Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Despite the lack of a full soundtrack, music from Sonic the Hedgehog 3 was present on the following albums: Sonic the Hedgehog 10th Anniversary (2001) [51], True Colors: The Best of Sonic the Hedgehog Part 2 (2009) [52], Sonic Generations: 20 Years of Sonic Music (2011) [53], History of the 1st Stage Original Soundtrack White Edition (2011) [54], History of Sonic Music 20th Anniversary Edition ( 2011) and Sonic the Hedgehog 25th Anniversary Selection (2016) [55] [56].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Ratings and opinions


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Like previous games in the Sonic the Hedgehog series, the third installment of the franchise was highly praised by critics.


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

The average rating of Sonic the Hedgehog 3, compiled by GameRankings, is 97.50% [57].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

It has sold more than one million copies in the United States of America alone, making it one of the best-selling games for the Mega Drive/Genesis console [1].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

In January 2008, the site placed Sonic the Hedgehog 3 together with Sonic & Knuckles in second place among the best games in the Sonic the Hedgehog series [58], and GamesRadar third in August 2012 (also like Sonic 3 & Knuckles) [59], and GameZone named it the best in the series in July 2011 [60].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

In 2010, Official Nintendo Magazine conducted a survey among Sonic fans about their favorite games in the series.


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

As a result, Sonic the Hedgehog 3 together with Sonic & Knuckles took third place [61].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Most critics named Sonic the Hedgehog 3 the best game featuring Sonic the Hedgehog.


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

The representative of the magazine Andrew Humphries said that the project, simultaneously with the Sonic CD, is the best platformer in the franchise.


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

In terms of bonus levels, the critic preferred a special stage from Sonic the Hedgehog 2, but the “Special Stage” bonus level in the third part, in his opinion, is still healthy [3].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

The reviewer not only believes that the mentioned special stage in Sonic the Hedgehog 3 is superior to its predecessor, but that the game itself will be able to compete well for an award in in the nomination “Best Platform Game” [15].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

The project was praised for its easy passage and management [2].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Sonic the Hedgehog 3 was named Game of the Month in the March 1994 issue of Electronic Gaming Monthly magazine [62].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Later, the same magazine ranked Sonic 3 at the top of the EGM Hot Fifty list, citing the high rating the game received during the review [63].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

IGN's Lucas Thomas wrote: “The first Sonic game introduced a robust, engaging, super-fast gameplay. The second one improved these qualities and added a lot more. And the third part, Sonic the Hedgehog 3, completed the series, becoming the best of the three games” [8].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Reviewers were unanimous about the innovations of the game: compared to previous parts, there were few of them in the gameplay of Sonic the Hedgehog 3 [2] [3] [6].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

However, this problem is compensated by passing levels.


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

As noted by representatives from Electronic Gaming Monthly and Sega Power, the locations have become much more extensive, many secrets have appeared, and the linearity of the game has noticeably decreased [2] [62].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

In a review of the magazine, the level of “Carnival Night” was praised, and the fun of passing the game was compared to riding a roller coaster [64].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

As the main drawback of Sonic the Hedgehog 3, critics noted that the levels are relatively fast, but the situation is corrected by the presence of multiplayer and the collection of Chaos Emeralds, allowing you to return to play over and over again [2] [3] [15].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

According to Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer, the game can be run quickly, and at the same time you can dig into it for a long time in search of all the rings [65].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Sega Magazine cited the ability to play as Knuckles in two-player competition mode as a plus [15].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Special praise was given to the visual design of the game.


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Andrew Humphries of Hyper magazine described Sonic the Hedgehog 3 as one of the most beautiful games on the Sega Mega Drive [3].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Sega Magazine called the graphics “brilliant”, and in this sense superior to all previous games with Sonic, and Frank Provo of GameSpot praised the “worked out to the smallest detail” backgrounds of the game levels [6].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

The developers' decision to use small, wordless videos was positively appreciated, as they help to better understand the story of Sonic the Hedgehog 3 and allow seamless connection game locations [8] [6].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Sound effects and musical accompaniment also received positive ratings.


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

In a review from Sega Magazine, the journalist called the melodies, as well as the graphics, “brilliant”, noting that they surpass the soundtrack Sonic the Hedgehog 2 in quality [15].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Summing up, a representative of Mean Machines magazine said that the melody at each level is great and the sound effects are brilliant, citing the final musical theme as an example [64].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

At the same time, Andrew Humphries (Hyper) and Lucas Thomas (IGN) left in their reviews cautious comments on the work done by the composers.


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

They noted that although the music of Sonic the Hedgehog 3 is really good, it falls short of the level of its predecessors, and even tries to imitate them to some extent [8] [3].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Subsequent reissues of Sonic the Hedgehog 3 also received positive reviews from websites and magazines, but ratings were slightly lower than the original.


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

The average rating of the Xbox 360 version of the game is 78% and 79 points on GameRankings and Metacritic, respectively [66] [67].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Lucas Thomas (IGN) was disappointed with the release of Sonic the Hedgehog 3 separately from its sequel Sonic & Knuckles, which on Mega Drive/Genesis was connected to cartridges using the “Lock-On” function [8].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Thomas's colleague, Eric Bloodwig, reviewed the Xbox 360 version and criticized the developers for releasing a low-quality port: anti-aliasing makes the game look funky, the screen wallpaper is boring, and the initial screen saver and character selection screen were changed to a boring menu.


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

However, Bloodvig believes that despite its shortcomings, Sonic the Hedgehog 3 for Xbox 360 will be a great way to refresh memories for fans of Sega consoles [35].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

The impact


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

In October 1994, the sequel to Sonic the Hedgehog 3, Sonic & Knuckles, was released [68].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

In the story, Dr. Robotnik planned to restore his base “Death Egg” and began to search for the Master of Emerald, a powerful relic protected from time immemorial by the family of the Knuckles viper.


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

A distinctive feature of the project is the division of the plot into two parts: one part is for Sonic, the other for Knuckles [69].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

The Sonic & Knuckles cartridge was released with support for a technology called “Lock-On”, which allows you to connect Sonic & Knuckles with other cartridges, resulting in a combined version of the two games [ 30] [70].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

When combined with Sonic the Hedgehog 2 or Sonic the Hedgehog 3, the player is given the opportunity to complete levels for Knuckles's viper, and by connecting with Sonic the Hedgehog, the Blue Sphere mini-game opens, generating “Special Stage” levels from the third part and Sonic & Knuckles [71].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

After its release, the game received high praise from critics and sold 1.2 million copies [1] [72].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

The boss of “Big Arm”, found in Sonic the Hedgehog 3, appeared in Sonic Generations for Nintendo 3DS, released in honor of the 20th anniversary of Sonic the Hedgehog [73], and the Hydrocity zone has appeared in a redesigned version in Sonic Mania, released in honor of the 25th anniversary of the series [74].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

The plot of Sonic the Hedgehog 3 was adapted in the 13th issue of Archie Comics's Sonic the Hedgehog comics, where Knuckles's character also appears for the first time [75].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

The only difference between the plot of the comics and the game is that Dr. Robotnik plans to use a hovercraft to capture the world, and not the Death Egg station.


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Another adaptation of the game, along with Sonic & Knuckles, was published in #33—53 of Sonic the Comic comics on [76].


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Notes


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Sources


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Literature


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

(in English)


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

References


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

(in English) on The Green Hill Zone encyclopedia site.


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

(in English) on the Sonic Retro encyclopedia site.


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

(in English) on the Sonic News Network wiki.


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

(in English) at Zone:0.


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

(in English) - An article about Michael Jackson and the Sonic 3 soundtrack


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Category:1994 video games


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Category:Sonic the Hedgehog series games


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Category:Video games developed in the USA


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Category:Platformers


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Category:Video games with 2D graphics


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Category:Games for Sega Genesis/Mega Drive


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Category:Virtual Console Games


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Category:Xbox 360 Live Arcade Games


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Category:Windows games


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Category:Steam games


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Category:Video game sequels


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Category:Video games developed by Sonic Team


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Category:Video games developed by Sega Technical Institute


Question: When was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 released?

Sonic the Hedgehog 3

Category:Video games published by Sega


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

“Death of the Commissioner” is a painting by Soviet artist Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, painted by him in 1928.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The painting depicts one of the moments of the Civil War.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The mortally wounded commissioner fell into the hands of the orderly against the background of the Red Army soldiers going into the distance.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The composition is a combination of blue, green and ocher colors, as a result of which the canvas gives the impression of a plastically integral work.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The film became the embodiment of the ideas of “spherical perspective” and “tricolor”, the results of Petrov-Vodkin's creative searches, first touched upon in his work “On the Line of Fire” (1916).


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

“Death of the Commissioner” was written in 1928, on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Workers and Peasants' Red Army.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

It was exhibited at the exhibition “X Years of the Red Army” and the 10th exhibition of the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

It was kept in the collection of the Central Museum of the Armed Forces, and in 1962 it was transferred to the State Russian Museum, where it is currently located.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Context and background


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin immediately and unconditionally accepted the October Revolution.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

After the Academy of Arts was closed in the summer of 1918, he took the post of professor of painting at the newly created Higher Art School.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Soon it was reorganized into the Petrograd Free Art Workshops, but Petrov-Vodkin took a leading position there.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Together with a group of young artists, he began to design revolutionary celebrations and on the first anniversary of October in 1918 decorated the square near the former Mariinsky Theater with huge panels with images folk heroes, including Stepan Razin and Mikula Selyaninovich [1] [2].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

At the same time, Petrov-Vodkin paid great attention to the philosophical and theoretical problems of art, talked about its place in the modern world, about color and form, about the ways of relations between man and the environment environment, which resulted in his development in 1917-1920 of the concept of the “science of seeing” [3] [4].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Seeing a serious discord in the relationship between people and nature, Petrov-Vodkin wrote that “man knows the roundness of the earth, its movement on the axis and around the circumference of the center — the sun, but he does not feel it in any way: his the eye does not see, the ear does not hear its planet,” and since people can no longer perceive the cardinal points and the position of the sun without special devices, there has been a “discord between man and planetary life.”


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Based on the concept of “planetarianism”, which consists in the fact that all objects, including humans, are influenced by the environment, Petrov-Vodkin came to questions about the goals and objectives of art, perception of a work of art, adjoining representatives of “Russian cosmism”, such as Berdyaev, Vernadsky, Fedorov, Tsiolkovsky.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

At the same time, despite the external semantic similarity of cosmism and planetarianism, Petrov-Vodkin interpreted the latter concept in the narrow sense of the word, that is, as an organic interaction between man and his environment the natural environment, the connection between the sun, earth and object [3].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Petrov-Vodkin's reasoning about form and color as a common language for mankind, and about painting intended to be an object, and not to depict an object, were expressed in his creation of theories about the “spherical perspective” and “tricolor”, which he took as the basis for the teaching method at the Academy of Arts; he also stated his concept in relevant articles, reports and lectures [3] [4].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

At the same time, Petrov-Vodkin preferred the more artistic formulation “living visibility” instead of “spherical perspective”, a concept that does not always apply to his spatial constructions, which are more close to perceptual perspective [3] [4].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Critics argued that in Petrov-Vodkin's works, “the convex surface of the center, approaching the viewer, completely fills the field of view and displaces the space of the periphery; at the same time, the displaced (concave) the surface seems to “cover” the viewer from all sides”, creating the effect of “entering” the picture.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

At the same time, “Petrov-Vodkin does not split an object like cubists or futurists, but he “splits” space to some extent”, using the “editing of impressions” technique to create a three-dimensional reality [3] .


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The planetary-cosmic worldview was revealed to Petrov-Vodkin in an everyday way, during a real fall, when, in his own words, he “saw the earth as a planet”, which prompted him to discover spherical perspective [5].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Petrov-Vodkin's “tricolor”, or “tricolor”, which he himself considered a “bad” name, is the harmony of three primary colors — red, blue and yellow, selected according to the principle of “contrast and similarity” and developing the “artistic tradition of the philosophical approach to color in painting”, namely, that he came “to a theory that he experienced quite soon” — “monochrome on the grounds that if I poll form, then I also have to question the color” [3] [5] [4].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

According to critics, due to the use of tricolor in some works by Petrov-Vodkin, there is “some sharpness of color combinations”, which, however, does not cause dissonance in the viewer, as it corresponds expressive fixation of the author's special philosophical thought [3].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

It was also pointed out that Petrov-Vodkin often placed “his heroes on the tops of mountains or hills, interpreting the surface of the earth as an abstract-geometric form, only “ornamented” in color. The perception is twofold: on the one hand, we seem to see the structure of the soil point-blank, but, on the other hand, such a geometric mosaic is the earth from a bird's eye view” [6].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

In the center or at the front edge of his paintings, you can see a convex hill with “large-scale figures of people depicted on it and the foot belt surrounding it with a strong large-scale “rupture”, carrying sharply reduced in size natural and man-made details of the landscape”, which leads to the emergence of multidirectional perspective and spatial contrasts [6].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

A vivid example of these searches is the painting “Noon” (1917), in which the viewer is shown on one canvas all the stages of human life: from birth, labor, love and motherhood to death; a plot inspired by to the artist by the funeral of his own father [7] [8] [9] [10].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

A kind of plastic vision of the hill, hill, mountain, the ideas of “tricolor” and “spherical perspective” developed by Petrov-Vodkin took a key place in his mature work and were fully expressed in The Death of the Commissioner (1928) [6] [11].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Creating


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

“Death of the Commissioner” was conceived for the anniversary — the 10th anniversary of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army [1] [12] [13].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Petrov-Vodkin began painting the picture in the spring of 1927, but it took a whole year to find a hero, develop compositional solutions and implement all his ideas on the canvas [13] [14].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

While working on the painting, which was completed only in 1928 [15], Petrov-Vodkin created several oil sketches and pencil drawings [16] [17] [18].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

It is noteworthy that “Death of the Commissioner” was created after the artist settled in an apartment on the second floor of the lyceum building in Detskoye Selo, where his work was enriched with many important works [19 ].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Among the preparatory drawings for “The Death of the Commissioner”, it is worth noting one sketch, which served as the main prototype of the composition, but differs from the final version of the picture by the image of a hero written as just a dying person with an extinct look and an exhausted body, supported by a fighter with a rifle in his hand [14] [1].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Later, speaking in 1937 at the Leningrad branch of the Union of Soviet Artists with a creative self-report, Petrov-Vodkin recalled that he wrote “The Death of the Commissioner” in two versions: in the first version ( which is located in the Tretyakov Gallery) when the commissioner died, and in the second version, when the commissioner is still alive” [2].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Here Petrov-Vodkin, in his own words, touched upon “issues of the type of worker” [20], originating in the group portrait “Workers” (1926), which captured rather mechanistic and unpleasant, talking about to something mundane proletarians that he created, noting as a kind of excuse — “to master and find out for himself the man of that time, those days, living next to me. Who is he who moved the country off the ground” [2] [21].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Initial oil sketchDrawing for the revised composition


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Considering that “the whole country participates in the Death of the Commissioner, the working class prevails,” Petrov-Vodkin asked himself the question: “Who is he? What is it? He is a typographer (as I decided somewhere inside) in St. Petersburg, he is from the Volga, and if this is the case, he must have something Tatar or Mordovian in him. He is a national man. Of course, such thoughts have never occurred to me before, and here the most difficult thing is to find a type”, because “the commissioner is, in fact, just a handsome sweet young man who dies” [2].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Clearly imagining the personality of his hero, Petrov-Vodkin, however, was not satisfied with the decision of the image of the commissioner and, in general, the entire composition, made in a speculative and literary form, in his opinion, too sluggish and descriptive [14].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

At the end of 1927 and early 1928, Petrov-Vodkin gave the main character of the picture a completely different portrait image, the prototype for which was the poet Sergei Spassky [22] [12] [14] [1].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The wide oriental face was replaced by Spassky's characteristic nervous face with deep depressions of his eyes, which predetermined the appearance of the commissioner, who now had a sharp profile turned to the right sharpened face of a mortally wounded person [14] [23].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

While the overall composition, including the landscape and the group of advancing fighters, has hardly undergone changes, thanks to a different plastic solution of the group in the foreground with the dying commissar, the semantic load of the canvas has become significantly aggravated [14].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

It is noteworthy that Petrov-Vodkin's daughter, Elena, recalled: “When I looked at this picture, I burst into tears. I'm just overwhelmed. Dad was scared, “What's wrong with you? ”. “I don't want him to die.” I was worried. All these paintings went through me” [24].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Petrov-Vodkin himself noted in it “a purely formal value, it was as if a large composition was built with a stroke. This is her luck... And this luck can be explained by the fact that I was deeply captured by this story” [20].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

composition


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The painting measures 196 × 248 and is painted in oil on canvas [25].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Signed at the bottom left: KPV 28 [26].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The plot is based on an episode of one of the brutal battles of the Civil War [25].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The mortally wounded commissioner falls into the arms of his faithful orderly, who has picked up and tries to hold his lifeless heavy body.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Staying with the commissar, at the same time the Red Army soldier reaches out to pick up his rifle and keep up with the retreating detachment of fighters.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Their harsh and focused faces are roughly sculpted, but not devoid of individuality, as can be seen in the guise of one of the fighters, who turned to look at his commissioner for the last time.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Critics interpret the behavior of the fighters in different ways: either they did not notice, or did not realize the death of the person who led their detachment, or even wrote off the commissioner as “irretrievable losses”.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Nobody pays attention to the second, who fell away shot Red Army soldier either, he stayed on the road, and his comrades left.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Without slowing down their decisive step, the fighters continue to move steadily forward in an incomprehensible direction and it seems that they are about to hide behind a rounded horizon and as if they fall into a hole on the other side of the earth [ 27] [23] [28] [25] [13] [14] [29].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

This story echoes the lines from Mikhail Svetlov's poem “Grenada”, because according to critics, during the Civil War, even the most romantic and naive sincerely believed that for the sake of bright future, for such a lofty goal, it is not a pity for either someone else's or your own lives, since “the movement of large social masses is everything, and a single life of an individual is nothing” [30] [31] [29].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

At the same time, the image of the central group and the death of the commissioner can be seen as a reference to Pieta, a biblical story popular with Italian Renaissance masters [32] [33] [27].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The commissioner sat heavily on the ground, his legs dressed in soldier's boots were overweight, and he still continues to squeeze the rifle with his right hand.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The commissioner's head with combed hair, directed into the distance, is naked, the facial features have become sharp, and it itself turned white, blue appeared on his clean-shaven chin, and the visible cheekbone became bone shine [34] [12] [33].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The deathly pale commissioner looks at the sky with his blind gaze, in which there is no hope or call, his eyes are already clouded by death, but he sees the light [23] [23] [14].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

And in the guise of the soldier supporting him, there is no moaning, no grief, no anger, as if everything happens in a fierce battle — dramatically truthful and extremely honest, without superficial pathos and patriotic pathos [13].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

It is through the eyes of the commissioner that the viewer sees the world around him — huge as a planet, and at the same time close and tangible, sharply dynamic and frozen [25] [13].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

According to critics, the planet on the canvas tilted, collapsed, swam by itself somewhere sideways, it continues to turn around its axis and despite the death of the commissioner goes into spatial infinity [23] [34].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

It is a mixture of clay, sand, stones, hilly, the ground is dug with ravines and hills, covered with stones and rare grass [13] [14] [33].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Far behind the slope, its entire depth is revealed with clouds floating high, smooth silhouettes of pale green arable lands and hills, a winding ribbon of a blue river, distant villages with toy houses and churches immersed in a charming lilac haze.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

But all this has gone far, into the magical blue distances, and now you can only get to these fabulous places with a look hugging the whole earth [23] [1] [34] [25] [14] [35].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The depicted landscape is a generalized image of the Motherland, and more broadly, the planet Earth itself, for which the Red Army soldiers leaning to the ground are fighting [34] [1].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Thanks to the technique of “spherical perspective”, which allows the viewer to put himself in the shoes of the central character of the film, a private tragedy is the last moment of the commissioner's life, conveyed very calmly and without catastrophic exclamations, acquires truly planetary, universal significance, achieving the philosophical, symbolic sound of heroic sacrifice that affirms revolution [25] [22] [13] [ 23] [27] [28].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

But, despite all the romantic pretentious anthem of the revolution, it is fleeting and ephemeral [23] [27], and its death, like the death of this commissioner, will not remain in the memory of those who were caused by revolutionary events to life [23].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Coloristically, the painting is designed in a single, integral style — a harmonious and decorative combination of blue, green and ocher colors, in harsh colors, which is a characteristic feature of Petrov-Vodkin.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The accents placed on the central group, the outgoing detachment and the details of the landscape attract the viewer's attention and allow, for all its versatility, to judge the canvas as a plastic whole [13] [25] [35].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The viewer's gaze first of all stops at the dying commissar and the Red Army soldier supporting him.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Then he moves to the right in the direction of turning the commissioner's head to the outgoing fighters, and then to the left to the vastness of the landscape with clouds of shell explosions, but then returns to the central group [14] .


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The color scheme helps to feel the depth of space, the lightness and transparency of the bluish haze, the materiality of objects and the significance of the figures.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The exception here is the figure of the commissioner, made in a combination of black and red tones of leather jacket and armband, echoing the ribbons and banners of the fighters, which gives the picture an element tension, drama, solemnity, and the image of the dying person is mourning [13] [25] [14] [34].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

When comparing the not very convincing inclination of the figures of the departing Red Army soldiers and the seemingly frozen movement of the orderly supporting commissioner, one can discern the opposition of swift and forcible stopped traffic [14] [34].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The commissioner reaches out to the last to the outgoing detachment, conveying to him his firmness of mind and faith in the victory of the revolution, shaded by the physical suffering of the dying [1].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Petrov-Vodkin compensated for some failure in depicting war moments by the sensuality of what was happening on the canvas, which was realistic and fully met the standards of that time [35].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Perception and parallels


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

“Death of the Commissioner” is a kind of trilogy together with the works “On the Line of Fire” (1916) and “After the Battle” (1923) [6] [11].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

These canvases were inspired by the events of the First World War and the Civil War [36], while Petrov-Vodkin's creative innovations as a whole turned out to be a trend of the times, in particular, his conclusions about the dependence of color on forms turned out to be akin to the ideas of Vasily Kandinsky, and the theory of “spherical perspective” is close to Mikhail Matyushin's concept of “extended viewing” [5].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The painting “On the Line of Fire” is Petrov-Vodkin's first appeal to historical themes, solved in his vision of a particular event as something abstract [1].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

As the artist wrote, “this is my first political response to the history of the moment that took over the world” [11].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

A wide panorama of Russia can be seen behind the backs of soldiers going into a bayonet attack directly at the viewer.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

These ordinary Russian guys no longer belong to themselves, and their numb faces with caps pulled over their eyes no longer look like human ones.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Soldiers, started by war and mesmerized by fear, are subordinated to battle and meet it halfway, not realizing that there is only one way out — death [34].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

As Lev Mochalov noted, “only a mortally wounded lieutenant falls out of their ranks, becomes unlike those still alive — with frozen masks instead of faces — as if suddenly remembering his soul, his other purpose. At this tragic moment, he ceases to be “with everyone” and becomes “one”, that is, a person who, in the artist's opinion, is the cost of death! — as it were, acquires a halo of holiness. The concept of the painting is undoubtedly Christian, and it is acutely dualistic” [6].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The soulfully transformed detached and refined face of the ensign, as if descended from the icons, is more liveliness against the background of the masked faces of the rest of the soldiers, hinting at the metaphor “alive” overcome death, and echoing Berdyaev's words that “as long as “nature” reigns and is sanctioned by “reason”, the horror of death and dying reigns over human life. Indeed, all our hopes, the hopes of those who survived the tragedy, are associated with the fragility of “nature”, with the ability to destroy the “regularity”. Overcoming death, the basis of any tragedy, is overcoming nature, transforming it” [6] [34].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

This young officer, not realizing what had happened to him, stretched out ridiculously and continues to walk, involuntarily reaching his hand to his chest, to his heart.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

He acquires a halo of holiness and becomes man again, apparently finding his way out.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The death of an officer is poetic and beautiful, but at the same time involuntarily makes us think about the goals and meaning of this war [34] [11].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

“On the Line of Fire” and “Death of the Commissioner” are strong with a generalizing, symbolic beginning, filled with planetarianism, as well as an anxious sense of danger associated with social catastrophes and real events validity [22] [1].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

In these canvases, “the motif of an ascent that overcomes or overcomes the height” alternates with “the motif of a kind of “descent” or “exodus”, sometimes catastrophically rapid and threatening”, but also reminiscent of voluntary acts of a kind of mystery sacrifice or martyrdom [6]: “more honorably and longer carry out the last Meeting in the sacrifice” [6].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Both works are also deliberately devoid of confrontation between monarchists and revolutionaries, Russians and Germans, which means evil, abomination and disharmony [37].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The comparison of these two works suggests itself and was even carried out by Petrov-Vodkin themselves, as they are dedicated to death in battle, while “Death of the Commissioner” is also a direct continuation of the film” After the Battle” (1923), also filled with the themes of life, sacrifice and death, solved for the first time for the artist in the images of revolutionaries [34] [35] [13] [25] [20].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

A rather romanticized composition includes three fighters immersed in sad memories of the deceased commander, whose death scene is depicted in the background of the canvas [34] [1].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The combination of these plans connects and separates as if two worlds: alive, painted in warm ocher tones, and the other, the afterlife, blue-cold [11].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Breaking the time sequence of the narrative and combining two episodes that took place at different times, Petrov-Vodkin expressed his understanding of death in battle as a human loss, the grief for which encourages the continuation of the struggle, “for a person dies in the name of a common cause, for the sake of the dream that his comrades continue to carry” [34] [1].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The faces of the commissars are similar to those of the officers, and the commander is all written off from “On the Line of Fire” - the same trimmed head with the same cap falling from it, with the exception of a harness replaced by revolutionary considerations on a machine-gun belt [20] [21].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

“After the Battle” is filled with motifs of Old Russian painting [38], for example, critics compared the three commissars with Andrei Rublev's Trinity; in particular, Nikolai Punin noted in the film “triune and motionless contemplation, as if three souls of equal fullness of spirit or vision came together to test their humility and wisdom in mystical whiteness before life, suffering and its sorrow” [11].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Unlike “After the Fight”, in “Death of the Commissioner”, the temporary rupture of the narrative is overcome and the plot concentrates on one key moment [34].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

According to critics, “the tensely raised head of the commissioner, as if setting the prospect of a heroic ascent, and the fragile balancing posture of a young lieutenant who seems to be humbly leaning to the ground” are united by the moment of “catastrophically” enlightening spiritual transformation and the image of “holy death” [6].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Their feet barely touch the ground, which Petrov-Vodkin himself explained by his desire to portray people at a time when they were still on their way to the spiritual world, intending to fly like saints from icons [37].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

They are simultaneously drawn to the ground and attracted to soar to heaven, which is especially noticeable in the example of the unnaturally easy “bouncing” step of the departing fighters in “Death of the Commissioner” - they are “kind of fighting with” weightlessness, stubbornly overcome the space allotted to them, mastering it, rather, not into the distance, but up”, which refers to the words of Petrov-Vodkin himself: “The feeling of overcoming “space” [...] the law of gravity! This is the beginning of a new era! “There's no death! “This slogan of all religions will come true. There is a sum of energies looking for forms to manifest themselves. A person, a good form, has not yet completed development...” [6].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

It is worth noting here the high degree of inner passionate religiosity of the artist, whose worldview was close to the ideology of the so-called “aesthetic Christianity” gleaned from Vladimir Solovyov's young symbolists of the first years of Soviet power, including Andrei Bely [6], an old friend of Petrov-Vodkin [21].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Subsequently, already in Soviet times, fearing possible tragic consequences during the growing struggle against the counter-revolution at that time, Petrov-Vodkin denied a direct connection in creative disputes in every possible way.” After the Battle” and “Death of the Commissioner” with the painting “On the Line of Fire”, he repented for it and for “Our Lady of Tenderness of Evil Hearts”, another of his work from the First World War; the artist explained this denial by that “it turns out that all these masses of gray cannon fodder did not think at that moment, they perched into the line of fire and died” and “it turns out that in five years there are no soldiers, but there are Red Army soldiers, Red Guards, something different. I feel some kind of inner tenderness for them” [20] [21] [11].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Fate


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

The painting “Death of the Commissioner” summed up the pictorial and philosophical quest of Petrov-Vodkin, taking the most important, central and significant place in the late period of his work and becoming one of the landmark works of Soviet fine art [25] [13] [14].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

In 1928, the exhibition “X Years of the Red Army” and at the same time the 10th exhibition of the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia, which enjoyed the patronage of the state, opened in Moscow.


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

It also showed works by artists who were not members of the AHRR, including Petrov-Vodkin as a member of the Four Arts association, who presented the painting Death of the Commissioner there [28] [39] [39] [39].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

This canvas was recognized as a masterpiece of the exhibition [28], and art critic Jacob Tugendhold even called it simply the “nail” of the entire exhibition [14].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Works from the 10th exhibition of the AHRR were appreciated not only in the Soviet Union, but also at the international exhibition in Venice held in the same year [39], where “The Death of the Commissioner” was successfully exhibited, while Petrov-Vodkin's name was included in the Italian Encyclopedia [2].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

In 1962, the painting was transferred from the Central Museum of the Armed Forces to the collection of the State Russian Museum in St. Petersburg, where it is currently located [25], and the oil sketch is in The State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow [40].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Reflection in culture


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

In 1978, in the series “100 years since the birth of K. S. Petrov-Vodkin (1878—1939)”, which includes 5 postage stamps and a block [41], a stamp was issued with a reproduction of the painting “Death of the Commissioner” [42].


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Notes


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Literature


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CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


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Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

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References


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Category:Paintings by Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Category:Group portraits


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Category:Battle paintings


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Category:The Russian Civil War in Art


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Category:Death in art and culture


Question: Where is Death of the Commissioner in 2019?

Commissioner's death

Category:Paintings from the collections of the State Russian Museum


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav Igorevich (942 — March 972) was Prince of Novgorod, Prince of Kiev from 945 to 972, who became famous as a commander.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Formally, Svyatoslav became a ruler at the age of 3 after the death in 945 of his father, Prince Igor of Kiev, but independent rule began, as can be judged by indirect data, around 961 (according to chronicles in 964).


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Under Svyatoslav, Kievan Rus was largely ruled by his mother, Princess Olga, first because of Svyatoslav's youth, then because of his constant stay in military campaigns.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

When returning from a campaign to Bulgaria, Svyatoslav was killed by the Pechenegs in 972 on the Dnieper rapids.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Early years


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to Old Russian chronicles, Svyatoslav was the only son of Prince Igor of Kiev and Princess Olga.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The year of his birth is not known exactly.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to the Ipatiev list [1], Svyatoslav was born in 942, but other lists of the Tale of Bygone Years, for example, Lavrentievsky, do not have such a record.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Researchers are concerned about the omission of such important information by scribes, although it does not contradict other reports.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In the literature, 920 [note 1] is also mentioned as the year of birth of Svyatoslav, but this contradicts the well-known information about the reign of Svyatoslav.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Name Svyatoslav


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav is the first reliably known prince of Kiev with a Slavic name, while his parents bore names with supposedly Scandinavian etymology.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In Byzantine sources of the 10th century, his name is recorded as Ancient Greek: Sphenoslavos [2], from where historians, starting with Tatishchev, assumed the combination of the Scandinavian name Sven ( Danish: Svend, Old Norse: Sveinn, modern. Swedish: Sven) with a Slavic princely ending [note 2].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

However, in modern historiography, this interpretation is considered implausible.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Other Slavic names begin in a foreign language program with, for example, the name Svyatopolk (in the sources Old High German: Zwentibald - Zventibald, or Latin: Suentepulcus - Sventipulk [3]), Prince of the Great Moravia in 870-894, or Prince of Kiev 1015-1019 Svyatopolk Vladimirovich (Latin: Suentepulcus at Titmar Merseburg).


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to Fasmer's etymological dictionary, the initial part of these names goes back to, which, after the loss of nasal vowels, gives the modern East Slavic saint.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Nasal vowels have been preserved to this day in Polish (Polish: święty — saint).


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In the past, it was noted [4] that the first part of Svyatoslav's name correlates in meaning with the Scandinavian names of his mother Olga and Prince Oleg the Prophet (Old Norse: Helgi is a saint, Old Norse: Helga is a saint), and the second is named after Rurik (Old Norse: Hrorekr - mighty glory), which corresponds to the early medieval tradition to take into account the names of other members of the princely family when naming.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

However, modern researchers question the possibility of such a translation of names from one language to another [5].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The female version of the name Svyatoslav - Svyatoslav - was worn by the sister of the Danish and English king Canute I the Great, whose mother was from the Polish dynasty of Piast.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 1912, on the territory of the Church of the Tithes in Kiev, D. IN. Mileev conducted excavations.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

At the same time, a lead hanging act seal was found [6], on which, in addition to the image of the princely two-tooth, the Greek spelling of the name Svyatoslav was preserved [7].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Childhood and reign in Novgorod


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The first mention of Svyatoslav in a synchronous historical document is contained in the Russian-Byzantine treaty of Prince Igor of 944 [8].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Prince Igor Rurikovich, according to the chronicle version, was killed in the fall of 945 by the Drevlyans for collecting exorbitant tribute from them.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

His widow Olga, who became regent with her three-year-old son, went the following year with her army to the land of the Drevlyans.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The battle was opened by four-year-old Svyatoslav:


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

... [threw] a spear at the Drevlyans, and the spear flew between the ears of the horse and hit the horse in the legs, for Svyatoslav was still a child.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

And Sveneld [the governor] and Asmud [breadwinner] said, “The prince has already begun; let us follow the prince, the squad.”


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Igor's squad defeated the Drevlyans, Olga forced them to obey, and then traveled around Russia, building a system of government.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to the chronicle, Svyatoslav spent all his childhood with his mother in Kiev, which contradicts the remark of the Byzantine Emperor Konstantin Bagryanorodny (about 949):


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Konstantin's Nemogard is usually seen as Novgorod, which the sons of the Kiev princes traditionally owned later.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The phrase is often interpreted as an indication that Svyatoslav was imprisoned in Novgorod during his father's lifetime [9].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Konstantin also mentions the name of Svyatoslav without a title when describing Olga's visit to Constantinople (957).


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The beginning of independent government


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Princess Olga was baptized in 955-957 and tried to convert her son to Christianity.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

But Svyatoslav remained a pagan to the end, explaining that the Christian would not enjoy authority among the squad.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The chronicler quotes the Apostle Paul:


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

During Olga's embassy in Constantinople, her delegation also included “Svyatoslav's people”, who received even less gifts at the first reception than Olga's slaves, and were not mentioned at all in the protocol of the second reception.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

A. IN. Nazarenko assumes that one of the goals of Olga's negotiations was Svyatoslav's marriage with the Greek princess and that after refusing such a marriage, “Svyatoslav's people” were offended and left Constantinople after of the first reception, and Svyatoslav decided to stay in paganism.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Western European chronicle of the Successor Reginon reports under 959 about the ambassadors of Olga, “Queen Rugov”, to King Otto I the Great of Germany on the issue of the baptism of Russia.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

However, in 961, the mission sent by Otto I to Kiev failed — probably due to the resistance of Svyatoslav and testifies to his coming to power between 959 and 961 [10].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Tale of Bygone Years has been reporting on Svyatoslav's first independent steps since 964:


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

When Svyatoslav grew up and matured, he began to gather many brave soldiers, and was fast like a pardus, and fought a lot.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

On hikes, he did not carry carts or boilers, did not cook meat, but after thinly slicing horse meat, or animal, or beef and roasted it over charcoal, he ate it like this; he did not have a tent, but slept, posting a sweating with a saddle in heads, and so were all his other warriors.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

And he sent messengers to other lands, saying, “I am coming against you! [11] [12]”


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Khazar campaign


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Tale of Bygone Years notes that in 964 Svyatoslav “went to the Oka River and the Volga, and met the Vyatichi.”


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

It is possible that at this time, when Svyatoslav's main goal was to strike at the Khazars, he did not subordinate the Vyatichi, that is, he had not yet imposed a tribute on them [13].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 965, Svyatoslav attacked Khazaria:


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In the summer of 6473 (965) Svyatoslav went to the Khazar.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Hearing, the Khazars came out to meet him with their prince Khagan and came together to fight, and Svyatoslav Khazar defeated in battle, and took their hail and Belaya Vezha.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

And he won yasov and kasogs.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Ibn Haukal, a contemporary of the events, refers the campaign to a slightly later time and also reports on the war with Volga Bulgaria, the news of which is not confirmed by other sources:


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Bulgar is a small city, there are no numerous districts in it, and was known for being a port for the states mentioned above, and the Rus devastated it and came to Khazaran, Samandar and Itil in the year 358 (968/ 969) and went immediately after to the country of Rum and Andalus... And al-Khazar is a side, and there is a city in it called Samandar, and it is in the space between it and Bab al-Abwab, and there were numerous gardens in it... but here the Rus came there, and there were no grapes or raisins left in the city.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to one version, Svyatoslav first took Sarkel on the Don (in 965), then with the second campaign in 968/969 conquered Itil, the Khazar capital at the mouth of the Volga, and Semender, the second major Khazar city, located on the coast of the Caspian Sea.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to another version, there was one big campaign in 965, the Russian army moved down the Volga and the capture of Itil preceded the capture of Sarkel.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav not only crushed the Khazar Khaganate, but also tried to consolidate the conquered territories for himself.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

On the site of Sarkel, the Slavic settlement Belaya Vezha appeared.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Perhaps at the same time, Tmutarakan came under the power of Kiev [14].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

There is evidence that Russian troops were in Itil until the early 980s [15].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Under 966, after the defeat of the Khazars, the “Tale of Bygone Years” reports a second victory over the Vyatichi and the imposition of tribute on them.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Bulgarian hikes


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

War with the Bulgarian Kingdom (968-969)


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 967, a conflict broke out between Byzantium and the Bulgarian Kingdom, the reason for which sources state in different ways.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 967/968, the Byzantine Emperor Nicephoros Phokas sent an embassy to Svyatoslav.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The head of the embassy Kalokir was given 15 kentinaries of gold (about 455 kg) [note 3] to send the Rus to raid Bulgaria.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to one version, Byzantium wanted to crush the Bulgarian kingdom with someone else's hands, and at the same time weaken Kievan Rus, which, after the annexation of Khazaria, could turn its view to the Crimean possessions empire [16].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to another version, the goal of Byzantium was only to curb the aggression of the Bulgarian king by someone else's hands, which was a standard practice of Byzantine foreign policy [17].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Kalokir agreed with Svyatoslav on an anti-Bulgarian alliance, but at the same time asked to help him take away the Byzantine throne from Nikifor Phoki.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

For this, according to Byzantine chroniclers John Skilitsa and Leo the Deacon, Kalokir promised “great, countless treasures from the state treasury” [18] and the right to all conquered Bulgarian lands.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 968, Svyatoslav invaded Bulgaria, defeated the Bulgarians in the Battle of Dorostol, took many cities and settled at the mouth of the Danube, in Pereyaslavets, where “tribute from the Greeks” was sent to him [19].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Pechenegs attack on Kiev belongs to 968-969.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav with his horse squad returned to the defense of the capital and drove the Pechenegs to the steppe.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Historians A. P. Novoseltsev and T. M. Kalinin suggest that the Khazars contributed to the attack of the nomads (although there are reasons to believe that Byzantium was no less profitable), and Svyatoslav in response organized a second campaign against them, during whom Itil was captured, and Khazaria was finally defeated [15].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

During the prince's stay in Kiev, his mother, Princess Olga, died, who actually ruled Russia in the absence of her son.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav arranged the government of the state in a new way: he put his son Yaropolk in the reign of Kiev, Oleg — in Drevlyansky, Vladimir — in Novgorod.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

After that, in the fall of 969, the prince of Kiev again went to Bulgaria with an army [note 4].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Tale of Bygone Years conveys his words:


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

I don't like to sit in Kiev, I want to live in Pereyaslavets on the Danube — for there is the middle of my land, all the goods flow there: gold, pavoloki, wines, various fruits from the Greek land; from the Czech Republic and Hungary silver and horses; from Russia furs and wax, honey and slaves.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Chronicle Pereyaslavets is not accurately identified.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Sometimes it is identified with Preslav or referred to the Danube port of Preslav Maly.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to unknown sources (as presented by Tatishchev), in the absence of Svyatoslav, his governor in Pereyaslavets, voivode Volk, was forced to withstand the siege by the Bulgarians [20].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Byzantine sources sparingly describe Svyatoslav's war with the Bulgarians.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

His army on boats approached the Bulgarian Dorostol on the Danube and after the battle captured him.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Later, the capital of the Bulgarian kingdom, Preslav the Great, was captured, and Tsar Boris was captured by Svyatoslav [21].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

After the fall of the capital, the whole country quickly fell under the control of Svyatoslav [note 5].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

War with Byzantium (970—971)


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In the spring of 970, Svyatoslav, in alliance with the Bulgarians, Pechenegs and Hungarians, attacked the possessions of Byzantium in Thrace.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Byzantine historian Leo the Deacon counted the number of allies at more than 30,000 soldiers, while the Byzantine commander Varda Sklir had at hand from 10 to 12 thousand soldiers.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Varda Sklear avoided fighting in the open field, retaining strength in the fortresses.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav's army reached Arcadiopol (120 km from Constantinople), where the general battle took place.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to Byzantine sources, all the Pechenegs were surrounded and killed, and then the main forces of Svyatoslav were defeated.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Old Russian chronicle describes events differently: according to the chronicler, Svyatoslav won, came close to Tsargrad, but retreated only taking a great tribute, including to the fallen soldiers.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to Syuzyumov M. ME.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

and Sakharova A. N., the battle told by the Russian chronicle and in which the Russians won, was separate from the Battle of Arkadiopol.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

It also happened in 970, the Byzantine army was commanded by Patrick Peter, who was not mentioned at Arcadiopol, and it was opposed by the part of the Russian army that did not fight together with the allies under Arkadiopol.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The occupation of Bulgaria by the Russ did not suit Byzantium at all, because instead of a weak and Christian neighbor, it received a strong and pagan one [21].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav's unceremonious actions convinced Emperor John Tzimiskes of the futility of diplomacy and he began to prepare for war.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The preparation lasted throughout the winter of 970—971.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In April, Tzimiskes, led a detachment of 5,000 of the best warriors, crossed the Balkan Mountains, while the main part of the Byzantine army under the command of the eunuch Vasily Lakapenus followed them.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The vanguard moved so fast that the Russ were taken by surprise, and they learned about the campaign of the emperor only when he was almost at the walls of Preslav.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

At that time, there were about 8,000 Russians in the city, but they did not enter the battle with the avant-garde of Tzimiskes, hiding behind the walls of the city.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Soon the main part of the Byzantine army arrived and the assault began.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

On April 13, the Byzantines broke into the city, but many Russians closed themselves inside the palace of Tsar Simeon.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Byzantines set fire to the palace and many Rus died in the fire.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The fires caused great damage to the city, destroying in particular the famous Golden Church.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Soon Svyatoslav approached the city with the main forces, hoping to return the capital, but near the city of St. Dorostol's army stood in his way by the army of Tzimiskes.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Russians took refuge in the fortress, and a three-month siege began.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The losses of the Rus grew, and Svyatoslav began to look for peace.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

He sent an envoy to Tzimiskes with a message about his readiness to leave Bulgaria.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Seeking to complete the case, John accepted the offer.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The old trade agreement, which allowed Russians to bring their goods to Constantinople, was also renewed.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

On the way back to Kiev, many Russians fell victim to the Pechenegs, including Svyatoslav himself [21].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Byzantines released Boris II, but did not return him to power.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The capital of Bulgaria was renamed Ioannopolis in honor of the emperor, and a Byzantine governor was appointed there.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

All eastern Bulgaria was annexed to Byzantium, and only the western regions retained independence.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Boris II was publicly deprived of the royal crown and regalia, which were placed on the altar of Hagia Sophia.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The former tsar stayed in Constantinople, receiving the rank of master from the emperor [22] [21].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Doom


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

At the conclusion of the peace, Svyatoslav safely reached the mouth of the Dnieper and went on boats to the rapids.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Voivode Sveneld told him: “Go around, Prince, the rapids on horseback, for they stand at the thresholds of the Pechenegs.”


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav's attempt to climb the Dnieper in 971 failed, he had to spend the winter at the mouth of the Dnieper, and in the spring of 972 he decided to try again.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

However, the Pechenegs still guarded the Rus.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav died in the fight:


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

When spring came, Svyatoslav went to the rapids.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

And Kurya, prince of Pechenezh, attacked him, and killed Svyatoslav, and took his head, and made a cup of the skull, shackling him, and drank from it.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Sveneld came to Kiev to visit Yaropolk.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Leo Deacon confirms Svyatoslav's death in the battle with the Pechenegs:


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Sfendoslav left Doristol, returned the prisoners according to the agreement and sailed with the remaining associates, directing his way to his homeland.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

On the way, they were ambushed by the Patinaks, a large nomadic tribe that devours lice, carries homes with them, and spends most of their lives in wagons.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

They killed almost all [the dews], killed Sfendoslav along with others, so that only a few of the huge dew army returned unharmed to their native places.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Starting with N. M. Karamzin, many historians suggest that it was Byzantine diplomacy that convinced the Pechenegs to attack Svyatoslav [note 6].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Konstantin Bagryanorodny's treatise “On the Management of the Empire” speaks about the need for an alliance [of Byzantium] with the Pechenegs to protect against dew and Hungarians (“Strive for Peace with the Pechenegs”), and also that Pechenegs pose a serious danger to the Rus crossing the thresholds [23] On the basis of this, it is emphasized that the use of the Pechenegs to eliminate the hostile prince occurred in accordance with Byzantine foreign policy attitudes of that time.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Although the “Tale of Bygone Years” calls not the Greeks, but Pereyaslavtsy (Bulgarians) as the organizers of the ambush, and John Skilitsa reports [24] that the Byzantine embassy, on the contrary, asked the Pechenegs to let Russ.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The Tale of Bygone Years explains Svyatoslav's death by the refusal of his mother, who wanted to baptize him (that is, a violation of the traditional legal principle of subordination to parental power):


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

About Svyatoslav's appearance


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Leo the Deacon left a colorful description of Svyatoslav's appearance when he met with Emperor Tzimiskes after the conclusion of peace:


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Sfendoslav also appeared, who had sailed along the river on a Scythian boat; he was sitting on oars and banging with his entourage, no different from them.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

This was his appearance: moderate stature, not too tall or very short, with thick eyebrows and light blue eyes, snub, beardless, with thick, excessively long hair above the upper lip.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

His head was completely bare, but on the one hand there was a bunch of hair hanging down — a sign of the nobility of the family; a strong back of his head, broad chest and all other parts of his body were quite proportionate, but he looked gloomy and harsh.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

He had a gold earring in one ear; it was decorated with a carbuncle framed by two pearls.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

His robe was white and differed from the clothes of his associates only in noticeable cleanliness.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Some details of the description of Svyatoslav's appearance by Lev Deacon allow for ambiguous interpretation.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

So, instead of Latin: barba rasa — beardless, let's say translation, or it can hang not from one, but from both sides of the head.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

This is exactly how Svyatoslav appears — with a rare beard and two braids — on the pages of S. M. Solovyov [25].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

A flat nose, not a snub nose, is indicated in the first translation into Russian by Popov D. [26]


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Remarkable is M. ME.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Syuzyumova and S. A. Ivanov regarding the description of appearance given by Deacon:


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Leo Deacon describes the peace talks in such a way as if he had witnessed them himself.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

But this is unlikely to be the case.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Perhaps, according to eyewitnesses, he draws the appearance of Svyatoslav correctly, but his narrative is not credible due to a special addiction to imitate ancient authors.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In this case, as Gaza (489) showed, the description of Svyatoslav's appearance resembles the description of Priskom Attila.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Sons


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav Igorevich's sons are known:


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Yaropolk Svyatoslavich, Prince of Kiev;


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Oleg Svyatoslavich, Prince of Drevlyansky;


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Vladimir Svyatoslavich, Prince of Novgorod, Prince of Kiev, Baptist of Russia.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

History did not preserve the name of Yaropolk's mother and Oleg [note 7], unlike Vladimir Malusha's mother (Svyatoslav was not officially married to her, she was only a concubine).


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

John Skilitsa also mentions “brother Vladimir, son-in-law of Vasilevs” Sfeng, who in 1016 helped the Byzantines suppress the uprising of George Tsula in Chersonesos [27].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In Old Russian chronicles and other sources, the name of Sfeng does not appear.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to the hypothesis of A. IN. Solovyov, this does not mean Vladimir's brother, but Vladimir's son and grandson of Svyatoslav Mstislav [28].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Assessment in historiography


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Russian historian N. M. Karamzin called him Alexander (Macedonian) of our ancient history [29].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

According to the Soviet historian Academician B.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

A. Rybakov, Svyatoslav's campaigns of 965-968 “are like a single saber strike that drew a wide semicircle on the map of Europe from the Middle Volga region to the Caspian Sea and further through the North Caucasus and The Black Sea coast to the Balkan lands of Byzantium” [30].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Otherwise, he assessed the merits of Svyatoslav S. M. Soloviev:


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Speaking about Svyatoslav's campaigns, historian A. A. Shakhmatov noted that their “engines are not state interests, but predatory instincts” [31].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Ukrainian historian M. S. Hrushevsky called Svyatoslav “a pure Zaporozhian on the throne of Kiev” [32].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The image of Svyatoslav in art


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

For the first time, Svyatoslav's personality attracted the attention of Russian artists and poets during the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, which, like the events of Svyatoslav's campaigns, took place on the Danube.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Among the works created at that time, it should be noted the tragedy “Olga” by Y.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

B.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Knyazhnina (1772), the plot of which is based on Olga's revenge for the murder of her husband Igor by the Drevlyans.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav appears in it as the main character.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Rival Knyazhnina N. P. Nikolaev also created a play dedicated to the life of Svyatoslav.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In the painting by I. A. Akimov “Grand Duke Svyatoslav kissing his mother and children on his return from the Danube to Kiev” shows the conflict between military valor and loyalty to the family, reflected in Russian chronicles:


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In the XIX century, interest in Svyatoslav slightly decreased.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The story by A. F. Veltman's Raina, Royal Bulgarian (1843), dedicated to the Bulgarian campaigns, was published in Bulgarian in 1866 in Vienna, Dobri Voinikov staged the drama Rayna Princess in Bulgaria on its basis, and the artist's illustrations for Raina... (1860—1880) were included in the classics of Bulgarian fine art [33].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

A little earlier, the episode with Svyatoslav was included by Veltman in the novel “Svetoslavich, an enemy pet. A Wonder of the Times of the Red Sun of Vladimir” (1837) [34].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 1862, Svyatoslav's high relief among thirty-six military commanders and heroes was depicted on the Millennium of Russia monument (sculptor M. O. Mikeshin).


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Here, his portrait followed the late medieval pictorial tradition from the royal titular — the prince was depicted in a helmet.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Around 1880, K. IN. Lebedev painted a picture illustrating Leo the Deacon's description of Svyatoslav's meeting with Tzimiskes.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

At the beginning of the 20th century E.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

A. Lanceray created the sculpture “Svyatoslav on the Way to Tsar City” [35].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 1910, in memory of the death of Svyatoslav Igorevich, a memorial sign was installed at the Dnieper threshold of Nenasytetsky.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

It is a cast-iron memorial plate (with an area of approx. 2 m²), fixed on a massive granite boulder.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The boulder is topped with a vase mounted on a stylized antique column.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

This is one of the rarest surviving pre-revolutionary monuments dedicated to Ancient Rus.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav is dedicated to poems by Velimir Khlebnikov, Valery Bryusov, the historical novel “Svyatoslav” (1958) by Ukrainian writer Semyon Sklyarenko and the novel “Black Arrows of Vyatich” by V. IN. Kargalova.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The image of Svyatoslav was created by Mikhail Kazovsky in his historical novel “The Daughter of the Empress” (1999).


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Alexander Mazin's novels “A Place for Battle” (2001) (the end of the novel), “The Prince” (2005) and “Hero” (2006) describe in detail Svyatoslav's life path, from the battle with the Drevlyans in 946 to death in the battle with the Pechenegs.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In Sergey Alekseev's novel “I Know God!” Svyatoslav's life path, his struggle with the Khazar Khaganate and his death on the Dnieper rapids are described in detail.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The novel “Uleb the Hard Hand” (1978) by writer Igor Kovalenko is dedicated to the period of the reign in Russia of Prince Svyatoslav of Kiev.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The image of Svyatoslav is popular in neo-pagan literature and art.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 2003, Lev Prozorov's book Svyatoslav Khorobre. I'm coming to you!”


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In subsequent years, the book was reprinted several times.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In the post-Soviet period, monuments to Svyatoslav Igorevich were erected in Kiev (two monuments), the village of Starye Petrovtsy, Kiev region, Zaporozhye, Mariupol, Serpukhov.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

A certain public outcry was caused by the project of a monument to Prince Svyatoslav by the famous Russian sculptor V. M. Klykov, which was originally supposed to be installed in Belgorod.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The sculptural composition dedicated to the 1040th anniversary of the defeat of the Khazar Khaganate was made on the initiative of V. M. Klykov of the International Foundation for Slavic Literature and Culture.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Representatives of the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia (FEOR) and the Eurasian Jewish Congress (EAJC) protested against the image of the defeated Khazar warrior on the shield of the defeated Khazar warrior the star of David, seeing This is anti-Semitic motives.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

As a result, the Government of the Belgorod Region first postponed the opening of the monument, and then it was installed in the village of Kholki, Chernyansky District, Belgorod Region (while the scandalous element of the sculptural composition was modified) [36] [37] [38].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The portrait of Svyatoslav is used in the emblem of the ultras of the Kyiv football club Dynamo, in addition, the name Svyatoslav is worn by the printed edition of Dynamo Kyiv fans [39].


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

In 1983, director Yuri Ilyenko shot the feature film “The Legend of Princess Olga”, and Les Serdyuk played the role of Svyatoslav.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Probable place of death near the village of Nikolskoye-on-Dnepr


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Probable place of death on Khortytsia


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Monument to Svyatoslav in Zaporizhia


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Monument to Svyatoslav in Belgorod region, p. Withers.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The sculptor V. Klykov, 2005


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Monument to Prince Svyatoslav in Mariupol


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav on a Ukrainian coin


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Kiev prince Svyatoslav Igorevich.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Author of the sculpture is Vasily Selivanov.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Installed in St. Serpukhov in 2014.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Notes


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

comments


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Footnotes


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Literature


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Karyshkovsky P. O. Russian-Bulgarian relations during the Balkan Wars of Svyatoslav//Voprosy istorii.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— 1951.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— No. 8.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Karyshkovsky P. O. On the chronology of the Russian-Byzantine war at Svyatoslav//Byzantine time book.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— 1952.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— VOL. 5.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Karyshkovsky P. O. To the question of primary sources on the history of Svyatoslav's campaigns//Brief reports of the Institute of Slavic Studies.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— 1952.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— No. 9.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Karyshkovsky P. O. Svyatoslav's Balkan Wars in Byzantine Historical Literature//Byzantine Vremennik.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— 1953.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

— VOL. 6.


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Gippius A. A. How did Svyatoslav have lunch?


Question: Where was Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich of Novgorod born?

Svyatoslav Igorevich

(textual notes)//Ancient Rus.