Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It took another year before September 23 [O.S. 1908], the first tram line approached the then Zabalkansky Prospekt.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Actually, they walked no more than 100 meters along the avenue itself: completing the route along the 1st Company (current 1st Krasnoarmeyskaya), starting from the Baltiysky Railway Station, they turned to the avenue only to turn around on the ring in front of the entrance to the Institute of Technology [20].


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It was only in 1909 that it was possible to displace the horse from the avenue along its entire length within the city limits.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

At the first stage, on February 10 [OS 1909], the cars went from Sennaya Square to the newly built Moscow Tram Fleet (later Tram Fleet No. 1 named after I. AND. Konyashina).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

This park still operates at 83 Moskovsky Prospect.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

After 11 days, on February 8 [O.S. 1909], the trams were able to go further south.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

After passing the Moscow Gate across the bridge over the then existing Ligovsky Canal, trams reached the very edge of the city limits, turning around on Roschinskaya Street before crossing with the Putilovskaya branch railroad.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

At various times, trams ran along the entire length of the avenue.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

As of March 2017, tram tracks exist only on the Trampark No. 1 — Aviatsionnaya Street sections, the line is laid on a dedicated track (routes: No. 29, 43, 45) and Zagorodny Prospekt — 1st Krasnoarmeyskaya Street” (route: No. 16).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Subway


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Along the avenue there is the 2nd (Moskovsko-Petrogradskaya) metro line with 7 stations, of which two are interchange stations:


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Sennaya Ploshchad is located at the Spasskaya station of Line 4 and Sadovaya Station on Line 5.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

“Technological Institute” — to the station of the same name on the 1st line.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Trolleybuses


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Trolleybuses also ran almost along the entire length of the avenue — from Sennaya Square to Tipanova Street.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

As of 2017, trolleybus service operates only on the Tekhnologichesky Institut — Kuznetsovskaya Ulitsa metro section.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Routes No. 15, 17, 24, 26, 44 + 36, 39 on a short section from Blagodatnaya Street to ul. Reshetnikov (one way).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

busses


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The bus service operates along the entire length of the avenue.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

At the same time, none of the routes passes the entire avenue, the longest route No. 50 runs on the section from Sennaya Square to Tipanova Street.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Also, bus routes No. 3, 26, 29, 62, 64, 64a run along the avenue, as well as 12, 95, 159 on a small section from Roschinskaya Street to ul. Reshetnikov (back: Blagodatnaya Street), routes 39, 187 on the section from Sq.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Victory to Aviatsionnaya Street. (back: st. Tipanova) and routes No. 11, 13, 13a, 39e, 59, 90, 141, 150, 301 on the section from the street. Tipanova/Leninsky Ave to pl.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Pobedy.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Modern vehicles


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The avenue is a busy transport artery of the city despite the fact that the movement of trucks along the avenue is prohibited.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The following measures are being taken to improve the transport situation:


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

availability of backup streets:


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

To the east of the avenue there is an understudy — Vitebsky Prospekt.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

To the west of the avenue there is another backup — Mitrofanevskoye Shosse.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It was opened after reconstruction for through traffic on October 10, 2007.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Notes


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Literature


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

References


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Category:Streets named after Joseph Stalin


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Coordinates:


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The Library of Alexandria (Ancient Greek: Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Latin: Bibliotheca Alexandrina) was one of the largest libraries of antiquity that existed in ancient Alexandria under Alexandria museion in the 3rd century BC


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

— 4th century AD


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Throughout the 3rd century BC. e.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

the head of the library was traditionally at the same time the tutor of the heir to the throne [1].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

After the Roman conquest of Egypt, the library retained its high importance for the new administration; at least until the beginning of the 3rd century AD.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

, its employees had the privileges of the Ptolemaic era.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Alexandria maintained its status as an intellectual and educational center back in the 5th century.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Actually, there were two library collections: the main one, located in the royal palace in the Brucheion quarter (it was damaged during the war of Julius Caesar in 48 BC), and an auxiliary one, in the Temple of Serapis ( Serapeum), where publicly available funds and educational literature were stored.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The main fund of the library ceased to exist during the hostilities of 273 - Emperor Aurelian completely destroyed Brucheion.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Since the XVIII century, there has been a version that part of the library kept in the Serapeum was destroyed during the clashes of 391 between Christians and pagans, but it is not unequivocally confirmed ancient sources.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

According to legend, the destruction of library collections was completed during the Arab conquest in the first half of the 7th century.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Almost all information about the contents and structure of the Library of Alexandria is contained in scattered ancient sources, which strongly contradict each other.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Not a single text that came directly from the library is known; archaeologists have great difficulty identifying its location.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Ancient sources.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Terminology


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The Library of Alexandria is poorly represented in sources, which mostly date back to the Roman era, when the principles of functioning and acquisition of the library changed [2] [3].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The oldest source containing information about the library is the Letter of Aristeus, which now dates back to the 2nd or 1st century BC.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Fragmentary information is contained in Strabo's Geography, the works of Seneca, Plutarch and Suetonius.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Some anecdotal information is presented in the works of the physician of the II century Galen, as well as Atheneus, and a number of other authors.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

A number of important information is presented in the scholies of the Byzantine scientist of the 12th century John Cetses, but the sources of his information are unknown [4].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In ancient sources, the Library of Alexandria was named differently.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Quite often it is simply referred to as the “Great Library” (Ancient Greek: miğlaη bibiblioqqη), the “royal library”, the “library of Museion”, etc. [5]


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Foundation of the library


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The Library of Alexandria was probably founded on the initiative of King Ptolemy I Soter [6], as follows from Plutarch's Morals (Non posse suaviter vivi, 13, 3).


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Apparently, the meetings at the schools of Plato and Aristotle were a model for the creation of the Library of Alexandria as a state scientific and educational institution.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

When Plato moved the school from Academy's grove to his own home, he founded Museyon, the temple of the muses; Theophrastus built special auditoriums and a library building for the peripatetic school [1].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Peripatetics Demetrius Falersky and possibly Straton of Lampsak took part in the foundation of the Library of Alexandria, but Demetrius could not appear in Alexandria before 297 BC.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

By its appearance, the basis of the library had already been formed, in any case, Epiphany of Cyprus reported that once Ptolemy Philadelphus asked Demetrius how many books were collected in the library.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

He replied that 54,800 scrolls had been collected, but much remained to be obtained and copied [1].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The Library of Alexandria was more of an academy than an ordinary collection of books: scientists who were engaged in both research and teaching lived and worked here.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The library had a staff of copyists who rewrote books; a catalog of books was compiled [7].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

An essential feature of the Library of Alexandria was that its funds were mainly replenished on the spot: Alexandria was the main center of papyrus production in antiquity, and the policy of the Ptolemies was aimed at creating a cadre of trained specialists — scribes and grammar-textologists.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Avl Gellius wrote about this for the first time, who also gave the maximum estimate of the size of the library fund — 700,000 scrolls (Attic Nights, VII, 17, 1-3) [1].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The library and the Museum were created at the same time and had to complement each other.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The museum was a cult institution, but the worship of the Muses was practical in nature, in the form of a variety of scientific and literary activities carried out by full-time scientists and writers.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The closest analogue of this activity was the staging of tragedies in Athens of the classical era as an act of cult rituals of the god Dionysus [1].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

According to Athenaeus, the original basis of the library collection was the Aristotle library bought by Ptolemy (I, 3b); however, this fragment can also be interpreted as the fact that the basis of the fund was the writings of Aristotle himself.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Galen reported a characteristic anecdote, according to which all ships visiting the harbor of Alexandria had to give their books and in return receive copies.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Ptolemy III Everget borrowed from Athens a state copy of the works of the Athenian tragedies and returned only copies, losing a huge pledge of 18 talents [1].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The first curator of the library was Zenodotus of Ephesus (until 234 BC), followed by Eratosthenes of Kirensky (from 236 to 195 BC), Aristophanes of Byzantium (185—180 BC), Aristarchus of Samothrace ( to 146 BC).


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Other outstanding scientists of the Hellenistic era also worked in the library, including Euclid, Heron of Alexandria, Archimedes.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Information about this is provided in the Byzantine encyclopedia Suda.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Oxirinh papyrus 1241 provides another list of Alexandrian librarians, but, according to V. Borukhovich, it cannot serve as a basis for resolving the issue of continuity in the management of the library.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Apollonius of Rhodes is named here the teacher of the first king (instead of the third), and Eratosthenes is named the successor of Apollonius, followed by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus [1].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Library holdings


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In 1819, F. Hosann, studying the manuscript of Plautus's comedies of the 15th century, discovered a Latin scholium containing information about the Library of Alexandria, but it was published much later [8].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Its content is as follows:


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

(Tsar) established two libraries, one outside the royal palace and the other in the palace.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The external library contained 42,800 scrolls, and the one in the palace contained 40,000 “mixed scrolls” (Voluminum commixtorum), “simple and divided” (Simplicium autem et digestorum) 90,000, according to Kallimachus, a royal court librarian who also wrote titles for each scroll [1].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The anonymous author of the similarity referred to the Byzantine scientist John Cetses.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

It is noteworthy that Cetses's Greek text about the Library of Alexandria — part of the similarities to Aristophanes — has been preserved in one of the manuscripts from the collection of the Ambrosian Library in Milan.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

There is a different order of numbers:


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The named king Ptolemy Philadelphus... when he collected books from everywhere with the money of the royal treasury to Alexandria, on the advice of Demetrius Falersky and other elders, gave them a place in two libraries.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In the external library, the number of books was 42,800.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Another library, located inside the palace, had 400,000 “mixed” books (Greek: sumiktu), and 90,000 “simple” and “unmixed”, as described by Kallimachus, who was a court king, later after putting them in order [9].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

It is characteristic that modern researchers tend to trust underestimated estimates of the number of works stored in the library [10].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The concept of “simple”, “mixed” and “unmixed” books stored in the library is also controversial.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

According to V. Borukhovich, “simple” books in the tradition of Alexandrian scientists were called medium-sized scrolls, which included one literary work, while “mixed” books were a collection of scrolls tied or enclosed in one box, as if “mixed” with each other — so that it was necessary to look for the required part of the monument among them [1].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The textual work of the library keepers was inseparable from the cataloging of its contents.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Many books were intentionally attributed by their authors to others (so-called “pseudo-epigraphs”) or did not have an author at all.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Authors often bore the same names, and during the correspondence of manuscripts, the texts were distorted, omissions and additions appeared.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Therefore, Alexandrian grammars, who processed the accumulated book collections, faced the task of bringing the copies they edited as close as possible to the author's original [1].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The interests of librarians included not only Greek works, but also oriental ones.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

It was under Museyon that the Septuagint was translated, and the Egyptian priest Manefon wrote History of Egypt in Greek.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

He was also presumably the founder of the Serapeum branch of the library.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Kallimachus from Kirena was the founder of the scientific bibliography.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In the encyclopedia, the Courts attributed 800 books of works to him, primarily the annotated catalog of the Library of Alexandria — “Tables of those who became famous in all sciences and arts, as well as the fact that they composed”, in 120 books.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The name of each writer in the “Tables” was accompanied by a brief biography, which provided information about his teachers and education.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The work has not survived, but references to it suggest that the catalog was compiled by genre, among which epic poets, lyrical poets, playwrights, philosophers, historians were separately singled out, speakers, etc. There is reason to believe that in the dramatic section, each individual play was assigned a number, while poemetric data (number of lines) were indicated, and the first phrase was given literary monument, which contributed to more reliable identification [1].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

According to Athenaeas, Kallimachus's successors continued his work: Aristophanes of Byzantine wrote the work “To the Tables of Kallimachus”, which contained various additions and amendments to the bibliography compiled by Kallimachus ( Athen., IX, 408).


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The loss of the library


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In 48-47 BC. e.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Julius Caesar fought in Egypt, intervening in the dynastic war between Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy XIII Dionysus.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

As a result of the hostilities, a big fire broke out in the city and library, and some of the books burned down.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Ancient authors, describing these events, strongly contradicted each other: according to Seneca (De tranquilitate 9.5), 40,000 books died, while Pavel Orozy (Oros., VI, 15, 3) cited the number of 400,000 books, and Dion Cassius (XLII, 38) claimed that shipyards, warehouses with bread and books (probably intended for shipment to Rome) burned down, but not the library.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Plutarch stated that Mark Anthony replenished the damaged funds at the expense of another largest library in the Hellenistic world, Pergamon, wanting to please Cleopatra [1].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

For about two centuries, the Library of Alexandria existed in a relatively calm atmosphere.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Suetonius's biography of Claudius (42, 2) contains a fragment in which he ordered a new building to be attached to Museyon for rewriting and public reading of the emperor's own works.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

From this, some authors conclude that the decline of the library has already begun [11].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

At the same time, Suetonius reports that after the Roman imperial library was damaged by a fire, Domitian sent specialists to Alexandria to copy and verify the lost texts (” The Life of Twelve Caesars”, “Domitian”, 20).


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

From this, R. Bagnall concluded that in the Roman era, the library lost its religious status and was reoriented to the needs of the education system [12].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In the 2nd century, Emperor Hadrian visited Alexandria and appointed several new members to Museyon.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

There is reason to believe that this policy was continued by his successors Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

However, with the outbreak of the crisis of the Roman Empire, in 216, Emperor Caracalla gave Alexandria to his soldiers for looting, which could also damage the preservation of books.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Under him, the status of curators of the Museum and Library was lowered, and they lost a number of privileges dating back to the era of Alexander the Great [13].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The main library most likely died in 273, when Emperor Aurelian destroyed and burned Brucheion during the capture of Alexandria, suppressing the rebellion of Queen Zenobia; part of the library kept at the temple Serapis, was probably lost later.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The time of the final death of the library is not precisely established [7].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In 391, there were unrest and conflict between pagans and Christians in Alexandria.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

There are various versions of the origin and course of the conflict


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In the end, Patriarch Theophilos of Alexandria received permission from Emperor Theodosius I to destroy pagan temples, which led to the destruction of Serapeum.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The church historian Socrates Scholastik described it as follows [14]:


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Relying on this authority, Theophilos used everything to cover the pagan sacraments with disgrace: he tore down the Mithrian temple, destroyed the temple of Serapis... Seeing this, the pagans of Alexandria, and especially people, called philosophers, did not tolerate such an insult and added even greater ones to their previous bloody deeds; ignited by one feeling, all of them, according to the condition made, rushed to Christians and started to commit murders of all kinds.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Christians paid the same for their part...


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Probably, during these events, books that were in the temple died [7].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The pagan author Eunapius of Sardia also wrote about the events.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Both, Socrates and Eunapius, reported the destruction of pagan temples, but there is no mention of the destruction of books.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Moreover, it is not known how many books were in the Serapeum by that time, and whether they were there at all.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Orozia (VI, 15, 32) reports that bookcases could be seen in various temples of Alexandria [1].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

It is known that Museyon and the library existed in some form after the events of 391; in particular, one of the last known intellectuals who worked there was the mathematician and philosopher Theon Alexandria, who died about 405 (information about this is provided in the encyclopedia Courts) [15].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In the work of Chronicon Syriacum, the Syrian bishop of the XIII century Gregory Bar-Ebray, it is reported that the surviving remains of manuscripts died in the 7th-8th centuries under the domination of Muslim Arabs, but reliable information Not about it.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The following legend is widely known: Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab in 641 ordered the commander Amr ibn al-Asu to burn down the Library of Alexandria, saying: “If these books say that if they are in the Quran, they are useless. If they say anything else, they are harmful. Therefore, in both cases, they must be burned” [1].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Russian historian and Arabist O. G. Bolshakov commented on this as follows [16]:


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Experts are well aware that this is just a pious legend that attributes Umar a “virtuous” act — the destruction of books that contradict the Quran, but in popular literature this legend is sometimes is presented as a historical fact.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

However, neither John Nikussky, who reports a lot about the pogroms and looting during the Arab conquest, nor any other Christian historian hostile to Islam, mentions the fire of the library.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Thus, it is difficult to attribute the loss of the library to a specific event or to blame it exclusively on pagans, Christians or Muslims.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The debate about this is a centuries-old tradition.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In particular, Plutarch blamed Caesar, Edward Gibbon for Christians, Gregory Bar-Abray for Muslims, and the authors of the modern British Encyclopedia placed the main blame on Aurelian [17].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

From the point of view of R. Bagnall, the decline and death of the Library of Alexandria was a long process, natural at its core.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

With the decline of classical philology and the lack of interest among the authorities, there were no funds for the restoration of dilapidated scrolls, which required constant renewal.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In antiquity, papyrus scroll books older than 200 years were considered very rare [11].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Historiography.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Archaeological evidence


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Despite the extremely small amount of reliable information about the Library of Alexandria, over the centuries it has become an archetypal symbol of the repository of knowledge and culture, as well as a symbol of transience being [18].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

This image appeared during the Renaissance and began to be passed on to subsequent generations in an almost unchanged form [19].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The theme of the Library of Alexandria acquired a new dimension in the monumental work “The History of the Decline and Destruction of the Roman Empire” (1776—1789) by Edward Gibbon, in which he accused of destroying the library Christians, not Muslims.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The modern scientific historiography of the Library of Alexandria dates back to 1823, when a small monograph by Gerhard Dedel Historia critica bibliothecae Alexandrinae was published in Leiden.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In 1838, a similar book was published by F. Richl [20], and since then publications on the topic of the Library of Alexandria have become more or less regular.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

A significant contribution to the study of the library was the monograph by the American researcher E.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Parsons, released in 1952 [21].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In 1986, a study by L. Canfora “The Disappeared Library” [22], which became a bestseller, but it was criticized for mixing facts with literary fiction and “nebula” of conclusions [23].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

However, since the book contains almost all ancient sources and describes modern research, the book has been translated into many languages and is regularly reprinted.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In 1990, a large study by Mustafa al-Abbadi was published, which is considered the most fundamental published so far [24].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

From the point of view of archeology, the Library of Alexandria is poorly localized.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

It follows from Strabo's description that the library did not have a separate building at all (at least it is not mentioned).


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Jean-Yves Empereur, the head of the excavations of the royal quarter of ancient Alexandria, was generally skeptical about the possibility of discovering the remains of the Library building [25].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

One of the traces of the Library's material existence is a stone box discovered in 1847.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

It is believed that it was used to store books and is now in the collection of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna [26].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

According to the results of excavations of the Alexandrian Serapeum, it is generally believed that an enfilade of 19 rooms measuring 3 × 4 m, located in the courtyard behind the southern portico, served to store books [27].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In popular culture


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Since the 1980s, the fate of the Library of Alexandria has interested authors of historical and adventure prose.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Novels by Steve Berry [28], Clive Kassler [29], mathematician and historian of science [30], astronomer and writer [31] have been published.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

The Library of Alexandria plays a role in the plot of at least two films on an ancient theme.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In the historical drama Cleopatra (1963), the Egyptian queen calls Caesar a “barbarian” for the library that died during the hostilities, showing her fire.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In 2009, the film “Agora” was released, dedicated to the fate of Hypatia, who worked in the Library of Alexandria according to the plot.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

This film caused many critical responses regarding the correctness of the transmission of historical reality, including an analysis by a professional historian Faith Justice [32].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Modern Library of Alexandria


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

In 2002, in Alexandria, on the proposed site of the old library, the modern Alexandrina Library was built, designed to restore its former greatness and provide free access to knowledge for everyone who wants to.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

As a result of the construction of a library in Egypt, a new educational system and a public educational organization independent of the government were created.


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

This institution performs a number of cultural functions [33].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

During the 2011 revolution in Egypt, residents of Alexandria lined up a human chain around the library to protect it from a crowd of marauders who, by setting fire, destroyed everything in their path [33].


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Notes


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Bibliography


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

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Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

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Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

References


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

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Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Category:Ancient Egyptian culture


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Category: Libraries in Egypt


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Category:History of science


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

library


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Category:Alexandria School


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Category:Disappeared libraries


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

Category:3rd-century BC origins


Question: In what year was the Library of Alexandria founded?

Library of Alexandria

library


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

German: Die Passion is a cycle of monumental works by Bach, where the gospel story played out in faces is interspersed with da capo arias [1] on specially composed poetic texts, choirs and chorales.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

John Passion (BWV 245) and St. Matthew Passion (BWV 244b and BWV 244), as well as the text of Luke Passion, have survived to this day.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The Mark Passion (BWV 247), which was considered lost, was reconstructed in the 20th century.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

During his lifetime, The Passion was repeatedly performed by Bach in several editions.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

After Bach's death, this cycle was forgotten until Mendelssohn triumphantly revived its performance in 1829.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Today, Bach's Passions are considered the highest manifestation of the musical genre of passion [2].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The genre of “passion”


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Passions (passion, from Latin passio - “suffering”).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

By the 4th century, the church liturgy had a tradition of reading stories on the gospel plot of the Matthew Passion (MP) on Palm Sunday and the Luke Passion (LP) on Holy Week Wednesday.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In the 9th century, they were supplemented by the fulfillment of the Mark Passion (mAP) on Good Thursday and the John Passion (JP) on Good Friday


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Since the 16th century, following Luther's recommendation, the Passions could also be fulfilled, instead of Holy Week, on the preceding Sundays of Great Lent [4].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The account of the last days of Jesus' earthly life among the evangelists: Matthew (), Mark (), Luke () and John () almost coincides and consists of the following parts [5]:


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Jesus' prophecy about crucifixion


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Judas's Betrayal


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The Last Supper


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Praying for the Chalice


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Judas Kiss


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Peter's denial


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Pilate Court


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Way of the Cross


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The Crucifixion


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The main role in the performance of The Passion belongs to the evangelist.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

He narrates in prose, on behalf of an eyewitness.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

To fulfill these passions, melodic forms of recitation, the so-called passionate tones, were used.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

For the musical speech of the evangelist in the Catholic tradition, the formula of the Gregorian chorale was used, and in the Protestant one, native speech and national motifs were used.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Until the 13th century, The Passion was performed by one singer.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Since the 14th century, roles in the performance of The Passion began to be distributed among clerics, the story of the Evangelist was entrusted to the tenor, Jesus to the bass (Bach follows this canon in his Passions).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

At the same time, non-church dramatizations of The Passion, performed by parishioners and folk musicians, have become widespread [6].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In the 15th century, versions of The Passion appeared, where the words of some characters were performed polyphonically — with the voices of several performers at once.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

By the middle of the XV century in England, on the basis of this technique of execution, the so-called “dramatic” (choral, responsive) “Passions”, where the solo recitation of the evangelist alternates with the polyphonic parts of Christ and the crowd [2] [7].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Later, in the development of the “dramatic” “Passions”, continuing to use the polyphonic pronunciation of words by some characters, numerous new musical versions of the dramatic “Passions” appeared on Latin [8] and German [9] languages [10].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Johann Mahold first introduced Lutheran chorale stanzas into Passion in 1593 in St. Matthew's Passion [11].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The dramatic version of passions received the highest expression in the works of the German composer Heinrich Schütz: The John Passion (1665), The Matthew Passion (1666) and Luke Passion (circa 1666) years) [12] [13].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In the 16th century, another form of passion arose, motet, where the entire text, including the words of Christ, is performed in chorus, increasing the influence of music in the transmission of artistic emotions [14].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The motet form of Passion was also written in Latin [15] and German [16] [10].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

However, over time, the dramatic form, as more expressive, becomes dominant [3].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Only male voices participated in the performance: Mulier taceat in ecclesia (“Let the woman in the church be silent”) [14].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In the 16th century, Luther's associate Johannes Walter adapted the dramatic Passions to Protestant use [3] [17], which became a model for other composers.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

At the end of the 16th century, a new “oratorio” type of “Passion” appeared, where the dramatic form was enhanced by the musical principle brought by motet passions.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

When performing passions, not only the organ, but also other instruments begin to be used, and the recitative of the gospel text preserved from the dramatic form alternates with madrigal ones (in a natural parishioners language) poems.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Gradually, the orchestra begins to play an equal role with the singers, and opera means of expression are introduced to convey dramatic expression in Passion [18].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Reinhard Kaiser's Passions [19] for the first time used a text based on poems by Christian Friedrich Hunold instead of a biblical one.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Written in 1712, the text of Barthold Heinrich Brokes's The Passion [20] became canonical and was set to music by Kaiser [21], Handel [22] and Telemann [23], Matteson [24] [25].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The oratorio type of “Passion” received the highest expression in “The Passion according to John” (1724) and “The Passion according to Matthew” (1727) by I. S. Bach, combining the gospel story played out in faces and biblical text, arias on composed poetic texts and choral scenes [7].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Further development of the genre led in the middle of the 18th century to the replacement of sacred gospel history with opera drama.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The most famous works, such as Carl Heinrich Graun's Death of Jesus [26], are no longer performed in church, but in concert conditions.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Bach's passions were forgotten until March 11, 1829, when Felix Mendelssohn will present St. Matthew Passion in the hall of the Berlin Singing Chapel [18].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In the 19th century, major composers did not use the genre of the Passion itself, but Beethoven, Louis Spohr, Liszt and others created passionate oratorios.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In the 20th century, composers returned to the genre of “Passion”, significant Lutheran examples were created by Hugo Distler [27], Ernst Pepping [28], Eberhard Wenzel [29], Catholic examples by Krzysztof Penderecki [30] and Arvo Pärt [31].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In August-September 2000, in Stuttgart, as part of the celebration of Johann Sebastian Bach's 250th birthday, Passions were performed according to four canonical gospels, written in four different languages and in four different styles: to English texts “Matthew Water Passion” for soprano, baritone, choir, instrumentalists and electronics by Tan Dun [32], to Spanish texts of The Mark Passion for Latin American singer and singer, soprano, two Afro-Latin American dancers, choir and instruments (including exotic ones) by Osvaldo Golikhov [33], to German texts of Luke Passion for soprano, mezzo-soprano, Wolfgang Rim contralto, tenor, baritone, choir and orchestra [34] and to Russian and Church Slavonic texts of The John Passion for soprano, tenor, baritone, bass, two choirs, orchestra and organ Sophia Gubaidulina [7] [35].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In 2007, Metropolitan Hilarion wrote the first passions for Orthodox use, the St. Matthew Passion [36]


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Creating The Passion


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

An obituary published in the Music Library by Lorenz Mitzler, citing Bach's son, Carl Philipp Emmanuel, and student Johann Friedrich Agricola, lists five Passions by Johann Sebastian Bach.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The same number of “Passion” is reported by the first biographer of Bach Forkel.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

However, two have survived to this day in full form: “The Passion for John” and “The Passion according to Matthew”.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

“Mark Passion” came only in the form of text.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The three surviving works represent the oratorio type of Passion, where preserved in solo parts for the evangelist, Jesus, Pilate and others, as well as for the choirs of disciples, high priests, the crowd, the biblical text is interrupted by fragments with non-biblical texts: arias to poems composed by the librettist and chorales for Lutheran liturgical texts [2].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

It is possible that for performance in 1713, Bach modified and added some parts to Reinhard Kaiser's Passions for the Mark [37].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Carl Ludwig Hilgenfeldt, the author of Bach's not very thorough biography [38], mentions Bach's Passions, written in 1717, but does not provide any details about this work [39].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Perhaps some parts of these “The Passion” were included in the second version of “The Passion for John” (1725) [40].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

For stylistic reasons, the arioso “So heb ich denn mein Auge sehnlich auf” [41], performed by him as part of the pasticcio [42] of Graun-Teleman-Bach-Kunau-Altnikol's Passions, is considered to belong to Bach [37].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

John Passion


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The non-canonical (that is, deviating from the gospel text itself) part of the text of The Passion for John presents popular poems by Brokes [20], as well as texts by Christian Heinrich Postel and Christian Weise [43].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The John Passion also contains two episodes from the biblical Gospel of Matthew: Peter's abdication at the end of the recitative “Da hub er an, sich zu verfluchen und zu schwören” and the recitative “Und siehe da, der Vorhang im Tempel zerriss in zwei Stück” (“And now, the veil in the temple was irritated in two”) [44].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

There are 4 editions of Bach's Passion for John.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

For the second performance of The John Passion in 1725, Bach revised the work, excluding some fragments and inserting polyphonic fragments based on cantus firmus (simple chant), thereby bringing the work closer to the type of choral cantata.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In the second performance, the introduction was the choir O Mensch, bewein' dein Sünde groß, later transferred by Bach to the Matthew Passion.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Three arias have been added to the version: “Himmel reiße, Welt erbebe!” , “Zerschmettert mich, ihr Felsen und ihr Hügel” and “Ach windet euch nicht so”.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The original final chorale in the 1725 version was replaced by “Christe, du Lamm Gottes”, later transferred to the cantata “Du wahrer Gott und Davids Sohn” [45].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The third version (c. 1730) omits choral variations transferred to the Matthew passions, added aria and symphony [46] (version lost).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The fourth version (1749) was close to the original version, with the exception of some changes in the text.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In this version, Bach also increased the cast, adding a large bassoon [47] (bassono grosso) [2] [48].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Various versions of The John Passion [49]


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

FragmentVersion of 1724Version of 1725Version of 1730Version of 17491.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The choir is possibly without a transverse flute replaced by 1II “O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß” in D major, as in the 1724 edition, as in the 172411+ edition.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Aria and Good is missing in versionPart 11+ “Himmel reiße, Welt erbebe” inserted after part 11 is missing in versionmissing in version12c.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Recitative 16 bars as in the 1724 edition 9 bars without quotes from Matt.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

, cadence in B minor, as in the 1724 edition 13.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Ariyareplaced by aria 13II “Zerschmettert mich, ihr Felsen und ihr Hügel” replaced by an unpreserved aria, as in the 1724 edition.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Chorale MajorA Majorg majoras in the 1724 edition 19.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Ariozoreplaced with aria 19II “Ach windet euch nicht so” as in the 1724 edition, as in the 172420 edition.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Ariana is absent, as in the 1724 edition, as in the 1724 edition.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Recitativtolko three bars, contained a fragment of seven bars, contained a fragment.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

replaced by an unpreserved part of Symphonia (instead of parts 33-35) as in the 1725 version.34


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Ariosocac in the 1724 edition is absent, as in the 1724 edition.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Ariais possible without a transverse flute, as in the 1724 edition, is absent, as in the 1724 edition.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Choralreplaced with 40II chorale “Christe, du Lamm Gottes” is missing, the version ended with choir 39 as in the 1724 edition


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The structure of the Passion according to John


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

NumberCompositionGerman nameRussian name [50] ArtistsText authorMusic author1Horherr, unser Herrscher, dessen RuhmLord, our Lord!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Your GlorParaphrase on Verses 2 and 10 of Psalm 8 [51] 2aRecitationJesus ging mit seinen JüngernJesus came out with his disciples Evangelist, Jesus2BHorjesum von NazarethJesus NazarethJesus Nazareth. 18:52 RecitationJesus spricht zu ihnenJesus says im2dhorJesum von NazarethJesus of NazarethHor2eRecitativeJesus AntworteJesus respondingeList, Jesus3horalo große Lieb, o Lieb ohn alle Maßeo great, immense LoveChoriohannes Herman [52] Johann Kruger [52] 4recitativAuf dass das Wort erfüllet WürdeYes, the word spoken by Him will come true:Evangelist, Jesus5Horaldein Will gescheh, Herr Gott, ZugleichYes will be Your will, Lord and Divine [53] Anonymous author of the 16th century [53] 6recitativDie Schar aber und der OberhauptmannThen warriors and thousandLeaderVangelist7Ariavon den Stricken meiner SündenTo resolve meAltza the sample was taken by the introductory choir of Brokes “The Passion” [51] 8recitative Simon Petrus aber folgete Jesu NachJesus was followed by Simon Petrevangelist9ariyaich folge dir Gleichfalls, and I will follow cheerful steps TebesopranoAuthor unknown [51] 10recitationDerselbige Jünger war dem Hohenpriester BekanntThis student was a signVangelist, Jesus, Peter, Minister, Maid11Horalwer hat dich so GeschlagenWho dares to beat YouHorpaul Gerhardt [54] Heinrich Isaac [54] 12aRecitative Hannas sandte ihn GebundenAnna sent His Bound Evangelist12BHorbist du nicht seiner Jünger einer?


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Aren't you one of His disciples?


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Choir12recitator leugnete aberHe renounced Evangelist, Peter, Minister, 13ariach, mein sinnMy soul Tenors sample taken Christian Weise's poem “Der wienende Petrus” from the oratorio” Der Grunen Jugend Nothwendige Gedanken” (Leipzig, 1675) [51] 14HoralPetrus, der nicht denkt ZurückPeter, who forgot God's wordHorluther [55] Melchior Vulpius [55] 15HoralChristus, der uns selig MachtChrist, bliss who gave us Hormikael Weise [56] Weisse-Calvizius [56] 16arechativda führeten sie JesumFrom Caiaphas led Jesus to the PraetoriaEvangelist, Pilate16Bhorwäre dieser nicht ein ÜbeltäterIf He hadn't been Villainhor16recitativDa sprach Pilatus zu ihnenPilate said imevangelist, Pilate16dhorwir dürfen niemand Tötenns are not allowed to put to death anyhor16eRecitativeAuf dass erfüllet WürdeYes will come true Slovoevangelist, Pilate, Jesus17horalach großer König, groß zu allen Zeitenach, King, Whose greatness is eternal!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Choriohannes Herman [52] Johann Kruger [52] 18Recitativda sprach Pilatus zu IHMPilate told him Evangelist, Pilate, Jesus18Bhornicht diesen, sondern Barrabam!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Not Him, but Barabwuhor18Recitabas aber war ein MörderBarabbas was a robberVangelist-19arioseBetrachte, meine Seelvonmi, my soul Basza sample taken the part added by Brokes to his “Passions” in 1713 [51] 20Ariaerwäge, wie sein blutgefärbter RückenThoughts that His bloodtenors sample took the part added by Brokes to his Passions in 1713 [51] 21Recitative die Kriegsknechte Flochten, and warriors, weaving a crown of thansevangelist21Bhorsei gegrüßet, lieber Jüdenkönig!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Hail, King of the Jews!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Hor21Recitative gaben ihm BackenStreicheAnd beat Him on the lanitamevangelist, pilat21dhorkreuzige, kreuzige!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Crucify Him, crucify Him!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Hor21eRecitativPilatus sprach zu ihnenPilate says imevangelist, pilat21fhorwir haben ein gesetzWe have a law21gRecitativDa Pilatus das Wort HöretePilate, hearing this wordVangelist, Pilate, Jesus22choralDurch dein Gefängnis, Gottes SohnAbout the Son of God!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Horanonym author, possibly Christian Postel [57] Johann Hermann Schine [57] 23aRecitativDie Jüden aber schrieen und SprachenJews shouted the evangelist23Bhorlässest du diesen losIf you let go Egohor23recitativDa Pilatus das Wort HöretePilate, hearing this wordVangelist, Pilate23dhorweg, weg mit dem, kreuzige ihn!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Take it, crucify Him!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Hor23eRecitationSpricht Pilatus zu IhnenPilate says imevangelist, pilate23fhorwir haben keinen König denn den KaiserThere is no king we have a king except Caesarea23gRecitativda überantwortete er IHThen finally he betrayed himEvangelist24aria, choreilt, ihr angefochtnen seelenHurry up, oh confused heartsHor, basza sample taken part, aria “Tocher Zion” (Daughter of Zion) “Passions” Brokes [51] 25areReadingAllda kreuzigten sie IHNtam crucified his evangelist25Bhorschreibe nicht: der Jüden KönigDon't write: King of the JewsHor25RecitablePilatus AntWortetPilate answered Levangelist, Pilate26Horalin meines Herzens GrundeIn the depths of the heart MyHorvalerius Gerberger [58] Melchior Teshner [58] 27aRecitativDie Kriegsknechte AberWarriors Jeevangelist27Bhorlasset uns den nicht ZerteilenWe will not tear it27recitativeAuf dass erfüllet würde die SchriftYes, what was said in the scriptureEvangelist, Jesus28Horaler nahm alles wohl in achtEveryone compassionately regretted Alhorpaul Stockman [59] Melchior Vulpius [59] 29Recitative von Stund an nahm sie der Jüngerand with of this time the disciple of Seyevangelist, Jesus30ariaes ist vollbracht!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

It's done!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Altexact authorship is unknown.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Perhaps a paraphrase on the aria of “Passion for John” Postel [51] 31recitative und neigte das Haupt und Verschied, and, bowing the head, betrayed the Dukhevangelist32aria, HormeIn teurer Heiland, lass dich FragenPermission, Beloved SaviorChoir, Baspaul Stockman (partially) [59], Brokes Passion (partially) [51] Melchior Vulpius [59] 33Recitative siehe da, der Vorhang im Tempel ZerrissAnd now, the veil in the temple was annoyed Two Evangelist or, 34Ariosomein Herz, in dem die ganze WeltMy soul, attentionTenorza sample taken part of Brokes's Passion aria “Gläubige Seele” [51] 35AriaZerfließe, mein Herze, in Fluten der Zährenisley , oh my heart, tears flowsSopranose sample taken part of Brokes's “Gläubige Seele” aria “Passion” [51] 36recitativDie Jüden aber, dieweil es der Rüsttag WarBut since then it was FridayEvangelist37Horalo hilf, Christe, Gottes SohnAbout the Son of God!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

help Christohormichael Weise [56] Weisse-Calvizius [56] 38recitativDarnach bat Pilatum Joseph von ArimathiaAfter this Joseph of Arimatheevangelist39horruht wohl, ihr heiligen gebeineRest in peace, oh holy There are many texts similar to aria, probably the last aria of Brokes's Passion [56] 40Horalach Herr, laß dein lieb Engeleins, Jesus!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Hormartin Schalling [60] Anonymous author of the 16th century [60]


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Additional parts from early editions of The John Passion


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

NumberCompositionGerman nameRussian nameArtistsText authorMusic authorNote1iHoralo Mensch, bewein dein Sünde GroßCry, human race, your sin for allHor, Sopranosebald Hayden [61] In version In 1725, he was replaced by the entrance choir Herr, unser Herrscher, dessen Ruhm (1).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Subsequently used in The Passion according to Matthew 11+Aria and Horhimmel reiße, Welt ErbebeBe, Sky, Shudder, O MirBas, SopranoAuthorship Unknown [56] In the 1725 version, followed the chorale “Wer hat dich so geschlagen” (11) 13iariaZerschmettert mich, ihr Felsen und ihr HügelFall on me, on rocks and hillsTenorInvasion unknown [56] In the 1725 version, replaced the aria “Ach, mein Sinn” (13) 19iiAriyach windet euch nicht SOah, do not mourn well tackenorInvasion unknown [56] In the 1725 version, it replaced the arioso “Betrachte, meine Seel” (19) and the aria “Erwäge, wie sein blutgefärbter Rücken” (20) 40iHoralChriste, du Lamm GottesChrist, You are the Lamb of GodThe invasion of the unknown version of 1725 replaced the chorale “Ach Herr, laß dein lieb Engelein” (40).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Subsequently used in the BWV23 cantata


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

St. Matthew Passion


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Modern researchers believe that the first version of St. Matthew Passion dates back to 1714-1717, during Bach's work as vice-capellmeister in Weimar, but there is clear information about this option” There are no passions” [62].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The stylistic features of the late Matthew Passion suggest that in Weimar Bach wrote the one-choral Matthew Passion, which were later partially used in more later version.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In addition, two ariosos use texts by the poet Solomon Frank [63], Weimar librettist Bach [64].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Bach began writing a later version of St. Matthew Passion in the fall of 1728.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The earliest original source of St. Matthew Passion is a handwritten copy of 1736 [48].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The version, first expressed by Spitte [65] in 1881 and became traditional, suggests that after receiving an offer in November 1728 to write mourning music for the transfer ceremony of Prince Anhalt - Leopold of Koethen in the crypt, Bach ordered Picander a new text that could be substituted to the ready-made music of eight arias and the final choir for St. Matthew Passion [66].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In 1932, Percy Robinson [67], based on an analysis of Pickander's text, expressed the opposite version, that “Koethen Mourning Music” was first written [68], and only then “St. Matthew Passion”.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Until 1870, Köthen's Mourning Music was considered lost, until Wilhelm Rust showed that it most likely had a common musical basis with St. Matthew Passions [69].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The texts of the arias of St. Matthew Passion were written by Picander, who partially processed the poetic thoughts of Frank, a Bach librettist from Weimar.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Reflections are transmitted by arias, usually preceded by arioso [70].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Matthew Passion is a more complete work than The John Passion, since the poetic text of one author, Picander, was used for non-canonical fragments, and chorales with repetitive music.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Larger than The John Passion gave Bach the opportunity to use more arias.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Unlike The John Passion, where all recitatives are accompanied by an organ, in the Passion according to Matthew, Jesus' recitatives are accompanied by strings (the rest of the recitatives are accompanied by an organ).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Thus, Jesus' words are surrounded by a special halo [2].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

After 1729, St. Matthew Passion was performed at least two more times under the direction of Bach.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In the 1736 version, Bach divided the previously united choir and orchestra into two halves, and at the end of the first movement he replaced the simple chorale with the large choral fantasy “O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß” from The Passion for John.”


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Bach made minor changes to the 1742 version [2].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Matthew Passion Structure


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

NumberCompositionGerman nameRussian name [71] ArtistsTextAuthor of musicErster TeilPart OneErster TeilPart OneSalbung in BethanienWashing in Bethania1 (1) Horkommt, ihr Töchter, help mir KlagenCome, O (Zion) daughters, together we will weep!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Choir I, Choir II, Soprano Nikolaus Decius [72] 2 (2) RecitativDa Jesus diese Rede vollendet HatteWhen Jesus finished all the words of Sievangelist, Jesus3 (3) ChoralHerzliebster Jesu, was hast du VerbrochenAbout Jesus my!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

what Tyhor I & IIJohannes Herman did [52] Johann Kruger [52] 4a (4) recitativDa versammleten sich die HohenpriesterThen the high priests Evangelist4b (5) Horja nicht auf das FestJust not in Feast Chorus I, Choir II4c (6) RecitativDa nun Jesus war zu BethanienWhen was Jesus in Bethanievangelist4d (7) Horwozu dienet dieser Unrat?


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

What is this waste for?


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Choir I4e (8) RecitativDa das Jesus merkete, sprach er zu ihnenBut Jesus, having understood this, said Imevangelist, Jesus5 (9) RecitativDu lieber Heiland Duo My Savior!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

AltSolomon Frank [63] 6 (10) AriaBuß und ReuRepentance and CrushingAltpicanderverrat des JudasBetrayal of Juda7 (11) RecitativDa ging hin der Zwölfen EinerThen one of the twelveEvangelist, Juda8 (12) AriaBlute nur, du liebes Herz!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Oh heart!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

put on blood!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

SopranopikanderAbendmahlLast Evening9a (13) RecitativeABER am ersten tageOn the very first day of unleavened bread Evangelist9b (14) Horwo willst du, dass wir dir BereitenWhere do you tell us to cook Easter for you?


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Choir i9c (15) Recitative sprach: Gehet hin in die StadtHe said: Go to the cityVangelist, Jesus9d (16) recitative sie wurden sehr BetrübtThey were very saddened by Evangelist9ehorherr, bin ich's?


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Aren't I, my God?


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Choir I10horalich bin's, ich sollte Büßen, it's me to blame Chorus I & IIPaul Gerhardt [54] Heinrich Isaac [54] 11 (17) Recitative antwortete und sprach: Der mit der handHe said in response: omitted with Me hand in dishevangelist, Jesus, Juda12 (18) recitativeWiewohl mein Herz in Tränen SchwimmtAlthough tears exudes my heartSopranopikander13 (19) Ariaich will dir mein HerzenkenI want to give you mine I HeartSopranopikanderJesu Zagen am OlbergJesus' longing on Mount Olives 14 (20) Recitative da sie den Lobgesang gesprochen Hatten, and after singing, went to Mount Olives Evangelist, Jesus15 (21) Horallerkenne mich, mein hüterOh my Keeper!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Look at me!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Choir I & IIPaul Gerhardt [73] Hans Leo Hassler [73] 16 (22) RecitativPetrus aber antwortete und sprach zu IHMPeter told Him in answerVangelist, Peter, Jesus17 (23) Horalich will hier bei dir Stehenach!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

I will be with You I & IIPaul Gerhardt [73] Hans Leo Hassler [73] 18 (24) RecitativDa kam Jesus mit ihnen zu einem hofeThen Jesus comes with them JesusEvangelist, Jesus19 (25) Recitative and Horo Schmerz!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Hier zittert das gequälte HerzO grief!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Tormented, rebellious HeartTenor, Choir IIJohannes Herman [52] Johann Kruger [52] 20 (26) Ariaich will bei meinem Jesu WachenI be awake with Jesus will be awake with Jesus will be Tenor, Choir IIPikandergeBet am OlbergPraying for the Cup21 (27) Recitative ging hin ein wenigAnd, moving away a little, fell on his face Evangelist, Jesus22 (28) Recitative Heiland fällt vor seinem Vater Niedernitsa falls down the Savior before his fatherSpikander23 (29) AriaGerne will ich mich bequemense, gladly I will force myself Basspeakander24 (30) recitative er kam zu seinen JüngernAnd comes to the discipleVangelist, Jesus25 (31) Horalwas mein Gott will, das g'scheh allzeitWhat God wants, then it happens Chorus I & II Perhaps Margrave Albrecht [74] perhaps Claudin de Sermisi [74] Jesu GefangennahmeTaking Christ into custody 26 (32) Recitative er kam und fand sie aber Schlafend, and when he comes, finds them sleeping againEvangelist, Jesus, Juda27a (33) AriaSo ist mein Jesus nun gefangenah!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

My Jesus is now captured!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Soprano, Viola, Choir IIPikander27BHorsind Blitze, sind Donner in Wolken verschwunden?


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Where did you go, thunder, lightning and storm?


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Choir I, Choir IIHenry Brokes [20] 28 (34) Recitative siehe, einer aus denenAnd here, one of the former with JesusMevangelist, Jesus29 (35) Horalo Mensch, bewein dein Sünde Großo man, cry for your grave sinHor I & II, Sopranosebald Hayden [61] Mathias Greiter [61] Zweiter TeilPart Two30 (36) Ariaach! nun ist mein Jesus hin!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Oh woe to me!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

my Jesus is gone!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Viola, Choir IIipikanderJesu verhör vor den HohenpriesternInterrogation of Jesus by high priesters31 (37) recitativesDie aber Jesum gegriffen Hattena those who captured Jesus the Evangelist32 (38) HoralMIR hat die Welt trüglich Gericht'insidiously arranges Mirhor I & IIAdam Roisner [75] Seth Calvizius [75] 33 (39) Recitative wiewohl viel falsche Zeugen, although many false witnesses came, did not find the Evangelist, False Witnesses, High Priest34 (40) RecitativeMein Jesus SchweigtMy Jesus is silentTenorpicander35 (41) AriaGeduld!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Be patient!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

TenorPicander36a (42) Recitative der Hohepriester AntWortet, and the high priest told Him:Evangelist, High Priest, Jesus36Bhorer ist des Todes schuldig!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Guilty of death!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Choir I, Choir II36c (43) recitativda speieten sie ausThen spit on Him in the face Evangelist36dHorweissage uns, Christ to us, Christopher I, Choir II37 (44) Wer hat dich so GeschlagenWho dares to beat youChoir I & IIPaul Gerhardt [54] Heinrich Isaac [54] Petri VerleugnungPeter's denial 38a (45) recitativePetrus aber saß draußen im PalastPeter sat out in the courtyardVangelist, Peter, maid38Bhorwahrlich, du bist auch einer von denenExactly and you are from themHor II38c (46) recitativDa hub er an, sich zu verfluchenThen he began to swear and God Evangelist, Peter 39 (47) Ariaerbarme dich, Mein GottOh God!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

be merciful to me wake up for my tears!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Altpicander40 (48) Horalbin ich gleich von dir gewichenAlthough I retreat from youChor I & IIJohann Rist [76] Johann Shop [76] Judas in Tempeliud in the TempleJudas in the Temple41a (49) Recitatives Morgens aber hielten alle HohepriesterWhen morning came, all the high priestsEvangelist, Juda41BHorwas gehet uns das an?


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

What do we care about?


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Choir I, Choir II41c (50) recitative er warf die Silberlinge in den Tempel, and throwing silver in the temple, he is above Levangelist, High Priest I, II42 (51) AriaGebt mir meinen Jesum wieder!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Ah!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Give me back my Jesus!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

BaspicanderJesus vor PilatusPilate's Court43 (52) RecitativSie hielten aber einen ratAfter the same meeting, bought potter's land on themEvangelist, Pilate, Jesus44 (53) HoralBefiehl du deine wegeHeart sadness, that in your ways Hor I & II Paul Gerhardt [73] Hans Leo Hassler [73] 45a (54) recitativeAuf das Fest AberOn the feast of Easter, the ruler had the custom Evangelist, Pilate, Pilate's wife, Choir I, Choir II45Bhorlaß ihn kreuzigen!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Let him be crucified!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Choir I & II46 (55) ChoralWie wunderbarlich ist doch diese Strafe!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Oh, how incomprehensible this condemnation is!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Choir I & IIJohannes Hermann [52] Johann Kruger [52] 47 (56) Recitative Landpfleger SagteRuler saidLevangelist, Pilate48 (57) Recitative hat uns allen WohlgetanGood did to everyone JesusSopranopikander49 (58) Ariaaus Liebe will mein Heiland SterbenOut of love, the Savior dies Moisopranopikander50a (59) recitativSie schrieen aber noch mehrBut they shouted even more evangelist50Bhorlaß ihn kreuzigen!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Let him be crucified!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Choir I & II50CrecitativDa aber Pilatus Sahepilate, seeing that nothing helps Tevangelist, Pilate50dhorsein Blut komme über unsHis blood on us and on our childrenChor I & II50eRecitativda gab er ihnen Barrabam LosThen he let them go of Barabbas the Evangelist Jesu GeisselungFlagellation of Christ51 (60) RecitativeErBarm es Gott!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Have mercy, God!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Alt52 (61) Ariyakönen Tränen meiner Wangenah!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

if on the cheeks of tears Altpikander53a (62) recitativda nahmen die Kriegsknechte, then the warriors of the ruler Evangelist53Bhorgegrüßet seist du, Jüdenkönig!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Hail, King of the Jews!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Choir I, choir II53recitative speieten ihn anAnd spit on himEvangelist54 (63) Choralo Haupt voll Blut und Wundeno bloody, all in wounds, headChor I & IIPaul Gerhardt [73] Hans Leo Hassler [73] Simon von KyreneSimon Kirineyanin55 (64) Recitative da sie ihn verspottet HattenAnd when they laughed at himevangelist56 (65) recitativja freilich will in uns das Fleisch und blutDon't doubt flesh and blood Moybaspikander57 (66) AriyaKomm, süßes Kreuz, so will ich SagenCome, I cry out, the sweetest crosbaspikanderKreuzigungCrucique58A (67) recitative da sie an die Stätte kamen mit Namen Golgatha, and coming to a place called Golgotha Evangelist58Bkhorder du den Tempel Gottes Zerbrichst Destroying the temple and in three days Creative!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Choir I, choir II58crecitativdesgleichen auch die HohenpriesterLike high priests with scribes Evangelist58dhorandern hat er geholfen Other Saviasalhor I, choir II58e (68) recitativDesgleichen schmäheten ihn auch die mörderAlso robbers crucified with himevangelist59 (69) recitative Golgatha, unselges Golgatha!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Golgotha!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

ah!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

unfortunate Golgotha!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Altpikander60 (70) AriaSehet, Jesus hat die handSee - Jesus holds out his hand to usLalt, choir Iipikander61a (71) recitative von der sechsten stundeFrom the sixth hourEvangelist, Jesus61Bchorder rufet dem Elias!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Elijah is called Onhor I61recitative bald lief einer unter ihnen, and immediately ran one of the nichevangelist61Dhorhalt! lass SehenWait, see Choir II61eRecitaber Jesus schriee abermal lautJesus, again cry out vevangelist62 (72) Choralwenn ich einmal soll ScheidenWhen the time comes for me away Tikhor I & IIPaul Gerhardt [ 73] Hans Leo Hassler [73] 63a (73) Recitative siehe da, der Vorhang im Tempel ZerrissAnd behold, the veil in the temple was annoyed by the evangelist63bwahrlich, dieser ist Gottes Sohn GewesenTruly He was the Son of GodHor I & IikreuzabnahmeDescent 63Rereadund es waren viel Weiber Dates were also watched publishedEvangelist64 (74) Recitative Abend, da es kühle warA cool evening happened Adam FallBassolomon Frank [63] 65 (75) AriaMache dich, mein Herze, reinAbout my heart!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

purity of the acquisitionBaspikandergrablegungPosition in the coff66a (76) recitative Joseph nahm den Leib and taking the body, Josephevangelist66BHorherr, wir haben gedachtMister!


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

We remembered Likhor I & II66CrecitativPilatus sprach zu ihnenPilate said imevangelist, Pilate67 (77) recitativeNun ist der Herr zur Ruh GeBracchtse, rested the Lord Bas, tenor, viola, soprano, choir IIPikander68 ( 78) HorWir setzen uns mit Tränen Niederse, with tears before Choir I, Choir IIPikander


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Mark's Passion


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In 1732, Pickander published Edifying Thoughts for Thursday and Good Friday on Jesus' Suffering, Set out in the Form of an Oratorio, which contained the text for the Music of The Passion for the Evangelist Mark on Good Friday of 1731”, commissioned by Bach.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In 1727, Bach wrote The Ode to Mourning [77] for the death of Queen Christiana Ebergardine, and to prevent the music from disappearing, Bach decided to use it for The Passion, ordering Picander with the text [78] [79].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The Mark Passion (score lost), first performed on Good Thursday 1731 by a choir at St. Thomas Church in Leipzig, was a compilation of fragments from the Ode of Mourning (1727) and” Köthen Mourning Music”, based on new texts.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The music of “The Mark Passion” can be approximately restored on the basis of these works [2] [80].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Friedrich Smend [81] (1940), Dietthard Hellmann [82] (1964), Gustav Adolf Teil [83] (1975), Simon Hayes [84] (1993), Andor Gomme [85] (1997), and others proposed their options for the reconstruction of The Mark Passion.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Luke Passion


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

There are anonymous Luke Passion, copied by Bach's hand around 1730.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

A major researcher of Bach, Philippe Spitta, considered them to be the work of Bach himself, written during his early work in Weimar [86].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Schweitzer, analyzing Spitte's arguments, does not find them convincing.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

First, the cantatas from the same period are more perfect than Luke Passion.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Secondly, Bach's autograph on the manuscript dates back to the middle of the Leipzig period.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Based on this, Albert Schweitzer suggests that Bach rewrote other people's passions in order to fulfill them [87].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

There is a consensus among modern researchers that these Luke Passion are most likely not a work by Bach [2].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Performances of “The Passion”


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Lifetime performances


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

April 7, 1724 of the year.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The first performance of The Passion for John at St.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Nicholas Church, Leipzig [48]


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

March 30, 1725 of the year.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Second performance of The Passion for John, Leipzig [48]


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

April 11, 1727 of the year.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The first performance of St. Matthew Passion at St.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Thomas, Leipzig (according to Joshua Rifkin's hypothesis) [88]


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

April 15, 1729 of the year.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Thomas, Leipzig (according to the traditional point of view) [89]


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

March 23, 1730 of the year.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Performance of “The Mark Passion” [48]


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

April 11, 1732 of the year.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Third performance of The John Passion [48]


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

March 30, 1736 of the year.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Performing St. Matthew Passion at St.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Thomas [48]


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

April 4, 1749 of the year.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Fourth performance of The John Passion [48]


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Bach's numerous performances of The Passion and Pasticcio [42] by other composers are also known: Kaiser's Mark Passion (1713 and 1726), Luke Passion by an unknown author, sometimes attributed to Bach (1730 and circa 1735), Brokes Passions with music by Telemann (1739) and Handel (1746), Pasticcio of the Passions by Kaiser Handel (circa 1748), Pasticcio of Graun - Telemann - Bach - Kunau-Altnikola and Graun's passionate oratorio “Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld” [37].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Oblivion and revival


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

After Bach's death, The Passion, as well as his rest of his works, excluding The Well-Tempered Clavier and organ works, were forgotten for decades.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The revival of interest in Bach began in 1802 with the publication of the biography of Bach Forkel, music director of the University of Göttingen.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Forkel wrote “The General History of Music from the Creation to the Present Day,” and Bach's work captured him so much that, fearing to die before reaching Bach, Forkel decided to publish a chapter about him as a separate book.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

A fan of Bach was composer Karl Friedrich Zelter, who introduced his student Mendelssohn to Bach's work.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In early 1829, Mendelssohn and his friend, singer Eduard Devrient, came to Zelter with a proposal to let Mendelssohn stage St. Matthew Passion at the Berlin Singing Academy.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Unable to put the work on a full scale, Mendelssohn was forced to make some cuts.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Six chorales and all solo arias, except two, were seized, as well as some small fragments [90].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The premiere took place on March 11, 1829.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Mendelssohn used a large choir of four hundred performers.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Stuermer sang the Evangelist, and Devrient sang Jesus.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

As Devrient noted, referring to himself and Mendelssohn, “it took a comedian and a Jew to return the greatest Christian music to humanity” [91].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The audience was delighted with the work.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Mendelssohn's sister Fanny, who was present at the premiere, wrote in a letter “the crowded hall seemed like a temple.”


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Mendelssohn himself wrote in a letter to Franz Hauser that “the choir sang with piety, as if they were in church... the audience felt that it was not a matter of music and concert, but more religion and church” [92].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

On March 21, Bach's birthday, the production was repeated, and aroused even more admiration.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Mendelssohn staged the Matthew Passion for the third time in 1841 in Leipzig, the city where it was first performed.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Since the 30s of the XIX century, St. Matthew Passion has been staged in many cities in Germany.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The John Passion, first performed on February 21, 1833 at the Berlin Singing Academy after Bach's death, did not receive the same rapid recognition [93].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Musical forms of “Passion”


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Comparative size of “The Passion” [79]


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Passions for MarkuPassion according to MattheuPassion for Ioannuaria6148The crowd (turbae [94]) 121814Choraly161511


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The chorales are kept in a simple chord warehouse and are intended for performance by parishioners.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Arias, as a rule, are designed in the form of da capo and are built according to the a1-b-a2 scheme, where the extreme sections (a1 and a2) are generally identical, and the middle section contrasts with them in musical and textual content.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The exceptions are the free-form aria “Ach, mein Sinn” and the aria “Es ist vollbracht!” , which breaks the symmetry of the a1-b-a2 scheme (both from the John Passion).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Arias usually open with a large instrumental introduction and end with an instrumental postlude, with instrumental interludes between its sections.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The introduction, interludes and postludes, as a rule, are approximately equal in volume, the same in thematic and instrumentation.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In John's Passion, Bach contrasts the faceless crowd (turbae) and arias as a personal confession of a believing soul.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In the first part, describing Judas's betrayal and captivity, turbae is used for guards (2b, 2d).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Jesus' confession (2e) is emphasized by the chorale “O große Lieb” (O great, immense love).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The second part tells about Peter's abdication and ends with the aria “Ach, mein Sinn” (My Soul).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The third section deals with the trial of Pilate, and again turbae is used to express the crowd during the scourging of Jesus (16b, 16d).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The fourth section describes the path to Calvary, culminating in the chorale “Durch dein Gefängnis” (O Son of God!).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The fury of the crowd is expressed in several turbae, culminating in shouts “Crucify him” (21d, 23d), opposed by the bass aria “Eilt, ihr angefochtnen Seelen” (Hurry up, oh confused hearts).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The fifth section is the crucifixion crowned with the aria “Es ist vollbracht!” (It's done!).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The confrontation is bordered by chorales 28 and 32.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

In the final sixth section, turbae is absent, the sad flavor prevails.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The section ends with the traditional chorale “Ach Herr, laß dein lieb Engelein” (Ah, Jesus!)


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The musical architectonics of St. Matthew Passion are more complicated, as they are a two-choir composition, where each choir has its own orchestra and its soloists, who sing and play separately and together.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

So, in the opening choir “Kommt, ihr Töchter” (Come the virgin, repeat my cry), the choir mourns the victim, while the second choir asks, “Who?” , “How?” , “What?” , at the end, both choirs unite.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The composition and repetitions are fastened together, so the chorale “O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden” is used five times (15, 17, 44, 54, 62) in the scene of praying for the cup, Pilate's trial and the death of Jesus.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

British organist and musicologist Archibald Wilson noted that Bach did not use any music by another composer as often and did not give such a wealth of various treatments as the melody of the chorale “O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden”


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Druskin notes that in St. Matthew Passion, Bach thinks structurally and polyphonically, when music develops in several correlated “layers” [95].


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Matthew Passion begins with a harbinger of the imminent crucifixion and betrayal of Judas, followed by the Last Supper, the only section in Bach's passions, designed in bright colors.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Jesus' yearning is conveyed in the tenor's aria “O Schmerz! Hier zittert das gequälte Herz” (Oh Pain! On my heart the thrill of the old torments).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

After the capture, two choirs “Sind Blitze, sind Donner in Wolken verschwunden?” (No lightning, no thunder, is everything gone in the clouds?) , exploding with outrage at injustice.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

This is followed by Peter's abdication, followed by the most famous aria, “Erbarme dich, Mein Gott” (Be merciful, my God).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Judas's death also ends with the famous aria “Gebt mir meinen Jesum wieder!” (Give me back Jesus!).


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Court scenes demonstrate the resilience of Jesus' spirit.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Pilate's trial is the most dramatic part of St. Matthew Passion.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The crowd (turbae) demands the crucifixion of Jesus, not the robber Barabbas.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Between the screams of the crowd, one of the most beautiful arias “Aus Liebe will mein Heiland sterben” (The Savior of the Execution Waits Lovingly), where the soprano is accompanied by oboes and flute.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

The text of the Gospel, which tells about the march to Calvary and the crucifixion, is interrupted by the cries of the crowd mocking the convict.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

Before Jesus' death, the aria “Sehet, Jesus hat die Hand” (Look — Jesus spread his hands to people) gives people hope for salvation.


Question: When was The Passion written?

Passions (Bach)

It all ends with a mourning recitative of all four soloists “Nun ist der Herr zur Ruh gebracht” (Now Jesus has found peace) and the mourning choir “Wir setzen uns mit Tränen nieder” (We are all in tears to You let's bow down), the refrain of which is the words “Ruhe sanfte” - “Rest in peace” [95].