Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Thus, schools with the main Russian language in the 1926/27 academic year were less than 1%, while Belarusian were 92%, and Polish and Jewish, respectively, 2.6% and 4% [49].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

At the same time, the number of Belarusian schools among the highest seven-year schools in terms of status at the same time was 67% (according to other sources, 57% [49]), and at the Belarusian State University (the only in the BSSR) only 31% of subjects were taught in Belarusian [50].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Similar processes took place in the territories of the RSFSR adjacent to the Byelorussian SSR.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Thus, in the mid-1930s, only in the Smolensk region of the RSFSR, there were 99 Belarusian schools with the number of students of St.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

10 thousand people


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Language policy in 1933-1989.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

From the late 1920s and early 1930s, there were trends in the Soviet Union towards the rapprochement of the peoples of the USSR.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In accordance with the official doctrine, the basis for such convergence was considered the Russian ethnos, language and culture [40].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Candidate of Philological Sciences I. Klimov writes:


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The Bolshevik state, which for the first time in history carried out an experiment to create a new society and a new person, also considered language as an object of special manipulations aimed at achieving certain, non-linguistic goals.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

An important direction of such manipulations since 1930 has been the consolidation of Russian influence in the norms of the literary languages of other peoples of the USSR.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

This increased cultural homogeneity [homogeneity] among the peoples of the Soviet Empire, muffled their aspirations for separatism, and contributed to their cultural and linguistic assimilation.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

During the years of mass repression (1937-1938) on false charges (espionage activities, participation in the so-called “National Democratic Party”, preparation for the creation of a bourgeois Belarusian state, etc.) a large number of Belarusian scientists and intellectuals were repressed.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

As Belarusian emigrants in the West testified, people in cities often avoided using the Belarusian language in public so as not to be suspected of “bourgeois nationalism” [52].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In the course of Russification, which intensified in the 1930s, processes were observed that had different forms and rates, differing in the reaction to them from different ethnic groups, which was determined by the linguistic groups include whether there were differences or similarities with Russians in lifestyle and management, whether there was a mixed, alternate, separate settlement with Russians.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Among the East Slavic non-Russian peoples of the USSR — Belarusians and Ukrainians — due to the close relationship of these peoples with Russians, the process of Russification was close in most aspects.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In the process of Russification of non-Slavic peoples — Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Caucasian, Baltic, northern — significant differences were observed in the forms, methods and scale of these processes.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

From the mid-1930s until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, in regions with a compact residence of Belarusians outside the Byelorussian SSR itself, there was a massive closure of Belarusian schools, so only in the Smolensk Region of the RSFSR during this period, all 99 previously created Belarusian schools were closed or translated into Russian [51].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The implementation of the language policy in the BSSR was carried out in two directions that complemented each other:


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Narrowing the use of the Belarusian language in public life and replacing it with Russian;


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Comprehensive Russification of the Belarusian language admitted to public use.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The percentage of printed publications in the Belarusian language gradually decreased.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In 1946, the circulation of magazines in Russian in the BSSR was 1%, by 1955 it reached 31%.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In 1970, the total circulation of books published in the Belarusian language amounted to 9 million copies.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

while Russian speakers — 16 million copies [53].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Books in Belarusian in 1950, 1965 and 1970 accounted for 85%, 31% and 37% of the total number of books printed in Belarus.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Newspapers: 85%, 57% and 38%


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

But the share of magazines, on the contrary, increased: 74%, 75% and 81% [54].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In 1958, 1,191 books and brochures were published in the BSSR with a total circulation of 14.5 million copies, of which 8.8 million copies were published in Belarusian [55]; in 1989, 2,980 books were published and brochures with a total circulation of 59 million copies, of which 396 books and brochures with a total circulation of 9.3 million copies were published in Belarusian [56].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In 1958, a school reform was carried out, according to which parents received the right to choose the language of instruction and the right to determine whether their children need to learn the national language.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

As a result, the number of national schools and students in them fell sharply [57] [58].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Thus, in 1969, 30% of schoolchildren in the BSSR did not study Belarusian, and 90% in Minsk.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

[59] Researchers explained this phenomenon by the fact that parents, for the benefit of their children, preferred to give them education in a language that would contribute to the continuation of education in Russian-speaking secondary schools special and higher educational institutions both in Belarus itself and abroad, which in the end should create the prerequisites for a successful career.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

As noted by V. M. Alpatov says:


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

“Thus, a seemingly paradoxical situation arose: many national schools relied more on support from above, sometimes by inertia, while from below there was a desire to switch to education in Russian (which did not exclude the study of the mother language as a subject)” [60]


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The greatest displacement of the Belarusian language took place in the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

A broad discussion about methods of teaching the Russian language in national republics ended in August 1956 with an inter-republican conference in Tashkent, where it was noted that the Russian language has become everything Soviet peoples with a “second native language” and a means of enriching the vocabulary of national languages.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The subsequent campaign to introduce the Russian language into all spheres of life of the national republics met with a protest from part of the national intelligentsia, which, after the 20th Party Congress, began speak out more freely.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Even the top leadership of the BSSR condemned the scale of Russification.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In January 1959, at a reception in honor of the fortieth anniversary of the BSSR, which was attended by N. S. Khrushchev, First Secretary of the CPB Central Committee K. Mazurov delivered a speech in Belarusian.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Khrushchev was outraged why the speech was not in Russian.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

A little later, Khrushchev was even more clear: “The sooner we all speak Russian, the sooner we will build communism.”


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

After that, the Belarusian language began to be ousted from the positions it still held, which especially intensified after the change of the First Secretary of the CPB Central Committee P. Masherov in 1965.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

On May 26, 1983, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution on increasing the salaries of Russian language teachers in Belarusian-language schools [53]


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

From January 1984, the resolution provided for an increase of 15% in the salaries of teachers of preparatory and second to third grades who knew Russian and taught Russian language and literature in 4-11 classes of general education schools of all types [53].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Language policy in the Republic of Belarus after 1991


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Since the late 1980s, the so-called Second Belarusian Revival began [62].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

On January 26, 1990, the Law “On Languages in the Byelorussian SSR” was adopted, which gave


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Belarusian language has the status of the state language.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Already in September, the Council of Ministers of the BSSR adopted the State Program for the Development of the Belarusian Language and Other National Languages


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

According to the Law on Languages, the Republic of Belarus “ensures the comprehensive development and functioning of the Belarusian language in all spheres of public life”, “shows state concern for free development and use of all national languages used by the population of the republic”, “ensures the right to freely use the Russian language as the language of interethnic communication of peoples”, “creates citizens of the Republic of Belarus have the necessary conditions for studying the Belarusian and Russian languages and perfect mastery of them” [63].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The adoption of the Law on Languages was a measure to protect the language, which is being replaced by the Russian language before our eyes.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The status of the state language makes it possible to restore the ethnic language at least in the narrow sphere of official stationery and thereby stop its general displacement from life [64].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

As N. B.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Mechkovskaya:


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

“Despite certain uncertainty and, in general, tolerance of the Belarusian Law on Languages, which, in particular, guarantees citizens the right to appeal to the authorities in any language (Article 3), the state the status of the Belarusian language does not infringe on the rights of the Russian-speaking population (as, of course, the use of the Belarusian language in everyday communication cannot ensure). But even this norm is not supported by the majority of residents. Speaking for bilingualism, the majority of the population of Belarus (including the majority of Belarusians) actually speaks in favor of maintaining the existing trends in the language situation and, therefore, reconciles with the ousting of the Belarusian by Russians” [65]


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

After the declaration of independence, active measures began to be taken to oust the Russian language by the Belarusian language, or rather to stop the displacement of the Belarusian language by Russians.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

But after A. G. Lukashenko, the issue of languages was submitted to a nationwide referendum in 1995.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

To the question “Are you happy with Ruskay mov rounaga status with Belarusian?” , 83.3 per cent of those who voted answered “yes” and only 12.7 per cent answered “no”.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

After the referendum, the forced transition to the Belarusian language stopped and the reverse process began [66].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

According to the Rada of the Belarusian People's Republic (groups of emigrants claiming to be a government in exile of the BPR that has not existed since the end of 1918), today the Russification policy is being pursued by the regime of President of the Republic of Belarus Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko:


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Contributing to Moscow's aspirations, the Lukashenka regime is destroying everything Belarusian in Belarus.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

State television and radio have been translated into Russian, Belarusian-language publications are being liquidated, and nationally oriented writers are deprived of the opportunity to publish in state publishing houses.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In many settlements, children are deprived of the opportunity to study in Belarusian, as Belarusian-language classes have been eliminated.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Russification today in Belarus is being carried out so intensively for the first time since the destructive policy of Russian tsarism in the 19th century [67].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Russification assessments


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The policy of Russification in modern Belarusian historiography is assessed ambiguously.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

According to Belarusian historian Leonid Lych, Russification is a purposeful policy of the authorities of the Russian Empire and the USSR to deliberately separate the Belarusian people from historical traditions and native culture and language and the implantation of the Russian language and culture [68].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Vsevolod Shimov, Candidate of Political Sciences, shares a different assessment.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In his opinion, the widespread use of the Russian language in Belarus is not at all a consequence of the policy of Russification.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Shimov argues that the Russian language naturally occupied the niche of the language of urban culture in Belarus, which has never previously functioned in the Belarusian language, created relatively late based on regional village dialects.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

He points out that the perception of the Russian language as an all-East Slavic (all-Russian) literary standard — the “heir” of Church Slavonic and Old Russian — was quite organic for local Orthodox population [69].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Notes


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Literature


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Darius Stalyunas.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Borders in the borderlands: Belarusians and the ethnolinguistic policy of the empire on the western outskirts during the reform period//Ab Imperio.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

— 2003.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

— #1.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

— P. 261—292.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Lych L. Rusіfikatsyya//Belarus.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Entsyklapedychny davednik.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

— Mn.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

: Belarusian Encyclapedyya imya P.Brouki, 1995.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Rusіfikatsyya//Encyklapedyya history of Belarus.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

— Mn.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

, 2001.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Stankevich C. Rusifikatsyya Belarusian mov BSSR and supratsiv rusіfikatsyynamu pratses.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

— Mn.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

: Navuka and tekhnika, 1994.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

— 79 p.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Category:History of Belarus


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Category:Russification


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

Amphitrite (Ancient Greek: Mphytritis) - in ancient Greek mythology [1] one of the Nereids, according to Hesiod, the daughter of the sea god Nereus and Dorida (or daughter of Ocean and Tethys, according to Pseudo-Apollodorus).


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

Poseidon's wife, mother of Triton, Rhoda and Bentesikima [2].


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

When she learned of Poseidon's desire to marry her, she ran to Atlanta, where she was caught (or persuaded) by a dolphin sent by Poseidon and taken to her lord [3].


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

As a sea goddess, she was often depicted sitting next to her husband on a chariot drawn by seahorses or newts, or riding a newt.


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

Amphitrite was revered by many on a par with Poseidon, and statues were erected to it, for example, in the temple on Tenos Island.


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

In art, it is difficult to distinguish it from other Nereids if it does not have royal attributes or a trident near it.


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

Pindar calls it “Golden Spindle Amphitrite” [4].


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

Sometimes referred to as “mother Nereid” [5].


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

She gave Theseus a golden wreath [6].


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

In honor of Amphitrite are named: the asteroid (29) Amphitrite, discovered in 1854, as well as a crater on Mars.


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

Notes


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

References


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

Media related to Amphitrite at Wikimedia Commons


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

Category:Ancient Greek goddesses


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

Category:Nereids


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

Category:Ancient Greek sea goddesses


Question: What was Aristide's wife's name?

Amphitrite

Category:Gods alphabetically


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev (August 11, 1856, Moscow —, Petrograd) was a Russian revolutionary populist, people's leader, landowner, Social Revolutionaries.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

A long-term insurgent, political activist; historian, writer, memoirist — the author of memoirs containing valuable information about the revolutionary movement, interesting information about exile and “prison riddles” — including the revelations of many provocateurs, informers and other undercover officers of Division III.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Biography


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Father N. S. Tyutchev Sergey Nikolaevich (1820-1898) - cousin of the poet Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Naval Officer (1845), later Full State Councilor S. N. Tyutchev (1820—1898), head of the Moscow Land Survey Chancellery (1854), manager of the St. Petersburg Udelnaya Office [1], widowed, raised three sons and daughter Natalia [2].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

His favorite Nikolai graduated from the private gymnasium of May (1868-1874), studied at the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy (1874—1877) and at the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg University (1877—1878).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The mother of N. S. Tyutcheva — Maria Ivanovna Rushko († September 13, 1865) [3] [4].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The beginning of revolutionary activity


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

1874 — living with relatives in Simbirsk, Nikolai Tyutchev becomes a Bakunist populist (Bakunin's “propaganda by action”) [4].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

1874 — for insulting the prisoner's guard, he was sentenced by the Simbirsk District Court to a fine of 75 rubles — coming up to the transferred “almost close, and grabbing a revolver, fired several shots over the crowd, and then, pointing to the convoy, he said to the arrested: “This is how you guys should treat them...”


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

1875 — arrest in the case of N. AND. Kibalchich; N. Tyutchev was released on a cash bail of 1,000 rubles paid by his father, and the case was closed due to an indisputable alibi [5].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

1876 — in March, participates in a demonstration at the funeral of student P. Chernysheva [6].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

1877 — July 19 with metalworker A. K. Presnyakov and A. A. Kvyatkovsky took part in the liquidation of agent Sharashkin; in the fall with A. A. Kvyatkovsky was preparing the liquidation of agent Kirill Belanov, who knew Nikolai Tyutchev under the name of Pyotr Gromov - on Basseynaya Street, in an apartment rented for this purpose by M. Osinskaya, Ivan Grossman, a bourgeois, reported on the preparation of this action on October 21.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

1876-78 - “hillbilly”, but propagandist among the city proletariat, as part of the Disorganization Group fought against provocateurs and spies of the III branch [3].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

November 9, 1877 — January 15, 1878 he worked as a timesheet in the office of the Vasileostrovsky Cartridge Plant, conducting propaganda among workers — he was dismissed due to political unreliability: he was preparing the escape of arrested A.  K. Presnyakov from the Kolomna part.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Education and origin from an ancient noble family made N. S. Tyutchev in the eyes of the police is one of the “most dangerous political criminals”.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

He was a friend of the famous leader of the rebels, founder of “Earth and Freedom” and “Narodnaya Volya” A. A. Kvyatkovsky (1852—1880; hanged).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Parties, assassinations, exiles, escapes, provocateurs...


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Barguzin


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

After his arrest on Novaya Bumagopryadilnya (March 2, 1878), together with other initiators and participants of the strike, including N. Vasiliev, S. Somov V. Bondarev and A. S. Maksimov-Druzhbinin (G. IN. Plekhanov), N. S. Tyutchev (“Tyutka”) handed over his underground passport to the latter at the police station, which allowed him to escape; N. S. Tyutchev during the search was found a loaded revolver.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

As long wanted, Nikolai Tyutchev was sent to the Kolomna police unit of St. Petersburg in a separate cell, later, after being held in the prison of the third department (Panteleymonovskaya Street, house No. 9) [7 ], he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress (from May 22 to June 23), where, given his exceptional danger, Nikolai Tyutchev was visited by the chief of the III department, General N. IN. Mezentsev;


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

after which he was transferred back to the Kolomna part, and on June 26 to the Spasskaya part.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

He was involved in an inquiry on charges of propaganda among workers and organizing the murder of K. Belanova.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

By the highest order that followed on August 9, 1878, the case was resolved administratively due to insufficient evidence to betray N. Tyutchev to court, but with his expulsion under police supervision due to his extreme political unreliability; by order of N. IN. Mezentsev (since August 26, 1878) N. S. Tyutchev was first exiled to Eastern Siberia (sent from St. Petersburg on August 22).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

He arrived in Barguzin under escort on October 19, 1878.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

He was arrested there on April 28, 1880 after Heinrich Yuete's denunciation of April 28, 1880 that he “educates children in Barguzin and travels to villages, distributing it among peasants” anti-government ideas “”, after which N. Tyutchev was involved in an inquiry that took place on May 1, 1880, but was released from custody by order of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia on July 13, 1880.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The case against him was dismissed for lack of evidence [8] [9].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

At the same time, Sergei Nikolaevich Tyutchev, having a hard time worrying about what is happening to his son and trying to alleviate his fate in some way, is looking for support from his cousin, at that time - chairman of the Congress of World judges of the Dmitrovsky district of the Moscow province, which was extremely respected by the public and enjoyed great authority in legal circles; December 19, 1880, S. N. Tyutchev writes to him from St. Petersburg about his unsuccessful appeals to the Minister of Internal Affairs, Count M. T. Loris-Melikov (in February 1880, revolutionaries made an attempt on the count) and Governor-General of Eastern Siberia D. G. Anuchin [10]:


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Heartily and esteemed Ivan Fedorovich!


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

In my note, which you agreed to submit to Count Mikhail Tarielovich, I especially rebel against the arbitrariness of the local authorities regarding administrative exiles... When I touched on the need for a humane, Christian attitude towards persons who are already harmless and have suffered such a severe punishment... General Anuchin made it clear to me that he did not share my way of thinking, since the exiles “did not act humanely themselves”... Having learned from my answer to the question he made that my son was taken near a factory on the Obvodny Canal, where workers demanded underpaid money and where order was the next day, due to satisfaction of workers, restored... — “Ah! Was your son on strike? He is a white bone and knew that he would go unpunished, while ordinary workers would go under the whip!” - To my surprise and statement that the gatherings near the Obvodny Canal took place without any consequences, the Governor-General continued with special ardor: “... I would look for white people at every strike bones, and if I got one, he would have answered me alone.”


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— Then the Governor-General found it necessary to spread the fact that everyone in Siberia shies away from administrative-exiles like a plague...; that they cannot be compared with exiled Poles who suffered for their beliefs... I came out from g. Anuchin morally exhausted for a long time... [4]


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Rumors of involvement in regicide


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

On March 9 (21), 1881, the newspaper Golos (editor A. A. Kraevsky) posted the following note [4]:


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

We are told as a rumor that the attacker who died in the Konyushenny Hospital, who threw the second bomb that plunged the whole of Russia into mourning, is a fugitive criminal named Tyutchev.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Nikolai Tyutchev's father, driving in a horse near the place of regicide a few days before the assassination attempt, saw a young man out the window, then mistook him for his son, and when he learned about this turn of the case, was naturally more than excited.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Before identification of the deceased terrorist I. AND. Grinevitsky was initially considered the murderer of Alexander II, indeed, N. S. Tyutchev, but he, as mentioned above, was in Siberia, by the decision of the soon murdered chief of the III department N. IN. Mezentseva.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Nevertheless, the authorities immediately made a request to the Governor of Irkutsk regarding the whereabouts of exile N. S. Tyutchev [3] [4] [11].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Escaping


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

On June 9, 1881, N. S. Tyutchev together with E.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

K. Breshkovskaya, I. L. Linev [12] and K. ME.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Shamarin [13] escaped - after a capture that occurred a month later (the fugitives were preparing for two years, intending to reach the Pacific Ocean, managed to escape from their pursuers in unimaginably difficult conditions for more than 150 miles), was placed in Verkhneudinsk, where he was kept in a guardhouse (about 4 months) [14].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Further, after being transferred to the Yakutsk Region at the end of October 1881 for escaping, he was imprisoned in the 2nd Zhekhsogonsky Nasleg of the Boturussky Ulus of Yakutia.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

By the resolution of the Special Conference of April 26, 1882, the supervision period for Nikolai Tyutchev was set at five years (from September 1, 1881).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

For a month and a half he was under arrest for clashes with a local police officer.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

In Yakutia, N. S. Tyutchev meets V. G. Korolenko [15].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Since January 1884, N. S. Tyutchev was subjected to thorough perlustration.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

By resolution of the Special Conference of October 23, 1886, the supervision period was extended for another two years with transfer to the Yenisei province.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

In 1887, while on his way to Krasnoyarsk, he was held in the Irkutsk prison, where on April 22, 1887, Nikolai Tyutchev was searched, in which encrypted correspondence with state criminals.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

In September 1887, he arrived to live under public supervision in Krasnoyarsk.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

By the resolution of the Special Conference of June 27, 1888, the supervision period was extended for another two years with transfer to the Orenburg province.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Without using the transfer, he stayed in Krasnoyarsk, where his apartment served as “a gathering place for supervised persons and a shelter for political exiles” [16]; on March 12, 1890, Vladimir Muratov was detained in it, who fled from the Yenisei province.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

At the end of the period of public supervision on September 9, 1890, he received permission to return to European Russia with restrictions on his place of residence.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

In December 1890 he left Siberia; in 1891 he lived in Orenburg, and in 1892 he settled in Novgorod, where he was under secret supervision.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

At the same time, lawyer Yu.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

M. Antonovsky, whose translation of Friedrich Nietzsche's Zarathustra is still considered the best; later in the same house as Yu.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

M. Antonovsky's daughters will live in Tsarskoye Selo.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

N. S. Tyutchev visited G. AND. Uspensky in the Kolmovo Psychiatric Hospital.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

These meetings are described in a fictional form in the story by Yu.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Davydov “Evenings in Kolmov”.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The author makes an attempt to demonstrate N. S. Tyutchev on the example of his conversations with the writer and opposition to Marxist V. F. Kozhevnikova.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Subsequently, life pushed Nikolai Tyutchev with his son-in-law G. AND. Uspensky — B.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Savinkov.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

People's law.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The second link.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Social Revolutionaries


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

N. S. Tyutchev is one of the organizers and the main leader of the People's Law party.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

It was also formed by M. A. Natanson; this organization began in the summer of 1893 at the Saratov Conference (V. G. Korolenko N. K. Mikhailovsky, N. F. Annensky [17] and other representatives of opposition circles).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The party, in addition to capitals and Saratov, had representatives in Orel, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Ufa, Baku, Tbilisi, Rostov-on-Don, Kharkov and other cities.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The manifesto and brochure “Urgent Issue”, printed in an underground printing house in Smolensk, declared the main tasks, including “uniting all opposition elements of the country for struggle against autocracy and ensuring the rights of citizens and human for all” [18].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Shortly after the party's center was moved to St. Petersburg, and in connection with the arrest of N. S. Tyutchev, in 1894 it was liquidated.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The People's Law party was a defender of the interests of wealthy elements of the village and the wealthy part of the urban intelligentsia.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

In addition to those mentioned, the following were involved in this direction: O. IN. Aptekman A. AND. Bogdanovich V. A. Bodayev, A. IN. Gedeonovsky, V. A. Goltsev, G. F. Zdanovich, M. P. Miklashevsky, P. F. Nikolayev, M. A. Plotnikov [19], N. M. Flerov [20] [21] and others who actively participated in the work of the organization.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Later, a number of activists shared the views of the cadets [3] [4] [22].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

On the night of April 21, 1894, in Novgorod, N. S. Tyutchev was arrested and, upon arrival in St. Petersburg, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress (April 23, 1894 — March 1895; cell No. 64 of Alekseevsky Ravelin), then in the Pre-trial Detention House.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

N. S. Tyutchev recalls his stay in Petropavlovka [23]:


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

He is again involved in an inquiry about the secret of the Smolensk party printing house Narodny Prava, since, while at the head of the party, he was directly involved in its structure and work, and also handed it over to “fraudulent passport for criminal purposes” printing house.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

By the highest order, on November 22, 1895, the case of Nikolai Tyutchev was resolved administratively with the imputation of pre-trial detention, followed by expulsion under public supervision for eight years in remote places in Eastern Siberia.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

At the request of Sergei Nikolaevich Tyutchev, he was moved to Minusinsk, where he arrived on August 24, 1894.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

In 1897, N. S. Tyutchev was allowed a short stay in Krasnoyarsk for treatment, and in 1898 - permanent residence under particularly close supervision.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

In 1903, he was allowed to temporarily come to Irkutsk, where in May 1904 he was arrested again, imprisoned in Irkutsk prison and involved in an inquiry with L. Broido and N. Kudryavtsev; after his release, in addition to public supervision, special police supervision was established over him.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

By the decision of the Provincial Conference (August 24, 1904), this case was closed [3] [4].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

1894 — deported to Minusinsk under public police supervision for 8 years.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

1903 — received permission to go to Irkutsk, where he joined the Social Revolutionaries.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Returning from exile, he joined the party organization of the Social Revolutionaries (according to other sources - 1904) [4] [22].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

With the end of his supervision in the fall of 1904, Nikolai Tyutchev returned to European Russia; in early 1905 he returned to St. Petersburg, where he joined the Central Committee of the Social Revolutionaries Party.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

As a member of the party's combat organization — with P. S. Ivanovskaya in 1905 participated in the preparation of an attempt on Major General D. F. Trepov, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich and even the Tsar himself.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

During the defeat of the combat organization in St. Petersburg (March 16—17, 1905), N. S. Tyutchev was not arrested “in the form of preserving an intelligence source” (Tatarov and Azef).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Issued by N. YU.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Tatarov (Kostrov) in 1906 — released on bail and emigrated.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

N. S. Tyutchev knew B.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

IN. Savinkov (1879—1925) and many other leaders of the Social Revolutionaries; later he collaborated with many of them and corresponded, as well as with figures of Russian culture — already mentioned by V. G. Korolenko and N. F. Annensky [24], N. A. Morozov, N. K. Mikhailovsky, E.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

K. Pekarsky.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

About Savinkov, the writer in the memoirs of N. S. Tyutchev has interesting and impartial observations.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Together with the same detailed analysis by M. Gorbunova (E. E. Kolosov), they give a serious critical assessment of both creativity and personality of this, according to Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, an “athlete of the revolution” [25] [26] [27].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Emigration.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Coming back.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Literary activity


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

While abroad (in Italy — until 1914, he returned to Russia from France — no earlier than 1917), N. S. Tyutchev worked at the Paris center of the Social Revolutionaries Party, collaborated in V. L. Burtsev; translated the works of French socialists, in particular, individual volumes of Jaurès's Great French Revolution, Louis Dubreille's The Commune [28], etc.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

, wrote historical articles.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

In 1913-1914, N. S. Tyutchev wrote memoirs in which he showed himself to be a “bright, observant writer”.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

At the beginning of the First World War, he finally withdrew from participation in the revolutionary movement [3].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

In 1917, the Provisional Government transferred the materials of the III Division and the Police Department (since August 6, 1880) to the “Special Commission for the Analysis of Cases of the Police Department”, in which N. S. Tyutchev, together with P. E.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Shchegolev took part in the analysis of documents, in April 1918, these materials were transferred to the disposal of the Special Commission at the Secret Department of the Historical and Revolutionary Archive in St. Petrograd”, and since it was headed by N. S. Tyutchev, it went down in history as the “Tyutchev Commission”.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

This institution continued to systematize and describe the cases and documents of the department, examined the documents of secret security agents.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

At the end of 1919, the commission handed over the materials to the “secret table” at the Historical and Revolutionary Archive of Petrograd, whose employee N. S. Tyutchev has been since 1918 [29].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

In the period after 1917, N. S. Tyutchev, on the basis of his own experience and archival materials, wrote a number of articles revealing the mechanisms of the investigation and secret services, exposing provocateurs, containing interesting information about the secrets of dungeons.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

He has compiled a “dictionary of provocateurs” containing about 5,000 names [3].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Tyutchev exposed Ivan Okladsky as an agent of the police department.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

N. S. Tyutchev was a member of the Society of Former Political Residents and Exiled Settlers.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Since 1923, he has been the closest employee of the magazine “Hard Labor and Link” and its literary representative in Petrograd.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

He died in Petrograd on January 31, 1924 from a cerebral hemorrhage and was buried at the Literatorskie Mostki of the Volkovo Cemetery [3] [22].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Personal life


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The first wife was Raisa Lvovna Pribyleva (nee Rozalia Lvovna Grossman, 1858-1900), a member of Narodnaya Volya, convicted in the case of “seventeen Narodnaya Volya” (1883); her first marriage was married to Narodovolets A. IN. Pribylev [30].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Her niece is psychoanalyst and teacher Vera Fedorovna Schmidt, wife of Otto Yulievich Schmidt; nephew is Social Revolutionaries maximalist Vladimir Osipovich Lichtenstadt.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

From this marriage, his son was Sergei Nikolaevich Tyutchev (1886—1918, Kiev), an officer of the Life Guards Sapper Battalion, a cavalier of St. George.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The second wife, Agnia Alexandrovna Matskevich (circa 1880 — after 1913), was the granddaughter of the Polish rebel Ksyondz Antony Matskevich (? —1863, hanged), one of the leaders of the 1863 uprising in Lithuania.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

This marriage has a son and two daughters: Mark Nikolaevich Tyutchev (October 8, 1901-1925), graduated from the Irkutsk Cadet Corps with the rank of vice-non-commissioned officer (1920), student of the Mining Institute in Petrograd (1922); Maria Nikolaevna Tyutcheva (April 7, 1905—1921, Constantinople); Vera Nikolaevna Tyutcheva (August 28, 1908—2006, St. Petersburg), ballerina, her husband, Vyacheslav Semenovich Kalitaev, sailor (repressed and shot in 1941, rehabilitated in 1962) [31] [32].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Kidnapping of Tyutchev's children


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

In August 1910, when N. S. Tyutchev in Italian emigration, his second wife, who was in Paris, in collusion with a number of persons (with Andrei Kolegaev, later one of the leaders of the Left Social Revolutionaries, with Zinaida Klapina, a member of terrorist Social Revolutionaries unit, wife of a member of the ZD of the AKP Central Committee V. The manufacturer, with the latter, and others), organized the kidnapping of Nikolai Sergeevich's children in Cavi (Italy).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

This action clearly implied intra-party manipulations — the use of complex family relations, paternal feelings of N. S. Tyutchev in order to put pressure on him in controversial issues of the organization's activities.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The folder with case No. 557 of the Archive of the Party of Social Revolutionaries, stored at the International Institute for Social History, reads: “kidneping of Tyutchev's children” is a case unique in the entire history of Russian revolutionary movement.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Particularly acute was the reaction on the part of the kidnappers in connection with the appeal of the victim and his friends, also to one degree or another involved in the Social Revolutionaries Party, for help to “local law enforcement agencies”, which contributed to the speedy search and return of children to their father.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

There was a controversy around the “party ethics” of the measures taken by N. S. Tyutchev and E.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

E.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Kolosov.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

They appealed to the AKP Central Committee and the participants of the International Socialist Congress in Copenhagen.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Regarding the speculations of accomplices in the kidnapping by party principles of N. S. Tyutchev said, pointing to the inadmissibility of mixing them, these principles, with private, civil interests: “I have no doubt that if the kidnapper is a simple hired bandit or even just gallant a knight in the street, no one would have thought of condemning me for going to the police.”


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

As for the assessment of what happened by the party leadership of the social revolutionaries, it, due to purely private features, motives and circumstances of the crime, and on the other hand, ambiguity conflict, and the unpredictability of its consequences for the “unanimity” of the organization, preferred to take a neutral position [33].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Daughters' fates


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

After the incident and the final break with his second wife, N. S. Tyutchev was forced to transport Vera and Maria to Tsarskoye Selo and give them to the family of his relative Ekaterina Dmitrievna Shults (ur. Lachinova, daughter of D. A. Lachinov), where they lived and were brought up together with her children Ekaterina, Mikhail (later the father of physicochemist M. M. Schultz), Lev and Alexander.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

This family was replenished in 1914 by a girl Nina (later, in marriage, Michurina), grandniece of N. S. Tyutchev (granddaughter of his sister Natalia, who lived in the same house of Princess Tumanova in Tsarskoye Selo — ul. Moskovskaya, 23 [34]) — the daughter of brother E.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

D. Schultz, lawyer Nikolai Dmitrievich Lachinov, who shortly before the death of his wife, Nina Dmitrievna Lachinova (ur. Korsh) and also settled in Tsarskoye Selo.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

In 1917, N. D. Lachinov and E.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

D. Schultz with four daughters, relatives and adopted, were in Crimea, where the events of that time forced them to stay, some for a long time, and who forever... N. D. Lachinov was hired as a quartermaster at the White headquarters.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Later, Lev Schultz turned out to be there, who later emigrated.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

When, in 1920, E.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

A. Schultz, Maria and Vera Tyutchev were evacuated to Constantinople, and after the death of N. D. Lachinova, with the arrival of the Reds, his daughter Nina was literally found on the street by her cousin naval officer Mikhail Alexandrovich Shults, in whose family she lived in Sevastopol until 1924, from where she shortly lived before his arrest, M. A. Schultz sent her to live with relatives in Harbin.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Maria Tyutcheva died of typhus in Constantinople, and Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev found Vera in the early 1920s through the Red Cross, and she was transported to Petrograd.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Vera Nikolaevna Tyutcheva left memories of the family in which she was brought up, of the atmosphere of love and care that surrounded her [4] [35].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Petition for the release of S. P. Melgunova


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

“Dear Felix Edmundovich! If, due to the circumstances of the case, Serg can be released. Petr. Melgunov on the guarantee of persons known to the Republic, then I am together with Nick. Al. Morozov, I offer my guarantee. Hallo! N. Tyutchev. June 8, 1920.”


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The postscript (in the lower left corner) is not entirely clear: “A. IN. Yakm. is healthy.”


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Perhaps we are talking about Anna Vasilyevna Yakimova-Dikovskaya.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Interesting facts


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Nikolai Sergeevich's second cousin, his father's cousin, Ekaterina Alekseevna Tyutcheva (1841-1865), was the first wife of Semyon Nikolaevich Tsveta (1829—1900), father of biochemist Mikhail Tsveta (1872—1919) [4].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

In 1902, the famous Russian zoologist G. G. Jacobson discovered and classified a leaf beetle in the Minusinsk depression - [37] [38] [39], as stated in the description: “The subspecies is named after Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev from Minusinsk”, and this description was included in an extensive work published in St. Petersburg by G. G. Yakobson and V. P. Bianchi at A. F. Devriena in 1905 “Orthoptera and False-Retinoptera of the Russian Empire and neighboring countries” is an original and witty, but unsafe “game”, at that time it was sedition... What is behind this curious a political-entomological joke — history is silent.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Addresses in Saint Petersburg


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt (Krasnykh Zor Street), 44b, apartment 4.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Works by N. S. Tyutchev, his translations and articles about him


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

N. S. Tyutchev.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

“Excerpts from memories. From the life of N. G. Chernyshevsky in Siberia”.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Russkiye Vedomosti, October 16, 1914.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

No. 238


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

N. S. Tyutchev, The fate of Ivan Okladsky.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

“Past”, 1918, No. 4-5


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

N. S. Tyutchev.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

In memory of the departed.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

“Hard Labor and Exile”, 1924, No. 10


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

N. S. Tyutchev.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Articles on archival materials.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Editorial A. IN. Pribyleva.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Ed.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Hard Labor and Link (article by E.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Kolosov “Revolutionary activity of N. S. Tyutchev in 1870”; N. S. Tyutchev “The Defeat of Earth and Freedom” in 1878 (Mezentsov case)”.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

; N. S. Tyutchev in L. G. Deutsch (Regarding the latter's article “This is how history is written”).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

N. S. Tyutchev, In exile and other memories.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Editorial A. IN. Pribyleva.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Ed.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Hard Labor and Exile, 1925 (articles by N. S. Tyutchev “Barguzin's exile and escape with E. K. Breshkovskaya (1878-1881)”.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— Political escapes from Siberia in the 80s.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— From the life of N. G. Chernyshevsky in Siberia.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— From memories of old comrades.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

- Two provocateurs.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— Notes on B.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Savinkova.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

- Prison riddles.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— In memory of R. L. Tyutcheva.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Applications: E.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Kolosov, The Government in the Fight against the Revolution (On the Memoirs of N. S. Tyutchev).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Russian notes.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

1914 № 1 (November).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

A monthly literary, scientific and political magazine published by Ruslanov N. S. Petrograd.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The printing house of Slovo Joint-Stock Company — among other publications, the memoirs of N. S. Tyutchev.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

L. Deutsch, This is how history is written.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— Issue XXIV (1924), 284—288 (In Memory of N. S. Tyutchev).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

E.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Breshkovskaya, “Days” (Berlin) No. 393 of February 28, 1924 (Whole Man. From memoirs).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— “Hard Labor and Link” 1924, II (9), 230 (N. S. Tyutchev. From the editors).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

A. Pribylev, “Hard Labor and Link” 1924, II (9), 232—237 (N. S. Tyutchev).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— “Hard Labor and Exile” 1924, II (9), 324 (Funeral of N. S. Tyutchev).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— “Hard Labor and Exile” 1924, III (10), 217—219 (Letter to N. S. Tyutchev to E. K. Pekarsky).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

IN. G. Korolenko.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The stories of my contemporary.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Book Four, Part 1, Ch.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

XIV — Memoirs about N. S. Tyutchev.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Roman Gul.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

General Bo [Azef].


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Biographical essay.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

1929 — N. S. Tyutchev is present as a character.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— a lively, imaginary portrait of N. S. Tyutchev in communication with G. AND. Uspensky


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Aschenbrenner M. YU.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The Military Organization of People's Will and Other Memories (1860—1904).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The editors of N. S. Tyutchev; Society of former political prisoners and exiled settlers.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

M. 1924


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Jaurès Jean.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Socialist history (1789—1900).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Tom I.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The Constituent Assembly (1789—1791).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Under.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

ed.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Jean Jaurès.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

/Per. Barteny E.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

G., Lvova M. , Tyutcheva N. S. Dal Book Publishing House.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

March 1, 1881 of the year.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Proclamations and proclamations issued after regicide.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

With a foreword by N. S. Tyutchev.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Petrograd.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

GUISE.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Dubreil L. “The Commune of 1871”.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Translated by N. S. Tyutchev, M.: GIZ 1920.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

A scan of the book, in 4 parts, in the Vive Liberta library:,,,.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Blos V. The French Revolution.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

an account of events and social conditions in France from 1789 to 1804.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Translated from German by N. S. Tyutchev.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

SPb: Pallada.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Spencer G. Essays.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Vol. 1 The system of synthetic philosophy: Main principles.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Translated from English by N. S. Tyutchev.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Kiev-Kharkiv.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Spencer G. The main beginnings.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Translated by N. Tyutchev; edited by S. Matveeva/Works in 7 volumes.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

VOL. 1.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

SPb.: Publisher.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Spencer G. The main beginnings.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

translated by N. S. Tyutchev.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— Kyiv—Saint Petersburg—Kharkiv: F. A. Yoganson.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

1903//Full translations, reviewed by the latest English editions.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Under the general editorship of N. A. Rubakina [Vol. 1]


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Siegele S. The criminal mob (La foule criminelle).


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The experience of collective psychology: Translation from French, supplemented by the author of the publication N. S. Tyutchev.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Novgorod.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Sources


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Chagin G. IN. Tyutchevs.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

St. Petersburg: Nauka.


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Notes


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

References


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Nikolay Sergeevich


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Category:Narodovoltsy


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Category:Prisoners of the Peter and Paul Fortress


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Category:Personalies:Exiles to Minusinsk


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Category:Karl May School alumni


Question: In what year was Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev born?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Category: Burials at Literatorskie Mostki


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The coat of arms of Rostov is one of the official symbols of the urban settlement of Rostov in the Rostov District of the Yaroslavl Region of Russia along with the flag.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The first known image of a deer as the emblem of the city appeared in the 17th century on the cover of the throne of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, created after 1626.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The Rostov deer was included in the “Banner Armorial”, approved by Empress Anna Ioannovna in 1730.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The historical coat of arms of Rostov was first officially approved of the year by Empress Catherine II along with other coats of arms of the cities of the Yaroslavl governorate: “In the scarlet field, there is a silver deer; horns, mane and hooves are golden.”


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

During the Soviet period, the historical coat of arms of Rostov was not used in official documents.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

On December 27, 2001, the coat of arms of the Rostov Municipal District of the Yaroslavl Region was approved, which was also used as the coat of arms of its constituent cities of Rostov and Rostov District.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The coat of arms of the Rostov Municipal District was entered into the State Heraldic Register of the Russian Federation under No. 880 [1].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

As a result of the implementation of the municipal reform, the unified municipality of the Rostov Municipal District was divided into the urban settlement of Rostov and the Rostov Municipal District.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

By decision of the Municipal Council of November 9, 2006 No. 59 “On Approval of the Coat of Arms of the Urban Settlement of Rostov, Yaroslavl Region”, the coat of arms of the district became the coat of arms of the urban settlement of Rostov


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The number of the coat of arms of Rostov in the State Heraldic Register remained the same.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Description


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

In the scarlet (red) field there is a silver deer, horns, mane and hooves are golden.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The coat of arms can be reproduced in two equally acceptable versions: without a crown and with a status territorial crown.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The version with the crown is used after the adoption by the Heraldic Council under the President of the Russian Federation of the procedure for including images of status territorial crowns in the coats of arms of municipalities.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Reproduction of the coat of arms is allowed in multicolor, monochrome, and monochrome using conditional hatching to indicate colors, variants [2].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Symbolism


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Justification of symbolism: The coat of arms of the urban settlement of Rostov is based on the historical coat of arms of the city of Rostov of the Yaroslavl governorate, approved on August 31, 1778 (according to the old style), authentic the description of which reads: “In the scarlet floor there is a silver deer, horns, mane and hooves are golden.”


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The use of the historical coat of arms by a modern city symbolizes the continuity of the history of the city's development, local residents who preserve and continue the glorious traditions laid down by many generations ancestors.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The status crown decorated with stones shows that Rostov in the past was the princely capital.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Gold is a symbol of wealth, stability, respect, warmth, intelligence, generosity.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Silver is a symbol of purity, perfection, peace and mutual understanding.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Red is a symbol of courage, strength, life-affirming energy, celebration and beauty.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

History


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Early emblems


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The earliest Rostov emblems can be considered images on coins of the Rostov principality of the late 14th — early 15th centuries [3].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Different coins depicted: a person or only his head, sometimes in a hat, with an axe, sword, spear, shield, saber, wind instrument or purse in his hands; two people facing each other; a four-legged beast, sometimes head back to the tail in the form of a shamrock, etc., as well as tamgas of the Rostov princes [4].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

In addition, a common plot was a man standing with an axe in front of a tree, on which a bird sits on some coins, and a human head lies under the tree [3] [4].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Sometimes the head or guise is repeated in a circular legend with the name of the prince.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The reverse depicted a human head in front inside a circular legend.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

IN. L. Yanin interpreted this image as a warning to counterfeiters [3].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

AND. IN. Volkov and N. IN. Chekunin is considered to be a transformation of the image from the English noble, which also served as a model for the “shipbuilder” Ivan III [5].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

G. A. Fedorov-Davydov saw in it an illustration of the gospel sermon of John the Baptist on the approach of the Kingdom of Heaven: “The axe already lies at the root of the trees: every tree that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire” ().


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

In his opinion, the composition is borrowed from Byzantine illustrations of the Gospel.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Similar images from the middle of the 15th century are found on icons.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The image on the reverse in this case is John's severed head.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Similar subjects are present on the coins of other principalities, but they were widespread in Rostov.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

According to S. IN. Sazonova and D. B.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Oinas, this plot could appear and gain a foothold on coins as an indication of the unifying role of the Rostov eparchy (the chronicles mention the Church of John the Baptist - the house church of Rostov hierarchs on Episcopal Court) in the Rostov Principality, divided since the beginning of the XIV century into two princely estates - the Sretenskaya and Borisoglebskaya sides (but the coins were in circulation in both parts).


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

According to these authors, the bird on the tree, in accordance with Christian symbolism, could symbolize the flying soul of the executed John [3].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Coins of the Rostov Principality [4]


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Coin with a man with an axe in front of a tree and head [6]


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

“Rostov Seal” on the large state seal of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible in 1583 [7] [8] [3]


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

On the large state seal of Ivan IV the Terrible in 1583, among 24 seals of Russian cities and lands, the “Rostov seal” on which the bird to the right was also presented.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

According to N. A. Soboleva, this is an eagle [9].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

S. IN. Sazonov and D. B.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Oinas note the temptation to identify this bird with a bird on Rostov coins, but point out that there are no grounds for this.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

In their opinion, the emblems on the seal of Ivan the Terrible do not come from local traditions, but are a reflection of some ideas artificially “imposed” on certain territories, respectively, to interpret the Rostov emblem follows within the framework of Christian symbolism, in which the bird denoted the human soul thirsty for God.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

If we take the bird for an eagle, we can assume that it could symbolize a bishop who cares for his flock like an eagle for his chicks [3].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Hypotheses of the modern emblem


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

In local history and popular literature, for example, in the works of N. N. Speransova [10], M. N. Tyunina [11] and M. B.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Sudarushkin [12], it is often assumed that the deer, first recorded on the coat of arms of Rostov at the beginning of the XVII century, reflects the importance of this animal for the former inhabitants of the Rostov land.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

It is also alleged that a cult of this animal once existed in the vicinity of the city [3] [12], as evidenced by references to deer in local folklore.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

According to the Khlebnikov Chronicler, known from the retelling of A. ME.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Artynov and considered its falsification, the village of Olenino, Rostov Uyezd, got its name due to the fact that when Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich was in Rostov, he killed a deer near the village, which he “depicted on a seal given to Rostov merchants for free trade in all Russian cities.”


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

There are no chronicles that this prince at least visited Rostov [12].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

S. IN. Sazonov and D. B.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Oinas note that such a direct interpretation does not apply to the emblems of the XVII century with its tendency to show realities allegorically, especially when it comes to their use as symbols.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

In their opinion, the statement about the great role of deer in the life of Rostov residents sounds “anecdotal”, and the assumption about the influence of the deer cult is not supported by facts and does not take into account the mentality of that time, in addition it is refuted by the use of the emblem by the church authorities of Rostov at the end of the 17th century.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

According to S. IN. Sazonova and D. B.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Oinas, it is possible to assume the evolution of the Rostov emblem from bird to deer, since both animals in Christian symbolism, including in the art of Rostov, could be considered as “the personification of the soul, thirsty for God and struggling with temptations,” but the deer did it more clearly [3].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

It can be noted that the deer is also depicted on another Russian emblem known since the Great Seal of Ivan the Terrible of the 16th century, the coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod, but it is usually depicted in red [13].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

On the seal of Ivan the Terrible, the deer also appeared on the symbol of the Principality of Kondinsky, but later the image was changed [9].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Early versions of the modern emblem


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The modern emblem of Rostov has been found since the 17th century.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Its first known image is among the 12 territorial seals (emblems) surrounding the state emblem, embroidered with silver and gold on the cover (veil, veil) of the back back (leaning) of the throne Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich [14] :279—280 [15] :VII [9], created after 1626 [3] [16], probably in 1627—1629 [3] (in 1682 it was converted into the double throne of Tsars Ivan and Pyotr Alekseevich [17] [14] :279; in other sources indicate a similar image as a Saadach cover [18] by Mikhail Fedorovich [19] or from the Big Outfit of Alexey Mikhailovich in 1673 [20] [21]).


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The deer on this emblem goes to the right of the viewer [3].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Further, the image of “Elena” as a symbol of the titular Rostov principality is found on the gold plate of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1675 [3] and on the coat of arms made in 1666—1678 by order this king [22] [3].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

In the second case, the deer is already turned to the left relative to the viewer, as on the modern coat of arms, which is considered the norm in heraldry.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Rostov seal on the cover (veil) of the back of the throne of the XVII century.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

19th century drawing [23]


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Rostov seal on Pokrovskoye on the Saadak of the XVII century.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

19th century drawing [18]


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The seal of the Principality of Rostov on the plate of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1675.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

19th century drawing [24] [3]


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Coat of arms of the Principality of Rostov on the coat of arms of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1666—1678 [25] [3]


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

In 1672, during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the so-called “Tsar's Titular” was compiled, which is often called the first Russian armorial.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

It included the emblems of 33 titular Russian lands, including the coat of arms emblem of Rostov.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

In the image of the Titular, the Rostov deer has a long horse mane and collar; it is possible that this is due to the spread of the European heraldic tradition [3].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The same unnatural image of a deer was placed on a sketch of the Russian state press in the “Diary of a Journey to Muscovy” of 1698—1699 by the German diplomat I.-G.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Korba [14] :280—281 [15] :VII—VIII [3].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The emblem of the Principality of Rostov from the Grand Royal Titular of 1672 [26]


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The seal of the Principality of Rostov from the diary of I.-G.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Korb of 1698—1699 [14] :tab.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

XVII [15] :XI [3]


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The title coat of arms of the Principality of Rostov on the certificate of Peter I granted to Chancellor G. AND. Golovkin in 1711 [27]


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

A prapor with a deer under Metropolitan Joasaph (Lazarevich) of Rostov (1691—1701) towered above the clock tower of the Rostov Bishops' House, which is the first recorded use of the emblem in Rostov itself.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

According to S. IN. Sazonova and D. B.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Oinas, the prapor again could symbolize the human soul, located between heaven and earth and resting on the church [3].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

In 1711-1712, by the decision of Tsar Peter I, the emblems of the cities where they were stationed began to be placed on the company banners of the regiments.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The emblems were placed in the roof — the upper corner of the banner at the flagpole.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

On company banners on a blue cloth, a golden deer was depicted at a golden foot (unlike the Titular of 1672, it was natural) [28] [29].


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The company banner of 1712.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Early 18th century drawing [30] :149


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Modern drawing [28]


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The design of the banner of the Rostov regiments by F. M. Santi of 1724-1727 [30] :201


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Emblem from the Banner Armorial of 1730 [31]


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

A modern web-optimized version prepared by Yu.


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

Kalinkin [16]


Question: When was the historical coat of arms of Rostov officially approved for the first time?

Coat of arms of Rostov

The banner of the Rostov regiments in 1731 [29]