Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The invasion army consisted of about 50,000 infantrymen, 9,000 horsemen and 37 elephants.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, the Romans were also preparing for war.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Consul Tiberius Sempronius Long had 24,000 infantry, 2,400 horsemen and 160 ships, the Second Consul, Publius Cornelius Scipio, had 22,000 infantry and 2,200 horsemen.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The army of Rome in Gaul, under the command of the praetor Lucius Manlia, numbered 18,000 infantry and 1,600 horsemen.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In total, the Roman army consisted of 64,000 infantry and 6,200 cavalry, a little more than Hannibal had.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

A significant advantage of the Romans was that they had to fight in their homeland and for them to mobilize additional military contingents was easier than for the Puni commander getting reinforcements.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

However, it is impossible not to see the dispersion of the Roman army and the lack of a single command, which, of course, made it difficult for the Romans to conduct combat operations.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Fortunately for Carthage, Hannibal was a military genius.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The first period of the war (218—213 BC)


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In the spring of 218 BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal went camping.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Negotiations he prudently conducted with the Gauls provided him with the opportunity to make unhindered passage through their lands.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

It was only when crossing Rodan that he had to use force.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

And the Roman army of Publius Cornelius Scipio could not prevent his movement due to misunderstandings on both sides.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal's passage through the Alps


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

However, when crossing the Alps, he suffered very heavy losses (about half of all troops) - due to the harsh conditions of the crossing and because of the Gallic tribe of allobrogs, who constantly ambushed him along the way following.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The descent from the pass cost the army even harder than the ascent.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal, when he came to Italy, had only about 12,000 Libyan and 8,000 Iberian infantrymen and no more than 6,000 horsemen and 15 elephants.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

He soon forced the surrounding Gallic tribes to recognize their authority.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, Publius Scipio managed to lead a significant army to Northern Italy, and Hannibal was forced to launch an offensive.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

However, Hannibal and his troops had enough time to rest before their first battle in Italy.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal's first victories


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The battle took place near the Ticin River [7].


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The opponents positioned their troops as follows: Scipio put spearthrowers and Gallic horsemen in front, and lined up the rest - the Romans and the selective forces of the Allies - behind them in a line.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal placed heavy cavalry directly against the front of the Romans, and on the flanks - Numidian horsemen, hoping to surround the enemy in the future.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The enemies began to quickly approach each other.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Roman spearthrowers, barely throwing one dart at a time, fled between the troops of the horsemen behind them.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The horse battle began; many horsemen were thrown off their horses, while others dismounted themselves.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The battle gradually turned into a battle of infantrymen.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, the Numidian horsemen of Hannibal, bypassing the fighting from the flanks, appeared in the rear of the Roman army; the spearthrowers were trampled on by their horses; panic began in the ranks of the Romans.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Scipio himself almost died.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The remnants of the Roman army retreated to the hilly area by the Trebia River.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

They were soon approached by the army of the second consul, Tiberius Sempronius Long, who replaced the wounded Scipio.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

By letting him win a minor skirmish, Hannibal inspired the new Roman commander confidence in victory.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

And Long was very ambitious (as Hannibal knew about) and, after an easy victory, was eager to defeat Hannibal's army.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

And soon, quite unexpectedly for the Romans, another small skirmish turned into a general battle.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal instructed his brother Magon, who had already led the Numidian cavalry after the Battle of Ticin, to select 100 infantrymen and 100 horsemen to ambush.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

When Magon came to Hannibal with the selected soldiers, he ordered each of them, in turn, to select 9 more people from their units.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Thus recruiting 1,000 infantrymen and the same number of horsemen, he placed them at night in a place that he had previously chosen.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

It was the winter solstice.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

It snowed early in the morning, then it started raining.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal ordered his Numidian cavalry to cross Trebia and, jumping to the gates of the enemy camp, throw darts at the guards, summon the Romans to fight, and when the battle began, slowly retreat to the river and force the enemy, in turn, to cross to the shore where the Carthaginians stood.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Everyone else was ordered to have breakfast, prepare weapons, horses and wait for the signal.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Numidians brilliantly completed the task.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

When they made noise and disorder at the camp gate (according to Polybius, as soon as they were approaching), Sempronius, who did not doubt success for a minute, brought his cavalry against them, and then other soldiers.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

However, he did it too hastily.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

His soldiers entered the field hungry and not warmly dressed enough, the horses were not fed.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

When the Romans entered a strip of river fog, chasing the departing Numidians, they froze more and more.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In the river, cold water reached their chest level, so that when Sempronius's soldiers came to the other side, they could hardly hold weapons in their hands.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Carthaginian warriors, meanwhile, warmed themselves by the fires, rubbed themselves with olive oil and had breakfast.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Having received an agreed signal that the Romans had crossed the river, Hannibal withdrew his troops into the field.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In front, he placed the Balearics, light infantry (8,000 men), followed by heavily armed infantry (Iberians, Gauls and Libyans; 20,000 men), and on both flanks - 9,000 horsemen and elephants.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Sempronius, seeing that his horsemen were excessively carried away by the persecution of the Numidians, who were retreating and then again launching a counterattack, and were exposing themselves to excessive danger, ordered them to retreat and join the main forces.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In the center, Sempronius lined up 18,000 Romans; 20,000 allies and those who had Latin citizenship rights; in addition, warriors from the Gallic Kenoman tribe, and on the flanks - cavalry (about 4,000 horsemen) .


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The battle began with the Balearics, who forced the Roman spearthrowers to retreat, and then joined the Carthaginian horsemen who flanked.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Roman cavalry was crushed by the superior enemy cavalry, balearics and elephants.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Heavily armed infantrymen fought with great perseverance and bitterness, but without a certain result.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Suddenly, Magon's detachment ambushed their rear for the Romans and confused the back line of the Romans.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Once surrounded, the Roman infantry courageously resisted, broke through the battle line of the Carthaginians and forced the elephants to turn back, which almost rushed at the Punians themselves.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal ordered the elephants to be taken to the flanks and directed against the Kenomans, who fled in panic.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Under these conditions, 10,000 Roman infantrymen made their way through the ranks of the Carthaginian and escaped from the encirclement; unable to return to their camp, they retreated to Placencia.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

There, and from there to Cremona, went under the command of Scipio and the units that remained in the camp during the battle.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Carthaginians won this time, but now with much greater losses.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Bad weather caused particularly severe devastation in their ranks: people died, horses fell, almost all elephants died (only 7 remained).


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

But the Gauls delivered large reinforcements (up to 60,000 people), and Hannibal began to organize them.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Soon he moved to Etruria, but the crossing of the Apennines was unexpectedly difficult: the army was caught by a storm, many people died, and only one elephant survived.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The impatient desire to move the war to Etruria is easily explained by the military-political situation.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal was, of course, well aware that the Romans sent their garrisons to all points where they could wait for an attack — Sicily, Sardinia, Tarent, that they had built another 60 penters, which were new consuls (Servilius and Flaminius) are mobilizing new contingents in Rome itself and organizing a militia of allies, that even from the Syracuse king Gieron they demanded help, and he sent them 500 Cretan archers and 1000 peltasts, finally that the Romans concentrated food supplies in Arimina and Etruria, clearly intending to block the way for the Carthaginians there.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In 217 BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Guy Flaminius and Gnaeus Servilius Gemin became new consuls.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Guy Flaminius, who reached the consulate thanks to his struggle against the aristocrats, needed quick success.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal easily succeeded in provoking a new battle.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

At the Battle of Lake Trasimeno, the Roman army was ambushed (30,000 infantrymen and 3,000 horsemen).


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

15,000 Romans were killed, 6,000 were captured, and the losses of the Carthaginians amounted to only 2,000 people.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

A few days later, the 4,000-strong cavalry detachment sent by Gney Servilius was destroyed.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Fabia's tactics


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In Rome, a dictator was appointed; he was the Roman aristocrat Quintus Fabius Maximus.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Realizing that it was very difficult to counter Hannibal in open combat, he used new tactics.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Roman army (replenished with two new legions) constantly controlled all the movements of the Punian, but did not engage in battle, and Hannibal, of course, did not have the opportunity to conduct active actions, having an undefeated Roman army.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Fabia's cavalry chief, Mark Minucius, did not agree with this tactic, because Italy became defenseless against the ruin of the Punians, but when he, having received command, tried to join battle, he almost was defeated, and only the appearance of Fabius with another part of the troops made it possible to avoid a new defeat.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal repeatedly tried to provoke the Romans into battle, but did not succeed.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The outbreak of hostilities in Spain


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, in Spain, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio, the brother of the consul, managed to inflict a number of defeats on the Punians.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hasdrubal Barca failed to seriously oppose him.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In Spain, events were extremely unsuccessful for the Carthaginians.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Their fleet was defeated, in land battles, losses amounted to 15,000 killed and 4,000 prisoners, while the Romans received reinforcements in the amount of 8,000 soldiers and 30 ships.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

But the attempt to land in Africa failed.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Battle of Cannes


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Next year 216 BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Gaius Terentius Varron and Lucius Emilius Paul became consuls.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Rome was preparing for decisive action: 8 legions were gathered, so an army of 90,000 people was sent against Hannibal, who had 50,000 soldiers.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The battle took place near the city of Cannes.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The consuls lined up the entire Roman army in battle formation: on the right flank, closer to the river, they placed horsemen, on the left - the cavalry of the allies, and closer to the center - their infantry.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In the center were Roman legions, and in front of the ranks were slingers and other lightly armed warriors.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Guy Terentius Varron took command of the left flank, he entrusted the right flank to Lucius Emilius Paul and the center - Gney Servilius Gemin.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Romans expected to keep the Carthaginian cavalry with their own, and destroy the infantrymen of Hannibal with the prevailing number of infantry.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Early in the morning, Hannibal sent Balearic units and other lightly armed formations to the left bank of Aufid, followed by the rest of the soldiers.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

On the left flank, closest to the river, he placed Iberian and Gallic horsemen who were supposed to act against the Roman cavalry, in the center - infantry (half heavily armed Libyans, in the middle of this system - Gauls and Iberians, followed by Libyans again) and on the right flank - Numidian horsemen who were supposed to fight with the Roman allies here.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Libyans were armed with captured weapons taken from the Romans.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal's army consisted of 40,000 infantrymen and 10,000 horsemen.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Carthaginians were located extremely conveniently: facing the north and with their backs to the wind that carried sand and dust in the faces of the Romans; the sun's rays did not blind the soldiers.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

When building, Hannibal pushed forward the Iberians and Gauls, who were supposed to be the first to enter the battle, and placed the rest in such a way that it formed a kind of huge crescent curved towards the front , which was getting thinner and thinner at the edges.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal entrusted the command of the left flank to Hasdrubal, the right - Magarbal, and he, together with his brother Magon, took over the center.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The battle, as usual, was started by lightly armed soldiers.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Then Hannibal's Gallic Iberian cavalry collapsed on the right Roman flank and soon fled the Romans, after which the left flank of the Romans was defeated.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, infantry entered the battle, and the Iberian-Gallic infantrymen of Hannibal, after stubborn resistance, began to slowly retreat, dragging the Romans, who penetrated deeper into the location Carthaginian troops.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, Libyan infantrymen attacked the Romans from both flanks, and the Puni cavalry struck the rear.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Roman infantry was encircled, and soon the fate of the battle was decided.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

48,000 fell on the battlefield, 4,500 were captured, Hannibal's losses amounted to 8,000 people, in Libya - “all the bravest warriors”.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The consequences of the battle were enormous.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Many Italian cities, and most importantly, Capua, went over to the side of the Punians.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

It was decided to send 40 elephants and 4,000 cavalry from Carthage, and 20,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry from Spain.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Syracuse and Macedonia have made an alliance with Carthage.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

But in Spain, things were getting worse for the Punians: 25,000 killed and 10,000 captured soldiers became a new defeat.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Reinforcements intended for Hannibal were used in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Sardinia.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In Italy itself, Hannibal, despite the victorious enthusiasm of his associates, did not dare to go to Rome, whose inhabitants were in panic for some time after the defeat of Cannes.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In an effort to secure a reliable base in Italy, the Carthaginians began to oust the Romans from their remaining loyal cities in the south of the peninsula.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, Rome was gradually recovering from a terrible defeat, replenishing the army even with slaves.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The war in Italy at the end of 216-215 BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal's victorious march after Cannes, the climax of which was the subordination of Capua, ended at Nola, where the praetor Mark Claudius Marcellus, having uncovered a conspiracy to surrender the city, first thwarted the assault on the Carthaginians, and then neutralized the opponents of the Romans in his rear.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In view of the approach of winter cold, Hannibal did not dare to besiege Naples, which was planned to be used as a naval base against Rome, and withdrew the army to winter in Capua.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Feast, idleness and harlots in Capua in the winter of 216/215 BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

weakened Hannibal's army as much as marches, sieges and assaults.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

After wintering in Capua, Hannibal did not win a single major victory.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In the spring of 215 BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal launched a new offensive, capturing several small towns.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

However, the Capuans, allies of the Carthaginians, were defeated in an effort to capture Kuma.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal's help to them was ineffective, and the second attempt to capture Nola also failed.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The offensive impulse of the Carthage army in Italy subsided.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Romans, avoiding large battles, gradually began to organize punitive expeditions against the allies of the Carthaginians.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In southern Italy, a small war broke out, the success of which was achieved by organizing the supply of troops and intelligence, and not by the talents of the commanders.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

For decisive success, Hannibal was in dire need of reinforcements.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

To prevent him from receiving them, the Romans had to pull the forces of Carthage as effectively as possible from Italy to a “peripheral war”, whose theaters of operations were located in Sicily, Spain, Illyria and North Africa.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Siege of Syracuse


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In Sicily, after concluding an alliance with Syracuse, the Carthaginians achieved significant success.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The fifteen-thousandth army of Syracuse, together with the Punic units, greatly crowded the Roman troops, but soon Marcellus appeared with a strong army and moved to Syracuse.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The city was large, and the Romans expected that they would be able to quickly overcome the walls, but they met, quite unexpectedly, very strong resistance, organized by Archimedes.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Marcellus was forced to start a siege.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Carthaginians, meanwhile, sent an army of 25,000 infantrymen, 3,000 horsemen and 12 elephants to Sicily.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Macedonia's attack on Illyria


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

King Philip V of Macedonia, fulfilling his allied obligations, attacked the Roman possessions in Illyria, but this did not bring significant support to Hannibal.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Roman fleet that dominated the sea successfully defended the coast.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The 214 campaign ended with the Macedonian fleet blocked by the Romans being burned by the retreating Macedonians themselves.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The following year, serious hostilities did not begin.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, Roman diplomacy managed to organize an anti-Macedonian alliance in Greece, on the protracted struggle against which Philip V spent almost all his resources.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Carthage no longer counted on help from Macedonia.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Fighting in Spain


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In 214 BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

in Spain, the Punians suffered two defeats, in which they lost up to 12,000 killed, 3,000 prisoners and 39 elephants.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Thus, after a number of defeats, domination of the Iberian Peninsula began to pass to Rome.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In 213 BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Romans took Sagunt and secured control of almost the entire east coast of Spain.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Sifax's transition to the side of the Romans


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In 213 BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

another event took place that both in Carthage itself and in the camp of Hannibal could not help but be perceived as a serious threat: the Scipio brothers, who successfully fought in the Iberian Peninsula, landed in North Africa.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

This was the second attempt of the Roman command to transfer the war directly to the territory of the Carthaginian Empire.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

This time, the African expedition led to great diplomatic success for the Romans.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

They managed to take advantage of the fact that the Carthaginians had clashes with one of the Numidian kings, the leader of the Masaysilia tribe Sifax, and form an alliance with him.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Centurion Quintus Statorium even stayed with Sifax to teach his soldiers Roman martial formation and military art.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The results did not hesitate to affect: soon in one of the clashes, the Masaisilia defeated the Carthaginians.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The second period of the war (212—207 BC)


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The fighting in Italy in 212—209 BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In 212 BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Tarent crossed to the side of Hannibal and, followed by several other cities in the former Great Greece.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Romans suffered another defeat (it cost them 16,000 dead), but managed to besiege Capua, and most importantly, Syracuse was taken.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

After some private successes, the Carthaginians were forced to leave Sicily.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The following year, Hannibal attempted to release Capua.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

He failed to directly drive the besiegers away from the city walls.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Then he marched to Rome in order to carry Roman troops with him from Capua.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal is at the gate!


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

It seemed that the whole of Italy, with bated breath, froze in anticipation.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In Rome itself, anxiety arose here and there, panic began, and people in confusion expected that the fighting was about to begin on the streets of the city.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

But this had no consequences, Rome was well fortified, and Hannibal went to spend the winter in southern Italy.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Left without hope of lifting the blockade, Capua soon surrendered — a decisive success.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Romans were straining all their forces.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

A significant part of the adult population from 17 to 47 years old was drafted under the banner, and 230,000 people fought in the armies.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Revenge and impasse in Spain


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In 211 BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Carthaginians landed a powerful army in Spain, the Scipio brothers suffered a severe defeat and died in battle, but one of the officers, Lucius Marcius, whom the soldiers chose as commander, managed to organize the remnants of the armies, and the forces to resist were still there.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The following year, the Roman Senate sent reinforcements led by Guy Martius and Claudius Nero, which stabilized the situation.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Another major victory of Carthage, this time in Spain, again did not bear tangible results.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

fracture


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In 209 BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

the son of Cornelius Scipio, Publius Cornelius Scipio took command in Spain and unexpectedly captured New Carthage, and in Italy the Romans took Tarent.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Now Hannibal pinned all hopes on his brother Hasdrubal, who, having thrown Scipio aside, brought him out in 208 BC. e.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

large forces from Spain to Gaul and began preparations for an invasion of the Apennine Peninsula.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Crossing the Alps was relatively easy, and in the next year, 207 BC.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hasdrubal joined Italy.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

However, Consul Gaius Claudius Nero, who learned from the intercepted letter the plans of the Carthaginians, marched north with part of his army and joined the army of Consul Mark Livia Salinator.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The combined forces of the Romans completely defeated Hasdrubal's troops near the Metavr River, and Hasdrubal himself fell in battle.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

After the defeat of much-needed reinforcements, Hannibal lost hope for active hostilities in Italy, his minor successes in the south of the peninsula could no longer decide the outcome of the war.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Reason for the Battle of Zama


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

After Hannibal won at Cannes, the Romans rallied.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

They blocked the way through Spain, and Hannibal's situation deteriorated.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The talented commander Publius Cornelius Scipio of Africa, who was at the head of the Roman army, decided to deliver a decisive blow.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

He crossed the sea to the northern coast of Africa to capture Carthage.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

So Hannibal had to hurry to help the city.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The third period of the war (206—202 BC)


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In Spain in 206 BC. e.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Magon was defeated at Ilip and was forced to leave the entire Iberian Peninsula under the rule of Rome.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

His landing at Genoa with 12,000 infantrymen and 2,000 horsemen did not solve anything, he was soon wounded and killed.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal did not take action, it seemed that he had lost all hope.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In 205 BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Philip V, after unsuccessful hostilities, was forced to make peace, gaining insignificant territories in Illyria.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The war in Africa


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In 204 BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Scipio landed with an army of 30,000 in Africa.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

By making an alliance with the leader of one of the Numidian tribes, Massinissa, he inflicted several defeats on the Carthaginians.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Then the Senate of Carthage called Hannibal to his homeland.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

He returned after 16 years of fighting in Italy.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal tried to make concessions during the peace talks in a personal meeting with Scipio.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

He recognized the superiority of the Romans in the upcoming battle and promised all possible concessions from Carthage, but did not achieve success.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In 202 BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Zama had a general battle.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Scipio did not build his army on a continuous front, but in detachments, between which passages were left, through which war elephants could walk if necessary.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

On the left flank, under the command of Lellius, he placed Italian horsemen, on the right - the Numidian cavalry of Massinissa.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

He filled the passages between the heavily armed infantrymen with lightly armed soldiers, who were supposed to escape to the rear or join the nearest detachments when elephants appeared.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Animals, moving along these living corridors, would come under crossfire with darts.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal put 80 elephants in front of his troops, followed by auxiliary detachments of Ligurs, Gauls, Balearics and Moors, in the second row - Carthaginians, Libyans and a small group of Macedonians, who finally Philip sent to help, followed by detachments of Italians, mostly brutus, forced to leave their native land forever and, finally, on the right flank Carthaginian, and on the left - Numidian cavalry.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The battle began when the Romans frightened the elephants with their cry, the signals of trumpets and horns, and they, for the umpteenth time, turned against their own, mainly against the Moors standing on the left flank and Numidians.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Massinissa also directed his blow there.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The few animals that rushed at the enemy were hit by Roman darts and eventually turned right against the Carthaginian horsemen, where Lellius and his cavalry moved.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Since the Numidians were now fighting on the side of the Romans, Magarbal, the commander of the Carthaginian cavalry, decided to retreat and lure enemy horsemen away from the battlefield, equalizing the forces of the parties.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The second row of Carthaginians tried to flank the Romans.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

After that, the Roman onslaught weakened somewhat, and then Scipio, having removed the wounded, introduced the Triaries, that is, the main reserves, into business.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The battle resumed, and in the meantime, Lellius and Massinissa, who defeated the Punian cavalry, managed to gather and attacked the Carthaginian infantry from the rear.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Under this blow, the Carthaginians fell apart and they ran.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

More than 20,000 Carthaginians and their allies were killed in this battle, and the same number were captured.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Romans lost just over 1,500 men.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal himself fled to Hadrumet with a small group of horsemen.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

This is how the war ended.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Results


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Under the terms of peace, Carthage paid Rome a huge amount of money (an indemnity of 10,000 talents) for 50 years.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In addition, Carthage lost all its overseas possessions and its entire fleet (except ten ships), and it did not have the right to wage war with anyone without the permission of Rome.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Second Punic War lasted 17 years and ended with the victory of Rome, which became the strongest state in the Mediterranean.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Legions' Home Locations


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Year


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

218 — 2 each in Italy, Sicily and Gaul and Spain, a total of 6;


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

217 — 4 in Italy, 2 in Sicily and Gaul, 3 in Sardinia, 2 recruits in Spain, 11 in total;


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

216 — 10 in Italy, 2 in Sicily and Gaul, 3 in Sardinia, 2 recruits in Spain, 17 in total;


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

215 — 8 in Italy, 2 in Sardinia, 2 recruits in Spain, 12 in total;


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War

214 — 6 recruits, including 1 in Picena, 2 in Rome, 2 in Sicily and Gaul and 1 in Greece (Macedonia), 9 in Italy, 2 in Sardinia, 2 new in Spain, 19 in total;


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War

213 — 11 in Italy, 2 in Sicily and Gaul, 6 in Sardinia, 1 in Greece (Macedonia), 2 recruits in Spain, 22 in total;


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War

212 — 14 in Italy, 2 in Sicily and Gaul, 6 in Sardinia, 1 in Greece (Macedonia), 2 recruits in Spain, 25 in total;


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War

211 is the same


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War

Notes


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War

Literature


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War

Revyako K. A. Punic wars.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War

— Minsk: Universitetskoye, 1988.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War

— 272 p. — ISBN 5-7855-0087-6.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War

See also


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War

Spanish theater of operations during the Second Punic War


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War

References


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War

Ancient warfare


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War

Category:3rd Century BC Wars


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War

Category:History of ancient Sicily


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

The Second Punic War

Category:Ancient Roman Wars


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The offensive operation “Citadel” (July 5 — July 12, 1943) was a summer strategic offensive of the Wehrmacht on the northern and southern faces of the Kursk bridgehead; when the withdrawal of Soviet troops was detected it was planned to deliver cutting blows from the top of the Kursk ledge.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The purpose of the offensive is “to surround the enemy troops in the Kursk area through a concentric offensive and destroy them.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

At the same time, it was supposed to “widely use the moment of surprise”, “to ensure the maximum massaging of strike forces in a narrow area” and “to carry out the offensive at the fastest possible pace.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

[1] [comm 1]


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The successful completion of the Citadel offensive should “free up forces to perform subsequent tasks, especially mobile units”, and the planned “victory near Kursk” by Hitler's command must be a torch for the whole world” [1].


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

To repel the summer offensive of the Germans, the Supreme High Command Headquarters, with the direct participation of the headquarters of the Navy and the Central Fleet, developed a strategic plan for the summer-autumn campaign of 1943, which represented is a series of interconnected strategic operations of both defensive and offensive fronts.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Directly to disrupt the offensive, according to the Citadel plan, a deliberate defense operation was developed, which (after successful completion) was called the Kursk Strategic Defensive Operation (5—23 July).


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

A distinctive feature of this (judging by the name) defensive battle was the offensive actions (counterattacks) of the Soviet troops, planned both in advance and during the battles in the northern and southern faces of the Kursk Bulge.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The Germans could not strike at the top of the Kursk ledge; the Soviet command managed to use all the strategic advantages of the Kursk bridgehead, inflicting from its western part (summit) a powerful blow by army groups of the Central Fleet and the Navy in the Kiev and Sumy directions.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Planning for the spring/summer campaign


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

In the spring of 1943, Hitler's leadership was faced with the task of developing a further strategic line and a combat plan for the summer period.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

March 1943


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Operational Order of the Wehrmacht Headquarters No. 5


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

March 13, 1943 OKH issued, signed by Hitler, the Operational Order of the Wehrmacht Headquarters No. 5, which indicated the conduct of hostilities on the Eastern Front in the coming months.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

It set the following tasks:


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

to pre-empt Soviet troops after the end of the thaw in the offensive in certain sectors of the front


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

thereby impose its will on the Red Army.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The tasks of SA “South” and “Center”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Army Group South was ordered to create a strong tank group north of Kharkov by mid-April, and GA Center - a strike force south of Orel.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Concentric strikes then destroy Soviet troops on the Kursk ledge from the north and south.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Planning an offensive against Leningrad


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

At the beginning of July, an offensive against Leningrad was planned “with the maximum concentration of all artillery at its disposal using the latest offensive weapons. “


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

To release forces for the offensive on Kursk, it was planned to reduce the Kuban bridgehead and surrender the Vyazemsky ledge of the front.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

However, on March 28, a new decision was made: to keep Novorossiysk


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Therefore, Army Group A was able to allocate only two divisions, and about a dozen divisions remained to defend the Kuban bridgehead.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

In conclusion, they talk about the timing of preparation — “the commanders of army groups to report on their plans by March 25.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Order of Hitler's Headquarters of March 22, 1943


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The Citadel offensive plan was fraught with great risk due to possible attacks by Soviet troops in the Orel district or between the Kharkov and the Sea of Azov.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Therefore, OKH proposed to conduct a private offensive operation south-east of Kharkiv to eliminate the threat from the Izyum district.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Addition to Operational Order No. 5


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The Headquarters assumed “that the period of thaw this year on the southern wing of the Eastern Front will probably be very short”, in this regard, Hitler “ordered Army Group South” to initially prepare a strike with the forcing of the river. Donets to destroy enemy forces west of Kupyansk.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

This strike was supposed to precede a general offensive against Kursk:


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

“... to support themselves from the rear in the event of an offensive in the direction of Kursk, which will be carried out immediately after this strike.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Report by E.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Manstein dated March 22, 1943.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

In pursuance of Operational Order No. 5, the Army Group reports:


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

At the turn of the Middle Donets, the following most significant improvements in our positions are envisaged:


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

a) the capture of the Donets bend south of Savintsy by the forces of the 14th Infantry Division.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

b) mastering the border from Izyum to the knee of the Donets southeast of Savintsy in connection with or in cooperation with the operation specified in paragraph “a”.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The time and method of these actions will be conveyed in particular.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Reorganization and replenishment


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Manstein notes that “the reorganization will generally be completed by the end of April, and completely by mid-May,” and some mobile units will be combat-ready “only on a limited scale.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The created strong 4th Panzer Army will be “ready for action... no earlier than early or mid-May”.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

We need reserves — “until the initiative finally passes into our hands, it is necessary to leave one mobile corps behind the front of the 6 and 1 tank armies.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

In conclusion, Manstein is “forced” to report that the forces of Army Group South are “insufficient to solve the tasks assigned to it...”:


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

If at least five tank and motorized divisions are used for defense, then only eight mobile units will remain for offensive operations, and this army will not be allocated a single infantry division.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

I have to point out that Army Group South, with the length of its front of 650 km, has only 24 infantry and 13 tank and motorized divisions, while Army Group Center, at the length of the front 1250 km has 69 infantry and 13 tank and motorized divisions.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Telegram by G. Kluge of March 24, 1943


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

In accordance with Operational Order No. 5, the Army Group reports:


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

1. During the thaw, along with the further construction of positions, it will continue... the restoration of the combat effectiveness of the largest possible number of divisions and parts of the reserve of the high command of the ground forces, primarily compounds intended for the offensive...


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

2. It is planned to include in the 9th Army, which will strike from the area south of St. Eagle, of the following forces:


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

41 Panzer Corps (Strikes)


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

46th Panzer Corps (Strikes)


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

47 Panzer Corps (Strikes)


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

23rd Army Corps (Second Echelon)


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The 20 Army Corps (on the western flank) has six tank, one motorized, one assault and four infantry divisions.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

In accordance with the first addition to operational order No. 5, the command of the GA “Center” expects that the 9 Army will concentrate for the offensive by about May 1.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

After the operation and entering a new, shorter line (line) east of Kursk, the management of the 9 Army with most of its strike forces can be used to perform another task.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

April 1943


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The actions of the Soviet command


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

In early April 1943, the Soviet command, based on intelligence data, as well as aviation and front-line intelligence, made an analysis of the situation and a forecast for the spring-summer period.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Important information came from the English decipher John Cairncross (operational pseudonyms “Moliere”, “List”, “Karel”), who worked for Soviet intelligence, who had direct access to the decryption Wehrmacht radiograms intercepted by the British [4].


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

According to Antonov V. S., “in April 1943, Liszt reported extremely important information that during the summer military campaign Germany intends to take revenge for the defeat at Stalingrad and deploy a large-scale offensive in the area of Kursk and Orel (Operation Citadel)”.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Reports from the headquarters of the TF and the VF


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

After reading the report by G. K., Stalin I. IN. “ordered to request the opinion of the fronts.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

On April 10, 1943, the Report of the Headquarters of the Central Fleet was received, signed by the Chief of Staff of the Front M. S. Malinin.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The opinion of the WF leadership was received later, on April 12, 1943.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Thus, in the period from April 8 to April 12, 1943, the Soviet command already had its own opinion “about the enemy's goals in the spring-summer period”, that is, before A. Hitler of the “Operational Order of the Wehrmacht Headquarters No. 6” — for Operation Citadel on April 15.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Draft plan for Operation Citadel dated April 12, 1943.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

It should be noted that the code name of the offensive plan - “Citadel” is already present in the “Project from the Command of Army Group Center” of April 12”, which provides the main parameters of the operation, including for the 9th Army, Air Force, timing and resources.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The available intelligence about the enemy “testifies more to his defensive than offensive intentions”.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Nevertheless, as during the Soviet offensive “in the direction of Kharkov, as well as in the case of the German offensive”, “one must reckon with the possibility of offensive actions of the enemy in order to distract and shackling our forces both in the Dmitriev area and in front of the eastern and northern sections of the 2 Tank Army strip.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The final version of the Citadel offensive of April 15, 1943.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

During the preparation of the strategic offensive according to the Citadel plan, it turned out that by the end of April, the troops did not have time to make up for the losses in manpower and equipment.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

In mid-April, Hitler personally signs the “Operational Order of the Wehrmacht Headquarters No. 6”:


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

“As soon as weather conditions permit, I decided to launch the Citadel offensive, the first offensive this year. This offensive is of crucial importance. It must end with a quick and decisive success. The offensive should give us the initiative for the spring and summer of this year.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

It was supposed to “break through the enemy's defenses with one blow” and “transfer it from the depths of force as soon as possible to cover the flanks of the strike groups so that the latter could only move forward” .


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

To do this, it is necessary that “the best formations, the best weapons, the best commanders and a large amount of ammunition must be used in the direction of the main attacks”.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The beginning of the operation is determined - “the earliest date for the onset is May 3”.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

May 1943


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

In one of the reports of the reconnaissance department of the General Staff of the German Army dated May 2, 1943, it was said:


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

“According to some new reports, it is possible that the enemy has unraveled the preparation of the German offensive...”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Uncertainty about the success of the offensive forced the German command to repeatedly postpone the start of the operation [5]:


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The offensive, originally scheduled for May 3, was first postponed by the decision of the Fuhrer on April 29, since the tank, self-propelled and anti-tank equipment of the advancing divisions was insufficient compared to the enemy's powerful defense system.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Based on the likely timing of the delivery of equipment for heavy tanks and anti-tank guns, the operation is scheduled to begin on June 12.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Events in the Mediterranean region, however, caused a new postponement of Operation Citadel.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

However, on June 18, the Fuhrer, taking into account the considerations of the headquarters of the operational leadership, finally spoke in favor of the offensive operation “Citadel”.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

On June 21, the Fuhrer scheduled an offensive for July 3, and on June 25 set the deadline - July 5.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The “Diary” also refers to the information cover of the operation, in connection with which the chief of staff of the operational leadership gave instructions to the head of the propaganda department regarding the offensive of the Citadel [5]:


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

... it is necessary to widely promote the offensive power of the troops without revealing the tasks for this year in the East.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Our true intentions — an offensive with a limited purpose — should not be disclosed.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Therefore, it is advisable to present the case in such a way that the offensive was launched by the Russians, but thwarted by our defensive actions, which launched a counteroffensive, which led to the defeat of the enemy.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Such an image of the situation will lower the enemy's offensive power and emphasize the power of our defense and reserves in the East.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Thanks to this, the opening of the second front by the allies can be postponed until the end of the fighting in the East


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

June 1943


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Northern grouping


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

June 14, 1943 IN. The model defines the tasks of the corps of the 9 Army for the upcoming offensive operation “Citadel”, warning that “increased enemy forces are waiting for an attack by the Weiss group.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Codenamed “Weiss Group”, the documents designate the 9th Army, and also [7]: “It is assumed that the enemy is preparing its own offensive in case our operation does not take place was carried out. (This refers to the Oryol offensive operation “Kutuzov”. — E. SCH.)”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

On June 18, the commander of the GA “Center” gen.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Field Marshal von Kluge sent a telegram to the Chief of the General Staff (General Staff) of the Ground Forces with a request to report its content to Hitler.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

In it, Kluge says that “we cannot avoid the Russian offensive on the Eastern Front” and “... I do not believe that the Russians will act only after the start of the amphibious operation of the Western powers.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The commander of the GA “Center” considers the best option “to conduct an offensive according to the Citadel plan by a group of forces established by the order and mainly already created”, and “purely defensive actions... will lead to immediate dispersion of our forces” and “even having withstood this defensive battle, we would still, apparently, be forced to leave the Oryol ledge in order to save strength...”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Southern grouping


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

On June 20, 1943, the command of the 4th Panzer Army (TA) assessed the situation for the conduct of Operation Citadel and its continuation.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

It is noted that the offensive “will take a longer time than could have been expected until now”, and “the task of the 4 Tank Army will be to defeat the 1 Tank Russian Army, because without it destruction, further conduct of the operation is unthinkable.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

On June 28, 1943, the “Order for the 4 Tank Army of June 28, 1943” was issued, which set general tasks for the 4 Tank Army and its corps - the 48 Tank Corps (TC), the 2 SS Tank Corps (2 tk ss), the 52- mu army corps.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

It is planned that the 2 SS Tank Corps “with its main forces to the north-east south of the Psel section, and the right flank - through Prokhorovka”, while the Kempf group “is advancing on the left flank (6th tank division) from Belgorod through Sabinino in the direction of Prokhorovka.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

July 1943


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

On July 1, 1943, Kempf's task force was given the “Order for Operation Citadel No. 1 (New Version)”, in order to “ensure the entire operation, leading an offensive to the east.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

At the same time, “the 4 Tank Army breaks through the enemy's defenses in the direction of Kursk, advancing across the Maryino-Oboyan line, and establishes communication with the 9 Army advancing from the north as soon as possible.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Kempf's group “holds the line along the river. Donets from the right flank to the mouth of the river. Nezhegol and captures the line Nezhegol, Korocha to Korocha”, as well as “together with tank forces strikes in the general direction of Skorodnoye to take over the cover of the flank in the Koroch section, bend Sejm, south of Manturov.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

It is envisaged that the Soviet command “will also be able, using the available reserves, to conduct a distracting operation”.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

At the same time, the goal may be to master the Kharkiv district.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Crisis of the offensive operation “Citadel”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Severny face


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Yuzhny fas


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

July 11 meeting in Dolbino


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The issue of introducing reserves was raised at a meeting on the morning of July 11, 1943. (Dolbino station, on the Belgorod-Kharkov stretch), what E.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

von Manstein also does not mention it in his memoirs.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Nevertheless, V. Zamulin writes that the Field Marshal “was forced to gather all commanders and their chiefs of staff at the Dolbino station (on the Belgorod-Kharkov stretch) to resolve the issue” [12]:


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

“What to do next and is it possible to leave at all with both connections - the 2nd TC SS and the 3rd TC to Prokhorovka.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

An excerpt from the transcript of the discussion according to V. Zamulina “paints a bleak picture that has developed after six days of the offensive of the most powerful Wehrmacht group on the Eastern Front” [12]:


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Manstein: Turning south and moving southward must be made by more than one division.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The offensive in the northeastern (Prokhorovsky direction. — Z. V.) is still possible now, but it will be impossible later, since the enemy has concentrated new tank forces in this area (in the Prokhorovka area. — Z. C.).


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

If the attack of the 3rd TC is unsuccessful, he should go on the defensive and it will be possible to use his connections on the right flank (4th T A. — Z. V.) or north of Oboyan for the development of an offensive in the western direction.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

The 24th TC will arrive no earlier than July 17, and it is planned to use it for an offensive in the western direction if the 3rd TC can still not be used for this.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Fangor: It would be good if the 2nd TC SS continued its offensive to the northeast (to Prokhorovka. — Z. V.), since everything planned earlier was built with this in mind.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

And what would be better for a strike to the south/southeast (towards the 3rd TC. — Z. V.) use the 24th TC, and not the 2nd TC SS.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Manstein: The 24th TC will arrive too late and invited the commander of the 4th TA to consider the option in which the 1b7th nd would be used to help the attacker in the northern direction of the Z-mu tk.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Order XXIV TC on regrouping


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Manstein writes that “XXIV TC in connection with the threat of an enemy offensive on the Donetsk front was subordinated to the group, but not for its free use.”


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Zamulin V. N. cites archival data saying that “on the evening of July 12, when there was no question of terminating the operation yet, Manstein gave a number of orders to implement the plan for further offensive.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

So, at 21.10 he sent an order to V. Neringa about the regrouping of the compound to the Belgorod area [13]:


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

“The SS tank division “Viking” is in the Belgorod area, namely: Bolkhovets (5 km north. -west Belgorod-Bolkhovets road) - 6 km south-west of the Belgorod-Repnoye road. 23rd Panzer Division - to the Dolzhik, Orlovka, Bessonovka, Almazovka areas. The support group II of the TC SS, located in this area, immediately covertly curl up for enemy reconnaissance in order to liberate the territory””


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

As you can see, on July 12, at least two tank divisions were transferred to Belgorod, and the “support group II TC SS” was already there.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

See also


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Battle of Kursk


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Kursk Strategic Defensive Operation


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Battle on the northern face of the Kursk Bulge


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

List of parts participating in the Battle of Kursk


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Battle of Prokhorovka


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

comments


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Notes


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Literature


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

E.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Klink.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Das Gesetz des Handelns.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Die Operation.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Zitadelle 1943.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Stuttgart, 1956,


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Davydkov V. AND. Analysis of the Battle of Kursk (historical and documentary epic).


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

— Kursk, 2005.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Photobook “The Battle of Kursk. Fiery Summer 1943”, ed.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Viktorov V., text Zamulin V., Ivanov I., Sotnikov A., IP Viktorova G. N., 2013


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

References


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Site “”:


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Military archives,,.


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

(Official website of the Russian Ministry of Defense


Question: How many cities were liberated during the Kharkiv offensive?

Operation Citadel

Category:Battle of Kursk


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav

The blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav lasted from March 3 to March 26, 2014.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

It began with the blocking of the exit from Donuzlav by the missile cruiser “Moscow”, and then was associated with the sinking by the Russian side of the large anti-submarine ship “Ochakov” in order to prevent the exit of the Ukrainian fleet to Odessa.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

As a result, 13 Ukrainian ships were blocked in Donuzlav.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

The blockade ended with the establishment of control over the last ship under the Ukrainian flag in Crimea, the Cherkassy.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

As a result of this operation, the Ukrainian fleet lost control over a number of its ships.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Military base


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

260px|mini|left|berth of the Southern Naval Base of Ukraine


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

260px|mini|right|landing ship Konstantin Olshansky during exercises in Donuzlav in 2009


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

In 1961, a 200-meter canal was dug, which turned Lake Donuzlav into a bay.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Since then, the development of this region has been associated with the Crimean Naval Base.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

After the division of the Black Sea Fleet, the base came under the control of Ukraine.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

The Southern Naval Base of Ukraine was established.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On the territory of Donuzlav, joint exercises of NATO and Ukraine “Sea Breeze” were repeatedly held [1] [2], which caused disapproval from Russia [3] [4].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

At the time of the beginning of the blockade, the following military facilities and formations of the Ukrainian Navy were located in the village of Novoozernoye: 257 combined weapons and property depot (military unit A4290), naval reconnaissance point (military unit A3343), the Southern Naval Base of Ukraine (military unit A2506) and 21 areas of the coastal surveillance system (military unit A4249) [5].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Also in the Donuzlav area in the village of Mirny, there is an abandoned anti-submarine air base [6] [7].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

As of March 2014, ships of the 5th brigade of surface ships of the Ukrainian Navy were based in Novoozernoye [5] [8]:


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

corvette Vinnitsa (U206);


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Chernigov sea minesweeper (U310);


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Cherkasy sea minesweeper (U311);


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Genichesk raid minesweeper (U360);


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Kirovograd medium landing ship (U401);


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Konstantin Olshansky large amphibious assault ship (U402);


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Gorlovka transport (U753);


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

anti-sabotage boat “Feodosia” (U240);


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Kherson torpedo boat (U891);


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Dobropole boat (U854).


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

The 8th separate division of support vessels included [5] [9]:


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

“Evpatoria” fire-fighting boat (U728);


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

sea tug Kovel (U831);


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Novoozernoye tow boat (U942).


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Background


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

From February 23 to February 27, the executive authorities of Sevastopol and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea were changed [10] [11].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

The new Crimean government declared the illegitimacy of the Ukrainian authorities and appealed for assistance and assistance to the leadership of Russia, which supported the Crimean authorities [12] [13].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On March 1, after receiving appeals from the Crimean government and Viktor Yanukovych, Russian President Vladimir Putin submitted an appeal to the Federation Council on the use of Russian troops on the territory of Ukraine [14].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On the same day, the Federation Council, meeting for an extraordinary meeting, agreed to the use of Russian troops in Ukraine [15].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Also, on March 1, 2014, by decree of Acting President of Ukraine Oleksandr Turchinov, Denis Berezovsky was appointed commander of the Naval Forces of Ukraine.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

The next day, the Rear Admiral took the oath to the new leadership of the Crimea and was appointed commander of the Crimean Navy [16].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On the same day, he was removed from his post by the decision of Acting Minister of Defense of Ukraine Igor Tenyukh and by decree of the Acting President of Ukraine.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Sergei Haiduk was appointed commander instead of Berezovsky [17] [18] [19].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

The course of events


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

According to the Minister of Defense of Ukraine Igor Tenyukh, the fleet at that time had only four ships conditionally combat-ready, including the large amphibious assault ship Konstantin based in Donuzlav Olshansky” [20].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Answering the question why the Ukrainian ships were not withdrawn from the Crimea at the end of February 2014, Tenyukh accused the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine Yuri Ilyin, who, according to him, did not give corresponding order [21].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

However, Ilyin himself accused Tenyukh of the absence of such an order [22].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

The commander of the Cherkasy minesweeper Yuriy Fedash claims that on February 27, an order was issued to bring military units to combat readiness, but on the same day it was canceled.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On February 28, by oral order, Fedash claims, the ships went to Odessa, but by order of Denis Berezovsky they returned back [23].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On March 2, 2014, four KAMAZ trucks with armed men arrived in the village of Novoozernoye [24].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

They settled in the building of an abandoned barracks and installed the flag of Russia over it [25] [26].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On March 3, 2014, information appeared about the blocking of the Southern Naval Base of Ukraine by military personnel of the Russian Federation [27].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

The 200-meter exit from Donuzlav Bay was blocked by the flagship of the Russian Black Sea Fleet, the Moskva missile cruiser, accompanied by four support ships [28] [29].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On land, the Ukrainian unit was blocked by about 100 servicemen of Russia.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

At the same time, the ships of the Ukrainian Navy received an order to withdraw from the pier and disperse along Donuzlav [30].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

260px|mini|right|Chernigov minesweeper in Donuzlav in 2008


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

The commander of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation Alexander Vitko personally came to negotiations with the command of the unit with a request to surrender and take the oath to the Crimean people, but he was refused [31].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

It was also refused to execute Denis Berezovsky's order — the ships to go to the pier and hand over their weapons to warehouses [30].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On the morning of March 4, Crimean Prime Minister Sergei Aksyonov said that the personnel of Ukrainian military units are ready to obey the new government of Crimea and that with regard to commanders who refuse to comply his orders, criminal proceedings will be initiated [32].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On March 4, unmarked armed men began digging trenches near the pier.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

The next day, March 5, the exit from Donuzlav began to be blocked by the ships SFP-183, Moskva, Shtil and Molniya [24].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

In order to prevent Ukrainian ships from leaving for Odessa on the night of March 5-6, 2014, at the exit from Donuzlav, the decommissioned large anti-submarine ship Ochakov (length about 180 meters) was sunk and rescue tugboat “Shakhter”, which belonged to the Russian Federation.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

“Ochakov” lay on board, blocking the exit from the bay [33] [34].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

It took about 80 minutes to flood the Ochakov [35].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

In connection with the blockade of Ukrainian ships in Donuzlav, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine expressed a strong protest to the Russian Federation [36].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On March 7, the BM-416 fire boat with a displacement of 30-40 tons was flooded [37].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On March 12, the Ukrainian military reported an attempt to infiltrate the territory of a military unit by a group of four Russian soldiers [38].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On March 13, information appeared about the sinking of the fourth ship at the exit from the bay [39] [40] [41], after which the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine handed over a note to Russia in connection with the sinking of ships in Donuzlav and a threat to environmental safety in the Black Sea.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Yevhen Perebiynis, Director of the Information Policy Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, said that all responsibility for the damage caused to the marine environment and natural resources lies with the Russian side [42].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Also on March 13, food in the amount of about 25 tons, collected by farmers from the Rivne region, was delivered to the location of the Southern Naval Base of Ukraine.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

The commander of the base, Vladimir Dogonov, said that there was a lot of help for their base, and therefore shared it with neighboring military units [43].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Residents of Kirovograd and Novomyrhorod passed aid through the Red Cross [44].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

The commander of the Cherkassy minesweeper Yuri Fedash said that assistance was also provided by Crimean Tatars from the nearby villages of Medvedevo and Kirovskoye [45].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

After the referendum on the status of Crimea on March 16, the sailors asked the Ukrainian leadership for a clear plan for further actions to evacuate servicemen and their families from Donuzlav [46] [47].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

However, Acting President of Ukraine Oleksandr Turchynov said that the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff give orders to protect their ships.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Turchynov also stressed the need to survive and prevent Russia's further invasion of Ukraine [48].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

Deputy of the State Duma of Russia and former commander of the Black Sea Fleet Vladimir Komoedov said that the Ukrainian ships that are on the territory of the Crimea, after the referendum will become Russian [49].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

250px|mini|right|headquarters of the Southern Naval Base of Ukraine


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On March 19, 2014, the headquarters of the Southern Naval Base of Ukraine and the berth of the 5th military camp came under the control of the Russian Federation [23] [50] [51].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

The headquarters gate near the checkpoint was bulldozed.


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

The Russian military blocked the exit from the fleet of vehicles with civilian vehicles [52].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

After that, the ships “Vinnitsa”, “Konstantin Olshansky”, “Kirovograd”, “Cherkasy” and “Chernihiv” went to the middle of Donuzlav in order to prevent capture [53].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On March 20, the commander of the 5th brigade of surface ships of the Ukrainian Navy Vitaly Zvyagintsev, who defected to Russia, ordered all ships to dock ashore [54] [55].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On March 21, three machine-gun points were deployed on the shore [56].


Question: How many ships were returned to Ukraine after the blockade of the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav?

On the same day, the ships Kirovograd, Feodosia and Chernihiv approached the pier and surrendered [24].