Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Some masters of this group focus on the general decorativeness of the work, its coloristic colorfulness (Gorazdin, Yurchenko).


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Their tapestries are getting closer to works of theatrical art — curtains, scenery, etc. Others use aesthetic techniques in the tapestry that are characteristic of graphics or painting.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Here, special attention is paid to the philosophical content of the composition (Bruskin [36], Madekin, Tolstikova).


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Materials


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Until the 18th century, wool was used for the base in the trellises, the most affordable and easy to process material, most often sheep wool [3] :12.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The main requirement for the base material is strength.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the 19th century, the basis for tapestries was sometimes made of silk.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The cotton base greatly lightens the weight of the product, it is durable, more resistant to adverse environmental influences [3] :12.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The weft threads were also woolen: the wool lends itself well to coloring and allows you to achieve a wide range of shades.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The weft is not required to be as strong as the warp, so a thinner thread was used for it.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The main qualities of the weft are elasticity, softness.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The Copts used wool and linen in weaving [9] :73, wool and cotton were the main materials for carpets in the Muslim East.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In pre-Columbian America, cotton was used for the base, and where white areas had to be woven, llama, guanaco, vicuna wool was used for the weft [4], sometimes human hair [11] :312.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In Europe, wool could be combined with linen, silk (it made bright places of the pattern), cotton, horsehair, garus.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Shiny threads of silk and garus set off the matte wool and diversified the texture of the trellis [K 12].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Fine threads were used to make fine details [3] :12—13 [31].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Weavers from Arras in the 15th century marked the beginning of the use of gold and silver threads in European tapestries.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Trellis density


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In trellis weaving, the density of the carpet is determined by the number of warp threads per 1 cm. The higher the density, the more opportunities the weaver has to perform small parts, and the slower the work progresses.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the medieval European tapestry, there are about 5 warp threads per 1 cm. The products of Brussels manufactories of the 16th century had the same low density (5-6 threads), but local weavers managed to convey the complex nuances of the image [8].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Over time, the tapestry is getting closer to painting, its density increases.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

At the Gobelins Manufactory, the density of trellises was 6-7 threads per 1 cm in the 17th century, and in the XVIII century it was already 7-8.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the 19th century, the density of Beauvais manufactory products reached 10—16 threads.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In fact, this tapestry has become just an imitation of easel painting [4].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Jean Lursa considered reducing its density to be one of the means of returning the trellis's decorativeness.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the 20th century, French manufactories returned to the tapestry density of 5 threads.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In modern hand weaving, the density is assumed to be 1-2 threads per cm, the density of more than 3 threads is considered high [3] :23.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The technique of creating a trellis


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Tapestries are woven by hand.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Warp threads are stretched on the machine or frame.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The warp threads are intertwined with colored wool or silk threads, and the warp is completely covered, so that its color does not matter [3] :12.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Weaving on a frame


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The earliest and simplest device for the weaver's work was a frame with stretched warp threads.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The base can be fastened by pulling on nails driven into the frame, or using a frame with cuts evenly placed along the upper and lower edges, or by simply winding the thread onto the frame.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

However, the latter method is not very convenient, since warp threads may shift during weaving [3] :11—12.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

To create the first pharynx (the space between the planes of odd and even threads), the warp threads are divided by a parting bar, which can be a smoothly planed stick [3] :25.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The weft thread is pierced with the help of a shuttle (but you can do with the usual skein of threads) and after several throws it is nailed with a beater or fingers.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

To perform a reverse throw, the weaver goes through the warp threads, creating a second pharynx.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

To make pile knots, a knife-hook is used [3] :15.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the middle of the 20th century, textile masters again turned to the simplest device of a weaver — a frame with stretched warp threads, and a little later, in search of new ways to develop the art of trellis weaving, some of the artists have abandoned not only the loom, but also traditional materials [1] :12.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Working on machine tools


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Later, high and low looms appeared.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The difference in working on machines is mainly in the location of the warp threads, horizontal on a low machine and vertical on a high one.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

This is due to their specific structure and requires characteristic movements during operation.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In both cases, the method of creating volume and color transitions in the drawing is the same.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The threads of different colors are intertwined and create the effect of a gradual change in tone or a feeling of volume.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The image was copied from cardboard — a preparatory drawing in life-size color of the tapestry, made on the basis of the artist's sketch.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

One cardboard can create several tapestries, each time in something different from each other.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Mechanically, the technique of tapestry production is very simple, but it requires a lot of patience, experience and artistic knowledge from the master: only an educated artist can be a good weaver, a kind of painter, who differs from the present only in that he creates an image not with paints, but with a colored thread.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

He must understand drawing, color and chiaroscuro as an artist, and in addition, have a complete knowledge of tapestry weaving techniques and the properties of materials.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Quite often it is impossible to pick up threads of different shades of the same color, so the weaver has to tint the threads in the process of work.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

When working on a vertical machine, the base is unwound from its upper shaft, as the product is ready, and the finished trellis is wound onto the lower one.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Carpets made on a vertical loom are called haute-lisse (gothlis, from French haute “high” and lisse “base”).


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Gottliss technique allows you to perform a more complex drawing, but it is also more laborious.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The weaver's workplace is located on the wrong side of the carpet, on which the ends of the threads are fixed.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The image from the cardboard is transferred to the tracing paper, and from it to the carpet.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Cardboard was placed behind the weaver's back, and a mirror was placed on the front side of the work.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

By pushing the warp threads apart, the master can check the accuracy of the work on the cardboard [37].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Other carpets, in the manufacture of which the base is located horizontally between two shafts, which makes the weaver's work much easier, are called basse-lisse (baslis, from French basse “low” and lisse “basis”).


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The warp threads are stretched between the two shafts in a horizontal plane.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The trellis faces the weaver with the wrong surface, the pattern from the cardboard is transferred to the tracing paper placed under the warp threads, so the front side of the product repeats the cardboard in a mirror image [38 ].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The master works with small bobbins, on which threads of different colors are wound.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

By passing a bobbin with a thread of some color through the warp and entangling the last one with it, he repeats this operation the right number of times, and then leaves it and takes it for another with a thread of a different color, to get back to the first bobbin when needed again.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Once the trellis is removed from the machine, it is impossible to distinguish which of the two techniques it was performed in.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

To do this, you need to see the cardboard — the baslis trellis repeats it in a mirror image, gothlis — in a straight line [1] :5.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since 1826, the National Manufactory of Paris switched to the production of haute-lisse carpets exclusively.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since one craftsman could work on a small area of the carpet, 5-6 weavers worked on one product at the same time.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

At the Gobelins Manufactory, the tapestries were made in parts (selective weaving method).


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

After removal from the machine, the parts were sewn together with silk threads, and characteristic seams remained on the wrong side of the products [7].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

There was a school at the Gobelins Manufactory, where, in addition to weaving, drawing and painting were also taught.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In 1826, the Savonneri woven carpet factory was added to it, founded in 1604 and named after the premises where the soap factory once housed.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since 1624, Savonneri has been producing so-called velvet (pile) carpets with ornaments for floors and furniture.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

After the cessation of production of basse-lisse carpets at the Gobelin Manufactory in France, they were produced exclusively in Beauvais and Aubusson.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Some hand weaving techniques


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The trellis is created by cross-weaving threads.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Despite the ease of weaving techniques, making a trellis is a rather long process.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In a lint-free carpet, the pattern forms a colored weft thread that completely hides the warp thread after being nailed with a beater.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In modern carpet weaving, sometimes, according to the artist, the warp threads are deliberately left visible [9] :73.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since the weft threads in the classic trellis were thinner than the warp threads, the surface of the finished carpet turned out to be ribbed, and the interlacing of the threads was called rep (French: reps - ribbed fabric) [1] :5.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Currently, the ratio of weft and warp thicknesses can be very diverse.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the process of creating a trellis, the weaver is repeatedly faced with the need to change the weft: usually this operation is performed when the color of the thread changes, but in monochrome areas of the weft trellis, change to avoid skewing (kirsa) of the carpet.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

There are several methods for changing the weft, both with the formation of a lumen (the so-called relay) in the trellis canvas, and without it, with the adhesion of two ducks to each other [9] :75—77.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In a classic European trellis, relays were sewn on the wrong side of the carpet.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Gaps of more than 1 cm in size impair the strength of the carpet [3] :36.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In modern carpet weaving, relays are sometimes left open to obtain a new texture [9] :75.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

To achieve a variety of shades (especially with a limited palette of colors), hatching is used, a technique that was already known to Coptic weavers.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

There are three methods of hatching: simple, when single lines of different colors alternate with each other; teeth (their shape became more complicated by the 16th and 17th centuries), the variation in size of which makes it possible to achieve soft color transitions [9] :75, and free hatching when the weft is not drawn horizontally, but along the lines that form the pattern [3] :58.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In modern weaving, unlike classical smooth trellis, pile and terry (uncut, continuous knots) techniques borrowed from traditional folk carpet weaving.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The pile technique has been known since the Early Bronze Age.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Initially, it was just a throw through the threads of the base of unspun wool, later there was a fastening with various knots [3] :95.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The pile technique makes it possible to obtain a thick, fairly short and dense pile, terry - rare, with a length of 15-40 mm and above, which makes the product soft, airy.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The knots are knitted on two warp threads strictly under each other or in a checkerboard pattern and are strengthened by one or more weft carcasses.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The use of pile technology makes it possible to weave a large product in fragments on a small frame.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

After removal from the frame, the fragments are joined by seams that hide the pile.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The disadvantage of these techniques is the ability to dissolve nodes in the finished product [3] :99 [9] :81.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Cleaning, conservation, restoration of trellises


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The use of trellises for their intended purpose inevitably led to their aging, loss of strength and fading.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Initially (in the period from the 14th century to the beginning of the 19th century), Western European tapestries were restored in tapestry workshops.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since the 19th century, the formation of national schools for the restoration of tapestries began, and large collections and museums became their centers.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since the middle of the 20th century, new scientific methods of research and conservation have been emerging and introduced into the practice of restoration workshops.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since the end of the 20th century, in the largest scientific and restoration centers in the world, to determine methods for cleaning, restoring and preserving the trellis, preliminary measures have been taken to study technological features of the materials from which the trellis is made.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The complex of pre-restoration studies of the trellis includes determining the origin of fibers; assessing their condition and damage in the trellis; analyzing dyes, their stability; establishing the value pH of fibers; study of technological characteristics of gold threads; determination of the origin of contaminants.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

For research, samples of threads from the wrong side of the trellis are taken, since dyes on the reverse side are not destroyed by exposure to light [39].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

When entering the restoration, the tapestries are necessarily subjected to dry cleaning on both sides, since when washing the trellis, dust under the influence of water or solvents forms more persistent contaminants.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The decision on water purification is made according to the results of technological studies of fibers.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since the 1990s, special vacuum tables have been used for water cleaning of trellises, which greatly facilitates the work of restorers, reduces the cleaning time and helps to avoid deformation of the trellises.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

To avoid shrinkage, after washing, the trellis is fixed around the perimeter.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Products subject to shedding (made of threads dyed with synthetic dyes) or severe deformation (silk or woolen tapestries based on cotton threads) are cleaned with cotton tampons and soft brushes [39].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Conservation works include: strengthening lacunae (losses) with woolen or cotton threads; full or partial duplication of the trellis surface (the decision on the scale of duplication is made in depending on whether the product will be exhibited as part of the permanent exhibition or only temporarily at exhibitions); planting the trellis on the lining [39].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Needle strengthening of tissues is widely used, including on a new basis.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The advantage of this method is that the needle-reinforced fabric retains its original elasticity and softness [40], the disadvantage is that the fiber remains unprotected from the destructive effects of external environments [41].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since the second half of the 19th century, museum fabrics have been glued to a new base using flour paste with gelatin.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Natural glue, to which softening, wetting and anti-mold substances are added, fixes the fabric and forms a protective layer on the fiber surface.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In an improved form, this reversible method of strengthening (the glue is easily removed with water if necessary) is still used at the present time, since its components do not destroy the fabric [40] [41] [42].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The complex of restoration work additionally includes the removal (if necessary, recognized as unsuccessful) of darns and patches made earlier, as well as making up for the losses of the trellis canvas (duplication dyed fabric, tapestry weaving, embroidery).


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Historically, the main type of restoration was weaving lost fragments on added warp threads.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Such replenishments are usually made in impeccable technique.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

However, for weft yarns, dyes other than the original ones were used, which over time led to significant differences in color brightness between the restored parts and the tapestry.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Trellis weaving during restoration is currently used only in some cases when restoring small sections of the canvas.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

It is widely used to imitate the structure of the trellis with weft-colored threads sewn on the duplicating fabric fastened [39].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Traditionally, tapestries were hung on the walls by rings sewn to the upper edge.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

This method of suspension led to the stretching of the canvas.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the 19th century, a lining began to be hemmed to the trellises, which helped to reduce deformation.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Recently, fixing trellises with a contact tape has been recognized as the most optimal [39].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

comments


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Notes


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Literature


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

References


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Thomas Kennerley “Tom” Wolfe, Jr. (March 2, 1930 — May 14, 2018) was an American journalist and journalist writer, pioneer of the “new journalism” direction in literature [2] [3].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

According to writer Dorothy Scura (English: Dorothy Scura), Tom Wolfe is called “America's most famous journalist” [4] and is also one of the best-selling writers in the United States. winner of eight different literary awards and author of fifteen books, three of which are filmed and two are planned for production [5].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Childhood and adolescence


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Tom Wolfe was born on March 2, 1931 in Richmond, Virginia, USA.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Wolfe's father, Thomas Kennerly Wolfe, was an agricultural scientist and wrote for Southern Planter magazine [6] [7].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

His mother, Helena (English: Helen (Hughes) Wolfe), was a first-year medical student at the time of her son's birth [6].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

As a child, Tom dreamed of becoming a professional writer — at the age of nine he tried to write a biography of Napoleon I, but eventually wrote and illustrated a work dedicated to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [ 8] [9] [10].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

He attended the Episcopal Boys School in Richmond, where he was the editor of a local newspaper [11] [12].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

He was a semi-professional baseball player [13].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In 1951, he graduated from Washington and Lee University, where he co-founded Shenandoah magazine [14].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In 1957, he received his doctorate in American Studies (English: American studies) from Yale University [15] [16].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Career start


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Wolfe gained his first experience as a journalist in 1956, collaborating with a newspaper from Springfield, Massachusetts [17].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The writer's first recognition came five years later — working as a full-time journalist for The Washington Post, he won an award for reviewing the revolution in Cuba [8] [9].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

At the same time, Wolfe received an award for humor, which representatives of the Publishers Guild considered his experiments with the use of elements of fiction in reports [18].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In 1962, Wolfe moved to New York and joined the New York Herald Tribune, but the rapidly gaining momentum of the young journalist's career was shocked [9].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

His salvation was Esquire magazine editor-in-chief Byron Dobell (English: Byron Dobell), who agreed to send Wolfe to California to write a series of reports on the culture of forced cars [19].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

New journalism


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The material commissioned by Doubell was so large that the writer simply did not see an opportunity to link the text together, which he reported to the editor.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In response, Doubell asked Wolfe to send him what the journalist had in his hands, and after cutting out the first phrase from the manuscript, “Dear Byron,” he published the rest of the essay unchanged, leaving Wolfe's proposed version of the name - “Ur-ra! Ur-ra! Here it is — the Candy-colored orange-petal streamlined baby!” [20] [21] [22].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

After publication, Wolfe continued to record his impressions of what he saw in California, and his essays were reflected in publications for the Esquire, the New York Herald Tribune and Harper's Bazaar magazine [22].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The increased popularity of Wolfe's work resulted in the publication in 1965 of his first book, published by him.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The book, which was a collection of Wolfe's works, received a slightly modified title of the essay included in it, “Candy-colored Orange-Petal Streamlined Baby.”


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The publication of the collection is considered the birthday of “new journalism” [23].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The book became a bestseller and approved Wolfe as the main experimenter from literature in the genre of documentary prose — in the newly formed trend Wolfe was perceived as nothing more than a “master” [24] [6].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The main idea of this direction, the writer saw the construction of a documentary description of a person or group after intensive observation and in-depth interviewing using literary techniques and techniques of realist writers mixed with reconstructed drama scenes.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

According to the British newspaper The Guardian, reviews of Wolfe's first book were both positive and negative, but it did not matter - “Candy-colored orange-petal streamlined baby” immediately became a hit, and a month after its publication, an additional, fourth edition was released [25].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

A year later, in 1966, Wolfe decided to write about the essence of the cult of “acid Californian hippie” Ken Kesey and began work on “Electrocooling Acid Test” [26].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

As the writer later admitted, he was directly involved only in a number of events described, and recreated others on the basis of interviews with members of the commune of Merry Pranksters, around whom the plot of the book is built, as well as on the basis of documentary data — letters, photographs, audio and video recordings [27].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The book was released two years later, in 1968, and received many positive reviews from critics.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

According to the Arthur L. Carter (English: Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute) at New York University and is one of the 100 Best Journalism Works in the United States of America of the 20th Century [28].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Filming based on the book, directed by Gus Van Sant, is scheduled to begin in 2011 [29].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In the same year, Wolfe published another book, The Pumping Station Gang (English: The Pump House Gang, 1968), which consisted of articles mostly written by Wolfe between 1964 and 1966 for New York Magazine [30].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The book consists of a number of essays by the writer, united by a common theme —.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The most famous work in the book, the same name as the book, is also dedicated to his surfer team [31].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

“Radical Chick & Mau-Mauning the Flack-Catchers”, released in 1970, ridiculed politics by portraying it as a “fashion activity” among New York celebrities, and provoked it discussions [8].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The book consists of two separate essays: one about Leonard Bernstein's meeting of the Black Panthers Party (“These Radical Chic Evenings”), the other on the reaction of minorities to San Francis anti - poverty programs (“Mau-Mauing the Flack-Catchers”).


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The essays are united by the theme of the conflict between African-Americans and white people.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

30] Some authors consider this and Wolfe's previous three books as “illustrating what is now known as “new journalism”” [30].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In 1975, after a series of works on the counterculture of the 60s, Wolfe returned to criticism of art in English: The Painted Word (1975, Russian translation 1976), where he depicted art” blinded village” trendsetters [32] [33].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The success of the previous two books gave the writer carte blanche to publish books on any topic, and Wolfe became interested in contemporary art.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The book is a collection of critics of Wolfe's art — the writer discusses contemporary art of the 1970s, the avant-garde, Andy Warhol, Willem de Kooning and Jackson Pollock.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Initially, the material was partially published in Harper's Magazine, and in 1975 it was published as a separate book [34].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In addition to his ideas about new journalism, together with editor E.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Y. Johnson (English: E. W. Johnson) Wolfe wrote the book “New Journalism” (English: New Journalism, Harper & Row, 1975, Russian translation 2008).


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The book includes a number of works by famous American publicists - Truman Capote, Hunter Thompson, Norman Mailer, Joan Didion and some others, united by the common idea of experiments in journalism using various writing techniques [35].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In addition, the Anthology includes several articles by Wolfe himself on novelists, journalists and their work.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In 1976, Mauve Gloves & Madmen, Clutter & Vine was published, a collection of essays covering the period from the late 1960s to the early 1970s [36].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The book received positive reviews in publications such as Time and the Wall Street Journal [37].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Two years later, in 1978, Tom Wolfe married Sheila Berger (English: Shiela Berger), who was the art director of Harper's Magazine at the time of her engagement [6].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

As Dorothy Skura notes, Sheila was twenty-three when they met; “She was very feminine and sophisticated,” recalls Gay Talese. “Tom found a woman who cared very much about him and protected from all kinds of New York strife. She understood his need for privacy and was a good judge.”


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The family lived in [4].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In Our Time (1980) is a collection of essays and drawings by Wolfe [38].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Most of the drawings included in the book were created three years before publication, but in addition to them, the reader is provided with a retrospective of twenty-three years of Wolfe's work — a book in equal the degree is both an example of literature and graphic art [39]; in the same year Wolfe had his first child, daughter Alexander [6].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The main topics for the 1981 book “From Bauhaus to Our House” were architecture, urban planning, art history and design [40].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In the book, the writer criticized the leading figures of the Bauhaus movement — architects such as Walter and Mies van der Rohe [41].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In the book, Wolfe expressed the opinion that the Bauhaus is a deplorable branch of American architecture.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The work did not attract much attention from criticism [42].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Published in 1982, Purple Decades is a collection of works by Wolfe that includes his particularly critically acclaimed work and his most insightful prose about the 1970s [43] [44].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The New York Review of Books columnist classified the book as one of the writer's “best hits” [45].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Wolfe worked on Battle for Space (in another edition the title of the book was translated as “The Right Thing”, English: The Right Stuff, 1983, Russian translation 2000) for six years — published in In 1979, the novel became a sensation [8].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The book describes the confrontation between the United States and the USSR in the exploration of outer space, American experimental developments in the aircraft industry and the formation of NASA.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The novel became a bestseller and received three prestigious literary awards, and was later filmed and was a great success, winning four prestigious awards for the film industry [46].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Two years later, in 1983, the writer had his second child, son Tommy [6].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

At the end of 2008, according to the publisher, “Battle for Space” sold more than one and a half million copies [47].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Hooking Up is the latest example of Wolfe journalist's work at the beginning of 2011.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

It includes Wolfe's previously unpublished fiction and documentary short prose, which evaluates the entire modern world [48].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The book combines works previously published in newspapers and magazines, from 1965 to the 2000s.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The book did not receive much support from criticism — one of the reviews even suggested that “Wolfe may be just a little tired” [49] [50].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Fiction


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

“Fires of Ambition” (English: The Bonfire of the Vanities, 1987, rus.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

translation 2009, (part 2, Russian translation by V. B. Boshnyak, Foreign Literature magazine 1991 № 11; full translation 2001, Inostranka Publishing House, B. S. G.-Press)), Wolfe's eleventh work and his first work of art, are considered by some critics as a “defining book for New York in the 1980s” [51].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The book is a dramatic story about ambition, racism, social inequality, politics, and greed in New York in the 1980s.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

A number of commentators call the work Wolfe's best book, which strengthened his reputation as an outstanding chronicler of his century [52] [53].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The novel won the Ambassador Book Award and was filmed in 1990.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Wolfe's second novel, “A Man in Full” (English: A Man in Full, 1998, Russian translation 2006), received mostly high praise from critics [54].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In the book, the writer tells the story of a financial tycoon who is rapidly losing his fortune, friends and high position in society and faces a difficult choice: to make a deal with conscience or to be left with nothing.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Explaining to Time journalist the reason for the eleven-year break between Fires of Ambition and the new novel, Wolfe noted three mistakes he made: Assessing the novel, Time journalist noted that “those who expect the next “Fires of Ambition” will be disappointed — the book [Full-length Man] is better.”


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The first edition of the book was 1.2 million copies, and four weeks before the publication date, the work was nominated for 1998, in which it became a finalist [55] [56].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Time widely covered the publication of the writer's new novel, publishing a large article on the work in its November 2, 1998 issue and placing Wolfe on the cover.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Wolfe's latest artistic work so far is the novel “I Am Charlotte Simmons” (English: I Am Charlotte Simmons, 2004, Russian translation 2006).


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The novel describes the life of a girl from a small town, a round excellent student from a poor family, who finds herself in one of the most prestigious universities in the United States and plunges into student life, ideas about which turned out to be different from reality.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The Guardian called the book a disappointment, New Zealand dubbed it “an old-fashioned institutional history, updated but not fresh”, and the review reproached the novel for excessive realism [57] [58] [59] .


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Most authoritative magazines spoke in this vein — the novel turned out to be a failure in all respects [60].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Despite the above, however, it is planned to film it [61].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Style


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Wolfe experimented with style, freely switching from a narrator's perspective to narrative on behalf of the characters, using vocabulary that is a mixture of colloquial expressions with his own, passionate and understandable only by a select vocabulary.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Consciously rejecting the rules of objective description, stylistic simplicity, distance from what is described and not accepting the rules of decent journalism, Wolfe turned New Journalism into an instrument of parody and social criticism [62].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Wolfe's profound descriptions of American life created a new kind of social reporting and revived journalism.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Wolfe, with his highly erudite and sometimes old-fashioned style, created interesting portraits of a young drug culture, movements for social justice, and changing social traditions [63].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

It is also noted that under the “ivory dandy jacket”, pop journalism and self-promotion lies a deeply moral, traditional and conservative character [64].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Wolfe's work was not just the use of journalistic techniques in prose, but vice versa — then he applied the resulting symbiosis in fiction [65].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The Guardian noted: “The manner of writing in the first person, Wolfe's style, is one of the most remarkable voices of all journalism.”


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Like Andy Warhol, being stylistically radical, the writer, however, managed to maintain a conservative temperament.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

“You never realize how much your ins and outs are under what your clothes hide,” says Wolfe [66].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

James David Hart (English: James David Hart) called Wolfe's style “baroque” [67].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

A critical review of creativity


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Wolfe's first book, “Candy-colored orange-petal streamlined baby”, was met with a lot of positive reviews: the book was reviewed by publications such as The Denver Post, The Boston Globe, Houston Chronicle, Time Magazine and The New York Times [68] [69].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The Electrocool Acid Test was also greeted with noisy cries of approval for its unrealistic and lively descriptions of the drug culture of the 1960s — the book received high marks from publications such as The The Washington Post and Newsweek, Wolfe himself were even dubbed “the first candidate for the role of America's greatest journalist” [42] [70].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The reaction of critics to the book “The Pump House Gang” was mostly positive [42].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Book World called the book a “masterful work”, and a Newsweek columnist noted that it was “a pleasure to read and re-read” [71]; “Radical Chic” was negatively perceived by a number of critics and Mau-Mauning the Flak Cathers” for an offensive and truthful description of the black movement in the United States, while some other literary commentators took the book as strong criticism liberal innocence [42].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

“The Painted Word” and “From Bauhaus to Our House” received equally positive and negative reviews from critics [42].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In connection with the release of the second, one of the observers noted that Wolfe, undermining the claims of the art world — artists, critics and their patrons, is insanely ridiculous in his own way [72].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Battle for Space won admiration from both critics and readership — in 1979, the book won three prestigious literary awards [73] [24] [74]; “In Our Time”, for the most part, was received literary observers positively — the Houston Chronicle and The Dallas Morning News spoke about Wolfe's talent as a documentary filmmaker [75].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The publication of “Hooking up”, Wolfe's collection of essays, the first after more than twenty years of interruption, was met with approval by critics.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The book was rated “amazing” (Entertainment Weekly) and called “a good retrospective of the work of one of the best American writers” (The Baltimore Sun) [76].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In the novel “Fires of Ambition”, some critics noted the superficial drawing of the images of the characters, but at the same time, the merits of the book included a sharp study of the New York justice system and an overview of the violent social and ethnic division in urban society [42].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In 1988, the novel received [77]; “Full-length Man” received mainly praise in the press [42].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

One of the critics even called the book a “satirical masterpiece” [78].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Wolfe's latest novel so far, “I'm Charlotte Simmons”, failed sales and received very cool reviews from critics, in addition, the book won the Literary Worst Sex Scene Award Review Magazine [60] [79].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

According to The Guardian, Wolfe's critics most annoyed is that he never wanted to be one of them.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The writer is proud to be an outsider of what he calls “Kultureberg” (English: Cultureberg) [66].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

nowadays


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

As of early 2011, the writer is working on his fourth fiction book, the working title of which is “Back to Blood”.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The novel will take place in Miami, the main theme will be the problem of emigration.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Due to poor sales of the latest novel, I am Charlotte Simmons, Wolfe had to break off a long relationship with Farrar, Straus and Giroux, which published 13 books by the writer, of the book being prepared for publication were made by [60].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Commenting on the company's collaboration with Wolfe, publisher Michael Pietsch (English: Michael Pietsch) said: “It's like publishing Mark Twain” [80].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

According to The New York Times, the amount paid as an advance to Wolfe for the right to publish the new novel is close to seven million US dollars [60].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Initially, the book was planned to be published in 2009 [81] [82].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The book was published on October 23, 2012/"Back to Blood: A Novel Product Description”.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Amazon/


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

White suit


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The white suit (as a symbol of the “gentleman from the south”) became a hallmark of Wolfe's style after 1962 - the writer noticed that others react with surprise to a man in white in the middle of winter, and began to wear it all the time [35].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

“It [wearing a suit] makes me a person from Mars,” notes the writer [83].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Wolfe perceives himself as a critical dandy — in a white suit that emphasizes this role [14].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Catherine Kaputa (English: Catherine Kaputa) notes an interesting fact here: the writer's style is exactly the same as Mark Twain's fashion [84]; another opinion is put forward by Nat Brandt (English: Nat Brandt), referring the popularization of the image of a man wearing exclusively white jackets to American architect Benjamin Henry Marshall (English: Benjamin Henry Marshall) [85].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Wolfe in art


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The painting by the American artist (protégé of Montgomery James, the creator of the famous image of Uncle Sam [86]) was painted in 2002 and later donated by Wolfe's wife Sheila.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The painting was included in the exhibition “Americans of the 20th Century” [87].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Kinstler met Wolfe in 1964, when the artist painted a portrait of astronaut Scott Carpenter, and Wolfe was collecting material for the book “Battle for Space” [88].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Wolfe appeared in the eighteenth season of the hit series The Simpsons, in the episode “Moe'n'a Lisa”, released on November 19, 2006.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The episode ridiculed Wolfe's devotion to white jackets — stained with chocolate, the writer immediately takes it off, finding exactly the same one worn underneath [89].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Commenting on his appearance on the series, Wolfe said: “This is the only television program I watch” [90].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The twenty-ninth season episode of “Flanders' Ladder”, released a week after the writer's death, was dedicated to Tom Wolfe [91].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Films by work


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The essay “The Last American Hero”, included in the book “Candy-Colored Applesin-Petal Streamlined Baby”, was filmed in 1973 under (reprinted as “Hard Driver”).


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The main role, Junior Johnson, was played by Jeff Bridges.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The leading song on the soundtrack of the film “I Got a Name” entered the top five on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts and the top ten Pop Singles charts announced by Billboard magazine in 1973.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

In 1983, director Philip Kaufman directed the film “The Right Guys” based on Wolfe's book Battle for Space.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The main roles are played by Scott Glenn, Ed Harris, Barbara Hershey, Dennis Quaid, Sam Shepard and Pamela Reed.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

A year later, the film won a Golden Globe and several Oscars at once: Best Sound, Editing and Music (Drama).


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The novel “Fires of Ambition” was filmed by film director Brian De Palma in 1990 under the title “The Fire of Vanity”.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The main roles were played by Bruce Willis and Tom Hanks.


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The film failed at the box office [13].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Liz Friedlander (English: Liz Friedlander), best known as the director of music videos, announced her desire to make her big film debut in 2008 with an adaptation of the novel “I am Charlotte Simmons” [61] [92].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

The film will be produced by John Watson (English: John Watson), who worked, in particular, on Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves [93].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Gus Van Sant announced the upcoming filming of “Electrocooling Acid Test”, scheduled for 2011 [29].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

According to the director's original plan, Heath Ledger was supposed to be invited to the lead role of Ken Kesey, but due to the tragic death of the actor, the question remains open [94].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

According to Van Sant himself, the role of Kesey may be played by Jack Black or Woody Harrelson [95].


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Awards, awards and recognition


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

TitleOminantYear [8]


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

- Foreign Reportage Award


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

- Humor AwardReports on the revolution in Cuba written for The Washington Post1961- [73]


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

— The Award [24]


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

— [74] novel “Battle for Space” (English: The Right Stuff, 1979, Russian translation 2000) 1979 by [4] Tom Wolfe, for merits in literature 1984 [77] novel “The Bonfire of the Vanities” (English: The Bonfire of the Vanities, 1987, Russian translation 2001) 1988 [96] Tom Wolfe1990Participation in 35th [97] Tom Wolfe 2006Medal [98] Tom Wolfe, for Outstanding Contribution to US Literature2010


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Bibliography in Russian


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Novels


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Documentaries


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Essay collections


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Notes


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Category:Washington and Lee University alumni


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Category:Yale University alumni


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Category:Prose writers in English


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Category:American writers


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Category: Recipients of the US National Humanitarian Medal


Question: How many books did Thomas Kannerley “Tom” Wolfe Jr. write?

Tom Wolfe

Category:Wikipedia critics


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Pär Lagerkvist (Swedish: Pär Lagerkvist) (23 May 1891 — 11 July 1974) was a Swedish writer who won the Nobel Prize in Literature (1951).


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Despite the fact that Lagerqvist's works contain features that distinguish such philosophical and aesthetic phenomena as cubism, expressionism or existentialism, they cannot be fully attributed to to any particular current.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist's artistic style is distinguished by myth, symbol, allegory.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

By nature, Lagerqvist was a rather hidden and introverted person, which explains his laconic coverage of his creative ideas.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

He wrote a well-known phrase: “I do not interfere in my work” [1].


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Biography


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Childhood and adolescence


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

He was born on May 23, 1891 in Vaxjo, Smaland Province.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In the family of the head of the local railway station, he was the youngest of seven children.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The environment in which little Per grew up was pious and bourgeois limited.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

It is known that in his parents' home hung a portrait of Martin Luther and there were three books: the Bible, a collection of psalms and a book of sermons.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist believed that his parents' attitude to reading was serious and deep.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist's mother considered the book, where human destinies were invented, blasphemy.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The debut of the writer's literary activity was the story “Maternal Love”, published in the local newspaper Smolands-Posten on November 19, 1906.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The author was only fifteen years old at that time.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Gymnasium years


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

During his gymnasium years, Lagerqvist was fond of biology and got acquainted with new literature — A. Strindberg and neo-romantics.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Under the influence of these activities, he turns into a radical socialist.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist carries loyalty to this emotional, intuitive radicalism throughout his life.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Only the direction of radicalism is changing: it moves from the original political coloring to the aesthetic and general humanistic one.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Working with socialist magazines and newspapers, Lagerqvist published a “combat” poem “We the Strong”, which was published on the pages of the youth social democratic magazine Fram in 1910.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Poems and novels of this period glorify heroism and a bright future, but, in fact, are considered dependent, with abstract images.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Thanks to the help of Gunnar's older brother, a schoolteacher, and the whole family, Per continued his education in Uppsala, where he went to study the history of literature and art in 1911.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The family of the young writer, who could not boast of excess income, continued to help him for many years.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The experimental novel “People” was published in 1912.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

This was Lagerqvist's first book to tell the story of a demonic hero possessed by evil.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

According to the caustic remark of critic E.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Heden, the book “consists of a dash for the most part — but, unfortunately, not entirely”.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

[2] In his future work, the writer never returned to his early works, such as “Two Tales of Life” (1913), the book of poems and lyrical prose “Motives” (1914) and the collection of short stories “Iron and people” (1915).


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Early creativity


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

During a trip to Paris, which Lagerqvist undertook in the spring of 1913, he met a group of Scandinavian artists and drew attention to modern French painting.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Cubism had a strong impact on the writer with intellectualism characteristic of this direction, aesthetic purpose, and refusal to imitate reality.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In the autumn of the same year, the aesthetic manifesto “Verbal Art and Fine Art” was published, which tells about the ways of development of literature and painting.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In it, Lagerqvist opposes entertainment literature, contrasting it with contemporary art, which is built on simple and stable elements.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

According to Lagerqvist, this art includes primarily cubism, and in literature - archaic forms of poetry with their simple but expressive language: the Bible, the Icelandic epic, monuments of the ancient East, etc. For Lagerqvist, the use of the principles of cubism in literary practice was, of course, a rather conditional task.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Books such as Iron and People and Fear show the influence of Cubism's ideas on the writer.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In the texts of his works, Lagerqvist compares simple feelings and thoughts, just as an artist compares elementary details on canvas.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The First World War leaves a deep imprint on Lagerqvist's early work.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Already in the 10s and 1920s, the writer's books most acutely express his anti-militaristic sentiments.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In lyrics (collections “Fear”, “Chaos”), in short stories (“Iron and People”, “Evil Tales”) and dramas (“The Mystery of the Sky”, “The Invisible”, etc.), the writer depicts the conflict between the hero and the environment, which it calls “loose” and “inert”.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The works present an incredible stylistic variety, ranging from lyrical paintings and motifs to grotesque and satire.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The novels of the collection “Iron and People” (1915) characterize their author as a fully formed master, despite the fact that Lagerqvist himself did not have love for his early brainchild.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The writer did not witness the horrors of the world war, which did not prevent him from considering it through the prism of his perception.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

His collection is permeated with the desire to show the psychological experience of the very fact of war and its refraction in the destinies of people.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The echo of the war can also be heard in poems and prose miniatures of the collection “Fear” (1916), which Lagerqvist considered his true debut and from it counted his poetic path.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Thanks to his work “Fear”, Lagerqvist gained fame as the first expressionist writer in Swedish poetry.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

At the same time, Lagerqvist's attitude to expressionism was quite complex.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

On behalf of the newspaper Svenska Dagbladet, a year earlier, the poet traveled to Berlin to report on an expressionist exhibition organized by the editor of the avant-garde magazine Sturm.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Most of the works caused sharply negative emotions in Lagerqvist, not counting several paintings by V. Kandinsky and M. Chagall.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Perhaps this was influenced by the fact that most of the works belonged to the brush of German artists, and the writer's attitude towards Germany itself was sharply critical, since the writer considered it the main the culprit of the war


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Disagreeing with critics that he was influenced by German expressionism, Lagerqvist did not hide his closeness to French Cubism.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Even much later, in 1947, he wrote in one letter about this: “... I have not actually read a single German expressionist to this day... Why do I need it if I am a compatriot of Strindberg and I can go directly to the source.”


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

[3] Lagerqvist meant the late drama of the Swedish classic, the predecessor of expressionism.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In his plays, Lagerqvist attempted to continue what was contained in Strindberg's later dramas.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist's best plays owed their success on stage primarily to the enthusiasm of their director, director Peru Lindberg, which, however, did not provide them with a long life in the repertoire.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist's dramas lack stage “lightness”, and they are often too static and overloaded with monologues that inhibit the action.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

This makes them dramas to read, but not to be presented.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

But, despite this, they, like Lagerqvist's theoretical articles, occupy a special place in the renewal of Swedish drama and theater.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In Lagerqvist's early plays, there is some affinity with modern poetics of expressionism.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

First of all, this is manifested in a sharply emotional reaction to the war, as well as in the persistent development of the leitmotif of death — in the first published drama “The Last Man” (1917) and in three one-act plays published in 1918 under the general title “A Difficult Moment” together with the program manifesto “Modern Theater”.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The writer's manifesto rebels against naturalism in its stage version, as well as against the tradition of Ibsen's drama and recreating the illusion of reality on stage.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

And according to Lagerqvist, “theatricality”, convention and stylization are not something shameful for the theater, but on the contrary can be considered the distinctive features of the performance.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The nude reality, according to the writer, is more interesting than any strained attempts to reproduce it naturalistic.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist in his plays creates a shaky, vague atmosphere without clear outlines, permeates it with real and concrete details, for example, episodes from the past and motives of personally experienced events.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

It is the clash of these contrasting spheres that arouses the greatest interest in the writer's plays.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Three one-act plays of the triptych “A Difficult Moment” describe a single initial situation — the transition to the other world and the first moments after death.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The writer uses the “afterlife” motive to expose the cruelty and absurdity of life.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Following the example of his teacher Strindberg, Lagerqvist comes close to the “theater of the absurd”, one of the founders of which was S. Beckett.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The heroes of Lagerqvist, whom the writer gives a thirst to comprehend the deep meaning of what is happening, are destined to face complete alienation of the surrounding world.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Vivid examples of such characters are: the boy in the third part of “A Difficult Moment” and especially the young man in the play “The Mystery of the Sky” (1919), where the trends of Lagerqvist's early drama reach their climax.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The post-war period until the mid-1920s can be considered one of the most difficult and turbulent periods in Lagerqvist's life.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

But from the creative side, this period is very eventful and fruitful for the writer.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Not being a financially secure person, he leads a nomadic lifestyle, traveling extensively to Norway and France, Italy and North Africa.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The meeting with Karen Sorensen was very significant in the writer's life.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The relationship with her had a strong impact on both the state of mind and the external circumstances of Lagerqvist's life.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The marriage between Sørensen and Lagerqvist took place in 1918.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The story “Difficult Journey” reflects the history of their peculiar relationship, alternating numerous breaks and reconcilations.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

During these years, Lagerqvist turned to work in genres such as novels and short stories, poems and dramas.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

His first major novel, The Smile of Eternity, was published in 1920.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

It already shows the distinctive features of true Lagerqvist prose, namely the formulation of eternal questions of being, the combination of generalized and concrete, laconism and external simplicity, scarcity of means expressions.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The Smile of Eternity presents, on the one hand, the atmosphere of the kingdom of the dead, which is beyond space and time, and on the other hand, the vital need of its inhabitants to comprehend the meaning of existence, their memories and episodes of their past lives.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

These features echo the atmosphere of Lagerqvist's expressionist plays.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

But instead of the pessimism and hopelessness of the latter, the reader clearly feels a wiser and more reconciled view of life, characterized by the lack of reasonable, originally inherent meaning in it.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist in this work creates a very unexpected image: God does not appear to be the almighty ruler of the world, but a modest worker with very naive ideas about the meaning of all things.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

He is the embodiment of a simple existence, in which hope and trust occupy an important place along with the mystery of the universe.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

This mystery appears in “The Smile of Eternity” and in all subsequent works of Lagerqvist, in which the writer raises questions, tries to find answers, not daring to hope ever to solve this mystery.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Thanks to this, Lagerkvist's worldview is formed, which is often denoted by the concept of “trust in life” and which prevails in the lyrical collections of the 1920s “The Way of the Lucky Man” and “Songs of the Heart” ”.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Even in the simplest and most intimate, the greatness of being is manifested, for example, in the deep memories of childhood, filling the lines of the story “Morning” (1920) and poems about his native Smaland, about his mother, about home.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

There is an incomprehensible interaction of such different phenomena as personal and universal; simple and complex.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The small and intimate world of the family with its naive faith is reflected in the cultural and historical experience of mankind.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In the early 1920s, Lagerqvist attempted to create such a comprehensive myth — “House of Eternity”, but, for reasons that are not entirely clear, takes the finished layout of the work from the printing house.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Thirty years later, the writer uses a small fragment of it as a Nobel speech.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The rapprochement with realism was manifested in the autobiographical novel “The Guest in the World” (1925), which is the central work of Lagerqvist's early work.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In the novel, the writer outlines philosophical problems that will concern the writer throughout his career.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

These questions are about life and death, God, and the denial of church dogmas.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

We are talking about the history of childhood, the formation of the personality of the young hero, his spiritual search, the desire for freedom, growing doubts and the desire to escape from the cramped home world with its outdated perceptions.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The writer's attitude to the motive of the conflict of generations in the perspective of time is ambivalent and complex.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Feelings of love and appreciation for your loved ones and nostalgia for a lost childhood coexist with the inevitable feeling of distance from these quiet and honest people.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The simplified style of Lagerqvist's prose was especially appropriate in this story.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In a completely different vein, the second, unfinished part of the autobiographical novel, “A Difficult Journey”, is written, which Lagerqvist based on the dramatic story of his first marriage, which just ended in divorce.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The story remained unknown to the writer's contemporaries, because it was published after the writer's death.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The atmosphere of extreme emotional stress is created by depicting a specific feeling of love-hatred, the image of the successive mutual attraction and repulsion of the characters, their closeness and alienation.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

A significant change in Lagerqvist's life took place in 1925.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The beginning of a calmer and more orderly lifestyle, finding your own home is undoubtedly associated with the writer's new marriage.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist's new choice was the beautiful Helen Sandels, whose character was soft and balanced.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Despite the fact that Lagerqvist, feeling like a wanderer in his heart, continued to travel a lot, this was no longer the character of a forced wandering of a homeless person.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist dedicates a significant part of the poems of the collection “Songs of the Heart” (1926) to his beloved and only Helen.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

This collection can rightly be considered one of the masterpieces of Swedish love lyrics, and the author himself calls it his best poetic book.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In his aphoristic essay Overcoming Life (1927), Lagerqvist rethinks his former attitude to life and gives it a life-affirming character.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The writer glorifies the divine spirit living in man, designed to become free and triumph over the dark forces of earthly life.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The aspiration and goal was to triumph over the tyranny of circumstances imposed on man by an alien role.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

It is no coincidence that Lagerqvist focused on his essay and sought to make it more accessible to a wide range of readers.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In a way, the continuation of the essay “Overcoming Life” is, which appeared a year later, the play “Surviving Life”.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Comparing it with Lagerqvist's early expressionist plays, it may seem almost an everyday drama, where a “little” person lives in his shoemaking shop.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Developing the theme of opposition between good and hostile, Lagerqvist created his next prose book, The Struggling Spirit (1930).


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In it, the writer also depicts little ordinary people whose simple-minded need for love and the forms of its manifestation cause a smile, but at the same time raise them above everyday life.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The tragic love story “Masquerade of Souls”, detached from the trifles and accidents of being, stands out in contrast against the background of burlesque stories.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The writer's work in the 30s — 40s


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The social situation in the writer's homeland and in the world in the 30s and 40s, namely the coming to power of fascism in Germany, the Second World War, the fact that many of the most important problems remained unresolved in Western world and in the post-war period, the threat of an atomic catastrophe — all this, of course, worried an honest humanist artist not only at that time, but throughout his life.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The 1930s made major changes to Lagerqvist's worldview, trust and perception of life, and also leave an imprint on the tone of his works.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In 1933, he traveled to Greece and the Middle East, which is a kind of pilgrimage to the origins and shrines of European culture.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist visits Athens, Jerusalem and Alexandria, from where he returns home through Mussolinia Italy and through Germany, where Hitler had come to power just a week earlier in Berlin flags with swastika were waving.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist sees with his own eyes the clash of culture and barbarism, humanism and misanthropy.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The works that came out of the writer's pen in the next decade are marked by a deliberate protest against what he saw and foresaw in the future.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The story and play “The Executioner”, the prose books “At that time” and “Clenched Fist”, the plays “Man Without a Soul” and “Victory in the Darkness”, poetry collections “Genius”, “Song and Struggle”, “House and Star” — all these works written by Lagerqvist at this troubling time.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Simultaneously with his political and anti-fascist orientation, Lagerqvist continues to be interested in universal, existential problems.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

His metaphysical reflections flow into the current political context, and anti-fascism is considered as today's form of eternal confrontation of the human spirit against world evil.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Already in the fall of 1933, the novel “The Executioner” was published, written under the heavy impression of the fascist coup in Germany, and the following year Lagerqvist staged it, and it triumphantly takes place in theaters Nordic countries.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In Sweden, the main role went to the famous actor Jost Ekman.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The fact that The Executioner became widely known and was perceived as a relevant political pamphlet was largely due to theatrical performances.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

An interesting fact is that some Swedish public circles, who did not want to notice their danger of the situation in Europe and were loyal to Nazism, took the play with hostility, including threats and attempts to disrupt performances.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The meaning of the work is not really limited to its topicality.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Its duality is achieved by a two-part construction.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The story compares and opposes two parts, the first depicts a medieval scene with primitive, rude and superstitious natures, and the second, the external gloss of people only covers the same, in essence, primal instincts, and a painful thirst for violence and blood.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Both parts are united by the sinister figure of the Executioner in scarlet robe, who embodies evil and cruelty.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The executioner, who glorifies the cult of violence of suppression of the individual, embodies the ideology and phraseology of Nazism.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

By comparing different time layers, the reader is given the opportunity to see the timeless and metaphysical nature of evil.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The moral and aesthetic analysis of the Executioner's figure acquires the character of denying any violence, despotism, intolerance, without losing its current anti-totalitarian trend.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In an interview with Lagerqvist, in connection with the presentation of his play, noted that “The Executioner” is directed against modern violence, against the trend of human violence... and appeals to everyone who becomes the side of rapists, no matter how they are called Nazis, fascists or Bolsheviks.”


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

A kind of introduction to Lagerqvist's late, “biblical” stories is the motive of searching and denying God in The Executioner.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

It seems that the desire of the Executioner, this demon of evil, to become the savior of the human race is unthinkable and ridiculous.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Nevertheless, the tragedy of the situation lies in the fact that the gloomy figure of the Executioner becomes not only a frightening symbol, but also a real threat to all mankind.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

But the Swedish writer truly believes in the power of reason and in the victory of good over evil.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

At the end of the story, the theme of the miraculous power of love reappears, conceived as a theme of hope for the future, cleansing from sins.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist's book of travel essays “Clenched Fist” (1934) openly reflects the disturbing events of our time in an openly journalistic form, and proclaims the need for a position of struggling humanism.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist compares the Acropolis ascended over Athens to a clenched fist raised to the sky, which becomes a symbol of spiritual resistance to the new barbarism.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist in the stories of the collection “At that time” (1935) returns to satire, which acquires a special sharpness and causticity.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The stories “Outlandish Country” and “Military Campaign of the Kids” are directed directly against militarism, war and fascism; the latter is written under the impression of reports of the Italian-Abissinian war and children Mussolini's troops.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist's awakening interest in mythology and myth-making in the stories “At that time”, “Paradise”, “Liberation”, etc.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

is due to the desire to denounce modern evils.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

“The Executioner” was a real success, although Lagerqvist did not enjoy wide readership recognition for a long time, but was a very authoritative figure in literary circles.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In 1940, he was elected to the Swedish Academy, and a year later he became an honorary doctor at the University of Gothenburg.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

On the eve of the new year, 1942, perhaps the darkest year of the war, despite his hostility to public speaking, Lagerqvist addressed his compatriots on the radio with a speech in which he called to remain vigilant and hopeful, to fight and believe in miracles.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

At the end of the same year, Lagerqvist began to create his largest work, the novel “The Dwarf”, which was published in the fall of 1944.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

A decade after the Executioner, the real forces of evil in the world managed to fully reveal themselves and show their true properties and features.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In late prose, Lagerqvist tries to take a new approach to solving vital, in his opinion, problems.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The early period of the poet's formation, marked by “Strindberg” expressionism and before the political novels “The Executioner”, “The Dwarf”, etc.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

, the writer's style was in the nature of a desire for allegory and the introduction of parallel action.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Now the symbol does not remain an artistic device for him, but belongs to a certain area of mythological worldview.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

And the genre of the novel is undergoing a significant change: from now on, this novel (or story) is a myth, a parable, a metaphor.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

And now Lagerqvist continues to combine modernist and realistic trends in his work: in some cases, the motives of doom, loneliness, alienation, fear prevail, in others as opposed to these states reveal the persistent desire of the heroes to soberly understand the world around them, to find a way out of the impasse.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Post-war creativity


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The reality of post-war Europe and the world did not inspire much optimism to the writer.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Losing interest in political reality, Lagerqvist returns to his former general humanistic views.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The age-old theme of the struggle between good and evil continues to worry Per Lagerqvist in the post-war period.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

It is no coincidence that a writer striving for an abstract-philosophical understanding of truth and the embodiment of universal principles is impressed by a myth novel.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist is more interested in myths about miracles that border on mass consciousness and religion.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Turning to mythological themes, the Swedish writer deheroizes the Gospel, but without encroaching on the canon, tries to show the fine line between myth and faith, between the product of mass consciousness and the object true religious values in today's deathless world.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

For Lagerqvist, myth and religion are comparable, although at the same time faith for him is an existential doubt and he calls himself a religious atheist.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

It is difficult to find a clear genre definition for the works of the 50s and 60s.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist, conceiving a large-scale novel idea, puts it in the volume of a small story.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist's small novels are born from one another, connecting links in a single chain, varying and branching the main themes and motives — life and death, good and evil, faith and unbelief, suffering and redemption...


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

After the war, Lagerqvist resumed his trips to Europe, and in the fall of 1950, after the completion of the novel “Barabbas”, went on a journey through the Mediterranean.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist's impressions of this journey superimposed on pre-war memories of Greece and Palestine and became fundamental for writing a majestic mythological cycle, where the writer recreates the conditional late antique and early Christian era.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The heroes of this cycle are: Barabbas, Sibyl, Agasfer, Tovius, Giovanni.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

They are outsiders and outsiders who stand outside the human community, but each in its own way symbolizes modern man, his drama of alienation from life and society, from other people and God, painful doubts and searches.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist put a piece of himself into each of them.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The first of these works, the novel “Barabbas”, was the decisive argument in favor of awarding Lagerkvist the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1951 and brought him worldwide fame.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The figure of Barabbas is only briefly mentioned in the New Testament.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

This is a robber sentenced to crucifixion, but released at the request of the crowd to replace the crucified Christ.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The character and fate of Barabbas in the novel is almost entirely the fruit of Lagerqvist's artistic fiction.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Barabbas is a man of action, he is an individualist and a rebel, not used to thinking about his actions.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The life path of Vyravba, whose fate remains connected with the fate of that unfortunate stranger until the end of his days, changes dramatically.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

He breaks with the past and begins to search for a new truth that is incomprehensible to him.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

In the main character, Lagerqvist tries to embody the eternal dualism of human nature, the inseparability in the human experience of good and evil.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Ironically, Barabbas dies on the cross as a martyr.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

It is known that many Swedish critics, arguing that Lagerqvist's story is a projection into modernity, differed in their assessment of Barabbas, positioning him as unhappy, lost faith in everything, or the personification of spiritual strength.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Very indicative is the statement of the famous writer Eric Lindegren, who refused a detailed analysis of the concept of faith and unbelief, but drew attention to the relevance of the situation when “Barabbas just stands and watches Christ crucified instead of him,” which, of course, “is like surviving a world war while remaining neutral.”


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

[5] For Lindegren, this episode is associated with Swedish neutrality in the World War.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Lagerqvist closely connects the story “Sibyl” (1956) with the novel “Barabbas” plot and ideological.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The works seem to complement each other, like “The Executioner” and “The Dwarf”.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

The main character of the novel “Sibyl” devotes herself to serving the pagan deity of the temple of Apollo.


Question: When was Per Lagerqvist born?

Per Lagerqvist

Being a primitive, spontaneous, jealous and vengeful creature, on the other side of good and evil, it deprives the main character of the joys, love and happiness characteristic of ordinary people.