Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

As with Fiesta EX, the main changes were aimed at improving the interface and eliminating bugs.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

The latest patch for Fiesta 2 is 1.61.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

Subsequently, she became the main inspiration for fans to create a Windows game simulator, StepF2, based on StepMania and with an interface almost identical to the original game.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

2015 Prime/November 2014


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

At the end of 2014, when it was already clear that the series needed to be developed in big steps in order to keep up with the main competitor, a new version of the game appeared - Pump It Up Prime.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

Starting with this version, the game has support for HD 16:9 output, while maintaining compatibility with the old 640x480 (4:3) image output standard, because many older cases had screens that did not support high resolution.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

Another major innovation is Rank Mode, the third mode, which is a complicated Full Mode, which gives players a greater competitive component, forcing them to play not only for speed, but also accuracy.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

Starting with this version, Rank Mode has become mandatory when participating in the WPF (World Pump Festival) championship.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

The game has become more focused on the online component - from now on, USB drives no longer store information about player profiles inside themselves, but only have a small file with a special identifier, to which the machine, if you have an Internet connection, will download player information and all his achievements, including unlocked songs and stepcharts, from the game server.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

On September 29, 2016, the last major patch, 1.21, was released.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

Pump It Up Prime servers were shut down on June 30, 2017, at the same time micro-patch 1.22 was released, allowing you to play all content previously available only if you had an online profile and in-game profile.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

2017 Prime 2/November 2016


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

The continuation of the Prime series has brought new features and new tracks to the game.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

Along with this version of the game, a new body type was introduced - the LX, the largest and brightest of all shown earlier, with a 55-inch screen.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

[4] The most important feature is the introduction of support for NFC readers and special AM.PASS cards, which replace USB drives for accessing the online profile.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

USB support itself is not removed and flash drives can also be used.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

The second innovation is the Auto Velocity (AV) modifier, which allows you to adjust the speed of the arrows across the screen as accurately as possible, allowing the player to abandon the compromise when choosing between two speed multipliers and immediately choose a comfortable value.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

The third important feature is the rival mode. Rivals), which allows you to record three players with profiles in the game as their opponents and be able to compare their results with their results right during the game.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

Also, the game can now be updated not only by installing patches via a USB drive, but also downloading them from the network if you have a stable Internet connection.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

On January 1, 2018, the game underwent a major update, with version 2.00, which received many new tracks, a changed interface color scheme, and changed its name to 2018 Prime 2. The current patch is 2.05, released on August 27, 2018 [5].


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

Pump It Up XX (20th Anniversary Version) /January 2019


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

On October 16, 2018, a short video [6] appeared on the official YouTube channel of the developers of AndamiroPR, which was called the first teaser of the new game in the series.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

In addition to the characters and logos of the old games, the end included a release date of January 2019 and a mention that the second teaser will be shown in November 2018.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

The second teaser appeared on the channel on November 13, 2018 [7] and already contains detailed information about the upcoming release, including new songs.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

A demo version of the game was shown at IAAPA Attractions Expo 2018 in Orlando, USA.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

Pump It Up in the CIS


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

Pump It Up was liked by many countries, such as his native Republic of Korea, as well as most countries in South America — for example, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, where it easily ousted its eminent competitor Dance Dance Revolution.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

In other key countries, such as the United States, these machines continue to compete tightly.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

In Russia, this competition was also relevant, however, due to the low popularity of arcades in general and rhythm games in particular, most slot machines in Russia are irrelevant by world standards.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

The pump movement has existed in Russia since 2003, but it found its true breath in the fall of 2005 thanks to the official presentation of the machine in Russia.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

Since then, several Russian championships have already been held.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

The performance of the players, as a rule, is spectacular and attracts the attention of bystanders.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

The championship is also attended by a considerable number of regular viewers, which invariably attracts the attention of the press.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

The Russian and Ukrainian player movements are very connected, and the competition between countries is as strong as the friendship of the participants.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

Participants from Ukraine regularly come to the Russian championships, and vice versa.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

The most active cities are Moscow, St. Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk, Kiev, Kazan, Krasnodar.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

Notes


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

References


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

— Russian-language LiveJournal community dedicated to Pump It Up;


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

— LiveJournal community of the Kyiv club;


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

- Russian-language forum about music games, mainly dedicated to Pump it Up;


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

- Kiev Pump it Up club and the rhythm of games.


Question: How many types of Pump It Up games are there as of January 1, 2019?

Pump It Up

Category:Dance games


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

The member states of the European Union are countries that are members of the European Union, the purpose of which is the integration of European states, consisting in a single economic market, passport and visa control, use of common currency.


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

A country that meets the Copenhagen criteria can become a member of the EU.


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

Since July 1, 2013, the Union has 28 states.


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

Listings


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

Extensions


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

Sovereignty


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

Right not to participate in EU law


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

Special territories of member states


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

Special territories located outside Europe, but also part of the European Union:


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

EU treaties with third countries


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

Countries with which the European Union has signed association agreements


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

(highlighted in bold — official candidates for membership, in bold italics — potential candidates for the current expansion program):


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

See also


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

Lists of European Union member states


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

List of European Union member states by population


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

European Union enlargement


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

Further European Union enlargement


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

comments


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

Notes


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

References


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

— europa.eu portal


Question: Is Portugal a member of the European Union?

Member States of the European Union

Category:Lists of countries


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Karate [1] (karate [2] is also common, corresponding to the Russian pronunciation [3]; Japanese: karate-do: “the way of an empty hand” or karate [ka'ate] “empty hand”) is a Japanese combat art, defense and attack.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Since 2020 it has been an Olympic sport [4].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

At the initial stage, karate was a hand-to-hand combat system designed only for self-defense.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Today, karate has become very famous for its demonstrations of tameshiwari.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

So, very experienced craftsmen can split a block of ice with their fist, smash a 15 cm thick pine wood beam into chips with a kick of their feet, break piles of roofing tiles with an elbow or head [5] (nevertheless breaking objects demonstrates only physical strength and is not an indicator of skill).


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Unlike other martial arts in Japan (jujitsu, judo), which involve wrestling, conducting various throws, holding grabs and suffocating techniques, in karate, the degree of direct contact between the participants in the fight is minimal, and precisely targeted powerful punches and kicks are used to crush the enemy, inflicted on vital points of his body [5] [6].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Sports competitions are held in two karate programs: kumite (free sparring) and kata (a formalized sequence of movements related to the principles of fighting with the imaginary enemy) [7].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Name


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

The term “karate” (“empty hand”) was coined in the 18th century by a certain Sakugawa from Akata, Okinawa.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Upon returning from China, where Sakugawa studied Shaolin martial arts, he founded a private school of Karate no Sakugawa [8].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Subsequently, the hieroglyph “kara” — “Chinese” was changed to a similarly sounding, but having a different meaning, the hieroglyph “kara” — “empty”.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Gitin Funakoshi (1868—1957), a famous karate master and popularizer, explained the meaning of this replacement as follows: “How the polished surface of the mirror reflects everything in front of it, and the quiet valley carries the slightest sound, and the karate student must free himself from selfishness and anger, trying to respond adequately to everything he may encounter. This is the meaning of the character “empty” [5].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

The first documented use of the omophone “kara” to mean “empty” instead of “the Tang Dynasty” (in the sense of “Chinese”) appears in the book Karate Kumite, written in August 1905 by Chomo Hanasiro.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Sino-Japanese relations have never been good, especially during the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, and the reference to the Chinese origin of karate was considered politically incorrect [9].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

The name “empty hand” () was approved at a conference in 1935, which brought together masters of various styles of Okinawan karate [10].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Later, the concept of “before” — “road” appeared, in the philosophical sense — “path”, “direction”, “life position” of a fighter, the essence of which is the constant improvement of the body and spirit.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

The name translates to “the path of an empty hand” [5].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

History


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Karate came to Japan from Okinawa at the end of the 19th century.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Okinawa was once the center of the independent Ryukyu Kingdom, which had close trade ties with China and Japan.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

In the 17th century, the Ryukyu Kingdom was conquered by samurai of Satsuma and became its vassal.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Currently, it is widely believed in Western literature that the people of Okinawa waged a constant guerrilla struggle against the Japanese invaders and for this struggle created the art of karate.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Critics of this version claim that with the 300,000 population of the island, only a dozen samurai of the Japanese garrison were located there, which indicates the loyalty of the Okinawans.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Martial arts on the island were practiced mainly among the descendants of immigrants from China, and from them gradually fell to other residents.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

19th century


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

At the end of the 19th century, during administrative reforms in Japan, the Ryukyu status as a vassal state was abolished and Okinawa became another prefecture of the Japanese Empire.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

During their recruitment into the army, doctors noticed that a number of conscripts from Okinawa were physically developed and were found to be engaged in the local martial art of tote.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

This served as an argument for the inclusion of tote in the junior school curriculum of Okinawan schools as a physical education and led to its widespread use.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

The downside of this process was that karate began to lose the features of martial art and turn into paramilitary gymnastics.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

20th century


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

By the beginning of the 20th century, karate was already part of the mandatory training program for personnel of the Japanese army, and the Russian-Japanese war confirmed the value of karate [8].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

At the beginning of the century, Gitin Funakoshi and a group of like-minded people began promoting karate first in Okinawa and then in Japan.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

In 1924, he opened the first public karate club at Keio University in Tokyo [8].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Martial art spread beyond Okinawa's clan family schools and quickly conquered all of Japan, largely due to the vigorous activities of Funakoshi, who lectured at universities, organized karate study groups and demonstrated karate techniques himself.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

In 1936, Funakoshi opened a school called Shotokan (“house of pines and waves”), where he began teaching a style named after the school.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Over time, Shotokan became a classic karate style.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

It is characterized by low stands, short and sharp blows, but rather fast and accurate than strong.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

The movement of the hips is the key to doing all the techniques correctly.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

The defensive movement is also a counterattack [5].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

At the beginning of the 20th century, Okinawa faced a very difficult economic situation and Okinawans moved en masse to the main Japanese islands in search of work.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Karate also got there with them.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

However, the Japanese did not pay much attention in karate until in the 1920s, Okinawan master Motobu Choki defeated a Western boxer in a public fight, and Kingu magazine published a colorful reportage.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

But since the Okinawan dialect was very different from classical Japanese, the Japanese were more willing to go to those who could teach in classical Japanese, and they were mostly people from Okinawan schools that studied karate under a modernized curriculum.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Thus, in Japan, karate began to spread mainly in the “physical education” version; there are many statements by Okinawan masters of the 1920s and 1940s that karate is greatly distorted in Japan — compared to the “traditional” Okinawan version.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

After Japan's military defeat in 1945, the US occupation authorities banned all Japanese martial arts, with the exception of karate, which was considered only a form of Chinese gymnastics.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

In 1948, the Japan Karate Association (JKA) was established, headed by Funakoshi, which brought together leading experts in this type of martial arts.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Since that time, karate has begun to develop both as a system of self-defense and as a sport [5].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Over time, karate became more and more popular all over the world, and it became more divided into sports and traditional areas.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Shotokan was not spared by the split either.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Supporters of the sports direction of karate development created the Japan Karate Association in 1957.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

In the same year, the first All-Japan Karate Championship was held [7].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

In 1963, Chicago hosted the Unofficial Contact Karate World Championship [7].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Karate appeared in the Soviet Union in the mid-60s during Khrushchev's policy of “warming” (improving international relations).


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Since 1973, karate has been banned along with bodybuilding, only in 1978 the USSR Sports Committee issued a number of orders on the development of karate.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

In 1981, the first USSR karate championship was held.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

The Russian Karate Federation was established in 2003.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

As of the mid-2000s, there were about 200 karate clubs in Russia, where about 200 thousand people studied [7].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Training centers


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

University clubs have become one of the main centers of karate.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Since the student has been studying at university for only a few years, in order to attract students, the training program in these clubs has changed a lot compared to the Okinawa system of education: young people do not wanted to study the basics of basic technology for several years.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

This process led to the movement of karate towards Western sports, which finally ended after World War II.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Karate and the Olympics


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Karate has long been one of the sports candidates for inclusion in the program of the Olympic Games.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

One of the obstacles to the status of an Olympic sport was the high injury rate of athletes [11].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

In addition, inclusion in the Olympic program was hampered by the presence of a huge number of karate styles and federations that did not seek any sports unification necessary for becoming an Olympic sport sports.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

The IOC recognized karate in June 1985, when taekwondo did not even have an International Federation.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

But the same IOC withdrew its recognition of the World Karate Federation in July 1992.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

In 1999, karate as a sport was re-recognized by the International Olympic Committee.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

After that, the highest chances of karate were at the IOC session in Singapore in 2005.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Then karate reached the final stage of the Olympic Games Program.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

In 2009, the IOC Executive Committee, held in Berlin as part of the World Athletics Championships, in violation of the IOC Charter and existing norms, “recommended” not to include karate and squash in the short list, but to give preference for golf and rugby sevens.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

The issue of including karate in the 2012 Olympic program (XXX Summer Olympic Games in London) was considered, but this issue did not pass the vote in the IOC.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

At the end of May 2013, at the IOC and SportAccord session in St. Petersburg, the Executive Committee voted on the selection of 3 sports for inclusion in the Olympic program from 2020.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Karate was one of the nine sports represented, but according to the results of voting, it was not included in the program of the Olympics.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

After changing the charter of the Olympic Games, it became possible to include more than 28 sports in the Program.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

On January 14, 2015, it was announced that a new council was created, the purpose of which was to consider sports candidates for inclusion in the 2020 Olympic Games.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

On April 16, 2015, a joint conference was held in Tokyo with the participation of representatives of the Japan Karate Federation — JKF.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

At the conference, it was announced that organizations are forming an alliance to strengthen the position of karate in the struggle for a place at the 2020 Olympics.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

On June 13 and 14, 2015, karate competitions were held as part of the first Euro Olympic Games.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

On August 7-8, 2015, the presentation of karate sport under the auspices of the WKF took place.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

The World Karate Federation has announced its task: based on the results of this presentation, to ensure that the IOC at the next stage of consideration of applications includes karate in the short list for voting at the IOC session.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

In September 2015, it became known that the Organizing Committee of the 2020 Olympic Games sent a proposal to the IOC to include additional sports in the Olympic program.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

In October 2015, Antonio Espinos announced the change of the WKF karate format to the Olympic one.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

On May 25, 2016, the WKF announced the Olympic Qualification Process.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

On August 3, 2016, the success of karate was announced — the Olympic dream came true!


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Organizations


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Each major karate style has its own international federation (sometimes several international federations, such as Kyokushin), which unites national federations operating within one countries.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

As a rule, each federation has its own systems of requirements, degrees, belts, rules for conducting sports matches.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

In 1957, the All-Japan Karate-Do Federation was established, in 1959, the European Karate Union, and in 1970, the World United Karate Organization.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

In 1990, a number of organizations merged in, which represents the interests of karate in the International Olympic Committee.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Currently, more than 20 million people around the world are engaged in karate [8].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

World Championships have been held since 1970, European championships since 1971 [13].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Basic techniques and elements


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

The training is based on three basic techniques:


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

kihon () - basic training, basic technique.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

kumite () - training in pairs; divided into a conditioned duel (yakusoku kumite) and a free fight (jiyu-kumite).


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Sports competitions are held in jiyu kumite.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

At the same time, the blows are not inflicted in full force, but are only indicated.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Punches can be applied with hands or feet on the head or on the body above the waist.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Judges assess the severity of the consequences of the blow, if it is actually inflicted.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

A scoring system from one to three points is used: ippon, nihon, sambon (yuko, waza-ari, ippon in the Olympic version, respectively).


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Competitions are held in several weight categories [7].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

kata () - formal exercises, fighting with an invisible one or more opponents, shadow fighting.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Exercises are performed in a single chain, movements are divided into attacking and defensive.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Sports competitions in kata are held in both singles and group categories [7].


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Four elements of kata:


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

bunkai () - analysis, explanation of kata;


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

oyo (o: e:) - application;


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

hank () - variations;


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

kakushi () - secrecy.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Karate uses the generally accepted international karate terminology.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Karate trends, styles and schools


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

It is worth separating the directions, styles and schools of karate.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

There are sports, applied and traditional karate directions.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Styles began to emerge during the advent of karate in Japan.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Thus, in the 1930s, styles were officially registered:


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Shito-ryu (), founder of Kenwa Mabuni.


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Goju-ryu (), founder of Chojun Miyagi;


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Wado-ryu (), founder of Hironori Otsuka;


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Shotokan (), founder Gitin Funakoshi;


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Karate

Styles are constantly emerging, as each outstanding craftsman brings something different, which often leads to the creation of a new style.


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Karate

In addition, there have been cases when a master, after going through one of the schools, left the organization and created his own style, in fact changing only the name.


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Karate

For these and other reasons, more than two hundred different styles and schools of karate are distinguished.


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Karate

The most famous, except for the four already mentioned, are listed below:


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Karate

Kyokushin (), the founder of Masutatsu Oyama, appeared in the 1950s.


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Karate

Ashihara karate, the founder of Hideyuki Ashihara, developed in the 1970s and 1980s from Kyokushin with the addition of throwing techniques and sabaki.


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Koshiki () is the founder of Kaiso Kori Hisataka.


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Fudokan () is a style created in 1980 by Yugoslav master Ilya Yorga.


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Karate

The most scientifically grounded style from the point of view of medicine is karate-do.


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Karate

Shorin-ryu is one of the oldest styles of Okinawan karate


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Joshinmon Shorin-ryu (Operational Karate) is the founder of Ikeda Hoshu; it was used by the KGB of the USSR.


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An applied direction created in the late 1970s.


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Karate

It has three main schools.


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Uechi Ryu () is a style founded by Kambun Uechi on the island of Okinawa.


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Kyokushin Budokai () is the founder of Jon Bluming.


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Konno-juku is an intellectual karate, founded in 1999, the founder of Konno Satoshi.


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Karate

Kudo is a combined style that includes karate, judo and Thai boxing techniques.


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The founder is Azuma Takashi.


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Belt and degree system


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

In karate, student degrees are distinguished — “kyu” and master degrees — “dans”.


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Karate

Usually, the number of kyu and dan is ten, but the number may differ from style to school.


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Karate

The kyu number decreases with skill, the number given increases.


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Karate

The external attribute of one degree or another is the belt.


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Karate

Karate degrees do not depend on the results of sports competitions.


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To obtain a higher degree, it is necessary to demonstrate a certain skill in kata and free combat [7].


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The karate belt is called obi.


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Karate

In addition to its direct purpose — to keep the gi jacket wrapped, the belt has a symbolic meaning: the color of the belt indicates the level of skill.


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As a rule, a darker color means a higher degree.


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In most schools, the youngest belt is white, and the oldest is black.


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Karate

Colored belts correspond to student degrees, black belts correspond to workshops.


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Karate

Often (for example, in Shotokan), the color of the belt gradually darkens from 10 kyu to 1 dan.


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Karate

However, in some styles, the color of the belt has a special meaning, and the light belt may be older than the darker one.


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Karate

For example, in Ashihara karate, the yellow belt is older than the blue belt.


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As a rule, the meaning of Kyokushin belt colors is as follows:


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White color means purity, inexperience, symbolizes the desire to learn and learn new things (Novichok)


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The orange belt is the color of the sun at sunrise (10 and 9 kyu)


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Blue belt is the color of the sky at sunrise (8 and 7 kyu)


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Yellow belt is the rising Sun, affirmation level, (6 and 5 kyu)


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Green belt — blooming color, maturity level (4 and 3 kyu)


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Brown belt — maturity, practical, creative level (2 and 1 kyu)


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Black — fullness, wisdom (Dana)


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In the Kyokushin style, it is generally believed that the black belt, burning out of the sun over time, tends to become white.


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Thus, over the years, wisdom tends to begin — what comes to over the years lies at the very beginning of training.


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This is what the founder of Kyokushin himself, Masutatsu Oyama, said.


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This is probably a beautiful legend.


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Older Okinawan schools had a five-belt graduation system that had a more practical explanation:


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Karate

White—Pure White Beginner's Belt


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Karate

Yellow — the student practiced the basic technique for a long time and his belt turned yellow with sweat


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Karate

Red - the student was allowed to kumite and his belt was stained with blood red from missed blows


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Karate

Brown — the student had been practicing kumite for so long that the color of his belt turned brown with stumbled blood


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Karate

Black — the student has been practicing karate for so long that the color of his belt turns black from time to time


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Nowadays, the belt system in some styles is as follows:


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Karate

White — 9 kyu


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Yellow — 8 kyu


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Karate

Orange — 7 kyu


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Karate

Green — 6 kyu


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Light blue — 5 kyu


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Blue — 4 kyu


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Light brown — 3kyu


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Brown — 2 kyu


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Dark brown — 1 kyu


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Black — 1 dan − 10 dan, usually 10 dan is given posthumously


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Karate

Two-tone belts are also used in mowels.


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Karate

Currently, the system of belts in mowls is as follows:


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Karate

White and yellow — 10 kyu


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Karate

Yellow — 9 kyu


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Yellow-orange — 8 kyu


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Orange — 7 kyu


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Orange-green — 6 kyu


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Green — 5 kyu


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Green-blue — 4 kyu


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Blue — 3 kyu


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Blue-brown — 2 kyu


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Brown — 1 kyu


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Black — 1st Dan — 2nd Dan


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Black and white — 3rd dan — 4th dan


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Black and red — 5th dan — 6th dan


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Red-white — 7th dan — 8th dan


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Karate

Red — 9th dan — 10th dan


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Karate in culture


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Cinematography:


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“Doomed to loneliness” (“Kenka karate kyokushinken”), Japan, 1975.


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Pirates of the 20th Century, USSR, 1979


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“Don't be afraid, I'm with you!” , USSR, 1981


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“The Karate Kid”, USA, 1984


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“The Karate Kid”, USA, 2010. A remake of the 1984 film.


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“Best of the Best”, USA, 1989


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“Fan”, USSR, 1989


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“Fan 2”, USSR, 1990


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Russian Transit, Russia, 1994


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Wind Warrior, South Korea, 2004.


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“Black Belt” (“Kuro Obi”), Japan, 2007.


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Karate

“High Blow Girl” (“Hai Kikku Garu”), Japan, 2009


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“Master of the East”, Russia, 1992


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Karate

Music:


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Karate (V. Migulya — O. Pisarzhevskaya, A. Monastyrev) — performed by Vladimir Migulya and VIA Zemlyane.


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Karate

A habitual miracle (I. Language book — G. Borisov) — performed by VIA “Hello Pesnya”, VIA “Leisya Pesnya” and VIA “Singing Hearts”.


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Karate

A lesson in wrestling (from the movie “Don't be afraid, I'm with you!”) (Polad Bulbul-ogly — A. Didurov) — performed by Stas Namin's band (“Flowers”).


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I didn't go karate (G. Polsky — G. Polish) - performed by MAD SHOW BOYS.


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Karate

See also


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Tameshiwari


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Tote


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Okinawa-te


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Goju-ryu


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Karate

Thansudo


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Karate

Fudokan


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Karate

Shotokan


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Sokon Matsumura


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Karate

Takayuki Kubota


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Karate

Notes


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Karate

Literature


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Check date values in: |date= (help)


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Karate

Potaev V. S. Karate: from beginner to master.


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Karate

— Ulan-Ude, 2015.


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

References


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

at Curlie


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Category:Martial arts


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Category:Japanese martial arts


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Category:Karate


Question: How many karate destinations are there?

Karate

Category:Martial arts alphabetically


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The Izhora language (self-name - ižorin kēli) is the language of the small Izhora people living in the Leningrad region of the Russian Federation.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

It belongs to the northern group of Baltic-Finnish languages.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The Izhora language is in danger of extinction.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

It was included in 2009 by UNESCO in the Atlas of Endangered Languages of the World as “severely endangered” (English: severely endangered).


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

There are four main dialects — Soikin, Lower Luga, Kheva and Oredezh (the last two are now extinct).


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The stress is fixed on the first syllable.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Vowels vary in length.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The syntax is characterized by a relatively free word order, the basic one being the SVO order.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The vocabulary is mostly primordial, Russism prevails among borrowings.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

About the name


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The ethnonym Izhora (Old East Slavic: Izhera, Estonian: isuri), according to one version, is of hydronymic origin and goes back to the Izhora River [1], on which Izhora settlements were located [2].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In addition to the modern self-name of the language, ižorin kēli, sometimes used the older karjalan kēli “Karelian language”, and in the Lower Luga dialect also mā kēli “language of the earth” [3] [4].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Linguogeography


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Area and numbers


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Currently, Izhora is spoken in the Kingisepp District of the Leningrad Region.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Previously, it was also distributed in Lomonosovsky and Gatchina districts [3] [5].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In 1732, on the newly annexed lands of Ingermanland, the tsarist authorities counted 14.5 thousand “old-timers of Izhoryans”, while the total number probably counted the Votic population [6].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

According to P. AND. Koppen, in 1848 Izhorans were 18,489 people (17,800 in St. Petersburg province and 689 in Karelia).


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

According to 1897 data, 13,725 people.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

According to the census of 1926, there were 16,137 Izhorans, according to the 1959 census, only about 1,062 people, of which 369 were native speakers, according to the 1970 census - 781 people, including the Izhora language 208 were considered native, according to the 1979 census, 748 Izhors were recorded, according to the 1989 census, Izhorans were 820 people, of which 302 considered Izhora native [7] [8].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

According to 2010 data, 123 people declared ownership of Izhora [9].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

According to the 2002 census, the average age of Izhor is 65.8-70.5 years [10].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Izhortsy, as a small indigenous people living in the Leningrad Region, were included in the Unified List of Small Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Federation in 2002, approved by a decree Government of the Russian Federation dated March 24, 2000 No. 255 “On the Unified List of Small Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Federation” [11].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Sociolinguistic information


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

At the moment, Izhora is practically not used in everyday communication, but sometimes it acts as a secret language [12].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Among the reasons for the transition of Izhorans to Russian, A. P. Chushyalova names the following [13]:


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

migration of the Russian-speaking population to Izhora lands and the mixing of Izhorans with Russians;


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

lack of school education in Izhora;


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

the eviction of Izhorans from their places of origin during the Second World War;


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

a break in the language tradition due to the death of monolingual Izhorans.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

F. AND. Rozhansky and E.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

B.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Marcus believes that the main factor in the language shift was the post-war situation, when many Izhorans were evicted from their original habitats and returned there only years later, while their the place has already been taken by the Russian-speaking population, which had a negative attitude towards the Izhora language, which was supported by the authorities and the school.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

According to researchers, ridicule on the part of Russian speakers, as well as fear of repression and deportation, led to the fact that Izhora residents refused to communicate with their children in Izhora [14]


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The Izhora language is in danger of extinction.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

It was included in 2009 by UNESCO in the Atlas of Endangered Languages of the World as “severely endangered” (English: severely endangered) [15].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

According to F. AND. Rozhansky and E.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

B.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Marcus, Izhorsky corresponds to item 8b of the EGIDS (Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale) scale, that is, “almost extinct” (English: nearly extinct), and the forecast for the future is pessimistic [16].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Dialects


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Traditionally, four main dialects at the beginning of the 20th century are distinguished [17] [18] [19]:


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Soikinsky, distributed on the Soikinsky Peninsula (Kingisepp District);


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Nizhneluzhsky, distributed along the lower reaches of the Luga River, from the village of Izvoz to the village of Lipovo;


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Kheva (eastern [19]), which was spoken in some villages on the Kovashi River and on the coast of the Gulf of Finland in the Lomonosovsky District of the Leningrad Region;


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Oredezhsky (Verkhneluzhsky), was distributed in the Gatchina District of the Leningrad Region, west of the middle reaches of the Oredezh River.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The fifth dialect of Izhora, which lived north of the Neva on the Karelian Isthmus, despite the preserved folklore records of field research by Finnish scientists who collected runes of the north of Ingermanland, remained unexplored due to early assimilation of its carriers [19] [20] [21].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The Oredezh and Heva dialects are now extinct [17].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In the Soikin dialect, there is no opposition of plosive consonants in terms of deafness and sonority, but there is a typologically rare ternary opposition of simple voiceless consonants to short heminates and long geminatam: ta p a “kill” — ta pp ā “be sufficient” (short geminate) — ta pp ā “kills” (long geminata) [22].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The Lower Luga dialect is characterized by the use of deaf p, t, k in the middle of the word in place of half-voiced other dialects, the absence of doubling in three-syllable words (matala “low” in Soikin mattāla), h falling out after n and r, combining ir in place er in other dialects (KirVez “ax” in Soikin KerVez), saving e in the nominative of bases with the suffix *-nen- (punaine - “red”, PunaZed - “red” at Soikin punain, punaist), the loss of -i at the bases on -oi/-öi (ämmöi “grandmother” in Soikin ämmö), a strong alternation stage in the plural of nouns (verkkois “in networks” in Soikin VergoIz) [23].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The Lower Luga dialect adopted a number of features from the Votic language.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

This includes: the opposition of plosive consonants by sonority and gemination (sa t a “hundred” — sa tt a” hundred” (party), sa d a “garden” — sa dd a — “garden” (party)); presence of a committee; lack of genius indicator -n in the committee (inconsistently); displacement of forms of the 3rd person plural


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

h. impersonal forms; use in the negative form of the imperative mood of the copula negative verb in the imperative motion+the main verb in the imperative mood (in Soikin dialect, the main verb is in the infinitive); imperfect indicators are -i-/-si-; the active participle index is -nnud/-nnüd.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

All this leads researchers F. AND. Rozhansky and E.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

B.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Marcus to the idea that Lower Luga is a convergent Votic-Izhora idiom, which was originally used for interethnic Votian-Izhora communication (especially in the situation of mixed marriages), and later became native to the Lower Luga population of both Izhora and Votic origin [24].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The Heva dialect retained the finite G, h, n (in illative, allativ, impersonal forms and 1st person units of the present tense and imperfect), which fell away in other dialects (KasSeg “rosa”, pereh “family”, metsn “in forest”).


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In the present tense, in the 3rd person, verbs with the suffix -īs- and in the 1st and 2nd persons have plural.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

h. Abbreviated verbs there is an element -e-: pessien “he washes”, PessiesSeg “they wash”, Lägäemmä “we speak” in Soikin pešsījä, pešsījd, läkämmä.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Soikin combination of consonants zr corresponds to Heva dr (ozra - odra “barley”, kezrädä - kezrädäg “spin”), Soikin ia, iä in the non-first syllable answers Heva ea, eä (valkea “white”, lūkea “read” ) [17] [25].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In the Oredezh dialect, in the middle of the word, in place of the half-voiced B, D, G of the Soikin dialect, there are full-fledged voiced b, d, g, and š, ž and tš are used in place of s, Z and ts.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

There is an alternation of steps g/.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In case forms in which the final vowel has fallen off, there is a doubling of the consonant base (jallāl “on the leg”) [23].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

This dialect is considered the closest to the Karelian language, as it is free from late Finnish layers [26].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

History


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Together with the Karelian dialects of the Karelian language proper and East Finnish dialects, Izhora goes back to the Old Karelian language, whose speakers, since the 9th century AD.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

, lived on the north-western coast of Lake Ladoga, from where in the first centuries of the 2nd millennium, the ancestors of the Izhorans moved to the Neva basin [3].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In the 11th-12th centuries, Izhorans settled from the Neva basin to the Soikinsky Peninsula, into the lower reaches of the Luga and Narva rivers, which led to the formation of dialects.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

At the same time, the Izhorans settled alternately with the water and the Slavs and partially assimilated the autochthonous water in these places [17] [27] [28].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In the 17th century, the territory inhabited by Izhora became part of Sweden.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The Swedes tried to impose Lutheranism among Orthodox Izhorans, which led to the resettlement of a large number of Izhora to Russia.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Apparently, then Izhora settlements appeared in the upper reaches of Oredezha and Luga.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The deserted lands were inhabited by Finns, who spoke mostly Euryamais dialect, which, as a result of language contacts, influenced some Izhora dialects [17] [27].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The first entries in Izhora date back to the 18th century, these are lists of words in the Comparative Dictionary of All Languages and Adverbs (1787—1791) by P. Pallas [3] [29], as well as a brief dictionary of 449 words of the “Yamsky dialect” collected in 1789-1790 by F. O. Tumansky in the vicinity of the villages of Orly, Mannovka, Tiensuu, Lindovshchina and presented in the unpublished manuscript “Experience in narrating the acts, position, state and division of St. Petersburg province” (1790) (the manuscript was published by Estonian researcher and historian E. E. Epic in 1970 [30]) [31] [32].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

An attempt to create a literary Izhora language belongs to.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Initially, the literary language was based on the Soikin dialect, which, however, was incomprehensible to speakers of the Lower Luga dialect.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Later, an attempt was made to combine in the literary language the features of both these dialects, set out in the book by V. AND. Yunus Ioran keelen grammatikka.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Morfologia.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Opettaijaa vart (Russian: Izhora grammar. Morphology. Teacher's manual) [33] [34].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In total, 25 books were published in Izhora, their authors or translators were V. AND. Yunus N. A. Ilyin, D. AND. Efimov et al.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

[17] [35], employees of the Department of Finno-Ugric Philology of Leningrad University [36].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In 1937, the publication of books in the Izhora language and its teaching in schools were discontinued, and Izhora National Village Councils were liquidated [3].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

During World War II, Izhora was mostly taken to Finland for forced labor, and after the return of many Izhora residents, they were deported to central Russia.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Izhorans began to return to their places of original residence only in the mid-1950s, but not all of them returned [37].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Writing


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Until the 1930s, the Izhora language was unwritten.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In 1932, a writing system was created based on the Latin alphabet, with spelling close to Finnish, double letters in writing indicated the longitude of vowels [38].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The publication of textbooks began, however, designed for children who already speak Izhora [39], and part of the document flow in Izhora National Village Councils was conducted in the Izhora language.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In 1936, the Izhora alphabet was reformed.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Izhora alphabet (1932 version) [40], developed by V. AND. Yunus in 1932.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

After a while, it was recognized as an unsuccessful attempt, since the use in schools showed that the Soikin dialect, chosen as the basis for the development of the alphabet, was incomprehensible to native children Lower Luga dialect [41] [42].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

A AÄ ÄE eF fH Hi iJ JK kL Lm mN No OÖ ÖP pR rS St Tu UV ViY YB Bg gD dZ


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Izhora alphabet (1936 version) [43], developed by V. AND. Yunus et al., taking into account the shortcomings identified when working with the alphabet of 1932.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

It was with the use of this version of writing that V. AND. Yunus and his colleagues published 25 books (textbooks, readers) [41].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

A AÄ ÄB in V vG GD de EZ Zi iJ jK kL lM mN No OÖ ÖP pR rS St Tu uY yF fH hC Cç çş ş


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In 1937 - early 1938, training, paperwork and publication of texts in Izhora ceased due to a change in the political course in the country, one of the directions of which was the Russification of small peoples USSR [34] [39] [44].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Since 1937, the language has been considered by linguists as written [38] [45] [46] [47].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

F. AND. Rozhansky and E.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

B.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Marcus is considered Izhora to be an “ex-young written language” [48].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In some cases, Izhora texts are recorded in graphics of the Finnish literary language [46].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Izhora Alphabet (2014 version) [49], used in the Izhora Language Manual (2014) by O. AND. Konkova and N. A. Dyachkov; it is based on the grammar and vocabulary of the Soikin dialect [50].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

A aB in C Cd De eF fG gH Hi iJ JK kL lM mN No oP pR Rs sŠ Št Tu UV vy YZ Zž žä ÄÖ ö


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Linguistic characteristics


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Phonetics and phonology


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

vowels


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Izhora vowel system [51]:


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Front rowRear rowLabializedLabializedLabializedLabializedUpper liftIüuMiddle liftEöoLower liftäa


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

All vowels can be either short or long.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Longitude is meaningful: tuli “fire” — tūli “he came” [51].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The vowels ą, and ō are higher in elevation than their short equivalents [52].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

There are a number of diphthongs: ai, äi, oi, öi, ui, üi, ei, au, ou, eu, iu, äü, öü [52].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Consonants


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Consonant system [53]:


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The sounds [f] and [t≧] (tš in transcription) are found only in Russian borrowings ([t≧] also in onomatopoeia).


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Palatalized consonants may also be present in Russisms: poľnitsa “hospital” [54].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The opposition [s] — [] (š in transcription) does not exist in the speech of all native speakers and also arose under the influence of the Russian language [55].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Explosive /p/, /t/, /k/ are implemented as voiceless at the beginning of a word and next to voiceless consonants in the middle of the word, in other cases as half-voiced (which in transcription is indicated by capital letters: B, D, G).


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In the speech of some Izhorans, the allophones /p/, /t/ and /k/ are not half-voiced sounds, but voiced sounds.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In some dialects, voiced /b/, /d/ and /g/ are separate phonemes [53].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

There is an opposition to short and long consonants: suka “comb” — sukka “stocking” [51].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Posterior [] is a positional variant of the phoneme /n/ in the position before the velar consonants k and g [54].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The phoneme /s/ in the position between vowels or next to voiced consonants is realized as a half-voiced [Z] or voiced [z] [53].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

prosody


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The stress is dynamic, but it is also accompanied by an increase in tone.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The main verbal stress is always on the first syllable, with the exception of late Russian borrowings.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Each odd syllable, except the last, is given a secondary stress [56].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Morphology


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

There is vowel harmony: all vowels in a word can be either front (ü, ö, ä), or non-front (u, o, a).


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Harmony does not apply to vowels i and e [51].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

There is an alternation of steps in Izhora.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Historically, there was a weak step in a closed syllable, and a strong step in the open syllable [57]:


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

alternationstrong stepweak stepG: øva G o — “furrow” VaoD — “borozdy” D: øpa D a — “pot” PāD — “pots ” B: vsī B i — “wing” sī v eD — “wings” kk: Gsu kk a — “stocking” su G aD — “stockings” tt: Do tt ā — “take” o D an — “take” pp: Bse pp ä — “blacksmith” se B äD — “blacksmiths” hk: hpe hk o — “bush” pe h oD - “bushes” lG: lja lG a - “leg” ja l aD - “legs” RG: rku rG i — “crane” ku r eD — “cranes” sk: Zi sk iä — “beat” i Z en — “beat” tk: Di tk iä — “cry” i D en — “cry” ht: hle ht i — “leaf” le h eD — “leaves” lD: llku lD a — “gold” ku ll an — “gold” nD: nnka nD o — “stump” ka nn on — “stump” rD: rrme rD a — “basket” me rr aD — “baskets” (I. p plural) st: ssmu st a — “black” mu ss aD — “black” LB: lvke lB ajā — “he is proud” ke lv oin — “I was proud” MB: mmla MB ahal — “sheep” la mm az — “sheep” RB: rvva rB ahaz — “at the toe” va rv az — “toe”


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The most common syllables are of the following structure: (C) V, CV, (C) VV, (C) VC, (C) VC, (C) VVC, (C) VCC, (C) VCC, CVVCC.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Syllables are more likely to begin with a consonant than a vowel.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

A syllable can begin with a confluence of two or three consonants only in borrowed or onomatopoeic words [53].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Morphology


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In the Izhora language, the following parts of speech are distinguished: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb, interjection, postposition, preposition, union [56].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The word form consists of a root and suffixes.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Moreover, word-formation suffixes precede formative and inflectional suffixes.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In names, the plural precedes the case index, for example: verkko-loi-s “in networks”.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In the verb, the tense or mood indicator precedes the personal ending: kuo-i-n “I weaved”.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The declinable parts of speech change in twelve cases (nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessiv, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, essiv, abessive) [58].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

noun


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The noun has the categories of number, case and possessiveness [59].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Nouns are divided into single-core and two-basic nouns.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Monobasic ones use the same basis in all cases (adjusted for alternation of steps), only nouns in -e- have -i in the nominative singular.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Two-basic ones use a consonant basis in the nominative and singular partitive, and in all other cases, a different basis, on a vowel [58].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The plural indicators are -D in the nominative case and -i- or -loi-/-löi- (for bases on -o, -ö, -oi, -öi, -u, -ü, -i, -e) in indirect [60].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Declension of Izhora nouns using the words katto “roof” and LammaZ “sheep” as an example [58]:


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

CaseMonobaDbibasic units.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

ch.mn.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

tsp unit


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

ch.mn.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

There are possessive suffixes (lehmä “cow” — <b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[52003,52010,3,3]}'>lehmn “my cow”, <b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[52034,52041,3,3]}'>lehms “your cow”, lehm <b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[52066,52074,3,3]}'>hä “his cow”, <b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[52098,52107,3,3]}'>lehmä mme “our cow”, lehmä <b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[52132,52141,3,3]}'>nne “your cow”, lehmä <b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[52166,52175,3,3]}'>sse “their cow”), which, however, are relatively rare in modern language.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In the Soikin dialect, possessive suffixes can add the plural -t to express the multiplicity of possessed (<b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[52417,52425,3,3]}'>lehmst “yours cows”), which has no analogue in other Baltic-Finnish languages [56].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Adjective


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Adjectives agree with nouns in number and case and are declined identically to nouns [61].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The form of the comparative degree of adjectives is formed using the suffix -MB in the nominative and -mm- in the genitive.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In two-syllabic words, the final vowel -a/-ä changes to -e: kova “hard” > KoveMB “harder”.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

To form a superlative form, the word kaikkīn/Kaigist (placed before the comparative degree form) or kaikkia (placed after the form comparative degree) [61].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Numeral


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Izhora numerals [56] [62]:


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

NumeralsQuantityordinal1üksenzimäin2kakstoin3kolmāz4neljäneljz5vīzvī (j) ēz6kūzkū (vv) ēz7seitsemänseitsemz8kaheksankaheksāz9üheheksāz9üheheksāz9üheheksāz9üheheksāz9üheheksāz9üheheksāz9üheheksāz9üksänüheksz10kümmenänkümmenz11ükstoist (Kümmend) Ükstoistkümmenz12kakstoist (Kümmend) Kakstoistkümmenz20kakskümmendkakskümmenz30koltkümmendkoltküminenz36koltkümmend Kūvēz/koltküminenz Kūvvēz65kūskümend Vīz100sada101sada üks


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Pronoun


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The following categories of pronouns are distinguished: personal, reflexive, demonstrative, interrogative and relative, indefinite [62].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Declension of personal pronouns [62]:


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

CasesTyonmyNominative miäsiäh( n) mthgenitive case MiunsiunhänenmeijenteijenheijenPartitiveMinnuasinnuahändmeidäteidäheidäaccusative CaseMeijedteijedheijedillativmiuhesiuhehännēmeiheiheiheiheinessivmiuzsiuzhänezmeizteizeizelativmiustsiustsiusthänestmeistteistallativmiul (l) esiul (l) EhänellemeileteileHeileAdessivMiulsiulhänelmeilteilheilablativemiuldsiuldheildheildheildessMinnūnnnnnhännēnēnmeinteinheinabessivMiudasiudahänedämeidäteidäteidäteidäheidä


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Demonstrative pronouns are divided into three degrees of distance from the speaker: tämä /t“ (here) this” — tō “that” — se “this (in general)” [56] [62].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Verb


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The verb has the following grammatical categories: number, mood, face, tense.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

There are four verb tenses: present-future, imperfect, perfect and plusquamperfect [56].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Verbs are divided into three types of conjugation: monobasic (the basis is always on a vowel), two-basic (in a number of forms there is a basis on a consonant) and abbreviated (two-basic, which have a consonant that stood in beginning of the last syllable of the base) [63].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Conjugation of verbs in the present tense using the words kuttoa “weave”, ommella “sew” and ldä “speak” [64]:


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Kuttoaommellaldäpositive formnegative formpositive formnegative formpositive formpositive formnegative form1 person units


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

h.kuonen kuoompēlenen ompēleläkkknen läk2 face units


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

H.kuoded Kuoompēleded Ompēleläkkded läkk3 face units.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

h.kutōei Kuoombelōei ompēlelägäjei läkk1 face mn.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

h.kuommaemmä Kuoombelemmaemmä ompēleläkkmmä läkk2 face mn.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

h.kuottaettä Kuoombelettaettä ompēleläkkttä läkk3 face mn.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

H.kuttōdeväd Kuoombelōdeväd ompēlelägäjdeväd läkk


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Verb conjugation in imperfect [64]:


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

h.kuoinen kuttōndompēlinen ommeldläkkäizinen LnD2 face units


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

H.kuoided kuttōndompēlided ommeldläkkäisted lnd3 face units


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

H.kudoiei kutōndompēliei ommeldläkäkäizei lnd1 face mn.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

ch.kuoimmaemmä kutōnēdombelimmaemmä ommelēdlägä (i) Zimmäemmä lnēd2 face mn.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

h.kuoittaettä kutōnēdombelittaettä ommelēdlägä (i) Zittäettä lnēd3 face mn.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Ch.kuttoideväd kuttōnēdombelīdeväd ommelēdlägä (i) Zīdeväd lnēd


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Perfect and plusquamperfect consist of olla forms “to be” in the present tense (for perfect) and imperfect (for plusquamperfect) and the past participle of the semantic verb [63].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

There are four moods in the Izhora language: indicative, imperative, conditional (conditional) and subjunctive (potential, currently found only in folklore) [65].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Imperative verb conjugation [66]:


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Kuttoaommellaldä2 face units


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

h.kuoompēleläkk3 face units


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Ch.kudogāommelgāltk2 face mn.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Ch.kudogāommelgāltk3 face mn.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Ch.kudogasseommelgasseltkasse


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The conditional mood marker is the suffix -IZi- (-IZ- in the 2nd and 3rd singular persons).


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In abbreviated verbs, it joins the stem with the suffix -ja-/-jä- [63].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Verb conjugation in conditional mood [67]:


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Kuttoaommellaldä1 face units


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

H.kuttoizinombelizinlägäjäizin2 person units


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Ch.kuttoistombelīstlägäjäist3 person units


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Ch.kuttoizombelīzlägäjäiz1 face mn.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Ch.kudoizimmaombelizimmalägäjäizimmä2 face mn.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Ch.kudoizittaombelizittalägäjäizittä3 face mn.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Ch.kudoizīdombelissīdlägäjäisīd


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The marker of conditional mood is the suffix -ne- (-no-/-nö- in the third person).


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In two-basic verbs, this suffix joins the consonant basis, which is accompanied by assimilations tn > nn, ln > ll, rn > rr, sn > ss [63].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Verb conjugation in the subjunctive mood [66]:


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Kuttoaldä1 face units


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

h.kuttōnenlnnen2 face units


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

H.kuttōnedlnned3 face units


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

H.kudonōlnn1 face mn.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

H.kudonemmalnnemmä2 face mn.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

H.kudonettalnnettä3 face mn.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

H.kudonōdlnnd


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

There are special indefinite personal forms of the verb [65].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

For example, KuoDā “weave”, kuottī “weave”, KuotTaiz “would weave” [66].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Adverbs


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

According to semantics, Izhora adverbs are divided into adverbs of place (ettl “far”), time (silloin “then”), mode of action (eriksą “separately”), quantity and measure (aivoin “very”, paljo “many”), causes (miks” why”) [68].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Productive adverb suffixes are -nne (tänne “here”, sinne “there”), -tse (maitse “by land”, meritse “by sea”), -oin/-öin (harvoin “rarely”), -kkali/-kkäli (mikkli “because how much”), -ttą (pōlittą “in half”), -Duksē/-Dukkē/-Dükką (Jäledükką “one by one”), -zin (JalKazin “on foot”), -Kkaizin/-Kkäizin (Rinnakkaizin “next to each other”), -Z (ULoz “out, out”) and -st (hüvst “good”).


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In addition, frozen case forms of nouns are used in the adverbial function (in illative, ablative, allative, adessive, translative, essive) [68].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The form of a comparative degree in adverbs is formed using the suffix -mmin (paremmin “better”, kovemmin “stronger”).


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The superlative form is formed similarly to adjectives, using the words kaikkīn/Kaigist/kaikkia [68].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Prepositions and postpositions


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

There are both prepositions and postpositions in Izhora.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Postpositions are most often used with genitive and partitive, less often with illative [69].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Alliances


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

According to the syntactic function, conjunctions are divided into writing (ja “and”, i “and”, dai “and”, a “but”, no “but”, tali “or”, ili “or”) and subordinate (JoD “what”, sto “what”, ku “when, if”, kui (n) “how”) [70].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Word formation


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Word formation is carried out by suffixing or by word composition: kevätvehnä “spring wheat” (kevät “spring”, vehnä “wheat”).


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The morphological and syntactic method is also used in the form of the substance of adjectives or vice versa: the word valkkea, in addition to the basic meanings “white, light”, also means “fire” and “lightning” [71].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Syntax


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The word order is free, the basic order is SVO [72].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The definition precedes the word being defined [71].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

ämmälüps-lvä-slehmgrandmother: Nom.Sgmilk-Prs.3Sghlev-Iness.Sgkorova: Part.Sg “Grandma milks a cow in a barn” [71]


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Vocabulary


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

By origin, the original vocabulary includes the common Finno-Ugric (ellä (k) “live”, joki “river”, silmä “eye”) and the Baltic-Finnish layers (korva “ear”, jänis “hare”, küntt( k) “plow”).


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

There are a number of words common only to Izhora, Eastern dialects of Finnish, Karelian and Veps (rahi “bench”, lēkuttā “swing”, vāpukka “raspberry”) [73].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

There are a large number of Russian borrowings: Plūga “plow”, prokkōna “run, pasture”, vglä “beets”, karassi “kerosene”, muila “soap”, plādja “dress”, Poduska “pillow”, polavikko “rug”, saraffona “sundress”, stokkāna “glass”, Sūdja “judge”, Pešsēda “conversation”, kuľľaittā “walk, celebrate”, stārosta “warden” [74].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

There is an ancient layer of Slavisms common to Izhora, Eastern dialects of Finnish, Karelian and Veps: lässīvä “sick”, läšīä “get sick”, kōmina “threshing floor”, lvä “stable”, lāvitsa “shop (in the house)”, kōma” cum”, kassa “braid (hair)”, Kādjad “pants”, sīvotta “cattle”, palttina “canvas” [73] [75].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Perhaps the words süän - “heart”, sauna “sauna”, raskas “heavy” are borrowed from Finnish, known in Soikin and Heva dialects, but absent in Oredezh, where h'engi was used instead, küľi and tük'jä [76].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Study history


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

The first monograph on the Izhora language was a book published in 1885 by a Finnish scientist “On the Izhora Dialect” (German: Ueber den ingrischen Dialekt).


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In 1925, the book “The Main Features of the Rosson dialect” (Estonian: Rosona (Eesti Ingeri) murde pääjooned = German: Die Haupzüge der Mundart von Rosona) was published.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In the 60s and 70s, collections of Izhora speech were published, for example, in 1960, samples of Izhora texts (Soikin and Oredezh dialects) with a linguistic commentary entitled “Examples of the Izhora Language” ( Estonian: Isuri keelenäiteid) were published by P. Ariste in the V volume of “Proceedings of the Institute of Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences Est. USSR” [77].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In 1971, the Dictionary of Izhora Dialects (Finnish: Inkeroismurteiden sanakirja) was published, based mainly on data from the Soikin dialect [51] [78].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In the 1970s and 1980s, Kh.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Haarman studied the evolution of Izhora vocabulary, the influence of the Russian language on Izhora, borrowings from Russian, bilingualism of Izhora [79] [80].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In 1997, A. Laanest, the author of major works on phonetics, morphology and dialectology of Izhora, published the Dictionary of the Heva Dialect of the Izhora Language (Estonian: Isuri keele Hevaha murde sõnastik) [77].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Text samples


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

A sample of one of the Izhora runes included in the plot of Kaukomoinen: at the feast, a quarrel begins over beer poured on the hero's clothes, then the conflict unfolds outside the house [81]:


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Izhora


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

(graphic in Finnish) TranslationKäy'ään pois ulos tarelle,


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Tanhuvalle tappeloon!


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Täs on ahas airakkoja,


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Miespelis mellakoja;


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Käyään ulos tarelle,


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Siel on väljä vääntelesä [82].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Let's go out, let's go free


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

In the yard, the struggle is an idea,


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

It's cramped for men to mess around here


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

To start men's games


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Let's go out, let's go free -


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

There's room to fight


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

From the rune “Matchmaking in Tuoni” (“Tuonelta kosinta”).


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

A son of the Sun, who wants to marry his daughter, the master of the world of the dead Manala, must complete a number of tasks, for example [83]:


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Izhora


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

(graphic in Finnish) TranslationU juokset verrisen verssan,


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Niegloin nenniä myöte,


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Kassurin kassooja myöte,


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Veitsien terriiä myöte,


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Siis annan aineen [84].


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

When you run a mile of blood


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

At the tips of the needles,


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

On the blades of the axe,


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

By steel knives,


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Then I'll give my one and only one.


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Notes


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

Literature


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

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Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

References


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

External link in |publisher= (help)


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

External link in |publisher= (help) (in English)


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

External link in |publisher= (help)


Question: How many dialects were there in the Izhor language?

Izhora language

on YouTube