Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

The 1992 version with Juliette Binoche and Ralph Fiennes is also very famous.


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

In the 2011 British film, Heathcliffe is played by a black actor.


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

Usually, screenwriters use only part of the plot of the book for adaptation.


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

In 1978, young British singer Kate Bush recorded Wuthering Heights, based on the plot of the novel.


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

The song peaked at number one in the UK and Australia.


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

Impressed by reading the novel, Jim Steinman wrote the ballad It's All Coming Back to Me Now for Mit Lowf, which is the beginning of Celine Dion's album Falling Into You (1996).


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

The first edition of the novel was sold in 2007 at auction for 114,000 pounds sterling (more than 235 thousand US dollars) [40].


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

Sales of the book increased significantly in early 2009, after it became known that some of its motifs were used in Stephanie Meyer's novels in the Twilight series [41].


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

In the summer of the same year, sales jumped in the UK after HarperCollins released a new edition in a design similar to the books in the Twilight series and the inscription “Bella's Favorite Book and Edward” on the cover [42].


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

In one of the books, Bella even directly quotes the main character Catherine, who spoke about Heathcliffe [42].


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

Currently, you can purchase several sequels and branches of the storyline of the novel authored by contemporary writers.


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

Somerset Maugham included Wuthering Heights in his collection Ten Novels and Their Authors.


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

According to the rating compiled based on surveys of viewers of the British television channel UKTV Drama, Wuthering Heights is the main romantic book of all time [43].


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

In the list of “200 best books according to the BBC” (2003), the novel was ranked 12th.


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

Notes


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

References


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

‹See Tfd› (in English) in the Gutenberg Project.


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

‹See Tfd› (in English)


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

‹See Tfd› (in Russian) at the Maxim Moshkov Library.


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

‹See Tfd› (in Russian) Emily Bronte's films and books at Filmopoisk.


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

ru


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

‹See Tfd› (in Russian)


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

Category: Novels of 1847


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

Category:Novels by Emily Bronte


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

Category:Gothic novels


Question: What was Anne Bronte's father's name?

Wuthering Heights

Category:Romance novels in English


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Dark mother in astronomy and cosmology, as well as in theoretical physics, is a hypothetical form of matter that does not emit electromagnetic radiation and does not interact directly with it [1].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

This property of this form of substance makes it difficult and perhaps even impossible to observe it directly.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The conclusion about the existence of dark matter is made on the basis of numerous, consistent with each other, but indirect signs of the behavior of astrophysical objects and the gravitational effects they create.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Finding out the nature of dark matter will help solve the problem of latent mass, which, in particular, consists in the abnormally high rotation speed of the outer regions of galaxies [2].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

History


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

In the history of science, there have been situations when the movement of celestial bodies deviated from the laws of celestial mechanics; as a rule, this phenomenon was explained in the existence of an unknown material body (or several bodies).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

This is how the planet Neptune and the star Sirius B. In 1922, astronomers James Jeans and Jacobus Captain studied the motion of stars in our galaxy and concluded that most of the matter in the galaxy is invisible; the term “dark matter” (English: dark matter) probably first appeared in these works [3].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Ian Oort used the same term in a 1932 article [4].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The term became widespread after the works of Fritz Zwicky, who used it in 1933 in his work [5] [6].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Zwicky measured the radial velocities of eight galaxies in the Coma cluster (constellation Veronica's Hair) and found that for the stability of the cluster, it is necessary to assume that its total mass is tenfold is greater than the mass of its stars [7].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Other astronomers soon came to the same conclusions for many other galaxies.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Of particular interest was the Andromeda Nebula (Hores Babcock, 1939) - the speed of rotation of stars around its center did not decrease, as predicted by celestial mechanics, inversely proportional


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

R


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

{\ displaystyle {\ sqrt {R}}}


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

(where


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

R


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

{\ displaystyle R}


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

— distance to the center), but remained almost constant (see figure).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

This could mean that the galaxy contains a significant mass of invisible matter (the “galactic halo”) along its entire length.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Since the 1960s, when the observational means of astronomy began to progress rapidly, the arguments for the existence of dark matter have grown rapidly.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

At the same time, estimates of its parameters obtained from different sources and by different methods are generally consistent with each other [3].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The non-decrease in the speed of rotation of stars described above was not an anomaly, but a typical situation in the world of galaxies.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

When studying the motion of satellites of galaxies and closely located globular clusters, it was confirmed that the total mass of each galaxy is several times higher than the total mass of its stars.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Motion in binary galaxy systems and galactic clusters has been studied.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

It turned out that at this scale, the proportion of dark matter is much higher than inside galaxies.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The stellar mass of elliptical galaxies is calculated to be insufficient to contain the hot gas entering the galaxy, except for dark matter.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Estimation of the mass of galaxy clusters that perform gravitational lensing gives results that include the contribution of dark matter and are close to those obtained by other methods.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Astronomers Vera Rubin of the Carnegie Institution made a great contribution in the late 1960s and early 1970s and were the first to perform accurate and reliable calculations indicating the presence of dark matter.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

They worked with a new, more sensitive spectrograph, which could measure the rotational speed of the disk of spiral galaxies much more accurately even when viewed “from the edge” [8].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Rubin and Ford announced at a conference of the American Astronomical Society in 1975 that most stars in spiral galaxies orbit at approximately the same angular velocity, which leads to the idea that the mass density in galaxies is the same for regions where most stars are located (bulge) and for regions (at the edge of the disk) where there are few stars.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

A similar conclusion was made independently in 1978 [9].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

In 1980, Rubin's work was finally recognized by the astronomical community [10] [11].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Interestingly, Vera Rubin herself preferred modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) as the reason for the effect she found, noting: “If I chose, I would like to discover what it was Newtonian laws must be changed to correctly describe gravitational interactions over long distances. This is more attractive than the universe filled with a new type of subnuclear particles” [12].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Observation data


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

It is known that dark matter interacts with a “luminous” (baryonic) substance, at least in a gravitational way and is a medium with an average cosmological density, somewhat times the density of baryons.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The latter are captured in gravitational pits of dark matter concentrations.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

So even though dark matter particles don't interact with light, light is emitted from where there's dark matter.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

This remarkable property of gravitational instability made it possible to study the amount, state and distribution of dark matter from observational data from radio range to X-ray radiation [13].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

A 2012 study of the motion of more than 400 stars located up to 13,000 light years from the Sun found no evidence of the presence of dark matter in large volumes the space around the Sun.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

According to theories, the average amount of dark matter in the vicinity of the Sun should have been about 0.5 kg in the volume of the globe.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

However, the measurements gave a value of no more than 0.06 kg of dark matter in this volume.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

This means that attempts to detect dark matter on Earth, for example, with rare interactions of dark matter particles with “ordinary” matter, are unlikely to be successful [14] [15] [16].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

According to observations published in March 2013 by the Planck Space Observatory, interpreted taking into account the standard Lambda-CDM cosmological model, the total mass-energy of the observed The universe consists of 4.9% ordinary (baryonic) matter, 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy [17] [18].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Thus, the universe consists of 95.1% dark matter and dark energy [19].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Dark Matter Candidates


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Baryonic dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The most natural assumption seems to be that dark matter consists of ordinary, baryonic matter, which for some reason interacts weakly in an electromagnetic way and therefore is not detectable when studying, for example, radiation and absorption lines.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Dark matter may include many space objects that have already been discovered, such as dark galactic halos, brown dwarfs and massive planets, compact objects at the final stages evolutions: white dwarfs, black dwarfs — they're cool white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

In addition, hypothetical objects such as quark stars, Q stars, and preon stars may also be part of baryonic dark matter.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The problems of this approach are manifested in the cosmology of the Big Bang: if all dark matter is represented by baryons, then the ratio of concentrations of light elements after primary nucleosynthesis observed in the oldest astronomical objects, must be different, sharply different from what is observed.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

In addition, experiments to search for gravitational lensing of light from stars in our galaxy show that there is enough concentration of large gravitating objects such as planets or black holes to explain the halo mass of our galaxy is not observed, and small objects of sufficient concentration should absorb the light of the stars too much.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Unbaryonic dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Theoretical models provide a wide range of possible candidates for the role of non-baryonic invisible matter.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Let us list some of them.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Light neutrinos


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Unlike other candidates, neutrinos have a clear advantage: it is known that they exist.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Since the number of neutrinos in the Universe is comparable to the number of photons, neutrinos, having even a small mass, may well determine the dynamics of the Universe.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

To achieve


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

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Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

ρ


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

ρ


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

c


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

{\ displaystyle\ Omega =\ rho/\ rho _ {c} =1}


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

where


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

ρ


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

c


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

{\ displaystyle\ rho _ {c}}


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

— the so-called critical density, neutrino masses of the order are required


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

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Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

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Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

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Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

eV where


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

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Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

ν


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

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Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

denotes the number of light neutrino types.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Experiments conducted to date give an estimate of neutrino masses of the order of 10−2..


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

.10−3 eV.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Thus, light neutrinos are practically excluded as a candidate for the dominant fraction of dark matter.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Heavy neutrinos


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

From the data on the decay width of the Z-boson, it follows that the number of generations of leptons — weakly interacting particles (electrons, muons and taons and their neutrinos) — is 3.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

This data is correct for the number of generations of leptons with a mass of less than 45 GeV.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Thus, heavy neutrinos


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

ν


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

s


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

{\ displaystyle\ nu _ {s}}


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

(paired with heavy leptons weighing less than 45 GeV) are necessarily so-called “sterile”, that is, they do not manifest themselves in weak interactions under normal conditions.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Theoretical models predict mass


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

ν


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

s


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

{\ displaystyle\ nu _ {s}}


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

in a very wide range of values (depending on the nature of this neutrino).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

From phenomenology for


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

ν


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

s


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

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Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

followed by a mass range of approximately 10−1..


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

.104 eV; thus, sterile neutrinos may well make up a significant part of dark matter.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Axions


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Axions are hypothetical neutral pseudoscalar particles introduced to solve the problem of the absence of a strong CP violation in quantum chromodynamics.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Although axions are believed to be very light, they can form a significant part of cold dark matter.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Cosmological data limit the mass of the axion to no more than 10−5 eV, otherwise too much substance would be represented by axions [20].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Supersymmetric particles


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Within the framework of supersymmetric (SUSY) theories, there is at least one stable particle that is a new candidate for the role of dark matter.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

It is assumed that this particle (the so-called lightest supersymmetric particle, or LSP) does not take part in electromagnetic and strong interactions.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Photino, gravitino, higgsino (superpartners of the photon, graviton and Higgs boson, respectively), as well as sneutrinos, wine and zino can act as LSP particles.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

In most theories, an LSP particle is a combination of the SUSY particles listed above with a mass of about 10 GeV.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Cosmions


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Cosmions were introduced into physics to solve the problem of solar neutrinos, which consists in a significant difference between the neutrino flux detected on Earth and the value predicted by the standard model of the Sun .


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

However, this problem has been resolved within the framework of the theory of neutrino oscillations and the Mikheev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect, so cosmions, apparently, are excluded from the contenders for the role of dark matter.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Topological defects in space-time


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

According to modern cosmological ideas, the vacuum energy is determined by a locally homogeneous and isotropic scalar field.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

This field is necessary to describe the so-called vacuum phase transitions during the expansion of the Universe, during which there was a sequential violation of symmetry, leading to separation fundamental interactions.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

A phase transition is a jump in the energy of a vacuum field tending to its basic state (a state with minimum energy at a given temperature).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Different areas of space could experience such a transition independently, as a result of which areas with a certain “structure” of the scalar field were formed, which, expanding, could enter contact with each other.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Stable topological defects of various configurations could form at the meeting points of regions with different orientations: point-like particles (in particular, magnetic monopoles), linear extended objects (space strings), two-dimensional membranes (domain walls), three-dimensional defects (textures).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

All these objects, as a rule, have a colossal mass and could make a dominant contribution to dark matter.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

At the moment (2018), no such objects have been detected in the Universe.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Primary black holes


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

There is a hypothesis that a significant part of dark matter is made up of primary black holes formed in the first second after the Big Bang [21].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

It is possible that Planck black holes (maximons), which are the final product of the evolution of ordinary black holes, are stable and no longer subject to Hawking radiation.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Planck black holes are characterized by an extremely small interaction cross-section — about 10−66 cm2, 20 orders of magnitude less than the neutrino interaction cross-section.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The small cross-section of the interaction of neutral maximons with matter leads to the fact that a significant (or even the main) part of matter in the Universe could currently consist of maximons, not leading to a contradiction with observations.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Thus, maximons could play the role of dark matter [22].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Dark matter classification


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The key assumption of the classification below is that TM particles were in thermodynamic equilibrium with cosmic plasma particles in the early stages of the evolution of the Universe.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

At a certain point in time, the temperature dropped so much that the average flight time of TM particles in the plasma exceeded Hubble's (the reaction “froze”), and interactions with the baryonic substance stopped.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Depending on the temperature at which this happened, the TM is divided into “hot”, “cold” and “warm”.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Hot dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

If at the time of equilibrium the energy of TM particles was much higher than their mass (i.e., the particles were ultra-relativistic), TM is called hot.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

These could be light particles such as neutrinos, but cosmological data exclude the possibility that the latter make up a significant share of TM.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Cold dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

If TM particles split off from space plasma already being non-relativistic, this TM is called “cold” (English: CDM - Cold Dark Matter).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

It is most preferable from the point of view of cosmology, since particles of hot TM, when moving at relativistic velocities, would smooth out the heterogeneity of the density of matter at scales of the order Hubble at that time and thus would prevent the formation of large - scale structures, which contradicts observational data.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

In fact, the behavior of particles already with masses ≥30 keV reveals all the properties of cold TM.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Candidates for the role of cold HM particles include primarily a class of particles called WIMP (weakly interacting massive particle), whose mass varies from several tens of GeV to several TeV, and the annihilation and scattering sections on particles of baryonic matter are comparable to the cross sections of weak processes.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The advantage of wimps is that their residual concentration naturally makes the necessary contribution to the energy balance in the modern Universe, and the magnitude of interactions with particles of baryonic matter makes it is possible to detect them directly.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Most often, the lightest (and, thus, stable) particle of the supersymmetric expansion of the Standard Model is proposed for the role of wimp, which is a superposition of the calibration and Higgs superpartners bosons (see Supersymmetric particles subsection above).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Singular halo problem


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

There is a so-called “singular halo problem” (English: cuspy halo problem) arising from a simple cosmological simulation (numerical simulation) of the TM distribution.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Calculations clearly indicate that cold dark matter (CDM) will form a casp or singularity (a sharp peak in distribution) at the center of the galaxy or generally in denser regions The universe.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

In plain terms, dark matter in a galaxy, such as our Milky Way Galaxy, will move mainly to the center of the galaxy, and not to other regions.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

However, all direct astronomical observations that led to the discovery of the dark matter effect show the opposite picture: dark matter forms a halo around the galaxy (fills the voids between clusters galaxies) and does not show any singularities in its distribution.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Quotes from works on this topic:


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

This problem has not yet been resolved.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

There are only unfounded, unsupported assumptions that baryonic matter somehow displaces or replaces cold dark matter in the nuclei of spiral galaxies (the mechanism of this is not explained in any way).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

According to [23], there can be a total of three basic possibilities for interpreting the limits of matter concentrations in halos:


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

“CDM halos must have singularities (casps), so the stated limits are maintained and give new restrictions on cosmological parameters” (“CDM halos must have cusps, so the stated limits hold and provide new constraints on cosmological parameters”) [24];


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

“Something (feedback, modifications in the very nature of dark matter) eliminates cash registers and, as a result, cosmological limitations” (“Something (e.g. feedback, modifications of the nature of dark matter) ) eliminates cusps and thus the constraints on cosmology”) [25];


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

“The picture of halo formation suggested by CDM simulations is wrong” (“The picture of halo formation suggested by CDM simulations is wrong”).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Another approach to solving this problem is to change the properties and nature of dark matter.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Varieties are offered: warm dark matter, fuzzy cold dark matter, self-interacting dark matter, meta-cold dark matter [26].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Closely related to this problem is the problem of scarcity of dwarf galaxies (also known as the “problem of extinct dwarf satellite galaxies”).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Its essence is that the number of dwarf galaxies (in relation to the number of ordinary galaxies) is an order of magnitude less than the number that should be, according to modeling according to the hierarchical distribution of structures dark matter.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

There are two possible solutions to the problem:


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

1. Dwarf galaxies are destroyed by the tidal forces of larger galaxies;


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

2. Dwarf galaxies are simply not visible, as their dark matter is unable to attract enough baryonic matter to make them visible.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The second decision is partially supported by the recent (2007) discovery by the Keck Observatory of eight ultra-dim dwarf galaxies, satellites of the Milky Way.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Six of them are 99.9% dark matter (the mass-to-light ratio is about 1,000) [27].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Warm dark fabric


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Warm is a TM made up of particles with a mass greater than or about 1 eV.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

At the time of going out of equilibrium, these particles were relativistic.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

These particles are isolated into a separate type of TM because hot TM is relativistic at the time of transition from the radiation-dominant to the pulverized stage of expansion of the Universe (which happened during temperatures of the order of 1 eV), but the warm one is no longer.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

This is important because the increase in density perturbations occurs significantly differently at these stages, and this increase significantly depends on whether the TM is relativistic or not at the pulverized stage.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

A good candidate for the role of warm TM is the so-called sterile neutrinos — right-screw states that are singlet in the group of calibration bosons of the Standard Model.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Thus, in the MSM model, which extends the Standard Model by including three sterile neutrinos, one of them can have a mass of about 1 keV/c² and thus be a candidate for TM.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

In particular, an estimate of the mass of such a particle is presented: 800 ± 200 eV according to a comparison of the experimental and theoretical values of the energy of the spin-spin interaction of proton and deuteron in the molecule hydrogen HD [28].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Another candidate may be LSP-Gravitino from the supersymmetric SM extension.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Detect


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Astronomical observations


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Four independent methods for direct astronomical observation of invisible mass (dark matter):


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Dynamic — the distribution of the radial velocities of galaxies in galactic clusters (or stars, globular clusters in galaxies) according to the Zwicky method, but with a full arsenal of modern tools and techniques, with better accuracy and more statistics.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Gas-dynamic — using X-rays of hot gas in clusters.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The temperature and density of the gas can be determined based on the energy and flow of X-rays, then it is possible to calculate the gas temperature (from thermodynamics), which makes it possible to estimate the mass profile of the entire cluster, relying on the balance of pressure and gravity.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Many of the publications on the work of the Chandra X-ray Orbital Observatory are based on this approach to determining cluster masses.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

In general, these publications showed the ratio of baryon mass to total mass at the level of 12—15%, which does not strongly contradict the data from the Planck orbital observatory giving an estimate in the region of 15.5—16% [29 ].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Calculating strong gravitational lensing — this method requires accurate images of very distant huge structures: the largest galactic clusters.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

A direct study of the distribution of dark matter in galaxy clusters became possible after obtaining highly detailed images of them in the 1990s.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

At the same time, images of more distant galaxies projecting onto the cluster are distorted due to the effect of gravitational lensing (weak gravitational lensing) or even split into several “copies” (strong gravitational lensing).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

By the nature of these distortions, it becomes possible to restore the distribution and magnitude of mass within the cluster, regardless of observations of the galaxies of the cluster itself (their movement).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Such calculations were made for the giant galaxy cluster Abell 1689, which consists of 160,000 globular clusters and shows clear signs of strong and weak gravitational lensing (pictured) [30].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Accurate measurement of the distortion geometry makes it possible to calculate the total mass of the cluster and the mass of dark matter of the cluster, after which the result is compared with the mass of dark matter determined by another, independent dynamic method (according to the speed of movement of galaxies remote from the cluster).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Similar calculations have been made for more than ten clusters, and the ratio of invisible/visible matter generally corresponds to the dynamic method for measuring the dark matter mass of these clusters [31].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Calculation of weak gravitational lensing — the images show small (weak) distortions of distant galaxies due to the fact that a massive object (or objects) is located in front of them on a straight line to to the observer.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

This method requires a lot of statistics and careful processing — only then does it lead to results that coincide with the results of the above methods, which convinced most scientists in reality dark matter [32].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

A good example of the application of the latter two methods and the gas dynamic method is the study of the unique Pul galaxy cluster, where, dark and baryonic matter were clearly separated as a result of a direct collision between two clusters of galaxies.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

This unique separation was caused by the fact that the hot gas of one cluster, interacting electromagnetically, collided with the hot gas of another cluster, warmed up even more, slowed down and stuck in the center of the newly formed cluster, and the dark matter of both original clusters supposedly passed through each other without experiencing electromagnetic interaction (without heating, radiating, not slowing down) and as a result was distributed symmetrically on both sides of the Bullet cluster [33].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

This version of proving the presence of dark matter (as opposed to the distribution of radial velocities in galaxies) does not depend on the details of Newtonian mechanics and gravity at long distances (since the collision of clusters is direct, without rotation) and therefore is considered the best direct justification for the dark matter hypothesis [34].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Thus, direct methods confirm the presence of latent mass (in the form of dark matter or in another form) in galactic clusters [34] [35].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Physical detection of hypothetical dark matter particles


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The main difficulty in finding dark matter particles is that they are all electrically neutral.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

There are two search options: direct and indirect.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

In a direct experimental search for HMs using ground equipment, the consequences of the interaction of these particles with electrons or atomic nuclei in a sensitive volume of low - background nuclear - physical detector.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

When a dark matter particle that is part of the galactic halo is scattered on a particle of ordinary matter (electron or nucleon), the latter receives a certain kinetic energy and can be registered by conventional methods.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The problem lies in the extremely small cross-section of the interaction of TM particles with ordinary particles.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

An additional experimental signature that allows suppressing the background, but introducing a certain model dependence, is based on the expected periodic change in the speed of the Earth (and the detector along with it) relative to the dark matter halo due to orbital motion around the Sun, which should lead to signal variations at annual intervals and a maximum in early June.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

A variant of direct search for light particles of TM (in particular, axions) is to detect their decay into photons in a magnetic field in a high-quality resonant cavity (the so-called galoscope).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Indirect detection methods are based on attempts to detect fluxes of secondary particles (neutrinos, photons, etc.) that occur, for example, due to the annihilation of the solar or galactic dark matter.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Alternative theories


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Modified Newtonian dynamics


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Plasma cosmology


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

This theory was developed in the 1960s by a Swedish physicist named Hannes Alfven (1970 Nobel laureate for discoveries in magnetodynamics), using the experience of his research near-Earth plasma (aurora) and early works by Christian Birkeland.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The theory is based on the assumption that electrical forces are more significant at greater distances (the scale of the galaxy and clusters of galaxies) than gravity.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Assuming that plasma fills the entire universe and has good conductivity, it could conduct huge electrical currents (about 1017 — 1019 amperes) on a scale of tens of megaparsecs.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Such currents create a powerful galactic magnetic field, which in turn forms the structure of both galaxies and their clusters (galactic filaments or filaments).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The presence of such a powerful field easily explains the formation of galactic arms (there is no consensus on the reason for the formation of galactic sleeves yet [36]), the distribution of the rotation speed of galactic disks from the radius, eliminates the need to introduce a dark matter halo.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

But at the moment, modern astrophysics does not observe such powerful currents on the scale of dozens of megaparsecs, nor high intergalactic and intragalactic magnetic fields.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The assumptions of plasma cosmology about the threadlike cell structure and homogeneity of the Universe on a large scale (the so-called Large-scale Structure of the Universe) made by Alfven [37] and Anthony Perrat [38] were unexpectedly confirmed by observations in the late 1980s and 1990s [39], but these observations are also explained within the framework of the generally accepted cosmological model.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

To explain the filamentous structure of the Universe, the theory of filament formation due to gravitational instability is currently used (initially almost homogeneous mass distribution concentrates on caustics and leads to the formation of threads), on the growing structures of dark matter, along which the structure of visible matter is formed [40] (the origin of this structure of dark matter is explained by quantum fluctuations in the process of inflation).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Currently, plasma cosmology as a theory is unpopular, as it denies the development of the universe along the path of the Big Bang.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

On the other hand, if we abandon the theory of the Big Bang and consider the age of the universe much greater than 13.5 billion years, then the hidden mass can largely be explained by such Macho objects as black dwarfs that evolve from white dwarfs that have cooled down over tens of billions of years.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Matter from other dimensions (parallel Universes)


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

In some theories with additional dimensions, gravity is accepted as a unique type of interaction that can act on our space from additional dimensions [41].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

This assumption helps explain the relative weakness of gravitational interaction compared to the other three main interactions (electromagnetic, strong and weak): gravity is weaker, since it can interact with massive matter in additional dimensions, penetrate a barrier that is inaccessible to other interactions.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

It follows that the effect of dark matter can be logically explained by the interaction of visible matter from our usual dimensions with massive matter from other (additional, invisible) dimensions through gravity.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

At the same time, other types of interactions, these dimensions and this matter in them cannot feel in any way, cannot interact with it.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Matter in other dimensions (in fact, in a parallel Universe) can form into structures (galaxies, clusters of galaxies, filaments) in a way similar to our dimensions or form its own, exotic structures that, in our measurements, feel like a gravitational halo around visible galaxies [42].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Topological defects in space


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Dark matter can simply be the original (arising at the time of the Big Bang) defects in space and/or topology of quantum fields that may contain energy, thereby causing gravitational forces.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

This assumption can be investigated and verified using an orbital network of space probes (around the Earth or within the solar system) equipped with accurate continuously synchronized (with using GPS) atomic clocks that will record the passage of such a topological defect through this network [43] [44].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

The effect will manifest itself as an inexplicable (by usual relativistic reasons) mismatch of the course of this clock, which has a clear beginning and, over time, an end (depending on the direction of movement and the size of such topological defect) [45].


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

See also


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Dark energy


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Hidden mass


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Dark star


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Dark photon


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Notes


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Literature


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Books


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Articles


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

References


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

, which contains, among other things, a selection of materials on dark matter.


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

n/a d/f from the cycle Through the Wormhole with Morgan Freeman (video).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Cherepashchuk A., from the series of lectures “ACADEMIA” (video).


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Category:Astrophysics


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Category:Hypotheses


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Category:Astronomical hypotheses


Question: On the basis of what is the conclusion that dark matter exists?

Dark matter

Category:Cosmology


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart (English: James Ewell Brown “J.E.B.” Stuart (February 6, 1833 — May 12, 1864) was an American military, cavalryman and major general of the Confederate States Army during the Civil War in the US.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He became famous for the competent use of cavalry reconnaissance and support for offensive operations by cavalry.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

General Lee called it the “eyes and ears” of his army.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart graduated from West Point in 1854, served in Texas and Kansas, and volunteered to suppress the John Brown rebellion.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

After Virginia's secession, he left the US Army and enlisted in the Confederate Army, where he soon led the Cavalry Division of the Army of Northern Virginia.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

It quickly became famous in the North and South with two raids around the Army of the Potomac (June and October 1862).


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In the spring of 1863, after General Jackson was wounded at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Stewart temporarily commanded the Second Infantry Corps of General Lee's Army.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

During the Gettysburg Campaign, the Northern Cavalry caught him by surprise in a battle at Brandy Station, damaging his reputation.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

During the invasion of Pennsylvania, Stewart undertook another raid and was cut off from the main army, which deprived General Lee of information about enemy maneuvers and largely affected the outcome of the battle at Gettysburg.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Historians still do not agree on the measure of Stuart's guilt in this failure.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

When the Overland campaign began, Stewart successfully detected Grant's offensive on Spotsylvania and, commanding infantry and cavalry, managed to detain the enemy at Spotsylvania before the main army approached.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Annoyed by the failure, Federal General Sheridan raided Richmond; Stewart attacked his division at the Battle of Yellow Tavern, where he was fatally wounded in an unequal battle.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Origins, Childhood and Adolescence


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The Virginia Stuarts were of mixed Scottish-Irish descent.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Archibald Stewart was the first of his family to leave Londonderry in 1726 for Pennsylvania.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

As a Presbyterian, he escaped religious persecution, leaving behind his wife Jeanette and two children, who joined him later, in 1738.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The family settled in Augusta County, Virginia.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Their second son Alexander was born here (in 1733 or 1734), who lived all his life in the Shenandoah Valley.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

When the Revolutionary War broke out, he joined the Virginia Militia and served as a major in the regiment.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He led a regiment, led him on the attack, was wounded and captured.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Six months later, he was released and returned to Shenandoah Valley [1] [2].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Major Stewart has been married three times.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

With his second wife, Mary Moore Paxton, he had a son Alexander, who was born on May 11, 1770.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

There is an unproven claim that he was the one who changed his Stewart surname to Stuart.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Alexander the Younger became a well-known lawyer in Illinois and Missouri.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He was also married three times and had two children with his first wife, Nancy Anne Dabney, (b. 1795) and Anne Dabney (b. 1798).


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He died in 1832 in Staughton.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

His son Archibald also became a lawyer and politician, served in artillery during the 1812 War, then studied law and opened an internship in Campbell County.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In 1819, he was elected to the House of Representatives from this district [3] [4].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On June 17, 1817, Archibald married Elizabeth Letcher Pannil (b. 1801) of Pittssylvania County and settled on a farm near Lynchburg.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Archibald was a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention from 1829 and 1850, and served in the Virginia Senate and the United States Senate (1852—1854).


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Historian Emory Thomas wrote that by 1860 his achievements in politics were no less than that of Abraham Lincoln [5].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In 1828, Archibald gave his farm in Campbell County to a relative who in exchange ceded his estate in Patrick County to him.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Archibald built a manor house there in 1831.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Their son was born in this house on Wednesday, February 6, 1833 at 11:30pm, whom they named after James Ewell Brown, husband of Archibald's sister, Anne Dabney [6].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart grew up surrounded by numerous siblings.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Seven were older than him: Nancy Anne Dabney (b. 1818), Bethenia Panill (b. 1819), Mary Tucker (b. 1821), David Panill (b. 1823), William Alexander (b. 1826) John Dabney (b. 1828) and Columbia Lafayette (b. 1830).


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

His youngest were Virginia Josephine (1836—1842) and Victoria Augustus (b. 1838).


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He loved fishing, hunting and horse riding.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

One of his friends later recalled that Stuart did not like to be objected to and argued with him.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He did not like to lose and was especially worried when he lost in the ball game.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

At first, the children were taught by their mother, but in 1845 Stuart was transferred to private teachers in.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

There he was taught history, mathematics, algebra, Latin and Greek.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Meanwhile, in the winter of 1847, his home burned down and was not restored.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In the summer of 1848, Stewart enrolled in Washington County.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In his first year of study, he became a member of the Methodist Church [7].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

It is not known exactly when Stewart thought about a career in the military.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In the summer of 1848, he tried to enlist in the regular army, but did not pass the age.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In the winter of 1850, he asked the college president for a recommendation for admission to West Point.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He was admitted to West Point with the assistance of a Whig congressman, who entered Congress that year, defeating Archibald, Stuart's father.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On April 5, 1850, it was notified by letter that it had been accepted.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The official document on Stuart's enrollment was signed by President Taylor on June 30 [8].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

West Point


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In May, Stewart traveled via Lynchburg and Charlottesville to Washington, D.C., where he walked outside the White House, saw President Taylor and attended a session of Congress where he listened to Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, Jefferson Davis and Sam Houston.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

From there, he traveled via Baltimore and New York to West Point.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The cadets spent June and July in a field camp, and in September the school year began and they were transferred to barracks.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stuart's roommates were Judson Bingham of Indiana and Virginia Charles Rogers.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Despite his unattractive appearance, Stewart was a cheerful and cheerful person, easily made acquaintances.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

His friends included Castis Lee, John Pegram, William Pender, and Stephen Lee.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

James Deschler, Oliver Howard, Thomas Rouger and Benjamin Davis were in the same class as him.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

James McPherson, John Scofield, Philip Sheridan, John Hood and John Chambliss were older [9].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart did not have a beautiful appearance, although he was not considered the ugliest person in the body (considered such).


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

But for some reason, already in his first year, he received the nickname “Beauty”.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Perhaps that's what those who saw him on horseback called him; Stuart was an excellent rider before the Academy, and improved his skills further at West Point.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The nickname became firmly attached, and even many years later, during the war, former classmates addressed him in letters: “Dear Handsome Man” [10].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Cadets took exams every year in January and June.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

As a result, they were ranked in the list from best to worst, and this list was published.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

“So if a person is a fool, everyone knows it,” wrote Stewart, “if he's ahead, everyone who wants to know it too.”


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

At the end of the January 1851 exam, Stewart became the 8th of 93 cadets.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Twenty-two cadets were expelled that month for poor academic performance.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He remained 8th in the June exams, and after the exams of June 1852 he became the 7th out of 60 cadets.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In August of that year, he was dismissed and visited his home, and when he returned, the academy was headed by a new superintendent, Major Robert Edward Lee.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Lee immediately brought stricter discipline to the academy.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In addition, on Saturdays, he usually invited several cadets to his lunch.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Most often among them was his son Castis Lee, who was accompanied by Stuart from time to time.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Subsequently, the Superintendent's wife Mary Castis Lee wrote that Stewart seemed to be a member of their family, and Stewart himself wrote that she treated him like a son [11].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

At the end of his final exam in June 1854, Stewart became the 13th of 46 cadets.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Castis Lee was first, Thomas Ruger 3rd, Oliver Howard 4th, and John Pegram 10th.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

It was the 14th.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart passed English and French best of all (7th place), the worst engineering (29th place).


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On July 1, 1854, he received the provisional rank of second lieutenant of the regular army [12] [13].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

U.S. Army Service


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

After graduating from the Academy, Stewart went home to wait for his appointment.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

It arrived in September, dated August 14, when Stewart was assigned to the Horse Riflemen Regiment in Texas.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He went to Washington and New York to buy equipment, and then took a steamer to St. Louis, Mississippi, and stayed there for a while due to the epidemic in New Orleans.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Missing St. Louis, he wrote that he was burning with impatience to show himself in battle as soon as possible.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

“I don't know how this will end,” he wrote, “but I try to always be prepared for the worst.”


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Arriving in New Orleans (he was not impressed by the city), Stewart went by steamer to Galveston, then to Corpus Christi, and from there on horseback to Fort McIntosh in Laredo and arrived at the scene on December 28.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Here he learned that his company had gone on an expedition to the west, followed and caught up with the company on January 28, 1855 in Fort Davis [14].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

A regiment of horse riflemen at that time was scattered around the forts — two companies each — to protect the settlers from Comanche raids.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Upon arrival in the company, Stewart spent three months in reconnaissance raids in bad weather conditions and with reduced rations.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

It was at this time that he grew a beard that he hadn't shaved for the rest of his life.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He liked the nature of the prairies, even more than his native Blue Ridge, and he only regretted not being able to meet the Indians in battle.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On March 3, 1855, Stewart received the permanent rank of second lieutenant, and on the same day, the War Department decided to recruit two new cavalry regiments: the 1st and 2nd Cavalry Regiments.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stuart was decided to be assigned to the 1st Cavalry Regiment, commanded by Colonel Edwin Sumner, Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Johnston, Major John Sedgwick.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The regiment was recruited at Fort Leavenworth.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart arrived at the fort on June 23, and Sumner appointed him quartermaster and interim commander of Company H.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In the barracks, Stuart's roommates were Major Sedgwick and Lieutenant Robert Ransom [15].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In July 1855, Stewart met Flora Cook, daughter of a lieutenant colonel in the 2nd Cavalry Regiment.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

It is believed that this happened during a cavalry review.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Flora was on horseback, and Stuart was impressed by her ability to handle a horse.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Flora was 19 years old and had just graduated from a private school in Detroit.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart soon asked her to marry him, and she agreed.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The parents gave their consent, although Flora's father noted that the decision was made too quickly.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The wedding was scheduled for November.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On the same days, an expedition against the Sioux Indians began.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Lieutenant Colonel Cook commanded the cavalry, and Stuart was responsible for supplying the expedition.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On October 27, Stewart received a letter from Flora learning that his father had died on September 20.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

A few days later, I received a late letter from my father, who wrote that he was feeling well.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

When the expedition returned to Leavenworth, Stuart and Flora scheduled their wedding for November 14 at Fort Riley.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On this day, the army chaplain married them in the rite of the episcopal church.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart moved from Methodist to Episcopal Church in Texas, and Flora's family belonged to the same church [16].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart was promoted to first lieutenant on December 20, 1855.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He received a vacation and went home on December 27, where he introduced his wife to relatives.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The vacation lasted three months, and in March 1856, the Stuart returned to Kansas.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

At this time, a conflict began in the state between supporters and opponents of slavery.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On June 2, abolitionist John Brown captured a detachment of the Missouri militia.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On June 5, Edwin Sumner and part of his regiment arrived at the scene and demanded that Brown release the prisoners.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart took part in this trip.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In view of these events, the government postponed its planned campaign against the Cheyenne to next year.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On May 20, 1857, Sumner's column left the fort, and Stewart was quartermaster of the company.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In those days, he had a fever and did all the paperwork while lying in bed.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On June 22, Sumner's column arrived at Fort Laramie, where it joined Sedgwick's detachment, and Stewart took command of Company G [17].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On July 29, the column met 350 Cheyenne, who had lined up for battle on the Solomon River.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Sumner ordered an attack, and the Cheyenne immediately fled.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart and three comrades (in particular, c) became interested in the attack and broke away from their squad.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

They caught up with an Indian who shot Stuart several times with a revolver.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The bullet hit right in the chest.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stuart was taken to the main column, where he was taken care of by regimental physician Charles Brewer (married to Mary, Flora's sister).


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He was taken to Fort Floyd, from where on August 8, a wagon train with the wounded went to Fort Kearney.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On the way, the guides fled, and the commander of the column did not know the way.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart volunteered to get to Fort Kearney for help.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He set off on August 15, accompanied by five people, and arrived at the fort at noon on August 17, from where he led the rescue convoy back for the wounded a few hours later [18] [19].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart returned to Fort Leavenworth, where he had a daughter, Flora, on November 14.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

At the end of the year he was transferred to Fort Riley.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In May 1858, he participated in Sedgwick's campaign to Utah, where Mormons attacked wagons on the road from Oregon to California.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

However, the conflict was resolved without the participation of the army, and on August 29, Stewart returned to Fort Riley.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Upon his return, he tried to get a transfer to West Point, where he wanted to become a cavalry tactic instructor, but his request was not granted.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In March 1859, he took six months off and went to Virginia.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

At this time, he invented a device for attaching a saber, which he patented on October 4.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The government bought the rights to the invention for $5,000, which Stewart put in a bank in St. Louis at 10 percent.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

While dealing with these cases, Stewart visited Washington in October, where he visited Robert Lee's house, and spent the night of October 17 there.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In the morning, he went to the War Department, where he learned that unknown persons had seized the arsenal in Harpers Ferry [20].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart offered his services to Secretary of War Floyd.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On his orders, he brought Robert Lee to the White House, where Floyd, Lee, and Stewart discussed the situation with President Buchanan.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The President ordered a Marine Corps company to be sent to Harpers Ferry, Lee was appointed commander and Stuart was appointed adjutant to Lee.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Lee and Stewart took the train to Sandy Hook, where they caught up with the company at 10:00.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

It turned out that 19 abolitionists had taken hostages and locked themselves in a brick house.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On October 18, Lee ordered the surrounding of the fire fighting equipment storage building where the abolitionists had settled, and at 07:00 Stewart handed them Lee's written request for surrender.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart recognized John Brown as the leader.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Brown refused to surrender on the terms offered, and Stewart waved his hat, signaling an assault.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

When the building was seized and Brown was captured, Stuart took his Bowie knife as a souvenir.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

An eyewitness later recalled that someone asked Brown what wages he hired his supporters, to which Stewart remarked, “The price for sin is death.”


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

To this, Brown said, “Young man, if you were my prisoner, I would not insult you” [21].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On November 11, the Stuarts traveled back west.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On the way, in St. Louis, he was confirmed at one of the episcopal churches.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Returning to Fort Riley, he led Company G and began preparing for a spring campaign against the Indians.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On May 15, four companies under Sedgwick's command embarked on an expedition against the Kiowa and Comanches, which took four months.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In his absence, on June 26, his son, named Philip St. George Cook Stewart, was born.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart returned to the fort in August, and in October he was sent to equip the newly built Fort Wise [22].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Secession


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On December 20, South Carolina withdrew from the Union, followed by six more states.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart wrote in those days that what was happening was “a matter of constitutional rights, without which the Union would be a laughing stock... As for me, without hesitation, right or wrong, alone or with everyone, but I am with Virginia.”


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He dreamed of recruiting a cavalry detachment, hoping that this “Stuart Legion” would become famous as “” during the Revolutionary War.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On 2 February, he received a six-month vacation and began preparing to leave in April.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

It was clear to everyone that he would not come back.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

“Stuart, you're taking the wrong step,” John Sedgwick told him, “but I can't judge you for going to defend your home state.”


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Secession led to a split in Flora's family.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Her father remained in the federal army, her mother and sister stayed with her father, and brother and sister Maria sided with the South [23].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The Stuarts traveled east through Fort Leavenworth and Cairo, where Stewart sent a letter of resignation from the federal army to Washington on May 3.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On the same day, he wrote in Montgomery, the capital of the Confederate, that he was ready to enlist in the army, preferably cavalry, light artillery, or light infantry.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

A few days later, Stewart arrived in his native Whitville, left his family there and went to Richmond.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Sometime in these days, he received news that on April 22 he was promoted to the rank of captain of the regular army.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

But it didn't matter anymore [24] [25].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Civil war


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On May 9, 1861, Stewart arrived in Richmond, where Governor Letcher promoted him to Lieutenant Colonel in the Virginia Army.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He then visited the Commander-in-Chief of the Virginia Army, Major General Robert Lee, who ordered him to depart immediately for Harpers Ferry and be placed at the disposal of Colonel Thomas Jackson.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On May 10, Stewart arrived at the place where he first saw Jackson.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Previously, they could see each other at Harpers Ferry during the suppression of the John Brown rebellion, but in any case, Stewart hardly knew the man.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

They made a good impression on each other, and over time their relationship grew into friendship [26] [27].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Since Stuart had good cavalryman and instructor skills, Jackson decided to transfer Stuart to cavalry contrary to his appointment in the infantry.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Since the cavalry was already commanded by Turner Ashby, Jackson divided the cavalry into two regiments; Stuart was entrusted with several cavalry companies recruited in the Shenandoah Valley, from which the 1st was formed cavalry regiment.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On May 23, Joseph Johnston took command of the troops at Harpers Ferry.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

After inspecting the cavalry, he wrote in the report that Stuart's cavalry is in good condition, the horses are good, the training of the riders is good, and they perform well in reconnaissance and picket service.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On April 15, Johnston left Harpers Ferry and retreated up the valley, while Stuart and Ashby covered the retreat.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart believed that since the enemy has an advantage in numbers, this can be countered by superiority in quality.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He forced cavalrymen to engage in shootings every day, escape persecution and break out of the encirclement [28].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On the morning of July 2, Stewart noticed that a federal detachment had crossed the Potomac, and reported this to Jackson, who had met the 5th Virginia Infantry Regiment halfway.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Two companies of Stuart covered Jackson's front, and Stuart himself with Company “E” made his way to the right flank of the enemy.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The Battle of Hooks Run began: in the midst of the battle, Stuart discovered the I Company of the 15th Pennsylvania Regiment.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Alone approaching the feds, who mistook him for their own, he took out a revolver and ordered the company to surrender.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Pennsylvanians obeyed; 46 people were captured, including a lieutenant [29] [30].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Manassa campaign


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On July 16, Robert Patterson's federal army crossed the Potomac, aiming at Winchester.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

At the same time, McDowell's army launched an offensive against Manassas.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Johnston decided to secretly move his army to Manassas.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On April 18, Johnston began the transfer of troops, and Stuart was instructed to cover up the maneuver.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He probably didn't know yet that he was promoted to colonel on July 16.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On the morning of July 19, Stuart's cavalry also left the valley, arrived in Piedmont, and by the evening of July 20 joined the army at Manassas.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On July 21, the first Battle of Bull Run began.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The cavalry stood in the rear all morning, and in the afternoon Johnston ordered Stuart to cover the flanks of the army at Henry Hill, where Jackson's brigade was fighting.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart divided the regiment into two parts, leading the part that went to the left flank.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Arriving at the scene, he came across the (Zuava) 11th New York Infantry Regiment, which he mistakenly mistook for his own.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Polk was upset by the unsuccessful attack, Stewart shouted to them, “Don't run guys, we're here!” - and then I saw the federal flag.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart ordered an attack; two of his companies broke into the ranks of the Zouaves, broke through them, and managed to return to their original position.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart lost 9 people killed and 16 wounded, but the Zuava regiment was finally demoralized and began to withdraw [31] [32].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

When the federal army began to retreat, Stuart's cavalry began to pursue, but it quickly drowned due to the large number of prisoners.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The next day, he resumed his pursuit, reaching Fairfax, from where he sent scouts towards the fortifications of Alexandria.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He was able to learn that McDowell and Patterson were removed from command of the army that day.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Johnston and Beauregard spoke well of Stuart in their reports.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Over the next two months, Stuart was responsible for guarding the border in the vicinity of Washington.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

It established its headquarters in Mansons Hill near Annandale and set up a line of pickets and observation posts around Washington.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Each post consisted of 4-6 people, including one officer.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

One of them, on horseback, was located at the forefront, 200 meters from the others; guards changed every four hours.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

John Mosby later recalled that sometimes they stayed on duty for 24 hours, and from one post Stuart was complained that they had not been replaced for 36 hours.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

“It's nonsense,” Stewart replied, “not to say you're very tired. There's a cornfield, go over there and you'll have breakfast. You don't have anything to do at camp, I know. There's longing, but everything interesting is here. If it were my will, I would never go back to camp.”


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

John Eggleston, who served under Stuart, then wrote: “Insensitive to fatigue, he did not seem to understand that a person might need rest” [33] [34].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart was promoted to brigadier general on September 24, 1861.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The cavalry was reorganized, and Stewart received a brigade of six cavalry regiments totaling 1,500 men, which by December had grown to 2,400.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Colonel William Jones, Lieutenant Colonel Fitzhugh Lee;


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

2nd Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Colonel Richard Ratford, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Munford;


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

4th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Colonel Beverly Robertson, Lieutenant Colonel William Wickham;


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

6th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Colonel Charles Field;


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

1st North Carolina Cavalry Regiment, Colonel Robert Ransom;


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Jeff Davis Legion, Colonel William Martin.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

It was also decided to form a battery of horse artillery, the command of which in November was entrusted to John Pelham.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Subsequently, in late autumn or winter, Stuart's relationship with Johnson deteriorated, and he called Robertson the most problematic person he knew [35].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Draansville


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On December 20, Stewart led a cavalry, infantry and artillery detachment (1,600 men) to cover a large wagon train collecting fodder in Draansville.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

At noon, intelligence reported that an infantry brigade of the general, numbering 3,400 people, was advancing on the city.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart decided to attack the enemy so that the wagon train could leave.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He sent cavalry to accompany the wagon train, and deployed infantry into the battle line south of Drainsville.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He sent the 10th Alabama Infantry Regiment to attack, then the 6th South Carolina and 1st Kentucky.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The two regiments mistakenly fired a volley at each other, then came under fire from federal artillery and began to retreat.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart managed to stop the retreating, but the wagon train had already left, so the infantry were ordered to begin their withdrawal.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The 11th Virginia Infantry Regiment was covering the retreat.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

During the two hours of the battle, Stuart lost 43 people killed, 143 wounded and 8 missing [36] [37].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart's actions at Draansville subsequently caused different assessments among contemporaries and historians.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He did take a big risk when he attacked a numerically superior enemy, but still saved the wagon train, which was his main goal.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart himself called the incident a “glorious success” [38] [39].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Peninsular


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Johnston's army stayed in northern Virginia until spring.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On March 9, Johnston began withdrawing the army for Rappahanok, to a more advantageous position.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

The cavalry covered the retreat.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart wrote that the federal army was unlikely to attack directly on Richmond, and predicted that it would try to land on the Virginia coast.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

And so it happened: General McClellan began to transfer troops to the Virginia Peninsula.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

In mid-April, Stuart's cavalry went to the peninsula, marching through Richmond on the way.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On the morning of April 18, Stewart was near Yorktown.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

He expected a major battle and compared the siege of Yorktown with the siege of Sevastopol [40].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On April 20, the army held re-election of officers.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart took advantage of this to get rid of William Jones.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On April 22, Jones did not pass the election, and Fitzhugh Lee was elected commander of 1st Virginia.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Jones wrote an angry letter to the Secretary of War, complaining about Stuart's stupidity and demanding his resignation.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Jones was transferred to Virginia 7, and he never forgave Stuart for this story [41].


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On May 3, Johnston ordered him to leave his positions and withdraw to Williamsburg.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

Stewart covered the retreat, while almost being surrounded.


Question: What city was Jeb Stewart born in?

Jeb Stewart

On May 5, the Battle of Williamsburg began; cavalry was kept in reserve, but Stewart volunteered to help General Longstreet and personally deployed infantry units in position.