Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

However, for the first time, an American writer appeared on the Soviet stamp and half a century earlier, in 1962 [34].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

See also


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Notes


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Literature


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

//“D`”.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— 2008.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— No. 12 (51).


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— June 23—July 7.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

v


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Brookman L.G. The Nineteenth Century Postage Stamps of the United States: In 2 Vols.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

/L.G. Brookman.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— New York, NY, USA: H.L. Lindquist, 1947. (in English)


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Dyer D.O., Sr.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— Kansas City, MO, USA: Truman Publishing Company, 1998.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— iii + 159 p.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— ISBN 0-9663393-1-2. (in English) v


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The United States Postage Stamps of the Twenty Century: In 4 Vols.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

/M.G. John.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— New York, NY, USA: H.L. Lindquist, 1937. (in English)


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Luff J.N., Loewy B. The Postage Stamps of the United States.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— New York, NY, USA: Scott Stamp & Coin Co.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

, 1902.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— 417 p.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Osborne M. Bradbury Thompson & Howard Paine.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— Academy of Art University, 2007.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— 40 p.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

(in English)


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Postage Stamps of the United States 1847—1959.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— Washington, DC, USA: U.S.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

G.P.O., 1960.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— 220 p.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

(in English)


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

//The Southern Philatelist.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— 1891.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— Vol.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— No.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

6 (March).


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— P. 87—88. (in English) v


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Scott 2007.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Standard Postage Stamp Catalog.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— New York, NY, USA: Scott, 2006. (in English)


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Scott.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

2010 Stamp Values U.S. Specialized by Grade.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— Scott Publishing, 2009.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— 52 p.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

(in English)


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

{{error| {{H}}: No such template


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Tiffany J. K. — Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing Company, 2008.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— 320 p.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— ISBN 0-559-20859-6.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Wellsted R., Rossiter S., Fowler J. The Stamp Atlas.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— New York, NY, USA: Facts on File Publications, 1986.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— 336 p.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— ISBN 0-8160-1346-2. (in English)


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

References


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

US stamps online (in English)


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

USA to Stanley Gibbons (in English)


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

USA on Stanley Gibbons (in English)


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

— information about US stamps in the database (“Encyclopedia of Postal Authorities. Encyclopedia of Mail History”) (in English)


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Website (catalog and history of U.S. postage stamps issued in 1847-1970) (in English)


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

US Postal Rates (1863—2007) (in English)


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

US postage and charity stamps without denominations (in English)


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

US National Postal Museum (in English)


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

about postage stamps and news of the US post and philately on the “Stamplover” website


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

An Orthodox church, tserkov, is an Orthodox religious building designed for public worship.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Three parts stand out in the Orthodox church:


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

An altar with a throne


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Naos is the middle part (often topped with a dome)


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The narthex;


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

which corresponds to the structure of the Old Testament Tabernacle, which also had three parts:


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Yard,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The Sanctuary,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Holy of Holies,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

but is not a direct imitation, but historically develops on the basis of the logic of Christian worship.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

History


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Early Christian architecture, which marked the beginning and formation of architectural forms, which later found diverse embodiments throughout Europe and the Christian East, was also the last period of ancient architecture, with its characteristic traditions of fine arts and the organization of the interior space of the temple.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

There are two stages in the development of early Christian architecture:


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

from the emergence to the granting of official status to Christianity by Emperor Constantine;


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

from Constantine the Great to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The first stage.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The first Christian temple is the Zion Upper Room, where the most important sacrament, the Eucharist, was established.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

During this period, preachers (apostles) speak in synagogues, and meetings of believers take place in the homes of community members.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

After breaking with Judaism, Christians tried to use the most suitable clean spacious rooms for worship, isolated from the hustle and bustle of the world.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Later, these houses were adapted to independent churches (for example, the house-church in Dura Europos, 231).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

During periods of persecution by the Roman authorities, the situation of Christians became illegal, so their places of meeting were hidden.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Catacombs (abandoned mines, mines, quarries, salt caves with a complex system of underground necropolis galleries) of Rome, Ephesus, Alexandria, Syracuse and others were also used as temples cities, the oldest of which are the catacombs of St.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Kallista (early. III century), as well as cemeteries.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Martyriums in the form of a fence or chapel were arranged at the site of the martyrdom of the saints or on their graves.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In between the persecution, many churches were built, so in 303 there were more than 40 churches in Rome alone.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In addition to Rome, such open churches existed in other cities, for example, Neocesaria, Nicomedia, Tyre, etc.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Taking into account the memory of Christians burned down in Nicomedia by Maximian in 302, who gathered in their church for the feast of the Nativity of Christ, we can assume that some of the Christian churches are still at the time of persecution were quite impressive.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Architecturally, Christian churches of that time were not always three-part and facing the altar to the east.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

There were no separated altars yet, and thrones were erected in the middle of temples.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In the almost complete absence of icons, Christians prayed for clergymen symbolizing Christ, who stood or sat facing the people and, in turn, prayed for this people — the Royal priesthood (), seeing in every person a living image of God ().


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Later, with the awe of the laity weakened and in order to avoid temptation (when looking at women), both the clergy and laity began to pray face east, so in the eastern part of the church, the throne began to rise and a mountainous place, and even later the altar began to be separated from the katholikon by a massive iconostasis.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The second stage begins after the legalization of Christianity in 313 by Constantine the Great and the consolidation (Theodosius I the Great in 380) of Christianity the status of the only state religion.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

At the same time, Constantine's mother, Elena, began building many churches in Palestine, including the majestic Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Under Constantine, large-scale construction of Christian churches throughout the empire began.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Former pagan temples or civil administrative buildings of the basilica (Greek: βasilik - “basileus house, royal house”) were adapted for Christian temples.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The basilica, unlike the cross-domed church, has a simple gable roof above the central nave and single-pitched coverings of the side naves.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Inside the room can look at both the rafter ceiling and the coffered ceiling.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The altar apse ends with a horse.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

With the development of the ritual side, the composition of the temple becomes more complicated, and the following appear:


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

an atrium in front of the entrance, which had a fountain for ablutions or a baptismal font in the center;


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

narthex;


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

transept (cross nave) to enlarge the altar part.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In the 4th century, basilica churches were intensively built in the east of the Roman Empire, which, as in the west, was not subjected to devastating raids by barbarian tribes.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

For northern Syria, it is a three-aisled basilica with a semicircular apse hidden between two rectangular ones (Brad basilica, 395—402).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Sometimes two towers were erected near the western facade; this technique, being a local tradition, later became characteristic of this type of temple.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In southern Syria, single-nave temples with flat ceilings and apses of various shapes were built (Julian Church, 344, the “eastern church” in Umm ij Jimal) or three-nave churches, where the naves were equal in height (church in Tafa).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In the west of the empire, especially in Italy, a three-nave or five-nave basilica prevailed.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The oldest church in Rome is San Giovanni in Laterano (319) [1].


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The Syrian churches of the 5th-6th centuries had a strong influence on the further development of temple architecture.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

, among which the most noteworthy is the church in Koja Kalessi (5th century), the central cell of the middle nave of which has a domed end.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

A new type of Christian building was also emerging in the East — a monastery (5th century).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

An important place in the development of Christian architecture was occupied by centric structures:


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

tomb (in whose forms the late ancient tradition developed);


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

baptistery;


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

and cross-shaped churches (4th-5th centuries).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the formation and development of Orthodox architectural traditions took place on the territory of Byzantium until the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Over the thousand-year history of the development of Byzantine art, the cross-domed type of the church was fully formed, which was later perceived by Russian architecture.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The grandiose Cathedral of Sophia of Constantinople was an example of an Orthodox church for Russia.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Symbolism


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Traditionally, Christian churches in plan have:


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

the cross is a symbol of the cross of Christ as the basis of eternal salvation,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

circle (rotunda type of temple) is a symbol of eternity,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

square (quadrangle) is a symbol of the land where peoples converge in a temple from four sides of the world, as well as a symbol of spiritual fortress,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

octagon (octagon on a quadrangle) is a symbol of the guiding star of Bethlehem.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The number 8 is a symbol of the future eternal life (6 days of creation of the world, the seventh day is the present, the eighth is the future),


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

the ship (usually an elongated rectangle or oval) is a symbol of Noah's Ark, sailing through the “raging everyday” sea of passions for a safe harbor (to the Kingdom of Heaven).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Each temple is dedicated to a Christian holiday or saint, the day of remembrance of which is called the temple (patronal) holiday.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Sometimes several altars (side chapels) are arranged in the temple.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Then each of them is dedicated to a saint or event [2].


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

According to tradition, the temple is usually built with an altar to the east [3].


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

However, there are exceptions when the liturgical east may not correspond to the geographical one (for example, the Church of the Martyr Julian of Tarsia in Pushkin — the altar faces south; the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Theotokos in the village. Nikola Rozhok, Tver Oblast — the altar faces north).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Orthodox churches with the altar part facing west were not built.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In other cases, the orientation to the cardinal points could be explained by territorial conditions.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The roof of the temple is crowned with a dome with a cross.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In the Byzantine tradition, the dome was covered directly along the vault, in the Russian tradition, due to the “stretching” of the shape of the dome upwards, a space (drum) appeared between the vault and the dome.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

According to a common tradition, Orthodox churches can have:


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

1 dome symbolizes the one Lord Jesus Christ;


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

2 domes — two natures of Christ (divine and human);


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

3 domes — Holy Trinity;


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

5 domes — Christ and four evangelists;


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Seven domes — seven gifts of the Holy Spirit (), seven pillars of the House of Wisdom (), seven days of the week, seven Christian sacraments, seven seals of the book in the right hand of the One Sitting on the throne, and the slain Lamb with the family horns and seven eyes, which are the seven spirits of God (), seven Ecumenical Councils;


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

9 domes — nine angelic ranks;


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The 13 domes are Christ and the 12 apostles.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

24 domes — 12 tribes of Israel (or 12 minor prophets) in the Old Testament and 12 apostles in the New Testament;


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

25 domes — 24 crowned elders sitting on thrones in white robes around the throne of Jesus Christ ();


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The 33 domes are the age of Christ in which he was crucified.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The Orthodox church depicts itself:


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The whole space,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

A paradise on earth


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The Kingdom of Heaven


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The Church of Christ,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Each person:


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Device


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Three parts are distinguished in the Orthodox church: the narthex, the main volume of the temple — the naos (middle part) and the altar.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In the narthex, there used to be those who were preparing for baptism and penitents temporarily excommunicated from the sacrament.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Porches in monastic churches were also often used as refectories.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Orthodox altar


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The altar, the place of the mysterious residence of the Lord God, is the main part of the temple.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The most important place in the altar is the throne in the form of a quadrangular table, which has two clothes: the lower one is made of white canvas (fold) and the upper brocade (inditia).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The symbolic meaning of the throne is as a place where the Lord resides invisibly.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

On the throne there is an antimension, the main sacred object of the temple.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

This is a silk plaque consecrated by the bishop depicting the position of Christ in the tomb and with a piece of the relics of a Christian martyr sewn up.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

This is due to the fact that in the first centuries of Christianity, the service (Liturgy) was performed on the tombs of martyrs over their relics.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The antimension is wrapped in iliton.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Near the eastern wall in the altar there is a “mountainous place” — an elevated seat intended for the bishop and a sintron, an arcuate bench for the clergy, adjacent from the inside to the eastern wall of the altar, symmetrically to its longitudinal axis [4].


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

By the 14th—15th centuries, the stationary syntron disappears altogether.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Instead, during the hierarchal service, portable seats without backs and handles are installed for co-serving bishops and priests [5].


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The altar part from the katholikon is separated by an altar barrier — an iconostasis.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In Russia, multi-tiered iconostases appear in the beginning.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

XV century (Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In the classical version, the iconostasis has 5 tiers (rows):


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

local (it houses locally venerated icons, royal gates and deacon doors);


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

festive (with small icons of the Twelve Great Feasts) and the Deesis rite (the main row of the iconostasis from which its formation began) — these two rows can change places;


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

prophetic (icons of Old Testament prophets with scrolls in their hands);


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

forefather (icons of Old Testament saints).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

However, there may be 2 or more rows in a wide distribution.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The sixth tier may include icons with scenes of passion or saints who are not included in the apostolic row.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The composition of icons in the iconostasis may vary.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The most traditional images are:


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

On the double-leaf royal gate, located in the middle of the local row, there are most often 6 stamps — the image of the Annunciation and four evangelists.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

To the left of the royal gate is the icon of the Mother of God, to the right is Jesus Christ.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The second icon to the right of the Royal Gates corresponds to the throne (temple icon).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

On the deacon's doors there are usually archangels, glorified archdeacons or other saints.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Above the royal gate is the “Last Supper”, above (on the same vertical) - “Savior in Strength” or “Savior on the Throne” of the Deesis rank, to the right of Him is John the Baptist, to the left is the Mother of God.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The peculiarity of the icons from Deesis is that the figures are slightly turned, facing the central image of Christ.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The iconostasis ends with a cross with the figure of Christ (sometimes without it).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

There are pavilion iconostases (the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow), tyablov (distributed in the 15th—17th centuries) and frame (appear with the beginning of the construction of Baroque churches).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The iconostasis is a symbol of the heavenly Church coming with the earth.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The veil that separates the throne from the royal gates is called the catapetasma.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The color of the catapetasma can be different — dark on tragic days, for festive services — gold, blue, scarlet.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

No one except clergymen should enter the royal gates, as well as cross the space between the catapetasma and the throne.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In the altar itself or on the side of it, there may be a sacristy, a vasoguardian and a sexton with an incense niche, a smoke extractor and a washbasin.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Naos


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Naos (Katholikon) is the main, largest space of the temple, a symbol of people's earthly stay and a place of communion with God.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Along the iconostasis, on the side of the main space of the temple, there is a small extended elevation — solea (outer throne).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The general level of the altar floor and the solea coincide and are raised above the temple level, the number of steps is different.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The symbolic meaning of the solea is the approach to God of all the sacraments that take place on it.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

There is also a pulpit (a solea ledge in front of the royal gates), from which the priest utters the words of the Holy Scriptures and sermons.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Its significance is great — in particular, the pulpit is the mountain from which Christ preached.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The clothed pulpit is an elevation in the middle of the church, on which the bishop's solemn vestments are performed and staying before the entrance to the altar.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The places for singers during the service are called kliros and are located on the salt, in front of the flanks of the iconostasis, as well as on the choirs (on the balcony on the inside of the western wall of the Orthodox church).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

At the eastern pair of pillars of the Katholikon, there may be a royal place - at the southern wall for the ruler and their entourage, at the northern wall - for their faithful spouses and daughters.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In some ancient temples, one of the front pillars had a fenced hill with an analogue, stasidia and a reader's bookcase, and sometimes even a private balcony (called a pulpit) with a screw by a ladder.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The temple is illuminated by chandeliers and chandeliers, and is heated by radiators.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In the old days, temples had stoves, complex chimneys from which were built into the walls themselves.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The main decorations and sights of the Orthodox church are icons.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

They, of different shapes, types, sizes and methods of manufacture, can cover the entire interior of the temple and are often located even outside the walls of the temple.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Wall paintings are common in stone, brick, reinforced concrete and some wooden temples.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

It, as a rule, is designed in the same style throughout the entire volume.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The preservation of the painting is one of the most difficult tasks in the maintenance of the temple: the soot from the smoke of many burning candles, lamps, incense coals and incense settles on the walls of the temple wet from cold condensation and eat into a thin layer of icon colors [6].


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The traditional form of temple painting of the Byzantine era was mosaic, which tolerated this problem much better.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

At the end of the 19th century, artels of mosaic artists appeared in the Russian Empire, borrowing the experience of European colleagues.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The quality of the mosaic of St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg and the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood surprises many specialists with its durability.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

However, the high cost of the mosaic is the main reason for its low prevalence.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Each church has small hinged wooden icons, which are removed from the walls on the corresponding holidays and placed on a lectern for general craving and worn to processions of the cross.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Larger icons are built into the iconostasis and separate kiots.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The narthex


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The narthex (foretemple) is a symbol of the sinful land.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The public, the penitent and some sick prayed here.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In the absence of those announced, the porches are used to beg for alms, save heat in winter, for some economic purposes, or are not built at all.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Nevertheless, according to Typikon and according to church canons, it is necessary to perform in the narthex: lithium, panihida, some hours, complines, midnight offices, the ranks of announcement, betrothal, funeral service and consecration of milk and egg food (meat food should not be brought to the temple, but it should be consecrated in the house of a non-monastic priest).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The porch (outer narthex), a porch with steps and a platform in front of the entrance doors of the temple, also belongs to the narthex.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Despite its great decorative appeal, the high porch is not very convenient: it is difficult for elderly (and most of them) parishioners to climb and descend the numerous steps, especially frozen in winter, according to modern standards, it is necessary to build ramps for wheelchairs and baby carriages, it is difficult to bring and take out coffins with the dead during funeral services, banners, shroud, crayfish with relics at processions, large-sized church utensils, furniture, construction and restoration forests, etc.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In the narthexes of some monastery churches there was a fraternal Refectory, as a second, lower and warmer church, and as a symbol of the Zion upper room, where the Easter Last Supper took place.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The refectory was arranged along the width of the apse.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

A bell tower usually rises above the narthex, which symbolizes a candle to the Lord God.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The bell tower should be distinguished from the belfry - a structure for hanging bells that does not have a tower-like appearance.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Other structural parts of the Orthodox church may be annexes in the form of a gallery, adjoining temples — side chapels in the image of the city of Heavenly Jerusalem.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Around an Orthodox church


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

A temple, a church is the most common type of religious building in Orthodoxy and, unlike the chapel, has an altar with a throne.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The bell tower can stand either close to the church or separately from it.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Often, the bell tower “grows” out of the refectory.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In the second tier of the bell tower, there may be a small temple (dungeon).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In later times, when warm churches were being built, a stove was installed in the basement to heat the entire building.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Near the temple, sometimes in the temple itself, and even under the throne, a dry well can be built — a place that is not trampled by your feet, where holy water flows after baptism, as well as water after washing icons, church utensils and floors in the temple.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

According to modern standards, Orthodox churches are equipped with security and fire alarms.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

A path for processions is laid around the Orthodox church, and the adjacent territory must be landscaped, the site is fenced, flowers and trees are planted (including fruit), for example, a circular casing, forming a kind of gazebo.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Such a garden also has the symbolic meaning of the Garden of Eden.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Often, a parish house is erected near the temple, where the following are arranged:


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

baptismal,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

selling candles, icons, orthodox books,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

rooms for rest or accommodation of clergymen and clergymen,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Sunday school classrooms,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

kitchen and refectory for employees, parishioners and those in need,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

parish accounting, office and personnel department,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

library,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

prosphora,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

sewing workshop,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

laundry,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

various storage and repair facilities.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Also, the temple can be equipped with:


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

playground,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

a toilet with a washbasin,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

a place to burn some sanctified objects


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

parking lot.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Initially, public service at Christian churches was carried out by almshouses, hospitals, disabled homes, widows at home, boarding schools for orphans, shelters for the homeless, free canteens and others charities.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Art clubs, clubs, sports clubs and even dance floors are sometimes organized at modern churches to attract and meet Orthodox youth.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

It is difficult to accommodate all parish services and departments in one parish house, even a very large one, so a whole complex of church buildings is often erected around an Orthodox church, made in a single architectural style.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Such temples become not only religious, but also cultural centers, covering, if possible, all residents of urban microdistricts [7].


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Types of Orthodox churches


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

According to their official status, Orthodox churches can be:


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

cathedrals (hierarchal councils) is the main cathedral in the diocese


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

palaces (Kremlin, serfs),


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

parish (stauropegic, deans, urban, rural, country),


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

monastic (gate, refectory, cave, confessional. The largest or oldest temple of the monastery can be called a “catholicon”, in Russian “cathedral”),


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

farmsteads,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

brownies (private),


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

tombs,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

cemeteries,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

sick leave,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

prison,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

military (stationary, marching field and naval),


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

missionary,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

of the same faith,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

seminars (educational, school),


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

pilgrimages,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

memorials (at places of military glory),


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

museum (which remain under the jurisdiction of museums, where services are allowed only a few times a year),


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

shattered,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

recovering,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

under construction,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

temporary,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

transportable (on ships, cars, railway cars),


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

railway stations,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

chapels,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

chapels,


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

holy corners (in exceptional cases).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Large temples located in the center of large settlements are often called “cathedrals”, and small ones are called “churches”, “churches”.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Only at any church can there be an Orthodox parish and Orthodox life glow.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Therefore, the arrangement and decoration of the church is the most important concern of every Orthodox Christian.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Each clergyman and clergyman is assigned to an existing Orthodox church, where he has the right and obligation to perform public worship (in other Orthodox churches clergymen and clergymen can serve only with the permission of the local hierarchy or pray like ordinary laity).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

At the beginning of 2016, there were about 35,000 churches in the Russian Orthodox Church [8].


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Patriarch Kirill calls for participation in the construction of new Orthodox churches so that they become within walking distance for the entire population.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Stages of development of architectural forms


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Due to the spread of Orthodoxy around the world, a huge variety of temple architecture has become possible.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Based on the traditions of Byzantine architecture, it is a synthesis of ancient construction and decorative techniques and canons with style features characteristic of architecture specific region.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Thus, within the framework of one Christian confession, original and unique temple buildings have been embodied, reflecting not only the essence of Christian teaching, but also the worldview of an individual people.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Russia


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Old Russian temple architecture to the end.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The 17th century developed in accordance with religious canons and local traditions.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

With the adoption of Christianity as a state religion in 988, the first stone churches began to appear in Russia, built under the leadership of masters invited from Byzantium.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

However, most of the temples in Russia were wooden.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Cave temples in the Kiev-Pechersk and Pskovo-Pechersk monasteries are also known.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

With the beginning of the reign of Peter the Great and the focus on Western secular art, the appearance of Orthodox churches also became closely related to the development of artistic styles (such as Baroque, Classicism, Empire style, various trends of Art Nouveau).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The first Orthodox church of Russia, which is mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years, in the treaty of 944, is the “prefabricated church” of Elijah the Prophet in Kiev, apparently wooden, it has not been preserved; exact her whereabouts in Kyiv are currently unknown.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Later, Orthodox churches of Kievan Rus were built of brick (“plinths”), which was then widely used throughout all periods of Russian church construction.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The north-western lands (Novgorod, Pskov), Vladimir-Suzdal and Moscow principalities were characterized by the use of white stone.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The third type of building material for churches was wood.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

A large layer of unique examples of Russian wooden architecture is located in the northern regions of Russia (the famous Kizhi Pogost in Karelia, monuments to Kinozerye in the Arkhangelsk Region).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Wooden temples built no earlier than the 17th century have survived to this day.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Since the end of the 19th century, some Orthodox churches began to be created from reinforced concrete.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Typology of Russian stone temple architecture:


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Cross-domed church (appeared in the 10th century with the adoption of Christianity, the earliest type of church, widespread);


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The tent church (from the 16th century, widespread);


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

“Like under the bells” (from the end. XV century, was widely distributed in the end. XV first floor 16th century): the ringing tier is located above the main volume of the temple;


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The ship (appeared in gray. XVII century, widely spread in the Baroque era);


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The octagon on the quadrangle (became widespread in the Baroque era);


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Rotunda (some Old Russian samples (“German god”), the Baroque era (the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin in Podmoklovo) and classicism (the church of the Joy of All Who Sorrow icon on Ordynka), is rare);


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Hall Church (some examples, such as the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg (1712-33)).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Typology of Russian wooden temple architecture:


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The appearance of the church and its interior was also influenced by the socio-political situation, for example: the construction of grandiose cathedrals in Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, which were supposed to become a symbol of the power of Ancient Rus, the religious continuity of Byzantine traditions.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Cathedrals were built as symbols of military glory: in honor of the victory over the Polish-Lithuanian invaders (1625). Kazan Cathedral (Moscow)), the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible (1555 St. Basil's Cathedral, Moscow), etc.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Varieties of Christian buildings (temples) of the Russian Orthodox Church


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Name of the structureDepending on the quantityBy headThrone (Main Feature) of the Dome (second sign) in the city or monasteryIn the diocese (there is a Episcopal See) Chapel1——Church11 or 2Cathedral Cathedral2 and more3 and more


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The best craftsmen participated in the construction of the temples, so the temples present unique masterpieces of art richly decorated with icons, ornaments and stucco molding.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Emphasizing the greatness of faith, the domes of temples and bell towers towered above all the surrounding buildings, including the royal palaces and fortress towers.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

However, a winter temple with thick (not freezing) walls, low ceilings and small windows was often built near or under a large temple (with high domes), for better preservation of heat during the time of cold weather.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Internal acoustics are of great importance for an Orthodox church, on which the volume, clarity and “nobility” of the sound of prayers and chants depend.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Under the high vaults of stone temples, the sound of voices sounds more “rolling” and “majestic,” but excessive echo can make the words of prayer little legible, for example, “Paki and paki...” sounds like repeated and layered on top of each other: “pa-pa-pa-ki-ki-”, etc. [9] In these cases, to reduce the excessive acoustic effect, sometimes the floor in the temple is covered with wooden parquet, absorbing sound.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In very high temples (more than 50 meters), the human voice, on the contrary, is usually not enough to fill the temple, and the points of the strongest reflection of sound from the inner ones are selected for uttering architectural elements of the temple, and before also for sound resonance, special cavities (voices) were arranged in the walls of the temple, outwardly resembling jugs.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Some modern temples use electric microphones and speakers [10].


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Bulgaria


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The history of temple architecture in Bulgaria dates back to the period from the 9th to the 14th centuries.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The time period under consideration includes three important historical periods:


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

the era of the First Bulgarian Kingdom (680—1018);


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

a century and a half Byzantine rule (1018—1185);


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

and the era of the Second Bulgarian Kingdom (1186—1396).


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In 1396, together with the Turkish Yoke, which brought with it the decline of art and the restriction of construction, a new stage began for the cultural life of Bulgaria, which regained independence only in 1908.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

In 865, Christianity was proclaimed the official religion of Bulgaria.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The architecture of the First Bulgarian Kingdom.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Cultural centers — Pliska, Preslav, Western Macedonia.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The architecture of the first Bulgarian capitals is known for its monumentalism in the first stage of development and decorativeness, polychrome during the period of Preslav architecture, which overcomes heavy monumentalism and is taking steps towards getting rid of basilica receptions.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The features characteristic of Preslav architecture are the original plan, a combination of various architectural techniques, the elegance and colorfulness of the decorative decoration [11]


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The cult architecture is represented by three-nave basilicas, a complex “Grand Basilica”, a church with a centric plan, columnless domed churches and four-pillar single-domed temples.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

A traditional feature of church architecture of this period is the presence of blind arches as a decorative element.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The architecture of the Second Bulgarian Kingdom.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Cultural centers — Tarnovo, Mesemvria, etc.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Comparing the social structure and the nature of the architecture of the First and Second Bulgarian Kingdoms, the relationship between the barbaric but fragile organization of the First Kingdom and its harsh monumental architecture of strict proportions.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

At the same time, the Feudal fragmentation of the Second is expressed in the architecture of small forms [12].


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The development of architecture in the 12th—14th centuries


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

had similar features to the architectural traditions of the First Kingdom, but due to Byzantine rule and feudal fragmentation, the construction of religious buildings is characterized by smaller sizes and variety of architectural forms.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The temple architecture is represented by four-pillar, three-horse domed (single-nave buildings with semicircular apses in the east, north and south) and columnless domed churches.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

there is a Constantinople type - four-pillar churches with a pre-apsid space;


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

and the provincial type — four-pillar churches without a rectangular pre-apsid space, in which the dome is located on longitudinal walls, and not on columns or pillars.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

See also


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

List of tallest Orthodox churches and bell towers


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Orthodox churches in the United States


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

The Floating Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Church consecration


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Notes


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Literature


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Uspensky B.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

A.//Uspensky B.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

A. Cross and circle: From the history of Christian symbolism.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Moscow, Languages of Slavic Cultures Publ., 2006.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

P. 225—258.


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church


Question: How many tent-type temples in Russia exist as of April 2019?

Orthodox church

Category:Orthodox worship


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Cholesterol (Ancient Greek: col - bile and - solid) is an organic compound, a natural polycyclic lipophilic alcohol found in the cell membranes of all living organisms, with the exception of plants, fungi and nuclear-free (prokaryotes).


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is insoluble in water, soluble in fats and organic solvents.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

About 80% of cholesterol is produced by the human body itself: (liver, intestines, kidneys, adrenal glands, sex glands), the remaining 20% comes from food [1].


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Cholesterol ensures the stability of cell membranes over a wide range of temperatures.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

It is necessary for the production of vitamin D, the production of various steroid hormones by the adrenal glands (including cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormones: estrogens, progesterone, testosterone), and bile acids [2].


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Discovery history


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

In 1769, Pultier de la Salle received a dense white substance (“fat wax”) from gallstones, which had the properties of fats.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

In its pure form, cholesterol was isolated by Antoine Fourcroix, chemist, member of the National Convention and Minister of Education, in 1789.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

In 1815, Michel Chevreul, who also isolated this compound, called it cholesterol (“hole” for bile, “stereos” for solid).


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

In 1859, Marcelin Berthelot proved that cholesterol belongs to the class of alcohols, after which the French renamed cholesterol “cholesterol”.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

In a number of languages (Russian [3] [4], German, Hungarian and others), the old name cholesterol has been preserved.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

cholesterol biosynthesis


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Cholesterol can form in the animal body and enter it through food.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

The conversion of three molecules of active acetate into five-carbon mevalonate.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

It happens in the GEPW.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

The conversion of mevalonate to an active isoprenoid-isopentenyl pyrophosphate.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Formation of thirty-carbon isoprenoid squalene from six isopentenyl diphosphate molecules.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Cyclization of squalene to lanosterin.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

The subsequent conversion of lanosterin to cholesterol.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

In some organisms, when synthesizing steroids, other reactions may occur (for example, the non-valonate pathway for the formation of pentocarbon molecules).


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Biological role


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Cholesterol in the cell plasma membrane plays the role of a bilayer modifier, giving it a certain rigidity due to an increase in the density of the “packaging” of phospholipid molecules.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Thus, cholesterol is a stabilizer of plasma membrane fluidity [5].


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Cholesterol opens the chain of biosynthesis of steroid sex hormones and corticosteroids [6], serves as the basis for the formation of bile acids and D vitamins [7] [8], and participates in the regulation of permeability cells and protects red blood cells from the effects of hemolytic poisons [7] [8].


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is insoluble in water and cannot be delivered to body tissues in its pure form by water-based blood.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Instead, cholesterol in the blood is in the form of highly soluble complex compounds with special transporter proteins, the so-called apolipoproteins.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Such complex compounds are called lipoproteins.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

There are several types of apolipoproteins that differ in molecular weight, degree of affinity for cholesterol and the degree of solubility of the complex compound with cholesterol (tendency to fall out cholesterol crystals into sediment and to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques).


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

The following groups are distinguished: high molecular weight (HDL, HDL, high-density lipoproteins) and low molecular weight (LDL, LDL, low-density lipoproteins), as well as very low molecular weight (VLDL, VLDL, very low density lipoproteins) and chylomicron.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Chylomicron, VLDL and LDL transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

To the liver, from where cholesterol is then removed from the body, it is transported by HDL apoliproteins.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Cholesterol levels


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Contrary to popular belief, a new review of research over the past fifty years, made by an international team of doctors and published in the Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology [9], throws the challenge of half a century of confidence that “bad cholesterol” (low-density lipoproteins, LDL) causes cardiovascular diseases.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Cardiologists from the United States, Sweden, Great Britain, Italy, Ireland, France, Japan and other countries (17 people in total) found no evidence of a link between a high level of general or “bad” cholesterol and cardiovascular diseases, analyzing data from 1.3 million patients.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

They stated that this view is based on “misleading statistics, eliminating failed tests and ignoring numerous contradictory observations.”


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

The high content of LP B P <b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[10851,10858,3,3]}'>in</b> the blood is characteristic of a healthy body, so these lipoproteins are often called “good”.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

High molecular weight lipoproteins are highly soluble and do not tend to precipitate cholesterol, and thereby protect blood vessels from atherosclerotic changes (that is, they are not atherogenic).


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

The cholesterol level in the blood is measured either in mmol/l (millimol per liter is the unit in force in the Russian Federation) or in mg/dL (milligram per deciliter, 1 mmol/l is 38.665 mg/dL).


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Ideally, the level of “bad” low molecular weight lipoproteins is below 2.586 mmol/l (for people at high risk of cardiovascular diseases - below 1.81 mmol/l).


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

This level, however, is rarely achieved in adults.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

If the level of low molecular weight lipoproteins is above 4.138 mmol/L, it is recommended to use a diet to reduce it below 3.362 mmol/L (which can lead to depressive disorders, increased risk infectious and oncological diseases [9].


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

If this level is above 4.914 mmol/L or persistently above 4.138 mg/dL, it is recommended that drug therapy be considered.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

For people at high risk for cardiovascular disease, these figures may decrease.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

The proportion of “good” high molecular weight lipoproteins in the total level of cholesterol-binding lipoproteins is higher, the better.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

A good indicator is considered if it is much higher than 1/5 of the total level of cholesterol-binding lipoproteins.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Factors that increase the level of “bad” cholesterol include:


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

smoking;


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

overweight or obesity, overeating;


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

physical inactivity or lack of physical activity;


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

malnutrition with a high content of trans fats (found in partially hydrogenated fats), high in carbohydrates in food (especially easily digestible ones, such as sweets and confectionery products), insufficient content of fiber and pectins, lipotropic factors, polyunsaturated fatty acids, trace elements and vitamins;


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

stagnation of bile in the liver with various disorders of this organ (also leads to cholelithiasis cholecystitis).


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Occurs when alcohol is abused, certain viral diseases, taking certain medications;


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

also some endocrine disorders - diabetes mellitus, insulin hypersecretion, hypersecretion of hormones in the adrenal cortex, deficiency of thyroid hormones, sex hormones.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Elevated levels of “bad” cholesterol can also be observed in some diseases of the liver and kidneys, accompanied by a violation of the biosynthesis of the “right” lipoproteins in these organs.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

It can also be hereditary, hereditary in some forms of so-called “familial dyslipoproteinemia”.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

In these cases, patients, as a rule, need special drug therapy.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Factors that reduce the level of “bad” cholesterol include physical education, sports and, in general, regular physical activity, cessation of smoking and drinking alcohol, food that contains little saturated animal fats and easily digestible carbohydrates, but rich in fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipotropic factors (methionine, choline, lecithin), vitamins and trace elements.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

An important factor affecting cholesterol levels is the intestinal microflora.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

The resident and transient microflora of the human intestine, synthesizing, transforming or destroying exogenous and endogenous sterols, actively participates in cholesterol metabolism, which makes it possible to consider it as the most important metabolic and regulatory organ involved in cooperation with host cells in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis [10].


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is also a major component of most gallstones (see discovery history).


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Content in food


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Cholesterol content in some foods [11] ProductCholesterol


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

averaged


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

(mg/100 g) Cholesterol


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

(mg/100 g) Brain1500770-2300 Kidnels600300—800 Egg yolk450400—500 Fish caviar300300Butter215180-250cray200Crabs and shrimps150150carp185100-270 pork fat, beef110100-120 pork10090- 110Beef8580—90Duck with skin9090veal8080Skinless chicken dark meat89,289,2Skinless chicken white meat78,878,8duck606060turkey4040Chicken2020


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Cholesterol and atherosclerosis


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Until now, lipid metabolism disorders [9] were considered one of the most important factors in the development of atherosclerosis.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

The role of cholesterol in the development of atherosclerosis was discovered by a major domestic pathologist, academician of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR Anichkov, Nikolai Nikolaevich [12] (1885—1964).


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Atherogenic lipid metabolism disorders include:


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Increased total blood cholesterol levels


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Increased levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins (LDL)


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Decreased levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL).


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

The relationship between high cholesterol and atherosclerosis is ambiguous: on the one hand, an increase in plasma cholesterol is considered an indisputable risk factor for atherosclerosis, on the other hand atherosclerosis often develops in people with normal cholesterol levels.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

In fact, high cholesterol is just one of the many risk factors for atherosclerosis (obesity, smoking, diabetes, hypertension).


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

The presence of these factors in people with normal cholesterol levels makes possible the harmful effects of free cholesterol on the walls of blood vessels, and thereby leads to the formation of atherosclerosis with more low cholesterol concentrations in the blood.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

There is also a different view of the cholesterol problem.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Cholesterol as a “repair” material accumulates in places of microdamage to blood vessels and blocks these injuries, performing a homogeneous medicinal role.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

That is why atherosclerosis is observed in people with normal cholesterol levels.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

In people with elevated levels, the problem appears faster, plus, the presence of high cholesterol is easier to statistically associate with atherosclerosis, which was done at the beginning of the study, which is why cholesterol has been declared to be the culprit of all ills.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Therefore, simply lowering cholesterol by itself does not solve all problems with blood vessels.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Lack of cholesterol in this case can cause hemorrhages.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Further study of the causes of vascular damage and the development of methods for their treatment are required.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

The most aggressive and dangerous cholesterol derivatives are oxysterols.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Treatment of cholesterol metabolism disorders


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Healthy lifestyle: reducing excess weight, exercising regularly and a low-fat diet [13] [14].


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Drugs that reduce “bad” cholesterol levels are prescribed when positive lifestyle changes do not significantly affect bad cholesterol levels.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

The most widely used drugs to reduce the level of “bad” cholesterol are statins.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Previously, it was believed that statins can lower levels of “bad” cholesterol and thereby prevent heart attack and stroke.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

But studies have also been carried out that have shown the opposite.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Other drugs that are used to lower “bad” cholesterol include: policosanol, nicotinic acid (niacin, niacin+laropiprant), cholesterol absorption inhibitor in the intestine — ezetimibe (zetia, ezetrol), combinations (ineji, vitorin), fibrates such as gemfibrozil (lopid) and resins such as cholestyramine (questran).


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Gene Connection


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

One of the genes associated with the body's cholesterol cycle is APOE.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

It also has the opposite effect on the development of diabetes and heart problems.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Mutations in it increase the risk of developing diabetes, but reduce the chances of developing coronary disease, the causes of which are still unknown.


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Notes


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

References


Question: Who discovered cholesterol?

Cholesterol

Category:Steroids


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

Content marketing is a set of marketing techniques based on the creation and/or dissemination of information useful to the consumer in order to gain trust and attract potential customers.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

Content marketing involves the production and distribution of high-quality, relevant and valuable information that is not direct advertising, but which indirectly persuades the audience to accept the solution required by the distributor.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

Examples of such information: the general situation in a given market segment, events in it, ways to solve problems related to this segment, including how the distributor's products or services help solve these problems.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

The ways of disseminating information content can be very diverse: websites, blogs, social networks, traditional media, books, magazines, print or Internet news publications, subscriptions to newsletters, podcasts, seminars, webinars, conferences, roundtables, video portals, etc.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

Content marketing allows you to achieve a variety of goals, including:


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

creating the company's image;


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

increase in direct sales;


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

familiarizing consumers with fundamentally new products or services.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

The term “content engineer” was first used to refer to a new marketing profession whose representatives create, optimize and distribute various types of content to conquer consumer trust on social media [1].


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

Content marketing is at the heart of Hubspot's 2009 concept of Inbound Marketing, as opposed to outbound marketing based on cold sales, advertising in the media, unauthorized mailings and other methods.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

Notes


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

References


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

— U.S.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

trade association of custom media and content marketing providers.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

(Formerly, Custom Publishing Council.)


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

Literature


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

Stelzner M. Content marketing.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

New ways to attract customers in the Internet era.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

— Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2012.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

— 250 p. — ISBN 978-5-91657-620-7


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

Kaplunov D. Content, marketing, and rock 'n' roll.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

A muse book for conquering customers on the Internet.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

— Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2014.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

— 440 p. — ISBN 978-5-91657-862-1


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

Pulizzi D., Rose R. Content marketing management.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

A practical guide to building a loyal audience for your business.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

— Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2014.


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

— 220 p. — ISBN 978-5-00057-076-0


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

Category:Advertising


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

Category:Publicism


Question: What is content marketing?

Content marketing

Category:Marketing


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Ganja rebellion [1] (Azerbaijan: Gəncə qiyamı) or the Ganja anti-Soviet uprising (Azerbaijan: Gəncə antisovet üsyanı) [2] is a major armed anti-Soviet protest of units of the 1st Infantry Division of the old Azerbaijani army, which took place on May 26-31, 1920 in the city of Ganja of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic; organized by officers of the old army.


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The five-day fighting that unfolded around the city and on its streets was fierce, but both rebellious Azerbaijani servicemen and Red Army soldiers distinguished themselves in them.


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

After the suppression of the rebellion, the old Azerbaijani army was disbanded, and instead of it, the active formation of the Azerbaijan Red Army began.


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Previous events


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Change of power in Azerbaijan


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On the night of April 26-27, 1920, the Bolsheviks raised an uprising in Baku, presenting two ultimatums to the Azerbaijani government to surrender power.


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Almost simultaneously with the uprising, four armored trains of Soviet Russia crossed the border, followed by the main units of the XI Red Army.


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

If in the capital some military units went over to the side of the Bolsheviks, and the fleet under the command of the deputy head of the military port Ch Ildrym threatened to open fire on the buildings of the parliament and government, then the armored trains of Soviet Russia in several places were shown little resistance.


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The parliament convened for an emergency meeting voted by a majority vote for the transfer of power — the AKP (b), with one of the conditions that the new government will not allow units of the XI Red Army to enter the battle in Baku, after which the parliament dissolved itself.


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Minister of War S. In his last order, Mehmandarov thanked the servicemen for their service and expressed confidence that the soldiers and officers of the Azerbaijani army “will serve equally honestly and valiantly under the new government Azerbaijan is dear to all of us... God willing” [4].


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The Azerbaijani Bolsheviks formed (Azrevkom) and (government), announcing their readiness to enter into a close alliance with Soviet Russia.


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Thus, the parliamentary Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (the first republic) was replaced by a state with a new form of government — Soviet in form Socialist Azerbaijan (second republic).


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Having learned about the events in Baku, the Ganja District Committee of the AKP (b) on the same day organized the Provincial Revolutionary Committee headed by F. Aliyev, presenting an ultimatum to the governor to surrender power.


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On the evening of April 29, Governor Khudadat-bey Rafibekov signed an act on the surrender of power to Revkom in the entire Ganja province [5].


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Armored trains from Baku moved in the direction of Ganja.


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As they approached the city, they engaged in a major battle with a detachment of Musavatists, which tried to block their way [6] [7].


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 1, Soviet armored trains and amphibious companies of the 28th Infantry Division occupied the station and the railway district of the city [7] [8].


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The next day, regiments of the 2 Cavalry Corps and the Taman Cavalry Division approached here, which occupied the entire city and adjacent areas [7].


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

However, at the time of the beginning of the uprising in Ganja, “many villages... did not even know about the Sovietization of the country” [9].


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Policy towards the old army


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On April 28, Azrevk, by his decree, established the People's Commissariat for Naval Affairs [10] and the first People's Commissar for Naval Affairs was Ch. Ildrim [11].


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The next day, Azrevkom issued an appeal to the soldiers of the Azerbaijani army with an appeal to help the Red Army in the struggle for Soviet power [12] and on the same day decided to subordinate the Azerbaijani army operationally, to the command of the XI Red Army in order to “reorganize it on the basis of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army into units corresponding to the number of personnel, retaining the name “Azerbaijani” ” [4].


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The new Azerbaijani army in terms of personnel at first (May), in fact, was an army inherited from the old Azerbaijani army, which only changed its name to Red army [13].


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Soldiers and officers of the old army continued to serve, but this time under the new government.


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

So, on the 30th by his friend (deputy) Ch. Ildrim temporarily appointed the former Assistant to the Minister of War of the ADR, General A. Shikhlinsky [13].


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As later noted by the head of the 20th Infantry Division M. D. Velikanov: “the old military units did not undergo a radical reorganization, but continued to exist without any changes in the leadership and command. The revolutionary capabilities of this army were overestimated” [9].


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Members of the AKP (b) began to be sent to units of the old army, which were faced with the task of concentrating the political leadership in their hands.


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Akhmed Rzayev was appointed commissar of the troops stationed in Ganja, on the recommendation of the Azrevkom and in accordance with the order of the People's Commissariat of Military Affairs of the Azerbaijan SSR dated May 4 [13].


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 7, Azrevkom decided “in operational, administrative, organizational, as well as in relation to the supply of all types of allowances” to subordinate the army and navy renamed by that time to the command XI Red Army and Volga-Caspian Military Flotilla [4].


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The subordination of the old Azerbaijani units of the XI Red Army was not only a political action; replenishment of the units in the garrisons was necessary, since the XI Red Army, which entered Transcaucasia was small in number [9].


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Pursuant to this decision, on May 11, an order was issued by the commander of the XI Red Army M. K. Lewandowski, member of the Revolutionary Military Council K. A. Mekhonoshin and Chief of Staff A. K. Remezov, according to which the Azerbaijani troops stationed in Ganja district, operationally and combat became subordinate to the chief of the 32nd division, to the inspectors of the XI Army the task was to develop a plan for the reorganization of Azerbaijani troops, and it was also ordered to form the I Consolidated Azerbaijani Workers and Peasants Red Soviet Rifle Division [14].


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On the same day, Ch. Ildrim wrote:


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

During the reorganization, units of the old Azerbaijani army were reorganized.


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 16, the People's Commissariat of Voenmore issued an order according to which the 3rd Ganja Infantry Regiment was renamed the 3rd Azerbaijan Workers and Peasants Red Rifle Regiment, and the 1st Infantry Division (its units will raise an uprising - approx.) merged with the 2nd to the 1st Workers and Peasants' Red Rifle Brigade (three regiments), which became part of the 1st Azerbaijan Workers and Peasants Red Division (headquarters of the 1st the infantry division was called the headquarters of the Azerbaijan Workers and Peasants Combined Division) [13].


Question: After the Ganja rebellion, how many Muslims were arrested?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Around the same time, by order of the People's Commissariat of Military Affairs, the Azerbaijan Military School was renamed the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Command Courses.