Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In World War II, Mexico was an ally of the anti-Hitler coalition.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Financial and technological assistance from the United States has allowed Mexico to modernize its railways and industry.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Having lost European imports, Mexico was forced to develop its own production.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The war raised world prices, thereby creating favorable conditions for Mexican trade [52].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1942, an agreement was signed to resolve the US-Mexico conflict.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

US direct investment rose from $316 million in 1946 to $787 million in 1957.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The US also held a monopoly position in Mexican foreign trade [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

After the war, a period of economic growth began: the implementation of industrialization programs, industrial development of regions, irrigation, and the introduction of new agricultural technologies [52].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

By 1958, Mexico had reached the first place in Latin America in terms of total industrial production [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The public sector played an important role.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

After the reforms of Cárdenas, the state owned railways, the oil and oil refining industries, and 12-15% of the manufacturing industry.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

It accounted for 33 to 43% of all investments [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The increase in production led to an almost twofold increase in the number of industrial workers in the 1940s and 1950s, their number increased from 420 to 800 thousand. The number of workers engaged in agriculture increased from 1.2 to 2 million people.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The share of industry in the gross domestic product exceeded the share of agriculture — the country gradually became industrial-agricultural.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Agrarian reform in the 1940s and 1950s slowed down — in 18 years (1940-1958), peasants received 12.3 million hectares of land [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1958-1964, the distribution of land accelerated again, taxation reform was undertaken, and energy and film industries were nationalized [52].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In the period 1964-1970, production developed rapidly with an annual increase in gross national product by 6.5%.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Per capita income has increased [52].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

From 1958 to 1970, more than 600,000 peasant families received 32 million hectares, while under Cárdenas only 18 million hectares.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The share of the echidal (communal) sector increased in the 1960s from 26 to 49.8% of agricultural land [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1969, the first metro lines were opened in Mexico City [52].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

During the 1960s, the country's population increased from 37 million to 51 million people [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Despite the success in the economy, due to the inadequate distribution of material wealth, the problems in the field of education and social security of the rapidly growing population could not be effectively solved [52] .


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The emergence of a new latifundism, the existence of a large number of low-income peasant farms and the excess of the rural population became the reasons for the further development of social contradictions.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Part of the population illegally crossed the US border [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1968, growing social tension led to student unrest, and on October 2, 1968, ten days before the start of the XIX Summer Olympic Games, the authorities caused hundreds of victims shooting of a peaceful student demonstration in Three Cultures Square [52].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

President Luis Echeverria, who came to power in 1970, tried to reduce tensions in society and increase the authority of the PRI through new reforms.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

His government has taken a course to democratize the electoral process, weaken economic dependence on the United States, and intensify agrarian reform.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, the latter was complicated by the fact that the fund of lands to be expropriated was almost exhausted.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Nevertheless, the government managed to identify and expropriate 2 million hectares of empty land [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

And in 1971, a law was adopted that prohibited any form of alienation of communal land, its lease and other transactions that allowed the participation of third parties in the use of land [102].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Between 1976 and 1982. Mexico has tripled its oil production, becoming one of the leading oil-producing countries.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, the fall in oil prices led to the nationalization of banks, a 75% devaluation of the Mexican peso and a reduction in the cost of imports and maintenance of the state apparatus [52].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Institutional Revolutionary Party


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the name acquired by the Mexican Revolution Party in 1946, took a monopoly position in the political life of the country.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The head of the party was the President of Mexico, and the leading position in the party was taken by the party-state bureaucracy.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Workers' organizations, such as the Confederation of Workers of Mexico, were controlled by the PRI and the government [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Despite the fact that social democratic tendencies prevailed in the party at times, the PRI did not associate itself with global social democracy.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

It was precisely the national character of the ideology that proclaimed the continuation of the permanent Mexican Revolution until its ideals were fully realized: sovereignty, freedom, democracy, social justice.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

To justify the declared political pluralism, the ruling regime encouraged the creation of numerous parties, financing their activities and election campaigns.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, until the end of the 1970s, the number of parties that were officially registered and admitted to the elections, excluding the PRI, did not exceed three [103].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The national reformist course of the PRI has been criticized by both right and left forces.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

But the opposition was limited in its capabilities.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In the 1940s and 1950s, the right united around the National Action Party (MHP).


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The MHP represented the interests of the financial and industrial circles associated with American capital, as well as agricultural and Catholic circles.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Despite the fact that the MHP could not compete with the PRI, it achieved representation in the National Congress and tried to put pressure on the ruling party.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The left-wing opposition of that period was made up of small parties, while the left-wing movements were represented in the PRI itself [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Since 1919, Mexico had a Communist Party, which was allowed to participate in elections only in 1979 [103].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Since 1935, the far-right Tecos movement of the neo-fascist nature has been consolidated.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Tecos was supported by the Autonomous University of Guadalajara, founded by a group of Catholic activists, including Antonio Leaño.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Among the leaders of Tecos was Jorge Prieto Laurens, an active participant in the revolution and political struggle of the Caudilism era.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

After the events of 1968, demands for changes in the political system began to be increasingly heard.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In the 1970s and 1980s, a number of constitutional and electoral reforms were carried out.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, the practice of forgery and falsification of election results continued [103].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

During this period, in the conditions of a long monopoly of the PRI, bureaucratization and corruption, the large bourgeoisie began to strive more persistently to participate in political power and demand respect for their interests [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

This has led to the strengthening of the role of the MHP.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1982, it won 15.7% of the vote and 51 out of 400 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, and the PRI - 70.9% and 299 [103] seats.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In the 1980s, the MHP took a more moderate position [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1988, the left branch separated from the PRI under the direction of Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, the son of a famous reformer.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

This movement served as the basis for the left-wing coalition, the National Democratic Front.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In the 1988 elections, the PRI won 50.4% of the vote and 263 seats out of 500 in the Chamber of Deputies, the MHP - more than 17% and 101 seats, the National Democratic Front - 31.1% and 136 seats.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

These elections marked the transition to political pluralism [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Neoliberal reforms


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

At the height of the 1982-1983 crisis, the government of Miguel de la Madrid came to power.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

De la Madrid began the fight against corruption by opening criminal proceedings against two officials of the previous administration.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, it did not touch the bureaucratic apparatus of the PRI and associated trade union leaders [52].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On the recommendation of international financial organizations, the Government adopted a program of austerity and reorientation towards the private sector


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

A period of neoliberal reforms has begun in the country [104] [105] [106].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

State-owned enterprises were privatized, government spending was reduced, administrative staff was reduced and the previously nationalized banking sector was partially privatized systems [103].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Import restrictions have been reduced and opportunities for foreign investment have been liberalized [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1984—1985, there was a new economic recovery, but oil prices soon fell again.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1986, GDP fell by 3.7 per cent, inflation in 1987 was 143.6 per cent.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

From 1983 to 1987, the country received loans worth $31 billion, but over the same years it paid $67.4 billion on its external debt.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

External debt by 1989 exceeded $107 billion, and the leakage of national capital to the United States amounted to 50 billion dollars.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

This situation did not allow Mexico to solve its economic problems [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On September 19, 1985, a strong earthquake with a magnitude of 8.0 occurred in Mexico City.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

According to official estimates, the number of victims amounted to 10 thousand people [107].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Due to the regime's inability to effectively combat the consequences of the disaster, confidence in the government was further undermined [108].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1986, Mexico acceded to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and all left-wing political forces and most trade unions and public organizations opposed accession.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

This step paved the way for the final phase of the neoliberal project implemented by de la Madrid's successor [103].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Carlos Salinas, who came to power in 1988, also pursued a policy of encouraging private capital, reducing customs duties and reducing the public sector [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

With the help of savings, the Salinas government was able to stabilize the financial system and the peso against the dollar.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Salinas has taken a number of measures aimed at combating the drug mafia: in five years, 100,000 hectares of narcotic plant plantations have been destroyed and 89,000 people suspected of having links with drug cartels [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

A programme for the protection of the poor (National Solidarity Programme) has been developed.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

A course was also taken towards rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church [52].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In the context of stagnation of the agricultural sector, in order to increase competition and individualization, a reform was carried out, which gave community members the right to own land [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On 7 November 1991, President Salinas initiated discussions on amending the Constitution, which culminated in the adoption of a new Agrarian Act in 1992.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

It defined the status of echidal farms, which were now declared legal entities, and their members were full owners of their land plots.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

At the same time, the latter had the right to liquidate the community [102]


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Farmers also received the right to sell and rent out their plots.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, the ban preventing the creation of latifundia remained in force, and members of the Ejido community could not own more than 5% of its land.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

At the same time, due to a decrease in preferential state funding, the decapitalization of peasant farms has intensified, and increased debts accelerated their ruin.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The share of agriculture in national production fell to 5% [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Due to the exhaustion of the fund of lands subject to expropriation and the creation of a free land market, the state refused to divide expropriated land between peasants.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Thus, if in the period from 1915 to 1988 80 million hectares of land were distributed among peasants, in the period from 1989 to 1994 only 520 hectares [102].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In November 1993, Mexico and the United States signed an agreement establishing the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), which entered into force on January 1, 1994.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

It was envisaged to gradually introduce free movement of goods, capital and labor within the zone [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

With this agreement, the Salinas government hoped to increase sales of Mexican goods to the US market, solve employment and migration problems, and create excess labor in the United States, was expected growth of industrial enterprises with advanced technologies and high quality products [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Mexico also pledged to open access to its telecommunications to companies from the United States and Canada and lift restrictions on joint ventures [52].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Zapatista rebellion


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On January 1, 1994, an armed uprising of the Zapatista [52] [Note 28] began, the bulk of whom were poor Indian peasants.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The rebels demanded constitutional recognition of the rights of Mexico's indigenous peoples and opposed neoliberal reforms, the ratification of the NAFTA Treaty [109] [Note 29] and laws allowing the purchase of sale of peasant communal lands [52].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Their troops occupied seven municipal centers of Chiapas without firing a shot.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

But already on January 2, the Zapatistas retreated to the mountains under the onslaught of federal troops, and aircraft began bombing the jungle.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Hundreds of thousands of people spontaneously took to the streets of Mexico City and other cities of the country, demanding that the government stop the massacre and start negotiations.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On January 12, President Ernesto Zedillo announced a unilateral ceasefire and agreed to the beginning of a peaceful dialogue. [110]


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

About 150 people died in the clashes [111].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1995, lengthy negotiations are taking place with the authorities.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The ZANO (Zapatista National Liberation Army) and the Federal Government signed the so-called “San Andrés Accords”, which amend the Mexican Constitution and recognize the rights and indigenous cultures, and the autonomy and self - government rights of Indian communities and the territories they inhabit.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

But the provisions of these agreements have remained on paper, and are ignored by the current authorities [110].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, having abandoned direct armed confrontation, the Zapatistas are not going to abandon their goals — a complete reorganization of the management of the nation from the bottom to the top and restructuring it in a “left” vein.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

At present, they continue to hold the 32 municipalities they have created, almost independent of the central government, in which the administration, as well as the health and education system, are newly are modeled on them.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Zapatista movement intends to extend this system, which provides for “direct democracy” as opposed to the usual parliamentarism, to the whole country.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

To this end, subcomandante Marcos, the main ideologist and propagandist of the Zapatistas, announced in 2006 in the sixth Declaration of the Larandon Selva that the Zapatistas intend to start “another campaign”, achieving its goals by legal means [112].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The financial “tekile crisis” [Note 30]


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Due to the Zapatista uprising, investors have become cautious about investing their money in an unstable region.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1994, following the assassination of PRI presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio, the party's new candidate was Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León, an economist who was elected in July 1994 head of state, gaining 50.2% of the vote [52].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On the eve of the presidential elections in Mexico, the domestic political situation became more complicated.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Mexican Stock Exchange's reaction to these changes has brought it to the last place on the list of the 24 largest exchanges in the world.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The fall in shares caused the movement of funds to the fixed income securities market and the outflow of capital from the country [113].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The stagnation in production and the growing trade deficit have made Mexico unattractive for foreign investment.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Due to the reduction in investment inflows, the Government raised interest rates on government bonds and transferred most domestic short-term debt to short-term government bonds indexed to the dollar.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, such a policy led to an intensification of the crisis: debt indexation led to an increase in public debt and a decrease in the effect of devaluation [113].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The government and the Bank of Mexico, with financial assistance from the United States, temporarily managed to calm foreign investors and for most of 1994 inflation was kept at 6.9% [113].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

But from November to December, foreign exchange reserves fell from $17.1 billion to $3.8 billion [113] [114].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The peso, which until December 20 was 3.5 per dollar, fluctuated, reaching 8 per dollar. The country's solvency was threatened, as Mexico did not have the means to pay short-term government obligations [113].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On 3 January 1995, a program for overcoming the crisis was published, providing for the following measures: reducing the foreign trade deficit, restoring balance between the main macroeconomic indicators , smoothing out the inflationary consequences of devaluation by gradually raising prices, freezing wages, and reducing public spending [52] [113].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

By limiting the growth of the money supply and reducing the volume of banking operations, Mexico avoided hyperinflation, but the confidence of foreign creditors has not been restored.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The total amount of financial assistance to Mexico amounted to $51.8 billion, an unprecedented amount at the time [113].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

About 20 thousand enterprises went bankrupt.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

700 thousand people were left without work.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The large amount of outstanding debt led to a crisis in the credit system [113].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The financial crisis in Mexico revealed a number of shortcomings in its economy, such as dependence on the United States and the lack of mechanisms for regulating external financial flows [113].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Elections of 2000


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1994, an amendment to the Constitution was adopted, expanding the possibilities of public control over the course of elections.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The opposition gained access to the media, and more equal opportunities for financing election campaigns were provided [52].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1996, changes were made to the electoral system that made it difficult to falsify election results.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1997, when participating in parliamentary elections, the PRI won only 39% and 239 seats out of 500, thus losing an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Vicente Fox, a representative of the MHP, won the presidential election on 2 July 2000.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

He won 42.5% of the vote.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The PRI candidate received 36.1%, and Cuauhtemoc Cárdenas took the third place with 16.6%.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In the Chamber of Deputies, the MHP won 223 seats, while the PRI won 211, and the Democratic Revolution Party (PDR), created in 1989 by Cárdenas, won 66 seats.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The mayor of the capital was the candidate of the PDR


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The PRI's long-standing monopoly ended, and the country moved to a multi-party system [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

XXI century


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Cactus revolution


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Vicente Fox strengthened the American direction in Mexico's international relations, attempted to reform outdated state institutions, and fought corruption.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, the Fox administration failed to solve such problems as the monopoly of the largest private corporations that have established control over key industries, social stratification, problems in relations governments with bureaucratic unions under the influence of the PRI, acute conflict with the Indian population, drug trafficking and organized crime, illegal emigration of Mexicans to the United States [ 115].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 2006, thousands of protests took place in Mexico against the results of the presidential election, in which Felipe Calderón, a representative of the MHP, won by less than a percentage.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Calderón's opponent, the leader of the PDR, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, refused to admit defeat and accused the authorities of fraud.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

He then demanded a manual recount of all ballots.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Mass protests, demonstrations and actions of civil disobedience have begun to be organized [116].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On July 16, a demonstration took place in Mexico City, the number of participants in which was about 1 million people [117].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Another way of expressing protest was the blockade by opposition representatives of the Spanish Embassy, which lasted several hours [118].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On Saturday, September 16, 2006, Mexico's Independence Day, supporters of left-wing political forces proclaimed their leader the legitimate president of the country.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

This decision was made in Zókalo Square at the National Democratic Convention gathered by the opposition [119].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On November 20, the anniversary of the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution of 1910—1917, participants in the alternative elections held the oath ceremony of Lopez Obrador [120], who in response promised to create new workers place, protect the country's natural resources and fight corruption.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, on August 29, the Electoral Tribunal confirmed the official results of the elections [120], and despite the actions of the center-left, Felipe Calderón took office as president on December 1, 2006 for a term six years.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The global financial crisis


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

During the global financial and economic crisis, Mexico has been hit hard by global shocks.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 2009, GDP fell by 6.1%, foreign trade turnover fell by almost a quarter, and public and foreign debts increased significantly.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The failures of the US financial and commodity markets have led to serious social consequences, as well as significantly heated the political atmosphere [115].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Among the negative consequences are: a decrease in revenues from the sale of oil and petroleum products (one of the main items of Mexican exports) from $50.6 billion in 2008 to 30.8 in 2009 [121]; government revenues fell from 23.6% of GDP in 2008 to 22.4% in 2009, with a budget deficit of 2.3% of GDP, the worst figure since 1990; inflows of foreign direct investment fell from $29.7 billion in 2007 to 25.9 in 2008 and 15.5 in 2009; Mexico's estimates by international rating agencies such as Ernst & Young and Standard & Poor's, also decreased [115].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The government has taken large-scale anti-crisis measures.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The international financial community has once again provided unprecedented assistance to Mexico, amounting to $77 billion in 2009 alone ($30 billion was allocated by the US Federal Reserve and 47 billion by the IMF) [ 115].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 2010, GDP was increased by 5.4%, and in 2011 — by 3.8%.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On July 1, 2012, after a 12-year hiatus, PRI candidate Enrique Peña Nieto was re-elected President of the country (took office on December 1, 2012) with 38.21% of the vote.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

His policy, like those of Vicente Fox and Felipe Calderon, is likely to be focused on the United States [52].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

See also


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

California Republic


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Mesoamerican codes


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

List of presidents of Mexico


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Fort Ross


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Yucatan Race War


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Notes


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Literature


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Other sources


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Literature


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In Russian


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Template:Book:Soviet Military Encyclopedia


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In other languages


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

CS1 maint: extra text (link)


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

References


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

(in English)


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

“Actual National Cultural Review” (“ANKO”) is an information and journalistic, historical, ethnographic, literary and art magazine published in Kazan from 1999 to 2007.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Periodicity, circulation, language of publication


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Initially, the ANKO magazine was conceived as a quarterly magazine (issues 1 to 8 read: “Quarterly information and journalistic, historical, ethnographic, literary and art magazine”).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

However, the periodicity of the publication, due to the lack of permanent staff and interruptions in funding, was not observed.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

A total of thirteen issues were published, including one “pilot” (“information issue” called “Bulletin of ANKO”): in 1999 — No. 1 (“pilot”), in 2000 — No. 1, 2, in 2001 — No. 3, 4, 5, in 2002 — No. 1 (6), 2 (7), in 2003 — No. 1 (8), in 2004 — No. 1 (9), in 2006 — No. 1 (10), in 2007 — No. 1 (11), 2 (12).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

At the same time, the real release time of the magazine often “lagged behind” the one indicated on the cover.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The declared circulation of “Bulletin of ANKO” was 999 copies, subsequent issues — 1,000 copies each.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Volume: “Bulletin of ANKO” — more than 4 printed sheets (36 black and white pages and a multicolor cover), subsequent issues — 8 printed sheets each (64 black and white pages and a multicolor cover).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The language of the publication is Russian.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

It was planned to publish separate issues in the languages of the peoples living in the Republic of Tatarstan (RT), but this project was never implemented.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Subsequently, some of the materials published in the journal were posted on the website of the ANKO of the Republic of Tatarstan (currently on the website of the Assembly of Peoples of Tatarstan:).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Founder, place of publication


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The founder of ANKO was the Association of National Cultural Organizations of the Republic of Tatarstan (ANKO RT) (from No. 1/10/ for 2006 — the Association of National Cultural Associations of the Republic of Tatarstan).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The journal was registered with the Ministry of Information and Press of the Republic of Tatarstan (certificate No. 0667 dated November 26, 1998).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

“Vestnik ANKO” was printed in the printing house of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Tatarstan, subsequent issues were printed in the State Unitary Enterprise (later OJSC) PIK Idel-Press, the publisher (since No. 3 for 2001) was Polygran-T.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

From No. 1 (9) for 2004, it was indicated that ANKO is published “with the support of the Tatmedia Agency for Mass Communication of the Republic of Tatarstan.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

No. 1 (11) for 2007, the magazine was published “with a grant received as a result of a competition among non-profit organizations involved in the development of civil society institutions in Russia, which was announced Russian President V. IN. Putin”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Editorial Board, Chief Editors


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The editorial board of the ANKO magazine at different times included: S. K. Dzhaksybayev (President, later Chairman of the Board of ANKO RT), G. G. Abdrakhmanova, V. G. Dietz, A. IN. Savva M. IN. Khachaturian, R. F. Yagafarov said.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

However, her activities were purely nominal.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Formally, the editorial office address was the address of the House of Friendship of Peoples of Tatarstan and ANKO RT: 420111, St. Kazan, ul. Ostrovsky, house 23.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In fact, ANKO was published under the auspices of the Public Relations and Interethnic Relations Department of the Office of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan (later the Department for Internal Policy of the President of the RT).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The editor-in-chief of the magazine were:


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

from No. 1 for 2000 to No. 1 (8) for 2003 - Head of the Interethnic Relations Sector of the Department for Public Relations and Interethnic Relations of the Office of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, Candidate of Historical Sciences Arkady Vasilievich Fokin,


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

from No. 1 (9) for 2004 to No. 2 (12) for 2007 — Head of the same sector (later — the Ethnic Policy Department of the Department for Internal Policy of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan), Candidate of Historical Sciences Vyacheslav Vasilievich Nikiforov.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Igor Evgenievich Alekseev, Candidate of Historical Sciences, was the actual co-editor from No. 1 (8) for 2003 to No. (12) for 2007.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Publication start


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The magazine was conceived as a press organ of the ANKO RT, which was supposed to cover its activities.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The main initiators of its publication were A. IN. Fokin S. K. Dzhaksybaev and I. IN. Terentyeva (Head of the Department for Public Relations and Interethnic Relations of the Office of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

According to the memoirs of the first editor-in-chief of ANKO A. IN. Fokin, the “decoding” of the name of the magazine appeared after the publication of the “Bulletin of ANKO”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The main content of the “Bulletin of ANKO”, the release of which was prepared by A. IN. Fokin, compiled materials of the V reporting and election conference of the ANKO of the Republic of Tatarstan and reports on the activities of national cultural organizations that were part of it.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Journal direction, content, authors


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Placed in No. 1 of 2000 “ANKO”, the editorial board's appeal to readers stated, in particular, that: [1]


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

It was also noted that the emergence of ANKO led to “new needs — primarily the need to create a single information space in the ethno-cultural life of the republic”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

It was emphasized that, being “the only periodical of ethno-cultural direction in the republic”, the magazine “is designed to cover all areas and the whole set of problems of national communities and cover the entire thematic and genre variety of magazine publications.”


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

However, due to the existing restrictions and the specifics of its editorial policy, ANKO had, to a greater extent, a historical and educational orientation.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The magazine had permanent and temporary headings: “Year of the Russian Language in Tatarstan”, “Roads of Friendship”, “Literary Page”, “Towards the Congress”, “On the Youth Wave”, “National Policy: history and modernity”, “Songs about the main thing”, “ANKO Post”, “Resonance”, “Trace in the Fate of the People”, “Contemporaries through the Eyes of Contemporaries”, “Sons and Daughters of the People”, “Chronicle of ANKO”, “To Remember”, “Ethnic Values”, “Ethnocultural Mosaic”, “Anniversaries”, “Language of Archival Affairs”, and others.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The regular authors of ANKO were A. IN. Fokin and I. E.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Alekseev (including under the pseudonyms “Lavrenty Aligoriev”, “Nikolai Orlov” and “Pyotr Fufaev”), V. G. Dietz, S. IN. Novikov E.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

IN. Savenko L. D. Sapozhnikov.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Publication of official materials and documents of ANKO RT


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

One of the central places in the journal was occupied by the publication of articles, addresses and greetings from Tatarstan officials.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In particular, ANKO posted materials signed by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan M. SH.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Shaimiev (“A Friendly Family to the 21st Century!”) [2], Chairman of the State Council of the RT F. X.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Mukhametshin (“Sovereignty and Fates of Nationalities”) [3], Head of the Kazan City Administration K. SH.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Iskhakov (“Multinational Kazan”) [4], Head of the Department for Public Relations and Interethnic Relations of the Office of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan I. IN. Terentyeva (“Good luck!” , “When there is coherence”) [5].


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In addition, articles were published by editor-in-chief — heads of the interethnic relations sector of the Office of the President of the Republic IN. Fokin (“Commonwealth Policy”, “Do No Harm”, “Year of Significant Decades”) [6] and V. IN. Nikiforova (“The circle of friends is expanding”) [7].


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 1 for 2000, the draft “Concept of the National Policy of the Republic of Tatarstan” was published [8], prepared by I. E.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Alekseev and A. IN. Fokin.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

No. 1 (8) for 2003 contains lists of instructions given following the results of meetings-meetings held in 2002 by the President of the Russian Federation V. IN. Putin's regime — with representatives of the III World Congress of Tatars and Tatarstan President M. SH.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Shaimiev — with leaders and representatives of the Kryashen movement, with leaders of Tatar organizations and entrepreneurs of Russian regions, with representatives of the Society of Russian Culture of St. Kazan” and the Kazan branch of the “International Slavic Academy of Sciences, Art, Culture and Education”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 2 (7) of 2002 “ANKO”, in the heading “Stages of a Great Way”, in connection with the tenth anniversary of the 1st Congress of the Peoples of Tatarstan in Kazan (1992), placed a selection of materials dedicated to this event and its significance in further development of the multinational movement in the republic.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

[10] In No. 1 (11) and No. 2 (12) for 2007, collections of materials on preparations for the II Congress of Peoples of Tatarstan (2007) were published, including the Decree of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan M. SH.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Shaimiev No. UP-370 dated July 24, 2007 “On holding the Congress of Peoples of Tatarstan”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The magazine periodically published articles and reports on various events held under the auspices and with the support of the ANKO of the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as on the activities of various institutions of the ANKO of the Republic of Tatarstan and the “House of Friendship of Peoples Tatarstan” (Education Center “Multinational Sunday School”, “Friendship Camps”, and others).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Publications on the culture and traditions of the peoples living in Tatarstan


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

One of the priorities of the magazine's activities was to cover the national and cultural life of the indigenous peoples of the Middle Volga region and the “new” diasporas, whose representatives live in Tatarstan.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

At the same time, due to insufficient reflection in other republican media, a special place in ANKO was given to the Russian and Kryashen problems.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Almost every issue of the magazine contained special and review materials about the traditional holidays of the indigenous peoples of the Middle Volga region (Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts, Chuvash and others) and representatives” new” diasporas (Azerbaijani, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Uzbek, and others) held on the territory of Tatarstan.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Articles were constantly published about “outstanding countrymen”, including about the famous Russian neuropsychiatrist V. M. Bekhterev, artist K. A. Vasiliev, Hero of the Soviet Union, pilot M. P. Devyataev, Minister of Aviation Industry of the USSR, Colonel-General and Engineer P. IN. Dementyev, Professor and Rector of Kazan University Carla Fuchse, artist I. AND. Shishkin, Chuvash educator I. ME.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Yakovlev, and others.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Russian problems


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Significant attention in the magazine was paid to the “Russian question” in Tatarstan (mainly to the problems of reviving traditional Russian culture and preserving the Russian language).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In particular, articles were published on its pages: I. E.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Alekseev “Language and Time” [14], L. R. Gazizova — “Double load on the heart — to write in Russian...” [15], D. A. Salimova — “Once again on languages: on the issue of protecting the culture of speech in a bilingual republic” [16], A. K. Smirnova “There was not one road in the field...” [17], M. YU.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Shcheglov “Russian identity: the way out of the impasse” [18], and others.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 1 — 5 of “ANKO” there were memoirs about K. A. Vasiliev of his close friend O. E.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Shornikov “Northern Symbolist”, as well as poems and notes about him and the artist's work.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Along with this, the magazine published articles about Russian folklore groups: for example, about the Kazan folklore ensemble “Kolyada” (I. E. Alekseev — “Majestic Decade-Long”) [20].


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

ANKO posted materials about well-known Russian scientists and public figures.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 1 (10) for 2006 and No. 2 (12) 2007, materials were published about the outstanding orientalist and popularizer of a sober lifestyle, Khakas by nationality, Professor N. F. Katanov (respectively: “Tatar-Muslim legends and teachings on the dangers of drunkenness, smoking and drug addiction”, with a foreword by I. E. Alekseev, and “Tatarstan — Khakassia: “We are united by a grateful memory of a great man...”).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

No. 1 (10) for 2006 contains articles about the famous historian and ethnographer I. N. Smirnov, timed to coincide with the celebration of his 150th anniversary: V. E.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Tumanin — “Ivan Nikolaevich Smirnov as a Slavic Scientist” and Yu.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Ivanova — “Ivan Nikolaevich Smirnov as a researcher of the Finno-Ugric peoples”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The article by M. F. Safarov “On the Wave of State Sentiment”, placed in No. 1 (9) for 2004 “ANKO”, studied the influence of “state sentiments among Russians, primarily Russians” on the program guidelines of modern Russian political parties.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Collections of poems by Russian and Russian-speaking poets from Tatarstan were published.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In Nos. 1 and 2 of 2000 “ANKO”, in the heading “Like a flash of lightning”, contained collections of materials dedicated to the life and work of the Kazan bard and writer G. S. Migachev (1972—1992).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Tatar and Bashkir issues


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Tatar issues, which receive priority coverage in other republican media, did not stay away from the attention of the magazine either.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

A number of publications raised topical problems in the development of the Tatar people, talked about significant events in the national, cultural and religious life of the Tatars, poets and artists.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 1 (9) of 2004 ANKO published a recording of a conversation with the Executive Secretary of the Federal National Cultural Autonomy of Tatars of Russia F. ME.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Urazaev “We need an effective mechanism” on the implementation of the decisions of the III World Congress of Tatars (Kazan, 2002).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The article by M. F. Safarov “Through the Prism of Ideology”, placed in No. 2 (7) for 2002. “ANKO”, analyzed the ideological doctrines of Tatar socio-political organizations.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In the same issue, a poem by the Tatar poet R. G. Mingalimov (Rustem Mingalim) “Tomorrow” translated into Russian and with a foreword by A. IN. Fokina.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

[27] In No. 1 (6) for 2002, the magazine published a selection of works by the poetess A. B.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Absalyamova, the granddaughter of the famous Tatar writer A. S. Absalyamova said.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In the article by T. A. Biktemirova and N. S. Khamitbayeva “Tatar Enlighteners”, published in No. 3 for 2001. “ANKO”, considered the historical aspects of women's participation in the Tatar educational movement.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In the context of the development and interaction of cultures, the magazine considered Bashkir problems.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 2 of 2000 “ANKO” published an article by A. Tsaregorodtsev “Bashkir Ethnos” [30], in No. 1 (11) for 2007 — material by the chairman of the Kurultai of Bashkirs of the Republic of Tatarstan F. T. Bashirova “450 Years of Friendship and Cooperation” [31].


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Kryashen problem


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

On the pages of the magazine, the Kryashen problem was noticeably reflected.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In particular, the following materials were published: M. M. Semenova — “The study and revival of the ethnic folklore of the Kryashens at the present stage” [32], N. YU.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Almeeva — “Studying the national music of other peoples is the right step towards bringing people closer together...” [33].


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 3 of 2001, the journal published an article-report by I. E.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Alekseev “Towards the Unity of Ethnic and Spiritual” on the scientific and practical conference “Ethnic and Confessional Traditions of the Kryashens: History and Modernity” (Kazan, December 7, 2000), as well as developed to her “Recommendations”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 5 of 2001 “ANKO” published the material “How love is revelation...” dedicated to the anniversary of the Honored Artist of the Republic of Tatarstan, writer and poet G. IN. Rodionov (Garaya Rakhima) [35], in No. 2 (12) for 2007 — article by A. IN. Fokin about the famous Kryashen singer, People's Artist of the Republic of Tatarstan G. M. Ibushev “Georgy Ibushev's Happy Tickets” [36].


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Chuvash problems


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The magazine widely covered the national and cultural life of Chuvash people living in Tatarstan, talked about their holidays, the main activities of public Chuvash organizations.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 1 (8) of 2003, an article by E.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

A. Turkhan and M. Tolmacheva “Singer Tykhyryala”, timed to coincide with the 70th anniversary of the activist of the Chuvash National Cultural Autonomy in the Republic of Tatarstan and the Kazan Social and Cultural Center named after Peder Khuzangay V. A. Dedushkin.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

ANKO published materials on preparations for the celebration in Tatarstan of the 160th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding Chuvash educator, teacher and public figure I. ME.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Yakovlev (1848-1930).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 1 (8) of 2003, the journal published an article by L. Vashurova “The Fate of a Freethinking Monk” about the outstanding Russian sinologist of Chuvash origin, Archimandrite Jacinthos (N. ME. Bichurine) (1777—1853).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Finno-Ugric issues


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Much attention in the magazine was paid to covering the past and present of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Middle Volga region (Mari, Mordovians and Udmurts).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 1 of 2000 ANKO published an article by Cambridge University Professor David Lewis “National Pride and Cultural Values of the Finno-Ugric Peoples”, previously published in the “Bulletin of the Udmurt university”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 1 (9) of 2004, an article-report by S. IN. Novikov “Folklorization. Traditions and Modernity” about the IV World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples (Tallinn, 2004), as well as material by N. A. Sagbiyeva “Folk costume of Finno-Ugric peoples”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

[41] In No. 1 (11) of 2007, the journal published an article by S. IN. Novikov “Friends are told: “Shumbrat”!” about the International Festival of National Cultures of Finno-Ugric Peoples “Shumbrat, Finno-Ugria!” (Saransk, July 19-21, 2007).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 5 of 2001 “ANKO” published an article-report by N. A. Sagbiyeva “With a Song through Life” about the fourth republican competition of performers of folk and modern songs of the Finno-Ugric peoples (2001).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 4 of 2001 ANKO has published a number of materials on the interaction of Tatarstan with Udmurtia, including an article by G. A. Nikitina “Udmurts outside Udmurtia” [44], in No. 1 (9) for 2004 — article by I. M. Sheda-Zorina and I. L. Pozdeev “Visiting “More Udmurts” [45].


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The problems and prospects of the activities of the national cultural autonomy of the Udmurts “Kenesh” of the Baltasinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan were devoted to the article by L. D. Sapozhnikov “Baltasinskiye Zori”, published in No. 1 (10) for 2006. “ANKO”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 2 (12) of 2007 “ANKO” was placed recorded by the chairman of the Mari community of Naberezhnye Chelny L. IN. Shabalin the story of one of the old-timers of the village of Mariyskoye Tekashevo, Mendeleevsky district of the Republic H. Zakharov on the traditions of adherents of the traditional pagan religion of Mari “Own Prayer”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 1 (9) of 2004 “ANKO” published an article by G. R. Stolyarova about representatives of the unique ethnic group of Karatai “Mordva-Karatai, who are you?


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

German problems


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The active participation of representatives of the German community in the multinational movement of Tatarstan largely predetermined the increased attention of the ANKO magazine to its history and problems of modern development.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 1 (11) of 2007 ANKO published a thematic selection of articles under the general title “German House on the Land of Tatarstan”, including: the material “Germans of Tatarstan” prepared by the “German House of the Republic of Tatarstan” (with an overview of the history German presence in the local region from the 16th century to the early 2000s) and an article by the chairman of the “National Cultural Autonomy of the Germans of Tatarstan” V. G. Ditz “On the Path of Spiritual Revival (Kazan Lutheran Church)”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

[49] The religious life of the German Lutheran community was also devoted to the article by V. G. Ditz “Lutherans in Kazan”, published in No. 1 (6) for 2002 of the magazine.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Particular attention was paid to the study and popularization of the heritage of the most famous representative of the German community in Kazan — Rector of the Imperial Kazan University, Professor Karl Fuchs (K. F. Fuchs) (1776—1846).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 5 of 2001, an article by V. G. Ditz “In Memory of Grateful Descendants”, in No. 2 (12) for 2007 — his own article “The Second Fuchs Readings” (Kazan, October 24, 2007).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In addition, in No. 1, 2, 3 of 2000, a translation from German of fragments of the work “Information about Russia” by Johann Friedrich, who was a professor at the Imperial Kazan University for several years, was published Erdman (1778-1846) under the name “Tatars”, “Russians” and “Local peoples of the province”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Of great interest are the memoirs of People's Artist of Russia of German origin V. IN. Keshner “Memory Splashes”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

[53] In No. 1 (6) and 2 (7) for 2002, under the heading “Literary Studio”, William Boguslavsky's novel “The German” was placed.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Some publications touched upon the problems of studying the historical roots of xenophobia in Russian society against Germans: for example, in the article by I. E.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Alekseev “At the slightest attempt to cause street riots... those responsible for this will be detained and brought to a military court” (From the history of preventing the German pogrom in Kazan at the beginning of the First World War war)”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 2 (7) of 2002 ANKO published a polemical article by V. G. Dietz “Hopes Buried in the Sand (The German Question in Russia)”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Ukrainian and Belarusian issues


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

A prominent place in the magazine was given to publications about famous Ukrainians, whose fate was connected to Kazan to varying degrees.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Among them: materials about the first chairman of the Central Rada of the “Ukrainian People's Republic” M. S. Hrushevsky (E. IN. Savenko — “Descendants honor his name”) [57], the outstanding singer O. A. Petrusenko (K. A. Borodavkina) (E. IN. Savenko — “Oksana Andreevna Petrusenko /1900 — 1940/”) [58], and others.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

ANKO posted a number of articles and reports on events held by representatives of the Ukrainian community of the Republic of Tatarstan, including: about the First Open Women's Vocal Competition named after Oksana Petrusenko ( Nizhnekamsk, April 20-22, 2007).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Documents on perpetuating the memory of famous Ukrainians were published.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 1 (8) of 2003, the journal published an article by M. X.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Zaripov “Poet of a High and Sad Fate” about the poet L. AND. We also trample on a selection of his poems under the heading “I love the beginning that has no end.”


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Listed in No. 1 (9) of 2004 “ANKO” article by I. E.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Alekseev “East Slavic Transit” told about the national, cultural and socio-political life of Belarusian and Ukrainian refugees in Kazan in 1917 [60]


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Jewish issues


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Jewish issues were presented in the magazine by a number of materials, some of which were devoted to religious Jewish holidays and the most notable events in the life of the Jewish (Jewish) community of Kazan, for example, the “script-report” by S. B.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Beard's “Hanukkah”, published in No. 5 of 2001. ANKO [61].


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 4 of 2001 “ANKO”, under the heading “Like a flash of lightning”, in connection with the death of the chairman of the Kazan Jewish religious community, the famous musician L. D. Sontz (1945—2001), a selection of articles dedicated to him was posted, including an article by L. D. Solntsa “The Last Romantic Conductor” with memories of People's Artist of the USSR N. G. Rakhlin.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The history of the conversion to Orthodoxy in the 19th century of Jews who served in the Kazan battalions of military cantonists was devoted to an article by I. E.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Alekseev “The Jewish Godson of Leo Tolstoy”, placed in No. 1 (8) for 2003 “ANKO”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 2 (12) of 2007, the “Appeal of the Chairman of the Jewish Community of St. Kazan' A. M. Welder to the editor-in-chief of Nezavisimaya Gazeta K. IN. Remchukov in connection with the publication of an article by V. F. Postnova “Swastika on the Streets of Kazan”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Coverage of “new” diasporas activities


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In addition to covering the national, cultural and religious life of the indigenous peoples of the Middle Volga region and the “old” diasporas, ANKO touched upon the development of “new” diasporas.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The magazine published materials about the cultural life of Armenian, [64] Assyrian, [65] Georgian, [66] Kazakh, [67] and other communities.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 1 (10) of 2006 ANKO posted a selection of materials about the local Vietnamese community under the general heading “Doanket” means “unity”, including a report by Dam Zan Lam at the conference of the “Vietnamese Society of the Republic of Vietnam” Tatarstan “Doanket” (“Unity”)” (Kazan, October 27, 2006) “Vietnamese are a hardworking and law-abiding people” and article by N. Orlova (I. E. Alekseev) “Russian Strings of the Vietnamese Soul” — about the most famous representative of the Tao Thi Koi community.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Publication of archival materials and republication of documents


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

One of the activities of the journal was the publication of previously unreproduced archival materials and the republication of little-known documents (the heading “Language of Archival Affairs”).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

ANKO republished for the first time: “Charter of the Society of Small Nationalities of the Volga Region” (Kazan, 1917) [69], “Program of the All-Russian Congress of Mari, which will be in Birsk of the Ufa Gubernia [ernia] from 15 to July 25, 1917” and “Minutes of the Meetings of the All-Russian Congress of the Mari in Birsk, Ufa Province”, published in 1917 in Birsk as the “News of the All-Russian Congress of Marie” [70].


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

On the occasion of the 110th anniversary of the legalization of the Jewish (Jewish) community in Kazan, a selection of archival and newspaper materials for 1897 with a foreword by I. E.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Alekseeva — “The local Jewish society has so far been completely unordered administratively.”


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Issues of national policy development


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Initially, the magazine set itself the task of covering the most pressing problems of the development of state ethnic policy in Russia as a whole and in Tatarstan in particular.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

They were devoted, in particular, to articles published in ANKO: N. F. Bugay and L. A. Uzdenova “Deserves Support”, [72] R. YU.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Belyakov “Equality in Words and Deeds”, [73] L. A. Gareeva “Development and Interaction of Ethnic Cultures”, [74] and others.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 1 (10) of 2006 “ANKO”, in the heading “Spiritual Revival”, also published an article by V. P. Kozlov “National Parishes of the Kazan Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church” about the Kryashen and Chuvash parishes.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The theme of the Great Patriotic War


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

A number of ANKO materials reflect the theme of the Great Patriotic War and the participation of representatives of various peoples living in Tatarstan in it (the headings “Reflection of the Great Victory”, “60th anniversary Dedicated to Victory in the Great Patriotic War”).


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In No. 1 (8) of 2003 ANKO published a selection of materials dedicated to the memory of Hero of the Soviet Union, pilot M. P. Devyataev (1917-2002), Mordvin (Mokshanina) by nationality, including: reprints from Literaturnaya Gazeta for March 23, 1957 articles by Y.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

B.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Vinetsky “Courage” and from the “Kazanskiye Vedomosti” for July 11, 2002 articles by M. IN. Cherepanov “Did our countryman prevent the Third World War?”


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

The magazine also contained the memoirs of M. A. Kalzhanov “Experiencing the Experience”, [76] and other materials.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Termination of publication


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

In connection with the creation, according to the resolutions of the II Congress of Peoples of Tatarstan (2007), the “Assembly of Peoples of Tatarstan”, it was decided to publish a new magazine, which later received the name “Our Tatarstan House”.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

At the same time, since 2007, the production of ANKO has ceased.


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

References


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Notes


Question: Where was the Actual National Cultural Review published?

Current national and cultural review

Category:National policy


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Silent Spring is a book by Rachel Carson about the effects of environmental pollution with pesticides, especially DDT.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

It was first published in 1962 [1].


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

This popular science work describes the harmful effects of randomly used pesticides on the environment, especially birds.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Carson accused the chemical industry of misinformation, and government officials of unjustified acceptance of statements by agrochemical manufacturers.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

In the late 1950s, Carson drew attention to environmental problems, especially those she believed were caused by synthetic pesticides.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

The book was popular, made a significant part of American society think about environmental problems, and aroused fierce resistance from chemical companies.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Despite this resistance, the book contributed to changes in pesticide management legislation and subsequently to a complete ban on DDT in agriculture throughout the United States [2] and creation of the Environmental Protection Agency [3] [4].


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

explorations


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

In the mid-1940s, biologist Rachel Carson became concerned about the effects of pesticides, many of which were developed as part of military research programs after Second world war.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

In 1957, the US Department of Agriculture adopted a program to destroy fire ants and unpaired silkworm, during which a mixture of DDT and other pesticides with naval fuel oil, including over private land plots.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Carson studied the effects of these ecotoxicants and published a book about it [5] [6].


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Long Island landowners filed a lawsuit demanding that they stop treating their land with pesticides without their consent; other regions then joined the lawsuit.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Although this lawsuit was dismissed, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the right to demand a ban on actions that destroy the environment, which led to the success of a number of environmental cases in the future [3] [7 ] [8].


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

In 1958, Olga Owens Huckins (English: Olga Owens Huckins), a friend of Rachel Carson, published an article in the newspaper about the death of birds on her lands after spraying DDT from the air to combat mosquitoes.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

She sent a copy of this article to Carson, [9] [10] [10] and it was this event that prompted Carson to study the environmental problems caused by the use of pesticides [11] [12].


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

The Washington office actively opposed the US government's pesticide spraying program and hired Carson to conduct and publish a study of the practice and its consequences [13].


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

This is how Carson began a four-year Silent Spring research project, during which she collected examples of environmental damage associated with the use of DDT.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Carson tried to attract publicist E.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

B.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

White and several other journalists and scientists to participate in this study, but these attempts did not lead to significant success.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Initially, in 1958, Carson planned to write Silent Spring in collaboration with Edwin Diamond, a science journalist for Newsweek, but then The New Yorker magazine ordered her a voluminous and well-paid article, and Carson decided to write and publish more than just the introduction and conclusion, and began to work without co-authors.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Diamond later wrote one of the harshest critical publications about Silent Spring [14].


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

In the course of research, Rachel Carson formed a community of scientists who also documented the physiological and environmental effects of exposure to pesticides [3].


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Thanks to his personal connections with scientists from government agencies, Carson was able to obtain even confidential information on the topic.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

At that time, there was no scientific consensus on the dangers of pesticides to the environment, humans and other living organisms.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Scientists were divided into two camps.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Some rejected the potential or possible danger of spraying pesticides and considered only those consequences of their use that had already been reliably proven by experiments.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Others believed that possible harm to nature and humans should also be taken into account, and therefore a safer alternative to pesticides should be sought, such as biological plant protection methods [ 15].


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Carson received significant support from organic gardeners, supporters, including Dr. Ehrenfried Pfeiffer.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

From 1957 to 1960, they also sued the US Government over spraying pesticides.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

According to a 2013 study by John Paul, organic farmers could be the main source of information for Carson's book, although Carson herself in Silent Spring on them has not been cited, and such a source cannot be considered independent and competent.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Among them are Marjorie Spock and Mary T. Mary T. Richards from Long Island who tried to challenge the sputtering of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in court.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Their testimony and other materials from that court case were the primary source of information for Silent Spring.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Carson later described the material as an “informational goldmine” [16] and wrote that she felt “somewhat guilty that I had so much of your materials here” [17] [18] and repeatedly referred to Pfeffer and correspondence with him [19] [20].


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

In 1959, the US Department of Agriculture, in response to criticism of DDT use by Carson and others, released the film “The Trial of Fire Ants” (English: Fire Ants on Trial); Carson called This film is “outright propaganda” that ignores all the threats posed by spraying pesticides (especially dieldrin and heptachlor) to people and nature.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

In a letter published in the Washington Post in the spring of that year, Carson noted a significant decline in bird populations, which she believed was due to excessive use pesticides.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

At the same time, high concentrations of the herbicide amitrol, which causes cancer in laboratory rats, were found in cranberries of the 1957, 1958 and 1959 harvest, as a result of which the sale of all food products with cranberries, and contaminated lots were seized and destroyed.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

This case was called the “Great Cranberry Scandal” (English: Great Cranberry Scandal) [21].


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Carson drew attention to rumors that the FDA is going to revise the regulations for the use of pesticides, to the aggressive tactics of representatives of enterprises in the chemical industry and the conclusions of individual specialists, which sharply contradict the data of many other studies published in the scientific literature that she has studied.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

It also did not rule out the possibility of corruption and carrying out state agrochemical measures for the mercenary purposes of individuals and companies [22].


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

Carson participated in the FDA hearings on the revision of the rules governing the use of pesticides, and came out discouraged by the aggressive speeches of representatives of the chemical industry and expert opinions that sharply contradict scientific data from the specialized literature it studied.


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

She was also surprised by the possible “financial interest behind certain pesticide programs” [23] [22].


Question: What was the first print run of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring?

Silent spring

At the National Library of Medicine, Carson met medical scientists who studied the carcinogenic effects of a number of chemicals.