Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The moral of the story is that nature is the embodiment of tranquility and balance, which do not fit into evil and human cruelty, and those who violate the natural life of nature sow hostility and hatred between people.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

It should be noted that the story was written at a time when the natural resources of Belarus were being actively developed and when the transformations of nature were perceived as something unconditionally grandiose and useful , evidence of the creative power of man, and the tragedy of the damage caused to it has not yet been realized [5].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The evolution of the adventure story genre can also be traced in the novel TVT (1934), which won first prize at the All-Belarusian children's book competition, after which Maxim Gorky became interested in it [9].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

At Gorky's request, Yanka Moor translated the story into Russian and sent it to him.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

It was on the eve of the First Congress of Writers of the USSR [10].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The artistic novelty of this story was that the so-called theme of working education sounded naturally due to the lively spirit of the game, according to the laws of which the mysterious and mysterious was created” The Fellowship (Society) of Militant Technicians”.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Through the game, the guys got involved in life with its daily worries and minor everyday problems.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The guys fix all the malfunctions on their own, put things in order and practically live in this world.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

During the war, the writer was forced to find himself far from his native land — first in Novosibirsk, then in Almaty.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

He endured this time as a difficult ordeal, even as a “mental trauma”, as he confessed in a letter to Fedos Schinkler on February 2, 1942.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In 1943, the Moor moved to Moscow, where, having become very ill, he was hospitalized.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

He returned to his native Minsk only after his liberation from fascist invaders.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

During 1946-1948, Yanka Mavr, together with Peter Runts, collected and edited the memoirs of Belarusian children about the war for the book “We Will Never Forget” (Belarusian: “Nikoli Will Not Forget”) , which was published in 1948 with a foreword by Yakub Kolas.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The published book was highly appreciated not only in Belarus, but also abroad [5].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

After the war, Yanka Mavr published a series of stories about the tragic trials that children experienced during the war years (Happiness, Two Truths, Maksimka).


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The psychological miniature “Happiness” (1945) is based on emotional tension, on internal conflict.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

There are no external events in the story, the plot is determined by the psychological clash of the world of childhood and the world of adults against the background of serene nature.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

But in this short narrative, there are dramatic changes in the state of mind of the characters, the inner movement of their moods and experiences.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The psychological problem raised by the author in the story shows how the adult world and the world of childhood interact, what relationships exist between them, what is of interest to both adults and for children's literature [5].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In the story “Maksimka” (1946), the writer reflected the soul of a boy, an orphan orphanage, in moments of higher dramatic tension, when he saw a soldier returning from the war as his father, but suddenly I realized my bitter mistake.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The author managed to convey the state of mind of the little hero.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In the same year, the Moor wrote the story “Zavoshta?” (Russian: “Why?”) , which was based on a real tragic fact — the death of the wife and son of the writer M. Lynkova [5].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In 1948, he wrote his autobiographical novel “The Way Out of Darkness”.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In 1954, his science fiction novel “Professor Tsilyakovsky's Fantamobile” was published, which became his third book written in the genre of social utopia (the first is a fantastic fairy tale” Journey through the Stars” (1927) from the cycle “Pioneer Tales”, and then “The Tale of Future Days” (1932)).


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The plot is based on a fantastic technical idea — about the possibility of using the energy of human thought: on the energy of children's imagination, which is much greater than the imagination of adults, grandchildren Professors Tsilyakovsky Svetozar and Svetlana go on a long journey — first to America, and then to the moon and Mars.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The story combines the real and the fantastic, it relies on the traditions of predecessors, such as K. E.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Tsiolkovsky (as an author of astronomical novels), A. N. Tolstoy, V. A. Obruchev, as well as classics of world fiction — Jules Verne, G. Wells; the story has direct links to these authors.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr acted as a visionary and predictor (after Tsiolkovsky) of the era of space flight.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

But he was no longer interested so much in the scientific idea as in the moral and ethical side, the problem of human relations, future contacts when meeting with other civilizations [5].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Mini|writer's grave


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr translated into Belarusian works by such classics of world literature as Jules Verne — “20,000 leagues under the sea” (Belarusian: “80,000 kilametra pad vadoy”, 1937); Mark Twain —” The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” (1939) and “The Prince and the Pauper” (1940); A. P. Chekhov — Children () and Selected Works (1954) [12].


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Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr's works have been translated into Russian, Ukrainian, Armenian, Tajik, Lithuanian, Polish and Czech [8] [12].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Some of his works have been published in America, England and other countries [13].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr died on August 3, 1971.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

He was buried in Minsk at the Eastern Cemetery [14].


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Yanka Mavr

The writer's hobbies


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Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr was a famous Esperanto [15].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

He started studying Esperanto in 1904.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In 1926, he hosted a program for Esperantists on Belarusian radio [16].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

He read Eugene Onegin in Esperanto to his son-in-law [K 2].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Corresponding with Esperantists of the world and receiving rare information directly from them, he wrote the book “Amok” [17].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr collected a large home library, which was one of the best in the pre-war years in Belarus [18].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The writer was fond of spiritualism [16] [17].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Companies that practiced summoning spirits gathered in his house.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The Moor had a philosophical mindset, and in spiritualism he saw not mysticism, but an unexplored natural phenomenon, and tried to understand its mechanism.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The writer had two thick notebooks in which he wrote down the results of the seances, but in 1938 he burned them.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

He conducted seances with the help of a saucer on a table with an alphabet.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

There is a known case when he gave a party worker a mini-session of spiritualism, during which he made a pencil move.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

According to Mikhas Mickiewicz, Yanka Mavr had unusual abilities [17].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr also loved cycling and played the violin well [15].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

At his dacha near Minsk, in Zhdanovichi, Yanka Mavr built a hut from a vine.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

On the walkway over Svisloch, he put an improvised desk, so that he could compose books about distant countries, hanging his feet in the water and imagining himself on the ocean shore [3].


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Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr and Yakub Kolas


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr was on friendly terms with Yakub Kolas, a classic of Belarusian literature.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

They both studied at teachers' seminaries (where they also received musical education).


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Both also participated in the teachers' congress (at which they met) in 1906, after which Yakub Kolas was put in Pischalovsky Castle, and Yanka Mavr (then Ivan Fedorov) was placed under police supervision and, in addition, he is deprived of the right to teach at school.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

During the war, during the evacuation of the Yanka Mavr family to Almaty, the Moor had friendly correspondence with Yakub Kolas, who, having also left Belarus, lived in Tashkent in those years.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In letters to each other, they wanted to return to their native Belarus as soon as possible:


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

After the liberation of Belarus, the Moor returned to Minsk.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

However, even after the war, the correspondence of writers did not stop, and they corresponded in the 1950s [19].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Later, Yanka Mavr became the prototype of teacher Ivan Tadoryk [K 3] in Kolas's trilogy “On Rosstani” (1955).


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Yanka Mavr

Later they became related: Yanka Mavra's daughter, Natalia, married Yakub Kolas's son Mikhas.


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Yanka Mavr

The Yakub Kolas State Literary and Memorial Museum has a violin played by Yanka Mavr.


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Yanka Mavr

Jakub Kolas also enjoyed playing this instrument.


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Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavra's daughter, Natalia, often played music together with her father: he played the violin, and she played the piano [15].


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Yanka Mavr

The evaluation and importance of creativity


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr is rightfully considered the “father” of Belarusian children's literature [20] [5].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

His contribution to Belarusian children's literature is valuable because he, as a discoverer and pioneer, determined its further direction and development, became the creator of new genre forms for it — adventure and science fiction, as a result of which he managed to expand the temporal and spatial boundaries of Belarusian children's literature.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

His innovative findings were predetermined by his excellent knowledge of literary traditions — national, Russian, Western.


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Yanka Mavr

He skillfully used the artistic techniques of such classics of adventure literature as Jules Verne, Mayne Reed, Fenimore Cooper.


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Yanka Mavr

His work contained many reminiscences from the works of Daniel Dafoe, Alexandre Dumas, Gustave Aimard, Louis Jacolio, Louis Boussenard, Henry Haggard [20].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

His lyrical novel “Son of Water”, written by him in 1927, was the most dear to the author himself.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The story did not differ in the sharpness and intransigence of social confrontation.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In it, the main conflict between the characters is revealed not in an outright clash of various social forces, as in his previous novel “In the Land of the Bird of Paradise”, but mainly morally.


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Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr tried to affirm the value of universal relations in it, regardless of social barriers.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

And precisely for the fact that the story did not reflect the social struggle of the natives against the colonizers, official criticism of the 1930s reproached the author for the expressionlessness of the class position, apolitical and” social dullness” [21].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The writer was accused of not giving the half-wild inhabitant of Tierra del Fuego a high revolutionary consciousness, a mature class feeling, and that the relationship between the heroes is revealed “not in terms of struggle classes, but only in terms of man's struggle with nature for his existence” [22].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

At that time, official critics, busy looking for ideological “breakdowns”, did not notice that the Moor had taken a serious step forward in mastering the secrets of the adventure genre and that his story compares favorably compositional integrity, which is created by the concentration of events around the two main characters, that the combination of adventure and recognition was much more organic in it.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Nevertheless, almost immediately after the publication of “Son of Water” in the magazine “Pratsaunik Asvety” (Russian: “Worker of Education”) (1928, No. 13), the reviewer, who modestly signed the “Teacher”, noted: “We have a true author of a children's adventure book” [20].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The author of “Polessky Robinsons” (1930) was reproached for the fact that the adventures of friends are not associated with the ideals and life of the whole republic - nothing is said about the reconstruction and reclamation of Polesye, which the journey of the heroes of the story is based on the objectionable influence of M. Reid, J. Verna, F. Cooper.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The ambiguity of the author's idea of the story was not appreciated by the critics of that time, who wanted to see in the book a direct and clear connection with modernity, with the processes of industrialization and collectivization, taking place in the country at that time, or with practical school problems [23] [5].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

His novel “TVT” (1934), which won first prize at the All-Belarusian children's book competition, was noted at the First Congress of Writers of the USSR by Russian writer Samuil Marshak in his report “On Great Literature for little ones.”


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Speaking about the achievements of literature, Marshak, among others, noted “a significant school story written in Belarus” [10].


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Yanka Mavr

At the same time, the Republican Ministry of Education was wary of the story, since the organization “Partnership of Militant Technicians” is not provided for by the school charter.


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Yanka Mavr

Ministerial officials reasoned:


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

It was these fears and bans on the part of officials of educational institutions that suspended the TVT-Vtsev movement, which in the postwar years began to unfold in many cities of Belarus and of the former Soviet Union — in Brest, Pinsk, Kobrin, Kaliningrad, Ivanovo, Stavropol, Petrozavodsk, Elekmonar (Altai Krai).


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Yanka Mavr

In those years, TVT became an outright challenge to official regulatory pedagogy.


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Yanka Mavr

Their principle was, “If not me, then who?”


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Yanka Mavr

The Moor believed that in society all people should gradually become such “TVT-Vtsy”, that is, real masters.


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Yanka Mavr

But this idea turned out to be an illusion [5].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

When writing books, the writer was assisted by his rich knowledge of history and geography and the use of memoirs and memoirs of scientists and travelers in his work.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The Moor was called Belarusian Mikloukho-Maclay and Jules Verne rolled into one.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Real travelers were sometimes surprised at the accuracy of the details in the description of a particular country in his works.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In his work, he relied on the traditions of Jules Verne, Fenimore Cooper, Myne Reed, with the help of which he created a new, social type of adventure novel and adventure story.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In the stories “Polesie Robinsons” and “TVT”, he reflected Soviet reality, he managed to vividly and plausibly describe young heroes.


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Yanka Mavr

In 1934, the film “Polesie Robinsons”, shot according to the script of Yanka Mavr, was released.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

His fairy tale “Vandravanne pa zorkakh” (Russian: “Journey through the Stars”), “The Tale of Future Days” and the novel “Professor Tsilyakovsky's Fantamobil” laid the foundations of the sci-fi genre in the Belarusian literature [3].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Bibliography


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Yanka Mavr

Dramatizations


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Yanka Mavr

Polesie Robinsons (directed by L. M. Molchanov and I. Bahar, based on the novel “Polesie Robinsons”; “Belgoskino”)


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Yanka Mavr

“The Undiscovered Islands” (directed by L. IN. Martynyuk, based on the novel “Polesie Robinsons”; “Belarusfilm”)


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Yanka Mavr

“Miracle Island, or Polesie Robinsons” (directed by S. G. Sychev, based on the novel “Polesie Robinsons”; “Belarusfilm”)


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Yanka Mavr

Awards, honors and awards


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Yanka Mavr

Honored Worker of Culture of the BSSR (1968).


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Yanka Mavr

State Prize of the BSSR (1972 — posthumously) for the novels “Man Comes”, “In the Land of the Bird of Paradise”, “Son of Water”, “Polesie Robinsons”, “TVT”, “The Way Out of Darkness”, the novel “Amok”.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor.


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Yanka Mavr

Order of the Badge of Honor.


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Yanka Mavr

medals


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Yanka Mavr

memento


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Yanka Mavr

Streets:


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

in Minsk.


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Yanka Mavr

Mavra Street in Pinsk.


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Yanka Mavr

Minsk Oblast Children's Library named after Yanka Mavr [3].


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Yanka Mavr

District Borisov School named after Yanka Mavr.


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Yanka Mavr

Since 1993, Belarus has been awarded the Y.


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Yanka Mavr

Moor for the best works for children [24] [25].


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Yanka Mavr

ME.


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Yanka Mavr

The following documentaries are dedicated to the Moor:


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Yanka Mavr

Captain Moor's Islands (1983, directed by V. Sukmanov, “Chronicle”)


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Yanka Mavr

“Childhood Trace” (2004, directed by A. Sukhanov, RUE Belarusian Video Center) [26].


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Yanka Mavr

“Yanka Maur. Kapitan dzitsyachykh marağ” (Russian: “Yanka Mavr. The Captain of Childhood Dreams”) (2013, directed by A. Levchik, RUE Belarusian Video Center) [27].


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Yanka Mavr

family


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Yanka Mavr

wife — Stefanida Alexandrovna.


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son — Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Fedor Ivanovich Fedorov (June 19, 1911, Turets village, Minsk province — October 13, 1994, Minsk).


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Yanka Mavr

son — Arseny Ivanovich Fedorov (January 23, 1917 — October 13, 2001), Candidate of Technical Sciences


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Yanka Mavr

Daughter — Alexandra Ivanovna (Kopylova) (May 1, 1919 — May 3, 2005)


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Yanka Mavr

daughter — Natalia Ivanovna (Mitskevich) (July 27, 1924 — February 22, 2012, Minsk) — Candidate of Technical Sciences (1953); married (since 1946) to Yakub Kolas's son, Mikhas Mitskevich [28].


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Yanka Mavr

Notes


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Yanka Mavr

comments


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Yanka Mavr

Literature


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Yanka Mavr

Books


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Yanka Mavr

Barstock M. M. Vidnyshy Belarusian dzitsyachy pismennik Yanka Maur.


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Yanka Mavr

— Minsk, 1958.


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Yanka Mavr

Gurevich E.


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Yanka Mavr

S. Yanka Maur: Narys zhytsya and creators/E.


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Yanka Mavr

S. Gurevich.


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Yanka Mavr

— 2nd edition


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Yanka Mavr

, daprats.


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ed.


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Yanka Mavr

— Minsk: Belaruskaya Navuka, 2004.


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Yanka Mavr

— 148 p.


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Mironov A. Ded Moor/A. Mironov said.


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— Minsk: Mastatskaya Litaratura, 1979.


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— 168 p.


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Maur Yanka//Belaruskiya pismenniki (1917-1990): Davednik/Warehouse.


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Yanka Mavr

A. K. Gardzitsky; nav.


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red.


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A. L. Verabey.


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— Minsk: Mastatskaya Litaratura, 1994.


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— P. 374—375.


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Maur Yanka//Belaruskiya pismenniki: Biyabibliyagrafichny slounik.


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Yanka Mavr

U 6 t/Pad red.


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A. I.


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Maldzisa.


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— Minsk: BelEN, 1992—1995.


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Articles


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Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Check date values in: |year= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


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Yafimava M. B.


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Dzitsyachym pismennikam treba naradzitstsa//Polymya.


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— 2008.


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— No. 5.


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— PP. 161—164.


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Yafimava M. B.


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Kind and wise nastaunik: creator Yanki Maura//Native words.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

— 1993.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

— No. 5.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

— P. 7.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Yafimava M. B.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Cely light — dzetsyam: [ab creative, navatraskih poshukağ Ya. Maura] /M. B.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Yafimava.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

— Minsk: BDU, 1983.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

— P. 136


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

References


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

//National Library of Belarus


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

//BelTA


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Adventure writers


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Belarusian writers


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Honored Workers of Culture of the Byelorussian


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Children's writers alphabetically


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Children's writers of the USSR


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Belarusian children's writers


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Belarusian playwrights


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Belarusian Translators


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Writers known by pseudonyms


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Social realist writers


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Belarusian science fiction writers


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Category: Burials at the Eastern Cemetery in Minsk


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Category: Members of the Writers' Union of the USSR


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Category:CPSU members


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Category:Esperantists


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Dram (Armenian:) is the state currency of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

One dram is equal to 100 lums (Armenian:), but lums are not actually used in circulation due to meager purchasing power.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

At a rate of about 500 drams to 1 US dollar, the luma is equivalent to 0.002 US cents.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

After gaining independence from the USSR in 1991, Armenia did without a national currency for 2 years.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

There was a debate in the country about the advisability of staying in the ruble zone.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

On July 26, 1993, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation put into circulation new banknotes of the 1993 model.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

In fact, Russia was leaving the zone of circulation of the Soviet ruble.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

In October-November, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan introduced their own national currencies.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

In the context of the energy crisis, blockade and the Karabakh war, Armenia faced the threat of an uncontrolled influx of Soviet rubles and an even greater disorganization of the financial system.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

This required the introduction of its own currency.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia has the exclusive right to issue currency.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The state currency of the Republic of Armenia has been in circulation since November 22, 1993.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The drama symbol is the capital letter (“yes”) crossed out by two horizontal lines, which is available only in the Armenian alphabet and with which the word “” begins.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

History


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

At the end of the 11th century, the Armenian state of Cilicia emerged.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

One of the names of his silver coins was “dram” [1].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

After gaining independence from the USSR in 1991, the state did without a national currency for 2 years.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

This required the introduction of its own currency [2] [3].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Back in 1992, a commission was established “On the Name, Samples and Mechanisms for Introducing the National Currency of Armenia into Circulation”.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Among the options discussed for the main currency were “Dram”, “Stack”, “Ibar” and “Daekan”, for the derivative - “Manradram”, “Ar”, “Manr”, “Imi”, “Zuza”, “Plik”, “Luma”.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The commission included specialists and senior officials of the state, including President L. A. Ter-Petrosyan and Vice-President G. G. Harutyunyan.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

By a majority vote, the names for the new basic and exchange currency units were “dram” and “luma” [4].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

On April 27, 1993, the Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia was established, and Isaak Isahakyan was appointed its first head [2].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

On November 22, 1993, the dram became the new official currency of Armenia.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Soviet rubles, which were in circulation on the territory of the republic, were subject to exchange during the week at the rate of 200 to 1 [3].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Initially, the dram exchange rate against the US dollar was about 20 to 1 [3].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Against the background of the problems experienced by the young state, its exchange rate fell 15 times in the year after its introduction, 1994, amounting to about 300 drams per dollar [5].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

By 1998, the exchange rate exceeded 500 for 1 USD [5].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

For 10 years, from 1994 to 2003, the average annual exchange rate of the Armenian dram against the US dollar has been continuously increasing, and in 2004-2008 it fell, after which it began to grow again [5].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

In general, for 20 years, from 1994 to 2013, the Armenian dram fell against the dollar by 1.46 times [5], which is one of the best indicators among all post-Soviet countries.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Another sharp drop in the dram was recorded in 2014-2015, which was due to the difficult situation in Russia, which affected the volume of private money transfers [6].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Private remittances are an important factor in the relative stability of the national currency.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

According to the estimates of the Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia, 35% of the population of Armenia are beneficiaries of private foreign cash transfers.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

This causes a number of problems.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

This leads to a deterioration in the export potential of the state and its investment attractiveness.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Due to the inflow of foreign currency in the absence of established production, imports increase, with a slowdown in exports.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

This, in turn, leads to a decrease in the growth of industrial production, which is reflected in deindustrialization.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

These processes are called the “Dutch disease” of the Armenian economy [7].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The Armenian dram is used as a legal tender on the territory of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The issued coins and banknotes of the “Karabakh dram” have an extremely small circulation, do not really participate in money circulation and are mainly of interest to collectors [8].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Coins


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Coins of the sample of 1994


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The coins were put into circulation on February 21, 1994 and are made of aluminum.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The obverse of all coins depicts the coat of arms of the Republic of Armenia and the signature “Armenia”.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The reverse of the lum shows the denomination of the coin, the signature (luma) and the year of issue (1994).


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The reverse of the drams depicts the coin denomination, the signature (dram), the year of issue (1994) and a frame of two branches [9].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Due to the hyperinflation of 1993-1994, when the national currency of Armenia devalued 15 times against the dollar, reaching the rate of 300 drams per 1 US dollar, the bargaining lums ceased to play what any role in the country's money circulation.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Coins of the sample of 2003-2004


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

On the reverse of the coins of the 2003-2004 sample there is the denomination of the coin with the signature “Dram” in an ornamental frame.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

On the obverse there is the coat of arms of the Republic of Armenia with a ring inscription along the edge: Republic of Armenia (on a coin of 10 drams), or (on all other coins) BANK — The Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Also, on all coins, except 500 drams, there is a verbal designation of the denomination of this coin: (10 drams), coin (20 drams), coin (50 drams), money (100 drams), (200 drams) [10].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The year of issue is placed directly under the coat of arms in the inner circle, and 500 drams in the outer circle.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Commemorative and commemorative coins


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia has been issuing commemorative and commemorative coins made of silver, gold and copper-nickel alloy since 1994.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Coins made of precious metals do not take a real part in the money turnover, since the value of the metal from which they are made significantly exceeds the nominal value.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

They are of interest to collectors and investors.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Issuing such coins serves as an additional source of income for the bank.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

As of January 2017, 353 varieties of coins had been issued, including 4 cupronickel, 11 brass-plated steel, 6 brass, 240 silver (123-925 and 117-999) and 92 gold (3 — 585 tests, 42 — 900 tests, 47 — 999 tests) [11].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Banknotes


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The design of all modern banknotes was developed by the English company Thomas de la Rue [12].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Unlike the banknotes of the 1993-95 model, manufactured by the German company “” [13], they have a more colorful design [14].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

There are also a few significant differences, in particular:


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

on the new banknotes it is written “The Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia” (Armenian: )) [14];


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

the serial number consists of eight digits and one letter in front of them (two letters on old banknotes) [14];


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

banknotes of all issued denominations have a protective spiral, and 1000 dram banknotes have two different spirals (from banknotes of the 1993-1995 sample, only banknotes of 1000 and 5000 denominations have such spirals drams); [14]


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

the banknotes of the new type depict portraits of famous Armenian scientists and cultural figures (the old ones mainly depicted architectural monuments, national ornaments, etc.) [14];


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

new banknotes have no watermark varieties.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The banknotes of 100, 200 and 500 drams of the 1993 sample had two varieties according to watermarks: a) with the coat of arms of the Republic of Armenia; b) with the outline of the coat of arms of the Republic of Armenia.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The new banknotes bear the signatures of Chairman of the Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia Tigran Sargsyan and Minister of Finance of the Republic of Armenia Edward Sandoyan.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Banknotes of the 1993-1995 sample


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Banknotes of the 1998-2015 sample


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Banknotes in denominations of 50, 100 and 500 drams are currently withdrawn from circulation.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Later versions of banknotes differ from previous ones in improved protection against counterfeiting.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

On August 24, 2009, a banknote with a face value of 100,000 drams with the image of King Abgar V was put into circulation [15].


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Anniversary and collectible banknotes


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The 50,000 AMD banknote was issued on June 6, 2001 to mark the 1700th anniversary of the adoption of Christianity as the state religion of Armenia.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

2018 series


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

style="background: #dfdfff; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; "class="table-planned” | Planned


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Exchange rate regime


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Armenian dram symbol


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

The drama symbol is the capital letter (yes) of the Armenian alphabet crossed out by two horizontal lines, with which the word “dram” (Armenian:) begins, meaning the national monetary unit and money in a broad sense.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

It was also proposed to use another Armenian letter as a drama sign — (pure), with which the word “Gur” begins, which also means money.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Official authors (not co-authors) are K. Komendaryan and R. Arutchyan, who presented identical sketches.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

[17] In 2003, the sign was placed on the reverse of the 10,000 banknote, and then on banknotes of other denominations.


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

In 2008, the symbol is depicted on the reverse of a commemorative (collection) coin with a denomination of 5000 drams; in 2012 it was included in the Unicode world standard with the code U+058F Armenian Dram Sign (ع •).


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Notes


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Literature


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

CS1 maint: extra text (link)


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

CS1 maint: extra text (link)


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

References


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

(in German) (in English)


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Category:Dram


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Category:Armenian money


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Category:Money of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic


Question: What is the currency in Armenia?

Armenian dram

Category:Asian currencies


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Maximilian Robespierre (French: Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre, Maximilian Francois Marie Isidore de Robespierre; May 6, 1758 — July 28, 1794, or 10 Thermidor II of the Republic, Paris ) is a French revolutionary, one of the most famous and influential politicians of the French Revolution.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Elected Third Estate MP to the States General in 1789, he soon became one of the leading Democrats in the Constituent Assembly, advocating the abolition of slavery, the death penalty, and for universal suffrage.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

His consistency in defending his principles soon earned him the nickname “French: L'Incorruptible” [etc. 1].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

A member of the Jacobin Club since its foundation, he has been its most famous and leading member.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Opponent of the war with Austria in 1792.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

He supported the fall of the monarchy and the proclamation of


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

A member of the rebel Paris Commune, was elected to the National Assembly (Convention), where he was on the benches of the Mountain and opposed the policy of the Girondins [Ave 2].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

After the uprising of May 31 — June 2, 1793, he became a member of the Committee of Public Salvation on July 27, 1793, participated in the creation of a revolutionary government in the context of the war against the coalition monarchies and civil war.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

He opposed the policy of de-Christianization and, after the victory of the Public Salvation and Public Security Committees over the Ebertist and Dantonist factions, in the spring of 1794, proclaimed the cult of the “Supreme Creatures” and supported the adoption of the law of the 22nd Prairie (June 10, 1794), which marked the beginning of the Great Terror period.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Isolated in the Committee of Public Salvation and attacked in the Convention by former Ebertists on the left and dantonists on the right, speaks before the Convention 8 Thermidor II (July 26, 1794).


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The next day, 9 Thermidor II (July 27, 1794), after a stormy meeting at the Convention, he was arrested along with his brother Augustin and supporters Couton, Saint-Just and Loeba.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

After the Paris Commune uprising of the same day in support of the arrested, outlawed by the Convention and executed without trial the next day, 10 thermidor (July 28, 1794) with twenty-one of his supporters.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Origins, family and childhood


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Maximilian Marie Isidore de Robespierre was born on May 6, 1758 in Arras, the center of the then existing province of Artois of the Kingdom of France [2].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Maximilian's great-great-grandfather in a straight line Robert Robespierre (1627—1707) was a notary at Carvin and Bagli in Oigny, great-grandfather Martin Robespierre (1664—1720) prosecutor in Carvin, and grandfather Maximilian Robespierre (1694—1762) ) lawyer in the Supreme Council of Artois (French: Conseil supérieur d'Artois) [2].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

His father, Maximilian Barthelemy Francois Robespierre (1732—1777), was also a hereditary lawyer at the Supreme Council of Artois, and his mother, Jacqueline Marguerite Carrol (1735—1764) or Carrot [Ave. 3], the daughter of a brewer.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

They met in 1757 and married on January 2, 1758, four months before the birth of Maximilian [2].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In addition to him, four more children were later born into their family: Charlotte (1760), Henriette-Oulali-Francoise (1761), Augustin (1763) and a child born on July 4, 1764 and soon deceased.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

A week later, Maximilian Robespierre's mother, who had recently turned 6, died at the age of 29 [2].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Two years later, in March 1766, [2] Francois Robespierre left his family for some unknown reason, left Arras, and then left France [3].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

After the death of their mother, Maximilian and Augustin were taken up by their maternal grandfather Jacques Carrot (Carrol) (1701—1778), and their sisters fell into families of paternal aunts.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In 1765, Maximilian was admitted to the College of Arras, founded by the Jesuits, but after their expulsion from France, managed by a committee appointed by the local Catholic bishop [2].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Sister Charlotte recalled that her older brother avoided noisy activities and preferred to be alone, thinking for pleasure.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre's only children's entertainment, which historians know about, was the taming of pigeons and sparrows that flocked to the grain of the brewery.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Brewer Jacques Carrot, who believed that the profession of a lawyer did not bring prosperity to his relatives, decided that after graduation, Maximilian would take care of his case, become a tourayer (the employee who controlled barley seed germination when making malt) or by an accountant, but college professors did not accept his plans.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

They drew the attention of influential people in the city to a capable student, and Maximilian's two pious aunts, who enjoyed great respect in Arras, told Canon Aimé about him [4].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

At the Lyceum of Louis the Great


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In 1769, thanks to the patronage of Canon Aimé and his petition to Louis Francois, Bishop of Arras Marc Hilaire Conzi, Maximilian Robespierre received one of the four annual scholarships of the Abbey of Saint - Vaas was 450 livres and was sent to study at the Lyceum of Louis the Great in Paris [2].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The scholarship gave Maximilian the right to his room, bed, table and chair within the walls of the lyceum [5].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In general, he remained on the verge of poverty — relatives needed money to develop the pub and supported his brother and sisters — and Robespierre did not have decent clothes to be introduced even to his the patron, Bishop Konzi.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Every summer, he returned for two months on vacation to Arras, to his room in the Carro pub, and Canon Aimé constantly invited him to his table to feed him again [4].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Despite poverty, Maximilian Robespierre's success at the Lyceum of Louis the Great, where his classmates were future revolutionaries Camille Demoulin and Louis-Marie Freron, were brilliant.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

He has won numerous General Competition awards (annual selection of the best high school students).


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In 1772, Robespierre was awarded second prize for Latin and became the sixth to excel in translation from Latin, in 1774 he took fourth place for Latin poetry and translation from Latin, in 1775 He won two second prizes for Latin and fourth place for translation from Greek, and in 1776 he was awarded first prize in rhetoric, etc. [6].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

During his studies, Robespierre became interested in antiquity, especially the history and literature of Ancient Rome, and this hobby was supported by Abbot Erivo, who taught at the Lyceum, who nicknamed the student” Roman” [7].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Later, Abbot Proylard, who was the prefect of the lyceum, recalled that Maximilian was diligent, dedicated exclusively to his studies, lonely, dreamy and little expansive.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

He preferred sad dreams and lonely walks to noisy entertainment.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

At the same time, the abbot noted: “If he were awarded the first place in the class, he would sit on it without haste as the only place corresponding to his talents” (French: Si, dans sa classe, il était nommé à la première place, il allait s'y asseoir sans empressement et comme au seul endroit qui convînt à ses talents) [8] [4].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

His academic success was highly appreciated by teachers and in May 1775 Robespierre was elected to recite a poetic greeting to the new King Louis XVI, patron saint of the Lyceum [2] [8].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The authorities allocated money to sew new clothes for the poor student [4] and on June 12, 1775, seventeen-year-old Maximilian Robespierre read this greeting to the King of France and his wife Marie Antoinette [7].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The scholarship Robespierre received gave him the right to remain at the Lyceum of Louis the Great until he received a diploma in medicine, theology or law.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

He chose law and continued his studies, while doing an internship with the Paris prosecutor Ocant on Rue Saint-Croix-de-la-Bretonnry [4].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Maximilian, like his father and grandfather, signed De Robespierre, although their branch of pedigree did not have the right to nobility and they were listed as citizens, that is, they belonged not to the second, but to third estate.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Only his paternal grandfather's brother, Yves de Robespierre, a tax collector at Epinois, received personal nobility and in 1696 his coat of arms — a black sling to the right and a silver wing on a golden field — was entered into heraldic registry “Armorial général d'Hozier” [7].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On July 31, 1780, Maximilian Robespierre graduated from the Faculty of Law of the Faculty of Paris (Sorbonne) and received a Bachelor of Laws degree.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

His scholarship has now been transferred to his brother Augustin.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On May 15, 1781, Robespierre received his license and was included in the register of lawyers of the Parliament of Paris two weeks later.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

At the same time, on July 19, as one of the best students, he received a kind of “lifting” of 600 livres from the lyceum, which was awarded annually at the expense of savings [2].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But receiving these lifts forbade Robespierre to stay in Paris and he went to his native Arras [4].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In Arras


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On November 8, 1782, Robespierre was admitted to the Bar Association of the Council of Artois.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Encyclopedists, Charles-Louis Montesquieu and especially Jean-Jacques Rousseau, on the one hand, the conditional mannerism of sentimentalism — on the other hand, this is the ground that raised Robespierre.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Together with Foucher and Lazare, Carnot was a member of the Rosati Literary Society, which, as stated in its charter, united young people bound by a love of poetry, flowers and wine.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

He wrote many poems in a sentimental spirit, often dedicated to the ladies of Arras, and in 1783 was elected a member of the Arras Academy of Literature, Sciences and Arts.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Quite quickly he became a regular and beloved speaker, and in 1786 he was elected president of the academy.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Passionate about the ideas of eighteenth-century philosophers, he takes part in Artois's political life on the eve of the revolution.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

With the support of family and friends, he participates in the electoral struggle for the right to represent the Third Estate of Artois in the States General.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

At the same time, he published a brochure he wrote on the need to reform the states of Artois (“French: Avis aux habitants de la campagne”. Arras, 1789).


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Thanks to the success of the brochure, his name became known and he was elected first among the twenty-four electors of Artois, and then, in April 1789, one of twelve deputies to the States General.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

He is also entrusted with drawing up an order (French: Cahier de doléances) from Arra voters.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

States General and Constituent Assembly


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

At first, no one pays much attention to the newly arrived provincial deputy with his sharp northern dialect and old-fashioned manners.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Newspaper reports on meetings of the States General constantly distort his name — Robertpier, Robertz, Robert-Pierre.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But gradually, it is getting more and more attention through its participation in debates.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Only in 1789 he gave 69 speeches, in 1790 — one hundred and twenty-five, in 1791 — three hundred and twenty-eight speeches [9] and indifference gives way to attention.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It is at this time that Mirabeau's remark about Robespierre refers: “He will go far because he believes what he says” [3] [10].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On June 20, 1789, as a result of opposition from the court, the deputies deprived of premises gathered in the ball hall, where they took an oath not to disperse until a constitution was developed.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

One of the authors of the text of the oath was Robespierre.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre speaks out against the introduction of martial law after the events of July 14, 1789, against the royal veto, against the division of citizens into active and passive, for the admission of Jews, Huguenots and members of the Actors Guild for public office.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The capture of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 was a confirmation of Rousseau's “Common Will” for him and he fully supports it.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

From November 1790 to September 1791, he played a leading role in the debate on the organization of the National Guard [Ave. 4].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

He participated in the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the first French Constitution in 1791.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

He is known to advocate the abolition of the death penalty and the abolition of slavery in the French colonies.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

At the same time, the first disagreements and divisions among the deputies emerged.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Conservative MPs and “Royalist Democrats”, later known as “constitutionalists” or “monarchists” (French: Monarchiens), satisfied with what has been achieved, hoped after the adoption of the Constitution form a government.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre's proposal that members of the Constituent Assembly could not be elected to the Legislative Assembly was partly aimed at preventing this.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Constituent Assembly destroyed the class division of the monarchy and proclaimed social equality.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But it did not determine the type of government that complies with the new principles — a problem that will not be solved for the next hundred years before the founding of the Third Republic [12].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On 30 September, the Constituent Assembly dispersed, announcing that its members could not be elected to the Legislative Assembly.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Jacobin Club


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The beginning of the revolution marked the emergence of many different clubs.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In the first months of the Constituent Assembly, Robespierre was one of the first to join the Breton Club with Mirabeau, Petion, Abbot Gregoire and brothers Alexander and Karl Lamet, which took place at the Amaury Cafe of Versailles.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

After the Assembly moved to Paris in October 1789, he joined the Society of Friends of the Constitution, known as the Jacobin Club, located near the Tuileries, in the Jacobin Monastery, on Rue Saint-Honoré (French: rue Saint-Honoré).


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Following the previous tradition of parliaments in France, linked by a single network throughout the kingdom, Jacobin clubs began to appear everywhere as branches of subsidiaries of the main Paris center of clubs; disseminate their views, debated ideas through correspondence with each other, forming public opinion, submitting petitions and putting pressure on the National Assembly and later the Convention.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Thus, the direction of the policy of the whole country began to be debated first in the Club, and then discussed in the national representation.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Varenna crisis


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The attempt to escape the king is one of the most important events of the revolution [13] [14] [15] [1].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Since July 14, 1789, the emigration of the aristocracy began.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The emigration center was located in Koblenz, not far from the French border.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On June 20, 1791, the king tried to escape, but was recognized at the border in Varenne as a postal employee and returned to Paris, where he was actually detained in his own palace.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The country took the news of the escape as a shock, as a declaration of war in which its king is in the camp of the enemy.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

From this moment on, the radicalization of the revolution begins.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Who then can you trust if the king himself is a traitor?


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

From this moment on, the division into “patriots” and “enemies of the people” begins.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

From this moment on, the base of the revolution begins to narrow.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The king will be followed by Mirabeau, Barnave, Brissot, Danton, and Robespierre himself.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But contrary to the obvious fact and proclaimed principles of democracy, the country was not ready to abolish the monarchy.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Almost no one shared the concept of the Republic, even among radical revolutionaries [16].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre's views, speeches, and behavior fully reflected this confusion.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

For him, brought up on the classics, republicanism was associated with the republic of ancient Rome, with its bloody struggle of elites, civil conflicts and military dictators [1].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In addition, as a supporter of universal suffrage, he saw the republic as an inevitable oligarchy in these circumstances.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“I do a lot of credit when I am accused of republicanism: I am not a Republican. But if someone declared that I am a monarchist, it would be an insult: I am not a monarchist either... The word republic does not mean any particular form of government. It applies to any form of government in which people can enjoy freedom in their homeland. You can be free under both the king and the Senate. What is the French Constitution at the moment? This is a republic with a monarch. It is neither a monarchy nor a republic: it is both.”


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But the issue of the Republic is on the agenda.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

A wave of violence against the aristocracy, similar to the summer of 1789, swept across the country.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

At this time, the first supporters of republican reforms appeared.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre is on the side of the constitutional solution of the issue, although he denounces the Assembly and the government of indulging in the court.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But this movement was suppressed on July 17, 1791 during the shooting on the Champ de Mars.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

By this time, the composition of the Jacobin Club had changed quite a lot with the entry of radical Parisians.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In addition, a “competition” of ideas and cooperation with the even more radical Cordeliers club began.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But after the shooting on the Champ de Mars, the club split for the first time.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The left side of the Jacobin Club supported the petition of the Cordeliers Club to depose the king addressed to the Assembly.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The right side, which consisted mostly of monarchists (Barnave, Duport, Alexandre Lamet and their supporters), withdrew from the club, soon founding a new political club Felians.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Most of the members left with them, as well as branches of the club throughout the country.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre stayed.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In the next few months, along with the radicalization of the country, campaigning and clarification, many returned.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was at this time that Robespierre became the most famous and influential member of the Jacobin Club.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Opposition to the war with Austria


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

With the end of the parliamentary session of the Constituent Assembly, Robespierre returned to civilian life in the fall of 1791.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

After the first session of the Legislative Assembly, he went to Artois, where he was enthusiastically received by his countrymen.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Returning to Paris on November 28, he found that politics was dominated by the issue of emigrants (French: emigres) and propaganda for war against Austria and its German allies.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The most ardent supporter of the war was Brissot, one of the leaders of the future Girondins.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Initially undecided, Robespierre then joined the few opponents of the war, condemned the belligerent calls of revolutionary propaganda against Austria on the rostrum of the Jacobins: speeches on December 11, 1791, and December 18, January 2, 1792, January 11 and January 25.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

He felt that there was a game of the court and Louis XVI behind it.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In his eyes, the French army was not ready to wage a war that, if won, could strengthen the position of the king and ministers hostile to the revolution, he believes that the real threat was not among Koblenz emigrants, but in France itself.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“The strangest idea that can arise in the head of a politician is the belief that it is enough to invade a foreign country in order to impose your own laws and your own constitution. No one likes armed missionaries... The Declaration of Rights... is not the lightning that strikes every throne at any moment... I am far from saying that our revolution will not ultimately affect the fate of the world... But I'm saying it won't be today.”


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But the belligerent sentiments of revolutionary idealism and messiahism grew and many critics, Demoulin, Danton, and even Marat, gradually fell silent.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But Robespierre remained adamant, which even cost him a fall in popularity.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Although Robespierre did not make a direct link between the Girondins and the court in his speeches, constant comparisons of the desire for war suggested that this led to mutual accusations, both political, both personal and personal.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The confrontation between Gironde and Mount began [14].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In the Legislative Assembly vote on the war, only 7 votes against the war out of 745 were cast.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On April 20, 1792, war was declared against the King of Bohemia and Hungary.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On April 25, Rouget de Lisle performed Marseillaise for the first time in Strasbourg.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

France has embarked on a journey to Valmy and Waterloo [1].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

No one could even imagine that the war would last 25 years and would lead to the opposite consequences for those who wanted it: Louis XVI and Brissot and his friends [12] [14].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The fall of monarchy


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The war began with humiliating defeats.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Only at the sight of the enemy did the troops flee.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Several royalist regiments went over to the side of the enemy.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The generals were hesitant and accused the troops of lack of discipline.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

By this time, the army was in the process of disintegration.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

More than half of the officers have already emigrated and, with the outbreak of hostilities, many officers have begun to leave their posts.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Royalist uprisings broke out in several provinces.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Religious and royalist unrest began in Vendée.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

When news of the defeat is received, an explosion of indignation occurs.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Once again there is a threat of a “royalist conspiracy”, the threads of which lead to the Tuileries and Marie Antoinette's “Austrian Committee”.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre advocates the removal of generals and their replacement by patriotic ones, accuses the conservative Legislature of indulging the court and Lafayette, whom he suspects of wanting use the army to suppress the revolution.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The duel continues with the Brissotines, who compromised themselves by joining the government without full power to implement their ideas.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

He welcomes the federates arriving in Paris in response to the declaration of the Fatherland in Danger (French: La Patrie en Danger) and urges them not to leave Paris as long as the revolution needs their protection.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The presence of the federates in the capital turns the struggle into a national movement.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The king, in turn, plays the political game of removing the Girondins cabinet and appointing feuillans, and again the Girondins, hoping for the speedy arrival of the troops of European monarchs.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On July 29, Robespierre gives a keynote speech at the Jacobin Club on the loss of confidence in the Legislative Assembly with proposals to convene a National Convention on the basis of universal suffrage.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It demands the removal of the executive branch, the removal of military and administrative officials, and the renewal of the composition of the courts [17].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

He no longer believes that the Legislative Assembly is able to resolve the crisis through constitutional means [18].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The situation reaches intensity when the Duke of Brunswick's Manifesto was published on August 3 with the threat of “military execution” of Paris in case of violence against the king.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Paris sections announce the continuity of meetings and the admission of “passive” citizens to their meetings and to the National Guard.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The mayor of Paris, Petion, on behalf of 47 sections, submitted an ultimatum petition to the Legislative Assembly demanding the deposition of the king and the convening of the Convention.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But the Legislative Assembly on August 8, after two days of debate, refuses to consider any charges.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On August 9, the alarm sounded over the city.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Kens-Ven section of the Saint-Antoine suburb invited the rest of Paris sections to send representatives to form the central committee of the uprising.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

28 sections responded to the call and on the night of August 10, the Rebel Commune was formed.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The day after the fall of the monarchy, the General Council of the Commune was increased to 288 members, and Robespierre was elected from his section of Place Vendôme/section des Piques [1]).


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

He immediately takes the lead and all his proposals are accepted: the movement must not be demobilized, demand the convening of the National Assembly, Lafayette must be declared a traitor, Commune must send commissioners to all departments of the country to clarify the situation, sections must destroy the distinction between “active” and “passive” citizens and create permanent revolutionary committees.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

At that time, only 285 deputies out of 745 were present in the Legislative Assembly.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The entire right and royalist part of the Assembly was absent [19].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

After the king was imprisoned in Temple, under pressure from the Commune, the Assembly adopted decrees to eliminate the division into active and passive citizens, reduce the age for the right to participate in elections from 25 years to 21 years and convening the National Convention [20] [17].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Convent


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

For the next 6 weeks, the Commune was actually the executive branch, and after the uprising on August 10, the demands for punishing the defenders of the monarchy were supplemented by demands for punishing royalists and unencroaching priests.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The royalist press was banned and the Felians club was closed.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On August 26, news came about the capture of Longwy by Prussian troops, and on September 2 about the fall of Verdun.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

There were no more fortresses in front of the troops of the Duke of Brunswick and Paris.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Rumors spread about a “conspiracy in prisons” and demands “to put the conspirators to death before citizens leave for the army”.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On September 2-6, massacres of prisoners take place in Paris, Lyon, Versailles and other cities called the September Massacres (French: Massacres de Septembre).


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Elections to the National Convention were the first experience of universal suffrage in French history; elections were held from September 2 to 6, 1792.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The turnout was very low — 11.9% of voters, against 10.2% in 1791, while the number of voters almost doubled [21].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But this was a reflection of extraordinary circumstances.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The convention was chosen by a small and most determined minority.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But in the sense that the direction of the revolution was determined under pressure from the Sankulots and the organized minority of Republicans, the revolution did receive an egalitarian impetus.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

And in this sense, the revolution has entered a democratic and nationwide period [12].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre was elected the first deputy from the capital in the first round by 338 votes out of 525.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On September 2, he was also elected for Pas-de-Calais in the first round with 412 votes out of 721 voters, but he chose to represent Paris [1] [18].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Fight against girondins


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The National Convention began its meetings on September 20, 1792.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On September 21, decrees abolishing the monarchy are adopted and the French Republic is declared single and indivisible [20].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

News comes of the victory of French troops, consisting of volunteers, Paris Sanculots and Federates, near Valmy.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

For the next few months, three issues dominate the Assembly: attitudes towards revolutionary violence, the role of Paris and the departments, and the trial of the king.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Quantitatively, the Convention consisted of 160 Girondins, 200 Montagnards and 389 deputies of the Plaine (French: La Plaine ou le Marais), a total of 749 deputies.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

A third of the deputies participated in previous meetings and brought with them all previous disagreements and conflicts.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Girondins, who were supported by the majority at that time, immediately went on the offensive, accusing the Montagnards of striving for dictatorship, using violence and the September massacre as an example.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre responded to these accusations on November 5.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

He presents the September massacre as a continuation of August 10 and reduces the issue of popular violence to a problem of revolutionary legality, referring to the legitimacy of the Revolution itself:


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“Did you really want a revolution without revolution?


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Where does this desire for bullying come from, with which they are trying to reconsider, so to speak, the revolution that broke your shackles?


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But how can one judge the consequences that these great upheavals can entail?


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Who is able to point out the exact boundary against which the waves of popular uprising must break after events have already begun to unfold?


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Under these conditions, what people would ever be able to throw off the yoke of despotism?


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

... The French, supporters of freedom, gathered in August this year, acted on this basis on behalf of all departments.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Their actions should either be fully approved or rejected in their entirety.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

To criminalize them with some imaginary or actual riots, inseparable from such a strong shock, is to punish them for their dedication...


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

... Mourn even the guilty who were supposed to be punished by the law and who fell by the sword of popular justice; but let your sorrow, like all human things, have its limit.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The sensitivity that mourns almost exclusively the enemies of freedom seems suspicious to me.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Stop waving the bloody tyrant clothes in front of my eyes...”


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

After this speech in defense of the Revolution, Le Moniteur universel, a semi-official newspaper of the revolution, began publishing regular reports of the Jacobin Club debates, understanding its national significance [22].