Question: What is the highest rank in the Russian Navy?

Category:Ship classification


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

This is not an exhaustive list of ISO standards.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

More detailed information on some ISO/IEC JTC1 standards is freely available.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 1-ISO 999


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 3 — Rows of radio component values.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 4 is a system for shortening the names of periodicals (journals).


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 5 — Photography and Graphics Technology — Density measurements


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 6 — Light sensitivity of photographic materials.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 7 — Pipe thread.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 9 — Transliteration of Cyrillic characters into Latin.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 16:1975 — Acoustics.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

Standard frequency for tuning (standard music pitch)


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 216 — paper format.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 233:1984 — Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 233-2:1993 — Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin — Part 2: Arabic — Simplified transliteration.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 259:1984 — Transliteration of Hebrew characters into Latin.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 259-2:1994 — Transliteration of Hebrew characters into Latin — Part 2: Simplified transliteration.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 296 — Morse taper


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 639 language codes: ISO 639-1, ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 668 — ISO container sizes and classification.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 1000-ISO 9999


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO/IEC 1539-1 is the Fortran programming language.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 3166—Country and Territory Codes


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 3758 — marking with textile care symbols.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 4217 — currency codes.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 5218 representation of human sexes.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 7388 — 7:24 tool cone


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 7816 — Smart cards.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8501-1 — Preparation of the steel base before applying paints and similar coatings — Visual assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 1: The degree of rustiness and the degree of preparation of the uncoated steel base and steel base after complete removal of previous coatings.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8501-2 — Preparation of the steel base before applying paints and similar coatings — Visual assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 2: Degree of preparation of the previously coated steel base after local removing old coatings.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8501-3 — Preparation of the steel base before applying paints and similar coatings — Visual assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 3: Degrees of preparation of welds, edges and other areas with defects surfaces.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8501-4 — Preparation of the steel base before applying paints and similar coatings — Visual assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 4: Degrees of preparation of previously painted and unpainted steel base after removing rust and old coatings by cleaning with a high-pressure jet.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8502 — Preparation of steel base before applying paints and similar coatings — Tests to assess surface cleanliness.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8503 — Preparation of the steel base before applying paints and similar coatings — Surface roughness characteristics of the sandblasted steel base.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8504 — Preparation of steel base before applying paints and similar coatings — Methods for preparing surfaces.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8583 Financial transaction card original messages — Interchange message specifications.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8601 Date and time format


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8859 Symbol Code Tables:


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8859-1 Latin-1;


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8859-2 Latin-2;


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8859-3 Latin-3 or South European;


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8859-4 Latin-4 or North European;


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8859-5 Cyrillic;


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8859-6 Arabic;


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8859-7 Greek;


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8859-8 Hebrew;


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8859-9 Latin-5;


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8859-10 Latin-6 variant 8859-4


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8859-11 Thai;


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8859-13 Latin-7 or Baltic Rim


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8859-14 Latin-8 or Celtic


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8859-15 Latin-9 option 8859-1


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 8879 — SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language).


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 9000 — Quality management system in production.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 9362 — Bank Identifier Code.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO/IEC/IEEE 9945 — Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX).


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

Basic technical requirements [1]


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 9984 — Translation of Georgian alphabet characters into Latin alphabet.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 9985 — translation of Armenian alphabet characters into Latin alphabet.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 10000-ISO 19999


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO/IEC 10026 — Open Systems Interconnection (see also: OSI Network Model, ACID).


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO/IEC 10179:1996 — DSSSL (Document Style Semantics and Specification Language).


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 10646 — Unicode


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 11124.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

Preparation of the steel base before applying paints and similar coatings — Technical specifications for metal abrasives for blasting.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 11125.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

Preparation of the steel base before applying paints and similar coatings — Test methods for metal abrasives for blasting.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 11126.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

Preparation of the steel base before applying paints and similar coatings — Technical specifications for non-metallic abrasives for blasting.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 11784 — Radio Frequency Identification of Animals — Code Structure


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 11785 — Radio Frequency Identification of Animals — Technical Concept.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 12164 — HSK tool cone.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 12944.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

Varnishes and paints — protection against corrosion of steel structures by protective coating systems.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 13616 — IBAN.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 14000 is an international standard for the creation of an environmental management system.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 14223 — “Radio Frequency Identification of Animals — Advanced Transponders”.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO/IEC 14443 — Medium-range contactless smart cards, RFID, 13.56 MHz range.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO/IEC 15408 Common Criteria — Evaluation Criteria for Information Technology Security.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO/IEC 15693 — Long-range contactless smart cards, RFID, 13.56 MHz range.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

Obsolete, replaced by ISO/IEC 18000.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO/IEC 17799 Information technology: information security management.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 17987 is an industrial network standard focused on the use of low-liability automotive systems in the management of automotive systems.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

Originally known as LIN.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO/IEC 18000 — Collection of standards for radio channel, exchange protocols and contactless card data structure for logistics.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 20000-ISO 29999


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 21500 is a project management standard based on the PMBOK model.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 26000 — Social Responsibility Guide.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO/IEC 26300 — OpenDocument (.odf)


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 30000-ISO 39999


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 32000-1:2008 — Document flow — portable document format — Part 1: PDF 1.7 [2].


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 50001


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

ISO 50001 — energy management systems.


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

Notes


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

References


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

(in English)


Question: What is an ISO standard?

List of ISO standards

Category:ISO


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

For the war of the 16th century, see The first war for the Polish succession.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The War of the Polish Succession was a war that took place in 1733-1735 by coalitions of Russia, Austria and Saxony on the one hand and France, Spain and the Kingdom of Sardinia on the other.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The reason was the election of the king to the Polish throne after the death of Augustus II (1733).


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

France supported the candidacy of Stanislav Leschinsky, father-in-law of Louis XV, who previously held the Polish throne during the Northern War, Russia and Austria - Saxon Elector Frederick August II, son the late king.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The victory was won by the anti-French coalition.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

According to the Peace of Vienna in 1738, Frederick Augustus was recognized as King of Poland as Augustus III, and Leszczyn received the Duchy of Lorraine; in exchange, France recognized the Pragmatic Sanction, according to which the successor Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, his daughter Maria Theresa was recognized in the hereditary possessions, and her husband Franz I Stephen was to become the emperor, who abandoned his native Lorraine in Stanislav's favor.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Background


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The Polish Question in International Politics in the Late 1920s — Early 1830s


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

By the 1920s, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was excluded from big European politics, but remained an important factor in the policy of Eastern Europe [1].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The geographical location of the country, bordering on the possessions of Turkey, Russia, Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire, gave weight to the position occupied by the rulers of the state in international affairs [1].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The weakness of the central government of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the omnipotence of the aristocracy and the arbitrariness of the petty gentry made this state a restless neighbor.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

First of all, this affected Russian-Polish relations.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Robber detachments of the Polish-Lithuanian gentry attacked border villages, took peasants and stole cattle, burned fields and houses.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Polish magnates, in violation of the Eternal Peace of 1686, pursued a policy of settling lands recognized under the treaty as a neutral barrier [2].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Thus, the head Yablonovsky restored Chigirin, devastated under the Treaty of Bakhchisarai of 1681, captured several farms in the lands of the Mirgorod and Pereyaslavsky regiments, built 14 on neutral lands 203 yards, set up roadblocks and collected duties from Russian subjects [2].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The government of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth claimed Livonia and tried to limit the autonomy of the Duchy of Courland.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The Polish Catholic majority persecuted Orthodox Christians in Grodno and Minsk [3].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

For the Holy Roman Empire, the Polish question was primarily related to the problem of the unity of the Empire.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In 1697, Elector Friedrich Augustus I of Saxony was elected to the Polish throne.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The heirs of the Elector from the marriage of his son to Archduchess Marie Josepha could claim part of the heritage of the House of Austria [4].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In Silesia, the Polish gentry, as well as in Russia, raided border settlements.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Polish-Austrian relations and persecution of “dissidents”, especially Lutherans, complicated.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The emperor was the guarantor of the rights of religious minorities in the empire, and outbursts of Catholic fanaticism in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth caused Jesuit activity in Silesia and Hungary, where there were also many Lutherans.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In addition, this caused demarches on the part of the Protestant princes of the Empire, supported by England and Sweden [4].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The second half of the 1920s in Europe was marked by a sharp confrontation between two blocs of powers - the Hanover and Vienna Unions.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In 1726, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance, and the question of the policy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was supplemented by new circumstances.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Now the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth divided the lands of the two allied powers and in the event of war had to allow Allied troops to pass through.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The presence of a government friendly to Austria and Russia in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth has become even more necessary [4].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The position of the allies was twofold.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

For Russia, the issue was to resolve border disputes, guarantee freedom of religion for the Orthodox population of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, suppress robbery and preserve autonomy and territorial integrity of Courland [5].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On the one hand, the solution of these issues required the creation of a strong royal power in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which could curb the willfulness of the gentry and magnates.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On the other hand, Russia was not interested in strengthening the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The preservation of the “liberties and constitution of the Republic”, which created noble anarchy in the country, was a reliable guarantor against the war with the Commonwealth [5].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Both Russia and Austria were opponents of the idea of forming a Polish-Saxon kingdom, which Augustus II sought.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The Allies also opposed the creation of an alliance between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Turkey, France and Sweden [4].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Russia sought from the Polish government to comply with the obligations on freedom of religion for the Orthodox assumed by the Commonwealth under the Treaty of 1689, and recognition of Russia's right to represent the interests of the Orthodox before the Polish government [6].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On the issue of freedom of religion, Russia spoke together with England, Sweden and Holland, which supported their Protestant co-religionists [7].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The solution of these problems required the development of a common position.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In 1727, Austria initiated a discussion on the succession to the Polish throne after the death of King Augustus II [8].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

According to the rescript of Emperor Charles VI, this initiative was caused by the need to ensure the passage of the auxiliary corps of the Allies through the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the event of a war with the Hanover bloc [8].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On February 1 (12), 1727, at a conference of the Supreme Privy Council, the Imperial Minister in Russia, Count Ignaz Amadeus Bussy-Rabutin, announced the opinion of Emperor Charles: the emperor is against the nomination of a hereditary Prince Friedrich August of Saxon or Stanislaw Leszczynski as candidates for the Polish throne and supports the nomination of a candidate from the Polish nobility, “natural Piasts”, who are not influenced by others powers, especially France; the emperor supports the struggle against Moritz of Saxony in Courland (Count Moritz tried to become Duke) [8].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On February 9 (20), Empress Catherine I answered that she relies on the emperor to choose a candidate [8].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In 1728, August II tried to reach a rapprochement with Vienna, where Field Marshal Fleming was sent, but the Field Marshal died before negotiations began [8].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On October 2 (13), Augustus II concluded the Pact of Versailles: in the event of a war between Louis XV and Emperor Charles, King Augustus promised to remain neutral and not allow Russian troops to pass through, in response France ensured payment of subsidies to the king [8].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On November 15 (26), Russian Minister Louis Lanchinsky met with Prince Eugene of Savoy, President of Hofkrigsrat, in Vienna.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The prince confirmed that the Viennese court wants free elections of the king, will support the candidate from Piast, friendly to Russia and Austria, and will not allow the election of Leschinsky [8].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The next intensification of negotiations took place in 1730, which was due to the aggravation of the confrontation between the European blocs.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In July-August 1730, the Russian court informed Vienna that negotiations with the French were underway in Warsaw and Dresden.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On July 11 (22), Lanchinsky reported to St. Petersburg about his meeting with Prince Eugene: “When I announced to him that the news of the secret Saxon negotiation with France was continuing, he skillfully took out the handkerchief from pockets, tied a pattern and said briefly: “I remember de” [9].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On November 7 (18), 1730, the imperial ambassador, Count Franz-Karl von Vratislav, informed Vice-Chancellor Andrei Osterman of Emperor Charles's decree on the Polish question.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The emperor proposed to conclude an agreement between Prussia, Russia and Austria on the following conditions [9]:


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Ensuring freedom of election of the king and excluding Leschinsky;


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Execution of a special agreement on the candidacy of an applicant from Saxony;


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

To nominate a common candidate from Piast;


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Foreign princes should be invited only if this does not contribute to the election of Leschinsky.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On 14 (25) December, Vratislav presented a draft treaty providing for the guarantee of the Polish “Republic”, the formation of a Prussian - Russian - Austrian Council for Polish Affairs and the nomination of such a candidate, which “contained all Polish freedoms and would live in peace with all border countries” [10].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On January 2 (13), 1731, Empress Anna Ioannovna approved this project [11].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In 1730-1731, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, at the Seimas in Grodno, the issue of liquidating the autonomy of Courland and the division of the Duchy into voivodeships and povets was considered, which contradicted international agreements, so as many European powers were guarantors of the Duchy's autonomy.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In 1731, Polish-Lithuanian raids on the borders and persecution of the Orthodox intensified [11].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

These events have prompted Russia to take action.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Lieutenant General Count Karl Loewenwolde and Adjutant General Count Ernst Biron left for Berlin to coordinate actions on the Polish issue with King Frederick Wilhelm I [11] .


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In August 1731, Levenwolde left for Vienna as envoy extraordinary.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

For Emperor Charles VI, 1731 was also a turbulent year.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On 7 (18) December 1731, the Reichstag in Regensburg guaranteed the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, but the Electors of Bavaria, Palatinate and Saxony, who could claim part of the “Austrian inheritance” abstained [12].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Another demarche of Augustus II forced the Viennese court to act decisively.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On February 6 (17), 1732, Count Vratislav presented Empress Anna Ioannovna with the emperor's response to the memorial of Count Levenwold, Envoy Extraordinary in Vienna.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The emperor ordered the imperial ambassador to Warsaw, Count Wilczek, together with the Russian envoy Count Friedrich Levenwolde, “use all sorts of convenient and severe harassment, where necessary,” for protection Orthodox “dissidents” and the Russian population on the Polish border [12].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

If this is not enough, the emperor is ready to support Russia by force of arms, considering a case of aggression the situation “when one or the other side is in the late possession of its own under the mentioned allied I am concerned about the treatise of kept lands” [13].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On July 13 (24), Emperor Charles arrived incognito in Prague, where he secretly met King Friedrich Wilhelm at the house of Count Nostitz.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The monarchs agreed on joint actions in the election of the new Polish king [14].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The Polish question could not leave France aside.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Since the conclusion of the Treaty of Vienna in 1726, France has pursued a policy of “eastern barrier” towards Russia.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The purpose of this policy was to create a hostile environment around Russia from Sweden, Turkey and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth [15].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

France helped Sweden rebuild the army and tried to establish allied relations between Turkey, Poland and Sweden against Russia.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The task of the “eastern barrier” policy was to weaken Russia and divert its attention from the problems of Central and Central Europe, which was supposed to ensure Russia's non-interference in the Austro-French relationships [15].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In 1728, at the Soissons Congress, Cardinal de Fleury, due to the illness of King Augustus II, invited the Swedes to agree with England and Holland to support the candidacy of Stanislav Leschinsky as a new king.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Sweden supported the French proposal and agreed to provide financial support.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In addition, Sweden announced its readiness to provide Leschinsky with armed support [16].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On July 25, 1729, Sweden made peace with Saxony, and on October 7, 1732, peace with the Commonwealth.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

These treaties legally ended the Northern War.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Both agreements were concluded without the participation of Russian mediators, as Russia insisted on, and gave French and Swedish diplomacy the opportunity to strengthen Leschinsky's position in Poland [16].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On December 2 (13), 1732, in Berlin, the Russian Ambassador Count Levenwolde and the Imperial Ambassador Count Zeckendorf concluded an agreement with King Friedrich Wilhelm on joint actions in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which became is known as the “Union of Three Black Eagles” [17].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Under the agreement, to counter Leschinsky, it was decided to deploy troops on the borders: 4,000 cavalry from Austria, 6,000 dragoons and 14,000 infantry from Russia and 12 battalions and 20 squadrons from Prussia.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The parties allocated 36,000 hearts (about 90,000 rubles) to bribe the magnates.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The Portuguese Infante Manuel was declared the common candidate in the election of the king, and Prince Augustus Wilhelm of Prussia was declared a candidate in Courland.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The Duke of Courland was not supposed to have possessions outside Courland and remained a vassal of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth [17].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The Loewenwolde mission came to an impasse when the emperor refused to consolidate the agreements on paper.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Death of King Augustus II


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The balance of power in Europe was not in favor of King Augustus II, and most Polish magnates were opposed to him.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The last step of Augustus the Strong was the proposal to divide the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth between him and Prussia.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Augustus offered Friedrich Wilhelm Polish Prussia, Courland and part of Greater Poland, the rest of the lands became a hereditary kingdom.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On December 31, 1732 (January 11, 1733), in Krosno, the king met with Prussian Minister von Grumbkow, but negotiations were interrupted due to an exacerbation of the king's illness.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Four days later, the king lay down in Warsaw, on January 18 (29) he developed a fever, and on the morning of January 21 (February 1), 1733, Elector of Saxon and King of Poland August the Strong died [17].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The death of the king was a signal for action for the European powers.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

As the Russian envoy to Vienna Louis Lanchinsky told Empress Anna: “On the vacation of my last report, a courier from the Caesar ambassador Count Wilczek from Warsaw arrived here at No. 6, and on the name of the third day At the end of the 9th hour in the morning, with the statement of the death of the King of Poland, and at that hour His Majesty Caesar called on the chief ministers, with whom he deigned to talk about it. And yesterday Prince Eugene had a conference in which, as I was informed from the local side, they put a courier with a dispatch to the court of Your Imperial Majesty and send a courier to Berlin with a dispatch in that force that all three courts try to excommunicate Stanislav Leschinsky from the Polish throne, and to produce what pleases all three powers as kings, for which a certain amount of money is determined here for the sake of declension Polish nobles” [18].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, executive power passed into the hands of Primate, Archbishop of Gniezno Count Fedor Potocki.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

By his first decrees, the Primate expelled 1,200 Saxons from the country, dissolved two regiments of the Horse Guard and accepted Augustus II's favorite regiment, the Grand Musketer, into Polish service [19].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The Russian ambassador to Warsaw, Count Friedrich Levenwolde, found out in conversations with the primate that he was a firm supporter of Leschinsky.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

For Russia, the support of Leschinsky by the Potocki family did not bode well, since the Potocki controlled the voivodeships bordering Russia.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The elder of Warsaw Count Jozef Pototsky was the voivode of Kiev, Anthony Pototsky - voivode Belsky.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The relatives of the Potocki were the Russian voivode August Chartoryisky, the elder of Chigirinsky Yablonovsky, the great crown count Frantisek Ossolinsky, the crown regimentar Count Stanislav Ponyatovsky [ 19].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The support for Russia and Austria was the Lithuanian nobility, opposed to Leschinsky - regimentar Lithuanian prince Mikhail Vishnevetsky, Prince Mikhail-Kazimir Radziwill.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Pro-Austrian were set up by the voivode of Krakow Prince Fedor Lubomirsky and Kastelian Krakow prince Jan Vyshnevetsky.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

By February 12 (23), 1733, they organized a confederation in Krakow and seized salt mines, but without receiving military assistance from Austria, the Confederates soon obeyed the primacy [19].


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On April 27, 1733, the convocation Sejm opened, which preceded the electoral Sejm, at which it was decided that only a natural Pole and a Catholic who did not have his own army could be elected king, nor a hereditary power and married to a Catholic woman.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

This decision directly excluded both the Elector of Saxon and any other foreign prince from the list of candidates for the throne.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

However, when it was necessary to sign these articles, some of the electors refused to do so, after which they appealed to the Russian court with a request for help.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On August 14, 1733, the Russian ambassador Löwenwolde concluded an agreement in Warsaw with the Saxon commissars, according to which Russia and Saxony entered into a defensive alliance for 18 years, guaranteeing each other everything their European possessions and exposing auxiliary troops: Russia - 2 thousand cavalry and 4 thousand infantry, Saxony - 1 thousand infantry and 2 thousand cavalry; the Elector recognized the Russian sovereign imperial title, and upon reaching the Polish crown, he had to try to ensure that the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did the same; both sides invited Prussia, England and Denmark to the union; the Elector undertook to use all forces for Poland to abandon its claims to Livonia; the Empress promised to assist the Elector in his intentions regarding Poland with negotiations, money, and, if necessary, army.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The Electoral Seimas began on August 25.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

His work was marked by quarrels.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Already on August 29, the regimentar of Lithuania, Prince Vyshnevetsky, moved with his adherents in the amount of 3,000 people to the right bank of the Vistula River to Prague, followed by the Krakow voivode Prince Lubomirsky.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On September 11, when the primate was supposed to collect votes, the lords standing on the right bank of the Vistula sent a protest against Stanislav's candidacy, but the primate announced that only the protest which was expressed on the election floor.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

According to Stanislav's opponents, when collecting votes, the primate acted in bad faith, quickly passing by suspicious banners, and his retinue shouted at the sound of trumpets and horns: “Long live Stanislav!” Nevertheless, by evening, the majority clearly spoke in favor of Leschinsky, while the minority went to Prague at night.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On September 12, 1733, the primate announced the election of Stanislav Leszczynski as King of Poland.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Meanwhile, the minority, having published a manifesto complaining about the destruction of liberum veto, retreated to the Hungarians.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On September 22, Leschinsky, accompanied by his main supporters, as well as French and Swedish ambassadors, left for Danzig, where he intended to wait for French help.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The course of war


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Polish theater of operations


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Russian troops under the command of P. P. Lassi crossed the border on July 31, 1733 and appeared near Warsaw on September 20.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Part of the gentry a half a mile from Prague, in the Grokhov tract, under the protection of Russian troops, elected Friedrich Augustus to the throne.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Four days later, the Polish troops supporting Leszczynski left Warsaw without resistance and went to Krakow.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Siege of Danzig


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On January 16, 1734, Lassie occupied Thorne, whose inhabitants swore allegiance to August III and took the Russian garrison.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Lassie was able to lead only 12,000 soldiers to Danzig, who were not enough to storm the city, as the number of besieged exceeded the forces of the besieging.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In addition to the Poles, French engineers and a number of Swedish officers were also in the city.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In addition, their hopes were supported by the presence of French and Swedish ambassadors Monty and Rudensjöld in the city.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On March 5, 1734, Field Marshal Minich arrived at Danzig, replacing Lassi.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On March 9, Russian troops managed to capture the suburb of Scotland.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On April 18, the shelling of the city began with guns that had finally arrived.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

At the same time, the French squadron arrived, but the French landing did not find an opportunity to enter the city, as Minich cut Danzig's communication with his harbor Weichselmünde by capturing Fort Sommerschanz, so the French again boarded the ships and went to sea.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In late April, Minich decided to storm Fort Gagelsberg.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The assault, however, ended in failure.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The losses of the besiegers amounted to 2 thousand people killed and wounded.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On May 13, 11 French ships again appeared on the roadstead, which landed a landing force consisting of 2 thousand people.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On May 16, he attacked Russian retranches, while the besieged made a sortie from the city.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Both were repulsed.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Soon Danzig was approached by Saxon troops.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In addition, in early June, the Russian fleet arrived with artillery, as a result of which the French squadron, leaving the army in Weichselmund, left, losing one frigate that ran aground.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Minich, having received artillery, began to make aproshi to Weichselmünde, and on June 12, the French surrendered it.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The next day, the Münde fortification surrendered.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On June 28, 1734, Danzig also surrendered.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Leschinsky, dressed in a peasant dress, ran.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

After that, most of the Polish magnates defected to Augustus III.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On December 25, August III was crowned in Krakow.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Italian theater of operations


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Although Austrian troops did not take part in hostilities in Poland, Austria's involvement was so obvious that it presented France and Spain with a plausible pretext for declaring war on the emperor Charles VI.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The real reason for Spain's entry into the war was its desire to increase its possessions by granting one of the Italian states to Infanta Don Carlos.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Meanwhile, Charles VI, hoping for alliances, made a mistake in his calculations.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

He intended to arm England and Holland against France, but he did not succeed.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Prussia remained neutral, Russia was busy with wars with Poland and Turkey, Denmark was weak.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Wanting to conclude an alliance with Sardinia, the emperor hesitated, considering the 1st Minister of France, Cardinal Fleury, sluggish and harmless.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

However, Cardinal Fleury also managed to attract Sardinia to his side, promising her Milan.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

King Carl Emmanuel of Sardinia, appointed commander-in-chief of the Allied armies in Italy, occupied Milan in October 1733 and besieged Mantua.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

After crossing the Alps, French troops also entered Italy.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Another French army occupied Lorraine and captured Kehl in front of Strasbourg on October 29.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Taking advantage of the suspension of hostilities in winter, Charles VI hastily prepared for war, strengthening the Ettlingen lines that covered Philippsburg, forming an army in Italy and persuading the German the princely Sejm declare war on France.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The campaign of 1734


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The fighting began in February 1734.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Initially, the imperial army was commanded by Field Marshal F. K. von Mersey.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Two illnesses that befell him one after another prevented him from manifesting his characteristic energy.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

He crossed the Po River and pushed the enemy back to Padua, but due to illness was forced to temporarily surrender command of the troops.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The generals who took his place knocked down the enemy from their position at Colonna, but then retreated to Saint-Martino.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

After recovering, he attacked Marshal Coigny's Franco-Sardinian army near Parma on 29 June, but was fatally wounded.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Despite the victory, the Austrians, who lost their commander, retreated across the Sekkia River, where the new commander-in-chief, Count Koenigsek, arrived.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On September 15, 1734, after unexpectedly attacking the Allied camp near Quistello, he won, but on September 19 he was defeated at Guastalla, losing about 6,000 people and retreating to position under Lucar.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Southern Italy


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In southern Italy, during this time, the Austrians were even less successful.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Don Carlos, having ascended the throne of the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza in early 1734 and wishing to exchange them for Naples, concentrated in Tuscany a strong Spanish army under the command of the Duke of Montemar, which, after passing through the Papal States, invaded Naples while the Spanish fleet blocked Civitta Vecchia.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The Austrian forces scattered over the fortresses of the Kingdom of Naples could not resist the enemy, so the Austrians concentrated 6 thousand people on a fortified position at San Angelo de la Canina.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The Spaniards captured the Sant'Angelo position, overlaid Gaeta and Capua and approached Naples, which opened the gate for them on April 10, 1734.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On May 10, 1734, Don Carlos was proclaimed King of Naples under the name Charles III.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The remnants of the Austrian troops (9 thousand men) concentrated near Bitonto, but on May 25 they were defeated by Duke Montemar: more than half fell in battle, and the rest, briefly staying in Bitonto and Bari, were forced to lay down their arms.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Gaeta soon fell and only Count Traun was held in Capua until the end of November.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

By December 1734, the Kingdom of Naples had been cleared of Austrian troops.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Montemar, who received the title of Duke of Bitonta for his victories, then crossed to Sicily and occupied Palermo, and on June 3, 1735, Charles III was crowned King of the Two Sicilies.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

German theater of operations


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

According to the definition of the Imperial Reichstag, the principalities allied to Austria were supposed to deploy a hundred and twenty thousand army, but due to lack of money, the commander-in-chief, the Duke of Beverny, took command only 12,000 people.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Of course, with such an army, he could not even think about offensive actions.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Marshal Berwick's French army launched a campaign on April 9, 1734 with the capture of Trarbach, then crossed the Rhine and, bypassing the Ettlingen lines, forced the Austrian army to withdraw to Heilbron, where the Duke of Beverne was replaced by Eugene of Savoy, who arrived from Vienna.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The army had already grown to 26,000 people, but consisted of different nationalities that largely disagreed with each other.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The elderly Prince Eugene, embarrassed by the distrust of the Viennese court, considered it best to limit himself to passive defense.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

He continued to hold on to this course of action, despite the fact that the army gradually reached 60 thousand people.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The French besieged Philippsburg, who stubbornly defended himself, led by a brave commandant, Baron Wutgenau.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

During this siege, Berwick was killed, but his successor, the Marquis of Asfeld, ended the siege.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Prince Eugene strongly hoped for an alliance with the maritime powers and, using his previous ties with the English court, tried to involve England in the fight against France.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Despite King George II's expressed readiness and threats to Austria, in case of disagreement, to pass off Crown Princess Maria Theresa as heir to the Spanish throne, led by Walpole, denied the alliance.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Truce


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

After Austria lost hope of attracting England to its side, the emperor concluded a truce with France on November 3, 1734, and signed preconditions on May 7, 1735: Leschinsky was granted the title of Polish king and possession of all his estates in Poland, Charles III was recognized as king of both Sicilies, Sardinia received Tortona, Novara and Vigevano, and others Austrian possessions were returned to Austria; Pragmatic sanction was recognized by all Bourbon courts, the duchies of Parma and Piacenza were given to the emperor, who was asserted future possession Tuscany.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

However, agreement between the peace powers did not last long.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

France was unhappy that it had received nothing for all its donations; Spain was not inferior to Parma and Piacenza and, on the occasion of insulting its envoy in Lisbon, declared war on Portugal, asking help y England and Austria.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

England has begun to arm itself.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Sardinia has entered into negotiations with Austria.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Under these conditions, Austria demanded auxiliary troops from Russia, and the Russian government decided to send a 13,000-strong Lassi corps to help it.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On June 8, 1735, Lassi left Poland for Silesia, on August 15, the Russian army joined the imperial army and was located between Heidelberg and Ladenburg.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In addition, Denmark and Saxony promised their help to Charles VI.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

All this promised Austria success, as a result of which it, having stopped further negotiations, declared war on France.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The resumption of hostilities


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The campaign of 1735


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The 1735 campaign also began unsuccessfully for Austria.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In northern Italy, Koenigsek, crowded by the allies, was forced to retreat to Tyrol, and Mantua was besieged.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Messina and Syracuse were captured in southern Italy.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In Germany, Yevgeny Savoisky with an army of thirty thousand could hardly hold the French army.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

As a result, the emperor, seeing that hopes for success did not materialize, reiterated his desire to enter into peace negotiations.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Many Spaniards, who were at the Viennese court, fearing to lose their estates with the loss of Lombardy, persuaded the emperor to enter into negotiations with Spain, promising Don Carlos the hand of Maria Theresa, but the Archduchess opposed this plan, and the weak-willed emperor did not know what to decide on.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Finally, he himself entered into secret negotiations with France.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

At this time, things in northern Italy began to take a favorable turn for him.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The siege of Mantua was greatly delayed, thanks to the quarrels of the allies, who did not want to concede this important point to each other.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

This mutual distrust and threats of Charles VI to conclude a separate peace with Spain and Sardinia forced the French to make concessions, and on October 3, a preliminary peace treaty was signed in Vienna.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

The conditions remained the same, with the exception of some changes on the issue of the assignment of lands to Sardinia and the fact that the Duke of Lorraine in exchange for Tuscany had to cede Bar and Lorraine to France.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Sardinia also agreed to a truce.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Meanwhile, Koenigsek forced the Spaniards to lift the siege of Mantua, pushed them back to Tuscany and prepared to move to Naples.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Spain was also forced to stop hostilities.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

However, the main peace treaty was not signed for several more years, until Fleury and Walpole persuaded Austria to convince the Duke of Lorraine to cede their possessions to France for 3.5 million livres annually income and satisfy the wishes of the Sardinian king.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

War results


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On November 8, 1738, peace was signed with France.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

On February 8, Sardinia joined it, and on April 21, 1739, Spain and Naples.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

In this world, Stanislav Leschinsky renounced the Polish throne, but retained the title of king and lifelong possession of Lorraine, which after his death was to be ceded to France.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Instead of Lorraine, the Duke of Lorraine received Tuscany with the title of Grand Duke; Charles III was recognized as king of both Sicilies; Parma and Piacenza remained for Austria; the Sardinian king received the western part of Lombardy, and France fully recognized the Pragmatic Sanction.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

As a result of the war, the international position of the Russian government strengthened and its influence on Poland increased.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

France, on the other hand, has weakened Austria.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Notes


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Literature


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

Buturlin D. P. Military history of the campaigns of Russians in the XVIII century


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

War for Polish Succession

H 3.


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— SPb., 1823.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

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Guerrier V. The struggle for the Polish throne in 1733 — M., 1862.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

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Soloviev S. M. The history of Russia since ancient times.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

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VOL. 20.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

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— MOSCOW, 1999.


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Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

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Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

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Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

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— P. 1-5.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

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Soviet historical encyclopedia.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

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VOL. 11.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

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— MOSCOW, 1968.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

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Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

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Beyrich R. Kursachsen und die polnische Thronfolge 1733-36.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

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Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

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Carre H. l'Héroique aventure du comte de Plélo et l'expédition de Dantzig.


Question: How many days did the Siege of Danzig last in 1734?

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— Paris, 1946.


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Massuet P. Histoire de la dernière guerre et des négotiations pour la paix, V. 1-2.


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— Amsterdam, 1736-37.


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Rostvorowski E. O polską koronę.


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Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Volga River () is a river in the European part of Russia (a small part of the Volga Delta, outside the main riverbed, is located in Kazakhstan).


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

One of the largest rivers on Earth and the largest in terms of water content and length in Europe, as well as the largest river in the world that flows into a drainless (inland) body of water [1].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The length of the river is 3,530 km (3,690 km before the construction of reservoirs), and its catchment area is 1,360 thousand km² [2].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The annual runoff is 254 km3.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

There are four millionaire cities on the Volga (from source to mouth): Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara and Volgograd.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In the 1930s and 1980s, eight hydroelectric power plants were built on the Volga, which are part of the Volga-Kama cascade.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The part of the territory of Russia adjacent to the Volga is called the Volga region.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Name


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Ancient authors of the first centuries AD


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

(Claudius Ptolemy and Ammian Marcellin) The Volga was called Ra [3], Latin: Rha (cf.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

[] error: {{lang-xx}}: no text (help) and Erzya: Rav are both names of Iranian origin).


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In the Middle Ages, the Volga with Kama and Belaya is known as Itil (cf. Modern names Tatar: Idel, Nogai: Edil, Kazakh: Edil, Chuvash: Atl, Oirat: Iil).


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor, describing the geographical names of the Northern Black Sea region, several times mentions “the greatest river flowing down from the ocean through the land of the Sarmatians and called Ateλ” [4].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The modern Mari Yul comes from Tatar: Jelga “stream, river”.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Russian name Volga (Old East Slavic: Vlga) comes from the Proto-Slavic *Vlga, cf.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

volgly - vologa - moisture.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Slavic version of the origin of the name is supported by the presence of the Vlha [5] rivers in the Czech Republic and Poland [6] [7].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Based on the fact that the upper reaches of the Volga are located in a zone where hydronymy of Baltic origin is widely represented, an etymology from the Baltic languages is proposed: ilga “long, long” → oz.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Volgo → r. Volga [8]; valka “stream, small river” [9].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Alternative versions derive the name of the river from the Baltic-Finnish (Finnish: valkea, Estonian: valge “white”, cf. Vologda) and Mari (dr.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

-Mariysk.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

*Jylγ (from Turk.), modern.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Mari: Yul; Mari: Volgydo “bright”) languages.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Paleo-Volga


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The geological history of the Volga River begins in the Pliocene 5 million years ago.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The source of the river was the Ural Mountains and the main channel went through the Kama River.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The modern upper reaches were a minor inflow.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Paleo-Volga flowed into the Caspian Sea near present-day Baku.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Paleo-Volga flowed in the canyon and was a turbulent mountain river.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

At this time, the climate of the region was subtropical, and magnolias grew along the banks of the river [10].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

3—1 million years ago, the rise in the level of the Caspian Sea led to the disappearance of the Paleo-Volga, as the Caspian began to reach the Kama Ustye in the north.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Later, the ice age and the subsequent melting of glaciers formed the modern type of river.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

During the Dnieper glaciation (300 thousand years ago), the glacier covered almost the entire river basin up to the territory of modern Volgograd.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

There is a version that before the Dnieper glaciation, the Volga did not exist at all, the Upper Volga channels flowed into the Paleo-Don, and the Paleo-Kama flowed into the Caspian Sea [11].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Historical data


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

It is believed that the first mention of the Volga is found in the works of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC), in the story about the campaign of the Persian king Darius I against the Scythians.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Herodotus reports that Darius, pursuing the Scythians across the Tanais River (modern. Don), stopped at the Oar River [12].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

They are trying to identify the Oar River with the Volga, although Herodotus also said that Oar flows into Meotida (modern. Sea of Azov).


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Some researchers see the Volga in the river reported by Diodorus of Sicily (approx. 90—30 BC): At first, they [the Scythians] lived in very small numbers near the Arax River and were despised for his disgrace.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

But even in ancient times, under the control of one warlike and strategic king, they acquired a country in the mountains to the Caucasus, and in the lowlands of the coast of the Ocean and the Meotian lakes — and other areas up to the Tanaisa River.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Based on this information, they are trying to identify Arax Diodora with the Volga.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In written ancient Roman sources of the II-IV centuries, the Volga is geographically identified as the Ra River - “generous”, in Arabic sources of the IX century it is called the Atelier - “the river of rivers, the great river”.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The earliest Old Russian chronicle, the Tale of Bygone Years, says: “From that Volokovsky Forest [modern. Valdai Upland] will flow the Volga to the east and flow... into the Khvalisskoye Sea [modern. Caspian Sea]”.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

According to the medieval Turkic and Arab-Persian geographical tradition, the source of the Itil River was located at the confluence of the Ak-Ideli (Belaya), Kuk-Ideli (Dyoma) and Kara-Ideli (Ufa) rivers.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Later, in Russian maps, Ak-Idel was designated as the White Volga (Volozhka).


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The geographical location of the Volga and its tributaries led to the emergence of the Volga trade route.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Through the Volgodonsk crossing, communication was carried out with the Don-Azov-Black Sea.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Fabrics and metals were exported from the Arab caliphate, weapons (swords), furs, wax, honey were exported from the Slavic lands.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In the 9th-10th centuries, such centers as the Khazar Itil at the mouth, the Bulgarian Bulgar on the Middle Volga, the Russian Rostov, Suzdal, Murom in the Upper Volga region played a significant role in trade.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

After Prince Svyatoslav's campaign to the Volga in 965 and the defeat of many Khazar cities, the importance of the Volga trade route falls, and many ancient trading cities fall into decline.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Since the 11th century, most of Russian international trade has passed along the Dnieper trade route, which is facilitated by princely policy focused on trade and religious ties with Byzantium.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

During this period, the Volga trade weakened greatly, and in the 13th century, the Mongol-Tatar invasion disrupted economic ties, except for the upper Volga basin, where Novgorod, Tver and cities played an active role Vladimir-Suzdal Rus.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Since the 15th century, the importance of the trade route has been restored, and the role of such centers as Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan has been growing.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Ivan the Terrible's conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates in the middle of the 16th century led to the unification of the entire Volga River System in the hands of Russia, which contributed to the flourishing of the Volga trade in the 17th century.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

New large cities are emerging — Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn; Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Simbirsk play an important role.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Large caravans of ships (up to 500) run along the Volga.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In the 18th century, the main trade routes moved to the West, and the economic development of the lower Volga was hampered by weak population and raids of nomads.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Volga basin in the XVII-XVIII centuries was the main area of action of rebellious Cossacks and peasants under the leadership of Stepan Razin and Yemelyan Pugachev.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In the 19th century, the Volga Trade Route developed significantly after the connection of the Volga and Neva basins by the Mariinsky River System (1808); a large river fleet appeared (in 1820 it was the first steamer), The Volga employs up to 300 thousand haulers.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

There are large shipments of bread, salt, fish, and later oil and cotton.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The development of the Civil War of 1917-1922 in Russia is largely due to the establishment in 1918 of the power of the Committee of the Constituent Assembly in a number of cities of the Volga region.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The restoration of Bolsheviks control over the Volga is considered an important turning point in the Civil War, since control over the Volga provided access to grain resources and Baku oil.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

An important role in the Civil War was played by the defense of Tsaritsyn, in which I. IN. Stalin, which was the reason for the renaming of Tsaritsyn to Stalingrad.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

During the years of socialist construction, due to the industrialization of the whole country, the importance of the Volga Route increased.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Since the end of the 1930s, the Volga began to be used as a source of hydroelectricity.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

During the Great Patriotic War, the turning point and bloodiest battles of Rzhev and Stalingrad took place on the river.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In the post-war period, the economic role of the Volga significantly increased, especially after the creation of a number of large reservoirs and hydroelectric power plants.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Geographical location


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Volga originates at the Valdai Upland (at an altitude of 228 meters) and flows into the Caspian Sea.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The mouth of the river lies 28 meters below sea level.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Volga is the world's largest river of internal runoff, that is, it does not flow into the world's oceans.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The river system of the Volga basin includes 151,000 watercourses with a total length of 574,000 km.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Volga receives about 200 tributaries.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Left tributaries are more numerous and more abundant than the right ones.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

There are no significant tributaries after Kamyshin.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Volga basin occupies about ⅓ of the European territory of Russia and stretches from the Valdai and Central Russian Upland in the west to the Urals in the east.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The main, feeding part of the Volga catchment area, from the source to the cities of Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan, is located in the forest zone, the middle part of the basin to the cities of Samara and Saratov is in the forest-steppe zone, the lower part is in the steppe zone up to Volgograd, and to the south - in the semi-desert zone.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

It is customary to divide the Volga into the upper Volga — from the source to the mouth of the Oka, the middle Volga from the confluence of the Oka to the mouth of the Kama and the lower Volga from the confluence of the Kama to the confluence with the Caspian Sea [14].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Istok


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The source of the Volga is the key near the village of Volgoverkhovye in the Tver region.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In the upper reaches, within the Valdai Upland, the Volga passes through small lakes - Maloe and Bolshoye Verkhity, then through a system of large lakes known as the Verkhnevolzhskie Lakes: Sterzh, Vselug, Peno and Volgo, united in the Verkhnevolzhskoye Reservoir.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Verkhnyaya Volga


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

After the Volga passed through the Verkhnevolzhsky Lakes system in 1843, a dam (Verkhnevolzhsky baselot) was built to regulate water flow and maintain navigable depths in the low water.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The first large settlement on the Volga from its source is the city of Rzhev.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The shipping zone begins behind it [15].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Between the cities of Tver and Rybinsk on the Volga, the Ivankovo Reservoir (the so-called Moscow Sea) with a dam and a hydroelectric power station near St. Dubna, Uglich Reservoir (HPP near Uglich) - Rybinsk Reservoir (HPP near Rybinsk).


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In the Rybinsk-Yaroslavl area and below Kostroma, the river flows in a narrow valley among high banks, crossing the Uglichsko-Danilovskaya and Galichsko-Chukhloma Upland.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Then the Volga flows along the Unzhenskaya and Balakhninskaya lowlands.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

At Gorodets (above Nizhny Novgorod), the Volga, blocked by the dam of the Nizhny Novgorod HPP, forms the Gorky Reservoir.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The largest tributaries of the upper Volga are Selizharovka, Tma, Tvertsa, Mologa, Sheksna, Kotorosl and Unzha.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Srednyaya Volga


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In the middle reaches, below the confluence of the Oka River, the Volga becomes even more full-flowing.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

It flows along the northern edge of the Volga Upland.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The right bank of the river is high, the left bank is low-lying.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Cheboksary HPP has been built near Cheboksary, above the dam of which the Cheboksary Reservoir is located.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The largest tributaries of the Volga in its middle reaches are the Oka, Sura, Vetluga and Sviyaga.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Nizhnyaya Volga


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In the lower reaches, after the confluence of the Kama River, the Volga becomes a mighty river.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

It flows here along the Volga Upland.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Near Togliatti, above Samarskaya Luka, which is formed by the Volga, skirting the Zhigulevsky Mountains, a dam of the Zhigulevskaya HPP was built; above the dam stretches the Kuibyshev Reservoir.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

A dam of the Saratov HPP was built on the Volga near the city of Balakovo.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Above the dam is the Saratov reservoir.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Lower Volga receives relatively small tributaries — Sok, Samara, Bolshoy Irgiz, Yeruslan.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In Volgograd, near the Volzhskaya HPP, the left branch, Akhtuba (537 km long), separates from the Volga, which flows parallel to the main channel.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The vast area between the Volga and Akhtuba, crossed by numerous channels and old rivers, is called the Volga-Akhtubinskaya floodplain; the width of the floodplain within this floodplain previously reached 20-30 km.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Volzhskaya HPP was built on the Volga between the beginning of Akhtuba and Volgograd; the Volgograd Reservoir stretches above the dam.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Forty kilometers below the dam, the Volga-Don Canal adjoins the Volga, connecting it with the Tsimlyansk Reservoir of the Don.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Volga Delta begins at the place where the Buzan branch separates from the Volga bed (46 km north of Astrakhan) and is one of the largest in Russia and the largest in Europe.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The delta has up to 500 branches, channels and small rivers.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The main arms are Buzan, Bakhtemir, Kamyzyak, Staraya Volga, Bolda, Akhtuba; of which Bakhtemir is maintained in navigable condition, forming the Volga-Caspian Canal.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

One of the branches of the lower reaches of the Volga, the Kigach River, crosses the territory of Kazakhstan.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

From this branch, the strategic Volga-Mangyshlak water pipeline originates, providing fresh water to certain districts of the Mangystau region of Kazakhstan.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

At different times, the Volga Delta changed its position.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Thus, <... > in the 2nd century, the arid zone began to dry out, which reached a maximum in the 3rd century.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

During this period, the Caspian Sea rose to minus 33-32 m. The Volga carried so much water that the then channel could not accommodate, and formed a delta of a modern type.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

To the south, the delta stretched almost to the Buzachi Peninsula (north of Mangyshlak).


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

After the construction of the Kuibyshev reservoir, the Zhigulevskaya HPP is considered to be the border between the middle and lower Volga in some sources above Samara.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In other sources, the Saratov HPP (in the city of Balakovo) is considered to be the border between the middle and lower Volga; thus (as in the division of the Volga region into parts), the Saratov Region belongs to the lower Volga ( except for the extreme northern regions), Volgograd Oblast, the Republic of Kalmykia and Astrakhan Oblast.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Hydrological regime


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The main supply of the Volga is carried out by snow (60% of annual runoff), groundwater (30%) and rain (10%) water.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The natural regime is characterized by spring floods (April-June), low water content during summer and winter low water and autumn rain floods (October).


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Annual fluctuations in the level of the Volga before regulation reached 11 m near Tver, 15—17 m below the Kama mouth and 3 m near Astrakhan. With the construction of reservoirs, the flow of the Volga is regulated, and level fluctuations have sharply decreased.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Severe floods occurred on the Volga in 1709, 1719, 1853, 1908 and 1926.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In addition, in connection with the rise in the level when creating reservoirs along low-lying shores, wide and often shallow swampy estuaries and backwaters were formed in a number of cities, and engineering protective structures in the form of dams, backup pumps, etc.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The average annual water discharge at the Verkhnevolzhsky baselot is 29 m³/s, near the city of Tver - 182, near the city of Yaroslavl - 1110, near the city of Nizhny Novgorod - 2970, near the city of Samara - 7,720, near the city of Volgograd - 8060 m³/s.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Below Volgograd, the river loses about 2% of its evaporation consumption.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The maximum water consumption during the flood period in the past below the confluence of the Kama River reached 67,000 m³/s, and in Volgograd, as a result of a spill along the floodplain, did not exceed 52,000 m³/s.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In connection with the regulation of runoff, the maximum flood costs fell sharply, and summer and winter low-cost costs increased greatly.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The water balance of the Volga basin to Volgograd on average over a long-term period is: precipitation is 662 mm, or 900 km³ per year, river flow 187 mm, or 254 km³ per year, evaporation 475 mm, or 646 km³ per year.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Prior to the creation of reservoirs, the Volga carried about 25 million tons of sediment and 40—50 million tons of dissolved minerals to the mouth during the year.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Volga water temperature in mid-summer (July) reaches 20—25 °C.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Volga near Astrakhan is opened in mid-March, in the first half of April, an autopsy takes place on the upper Volga and below Kamyshin, and throughout the rest of the river in mid-April.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

It freezes in the upper and middle reaches at the end of November, in the lower reaches in early December; about 200 days remain free from ice, and about 260 days near Astrakhan.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

With the creation of reservoirs, the thermal regime of the Volga has changed: on the upper reaches, the duration of ice phenomena has increased, and on the lower reaches it has become shorter.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Volga is the central waterway of Russia


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Volga flows through the territory of 15 constituent entities of the Russian Federation (from source to mouth):


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Tver Oblast,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Moscow Oblast,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Yaroslavskaya Oblast',


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Kostromskaya Oblast',


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Ivanovskaya Oblast',


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Nizhny Novgorod Oblast,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Mari El,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Chuvashia,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Tatarstan,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Ulianovskaya Oblast'


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Samara Oblast,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Saratovskaya Oblast'


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Volgograd Oblast,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Astrakhanskaya Oblast'


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Kalmykia.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Geographically, the Volga basin is located on the territory of the following constituent entities of the Russian Federation


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Kaluzhskaya Oblast'


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Oryol Oblast,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Tulskaya Oblast',


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Vladimirskaya Oblast'


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Ryazan Oblast,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Smolensk Oblast,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Tambov Oblast,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Vologodskaya Oblast',


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Komi,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Kirovskaya Oblast'


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Udmurtia,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Perm Krai,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Sverdlovskaya Oblast',


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Chelyabinskaya Oblast',


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Bashkortostan,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Penzenskaya Oblast',


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Orenburgskaya Oblast',


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Mordovia,


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Moscow;


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

as well as Atyrau oblast of Kazakhstan.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Volga is connected to:


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

the Baltic Sea — the Volga-Baltic Waterway, Vyshnevolotskaya and Tikhvin systems;


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

by the White Sea — through the Severodvinsk system and the White Sea-Baltic Canal;


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Azov and Black Seas — through the Volga-Don Canal.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Large forests are located in the upper Volga basin, and in the Middle and partially in the Lower Volga region, large areas are occupied by crops of grain and industrial crops.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Melon growing and horticulture are developed.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Volga-Uralsky District has rich oil and gas fields.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Large deposits of potash salts are located near Solikamsk.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In the Lower Volga region (Lake Baskunchak, Elton) there is table salt.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Ecology and fisheries


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Volga is home to about 70 species of fish, of which 40 are commercial (the most important are roach, bream, pike perch, carp, catfish, pike, sturgeon, sterlet).


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

During the Russian Empire, there were 4 fishing seasons per year: in spring (from the end of March to May 15-20), pike perch, bream and carp were caught; in summer (from July 15) - sturgeon (beluga, stellate sturgeon, thorn, sterlet); in autumn (from 1 September to November 1) and in winter, through the ice-hole, all species were caught.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The largest catch was in spring, then in autumn, in winter, the least fish were caught.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

During the spawning period, from May 15 to July 15, fishing on the Volga was prohibited.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The sturgeon caught alive was sent along the river to various Volga cities, using special boats with slots for the passage of running water.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

For salting fish, the Sapozhnikov enterprise alone spent 16 thousand tons of salt annually.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In winter, sturgeons up to 4 meters long, containing up to 200 kg of caviar, were sold in their shops.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Already at the end of the 19th century, the number of commercial fish in the Volga decreased significantly.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Some attributed this to excessive fishing, others to water pollution with oil, which heated the steamers [16].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The water of the Volga and most of its major tributaries is currently very heavily polluted [17].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

In 2017, the federal program “Preservation and Prevention of Pollution of the Volga River” was adopted [18], according to which it is planned to seriously reduce the discharge of polluted wastewater by 2025, build and modernize 26 hydraulic structures, while up to 50 thousand hectares of agricultural land will be irrigated, and the same area will be allocated for fish spawning [19].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Dredging and clearing of water bodies will also be carried out, and sunken ships will be lifted (more than 3,000 units were recorded in 2018) [20].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Shipping


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

The Volga is navigable from Rzhev to the mouth [15].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Inland waterways along the Volga: from the city of Rzhev to the Kolkhoznik pier (589 kilometers), the Kolkhoznik-Bertyul pier (pos. Krasnye Barricades) is 2604 kilometers, as well as a 40-kilometer section in the river delta [21].


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

River vessels, which at various times were used for navigation along the Volga, are exhibited at the River Fleet Museum at the Volga State University of Water Transport in Nizhny Novgorod.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Bridges and crossings


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Apart from the short bridges in the upper reaches of the Volga, the first permanent bridge across the river was the Alexandrovsky Railway Bridge near Syzran, commissioned in 1880.


Question: Where does the Volga flow?

Volga

Prior to that, ferry steamers were used to transport cargo and crews, and even earlier, large flat-bottomed boats called imports.