Question: Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR troops in 1937?

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Question: Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR troops in 1937?

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Question: Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR troops in 1937?

Category:Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (Russian Federation)


Question: Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR troops in 1937?

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Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Maur (born Ivan Mikhailovich Fedorov, Belarusian: Ivan Mikhailovich Fedorov; 1883-1971) was a Belarusian Soviet writer, translator and playwright.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

One of the founders of Belarusian children's literature [1], the founder of adventure and scientific and educational genres in Belarusian literature, the creator of the first Belarusian science fiction story [2 ].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Author of books for children, plays, translations [3].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Member of the USSR Joint Venture (1934).


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Member of the CPSU (b) since 1950.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Laureate of the Belarusian SSR State Prize (1968).


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Honored Worker of Culture of the BSSR (1968) [1].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The most famous works are the novels “In the Land of the Bird of Paradise” (1926), “Son of Water” (1928), “Polesie Robinsons” (1932), “TVT” (1934), the novel “Amok” (1929), the autobiographical novel “The Way Out of Darkness” (1948) ) [1].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Since 1993, Belarus has been awarding the Yanka Mavr Prize for the best works for children.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Biography


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Early years


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

He was born on May 10 [O.S. 1883] in Libava (now Liepaja, Latvia) in the family of a native of Belarus (who found himself looking for work in this city [4]).


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

His father was a retired soldier, came from landless Belarusian peasants [3] and worked as a carpenter.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Before military service, he bore the surname Ilyin, and the surname Fedorov appeared as a result of a mistake by the army clerk who recorded Mikhail Fedorovich as Mikhail Fedorov.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

His father died early, and little Yanka (Ivan) and his mother moved to her homeland, to the village of Lebenishki (former Kovno province) founded by Russian immigrants in 1900.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

They lived in poverty, and it was only thanks to the efforts of his mother, who at all costs dreamed of educating her son, that he graduated from elementary school in 1895, and from the Kovno Vocational School in 1899 .


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

After school, he entered the Ponevezh Teachers' Seminary.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

At the end of 1902, he was expelled from his last, final class - for freethinking and “for doubts about religion.”


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

However, in 1903, he still received an elementary school teacher's certificate, having passed external exams for the seminar course [5].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Teaching activities


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

After studying at the teachers' seminary, Fedorov began working at a school near Ponevezh (Novoe Mesto), and then he was transferred to the village of Bytcha in the Borisov region.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In 1906, he took part in an illegal pedagogical congress, which took place in Nikolayevshchina.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yakub Kolas, a future classic of Belarusian literature, also took part in the same congress.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The “Labor List”, which has been preserved in the writer's archive, notes the result of this event for its participant: “1906. VIII. Dismissed from service and put on trial...” [5]


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Judging by the documents, Ivan Fedorov was not just a participant in that congress, but one of its initiators — his signature, a teacher at the Bytchina Public School, was the first under the protocol.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

During the investigation, this fact was given great importance.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Ivan Fedorov and Yakub Kolas were members of the interim bureau of the Minsk Teachers' Group, elected during the congress.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Investigators in the congress case came to the conclusion that Fedorov was one of the instigators and played almost the main role at the teachers' congress, and therefore, in their opinion, it is necessary to “completely eliminate him from his positions” [6].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

He entered into a church marriage in 1909.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

He moved to the village of Turets.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The trial in the case of the teachers' congress lasted almost two years.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Fedorov was suspended from pedagogical activity and taken under police supervision.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Only 5 years later, in 1911, he managed to get a job as a teacher at a private trading school in Minsk.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In the fall of 1917, he got a job as a geography and history teacher at the Minsk railway gymnasium.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

After the revolution, he became a teacher at the 25th railway school named after A. G. Chervyakova.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In the 1920s, he also worked in the People's Commissariat of Education of the Belarusian SSR and in the Republican Union of Education Workers [7].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Fedorov left his job as a teacher only in 1930, when he moved to work at the Belarusian State Publishing House (where he worked until 1936) [5].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Creative activity


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

He made his debut in 1923 as a feuilletonist in the newspaper Sovetskaya Belorussiya and the Leningrad magazine Begemot.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In 1925, in the magazine “Belarusian Pioneer” he published the first science fiction novel in Belarusian “The Man Is Coming” [1] [K 1], which marked the beginning of fantastic and adventure genres in Belarusian literature [8].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The story was published under the pseudonym “Yanka Moor”.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

“Yanka” is the Belarusian analogue of the name “Ivan”.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

As Belarusian literary critic Esfir Gurevich, a researcher of Yanka Mavra's work, noted, the writer, having retained his real name in the first part of his pseudonym, unequivocally pointed out that he was a son Belarusian land.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The meaning of the pseudonym “Moor” will be widely revealed in his subsequent stories: “In the Land of the Bird of Paradise” (1926), “Son of Water” (1927), in which he proved himself as a defender of the rights of colonial and dependent peoples, with sympathized with the indigenous peoples of North-West Africa, and showed himself as an internationalist [5].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Fedorov wrote his first novel “The Man Goes” at the age of 44, as a teacher at the 25th Minsk Railway School.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In the story, the author turned to the life of primitive man at a stage of his development when he was just getting back on his feet, not knowing anything yet, and all he achieved was hunting with tools, getting fire, the use of stone as a tool was the first time for him.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Everything is for the first time — this artistic move found by the author corresponds to the vision and perception of the child, his premonition of the first discovery, his expectation of something new and unusual.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The plot is based on the process of human development, painful and dramatic, filled with struggle for one's life, the path of a long and gradual accumulation of practical and spiritual experience.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

This was the swing of an aspiring writer to a new genre for all national literature, according to his own author's definition - a science fiction story, which was a combination of science and fantasies.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

After the reader's success of the story “The Man Is Coming”, the writer continued to work in the genre of children's adventure and scientific and educational literature [5].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr wrote mainly for young readers.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In the works “In the Land of the Bird of Paradise” (1926), “Son of Water” (1928), the author tried to refute the idea of the natives as bloodthirsty cannibals, devoid of elementary human feelings, people second class.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In the story “In the Land of Bird of Paradise”, the action takes place in New Guinea, on the Pacific islands visited by traveler Miklouho-Maclay, a researcher of local Papuan residents.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The story is based on a social conflict, on the drawing of two warring forces — the oppressed and the colonizing masters.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The novel “In the Land of the Bird of Paradise” defines the main features of the artistic manner of Y.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

An adventurer Moor who managed to absorb the energy, character and traditions of Western adventure classics.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The story “Son of Water”, the most poetic in this cycle, according to the author himself, was the most dear to him.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The storyline of the main character, a young Fijian Manga, is based on a scheme common in adventure literature: saving a white man from wild natives.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

By the way, this is exactly what the then reviewer of the story did not take on the pages of the Polymya magazine, considering this story an unjustified tribute to a “low-quality adventure” [5].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The story “The Man Is Walking” outlined the trend of combining recognition and adventure, which the Moor later developed in his subsequent stories and in the novel “Amok” (1929), about the 1926 uprising on the island of Java; the author's novel was prompted by the memoirs he read by the Russian consul in Java Modest Bakunin.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

For his story, Yanka Mavr collected materials, studied documentary literature on the fresh traces of events.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

He received many of the most important materials (magazines, newspapers, photographs, later used as illustrations) directly from Java and Holland through Esperanto teachers with whom he led correspondence like an old Esperantist.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In the preface to the novel, the writer noted that “Amok” is more documentary “even in the little things” than it might seem at first glance.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In the novel “Amok”, a prominent place is occupied by informative material about the natural features of the island, the details of everyday life, and the foundations of the people.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In the 1930s, the writer, as if fed up with “exotic” foreign material, turned to his native places, to the life reality in which young heroes act.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The novel “Polesie Robinsons” (1930), which was a success among young readers, followed, which told about the adventures of two teenagers in remote Polesie, the utopian “The Tale of Future Days” (1932) about communist future of the USSR, TVT (1934), which humorously talks about the everyday affairs of schoolchildren.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In the story “Polesie Robinsons”, the author used a robinsonade suggested by the world-famous Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The Moor, discarding pseudo-romantics, admiration for the exotic of distant overseas countries, turned to his native side, to the knowledge of his land.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

He showed that under the Belarusian sky, in the distant and close corners of the native land, there is its own romance and beauty, each time new and unexpected.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The narrative is based mainly on dialogues and disputes between student heroes, who are impressed by books about distant countries, primarily books by Jules Verne, Mein Reed and F. Cooper, go on a trip to Polesie during the spring spill.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The main idea of Robinsonade was the victory of man over the elements.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The writer comprehends this element in the spirit of classical Russian and Belarusian literary traditions.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Nature for the heroes of the story is not only material, but also spiritual wealth.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The most vivid experience for the heroes was the murder of a bison by smugglers, which they perceived with real pain and excitement, “as the murder of a person”.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The scene of the murder of the bison, shown through the attitude of the main characters, Miron and Viktor, to this, became key in understanding the author's relationship to the problem of “man and nature”.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The moral of the story is that nature is the embodiment of tranquility and balance, which do not fit into evil and human cruelty, and those who violate the natural life of nature sow hostility and hatred between people.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

It should be noted that the story was written at a time when the natural resources of Belarus were being actively developed and when the transformations of nature were perceived as something unconditionally grandiose and useful , evidence of the creative power of man, and the tragedy of the damage caused to it has not yet been realized [5].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The evolution of the adventure story genre can also be traced in the novel TVT (1934), which won first prize at the All-Belarusian children's book competition, after which Maxim Gorky became interested in it [9].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

At Gorky's request, Yanka Moor translated the story into Russian and sent it to him.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

It was on the eve of the First Congress of Writers of the USSR [10].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The artistic novelty of this story was that the so-called theme of working education sounded naturally due to the lively spirit of the game, according to the laws of which the mysterious and mysterious was created” The Fellowship (Society) of Militant Technicians”.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Through the game, the guys got involved in life with its daily worries and minor everyday problems.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The guys fix all the malfunctions on their own, put things in order and practically live in this world.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

During the war, the writer was forced to find himself far from his native land — first in Novosibirsk, then in Almaty.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

He endured this time as a difficult ordeal, even as a “mental trauma”, as he confessed in a letter to Fedos Schinkler on February 2, 1942.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In 1943, the Moor moved to Moscow, where, having become very ill, he was hospitalized.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

He returned to his native Minsk only after his liberation from fascist invaders.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

During 1946-1948, Yanka Mavr, together with Peter Runts, collected and edited the memoirs of Belarusian children about the war for the book “We Will Never Forget” (Belarusian: “Nikoli Will Not Forget”) , which was published in 1948 with a foreword by Yakub Kolas.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The published book was highly appreciated not only in Belarus, but also abroad [5].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

After the war, Yanka Mavr published a series of stories about the tragic trials that children experienced during the war years (Happiness, Two Truths, Maksimka).


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The psychological miniature “Happiness” (1945) is based on emotional tension, on internal conflict.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

There are no external events in the story, the plot is determined by the psychological clash of the world of childhood and the world of adults against the background of serene nature.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

But in this short narrative, there are dramatic changes in the state of mind of the characters, the inner movement of their moods and experiences.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The psychological problem raised by the author in the story shows how the adult world and the world of childhood interact, what relationships exist between them, what is of interest to both adults and for children's literature [5].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In the story “Maksimka” (1946), the writer reflected the soul of a boy, an orphan orphanage, in moments of higher dramatic tension, when he saw a soldier returning from the war as his father, but suddenly I realized my bitter mistake.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The author managed to convey the state of mind of the little hero.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In the same year, the Moor wrote the story “Zavoshta?” (Russian: “Why?”) , which was based on a real tragic fact — the death of the wife and son of the writer M. Lynkova [5].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In 1948, he wrote his autobiographical novel “The Way Out of Darkness”.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In 1954, his science fiction novel “Professor Tsilyakovsky's Fantamobile” was published, which became his third book written in the genre of social utopia (the first is a fantastic fairy tale” Journey through the Stars” (1927) from the cycle “Pioneer Tales”, and then “The Tale of Future Days” (1932)).


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The plot is based on a fantastic technical idea — about the possibility of using the energy of human thought: on the energy of children's imagination, which is much greater than the imagination of adults, grandchildren Professors Tsilyakovsky Svetozar and Svetlana go on a long journey — first to America, and then to the moon and Mars.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The story combines the real and the fantastic, it relies on the traditions of predecessors, such as K. E.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Tsiolkovsky (as an author of astronomical novels), A. N. Tolstoy, V. A. Obruchev, as well as classics of world fiction — Jules Verne, G. Wells; the story has direct links to these authors.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr acted as a visionary and predictor (after Tsiolkovsky) of the era of space flight.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

But he was no longer interested so much in the scientific idea as in the moral and ethical side, the problem of human relations, future contacts when meeting with other civilizations [5].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Mini|writer's grave


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr translated into Belarusian works by such classics of world literature as Jules Verne — “20,000 leagues under the sea” (Belarusian: “80,000 kilametra pad vadoy”, 1937); Mark Twain —” The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” (1939) and “The Prince and the Pauper” (1940); A. P. Chekhov — “Children” () and “Selected Works” (1954) [12].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr's works have been translated into Russian, Ukrainian, Armenian, Tajik, Lithuanian, Polish and Czech [8] [12].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Some of his works have been published in America, England and other countries [13].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr died on August 3, 1971.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

He was buried in Minsk at the Eastern Cemetery [14].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The writer's hobbies


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr was a famous Esperanto [15].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

He started studying Esperanto in 1904.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In 1926, he hosted a program for Esperantists on Belarusian radio [16].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

He read Eugene Onegin in Esperanto to his son-in-law [K 2].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Corresponding with Esperantists of the world and receiving rare information directly from them, he wrote the book “Amok” [17].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr collected a large home library, which was one of the best in the pre-war years in Belarus [18].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The writer was fond of spiritualism [16] [17].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Companies that practiced summoning spirits gathered in his house.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The Moor had a philosophical mindset, and in spiritualism he saw not mysticism, but an unexplored natural phenomenon, and tried to understand its mechanism.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The writer had two thick notebooks in which he wrote down the results of the seances, but in 1938 he burned them.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

He conducted seances with the help of a saucer on a table with an alphabet.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

There is a known case when he gave a party worker a mini-session of spiritualism, during which he made a pencil move.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

According to Mikhas Mickiewicz, Yanka Mavr had unusual abilities [17].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr also loved cycling and played the violin well [15].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

At his dacha near Minsk, in Zhdanovichi, Yanka Mavr built a hut from a vine.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

On the walkway over Svisloch, he put an improvised desk, so that he could compose books about distant countries, hanging his feet in the water and imagining himself on the ocean shore [3].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr and Yakub Kolas


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr was on friendly terms with Yakub Kolas, a classic of Belarusian literature.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

They both studied at teachers' seminaries (where they also received musical education).


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Both also participated in the teachers' congress (at which they met) in 1906, after which Yakub Kolas was put in Pischalovsky Castle, and Yanka Mavr (then Ivan Fedorov) was placed under police supervision and, in addition, he is deprived of the right to teach at school.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

During the war, during the evacuation of the Yanka Mavr family to Almaty, the Moor had friendly correspondence with Yakub Kolas, who, having also left Belarus, lived in Tashkent in those years.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In letters to each other, they wanted to return to their native Belarus as soon as possible:


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

After the liberation of Belarus, the Moor returned to Minsk.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

However, even after the war, the correspondence of writers did not stop, and they corresponded in the 1950s [19].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Later, Yanka Mavr became the prototype of teacher Ivan Tadoryk [K 3] in Kolas's trilogy “On Rosstani” (1955).


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Later they became related: Yanka Mavra's daughter, Natalia, married Yakub Kolas's son Mikhas.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The Yakub Kolas State Literary and Memorial Museum has a violin played by Yanka Mavr.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Jakub Kolas also enjoyed playing this instrument.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavra's daughter, Natalia, often played music together with her father: he played the violin, and she played the piano [15].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The evaluation and importance of creativity


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr is rightfully considered the “father” of Belarusian children's literature [20] [5].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

His contribution to Belarusian children's literature is valuable because he, as a discoverer and pioneer, determined its further direction and development, became the creator of new genre forms for it — adventure and science fiction, as a result of which he managed to expand the temporal and spatial boundaries of Belarusian children's literature.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

His innovative findings were predetermined by his excellent knowledge of literary traditions — national, Russian, Western.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

He skillfully used the artistic techniques of such classics of adventure literature as Jules Verne, Mayne Reed, Fenimore Cooper.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

His work contained many reminiscences from the works of Daniel Dafoe, Alexandre Dumas, Gustave Aimard, Louis Jacolio, Louis Boussenard, Henry Haggard [20].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

His lyrical novel “Son of Water”, written by him in 1927, was the most dear to the author himself.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The story did not differ in the sharpness and intransigence of social confrontation.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In it, the main conflict between the characters is revealed not in an outright clash of various social forces, as in his previous novel “In the Land of the Bird of Paradise”, but mainly morally.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr tried to affirm the value of universal relations in it, regardless of social barriers.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

And precisely for the fact that the story did not reflect the social struggle of the natives against the colonizers, official criticism of the 1930s reproached the author for the expressionlessness of the class position, apolitical and” social dullness” [21].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The writer was accused of not giving the half-wild inhabitant of Tierra del Fuego a high revolutionary consciousness, a mature class feeling, and that the relationship between the heroes is revealed “not in terms of struggle classes, but only in terms of man's struggle with nature for his existence” [22].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

At that time, official critics, busy looking for ideological “breakdowns”, did not notice that the Moor had taken a serious step forward in mastering the secrets of the adventure genre and that his story compares favorably compositional integrity, which is created by the concentration of events around the two main characters, that the combination of adventure and recognition was much more organic in it.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Nevertheless, almost immediately after the publication of “Son of Water” in the magazine “Pratsaunik Asvety” (Russian: “Worker of Education”) (1928, No. 13), the reviewer, who modestly signed the “Teacher”, noted: “We have a true author of a children's adventure book” [20].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The author of “Polessky Robinsons” (1930) was reproached for the fact that the adventures of friends are not associated with the ideals and life of the whole republic - nothing is said about the reconstruction and reclamation of Polesye, which the journey of the heroes of the story is based on the objectionable influence of M. Reid, J. Verna, F. Cooper.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The ambiguity of the author's idea of the story was not appreciated by the critics of that time, who wanted to see in the book a direct and clear connection with modernity, with the processes of industrialization and collectivization, taking place in the country at that time, or with practical school problems [23] [5].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

His novel “TVT” (1934), which won first prize at the All-Belarusian children's book competition, was noted at the First Congress of Writers of the USSR by Russian writer Samuil Marshak in his report “On Great Literature for little ones.”


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Speaking about the achievements of literature, Marshak, among others, noted “a significant school story written in Belarus” [10].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

At the same time, the Republican Ministry of Education was wary of the story, since the organization “Partnership of Militant Technicians” is not provided for by the school charter.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Ministerial officials reasoned:


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

It was these fears and bans on the part of officials of educational institutions that suspended the TVT-Vtsev movement, which in the postwar years began to unfold in many cities of Belarus and of the former Soviet Union — in Brest, Pinsk, Kobrin, Kaliningrad, Ivanovo, Stavropol, Petrozavodsk, Elekmonar (Altai Krai).


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In those years, TVT became an outright challenge to official regulatory pedagogy.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Their principle was, “If not me, then who?”


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The Moor believed that in society all people should gradually become such “TVT-Vtsy”, that is, real masters.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

But this idea turned out to be an illusion [5].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

When writing books, the writer was assisted by his rich knowledge of history and geography and the use of memoirs and memoirs of scientists and travelers in his work.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The Moor was called Belarusian Mikloukho-Maclay and Jules Verne rolled into one.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Real travelers were sometimes surprised at the accuracy of the details in the description of a particular country in his works.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In his work, he relied on the traditions of Jules Verne, Fenimore Cooper, Myne Reed, with the help of which he created a new, social type of adventure novel and adventure story.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In the stories “Polesie Robinsons” and “TVT”, he reflected Soviet reality, he managed to vividly and plausibly describe young heroes.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

In 1934, the film “Polesie Robinsons”, shot according to the script of Yanka Mavr, was released.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

His fairy tale “Vandravanne pa zorkakh” (Russian: “Journey through the Stars”), “The Tale of Future Days” and the novel “Professor Tsilyakovsky's Fantamobil” laid the foundations of the sci-fi genre in the Belarusian literature [3].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Bibliography


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Dramatizations


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Polesie Robinsons (directed by L. M. Molchanov and I. Bahar, based on the novel “Polesie Robinsons”; “Belgoskino”)


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

“The Undiscovered Islands” (directed by L. IN. Martynyuk, based on the novel “Polesie Robinsons”; “Belarusfilm”)


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

“Miracle Island, or Polesie Robinsons” (directed by S. G. Sychev, based on the novel “Polesie Robinsons”; “Belarusfilm”)


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Awards, honors and awards


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Honored Worker of Culture of the BSSR (1968).


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

State Prize of the BSSR (1972 — posthumously) for the novels “Man Comes”, “In the Land of the Bird of Paradise”, “Son of Water”, “Polesie Robinsons”, “TVT”, “The Way Out of Darkness”, the novel “Amok”.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Order of the Badge of Honor.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

medals


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

memento


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Streets:


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

in Minsk.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Mavra Street in Pinsk.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Minsk Oblast Children's Library named after Yanka Mavr [3].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

District Borisov School named after Yanka Mavr.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Since 1993, Belarus has been awarded the Y.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Moor for the best works for children [24] [25].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

ME.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

The following documentaries are dedicated to the Moor:


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Captain Moor's Islands (1983, directed by V. Sukmanov, “Chronicle”)


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

“Childhood Trace” (2004, directed by A. Sukhanov, RUE Belarusian Video Center) [26].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

“Yanka Maur. Kapitan dzitsyachykh marağ” (Russian: “Yanka Mavr. The Captain of Childhood Dreams”) (2013, directed by A. Levchik, RUE Belarusian Video Center) [27].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

family


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

wife — Stefanida Alexandrovna.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

son — Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Fedor Ivanovich Fedorov (June 19, 1911, Turets village, Minsk province — October 13, 1994, Minsk).


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

son — Arseny Ivanovich Fedorov (January 23, 1917 — October 13, 2001), Candidate of Technical Sciences


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Daughter — Alexandra Ivanovna (Kopylova) (May 1, 1919 — May 3, 2005)


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

daughter — Natalia Ivanovna (Mitskevich) (July 27, 1924 — February 22, 2012, Minsk) — Candidate of Technical Sciences (1953); married (since 1946) to Yakub Kolas's son, Mikhas Mitskevich [28].


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Notes


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

comments


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Literature


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Books


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Barstock M. M. Vidnyshy Belarusian dzitsyachy pismennik Yanka Maur.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— Minsk, 1958.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Gurevich E.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

S. Yanka Maur: Narys zhytsya and creators/E.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

S. Gurevich.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— 2nd edition


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

, daprats.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

ed.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— Minsk: Belaruskaya Navuka, 2004.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— 148 p.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Mironov A. Ded Moor/A. Mironov said.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— Minsk: Mastatskaya Litaratura, 1979.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— 168 p.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Maur Yanka//Belaruskiya pismenniki (1917-1990): Davednik/Warehouse.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

A. K. Gardzitsky; nav.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

red.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

A. L. Verabey.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— Minsk: Mastatskaya Litaratura, 1994.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— P. 374—375.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Maur Yanka//Belaruskiya pismenniki: Biyabibliyagrafichny slounik.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

U 6 t/Pad red.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

A. I.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Maldzisa.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— Minsk: BelEN, 1992—1995.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Articles


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Check date values in: |year= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yafimava M. B.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Dzitsyachym pismennikam treba naradzitstsa//Polymya.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— 2008.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— No. 5.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— PP. 161—164.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yafimava M. B.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Kind and wise nastaunik: creator Yanki Maura//Rodnae slova.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— 1993.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— No. 5.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— P. 7.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yafimava M. B.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Cely light — dzetsyam: [ab creative, navatraskih poshukağ Ya. Maura] /M. B.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Yafimava.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— Minsk: BDU, 1983.


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

— P. 136


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

References


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

//National Library of Belarus


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

//BelTA


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Adventure writers


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Belarusian writers


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Honored Workers of Culture of the Byelorussian


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Children's writers alphabetically


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Children's writers of the USSR


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Belarusian children's writers


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Belarusian playwrights


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Belarusian Translators


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Writers known by pseudonyms


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Social realist writers


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Belarusian science fiction writers


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Category: Burials at the Eastern Cemetery in Minsk


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Category: Members of the Writers' Union of the USSR


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Category:CPSU members


Question: What city was Janka Moor born in?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Esperantists


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The Aleuts (self-name - unanan/unangan, unanas/unangas and others) are the indigenous population of the Aleutian Islands.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Most of them live in the United States (Alaska), and some in Russia (Kamchatka Krai).


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In 2010, there were 2,300 Aleuts in the United States [1].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In the Russian Federation, the Aleuts are included in the Unified List of Small Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Federation [2]; at the same time, their number on the territory of Russia in 2002 was 540 people, in 2010 — 482 people [3].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

ethnonym


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The name “Aleut” is of Russian origin [4].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

It was given after the discovery of the Aleutian Islands, and was first found in documents in 1747 [5] The etymology of the ethnonym is controversial among its researchers.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

If G. A. Menovshchikov derived the name “Aleut” from the Aleutian word allithuh “team, community”, then I. S. Vdovin believed that the ethnonym was of Chukotka-Koryak origin - from the word alyav-vyte “those who have a rim on their heads” (unusual wooden hats of the Aleuts really were in their past a distinctive feature) [6].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The hypothesis according to which the name “Aleut” comes from the Chukota.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

aliat 'island', aliut 'islanders', seems the most convincing [7].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

As a self-name, the Aleuts usually used the name Unangan (Aleut: unaam) in the Eastern dialect and Unangas (Aleut: unaas) in the Western dialect [8].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In addition to him, the names of local groups were also used: the inhabitants of the Near Islands were called sasignan/saskinan, Krats - kagun/kagan (Aleut: agan “in the east”), Atki Islands - nigugin/nyagungin ( Aleut: nuyin), Four-hill — akugun/akagai (i.e. “tamoshnie”), Umnaka Islands and parts of Unalashki Island — Kaelyangin, Islands and parts of Unalashki — Kinigun/Kigiggan (“northeastern”), Unimaka Islands - animgin, o -vov Shumagin - khagan tayagangin (Aleut: agan tayuin; “oriental people”), Andreyanovsky Islands - amigun/negblo/niguh (Aleut: nu, multiple. nuis) [8] [7].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Resettlement


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The Aleuts are an indigenous population of the Aleutian Islands, the Shumagin Islands, and the west coast of Alaska all the way to the Ugashik River in the north.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

After the arrival of the Russians, the Aleuts also settled on the Komandorsky Islands (where, since 1826, the Russian-American Company began to import Aleut fishing workers [5]), Pribylov, and some coastal islands and on the North American mainland.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

By the time the Russians arrived, i.e.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

in the middle of the 18th century, the Aleuts numbered from 8 to 10 thousand people.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Due to epidemics that swept through the territory of their settlement, as well as disturbances in the ecological balance, by 1820, their number fell to 2,000 people [9].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In Russia, they live on the Commander Islands, which make up the Aleutian District of the Kamchatka Territory.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The number of Aleuts in Russia is 482 people (according to the 2010 census), of which 401 people are in the region.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

, where they mainly live in the village of Nikolskoye, the only settlement on Bering Island and throughout the district (since the 1970s).


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

They account for 37.1% of the population of Aleutian district according to the 2010 census.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Aleut population in settlements (2002) [10]


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Kamchatka Krai:


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Nikolskoe village 294


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Most of the Aleuts (more than 2,000 native speakers) live in the United States in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Their number in the middle of the 18th century reached 12—15 thousand people.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

According to the 2000 US census, the number of Aleuts was 17,004 people [11], including 10,708 in Alaska, 2,273 in Washington State, 998 in California, 479 in Oregon man, etc.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

[12] However, the US census data on the number of Aleuts are significantly overestimated, as they include some Alutian Eskimos, Eyaks, and those who prefer to call themselves Aleuts for the use of benefits due to the Native people of Alaska [5].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Language


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The Aleuts speak the Aleutian language, which is usually divided into four dialects [9]:


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Eastern dialect (most of the Aleutian Islands: Umnak, Unalashka, Akutan; Pribylov Islands; Alaska Peninsula);


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Western dialect (Atka Island in the west of the Aleutian Islands);


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Bering dialect (Bering Island — Commander Islands), which almost completely coincides with the Western dialect, but contains a much larger number of borrowings from the Russian language;


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Mednovsky dialect (previously existed on Medny Island — Commander Islands, now its few speakers live on Bering Island).


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The Mednovsky dialect is significantly different from all others, and now it is preferred to be considered as an independent Aleutian-Mednovsky language — a mixed language that arose as a result of an extremely strong linguistic interference of two language formations: the Attuan dialect of the Aleutian language (found on the island of Attu, the westernmost of the Aleutian Islands, disappeared in the middle of the 20th century) and the Russian language.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

As a result, his grammar partially inherits the grammar of the Attuan dialect, partly from the grammar of the Russian language (in particular, the latter goes back to the verb conjugation system and a significant part syntactic constructions and structures) [9].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Example of conjugation: ya saā-yu 'I sleep', ti saā-ish 'you sleep', mi saā-im 'we sleep', ya saā-l 'ya sleep', ti saā-l 'you sleep', ani saā-li 'they sleep', ya budu saā--------a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-la' 'I'm going to sleep', etc. [5]


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In the 1820s, priest Ivan Veniaminov (later canonized as St. Innocent) developed a Cyrillic script for the Aleutian language; he and his followers translated religious books into Aleutian and established a school system.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

By the time Alaska and the Aleutian Islands were sold to the United States in 1867, literacy among the Aleuts was almost 100%; however, after that, Aleutian language teaching was discontinued for a long time (since the 1910s . in American schools, Aleuts were generally prohibited from using their native language, and only in 1967 did federal law allow the use of languages other than English in school teaching).


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In the 1970s, it was restored in Alaska (using the Latin alphabet); since 1983, Aleutian has been taught (with some breaks) and on Bering Island in junior classes as an optional subject [5] [9].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

At the beginning of the 21st century, no more than 12-15 older people spoke the Bering and Mednovsky dialects on Bering Island; the rest of the Aleuts switched to Russian.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The main part of the Aleuts of the United States by this time switched to English; 80 people continued to speak the Western dialect, 420-430 people continued to speak the Eastern dialect (of which about 375 people were residents of the islands Pribylova) [9].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Anthropological type


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In 1877, describing the anthropological type of the Aleuts, the Russian traveler V. AND. Nemirovich-Danchenko wrote: “A wide, flat face with rolled out cheekbones and eyes cut at random makes us assume the relationship of this tribe with the Mongolian race than with the American race.”


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

He also noted that the body and face color of the Aleuts are white, which distinguishes them from the darker Chukchi and Eskimos [13].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

According to modern ideas, the Aleuts belong to the Arctic race, although they occupy a special position in its composition: they have an admixture of southern elements of the Pacific branch of the Mongoloids [6].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Genetics


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Genetic studies have shown that the Aleuts, in terms of their gene pool, are more close to Asian Eskimos and Chukchi than to the Eskimos of Alaska and the indigenous population of Kamchatka [14].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in the Aleuts showed that they are dominated by the ancient haplogroup D (in the D2a1 variant), which is widespread among the aboriginal population of the northern American continent , as well as haplogroup A, which is characteristic of both Aboriginal Americans and residents of North and Central Asia.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

This means, in particular, that the contribution of Europeans to the gene pool of the Aleuts is not traced on the maternal side.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

A different picture is given by the study of the Y-chromosomal haplogroups of the Aleuts: in modern Aleuts, the haplogroup R characteristic of Europeans prevails over the haplogroup Q, native to the aborigines of America, so 85% Y- Aleut chromosomes are of European origin.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Consequently, on the paternal side, the Aleut genotype is strongly mixed [14] [15].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Ethnogenesis


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

For a long time, there have been two hypotheses about their origin.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

According to one, the Aleuts came from the northeast Asian coast, according to another - from Alaska.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

G. IN. Steller spoke in favor of the Asian origin of the Aleuts; as the main argument he considered the similarities that, in his opinion, Aleutian bark hats and Itelmen hats have and Koryaks.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Objecting the Asian hypothesis, the famous American researcher of Alaska V. Doll believed that with the means of transportation that the Aleuts had, their move from Asia to the islands seemed incredible.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The American origin of the Aleuts was also assumed by V. AND. Jochelson, arguing this hypothesis by the similarity of Aleut culture with the culture of the Indians of the northwest coast of America: “This includes the use of bushings (as jewelry), face painting and some other decoration techniques. In general, we can say that the features of material and spiritual culture, as well as the physical warehouse of the Aleuts, indicate their close connection with the inhabitants of America, not Asia” [7].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

A. Grdlicka believed that the first inhabitants of the Aleutian Islands were the Praaleuts (English: Pre-Aleuts), who in about 1000 were replaced by the ancestors of the current Aleuts, who came from the American continent and moving westward along the island chain.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Later archaeological excavations confirmed the change in the population of the islands at this time.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

As for the time of separation of the Aleuts from the Eskimos and their separation into an independent ethnic group, this, according to some authors, happened about 8,000 years ago [14].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Aleut history


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

First contacts with Russians


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The history of the study of the Aleuts begins with the discovery in 1741 of the Aleutian Islands by the Great Northern (Second Kamchatka) Expedition (1733—1743).


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Russian sailors, researchers, industrialists collected data on the culture of the people [16].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

They also terrorized the local population, robbing them, kidnapping women, killing resisters.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In general, during the first 30 years of contacts with Russians, the indigenous population of the Aleutian Islands decreased, according to the most conservative estimates, by three times.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

At the turn of 1750-1760, armed clashes took place between the crews of Russian commercial and industrial ships and the eastern Aleuts, during which the crews of three ships were exterminated and the ships were burned.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Having met hostility from the natives and seeing traces of the destroyed artel of Russian industrialists in his old winter hut, Glotov decided to arrange a punitive raid.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

“He,” wrote I. E. Veniaminov, “how much, under the pretext of revenge for the death of his compatriots, so much for disobedience destroyed without a trace all the villages that were on the south side of Umnak, and the inhabitants of the Samalli Islands and Four-legged”.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In June 1765, I. Korovin with the remains of the crew of St. Trinity”, having moved to him from Glotov from Umnak Island.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Together, they decided to organize a punitive campaign against the rebellious Aleuts.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Moving from one native village to another, they exterminated the inhabitants and destroyed their homes.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

According to V. N. At the top, during one of the clashes, industrialists blew up a fortified Aleutian dwelling with homemade powder mines, where about 300 people defended.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Many Unalashka residents who escaped the explosion were killed by rifles and sabers, killing up to 200 people.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In addition, according to I. E.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Veniaminov, Solovyov and his people destroyed two kayaks with Unimak Aleuts who came to visit their relatives.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Having discovered residents of one of the Aleutian villages gathered for general protection on a small island near Spirkin Island, Solovyov killed all the islanders who were here with his wives after a second assault and kids.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

“The murder was so cruel,” wrote I. E. Veniaminov, “that the sea around the island became bloody from those who rushed and threw into it.”


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

According to G.I.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Davydov, Solovyov killed more than 3 thousand Aleuts on Unalashka, and according to G. A. Sarycheva and I. E.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Veniaminov — at least 5 thousand.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Of course, in a direct clash, the Aleuts could not oppose anything to the Russian industrialists with armed firearms, so they adhered to the plan of a surprise attack.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The plan of the attack was simple and effective: to come to the artel with offerings, and when the industrial began to untie bales of fur, suddenly attack them with knives and cut everyone.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Thus interrupting 28 people in the artels “St. John”, the Aleuts came in a large crowd to the barracks, where the sailor Denis Medvedev himself and the leader Yakov Zakharov lived with 20 industrial ones.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

They brought whale oil, jukola and beaver skins with them.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

After putting the bales on the floor, they sat among the Russians in such a way that each industrial one was between two Aleuts.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

“Knowing the extraordinary strength of the leader, five of the most lively and daring people were appointed to him, and all the others were appointed two,” Veniaminov said.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

When the Russians began to dismantle the furs they had brought, the islanders rushed at them with knives.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Yakov Zakharov alone managed to throw off the murderers — “with spears pierced into him, killed several Aleuts, knocked out doors held outside by several people, and ran to the ship. But when he was mortally wounded, he fell dead beside the ship.”


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

On Woody Island, local Aleuts also resisted Russian explorers, but over time they managed to organize a settlement, establish trade relations and begin to spread Orthodoxy among the indigenous population [18].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In the second half of the 18th century, up to four or five merchant ships came to the Aleutian Islands every year, and successive batches of Russians wintered on the islands or lived there among the Aleuts for 5-6 years, perceiving their skills, taking Aleuts as wives.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Russian industrialists taught capable Aleut boys the Russian language and even took them to Kamchatka and Okhotsk, where they enrolled them in schools.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

As a result of contacts, the Aleuts perceived many Russian tools and household items, while maintaining mainly the traditional way of life [19].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Aleuts under the control of RAK


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Since 1799, the Aleutian Islands and the adjacent part of Alaska were managed by the Russian-American Company (RAK).


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In order to develop the previously uninhabited Commander Islands, the company began to relocate Aleut fishing workers (ancestors of the current population of the Commander) there from the nearby Aleutian Islands [5].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Later, the population of the Commander Islands was replenished not only by Aleuts, but also by Creoles (descendants of Europeans and Aleuts) and Russian industrialists from Atka and California, who married Aleutians.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Bering Island was inhabited mainly by immigrants from Atka (in 1827 there were already 110 people), Medny Island was inhabited by immigrants from Attu.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The main goal of the Russian-American company was to use the Aleuts as hunters for seals and sea otters, whose furs were a reliable and main source of profit (before the discovery of gold on Klondike).


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Officials appointed clerks and kayakers to organize fishing on remote islands.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The official status of the Aleuts approached the status of foreigners of the Russian Empire; they paid yasak to the treasury, and since 1821 they were recognized as Russian subjects (while they were classified as “islanders”, and in 1844 equated to “sedentary foreigners” [19]).


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Aleuts were involved in the most important events carried out by the CANCER.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

They made up a significant part of the residents in settlements that originated in the company's possessions.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In 1812, Ivan Kuskov, an employee of the RAK, with 25 Russian colonists and 90 Aleuts (along with the Aleuts themselves, the latter included the Alutian Eskimos) founded the Ross fortress (Fort Ross) on the coast Northern California.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In 1828, 25 Russians and about 100 Aleutian hunters lived in the fortress; local Kashaya Indians called the Aleuts “underwater people” because their kayak boats sat so low on the water that they seemed emerging from the sea [20] [16].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In 1867, the Aleutian Islands, together with Alaska, were sold to the United States, after which the Aleuts remained in Russia only on the Commanders [21].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

American Aleuts after 1867


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

After coming under US rule, the Aleuts and Creoles were classified as “uncivilized tribes” and maintained this status until 1915, when they were legally equated with American Indians and handed over under the custody of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

19] They acquired American citizenship rights only in 1924. [


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In the first decades of the 20th century, the traditional economy of the American Aleuts continued to be basically the same as in the days of CANCER; however, undermining community life.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The standard of living of the Aleuts remains extremely low: discrimination allowed them to engage only in unskilled labor, and the wages of Alaska Aborigines were 2 to 2.5 times lower than that of whites [19].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In June 1942, Japanese troops landed on Attu Island, after which its residents were forcibly evicted to Hokkaido, where they remained in forced labor for three years (almost half of them died evicted).


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In 1945, the US authorities settled them (for military reasons) not on their home island, but on the island of Atka, where they disappeared among the local population [5] [19].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Since the 1960s, the situation of American Aleuts began to improve (in particular, they managed to cope with the previously widespread tuberculosis) [19].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In accordance with the December 1971 [22], in June 1972, it was established (one of the 12 regional corporations established in Alaska on an ethnic basis), with branches in each village where the Aleuts live, and is designed to resolve issues of land once alienated from the indigenous population, as well as conclude state contracts, manage real estate and investments in various projects in the territory under its control.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The Act also recognized the rights of the Aleuts to “lead a traditional way of life” and provided for the payment of compensation to them for the alienated land [19].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Russian Aleuts after 1867


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In 1882, the Aleutian population (together with the Creoles) on the Commander Islands numbered 500 people (on Bering Island - 309, on Medny - 191).


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The Aleuts were engaged in cat, beaver and arctic fox fisheries, caught fish and birds, bred sled dogs and were engaged in gardening (turnips, radishes, potatoes).


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Since 1871, cat and beaver crafts have been leased to various commercial and industrial companies [23].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The highest population of the islands was recorded in 1899:354 people on Bering Island and 283 people on Medny Island [9].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

After the end of the civil war in the Far East of Russia, the restoration of the destroyed economy on the Commander Islands began, the development of fur farming, animal husbandry, gardening, fish and marine hunter fisheries.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In 1928, the Commander Islands were separated into the Aleutian National District [21].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The process of revival of the Aleuts included the creation in 1925 of a fur farm, the participation of the people in management, the training of personnel of the national intelligentsia, technical specialists.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Since 1935, the population began to grow.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

At the same time, the process of dispersion of the Aleuts and their settling on the mainland began to develop.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In 1969, the village of Preobrazhenskoye (the place of residence of the Aleuts of Medny Island), by decision of local authorities, as part of a campaign to eliminate “unpromising villages”, was closed, and the villagers were transported to Bering Island; after that, the main concentration of Russian Aleuts was the village of Nikolskoye on this island [9].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In terms of lifestyle and social structure, the indigenous Aleuts do not differ from the visiting population.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The predominance of interethnic marriages with Russians living in the village (and making up the majority of the population in it) and representatives of other peoples, the lack of school teaching of Aleutian in the past language lead to increased assimilation of Russian Aleuts, which, in conditions of their small number, threatens to lose their native language and even the disappearance of Russian Aleuts as an ethnic group [5].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Religion


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Traditional beliefs are characterized by animism.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The spirits of ancestors, whose images of stone, bone, wood and bird skins were inherited as personal amulets, were revered.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The patron spirits were depicted by wooden masks that were worn during ritual dances.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Shamanism was widespread among the Aleuts, in the mythology of which there were ideas about different worlds.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The shamanic costume, like some peoples of Siberia, symbolized a bird.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In addition to shamanism, there was also hunting magic, which consisted in rituals of summoning the beast, in special hunting prohibitions and wearing amulets that guarded the owner.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

At the end of the 18th century, the Aleuts, having experienced strong assimilation on the part of Russian industrialists and merchants, were converted to Orthodoxy.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Schooling and bilingualism have spread.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Religious books have been translated into Aleutian language.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

It is characteristic that some aborigines became missionaries.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The Aleuts still remain staunch adherents of Orthodoxy, and religious rituals are performed in Russian and Aleutian languages.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

One of the Aleuts, Peter Aleut, is revered by the Orthodox Church as a martyr.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

God sounds like Agugum in Aleutian.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The religion of the Aleuts is Orthodox Christianity.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The process of assimilation and Christianization began in the late 1950s. XVIII century and corresponded to the general trend of Russian policy in the colonization of new territories.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Christianity was a reliable means of assimilation and rapprochement between aborigines and the Russian population.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The peculiarity of the Christianization of the Aleuts was that it was initiated not by missionaries, but by Russian industrialists not in the form of orthodox, but everyday Orthodox ideology and cult.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

This ensured the non-violent and rapid spread of Christianity among the Aleuts.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Their religion notes a harmonious combination of traditional worldview with Orthodox doctrine, which was expressed in the design of a kind of “Aleutian faith” and the “Aleutian Church”.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The constant presence of priests among the Aleuts begins in the summer of 1824, when I. E.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Veniaminov (St. Innokenty), who stayed here for ten years.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Veniaminov not only baptized the Aleuts, but also organized the education of their children in schools, taught the Aleuts carpentry and carpentry, shoemaking and icon painting crafts, trained successors of their craft from Aleut and Creole numbers.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

He was called the “good father of the Aleuts” [19].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Household and household


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Aleut economic activity


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The basis of the farm was St. John's wort fishing, fishing and poultry farming, supplemented by gathering [21].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

St. John's wort.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Aleutian men kayaked marine animals, and hunted seals on land and, in winter, seals; in some areas they hunted bears and caribou [24].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The sea otter was caught in the open sea with a harpoon (a throwing spear on a long rope), sea lions and walruses - on rookeries, the seal was lured ashore with a semolina - an inflated seal skin, imitating the cry of a female, whales were hunted with a spear, the tip of which was smeared with aconite poison.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

After 2-3 days, the sea threw the animal's carcass ashore.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Harpoons and spears were thrown with the help of spearthrowers - wooden planks 50-70 cm long with a longitudinal groove, finger recesses at one end and a bone rest at the other.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Fisheries.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The Aleuts used long fishing rods made from algae.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Hooks were attached to these sturdy and sturdy fixtures.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The rods could be used to catch sea fish, such as halibut and cod.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

River fish were caught using bag-shaped nets made from whale tendons [25].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Poultry farming.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Birds were hunted with throwing spears (shatin) and a throwing projectile (bola) - a bundle of belts with stone or bone weights at the ends.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

After spinning, the bola was thrown into the flock, and the bird entangled in the belts became the prey of the hunter.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

They were also caught in bird bazaars with a large net on a long pole (chirucha), as well as with nets.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Gathering.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Aleutian women collected mollusks and sea urchins, as well as wild plants — berries and herbs (the latter, in particular, were used to make a variety of wicker products) [24].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Technics


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

An important role in sea hunting was played by a kayak — a flat-bottomed boat with a wooden frame covered with sea lion or seal leather, and a kayak, a closed leather boat with a wooden frame and a hatch hole, where a hunter sat down (a prototype of a sports kayak).


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

It was driven by a two-bladed oar.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Before the arrival of the Russians, the Aleut weapons were light darts with bone tips, bows, stone or bone knives.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Traditional dwelling


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The villages were located on the seashore, often in the mouths of rivers and consisted of two or four large half-dugouts (ulagams).


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Russian travelers called them earthen yurts from the throwing forest, which were completely devoid of a hearth [26].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

High, open places were chosen for them to make it convenient to observe marine animals and the approach of enemies.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Half-dugouts were built from a fin (trees nailed to the shore), covered with dry grass, skins and turf on top.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Several quadrangular holes were left in the roof for the entrance, climbed there by a log with notches.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The semi-dugout could accommodate from 10 to 40 families [21].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Inside, bunk beds were built along the walls.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Each family lived on its own part of bunks, separated from each other by pillars and curtains.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Utensils were stored under the bunks.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In summer, we moved to separate light buildings.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In the 19th century, the traditional semi-dugout changed: the walls and roof, made of poles and boards, were covered with turf.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

At the top was a hatch for lighting, on the side there was an exit through a small canopy.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

They lit the dwellings with grease lamps, sometimes they put stoves.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Along with traditional utensils, imported factory-made dishes were used.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Clothes


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The traditional winter clothing of the Aleuts was a parka — long deaf (without a cut in the front) clothes made of fur of a fur seal, sea otter, bird skins.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

A kamleyka was worn over it — deaf waterproof clothing made of the guts of marine animals with sleeves, a deaf closed collar and a hood (the prototype of the European windbreaker).


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Festive clothes (parks and kamleyki) did not differ in cut from everyday clothes, but they were abundantly decorated with embroidered stripes, fringes, fur straps; for men, the festive park had a high standing collar [27].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The edges of the hood and sleeves were tightened with laces.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Traditional commercial jackets with hoods made of sea lions and throats, pants made of seal leather have been preserved.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Men's and women's clothing was similar in cut and jewelry.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Later, a new type of clothing appeared - wanders (pants made of sea lions throats), to which waterproof torbas was sewn - soft boots made of the leather of marine animals.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

In everyday life, they wore European clothes.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Aleuts used worn winter clothes as summer clothes, but they also sewed special summer clothes from the guts of marine animals and bird skins.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The Aleuts did not have underwear as such, but waistwear sewn from seal skins was used.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

During fishing, to protect against dampness, the Aleuts in the 18th century wore grass-woven raincoats (similar to the Itelmen and Ainu ones), and later wicker straw mats [27].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Commercial hats were wooden hats of conical shape (for chiefs - toyons) or hats without a top, with a very elongated front part (for ordinary hunters), richly decorated with polychrome painted, carved bone, feathers, sea lion mustache [21].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

They were worn over the camleyka hood.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Hats were hollowed out of a whole piece of wood, then steamed and, given the desired shape, painted in bright colors with bizarre ornaments.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

On the sides and back they were decorated with carved walrus fang plates engraved with geometric ornaments into which paint was rubbed.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

A bone figure of a bird or beast was attached to the top of the back plate, which served as the top of the hat at the same time.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

A 50-centimeter sea lion mustache was inserted into the side holes of the plate, the number of which depended on the hunting dignity of the owner.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Only men wore these hats.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Hats of various shapes made of leather and bird skins with ornaments, leather headbands with patterned seams served as festive and ritual hats.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Meals


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The traditional food of the Aleuts was meat of marine animals and birds, fish, marine invertebrates, algae and wild plants [21].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

They prepared jukola for the winter [28].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Art


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The Aleuts have developed a kind of artistic culture.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Throwing darts, hunting bows, hats, masks of the Aleuts are at the same time examples of original ornamental art.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Wooden frames for women's knives, mallets for killing fish were decorated with skillful carvings.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Hunting hats were richly decorated with applied engraved plates, beads, beads, sea lion mustaches, bird feathers, and then painted with bright mineral paints (application multicolored wood painting distinguishes the art of the Aleuts from the art of other peoples of the far North-East of Russia and, conversely, finds parallels in the art of the Indians of North-West America, although Aleut painting is closer to the ornament of the Eskimos) [27].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Aleutian products made of soft materials are also distinguished by their originality.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The Aleuts created a wide variety of patterns from deer hair, and using a technique unknown to other peoples.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Careful execution is typical for Aleut wicker products — capes, mats, rugs, bags, baskets; the material was the stems of wild peas and wild barley [27].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The Aleuts had a lot of historical legends.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Many songs were composed, the most important topics of which were marine crafts and love lyrics [13].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Traditional society


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

By the middle of the 18th century, the Aleuts had social and property differentiation while maintaining the foundations of the ancestral system [21].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

IN. AND. Nemirovich-Danchenko noted that before the arrival of the Russians, the Aleuts were divided into three classes: the first included Toyons (ancestors, elders in the family) and other noble Aleuts, the second - free people, the third - slaves (Kalgi, who descended from prisoners of war).


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

After the transfer of control of the Aleutian Islands to RAK, slavery was destroyed, and the Toyons became clerks of the company [13].


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Funerals


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Noble people were buried with slaves in caves, a painted pole was placed at the entrance or the bodies of the deceased were hung in baskets between two pillars.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

See also


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Aleutian language


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Alaska


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Nikolskoye (Kamchatka Oblast) is the only place of compact residence of Aleuts in Russia


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Aleutian Street


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Koloshi


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

The peoples of the Arctic


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Notes


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Literature


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

— PP. 986-992.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

— PP. 71—79.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

— P. 23—28.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

— P. 293—305.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

— P. 81-82.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

— P. 479—485.


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

References


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Category:Peoples of Russia


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Category:Peoples of the Far East


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Category:Indigenous peoples of the North


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Category:Native American


Question: Where do the Aleuts live in Russia?

Aleuts

Category:Aleuts


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Zelenogorsk is a city (since 1956) in the Krasnoyarsk Territory of Russia.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Within the framework of the administrative-territorial structure, it has the status of a closed administrative-territorial entity.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

[1] Within the framework of the municipal structure, it forms the municipality CATU Zelenogorsk with the status of a city district as the only settlement in its composition.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

[2] [3]


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

History


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

The boundaries of the CATU, which define the territory of the city, were approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 14, 2002 No. 26. [2]


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

By Order No. 1398-r of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 2014 “On Approval of the List of Single-Industry Towns”, the city was included in the category “Single-industry Municipalities of the Russian Federation (single-industry towns), which have risks of deterioration of the socio-economic situation” [4].


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Geography


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

The city is located on the left bank of the Kan River at the mouth of Barga, 137 km east of Krasnoyarsk, 18 km north-west of the city of Zaozerny, where the railway station is located.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Previously, it was called Zaozerny-13, then Krasnoyarsk-45.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

On the territory of CATU Zelenogorsk are located p. Oktyabrsky, Ovrazhny, 1000 yards, Orlovka, which are part of the city. Zelenogorsk


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

population


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

In 2018, the population of Zelenogorsk was 66,080 people.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Local government


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Council of Deputies of CATU Zelenogorsk


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Date of formation: 14.03.2010.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Term of office: 4 years


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Chairperson


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Pavel Korchashkin


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

The head of CATU Zelenogorsk


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Pavel Korchashkin.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Date of election: September 2014


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Head of the City Administration


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Eidemiller Aleksandr Yakovlevich.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Date of appointment: 2/19/2015


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Economics


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

City-forming enterprises:


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

PA Electrochemical Plant JSC [5] is a uranium producer.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Production of highly enriched uranium at PA ECP JSC began in 1962.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

In accordance with the decision to completely stop the production of highly enriched uranium since 1988, the company has been producing low-enriched uranium for the manufacture of fuel for reactors of nuclear power plants.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

After the energy-intensive gas-diffusion cascade was shut down in 1990, uranium enrichment is carried out using gas centrifuges.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

The branch of PJSC OGK-2 Krasnoyarskaya GRES-2 [6] is the main source of thermal energy for consumers in Zelenogorsk and a wholesale supplier of electricity to the federal wholesale market electric power.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Medical


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Clinical Hospital No. 42, a branch of the Federal Siberian Scientific and Clinical Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, provides medical care for residents of Zelenogorsk.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Education


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

9 general education schools: No. 161, No. 163, No. 167, No. 169, No. 172, No. 175, No. 176, Gymnasium No. 164, Lyceum No. 174.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

9 institutions of additional education: art, music school, Perspektiva, Vityaz, CEkit, 4 sports schools.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Boarding school of the 8th type.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Secondary vocational education: Zelenogorsk Technical School of Industrial Technologies and Service, Electromechanical Technical School


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Youth sphere


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

ZATO Youth Center g. Zelenogorsk.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

KROO KRIIR “Griffin” (role-playing and historical reconstruction club).


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Zolinsky Extreme Park.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Culture


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Zelenogorsk City Palace of Culture.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Library n.a.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Mayakovsky


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Museum and Exhibition Center.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Monuments


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Lenin Monument (Central Square).


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Bust of Lenin (Alley near EMT).


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Monument to soldiers-internationalists (near TsDOD “Vityaz”)


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Stella Pobedy (Kan river embankment)


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Monument to Builders and Installers (near the former US-604)


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Steam locomotive (LRT)


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

The inscription “Krasnoyarsk-45" at the entrance to the city.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Transportation


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

It has a freight rail connection through a line leading from the Trans-Siberian Railway through the station.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Partizanskaya to JSC PA ECP and PJSC Krasnoyarskaya GRES-2.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Passenger traffic is available through Art.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Zaozernaya.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Intercity buses: 551 (Zelenogorsk-Krasnoyarsk), 140 (Zelenogorsk-Zaozerny).


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Buses depart from TEA.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Intra-city transport: municipal (MUE “ATP”): 6, 13, 14, 20, 19, 22, 36, 29, 26, 16; private: 24, 25, 30, 24*.


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

In summer, a ferry crossing across the Kan River operates (did not operate from 2013 to 2017).


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Notes


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Category:Cities in Krasnoyarsk Krai


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Category:Renamed settlements in Russia


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Category:Science cities


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Category:Populated places of regional subordination of Krasnoyarsk Krai


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Category:Populated places ZATO Zelenogorsk


Question: Is Zelenogorsk a green city?

Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Category: Single-industry towns of nuclear industry of the USSR