be ready to leave and instructed them to keep information secret and prevent the population from fleeing in order to do not create an influx of refugees in Greece [9] :A-206 [16] :101.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The government had no illusions that the Kemalists would continue the genocide of the Greek population, but the government, like tens of thousands of refugees gathered in Smyrna, had no choice but hope that the Kemalists will not dare to begin the massacre of the population in full view of the allied squadrons that stood on the roads of the city.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Polimenakos had neither an order, nor time, nor sufficient forces to organize a defense line around Smyrna.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Smyrna remained an open city.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

General Polimenakos managed to issue a single order to evacuate the army from Asia Minor.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Frangu led his Group to Cesme, from where its parts were transported to the islands of Chios and Lesvos [13].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On August 26, the Cavalry Division redeployed to Menemen, north of Smyrna, and the next it was located in the suburbs of Smyrna Mersinli.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On August 27, a foot squadron of the 4th Cavalry Regiment facilitated the evacuation of the last army units from Smyrna, where Turkish cavalry entered at 10:00 on the same day.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On August 28, the Cavalry Division was located 38 km west of Smyrna, in Vourla on the Eritrean (Chesma) Peninsula.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The last and victorious battle for Greek weapons was given by the 5/42 Regiment of Plastiras Eusons on August 28/September 10 near the village of Stavros (tour. Zegui).


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Covering the landing of military units on ships, the Evzones of Plastiras defeated the Turkish cavalrymen rushing to Chesme and put their victorious end to the sad outcome of the Asia Minor campaign.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Today, the Turks erected a monument to their 147 fallen cavalrymen on this site [13].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Cavalry Division was urgently sent to Chesma by order 6267/29/8/1922, leaving Group Frang only its 3rd regiment.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The division arrived on August 30 in Chesma, where an order was received to load tall horses on the steamer Vasilevs Konstantinos.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Loading continued until noon on September 1, due to the fact that the steamer anchored at a considerable distance from the shore.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

From noon on August 31, the steamer Aeon was also provided for loading horses.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

700 tall horses and 80 mules used to transport machine guns and guns were loaded, as well as 150 short horses.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Due to the lack of sea vehicles, the army headquarters allowed the rest of the animals to be left in Chesma.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

However, anticipating the likelihood of a continuation of the war in Thrace and given that there were no horses left in Greece itself to reorganize cavalry, the Division headquarters asked the Army headquarters not to leave short horses 3rd regiment in Cesme.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

So the 3rd regiment sank on September 2 on a steamer with all the horses it had, with the exception of pack horses.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The steamers, with the headquarters of the Division, 1 m and 2 m cavalry regiments and a cavalry artillery division, left Chesma at noon on September 1 and arrived in Piraeus on September 2.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The 3rd regiment was initially transferred to Chios, and then, along with other units, also arrived in Piraeus.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Thus, all units of the Cavalry Division gathered in Athens, except for the Papadiamantopoulos squadron (1st Squadron of the 1st Regiment).


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On August 16, this squadron was transported by sea from Thrace to Mudanya, where it took part in covering the withdrawal to Panormos III Corps [3].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Withdrawal and evacuation of the III Army Corps


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The events around the III Corps are not directly related to the Battle of Dumlupinar, but are a consequence of it.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Due to the length of the front, only 1/3 of the Malosia Army took part in repelling the Turkish offensive, and then not at the same time.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The fate of Asia Minor was decided by the struggle of only 3 divisions (I, IV and VII), which took the brunt of the blow.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Of the 12 divisions of the Malosia Army, 8 did not take part in repelling the offensive and were involved in the battles gradually, during the retreat.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On August 19/September 1, 6 days after the start of the Turkish offensive, Hatzianestis “remembered” that there was the III Corps in the north, which, without his order, remained an indifferent observer of the battle in the south .


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

One of the last orders before his removal, Hatzianestis ordered the III Corps to withdraw to the ports of the Sea of Marmara.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Third Corps of General P. Sumilas (III, X, XI divisions) was out of events.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Of its three divisions, the XI Division was the farthest from the front and controlled the Kios region.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Only the Separate Division attached to the III Corps handed over its 52nd regiment to the corps on August 16 and began a raid on the rear of the advancing Turkish army.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On August 19, the III Corps left Eskisehir, destroying warehouses and the railway.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

In the corps march to the sea, it was followed by the Christian population of the region [27].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The XI Division began its withdrawal late in 4 critical days, as it turned out later for its fate, August 22.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The III and X divisions, retreating, restrained the offensive of the Turks on the heights of Kovalci, and then, on August 23, broke through the Turkish “defensive” line of Bursa, and reached the Sea of Marmara.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The XI Division fought for the Karakoy railway junction, which gave time for the flight of the Christian population.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

For the evacuation of the hull, the region had the ports of Mudanya, Gemlik and Panormos.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Panormos was at a distance of 90 km, but had more capabilities than the nearest Mudanya and Gemlik [34].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

It was decided to land in Panoromos and Artaki on the Kizika Peninsula, the isthmus of which could be defended with small forces.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On August 27/September 9, the day the Turks entered Smyrna, an order was received to board ships.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On the same day, Colonel Ziras's detachment repelled a Turkish attack at Mudanya.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Since the French authorities forbade him to enter the city, on August 28, Ziras's detachment, together with the 52nd regiment attached to the XI Division, bypassed the city from the west and joined the III and X divisions of the corps.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

However, the XI Division, retreating north of Bursa in the mountains, lost contact with the III Corps.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Meanwhile, Turkish cavalry units wedged into the gap between the XI and X divisions and the encirclement of the first was a matter of time.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On the way to Mudanya, the commander of the XI division N. Cladas, met a hundred French sailors, whose commander said that the French authorities did not allow him to enter the city.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Confirming the turn of France's policy towards its ally, D. Horton and historian W. S. William Stearns Davis testifies that the Turkish offensive of August 1922 in Bithynia, that is, in the area of operation of the XI Division, was carried out using French ammunition and the participation of French advisers [14] :171, despite the fact that in 1920 the Turks “treacherously” slaughtered the French garrison in Urfa [14] :174.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Following the division, 25,000 refugees began to seep into the city, hoping to protect the French flag.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Kladas remained indecisive and was subsequently accused by his soldiers that any corporal would command a division better than Cladas, that at least he (the corporal) would turn the division to Panormos.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Others write that it is not clear why Kladas was afraid — 100 sailors who could easily be overturned.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Today, few voices try to justify Kladas and only on the latter assumption, believing that apart from political consequences, he could not clash with allies, while the refugees were seeking protection for the French flag.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Kladas waited for a response from the corps headquarters and hesitated


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The division set off on the morning of August 29.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

But it was too late [35].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Blocked on the plain in front of Mudanya, the XI Division began to be shelled by the artillery of the XIX Turkish division.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On August 30, Kladas, through the French, agreed on the conditions for the surrender of the division to the Turks.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

However, half of the division, including 400 Circassian cavalrymen who fought on the side of the Greek army, refused to follow the commander, followed the Chief of Staff N. Stasios and broke through to Panormos.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

No more than 4,000 soldiers and officers remained with Kladas.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Many of them refused to surrender and made their way through the Turkish lines in groups.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Those who escaped to Mudanya were arrested by the French and handed over to the Turks, as well as the few soldiers who swam to the French ships in the roads of the city [36].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Summing up the actions of Kladas, General Spyridonos writes: “The III Corps had the best of all our divisions, the “Separate Division” and the worst of all others, the XI Division, which, under the meaningless command and decomposed was surrendered to the enemy...” [11] :187 [37].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The remaining two divisions of the corps and half of the XI Division successfully evacuated through Panormos to Eastern Thrace.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The last part on the Asian coast was the 1st Squadron of the 1st Cavalry Regiment, which, upon receiving an order, arrived in Panormos and, under the cover of ships of the Greek fleet, was loaded with horses aboard ships and transferred to Redestos on the Thracian coast.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

This was the completion of the evacuation of the Expeditionary Army from Asia Minor [3].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Circassian cavalrymen in the Asia Minor Army


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The 400 Circassian cavalrymen who fought on the side of the Greek army against the Kemalists as part of the XI Division, noted in the evacuation episode of the III Corps, not only exceeded the Greek 1st Squadron of the 1st cavalry regiment that covered the withdrawal of the III Corps, but were commensurate in numbers with the Greek Cavalry Division.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Although the participation of Circassian cavalrymen in the war on the side of the Greek army is mentioned in the works of Greek and foreign historians [38], [39], this issue is poorly covered in historiography.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

We also do not have information if Circassian cavalrymen have ever fought as part of the Greek cavalry proper - that is, as part of the Cavalry Brigade or the Cavalry Division, but unequivocally fought as part of the XI Division.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The XI Division operated in Bithynia, where in the period 1920—1921, during


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

massacres in the Iznik-Izmit region, the Kemalists committed mass murders not only of the Christian (Greek and Armenian) population, but also of Muslim minorities (Circassians, Abkhazians, Lazs), as and the Turkish population itself, who remained loyal to the Sultan's government.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

However, the participation of Circassians, in particular Circassian cavalrymen, in hostilities against the Kemalists was noted throughout the west of Asia Minor.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Two episodes stand out: the uprising of Ahmed Aznavour (October 1919 — November 1920) [40], and then the transition to the side of the Greek army of Ethem Circassian, together with his cavalry detachment, and the subsequent uprising Çerkez Ethem Ayaklanması [41], which lasted until January 1921.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

In both cases, after the defeat of the uprisings, many of its participants continued the war on the side of the Greek army.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Cavalry in the Army of Evros


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

After evacuation from Asia Minor, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd cavalry regiments were reorganized, each regiment consisted of 4 silt and an artillery battery.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The regiments are located in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Asia Minor catastrophe caused an anti-monarchist uprising of the army in September 1922.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

In October, an extraordinary tribunal sentenced D. Gunaris, his four ministers and Commander Hatzianestis [5] :359.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

After the September Revolution, Colonel Georgy Skandalis took command of the Cavalry Division.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Since the peace agreement had not yet been signed and the resumption of hostilities was not only not ruled out, but was on the agenda, one of the primary tasks of the Revolutionary Government was strengthening of the border, the so-called “Army of Evros”.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Under the leadership of General Pangalos, a well-equipped and combat-ready army of 100,000 bayonets was created.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Cavalry Division, which was included in the Evros Army, initially included the first three and, later, the 4th Cavalry Regiment [3].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

English historian Douglas Dakin writes that if at this moment a decision was made to resume hostilities, the army of Evros could quickly reoccupy Eastern Thrace, reach Constantinople, and the Turks were unable to stop it [5] :364 [12] :397.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

However, E.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Venizelos, who led the Greek delegation to the Lausanne Peace Conference, was inclined to put an end to the country's decade-long wars, used the Evros Army as a threat and diplomatic weapon, but signed on the abandonment of Eastern Thrace within the borders of the new Turkish state.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

After Venizelos signed the agreement, Admiral A. Hatzikiriakos and General Pangalos sent Venizelos the following telegram “We are forced to make, for the honor of Greece, this decision, despite the fact that it was taken contrary to a clear written instruction Minister for Foreign Affairs. The commanders of the army and navy have been mourning since yesterday and no longer trust the delegation” [12] :398.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On July 23, 1923, the Peace of Lausanne was signed.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

This date put an end to the war decade of 1912-1922.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

As for the Greek cavalry, this date marked the end of an entire era, the era of “mass cavalry attack” [3].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Notes


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Category:Cavalry


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Category:Hellenic Armed Forces


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Category:Second Greco-Turkish War


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

“Inhabited Ostrov” is a fantastic story by brothers A. and B.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Strugatskikh, written in 1969.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

The story is the first part of the unofficial Kammerer Trilogy, which, in addition to it, includes the novels “The Beetle in the Anthill” and “The Waves Extinguish the Wind”.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

The only one of all three where the story is told in the third person.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

The work has gone through 24 editions in 13 countries around the world [1].


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

It is one of the classic examples of world science fiction.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Story


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Robinson


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

The novel takes place in the future.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Space explorer, young earthling Maxim Kammerer crashes when trying to land on an unknown planet.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Maxim himself remains unharmed, but his ship explodes shortly after landing (later it turns out that he was destroyed by the aborigines as part of a program to clean the territory from dangerous devices and mechanisms), thereby cutting off his way back to Earth.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Maxim finds himself in the forest, the atmosphere is breathable.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

After a while, Maxim meets several aborigines (including Zef), who lead him to a prisoner camp, where Maxim is interrogated.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

As a result, without receiving answers to questions from him and not understanding his language, Maxim is sent, accompanied by guardsman Guy Gaal, to an institution where Maxim thinks he is being studied in order to establish contact (only much later Maxim realizes that it was a TV studio copying his unusual mentograms (memories) in order to include them in an entertaining TV show).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Then Maxim, who already understands a few words, is picked up from the center by a person (Funk) and taken to the city.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

On the way, the latter feels bad, he is pulled out of the car and Maxim is left to himself.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

After a walk around the city, Maxim enters a diner, where he meets a young girl Radu Gaal (Guy Gaal's sister) and escorts her home.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

They are attacked by armed bandits on the way.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Using the supernatural physical abilities of earthlings of the future for ordinary people, Maxim easily copes with bandits, turning two to flight and killing or seriously injuring the others.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Maxim cannot convince anyone of his earthly origin: due to the peculiarities of the atmosphere and monstrous refraction, the surface of the planet seems concave, and the residents of Saraksh are sure that they live on the inner the surface of the sphere, in the only world that exists.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Maxim's attempts to state the real state of affairs would lead to the fact that he would be declared crazy.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

He says he's lost his memory.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

People around him, because of his unusual physical abilities and poor knowledge of the realities of everyday life in the Land of the Fathers, believe that he is either a savage or a mutant from distant lands.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

They call it Mac Sim.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

At this time, Funk is looking for him on behalf of the Wanderer, a very influential person.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Guardsman


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

At home near the Rada, Maxim meets her family and, thanks to Guy Gaal, the brother of the Rada, gets into the guard as a candidate for the full rank and file.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Maxim gets acquainted with the official doctrine according to which the vast majority of the population supporting the rulers of the country — the wise and just “Unknown Fathers” who managed to stop civil war, are opposed by “geeks” - cruel marginals trying to destroy the PBZ (ballistic defense) towers bribed by the neighboring state of Honti.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Geeks can be recognized by headache attacks.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Maxim is impressed by the sincere enthusiasm with which the population supports the Unknown Fathers and the Guard, and Guy Gaal, his sister and uncle are sympathetic.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Maxim participates in the operation to arrest geeks, and then is present at interrogation and sentencing.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Against his expectation, geeks turn out to be ordinary convinced, often intelligent and brave people, their trials are quick (a few minutes), and sentences are cruel.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Maxim is beginning to doubt the official version.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Guards captain Chacha assigns Maxim a “blood test”: he orders to shoot the sentenced geeks.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Instead, Maxim lets them go, and then refuses to obey the captain.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Chacha is shot by Maxim, but he survives due to his phenomenal ability to regenerate.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Maxim finds representatives of the underground in order to find out what is really happening.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Concerned about the economic situation in the country and the spread of their influence abroad, the Unknown Fathers decide to go to war with Honti, the former part of the united empire that controlled most mainland; the attack is supported by the Umnik, the State Attorney.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Terrorist


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Underground workers (all of them “geeks”) accept Maxim and tell him that neighboring states — Honti and Pandei — do not have any ballistic missiles.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Moreover, they cannot be on the southern border: there is a desert inhabited by mutants dying from radiation.