Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

On August 25, 1859, Shamil, together with 400 associates, was besieged in Gunib and on August 26 (September 7 according to the new style) surrendered on honorable terms for him (see The Capture of Gunib).


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In the Western Caucasus, the war continued for almost five more years.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

“Imam Shamil in front of the Commander-in-Chief


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Prince A. AND. Baryatinsky, August 25, 1859”, A. D. Kivshenko, 1880, Central Naval Museum, St. Petersburg.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

T. Gorshelt.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Prisoner Shamil in front of Commander-in-Chief Prince A. AND. Baryatinsky.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

1863 year.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Dagestan Museum of Fine Arts, Makhachkala.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Gazebo at the place of Shamil's surrender to Prince Baryatinsky


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Baryatinsky Stone


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Further life


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

On September 15, the first meeting between Shamil and Emperor Alexander II takes place in Chuguev.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

On September 22, Shamil arrived in Moscow, where he meets with General Yermolov the next day.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

On September 26, he went to St. Petersburg, and three days later in Tsarskoye Selo, it was presented to Empress Maria Alexandrovna.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

After being received in St. Petersburg by Emperor Alexander II, Shamil was assigned to live in Kaluga, where he arrived on October 10, and on January 5, 1860, his family also arrived there.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

To “look after Shamil, lead the councils and in the manual”, he was appointed a Bailiff of military officers, consisting of army infantry staff captain Runovsky, his assistant retired second lieutenant Timmerman, Mustafa Yahyin was hired as a translator in Turkic from local Tatars.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

“General Boguslavsky, an expert in Arabic, was instructed to be under him [31].


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

April 28 — May 1 Shamil meets with his former Naib Muhammad-Amin, who stopped in Kaluga on his way to Turkey.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

On July 29, 1861, Shamil's second meeting with the emperor took place in Tsarskoye Selo.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Shamil asked Alexander II to let him go on Hajj (pilgrimage), but was refused.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

On August 26, 1866, in the main hall of the Kaluga Provincial Nobility Assembly, Shamil, together with his sons Gazi-Muhammad and Muhammad-Shapi, took the oath of allegiance to Russia.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In the same year, Shamil was a guest at the wedding of Tsarevich Alexander, at the same time the third meeting with the emperor takes place.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

On August 30, 1869, Shamil was elevated to the hereditary nobility by the Supreme Decree.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In 1868, knowing that Shamil was no longer young and the Kaluga climate did not have the best effect on his health, the emperor decided to choose a more suitable place for him, such as Kiev, where Shamil moved November-December of the same year.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

On February 16, 1869, Alexander II allowed him to go to Mecca for pilgrimage.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

On May 12, Shamil and his family left Kyiv.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

On May 19, he arrived in Istanbul.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

On November 16, he took part in the opening of navigation on the Suez Canal.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

On November 20, he arrived in Mecca.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

At the end of March 1870, after performing the Hajj, Shamil visited Medina, where he died on February 4 (16), 1871 [32].


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

He was buried in Al Baqi Cemetery in Medina.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

The image of Shamil among European authors


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In the 1850s, European publicists developed a romanticized image of Shamil.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Thus, in the German author Friedrich Wagner, he appears as the “leader and spiritual leader” of the highlanders, whose name was surrounded by a “mysterious halo”, was “the object of admiration of everyone who watches him deeds”, acted as an “example of Eastern eloquence”, “inspired speaker” and “wise lawmaker” [33].


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In the French press, Shamil was also called a “prophet” [34] and compared him to Abd al-Qadir [35].


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In a French poem dedicated to Shamil, he addresses the forces of nature (winds, Kuban, Black Sea) and learns from them about the deplorable situation of the region.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Then he takes his scimitar and “rises against the invaders”, despite the “ratio of one to ten”, with such force that “Elbrus and Kazbek shake from the bottom to the top” [36].


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Scottish journalists were amazed at how the Caucasian events could contain an empire “equal to half the diameter of the world”, and Shamil and his associates were called “selfless martyrs for freedom in the war with despotism” [37].


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Verses published in the same magazine a year earlier compare Shamil to King Saul and emphasize that “the Lord gave his soul power, and his heart taught him to be bold” in order to fight for freedom when “The flame of the Holy War is rushing from Anapa to Baku” [38].


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Describing Imam Shamil, the famous Turkish historian Albay Yashar Inoglu writes: In the history of mankind, there was no such commander as Shamil.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

If Napoleon was the spark of war, Imam Shamil was its pillar of fire.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

He was deeply interested in the fact that the emperors of Russia sent the most experienced generals to fight against Shamil.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Thus, Russian troops in the Caucasus in the war against Shamil were commanded by Adjutant General G. IN. Rosen (1831—1837), Adjutant General E.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

A. Golovin (1837-1842), Adjutant General A. AND. Neutgarth (1842—1844), Field Marshal M. S. Vorontsov (1844—1854), Adjutant General N. N. Muravyov (1854—1856) and Field Marshal A. AND. Baryatinsky (1856—1862) [39].


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

family


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

After the death of her father, Shamil's mother married Dengau Mohammed.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In this marriage, a daughter Fatimat was born, who was married first to Magoma and later to Hamulat Gimrinsky, who was killed during the capture of old Dargo in 1845.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Fatimath died during the capture of Akhulgo fortress by Russian troops in 1839.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

She rushed into the Koysu River to avoid falling into the hands of opponents, and drowned.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Fatimat left her daughter Meseda, who was married twice to Ali Magometes; from her first husband she had a son Gamzat-bey, sent to Russia in 1837 by the Amanat, was returned during the exchange captives in 1855.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Shamil had a total of 8 wives at different times:


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

The first, Khuriyat Avarka from Gimra, three days later Shamil divorced her.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

The second, Patimat Avarka from Gimra, was born in 1810.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

She gave birth to Shamil five children: Jamaludin, Gazi-Muhammad, Muhammad-Shapi, Pisat and Patimat.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

She died in 1845 in the Chechen village of Elistanzhi and was buried there.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Javgarat's third wife, also an avarka from Gimra, was born in 1814 and died earlier, during the assault on Akhulgo in 1839.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

She gave birth to Shamil's son Said.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

The fourth wife, Shuainat (1824-1876), nee Anna Ivanovna Ulukhanova, an Armenian by birth, was captured by Naib Akhberdil Muhammad during a raid on Mozdok in 1840 [40] [41].


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Shuainat married Shamil six years after her capture and gave birth to two sons and five daughters, of which only a girl named Sapiyat survived, who died at the age of 16.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

She died in Istanbul in 1877.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

The fifth wife Zagidat (1829-1871), daughter of Sheikh Jamaluddin Kazikumukhsky, a mentor and closest ally of the imam.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

She is the mother of daughters Shamil Najabat and Bahu-Meseda and son Muhammad-Kamil.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

She died in Mecca in 1871, three months after the imam.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Patimat Avarka's sixth wife from Gimra, daughter Adusha.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

The imam married her after Abdulazizil Patimat died to look after the children.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Aminat's seventh wife is Chechen.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

She was born in 1835.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

The imam divorced her in 1858.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

This marriage was childless.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Zainab's eighth wife is Chechen.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Sons


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Shamil's eldest son Jamaluddin (1829-1858) was given by the Amanat at the age of ten during the siege of the village of Akhulgo.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

He received his education in the 1st Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg, where he studied together with children of the noble class.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

He was allowed to wear traditional mountain clothes and was accompanied by a mullah.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Upon completion of his studies, he rose to the rank of lieutenant in the Ulan Regiment of His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In 1854, Imam Shamil offered to exchange his eldest son for princesses Chavchavadze and Orbeliani captured by him.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Jamaluddin returned to the mountains, but did not live long.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In 1858, he died, apparently, of tuberculosis in the village of Andi [42] [43] [44].


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

The second son of Imam Shamil was Gazi-Muhammad (1833-1902) - at the age of six he received his first wound (in the leg) when breaking from the besieged village of Akhulgo.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In 1850, he was appointed naib to the Karat Society, where he earned universal respect.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

The military success that made him famous was the campaign against Georgia, during which the estate of Princes Chavchavadze was ruined.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In May 1855, Sultan Abdul Mejid sent Gazi-Muhammad a green banner and a gilded silver order decorated with diamonds, celebrating his merits.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In addition, the son of the imam was granted the rank of pasha.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In the spring of 1859, Gazi-Muhammad led the defense of the village of Vedeno, the capital of the imamate.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Overlaid on all sides by tsarist troops, shelled by heavy guns, Vedeno was doomed, despite his inaccessibility.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

After a long siege, the village was taken, and Gazi-Muhammad with the remaining defenders went to Dagestan.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In August 1859, Gazi-Muhammad was with his father in Gunib.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

He and his younger brother Muhammad-Shapi held the defense on the approaches to the fortification.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

After the surrender of Gunib, at the behest of the tsar, Shamil, Gazi-Muhammad and three murids were to be delivered to St. Petersburg, and then Kaluga was appointed their place of residence.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

After the death of his father, he had difficulty obtaining permission to travel to Turkey and Arabia due to the need to take care of the family of his deceased father.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In the Ottoman Empire, he entered the military service, commanded a division during the Russian-Turkish war, took part in the siege of Bayazet, and rose to the rank of marshal.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In 1902 he died in Medina and was buried next to his father [45].


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

The third son of Imam Said died in infancy, together with his mother Javgarat, during the assault on the village of Akhulgo by Russian troops.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

His fourth son, Muhammad-Shapi (1840-1906), after the fall of the village, Gunib was also brought to St. Petersburg, and then sent to Kaluga.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

He expressed a desire to enter the Russian service and on April 8, 1861 became a cornet of the Life Guards in the Caucasian Squadron of His Imperial Majesty's Own Convoy.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Muhammad Shapi had no children from his first marriage.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

He soon married a second time.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

The second wife was also a mountain woman named Jariyat, she gave birth to a son Muhammad-Shapi, named Muhammad-Zagid.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

The 25-year-old highlander is elevated to the rank of lieutenant in less than three years of military service, and two years later he became a staff captain.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Three years later, Muhammad-Shapi was sent on a long business trip abroad on military service, during which he visited France, England, Germany, Turkey and Italy.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Upon his return to Russia, he was awarded the Order of St.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Anna of the 3rd degree and seconded to the Caucasus to select young highlanders to the Caucasian squadron.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Soon, impeccable service was followed by production to captain and appointment as commander of a platoon of highlanders in the Tsar's Convoye.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

In 1873, he was awarded another Order, St. Stanislaus of the 2nd degree.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

At the age of less than 37, he became a colonel.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

During the Russian-Turkish war, he asked to go to the front in the active army, but was refused by the tsar (his elder brother commanded a large unit in the Turkish army).


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

He was promoted to major general in 1885.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

At the age of 45, he married for the third time to the 18-year-old daughter of merchant Ibrahim Iskhakovich Apakov Bibi-Mariam-Banu and received as a wedding gift a stone two-story house on Yunusov Square in Staro-Tatarskaya Sloboda in Kazan, where he lived until the end of his life.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Both of his daughters from his last marriage were alternately married to public figure Dakhadaev, after whom Makhachkala is named.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

One of these marriages had a son.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

Muhammad-Shapi died in 1906 during treatment at mineral waters in Kislovodsk [46].


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

The youngest son, Muhammad-Kamil (1863—1951), is the least known.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

He was born in Kaluga.


Question: What is the birthday of Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky?

Shamil

His mother was the daughter of Sheikh Jemaluddin Kazikumukhsky, Zagidat.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

He spent most of his life in Turkey and Arabia.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

He was married to Nabiha Shamil.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

He was buried in Istanbul.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

He is the father of the famous figure of the Mountain Republic Mehmed Said-bey Shamil.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

In addition to Said-bey, Muhammad-Kamil had two daughters, Najiya and Najavat.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Neither Said-bey nor his sisters were married and have no offspring.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Shamil's great-granddaughter Nazim Hanafi Mohammed is an Ethiopian citizen [47].


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

memento


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Shamil District — since 1994 the name of the Sovetsky District (Dagestan);


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Shamilkala — since 1990 the name of the village of hydrobuilders Svetogorsk in the Untsukulsky District (Dagestan) [48];


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

The collective farm named after Imam Shamil is a collective farm in the village of Argvani, Gumbetovsky District (Dagestan);


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Imam Shamil Avenue — since 1997 the name of Kalinin Avenue in Makhachkala;


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Imam Shamil Avenue — an avenue in Kizilyurt (Dagestan);


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Imam Shamil Street — a street in Khasavyurt (Dagestan);


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Shamil Street — a street in Izberbash (Dagestan);


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Shamil Street — a street in Buinaksk (Dagestan);


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Imam Shamil Street — Sukhum Street (Abkhazia);


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Sheikh Shamil Street in the center of Baku (Azerbaijan);


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Sheikh Shamil Street in Istanbul (Turkey);


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Bust of Imam Shamil in Zagatala (Azerbaijan)


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Bust of Imam Shamil in Yalova (Turkey) [49]


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Bust of Imam Shamil in Spokane (USA) [50]


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Shamil Tower in Lgov (Kursk Region);


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Shamil's House in Kazan, where his son lived for many years;


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Shamil's House in Kaluga, where he lived from 1859 to 1868 and where a memorial plaque is now installed;


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

The Shamil tank column, which operated as part of the Red Army units during the Great Patriotic War;


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

A plaque in Kiev (Ukraine).


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Nigun Shamil is a Hasidic nigun based on Shamil's experiences.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Notes


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Literature


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Ahulgo.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

ID Epoch, 2008.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Bushuev S. K. The struggle of the highlanders for independence under the leadership of Shamil.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

— L., 1939.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

(per.)


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

O.-D.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

A.//Russian Archive, 1869.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

— Vol.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

— Stb.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help) (reprints and reprints: 1990 [ISBN 5-7082-0004-9], 1991 [ISBN 5-900450-03-1] and 1994 [ISBN 5-268-01176-6]).


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

References


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Gadzhi-Ali (1860)


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Muhammad Tahir al-Karahi per. A. Barabanova.


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Runovsky A. (1860)


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Chichagova M. N. (1889)


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Ryndin A. (1895)


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Shulgin S. (1903)


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Category:History of Dagestan


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Category:History of the Caucasus


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Category:Imams of the Caucasus


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Category:Participants of the Caucasian War


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Category:History of Chechnya


Question: What is Hadzhi-Murat Avarsky's birthday?

Shamil

Category: Burials at Al Baqi cemetery


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The crash of the motor ship “Bulgaria” was a shipwreck that occurred on July 10, 2011 at about 1.30 pm Moscow time in the Kuibyshev reservoir near the village of Syukeevo, Kamsko-Ustyinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The main cause of the crash was that the crew did not close the portholes, and water flooded them when, as a result of a gust of wind and a turn, there was a roll.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Vessel history


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The double-deck motor ship (diesel-electric ship) Bulgaria was built in 1955 at the Národný Podnik Škoda Komárno shipyard (now Slovenské lodenice Komárno a.s.) in Komarno (Czechoslovakia, now Slovakia) project 785 in the second series.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Since its construction, the ship was named Ukraine, and in February 2010 it was renamed in honor of Volga Bulgaria, an ancient state on the territory of modern Tatarstan.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Until 1962, it belonged to the Volga United River Shipping Company (VORP), its home port was Gorky, then it was transferred to the Kama River Shipping Company (currently Kamskoye Shipping Company OJSC river shipping company “”, CEO — Valery Neznakin [1], the largest shareholder — Mikhail Antonov [2] [3] [4]), home port — Tchaikovsky.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

In 2000-2010, the tenants of the ship were Kazan Shipping Company, Vodaflot, Volgatur.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Then the ship was leased by Briz LLC [5] (General Director — Valery Neznakin [1], who in June 2011 subleased the ship to Kazan ArgorechTour LLC (director — Svetlana Inyakina) [6] [7 ], which had a bad business reputation [8] and was not included in the Unified Register of Tour Operators, which means that there was no right to organize transportation [9].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

In recent years, the Kazan company InturVolga has been selling tickets for cruises on a boat for various tour operators.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Passengers, as a rule, were not insured separately, including on the crashed flight, but were included in the compulsory transport insurance program (with compensation to relatives 120 minimum wages, or 519 thousand rubles) in case of death, as well as ordinary medical insurance under compulsory medical insurance policies [10].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The ship itself was not insured [11].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The ship sailed along the reservoirs and large lakes of the Volga River basin (including the Kama River), performing tourist (pleasure) flights.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

On the night of September 4-5, 2008, while on a sedimentation passenger roadstead, the ship went abroad and ran aground with the whole hull near the river port of Kazan (1311th km of the Volga) [12] [13].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

After 2 hours, the pusher tug called removed the vessel from the aground, and it safely returned to the river port [14].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The crash and subsequent events


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

On July 10, 2011, the Bulgaria motor ship, which was cruising on the Kazan-Bolgar-Kazan route, sank in the Volga near the village of Syukeevo, Kamsko-Ustyinsky District of Tatarstan [15].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

According to the report of Rostransnadzor, “at about 12:25 on July 10, the ship was affected by a strong gust of wind from the port side, and a heavy downpour with a thunderstorm began. At this point, d/e “Bulgaria” was entering the left turn. It should be noted that when shifting the rudders to the left, all ships acquire an additional dynamic roll to the starboard side.”


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

As a result, the roll angle was 9 degrees.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

“With such a roll, the starboard portholes entered the water, as a result of which about 50 tons of seawater entered the ship's compartments through the open portholes in 1 minute. To reduce the area of impact of the wind on the port side, the captain decided to lie down on the course “to the wind”. To do this, the rudders were placed 15° to the left.”


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

As a result, the roll increased and the total amount of water entering the ship's compartments reached 125 tons per minute.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

After that, all the portholes and part of the main deck of the starboard side were immersed in the water.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Over the next 5-7 seconds, there was a sharp increase in roll from 15 to 20 degrees, as a result of which the ship capsized to starboard and sank [16].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Two vessels — the Arbat cargo ship and the Dunaisky 66 pusher — passed by rafts with passengers and crew of the motor ship Bulgaria.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The first ship that came to the rescue of those in distress was the cruise ship Arabella, whose crew carried out the rescue operation.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

On board the Arabella motor ship, the survivors received first aid, food, hot drinks and dry clothes.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Several seriously injured were sent to Kazan by Meteor [17].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

For several days since the tragedy, the operation continued to lift the Bulgaria motor ship from the bottom of the Kuibyshev Reservoir and search for the bodies of the dead.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Significant forces of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, the Ministry of Transport of Russia, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Ministry of Health and Social Development and commercial structures, including Sevzapkanat, were pulled into the crash area (a unique equipment for lifting the ship).


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

As a result, the Bulgaria motor ship was lifted and transported to the nearest shipyard in Kuibyshevsky Zaton.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

At the same time, all the bodies of the dead were


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

According to final data, out of 201 people on board, 79 were saved, and the death of the remaining 122 people was confirmed (including the captain of the motor ship “Bulgaria” Alexander Ostrovsky).


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation initiated several criminal cases in connection with the crash of the motor ship Bulgaria, and also brought to criminal responsibility a number of officials:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

On July 10, 2011, a criminal case was opened on the grounds of the offense provided for in Part 2 of Article 263 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on the fact of the flooding of the motor ship Bulgaria [18].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

On July 12, 2011, a criminal case was initiated on the grounds of the offense provided for in Part 2 of Article 238 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation against Svetlana Inyakina (Director of ArgorechTour LLC, subtenant of the motor ship” Bulgaria”) and Yakov Ivashov (Expert of the River Register, who issued a permit for the operation of the motor ship Bulgaria in 2011) [19].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

On July 18, 2011, two criminal cases were initiated on the grounds of the offense under Art.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

270 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation against captains Yuri Tuchin (cargo ship Arbat) and Alexander Egorov (Danube 66 pusher).


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

At the same time, Yuri Tuchin became the first official convicted in criminal cases related to the crash of the motor ship Bulgaria (see the events of December 26, 2011) [20].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

On August 15, 2011, a criminal case was initiated on the grounds of the offense under Art.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

293 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation against Irek Timergazeev (Head of the Department of the Federal Service for Transport Supervision) and Vladislav Semenov (Inspector of the Federal Service for Transport Supervision).


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

A criminal case was opened against Ramil Khametov, senior assistant to the captain of the Bulgaria motor ship, who survived the crash on the grounds of the offense provided for in Article 263 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation ( Violation of traffic safety rules and operation of railway, air, sea and inland water transport and the subway).


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

As a result, at the stage of preliminary investigation, all criminal cases (with the exception of criminal cases initiated against captains Yu. Tuchina and A. Egorov) were combined into one proceeding, and the final charges and articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation imputed to the accused were specified.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

By the verdict of the Moskovsky District Court of Kazan dated July 03-07, 2014, all defendants in the criminal case were found guilty of the crimes charged with them (except S. Inyakina, who was acquitted under the excessively imputed Article 263 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

For more details see the court section.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

All defendants in these criminal cases, with the exception of two captains who did not provide assistance to those in distress, and Ramil Khametov, senior assistant captain of the Bulgaria motor ship, were placed in custody.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Several departments presented to the public their conclusions on the results of inspections on the crash of the motor ship “Bulgaria” (see the section Results of the investigation).


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The crash of the motor ship Bulgaria had a great public outcry in Russia and the rest of the world, which in turn led to the beginning of mass inspections in the river fleet industry, in the bodies of the River Register and Rostransnadzor.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

It was the accident of Bulgaria that intensified the process of adopting the law on compulsory liability insurance of the carrier [21].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

memento


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

July 12, 2011 was declared a day of national mourning for those killed in the incident.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Within a few days after the crash of the motor ship Bulgaria, many residents of Kazan came to the Kazan River Port, where a spontaneous national memorial was built, consisting of thousands of soft toys and flowers and burning candles.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

On July 10, 2012, on the bank of the Volga near the village of Syukeevo, Kamsko-Ustyinsky District, opposite the place where the motor ship Bulgaria sank, a memorial was unveiled in memory of the victims of this tragedy.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The complex includes a wall of memory and a central square, as well as a chapel and a mosque.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The memory wall is made of monolithic concrete lined with granite.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

It depicts the sunken motor ship Bulgaria and the names of 122 dead are engraved in gold letters [22].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

A buoy is installed at the crash site.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Ships passing by must give a long beep (beep), thereby paying tribute to the memory of those killed on the ship [23].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The parents of five-year-old Kirill Chernov, who died in the crash of the Bulgaria motor ship, announced that they would build a children's playground near the village of Krasnogorsky in the Republic of Mari El with compensation funds [24].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

In July 2013, some relatives of the victims of the disaster appealed to the President of Tatarstan with a request to leave the motor ship to be disposed of as a monument [25].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Results of the investigation


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Rostransnadzor


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

On August 15, 2011, Rostransnadzor published on its official website the results of its own inspection carried out on the crash of the motor ship Bulgaria [26].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

From the operative part of the inspection conclusion:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The Commission concluded that the causes of the accident were a combination of the following factors:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

1. Failure by the shipowner and captain of the ship to comply with the requirements of regulatory documents regulating the safety of navigation when planning, preparing and executing a voyage during which the ship's navigation safety was ensured.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Thus, the shipowner and captain of the ship deliberately violated the restrictions of the Russian River Register on vessels of this project, prohibiting their operation:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

malfunctions of ship mechanisms (the left main diesel generator did not work on the ship since July 8, 2011);


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

with damage to the body (presence of four holes) [27];.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

at a wind force of more than 7 points (13.5 — 17.4 m/s), at which the requirements of the “Information on the stability and unsinkability of the vessel” were not met.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The wind force at the time of the accident was 20 m/s.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

(very strong wind, storm) with gusts reaching even greater values;


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

2. Low qualification and lack of discipline of the ship's crew members, expressed by:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

failure to take the necessary safety measures when the vessel enters the reservoir and when receiving a storm warning.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The starboard and port portholes of the ship were not closed, including in the engine room, where only crew members were on watch;


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

unauthorized shutdown by the senior engineer of the starboard main diesel generator without receiving a command from the bridge;


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

in the disabling of ship mechanisms due to non-compliance with the Technical Operation Rules;


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

failure to comply with generally accepted methods and methods of ship management.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The left turn maneuver was carried out without taking into account: the stability features of the vessel, the already existing roll of 4° to starboard side; an additional roll to the starboard side caused by centrifugal force when circulating to the left; strong wind blowing to the port side and large windage of the vessel;


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

in violation by the ship captain of the requirements of paragraphs 15 and 16 of the Procedure for dispatching regulation of the movement of ships on inland waterways of the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated March 1 2010 № 47 “On approval of the procedure for dispatching regulation of the movement of ships on inland waterways of the Russian Federation” (the captain did not inform the dispatcher and did not receive the dispatching permission to move the vessel).


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Vladimir Markin, the official representative of the RF IC [28]:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The Investigative Committee officially declares that it will be possible to finally establish the cause of the flooding of the vessel only on the basis of the results of the judicial commission of shipbuilding and engineering and technical expertise , which is currently under way.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Taking into account the conclusion of the expert commission, appropriate procedural decisions will be made.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Regarding the information about holes on the hull of the ship, Vladimir Markin explained:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The information disseminated in the media with reference to the results of the inspection of the ship conducted by the Sredne-Volzhsky branch of the Russian River Register that the crash of Bulgaria occurred on the reason for obtaining holes does not correspond to reality.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The investigation believes that the reference to anonymous experts is deliberately used in order to influence public opinion in order to exempt officials from criminal liability in relation to who have already initiated criminal proceedings, as well as other persons who may be brought to criminal responsibility in the near future.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Vladimir Markin after the verdict was announced to the defendants in the case:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

I would like to note that the investigation not only established the causes of the tragedy, but also took measures to prevent this in the future.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The desire to enrich irresponsible merchants and corrupt officials at the expense of health, and even more so the lives of citizens, should not be allowed to go unpunished.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The preliminary version of the cause of the crash of the motor ship Bulgaria is open portholes.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Public Chamber of the Russian Federation


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

On November 21, 2011, the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation submitted the conclusion of a public investigation, from which it follows that the crew did not take the necessary measures to prepare the vessel for in accordance with the announced meteorological forecast for the Kuibyshev reservoir, in particular, the crew of Bulgaria did not ensure the stability of the vessel, did not close the portholes, including emergency, did not eliminate the breakdown of the left main engine, and also did not connect communication means to emergency power sources, the vessel was controlled without taking into account its real load, according to message.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The presence of the initial roll of the vessel to starboard side, the appearance of an additional roll when turning the vessel to the left, as well as a gust of heavy wind and excitement (on the reservoir) led to an intensive flow of water into the hull through open portholes and, as a result, to loss of stability and flooding of the vessel [29].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Court


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Arbitration Court of the Republic of Tatarstan


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

On August 9, 2011, the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Tatarstan (Judge Nasyrov A. P.) Limited Liability Company “ArgorechTour” was found guilty of committing an administrative offense under Part 2 of Article 14.1.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The Administrative Code of the Russian Federation [30] and was sentenced to an administrative fine of 50,000 rubles (the maximum penalty for this offense) [31].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Excerpt from the reasoning part of the decision:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

As can be seen from the documents submitted in the case, on July 10, 2011 at 1.30 pm on the 1406.0 0 km of the waterway of the Kuibyshev Reservoir, near the locality of p. Syukeevo (according to the Atlas of the Unified State Register of the Russian Federation volume 6 part 1 of the 2006 edition), making the Bolgary-Kazan flight, a passenger d/e “Bulgaria” with passengers on board, in the amount of 147 people, and crew members, overloaded state, having malfunctions in the power plant, with an understaffed crew, a roll to starboard side, during the maneuver of turning left and a probable increase in wind in the region of 82 of the axial buoy overturned on board, followed by flooding and a large number of casualties.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

From the effective part of the solution:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Satisfy the stated requirements.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

To attract the Limited Liability Company “ArgorechTour”, registered at the address: Republic of Tatarstan, St. Kazan, ul. Belinsky, d.41, apt. (office) 22, included in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities under the main state registration No. 1101690064464 to administrative responsibility under Part 2 of Article 14.1 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, c imposition of an administrative fine of 50,000 rubles.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Moskovsky District Court of Kazan


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

At the request of victims and other persons, most of whom live in the city of Kazan, the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan changed the territorial jurisdiction of the criminal case “On the crash motor ship Bulgaria” and the Moskovsky District Court of Kazan was appointed as the court of first instance.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

On May 6, 2013, the Moskovsky District Court of Kazan began consideration of the main criminal case in the first instance.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Some of the court hearings, including the announcement of the verdict, were transferred to the Yunost House of Culture in order to be able to accommodate all victims, witnesses and representatives of the press [32].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

In the period from July 3 to July 7, 2014 (intermittently) in the Moskovsky District Court of Kazan, Judge Yakunin S. N., a verdict was announced against all defendants in the case [33] [34].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The Court sentenced [35] [36] [37] [38]:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Svetlana Inyakina — find guilty of committing crimes under Articles 238 Part 2, 143 Part 3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and sentenced her to imprisonment for a period of 11 years with serving her sentence in a colony general regime.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

According to art.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

263 Part 2 of the Criminal Code is acquitted.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Ramil Khametov — find guilty of committing crimes under Articles 238 Part 2, 263 Part 2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and impose a sentence of imprisonment for a period of 6 years and 6 months with serving his sentence in general regime colonies.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

To change the measure of restraint in the form of a written undertaking not to leave the country — to take him into custody in


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Vladislav Semenov — find guilty of committing crimes under Article 285 Part 3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and impose a sentence of imprisonment for a period of 5 years with serving his sentence in a general colony mode.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Yakov Ivashov is to be found guilty of committing crimes under Article 285 Part 3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and sentenced him to imprisonment for a period of 5 years.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

He was acquitted under Part 3 of Article 238 of the Criminal Code.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Due to the existence of an amnesty act, Yakov Ivashov should be released from punishment.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Released from custody in the courtroom.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Irek Timergazeev — find guilty of committing crimes under Article 285 Part 3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and impose a sentence of imprisonment for a period of 6 years with serving his sentence in a general colony mode.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

In addition, everyone is prohibited from engaging in certain activities for a period of 3 years.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The civil claim of the victims for a total amount of 50,000,000 rubles was satisfied.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

On April 2, 2015, the Supreme Court of Tatarstan approved the verdict in the criminal case on the crash of the Bulgaria diesel electric ship.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The Supreme Court decided to increase Ivashov's punishment under Art.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and exclude the decision on amnesty


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

He was sentenced to five and a half years in a minimum security penal colony with deprivation of the right to hold positions in the bodies supervising the operation of all types of transport, as well as in the river Rosreestr for a period of three years, crediting him to serve his sentence for the time of detention from July 12, 2011 to July 3, 2014.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The court mitigated Inyakina's sentence, releasing her “due to the expiration of the statute of limitations for criminal prosecution” from Part 2 of Art.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

143 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, having sentenced her only under Art.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

238 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (provision of services that do not meet the requirements for the safety of life and health of consumers, resulting in the death of two or more persons by negligence) — nine and a half years in prison.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The verdict for the rest of the convicts was upheld [39].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The main participants in the events related to the crash of the motor ship “Bulgaria”


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Svetlana Georgievna Inyakina — General Director and sole participant of Argorechtur Limited Liability Company, which was a subtenant and operator of the Bulgaria motor ship in season 2011.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

He is accused of providing services that do not meet the requirements for the safety of life and health of consumers (Article 238 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), of violating safety rules for the operation of inland water transport (Article 263 of the Criminal Code violation of labor protection rules (Article 143 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) [40].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Yakov Ivashov is a senior expert of the Kama branch of the Russian River Register, who issued a positive opinion to Argorechtur LLC for the operation of the Bulgaria motor ship in 2011.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

He is accused of illegally issuing official documents certifying the compliance of services provided by Inyakina with the requirements for the safety of life and health of consumers (Article 238 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), abuse official powers for mercenary and other personal interest (Article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Irek Timergazeev — Head of the Kazan Department of the Federal Service for Transport Supervision.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

According to the investigation, Timirgazeev Irek, together with Vladislav Semenov, gave a positive opinion on the readiness of Argorechtur LLC to transport passengers, while there were no grounds for this.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

He is accused of abuse of power out of other personal interest (Article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Vladislav Semenov — Chief State Inspector of the Kazan Department of the Federal Service for Transport Supervision.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

According to the investigation, Vladislav Semenov, together with Irek Timirgazeev, gave a positive opinion on the readiness of Argorechtur LLC to transport passengers, while there were no grounds for this.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Yuri Vladislavovich Tuchin, captain of the Arbat bulk carrier, was convicted by the Kamsko-Ustyinsky District Court of the Republic of Tatarstan under Article 270 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for failure to provide assistance to the survivors of the crash of the Bulgaria motor ship.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

He was sentenced to a fine of 130 thousand rubles [41].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Alexander Pavlovich Egorov, captain of the Dunaisky 66 pusher, was convicted by the Moskovsky District Court of Kazan under Article 270 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for failure to provide assistance to the survivors of the crash of the motor ship Bulgaria.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

He was sentenced to a fine of 190,000 rubles [42].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Safin Rashid is the director of the Kazan River Port, who was dismissed from this post on July 15, 2011 “as allowing the release of the motor ship Bulgaria on a cruise”.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

He challenged his dismissal in court, but the courts of first and second instance considered the dismissal lawful and justified.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Alexander Ostrovsky, captain of the motor ship Bulgaria, died in the crash of the motor ship Bulgaria.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

During the search at the crash site, the body of Captain Ostrovsky was found on the captain's bridge.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The criminal case was dismissed due to the death of the accused [43].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Ramil Khametov is a survivor of the crash, a senior assistant to the captain of the motor ship Bulgaria.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

During the investigation of the criminal case, he was accused of violating traffic safety rules and the operation of inland water transport (Article 263 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Alexander Khramov is head of the department of the Volga Department of the State Morrechnadzor (Nizhny Novgorod), who committed suicide on August 22, 2011 in connection with his dismissal from his post.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Alexander Khramov was a witness in the case of the crash of the motor ship “Bulgaria” (the same witness as before August 15, 2011 were Irek Timergazeev and Vladislav Semenov).


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Roman Lizalin is the captain of the Arabella motor ship, who, together with the crew members, organized the rescue of the surviving passengers and crew members of the motor ship Bulgaria.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Subsequently, he was awarded state and departmental awards.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Sergey Mikhailovich Chernyshov — Major General of Justice, Senior Investigator for Particularly Important Cases under the Chairman of the Investigative Committee of Russia, Head of the Investigation Team Created for the Investigation criminal case initiated on the crash of the motor ship Bulgaria on July 10, 2011 [44].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Sergey Yakunin is a judge of the Moskovsky District Court of Kazan, who considered the criminal case “On the crash of the motor ship Bulgaria” in the first instance.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Mikhail Antonov is the largest shareholder of OJSC Shipping Company Kama River Shipping Company, a tycoon.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The Kama River Shipping Company denied rumors about Antonov's flight abroad [45].


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Valery Neznakin — General Director of the Kama River Shipping Company OJSC, the owner of the Bulgaria motor ship.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Kama River Shipping Company OJSC (Perm) is the owner of the Bulgaria motor ship, which was not liable, despite the current legislation, according to which the legal owner of the property is liable for damage caused by the operation of the property.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Briz LLC (Perm) is a company that is a tenant of the Bulgaria motor ship, which subleased this motor ship to Argorechtur LLC.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Argorechtur LLC (Kazan) is a travel agency established by Svetlana Inyakina at the end of 2010.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

As of July 10, 2011, this legal entity was an active sublessee of the motor ship Bulgaria, fully responsible for manning the crew, routine repairs and maintenance of the motor ship in proper technical condition.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Opinions about the disaster


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The President of Russia D. A. Medvedev tweeted:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

A terrible tragedy occurred on the Volga.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

My condolences to the families and friends of the victims


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

On June 11, at meetings, he instructed:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

All search activities must be completed, despite the fact that there is almost no hope of finding anyone alive.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

This must be done for understandable moral and ethical reasons and in order to find out all the circumstances of his death


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

stated:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

The number of old vessels that float with us is prohibitive!


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

If it used to, it does not mean that this could not happen.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

This happened, and with the most terrible consequences.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

It is necessary to assess this situation and force either to carry out the necessary overhaul of everyone who owns ships, or to decommission them if they are not suitable in their qualities for carrying out this kind of transportation.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

and demanded [46] [47]:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

This crime should not be responsible for the “switchmen” who waved the papers, but everyone who organizes the process... So that next time any official, regardless of rank, understands that liability for such a vessel to go to sea may be not only disciplinary, but also criminal.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

This criminal liability must be translated into very tangible penalties.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

It is necessary to understand what happened, to expose and punish the perpetrators.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

This should be done for a wide range of people, including the organizers of this mess, and not just the “switchmen”, zits chairmen and other random people who fell into this orbit.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Patriarch Kirill, while praying for the dead, said [48]:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

If technology is outdated, is it possible to use this technique at the risk of human life just to get money?


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

It is no coincidence that all these catastrophes are accompanied, on the one hand, by examples of courage, selfless feat, and on the other hand, by examples of cowardice and recklessness... If our lives are still dominant the desire to earn as much as possible by any means, then we are waiting for even</i> <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[39539,39560,2,2]}'>greater disasters.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

IN. IN. Putin at a meeting with members of the Government Commission to Investigate the Circumstances of the Crash of the Motor Ship Bulgaria [49]:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Without any exaggeration, what happened to Bulgaria on July 10 shocked the whole country.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

So many victims, so many children died!


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

It is terrible that we have to pay such tribute for irresponsibility, for carelessness, for greed, for gross violation of technological safety rules...


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

... In general, how could it happen that a company could operate without a license for tourism activities, without a license to use ships?


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

How did you even sell tickets at the port?


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Who allowed it?


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

How did you get out of the port?


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

How did the port conclude an agreement with this company, which does not have a single license for servicing at the port?


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

How could this happen?


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Where was Rostekhnadzor and Rostransnadzor?


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Where were all these agencies?


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Valery Neznakin, General Director of Kama River Shipping Company OJSC, the day after the crash of the motor ship Bulgaria [50]:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

In this case, we bear not legal, but only moral responsibility for the death of passengers.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Svetlana Inyakina, Director of ArgorechTour LLC, told the press before her arrest (text as amended by the source) [51]:


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Everything was fine with the ship.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

According to the register documents, everything was in order, the ship was in technical condition.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

This is just an assault warning and a strong wind.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

We got into the storm, and flooded the hold.


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Notes


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

References


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

— RIA Novosti infographics


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Photo album “” — photos from the emergency zone at the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Category:Transport accidents in Russia in 2011


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Category:Shipwrecks in Russia


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Category:2011 shipwrecks


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Category:July 10 events


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Category: July 2011


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Category:Passenger ships


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Category:Wrecks


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Category:Bolgar


Question: How much does a Volga cruise ticket cost?

The wreck of the motor ship “Bulgaria”

Category:Navigation on the Volga


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

This article describes the history of railways since their inception.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Preconditions for the emergence of railways


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The appearance of the steam engine and the prototype of the locomotive


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

In the 60s and 90s of the 18th century, industrial growth began first in England and then in other countries.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Instead of manual labor, machine production appeared, and instead of craft workshops and manufactories, large industrial enterprises appeared.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

English blacksmith Thomas Newcomen demonstrated his “naturally aspirated engine” in 1712.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

It was an improved Severi steam engine, in which Newcoman significantly reduced the operating steam pressure.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The first use of the Newcomen engine was to pump water from a deep mine.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

In 1763, Russian engineer I. AND. Polzunov presented a project for a steam engine for supplying air to smelting furnaces.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Polzunov's steam engine had a capacity of 40 horsepower (steam engines were practically not used in Russia at that time, and Polzunov received all the information from the book “Detailed Instructions mining”, published in 1760. It described the steam engine T. Newcomen).


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

In 1773, J.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Watt is building his first operating steam engine.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

And in 1774, together with industrialist Matthew Bolton, Watt opened a steam engine company.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The industry was revolutionized by the first universal steam engine, created by engineer James Watt in 1784.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

From that moment on, the steam engine is no longer tied to the coal mines.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

They begin to use it in factories, install it on steamers, and create trains.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The steam engine gave a powerful impetus to the development of transport.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

In 1769, French artillery officer Joseph Cuñot invented the first steam wagon for transporting heavy guns.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

It turned out to be cumbersome and during tests on the streets of Paris broke through the wall of the house.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

This wagon found its place in the Paris Museum of Arts and Crafts.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

In 1802, English designer Richard Trevitic made a steam engine.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The crew moved with a rumble and a child, scaring pedestrians.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Its speed reached 10 km/h.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

To get this speed, Trevitic made huge drive wheels, which were a good help on bad roads.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The emergence of a rail track


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

One of the predecessors of the rail track was the ancient Greek diolk, a railway stone road for transporting ships across the Isthmus of Corinth.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Deep gutters were used as guides, into which skids greased with grease were placed.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

In the 16th century, wooden rails and trolleys were used in mines in Germany and neighboring regions, the wheels of which were equipped with flanges [1].


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

In some regions of England, wooden railways for trolleys were known during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (second half of the 16th century), in the 17th century they became widespread in mining areas of England, and in the XVIII century they were gradually replaced by railways [1].


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The first land rail is the wooden “Wallaton Wagonway” (English: Wollaton Wagonway) [2].


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

This approximately three kilometers long rail was built between 1603 and 1604 to transport horse-drawn coal between the villages of Strelley (English: Strelley) and Wallaton (English: Wollaton) nearby Nottingham.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The exact time when the road was closed is unknown, but the Strelli mines were closed in 1620.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Most likely, the railway ceased to exist at the same time.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

In 1755, a narrow-gauge track with wooden rails was already built to transport rock at the mines of Altai, along which wooden trolleys moved.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

A rope loop was stretched along the way.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Horses were used to set it in motion, rotating the pulley.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Each trolley had two clamps that could be alternately attached to one or the other side of the drive cable loop.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Due to this, it was possible to stop the trolleys or change the direction of their movement with the continuous movement of the driving cable.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

In 1788, the Cast-Iron Wheel Pipeline, the first railway in Russia, appeared in Petrozavodsk.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The railway was built at the Alexander Plant for the needs of the enterprise.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

(Currently, sections of the first Russian railway are stored in Petrozavodsk near the OTZ Museum building and in the Governor's Garden; in addition, trolley wheels have been preserved in the Governor's Garden).


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

For a long time, railway tracks were built only at mines, but then horse-drawn passenger roads became widespread.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The first such rail was built in 1801 in England between Wandsworth and Croydon.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The appearance of a steam locomotive


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The first steam locomotive was built in 1804 by Richard Trevitic, who in his youth knew James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

However, iron in those years was too expensive, and cast-iron rails could not withstand a heavy machine.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

In subsequent years, many engineers tried to create steam locomotives, but the luckiest of them was George Stephenson, who in 1812-1829 not only proposed several successful designs of steam locomotives, but also managed to convince the mine owners to build the first railway from Darlington to Stockton, capable of withstanding a steam locomotive.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Later, Stephenson's steam locomotive “Raketa” won a specially arranged competition and became the main locomotive of the first public road Manchester-Liverpool.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The first railway experiments


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The first railway to provide regular passenger services was the Swansea and Mumbles Railway in Wales in 1807.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Since there were no operable steam locomotives at that time, horses were used as traction force.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The first railway in Germany was opened between the Bavarian cities of Nuremberg and Fürth in 1835.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Fountain monument in Nuremberg


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Nuremberg Central Station


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Model of the first Adler steam locomotive on the Nurnberg-Fürth line


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Furth Station


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Fountain monument in Furth


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The development of railways


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Europe


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The world's first public steam-powered railway was built in England by George Stephenson in 1825, between Stockton and Darlington, and was 40 kilometers (26 miles) long.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The first railway between relatively large cities was opened in 1830 and connected the industrial center of Manchester with the port city of Liverpool (56 km).


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Stephenson steam locomotives were also used on the line.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

[3] By 1840, the length of railways in Great Britain was 2,390 km.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

America


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

United States railway history dates back to 1815, when Colonel John Stevens received the so-called Railway Charter for the construction of the New Jersey Railroad Company, which would later become part of the Pennsylvania Railroad.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

By that time, there was no developed land transport, which was convenient, fast, and cheap at the same time.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Therefore, the development of railways was a progressive decision.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The first steam-powered short railways for industrial needs appeared in the United States in the late 1820s.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

It was not difficult to build railway tracks.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The situation was much worse with locomotives.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Then, in 1826, the same Stevens designed and conducted the first tests of his steam locomotive Steam Wagon (called “a steam-powered horse carriage”).


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

For testing, Stevens designed a circular track at his estate in Hoboken, New Jersey.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The tests were successful.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Then in 1829, Gortario Alain, as chief engineer at the Delaver-Hudson shipping company, successfully tested a simple English locomotive called Stourbridge Lion, between Honesdale and Carbonvale, PA.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

These three events (a charter and 2 steam locomotives) served as the starting point for the development of railways in the United States, which fully began in the late 1920s of the XIX century.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The first public passenger road opened in 1830 in Maryland (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad) [5].


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

For passenger transportation in the same year, Tom Thumb steam locomotives were designed, built by American Peter Cooper and “The Best Friend Of Charleston”, built by the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company” at West Point Foudry in New York.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The locomotive has established itself as a reliable mode of transport.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Therefore, railways began to compete directly with shipping.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

However, the public considered steam engines “Sons of the Devil” and that traveling on them, except for a “concussion”, leads to nothing.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Nevertheless, their advantage over steamers was indisputable.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

A vivid example is an experiment, or rather a competition, between a steam locomotive and a steamer.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Its conditions were simple: to go a certain path as quickly as possible.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

For this purpose, a route was chosen between the cities of Cincinnati and St. Louis.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The distance on the water was 702 miles and was covered by the steamer in 3 days.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The locomotive, on the other hand, spent only 16 hours, and had to cover only 339 miles.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

In 10 years (1830—1840), the length of railways in the United States increased from 40 miles to 2,755 miles [6] (4.4 thousand km [7]).


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

And before the outbreak of the Civil War, in 1860, it was more than 30,000 miles.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The development of agriculture has led to a rapid growth in the construction of railways.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Since farms were on the market from the very beginning, modern communication routes were needed to export their products.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Around 1865, the “Golden Age” of railways in the United States began.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

In the 50 years since (1865—1916), the development of railways has taken on a grandiose scale: the railway network has increased from 35,000 to 254,000 miles.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

By 1916, almost 100% of domestic traffic (passenger and freight) was carried out by rail.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The history of railway construction in the United States is the story of mobilizing public resources and natural resources of the country in favor of a handful of railway magnates.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Even before construction began, railway companies received government subsidies ranging from $16,000 to $48,000 for each mile of the future journey.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

At the same time, the route was determined by the companies themselves and naturally tried to lengthen it as much as possible, as a result, the railways turned out to be extremely winding, and later they had to be straightened.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

In addition, companies were given ownership of land 10 miles each way of the road being built.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Thus, railway owners received 242 thousand miles² of land in 1870-1880, while settlers according to the Homestead Act (during this period) - only 65.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Railway magnates extorted large subsidies and plots of land from cities and counties, otherwise threatening to direct the railway past them.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

However, railway construction has had important consequences for the United States.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

First, an infrastructure was created that finally connected the domestic market into a single whole.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Secondly, railway construction has contributed to the rise of metallurgy and transport engineering.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

This was especially evident when cast-iron rails began to be replaced with steel rails.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Railway construction showed such a great demand for rails that, despite the huge growth of metallurgy and high import duties, until the 90s, steel rails were still partially were imported from England.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

An important result of railway construction was the accumulation of capital by joint-stock companies that took out contracts for the construction of transcontinental roads.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

However, during World War I, the US federal government took control of the railway industry.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

From that moment on, we can assume that the Golden Age of railways in the United States is beginning to end.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

By 1920, the railways were again transferred to private hands, but they were returned in dilapidated condition, and needed radical reconstruction and significant improvement.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

In 1920, the Federal Government passed the “Transportation Act”, which was the last step in federal regulation.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The “golden age” in US railway construction is over.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Russia


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The Russian government took care of the construction of the railway at the beginning of the XIX century.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The basis for this direction was the Department of Water Communications, established in 1798 according to the project approved by Emperor Paul I.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The organization was headed by N.P.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

Rumyantsev [8].


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The Department under Rumyantsev operated successfully, actively developed and in 1809 expanded its powers and was renamed the Administration of Water and Land Communications.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

On the basis built by Rumyantsev, in the same 1809, the Military Institute of the Railway Corps was created.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

After the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812, work on improving the communication system continued.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

They entered their final stage in the second quarter of the XIX century.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

The Institute of the Railway Corps has graduated a galaxy of highly qualified, modern specialists for the construction and operation of Russian railways.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

In addition to solving technical and personnel issues, it was necessary to overcome public opinion: in Russia at that time, the number of opponents of railway construction significantly prevailed over supporters.


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

... and where can I get such darkness of fuel that the fire does not go out forever under the samovar stilt?


Question: Was VL19 used during World War II?

The history of railway transport

[8] In addition, the arguments of foreign experts were given: