Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehip is found in North Africa south to Ethiopia [38].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Only one species () is known to have a natural range.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is widely cultivated, and although it grows under natural conditions, its exact origin is unknown [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In South Africa, he naturalized in the Dragon Mountains area at an altitude of 2,000 to 3000 m above sea level.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The cold winter in the mountains promotes the germination of bird-borne seeds.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This species grows there along the roadsides, on pastures and has acquired the character of a malicious weed.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The hybrid between and 'Natal Briar' has settled in the subtropical climate of Natal province in South Africa.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It can be seen there on the coast, roadsides and near fences [94].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This hybrid is preferred as a rootstock for cultivars in South Africa, as well as in Kenya, where 80 million flowers are grown for export annually [94].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In North America


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In North America, rose hips grow in the United States, Canada and Mexico [52].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Bermuda does not have its own rose hips, although it is located in the Northern Hemisphere and has a suitable climate.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

But several species have recently been imported by sea vessels and settlers from different countries [96].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Given the wide variety of climatic and soil conditions in North America, it is not surprising that more than 60 species of rose hips and about 10 more species of rose hips grow on its territory naturalized [95].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the southern states (Florida, Georgia, Texas) grows the only evergreen vine rose in the New World with red flowers.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It also meets here.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is already a cold-resistant deciduous species that reaches the Great Lakes.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The maximum species diversity occurs at 35—45° north latitude.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the taiga zone, the same as in Eurasia grows, the needle rose hips [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Throughout the east coast of the United States, from Maine to Florida and west to Iowa, Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas, as well as in some places in Canada, there is a shrub growing, tending to turn to herbaceous form.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

with the same form of growth is common throughout North America, but is more common from Oklahoma to Texas.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

called the “marsh rose”, it is well adapted to humid habitats, such as the shores of lakes, ponds and rivers.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It grows from Maine to Florida, west to Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, and Nova Scotia.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The shade-tolerant grows in the forests of British Columbia and in the northwestern United States from Washington to Idaho and central California.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

is well adapted to the dry conditions of the Great Plains and grows from Canada south to Texas and from Indiana to Idaho [95].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

With all the variety of rose hips in the New World, there is not a single species with yellow flowers, which indicates the emergence of these species after the separation of America from Eurasia.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Three types of rose hips grow in Alaska: needle rose hips, and Nutka rose hips [97].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In addition to them, it has a very limited range in western Alaska, which is called the “Kamchatka rose” [95].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In many parts of the United States, prickly rose hips, dog rose hips,, cinnamon rose hips, wrinkled rose hips, multicolored rose hips [95] have been naturalized.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Australia and New Zealand


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Some species of rose hips used as a rootstock (multicolored rose hips, red-brown rose hips, dog rose hips,) naturalized in the most favorable conditions of the territory for them Australia.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The red-brown rose hips were first recorded in New Zealand plantings between 1815 and 1820.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In 1900, it was listed as a plant in the Weed Control Act, but continues to exist on the South Island, as it is part of the food chains of birds, rabbits, opossums involved in its distribution [98].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Animal Relationships


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the course of evolution, rose hips have developed thorns and bristles as mechanical protection against being eaten by herbivores.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

But this did not prevent some species of animals from adapting to this protection and thus have an advantage over other species.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Camels, sheep and goats are known to easily cope with the most thorny plants.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Juicy, bright, standing out against the background of green foliage, rose hips serve as food for birds, mammals, rodents and reptiles.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Adaptations to the distribution of seeds by animals in rose hips are both the bright color, the sweet taste of ripe fruits, and the absence of these properties in their immature form, which protects against eating fruits animals until they are fully ripe [62].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Animals leave indigestible rosehip seeds on the ground along with excrement, often at a considerable distance from the plant itself, and contribute to its spread.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips serve as food for black grouse, hazel grouse, gray partridge, gray crow, daw, cedars, starlings, moskovka tit, deryab thrush.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Of these, all, except hazel grouses, gray partridge and starlings, serve to spread rose hips.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In hazel grouses, hard rosehip nuts play the role of millstones in the stomach, lingering in it for a long time and losing germination.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The mess thrush of all birds contributes to the spread of seeds to the greatest extent.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This is due not only to the large number of fruits it eats, but also to the confinement of its forage land to edges, forests and young plantings, which contributes to the settlement of new rose hips territories.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips are eaten by a brown hare, a yellow-necked mouse, a red vole, a fox.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In predators such as the fox, juicy fruits are a constant admixture to animal food [99].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The red vole takes away the seeds and juicy fruits of plants and makes small reserves of them.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It can be assumed that the red vole is more conducive to the spread of plants than other animals that create large reserves in storerooms, since hardly all the small portions of fruits and seeds stored at random locations, can be found [66].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Another way of spreading is y growing along the seashore.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Its fruits drift through the water until they are washed ashore by the current or the surf.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A dense wax coating on the surface of the fruit protects the seeds from getting wet, and the peduncle serves as a balance.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Grading


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Due to the widespread natural hybridization, species variability and the presence of many cultural forms, the taxonomy of the Rosehip genus is very complex.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The genus has always attracted close attention of systematist botanists.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A huge number of works on rose hips have been published, many species and intraspecific taxa have been described, but at the same time there are completely opposite views on the volume of the genus, and in its taxonomy a lot of things remain unclear.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The first instructions on species diversity were given in the works of Herodotus and Theophrastus.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Pliny tried to summarize the scattered information on distribution.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

During the Renaissance and later, until the 18th century, the classification of roses was reduced to a division into wild and cultural roses and differentiated by the number of petals in the flower.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

K. Linnaeus was the first to draw attention to the hybridization of roses and the associated difficulties in their classification.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Species Plantarum in 1753, he made the first attempt to scientifically classify rose hips and roses.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

At the same time, only the form of hypanthium was considered a distinctive feature of the species.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In this form, the classification lasted until the beginning of the XIX century.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In 1811, K. Vildenov drew attention to the fact that rose hips also differ in the presence of spikes and grooves, as well as in their shape.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This observation led to the emergence by the beginning of the 20th century of many new systems based more on personal preferences in identifying the distinctive features of species than on observations in nature.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This led to large differences in the determined number of taxa of the genus: from 12 for Linnaeus to 146 for N. Serenzha [100].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In 1799, the first monograph on M. Lawrence.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

And in 1813, three classifications of rose hips appeared at once (Dupont, N. Devo and A. Decandolya).


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Therefore, Soviet botanists attributed the beginning of scientific study of the genus to 1813.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is believed that at this time the science of roses (their morphology, physiology and taxonomy) arose — rhodology.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Decandolle was the first to draw attention to the complex of morphological features of the rose hip flower: the nature of the columns, sepals, the complex of vegetative features of the leaf and leaflets, including the nature of the dentate, and this helped to outline the composition of the sections.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The sections he described by Pimpinellifoliae, Synstylae and Cinnamomeae are still recognized.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The first researchers of the genus in Russia were F. K. Biberstein V. G. Besser [101], H.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

X.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Steven.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In their works, the classification of rose hips was analyzed.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Western European taxonomists of the genus did not recognize new species that grew in Russia, and identified them with Western European species.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The modern taxonomy of the genus was created taking into account morphological, geographical and karyological data.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Wild species were combined into sections, taking into account the genealogical and morphological commonality.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It was based on the system of F. Crepe, which was later improved by A. Raeder and Crewsman.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The largest Belgian rhodologist, who devoted his entire life to the study of the family, Krepen studied an extensive collection of Leningrad herbariums.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Later, these herbarium samples were re-examined by Bowlanger, the largest rhodologist of modern times, and the mistakes made by Crepen were corrected.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

But both of these rhodologists were representatives of the “synthetic” trend in rhodology [101].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

For a long time, Crepen, G. Boulanger, R. Keller did not distinguish individual (elementary or one-time) variability from group (statistical) variability associated with natural selection.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

As a result, many hundreds of species, varieties and forms have been established by monographs only for the European section of the range of the genus Rosehips [77].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The first modern taxonomy of Eastern European rosehip species was made in 1941 by S. IN. Yuzepchuk in “Flora of the USSR”.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

An important role was played by the monograph on roses by V. G. Khrzhanovsky, published in 1958 and dedicated to wild rose hips growing in the European part of the USSR, which gives an overview of the entire genus and develops its classification.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the 21st century, a system is used that divides the genus into four subgenuses: three very small subgenuses consisting of one or two species and knocked out of the general system (Hulthemia, Hesperhodos, Platyrhodon), and the vast subgenus Rosa.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The Rosa subgenus contains 10 sections and 135 species [58] [102].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The Gallicanae and Cinnamomeae sections are the most studied due to their economic value, as the first of them contains essential oil species, and the second contains vitaminous species.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Chemical composition


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The chemical composition and accumulation of vitamins, tannins, sugars, organic acids and other metabolic products in fruits and leaves of various types of rose hips differ significantly both in quantitative, and in terms of qualitative indicators [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Fruits


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The fruits of many types of rose hips contain a large amount of vitamin C, which makes them valuable for medicine and a healthy diet.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips contain about 10 times more ascorbic acid than blackcurrant berries, and 50 times more than lemon [103], 60-70 times more than pine, spruce, fir or juniper needles.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The most valuable in this respect are white-flowered and red-flowered species.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Hypanthias of pink-flowered species contain much less vitamin C, and hypanthias of yellow-flowered species have very little vitamin C, but there are many tannins and tannids [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Depending on the place of growth, the chemical composition of fruits in different types of rose hips changes.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The pulp of wrinkled rose hips, which is of industrial importance, contains about 1% (wet weight) of vitamin C [104].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Fresh fruits of needle rose hips in the European part of Russia contain 1.5% vitamin C, and in the Irtysh basin in Kazakhstan - 4.5%.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Begger's rose hips have the highest vitamin C content among species growing in the territory of the former USSR, ranging from 7% to 20%.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Petals


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The petals contain:


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

essential oil [105] ((0.02 [106]) 0.04 [107] —0.06 [108]%);


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

fatty oils;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

organic acids;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

sugars;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

glycosides: bitterness, saponins [108];


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

flavonoids [109]: astragalin, hyperoside, kaempferol [110], quercitrin [111] [112], quercetin;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

tannins [108] [113] [114];


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

anthocyanins: peonine, peonidin, cyanidin [115];


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

wax [116];


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

vitamin C [117].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A high content of essential oil was noted in the petals of wrinkled rose hips — 0.25—0.38% [118].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Wax contains aldehydes, higher aliphatic hydrocarbons, higher aliphatic alcohols, higher fatty acids: lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, arachic, behenic, lignoceric, cerotinic; triterpenic acids; steroids [119] [120].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Essential oil from rose petals contains phenylethyl alcohol (about 2% and 20-30% of the total amount of alcohols in the oil) [121], citranellol (22.6%), geraniol (50-60%), nerol (up to 10%), nonadekan [106], higher aliphatic hydrocarbons (9%) [122].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

All of them provide a pleasant smell of rose petals, and phenylethyl alcohol is the main carrier of the smell of rose water [116].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In addition, the essential oil contains eugenol, citral, aldehydes: nonyl, cinnamon and others; carotenoid rubixanthin [106].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Essential oils have astringent, bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effects.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Leaves


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The leaves contain:


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

vitamin C [117] [123] [124] [125] (up to 1.5%);


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

tannins [108] [126] [127] (up to 4.5%);


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

catechins [128] [129];


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

flavonoids [108] [109] [130]: astragaline [131];


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

phenolcarboxylic acids and their derivatives: gallic, gentisinic, caffeic, protocatechoic, lilac, vanillin, ferulic, salicylic and others [132] [133];


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

some species have saponins [108] [134].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Polysaccharides and carotenoids were found in the leaves of May rose hips [135].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rusty red rose hips contain up to 55% of essential oil [136].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Branches and roots


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The branches contain catechins (up to 18.28%) [129], saponins [108], vitamin P [137], flavonoids [108].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The bark contains sorbitol.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Galls contain tannins.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The roots contain tannins [103] [138], flavonoids [108], catechins (8.24—18.28%) [129], triterpenoids (5.2%) [138].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The content of tannins in branches and roots is up to 4.5%, and in galls there are even more of them.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Application


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Food use


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Excavations of the oldest settlements in Switzerland indicate that the fruits of dog rose hips were used for human food at the end of the Ice Age [139].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The fruits of many types of rose hips are edible fresh, dried in the form of tea (decoction).


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Mashed potatoes, pasta, jam [97], jam, marmalade, pastille [140], compote, sweets, jelly, kvass and the like are prepared from rose hips.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Various dishes were prepared from rose petals in China.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Needled rose hips are edible in raw form [97].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Jam [107] is cooked from cinnamon rose hips, jam and jelly are cooked from wrinkled petals [52].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Of the species of rose hips growing on the territory of Russia, in addition to the already mentioned species, there are edible fruits and petals of rose hips, dog, [141],,,,,,, blunt, Begger [142], Eichison [141], Fedchenko [142].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The tea surrogate is obtained from the flowers of needle rose hips, Albert, Begger, corymbose, Eichison, Fedchenko, Samarkand, flat-thorned, from the fruits and flowers of dog rose hips, Daurian, May, prickly [107] [141], from young leaves of dog rose hips [23]; coffee surrogate is from dog rose hips [143].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The tea surrogate is obtained from French rose nuts [144], and the coffee surrogate is obtained from cinnamon rose hips [145] and dog nuts [23].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the Caucasus, young rose shoots were eaten as a vegetable [146], and leaves and fruits were brewed like tea due to the high content of tannin [107].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Young branches of cinnamon rose hips are used for food [147].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Slovenia, rosehip is used in the preparation of Cockta soft drinks.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips give the wines a spicy taste, and its petals are used to prepare a liqueur [103] [107].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In industry


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips are the main vegetable raw materials for vitamin plants.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

For this purpose, there are industrial rosehip plantations in all parts of the world, especially in Europe and Asia.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Russia, the population harvested rose hips for the future back in the 16th-17th centuries.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the USSR, plantations of wrinkled rose hips as the largest fruited vitamin species were laid in state farms in Bashkiria, the Mari ASSR, the Chelyabinsk region, Lithuania and the Moscow region on an area of several thousand hectare.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

May rose hips are also used to create production plantations.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is less large-fruited and productive than wrinkled rose hips, but significantly exceeds it in terms of vitamins C and P [52].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Needled, Daurian, Begger, Fedchenko, loose, Albert rose hips are also used as vitamin raw materials in Russia and neighboring countries.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The best soils for rose hips are moderately moist, with a powerful arable layer, chernozem, floodplain, but not flooded, sandy loamy or loamy, rich in nutrients, well permeable to water and air by soil, pH 5.5-6.5.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Soils with a high content of lime, crushed stone, solonetzic, swampy, with a close groundwater standing (1-1.5 m) are not suitable for laying rose hips [69].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the USSR, the canning industry produced jam from rose petals.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Bulgaria and Iran produce rose petal jam [51], and canned food and rose hip jam are produced in the eastern provinces of France of Lorraine and Alsace [103].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose oil is mentioned in the oldest monument of Sanskrit literature, the Vedas.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The oil is obtained from French rose petals in Bulgaria, France, Yugoslavia, Greece, Tunisia, India, partially obtained in the USSR; from damask rose petals - in Bulgaria, Hungary, France, Italy, Spain, Greece, Cyprus, Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, North Africa, received in the USSR; from the petals of the capital rose - in Yugoslavia, Iran, India, Florida, partially obtained in the south of the USSR; from rose petals wrinkled — in Korea, China, Japan, received limited in the USSR; from muxus rose petals — in Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq [51].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

On the territory of the USSR, essential oil roses were cultivated in Moldova, Crimea, Krasnodar Krai, Georgia and Azerbaijan on an area of about 4 thousand hectares [33] [52].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Of the species growing on the territory of Russia, essential oil is given by the petals of needle rose hips [143].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose oil is the most expensive essential oil.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Its content in rose petals rarely exceeds 0.15%, and the factory yield is 0.06-0.1%.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

According to other sources, rose petals contain 0.1—0.22% of essential oil [33].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

To produce 1 kg of rose oil, 3,000 kg of rose petals are required [56].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

During the distillation of the oil, rose water remains.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose oil and its components are used to make the most expensive cosmetics, to flavor liqueurs, wines, confectionery, and some medicines [33].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

French perfumers value roses growing near the city of Graça, as well as on Bulgarian plantations in the Rose Valley between the cities of Kazanlak and Karlovy, more than others.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Damask rose oil is especially valuable.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The culture of this rose in the Kazanlak Valley dates back to the 18th century.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The special microclimate of the Kazanlak Valley (high humidity and moderate temperature during flowering) contributes to the accumulation of a large amount of essential oil in rose petals.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The petals are harvested at sunrise (from five to ten o'clock in the morning) by hand for 20-30 days and processed fresh in factories [33].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Dog rose hip oil is used to make drying oil [147].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Medical use


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Fruits


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips have phytoncidal and powerful bactericidal properties.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

They contain a large amount of antioxidants.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

But most importantly, rose hips are a valuable multivitamin remedy.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

They were used for medicinal purposes, especially as an anti-scorbutic agent since the 16th century, and maybe earlier, when sable and other valuable furs, velvet and satin were replaced with them [148].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Vitamin extracts, syrups, tablets, dragees and decoctions of rose hips are used to treat and prevent diseases associated with a lack of vitamins in the body, primarily vitamin C, anemia and exhaustion.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehip preparations have a beneficial effect on carbohydrate metabolism, bone marrow, liver, gallbladder functions [97].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In folk medicine, tea from rose hips is used, as well as napar, water infusion and alcohol tincture for scarlet fever, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, inflammation of the kidneys, diseases of the intestines, liver, stomach.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Fatty oil obtained from Begger rose hips, Daurian, Fedchenko seeds is used in folk medicine for burns and dermatitis, trophic ulcers and radiation damage to the skin [149].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A decoction of seeds is used for urolithiasis [23] [150], as a choleretic, anti-inflammatory [151], diuretic agent, for diarrhea [23]; externally for gingivitis [152].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Homeopathy uses fresh fruits to prepare medicines.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Ready dosage forms


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Ascorbic acid is obtained from the fruits of cinnamon, needled, Daurian, Begger, Fedchenko, wrinkled, canine rose hips, the fruits of which contain at least 1% vitamin C [153].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Galascorbin is a complex compound of gallic and ascorbic acid salts.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is used for burns, cracks and as an anti-inflammatory agent [153].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehip syrup is a vitamin remedy used for preventive purposes.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehip oil is a nut oil containing carotenoids and tocopherols.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is used as a wound healing agent.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Carotolin is an oil extract from the pulp of rose hips, used in the treatment of trophic ulcers, eczema and other skin diseases.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Holosas is obtained from condensed aqueous extract of dog rose hips; it is used for hepatitis and cholecystitis, as a choleretic and restorative agent [97].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Anti-asthmatic medicine according to Traskov's prescription [154].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Petals


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The healing properties of rose petals have been known since ancient times.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Avicenna in the Canon of Medical Science recommended lubricating teeth and gums overnight with rose oil for dental health.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

He used rose water to treat eye diseases and eliminate bad breath.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In case of inflammation of the eyes, Avicenna recommended digging rose oil into the eyes and applying rose seeds to the forehead as a distraction [155].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the Middle Ages, in Salerno, rose petals infused with wine were used for diarrhea and female diseases; fresh petals — externally for erysipelas; mixed with honey — for gum disease; mixed with honey water — as an antipyretic; rose oil — for stomach pain and constipation; in combination with vinegar — for infected wounds [116].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The medieval medical-botanical poem “On the Properties of Herbs” provides the following recipes for use:


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Right, a rose is considered to be a flower of flowers on merit;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Everything surpasses flowers with its aroma and beauty.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

But not with one aroma and charm, the rose can


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

To please us, but it is useful with an abundance of healing qualities;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Her strength is dry and cold - the first degree.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

If you apply it, the sacred fire subsides


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

And the hypochondrium with the stomach will heal, if the heat is embraced;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Together with the wine, it will stop the outflow of the stomach and uterus.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Many different ointments need pink juice;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose dry powder for diseases in the mouth helps,


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rubbed without any impurities only with honey alone in combination.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The heat calms down anyone if the rubbed is applied from above


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Fresh rose il if you drink honey with water.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

They make oil from rose, and is called rose oil, —


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Help with various diseases, as well as in many cases;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

If you drink, your stomach will soften, and it will subside immediately in the stomach


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The heat is exorbitant, and if you warm it up with an old poultice,


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Headache and fever are healed with this medicine.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

If you mix it with vinegar,


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The dirty wound will be cleaned and the cavity of the wound will be filled,


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

And it also helps with burns excellently.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Being in the mouth for a long time, it heals toothache,


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

As they assure, and for centuries their former softness gives;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

If it is applied, the itching that is hidden in the depths will stop;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It also brings help with various sufferings of the uterus.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

And because rose oil is prepared differently,


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

I'll tell you what Palladium said about this:


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Take an ounce of crimson petals from a rose


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

And combine them, having cleaned, you with a pound of olive oil;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The product is in a glass vessel, clogged tightly, under the sun


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is necessary to hang it, and so hold it for the duration of the week;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

After that, it is stored as a means for different cases [156].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The Salerno Health Code, written in the 14th century, states:


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Ruta, and with her sage, wine intoxication is driven.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Roses add a flower, and love pains will subside.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

... Rose, verbena, dill, helidonia as well as rue —


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Everyone goes to the potion, from which their eyesight will sharpen.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

According to the beliefs of the Slavs, the red color of rose petals was associated with blood and therefore gave them the ability to stop blood [157].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

For the same reason, hemoptysis was treated with rose hips [158].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Russia, already in the 17th century, rose hips were widely used to treat soldiers wounded in the war with the Turks.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

At the same time, not only fruits were used, but also other parts of the plant.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehip petals were distilled with water and impregnated with bandages applied to wounds.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This remedy contributed to the healing of wounds, prevented them from spreading.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The edges of the wound were washed with a decoction of fruits to avoid gangrene.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Head injuries were treated with seed oil.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

For a speedy recovery, the wounded were given to drink “svoroborin molasses” [159].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the future, rose hips were not used in medicine, and it was remembered only during the Great Patriotic War [97].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

French rose petals are included in the pharmacopoeia of some countries [160] as an anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, analgesic, astringent used for hypertension, atherosclerosis, peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, dysentery, liver disease [116].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Bulgaria, on the basis of rose oil, the drug rosanol has been created, which has antispasmodic, choleretic and bactericidal properties.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is used for diseases of the liver and biliary tract, as well as for urolithiasis [106].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In France, French rose petals are used as a C-vitamin and anthelminthic agent, recommended for diarrhea, hemorrhoids and as a general tonic.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Bulgaria, Damask rose petals are used for diarrhea and inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, for angina and inflammation of the mucous membranes of the eyes.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Russian folk medicine, rose petal preparations are used for pulmonary tuberculosis, neurasthenia, atherosclerosis [161], as choleretic for liver diseases [108], for conjunctivitis [162] [163], as anti-inflammatory and soothing [164]; in the form of rinses for influenza, angina and other diseases of the oral cavity, as well as a deodorant [108]; finely ground pink powder petals are sprinkled with ulcers and applied to places affected by erysipelas [116]; lotions from decoction of dog rose hip petals are used as hemostatic [23].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Petals cooked with honey are used for erysipelas [103] [165].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Armenia, red rose petals are used for liver diseases, and white rose petals are used for heart diseases [116].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

White rose contains mucous substances, and in small doses it acts as an anthelminthic agent [116].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose petals are part of herbal preparations used in folk medicine for symptomatic hypertension, to strengthen the immune system, cardiac asthma, after myocardial infarction, bronchitis with asthmatic phenomena, influenza, croupous pneumonia with pleurisy, chronic lung diseases, for debilitated patients, ulcerative colitis, gastritis, duodenitis, allergic manifestations, hemorrhoids, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, inflammatory processes in the liver, nausea, bad breath, stomatitis, amoebic dysentery, erysipelas, in the form of drops - with conjunctivitis, purulent discharge from the eyes, as part of ointments - for cracks in the lips, hands and feet, in the form of gargling - for thrush in children, in the form of lotions and bandages - for long-term non-healing wounds and ulcers [166].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose water acts as an antiseptic for conjunctivitis.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose oil is obtained from freshly harvested petals by water-steam distillation in a 20-25% solution of sodium chloride [167].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is used for abscesses, angina, bronchial asthma [116], to improve the smell and taste of drugs [167].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehip petals are used fresh in homeopathy [168].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Dried rose petals are part of soothing herbal pillows.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose oil is widely used in aromatherapy [169].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Branches, stems and leaves


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Branches, stems in the form of a decoction are used for malaria, as a diuretic and fixing [170] [171], colic, rheumatism, sciatica [154], colds, heat, gastric disorders, anemia, menstrual pain.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The bark is an emetic [172].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehip leaf infusion is used as an antibacterial and analgesic for colic and gastralgia [151] [173], for malaria, as a diuretic [170] for diarrhea and dyspepsia, for colic, rheumatism, radiculitis [174].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A decoction of dog rose hips leaves is used for scarlet fever, typhoid fever, diarrhea, nephritis, pulmonary tuberculosis, as an analgesic during childbirth [175].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Yakut folk medicine, a decoction of needle rose hips was used as a diuretic, and a decoction of stems and leaves was used for malaria [171].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Dog rose hips galls are used to treat goiter, as a detoxification [23], astringent [107].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Roots


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The roots have choleretic, astringent, antiseptic [165] [176] [177] and bactericidal [178] effects.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In folk medicine, a decoction of rose hips is used for malaria, renal [165] [176] [177], bile-, urolithiasis [150] [179], liver and spleen diseases [23], anorexia, diarrhea and dyspepsia [174], cystitis [180], hypertension, heart disease [174] [177], respiratory infections, externally in rheumatism, radiculitis [174], paralysis [165] [176] [177], as well as for foot baths with muscle weakening [ 103].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In China, rose hips are used as a digestive aid and anthelminthic [103].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The bark of dog rose hips was used for bites of rabid dogs [23].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Yakut folk medicine, a decoction of needle rose hips roots was given to drink with dysentery [171].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Washington State, the Skagits boil the roots of Nutkan rose hips with sugar and use this decoction for inflammation of the throat [181].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The roots are used in veterinary medicine to treat diarrhea in calves [182].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Use in cosmetics


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A decoction and infusion of rose hips and leaves is used for care for oily, acne, dry, sensitive, irritable skin, as well as for baths.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is recommended to wash with a decoction of rose hips to prevent the appearance of wrinkles [183].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The Russian industry produces a nourishing cream “Rosehip”, containing an aqueous infusion of rose hips, intended for skin with hypersensitivity.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The oil extract (carotolin) obtained from the pulp of rose hips contains carotenoids that contribute to faster healing of wounds, prevent dryness and peeling of the skin, soften and smooth it is protected from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation, and has an anti-inflammatory effect.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Therefore, carotolin is introduced into day face creams.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehip extract is part of the Scarlet Rose day cream produced by the Russian industry, designed for dry and normal skin.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehip oil was used for cosmetic purposes in the Middle Ages in Salerno [116].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehip seed oil contains essential fatty acids essential for healthy skin.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It has an antioxidant effect, improves skin structure, has a rejuvenating effect and prevents skin aging.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The most useful oil for the skin is obtained by the cold squeeze method.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehip oil is a part of cosmetic creams for various skin types.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The Russian industry produces nourishing creams that include rosehip oil.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Oily skin lacks essential fatty acids, so rose hip oil is part of creams for problem skin of adolescents.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose oil for making perfumes was already used in ancient Rome.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The aroma of Paestum and Phaseli roses was especially appreciated.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Perfume was added to baths, sprayed rooms and beds.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Perfume was even put in especially valuable wines.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

They were added to lamp oil and poured into funeral fires [184].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose oil is currently used to make the highest grades of perfumes, soap, lipstick [56], it is part of 46% men's and 98% women's perfumes.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose oil is part of day creams suitable for all skin types that protect the surface layers of the skin from moisture loss, for example, it is part of the Russian industry cream “Ballet”.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A bath with rose oil, milk and honey helps to make the skin soft and smooth.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose wax is part of lipstick, can make up to 24% of its composition.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It has a pleasant aroma and antibacterial effect, in forming parts it is close to beeswax.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose wax is also part of some moisturizers that normalize its water metabolism and have a high cleansing and refreshing effect [185].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

For hand care, it is recommended to lubricate them with a mixture of glycerin, rose water (or decoction of rose petals) and ammonia.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

From rosehip petals, a decoction is prepared for washing, preparing cosmetic masks that tone the skin, relieve irritation and fatigue.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Egyptian Queen Cleopatra is credited with knowing many beauty recipes.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

One of the recipes for Cleopatra's cream contains rose water and infusion of rose petals, as well as honey and aloe powder.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Use in green construction


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Due to drought resistance, frost resistance and the ability to renew by root offspring, a well-developed root system, rose hips are valued in erosion control and protective plantations.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

For example, it is used to create ravine and surplus erosion control forest belts in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine [186].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

For the purpose of soil protection on the territory of Russia, rose hips are needled, corymbose, Daurian, wrinkled.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips are able to form dense thickets and are therefore often used to create hedges.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Some rose hips are planted in parks and gardens for ornamental purposes.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

They belong to park roses.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Russia, these are needle rose hips, corymbose, Daurian, loose, May, wrinkled, felt and apple [143].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips are the ancestors of cultivated rose varieties that are considered the most beautiful flowers.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose varieties are selected when crossing maternal forms, as well as when random mutations occur.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The first varieties were obtained in ancient times by crossing several wild rose hips with each other, and then the resulting cultivated varieties were crossed with other wild species that gave them new properties.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips serve as a rootstock for roses.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The best rootstock for garden rose varieties is dog rose, as it is resistant to adverse climatic conditions, has a well-developed root system and has rapid growth.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Less commonly used rose hips wrinkled, bluish, May, loose and some others.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Roses adorn gardens and parks, garden plots.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

They are also grown for cutting into bouquets, and not only flowers, but also rose fruits serve as decoration.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Beautifully blooming climbing roses have long been covered with arches, gazebos, trellises installed in front of the walls of buildings [41], creating trellises.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Some rose varieties are grown indoors in pots.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Other use


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips do not produce much nectar, but bees willingly visit it, collecting significant amounts of pollen.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The nutritional qualities of pollen are very high [187].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Honeydew sometimes stands out on rose hips.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is recommended to plant rose hips in places where there are few pollen plants at the end of May - the first half of June.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Honey plants include French rose hips, cinnamon [147], prickly, felt, shaggy [188].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Roots and galls on rose hips were once used to dye fabrics brown [101], and fruit decoction orange-red [97].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Roots and galls contain tannins that can be used for tanning.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Diseases and pests


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehip plantations damage the raspberry-strawberry weevil, bronzes, glitter, leaf caterpillars, unpaired and ringed silkworms, larvae of May beetles, click [69].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

On the branches there are mossy growths - galls.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

They are formed from the injection of rose nutworks and serve as a dwelling for its larvae [56].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Powdery mildew, black spot, gray spot, rust and viral diseases are more common among the diseases [69].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Information from paleobotany


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Plant residues of representatives of the genus Rosa were reliably found only in tertiary sediments.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the province of Xinjiang in China, remains of Rosa hornerii were found in Pliocene deposits.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

At this time, a herbaceous formation with tugai thickets was supposedly distributed on the territory of this province.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Of the tertiary deposits, Rosa hilliae is described one leaf at a time, very characteristic of roses of the Synstylae section and resembling the Rosa anemoniflora leaf [189].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehip is known from the Miocene of Krynka in the Azov Sea [190].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In North America, in the Rocky Mountains, an imprint of Rosa willmottiae leaf belonging to the Upper Miocene was found in the sediments of Lake Florissant.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Plant remains in these sediments indicate a warmer climate, although it was not tropical or even subtropical [189].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is reliably known about the existence of rose hips in North America from the Paleogene and Neogene [191].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There is no reliable information about the place and time of origin of the genus Rosehip, as well as the morphology of its prototype, but paleontological data indicate that in tertiary times, representatives of this genus were distributed in both hemispheres [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Khrzhanovsky divided the species of rose hips into three large groups according to the time of occurrence:


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

lianas (Paleogene, humid subtropical forest).


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This group is joined by secondary vines and species of the Caninae section and the dog rose hip itself;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

shrubs (Neogene, xerotic formations of Ancient Middle-earth, flora of Velvichia);


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

herbs (Pleistocene, boreal subkingdom).


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This form is produced in colder climates [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

At the beginning of the Miocene, there was a cooling and the movement of vegetation zones to the south.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The distribution of Pliocene forests has acquired an island character.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

These islands were naturally associated with the forests of the elevated areas of the East European Plain.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

As a result of this movement and adaptation of trees and shrubs to more arid conditions, endemic species have emerged in southern Eastern Europe.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

According to Khrzhanovsky's treatment, out of 50 wild rose hips in Ukraine, 30 were endemic [192].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose in history


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

For the first time, roses were bred for their beauty in Persia (Iran).


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The poets called Persia Gulistan — “Land of Roses” [43].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

From there, garden roses first came to Ancient Greece and then to Rome.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

(Other sources report that, in addition to the East, landscape art (and therefore roses) was borrowed by the Greeks and then by the Romans from Ancient Egypt thanks to the conquests of Alexander the Great.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

) In the writings of Aristotle, instruction is given on the cultivation of roses [193].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In ancient times, roses were dedicated to gods.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

With the heyday of the Roman Empire, the rose cult took off [194].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Winners were awarded with roses, newlyweds were decorated, the dead and tombstones were showered.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Republican Rome celebrated “Rose Day” — the day of remembrance of the dead [43].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the ancient Greeks and Romans, flowers for decoration were used mainly in the form of wreaths, most often violets and roses.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Participants of the feasts wore ivy or saffron wreaths on their heads, which were credited with the ability to disperse hops.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

For this purpose, wreaths of roses were also used.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

From the east, it was the custom of the Romans to sprinkle flowers on the altars of the gods and the earth.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Roses were sprinkled on the altar of Venus, tables for feasts, and a rain of roses fell on the feasts themselves from the ceiling.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

To meet the great demand for flowers, special gardens were set up in which violets and roses were grown.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Roman emperors used roses no longer as a divine symbol, but as a luxury item.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The extermination of roses for feasts took on monstrous proportions.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Ships loaded to the brim with roses sailed between Paestum and Rome.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Even in winter, Nero and Heliogabal ordered roses from Egypt, and flowers for just one feast cost more than a barrel of gold [195].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

According to legend, Heliogabal, having decided to get rid of his associates, whom he suspected of betrayal, ordered the servants to pour a huge number of rose petals on them, in which they suffocated [43].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Persian landscape art influenced the creation of gardens throughout the Ancient East.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This is how Moorish gardens appeared in Spain, gardens of Tatar khans in the Crimea, gardens in Turkey [193].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose in ancient Egypt was grown in gardens already in the Ptolemaic era.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This is evidenced by the surviving sculptures, bas-reliefs, descriptions of writers who lived at that time (Pliny the Elder, Diodorus of Sicily).


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

At that time, in Egypt, it was customary to plant grave gardens at tombs: there was a belief that the soul of the deceased, buried according to all the rules, comes out of the grave at night and rests in the garden under the shade trees, inhales the scent of flowers.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Garlands, wreaths were woven from the grown flowers to decorate mummies, columns of temples.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

At feasts, guests were put wreaths of flowers on their heads, and flower necklaces were hung around their necks.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The petals of the grown roses were used to make rose water and various balms.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Athenaeus said that Cleopatra, preparing for Antony's meeting, ordered to cover the floor of the refectory with rose flowers to a height of one elbow [196].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Roses were brought to Babylonia and Assyria back in the days of the Akkadian Kingdom by Sargon I from his campaign for the Central Taurus [197].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Roses were grown in gardens and parks set up at the palaces of kings and nobility and served for walking, recreation and hunting.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

These gardens were created on artificial embankments, terraces and hills (the so-called “hanging gardens”) [196].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Many famous people were fond of growing roses.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Russia, when rose growing was just in its infancy, roses were grown in greenhouses, and only wealthy people could afford it.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

P. A. Demidov, the elder brother of the Ural entrepreneur and owner of metallurgical plants G. A. Demidov had a botanical garden in Neskuchny, where he grew exotic plants in greenhouses.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

From a census of plants in this garden made by P. S. Pallas, it is known that 11 species of rose hips were grown in Demidov's garden, of which only three grew in Russia, while the rest were imported, apparently, from France.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

At the same time, lacquer painting of metal trays was born in the Urals, in Nizhny Tagil, the main element of which is the “Tagil rose”.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In 1870, an enterprising serf peasant of Count Sheremetyev F. N. Vishnyakov opened a lacquer workshop in Zhostovo and began to produce painted caskets, chests, trays.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose became the central theme of his compositions.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose in symbolism and literature


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose is one of the most common mythopoetic images [198].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Hinduism, rose ranks first among flowers.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Brahma argued about flowers with Vishnu and preferred lotus first, but when he saw the rose shown to him by Vishnu, he admitted his mistake and at the same time Vishnu's primacy.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The silver rose is the home of Brahma.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Aesop's fable, a beautiful rose, whose age is brief, is a symbol of short-lived luxury, not like a modest, but long-living and blooming marigold neighbor “as if it had just bloomed” [199].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the work of the ancient writer Apuleius “Metamorphoses”, the main character Lucius, who turned into a donkey with the help of witchcraft and underwent many ordeals in this form, turned to the gods for help.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Isis responded to Lucius's request, offering him to eat blooming roses, after which Lucius regained his human form and became the priest of Isis and Osiris.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the ancient Romans, the rose symbolized joy, later mystery, silence.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There was an expression that became a proverb — “Sub rosa dictum” (“It is said under the rose”), that is, it must be kept secret.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Later in Germany, the rose continued to be a sign of secret societies and sacraments in general.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The German expression Unter der Rosen — “under the rose” means “to keep secret.”


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

If there was an image of a rose on the wall above the table, it meant that the conversation should be kept secret [200].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose is a symbol of sun, star, love and beauty.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In ancient Rome, the rose was associated with Venus and, according to a number of versions, came from the tears of Venus, a woman in general, mostly beautiful.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is no coincidence that there are many names associated with a rose: Rose, Rosina, Rosita, Rosetta, Rosalia, Rosalind, Rosamund, etc. In ancient Greece, the rose is a symbol of the god of love Eros and an attribute of Aphrodite, who, pricked with a thorn of a white rose, shed her blood on its petals, after which red roses appeared [201].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose was called the sun in his poems by V. K. Trediakovsky, G. R. Derzhavin, it “shines” in F. A. Iskander, Igor Severyanin.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

S. A. Yesenin compared it to a lamp, and N. A. Klyuev — with a lamp.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

No less often, a rose was compared to a precious stone: B.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

L. Parsnip with diamond, Trediakovsky with yakhont.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the poetry of all times and peoples, the rose is the queen of flowers.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“Queen of Flowers”, “Queen”, “Lady of Kingdoms” in their poems Derzhavin, M. YU.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Lermontov E.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A. Baratynsky.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In poetry and prose, the rose is often used in comparisons when describing female beauty: M. A. Lokhvitskaya, B.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

YU.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Poplavsky, V. AND. Narbut, Arseny Tarkovsky compared a rose with lips; Narbut rose petals with fingers; a figurative comparison of a rose with an ear was cited in his poem by N. M. Oleinikov; I. A. Bunin compared roses with eyes; Lokhvitskaya likened matte pale roses to the beauty of women's shoulders, and pink roses to scarlet cheeks.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Some poets (Severyanin, A. A. Voznesensky) heard music in roses.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Tarkovsky compared the sounds made by rose hips with the sound of piano strings [202].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

At the same time, in Rome, ancient Greece, China and in a number of German-speaking countries, the rose was a flower associated with funeral and death.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It was often turned into a flower of the afterlife.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In M. A. Bulgakov's “The Master and Margarita” by Pontius Pilate from dawn is haunted by the smell of rose oil, which he hated the most.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The reason seems to be due to the rose's death.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

After Yeshua's execution, the wind carries plucked roses to the balcony, and two white roses drown in a red, bloody pool of spilled wine.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Here, roses represent death both in number and color.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose in the novel appears in various versions in the scene of Woland's ball: Margarita is washed with rose oil after a bloody shower; shoes made of “pale rose petals” are put on her feet; in the second hall, walls of red, pink, milky white roses.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose acts as a direct attribute of Woland, that is, it symbolizes the afterlife [203].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose symbolizes the number five.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Catholic use, rosary and a special prayer for them are called the Rosary.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rosary is associated with the reflection on three “fives”, five “joyful”, five “mournful” and five “glorious” mysteries of the life of the Virgin Mary, whose attribute is also a rose.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose in Catholicism is also an attribute of Jesus Christ, St. George, Saints Catherine, Sophia, Dorothea, Valentine, Theresa and others, often symbolizes the church in general.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Ukraine, where the influence of the Catholic religion is strong, the wedding towel was decorated with red and blue tassels.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Red was associated with a rose, and blue with periwinkle, and this combination symbolized “nev'yanuchi the purity of love” — “unfading pure love” [204].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Christianity, rose means mercy, mercy, forgiveness, divine love, martyrdom, victory.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Lermontov's poems, the rose is “the daughter of heaven”.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Voznesensky found a resemblance between a rose with a bud and a Madonna with a child [202].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In medieval Christian art, the rose symbolized heavenly bliss.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The parts of the rose also received a symbolic meaning: greenery is joy, thorns are sadness, the flower itself is glory.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

At the end of Dante's Divine Comedy, the rose is a mystical symbol that unites all the souls of the righteous.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Each petal is the soul of the righteous, and the highest of them is the Mother of God.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The heavenly rose is the image of Dante's Paradise, the universe and supreme bliss.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

After Dante, the rose increasingly symbolized spiritual selectivity and perfection, creative impulse (in Italian humanistic Neoplatonism, the philosophy of the Rosicrucians and Freemasons, etc.).


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose as a symbol of earthly sensitive passion was popular in medieval courtly literature (for example, “The Novel of the Rose”), modern European love lyrics, erotic allegorics of the 16th-18th centuries.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

With earthly love and passion, the rose was associated in their poems by M. Lermontov, Vyach.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

AND. Ivanov N. S. Gumilyov.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

We compared a rose with fire Derzhavin, Bunin, M. A. Voloshin, Andrey Bely, A. A. Akhmatova [202].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Sasha Black rose hips called “violently fiery” and compared it with an “unrestrained lover” [202].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose became the pivotal symbol image in the art of romantics (W. Blake, D. G. Rosseti, A. Stifter), symbolists of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries (S. Mallarme, W. de Lisle-Adan, O. Wilde), poets of the Silver Age (A. A. Blok, O. E. Mandelstam, Akhmatova).


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A. A. Fet dedicated poems “Rose”, “Autumn Rose”, “September Rose”, “Month and Rose”, “Nightingale and Rose” to the rose.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Akhmatova wrote a series of poems called “Rosehip blooms. From a burnt notebook.”


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Her rose hips in this cycle are a symbol of eternal separation and longing.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Red rose is a Christian symbol of the earthly world; the emblem of Adonis, Aphrodite, Venus, Sappho; the sign of the house of Lancaster; delight, shyness, shame, desire, hug, passion, motherhood, death, martyrdom.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Gumilyov called the rose a virgin, in his poems the rose turns pink with embarrassment and blushes “burned by the fire of love.”


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Derzhavin, Vyazemsky and Gumilyov compared the red color of the rose with blush, women's cheeks.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The red rose was compared to the blood of K. N. Batyushkov, Mandelshtam, M. D. Roizman, Y.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A. Eichenwald.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the verses of Derzhavin and Pushkin, the red rose is the “child of dawn” [202].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

White rose — purity, virginity, spirituality, abstract thought, silence; a sign of the House of York; a symbol of Lutheranism (Luther Rose).


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Red and white roses together mean unity, union.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A garland or crown of roses is an attribute of Eros, Cupid, Saint Cecilia; a blissful soul, heavenly joy, comfort in the Christian faith; an angelic crown.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

U A. Blok in the poem “The Twelve” Jesus Christ “in a white corolla of roses”.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Akhmatova's poems we read: “but soon... roses will be braided with a crown of hearts and the voices of the invisible will sound” [202].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose on the cross represents the death of Christ, the rose thorn represents suffering, death, the Christian symbol of sin; the rose without thorns is ingratitude; the wreath on the rose is heavenly joy, the reward for virtue; the rose garden — New Jerusalem.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The golden rose is a rose made of gold and strewn with diamonds, every year on the fourth Sunday of fasting (Sunday of Roses) is consecrated by the Pope in the presence of the college of cardinals and brought into the temple; a symbol of the church, heavenly blessing and joy; complains by the Pope as a special difference, usually to the face of the sovereign house.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

According to some reports, this custom already existed under Pope Leo IX; according to others, it first occurs only around 1400.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A rose rosette is a sign of the seven names of Allah in Islam; in Buddhism, knowledge, law, the path of order, that is, a triple axiom symbolized by the lotus; a star, a circle of the universe.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

For Arabs, the rose is a male symbol; in Jewish Kabbalah, the rose is a symbol of unity.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the classic image, the rose has 32 petals, hence the name wind rose.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose in myths and legends


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the myths of the ancient Greeks, the rose arose from the nectar that Eros shed at the feast of the gods.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In ancient Roman mythology, the rose arose from the tears of Venus.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the mythology of different peoples, there are several versions of explaining the red color of a rose and the appearance of thorns in it:


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose turned red after blood fell on her from Aphrodite's leg, which pricked her thorn while searching for Adonis she killed.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose turned red and turned red with pleasure after being kissed by Eve walking in the Garden of Eden.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose turned red due to Cupid's carelessness, who spilled a drop of wine on its petals.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The origin of rose thorns is also associated with Cupid.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Breathing in the scent of the rose, Cupid was stung by a bee.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Angry, he shot the bee with a bow and hit the stem of a rose, after which the arrow turned into a thorn.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The origin of rose thorns is also associated with Bacchus.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In pursuit of the nymph, Bacchus found himself in front of an insurmountable barrier of thorns and ordered her to turn into a fence of roses.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

However, after making sure later that such a fence would not be able to hold the nymph, Bacchus provided the roses with thorns.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A similar myth exists among the Algonquin Indians.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Gluskabe provided the rose with thorns to protect it from being eaten by animals.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the Christian religion, the red color of a rose is associated with the blood of Christ shed on the cross.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The white rose is associated with tears shed by Mary Magdalene.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Often, the red color of the rose is associated with fire.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There is a well-known motive for turning the ashes of burned Christian martyrs into red roses.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the Iranian legend of Zarathustra, he was laid on a bed of ashes to kill him, but the ashes turned into red roses.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the Arab Muslim myth, a white rose is the sweat that fell from Muhammad to the ground, which appeared on his way to heaven.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose is found in legends and fairy tales of many peoples.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Iranian legends and fairy tales, the nightingale's love for the rose is traditional.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The nightingale cries out if a rose is picked.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose is red from the blood of a nightingale in love with it.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

If the rose is the embodiment of youth and beauty that pleases the eye, then the nightingale is the best singer and the standard of beauty in music.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Lithuanians have a fairy tale about the unrequited love for the beautiful singer Dainas, who drowned himself in grief and turned into a nightingale; only then did the beauty feel love for him, also died of grief and turned into a hundred-petal rose that blooms when the nightingale stops singing [205].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale “Swineherd” says: On the grave of the prince's father grew a rose bush of unspeakable beauty; it blossomed only once every five years, and only one bloomed on it rose.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

But she poured such a sweet aroma that by drinking it, you could forget all your sorrows and worries.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The prince also had a nightingale who sang so wonderfully, as if he had all the most wonderful melodies in the world in his neck.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

All the best that the poor prince had — a rose and a nightingale — he gave to the princess by marrying her.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

However, she did not appreciate this gift.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The same motif sounds in poetry.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The poems “Nightingale and the Rose” were written by Pushkin, A. AND. Odoevsky and Fet.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Blok's poem “Nightingale Garden”, although it does not mention the nightingale's love for the rose, roses grow in the nightingale garden.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

U D. IN. Davydov in the poem “Siskin and the Rose” is replaced by a siskin.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In a famous Georgian song by A. Tsereteli and V. Tsereteli “Suliko” the author is looking for the grave of his beloved, his feelings suggest that it has turned into a rose he found in the forest, shedding tears in the form of dew.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The longing lover asks if it is not her, and the nightingale singing in the bushes seems to answer him: “It's me!”


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose in fairy tales is the standard of earthly beauty, the personification of spring and youth.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the Grimm brothers' fairy tale Snow White and the Krasnozorka, one girl (Snow White) looked like a white rose, and the other (Krasnozorka) looked like a red, like two rose bushes growing under the window of their house.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In a Slovak fairy tale, a young sea maiden says to the old king: “My face is blooming with roses, and your head is covered with snow” [205].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Roses in fairy tales and myths are associated with the afterlife evergreen garden.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In German fairy tales (including the fairy tale of the Brothers Grimm “Mrs. Metelitsa”) and myths, the kind and hard-working stepdaughter, jumping into the well on the orders of her stepmother, got into the service of Mrs. Metelitsa, where every morning shook the feather bed, while it was snowing on the ground.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

For her work, the girl was showered with golden rain, pieces of gold fell from her mouth, tears turned into pearls, and fresh roses grew from under her feet.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Instead of a reward, the angry and negligent stepmother's own daughter was smeared with soot and resin, snakes and toads fell from her mouth.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A. N. Afanasyev connected Mrs. Metelitsa in such fairy tales with the cloud goddesses Holda (Golda) and Perkhta (Bertha), whose dwelling, according to many peoples, was a deep well that led not down, but up into the sky.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There is an eternal garden, where dawn roses and bright lightning flowers bloom, golden apples ripen.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The souls of unborn babies and the dead go there.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the tales of Holde, two souls enter her kingdom: one selfless and kind, the other greedy and evil.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The good one settles in the area of light and becomes golden, illuminated by the sun, it gets to where the golden sun rises, the sky is painted with pink colors of dawn and dew and pearl falls, and the evil one hits to the area of demons, darkness and bad weather, that is, where there is snow and rain [205].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the Christian religion, St. Peter scatters “roses of paradise”, inviting the righteous to paradise [200].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Some fairy tales use the ability of rose hips to form impassable thickets.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm “Spiked” and Charles Perrault “Sleeping Beauty” describe the same plot in which a princess or just a beauty falls asleep at the request of an evil witch for many years and wakes up at the appointed hour (at the behest of fate), when she is found by a prince who has made his way through insurmountable thickets of thorns or rose hips for other people.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the German tradition, the rose belongs to and is protected by dwarves, dwarfs and fairies.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Germany, the gall, which forms on wild rose hips in the form of a mossy round growth, is called the “sleepy apple”.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There is a belief that if you put a “sleepy apple” under your head, a person will sleep until the gall is removed.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

To protect the house from misfortune, the gall is stuck behind the kitchen beams.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This belief is associated with the myths that exist among different peoples about the murder of the sun god (and the onset of winter) with an arrow made from an alien mistletoe plant [206].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose in other forms of oral folk art


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In proverbs and sayings


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Proverbs of many peoples contrast the beauty of rose flowers and its thorns and are used in the sense that everything attractive has drawbacks:


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“There is no rose without thorns” — in Russian, English (There is no rose without a thorn), French (Il n'y a pas de rose sans épines), Turkish;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“Whoever collects roses is not afraid of thorns” — in Azerbaijani and Crimean Tatar languages;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“Who loves roses also loves thorns” — in Uzbek and Armenian;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“There is no rose without thorns, no pearl without a shell” — in Uzbek;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“Wherever a rose is, there is always a thorn next to it” and “Rose is a friend of the thorn” in Persian;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“There is no rose without thorns, no honey without poison” — in Turkmen;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“There is no rose without thorns and love without rivals” — in the Kurdish language.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Other sayings have the opposite meaning — there can be something good in everything bad:


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“Roses come out of thorns” — in Arabic;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“His mother is onions, his father is garlic, and he grew up with pink jam” — in Turkish.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Still others use the tenderness of the rose and its aroma:


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“What's harder than stones? A man! That roses are more tender? Man!” — in Persian;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“Man is harder than stone and softer than rose” and “What does buffalo understand in rose aroma?” — in Pashtun;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“Someone else's rose does not smell” — in Turkish;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“The finished business smells like roses” — in Turkmen;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“Anyone who does not know how to be grateful will not smell fragrant, even if he is showered with a hundred rose petals” — in Vietnamese.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In French, there are many expressions involving a rose.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

If you look good, they say that you are “fresh as a rose” — fraîche comme une rose.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

If the French doubt someone's hygiene, they will say, that he “does not smell like a rose” — il ne sent pas la rose.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“Sentimental story” in French — “story in rose water” — histoire dans l'eau de rose.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The expression “discover all the secrets” in French means “find a pot of roses” — decouvrir le pot aux roses [207].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In riddles


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Riddles in Russian folklore:


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There is a thorn on a pitchfork, dressed in purple; whoever comes up will ring.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There is a khan's tree, a shamakhan dress, angelic flowers, claws devilishly.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is worth a green bush, if you touch it, it will bite.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

He sits on a stick in a red shirt, his abdomen is stuffed with pebbles [208].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Serbo-Croatian folklore: “Swi tsarimi u crveno, tsar himself is green”, which can be translated as “All princesses are in red, and the king himself is in green” [209].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In songs


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Russian folk songs, there is a motif “bed for an old husband”, which the young wife spreads from nettles and rose hips.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Similar songs were recorded in Perm and Kursk provinces, in the Tver region [210], as well as in the Vyatka province:


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

I'm dexterous to the old


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

I'm dexterous, dexterous:


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

I'll bed a bed,


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Bed, bed, —


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In three rows brick;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The fourth spike is prickly,


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Prickly, prickly;


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The nettle is effervescent,


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Effervescent, effervescent [211].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Many folk songs have been composed about the rose.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The Serbian folk song is called “Oj, ruzice rumena” — “Oh, rosy rose”, Bulgarian — “Byala rose” — “White rose”, Hungarian — “You see a rose”, Georgian — “I admired a rose”, gypsy — “Two roses”.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Finnish, there are folk songs “Rose in the Valley” and “Rose by the Road”.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The Oryol Russian Folk Choir sings the song “There is a white and pink rose in the garden”.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There is a song by unknown authors “They picked a rose”.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In people's signs


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Phenologists consider the flowering of rose hips to be the beginning of summer.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehip blooms - the blush of the year leads [212].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

“Rosehip, sweet messenger of summer...” (N. A. Kholodkovsky)


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The flowers of rose hips can be used to determine the time: they open at 4-5 am and close at 7-8 pm [213].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

If the rose hip or rose does not open its buds, it is for rain [214].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Roses fade — good dews fall [214].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose Traditions


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The Rose Festival — Rosalia — has been known in ancient Rome since the 1st century, celebrated in mid-May, during the flowering of roses.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It was a holiday of remembrance of the dead, when it was customary to put roses on the grave.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Later, among the peoples of the Mediterranean (Spain, Italy and Southern France), the spring-summer holiday of the Trinity (Pentecost) was called the “pink resurrection” (domenica rosarum, pascha rosata, etc.) [200] [215].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In more nordic countries (Holland, Belgium, Southern Germany and Austria), this holiday was moved to the end of June — early July and combined with Petrov's Day [200].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Until now, Bulgarians and Macedonians after the Trinity celebrate Rusalia, or mermaids.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Russians also celebrated mermaid week or mermaid farewell after Troits.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The Russian word “mermaid” comes from the name of this holiday [216].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose is used in the Balkans in various ceremonial actions on St. George's Day, which marks the arrival of spring and the awakening of nature.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the rite of the first milking, the windowsill is decorated with a Damascus rosebud or dog rose hip [217].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose is used in the ritual of driving away evil forces from cattle and the house, which is due to the thorns of the rose and its property of an amulet [218].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The sacrificial lamb is slaughtered under a rose bush [217].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The ability of a rose, along with other plants, to revive, grow, bloom and bear fruit every year is transferred to people who come into contact with it.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In order to preserve and increase their health, Bulgarian girls wash under a rose bush [217] or leave water under it on the eve of Yuri's Day, which they wash their hair on Yuri's Day, so that “the girl's braid is pink and beautiful as a rose” [217].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

P. AND. Melnikov-Pechersky in his novel “In the Woods” described the celebration in Russia of Ivan Kupala's Day, dedicated to the pagan god of the sun Yaril.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

During this holiday, rose hips, along with other prickly and burning plants, were covered with brushwood prepared for the festive fire.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The Southern Slavs lowered hawthorn and rose hips into the bathing water for a newborn to make it a protection for the child [219].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

June 6 was called the day of the freedom tree among the Russian people, from that day rose hips bloomed and summer began [212].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The first of October is Evmen-day, or the day of Arina Rosehip.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

On this day, rose hips were harvested.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose hips harvested at this time was considered the most useful [220].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

On April 23, Spain celebrates St. George's Day, which is also called the Rose and Book Festival.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The Spanish version of the legend of Saint George says that a drop of the dragon's blood killed by George grew a scarlet rose, which George gave to the princess.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

On this day, it is customary to give girls scarlet roses, and books to young men [221] [222].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose is especially honored in Bulgaria, where it has long been grown to produce rose oil.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Bulgaria, every year on May 21 (in turn in the cities of Kazanlak and Karlovy), the Rose Festival is held, at which the Rose Queen is selected [223] [224].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose festivals are also held in other countries.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The most famous is the annual Rose Festival in Portland, Oregon, USA.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It also selects the Rose Queen.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It has been celebrated since 1907, and rose cultivation in the state began in 1837, when the first rose bush was presented as a wedding gift [225].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the Czech city of Cesky Krumlov, since the Middle Ages, the Rosenberg Castle has held a five-petal rose festival every year on June 17 [226].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Vardavar holiday in Armenia is also associated with roses.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

According to one version, the name of the holiday is associated with the root ward — “rose”, and it means “showering roses” [227].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Catholics celebrate Saint Rose Day on August 30 in Latin America and August 23 in Europe.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This day is celebrated by all women whose names are associated with the rose as their name days [207].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The custom that existed since ancient times to pour rose petals on the head of the bride and groom has been revived.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

According to the custom that existed in the 19th century in Russia, the bride was decorated with a wreath of orange flowers and myrtle flowers, a bouquet of the same flowers was given to the bride before the wedding by the groom or best man, for lack of them - from white roses or lilies of the valley [228].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose in music


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

F. Schubert composed music for the songs “Garland of Roses” to lyrics by F. Klopstock, “The Rose” to the words of F. Schlegel and “Wild Rose” to the words of an unknown poet, R. Wagner — for the song “The Rose” to lyrics by P. Ronsard.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A. A. Alyabyev wrote the romance “Rose” to the words of S. F. Tolstoy [229].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

M. AND. Glinka wrote the song “Where is our rose” to the words of A. S. Pushkin, and A. S. Dargomyzhsky — to the songs “O Maiden Rose, I'm in Shackles” to the words of Pushkin, “Oh, Lucky You, Rose” and music for the duet “Virgo and the Rose” to lyrics by A. A. Delvig.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

M. A. Kuzmin wrote the romance “Child and the Rose”.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

R. Strauss wrote music for the comic opera Der Rosenkavalier [230].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

One of the most beautiful waltzes by I. Strauss is called “Roses from the South”, or “Southern Roses” (“Rosen aus den Sden”) [231].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Many singers sing the song “Black Rose”, which is considered to be folk, although the author of its words (later modified) is A. B.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Kusikov, who emigrated to France in 1925 [232].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rose in visual arts


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rose marks the “divine” harmony of the universe, serves as a symbol of holiness and is present in many works of art, on the stained glass windows of many medieval temples, in images of saints.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Sweden, the very concept of “folk art” is called rosemalning, that is, “rose painting”.