Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

A floating dock was specially purchased for its repair, and after major repairs, it served in the Turkish Navy until 1950, eventually becoming the last battlecruiser in service.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

On December 20, 1950, it was put into reserve, and on November 14, 1954, it was deleted from the list of warships and put on a joke.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Turkey offered Germany to buy the Göben, but after refusing on June 7, 1973, the flag was lowered on it, and the last battlecruiser was cut into metal by August 1974.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Project evaluation


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Moltke class cruisers were an evolutionary development of the Von der Tann.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

All three indicators have been improved — speed, weapons and armor.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The only advantage of the first-generation British battlecruisers - the Invincible and Indefatigeble types - was the larger main caliber - 305 mm instead of 280 mm.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

However, in terms of its ballistic characteristics, the German gun was almost in no way inferior to the British one.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The German 302-kg armor-piercing projectile had an initial speed of 880 m/s against 386 kg and 831 m/s for the British.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Given the best quality of German shells, German engineers reasonably considered it the equivalent of the British one.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

At the same time, the speed and booking of German cruisers were better.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

This allowed experts to assert that the German cruisers of the Moltke type, like the Von der Tann, are superior to all British battlecruisers with 305-mm guns.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Characteristics of the main caliber artillery of the capital ships that entered service in 1910-1912 Horudie12″/45 Mark X [5]


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

12″/50 Marks XI [6]


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

13.5″/45 Mark V [7]


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

28 cm/45 SK L/45 [8]


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

28 cm/50 SK L/50 [1]


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

30.5 cm/50 SK L/50 [9]


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Caliber, mm305305343280280305Barrel length, calibers [note 9] 45504542.4 (45) 46.8 (50) 47.4 (50) Indefatigeble carriers Colossus Lyon Von der Tann Moltke Heligoland Year of adoption for Armory19101912190919111911Mass of armor-piercing projectile, KG389,8386635302302405,5Initial speed, M/S831869759855880855 Muzzle energy, MJ266,56291,49365,81220,77233,87296,43rate of fire, shots per minute1.51.5—2332—3Maximum firing range, m (at gun elevation angle) 17,236 (13.5°) 19,380 (15°) 21,710 (20°) 18,900 (20°) 18,100 (13.5°) 16,200—18,000 (13.5°) [note 10]


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

20,400 (16°)


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

However, the arms race at the beginning of the 20th century was gaining momentum, and each subsequent type of ship laid down was stronger than the previous one.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

If the Moltke entered service simultaneously with the British Indefatigeble, the Goeben has already entered service together with the British second-generation battlecruiser Lyon.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

When comparing the new British battlecruiser with the Moltke, you can clearly see the difference in the approaches of the two nations to the design of battlecruisers.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Lyon's cruising functions prevailed over linear ones.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Its tasks were to protect trade, reconnaissance, and in the battle of the main forces they had to go outside the line of battleships and protect them from attacks by enemy destroyers and cruisers.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

In the battle of the main forces, their role was limited to the role of a high-speed wing with a minimum time of fire contact at a long distance - covering the head of a column of enemy ships and finishing off the lagging damaged ships.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Therefore, with stronger weapons of 343-mm guns and higher speed, it had thinner armor - a belt of 229 mm against 270 mm for the Moltke.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

German cruisers, designed, among other things, to participate in the battle of the main forces in line with battleships, had a two-level main belt, a perfect anti-torpedo protection system and a good organization of struggle for ship survivability.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Even a torpedo hit or a mine explosion did not lead to serious damage, and the ships continued to perform their combat mission.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

However, as the experience of battles has shown, the German defense system had two drawbacks.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Cruisers were designed for battles at short and medium distances in conditions of poor visibility of the North Sea, and therefore, to save weight, the thickness of barbet armor in the area covered by an armor belt and traverse armored bulkheads has been reduced.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

This led to the fact that in long-range combat, shells falling at a large angle passed over the belt and hit the towers in areas poorly covered by armor.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

This almost caused the death of the Seidlitz in the battle of Dogger Bank and led to the failure of towers on German battlecruisers during the Battle of Jutland.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Another drawback is the large compartments of onboard underwater torpedo tubes, which are not covered by an anti-torpedo bulkhead.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Their flooding when shells hit the area eventually led to the death of the Luttsov in the Battle of Jutland.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The greater speed of Admiral Fisher's cats [note 11] has always allowed them to impose a fight and get out of it at any time in adverse conditions [10].


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

The advantage in speed and armament also made it possible to choose a favorable combat distance.


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Comparative characteristics of the capital ships that entered service in 1910-1912 “Indefatigeble”


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Lyon


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Von der Tann


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Moltke


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Colossus


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Heligoland


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Classlinear cruiserlinkorBookmark year190919081909190919091908Year of commissioning 191119121910191219111911Displacement normal, t18 765,526 690,319 37022 97920 548.622 808Full, t22 433,330 154,921 30025 40023 418,824 700Rated power SU, hp 43 00070 00042 00052 00025 00028 000Design maximum speed, knots252724,825,52120.5 Range, miles (at speed, knots) 6330 (10) 5610 (10) 4400 (14 ) 4120 (14) 6680 (10) 5500 (10) Reservation, mmBelt152229250270279300 Towers, Lob179229230279300Barbets179229200—230200—230279300Rub254254250300279400Deck65—2565—255050—30100—4580—55ArmingMain Caliber 4×2×305-mm/454×2×343-mm/454×2×280-mm/455×2×280-mm/505×2×305-mm/506×2×305-mm/50Auxiliary 16×102-mm/50


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

14×88-mm/45Torpedo weapons3×457-mm TA3×533-mm TA4×450-mm TA4×500-mm TA3×533-mm TA6×500-mm TA


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Notes


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Used literature and sources


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

Literature


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

in Russian


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

in english


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers

in german


Question: Which cruiser was the last battlecruiser to be scrapped?

Moltke class battlecruisers


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

A gramophone (from Greek: γrμμα “recording” +"sound”) is a device for reproducing sound from a gramophone record.


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

Highlights


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

The gramophone is a modification of the phonograph independently invented in 1877 by Charles Cros and Thomas Edison [1].


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

Emil Berliner, having familiarized himself with Cros's works, decided to use discs instead of cylinders for recording and reproducing sounds.


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

A new invention, called a gramophone, was patented by Berliner on September 26, 1887 [1].


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

Gramophone records were originally made of ebonite, then shellac.


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

The world's first record was zinc.


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

The cutter, attached through a leash to a vibrating membrane that perceives sounds, applies a modulated spiral trace on the varnish disc (initially on a layer of soot, then wax), which, when replicated is transferred to the record.


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

When the disc rotates by means of a spring mechanism, the gramophone needle moves along the spiral of the disc and causes corresponding oscillations of the vibrating plate.


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

The main advantage of a gramophone over a phonograph is transverse recording, which reduces distortion tenfold, as well as a louder sound (already in the first models it is 16 times, or 24 dB).


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

Coupled with the ease of replicating recordings, this ensured a quick victory for the gramophone.


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

In 1895, the Berliner's Gramophone Company was founded for the production of records.


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

In the 1904—1906, the improvement of the gramophone made it possible to achieve a fairly clear transmission of the musical sound of pieces, both vocal and instrumental.


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

The production of gramophones has become a powerful independent industry in the United States and Europe, including Russia.


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

In 1907, Pate introduced the gramophone, and in 1925 Berliner, together with RCA, created the first serial microphone.


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

The production of records (discs) of a diverse repertoire (plays performed by musical virtuosos and outstanding singers) has become a special industry.


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

In 1927, the world's first sound film, Jazz Singer, was released, the phonogram of which was reproduced using the Waitafon system from a gramophone record [2].


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

The technology was used in cinema for several years before the spread of optical sound recording.


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

Since the mid-1950s, gramophones and gramophones have given way to electrophones.


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

See also


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

Phonograph


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

Gramophone


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

Electrophone


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

Radiola


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

Waitafon


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

Museum of Gramophones and Phonographs


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

Notes


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

Literature


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

Technical Encyclopedia in 26 Volumes — 1927—1934


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

References


Question: In what year was the gramophone invented?

Gramophone

Category:Sound reproducing equipment


Question: What are the colors of Algeria's flag?

Algerian flag

The national flag of Algeria consists of two vertical stripes of the same width, green and white.


Question: What are the colors of Algeria's flag?

Algerian flag

There is a red star and a crescent moon in the center.


Question: What are the colors of Algeria's flag?

Algerian flag

The flag was adopted on July 3, 1962.


Question: What are the colors of Algeria's flag?

Algerian flag

It resembles the flag of the Algerian National Liberation Front and, according to some reports, was used by Abdel Kadyr in the XIX century.


Question: What are the colors of Algeria's flag?

Algerian flag

White symbolizes purity, green is the color of Islam.


Question: What are the colors of Algeria's flag?

Algerian flag

The crescent moon is also an Islamic symbol.


Question: What are the colors of Algeria's flag?

Algerian flag

In addition, the colors also symbolize: red — freedom, green — faith in victory, white — mourning for the heroes who died in the struggle [1].


Question: What are the colors of Algeria's flag?

Algerian flag

The naval flag is identical to the state flag, with the exception of two crossed anchors in the upper left corner.


Question: What are the colors of Algeria's flag?

Algerian flag

Notes


Question: What are the colors of Algeria's flag?

Algerian flag

References


Question: What are the colors of Algeria's flag?

Algerian flag

Flag


Question: What are the colors of Algeria's flag?

Algerian flag

Algiers


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Lusatians, Lusatian Serbs (Upper Sorbian: Serbja, Lower Sorbian: Serby, [] error: {{lang-xx}}: no text (help), Lower Sorbian: Serbski lud, German: Sorben, Wenden [1]) - West Slavic people.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The number is about 60 thousand people.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

They live only in Germany [2] — on the territory of Luzhitsa, which is a Slavic enclave.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

They live most compactly in Catholic areas on the western periphery of the Upper Luzhitsky language territory [3].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

They are one of the four officially recognized national minorities in the country [comment 1].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In general, they belong to the Central European group of the Caucasian race [comment 2].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

All Lusatians are bilingual: German is the main language, while Upper Luzhitsky and Lower Luzhitsky are preserved in a limited way.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

They are Catholic and Lutheran by religious affiliation.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

They are divided into two ethnographic groups - Upper Luzhitsky Serbs living in Upper Lusica (Saxony), and Lower Luzhitsky - in Lower Lusica (Brandenburg).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The Upper Luzhitsky Serbs have a cultural center - Bautzen, for the Lower Luzhitsky Serbs - Cottbus.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

On the territory of the “Lužice Settlement Region”, legislative acts of the lands of Saxony and Brandenburg are in force, contributing to the preservation of the Lusatian languages and the culture of the Luzhitans.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The interests of the Lusatian Serbs are protected by the politically independent organization of the Serbolužice people and Serbolužice associations Domovina — Union of Lusatian Serbs, founded in 1912 [4].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Sorabistics is engaged in the study of Luzhitsy residents.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The ancestors of the Luzhitans settled on the territory of modern Germany in the VI century.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

According to written sources, the Lusatian Serbs have been known since 631.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

They represent the remnant of the non-Germanized Polabic-Baltic Slavs.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the 10th century, their lands were first incorporated into the German state.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

However, in the 11th and 12th centuries, Lusica was subordinate to Poland and the Czech Republic for some time.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Since the 14th century it has been part of the Czech Republic for a long time.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

It finally fell under the rule of the Germans in the middle of the XVII century.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the Middle Ages, they were a people with an incomplete social structure.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the 19th century, they experienced a “national revival”.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the 20th century, two attempts were made to secede from Germany.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

ethnonym


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Self-name


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The self-name of the Luzhitans - “Serbs” (Upper Sorbian: Serbja, Lower Sorbian: Serby) - has a common etymology with the name of the Balkan Serbs.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The German name for the Lužians, Sorben with the root -o-, was used in the past within the western part of the ancient Serbolužice language range between the Elbe and Saale rivers.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The first mention of the Lusatian Serbs in written sources is at the same time the first mention of the West Slavic ethnicum in general, and dates back to 631 (Fredegar's chronicle): Latin: Dervanus dux ex gente Surbiorum, que ex genere Sclavicorum erant et ad regnum Frankorum iam olem aspescerant se ad regnum Samonem cum suis tradidi (“Dervan, prince of Serbian tribes that have long been under the rule of Franks, trusted Tsar Samo together with his people”) [5].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Initially, the name “Serbs” referred only to the tribe of Serbs who lived on the Mulde River.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Since 782, all tribes that lived between Saale and Elbe (including the ancestors of modern Lusatian Serbs - Luzhitans and Milchans) began to be Serbs [6].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Germanic tribes originally referred to all Slavs in the east and southeast by the term Wenden/Winden (Veneda).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

This term goes back to the ethnonym adopted by ancient authors (Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, Tacitus, Claudius Ptolemy): Venedi, Veneti, Venethi, Venethae [7].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The term “Venda” in German was the official designation of the Lusatian Serbs with a negative-dismissive connotation [8] (“Vend is an uneducated and rough village man burdened with negative character traits”).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

For this reason, after 1945, the Lusatian Serbs were officially called “Sorben” in the GDR [5].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

During the existence of the GDR, the idea of the unity of the Serbolužice people prevailed.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

After the unification of Germany in 1990, ideas about their own national identity spread among the Lower Luga Serbs, and the ethnonym was increasingly used to denote self-name “Venda”, which opposes them to the Upper Lužice Serbs [9].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Title in Russian


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In Russian-language science, there is no single term for the Serbolužice people: the names “Lusatian Serbs”, “Lusatians”, “Serboluzhitans” are used [10].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Russian-language encyclopedias (ESBE, TSB, SE, BDT, “Peoples and Religions of the World” [11]) call him “Luzhichans”.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

According to Slavist A. E.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Suprun, instead of the former name “Lusatians”, the names “Serboluzhichans” or “Lusatian Serbs” are now used [12].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Sorabist historians L. P. Laptev and K. IN. Shevchenko is called this people “Luzhitsky Serbs” [13].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

For the ancient historical period, the term “Serbs” is also used (sometimes borrowed from the German “sorba”; less often - “Vendas”, German: Wenden).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The name “Lusatian” comes from the swampy area of Lusitsa (hence German: Lausitz) [14].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

History


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The anthropological components of modern Lusatian Serbs (as well as the Germans of Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Eastern Bavaria, mixed with descendants of numb Slavs) go back to short-headed Caucasians with elements characteristic of the Polabs and Bodrich of Mecklenburg and close to the Laten Celts [15].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Modern Lusatians are the remnant of the Lusatichi Serbs (or simply Serbs), one of the three main tribal unions of the Polabian Slavs, which also included the tribal unions of Lyutichi (Velets or Veltsy) and Bodrich (encouraged, reregs [16] [17]).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The Polabian Slavs (or, in German, the Wends) in the early Middle Ages inhabited at least a third of the territory of the modern German state — north, north-west and east [18].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Modern Luzhichans are descendants of two West Slavic tribes - Luzhichans and Milchans.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Slavs settled in the east of modern Germany in the VI century during the Great Migration of Peoples [19].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

They were mainly engaged in plow farming and animal husbandry.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the 8th century, the lands of the Serbian-Polabian tribes began to be raided by the Germans (primarily the Franks), and later also by the Czech and Polish kings [20].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the 9th century, part of the Serb lands briefly became part of Greater Moravia [21].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The Serbs conquered by the Germans repeatedly raised uprisings, which were suppressed by the conquerors.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The Milchans were finally conquered in 990.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Thousands of Serbs were exterminated, their villages and settlements were destroyed.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the period from 1018 to 1032, the territory of Upper Lusica was part of the possession of Poland, in 1076-1084 and 1158-1231 - under the possession of the Czech Republic.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the XII century, the Lusatian lands became part of the Lusatian brand and the land of Bautzen under the control of the Counts of the Wettin.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

From the 11th-12th centuries, the German colonization of the Serbolužice lands began [22].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the XIII century, the Polabian Slavs ceased to be divided into tribes, the names of the regions appeared - Lower Luzhitsa (former region of the Luzhichans tribe) and Upper Luzhitsa (Milchan region) [20].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1319, Upper Luzhitsa ceded to the Czech Republic, and Lower Lusica under Charles IV in 1373 [23].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1635, the Upper and most of Lower Lusitsa were ceded to Saxony, and the Lower Luzhitsky district of Cottbus was ceded to Brandenburg [24].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

During the Reformation in Germany in the 16th century, most Luzhitans converted to Lutheranism.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Catholicism has been preserved only in some areas of Upper Luzhitsa.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The birth of Serbolužice literature dates back to the same century.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1667, Elector Friedrich Wilhelm of Brandenburg ordered the prohibition of worship in the Lusatian language and the destruction of the Lusatian script.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

From 1717 to 1735, King Frederick Wilhelm I of Prussia issued a number of decrees against the use of the Lusatian language.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1815, the Congress of Vienna transferred the Saxon lands of Lower and Upper Lusatia to Prussia, which participated in the anti-Napoleonic coalition.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The beginning of the national revival was associated with the restoration in 1814, through the efforts of A. Lyubensky and A. Klin, “Serbolužice Preaching Society” in Leipzig.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Thanks to Ya.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Smoler, the scientific and educational society “Matica Serboluzhitskaya” was created [26].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the second half of the 19th century, new restrictions were introduced on the use of the Lusatian language.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

On October 12, 1912, Domovina was founded.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1919, the leaders of the Lusatian Serbs appealed to the Versailles Conference, demanding the creation of a Lusatian state.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

However, their proposal was not considered at the conference, and the applicant A. Bart was arrested for “treason” on his return to Germany.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1933, with the coming to power of the National Socialists, open terror was unleashed in Germany, followed by the arrests of patriots and the forced eviction of nationally oriented Lusatian priests and teachers [27].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The Luzhitsky language (since 1940 — even in everyday life) and all press organs (in 1937) were banned.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The Lusatian Serbs were declared “Vendian Germans” [28].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1945-1946, Luzhitans, with the active participation of Y.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

For the second time in their history, the Tsyzha made an attempt to secede from Germany, which was unsuccessful [29].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

After World War II, the Germanization of the Lusatian Serbs accelerated after Germans from Czechoslovakia and Poland moved to Lusica [30].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the following decades, with the reconstruction of the Lusatian press and schools, the Lusatian people experienced a cultural rise [31].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

From 1924 to the beginning of the 21st century, as a result of the development of coal deposits in Luzhitsa, more than a hundred villages were completely or partially demolished [32].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

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Headcount


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The Lusatian Serbs are the smallest Slavic people [33].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the GDR, statistical calculations of the number of Lusatian Serbs were not carried out, and the documents constantly contained the same number — 100,000 people.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the last years of the GDR's existence, the Institute of Serbolužice Ethnology used calculations according to a specially developed questionnaire system, but the results of these calculations have been fully published were not [34].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In modern Germany, the number of ethnic minorities is not officially counted.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

According to various statistics, the population of the Lusatian Serbs from 1980 to 2010 ranged from 50 thousand to 500 thousand people.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The figure of 60,000 people appears in politics [35].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

According to data updated after 1989, there were 67,000 people in Luzhitans, including about 59,000 who spoke their native language [36].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

According to modern data, the number of Lusatian Serbs ranges from 50 to 67 thousand people.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

At the same time, discrepancies in figures indicate the difference between ethnic Luzhitans and Luzhitans who speak their native language [37].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In Bautzen, the center of cultural life of Lusatians, their share is about 5-10% of the city's population [38].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

According to A. Flour in the early 1880s, the share of the Lower Lužice Serbs in the total number of the Serbolužice people accounted for 42.9%, and the Upper Lužice - 57.1%.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

According to A. Blueberries (1958), the share of Lower Lužice Serbs in the mid-1950s accounted for 28.4% [39].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

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Census data [40] [comment 3]:


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

On the territory of present-day Poland, the Lusatians were Germanized during the 16th century in, by the middle of the XVII century in Zary and in the XVIII century in the vicinity of Gubin and Lubsko.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the Krosno area at the beginning of the XVIII century, the share of Luzhitsky residents in the total population was 85.3%, but at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries, Lower Luzhitsky was not spoken there.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The Lower Luzhitsky language stayed the longest on the right bank of Nysy-Luzhitsky in the village of Lenknitsa: in 1932, two families who spoke Lusatian lived there (380 Luzhitsky residents and three Germans lived there in 1884) [39].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Languages


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

All Luzhitans are bilingual [comment 4]: German is the main language, while the Upper Luzhitsky and Lower Luzhitsky languages are preserved in a limited way [41].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The Luzhitsky languages (Upper Luzhitsky and Lower Luzhitsky) belong to the West Slavic languages.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The Upper Luzhitsky language functions in Upper Luzhitsa, and is actively used primarily in the Catholic region of Upper Luzhitsa.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The Lower Luzhitsky language is spoken in the vicinity of Cottbus in Nizhnyaya Luzhitsa.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

This language is mostly native to people over 70 years of age.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Both languages are divided into dialects.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

There are transitional dialects between Upper Luzhitsky and Lower Luzhitsky dialects [42].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

It is believed that the Upper Lužice language is close to Czech, and the Lower Lužitsky language is close to Polish [43].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The vocabulary of the Lusatian languages was influenced by German, as well as Czech and Polish (especially after World War II) [44].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Among the grammatical features of the Lusatian languages are the presence of a dual number, several forms of the past tense, the place of the predicate at the end of a simple sentence [45].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

According to the Serbolužice Institute (2009), the number of speakers of the Upper Lužice language in Saxony is 23,000 people [46], Lower Luzhitsky in Lower Lusatia is about 6,400-7,000 people [47].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Education


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

See also the article:


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The first schools in the villages of Upper Luzhitsa appeared in the 15th—16th centuries.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

These were private schools, from which church schools developed over time.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Such schools appeared, for example, in Krostvica in 1482, in Kitlitsa in 1489, in Radibor in 1550 [48].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The only textbooks in schools were the Catechism and the Bible [49].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the future, the Lusatian language was repeatedly banned [48].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In Nazi Germany, Serbolužice textbooks were completely destroyed [50].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

During the GDR, there were two types of schools in Lužice: schools of type “A” taught only in the Lusatian language, in schools of type “B” — in German and Lusatian [51].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

According to 2016 data, there are 9 preschool institutions in Lower Lusatia, and 24 preschool institutions in Saxony, where children receive education in the Lusatian language.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Since 2013, the Serbolužice group has been operating in a preschool in Dresden [52].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The Witaj language programme is being implemented in educational institutions in the Serbolužice settlement region for young children (and in Brandenburg, in schools).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In Saxony, bilingual school education is based on the concept of “2plus” (German, Lusatian plus additional languages) [53].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the 2010-2011 academic year, 290 students of Serbolužice schools and Serbolužice Gymnasium studied Russian as a foreign language and 154 students studied Czech [54].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 2009, Saxony had 6 Serbolužice and 3 bilingual primary schools, 4 Serbolužice and one bilingual secondary school, as well as the Serbolužice Gymnasium in Bautzen.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In Brandenburg, there were 5 Witaj primary schools and the Lower Luzhitskaya Gymnasium in Cottbus [55].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In Germany's higher education system, the Lusatian language is taught only at the University of Leipzig (Institute for Sorabistics) [56].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Religion


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

By religious affiliation, most Lusatian Serbs have been Lutherans since the Reformation [20].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

At the time of A. Muki (d. 1932) professed Catholicism by 10% of all Lusatian Serbs.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Upper Luzhitsky Catholic Serbs already accounted for 2/3 of the number of the Serbolužice people [39].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Lusatian Evangelical Serbs live in Upper and Lower Lusica, with the exception of the Catholic region.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

They are followers of several churches: the Lutheran Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia and the Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Saxony, as well as the Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church in Clitten and, and the Moravian Church.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In addition, the Serbolužice Evangelical Society has been operating in Upper Lusica since 1994; since 1946, the Serbolužice Congress of the Evangelical Church has been held.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Evangelical parishes, dominated by Lusatian Serbs, no longer exist.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In Bautzen, a service in the Lusatian language takes place once a month at [57].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Catholics


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Mini|Rosenthal village in Catholic Lusatian


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Lusatian Catholic Serbs numbering about 12,000 people live compactly in the triangle between the cities of Bautzen, Kamenz and Hoyerswerda, which includes 85 settlements.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

About a thousand crosses and chapels are scattered along the roads of the area.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Here, the Lusatian language is spoken in many families, schools, kindergartens and churches.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) confirmed the status of Luzhitsky as a language of worship.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Services in the Lusatian language are held in churches in the villages of Krostwitz, Ostro, Radibor, Nebelschutz, Ralbitsy, Wittichenau, Bacsony, as well as Reckelwitz, Panschwitz-Kuckau.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In Bautzen, a service in the Lusatian language takes place on Sundays at.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Older women here still wear formal suits.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

During church holidays, weddings and other celebrations, young women and girls wear festive costumes.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The public holiday in the Serbo-Catholic regions of Saxony is the holiday of the Body and Blood of Christ.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The holidays of the Holy Trinity Day, the Meeting of Mary and Elizabeth and the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos are celebrated with solemn processions in Ralbitz.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Catholics also celebrate Bird Wedding (January 25), the “burning of witches” (April 30), St. Martin's Day (November 11), St. Barbara's Day (December 4), St. Nicholas Day (December 6) [58].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the past, the Catholic areas of Upper Lusitsa were heavily influenced by monasteries, including Marienstern; believers were forbidden to marry non-Catholics [59].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Culture


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Literature


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The oldest monument of Serbolužice writing is the text of the Latin psalm of the Magdeburg Manuscript (Magdeburgske glossy) of the 12th century with an interlinear translation into Old Lužice and German.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The history of Serbolužice literature dates back to the Reformation — the 16th century.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The earliest monument of business writing is the Budishinskaya Oath of 1532.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The first books were written and printed by Protestants in Lower Luga dialects: in 1548, M. Yakubica translated the New Testament, and in 1574 A. Moller published The Little Catechism.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1595, the first printed book in the Upper Luzhitsky language was published - Luther's Small Catechism, translated by V. Varichia.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

A significant role in the formation of Serbolužice literature was played by the Frenzel family, from which several representatives of the Serbolužice scientific and creative intelligentsia came out from the 1660s to the middle of the XVIII century, including M. Frenzel, who published the New Testament in 1706 in the Upper Luzhitsky language, encyclopedist A. Frenzel, poet M. Frenzel, chronicler S. B.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Frenzel [60].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Prominent poets of the XIX century were G. Seyler (whose attitude is similar to that of A. S. Pushkin in Russia [61]), the second largest poet Y.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Bart-Chishinsky, Ya.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Velya-Radyserb, M. Gornik, the first Lusatian poet G. Vichazets.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the 1840s, Serbolužice prose was actively developed.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Prominent writers of the XIX century were Velya-Radyserb, Y.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

B.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Muchink, Y.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

E.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Velan M. Gornik.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the work of poets M. Andritsky, Y.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Novak, Ya.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Tsyzh, writer M. Navka.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the interwar period, publicist Y.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Skala, writers Ya.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Lorentz Zaleski, M. Novak-Nekhornsky, poets M. Navka, Y.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Khezhka, M. Vitkoits.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Writers were mainly from the clergy, less often from the intelligentsia (scientists, teachers, doctors) [62].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Until 1937, magazines, calendars and church literature were printed mostly in Gothic script [63].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

After the establishment of the Nazi regime in Germany, representatives of the Serbolužice intelligentsia were subjected to repression.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

On March 18, 1937, Domovina was actually liquidated (together with its press organs); Matica Serboluzhitskaya was dissolved, the publishing house and printing house were closed, the library and archive were arrested.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

A decree followed on the withdrawal of all Serbolužice literature from libraries.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The public use of the Lusatian language was banned.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The German press received an unspoken order to avoid any mention of the Lusatian Serbs, and even the use of the term “Lusatian Serbs” (Sorben, Wenden) was banned.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The atmosphere of arrests and threats caused the premature death of Y.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Rocks and Ya.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Lorents-Zalessky; at this time Yu.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Hezhka [64].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the second half of the 20th century, the writer Yu.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Brezan, poets Yu.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Mlynka, Y.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Koch [65].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

folklore


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Collection by L. Haupt and A. Smolyar of the middle of the XIX century “Folk songs of the upper and lower Luzhitans” divided Lusatian songs into types: field or harvest, lullabies, suffering, wedding, dance, round dance, jokes and others.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

By the beginning of the 20th century, about 1,500 folk songs and 800 melodies were known.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Ancient epic songs include “Victories of the Serbs” (tells about the events of the 11th century [66]) and “Our guys are going from the war” (presumably originated in the 10th century [67]).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

After the First World War, Serbolužite youth sang “Sokol songs” with nationalist motifs.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The collection and study of Lusatian proverbs was carried out by Y.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Radyserb-Vela, who published in 1902 the collection “Proverbs and Sayings of the Upper Luzhitsky Serbs”, which included about 10 thousand proverbs and sayings.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Some proverbs ridiculed wealth (“It would be easy for a rich man to become a wise Solomon if wisdom was sold”, “The higher the palace, the lower the hut”), others praised everyday experience, thrift, modesty (“Pride suits Luzhichans as well as a beggar ring”).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Some sayings were devoted to the Luzhitans who betrayed their people (“There is no hell worse for a Luzhichan than a numb Luzhichan”).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Legends tell about exploits in the struggle for national freedom in the 9th-11th centuries, the death of the last Serbian rulers, and the history of some settlements [68].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Theater and cinema


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The history of the Serbolužice Theatre, which arose under the influence of the Czech National Theater, dates back to 1862, when the first performance of the play in the Lusatian language took place in Bautzen.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

A significant contribution to Serbolužice drama was made by writer Yu.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Vinar, the plays were written by the poet Y.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Bart-Chishinsky and A. Flour.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1948, the first Serbolužice People's Theater (now the German-Serbolužice People's Theater) opened in Bautzen [69].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the cinema, the Lusatian Serbs were first shown in the silent film “”, shot in 1911.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

During the interwar period, about ten films were shot, in which the Luzhitans were often presented as a “village” and endangered people.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The first Serbolužice film historian was G. Cerna (d. 1955).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1953, the first feature film on the Serbolužice theme “52 weeks — one year” was released [70].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The emergence of Serbolužice cinema dates back to 1971, when the “Working Circle of Serbolužice Cinematographers” was founded to train personnel for the future Serbolužice cinematography.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1972, this film school shot the first Serbolužice film “Struga — a Portrait of a Landscape” (the name is given along the river in Luzhica).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1980, the production and creative association Serbska Filmova Skupina was created at the DEFA film studio (and in fact within the framework of the Dresden TRIK-Film Studio).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the 1980s, documentaries dedicated to national culture were shot, including the film “The City” about the Serbolužice history of Bautzen.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1984, the first feature film of Serbolužice cinema “Rublyak, or the Legend of a Measured Country” was released in German (the films “Skupiny” were shot mainly in the Lusatian language) [71].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Since 1991, the studio has been called Sorabia-Film-Studio [72].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Music and visual arts


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1952, it was created, combining a choir, an orchestra and a ballet group [73].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Among traditional dances, Serbolužice dance is popular, as well as the dances “Wait” and “Go on”.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Lusatian songs and dances are accompanied by musical performances.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Previously, the most common instruments were large and small (violin genus), bagpipes and cockroach.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Modern instruments include grand piano, guitar, accordion, clarinet, trumpet and harmonica.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Small harps, or “wedding harps”, in the 20th century were common in the Schleife-Muskau area.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

They are a three-string instrument of triangular shape, resembling a violin, and is not known to other peoples [74].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Until the end of the First World War, fine arts did not occupy a prominent place in the Serbolužice national culture.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Single artists left almost no trace.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1923, the Association of Lusatian Artists was formed, whose paintings were shown at exhibitions in Krostvica and other places.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1948, the Circle of Lusatian Artists was founded, headed by M. Novak-Nehornsky.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The circle organized traveling exhibitions, introduced the population to the paintings of Lusatian artists [75].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Clothes


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Serbolužice folk clothes have common features with the clothes of other Western Slavs, especially with Poles (women wearing an apron, an abundance of jewelry on festive costumes - embroideries, lace, ribbons).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The original clothes have been preserved mainly among women.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Luzhitsky ethnographer P. Nedo distinguished four complexes of women's clothing in Luzhitsa: Spreewald, Schleiffen, Goyersverdsky and Bautsen-Kamensky.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The latter complex is distributed in the districts of Bautzen, Kamenz and Wittichenau.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The festive clothes of the Bautsen-Kamenets complex include a white shirt made of canvas with short sleeves and a round neckline, a black woolen upper skirt and a woolen underskirt.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The upper skirt is sewn to the corsage, which is laced or fastened.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The headdress of the Bautsen-Kamenets complex consists of a black bonnet, from which two black ribbons hang to the knees.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The headdress, common in the Spreewald, is characterized by the presence of wide wings.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Black mourning robes are combined with a white headdress [76].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The men's costume of the XVIII-XIX centuries (not preserved) was close to the German costume of Brandenburg and Saxony.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

It consisted of a linen shirt with long sleeves, which was tucked into linen pants with buttons below the knees.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The shirt was worn with a cloth jacket, often bluish in color.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Now the costume can be seen on the artists of the Luzhitsky Song and Dance Ensemble.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Wooden shoes served as home shoes, and boots with high tops served as street shoes [77].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Holidays


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The Serbolužice holidays were significantly influenced by Germany.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Luzhitans, like other peoples of Europe, celebrate Christian holidays.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

For Easter, boiled eggs are painted, which are given to children.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In terms of brightness and variety, they are inferior to the colored eggs of Slovaks, Ukrainians and South Slavic peoples [78].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

On St. Peter's Day, February 22, a straw scarecrow of winter was burned [79].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Since 1541, it has been known that the Easter cavalcade has been held, when men in tailcoats and top hats on horseback go with the news of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The procession is led by horsemen with banners, statues and crucifixes [80].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The day of Saint John the Baptist, June 24, was also celebrated.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

On Ivanov Day, they wondered and jumped over the fires.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Unlike other peoples of Europe, the Luzhitans did not have rituals related to water [81].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The harvest festival, known throughout Germany, was celebrated in August-September.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In Upper Luzhitsa, the celebration was led by wealthy peasants.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Poor peasants and laborers congratulated the owner and gave him a wreath in gratitude for his bread and work.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the Spreewald, it was a custom to “tear the rooster” and “beat the rooster”.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

According to the beliefs of the Lusatian Serbs, after harvesting, the rooster, endowed with the power to protect the harvest, fulfilled his task and must be killed, otherwise he will cause evil [82].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In autumn, St. Michael's Day was celebrated on September 29, the holiday of “All Saints” on November 1, and the children's holiday Martins Day on November 11 [83].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Since 1875, the holiday of the Luzhitsky youth of Skadovanka has been celebrated [84].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Print, radio, television


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The daily Serbske Nowiny (under this name since 1854 [85]) is published in Upper Lužice, as well as religious publications: the Catholic Katolski Posoł and the Protestant Pomhaj Bóh.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The weekly Nowy Casnik newspaper is published in Lower Luga.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Magazines are published in both languages: scientific Lětopis (published twice a year), cultural Rozhlad (since 1950 [86]), children's Płomjo, pedagogical Serbska šula.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Half-hour TV shows are broadcast once a month: Wuhladko in Upper Lužice (MDR [87]) and Łužyca in Lower Lužitsky (rbb TV channel [88]).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Radio programs of Serbolužice radio are broadcast in two languages [89].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Settlements and buildings


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

See also the article:


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

See also the article:List of Serbolužice villages (1956)


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Currently, Lusatian Serbs make up an ethnic majority in 70 Catholic villages in Upper Lusica (northwest of Bautzen).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the Protestant areas of Upper Luzhica and throughout Lower Luzhica, villages with a predominance of Lusatian Serbs no longer exist [90].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Until the 20th century, Luzhitans had almost no mixed interethnic marriages, as they lived closed and separately from the Germans [91].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

According to the Luzhitsky poet Y.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Bart-Chishinsky (1904), German-Serbolužice marriages were rare.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the first half of the 20th century, the number of mixed marriages increased significantly due to the industrialization of Luzhitsa, the development of the brown coal basin and especially after the arrival of a large the number of German settlers at the end of World War II.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

According to M. AND. Seven ryagi (1955), especially many mixed marriages in the Spreewald (50% or more of the total number in the middle of the 20th century against 5% in 1900), in the vicinity of industrial centers - Cottbus, Fetschau, Luebbenau, in communities of Upper Luzhitsa.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

For Catholics, the couple came from the same village, while Protestants often had a bride and groom from different villages [92].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The oldest type of settlement planning is circular.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Cumulus layout is also common, in Nizhnyaya Luzhitsa - farm, in German districts - street.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

To the east of the Kamenz-Bischofswerda line, street planning is less common.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the Spreewald, settlements of a peculiar farm shape are common: due to the low-lying landscape and frequent floods, scattered villages are located on hills, estates are located along the canals.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The villages on the islands are connected by boat during summer.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In the Spreewald, estates are located along the canals.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The yard with buildings in Lower Luzhitsa is open, in Upper Luzhitsa it is closed.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The oldest type of buildings is a single-storey log building with residential and utility rooms under one roof.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

This type of Lusatian buildings in the second half of the 20th century was found in the villages of Spreewald and Hoyerswerda.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Half-timbered buildings associated with the German tradition were more common in Upper Luzhitsa.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Over time, wooden buildings were replaced by brick construction [93].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

National symbols


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The flag of the Lusatian Serbs is a cloth of blue, red and white horizontal stripes.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

It was first used as a national symbol in 1842.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1848, the flag was recognized among the Luzhitans [94].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Article 25 of the Brandenburg State Constitution contains provision for the Serbolužice flag.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Article 2 of the Constitution of Saxony contains a provision on the use of the coat of arms and traditional national colors of the Lusatian Serbs.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The Laws on the Rights of the Lusatian Serbs of Brandenburg and Saxony contain provisions on the use of Serbolužice national symbols (coat of arms and national colors). [95]


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The national anthem of the Lusatian Serbs since the 20th century is the song “Beautiful Luzhica” [96].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Previously, the anthem was the songs “Serbia has not yet died” (written by G. Seyler in 1840) [97] and “Our Serbianism Rises from the Dust” (written by M. Homework, performed until 1945) [98].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Legal status


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Mini|bilingual inscription at Spremberg (Lužicki Grodk) train station


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The legal status of the Lusatian Serbs in Germany (in the states of Brandenburg and Saxony) is regulated on the basis of Article 35 of Protocol No. 14 of the Treaty on the Unification of Germany and the GDR of 1990.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Article 25 of the Brandenburg Constitution of 1992 guarantees the right of the Serbolužice people to protect, maintain and protect their cultural identity and place of residence.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Land, communities and community unions promote rights.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The article establishes the cultural autonomy of Luzhitans, the right to use the Lusatian language (including as the official language in their places of residence, when studying in kindergartens and schools), contains a reference to a special law on the participation of representatives of Lusatian Serbs in legislative activities.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Articles 5 and 6 of the Constitution of Saxony enshrine the right of national and ethnic minorities of German citizens to preserve their identity and to care for language, culture, traditions and religion [99].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In Brandenburg in 1994, and in Saxony in 1999, similar laws were adopted on the rights of Lusatian Serbs.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Both laws refer to the autochthonous nature of the Luzhitans.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The concept of belonging to the Serbolužice people is defined (one who considers himself a Lužice Serb belongs to the Serbolužice people), establishes the legal status of the territory of residence of the Lusatians, defines the status of the Lusatian Serb Councils attached to the Diet (and the Lusatian Serb Commissioners in Brandenburg).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The laws contain provisions on education in the Lusatian language, bilingual inscriptions on the territory of traditional residence of the Lusatians, the reflection of the culture and interests of the Lusatian Serbs in the media information [100].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Inter-Slavic relations


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Lusatian Serbs have strong historical ties with Poland and the Czech Republic.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Poland, positioning itself as the “guardian” of the Serbolužice people, criticizes the German government for insufficient efforts to preserve the Lusatian language.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In 1936, the Association of Friends of the Serbolužice People was established at the University of Warsaw.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

From 1945 to 1949, there was a youth organization “” (with a central representative office in Poznan) [101].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Since 2004, the Polish-Serbolužice Partnership “” [102] has been operating, which holds international scientific conferences, Days of Lusatian Culture, creative evenings with the participation of the Lusatian intelligentsia, events in memory of the figures of the Serbolužice national revival, organizes visits of Lusatian politicians and activists to Poland (and Poles to Lusatian), publishes literature.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

The second place in terms of cooperation with the Lusatian Serbs is occupied by the Czech Republic, in which the Society of Friends of Lusica (founded in 1907) is active, which publishes the popular science magazine “Czech-Lusatian messenger” [103].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

In Serbia, there is a scientific and educational project “Rastko Lužica”, which brings together scientists and researchers from Serbia.


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Lusatian Serbs sympathize with the Balkan Serbs, Serbolužice volunteers took part in the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s on the side of the Serbs [104].


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Since 1996, the Society for Friendship of Russians with Luzhitans has been operating in Russia, represented by Sergey Pryamchuk [105] (d. 2012).


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

See also


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Serbolužice surnames


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Notes


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

comments


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Sources


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Literature


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Encyclopedias


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Template:From TSB


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Template:Unavailable link — article from Encyclopedia Britannica ‹See Tfd› (in English)


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

‹See Tfd› (in German)


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Monographs


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

‹See Tfd› (in Ukrainian)


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

‹See Tfd› (in English)


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

References


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

“” Digital Library on Sorabistics


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

“” Historical program on Czech Television (2015)


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Page of the “Society of Friendship between Russians and Luzhitans”


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Category:Nationalities of Germany


Question: What color is the flag of Luzhichang?

Luzhichans

Category:National minorities in Germany


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

The arrowhead is the front of the arrow that directly hits the target.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

It is made of solid material (stone, bone, horn, shells, metal, etc.) or wood.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

It is usually smaller and lighter than the tip of a dart [1] [2].


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

It is not always easy to distinguish the oldest stone arrowheads from the tips of other types of pole weapons.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

According to some researchers, the main criterion is the width of the fastening part of the tip, which correlates with the thickness of the shaft [1].


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

According to others, the difference should be established according to the comparison of the weight, length and thickness of the tips [2].


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

Arrowhead parts


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

Stone tips


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

a — point, tip (English: point, tip);


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

b — blade, edge (English: side, edge);


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

c - face (English: blade, face), with one side - back (English: face, dorsal surface; French: revers, face exterior), and the other - abdomen (English: ventral surface; French: avers, face eclatement, face plane, face interne);


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

d - petiole, nasad (English: stem - petiole, tang - shank, haft element - nasad);


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

e — step, concessions — (English: step);


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

f — base, base (English: base);


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

g—notch (English: notch)


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

h — thorn, prong (English: hard, barb);


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

i — shoulder (English: shoulder).


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

Metal tips


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

The point, the tip, the punch is the stabbing end of the pen.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

The feather, the warhead is a penetrating, striking part.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

The percussion part is in one version, only part of the pen from the tip to the widest part.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

The side is the sharp cutting edge of the pen.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

Face is the pen surface bounded by the sides.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

The blade is a face rising from the base of the feather.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

The tier is a ledge formed by the side of the feather blade.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

The shoulder is the side of the feather facing the shaft.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

A thorn, a prong, a sting is a protrusion formed by the shoulder of the feather blade.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

The neck is the upper narrowed part of the head, which serves as the base of the feather.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

The stop is a protrusion that limits the feather of the arrowhead when connected to the end of the upper end of the shaft.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

In another version, the part of the feather tapering around the shoulders along with the petiole.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

Nasad is a load-bearing part designed to be attached to the shaft.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

The petiole is a rod of the nasad, which serves to fasten in the body of the shaft.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

The bushing is the lower part of the head, in the cavity of which the shaft is fixed.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

A whistle, a whistle is an additional element of some tips whistling in flight.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

[3] [4] [5]


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

Oldest arrowheads


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

In 2010, there was a report of the discovery in South Africa, in the Sibudu Cave, presumably the very first arrowheads in history.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

These are small flakes of stone of irregular shapes with traces of blood, bone and fixing resin.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

Their age is 64,000 years.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

This monument is left by Neanderthals of the Middle Paleolithic.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

A number of cultures of the Middle Paleolithic of Africa have tips in industries [6].


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

It is believed that after the transition of 50—30 thousand liters to the Late Stone Age, bows and arrows were no longer used for thousands of years.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

Although many industries of subsequent Paleolithic cultures have small stone tips, they are not defined as arrowheads.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

The arrowheads of the late Paleolithic industries


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

The oldest probable arrowheads in Europe are the tips of Streltsy culture from a number of Kostyonkovsky sites and the Sungir site, dating back to 35—24 thousand years [8] [9].


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

These are double-sided triangular tips with a straight or concave base, as well as leaf-shaped tips.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

Finds of small stone and bone tips in a number of Siberian cultures date back to approximately the same period.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

For Western Europe, the first arrowheads are more often determined by the small tips of the late stage of the Late Paleolithic Solutrean culture (22/18 thousand — 17/15 thousand liters BC).


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

But it is also indicated that it is not yet possible to accurately distinguish between arrowheads and darts.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

Therefore, there are indications of an earlier Gravetta culture (28—21 thousand liters BC), and later ones.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

The arrowheads of Solutrean culture are distinguished by careful covering retouching, but only from the back.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

The abdomen is retouched only at both ends.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

There are several types of them:


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

laurel;


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

willow leaves;


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

with a notch at the base that forms two spikes;


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

with a side recess forming a petiole and a protrusion that prevents the tool from falling out of the animal's body (see illustration);


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

with a side notch and a spike;


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

with a petiole (Catalan type);


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

petioles with spikes (southeast Spain, final stage).


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

Cultures that replaced Solutrean had less carefully executed tips.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

These few Late Paleolithic cultures of Europe stand out precisely for the peculiarity of their small tips (of course, not only for them), which, due to their size, are classified as microliths.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

Arrowhead

These are cultures such as the Late Madeleine and Hamburg cultures (13000—9850 BC) and the following bromme, tonger, kresvel, lingby (10000—8000 BC), and then Ahrensburg, Swieder and dr


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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This is how the Hamburg industry is distinguished by its rough tips with a notch at the base and an obliquely truncated retouched blade cut off.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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The tips have slightly improved in genetically related to Hamburg's lingby culture.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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The subsequent Ahrensburg culture had both tips with a somewhat diagonal blade and symmetrical petiole tips.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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[10] In the Hamburg and Ahrensburg cultures of the Final Paleolithic, finds of arrow and bow shafts are also known [11].


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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In the Paleolithic, bone tips were also widely used, which are usually pointed round rods with a flat spatula at the other end.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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With this part, the tip was inserted into the split at the end of the shaft.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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Wooden tips, of course, were also used.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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To hunt birds, the tip of the flagpole didn't even have to be sharpened.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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There could be notches.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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If a point is made, then before that the end of the shaft is heated for hardness.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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For hunting fur animals and birds, completely wooden arrows with a large thickening at the end could also be used.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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Such arrows are known to many peoples at a later time.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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Mesolithic arrowheads


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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The last cultures of the final Paleolithic also date back to the Mesolithic era.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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Mesolithic industries are distinguished by the use of typesetting blades and tips consisting of small elements — microliths.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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Microliths were obtained by splitting the plate across.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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The Mesolithic tip could consist of one microlith, which was fixed on the shaft in different ways.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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Including in the form of a chisel (with microlith-trapezoid).


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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These cross


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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end tips are called a “trench” (French: tranchet, literally - chisel).


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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They resemble iron “cuts” of the Middle Ages.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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A variant of this tip may also have a diagonal front blade.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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Such a transverse tip can also be formed on the flake by retouching in the form of a T-shaped figure, also with spikes.


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These were done in Northern Sahara in the Mesolithic.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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Microliths were also used in pairs, strengthening them on both sides of the arrowhead.


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It turned out to be a spiked tip.


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[12] [13]


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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According to the bone arrowheads of the Mesolithic Jenev culture of the Volga-Oksky interfluve, it was suggested that they could be turned on a primitive lathe.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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These tips are needle-shaped (spindle-shaped) and have corresponding traces of processing.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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There were various arrowhead industries in North America.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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People of the late archaic/post-archaic periods around 1000 BC were the first to use onions there.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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(see Pre-Columbian chronology of North America).


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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Previously, only spears and spearthrowers with darts were used.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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The variety of stone tips there, perhaps, is unrivaled in the Old World.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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A characteristic feature of many of them is the presence of notches at the base.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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According to the location, these notches can be angular, lateral or basal.


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They make it easier to attach to the pole and/or form thorns.


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It is also believed that all these tips were not designed for arrows (due to their weight), but were still used for spears, darts and were used as knife blades.


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Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Early and Middle Bronze tips


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The Swider culture of Europe, apparently, has spread to the Middle East, where it is already known as the Neolithic Tahuni culture.


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She also brought 12 types of tips there [15] [16].


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In the Neolithic, tips of various shapes continued to be used, many of which were developed in the Paleolithic.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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They are leaf-shaped, with a concave base (spiked), diamond-shaped, triangular, triangular with a concave base and thorns, petioles with and without spines.


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There were tips with serrated blades (so-called “ruffs”).


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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Sometimes the front of the tip was made very narrow, and the base widened sharply.


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They are called “stilettos” (Lebanon).


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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In the Neolithic, also in some regions, tips were machined from suitable rocks (shale).


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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In Chalcolithic, Early and Middle Bronze, stone tips were also mainly used.


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Along with the previous forms, the so-called “flag-shaped tips” are distinguished in early bronze, for example, in the North Caucasus.


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That is, asymmetrical tips with a side protrusion.


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Sometimes this protrusion turned into a thorn.


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It is somewhat reminiscent of Solutrean tips, but made even more carefully: with double-sided coating ripple retouching and often with fine-grained retouching on the blades.


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There is reason to believe that such changes marked an increase in the importance of war among the societies of the time.


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No less skill was manifested in the manufacture of specific “heart-shaped” flint tips of the catacomb culture (although they are known in other cultures and, for example, in Egypt).


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They, with their own width of about a centimeter, have a deep notch at the base and sharp spikes-“ antennae”, which, usually, are bent inward.


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These tips, apparently, were designed to separate from the flagpole and even split when they hit the body.


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[17] Quite large, but at the same time very thin items of this type were found in megalithic tombs in Spain belonging to the Chalcolithic [18].


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The first few bronze tips appeared in Anatolia in the 3rd millennium BC.


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(the city of Tars in southern Turkey).


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They are petiolate knife-shaped (leaf-shaped and diamond-shaped) shapes (“ploshchiki”) [19].


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In the early periods, metal tips were rarely used.


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It is often difficult to distinguish them from flat petiole knives, which could also serve as arrowheads, which are called “knife-shaped” [20].


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Only two petiolate two-bladed tips of the Bronze Age (2000—1800 BC) were found in Iran.


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In Palestine, metal tips of leaf-shaped and diamond-shaped shapes appeared during the middle bronze period (1750—1700 BC).


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In 1650—1550 BC


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a part of the tips on the feather has a stiffener.


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In 1550—1479 BC


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— sub-triangular specimens.


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No later than 1220s BC


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they become clearly triangular.


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Some even have the bottom end of the faces selected.


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But with sharp spikes of tips, it never appeared in Palestine.


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In Anatolia, on the contrary, in 1450—1100 BC.


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the tips with a triangular pen and spikes become characteristic.


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But the place where the bushed arrowheads appeared was a different region.


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They originated around the 2nd millennium BC. e.


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in Andronovo culture.


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In the Eurasian steppes, both petiole and bushed bronze tips appeared simultaneously.


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But petioles were not widespread at that time.


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Only in Central Asia and Kazakhstan since the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e.


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they have become a defining form.


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A distinctive feature of Eurasian tips is the clear development of forms, which makes it easy to classify them.


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This contrasts with the amorphous shape of the arrows of the Front and the entire Middle East.


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This is due to the different significance of this type of weapon in these regions.


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Late Bronze and Early Iron Tips


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In the early Late Bronze Age (Cimmerian period), a variety of stone tips continued to be used.


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Along with them, bone was widely used.


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In the regions of steppe cultures of southern Russia and Ukraine (culture of multi-roll ceramics, log, Sabatinovskaya, Belozerskaya), bone tips were both petiolate and bushed.


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Both the first and the second were used to equip reed arrows.


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The petioles were simply inserted into the reed, and adapters were used for bushed ones - short wooden rods (similar to the later Scythian tips [22]).


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There are also tips with petioles designed for insertion into wooden shafts.


Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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Their petioles are either elongated flat, or in the form of an oblique cut at the end of the tip.


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According to the shape, the tips of the bone tips are divided into bullet-shaped, oval and pencil-shaped.


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The latter are more often trihedral, less often tetrahedral (square or rhombic) and more faces.


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Trihedral sometimes had a special interception for binding to the shaft, and some had narrow blades.


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The base of the tips was either flat or with spikes.


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Question: What was the name of combat arrowheads in Japan?

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Although in the Front East, bronze tips began to be replaced and somewhere completely replaced by iron ones at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC.