Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

In culture


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

In video games


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

In 2005, the computer game “Metro-2: Death of a Leader” was released, in which the action takes place in the tunnels of the D-6 system.


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

In 2010, Metro 2033 was released for Xbox 360 and personal computers, in which you need to find and use secret subway lines according to the plot.


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

The game also features a multi-level underground bunker with a command center and a nuclear reactor, the prototype of which was the complex in Ramenki.


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

In 2013, the video game Metro: Ray of Hope was released for PC and game consoles.


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

At the beginning of the story, the main character is in a multi-level bunker.


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

At the end of the game there is also a bunker where the battle between the Order of SPARTA and the Reds takes place


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

In fiction


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

In Yevgeny Chizhov's story “The Dark Past of the Man of the Future”, published in the Oktyabr magazine in 2000, which takes place in September 1993, the story comes from a person's perspective, accidentally caught on the secret line of the Moscow metro [41].


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

In Alexander Ilichevsky's novel Matisse, which takes place in the early 1990s, the main character explores Metro-2 [42]:


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Metro-2 or D6 is mentioned in the following works:


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Olga Cherednichenko “Metro-2010” and “Moscow Stalkers”;


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Vladimir Gonik “Hell”;


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Metro Universe 2033 (Dmitry Glukhovsky's project);


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Viktor Suvorov “Control”, “Choice”;


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Danil Koretsky “Rock and Roll under the Kremlin”, “To Catch a Spy”, “Save a Spy”, “Pawn in the Big Game”;


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Maxim Rublev “Do not lean”;


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Matvey Grechko “Classified Moscow metro lines in schemes, legends, facts”.


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

In cinematography


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

The movie “Diggers” mentions Metro-2, and also shows various objects related to it.


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

In particular, a network of radiation laboratories.


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

In the television series Rock and Roll under the Kremlin, Metro-2 is explored by one of the main characters, digger Alexey Sintsov (Leshy).


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Subsequently, at the end of the last series, he heads the Metro-2 security


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Analogs in other countries


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

In the Beijing Metro, Line 1 continues westward and has three stations on the territory of military facilities, including a bunker for top officials of the state.


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Unlike Metro-2 in Moscow, the existence of these stations is not classified.


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Near Pyongyang, the capital of the DPRK, a network of secret tunnels has been laid at a depth of 300 meters, which is connected to several important strategic facilities in various regions of the DPRK and can be used for evacuation of high-ranking officials in case of emergency [43].


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Washington has a 3-line government subway system that connects Capitol facilities.


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

The system is not classified, and visitors are allowed to use it when accompanied by one of the employees [44].


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Documentaries


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

The film Secret Metro (Russia, 2004; directed by Alexander Gromov; aired on REN TV on February 10, 2004) Metro-2 devotes the first few minutes.


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

See also


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

US Capitol Metro System


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

London Post Railway


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Notes


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Literature


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

References


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Publications


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

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Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Denis Baranets.


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Sovetskaya Belorussia 12.01.96.


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Facts and arguments, Oct. 15


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense.


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

ISSN: 1062—6557.


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

ISBN 0-16-035973-2 (in English)


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Related Websites


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

(comic, open by April 1, 2008)


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Category:Transportation systems


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Category:Underground structures in Moscow


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro 2

Category:Moscow Urban Legends


Question: When was the classified Moscow underground transport facility Metro-2 built?

Metro-2

Category:Conspiracy theories


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Metro-2

Category:Cold War


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki (Greek; c. 475 BC —) was an Athenian statesman and military leader of the second half of the 5th century BC.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki came from an insignificant family that did not have long political traditions.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

It was he who personally made efforts to become one of the leading politicians of the Athenian state.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

One of the main prerequisites for this was the wealth that Niki inherited from his father.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Thanks to the performance of public duties, Niki became a popular politician over time.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

During the first phase of the Peloponnesian War, Niki often commanded Athenian troops as a strategist and proved to be a cautious and never defeated commander.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

At the same time, he was in favor of ending hostilities with Sparta.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

After the death of his political opponent Cleon, a supporter of war, Niki strengthened his influence and made efforts to conclude a peace treaty, which was named after him.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Nikiev's peace did not eliminate the contradictions that led to the war, and the situation in Greece remained tense.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In 420 BC


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

the politician Alcibiades began to rise, who advocated the resumption of hostilities.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He was the initiator of the Sicilian expedition against Sparta and its allies.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In 415 BC


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

a large Athenian fleet under the command of three strategists — Alcibiades, Nikia and Lamach — sailed to Sicily.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

After the departure of Alcibiades and the death of Lamach, Niki involuntarily turned out to be the sole commander of the operation, of which he was an opponent and in the success of which he did not believe.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The main event of the expedition was the siege of Syracuse, which Niki unsuccessfully led for about two years.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Moreover, Syracuse was on the verge of defeat for a long time, but the arrival of the Spartan detachment under the command of Gilipp turned the tide of hostilities.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In 413 BC


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Athenian troops were defeated, and their commanders, Niki and Demosthenes, were executed.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Sources


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Nikiy's personality and work are covered in detail in the History of Thucydides, who was his contemporary.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In this work, Niki acts as one of the main characters, due to his real significant role in the Peloponnesian War [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Thucydides tells about the main events related to Nikiy at the first stage of the war (Arkhidamov War), about his efforts to conclude peace with the Spartans, and talks in most detail about the preparation and conducting the Sicilian expedition.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

After completing the story about his activities, Nikia Thucydides gives him a general description, which is one of the most paradoxical and has repeatedly attracted the attention of researchers:


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

“Such and similar considerations were the reason for the execution of Nikius, who deserved such an unfortunate fate least of all of the Hellenes of my time, for he always followed good customs in his behavior.” [2]


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The paradox of this characteristic is that such a high rating does not correspond to the facts cited by Thucydides himself, which indicate excessive indecision, timidity, lethargy Nikia [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki is also mentioned in the works of his other contemporary, comedian Aristophanes.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In the comedy “Horsemen”, Niki is bred in the mask of one of the slaves of the old man Demos, but is not named by his own name.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He also has places where Nikia is spoken in plain text [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

For example, in the comedy “Birds” he is described as a prominent military leader, prone to military cunning [3].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Aristotle ranked Nikia among the best politicians of the 5th century BC. e.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

“The best politicians in old Athens seem to be Niki, Thucydides and Feramen. At the same time, regarding Nikiy and Thucydides, everyone agrees that they were not only “beautiful and kind”, but also experienced in state affairs, who fatherly treated the entire state.” [4]


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The later historian Diodorus of Sicily in his “Historical Library” described the preparation and conduct of the Sicilian expedition, and in this regard spoke in detail about the activities of Nikiy.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Diodorus's data mainly coincide with the data of Thucydides, and Nikidides agrees with their assessment [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

One of the main sources on the personality and work of Nikiy is his biography, written by Plutarch and included in the collection “Comparative Biographies”.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Plutarch relies primarily on Thucydides.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

But in addition, its sources were historical works that have not survived to this day, in particular, the works of Sicilian historians Philistus (contemporary and eyewitness of events) and Timeus [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Plutarch compares Nikius with Mark Licinius Crassus on the basis of failure and the sad end that befell both [5].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Youth and ancestry


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

It is believed that Niki, the son of Nicerat, was born from the dem of Kidantida around the mid-470s BC. e.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

[5] A more precise date of birth is unknown.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Nikia's family was not noble, and his ancestors did not differ in the public life of Athens [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

However, Diogenes Laertes, describing the events of the turn of the VII-VI centuries BC. e.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

, wrote that during the pestilence in Attica, “the Pythia ordered them (the Athenians) to clean the city; and they sent a ship with Nikius, the son of Nicerate, to Crete for Epimenides” [6].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

According to this evidence, it can be judged that this is a distant ancestor of Nikia (the name and patronymics coincide) [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

On this issue, several options for its solution were proposed.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Some researched suggested that this episode was invented by Niki to show that he had an ancient and influential ancestor in the policy.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Others believed that Diogenes Laertes confused the two cleansing of Attica, and Niki headed the Athenian embassy in Crete during the Athenian plague of the early 420s BC.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

“Epimenides” in this case could be called the image of Epimenides, since Epimenides himself lived in the 7th century BC. e.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

According to the third option, the Nikia family had xenic and proxenic ties with a certain Cretan family, possibly with the one to which Epimenides belonged, since Thucydides briefly mentioned in his work Nikia from Gortyna [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The name “Niki” is not typical for Cretans and could appear only through either matrimonial, or xenic and proxenic connections [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

At the same time, one epigraphic source mentions the Athenian Niki, son of Epimenides [7].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The location of Kidantida's dem, to which Niki was assigned, cannot be accurately determined these days [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

However, it is known that it belonged to the median trittia of Philae Aegeis, which means that it was a rural dem located not very close to Athens [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Most likely, it was Niki who made efforts to become one of the leading politicians at the general policy level.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

One of the main prerequisites for Nikiy's political activity was the colossal wealth by ancient Greek standards, which he inherited from Nikerat's father [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Lisy wrote that “Nikiy was supposed to have no less than a hundred talents in property, and most of it seemed to be in cash” [8].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Lysia's fortune ranks second after the state of the Kallia-Hipponicus family (a branch of the Kerik family), which was considered the richest in Greece [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The main source of income for Nikiy, and earlier his father Nikerat, is the development of silver mines in Lavria [5].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Nikiy also owned a large number of slaves.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Xenophon and Athenaeus wrote that he had a thousand slaves [9] [10].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

This may be an exaggeration, but one way or another, Niki had a very large number of slaves compared to other Athenians [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He rented out his slaves to others and received a small but stable fee for doing so.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

At the same time, Niki did this not himself, but through the Thracian Sosius, who was the epistate of the slaves of Nikius [9].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He wanted to increase his fortune in the cash he needed for political purposes [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In this era, in order to gain fame and prestige, the wealthiest citizens took on liturgies — public duties imposed on them in favor of the state.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Nikiy's brilliant liturgies overshadowed others with generosity and delicate taste [11].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In this way, he won the love of the people [11].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He needed this in the fight against demagogue Cleon, his political opponent.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In contrast, Niki did not engage in demonstrative demagogy for the sake of the people, but sang liturgies.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Cleon also performed them, but for him it was not the main thing, but for Nikiy it was the main or one of the main ones [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Arkhidamov's war


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Despite such traits as unsociability, indecision, excessive piety, Niki is one of the most prominent Greek commanders of the second half of the 5th century BC.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

[1] He served as a strategist during and with Pericles [12], but became a famous and authoritative commander during the first stage of the Peloponnesian War, known as the Archidams War.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

This war was named after the Spartan king Archdam II.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

At the same time, Niki, unlike Cleon, was a supporter of ending the war with Sparta and concluding a peace treaty [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

However, since Athens was fighting, he had to participate in the war and take command of the troops as a strategist.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In the 420s, Niki was a strategist for six or seven consecutive years [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

While commanding the army, Niki tried not to get involved in risky operations and fight only when he was confident in his own victory [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Thucydides first mentions Nikia, telling about the events of mid-summer 427 BC. e.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki was elected strategist for 427/426 BC. e.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

and led an expedition to the Megaran island of Minoya.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki captured it and placed the Athenian garrison at this important strategic point [13].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In 426 BC


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki was sent with the fleet against Melos.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He was given 60 ships and 2,000 hoplites.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Melos took a neutral position in the Peloponnesian War and refused to join the Athenian Maritime Union, as did many residents of other islands in the Aegean Sea.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Athenians began to devastate the lands of Melos, but the Melossians still refused to obey, and Niki did not besiege the main city of the island [14].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

After that, in order to avoid reproaches from the Athenian people, he decided to achieve some more significant victory and sailed to Orop.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

There, Athenian hoplites landed, joined reinforcements under the command of other strategists and defeated Tanagra's militia.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Then Nikiy's fleet ravaged the coast of Locrida [15].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Although Niki did not win a decisive victory this time, he returned with significant booty [1], and his authority increased [5].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In the same year, Niki, along with other strategists, took part in the Holy Embassy in Delos [11] [16].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki was elected a strategist for the next year, 425/424 BC. e.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

[17] The Athenian fleet under the command of Demosthenes, Sophocles and Eurymedon was heading for Corfu.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Demosthenes proposed to capture and strengthen the town of Pylos on the southwestern coast of the Peloponnese, in Messinia.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Pylos was captured and turned into a stronghold of Athens on the territory of Sparta.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Messenger helots, hostile to the Spartiates, began to flock to this important strategic point from the vicinity [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Spartans did not attach much importance to this at first, but when it became clear that the Athenians had changed their strategy of short-term raids to a strategy for creating fortified points in the Peloponnese, they sent by sea, a Spartan detachment that managed to occupy the island of Sfakteria, which closed the entrances to Pylos Bay [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Reinforcements arrived to help Demosthenes, the Athenians won the naval battle, and a detachment of 420 Spartan hoplites was surrounded on Sfakteria [18].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The siege of the island was delayed, the Athenians did not dare to storm, and a debate broke out in the Athenian People's Assembly between Niki and Cleon.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Cleon said that the Athenians should not hesitate, but should immediately send reinforcements to Pylos and capture Sfakteria [19].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

No one reproached him for missing favorable opportunities for a profitable peace with Sparta, and emphasized the difficulties of capturing Sfakteria.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He did not want to engage in a risky operation and jeopardize his reputation as a never defeated commander.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Cleon said that if he were a strategist himself, he would have won quickly.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Then Niki “announced that... Cleon can take as many ships as he wants and go on a campaign.”


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Cleon decided that Niki was bluffing and agreed to take command, expecting his opposition to take his words back.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

But Niki was not joking at all, and the People's Assembly insisted on the appointment of Cleon.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Then he agreed and said that within twenty days he would bring the Spartans to Athens alive or kill them all on Sfakteria [20].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

How Cleon's appointment was formalized is unknown.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He was not elected a strategist for this year, but perhaps an exception was made for him in the form of some extraordinary master's degree, for example, the eleventh strategist [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Cleon did deliver on his promise, albeit with Demosthenes's help.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

292 prisoners of Spartan hoplite were brought to Athens, and the rest were killed [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

This was the most successful operation for the Athenians during the entire Peloponnesian War.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Immediately after Cleon's return, Niki, along with other strategists, led a raid on Corinthia [21].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Both infantry and cavalry took part in this campaign.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

A special feature of the expedition was the use of specially equipped ships to transport cavalry detachments [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The use of cavalry had a certain social orientation: Athenian horsemen, noble aristocrats, did not previously take part in the Peloponnesian War, since Pericles' strategy did not imply active hostilities on land, and now horsemen have the opportunity to participate in hostilities, which confirmed the importance of cavalry in the military strategy of Athens [5].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Athenians defeated the Corinthians near Solygea (Ancient Greek: Solygea), but when more significant Corinthian forces appeared, they retreated to the ships.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Athenians then ravaged another part of Corinthia and left the garrison in Methana (near Epidaurus).


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

This Athenian raid was quite successful: 212 Corinthians and less than 50 Athenians fell in battle [22], part of the Corinthian lands was devastated and the garrison was left in Methana [5].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In the summer of 424 BC


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Nikii managed to achieve a major success comparable to the capture of Pylos by Demosthenes [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Athenian fleet under the command of Nikia, Nicostrat and Autoclus attacked the island of Kiefer, located off the southern coast of Laconia.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Perieki Kifera entered into negotiations with Nikiy and surrendered the island to him on the condition that they would remain alive and would not be expelled from the island.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Nikiy's softness contributed to the successful conclusion of the negotiations.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Athenian garrison was left on Kiefer [23].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The advantage in the war was on the side of Athens, and the situation of Sparta deteriorated.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Under these conditions, the Spartans decided to change tactics.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The old tactics of the annual invasions of Attica did not pay off (moreover, a new invasion of Attica was impossible — then the Athenians would have executed the Spartans captured in Sfacteria), and the Spartans decided intercept strategically important positions on the northern coast of the Aegean Sea from the Athenians [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

A Spartan detachment under the command of Brasid appeared in Halkidiki.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The cities of Halkidiki, which were part of the Athens Maritime Union, began to voluntarily go over to the side of Sparta, and Brasid took others by force.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

An important Athenian colony of Amphipolis was lost.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

For the Athenians, such actions were a complete surprise.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The People's Assembly again started talking about peace, and Nikiy's political influence began to increase [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In 423 BC


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

a truce was concluded with Sparta [24].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

However, Braacid continued to operate successfully on the northern coast of the Aegean Sea, and to counter him, it was decided to send a squadron under the command of Nikia, who was elected strategist for 424/423 BC A.D.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He led 50 ships, 1,000 Athenian hoplites, 600 archers, 1,000 Thracian mercenaries.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Athenians took Menda (due to internal strife in the city) and besieged Skiona [25], but these successes were not decisive and did not contribute to the successful outcome of the campaign for the Athenians.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Therefore, Cleon was sent to replace him [26].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

However, the Battle of Amphipolis was won by the Spartans, and Cleon was killed [27].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Braacid, who was a supporter of war in Sparta, also fell on the battlefield.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

After the death of the two main supporters of the war, peaceful sentiment grew in both states [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Peace talks have resumed.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

After Cleon's death, Niki strengthened his influence and became for some time the leading politician of the state of Athens [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In 421 BC


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

a peace treaty was concluded, which was called Nikiev Peace, since Niki was its main initiator [5].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Shortly thereafter, the Spartans offered the Athenians an alliance [28], and a treaty of alliance was added to the peace treaty.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The conclusion of a peace treaty was the peak of Nikiy's political career [5].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki vs Alcibiades


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Nikiev's world did not eliminate the contradictions that led to the war, and only returned the parties to the situation before the outbreak of the war.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The peace was fragile and ended only the first stage of the Peloponnesian War [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Corinthians and Boeotians refused to join the peace treaty, which caused discontent among the Athenians, and serious differences arose in the Peloponnesian Union.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Both sides did not return many of the occupied territories to each other - Amphipolis became an independent polis, Thebes retained Platei, the Athenians continued to hold the garrison in Pylos in response to the fact that the Thebans and The Spartans returned Panactus destroyed.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Against the background of discontent with the Spartans, Alcibiades began his political activity, who supported the resumption of hostilities.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

At the same time, he was guided by personal reasons.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Alcibiades was dissatisfied with the fact that the Spartans did not negotiate through him, although he was a Spartan proxen, but through Nikia [29] [30].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Thus began the political struggle between Alcibiades and Nikia.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki was a supporter of peace with Sparta, Alcibiades was a supporter of war.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Alcibiades envied Nikiy and his authority.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In the same year, he was elected a strategist and was re-elected to this position for five years in a row [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

While in this position, he was able to dramatically change the foreign policy of Athens in his first year of strategy [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The previously popular trend towards peaceful relations with Sparta, he preferred enmity with it.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

To do this, he began to look for allies in the Peloponnese.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He managed to form an alliance with Argos, the eternal enemy of Sparta [30].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

This alliance was then joined by two other former Spartan allies, Mantinea and Elis.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The creation of this coalition was Alcibiades's first major diplomatic success [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Union allowed Athens to create a bridgehead in the Peloponnese and subordinate other cities to its influence [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

At the same time, Nikiev's peace was still in force, and the situation was ambiguous.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

To clarify the situation, the Spartans sent ambassadors to Athens.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

However, Alcibiades discredited the ambassadors before the People's Assembly and thwarted their mission.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki with great difficulty dissuaded the Spartans from immediately breaking the peace treaty [30].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In 419 BC


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Athenians, at the initiative of Alcibiades, accused the Spartans of violating the conditions of peace and declared them aggressors [31], although in fact it was the opposite [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In 418 BC


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

coalition troops (Argos, Mantinea, Arcadia, Athens) were completely defeated in the Battle of Mantinea; supporters of the alliance with Sparta triumphed in the cities of the Peloponnese, and an oligarchy was established.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Democratic Alliance collapsed, and most of its members rejoined the Peloponnesian Union.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

After the defeat at Mantinea, the influence of Alcibiades fell slightly, and the influence of Nikius increased [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The latter was elected a strategist and was to lead an expedition against Amphipolis, scheduled for the spring of 417 BC. e.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

However, at the last moment it turned out that it was impossible to count on the help of the Macedonian king Perdicca, and the campaign had to be canceled [32].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The confrontation between Nikius and Alcibiades led to the last ostracism in Athenian history.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The ostracophoria was carried out on the initiative of the demagogue Hyperbole [33].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Both Niki and Alcibiades reached an influential position in the policy that might seem dangerous to the people [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

According to Hyperbole, the Athenians were to expel either Alcibiades or Nikia.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

However, they “conspired and, united the forces of their supporters, turned the ostracism against Hyperbole itself” [33].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

It was this outcome that had a decisive impact on ending the practice of ostracism [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The exact date of the ostracophoria is unknown.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

From the biographies of Plutarch, you can learn that this ostracophoria occurred between the Battle of Mantinea (418 BC) and the beginning of the Sicilian Expedition (415 BC).


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

That is, the ostracophoria occurred in the spring of 417, 416 or 415 BC.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

[1] The most popular date in historiography was 417 BC. e.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

based on data from the historical work of Theopomp [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Thucydides mentions Hyperbole's ostracism, talking about his murder in 411 BC.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

[34] The very fact of collusion between Nikius and Alcibiades is questioned by modern historians.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Supporters of Nikiy and Alcibiades, even united, could not influence the outcome of the vote due to their small number (this would give a total of only 100-150 votes) [1] [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Thus, there was to be an event that prompted the majority of Athenians to vote for the ostracism of Hyperbole.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In the winter of 416/415 BC


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Ambassadors from the Sicilian city of Egesta arrived in Athens.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

They asked for military assistance from the Athenians [35].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Athenians reacted positively to this proposal and sent ambassadors to Sicily.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In February or March [1], the Athenian embassy returned to Athens [36].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Soon the People's Assembly was held.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

It was decided to send three autocrator strategists to Sicily: Alcibiades, Nikia and Lamach [37].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Alcibiades was the most determined supporter of the Sicilian expedition [38].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki, on the contrary, considered the expedition a “difficult task” and persuaded the Athenians to abandon this idea [39].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

However, at this meeting, Niki did not oppose the decision to appoint him a strategist on an expedition that he considered doomed to failure in advance [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Only five days later, at the next meeting, Niki criticized the upcoming military expedition.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

As a result, the Athenians decided to further increase their expeditionary forces [40].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Historian I. E.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Surikov assumes that during these five days there was an ostracophoria between one people's assembly and another [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

At the first meeting, both Alcibiades and Niki seemed to show that they had the same position regarding the Sicilian expedition.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The mass of the demos was confused by the fact that they did not understand who to vote against.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Previously, if they voted for Alcibiades, then for the expedition to Sicily, and if for Nikia, then against the expedition.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

But now ostracism turned out to be useless, and as a result, the Athenians expelled the initiator of this ostracophoria Hyperbole [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Sicilian expedition


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Alcibiades, Niki and Lamah sailed to Sicily on one hundred and forty triers [41].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Arriving in Italy, the Athenians took Regius.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

They then crossed to Sicily and took Katana [41].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

This was the end of the successful actions of Alcibiades.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The state ship Salaminia arrived for him from Athens with a summons to court [41].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He sailed on his ship with the Salaminia from Sicily, allegedly to Athens.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

However, in the Furies, Alcibiades and his friends landed ashore and fled [42].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

After the departure of Alcibiades, Niki, according to Plutarch, actually became commander-in-chief [43].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Lamah, on the other hand, was subordinate to the more influential Nikiy [43].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Sailing along the coast of Sicily, the Athenians arrived in Gimera, but they were not accepted there, and they sailed further [44].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

They managed to capture the city of Gikkara [45], and then Niki arrived in Katana and tried to capture the small town of Gelei Ghiblu, but he failed [43] [46].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

At the end of 415 BC


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Athenians began to prepare for an attack on Syracuse [47].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Syracusians, noticing the indecision of the Athenians, imbued with neglect for them and began to plan a campaign to Katana, where the Athenian army stood [48].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki decided to lure the Syracuse army away from the city, while the Athenians would sail on ships to Syracuse and there would take convenient positions to attack the city [49].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He sent a messenger to the Syracusians, who were told to inform them that Syracuse supporters in Katana were ready to betray the city as soon as the Syracusians approached the city [50].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Syracusians marched to Katana, and the Athenians boarded ships and, landing near Syracuse, set up camp in a convenient place.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The next day, when the Syracusians returned from Katana and lined up in battle formation near the walls of the city, Niki led the Athenians on the offensive.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In the battle, the Syracusians were defeated and retreated [51].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki did not take advantage of his victory and a few days later sailed to Naxos for winter apartments [52].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In the winter and spring of 414 BC. e.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Syracusians and Athenians were looking for allies.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Athenians managed to form an alliance with several Sicilian cities, and the Syracusians sent ambassadors for help to Corinth and Sparta [53].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In Sparta, Alcibiades advised to send troops to Sicily [54].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Spartans agreed and sent a small detachment under the command of Gilipp to Syracuse [55].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In the summer of 414 BC


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Athenians came to Syracuse and besieged the city.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki occupied Epipolas and defeated the Syracuse army [56].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He then ordered the construction of siege walls around Syracuse.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Most of the wall was built in June [57].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Syracusians began to build a counterwall to prevent the Athenians from completing their wall.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Lamah was killed in one of the clashes [58] [59].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

By the end of the year, Syracuse was ready to surrender, but after the arrival of Gilipp, the Syracuse cheered up.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He managed to enter the city, as the Athenians did not complete the wall.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

On the first sortie, the Syracusians were defeated, because Gilipp chose an unsuccessful battlefield for the cavalry.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The second outing was more successful: the Athenians were defeated, and the Syracusians built a counterwall, depriving the Athenians of the opportunity to completely surround the city [60].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Athens decided to send reinforcements to Sicily.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In winter, 10 ships arrived at Syracuse under the command of strategist Eurymedon, and in the spring Demosthenes was to arrive with 73 ships.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Meanwhile, the Syracusians engaged in battle with the Athenians on land and sea.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

They won on land, taking Cape Plemmirius, but were defeated at sea, losing 14 ships out of 80, while the Athenians lost only 3 [61].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The Syracusians, having learned about the approach of Demosthenes, decided to fight the Athenians.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

This time Gilipp wanted to attack simultaneously from land and sea.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The first day of the battle did not bring results.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The second day ended the same way.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

On the third day, the Syracusians caught the Athenians by surprise when they had not yet lined up in battle formation.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

They won and forced the Athenians to retreat.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Meanwhile, Demosthenes's fleet entered the bay.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Demosthenes tried to destroy the walls of Syracuse with siege engines, but failed.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Then he and the entire army launched a night attack on Epipoles.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

At first, the Athenians defeated several units of Syracusians, but fighting in the dark, they were confused and attacked by the Boeotian hoplites, and partly thrown off a steep cliff, partly turned to flight [ 62].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

After that, Demosthenes insisted on returning to Athens.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki, who was afraid to return to Athens without a victory, objected to this.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Demosthenes and Eurymedon, without the consent of Nikia, began to prepare for a retreat.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

But when everything was ready to sail, on the evening of August 27, 413 BC.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

there was a total lunar eclipse [63].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Most warriors demanded a delay of 27 days to “wait for the end of the next revolution of the moon.”


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Having learned about this decision of the Athenians, the Syracusians decided to defeat the enemy.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In the naval battle on September 3 [57], the Athenians were completely defeated, and Eurymedon died [64].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

After this battle, the Syracusians blocked the exit from the harbor, where the Athenian ships were parked.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki decided to start a breakthrough and put some warriors on ships.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

On September 7, [57] they tried to break through, but were defeated and fled [65].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Now the Athenians had only one choice — to retreat by land.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki could have retreated at night, but he hesitated, yielding to the military cunning of Syracuse leader Hermokrat [66].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He secretly sent his men to Niki, who said that the Syracusians had occupied all roads and the Athenians should not retreat at night.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In the morning, the retreat began, but soon turned into an escape, as the Syracusians pursued, attacked, cut off detachment by detachment from the Athenian army and defeated them one by one.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Demosthenes's squad was defeated, and he was captured.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Then Gilipp attacked a detachment led by Nikiy.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He was forced to surrender, falling at Gilipp's feet, saying: “Mercy, Gilippus, you have won! No, I'm not asking for myself, who glorified his name with such great misfortunes, but for the rest of the Athenians. Remember that trouble can happen to anyone in war, and that the Athenians, when they were lucky, treated you favorably and gently” [67].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Gilipp, touched by Nikiy's words, picked him up from the ground, tried to calm him down and ordered him to stop the massacre [67].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The prisoners were taken to Syracuse.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

There, Nikius and Demosthenes were sentenced to death, despite the objections of Gilipus, who wanted to bring them to Sparta, and ordinary soldiers were enslaved and forced to work in the Syracuse quarries [68].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Chronology of Nikius's life (circa 475—413 BC)


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Personality


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Personal life


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Nikiy had two younger brothers, Eucrates and Diognet, who also received a large inheritance from Nikerat's father [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki was much older than them.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Perhaps Eucrates and Diognette were children from Nicerat's second marriage, and not of an Athenian woman, since the scholast in a note to Aristophanes' Lysistrata reports that Eucrates ridiculed as a “xenos” (“alien” ) [5].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Both of his brothers were members of Nikia's group, participated in political life, and won in khoregii [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Eucrates was a strategist in 412/411 BC.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

After the death of his older brother, they became, to some extent, his successors in the political arena [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Niki had a son, Nikerat Jr., who inherited his property.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

However, now it was much smaller than under Nikia.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

According to Lysia, in the last years of Nikerat Jr.'s life, his property was estimated at no more than 14 talents [69].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

After the establishment of the Thirty Tyrants regime in 404 BC.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Nikiy's family, among others, was repressed.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Nikerat and Eukrat were arrested and executed, and Diognette managed to escape.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The latter died shortly after the restoration of democracy in 403 BC.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In the early years of the 4th century BC. e.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Eukrat's sons had to fight in court to ensure that their property was not confiscated.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The speaker Lisy wrote a speech for this case [70].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The outcome of the process is unknown.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Political views


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Aristotle wrote:


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

“After the death of Pericles, the nobles were headed by Niki, the one who died in Sicily; at the head of the people was Cleon, the son of Kleenet...” [71]


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

If we take this passage literally, it turns out that Niki was the leader of an aristocratic group in Athens and the successor of Thucydides, the son of Melesius.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

However, this is not true: there is no continuity between Thucydides and Nikius [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In addition, Niki came from an insignificant family.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Here, Aristotle simplifies the situation by considering political life in Athens through the prism of the dichotomy “democrats — oligarchs” [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The American historian A. West claimed that Niki was a supporter of democracy, like Cleon.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

“It should be understood,” West wrote about Athens of the 5th century BC, “that parties in the modern sense did not exist. With the exception of a handful of reactionary oligarchs, all citizens were democrats” [72].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In Western historiography, Nikiy is usually referred to as “moderate”, that is, he did not approve of the radicalization of democracy and the growth of oligarchic tendencies [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Religious views


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

The sources emphasize such a trait of Nikiy's character as piety.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

He revered the gods and believed divination.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In addition, Niki made sacrifices every day, kept a soothsayer, and consulted with him about public affairs (or pretended to consult) [73].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

During an expedition to Corinthia in 425 BC. e.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

there was an episode described by Plutarch, showing Nikia's piety:


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

“It so happened that the Athenians left the corpses of two warriors unburied there. As soon as Niki found out about this, he stopped the fleet and sent the enemies to agree on a burial. Meanwhile, there was a law and a custom according to which the one who was given the bodies of the dead by agreement thereby refused to win and deprived of the right to stage the trophy — after all, the winner is the one who is stronger , and petitioners who cannot achieve their goal other than by request have no power. Nevertheless, Niki preferred to lose the award and glory of the winner than to leave two of his fellow citizens unburied.” [74]


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Warlord abilities


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Despite such traits as unsociability, indecision, excessive piety, Niki is one of the most prominent Greek commanders of the second half of the 5th century BC.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

[1] He served as a strategist during and with Pericles [12], but became a famous and authoritative commander during the first stage of the Peloponnesian War, known as the Archidams War.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

While commanding the army, Niki tried not to get involved in risky operations and fight only when he was confident in his own victory [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Plutarch wrote:


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

“... Niki diligently evaded the leadership of long and difficult campaigns, and when he took command, he first of all thought about security and, as expected, in most cases with he completed what he had begun with success, but he attributed his exploits not to his own wisdom, strength or valor, but attributed everything to fate and referred to the will of the gods in order to avoid the envy that entails glory yourself.” [74]


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In the military sphere, Niki imitated Pericles.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Like him, Niki preferred to act cautiously, take care of safety, and fight only when he was sure of his own victory.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Perhaps Niki deliberately imitated him [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

In addition, he supported Pericles' strategy that the Athenian leader proposed for the Peloponnesian War.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

This strategy involved defense on land and active military operations at sea [1].


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Notes


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Literature


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Sources


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Thucydides.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

History


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Plutarch.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Comparative biographies.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Nichiy, Alcibiades


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Lisy.


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Speeches


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

explorations


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

in Russian


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

in english


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

References


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

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Question: When was Niki born?

Niki


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Category: 5th-century BC births


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Category:Athens Warlords


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Category: Participants in the Peloponnesian War


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Category:Executed politicians


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Category:Executed military


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

413 BC deaths


Question: When was Niki born?

Niki

Category: 5th-century BC executions


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The Danish-Norwegian operation or Operation Weserubung (German: Fall Weserübung), also: “Exercise on the Weser” or “Weather maneuvers” is a German operation to capture Denmark (German: Weserübung- Süd)) and Norway (German: Weserübung-Nord) during World War II.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Background


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Political environment


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Since the Crimean War, Scandinavian countries have adhered to the principle of neutrality in their foreign policy [1].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

From 1905 until the end of World War I, Britain and Germany put pressure on Norway because of its geographical location, which allowed it to control the east of the North Sea [2].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Just before the outbreak of the war, Denmark, Sweden and Norway held a number of summit meetings, where they stressed their will to neutrality [3].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

However, the warring parties forced the Nordic countries to participate indirectly in the war: Sweden and Norway handed over a significant part of their merchant fleet to the Entente, and Germany forced Denmark to partially block mines Great Belt Strait [3].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At the end of the war, Norway, at the request of Great Britain, laid a minefield in its waters against German submarines [4].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

After the defeat of Germany in World War I, Denmark regained northern Schleswig, which was torn away in 1864 [4].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

On the eve of the New World War, the Scandinavians continued to maintain neutrality [4].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

On May 31, 1939, a non-aggression pact was concluded between Denmark and Germany; Sweden and Norway rejected similar proposals without feeling threatened beyond the straits [5].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The Germans unsuccessfully tried to conclude an agreement with Norway, followed by a number of incidents: the American merchant ship City of Flint, seized by the cruiser Deutschland, was confiscated in October in Haugesund; at the end of November, Norwegians allowed the German ship Westerwald to enter the military port of Bergen; British or chartered submarine were sunk in Norwegian waters by a German submarine on December 7-13 British courts Thomas Walton, Deptford and Garodfelia [6].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

In January 1940, the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Halifax, stated that this was forcing Britain to extend the war to Norwegian territorial waters [6].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

It was decided to develop a plan to seize ports on the Norwegian coast, in particular Narvik, from which it was possible to occupy Swedish mines, as well as to come to the aid of Finland, which defends against Soviet Union [7].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The French, after the Gelb plan “flew” to them, were interested in opening a second front to divert the forces of the Wehrmacht [7].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At one of the receptions with the participation of journalists from the Scandinavian countries, Churchill, as if in passing, said: “Sometimes you can wish the northern countries to be on the opposite side, and then you could seize the right strategic points.”


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

“It seems,” wrote the future UN Secretary General Trygve Lee about this event, “that Churchill made his statement with the clear intention of making it reach the ears of the Germans” [8 ].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Corps were created to be sent to the Balkans and Narvik [9].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

During the autumn-winter of 1939—1940, Great Britain carried out a number of actions compromising Norway's neutrality.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Political pressure was exerted on the country to obtain a significant share of its trade tonnage, tried to impose a unilaterally profitable trade agreement on it, and made demands that were impossible was to be implemented without departing from generally accepted norms of neutrality.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At the very beginning of the war, on September 5, the British government published an extensive list of goods that it qualified as military smuggling.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The adoption of this list led to the fact that a significant part of Norwegian exports to Germany was banned, and the country's foreign trade fell under British control.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The Norwegian government was forced to evade Whitehall's requirements [8].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Of particular interest was the Norwegian merchant fleet, which included 1,300 steamers (a total of 1.78 million GRT) and 682 motor ships (a total of 2.98 million GRT).


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Through government and private contracts at the beginning of the war, Britain was able to use Norwegian vessels with a total capacity of 2,450,000 registered gross tons (1,650,000 of which were tankers) [10].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Development of Operation Exercise on the Weser


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

For the Germans, Norway was both the key to the North Sea and the transit route for Swedish ore; Kriegsmarine Commander-in-Chief, Grand Admiral Erich Roeder, especially insisted on capturing it [11].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

On December 14, 1939, the Wehrmacht command was instructed by Hitler to investigate the possibility of capturing Norway [12].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Initially, the General Staff was skeptical about the need and possibility of achieving this goal, but on January 27, a separate headquarters was created to develop a plan codenamed “Exercises on the Weser” (German: Weserübung) [13].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The Altmark incident on February 16 weakened the positions of opponents of the operation, and since then preparations for it were accelerated [14].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

On February 24, the headquarters of the 21 Corps, led by General Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, began a detailed development of the operation [15], and 5 days later it presented Hitler with a ready-made project [16].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The fundamental feature of the plan was the desire to carry out lightning simultaneous troops in key cities, if possible without the use of weapons [17].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Raeder advised to carry out the landing until April 7, that is, before the end of the polar night [18].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At a meeting on April 2, Hitler appointed the ninth “Weser Day” (landing) [19].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Contacts were established with the leader of the unpopular Norwegian party Nasjonal Samling, Vidkun Quisling, although this did not affect the military operation in any way [20].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Initially, the operation was planned on the basis of a simultaneous offensive on the Western Front, so a minimum number of ground units were allocated for it: the 3rd Mountain Rifle Division, Major Edward Dietl and some reserve regiments [21].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Later, it was decided to divide the operations in time in order to preserve operational and political freedoms, and therefore significant strength was given to the northern campaign.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The first echelon on the Norwegian coast was to land the 69 and 169 Infantry and 3 Mountain Rifle Divisions; the second - the 181 and 196; the third - the 214 [17].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Although the violation of the neutrality of another country was politically undesirable, the operation also included the capture of Denmark: Jutland airfields were needed to supply the “Norwegian” landing; it was necessary to ensure the safe movement of maritime transport through the Danish straits [21].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

For Denmark, the 170, 198 Infantry Divisions and the 11th Motorized Brigade were allocated [17].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Almost all ships of the military and merchant fleets of the Reich were used for the operation [22].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Transport vessels were planned to be unloaded in the seized ports immediately after landing, so the ships for Narvik had to leave 6 days before the “Weser Day” [16].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Warships could leave 3 days later, so the point of no return for the beginning of the operation was coming just at that moment [16].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

For the first time, the Kriegsmarine had to transport large ground units, so submarines were used to cover the landing and attacks against a possible counterlanding [23].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The surface fleet had already suffered significant losses and now had the following forces available: the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, the Lutzow pocket battleship, 2 heavy and 4 light cruisers, 14 destroyers, 7 torpedo boats [24].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The Luftwaffe was instructed to: transport paratroopers and land units to Aalborg, Oslo, Kristiansand, Stavanger and Bergen; defend ships and provide air assault support to the Wehrmacht [25].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

These tasks were assigned to the 10th Air Corps of Lieutenant General Geisler [26].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

It included the 4th, 26th, 30th combat squadrons, the 100th group of the combat squadron, 3 anti-aircraft compartments, a battalion of paratroopers, 7 air transport groups, one land and sea transport squadron each [26].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The areas of responsibility were divided as follows: Navy Group Vostok (Admiral Rolf Karls) - command on the water to Skagerrak; Navy Group West (Admiral General Alfred Saalwachter - command in the North Sea and Norwegian waters; 21 Corps (General Falkenhorst) - in Norway after landing; 31 Corps (Aviation General Kaupis) - operations in Denmark; 10 Air Corps (Lieutenant General Geisler) - support for land and sea forces in Norway and Denmark [27].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At the same time, both naval groups were directly subordinate to the OKM, the 31 Army Corps to the 21 Corps, and the 10 Air Corps to the Air Force Command [27].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Operation Wilfred and R4 plan development


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The UK, for its part, planned to seize the Scandinavian countries in order to disperse German forces and conduct an economic blockade.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

To this end, the British military department planned several independent operations.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

In order not to be involved in the war with the USSR, British Prime Minister Chamberlain proposed to mine Norwegian territorial waters (which Churchill has long insisted on) and thus expel German ore carriers from their three mile limits, where the requirements for neutrality were met, to the attacks of the Allied naval forces, whose superiority at sea was undeniable.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The operation, codenamed Wilfred, did not expect to meet strong German opposition [8].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

On March 31, the cruiser Birmingham with the destroyers Firless and Hostyle were sent to the coast of Norway to intercept German ships breaking into Germany.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

In addition, they were tasked with capturing enemy fishing trawlers and covering their forces, which were to lay mines.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The detachment operated off the Norwegian coast until the evening of April 7, capturing three German trawlers as prizes: Friesland (247 GRT), Blankenberg (336 GRT) and Nordland (392 GRT).


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

On April 3, the British Navy was instructed to mine Norwegian waters.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The departure of the ships was scheduled two days later.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The productions within the framework of Operation Wilfred were planned to be carried out by several groups of ships:


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

group “WB” (destroyers “Express” and “Intrepid”) - in the Kristiansund area (62 (54's.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

sh.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

, 6 (55 'e. d. );


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

WS group (Teviat Bank minelayer and destroyers Inglefield, Islex, Imogen, Isis) - in the area of m. Stud (62 (p.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

sh.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

, 5 (v. d. );


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

group “WV” (20th flotilla of destroyers (“Esk”, “Impalsive”, “Ikarus”, “Ivanhoe”) and the 2nd destroyer flotilla (“Hardy”, “Hotsper”, “Havok”, “Hunter”) - in the Bodo area (67 (24'n. sh.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

, 14 (36'E).


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Under the command of Vice Admiral William J.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Whiteworth (the Rinaun battlecruiser and the destroyers Grayhound, Gloworth, Hyperion, Hirow) was allocated for operational cover of the barrier groups, as information was received about those in Narvik Norwegian battleships, in addition, could not completely exclude the enemy's retaliatory measures.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

“Since our mining of Norwegian waters could trigger a response from Germany,” Churchill recalled, “it was also decided that a British brigade and French troops should be sent to Narvik to clear the port and advance to the Swedish border. Troops were also to be sent to Stavanger, Bergen and Trondheim.”


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

This is what the new plan, codenamed “R4", looked like in general terms.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

It shows the following characteristic solutions:


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

counting on the loyalty of the Norwegian political leadership;


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

the main emphasis was placed on the conduct of hostilities at sea, the plans were built on the basis of the significant superiority of the British fleet over the German fleet, and the Navy was entrusted with the main efforts to counter possible German countermeasures;


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

in the first echelon, exclusively British troops were involved, in the second - also French and Polish forces;


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

28] no military action was envisaged in Denmark at this stage. [28]


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Allied forces


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Norway had 6 divisions, with a total number of 55 thousand people (after partial mobilization).


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The Norwegian fleet had 2 coastal defense battleships, 7 destroyers, 8 minesweepers, 10 minelayers, 17 destroyers, 9 submarines.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Norwegian aviation consisted of 190 aircraft.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Denmark had 2 divisions, totaling 14.5 thousand people.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The Danish fleet consisted of 2 coastal defense battleships, 9 minesweepers, 3 minelayers, 6 destroyers, 7 submarines.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Danish aviation had 94 aircraft.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Allied troops (Great Britain, France and Poland), consisting of 4 British, 3 French and 1 Polish brigade, were sent to help Denmark and Norway.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The British fleet consisted of 3 aircraft carriers, 4 battleships, 21 cruisers, 21 destroyers and 18 submarines.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The French fleet consisted of 2 cruisers, 11 destroyers and 1 submarine.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The Polish fleet had 3 destroyers and 1 submarine.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Amphibious operations


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Since April 3, German ports have been leaving transports going to Stavanger, Trondheim and Narvik [29].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At about three o'clock in the morning on April 7, German warships carrying army units destined for Northern Norway gathered at the Schillig approaches (at the exit from Wilhelmshaven Bay) and headed north: they were the battleships Gneisenau (the flagship of Vice Admiral Gunther Lutyens) and Scharnhorst, the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper and 12 destroyers [29].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

In the afternoon, the fleet was discovered by British naval aircraft, whose command decided that the unit would break into the Atlantic [30].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

It sent several flotillas to the North Sea and to the Shetland Islands-Iceland border [31].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At night, the German fleet was caught in a storm that lasted several days: it caused some damage to ships and seriously hampered navigation [31].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At 10 am on April 8, the Admiral Hipper rammed and sank the destroyer Glowwalm alone [32]; after which it and four destroyers went to Trondheim Fjord [33].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Around 21:00, when the connection stood at the West Fjord, the remaining 8 destroyers said goodbye to the battleships and went to Narvik [34].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

On the night of April 9, the Norwegian Admiralty ordered the beacons to be turned off and the lights on the coast turned off [35].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The landing in both countries was scheduled for 5:15, and half an hour before that, the battleships discovered the 2nd flotilla of destroyers Admiral William Whitford with the battlecruiser Rinaun as the flagship [35].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At 5:10, the battle began between the British cruiser and the German battleships, as a result of which the gun turrets “A” soon failed on them, after which they preferred to withdraw, which in stormy weather did not was of great difficulty [36].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Norway


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Eight destroyers of the 1st Airborne Group led by Wilhelm Heidkamp entered Narvik Bay on the morning of April 9, where after negotiations they sank the Norwegian coast guard battleships Eidswold and Norge [37 ].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The destroyers landed at the port of the mountain rifles; after a short conversation, the chief of the Narvik garrison, Colonel Zundlo, surrendered the city of Ditlu; however, two companies of the 13th Infantry Regiment did not obey the order and withdrew to the Swedish border [33].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At 8:10, the destroyers reported to the headquarters that Narvik, the main target of the invasion, had been captured [33].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The 2nd Group, the Admiral Hipper and 4 destroyers, intended for Trondheim, for fear of meeting the British fleet, stood ashore in front of the entrance to Trondheim Fjord on the night of April 9 [38].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At 4 am, a compound with a small artillery shootout overcame the searchlight fence of the fjord [39].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At six o'clock, the 138th Mountain Rifle Regiment began landing in the city and at the southern coastal batteries [40].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The regiment commander, Colonel Weiss, quickly achieved the loyalty of the local authorities [40].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The German tanker did not arrive, and the warships had a fuel problem, which prevented them from going home on April 9, as planned [40].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The airfield and the remaining batteries were occupied only on April 11; on the same day, the fleet went to sea [41].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The operation against Bergen involved (3rd group) light cruisers Cologne (the flagship of Rear Admiral Schmundt) and Koenigsberg, the Bremse artillery training ship, 2 destroyers and 5 torpedo boats with Carl Peters escort ship [41].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

They were equipped with ground units led by the headquarters of the 69th Division of Major General Tittel [41].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At 18:00 on April 8, a British fleet of two cruisers and 15 destroyers was 60 miles from the 3rd Group, but at night it passed north of the entrance to Korsfjord [42].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At 4:30am, some army units landed at the entrance to the Bifjord to capture the Quarven battery; at 5:15am, the 3rd group entered the fjord [43].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Quarven's battery responded with fire that damaged the Karl Peters, but the rest of the ships sailed to Bergen harbor [44].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At 6:20, the landing ended, and 3 hours later, the Quarven and Sandviken batteries that were firing were captured [44].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At noon, Bergen was under the control of the Germans, but in the evening a British fleet of 3 battleships, 10 cruisers and 20 destroyers was to approach the fjord [44].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Schmundt decided to immediately withdraw the ships, and army units prepared to defend the coast [44].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

During the Weser, Stavanger was attacked by dive bombers, after which paratroopers landed [44].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Infantrymen and anti-aircraft gunners were delivered by air; the city and airfield of Sola were captured very quickly [45].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The Norwegian destroyer Aeger sank the German motor ship Roda in the harbor, after which the Luftwaffe was destroyed [45].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Soon, the 193rd Infantry Regiment (Colonel Beeren) of the 69th Division landed in the port, taking control of part of Stavanger [45].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

On the morning of April 9, half of the 2nd minesweeper flotilla seized the cable station in Egersund, while the Norwegian destroyer Skarv was sunk [45].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The landing in Kristiansand had some problems [45].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The 4th group consisted of the light cruiser Karlsruhe (Captain Rive), three destroyers and eight torpedo boats [45].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Due to dense fog, it was only at 6:00am on April 9 that Rive decided to enter the fjord, where he was attacked by an Odderoe battery [46].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Ironically, just at this time, fleeing the British fleet, the German merchant steamer Seattle arrived in the fjord, breaking through the British blockade from Curacao; finding itself at the wrong time in an inappropriate place, it was sunk by a Norwegian battery and the destroyer Giller [46].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Odderoe and Gleodin batteries stubbornly resisted the attacks of the Luftwaffe, but were captured at noon [47].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

By 17:00, the 310th German Infantry Regiment was stationed in Kristiansand [47].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The success and speed of the capture of Oslo were extremely important for the Germans, both militarily and politically, but this landing was the most unsuccessful for them [47].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Half of the 324th Infantry Regiment of the 163rd Division was supposed to fly to Oslo Forneby airfield after it was captured by a company of paratroopers; the second half of the regiment planned to land at the port of Oslo with ships of the 5th amphibious group [48].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

It included the Blucher heavy cruisers (Rear Admiral Kummets's flagship, which also housed the headquarters of Major General Engelbrecht's division) and Lutzov, the light cruiser Emden, 3 destroyers, 8 minesweepers and 2 armed whalers [48].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

After passing the searchlight fence between Bolaerne and Rauoy, assault groups were sent to capture these fortifications and Norway's main military port, Horten [48].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Hoping that there would be no serious resistance, Kummets decided to break through the bottleneck of the Oslo Fjord, the Drøbak Passage [49].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At the northern exit of the passage was the Oscarsborg island-fort [49].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At 5:20, unexpectedly for the Germans, two batteries of the fort opened crossfire with 280 mm guns at the first Blucher from a distance of 500 meters [49].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The cruiser immediately failed the fire control system and fires broke out; while maneuvering, it fired indiscriminately from anti-aircraft guns [50].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At this time, the ship received two torpedo holes from a perfectly camouflaged coastal torpedo mount in Kaholm [50].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At 7:23, the Blucher sank at a depth of 90 meters 400 meters from the shore [50].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Despite the absence of most life jackets and boats, spilled burning fuel and icy (3 degrees Celsius) water, most sailors and soldiers were able to reach the shore, where they were briefly captured by Norway [50].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The Emden and Lutzow reversed out of the aisle, after which Captain Thiele (Lutzow), who took command, decided to land infantry in Sonbucten to support Dryobak's breakthrough from land [51].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At this time, the German minesweeper boat R-17 and the Norwegian submarine A-2 were sunk in the battles for Raua and Horten; the Norwegian admiral surrendered the port [51].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

In the evening, the Luftwaffe attacked Drøbak and Oskarsborg; surrender negotiations were held with batteries in the Oslo Fjord [51].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

German ships entered the port of Oslo only on the morning of April 10 [51].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Paratroopers were unable to land in Oslo Forneby during the Weser due to strong anti-aircraft fire, but an assault group of infantry under the cover of bombers landed and captured the airport [52].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At nine o'clock, transports began to land; in the afternoon, infantry under the command of Colonel Polman broke into Oslo, which was soon captured [52].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Small German forces watched with alarm the two Norwegian divisions at Fredrikstad and Gardermoen [52].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Denmark


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

On the evening of April 8, the 170th Infantry Division and the 11th Rifle Brigade were pulled to the Danish-German border in Schleswig [52].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At 5:25am on April 9, they crossed the border, the Danish battalion retreated [53].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

With local clashes, the 170 Division advanced deep into Jutland, while the Luftwaffe bombed airfields, which paratroopers soon landed [53].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The 11th Brigade quickly marched to Skagen [53].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

On the night of April 9, the 190th Division went to sea on transports from Kiel and Warnemunde [54].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Paratroopers captured the bridge between Falster and Zealand, and Korsør was captured from the sea [54].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

This made it possible to quickly occupy Zealand; another amphibious assault captured Bornholm [54].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The key in the capture of Denmark almost without a fight was the rapid capture of the capital [54].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

For this purpose, the motor ship Hanseatic City of Danzig took on board Major Glane's 308th Infantry Regiment, bypassed Zealand from the west and north, and together with the Stettin icebreaker entered the port of Copenhagen [55].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

From Fort Middelgrund, a German war flag was seen on the Danzig; the commandant ordered a warning shot to force the ships to stop, but the shot was never fired [55].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Stettin stopped, and Danzig docked at the pier at 5:20am [55].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The infantrymen on bicycles reached, where they had a shootout with the guards [55].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At 7:20am, King Christian X of Denmark ordered an end to the resistance; German and Danish commanders exchanged courtesy visits [55].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Believing that Germany was also at war with Sweden, a Danish colonel took the battalion through Öresund to Helsingborg [55].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Since April 9, the Germans have used Danish airfields, highways and railways to supply units in Norway [55].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Battle of Norway


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

On the night of April 9-10, the Germans tried to capture King Haakon VII near the city of Elverum, but their attacks were repulsed.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Overcoming the resistance of Norwegian troops, the Germans had occupied most of Southern Norway by April 22.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

At the same time, some cities where the resisting Norwegian troops were located were subjected to heavy air bombing: Andalsnes, Molde, Kristiansand, Steinkjer, Namsos, Bodø, Narvik.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

During the bombing, many civilians were killed, cities were destroyed, and many residents fled cities to the countryside.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Near Narvik on April 10, there was a naval battle between the approaching forces of the British fleet and the German destroyers.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The British managed to sink or damage German ships near Narvik, thereby cutting off parts of the second and third mountain rifle divisions operating in the city.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

As a result, the Germans failed to develop an offensive in the north of the country in the first days of the campaign.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

On April 13, the British again defeated the German navy forces approaching Narvik, and on April 14 began the landing of a combined Anglo-Franco-Polish contingent in Harstad, where they joined Norwegian 6th Division and launched an offensive against Narvik.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

On 14 April, the Anglo-French contingent also landed in the city of Namsos and launched a dense offensive in the center of the country.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

On 17 April, British forces landed in Ondalsnes.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

However, the Allied offensives from Namsos and Ondalsnes into the center of the country ended in defeats in the areas of Steinkjer and Lillehammer, and they were forced to withdraw again to coastal cities.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

On May 12, the Allies occupied the northern part of Narvik after prolonged fighting, and on May 28 occupied the entire city and forced the Germans to withdraw to the Westfjord.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

However, the plight of the Allies in France forced them to evacuate all their troops from Norway on June 3-8 (Operation Alphabet [56]).


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Together with them, the Norwegian king and government were evacuated.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

On 2 June, the last Norwegian troops operating in Central Norway surrendered, and on 10 June in Northern Norway surrendered.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

By June 16, the Germans had occupied the entire territory of Norway.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Losses of parties


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

During the fighting in Denmark, the losses of the Danish army amounted to 13 people killed [57], the losses of German troops - 2 dead and 10 wounded [58].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

During the fighting in Norway, the losses of the Norwegian army amounted to 1,335 people killed and missing, up to 60 thousand prisoners; British troops in hostilities on land lost 1896 people killed, missing and seriously wounded (the total number of killed and wounded is 4,400 British), French and Polish troops - 530 killed.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The British aircraft carrier Glories, an air defense cruiser, 7 destroyers, 4 submarines were sunk; 2 battleships and 7 cruisers were damaged.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The French fleet lost 1 submarine sunk, the Polish Navy acting together with them lost 1 submarine sunk.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

German losses in Norway amounted to 1,307 killed, 2,375 missing and 1,604 wounded.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

Air losses amounted to 127 aircraft.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The German fleet suffered especially heavy losses - the Blucher heavy cruiser, the Karlsruhe and Koenigsberg light cruisers, 10 destroyers, the Broommer artillery training vessel, 8 submarines were sunk, destroyer, 11 transports and more than 10 small ships.


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, the Lutzov pocket battleship, the Admiral Hipper heavy cruiser, the Emden light cruiser, and the Bremse artillery training vessel were damaged [59].


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

The results


Question: How did Operation Weserubung start?

Danish-Norwegian operation

As a result of the successful completion of the campaign, the Germans managed to occupy Denmark and Norway.