Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Since acute promyelocytic leukemia (OPL), requiring a unique treatment, responds very well to it, it is very important to quickly confirm or reject this subspecies of leukemia.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

For this purpose, fluorescent hybridization in situ performed on blood or bone marrow is often used, since it easily detects chromosomal translocation (t [15; 17]) specific for OPL.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Pathophysiology


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Malignant cells in AML are myeloblasts.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

In normal hematopoiesis, myeloblasts are immature precursors to myeloid leukocytes; normal myeloblasts gradually mature to become normal white blood cells.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

However, with AML, genetic changes accumulate in some of the myeloblasts, which “freeze” the cell in an immature state, stopping the process of cellular differentiation.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

By itself, this mutation does not cause leukemia, but when the “differentiation stop” is combined with other mutations that lead to the loss of genetic control over cell growth, the result there is an uncontrollable reproduction of an immature cell clone that determines the clinical essence of AML.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The great diversity and genetic heterogeneity of AML is due to the fact that leukemia transformation can occur at many stages of cell differentiation.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[25] Modern AML classification schemes recognize the dependence of the properties and behavior of leukemia cells, as well as the course of leukemia, on the stage at which differentiation stopped.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Specific cytogenetic abnormalities are found in many patients with AML.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The types of chromosome changes are often prognostically significant.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[26] Chromosomal translocations encode the synthesis of hybrid proteins, most often transcription factors — auxiliary proteins — assistants to RNA polymerases, the altered properties of which can lead to a halt differentiation.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[27] For example, in acute promyelocytic leukemia, translocation t (15; 17) causes the synthesis of the hybrid protein PML-RARα, which binds to the retinoic acid receptor in promoters of some genes specific for myeloid cells and stops differentiation in these cells.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The clinical manifestations and symptoms of AML occur because, as leukemia clone cells multiply, interfere with the activity of normal cells and tend to displace them from the bone marrow.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[29] This leads to neutropenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Most often, the symptoms of AML are determined by a deficiency in normal blood cells.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

In rare cases, patients develop chloromas, dense tumors from leukemia cells behind bone marrow fractures, which can cause various symptoms depending on the location of the chloroma.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Treatments


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The treatment of AML consists mainly of chemotherapy, and is divided into two stages: induction and postression treatment (or consolidation).


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The goal of induction therapy is to achieve complete remission by reducing the number of leukemia cells to an undetectable level; the goal of consolidating therapy is to eliminate residual, not detected by modern methods by remnants of the disease and cure.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Induction


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

For all AML subtypes, with the exception of FAB M3, induction chemotherapy with cytarabine and an anthracycline antibiotic (for example, daunorubicin or idarubicin) is usually used.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[31] This method of induction chemotherapy is known as “7+3”.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The name comes from the fact that this regimen provides for 7 days of continuous infusion of cytarabine, while in the first three days, an anthracycline antibiotic is simultaneously bolus administered.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

With this method of treatment, remission occurs in almost 70% of patients with AML.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[32] Other methods of induction treatment may be used, including FLAG, DAT, ADE regimens and the like, or monotherapy with high doses of cytarabine, or treatment with drugs that are at the stage research.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[33] [34] Due to the toxic effects of treatment, including suppression of myeloid germ and increased likelihood of infectious complications in very old patients, induction chemotherapy does not less intensive palliative treatment with chemotherapy drugs is proposed and prescribed.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

A subspecies of AML M3, also known as acute promyelocytic leukemia, is almost always treated with PTRK (fully transretinoic acid) in addition to induction therapy.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[35] [36] [37] In the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of developing disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome due to the intake of granule contents promyelocytes into peripheral blood.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia is extremely effective and has been reliably proven by many documented cases of treatment.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

On August 3, 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved VYXEOS (Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) for the treatment of adults with recently diagnosed by two subspecies of AML (t-AML and AML-MRC).


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

VYXEOS is a liposomal combination of cytarabine and daunorubicin and has proven to be much more effective in treating these two subtypes than using the standard 7+3 combination.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The drug demonstrated an average overall survival of 9.6 months compared to 5.9 months for a combination of 7+3 [38]


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

In 2018, the FDA approved the use of glasdegib (glasdegib) in combination with low-dose cytarabine to treat patients over 75 years of age who cannot receive intensive chemotherapy.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The drug was approved on the condition of placing a warning about a high risk of toxicity to the fetus in the instructions.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The goal of the induction stage of treatment is to achieve complete remission.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Complete remission does not mean that the disease is fully cured.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Rather, the state of complete remission indicates that it is impossible to detect a sleeping disease by existing diagnostic methods.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[31] Complete remission is achieved in 50-70% of adult patients with newly diagnosed AML, the difference depends on the prognostic factors mentioned above.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[40] The duration of remission depends on the prognostic qualities of the initial leukemia.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Basically, all cases of remission without additional, consolidating treatment are pumped by relapse.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Consolidation treatment


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Even after achieving complete remission, it is likely that few leukemia cells still survive.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

There are so few of them that it is impossible to detect them yet.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

If post-remission or consolidation treatment is not carried out, almost all patients eventually relapse.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[42] Therefore, in order to get rid of undetectable diseased cells and prevent relapse — that is, to achieve a complete cure, additional therapy is needed.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The type of treatment after achieving remission is determined individually depending on the prognostic factors and the general state of health of the patient.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

With prognostically favorable subspecies of leukemia (for example, with inv (16), t (8; 21) and t (15; 17), 3-5 additional courses of intensive chemotherapy, known as consolidation treatment, are usually prescribed.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Patients with a high risk of recurrence (for example, in the presence of cytogenetic changes associated with myelodysplastic syndrome, or with AML associated with previous treatment are usually recommended transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells, if the general condition allows and there is a suitable donor.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[43] [44] In AML with an average probability of recurrence (with normal cytogenetic parameters or with such cytogenetic changes that do not fall into risk groups), the issue of consolidation treatment is not so clear and is determined by a number of specific indicators — the patient's age, general state of health, value system, and finally, the presence of a donor of suitable stem cells.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Those patients who are not indicated for stem cell transplantation after consolidation treatment undergo immunotherapy with a combination of histamine hydrochloride (ceplen) and proleukin.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Such treatment makes it possible to reduce the likelihood of relapse by 14%, prolonging remission by 50%.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Thus, high-intensity chemotherapy (VCT) and bone marrow transplantation are recognized as standard therapy for AML.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

However, the results of treatment, despite relatively high responses in young people, remain unsatisfactory in people over 65 years of age (30-50%) associated with early mortality (10%) and short duration remission.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

More than half of those with AML are older patients and/or with significant comorbidities, who, as a rule, cannot receive highly toxic chemotherapy regimens, so for their therapy low doses of cytarabine cytarabine and supportive treatment are used: antibiotics and blood transfusions.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Since 2010, hypomethylating agents (5-azacitidine, decitabine) have been recommended for the treatment of AML in patients who are not suitable for bone marrow transplantation/intensive chemotherapy.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[47] In the process of DNA methylation, hypomethylating agents covalently bind to DNA methyltransferase, which leads to gene reactivation, after which the differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells and normal hematopoiesis.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

5-azacitidine has a dual mechanism of action.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

It is embedded not only in the DNA molecule, but also into the RNA molecule.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Thus, 5-azacitidine reduces the amount of RNA in cells, which leads to a cytostatic effect regardless of the cell phase.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Based on the results of the Phase 3 study, AZA-001 is an international, multicenter, controlled study in parallel groups in which patients with high-risk MDS/AML (WHO criteria) were compared with standard therapy (accompanying therapy, intensive chemotherapy, low doses of cytarabine), azacitidine was registered, including in the Russian Federation, for the treatment of these groups patients.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

It has been shown that azacitidine increases the overall survival rate of AML patients by 2.5 times (WHO criteria).


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Recurrent AML


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

In case of recurrence of AML, the only proven treatment that may be effective is stem cell transplantation, provided that it has not yet been used.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[49] [50] [51]


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

In case of recurrence of AML, patients who do not plan hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or in case of relapse after stem cell transplantation can be offered treatment as part of a clinical trial, since the choice of conventional treatments is very limited.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Currently, the cytostatic substance clofarabin is undergoing clinical trials, and various methods of targeted therapy using farnesyltransferase inhibitors, decitabine and multidrug resistance protein inhibitors, cytarabine histone deacetylase inhibitors, angiogenesis blockers, deoxyadenosine analogues.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Sometimes a limited number of treatments for recurrent AML forces you to turn to palliative treatment.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

After clinical trials of arsenic trioxide, the Food and Drug Administration of the US has approved its use as a palliative treatment recurrent acute promyelocytic leukemia (OPL).


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

As well as ATGM, arsenic trioxide is ineffective in other AML subspecies.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

In 2000, gemtuzumab ozogamycin (Milotarg) was allowed to be used in the United States to treat recurrent AML in patients over 60 years of age who cannot be treated with high doses of chemotherapy drugs, a drug in which , it was assumed that the cytotoxic substance, the anticancer antibiotic calichemicin, is associated with a monoclonal antibody that ensures the delivery of the antibiotic exactly to the leukemia cell.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

On July 20, 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) registered the first inhibitor of the IDH1 gene, ivosidenib (ivosidenib), intended for treatment patients with recurrent AML and those with a mutation in the oncogene IDH1.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Ivosidenib therapy allows patients to achieve complete remission of AML, as well as reduce the need for red blood cell and platelet transfusions.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

125 adult patients participated in the study of ivosidenib.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

CI showed a complete positive response to treatment in 30.4% of the subjects (also a response with partial hematological recovery in 8.8% of patients whose leukemia cell count was moderately low level).


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The drug was the first drug for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia approved in the United States.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The registration certificate for the drug was issued to Agios Pharmaceuticals.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[54] [55]


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Prediction


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia is a curable disease.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The probability of recovery for each patient is different, as it is determined by a variety of prognostic factors.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Cytogenetics


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The most significant prognostic factor for AML is the cytogenetic factor, that is, the “construction” of chromosomes of leukemia cells.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Some cytogenetic abnormalities are associated with very favorable outcomes (for example, translocation 15; 17 in acute promyelocytic leukemia.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

In about half of AML patients, the cytogenetic condition looks normal, such patients are classified as in the group with an average probability of relapse.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

A number of cytogenetic changes are associated with an unfavorable prognosis and a high probability of relapse after treatment.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[57] [58] [59]


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The first publication examining the relationship between cytogenetic changes and prognosis appeared in a report by the Medical Research Council in 1998.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Later, the Southwest Cancer Group and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, [61] and then Group B on Cancer and Leukemia Research published other, mostly matching lists prognostic cytogenetic changes in leukemia.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Previous myelodysplastic syndrome and AML prognosis


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

AML that develops against the background of myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative syndrome (so-called secondary AML) has a worse prognosis than AML associated with previous treatment, which occurs after chemotherapy of another previous malignant disease.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Both of these conditions are associated with a high incidence of adverse cytogenetic changes.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[63] [64] [65]


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Other prognostic signs of AML


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Some studies have linked age after 60 years of age and elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels to an increased likelihood of an adverse outcome.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[66] As with most other malignant diseases, the general somatic status (that is, the general physical condition of the patient and his vital activity) is also of great prognostic importance.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

It has been proven that internal tandem doubling of FLT3 tyrosine kinase worsens the prognosis of AML.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[67] More aggressive treatment of such patients, in particular, stem cell transplantation in the first remission did not increase the duration of survival, so as a favorable prognostic sign doubling of FLT3 tyrosine kinase has no definite clinical significance.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[68] Internal tandem doubling of FLT3 tyrosine kinase may be associated with leukostasis.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Currently, studies of the clinical significance of mutations in the CD117 gene, responsible for the synthesis of stem cell growth factor C-kit receptor in AML, are widespread.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The importance of these studies is determined by the appearance in clinical practice of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib and sunitinib, which have the ability to stop the action of the C-kit receptor.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

In addition, CEBPA, BAALC, ERG and NPM1 genes are studied as prognostic factors and objects of therapeutic effects.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Overall assessment of treatment results


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The effectiveness of treatment in clinical trials ranges from 20 to 45%.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[71] [72] However, it should be noted that young patients, as well as those who are able to endure aggressive treatments, participate in clinical trials.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The effectiveness of treatment for all patients, including the elderly and those for whom aggressive treatment is contraindicated, is likely to be lower.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

In the case of acute promyelocytic leukemia, the effectiveness of treatment can reach 98%.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

epidemiology


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia is a relatively rare malignant disease.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Thus, 10,500 fresh cases of AML are detected annually in the United States, and the incidence remained unchanged from 1995 to 2005. The AML mortality rate accounts for 1.2% of all cancer deaths in the United States.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The incidence of AML increases with age, with the average age of detection of the disease being 63 years.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

AML accounts for about 90% of all acute leukemia in adults, but it is rare in children.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The incidence of AML associated with prior treatment (that is, AML caused by previous chemotherapy) is increasing.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Currently, such forms reach 10-20% of all cases of AML.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[74] AML is slightly more common in men, with a incidence of 1.3 to 1. [75]


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

There are some geographical differences in the incidence of AML.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

In adults, the highest incidence is in North America, Europe and Oceania, while in Asia and Latin America, the incidence of AML is lower.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

76] [77] Conversely, children's AML is less common in North America and India than in other parts of Asia.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[78] These differences can be determined by the genetic characteristics of the population and the characteristics of the environment.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

History


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The first description of leukemia in the medical literature dates back to 1827, when the French physician Alfred-Armand Louis-Marie Velpo described the disease of a 63-year-old gardener, which manifested itself as fever, weakness, kidney stones and a marked increase in the liver and spleen.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Velpo noticed that the patient's blood resembled “liquid oatmeal” in consistency, and suggested that this was due to white blood cells.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[79] In 1845, Edinburgh-based pathologist John Hughes Bennett published a report of several deaths of patients who had an enlarged spleen and “the blood was changed in color and consistency.”


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Bennett used the term “leukocythemia” to describe changes in blood.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The term “leukemia” was coined by the famous German pathologist Rudolf Virchow in 1847.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

As the first researcher to use a light microscope in histopathology, Virchow was the first scientist to describe an excessive number of white blood cells in patients with clinical manifestations, as described by Velpo and Bennett.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Since Virkhov did not know the cause of the excess white blood cells, he used the exclusively descriptive term “leukemia” (Greek: “white blood”) to determine the condition.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

With the development of modern research methods, many details of the process of onset and development of leukemia have come


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Already in 1877, Paul Ehrlich developed a method for staining blood smears, which allowed him to describe in detail normal and altered white blood cells.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

In 1889, Wilhelm Ebstein coined the term “acute leukemia” to separate rapidly developing deadly and relatively slowly flowing chronic leukemia.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[82] The term “myeloid” was coined by Neuman in 1869 when he discovered that white blood cells are formed in the bone marrow (ancient Greek: µuelos, myelos = bone marrow), and not in the spleen.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

A method for diagnosing leukemia by examining a bone marrow smear was first described by Mosler in 1879.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[83] Finally, in 1900, Negeli, who divided leukemia into myelocytic and lymphocytic leukemia, described the malignant cell of acute myeloid leukemia, myeloblast.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

[84] [85]


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

In 2008, the gene sequence in the genome of an AML patient was fully determined.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

The genome in AML was the first deciphered genome in malignant tumors.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

DNA obtained from leukemia cells was compared with DNA obtained from healthy skin [86], and mutations of several genes previously not considered to be associated with the disease were detected in leukemia cells.


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

See also


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Chronic myeloid leukemia


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leu


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Chlorome


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

References


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

at American Cancer Society


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

at Leukemia & Lymphoma Society


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

at cchs.net


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

at National Cancer Institute


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Notes


Question: Who was the first to describe acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia

Category:Acute myeloid leukemia


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Oleg Valerianovich Basilashvili (born September 26, 1934, Moscow) is a Soviet and Russian theater, film and television actor.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

People's Artist of the USSR (1984) [1] [2].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Biography


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Oleg Basilashvili was born in Moscow.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Only his father had the Georgian surname Basilashvili, and before him, all ancestors were Basilov.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Both surnames are translated in the same way — “descendant of Basil”.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Basilashvili's ancestors came to Georgia from the territory of present-day Turkey, from Mount Basian about 400 years ago.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

They lived in the village of Korbi, Gori district.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

During the war, he lived in Tbilisi in evacuation.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

In 1956 he graduated from the Moscow Art Theater School in Moscow (course by P. IN. Massalsky) and was assigned to the Stalingrad Regional Drama Theater.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

M. Gorky, who left without even starting his theatrical activity there.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

In Leningrad, where the actor and his wife T. IN. Doronina went after Stalingrad and was invited to the Leningrad State Theater.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Lenin Komsomol (now the St. Petersburg State Theater “Baltic House”), where he played until 1959.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

In 1959, together with his wife, he was invited to the Bolshoi Drama Theater.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Gorky (now named after G. A. Tovstonogov), where, by his own admission, he made a very unsuccessful debut as Stepan Lukin in “Barbarians” by M. Gorky and could not find himself for a long time [4].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Nevertheless, since the second half of the 1960s, he became one of the leading actors in the theater.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

The actor was widely known for his roles in the films of E.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

A. Ryazanov (“Office Romance”, “Station for Two”, “Say a Word About the Poor Hussar”), Georgy Danelia (“Autumn Marathon”).


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

In 1975, in connection with the death of his father and one of the leading actors of the theater, E.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

H. Kopelyan was forced to give up the role of Ippolit in the TV film by E.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

A. Ryazanov “The Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath!” [5].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

In 1990-1993, he was People's Deputy of the RSFSR (Russian Federation).


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

family


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

His father was Valerian Noshrevanovich Basilashvili (1900-1975), director of the Moscow Polytechnic School of Communications.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Mother — Irina Sergeevna Ilyinskaya (1908—1980), philologist, teacher, author of a textbook on the Russian language for teachers, books “Vocabulary of Pushkin's Poems”, “On the Richness of the Russian Language” and others.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

His maternal grandfather, Sergei Mikhailovich Ilyinsky (1872—1934), an architect, graduated from the Moscow School of Sculpture and Architecture.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

According to his design, in 1914-1917, the Church of St.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

martyrs Adrian and Natalia at Losinoostrovskaya station.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

His paternal grandfather was Noshrevan Koykhosrovich Basilov (1867-1943), a near-police supervisor of the Gori district of the Tiflis province.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Great-grandfather — Kaikhosro Basilov (1840—?) , a landowner of Karbi village, Gori County.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

The first wife (1955—1963) was Tatyana Vasilyevna Doronina (b. 1933), theater and film actress, theater director, People's Artist of the USSR [6] [7].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

The second wife is Galina Evgenievna Mshanskaya, journalist, editor-in-chief of the art programs department of the Kultura studio of the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company “Saint Petersburg” [8], author and host of the Tsarskaya Lozha program series of the TV channel” Culture” and other programs, films, performances [9] [10]; Chevalier of the Order of Friendship (2008) [8] [11]; daughter of Olga, Soviet opera singer, winner of the Stalin Prize in Literature and Art (1951) Feliksovna Mshanskaya (1900—1983) [11] [12] [13].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

The couple has been living together for more than fifty years [7].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Her daughter, Olga Mshanskaya, works on St. Petersburg television with her mother; she made such programs as Journey from Washington to Baden-Baden, Russian Seasons in Paris [9].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Daughter — Ksenia Basilashvili (b. 1973), journalist, cultural columnist for Ekho Moskvy radio station, graduated from the University of Manchester branch in Moscow, defended her Ph.D. thesis [9] [14] .


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Granddaughter — Marinika (born 2009) [15] [7] [16].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

The unusual name of the girl means “Mrs. Victory” (Marie — “mistress”, Nika — “victory”) [15] [6].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Grandson — Timofey (born 2013) [16].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Political and public activities


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

He was a Komsomol member [17].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

In 1990, Oleg Basilashvili was elected People's Deputy of the RSFSR [18], advocated the renaming of Leningrad to St. Petersburg [19].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

In 1995, he was on the regional list of candidates for deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation from the electoral bloc “Democratic Choice of Russia — United Democrats” [20] [21].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Later, he was a member of the Union of Right Forces party [22] [23], and after its dissolution he supported Yabloko [24], of which he became a confidant in the 2016 elections [25].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

He was a member of the Civil Committee of the St. Petersburg branch of Mikhail Prokhorov's Civic Platform party [26] [27].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

In 2011, together with other cultural figures and human rights activists, he signed an open letter demanding to abolish the “unconstitutional ban on the registration of new parties” and allow all political forces of the country [28] [29].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

In the presidential election, he supported the candidacies of Irina Khakamada in 2004 [30] and Grigory Yavlinsky in 2012 [31].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

In 2000, Basilashvili was among cultural figures who condemned the return to the Soviet anthem to the music of Alexandrov [32] [33].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

In 2001, he signed a letter in defense of the NTV channel [34] [35].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

He supported the release of Mikhail Mirilashvili [36] [37], Igor Sutyagin [38] [39], Mikhail Khodorkovsky [40] [41], Platon Lebedev [42] [43], Svetlana Bakhmina [44], Maxim Reznik [45] [46], Oleg Navalny [47] [ 48], Kirill Serebrennikov [49], members of Voina [50] and Pussy Riot [51] [52].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

He spoke negatively about the so-called “Dima Yakovlev Law”, which prohibits the adoption of children by foreign citizens [53] [54].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

In 2008, the actor called it “immoral” and “meaningless” to hold the Side by Side gay film festival, stressing that he is against the persecution of LGBT people, and sexual orientation is a personal matter for everyone [55] [ 56].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

He supported the idea of creating a memorial to the memory of the victims of Stalinist repressions [57].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

He spoke out against the installation of monuments to Joseph Stalin [58] [59] and Grigory Romanov [60] [61], the construction of the Okhta Center skyscraper [62], the construction of a church on the site of a green zone in Malinovka Park [63], closure of the 31st Clinical Hospital in St. Petersburg [64].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Commenting on the conflict in South Ossetia in 2008, Oleg Valerianovich called the entry of Russian troops into this territory an “occupation”, since de jure the region is part of Georgia [65].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

He called on cultural figures in this situation to try to educate people in humanism and respect for other peoples [66].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

The actor expressed a similar opinion in 2014 on the annexation of Crimea to Russia and the war in the Donbas.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Basilashvili noted that he did not understand the goals pursued by the rebels, and also questioned the objectivity of the coverage of the events by the media [67].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Later he called on Russian society to stop ideological persecution of cultural figures who have a different opinion from the Russian authorities about the situation in Ukraine [68] [69].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

He was included by the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine in the so-called “white list” of artists who “support the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the country” [70] [71], although he himself expressed doubts about the need drawing up such lists [72].


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Creativity


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Theater roles


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Works on television


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1963 — Winter of Our Anxiety, according to D. Steinbeck (TV show); production by R. Orphans — Joy Morphy, bank teller, Ethan's buddy


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1963 — Rembrandt (TV show) — Six, burgomaster of Amsterdam, philanthropist, writer


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1965 — “Fear and Despair in the Third Empire” by B.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Brecht (TV play); production by David Karasik — Theo, Nazi stormtrooper


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1965 — Oblomov, after A. AND. Goncharov (TV show) — Ivan Ilyich Oblomov


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1965 — “Roman stories”, based on the novels by A. Moravia (TV show); production by Lev Tsutsulkovsky — merry


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1966 — “The Spender” (TV show)


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1967 — Dr. Stockman (TV show)


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1967 — “Freaks” by M. Gorky (TV show); production by Yu.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Malyatsky — Mastakov


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1968 — “The Last Days” (TV show) — Nestor Kukolnik


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1969 — Death of Vazir-Mukhtar, after Yu.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Tynyanov (TV show); production by R. Orphans and V. Receptor — Ivan Grigoryevich Burtsev


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1969 — Dead Souls, after N. IN. Gogol (TV show) — Manilov


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1970 — The Seagull of the Russian Stage (TV show)


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1971 — The Midnight Robbery (TV play); production by A. Belinsky — chef


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1971 — Seven Wives of Bluebeard (TV show)


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1972 — “31st Department” (TV show); production by Yu.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Aksyonova — Chief of the Publishing Concern


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1973 — “A. P. Chekhov “Scenes” (TV show) — the main role


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1973 — “Chronicle of a rehearsal (TV show)” — Felix, Avvakum Zakhov, Xanthos


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1973 — “Malefactor” (TV show) — investigator


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1996 — Chekhonte Theatre. Pictures from the Recent Past” (TV show) — Pyotr Nikolaevich, President of the Court


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

1998-2004 — “From the Ceiling” (author's program about artists and famous guests of the BDT, Kultura TV channel) — author and presenter [73] [74]


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Movie roles


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Voicing


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Participation in films


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Discography


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

— “Rain Psalms” (songwriter V. A. Maltsev) (CD) [75] [76]


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

— “Between Tick and So” (songwriter V. A. Maltsev) (CD) [75] [76]


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Awards and titles


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Literature


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Notes


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

References


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

on YouTube


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Category:Winners of the Nika Award in the category “Honor and Dignity”


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Category:Graduates of the Moscow Art Theater School


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Category:People's Deputies of Russia


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Category:Komsomol members


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Category:PCA members


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Category:People: Baltic House Theatre


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Category:Personalies:BDT im.


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Tovstonogov


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Category:Winners of the “Kumir” Award


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Category: Honorary members of the Russian Academy of Arts


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Category:Academicians of the Russian Academy of Motion Picture Arts “Nika”


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Category:Academicians of the National Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences of Russia


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Category:Honorary Citizens of Tbilisi


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Category:Tsarskoye Selo Art Award


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Category:Petropol Prize Laureates


Question: When did Fedor Akimovich Griboedov begin to engage in state activities?

Oleg Basilashvili

Category:Honorary Doctors of the St. Petersburg Humanitarian University of Trade Unions


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

US postage stamps have been officially introduced into postal circulation since 1847.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

Subsequent issues of US postage stamps and other postage marks reflect the historical development of the US postal service and related changes in the postal services market, including the use of new technologies in modern conditions.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

The early history of US stamps


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

In the American colonies, postal service began to be carried out in the middle of the XVII century.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

In the 18th century, the Royal Post Office was founded, which operated under the supervision of the postmaster.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

In 1775, the post of Postmaster General of the United States was established, and since the early 1840s, postage stamps began to be used in the postal service.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

Private mail stamps and pharmacists


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

The introduction of postage stamps in Great Britain in May 1840 aroused, as well as around the world, great interest in the United States.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

The pioneer in this business was the private carrier Alexander M. Greig from New York.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

On February 1, 1842, Greig opened the City Despatch Post and issued gravure stamps with a portrait of George Washington.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

Until 1847, Congress did not allow the issuance of postage stamps, so since 1845 [1] postmasters made pharmacists known as postmaster issues.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

Among them were envelopes with prepaid postage, and stamps, mostly primitive drawings.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

The Postmaster Pharmacist of New York was the only issue comparable in quality to later stamps.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

Baltimore pharmacists are distinguished by a facsimile signed by the postmaster of the city, James Buchanan [2] [3].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

All pharmacists are very rare, some of them cost more than 200 thousand US dollars.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

Thus, in 2013, an envelope with the pharmacist of Alexandria was sold at auction for $460 thousand.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

The table below shows American cities that issued pharmacists in 1845-1847 [4] [5]:


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

Postmaster Pharmacists of the United States (1845—1847) Image # by ScottCity


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

(state) Release TimeNominationDescription


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

“Blue Alexandria” Alexandria (Virginia) 18465 centsThe inscription “ALEXANDRIA POST OFFICE” (“Alexandria Post Office”) in CircleAnnapolis (Maryland) 18465 Centvorel in CircleBaltimore (Maryland) 18455 centssigned by James Buchanan (New Hampshire) 1845 (?) 5 cents“ PAID/5/CENTS” inscription (“Paid/5/cents”) Brattleboro (Vermont) 18465 centshaded square with postmaster's initials inside (New York) 5 cents1846 “LOCKPORT N.Y.” inscription in the oval ( Massachusetts) 5 cents1846woodcut portrait of George Washingtonanyu Haven (Connecticut) 5 cents1845 “POST OFFICE” squared, signed by Postmaster York (New York) 5 cents1845inscription “POST OFFICE” OFFICE” above the portrait of WashingtonProvidence (Rhode Island) 1846 the inscription “POST OFFICE/PROV. R.I.” in a shaded square St. Louis (MO) 20 cents1846 “” (coat of arms of Missouri)


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

The first brands


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

Congress eventually provided for the issuance of stamps by law on March 3, 1847, and the Postmaster General of the United States immediately awarded a contract to the New York engraving firm Rawdon, Wright, Hatch, and Edson.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

The sale of the first issue of US postage stamps began on July 1, 1847 in New York.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

The next day, the stamps arrived in Boston, and then to other cities.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

The issue consisted of an engraved one with the image of Benjamin Franklin, the first postmaster of the United States, and with the image of George Washington.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

Like all US stamps before 1857, they were imdental.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

Five cents paid for letters weighing less than 1 ounce (approx. 30 g) delivered less than 300 miles (500 km), ten cents over 300 miles, or twice the weight letter paid with a five-cent stamp.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

Each stamp was hand-engraved, believed to be on steel, with 200 stamps in one sheet.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

Today, there are often five-cents with very poor impression quality due to the fact that paint was used that contained quartz particles and contributed to the wear of steel clichés of printing plates ( plates) from which stamps were printed.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

US postage stamps

On the other hand, the prints on ten-cents are sharp.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Quick 5-cent stamps with excellent quality are highly valued by collectors.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The stamps immediately became popular: about 3.7 million stamps with a nominal value of 5 cents and about 865,000 with a face value of 10 cents were sold.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

At the same time, enough of them survived to ensure a constant supply of them to philatelists, despite the fact that the demand for them is such that the high quality five cents that have passed the mail, According to the Scott catalog, it was valued at $575 in 2006, and the ten-cent in excellent condition could be sold at $1,350 in canceled form.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Much less common quick-stamps were estimated at 6.5 and 32.5 thousand dollars, respectively, in excellent condition; the cost of varieties can reach $17,500 for the first stamp in quicklime version and $35,000 for the second stamp on the envelope.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In poor condition, brands cost between 5% and 10% of the price indicated.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In 2018, a block of sixteen 5-cent stamps from 1847 was sold at Robert Siegel for $220,000.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Due to the reduction of tariffs in 1851, there was a need for a new issue.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The new issue stamps had the following denominations and:


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Franklin's profile on a one-cent blue miniature,


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Washington's profile on a red-brown 3-cent stamp,


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Thomas Jefferson's portrait on a 5 cent stamp,


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

portraits of Washington in a green miniature with a face value of 10 cents,


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Same on the 12-cent black stamp.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The one-cent has become legendary, at least among philatelists, as production problems have led to a significant number of cliché modifications, and today there are at least seven main varieties, the cost of which varies from 1.2 thousand to 200 thousand US dollars.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Keen philatelists from time to time discover more and more types of this stamp.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In 1857, a tooth was introduced, and in 1860, 24 cents, 30 and 90 cents were first issued (with new images of Washington and Franklin) [4] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Stamp parcels also appeared in the United States in 1857, and for the first time in the world [11].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Civil War Period


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The outbreak of the Civil War in the United States disrupted the functioning of the mail.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

On April 13, 1861 (the day after the shelling of Fort Sumter), John Reagan, chief postmaster of the Confederate States of America, ordered local postmasters to return the US stamps to Washington. although it is unlikely that many of them have complied with it), and in May, the Unionists decided to withdraw and cancel all existing US stamps and issue new ones.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Confederate post offices were left without valid stamps for several months, and despite the fact that many of them returned to the old cash payment system at the post office, more than a hundred Post offices across the South have issued their own pharmacists.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Many of them have become quite rare, some types of pharmacists have been preserved in single copies.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Over time, the Confederate government issued its own postage stamps [12].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In August, stamps of new drawings appeared in the North, and old stamps were accepted for exchange until the end of the year.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

This whole procedure was completely incomprehensible to people; a number of envelopes from 1862 and later are known with stamps of 1857 and the note “OLD STAMPS NOT RECOGNIZED” (“Old stamps are not recognized”).


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Common to the drawing of stamps of 1861 are the letters “U S” (“USA”).


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The initial issue consisted of denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 12, 24, 30 and 90 cents.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Some of them look similar to their predecessors, differing mainly in the image of the frame.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The 2-cent black stamp with a portrait of Andrew Jackson appeared in 1863 and is now known to collectors as the “Black Jack”.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In 1866, a 15-cent black stamp was issued with a portrait of the recently assassinated President Abraham Lincoln, which is usually considered to belong to the same series of stamps.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Although it was not officially classified as a commemorative stamp and the face value of 15 cents was chosen for the purpose of paying the newly introduced tariff for sending registered letters, many philatelists consider it the first commemorative stamp.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

During the Civil War, the volume of mail sent in the North increased significantly: eventually, about 1.75 billion stamps with a face value of 3 cents were printed.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

A large number of such miniatures have survived to this day; most of them are pink (rose), and their cost when extinguished is usually $2-3.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Brands of bright pink color are much less common and quite expensive, especially “pigeon blood pink”, which in the Scott catalog are estimated at $3,750 for used and $20,000 for clean copies [4] [13].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Wafer


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In the 1860s, the postal department became concerned about the reuse of postage stamps.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Although there is little evidence that this phenomenon was common, many post offices never received any stamp cancellation devices.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Because of this, they were forced to improvise when marking stamps, either writing stamps with a fountain pen (“quenching with a pen”), then cutting out the drawing on the cork, sometimes approaching this matter very creatively, using decorative cork stamps ().


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

However, since low-quality paint could be washed off the brand, this technique could only enjoy moderate success.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In an effort to solve the problem, a number of inventors patented various ideas.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Over time, the postal department adopted the method of wafering postage stamps, that is, pressing them with a device in the form of a pattern of tiny pyramidal protrusions that squeeze out the paper, making breaks in it that can absorb ink more intensively, which practically eliminates their washing off.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Despite the fact that the patent has been preserved (No. 70.147), most of the actual wafering process has been poorly documented, so significant research has been carried out to recreate what when it was done.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The study of stamps shows that 11 types of wafering devices were used, differing in size and shape (philatelists designated them with Latin letters A-J and Z); this practice began in 1867 and was discontinued in 1875 (see more details Waffle stamp) [4] [14].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Waffle stamps are considered rare, most of them cost more than $1000, and the most expensive of all US postage stamps is the “Z Grill”, a one-cent US wafer with type “Z” waffle, of which only two are known.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The cost of this rarity of American philately is currently estimated at $2,970,000 [15] [16], and the Scott catalog (2006) lists an even higher price of $3,000,000 [17].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Stamps of 1869


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In 1868, the US Post Office hired a company to produce new stamps of a wide variety of drawings, which are known as the name.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

These stamps appeared in 1869 and are distinguished by a variety of themes:


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

the two-cent car depicts the Pony Express equestrian courier,


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

on a three-cent car — a steam locomotive,


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

the 12-cent stamp features the Adriatica steamer,


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

the 15-cent stamp features the landing of Christopher Columbus,


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

on the 24 cent stamp — the signing of the Declaration of Independence of the United States.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Other innovations include the first use of two-color printing on US stamps, and as a result, the appearance of the first flips.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Although they are very popular with collectors these days, these stamps with unusual drawings for the time were received very disapprovingly by the public, and only a year later they were replaced by a new issue stamps [4] [18] [19].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In February 2008, the 24-cent upside down stamp sold at auction in the United States for a record amount of more than $1.2 million and thus became the most expensive in the history of philately upside down and a single US stamp.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Another flip from this issue, the 15-cent upside down center, was sold for $800,000 at Siegel Auctions in 2013 [20].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

“Banknotes”


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Stamps of the 1870s and 1880s are generically called “banknotes” because they were printed by the Continental Bank Note Company, the National Bank Note Company, and then the American Bank Note Company Company.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

After the stamp fiasco of 1869, the new chief postmaster decided to base the series of stamps “images of the head, in profile, of outstanding dead Americans”, taking as models “marble busts recognized as excellent quality” [21].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Among the sites were presidents and other nobles, such as Henry Clay and Oliver Hazard Perry.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Initially, they were printed by National, then Continental received them in a row in 1873 (and the printing plates used by National).


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Continental has added secret tags to the printing plates of low-denomination stamps to distinguish them from previous issues.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

American Bank Note Company acquired Continental and National in 1879, and with it successively printed stamps of similar patterns on softer paper and with some changes in color.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Secret tags on U.S. postage stamps made by Continental Bank Note Company


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In 1876, commemorative postage signs appeared in the United States for the first time in the world — anniversary envelopes on the occasion of the celebration of the centenary of independence [11].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Columbus Release


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In 1893, Chicago hosted the Columbus World Exhibition, which was dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the landing of Christopher Columbus in America.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The US Postal Office celebrated the event “”, a series of 16 stamps depicting Columbus and episodes from his life.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The denominations of the stamps ranged from 1 cent to 5 dollars (a significant amount at that time).


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

This series is often considered the first commemorative stamps in the world.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The stamps were interesting and attractive, and the images on them were of interest to collectors and the public.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The stamps were a success, which was in sharp contrast to the thematic issue of 1869: queues lined up in post offices of the country wishing to purchase them.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

They are highly valued by collectors nowadays.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

For example, a $5 stamp is sold today at a price of 1,500 to 10,000 US dollars [4] or more, depending on the condition of the brand being sold.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Emissions of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

During 1893, a competition was also held for a new contract for the printing of postage stamps.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The US Bureau of Engraving and Printing participated in it and won it on the first attempt.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The stamps of the 1894 series were generally similar to the stamps of 1890, but triangles were depicted in their upper corners.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In 1895, counterfeiting of stamps with a nominal value of 2 cents was discovered, which led the Bureau of Engraving and Printing to print stamps on watermarked paper for the first time in US history.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

This practice was discontinued in 1917.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

At the turn of the 20th century


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

It opened in Omaha, Nebraska in 1898.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

On this occasion, the US postal department issued.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Initially, the stamps were supposed to be issued in two colors, but the Spanish-American War used too much resources from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, so the stamps were issued in one color.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

They were received favorably, although not with as much excitement as the Columbus release; but like Columbus's, they are highly valued by collectors these days, many of whom believe that the $1 stamp” Cattle in the West in a Storm” is the most beautiful of all US postage stamps.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Another high achievement in the field of images on stamps was, although some philatelic publications at that time criticized the pretentiousness of the stamp drawings.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Washington-Franklin series


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In 1908, a long production began.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Despite the existence of only two basic drawings, the profile image of portraits of Washington and Franklin, the US Post Office went through a period of experiments.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

As a result, several varieties of drawing appeared, half a dozen different teeth, three types of watermarks, three printing methods, and a large number of denominations, which together gives several hundred recognizable types of stamps identified by collectors.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Some of them are quite rare, but most are found in large numbers: it was a time of postcard madness, and almost every antique shop in the United States always has postcards with green stamps in denominations of 1 or 2 cents from this series.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

At this time, the regular production of individual commemorative stamps began instead of the large series characteristic of the 1890s, about one or two stamps per year.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

1920s and 1930s


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Among the US postage stamps of the third decade of the 20th century, the 1922-1925 series prevailed, which included a stamp with a new pattern that appeared for the first time in the life of an entire generation.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Low-denomination stamps depicted portraits of US presidents (while the five-cent was dedicated to the memory of the recently deceased Theodore Roosevelt), and high-denomination stamps depicted “Hollow Horn” Bear), the Statue of Liberty, the Golden Gate (without a bridge that has not yet been built), Niagara Falls, Bison, Lincoln Memorial, etc. While these stamps were in circulation, the printing industry of postage stamps underwent a transition from a flat printing machine to a rotary machine, as a result of which most of them are known with two teeth: 11 for stamps, flat printing and 11 × 10½ y stamps printed on a rotary press.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The 1920s marked a number of 150th anniversaries related to the American Revolutionary War.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

A number of stamps were dedicated to these events.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Among them is the first souvenir miniature sheet of the United States of 25 stamps issued on the occasion of her 150th anniversary, and the first overprint (Molly Pitcher) in honor of the heroine.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In 1929, the problem of stamp theft in the Midwest led to the appearance of overprints “Kans.” (“Kansas”) and “Nebr.” (“Nebraska”) on standard issue stamps.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

German zeppelins aroused great interest during this period, and in 1930, the U.S. Post Office issued airship mail for use during the Pan American flight of the airship Graf Zeppelin .


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Although these stamps are now highly valued by collectors as masterpieces of the art of engraving, the recent stock market crash in 1930 meant that few people could afford to buy these stamps , since the cost of the kit was $4.55, which was money for a family of four to live a week.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Nowadays, this series is also not cheap: the price for the specialized Scott catalog (“Scott-2010 Stamp Values U.S. Specialized”) is $11,500 in perfect condition.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Of the millionth circulation of each denomination, less than 10% were sold, and the rest of the stamps were burned (the stamps were on sale only from April 19, 1930 to June 30, 1930).


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

It is estimated that less than 8 percent of printed stamps have survived to this day, and they remain the smallest issue of 20th century US stamps: only 229.260 stamps were purchased and only 61,296 copies of the stamp were purchased with a face value of $2.60 was sold.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Many of the 1930s stamp designs were inspired or modified in accordance with President Franklin Roosevelt's advice.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

“Presidents”


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The famous “Presidential Issue” of stamps, called “Presidents” for short, was published in 1938.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The series featured all 29 American presidents up to Calvin Coolidge as images of small busts in the same color up to 50 cents, and multicolor for $1, 2 and $5.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Additional stamps issued featured Franklin (½ cent), Martha Washington (1½ cent) and the White House (4½ cent).


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The post-World War II period


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The post-war postage stamp program has been consistently carried out for many years: single commemorative stamps were constantly issued with a face value equal to the cost of sending a letter to the first class.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Beginning in 1948, the US Congress began to push for the issuance of stamps by the postal authority at the suggestion of individual states, which led to a relatively massive issue of obscure stamps, which remained unmanageable until its creation in 1957.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

1954, printed at the height of the Cold War, was somewhat more “politicized” than previous issues.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The purple 3-cent stamp (a common rate for first-class mail) depicts the Statue of Liberty and bears the inscription “Trust in God”, which, by the way, is the first the case of a direct mention of religion on the US stamp.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Other stamps in the series also focus on freedom, as in the case of the Patrick Henry stamp, although other subjects, such as the image of Benjamin Harrison, are more difficult to explain.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

However, perhaps the appearance of the stamp with the portrait of Harrison in this series is due to his support for the rights of the black population of the United States.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The release of Freedom in the 1960s was followed.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

It was replaced in the 1970s.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

After the reorganization of the US Postal Service and the appearance of the US Postal Service in 1971, the CSAC continues to decide on the issue of commemorative stamps.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

US Modern Brands


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The first self-adhesive stamp was a 10-cent Christmas stamp issued in 1974.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

This first experience of the US Post is not considered successful, since the surviving stamps, although common, are gradually discolored due to the type of adhesive used.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

After that, self-adhesives were not produced in the United States until 1989, but since then they have gradually gained such popularity that in 2004 only a small number of stamps with a traditional adhesive layer were issued ( which US postal employees now fondly call (“hand stamps”).


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In 1975, US Christmas stamps came out unnominal, as they were printed in the summer and US postal administration officials could not predict in advance what postal tariffs would be by Christmas [23].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Accordingly, in 1980 and 1981, the production of the series and.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Roll stamps of the Transport series have been in constant circulation for about 20 years.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The Great Americans series is still being issued (in 2004).


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Despite the growing popularity of e-mail and the decrease in the volume of postal items, many commemorative stamps continue to be issued, but more and more often they immediately reach collectors, then as the everyday mail of an ordinary American is dominated by unspecified postage marks issued specifically for companies and enterprises.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

At the same time, for example, decisions on the issue of commemorative stamps continue to be made by the CSAC.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

On April 12, 2007, it went on sale at a face value of 41 cents, which will be suitable for sending first-class letters up to 20 grams at any time in the future — regardless of price changes.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

From May 12, 2008 to January 22, 2012, the tariff for sending such postal items was 42 cents [24].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Currently, the cost of the “eternal” stamp is 49 cents.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Key historical dates


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

1847 — The first US postage stamps are put into circulation.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

1851 — The world's first first day cover appeared.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

1857 — serrated postage stamps were issued.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

1860 — the Pony Express postal service was organized, which had its own postage stamps.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

1873 — release of nine episodes for the Office of the President, the Ministry of Justice, the military and other departments, which differed in color with the same pattern and denominations [25].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

1885 — for the first time in the world, stamps of hasty mail (or express mail) were published [26].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

1893 — The first issue of commemorative stamps on the occasion of the Chicago World's Fair.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

1918 — the first ones were released, including the famous “Inverted Jenny” [15] [16] [27] [28].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

1920 — service stamps were issued for the needs of postal services with the inscription (“Opened in service”), which were pasted on letters if opened to determine the recipient or sender [25].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

1958 — famous artists began to be involved in the creation of stamps.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Philately development


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In the early period of the formation and development of philately, which occurred in the second half of the 19th century, collecting postage marks gained significant popularity in the United States.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

By this time, large collectors began to appear in America, as in many European countries, collecting collections of postage stamps around the world.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Beginning in 1868, American amateurs began to organize into the first associations or unions of postage stamp collectors [1].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Later, at the turn of the 20th century, the number of philatelist societies in the United States (together with Germany) made up the majority of such associations in the world [11].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The oldest and most famous among them was the American Philatelic Society, founded in 1886.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

US President Franklin Roosevelt, elected to this post in 1933, was known as a major philatelist.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

He was known not only as an avid collector on his own (he had about 1 million stamps in his collection), but also because of his interest in the stamp issue carried out by postal the US agency: under his influence in the 1930s, the plots of many American brands were created.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In 1975, Scott Publishing published a book commissioned by the US Postal Service: (United States Stamps and Stories: A Fascinating Stamp Saga of US History).


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

On the flyleaf of the book it was stated: “Stamps are small pictures that tell big stories.”


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The book listed and described US stamps issued in honor of various historical events and figures of the American state.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Among others, the publication collected stories about stamps dedicated to George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Walt Whitman, Abraham Lincoln, Franklin Roosevelt, Albert Einstein, etc. The book also included several sections with practical advice useful for philatelists, especially beginners [29].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Among the numerous philatelic exhibitions of national and international level that are organized in the United States, the international exhibition Interfil-76 stands out.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

It was held in 1976 in Philadelphia in connection with the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the founding of the United States.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

For this event, the US postal authority issued a stamp and four blocks [30].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In the Soviet Union, a special postmark was prepared, which was used during the exhibition for souvenir cancellations.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

Interesting facts


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

In 2009, despite the financial crisis, a 1915 US postage stamp was unexpectedly sold at auction at a high price.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

This was a quick and in impeccable condition 10-cent miniature from a commercial series timed to coincide with the Panama Pacific Exhibition, which captures the scene of the opening of San Francisco Bay.


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

The sale of this brand amounted to $105,000, which is more than 50 times its catalog value [32].


Question: How were the first US postage stamps issued?

United States postage stamps

On September 11, 2012, the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp to mark the 150th anniversary of O. Henry [33].