Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

TN-C system is a TN system in which the zero protective and zero working conductors are combined in one conductor along its entire length;


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

TN-S system is a TN system in which the zero protective and zero working conductors are separated along its entire length;


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

TN-C-S system is a TN system in which the functions of the zero protective and neutral working conductors are combined in one conductor in some part of it, starting from the power supply;


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

IT system is a system in which the neutral of the power supply is isolated from the ground or grounded through devices or devices that have high resistance, and the open conductive parts of the electrical installation grounded


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

TT system is a system in which the neutral of the power supply is deaf grounded, and the open conductive parts of the electrical installation are grounded using a grounding device electrically independent of solidly grounded neutral of the source.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The first letter is the neutral state of the power supply relative to the ground


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

T — grounded neutral (Latin: terra);


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

I—Isolated Neutral (English: isolation).


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The second letter is the state of open conductive parts relative to the ground


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

T - open conductive parts are grounded, regardless of the ratio to ground of the neutral of the power supply or any point of the supply network;


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

N — open conductive parts are connected to the solidly grounded neutral of the power supply.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Subsequent (after N) letters are the combination in one conductor or separation of the functions of the zero working and zero protective conductors


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

S — zero working (N) and zero protective (PE) conductors are separated (English: separated);


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

C — the functions of the zero protective and zero working conductors are combined in one conductor (PEN conductor) (English: combined);


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

N — zero working (neutral) conductor; (English: neutral)


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

PE — protective conductor (ground conductor, neutral protective conductor, equipotential bonding system protective conductor) (English: Protective Earth)


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

PEN is a combined zero protective and zero working conductors (English: Protective Earth and Neutral).


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Deadly grounded neutral systems (TN systems)


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Systems with deadly grounded neutral are commonly called TN systems, since this abbreviation comes from French: Terre-Neutral, which means “earth-neutral”.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Separating zeros in TN-S and TN-C-S


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

TN-C system


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The TN-C system (French: Terre-Neutre-Combiné) was proposed by the German concern AEG in 1913.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The working zero and the PE conductor (English: Protection Earth) in this system are combined into one wire.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The biggest drawback was the possibility of the appearance of line voltage on the housings of electrical installations in the event of an emergency zero break.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Despite this, this system is still found in buildings in the countries of the former USSR.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Of modern electrical installations, such a system is found only in street lighting for reasons of economy and reduced risk.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

TN-S system


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The TN-S (French: Terre-Neutre-Séparé) system was developed to replace the TN-C conditionally hazardous system in the 1930s.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The working and protective zero were separated directly at the substation, and the earthing switch was a rather complex design of metal fittings.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Thus, when the working zero breaks in the middle of the line, the housings of electrical installations did not receive linear voltage.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Later, such a grounding system made it possible to develop differential automata and current leakage automata capable of sensing an insignificant current.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Their work is based on Kirchhoff's rules, according to which the current flowing through the operating zero must be numerically equal to the geometric sum of the currents in the phases.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

TN-C-S system


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In the TN-C-S system, the transformer substation has a direct connection of the conductive parts to the ground and a tightly grounded neutral.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

To provide communication on the section of the transformer substation — entry into the building, a combined zero working (N) and a protective conductor (PE), which takes the designation PEN, are used.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

When entering the building, it (PEN) is divided into a separate zero (N) and protective conductor (PE).


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

It is also possible to observe the TN-C-S system, where the separation of zeros occurs in the middle of the line, however, if the neutral wire breaks to the separation point, the enclosures will be under line voltage, which will be life-threatening when touched.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Advantages: a simpler lightning protection device (it is impossible to have a voltage peak between PE and N), the ability to protect against short-circuit phases on the device body using ordinary “automatic machines”.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Disadvantages: extremely weak protection against “zero burnout”, that is, the destruction of the PEN on the way from the KTP to the separation point.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In this case, a phase voltage appears on the PE bus from the consumer side, which cannot be switched off by any automatic (PE cannot be disconnected).


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

If inside the building, the potential equalization system (EMS) serves as protection against this (everything is metal under voltage, and there is no risk of electric shock when touching 2 different objects),.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In accordance with the PUE, it is the main and recommended system, but at the same time, the PUE requires compliance with a number of measures to prevent the destruction of PEN - mechanical protection of the PEN, as well as repeated PEN grounding air line along poles over a certain distance (no more than 200 meters for areas with the number of thunderstorm hours per year up to 40, 100 meters for areas with the number of thunderstorm hours per year more than 40).


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In the event that these measures cannot be observed, the PUE recommends TT.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

TT is also recommended for all outdoor installations (sheds, verandas, etc.)


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In urban buildings, the PEN tire is usually a thick metal frame that runs vertically through the entire building.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

It is almost impossible to destroy it, so TN-C-S is used in urban buildings.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In rural areas in Russia, in practice, there are a huge number of overhead lines without mechanical PEN protection and re-grounding.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Therefore, the TT system is more popular in rural areas.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In late Soviet urban development, TN-C-S was usually used with a division point based on the electrical panel (PEN) next to the meter, while PE was carried out only for an electric stove.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In modern Russian buildings, a “five-wire” with a division point in the basement is also used, and independent N and PE are already passing in the risers.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

TT system


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

TT System Schematic Diagram


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In the TT system, the transformer substation has a direct connection of live parts to the ground.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

All open conductive parts of the electrical installation of the building are directly connected to the ground through an earthing switch electrically independent of the neutral earthing switch of the transformer substation.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Advantages: high resistance to N destruction on the way from the TP to the consumer.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

This destruction does not affect PE in any way.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Disadvantages: the requirements of more complex lightning protection (the possibility of a peak between N and PE), as well as the inability for a conventional circuit breaker to track the phase fault on the device body (and further on PE).


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

This is due to the rather noticeable (30-40 ohms) resistance of the local ground.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Due to the above, the PUE is recommended only as an “additional” system (provided that the supply line does not meet the TN-C-S requirements for re-grounding and mechanical protection of the PEN), and also in outdoor installations where there is a risk of simultaneous contact with the installation and physical ground (or physically grounded metal elements).


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

However, due to the poor quality of most overhead lines in rural Russia, the TT system is extremely popular there.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

TT requires mandatory use of RCDs.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Usually, an introductory RCD is installed with a setpoint of 300-100 mA, which tracks a short circuit between phase and PE, followed by personal RCDs for specific circuits of 30-10 mA to protect people from electric shock.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Lightning protection devices, such as ABB OVR, differ in design for TN-C-S and TT systems, the latter have a gas arrester between N and PE and varistors between N and phases.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Isolated neutral systems


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

IT system


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Isolated neutral systems


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

IT System Schematic Diagram


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In the IT system, the neutral of the power supply is isolated from the ground or grounded through devices or devices that have high resistance, and the open conductive parts are grounded.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The leakage current to the housing or to the ground in such a system will be low and will not affect the operating conditions of the connected equipment.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The IT system is used, as a rule, in electrical installations of special-purpose buildings and structures that are subject to increased reliability and safety requirements, for example, electrical installations underground mines and coal mines, at the same time to create safe operating conditions for maintenance personnel (when there is potential at the electrical installation relative to the ground) and exclude dust and gas explosions, so-called mine leakage current protection devices are mandatory; the IT system can also be used in hospitals for emergency power supply and lighting.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Portable gasoline and diesel power plants have an isolated neutral, which makes it possible to safely use electrical appliances connected to them without grounding, which is in the “field” conditions to do is problematic.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Previously, the system with isolated neutral was also widespread in power supply systems for residential buildings, especially wooden ones, unlandscaped ones, the supply lines to which were also supplied via wooden supports.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In the USSR, household power grids with a voltage of 127/220 V were only insulated neutral, although industrial networks with a voltage of 220/380 V in the same years already had a grounded neutral.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

This was due to the fact that it was problematic to organize reliable grounding of the electrical panel and electrical appliances in a wooden house, in addition, in the presence of grounding, the risk of fire when the phase conductor is closed or current leaks to the earthing switch.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Insulated neutral in combination with the absence of naturally grounded conductive elements (fittings, water supply, sewerage) in a wooden uncomfortable house and a relatively low voltage ( 127 V) additionally reduced the risk of electric shock during single-phase contact to a minimum.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

This feature of early household networks led to the fact that many people did not perceive electric current as a source of increased danger and work on replacing light bulbs, repairing sockets and switches were often conducted without disconnecting the network.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The use of devices of electric shock protection class 0 was also quite safe.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In a network with isolated neutral, with a single-phase connection, both conductors are equal and are not divided into phase and neutral.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

For this reason, in old houses, fuses at the entrance to the apartment were placed on both conductors (in systems with grounded neutral, it is unacceptable to install a fuse on a neutral wire).


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Networks with isolated neutral have been preserved even with the beginning of the spread of reinforced concrete landscaped houses with conductive walls and grounded pipelines.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

This factor dramatically increased the risk of electric shock in everyday life, since uncontrolled leakage of current to the ground inevitably occurred in the reinforced concrete house, which caused one of the phase wires to be inadvertently connected to the conductive structures of the building and the ground.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

But since the neutral is isolated — there was no short-circuit current, the fact of current leakage to the building and ground was not detected and the network could operate in emergency mode for a long time.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In such a situation, accidental contact of another phase conductor by a person (or an appliance with broken insulation) on a concrete floor, in a bathroom or by a sink became extremely dangerous, as a person was under linear voltage.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Therefore, with the beginning of mass construction of reinforced concrete houses (Khrushchev), household networks began to be built according to a system with grounded neutral: in the 1960s and 1980s using the TN-C system, and from the 1990s to TN-C-S system.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Protective earthing function


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Protective earths prevent a person from falling under voltage (electric shock), which is possible in case of damage to the insulation of electrical equipment or contact with broken wires.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

All metal external parts and frames of electrical equipment are subject to protective grounding.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The principle of protective earthing


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The protective effect of grounding is based on two principles:


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Reduction to a safe value of the potential difference between the grounded conductive object and other conductive objects that have natural grounding.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Withdrawal of leakage current when the grounded conductive object contacts the phase conductor.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In a properly designed system, the appearance of a leakage current leads to the immediate operation of protective devices (protective shutdown devices - RCDs).


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In systems with solidly grounded neutral, the fuse is initiated when the phase potential hits the grounded surface.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Thus, grounding is most effective only in combination with the use of protective shutdown devices.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In this case, for most insulation failures, the potential on grounded objects will not exceed safe values.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Moreover, the faulty section of the network will be disconnected within a very short time (tenths... hundredths of a second is the time of the RCD operation).


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Grounding operation in case of electrical equipment malfunctions


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

A typical case of electrical equipment malfunction is the phase voltage entering the metal case of the device due to insulation failure [3].


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

(It should be noted that modern electrical appliances that have a pulsed secondary power supply and are equipped with a three-pole plug, such as a PC system unit, in the absence of grounding have dangerous potential on the hull, even when they are fully operational. [4]) Depending on what protective measures are implemented, the following options are possible:


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The case is not grounded, there is no RCD (the most dangerous option).


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The body of the device will be under phase potential and this will not be detected in any way.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Touching such a faulty device can be deadly.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The case is grounded, there is no RCD.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

If the leakage current along the phase-housing-earthing circuit is large enough (exceeds the threshold of operation of the fuse protecting this circuit), the fuse will operate and disconnect the circuit.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The highest effective voltage (relative to ground) on the grounded housing will be UMAX = RG·if, where RG is the resistance of the earthing switch, IF is the current at which the fuse protecting this circuit is triggered.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

This option is not safe enough, since with a high resistance of the earthing switch and large fuse ratings, the potential on the grounded conductor can reach quite significant values.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

For example, with an earthing resistance of 4 ohms and a 25 A fuse, the potential can reach 100 volts.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The case is not grounded, the RCD is installed.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The body of the instrument will be under phase potential and this will not be detected until there is a path for the leakage current to pass through.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In the worst case, the leak will occur through the body of a person who simultaneously touches a faulty device and an object that has a natural ground.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The RCD disconnects the network section with a malfunction as soon as a leak occurs.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

A person will receive only a short-term electric shock (0.01... 0.3 s is the operation time of the RCD), which, as a rule, does not cause harm to health.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The housing is grounded, the RCD is installed.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

This is the safest option, as the two protective measures complement each other.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

When the phase voltage hits the grounded conductor, the current flows from the phase conductor through the insulation failure to the grounding conductor and further into the ground.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The RCD immediately detects this leak, even if it is very small (usually the sensitivity threshold of the RCD is 10 mA or 30 mA), and quickly (0.01... 0.3 s) disconnects the network section with a malfunction.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In addition, if the leakage current is high enough (exceeds the threshold of the fuse protecting this circuit), the fuse may also be triggered.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Which protective device (RCD or fuse) will disconnect the circuit depends on their speed and leakage current.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Both devices can also be triggered.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

It is also important that only in this case, the failure of one of the two protective devices will not lead to the complete inoperability of the protection system.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Errors in the grounding device


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Examples of errors in the grounding device


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

An example of improper installation: connecting the working zero and the PE conductor on the upper right terminal block.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

A non-conductive plastic insert (R4) prevents current from flowing.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

False alarm of the RCD (F4) when merging zeros behind the separation point.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Why it is extremely dangerous to create a PE conductor right in the plug (plug)


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Wrong PE conductors


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Sometimes water pipes or heating pipes are used as an earthing switch, but they cannot be used as a grounding conductor [5].


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

There may be non-conductive inserts (such as plastic pipes) in the water pipe, the electrical contact between the pipes may be broken due to corrosion, and finally part of the pipeline can be disassembled for repairs.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

There is also a risk of electric shock when it comes into contact with conductive parts of plumbing.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Clean Land


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

A popular belief is that computer and telephone installations require grounding that is separate from the general grounding of the entire building.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

This is completely wrong, because the memory has a non-zero resistance, and, in the case of a short circuit (and even a small leakage that is not detected by automatic leakage) phase-PE on one of the devices, the current and its potential begin to flow through the memory is growing due to memory resistance.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In the case of 2 or more independent memory, this will lead to a potential difference between the PE of different electrical installations, which can create a risk of electric shock to people, as well as block (or even destroy) interface devices without galvanic isolation, which connect 2 parts of the system grounded from independent memory devices.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The right solution is to organize a potential equalization system.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

All of the above also applies to artisanal grounding of the type “we will bury a bucket in the garden and ground one device on it”, which are sometimes arranged in rural areas.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Combining the working zero and PE explorer


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Another common violation is the combination of the working zero and the PE conductor behind their separation point (if any) along the energy distribution.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

[6] Such a violation can lead to the appearance of quite significant currents through the PE conductor (which should not be current-carrying in the normal state), as well as false alarms of the protective device shutdown (if it is installed).


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Wrong PEN conductor separation


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The following method of “creating” a PE conductor is extremely dangerous: a working neutral conductor is detected directly in the outlet and a jumper is placed between it and the PE contact of the outlet.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Thus, the PE conductor of the load connected to this outlet is connected to the operating zero.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

The danger of this scheme is that a phase potential will appear on the grounding contact of the outlet, and therefore on the body of the connected device, if any of the following conditions are met:


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Break (disconnection, burnout, etc.) of the neutral conductor in the area between the outlet and the shield (as well as further, up to the ground point of the PEN conductor);


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Rearrangement of phase and zero (phase instead of zero and vice versa) conductors going to this outlet.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Equipotential bonding system (EMS)


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Since the memory has resistance, and if current flows through it, it is energized, it alone is not enough to protect people from electric shock.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Proper protection is created by organizing an equalization system (EMS), that is, the electrical connection of the PE wiring and all metal parts of the building available for contact (first queue water pipes and heating pipelines).


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In this case, even if the memory is energized, everything is metal and accessible to touch under it, which reduces the risk of electric shock.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

In brick houses of the Soviet period, as a rule, the SUP was not organized, while in panel houses (1970s and later) it was organized by connecting the frame of electrical switchboards (PEN) and water pipes in the basement of the house.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

See also


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Zeroing


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Lightning protection


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Equalizing current


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Phase skew


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Protective shutdown device


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Fuse


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Rules for the installation of electrical installations (PUE)


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Tank truck grounding device


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Isolation transformer


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Static electricity


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Electrical safety


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Electric field


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Electrostatic field


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Electrostatic protection


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Electrostatic potential


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Grounding (cable telecommunications)


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Notes


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Literature


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

IEC 60050-195:1998.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

International Electrotechnical Vocabulary.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Part 195: Earthing and protection against electric shock.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Edition 1.0.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

— Geneva: IEC, 1998-08.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

IEC 60364-1:2005.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Low-voltage electrical installations.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Part 1: Fundamental principles, assessment of general characteristics, definitions.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Edition 1.0.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

— Geneva: IEC, 2005‑11.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

IEC 60364- 4-41:2005.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Low-voltage electrical installations.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Part 4-41: Protection for safety.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Protection against electric shock.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Edition 5.0.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

— Geneva: IEC, 2005-12.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

IEC 61140:2016.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Protection against electric shock.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Common aspects for installation and equipment.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Edition 4.0.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

— Geneva: IEC, 2016-01.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

GOST R IEC 60050-195-2005.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Grounding and protection against electric shock.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Terms and definitions.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

GOST 30331.1—2013 (IEC 60364-1:2005).


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Low-voltage electrical installations.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

H 1.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Main provisions, assessment of general characteristics, terms and definitions.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

GOST R 50571.3-2009 (IEC 60364- 4-41:2005).


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Low-voltage electrical installations.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

H. 4-41.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Safety requirements.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Protection against electric shock.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

GOST IEC 61140—2012.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Protection against electric shock.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

General safety provisions for plants and equipment.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Kharechko Yu.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

IN.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Fundamentals of grounding electrical networks and electrical installations of buildings.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

6th ed.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

, Rev.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

and add.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

— M.: PTF MIEE, 2012.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

— 304 p.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

IEC 60364- 5-54:2011.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Low-voltage electrical installations.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Part 5-54: Selection and erection of electrical equipment.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Earthing arrangements and protective conductors.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Edition 3.0.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

— Geneva: IEC, 2011-03.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

GOST R 50571.5.54—2013/IEC 60364-5-54:2011.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Low-voltage electrical installations.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

H. 5-54.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Selection and installation of electrical equipment.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Grounding devices, protective conductors and equipotential bonding conductors.


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

References


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Category:Electrical engineering


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Category:Electronics


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Category:Lightning protection


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Category:Electric power industry


Question: How do you denote grounding in a computer text?

Grounding

Category:Electrical Safety


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Troy (Greek: Troia, Troia), or Greek: Lion, is an ancient walled city in Asia Minor on the Troada Peninsula off the coast of the Aegean Sea, on the shore of a lagoon at the entrance to the Dardanelles.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The Trojan War is glorified in the poem “The Iliad”, the author of which Homer is considered to be the author.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The events described by Homer, in the current view of historians, belong to the Creto-Mycenaean era.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The people who inhabited Troy in ancient Greek sources are called Tevkras [1].


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The ruins of Troy discovered in the late 1860s. Heinrich Schliemann during the excavations of the Gissarlyk hill (7 km from the modern coast), has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1998.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Gissarlyk is located in the modern Turkish province of Canakkale.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Presumably, it is Ilion that is called Vilus in the Hittite sources (Hitt. Uruwi-lu-ša).


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The closest settlements to Three in ancient times were called Dardania and Scamander.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Name


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The name “Ilion” goes back to the founder of the city of Ilu, son of Tros.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

In turn, Tros called the country by his name “Troy”.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The name “Troy” appears in the Hittite cuneiform tablets of the Bogazkoy Archive as Taruisha.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The Egyptian stele of the times of Ramses III mentions his victory over the sea people “Tursha”.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

This name is often compared with the people “Teresh”, mentioned a little earlier on the famous Merneptah stele.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

There is no consensus in the scientific world about whether these aliens were Trojans.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Names with this root are found in Mycenaean texts [2], for example, the commander of the to-ro-o detachment [3].


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Previously, it was suggested that the terms “Troy” and “Ilion” could refer to different cities of the same ancient state, or one of these terms could denote the capital, and the other - the state itself, and “merged” into one term only in the “Iliad” (according to Gindin and Tsymbursky, Troy is the designation of the country, and Ilion is the city [4]).


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

This point of view is not without foundation, since the Iliad, in turn, highlights fragments with parallel plots, that is, perhaps, going back to different retelling of the same plot; to In addition, the Iliad appeared many centuries after the events of the Trojan War, when many details could be forgotten.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Troy excavations


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Among modern Heinrich Schliemann historians, the hypothesis was spread that Troy was located on the site of the village of Bunarbashi.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The identity of Gissarlyk hill with Homeric Troy was suggested in 1822. Charles McLaren.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Frank Calvert, who began excavations in Gissarlyk 7 years before Schliemann, was a supporter of his ideas.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Ironically, the section of Gissarlyk hill, which belonged to Calvert, was away from Homer's Troy.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Heinrich Schliemann, who was familiar with Calvert, began a purposeful study of the second half of the Hissarlyk Hill at the end of the 19th century.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Most of Schliemann's findings after World War II were exported from Germany to the USSR (see captured art).


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Priam's famous treasure was considered lost for decades.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

It was only in the 1990s that it became clear that the artifacts discovered by Schliemann were kept in the Pushkin Museum and in the State Hermitage.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Subsequent archaeologists discovered traces of nine settlement fortresses in Gissarlyk that existed in different eras.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The first of the settlements found in Hissarlyk (the so-called Troy I) was a fortress with a diameter of less than 100 and, obviously, existed for a long period.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The seventh layer belongs to the era described in the Iliad.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

During this period, Troy was a vast settlement (with an area of more than 200), surrounded by strong walls with nine-meter towers.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

After Schliemann, Wilhelm Dörpfeld, Karl Blegen and Manfred Korfmann excavated in Gissarlyk, who discovered the remains of the lower city around the hill.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Major excavations in 1988 showed that the population of the city in the Homer era ranged from six to ten thousand inhabitants — at that time, a very impressive number.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

According to the Korfman expedition, the area of the lower city was about 170, the citadels - 23 [5] (which is 15 times more than the figures cited by Korfman's predecessors).


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

To attract tourists, a full-size model of the Trojan Horse was erected on the territory of the archaeological zone in the 1970s.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Those interested can get inside for a fee.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The nine main layers of ancient Troy


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Ancient Ilion stood on the shore of a shallow lagoon and controlled the crossing between Europe and Asia in one of the most convenient places for this, as well as the entrance to the Marmara and Black Seas.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

When the lagoon was silted, this role passed to the northern city of Byzantium (aka Constantinople).


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Gissarlyk Hill, located 5 km from the modern coast, contains the remains of at least nine successive settlements [6]:


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Kumtepe or Troy 0 was a Neolithic settlement that existed in the vicinity of Troy.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Troy I (3000—2600 BC): The first Trojan settlement, 100 m in diameter, was built up with very primitive clay brick dwellings.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

According to the traces left, it died in the fire.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Ceramics are similar to those of the Ezero culture in Bulgaria [7].


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

D. Anthony connects it with the first wave of Indo-European settlement of Anatolia (ancestors of the Hittites, Luvians, etc.).


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Troy II (2600—2300 BC): The next settlement was extremely developed and rich for its time.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

It was protected by powerful walls (limestone below, adobe on top) 5 m high and 4 m wide, as well as a wooden fence [8].


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

In 1873, the German archaeologist Schliemann discovered in this layer the famous Trojan treasure, which consisted of numerous weapons, copper trinkets, parts of precious jewelry, golden vessels, grave plates of the prehistoric and early historical period.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

In the 3rd millennium BC


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

this highly developed culture was also destroyed by fire.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Troy III—IV—V (2300—1900 BC): These layers testify to a period of decline in the history of the ancient city.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Troy VI (1900—1300 BC): The upper city increased in diameter to 200 meters, the lower city to 400 meters; the height of the walls reached 10 meters [8].


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The lower city was surrounded by a moat 4 m wide and 2 m deep. Traces of water supply were found.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The settlement was the victim of a strong earthquake in 1300 BC. e.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Troy VII-A (1300—1200 BC): The famous Trojan War probably dates back to this period.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The war put an end to the settlement: unburied corpses, slinger projectiles, Aegean arrowheads were found on the streets of the lower city.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Troy VII-B (1200—900 BC): The dilapidated Troy was captured by the Phrygians.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Troy VIII (900—350 BC): At this time, the city was inhabited by the Alean Greeks.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Numerous sights reminiscent of the heroes of the Trojan War attracted travelers to Troy.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Among them is King Xerxes, who sacrificed more than 1,000 cattle here.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Troy IX (350 BC — 400 AD): A fairly large center of the Hellenistic era.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The Romans, who considered themselves descendants of the Trojans, spared no expense to maintain the shrines of the city in exemplary condition.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Reconstruction of the citaDelGissarlyk excavation plan in section


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Language and writing


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The question of the language of Hector and Priam has been of interest to scholars since antiquity.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

At the same time, written monuments were not found in the layers of Gissarlyk, dating back to the Bronze Age, for a long time.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

It is known from Hittite sources that wooden, not clay tablets were used for writing in Vilus [8].


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Such writing media do not differ in durability and inevitably die in fires.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

In the mid-1980s. N. N. Kazansky published several fragments of clay vessels from Troy with incomprehensible signs resembling the Cretan script: he called these signs a Trojan letter.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

According to most experts, these are not inscriptions, but only an imitation of writing.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

In 1995, a seal with Luvian hieroglyphs was discovered in the layers of Troy VII [9].


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Combined with recent evidence that Priam and other Trojan heroes are likely to be of Luvian origin, there is an increasing belief in the scientific world that ancient Trojans spoke the Luvian dialect.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

A 2004 monograph published by Oxford University concludes that Luvian was the official language of Homeric Troy.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The question of the everyday language of the Trojans is still open.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Despite this, Troy was under strong Hellenic influence, many noble Trojans simultaneously bore local and Greek names (for example, Paris was simultaneously named Alexander).


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

The fact that the Greek names of the Trojans are not Homer's invention is confirmed by Hittite inscriptions mentioning Alaksandu (i.e. Alexander) and other rulers of Taruisa (Vilusa).


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

See also


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Trojan war


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Trojan horse


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Priam's Treasure


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Notes


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Literature


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Ivik O. Troy.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Five thousand years of reality and myth.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

M., 2017.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Gindin L. A. Population of Homeric Troy, 1993.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Gindin L. A., Tsymbursky V. L. Homer and the history of the Eastern Mediterranean.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

M., 1996.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Blegen K. Troy and the Trojans.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

M., 2002.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Schliemann G. Ilion.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

A city and country of Trojans.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

M., 2009, vol. I-II.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Schliemann G. Troy.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

M., 2010.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Troy's treasures.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

From Heinrich Schliemann's excavations.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

M., 2007.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

History of the Ancient East, Part 2.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

M., 1988.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Stone Irving, Greek treasure.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

A biographical novel about Heinrich and Sophia Shliman, 1975


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

References


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

in the Annales library.


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Category:Ancient cities of Asia Minor


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Category:Archaeological sites in Turkey


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Category:World Heritage Sites in Turkey


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Category:Ancient Asia Minor


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Category:Destroyed cities


Question: What did the Greeks call the ancient city?

Troy

Category:National Parks of Turkey


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

The Tour de France [1] (several; French: Le Tour de France) is a multi-day road cycling race, one of three grand tours.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

The most famous and prestigious bicycle race in the world, held in France for more than a hundred years [2].


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

The unofficial name is “Big Loop”.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

History


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

The Tour de France was originally established as an advertising project for the newspaper L'Auto (the ancestor of the current L'Équipe), its editor and co-founder, Henri Desgrange, and was called compete with the Paris-Brest-Paris cycling race (sponsored by Le Petit Journal) and the Bordeaux-Paris cycling race.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

The idea of creating the French loop belongs to L'Auto journalist Géo Lefèvre, with whom Henri Desgrange dined at Café de Madrid in Paris on November 20, 1902 (exact date).


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

The success of the Le Tour de France race was also a great success for L'Auto, whose number of subscribers grew in 1903 from 25,000 (before Tours) to 65,000 after the Tours; in 1908, the newspaper's subscribers exceeded 250,000, and during the Tour de France in 1923, the newspaper sold 500,000 copies a day.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

The newspaper reached a record circulation during the Tour de France of 1933 — 854,000 copies per day.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

Today, the Tour is organized by the Tour de France Society, a branch of the Amaury Sport Organization (ASO), which is part of a media holding that includes the newspaper L'Équipe.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

The tour, which takes place in France and neighboring countries, takes place annually for three weeks in July.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

It was only during the First War (1915—1918) and World War II (1940—1946) that the tour was canceled.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

The cycling race is conducted by Amaury Sport Organization (ASO), which also holds the Dakar Rally.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

Race principles


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

The Tour de France consists of 21 stages.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

Each stage lasts one day.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

Each rider must complete a stage in order for their time to be registered and accumulated.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

The total length of the race is between 3000 and 4000 km (the track and the length of the stages change every year).


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

The longest race took place in 1926 with 5,745 km [3].


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

General classification is the ranking of riders according to the accumulated time.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

The winner of the entire Tour is the rider whose total time (that is, the sum of times of all stages) is the smallest among all participants.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

It is possible to win the entire Tour without winning a single stage (Greg Lemond did it in 1990 and Chris Froome in 2017).


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

Winning the Tour stage is considered a great achievement of the cyclist, regardless of his final position in the general classification.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

In addition to the time test, there are other nominations:


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

best sprinter;


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

the best mountain racer;


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

the best young racer.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de france

Leaders in these nominations compete in certain colored T-shirts, which will be described below.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Classifications


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

General classification


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The yellow jersey symbolizes the leader of the Tour de France.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The yellow jersey is worn by the Time Tour leader and is the most expensive among all prize T-shirts.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The color of the leader's yellow jersey was originally associated with the newspaper that sponsored the Tour (the newspaper had yellow pages).


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The winners of the yellow jersey at the end of the race are the winners of the Tour de France


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1903 — M. Garen


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1904 — A. Cornet


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1905 — L. Trussel


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1906 — R. Pottier


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1907 — L. Petit-Breton


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1908 — L. Petit-Breton


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1909 — F. Faber


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1910 — FR. Lapiz


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1911 — G. Garrigo


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1912 — FR. Defre


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1913 — F. Tees


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1914 — F. Tees


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1919 — F. Lambo


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1920 — F. Tees


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1921 — L. Sierre


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1922 — F. Lambo


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1923 — A. Pelissier


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1924 — FR. Bottekchia


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1925 — FR. Bottekchia


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1926 — L. Busse


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1927 — N. Franz


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1928 — N. Franz


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1929 — M. de Valais


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1930 — A. Leduc


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1931 — A. Mane


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1932 — A. Leduc


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1933 — G. Speicher


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1934 — A. Mane


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1935 — P. Mac


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1936 — P. Mac


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1937 — P. Lapebi


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1938 — D. Bartali


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1939 — P. Mac


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1947 — W. Robich


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1948 — D. Bartali


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1949 — F. Coppy


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1950 — F. Kubler


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1951 — X.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Coble


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1952 — F. Coppy


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1953 — L. Bob


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1954 — L. Bob


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1955 — L. Bob


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1956 — P. Valkowiak


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1957 — W. Anquetil


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1958 — SH.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Gol


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1959 — F. Baamontes


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1960 — G. Nenchini


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1961 — W. Anquetil


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1962 — W. Anquetil


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1963 — W. Anquetil


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1964 — W. Anquetil


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1965 — F. Gimondi


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1966 — L. Aymar


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1967 — P. Pinzhon


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1968 I AM.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Janssen


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1969 — E.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Merckx


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1970 — E.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Merckx


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1971 — E.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Merckx


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1972 — E.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Merckx


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1973 — L. Okana


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1974 — E.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Merckx


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1975 — B.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Thevene


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1976 — L. Van Imp


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1977 — B.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Thevene


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1978 — B.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Ino


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1979 — B.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Ino


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1980 — TH.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Zotemelk


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1981 — B.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Ino


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1982 — B.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Ino


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1983 — L. Fignon


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1984 — L. Fignon


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1985 — B.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Ino


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1986 — G. Lemond


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1987 — P. Roch


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1988 — P. Delgado


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1989 — G. Lemond


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1990 — Y. Lemond


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1991 — M. Indurain


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1992 — M. Indurain


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1993 — M. Indurain


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1994 — M. Indurain


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1995 — M. Indurain


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1996 — B.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Riis


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1997 — ME.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Ulrich


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1998 — M. Pantani


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

1999 — L. Armstrong [4]


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2000 — L. Armstrong [4]


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2001 — L. Armstrong [4]


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2002 — L. Armstrong [4]


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2003 — L. Armstrong [4]


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2004 — L. Armstrong [4]


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2005 — L. Armstrong [4]


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2006 — FR. Pereiro


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2007 — A. Contador


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2008 — K. Sastre


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2009 — A. Contador


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2010 — A. Schleck


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2011 — K. Evans


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2012 — B.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Wiggins


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2013 — K. Frome


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2014 — C. Nibali


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2015 — K. Frome


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2016 — K. Frome


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2017 — K. Frome


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

2018 — G. Tomas


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Spectacle classification


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

French: Classement par points has been played as part of the Tour de France since 1953.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The winner is determined by the sum of points scored at the finishes of the stages and at the intermediate finishes.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

This is considered to be a sprinter competition.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The classification leader wears a green jersey (French: Maillot vert), which has become a metonym for spectacle classifications.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Mountain classification


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

French: Grand Prix de la montagne has been played as part of the Tour de France since 1933.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The winner is determined by the sum of points scored at mountain finishes and is called the “mountain king”.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The leader of the classification wears a white T-shirt with red polka dots called simply a pea tank top (French: maillot blanc à pois rouges.), which appeared in 1975.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Youth classification


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

French: Classement du meilleur jeune has been played as part of the Tour de France since 1975.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The classification is calculated in a similar way to the general one [5], currently taking into account the results of riders under the age of 25 as of January 1 of the year in which the race is held.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The classification leader wears a white shirt (French: Maillot Blanc).


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Most Aggressive Racer Award


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

French: Prix de la combativité has been played as part of the Tour de France since 1952.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

It is awarded to the most aggressive racer who has shown the greatest morale and team, attacking style, courage, courage.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The winner of the previous stage and the entire classification receives a red number (French: dossard rouge).


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Team classification


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

French: Classement d'équipes has been played as part of the Tour de France since 1930.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The winner was determined by the sum of the three best times of the team members shown at each stage.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The classification leader receives a yellow number (French: dossard jaune) and a yellow helmet.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Combined classification


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

French: Classement du combiné was played as part of the Tour de France from 1968 to 1989.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The winner was determined by the sum of places occupied in the general, mountain and sprint classifications.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The leader of the classification wore a combined T-shirt (French: maillot du combiné).


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Intermediate sprints classification


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

French: Classement des sprints intermédiaires was played as part of the Tour de France from 1971 to 1989.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The winner was determined by the sum of points scored at intermediate finishes.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The leader of the classification wore a red French: Maillot rouge T-shirt).


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Cash awards


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Since 2007, the following cash prizes have been in place:


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

€450,000 gets the winner of the race.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Owners of green and pea T-shirts (best sprinter and best in mountain stages) receive €25,000 each


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

€20,000 for the best young athlete at the end of the race.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

€8000 — rewards for the winners of each stage.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

€800 is a prize for the winner of the interim sprint.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

€350 — daily award for the owner of the yellow jersey.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

€300 — daily award for holders of green, white and pea T-shirts.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

€20,000 is an award for the super aggressive racer of the entire loop.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

€2000 is a daily award for the most aggressive racer.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Traditionally, the winnings are divided equally among all team members [3].


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Tour de France owners and directors


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

From 1903 to 1939, the Tour de France was organized by the sports newspaper L'Auto, whose editor-in-chief Henri Degrange became the first director of the race.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

After the war, Count Albert de Dion sold his stake in L'Auto to Victor Goddé, the financial administrator of the Tour de France in his early years.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

After the latter's death in 1926, his eldest son Maurice Goddé became the main shareholder of the newspaper, while Henri Desgrange remained the director of the Tour.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

He takes Jacques Goddé, Victor's second son, under his wing, who, after his first Tour in 1928, entered the newspaper L'Auto to participate in the organization of the race.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

After the liberation of France, L'Auto is prohibited from leaving, and all its assets, including the Tour de France, are sequestered by the state.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The race was sold to Parc des Princes under the control of Jacques Goddé, who succeeded with Desgrange at the head of L'Auto.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

He entrusted the organization of the Tour with new daily newspapers, the sports L'Équipe and the public Le Parisien.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

He remained at the head of the Tour de France until 1987.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

From 1962 to 1987, his assistant was Felix Levitan, head of the sports department of Le Parisien.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

In 1965, Éditions Philippe Amaury, owners of Le Parisien, bought L'Équipe.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Thus, this publishing house became the owner of the Tour de France, still organized by L'Équipe and Le Parisien, until 1973.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

In 1973, the Tour was entrusted to a subsidiary of the publisher.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

In 1993, it became a subsidiary of the Amaury Sport Organization, a subsidiary of the Amaury Group, specializing in organizing sporting events.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

The Société du Tour de France then teamed up with ASO to become a bicycle division.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

After a brief leadership of the race by Jean-François Nacket-Radiguet (1987) and Jean-Pierre Courcoll (1988), Jean-Marie Leblanc became director of the race in 1989.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

In 2007, he is replaced by Christian Prudomme.


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Henri Desgrange


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Jacques Goddé


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Felix Levitan


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Jean-Marie Leblanc


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Christian Prudhomme


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Notes


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

References


Question: When did the first Tour de France race take place?

Tour de France

Category:Cycling in France


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Gay parade (English: Gay parade); also Gay Pride Parade (English: Gay pride parade), Pride Parade (English: Pride Parade) is an action that mainly takes the form procession, the task of which is to show (come out) lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender (LGBT) people and other LGBT people, promote tolerance towards them, protect human rights and civil equality regardless of sexual orientation and gender identity [1] (including the exercise of the rights of LGBT people to freedom of assembly and expression), the manifestation of a sense of one's own dignity, diversity and unity of the LGBT community [2] [3] [4] [5] [6].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Gay parades take place in more than 50 countries around the world on all continents, including such traditionally religious and conservative countries as Turkey, Lebanon, China, India, Venezuela, Colombia and others.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Depending on the specific situation, the gay parade can be in the nature of a carnival or a human rights demonstration [7] [8].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The term gay in the name is part of an established expression: it is used in this case not only in relation to gays, but in a broad sense refers to all members of the LGBT community.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In most countries, the gay parade is an integral and perhaps the most significant part of a larger event — “gay pride” or simply “pride” (English: Pride Event) [3] [4] [5], held in various forms: for example, festivals, fairs, picnics and so on.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Such events traditionally take place in the summer (most often in June) in memory of the Stonewall riots, during which thousands of gays and lesbians resisted police repression, and this speech has become one of the symbols of the struggle of sexual minorities for civil rights [3] [4] [5].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

History


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the first movement was formed in Germany, which held events similar in meaning to modern gay pride actions, led by Magnus Hirschfeld.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

At that time (from May 15, 1871 to June 11, 1994), the German Criminal Code contained Section 175, which provided for penalties for sexual acts between males.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Paragraph 175 was most intensively used in Nazi Germany (see para. Homosexuality in the Third Reich) [room 1] [9].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

A total of 140,000 men have been convicted under this section.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In a version of May 15, 1871, the law stated that “unnatural adultery between males or a person with an animal is punishable by imprisonment with possible deprivation of civil rights” .


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Magnus Hirschfeld, influenced by the work of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, founded the Scientific and Humanitarian Committee on May 15, 1897, the first organization to advocate for gay rights [10].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The task of this Committee was to work for the repeal of Paragraph 175, as well as the elimination of prejudices against homosexuality and homosexuals.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The movement's mood to fight for the rights of homosexuals is clearly expressed in the appeal published in 1921 by the Scientific Humanitarian Committee.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In particular, it said, “Homosexuals! You can achieve a fair attitude towards yourself only through your own efforts. The freedom to be homosexual can only be won back by gays themselves.”


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In 1903, Hirschfeld distributed a petition for equal rights for gays.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Albert Einstein was the first to sign the petition, and Leo Tolstoy, Emil Zola, Hermann Hesse and Thomas Mann were also among the signatories [11].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The organizer of the first public actions for the rights of homosexuals in the United States was the homophilic Society of Mattachine Washington.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The founder of the Society, Frank Kameni, was accused of homosexuality and shamefully dismissed from the US Army.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

He filed a lawsuit demanding to reinstate it, but lost the case.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Kameni for the first time openly stated that homosexuals are no different from heterosexuals [12].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Its main goal was to remove homosexuality from the list of mental illnesses.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In 1965, inspired by the gay and lesbian rights movement [13], Kameni first organized a series of anti-discrimination pickets in front of the White House, as well as other government buildings.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

By the end of the 1960s, the frequency of such pickets was increasing [13].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

On July 4, 1969, the homophile Mattachine Society organized an annual picket in front of Independence Hall in Philadelphia.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Picket organizers Craig Rodwell, Frank Kameni, Randy Wicker, Barbara Jittings and Kay Lawsen took a bus from New York to Philadelphia.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Since 1965, pickets have been decent: women wore skirts, men wore suits and ties.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The events were very calm [12].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

However, this time, strict rules were broken when two girls suddenly joined hands.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Kameni, frightened by the negative reaction of the audience, spread them in different directions with the words: “Nothing like this! Nothing like that!”


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

However, after that, about ten couples joined hands.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

These actions attracted a lot of attention from the press, which was not the case before [14] [15].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Lilly Vincenta, a participant of the picket, recalled: “It was clear that everything was changing. People who felt depressed now feel quite free” [14].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

After this picket, Rodwell returned to New York with the intention of changing the previous order of things.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

One of the next steps was the planning of “Christopher Street Liberation Day” (English: Christopher Street Liberation Day) [15].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Three years earlier, in August 1966, an incident occurred in San Francisco that went down in history as the “Compton's Cafeteria Riot” (English: Compton's Cafeteria Riot).


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

This was one of the first recorded transgender riots in the history of the United States.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The rioters were arrested, and the owner of the cafe forbade transgender people to cross the threshold of his establishments.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The next night, friends of the arrested organized a protest picket near the cafe.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

They were joined by belligerent hustlers, members of the gay youth organization Vanguard, and a group of lesbians from Street Orphans [16].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The picket ended with a mass pogrom [16].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

It is believed that this incident preceded the wave of riots that led to the Stonewall riots in June 1969 [17].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The Stonewall riots, which began on the night of June 28, 1969 at the Stonewall Inn gay bar in New York, were a series of riots and spontaneous demonstrations against a police raid when LGBT - communities have resisted the State's legitimized system of persecuting sexual minorities.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The riots have led to such significant social changes that they are considered a historic milestone.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

They were a defining event that marked the beginning of a massive movement for the observance of human rights against LGBT people in the United States and around the world.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

According to historian David Carter, this “was for the gay movement what the fall of the Bastille was for the start of the French Revolution” [18].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In November 1969, at a conference of LGBT activists, Craig Rodwell proposed celebrating the anniversary of the Stonewall riots annually with mass demonstrations.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

He defined the purpose of the marches as the dissemination of the ideas of the struggle of homosexuals for civil rights, in particular, for “the fundamental right of a person to travel in time and space.”


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Craig suggested calling the marches “English: Christopher Street Liberation Day” and held throughout the country on the last Saturday of June.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

At the same time, he urged the protesters not to be ashamed of their appearance and lifestyle.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In 1970, on the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots, several hundred demonstrators took to Christopher Street.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

This action is considered the first gay parade.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Its participants protested against criminal prosecution for homosexual acts and against laws that allow discrimination against gays and lesbians in employment and housing, called for homosexuals to be open.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The demonstrators carried posters and shouted slogans: “My life is My rules”, “Better obvious than hidden!” , “What do we want? Gay liberations! When we want it! Right now!” , “Say it loud: Gay is proud!” , “Out of the closet to the street!” [6].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

According to one of the founders of the Gay Liberation Front, the march was “an affirmation and declaration of our new pride.”


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

This demonstration was repeated the following year and later became the annual New York gay parade [4] [5].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

In the summer of 1970, similar performances also took place in other American cities: Chicago, Los Angeles [19], San Francisco [20], Atlanta [21] and Toronto, Canada [6] [22].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Gradually, in the wake of the intensively growing gay and lesbian civil rights movement, the anniversary of the Stonewall riots began to be celebrated throughout the United States and Canada [5].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The first gay parades were often small and caused protests from conservatives, and their holding was hampered by the authorities [4] [6].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

However, as society recognized the rights of the LGBT community in the context of general civil equality, gay parades lost their confrontational nature [23].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The tradition of holding gay parades has come to Europe.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The first demonstration took place in London in 1970 [24], in Paris in 1971 [25], in Berlin in 1979 [26], in Dublin in 1983 [27].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Over time, gay parades have been held in almost all countries in the Americas, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, South Africa, as well as in a number of Asian countries (for example, Turkey, Israel, Thailand , India, Japan, China) [5].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The largest political march in the modern history of the LGBT community took place on April 15, 1993 in Washington.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation (English: March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation), according to various sources, gathered from 300,000 to 1,000,000 people [28].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

During the rally, many events were organized in Washington, D.C., including art exhibitions, political and public seminars, and religious services [29].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Judith Light, Melissa Etheridge, Roo Paul, Martina Navratilova, Ian McKellen, Ertha Kitt, and others [30] [31] [32] [33] spoke at the rally after the march.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

During the march, the organizers outlined several basic requirements, including equating members of the LGBT community in civil rights with heterosexuals, ending discrimination and cruel suppression based on actual or perceived sexual orientation, race, religion, gender and gender identity, disability, age, class, HIV/ AIDS [34].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Meaning and forms of events


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The concept of “gay pride”


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Of great importance in holding gay parades is the idea of openness and visibility of homosexuals.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The organizers of the actions urge gays and lesbians not to hide their sexual orientation from others, pointing out that people who personally know representatives of the LGBT community are less inclined to homophobia.


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

Participation in the “pride parade” is one of the ways of mass “coming out of the underground” (coming out), which contributes to the development of a tolerant attitude of society [6].


Question: Do bears walk the streets of Moscow?

Gay parade

The vast majority of gay parades are held under the slogan “Gay Pride” (Russian: gay pride, self-esteem of a gay man, transliteration gay pride).