Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Other studies have shown Y-chromosomal haplogroups Q-M242, N, C-M130, and R1a1.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Burial sites in China showed Q-M3 [16] and mitochondrial haplogroup D4j12


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Genetically, the Huns were heterogeneous: one group came from East Asia (Huns), and the other was genetically similar to the Central Asian nomads (Saks) [17].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

History


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In European sources, the first mention of the Huns dates back to the 2nd century AD.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

and belong to the region in the eastern region of the Caspian Sea.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

However, researchers are not sure whether these news relate to the Huns themselves, or are a simple consonance.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In the 70s of the IV century, the Huns conquered the Alans in the North Caucasus, and then defeated the Ostrogothic state of Hermanarich.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The Huns, led by Tsar Balamber, subordinated most of the Ostrogoths (they lived in the lower reaches of the Dnieper) and forced the Visigoths (who lived in the lower reaches of the Dniester) to retreat to Thrace (in the eastern part of the Balkan peninsula, between the Aegean, Black and Marmara Seas).


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Then, having passed through the Caucasus in 395, they devastated the Eastern Roman provinces of Syria [18] and Cappadocia (in Asia Minor).


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Since that time, the main branch of the Huns has settled in Pannonia (a Western Roman province on the right bank of the Danube, now the territory of Hungary) and Austria, raiding the Eastern Roman Empire from there ( in relation to the Western Roman Empire, until the middle of the 5th century, the Huns acted as allies in the struggle against Germanic tribes).


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

By this time, the Hun Union had already had an extremely diverse composition of Germanic and non-German peoples: Bulgars, Ostrogoths, Geruls, Gepids, Sarmatians, etc.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

All conquered tribes were subject to tribute and forced to participate in military campaigns.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In 422, the Huns again attacked Thrace.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II agreed to pay tribute to the Huns in the amount of 350 pounds of gold per year.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In 433, the leader of the Huns Rugila threatened the Eastern Roman Empire to break the peace agreements because of fugitives who took refuge in the territory of the empire.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

During the negotiations, Rugila died.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

After the death of Rugila, his nephews Attila and Bled became the rulers of the Huns, the latter, under unclear circumstances, died hunting in 445 and the power of Attila became sole.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Prisk wrote that “Attila is a man who was born to shake the World.”


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

According to Ammian, “Attila razed the whole of Europe to the ground.”


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

According to Thompson, “Attila was a “scourge of God” only for Roman priests and authorities interested in preserving peoples under the rule of Rome” [19].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Attila moved from cavalry tactics to siege cities and by 447 had taken 60 cities and fortified points in the Balkans, present-day Greece, and other provinces of the Roman Empire.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In 451, at the Battle of the Catalonian Fields in Gaul, the advance of the Huns to the west was stopped by a united Roman army led by commander Aetius and the Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In 452, the Huns invaded Italy, looting Aquileia, Milan and a number of other cities, but then retreated back.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

After Attila's death in 453, the conquered Gepids, who led the uprising of Germanic tribes against the Huns, took advantage of the strife that arose within the empire.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In 454, at the Battle of the Nedao River in Pannonia, the Huns were defeated and driven out to the Black Sea region.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Huns' attempts to break into the Balkan Peninsula in 469 were in vain.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The Huns quickly disappeared among other peoples, who continued to arrive continuously from the east.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

However, their name was used for a long time by medieval authors as a common name for all nomads of the Black Sea region, regardless of their real ties with the former Hun alliance.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The next wave of the Great Migration of Peoples was the appearance of the Ogur tribes in the 460s and the Savir at the beginning of the 6th century.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

From the beginning of the 6th century to the 1st half.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In the VIII century, on the territory of Caspian Dagestan, there was a political association, called in Transcaucasian sources the “kingdom of the Huns” (“khons”).


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Most researchers believe that this name hides one of the Savir tribes [20] [21].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

According to another point of view, this is a union of local Caucasian origin [22] [23].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Its capital was the city of Varachan, but most of the population preserved nomadic life.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

On the 2nd floor.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In the 7th century, its ruler bore the Turkic title of Elteber and recognized himself as a vassal of the Khazars, although in fact he had a large share of independence, making campaigns in Transcaucasia.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In 682, the head of the Huns, Alp Ilitver, received an embassy from Caucasian Albania led by Bishop Israel and, together with the nobility, converted to Christianity.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

There is no clear information about the fate of the Caucasian Huns after the beginning of the 8th century.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Lifestyle and warfare


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The Huns instilled the greatest fear in the Western world of all barbarians.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The Germans were familiar with agriculture, while the Huns were nomads.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In these horsemen, some of whom were unusual for Europeans Mongoloid, the Romans saw not so much people as creatures of demons [24].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Roman historian Ammian Marcellin, “godfather of the Huns”, describes them as follows in the 4th century:


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In contrast to Ammian, the ambassador to the Hun king Attila Prisk of Paniysky describes the Huns in the middle of the 5th century as follows:


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Although Ammian noted that the Huns did not eat boiled food, they were actually quite familiar with culinary art, but were very unpretentious on long hikes.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Bronze boilers were used for domestic and religious purposes, which in shape dates back to the Hunn prototypes in Central Asia [25].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Prisk noted that the Scythian law allows polygamy.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Apparently, the basis of the social organization was a large patriarchal family.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The social system of the Huns of Europe is described by Engels as a military democracy.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Ammian wrote: “If it happens to talk about serious matters, they all consult together.”


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The Huns used a long-range bow.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The Huns' bow was short, as the shooting was from a horse.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The bow had a reverse bend, due to which, with a smaller size, a greater lethal force of the bow was achieved.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The bow was made composite, and for greater strength and elasticity it was strengthened with overlays made of bones or horns of animals.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Arrows were used with both bone and iron or bronze tips.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Sometimes bone balls were attached to the arrows, with holes drilled in them, making a frightening whistle in flight.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The bow was placed in a special case and attached to the belt on the left, and the arrows were in the quiver behind the warrior's back on the right.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The “Hun bow”, or “Scythian bow” (scytycus arcus) - according to the Romans, the most modern and effective weapon of antiquity - was considered a very valuable trophy among the Romans.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Flavius Aetius, a Roman commander who lived hostage among the Huns for 20 years, put the Scythian bow into service in the Roman army.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Religion


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The main deity was Tengri Khan [26].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

As protective amulets, the Huns wore gold and silver images of fantastic animals (dragons).


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Apparently, there were no human sacrifices (like the Huns).


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The Huns had temples and idols (cast from silver) [27].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

There were special ministers of worship: priests, sorcerers, sorcerers and healers who called on the forces of the earth [28].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Ethnologist L. P. Potapov, based on the reports of Prisk, who lived for some time at the court of Attila, believes that the Huns had shamans (kams).


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

This word was even included in some titles of the Hun ruling elite: ata kam (Turk. “shaman father”) - wore the supreme shaman, who, among other things, determined “which months and years will be favorable for the people”; the second title (for Attila's father-in-law) was as kam (“accomplice”, “comrade” or “associate” ”) [29].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

A detailed description of the beliefs of the Caucasian Huns of the 7th century has been preserved in the work of Movses Kalankatvatsi.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

They were characterized by the deification of the sun, moon, fire, water; veneration of the “gods of the roads”.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Horses were sacrificed to sacred trees and revered gods, whose blood was shed around the tree, and the head and skin of the sacrificial animal were hung on branches.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

During religious ceremonies and funerals, wrestling and sword fights, horse racing, games and dances were held.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

It was a custom to wound and mutilate oneself as a sign of mourning for the deceased.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Huns population


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

There are conflicting data on the number of Huns.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Thus, Chinese chronicles write about the Huns army of 100-400 thousand people.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

According to Roman sources of the 5th century, in 409, Honorius used 10 thousand Huns against Alaric.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Edward Thompson believes that the Huns could be much less than 10 thousand people [30].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Demonizing the Huns


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Otto Mönchen-Helfen, a professor at the University of California, who devoted most of his life to studying the history of the Huns [31], noted the role of medieval chroniclers and some modern scientists in demonizing the Huns [32].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The invasion of Europe by the Huns caused eschatological sentiments among Christian thinkers and the superstitious population.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

They perceived the world as the Roman Empire, and the collapse of the latter seemed like a catastrophe in the general world order.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The invasion was perceived in the context of the promised end of the world, and the similarity of the names of Goths and Magicians with the “gogs” and “magogs” indicated in the Bible only strengthened the overall impression.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

This demonization, dictated by hatred and fear, prevented Latin historians from objectively studying the Huns, as a result of which they are misrepresented [33].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

See also


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

List of Hun rulers


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Hun language


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Nomadic state


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Ephthalites


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Notes


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Sources


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Ammian Marcellin.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Roman history/Transl. YU.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

A. Kulakovsky, A. AND. Sonny.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: Aletheia, 1996.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 576 p. — Series “The Ancient Library. Ancient history”.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— ISBN 5-89329-008-9.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Beowulf.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

//Library of World Literature, vol. 9.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

/Translation from Old Icelandic by A. Korsun.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: Fiction, 1975.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 752 p.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Destunis G. S. Tales of Prisk of Paniysky.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

//Scientific notes of the 2nd department.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Imperial Academy of Sciences.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— Kn.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

VII, vol.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

I.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 1861.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Jordan.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

About the origin and deeds of the Goths.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Getica/Per. E.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

H. Skrzhinskaya.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: Aletheia, 1997.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 2nd ed.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

, corrected.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

and add.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 512 p. — Series “Byzantine Library. Sources”.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— ISBN 5-89329-030-1.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Latyshev V. Vestnik drevnei istorii


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 1948.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— No. 4.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— P. 244—267.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Orozy Pavel.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

History against pagans.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Books VI—VI/Transl. from lat.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

IN. M. Tyuleneva.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: Aletheia, 2003.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 384 p. — Series “Byzantine Library. Sources”.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— ISBN 5-89329-574-9.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Prisk Paniysky.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Legends//In the book.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

: Theophanes Byzantian.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Chronicle from Diocletian to Tsars Michael and his son Theophylakt.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Prisk Paniysky.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Legends.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— Ryazan: Alexandria, 2005.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— Byzantine Historical Library series.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— C. 435-534.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

//Herald of Ancient History.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— No. 1.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—, 1939.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Literature


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In Russian


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Alphan Louis.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Great barbarian empires.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

From the great migration of peoples to the Turkic conquests of the 11th century —: Veche, 2006.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 416 p. — Classical History Series.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Artamonov M. AND. History of the Khazars city.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: Izd-vo Gosud.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Hermitage Museum, 1962.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 524 p.: Il.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Bernshtam A. N. Essay on the history of the Huns


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: Publishing house of Leningrad State University, 1951.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 256 p.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Veltman A. F.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: Type.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Moskov.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

un-ta, 1858.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 232 p.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Gumilev L. N. Hunnu.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Middle Asia in ancient times/Ed.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

M. AND. Artamonova.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: Publishing House of Eastern Literature, 1960.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 292 p.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Gumilev L. N. /Ed.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

L. P. Delusina.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: Science, Chief Editorial Office of Oriental Literature, 1974.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 260 p.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Duychev I., Tsankova-Petkova G., Tapkova-Zaimova V., Yonchev L., Tivchev P.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

T III.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— Sofia, 1960.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

//Institute for Bulgarian History.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Ivik O., Klyuchnikov V. The Huns.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: Lomonosov, 2015.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 344 p. — Series “History. Geography. Ethnography”.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— ISBN 978-5-91678-259-2.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Foreigners K. A. Huns and Huns (analysis of theories about the origin of the Hunnu people of Chinese chronicles, about the origin of the European Huns and the mutual relations of these two peoples).


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: Publishing house of Leningrad.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Institute of Living East.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

yaz.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

them.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

A. S. Yenukidze, 1926.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— Ed.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 156 p.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Klyashtorny S. G., Savinov D. G. Steppe empires of ancient Eurasia.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University, 2005.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 346 p. — Series “Historical Studies”.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— ISBN 5-8465-0246-6.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Kradin N. N. The Hunnu Empire.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 1996.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 164 p. — Ed.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: Logos, 2002.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 312 p.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Kychanov Ye.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

AND. The history of ancient and medieval states bordering China (from Huns to Manchus).


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: Petersburg Linguistic Society, 2010.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 2nd ed.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

, corrected


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

and add.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 364 p. — Nomadica series.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Otto Mönchen-Helfen.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

/Trans. from English.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

L. A. Igorevsky.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2014.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 412 p.: Il.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— ISBN 978-5-9524-5131-5.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Nikolaev V. IN. The history of Chuvash ancestors.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

30th century BC


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— XV century AD


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— Cheboksary: Foundation for Historical and Cultural Studies named after A.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

K. IN. Ivanova, 2005.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 408 p.: Il.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— Historical Library series.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Nikonorov V. P., Khudyakov Yu.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

S. “Whistling Arrows” by Maodun and “Mars Sword” by Attila: Warfare of the Asian Huns and the European Huns.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: “Petersburg Oriental Studies”, 2004.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 320 p. — ISBN 5-85803-278-6.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Pigulevskaya N. IN. Syrian sources on the history of the peoples of the USSR.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— —: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1941.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 172 p.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Skrzhinskaya E.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

H.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

//Byzantine temporal book.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— T. XII.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Taishan Yu.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

//Chinese Institute of Social Sciences.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Research Institute of History.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Edward A. Thompson /Trans. from English.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

L. A. Igorevsky.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: ZAO “Tsentrpoligraf”, 2008.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 264 p.: Il.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— Mysteries of Ancient Civilizations series.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— ISBN 978-5-9524-3492-9.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Edward Hutton.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Attila.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The leader of the Huns/Transl. from English.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

L. A. Igorevsky.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: ZAO “Tsentrpoligraf”, 2005.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 240 p. — Series “Nomen est Omen”.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— ISBN 5-9524-1902-X.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Khudyakov Yu.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

S.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Chuvash.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Ethnic history and traditional culture/Comp.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

IN. P. Ivanov V. IN. Nikolayev, V. D. Dmitriev said.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

—: DICK, 2000.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— 96 p.: Il.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In foreign languages


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Brandt T., 2013.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Archaeology


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Puzdrovsky A. E.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

, Zaytsev Yu.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

P., Nenevolya I. AND.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

//Herald of Ancient History.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— No. 2, 2000.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Bokovenko N. A., Zasetskaya I. P. The origin of the “Hun type” boilers in Eastern Europe in the light of the problem of Hun-Hun relations.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

//Petersburg Archaeological Bulletin.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

— — Vol.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

3, 1993.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Genetics


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

//Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Internet resources


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Aliev K.


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//Server of Rostov State University.


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Artistic


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Geza Gardoni.


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“The Invisible Man” (historical novel) /"A láthatatlan ember” (1901)


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Bilyk Ivan.


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Areya's sword.


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—: A. S. K., 2005.


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— 384 p. — ISBN 966-539-482-7.


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[Pseudo-historical novel. Attila as “Kyiv prince” Bogdan Gatilo]


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Soloviev A. P. Attila: Attila's treasures.


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—: Armada, 1997.


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— 476 p. — (Series: “Great Rulers in Novels”).


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— ISBN 5-7632-0148-5.


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William Dietrich.


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A scourge of God.


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—: Eksmo, 2008.


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— 480 p. — Historical Novel series.


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— ISBN 978-5-699-27910-4.


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References


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Category:History of Russia up to the 8th century


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Category:Ancient peoples


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Category:Mongols


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Taiping Uprising (1850-1864) was a peasant war in China against the Manchu Qing Empire and foreign colonizers.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The leader of the uprising was Christian Hong Xiuquan, who created the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, an independent Chinese state that existed in the territories occupied by the rebels.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The very name “Taiping” means “Great Tranquility” and echoes the Early Taipingdao School of Taipingdao () during the Han Empire, as well as a number of mottos of the reign of the 3rd-14th centuries, see zh:.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Taiping state occupied a significant part of southern China, under its jurisdiction were about 30 million people.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping tried to carry out radical social transformations, replacing traditional Chinese religions with a specific “Christianity”, while Hong Xiuquan was considered the younger brother of Jesus Christ.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Taiping were called “long-haired” because they rejected the braids adopted in the Qing State by the Manchus, and they were also called hairy bandits.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Taiping Uprising sparked a series of local uprisings in other parts of the Qing Empire, which fought against the Manchu authorities, often proclaiming their own states.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Foreign countries also got involved in the war.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The situation in the country has become catastrophic.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping occupied large cities (Nanjing and Wuhan), Taiping rebels occupied Shanghai, and undertook campaigns to Beijing and other parts of the country.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The uprising turned into an all-out war with resources and infrastructure treated as military targets — the largest conflict in China since the Manchu conquest of 1644.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

It is also the bloodiest civil war and one of the bloodiest wars in human history and the largest armed conflict of the 19th century.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Estimates of the victims of the uprising range from 20-30 million to 70-100 million people, with many millions of refugees.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping was suppressed by the Qing army, with the support of the British and French.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Mao Zedong viewed the Taiping as revolutionary heroes who rose against the corrupt feudal system.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Materials and evidence of the Taiping Uprising are collected at the Taiping History Museum in Nanjing.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

From the Jintian Uprising to Taiping Tianguo


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Taiping Uprising broke out in Guangxi Province in the summer of 1850.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The ideological leader of the rebels was a rural teacher Hong Xiuquan, who organized the religious and political Society for the Worship of the Heavenly Lord (Baishandihui).


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

It was based on a mixture of Christianity, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

From all this, he derived the idea of universal brotherhood and equality of people, expressed in the form of the creation of a “heavenly state of great prosperity” - Taiping Tianguo (hence the name of the uprising).


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Jintian Uprising and the Establishment of Taiping Tianguo Government


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In the summer of 1850, Hong Xiuquan considered the situation in the country favorable for an uprising and ordered 10,000 of his followers to concentrate near Jintian Village, Guiping County () in the south of the province Guangxi (currently subordinate to the city of Guigang).


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The troops of Yang Xiuqing, Xiao Chaogui and Wei Changhui arrived here.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

This event is known as the Jintian Uprising.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

It marked the beginning of the Peasant War of 1850—1868.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In August, Shi Dakai made his way to the Jintian district with 4,000 troops.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

By November 1850, Hong Xiuquan and his associates Yang Xiuqing, Shi Dakai, Feng Yunshan, Xiao Chaogui, Wei Changhui and others had gathered a 20,000 army and began hostilities against government troops under the slogan fight for equality.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Hong Xiuquan's followers sold their property and donated the proceeds to “sacred storerooms” in Jintian.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

From here, the rebels and their families received food and clothing according to common standards.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Strict discipline was established and a military organization was created, thereby turning the religious sect into an insurgent army.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Men and women lived in separate camps, and communication between them was not allowed.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The rebels wore red headbands and let go of their long hair as a sign of disobedience to the Manchus.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The rebel forces grew rapidly, and at the end of 1850 they inflicted several defeats on the Qing troops.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

On January 11, 1851, Hong Xiuquan's birthday, an armed protest against the Manchu Dynasty was announced in Jintian to create a Heavenly State of Great Prosperity.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Hong Xiuquan began to be called Tien Wang (“Heavenly Prince”).


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In 1851, the Taiping repelled new attacks by government forces and moved north of Guangxi.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

On August 27, 1851, the rebels stormed the large city of Yong'an, where they created their government.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The real power was concentrated in his hands by Yang Xiuqing, who took the title of Dong Wang (“Eastern Prince”); he led the army and administration.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Xiao Chaogui received the title of Xi Wang (“Western Prince”), Feng Yunshan - Nan Wang (“Southern Prince”), Wei Changhui - Bei-wang (“Northern Prince”), Shi Dakai - Yi-wang (“Helper Prince”).


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Miner Qin Zhigang, Shenshi Hu Yihuang, river pirate Luo Dagang and other rebel leaders received high military and bureaucratic ranks.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping Army Organization Principles


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping created a strong army with iron discipline.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Its soldiers strictly followed the orders of the commanders and the ten Christian commandments.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Taiping army was distinguished by its humane attitude towards the local population, the absence of robberies, cruelty and arbitrariness towards commoners.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In the “Christian” army, religious fanatics and ascetics set the tone.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

They prohibited intercourse between men and women, gambling, wine, opium smoking and prostitution.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Taiping army, with the support of the population, defeated many formations of the Qing troops and partially armed itself with war trophies; later the Taiping organized their own production of weapons and equipment.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

All along the way, the rebels smashed government offices, killed all Manchus and senior Chinese officials, as well as those who actively opposed the rebels.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Hong Xiuquan's followers confiscated their property, imposed indemnities on the “rich”, severely punishing those who did not want to pay it.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping sought the support of ordinary people and punished for trying to rob him.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Often, they provided peasants with food and part of the property confiscated from their enemies and “rich”, promised to free the population from tax burdens for three years, so the peasantry and urban the poor initially supported the Taiping.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The breakthrough to the Yangtze and the creation of the Taiping state


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The 40,000-strong Qing army blocked the Yong'an area.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In April 1852, Taiping broke out of the encirclement and moved north.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Government troops were able to defend only Guilin, the main city of Guangxi province.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Developing the offensive, the rebels entered Hunan Province, where they were joined by up to 50 thousand new fighters.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

On December 13, Taiping took Yuezhou without a fight, where they seized arsenals with weapons.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Going out here to the Yangtze, they created their own river fleet.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

On ships in the Yangtze and along its shore, Hong Xiuquan's army headed east to Hubei Province, gaining thousands of new volunteers.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In late 1852 and early 1853, the Taiping entered Hanyang, and after fierce battles captured Hankou (December 27, 1852) and Wuchang (January 13, 1853), thus occupying the entire tri-city of Wuhan.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

This brilliant victory raised the Hubei poor to fight.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The number of the Taiping army was half a million people, and the fleet consisted of 10 thousand jonks.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The success of the rebels, and especially their occupation of Wuhan, caused confusion for the Qing government.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

However, the Taiping leaders did not use the opportune moment to organize an offensive to the north - on Beijing, instead, their army continued its offensive to the east in February.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

By land and through the Yangtze, the winners moved on to Anhui Province.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

After taking Anqing, the main city of the province, without a fight on February 24, 1853, they won rich war trophies.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

On March 19-20, 1853, Hong Xiuquan's troops triumphantly stormed Nanjing, where they slaughtered about 20,000 Manchus and their families.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

At the time of the capture of Nanjing, the rebel forces amounted to 1 million soldiers.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Taiping soon entered Zhenjiang (March 30, 1853) and Yangzhou (April 1, 1853), thereby cutting the Grand Canal.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Nanjing was renamed Tianjing (“Heavenly Capital”) and turned into the main city of Taiping Tianguo.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The highest rise of the uprising


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping State


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Hong Xiuquan was the nominal head of the Heavenly State and absolute monarch.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Upon arrival in Nanjing, he retired from worldly affairs, dealt only with religious issues, and stayed in his luxurious palace without leaving.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Even before settling in Nanjing, he handed over all military and administrative power to Yang Xiuqing.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

It was believed that Yang Xiuqing had the gift of “embodying the spirit of God” and expressing the will of God.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The rest of the princes were subordinated to him, deprived of the right to communicate directly with Hong Xiuquan.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Standing at the helm of the board, Yang Xiuqing proved to be an energetic, intelligent and strong-willed ruler, but with the manners of an arrogant autocrat.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

After settling in Nanjing and declaring it its capital, the Taiping leadership published its program, called the “Land System of the Heavenly Dynasty”, which was supposed to become a kind of Taiping Constitution.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In accordance with the principles of utopian “peasant communism”, it proclaimed the complete equation of all members of Chinese society in the field of production and consumption.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Taiping wanted to abolish commodity-money relations, but realizing that trade, at least with foreign powers, could not do without trade, at least with foreign powers, they established a special post of Commissioner for Trade Affairs — Heavenly Comprador.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Labor duty was declared mandatory for all residents.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping was intolerant of traditional Chinese religions, destroying Taoist and Buddhist books.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Representatives of the former ruling strata were physically exterminated, the old army was dissolved, the estate system and the slave way of life were abolished.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The main administrative and military unit was a platoon community consisting of 25 families.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The supreme organization was the army, which included more than 13,000 families, each of which had to allocate one person to the army.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

But, despite the pronounced paramilitary nature of this system, it also had democratic principles.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

All platoon commanders were elected by the people, women were equal in rights with men, and the ancient custom of bandaging the legs of girls was prohibited.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping banned smoking opium, tobacco, drinking alcohol and gambling in the controlled areas.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In the cities of Taiping, state-owned enterprises were destroyed as a symbol of the power of the hated Manchu invaders: for example, by taking Nanjing, they destroyed China's largest imperial silk manufactories, in Jingdezhen destroyed the imperial kilns for firing “palace” porcelain.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Impact of Taiping Success on China's Domestic Situation


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The military successes of the Taiping and their creation of their own state in the Yangtze Valley dealt a heavy blow to the Manchu regime.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

As the Taiping approached, local officials, taking away the treasury, fled the cities, abandoning them to their fate.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Manchu dynasty lost power over a large area, in the Yangtze Valley, and later in other regions.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Qing government was experiencing great financial difficulties caused by the loss of the richest areas in Central China, a sharp decline in tax revenues and huge military spending on suppression of the Taiping Peasant War and other popular movements.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

All this was significantly complicated by pumping silver from the country, which went abroad to pay for opium.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The government tried to fill the budget deficit by increasing the issue of banknotes intended for circulation on a par with silver and copper coins.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Since 1853, the treasury began to print paper bank notes of guanpiao and baochao, not provided with metal reserves (guanpiao had silver, and baochao - copper denomination).


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

To introduce bank notes not provided with silver and copper into circulation, the government has created a network of special state “money shops”.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

However, distrust of business circles and the population to depreciated bank notes and competition between private change shops and pawnshops led to the closure of “money shops”.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Already in 1861, the government was forced to stop issuing paper and money, as by that time government payment obligations had lost all purchasing power.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Faced with military collapse and financial bankruptcy, the Qing government went for additional taxation.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In 1853, an emergency military tax was introduced on the transportation of goods within the country (Lijin), but the old tax on the transportation of goods within the country (Changguanshui) was not abolished.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Fearing the aggravation of the peasant war, the Qing Dynasty abolished a number of bans and reduced fiscal requirements for the provinces.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The creation of private Chinese troops


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

When the complete inability of the Manchu “eight-banner” and “green” troops recruited from the Chinese to fight the rebels was revealed, the Chinese came to the aid of the dying Manchu dynasty Shenshi and large landowners of Central China, who have taken the fight against “long-haired robbers” into their own hands.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Since the official rural militia (xiangyong) was helpless in front of the peasant army, opponents of the Taiping relied on private squads (tuanlian).


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

On their basis, the Qing dignitary Zeng Guofan created the “Xiangjiang Army” (named after the name of the Xiangjiang River) in his homeland in Hunan Province in 1852.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Hunan fellows — well-armed, specially selected and professionally trained — became dangerous opponents of the Taiping.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Syrian Army gained its own river fleet, and its number reached 50 thousand soldiers.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

This was followed in 1853 by the Hubei Army under the command of Hu Linyi.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In 1854, the Qing government ordered the troops of Zeng Guofan and Hu Linyi to head east against the Taiping State.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Fierce battles between the Xiang Army and the Taiping in 1854—1856 went on with varying success.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Zeng Guofan and his army were surrounded and blocked by Taiping in Jiangxi in 1856, and the massacre that had just begun in the rebel camp saved it from defeat.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The zone of domination — Hunan and Hubei provinces — was an ideal springboard for the fight against Taiping Tianguo.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In addition, Hunan and Hubei provinces were the breadbasket of China, a supplier of rice and wheat, which became a kind of “strategic raw material” during the civil war.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Syrian army was rapidly gaining strength.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Central China's bureaucratic, Shenshi and landlord forces were grouped around Zeng Guofan.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

By the end of the 1850s, the emperor, fearing excessive strengthening of this experienced commander and politician with his “Hunan fellows”, began to rely on the armies of the North Coast and South Coast camps under Nanjing.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Until 1853, Taiping was not fixed in the territory through which they advanced to Nanjing.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

As a result, government forces regained their power by killing residents suspected of sympathizing with the rebels.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Despite the turmoil in Beijing caused by the fall of Nanjing, the government was able to respond to the success of the Taiping.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In March 1853, the 30-thousandth Qing army led by Xiang Rong approached Nanjing from the south-west and created a heavily fortified so-called near it. South Coast Camp.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In April, another “banner” army under the command of Qishan created the so-called in the vicinity of Yangzhou. North Coast Camp.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

By shackling Taiping troops in the Nanjing area, Qing strategists managed to ease their attack on Beijing.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping Northern Campaign


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In May 1853, two Taiping armies marched to capture Beijing.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

One of them could not make its way north and returned back, as a result, only the corps of Lin Fengxiang, Li Kaifang and Ji Wenyuan led the offensive through Anhui province - a total of about 30 thousand fighters.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In June, Taiping defeated the Qing troops at Guide, but unable to cross the Yellow River, dodged far west along its southern bank.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

They managed to cross only in Henan Province, west of Kaifeng, and part of the troops did not have time to cross the river and retreated south.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

After the unsuccessful siege of Huaiqing, the units that continued the Northern Campaign moved in September 1853 to Shanxi Province, and from there to Zhili Province.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

They marched swiftly into the Tianjin area, causing panic in Beijing.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The rich and noble Manchus began to flee from the capital, and the emperor took his treasures to Manchuria even earlier.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

However, the peasants of North China were not ready to join the Taiping, and they did not understand their southern dialect well.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

They did not join the troops of the Northern Campaign and Nianjun.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Manchus pulled “eight-banner” troops, Mongolian cavalry and private squads to Tianjin.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Qing forces under the command of the “banner” Mongol Prince Sangarinci several times exceeded the number of rebels.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

To prevent them from reaching Tianjin, the Manchus destroyed the dams of the river, flooding the plain.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The harsh winter that came forced the Taiping to gain a foothold in their camps.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Here, the Taiping Southerners suffered from cold, lack of food and constant attacks by superior enemy forces, especially the Manchu and Mongolian cavalry.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In February 1854, they left their positions south of Tianjin and fought south, losing many fighters, including frozen and frostbitten.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Ji Wenyuan died during the retreat.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

After another breakthrough from the encirclement, the Taiping managed to strengthen in Lianzheng on the Grand Canal in May.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

A second army of 30,000 fighters under the command of Zeng Lichang and Chen Shibao, sent in January by Yang Xiuqing, rushed to help them from Nanjing.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Li Kaifang's cavalry came to meet her from Lianzhen, while the infantry led by Lin Fengxiang remained in the city surrounded by the enemy.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The second Taiping army, which came to his rescue, crossed Yellow River, entered Shandong, and after fierce battles captured Linqing.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

However, when they found themselves in the enemy ring without food, the troops of Zeng Lichang and Chen Shibao left the city and moved back south.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Their corps acted inconsistently, and were soon almost completely exterminated by Bao Chao's Shandong Army.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

After a ten-month siege, Lin Fengxiang's starved troops in March 1855 almost all died during the assault on Lianzhen, and their commander was captured.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Li Kaifan's detachment, which broke through from the encirclement in Gaotan, fell back into the ring, and surrendered in May.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Both prominent Taiping commanders were executed in Beijing at different times.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

This is how the Northern Campaign ended.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

His failure inspired the Qing camp and sharply worsened the situation of Taiping Tianguo.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The most dangerous threat to Manchu domination has moved away, and the Qing regime survived.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

After the defeat of the armies of the Northern Campaign and the transition of Taiping Tianguo to active defense tactics, the Taiping did not have a real opportunity to organize another offensive on Beijing, a turning point in the Peasant War.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

From now on, the Taiping actually fought not for the elimination of the Qing Dynasty, but for the preservation and expansion of the Taiping state.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Western Taiping Campaign


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In May 1853, Taiping sailed on numerous ships up the Yangtze River.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In June, they regained Anqing, which had previously been lost, and by the end of the year, many cities and counties in Anhui Province.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In February 1854, a 40,000-strong Taiping group defeated large Qing forces on the outskirts of Hankou and Hanyang, captured these previously abandoned cities, as well as the southern part of Hubei Province and northern regions of Hunan Province.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Due to the fact that the Taiping constantly had to transfer their troops to fight the South Coast and North Coast camps in the Nanjing area, Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army succeeded in April 1854 defeat the troops and the Taiping River Flotilla near Xiangtan, and dislodge the rebels from Yuezhou in July.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In October 1854, the Taiping were forced to leave Wuhan without a fight, and in December, they lost 3,000 warships in a river battle with the Hunan Flotilla near Tianjiazhen.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The situation changed dramatically when Shi Dakai's troops arrived here.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In the winter of 1855, they recaptured eastern Hubei Province, and in the spring, Hanyang and Wuchang.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Shi Dakai moved his forces to Jiangxi and by the spring of 1856 had occupied more than 55 counties.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Thus, the Western campaign was very successful, and the Taiping armies everywhere went on the offensive.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In April, they completely defeated the North Coast Camp, and in June 1856, the troops of Qin Zhigang and Shi Dakai completely defeated the army of the South Coast Camp, after which its commander Xiang Rong ended by yourself.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The blockade of Nanjing has been lifted.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The territory of Taiping Tianguo has expanded significantly and stabilized for a while.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The chain reaction of the Taiping State uprisings


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The victorious campaign of the Taiping to the Yangtze Valley caused a whole chain reaction of uprisings, including quite large ones.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

As a result, the Qing Empire was forced to wage civil war on many fronts at once, dispersing forces.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

At the end of 1852, the Nianjun Uprising began, which swept a number of northern provinces of China and drew significant Qing forces.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In the coastal provinces, secret societies began a large-scale armed struggle against the Manchu regime.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In May 1853, the Xiaodaohui (Small Sword Society), led by the wealthy merchant Huang Damei and Huang Wei, revolted in southern Fujian Province.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The rebels captured a number of cities, including Xiamen, and proclaimed the restoration of the Ming Dynasty. At the same time, members of the Hongqianhui Society (Red Coin Society) led by Lin Jun spoke.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

After two months of fierce fighting, Qing troops broke into Xiamen in October; Huang Damei was captured and killed, and Huang Wei and the rebel squadron went to the Penghu Archipelago in the Taiwan Strait, where continued to fight for five years.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Lin Jun's troops, which switched to guerrilla warfare in the mountains of southern Fujian, were defeated in 1858.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In September 1853, Xiaodaohui members led by Liu Lichuan revolted in a number of Jiangsu counties.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

With the support of the local population, they occupied Shanghai without a fight (with the exception of the foreign settlement) and created a 20,000 rebel army.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Liu Lichuan declared himself a supporter of Taiping.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The rebels founded Da Ming Taiping Tianguo (“Great Minsk Heavenly State of Great Welfare”) here.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

For almost a year and a half, Liu Lichuan's fighters defended Shanghai from Qing troops, which received support from a foreign settlement.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In January 1855, a detachment of French troops, supported by artillery, unsuccessfully tried to capture Shanghai.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

By February, the situation in the besieged city had deteriorated sharply, and there was not enough ammunition and food.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

After breaking through the blockade, one part of the rebels joined the Taiping, the other retreated to Jiangxi.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Liu Lichuan was killed in the battles near Shanghai.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Qing troops carried out a bloody massacre against civilians in the city.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Since the summer of 1854, the Redhead Uprising began in Guangdong Province.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Many district and county cities fell into the hands of the rebels, and the total number of rebels reached several hundred thousand.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Qing River Flotilla went over to the side of the rebels.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The struggle spread to Guangxi Province.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In the autumn of 1855, the Redheads created the rebellious “State of Great Achievements” (“Da Cheng Guo”) in Guangxi, with its capital in Xunzhou.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

If Guangdong Province was generally cleared of rebels by government forces by the end of 1855, Guangxi had a stable base of anti-Qing struggle until the fall of 1861.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Despite the suppression by Qing troops of three major uprisings — in southern Fujian, Shanghai, and Guangdong — the struggle of secret societies against the “northern barbarians” continued, creating new hotbeds of uprisings.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The national liberation movement of non-Han peoples and religious minorities against the Manchu yoke joined the peasant wars and the rebels of secret societies.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In 1855, the Miao took up arms in Guizhou, and in 1858, the Huizu rebelled there.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In 1856, Muslims in Yunnan rose to fight and created their own state in the western part of the province.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

All these peripheral uprisings diverted significant Qing forces from the fronts of the Taiping War, helping them survive and win victories on the battlefield.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In the early 1860s, Sichuan Province became the scene of mass armed struggle.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In the autumn of 1859, a detachment of rebels from neighboring Yunnan Province invaded its southern regions and was joined by members of local secret societies.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The number of rebels grew rapidly at the expense of peasants, artisans, salt workers and the poor, and soon reached 300,000 people.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Having occupied a number of counties in the south of Sichuan, the rebels moved to the central regions of the province and captured many small and medium-sized cities.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

However, in Sichuan, the version of the initial stage of the Guangdong “red-headed uprising” was repeated: there was no solid territorial base, there was no stable rebel power, and there was no single manuals.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

There were no talented organizers and generals among the Sichuan people, and they were unable to use their numerical superiority.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

All this predetermined the defeat of the rebels in parts.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

By the end of 1862, the last rebel troops were either defeated or went to Shaanxi Province.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The international situation


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The international situation in 1856-1860 remained extremely favorable for Taiping Tianguo.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In their foreign policy, the Taiping advocated equality and mutually beneficial trade with Western powers; only the opium trade was banned in Taiping Tianguo.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Western powers initially sought to use the struggle between Taiping and the Qing government to their advantage.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

England, France and the United States took a wait-and-see attitude and, through their representatives who visited Nanjing in 1853-1854, declared neutrality.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

At that time, they had no doubt about the ultimate victory over the Manchus, and the bourgeoisie of the West pinned hope for the final breakdown of the policy of isolating China and the full opening of its market.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The bet on the victory of the Taiping with the clear weakening of the Manchu regime, in turn, prompted the powers to hurry up with another blow to the Qing Dynasty.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taking advantage of the Arrow incident, Britain and then France declared war on China.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

From 1856 to 1860, the forces of the Manchu government were also diverted to participate in the Second Opium War.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The split in the taiping environment


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Internecine strife in Taiping leadership


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

By the mid-1850s, the Taiping camp was weakened from within by contradictions between the “old brothers”, or “old army” (that is, immigrants from Guangxi and Guangdong provinces), and the “new brothers” — natives of the central provinces.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The “old brothers”, in turn, were torn apart by enmity between Guangxians and Guangdong.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Until 1856, the former, led by Yang Xiuqing, oppressed the latter, and Hong Xiuquan was actually the head of the Guangdong.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Within the Guangxians themselves, two groups were at odds with each other - Yang Xiuqing (“Eastern Prince”) and Wei Changhui (“Northern Prince”).


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Inter-ethnic strife was decisive here, but the personal qualities of the leaders were also of great importance.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The autocracy, despotism and arrogance of Yang Syuqing restored against him the rest of the princes and their relatives.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The “Eastern Prince” decided to concentrate in his hands, in addition to real power, also nominal power.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In July 1856, he publicly humiliated the “Heavenly Prince”, forcing him, like everyone else, to repay toast as sovereign.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Fearing to lose power, Hong Xiuquan summoned Wei Changhui (“Northern Prince”) and his army to Nanjing.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

On the night of September 2, 1856, the soldiers of the Northern Prince carried out a military coup.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In this bloody massacre, Yang Xiuqing, his entire court and relatives were killed.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Wei Changhui and Qing Zhigang for a short stay in power killed up to 30 thousand people - supporters of the “Eastern Prince”, as well as the entire family of Shi Dakai, rebuilding most of the Taiping against themselves.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Seeing a new threat to his throne, Hong Xiuquan ordered the execution of Wei Changhui and Qing Zhigang, which was carried out after two days of clashes in Nanjing.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

At the end of November, Shi Dakai (“Helper Prince”) arrived in the capital.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Led by Hong Xiuquan as head of state and army, Shi Dakai temporarily stabilized the situation in the capital and on the fronts, stopping the offensive of Zeng Guofan's army in the Yangtze Valley.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

However, Hong Xiuquan, who was afraid of losing power, soon actually removed Shi Dakai from leadership.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Power passed to the Guangdong group led by the Hong family (Hong Xiuquan brothers and his favorites).


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

This led to a split with Shi Dakai's group and his army.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In June 1857, out of fear for his life, Shi Dakai fled Nanjing.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

With his more than 100,000 troops, he went first to Anhui Province and then to Jiangxi.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Since that time, Shi Dakai's army acted independently and forever broke ties with the state of Hong Xiuquan.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

New Taiping Warlords


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The death of Yang Xiuqing and his supporters, hardened fighters who formed the backbone of the administration and military command, as well as the departure of Shi Dakai's army significantly weakened Taiping Tianguo, which did not slow down take advantage of his opponents.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Already at the end of 1856, the Qing troops went on the offensive almost everywhere.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

On December 19, they finally captured the Wuhan tricity, as well as a number of other cities and districts.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping Tianguo's troops were forced to go on the defensive.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Since that time, the main forces of Taiping Tianguo have been led by wonderful military leaders - Li Xiucheng and Chen Yucheng.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Li Xiucheng went from a simple soldier to a commander who received the title of “Faithful Prince” (Zhong-wang) in the rebel army.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

After the murder of Yang Xiuqing and the departure of Shi Dakai from Nanjing, Li Xiucheng became Taiping Tianguo's most outstanding military leader.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Chen Yucheng was awarded the title of “Heroic Prince” (Ying-wang).


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Fighting south and north of the Yangtze, the troops of Liu Xiucheng and Chen Yucheng attacked enemy armies seeking to squeeze the encirclement around the Taiping capital.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

However, the separation of the Taiping combat forces sharply weakened the defense capabilities of Taiping Tianguo.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Qing troops, going on the offensive, captured the fortresses of Hukou, Zhenjiang (December 27, 1857) and Guazhou in the autumn and winter of 1857.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In January 1858, they approached Nanjing and restored the South Coast Fortified Camp.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

At the same time, a new North Coast Camp was created, this time in the Pukou area, as a result of which the Heavenly Capital fell into ticks.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In May, the Xiang Army stormed Jiujiang; Zeng Guofan's army successfully advanced in Jiangxi, and its fleet dominated the Yangtze.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping Tianguo's territory has shrunk sharply.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In this critical situation, Li Xiucheng's outstanding organizational and commanding talent was fully manifested.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

After establishing coordination between the Taiping armies, he launched a counteroffensive.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

On September 25-26, 1858, the troops of Li Xiucheng and Chen Yucheng completely defeated the Qing troops in the Pukou area and liquidated the North Coast camp, breaking through the blockade of Nanjing.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

To save the day, the Xiangian Army rushed to the central regions of Anhui Province.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Here, on November 15, the combined forces of Li Xiucheng, Chen Yucheng, and Nianjun in Sanhe District surrounded and destroyed Zeng Guofan's strike units.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Nevertheless, in 1858, government forces finally suppressed the pockets of resistance of the rebels in Fuzqian - Lin Jun's troops in the mountains and Huang Wei's squadron in the Taiwan Strait were destroyed.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

At the front, until the beginning of 1860, an unstable balance of power was established - the troops of the Qing Dynasty were occupied in the Second Opium War.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Fate of Shi Dakai


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Until the end of February 1858, Shi Dakai's army fought in Jiangxi, and then moved to Zhejiang and captured a number of cities there.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In July, after a three-month unsuccessful siege of Quzhou, Shi Dakai led his troops to Fujian.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

He decided to break into the rich, then not yet ruined Sichuan, and create his own state there.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Shi Dakai divided his huge, already 200,000 army into two columns.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

He headed the first one himself, and the second was led by his relative Shi Zhenji.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

From October 1858, both columns fought west across southern Jiangxi and northern Guangdong Province, pulling large forces of government troops.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In the southern part of Hunan Province, the columns joined together, but in May 1859, stubborn fighting began in the Baoqing area.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Unable to make their way to Sichuan, both columns retreated south to Guangxi.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Here, the Taiping army was again divided: Shi Zhenji's column went south of the province, and Shi Dakai's column went to its western regions, where it established a base in Qingyuan until June 1860.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Two columns of Shi Dakai's army could not establish interaction with each other.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Shi Zhenji's column was defeated in the Baise district in western Guangxi in April 1860 and was defeated in the mountains while trying to join the forces of Shi Dakai.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Lack of food and the onslaught of Qing forces forced Shi Dakai to move south, but then there was a new split.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In the summer of 1860, about 50,000 soldiers broke away from his army and began to make their way in several columns to Anhui, into the territory of Taiping Tianguo.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Some of them managed to unite with the main forces of the Taiping in 1861, some units defected to the enemy, but most of the columns were destroyed on the way north.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

All this made it easier for government forces to defeat the red-headed state in southeastern Guangxi; the remnants of the Redhead troops joined Shi Dakai.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Shi Dakai went north through Guangxi.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Growing up with new detachments of local rebels, his army reached the Yangtze through western Hunan in February 1862, with 200,000 fighters in its ranks.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

However, the Qing command in Sichuan deprived the Taiping of any opportunity to cross the river.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Shi Dakai maneuvered south of it for almost a year, but in May 1863, the main Taiping forces crossed the Yangtze on the Sichuan-Yunnan border.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

They moved through the territory of the people and. The Qing authorities managed to bribe the lawsuits of the leaders and send a large army here.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

At the beginning of June 1863, exhausted by the difficulties of the campaign and lack of food, Shi Dahai's troops reached the Dadu River.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Here, at the crossing, they were surrounded by the Qing forces and detachments of the nationality and. Hunger and hopelessness forced the Taiping to lay down their arms, after which they were all killed and Shi Dakai executed.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Strategic turning point


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping Economic Difficulties


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The territory of Taiping Tianguo turned into a gigantic theater of operations, which brought this part of the Qing Empire all the troubles of war.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Cities were ruined, trading establishments, workshops and manufactories died, villages were empty, fields were thrown and overgrown with bushes.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Irrigation systems became unusable, dams and dams were destroyed.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In the Taiping movement zone, the decline in production and trade, and in some places hunger, increased.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

All this nullified the concessions that the Taiping gave to the peasantry.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In addition, the Taiping policy in the village became increasingly contradictory and inconsistent.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Huge military spending forced the rebels to take extremely unpopular measures.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Taiping tax system was increasingly losing its attractive differences for peasants from the Qing system and began to look more and more like it.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Tired of the scourge of war, the peasantry increasingly sought peace and order, and increasingly moved away from supporting rebels of all stripes.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

As many regions changed hands several times, and the disasters of war ravaged the village, the peasantry fled the zone of the most stubborn battles.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

All this has had an increasing impact on the course of hostilities by the rebels, worsening their situation.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The negative role of the religious factor


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Hong Xiuquan's “Taipinized Protestantism” fully perceived European monotheism and brought it to religious fanaticism and medieval intolerance towards followers of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In cities and even villages, Taiping destroyed Buddhist, Taoist, and Confucian temples, pagodas and monasteries common to these religions.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Thus, the rebels brutally insulted the religious feelings of the traditionalist mass of the population, alienating almost all shenshi.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Since the Shenshi had a great influence on the peasantry, their hostility towards the Taiping played a fatal role for the movement.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Not so much the Manchus as the Taiping themselves, by implanting Christianity, encroached on the beliefs and customs of the Chinese.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Taiping's “barbaric doctrine” and religious intolerance alienated non-believers, that is, their potential allies, primarily members of secret societies, religious sects and rebels — supporters of the restoration of the Ming Dynasty. These same reasons dramatically increased the mass of their active enemies, thereby strengthening the reaction camp, which saved the Qing Dynasty from falling.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping gave their enemies a powerful ideological weapon, allowing reaction forces to lead a traditionalist movement under the slogan of saving Chinese spiritual values and protecting truly Chinese religions from being scolded by apostates.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The active implantation of Catholicism and Protestantism by European missionaries after the end of the Second Opium War added fuel to the fire.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Chinese population fought against both “Taipinized” and missionary Christianity.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The lifting of the blockade of Nanjing


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

With the deterioration of the general situation of Taiping Tianguo, the issue of eliminating the blockade of Nanjing by the South Coast Camp and its 100,000 army arose.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

To divert its part eastward and separate the Qing forces, Li Xiucheng made a rapid throw to Zhejiang in the spring of 1860 and captured Hangzhou on March 19.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

When the enemy moved part of his troops to Zhejiang, Li Xiucheng coordinated the actions of other commanders - Chen Yucheng and Yang Fuqing (brother of Yang Xiuqing).


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping launched an offensive against the South Coast Camp and surrounded its forces.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In early May, in a fierce five-day battle, Li Xiucheng defeated the Qing army, throwing its remnants to Danyang.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

There they were completely defeated by the troops of Li Xiucheng, his cousin Li Shixian and Yang Fuqing; the enemy lost more than 10,000 people killed here alone.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Taiping then defeated the Qing forces that returned from Hangzhou.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The completion of this brilliant operation not only lifted the blockade of Nanjing, but also opened the way to Jiangsu and Zhejiang.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping East Campaign


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

At the end of May 1860, Taiping, led by Li Xiucheng, began the Eastern Campaign.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

They captured Changzhou, Wuxi and entered Suzhou without a fight on June 2.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The population welcomed them as liberators from looting and violence by government troops.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

From 50 to 60 thousand Qing soldiers went over to the side of the winners.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Cities surrendered without resistance, and by July, Taiping had occupied all of southern Jiangsu.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In August, Taiping, led by Li Xiucheng, approached Shanghai.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Considering Europeans “brothers in Christ”, the Taiping sincerely hoped that “Western brothers in true faith” would help them in the fight against the “Manchu non-christs”.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Western powers join the fight against Taiping


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

By the early 1860s, Western powers were convinced of the inability of the Taiping to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and, consequently, of the latter's ability, in alliance with the Chinese reaction, to sooner or later put an end to rebels.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In addition, the Taiping, which banned the sale of opium, prevented the “opening” of the interior provinces of the Yangtze basin to European trade.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Therefore, the European powers decided to rely on the Qing Dynasty and help the latter destroy the rebellious “Christian” state as soon as possible.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Li Xiucheng's troops were met in Shanghai by artillery fire.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

American adventurer Frederick Ward in June 1860 organized an armed detachment in Shanghai at the expense of Chinese compradors under the patronage of the American consul to combat taiping under titled “The Always Winning Army”.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

It was modeled on the creation of the Franco-Chinese Corps and the Anglo-Chinese Contingent.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

British, French and American warships also acted against the Taiping, which, under the guise of “neutrality”, transported Qing troops, weapons and ammunition for them along the Yangtze.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In January 1862, Ward's army numbered 8,000 soldiers, and also had steamers and junks with cannons on board.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Strengthening Chinese armies


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Unable to organize a struggle against the Taiping state, the leadership of the Qing Empire gradually transferred this function to a strong personality - Zeng Guofan and his entourage.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The victories of the Xiang Army over the Taiping significantly strengthened his position.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In 1860, after Zeng Guofan took the post of governor of Liangjiang (this governorship included Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Anhui provinces) and extended his power to Zhejiang Province, he received emergency powers to combat “long - haired barbarians” in these provinces.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

His loyal assistants, Li Hongzhang, Zuo Zongtang and other organizers of the provincial anti-insurgency armies, were gaining strength.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In the early 1860s, a total of eight provincial armies fought against Taiping and Niangjun (including Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army and Li Hongzhang's Huai Army), Chinese government “troops Green Banner”, the Manchu “eight-banner army” and the Mongolian cavalry.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Qing armies were armed with modern rifles, howitzers and mortars, and their officers partly adopted the combat experience of Europeans.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The collapse of Taiping State


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Despite the fact that Hong Xiuquan appointed the capable Hong Rengan as the new head of government, who launched a number of reforms in the Western spirit, the latter failed to unite the Taiping.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

At the same time, China's catastrophic defeat in the Second Opium War forced China's traditional forces to lean towards a partial modernization of the military sphere of Qing domination.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In the new conditions, the Manchu dynasty and the leaders of the Shensha military groups no longer opposed machines in general, but only against machines in the hands of foreigners.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The construction of state-owned military factories, arsenals and workshops that met the need for modern weapons and ammunition of the Qing troops and provincial armies engaged in suppression began peasant and national uprisings.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The military situation has led to the leading role in this regard of the commanders of the Xiang and Huai armies.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Second Western Taiping Campaign


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In the autumn of 1860, the Taiping sent their shock armies on the second Western campaign, but it ended unsuccessfully.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The armies of Chen Yucheng, Li Xiucheng, Li Shixian, Yang Fuqing and other commanders acted inconsistently.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Having met a strong rebuff from the Xiang Army of Zeng Guofan and the Hubei Army of Hu Linyi, the Taiping commanders abandoned the general plan of the offensive and began to act independently.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In the second half of 1861, Li Xiucheng's army passed through Jiangxi to Hubei and from there returned to Zhejiang.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Chen Yucheng's army was unable to lift the siege of Anqing, and this main fortress, which covered Nanjing from the west, was captured by Zeng Guofan's troops on September 5, 1861.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

This was the greatest success of the Qing troops: when they launched an offensive on Nanjing, they captured one city after another, while Chen Yucheng's army, retreating, lost territory north of the Yangtze.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In May 1862, Chen Yucheng was extradited as a traitor to the enemy and executed.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

At the same time, the Xiangian army approached Nanjing from the south and blocked it.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Continuation of the Taiping Eastern Campaign


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

As early as May-September 1861, Li Shixian's army captured the western and central parts of Zhejiang Province.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In autumn, Li Xiucheng's corps approached here, and in December, Taiping captured Ningbo and Hangzhou; the entire province was ruled by the Taiping.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

At the beginning of 1862, Li Xiucheng's troops again approached Shanghai, but were again attacked by “foreign weapons units”.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

However, the Taiping leaders still considered this a misunderstanding and tried to convince the “Western brothers in the faith of Christ.”


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Under the attacks of the “barbarian brothers”, the Taiping fought courageously.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Many cities in Zhejiang and Jiangsu have changed hands several times.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The commanders of the invaders — F. Ward, French admiral O.-L.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Prote, Colonel Le Breton, were killed in battles with the Taiping.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The ring around Nanjing is shrinking


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In 1863, the Always Victorious Army was led by British officer Ch. Gordon.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The number of “foreign weapons detachments” that had artillery and operated together with the troops of Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang grew.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

As a result, by mid-1862, during the Taiping Peasant War, a radical change occurred.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

“Foreign Weapon Units” and Qing troops took Ningbo and launched an offensive in Zhejiang Province.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

By April 1863, most of the province had been lost to the Taiping.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The ring around Nanjing was shrinking more and more closely.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Li Xiucheng was urgently recalled here from Jiangsu, who undertook two large-scale operations to unblock the rebel capital, which, however, ended in vain.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In March 1863, the largest Nianjun army was defeated in Anhui Province.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

By mid-1863, Qing troops had exterminated almost all armed groups of secret societies in Guangdong, Guangxi, and Sichuan provinces.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Degradation of Taiping State


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In the Taiping state, the disorganization of troops, the fall of discipline, the demoralization of military leaders and officials, the thoughtless distribution of titles and ranks were gaining momentum, conspiracies and betrayals became more frequent.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In July 1862, Tong Ronghai and his 60,000-strong army defected to the enemy in southern Anhui Province.