Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The complex of pre-restoration studies of the trellis includes determining the origin of fibers; assessing their condition and damage in the trellis; analyzing dyes, their stability; establishing the value pH of fibers; study of technological characteristics of gold threads; determination of the origin of contaminants.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

For research, samples of threads from the wrong side of the trellis are taken, since dyes on the reverse side are not destroyed by exposure to light [39].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

When entering the restoration, the tapestries are necessarily subjected to dry cleaning on both sides, since when washing the trellis, dust under the influence of water or solvents forms more persistent contaminants.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The decision on water purification is made according to the results of technological studies of fibers.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since the 1990s, special vacuum tables have been used for water cleaning of trellises, which greatly facilitates the work of restorers, reduces the cleaning time and helps to avoid deformation of the trellises.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

To avoid shrinkage, after washing, the trellis is fixed around the perimeter.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Products subject to shedding (made of threads dyed with synthetic dyes) or severe deformation (silk or woolen tapestries based on cotton threads) are cleaned with cotton tampons and soft brushes [39].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Conservation works include: strengthening lacunae (losses) with woolen or cotton threads; full or partial duplication of the trellis surface (the decision on the scale of duplication is made in depending on whether the product will be exhibited as part of the permanent exhibition or only temporarily at exhibitions); planting the trellis on the lining [39].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Needle strengthening of tissues is widely used, including on a new basis.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The advantage of this method is that the needle-reinforced fabric retains its original elasticity and softness [40], the disadvantage is that the fiber remains unprotected from the destructive effects of external environments [41].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since the second half of the 19th century, museum fabrics have been glued to a new base using flour paste with gelatin.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Natural glue, to which softening, wetting and anti-mold substances are added, fixes the fabric and forms a protective layer on the fiber surface.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In an improved form, this reversible method of strengthening (the glue is easily removed with water if necessary) is still used at the present time, since its components do not destroy the fabric [40] [41] [42].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The complex of restoration work additionally includes the removal (if necessary, recognized as unsuccessful) of darns and patches made earlier, as well as making up for the losses of the trellis canvas (duplication dyed fabric, tapestry weaving, embroidery).


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Historically, the main type of restoration was weaving lost fragments on added warp threads.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Such replenishments are usually made in impeccable technique.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

However, for weft yarns, dyes other than the original ones were used, which over time led to significant differences in color brightness between the restored parts and the trellis fabric.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Trellis weaving during restoration is currently used only in some cases when restoring small sections of the canvas.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

It is widely used to imitate the structure of the trellis with weft-colored threads sewn on the duplicating fabric fastened [39].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Traditionally, tapestries were hung on the walls by rings sewn to the upper edge.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

This method of suspension led to the stretching of the canvas.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the 19th century, a lining began to be hemmed to the trellises, which helped to reduce deformation.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Recently, fixing trellises with a contact tape has been recognized as the most optimal [39].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

comments


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Notes


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Literature


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

References


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Harbin Law Faculty is a Russian emigrant higher educational institution that existed from 1920 to 1937 [1] in Harbin and was located in the building of the Railway Assembly.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Prerequisites for establishing the Law Faculty in Harbin [2]


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Since the beginning of the 20th century Harbin was the center of the largest Russian diaspora in East Asia.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1899, it was home to about 14,000 people.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

, in 1903 — more than 44 thousand people.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

, and by the end of the 1910s there were 70,000 people.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

By 1914, Russians accounted for 64.5% of the total number of Harbin residents.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The Russian population of Harbin had a high percentage of literacy and education (53.9%), which was typical for large railway settlements.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

According to international standards, Harbin was approximately at the same level of literacy of the population with Hungary, Austria, Bulgaria, while Russia officially recognized that it was slightly literate more than 1/5 of the population.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

It was very important for Russian Harbin residents that their children received a decent education.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1912, at least 9% of the city's male population were students.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

By 1910 The CER opened 12 Russian educational institutions, which were considered the best schools in the Russian Far East.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Their graduates had the opportunity to continue their education at universities of the Russian Empire, so the lack of such institutions in Harbin was not a serious problem for Russian families at the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In the early 1920s, the situation changed.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Harbin has received thousands of refugees.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1918, there were 38,024 Russian citizens in the city.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

, and by January 1, 1921, their number had increased 4.5 times and, together with the Russian population of the exclusion zone of the CER, amounted to 288,225 people.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

However, in the early 1920s, there was a widespread re-emigration of Russians from China to other countries.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

And already in 1923, the population of this Russian city decreased to 127 thousand people.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

However, there were many young people in Harbin.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

One of the concerns of refugee families was to provide children with higher education.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In general, in the early 1920s, 6,000 people studied at Harbin Russian educational institutions.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

All of them had yet to get a profession.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

But due to the severance of ties after 1917, young people were unable to continue their studies at Russian universities.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Harbin had the Russian Student Society (1917—1935), which united those young men and women who did not have time to complete their higher education in institutes due to the war and revolution empire: its members were more than 1 thousand people.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

However, there were not enough teaching staff to organize the university.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

For the first time, the question of organizing a higher educational institution in Harbin was raised in 1915. But real steps for its creation were taken only in 1918. On June 27, 1918, the “Committee for the Establishment of a Higher Educational Institution in Harbin” was formed under the leadership of the director of the Commercial Schools of the CER N. IN. Borzova.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

A commission went from the committee to Tomsk to discuss with professors from Tomsk University and Tomsk Technological Institute the possibility of organizing a Polytechnic School with an economic department in Harbin.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

But the professors refused to go to Harbin to give lectures.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Due to the difficult political situation at the CER, it was possible to open a university only in the early 1920s. Despite the needs of the CER for technical specialists, the first university in Harbin was of a humanitarian nature.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

According to the historiographer of the education system Harbin N. P. Avtonomov, the future Faculty of Law arose by accident.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The lack of lawyers with orientation training in the exclusion zone of the CER and emigration from Russia played a decisive role.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The fact is that as a result of the defeat of Kolchak at the end of 1919. A large group of professors from the Omsk Agricultural Institute and other universities found themselves in Harbin.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

They were approached by residents of Harbin with a request to give a number of informative lectures, as was the case in the tradition of Harbin life.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

And teachers had the idea of systematically giving lectures — as for the first year of the university.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

They turned to N. IN. Borzov with a request for organizational and material assistance.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

As a result of this cooperation, the Higher Economic and Legal Courses appeared, which began on March 1, 1920 under the first-year program of Russian law faculties.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Lectures were given on the general theory of law (workshops were also held), Roman law, state law, political economy, and the history of economic doctrines.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In the future, it was planned to deploy them either to the Faculty of Law or to the Commercial Institute.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1922, the courses were transformed into the Harbin Law Faculty.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

History of Harbin Law School


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

It is worth talking about two stages in the history of the university.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

1920—1929 is a stage in the development of a higher educational institution along the ascending line, when its curriculum was developed, the structure and sources of funding were determined, and a pedagogical the team and the management system was formed.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

From 1929 to 1937, a downward trend was clearly traced, which led to the liquidation of the university.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

At the origins of the courses was their original leader, N. IN. Ustryalov said.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Lectures were delivered by G. K. Gins N. AND. Petrov M. IN. Abrosimov N. A. Strelkov.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

By July 1920, the 1st year program was completed with 20 weeks of classes.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The total number of students was 98.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

(75 students and 23 volunteers).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1920—1921, the teaching staff was replenished with qualified personnel: N. AND. Mirolyubov (professor, civilist, graduated from Kazan University), V. IN. Engelfeld (Professor of the State Duma and the Beijing Institute of the Russian Language), V. AND. Surin (graduate and teacher of the Academy of the General Staff, head of the Economic Bureau of the CER) and M. E.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Gilcher (well-known practicing lawyer, sworn attorney, graduate of Novorossiysk University, specialist in Roman law, student of Heidelberg, Margburg and Paris Universities), G. K. Gins (Roman and Commercial Law).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In the academic years 1921-1922, such prominent lawyers as V. A. Ryazanovsky, N.I.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Kokhanovsky (specialist in the history of finance and financial law), V. IN. Lamansky, N. AND. Nikiforov and N. D. Mironov said.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1925, the faculty invited Mikhail Yakovlevich Parchment, a former professor at St. Petersburg State University and Petrograd University, permanent dean of the Law Faculty of the Higher (Bestuzhev) Women's Courses, who lived in exile in China — to the economic department at the Department of Modern Civil Law.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

However, for material reasons, M. ME.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The parchment refused the offer and did not come to Harbin.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1921. Dean was elected N. AND. Mirolyubov said.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1922. The Course Council has established relations with the State Far Eastern University.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Harbin residents asked for the admission of their graduates to test exams at the university (that is, for the issuance of full-fledged diplomas).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The GDU approved a special Testing Commission consisting of six professors of the State University and Courses under the leadership of V. A. Ryazanovsky.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

According to N. P. Avtonomov, since November 1922, when Primorye became part of Soviet Russia, ties with the State Duma were lost, and the Harbin Testing Commission of the Faculty of Law assumed the right and responsibility issue diplomas.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1925. Its composition was approved by the board of the Union of Russian Academic Organizations Abroad in Prague.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Two years of existence of the Courses have confirmed their viability and need for the region.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1920—1922, they began to receive subsidies from the CER, the Harbin Public Administration, the Railway Assembly and the Exchange Committee — 8 thousand evils each.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

rub. per year.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The Council of Professors had the opportunity to develop an estimate and determine the curriculum for subsequent years.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

And July 8, 1922. The Higher Economics and Law Courses were renamed the Faculty of Law.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The Council of Professors of the Faculty was guided by the program and procedure of the General University Charter of 1884 with subsequent additions.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

It was an example of a typical Russian law school.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Twelve departments are formed: Roman law and legal proceedings, civil law, trade law, criminal law, history of Russian law, state law, international law, administrative law, financial law, canon law, political economy and statistics, encyclopedia and history of legal philosophy.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

However, the coexistence of the Russian colony of Harbin and the CER with an alien ethno-cultural environment left an imprint on the formation of the faculty's program.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Since 1923, a local history bias and elements of oriental studies have been introduced into teaching - teaching Chinese law: state and administrative, civil law and procedure, criminal law and process and commercial law.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

After the restoration of ties with the USSR, a cycle of disciplines on Soviet law was included in the curriculum of the university.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1924, V. A. Ryazanovsky.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Since 1923, the first business trip of the faculty teacher Associate Professor Abrosimov to Europe took place.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

On January 25, 1924, the first six students graduated, who successfully completed the full course of the Faculty of Law.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1924, in connection with the conclusion of the Soviet-Chinese agreement, the Soviet administration took over the management of the CER.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The administration left the faculty the right to use premises at the Commercial School of the Road and expanded financial assistance.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Loans were made for the library, business trips, and the publishing house.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The library of the Faculty of Law in 1929 consisted of up to 4,000 volumes.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Public meetings of the Council of Professors were of great importance at the Faculty of Law.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In addition to the dean's report on the state of affairs at the faculty in the reporting year, scientific reports were also made at them.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

For example, Professor G. G. Telberg “The Idea of War in New International Law” (March 1, 1927), reports by G. K. Gins “Law is a Factor of Progress” (January 12, 1925) and “New Law” (November 29, 1937).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

After enrolling all 4 courses in 1924, the annual estimate of the university amounted to 30 thousand zols.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

rub. per year.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

And in 1925. The Faculty of Law opened the Economics Department.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

There is an increase in the number of students (in 1925, the number of students together with cadets exceeded 1 thousand people).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The Board of the Committee exempted up to 25% of students from lecture fees.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Until the early 1930s, the management tolerated students' monetary debts.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Thus, the Faculty of Law opened the opportunity for the poorest young people to get higher education.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The number of teachers has increased.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

By the mid-1920s, the teaching corporation numbered more than 80 people.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The whole team carried out extensive research work.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1925, a collection of scientific papers, “Proceedings of the Faculty of Law”, began to be published.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1925, V. IN. Engelfeld to America and Europe to establish ties with universities around the world and defend his master's thesis in Paris, as in 1928. N. AND. Nikiforov to Prague.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

March 1929, when Order No. 107 of the Directorate of the Commander-in-Chief ORVP was issued to turn the private Law Faculty into a public one, is the starting point of the second stage.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The university received a new name — “Law Faculty of the Special District of the Eastern Provinces”.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

There have been changes in management: it has been rebuilt in the image of Chinese universities.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The Committee, the Board, and the Professor's Disciplinary Court were liquidated.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Chinese rector Zhang Guocheng was appointed, who approved the dean.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

IN. A. Ryazanovsky refused to hold this post, and he was replaced by V. IN. Engelfeld.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The Council of Professors remains.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

But the Chinese administration decided to divide the faculty into Russian and Chinese parts.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The Faculty of Law as a special Russian university according to the European model has ceased to exist.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The situation was complicated.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The Russian branch lost the support of the CER.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Moreover, the Chinese leadership took a course to squeeze Russian students out of the institute: first-year students had to listen to lectures in Chinese, and senior students were obliged to repay all debts.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

As a result, the first year was not recruited.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

At the same time, a parallel faculty was created from students of preparatory Chinese courses.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

After graduation, the students were not admitted to the Russian faculty: they formed the 1st year of the Chinese Department of Economics.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In the autumn of 1929, there were already talks about the relocation of Russian professors to Shanghai and the liquidation of the university.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

But a compromise was found: teachers give lectures at the Chinese faculty, and Russian students get the opportunity to graduate.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

However, life has made its own adjustments.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Just a month after the reform, it turned out that Chinese students were not prepared to listen to even simplified lectures in Russian.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

And the administration agreed with the teachers that Russians would be allowed to graduate from the university, and the Chinese would listen to lectures in a year.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

As N. P. Avtonomov: “Professors' fees fell to the amount of pocket expenses, but students were able to complete their education.”


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Thus, the Faculty of Law was divided into Chinese and Russian-speaking parts.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

However, the Russian branch retained its academic autonomy, as the Chinese administration withdrew from participation in the fate of emigrant students.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

We think she was interested in preserving the teaching staff, so she reserved the right to oversee only financial and economic issues.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Despite the difficult financial situation, the Faculty of Law continued to publish its Izvestia.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

However, if before 1928 there were 8 volumes, now — until 1938 — only 4.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1929, two (the last in the history of the faculty) business trips to Europe took place: G. K. Gins defended his master's thesis in civil law in Paris, and N. E.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Esperov also passed the master's exam there and received the title of private associate professor.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In the future, the faculty had to award the titles of extraordinary professors and private associate professors itself, taking into account the duration and nature of teaching in universities and the feedback of specialists on scientific work candidates.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

It was very difficult for the faculty to work.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

He was deprived of an excellent free space in the Commercial Schools.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Salaries were systematically delayed.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In February 1930, Prof. IN. IN. Engelfeld resigned as dean and was replaced by N. AND. Nikiforov (up to 1937).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

With the emergence in 1932. New prospects have emerged in the work of the Russian Faculty of Law in Manchukuo.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The Japanese returned the functions of financial control over the university to the Russian administration.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The faculty even received free premises again.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

However, the largest Russian university in Manchuria entered its liquidation period.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The critical point was the split in the professor's corporation in June 1934 between emigrant and sympathetic groups (not groups!).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

On July 1, 1934, professors and teachers who took Soviet citizenship, or came from the USSR (V. A. Ryazanovsky, E. M. Chepurkovsky, N. IN. Ustryalov, M. N. Yershov A. A. Kamkov V. AND. Surin A. AND. Grazhdantsev, N. A. Setnitsky, N. N. Trifonov), left the faculty.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The attempt to replace departed colleagues with new members was not successful.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The situation of the faculty was also influenced by the impoverishment of students and the ebb of emigrants from Harbin.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

To save the situation, the faculty management attempted to merge with the Pedagogical Institute on March 1, 1936.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

But this did not ease the situation, and on January 1, 1937, the Pedagogical Institute ceased to exist, and on July 1, 1937, the Faculty of Law was closed.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Its Commercial Department was revived to some extent at the Higher Commercial Institute at the Bureau of Russian Emigrants in Manchuria, opened in April 1937, and which was assisted by the Faculty of Law develop a curriculum.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

After the closure of the latter, G. K. Gins K. O. Zaytsev, N. AND. Nikiforov and I. AND. Gogvadze and L. G. Ulyanitsky).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Structure and curriculum of Harbin Law School


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The structure and curriculum of Harbin Law School have not been unchanged.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The Faculty of Law consisted of two departments: law and economics.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The curriculum of the Law Department was a cast from the curricula of pre-revolutionary law schools and practically did not change from 1925 to 1937, with the exception of Chinese courses added in 1923 law, and since 1926 — Soviet law.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Students were offered courses in various branches of law (Roman law, general theory of law, state, civil, criminal, administrative, ecclesiastical, commercial, financial, international law, criminal proceedings), the history of Russian law, the history of philosophy of law, political economy, statistics.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Oriental studies (Chinese civil law and Chinese criminal law) were introduced in the last year.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Their teaching took 1/4 of the compulsory study time in the 4th year.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Of the additional courses, a number of commercial and railway disciplines were offered, as well as English and Latin and any courses of the Department of Economics [3].


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Such a variety of subjects could serve as a reproach to the new institution.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

However, anticipating the bewilderment of lawyers of both the old and new (Soviet) schools about this, V. A. Ryazanovsky in 1924 explained this versatility: there are no concepts of “old” and “new” law; law is united and develops.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

And for higher education in any branch of science, the main task is not so much to provide new knowledge, but to summarize the main principles of science and introduce the student to the scientific method.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The “old” Russian law was in force among Harbin emigrants, Chinese law must be studied, since a specialist will have to work in China, and under Soviet law there were 150 million people, and it is necessary familiarize students with the state of Soviet legislation in their homeland.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The economic department consisted of railway-commercial and Eastern economic.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Subsequently, the former was divided into railway and commercial.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

From 1st to 3rd courses, the compulsory subjects for both cycles were the same and included disciplines in various branches of law (the practical scope is the same as in the legal department), as well as an expanded program in economic and commercial subjects (political economy, history of economic doctrines, history of economic life, general history, general theory of law, statistics, commercial computing, economic geography, accounting studies, Russian history, state law, civil law, administrative law, sociology, financial science, trade law, international law, criminal law, economic policy, Russian commercial correspondence, English and Chinese).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Since the fall semester of 1925, spoken Chinese was introduced for the first courses of both departments of the Faculty of Law as part of an elective course.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

However, for the Eastern Economic Cycle, it was mandatory to study it: 5 hours a week from the 1st to the 3rd year with practical classes in the 3rd year.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Nevertheless, lecturers I. G. Baranov and B.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Zong Mianyu enrolled many students of other specialties to study the Beijing dialect.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The specialization in the Economics Department was finally determined in the 4th year.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Now the cycle programs did not coincide at all.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Future railway workers and economists studied complex commercial disciplines and subjects in railway business (higher mathematics organization, private enterprise, special course in political economy (banks and stock exchanges ), civil and commercial process, railway affairs, railway accounting, railway facilities and English).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Oriental students devoted their study time only to courses with an oriental bias.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In the late 1920s and early 1930s, they were supplemented by the ethnography of East Asia, the history of Chinese culture, state and civil law of Japan, international relations of East Asia, its ways of communication, economy of economy, trade and industry of Manchuria.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Many of them appeared in connection with the Japanese occupation.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Since the second half of the 1920s, oriental economists had the right to choose Chinese or Japanese to study.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

However, according to teachers of the Institute of Oriental and Commercial Sciences, by the end of the 1920s, no educational institution, except the IOCN, taught Japanese.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

That is, it can be assumed that Japanese was not taught at the Faculty of Law until 1932.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The Chinese language course was taught for 5 hours until the 4th year, and after that - 10 hours a week.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

There were a number of additional courses, including Siberian studies, the worldview of the peoples of the East, the history of Mongolia, the common law of the Mongols, Chinese criminal law and economic disciplines.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

It was also possible to study subjects of the Law Department.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The curriculum of junior students of the Eastern Economic cycle was based on the study of commercial, historical and legal disciplines, which was almost completed by the 4th year.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

At the same time, an almost equal number of classes were assigned to teaching English and one of the oriental languages.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In the 4th year, the picture is completely different: the emphasis in training is on subjects of oriental studies (30% of the total program).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The number of English language classes is decreasing, but twice as many hours are provided for studying the oriental language.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In general, orientalism was allocated 81% of the study time in the last year, that is, intensive training takes place in many branches of humanitarian knowledge (law, history, economics, linguistics of countries East), which would allow university graduates to integrate into the local labor market.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In the general program of the Eastern Economic Cycle, Oriental Studies occupied 37% of the study time.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The study of commerce and law was allocated 24% and 25%, respectively, and English — 14%.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

According to V. A. Ryazanovsky, the purpose of opening the Eastern economic cycle in 1925 was to train educated specialists in various fields and, mainly, in the economic cycle here on the spot.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

“Our goal is more modest and practical,” the dean emphasized, “for an economist who wants to work in the Far East, we provide information... and we will teach him spoken and then modern literary language (Chinese, Nippon), without seeking to make him a deeply educated linguist.”


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Number of students at Harbin Law School


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The practical orientation of training at the Faculty of Law aroused great interest among Harbin residents.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Thus, the first set of students in 1920 amounted to 98 people.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

(75 students and 23 volunteers).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Persons with secondary education, of both sexes and without age restrictions, were admitted to the university.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Tuition was paid and amounted to 300 Romanov rubles per year in the early 1920s, then 150 yen.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In the 1930s, fees ranged from 130 to 140 Manchu dollars. (about 100 zol. rubles).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Table 1 [4]


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The table shows quantitative changes in the number of students: its growth and fall.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The growth in the number of students continued steadily for almost a decade, and in 1929 it increased almost 6.5 times compared to 1920.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The largest increase occurred in 1926/1927 and 1927/1928, when the number of students increased 7.8 and 8.5 times compared to 1920. The decrease in the number of students began in 1930, and for three years their number has remained at the level of 188-183 people.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

, that is, compared to 1929, it fell more than threefold.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The decline continued in subsequent years and in 1937. Only 70 students study at the Harbin Faculty of Law, and this figure is one third less than the enrollment data in the first year of operation of the university.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

And if we compare the number of students in 1937 with the data for 1927—1928 and 1928—1929, it amounted to 8.4% and 11% of the number of students of those years, respectively.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The increase in the number of students in the 1920s is associated with the revival of economic life in the exclusion zone of the CER and an increase in demand for special, including oriental education.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Since 1929, after the university was subordinated to the Chinese authorities and the ban on recruiting the first year, the influx of students dried up.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

With the formation of Manchukuo, when the Faculty of Law received some relief from the Japanese authorities, it is likely that the 1st year is being recruited and the number of students increases.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The distribution of students by specialty is interesting: in 1925, 250 lawyers were recruited, and 260 economists were recruited.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1926-1927, the former were already 1.4 times fewer (180 people), and the number of the latter increased 1.6 times and reached 412 people.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1927-1928, only 140 studied at the law department, while the economic increase was 55% (228 people) It seems to us that there has been a certain decline in demand for classical legal education, and there has been an increase in demand for economists with practical legal and oriental skills.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The quality and requirements for training specialists were quite high.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1922. The GDU agreed to recognize the certificates (tests and workshops) of the Faculty of Law.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Since 1925, other Soviet universities (Irkutsk, Tomsk and Moscow Universities) have expressed the same agreement.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Harbin Law School Teaching Corporation


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The great demand for the specialties of the Faculty of Law and trust in the quality of knowledge was due to the fact that wonderful scientists and teachers worked within its walls, most of whom graduated from universities in central part of Russia and attended courses from the best foreign universities (in Cambridge, Heidelberg, Paris, Marburg, Berlin, Strasbourg and London).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Over the years, more than 80 people worked at the faculty.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

16 professors, 2 associate professors and 5 private associate professors taught at the Faculty of Law.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Legal disciplines were taught by such luminaries of law, professors as G. K. Gins K. AND. Zaytsev, N. AND. Mirolyubov, M. N. Yershov V. A. Ovchinnikov N. AND. Kokhanovsky, V. A. Ryazanovsky, G. G. Telberg N. IN. Ustryalov V. IN. Engelfeld and others.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Professor V. IN. Lamansky read economic geography.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Economic and commercial disciplines were under the jurisdiction of associate professors M. IN. Abrosimova and A. N. Witt and teachers I. AND. Serebrennikov (one of the most famous Siberian scholars and statisticians), N. A. Setnitsky, E.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

E.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Yashnova.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Railway business was read by N. X.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Nilus and A. A. Neopikhanov said.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

English was taught to students by I. G. Kruglik and F. G. Uytik (both graduates of English universities).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Historical sciences were read by prof. N. AND. Nikiforov, and theology by Bishop Fr. Dimitri (N. F. Voznesensky).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

A graduate of the University of Strasbourg, Doctor of Philology in Sanskrit literature, prof. N. D. Mironov taught Latin.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1923. The Faculty of Law invited an outstanding Japanese scholar, professor of the Eastern Institute and the State Duma E.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

G. Spalvin to read a course on the modern history of Japan.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

But he only managed to read an introductory lecture and died suddenly.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

To teach Oriental studies in 1924 The Faculty of Law invited I. G. Baranov, a well-known sinologist in Manchuria, who throughout the history of the university taught courses in Chinese language, Chinese literature, Chinese cultural history, Chinese trade customs, geography and ethnography of China and Manchukuo.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Chinese was also taught by S. N. Usov, and V. G. Zeiberlich, who graduated from the Faculty of Law.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1924—1925, private associate professor V. AND. Surin, who had been reading statistics since 1921, began teaching the economics of Manchuria, economics and geography of East Asia.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Since 1926, Professor E.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

M. Chepurkovsky.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

From 1912 to 1918. E.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

M. Chepurkovsky was a private associate professor at Moscow University, and in 1923-1926 he was a professor at the State Duma.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In 1928—1929 he graduated from St. Petersburg University G. G. Avenarius, a lecturer at Harbin Institute of Oriental and Commercial Sciences, read the history of East Asia.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Another graduate of the Faculty of Oriental Languages of St. Petersburg University K. IN. From 1928 to 1937, Ouspensky taught Chinese (and according to other sources, Manchu), an introduction to the study of Chinese and the history of China.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

And finally, since 1936, L. G. Ulyanitsky, who graduated from the Faculty of Oriental Languages, which taught courses in Siberian studies, economics and history of Japan until the closure of the university.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Faculty deans


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The first dean of the faculty was Professor N. IN. Ustryalov said.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

At the end of 1920, he was replaced as dean by Professor N. AND. Mirolyubov said.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In the autumn of 1924, V. A. Ryazanovsky.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The latter served as dean until 1929.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

On March 2, 1929, Professor W. IN. Engelfeld.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

On January 30, 1930, V. IN. Engelfeld at a meeting of the Council of Professors “due to his painful condition announced his resignation from the post of dean.”


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The Council, “expressing gratitude for his activities, decided to accept his resignation and entrust Professor N. AND. Nikiforov, and his deputy — Associate Professor A. A. Kamkov and petition the Chinese administration for confirmation of them in these positions.”


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Activity results


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

On January 25, 1924, the first six students graduated, who successfully completed the full course of the Faculty of Law.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

A total of 117 sessions of the Test Commission took place from 1923 to 1937.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

297 graduates graduated from the Faculty of Law, of which 169 were graduates.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

128 people graduated from the legal department


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

— economic (commercial, eastern economic and railway issued 60, 43 and 25 diplomas, respectively).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

206 men and 91 women received higher education at the Faculty of Law.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The largest number of students was during the heyday of the Faculty of Law in 1925-1929.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

At the same time, the number of students at the economic department was slightly higher than at the legal department.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Thus, in 1925/1926, there were 250 students at the law department, and 268 students at the economic department.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In total, more than 2,600 students passed through the faculty.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Among its most outstanding graduates is the private associate professor of the Faculty of Law N. E.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Esperova, Ye.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

N. Rachinskaya (1926) — later writer, poetess N. S. Reznikov (1929), K. IN. Rodzaevsky, M. A. Matkovsky and others.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The Harbin Faculty of Law has consistently been distinguished by the academic quality of education.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The Council of Professors sought to maintain a high level of teaching at the faculty.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Such a constellation of pedagogical personnel with extensive research experience has also achieved significant scientific results.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

This is what modern foreign and Russian researchers say.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Thus, M. Raev, an American historian, believes that “the level of training and research is so high that the contribution of the faculty to science has remained relevant to this day.”


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Rayev M. Russia abroad.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The history of Russian culture.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

emigration.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

1919—1939.- M., 1994.-P.89)


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Teachers of the Faculty of Law placed their works in many periodicals in Harbin, published individual works.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

But the main publication that published their research was the journal “Proceedings of the Faculty of Law”.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

It was a purely academic journal.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

In total, from 1925 to 1937, 12 volumes of Izvestia... were published.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The magazine did not have a permanent editor.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Over the years, it was edited by G. K. Gins N. IN. Ustryalov V. IN. Engelfeld and V. A. Ryazanovsky.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Until 1928. “Izvestia...” was published regularly — 1-2 volumes per year.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

A total of 8 volumes were released.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

From 1928 to 1937, there were only 4.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

This depended on the availability of material resources: until 1928. The faculty was allocated large funds from the CER (in 1925 the Faculty's budget was 170 thousand zl. rubles), and since 1929 it had to find money on its own.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

This factor also explains the decrease in the total volume of the magazine.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

At the same time, it was necessary to invent ways to raise funds (donations from teachers, fees from commercial announcements, subsidies from the Exchange Committee, the arrangement of a paid dispute evening).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

According to M. A. Dorofeeva, “Proceedings of the Faculty of Law” as a whole contained more than 3,800 pages. Of these, scientific research accounted for at least 3,500 pages.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

A total of 78 works were published (a total of 81 studies, but one of them is present in three volumes).


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Of these, 32, or more than 40%, were devoted to various problems of oriental studies, including 27 to China and 5 to Mongolia.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

According to historiography, the works of the lawyers of the Faculty on the Law and Legislation of the Peoples of East Asia are of great scientific value.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

An intensive cultural exchange took place at the Faculty of Law.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

He, like other Russian universities and technical schools in Harbin, accepted people of other nationalities for training.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Back in 1925, the faculty created courses for Chinese youth, where the Chinese studied the Russian language and Russian legal terms and after graduation were enrolled in the 1st year.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

The principle of openness for Chinese youth of higher educational institutions created in Northern Manchuria by representatives of the Russian intelligentsia was laid down by the Faculty of Law and became a mandatory rule for all Harbin institutions.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

For 17 years, 19 Chinese and Manchu, 1 Japanese, 1 Korean and 1 German citizen have received higher education at the Faculty of Law.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Moreover, diplomas were deservedly issued to persons of respectable age of Chinese and Manchu nationality, who sometimes occupied a high official position.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Therefore, it is no coincidence that it was the Harbin Law Faculty, created by Russian professors, that gave life to the Manchu Law Faculty.


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

See also


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Russian Law Faculty in Prague


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Literature


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

References


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Coordinates:


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Category:Universities and colleges in Harbin


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Category:Educational institutions of Russian emigration of the first wave


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Category:Law Schools


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Category:Russians in Harbin


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Category:Law Faculties


Question: How many students studied at Harbin Law School in 1925?

Harbin Law School

Category:Manchukuo


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha (died September 1, 1662) - Ottoman statesman of Abkhazian origin.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Murad IV's trustee.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Beylerbey Van, Diyarbakir, Damascus, Aleppo.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from November 1650 to August 1651, he returned the seal during unrest over fraud to pay the salaries of the Janissaries.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha refused to be reappointed Grand Vizier in the fall of 1653, but was the “master of the seal of the Sultan” three more times, acting as Grand Vizier instead of others.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He punished the rebellious khans Abdal Khan and Yusuf Khan and defeated the Yazidis in 1640.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He suppressed the Kurdish uprising in 1655 by capturing the Bitlis fortress.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Son-in-law of Sultans Murad IV and Ahmed I.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He is known for patronizing his nephew Evlia Celebi.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Biography


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Origins


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The year of birth of Ahmed Pasha is not listed anywhere.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

According to him, in 1644 he was between 50 and 60 years old (mid fifties), in 1662 - from 70 to 80 (mid seventies) [1], that is, he was born after 1582, but before 1594.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha was Abkhaz by birth [2].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He was born in the village of Fyndykli (Galata, Istanbul) [3], to a Muslim family of immigrants from the Caucasus.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed's father was a guard commander for Ozdemiroglu Osman Pasha [4].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Children from such families were allowed to study in Enderun and pursue a career only at the end of the 16th century.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Prior to that, for many years, only Christian children recruited by Devshirma, Albanians and Bosniaks had such an opportunity.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Abkhazians who lived in the Tophane district of Istanbul had a practice in which children were sent to the Caucasus at the age of one or two.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

As a teenager, they were returned to Istanbul and given or sold to high-ranking officials [5].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Thus, these children had the opportunity to enter Enderun.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha, at the age of three, was sent home to his father's homeland for primary education and returned to Istanbul at the age of about 15 [3] [4].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

It was presented together with his cousin Ahmed I, who gave him a lacab (nickname) “Melek” (Turkish: Melek is an angel) [3].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He received his second nickname because he was fat, “Matak” (Turkish: Matak - buffalo); the third, less commonly used nickname was “Tyrnakchi” (Turkish: Tırnakçı) [3].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed's sister was married by the Sultan to a court jeweler, her son Evlia Celebi [3].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Relatives of Melek Ahmed Pasha and Evlia were Grand Vizier Ipshir Mustafa Pasha and Bashdefterdar (State Treasurer) Defterdarzade Mehmed Pasha.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Since 1650, Evlia Celebi was constantly in the service of Melek Ahmed Pasha for twelve years, lived with the family of Melek Pasha and accompanied him to his destinations [6].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The exception was the short period when he served Koprul Mehmed Pasha.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

According to Evlia, the reason for the transition was a conflict with other subordinates of Melek Ahmed Pasha, who envied Evlia's exceptional position and the attitude of the patron towards him [6].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Evlia Celebi made almost all trips accompanying his patrons, or on their instructions.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He served them as a secretary, imam, muezzin, secret courier, storyteller and companion and described his travels [7].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Career start.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Victory over the Yazidis on Mount Sinjar.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

First contacts with Abdul-Khan


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After graduating from Enderun, Ahmed received the position of servant of the Sultan [2] [3].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha served in the Sultan's dressing room in 1617 and 1622 during the enthronement of Mustafa I, and also participated in the Khotyn campaign of Sultan Osman II in 1621 [8] [9].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1623, he accompanied Murad IV to Edirne and Bursa, at which time his position was “holder of the Sultan's stirrup” [8].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

At the same time, when Sultan Murad needed a reader of the Koran, Melek Pasha introduced him to Evlia Celebi [8].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1635-1636, Melek Ahmed Pasha was in the Sultan's retinue during the Yerevan campaign.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Evlia Celebi mentions a story that happened at the beginning of this expedition, when Murad was in Van.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

A fire broke out in the Sultan's room and Melek Ahmed Pasha saved the gentleman by personally coping with the fire [10].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The fire broke out due to a spark that fell on the clothes while they were fumigated with incense [9].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Sultan was angry with the chief squire on duty that day because it was his fault that broke out the fire; the squire was fired and Melek Ahmed was put in his place.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Sultan personally appointed it, presenting him with a precious dish and a fur-trimmed robe [11].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Sultan fell ill and, returning to, drove through Bitlis, where he stayed in the palace of Bitlis Khan.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Abdal Khan's ancestors owned Bitlis even before the Ottoman conquest for several centuries.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After the conquest of Bitlis under Suleiman, the family temporarily moved to Persia, but returned to Bitlis under Murad III, and Abdal Khan's grandfather, Sharaf Khan Bidlisi, received Bitlis in hereditary possession.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In addition to Evlia Celebi, the meeting was described by Sheikh al-Islam.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Sultan presented Abdal Khan with 100 wallets with gold, seventeen sons of Abdal Khan were given zeamets, in addition, Abdal Khan was given the income of Mush [12].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed served as chief squire for three years and participated in the Baghdad expedition of 1638—1639 [3].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When Murad was returning from Baghdad while in Diyarbakir, he summoned Abdal Khan and Yusuf Khan, the leader of the Muzuri tribe.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

They disobeyed the order, making the Sultan angry.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When he left for Istanbul, Murad appointed Ahmed governor of Diyarbakir and ordered him to punish the rebellious khans.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Diyarbakir was a strategically important city for border control, and the turbulent situation in its vicinity hindered trade.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha also received the position of vizier, which made his powers more significant [2] [3] [4].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In addition to the rebellious khans, trouble was caused by the Yazidis, who controlled trade routes through Sinjar, refused to pay taxes and attacked Ottoman caravans.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Nasuh Pasha was sent to suppress their rebellion.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha captured Yusuf Khan and killed 700 of his men.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Yusuf Khan was forgiven, and the heads of the killed Melek Ahmed Pasha sent to Murad [13].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Having finished one rebel, Ahmed Pasha at the head of the army left Diyarbakir in the direction of Bitlis, but when he met the mediators of Abdal Khan, he reached an agreement with them, accepting the proposals of the Bitlis Khan and 70 wallets with gold.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Having dealt with both khans, Melek Ahmed turned around and headed towards Sinjar [14], where Nasuh Pasha could not cope with the rebellious Yazidis.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Before the arrival of Melek Ahmed Pasha, the Yazidis managed to defeat the troops of Nasuh Pasha and kill about 7,000 Ottoman soldiers [15].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha and an army of soldiers besieged Mount Sinjar and offered the Yazidis to pay taxes, but they refused, went to the mountains and organized resistance.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

700 Ottoman soldiers were killed, but much more Yazidis were killed — 3,060 people.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In one night, 800 Yazidis died, 75 taken alive were decapitated.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Houses were burned down, as well as fields and vineyards, people took refuge in underground caves.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When storming caves, the Yazidis killed their wives and children, stabbed themselves.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The bloody battle lasted ten days, Ottoman troops obtained 9,000 heads and prisoners [16].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

At the beginning of 1640, Murad IV died.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After Murad's death, another son of Kösem Sultan, Ibrahim I.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

At this time, Ahmed Pasha was the governor (mutazarrifi) of Aleppo [3], from March to April 1641 he was Beylerbey of Baghdad [2], and in 1641/1642 he was appointed Beylerbey Sham [2] [3].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1643/1644, Ahmed Pasha was returned to Istanbul, where he married Ismihan Kae-Sultan, daughter of Murad IV [2].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The marriage was initiated by Valide Kösem Sultan [3], who actively attracted high-ranking officials and military leaders to her side through marriages with her daughters and granddaughters.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Kai's mother had her own plans and wanted her daughter to marry another groom, but Kösem Sultan insisted on her own [17].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1644, Ahmed Pasha was Beylerbey [3].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Bitlis ruler Abdal Khan captured sheep from summer pastures in the Bingol area.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He believed that the owners of the flocks did not pay him tax.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The owners of the captured sheep came to Governor Melek Ahmed and he sent a letter to Abdul-Khan demanding the return of the flocks.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Abdal Khan tore the letter and ordered the murder of the messenger with the words: “I am not in his province or under his jurisdiction. I'm a noble khan.”


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The envoy was saved by Abdal Khan's adviser [14].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1645, Ahmed Pasha was the governor of Diyarbakir for the second time, dismissed in the same year, but in 1646 he was sent to Diyarbakir again (for the third time) [2] [18].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In August 1648, Sultan Ibrahim was overthrown and soon killed, and Mehmed IV, who was 6 years old, became Sultan.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

His grandmother, Kösem Sultan, who was located to Melek Ahmed Pasha, ruled for him.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

From late 1648 to November 1649, Melek Ahmed was Baghdad's beylerbey for the second time [18].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Istanbul and Rumelia


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In November 1650, Ahmed Pasha was again waiting for his appointment to Baghdad, but instead was appointed Grand Vizier [2] [18].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In the summer of 1651, when it was time to pay salaries to the Janissaries, the Basdefterdar (state treasurer) and the heads of the Janissary corps agreed on fraud.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The idea was to collect all the fake and incomplete money that would come out.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After that, merchants in Istanbul were forced to exchange this inferior money for real full-fledged gold coins at a loss of 30 percent at the official rate.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The received gold coins were exchanged, in turn, for silver from the changers, and also at the rate that made a loss last.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Thus, it was possible to raise money for salaries, and the Janissary officers also made a profit.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When representatives of the merchants guild complained to Melek Ahmed Pasha, he drove them away and insulted them, calling them “unfaithful dogs” [19].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

On August 1, riots broke out.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

First, in the bazaar, soon near Hagia Sophia, a crowd (about people) gathered, demanding the resignation of the Grand Vizier and the execution of sixteen people - the main culprits of fraud with counterfeit money.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The fact that the rebels elected Sheikh al-Islam Karachelebizade Abdulaziz, whom Kösem considered an enemy, as a mediator, did not contribute to defusing tensions either.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed was sent from the palace three times, but he did not come because he was afraid of the crowd.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Finally, he was ordered to either appear or return the seal.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha sent the seal to the palace [20].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The new Grand Vizier, Siyavush Pasha, and Kösem Sultan agreed with the Janissaries, and the next day they managed to disperse the rebels with their help [19].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Against the background of the riot, there was a struggle between two groups.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The first supported Kösem Sultan, who wanted to enthrone her other grandson, Suleiman II, instead of Mehmed IV, whose mother was more compliant than Turkhan Sultan.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The second wanted to get rid of Kösem.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

On the night of September 2, 1651, Kösem Sultan was strangled in the palace [19].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

All power passed to supporters of Turkhan Sultan.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Even before his death, Kösem Sultan Melek Ahmed was appointed to Silistra [21] and served as Sandzak bey of Silistra from August 1651 to September 1652 [2].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

During his governorship, Varna was attacked by Cossacks.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha defeated their fleet, capturing twenty ships.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed surrounded the land detachments of the Cossacks.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

As a result, about 700 people were captured, 1,000 were hacked in battle and about 1,000 drowned [22].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

At the end of 1652, Melek Ahmed Pasha became Rumelia's beylerbey.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Sources indicate the appointment time in different ways: September 12 [2] [18] or December [23].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In July 1653, Melek Ahmed Pasha was appointed second vizier and returned to Istanbul.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Grand Vizier was, with whom Melek Ahmed had friendly relations.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed was assigned to Karahisar, but did not go there, but sent his assistants.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

At that time, he himself “enjoyed with friends on his twelve estates” near Istanbul [24].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Soon Dervish Mehmed Pasha suffered a blow and was bedridden, instead of him was appointed to serve as Grand Vizier in the couch of Melek Ahmed Pasha (May-October 1653).


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When Mehmed Pasha died in the fall, the Sultan wanted to appoint Melek Ahmed Pasha to the post of Grand Vizier for the second time, but he asked not to do so and appoint Ipshir Mustafa Pasha, Aleppo's beylerbey and a relative [25].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

However, Ipshir Pasha was in no hurry to return to Istanbul, and until his arrival, Melek Ahmed continued to serve as Grand Vizier for seven months (October 1653—April 1654), being his deputy.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ipshir Pasha suppressed the Jalali uprising; in addition, along with the seal of the Grand Vizier, he was ordered to marry Aisha Sultan, widowed for the fifth time, which he apparently did not seek [21].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Appointment to Van.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Relations with IPSHIRE Pasha


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Upon Ipshir Pasha's arrival in Istanbul in the spring of 1654, the brothers met.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed informed Ipshir Pasha about the situation in the capital.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

26] The Grand Vizier awarded him an honorary robe [26].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

However, soon disagreements arose between them.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In November 1654, Ahmed Pasha was summoned to Istanbul and appointed beylerbey to Van [18] [27], an appointment tantamount to exile, as the region was turbulent and his governor risked great.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

For family reasons, he was able to go to Van only in early 1655 [28].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After Ahmed Pasha's departure, several people from his entourage were arrested, including Catgudu, Defterdar (Treasurer) and Chief of Staff.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Evlia Celebi, when he came to Ipshir Pasha on call, heard their screams.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He was shown the unfortunate, naked and put in a pool (it was winter) in chains.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He was supposed to persuade them to give away the money allegedly embezzled or embezzled.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Evlia Celebi did his best by talking to them.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

They agreed to give everything they could, but a day later, Kaya Sultan told Evlia that they had allegedly been taken into exile, but were killed on the way [29].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Kaya Sultan provided Evlia with money and sent Ahmed Pasha to Melek, telling her husband that he should get to Kurdistan faster.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

According to her, Ipshir Pasha asked Sultan Firman for the execution of Melek Ahmed Pasha, but both Sultan Mehmed IV and Valide Sultan Turhan were against it.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

“This Ipshire Pasha is a relative to my wife (akraba), but he is also a scorpion ('akraba) to him.”


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In March 1654, Evlia Celebi followed Melek Ahmed Pasha, avoiding large roads and inns [30].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In May, Ipshir Pasha was beheaded during the Janissary rebellion [31].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Abdal Khan's rebellion


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

At the beginning of 1655, Ahmed Pasha arrived in Van to Abdal Khan [32].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The ruler of Bitlis was very rich, the position of Bitlis, through which trade routes to Persia passed, allowed him to collect large taxes; he sent only a part to Istanbul [33].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He was married to the granddaughter of Sultan Selim II (daughter of Shah Sultan) [34].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Shortly before that, the famous merchant and traveler Tavernier passed through Bitlis, who left a description of his travels.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He was struck by the wealth of the city and the ruler, the power of the fortress, and Tavernier was so misled by them that he considered the city independent of the Ottomans and Safavids [35].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

“Beat Bitlis is powerful,” he said [36].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Arriving in Bitlis, Melek Ahmed Pasha gave a speech in which he reminded him of the events of 1640 (when Abdal Khan did not obey Murad's call) and 1644 (when he stole flocks of sheep).


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha said that he was ready to attribute Abdal Khan's previous actions to his young age in those years, but stressed that he has now come as Beylerbey Van and Bitlis is under him jurisdiction.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha warned Abdal Khan that he would not tolerate violation of the orders of the Sultan from now on.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

“Stay quiet and stay on the right track.”


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

“This is fatherly advice,” Abdal Khan assessed the warning and accepted Beylerbey royally [37].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

However, after a short time, the situation of previous years repeated: Emir Malazgerda came to Melek Ahmed Pasha and complained that Abdal Khan attacked his territory, killed three hundred people and took away the sheep.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed wrote a letter to Khan accusing him of disloyalty [38].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In addition, he accused the ruler of Bitlis of being a Yazidi [38] [39].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Abdal Khan gathered his army into a man and rebelled.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha and his army advanced from Van, camping at the Tatvan fortress on the shore of Lake Van and the foot of Mount Nemrut, 20 kilometers from Bitlis.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He was joined by Emir Malazgerda and some other emirs, offended by the arrogant Abdal Khan.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The stone redoubts built by Abdal Khan around Bitlis, as well as the old walls of the city, were defended by Kurdish infantry armed with muskets.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha attacked the outer defensive perimeter and broke into the city.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ottoman troops captured Bitlis and ravaged the surroundings, but Abdal Khan managed to escape.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After the victory of the Ottoman army, the soldiers of Abdal Khan made an unsuccessful attempt on Melek Ahmed Pasha.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

A detachment of 200 Kurds broke into the camp, and one Kurdish horseman armed with a spear rode to the tent of Yusuf Kethuda, deputy Beylerbey [40].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

However, they were defused, and only a few of the attackers survived.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After the fall of Bidlis, the Kurds led by Kara Ali continued to resist in the old citadel.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After they surrendered, Kara Ali was taken to Melek Ahmed Pasha.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed, after talking to him, ordered him to be released, awarding him with an “honorary robe”.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

700 people were captured in the fortress.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

70 prisoners had already been killed by the executioner, and another 630 were awaiting their fate.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Despite the fact that Melek Ahmed Pasha wanted to execute everyone, Evlia Celebi begged him and 150 people were executed, 550 remained slaves [41].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Abdal Khan's treasures were seized and sold to cover debts to the treasury and the owners of the flocks.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Among the seized treasures were many chests, in which they found inside a jewelry box.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When Melek Ahmed Pasha found out that it was a dowry of Khanim Sultan, Abdal Khan's wife, he sent everything back to her.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When someone said that the rest might not be enough to pay the debts, Melek Ahmed Pasha replied that in this case he would pay everything he needed himself.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Evliya Celebi writes that Khanim Sultan's joy and gratitude knew no bounds.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After that, Abdal Khan's wife sent Kae-Sultan, the wife of Melek Ahmed Pasha, expensive gifts: dozens of precious stones and a crown decorated with fifty diamonds [33] [42].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Recent years


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1656-58, Melek Ahmed Pasha was twice (with a short interval) Beylerbey Ozu.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After being recalled to Istanbul in the spring of 1658, he again served as Grand Vizier as his deputy from May 13 to May 23.