Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Therefore, in March, according to the scheme with a group switch for 4 positions, developed by engineer Z. M. Dubrovsky, the VL19-27 electric locomotive was converted. [4] The number of contactors, interlocks and electromagnetic valves on the electric locomotive decreased significantly (contactors — by 17%, locks — by 85%, valves — by 25%), and its good performance became the basis for the further application of this scheme on electric locomotives.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

So already in the same year, electric locomotives VL19-04 and VL19-15 were converted on the Stalin Railway for Yaroslavskaya Railway, in the year VL19-24 and VL19-38 electric locomotives on the Transcaucasian Railway, and on Yaroslavskaya itself - electric locomotive VL19-52.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

A total of 18 electric locomotives were manufactured and 9 converted to operate at two voltages until 1941.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Two-voltage electric locomotives were sent to the Mineralnye Vody — Kislovodsk section (electrified in 1936) of the Ordzhonikidze Railway, where freight and long-distance passenger trains drove, replacing the HP series steam locomotives, as well as with the Zagorsk-Aleksandrov section (commissioned in 1937) of the Yaroslavl Railway.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On the latter, VL19 electric locomotives initially drove only freight trains, replacing steam locomotives of the Eu series, and since July 1939 - all long-distance passenger trains (instead of steam locomotives of the Su series).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the conversion of electric locomotives of the VL19 series by 3000 V was continued according to the VL19-27 scheme, and by 1954 53 locomotives had already been converted.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

After the Moscow-Zagorsk and Mineralnye Vody — Kislovodsk sections, as well as the Baku railway junction, were switched to 3000 V, there was no need for electric locomotives for two voltages, and existing electric locomotives began to be converted only to a voltage of 3000 V. By the mid-1960s, these works were completed.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Experienced 1500V electric locomotive


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

By the end of 1935, an experimental electric locomotive VL19-41 was built at the Dynamo plant, which was designed to operate only at a voltage of 1500 V. Unlike serial electric locomotives, the VL19-41 was equipped with DK-1A traction motors designed for an operating voltage of 750 V (see the “Design” section), and electropneumatic contactors were are designed for lower voltages and higher currents.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The PKG-307 group switch was similar in design to the PKG-308A switch used on serial VL19 of the second release (see above).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Traction motors were protected using a high-speed switch BVP-2A, which, compared to the BVP-1A of the serial VL19, had a smaller arc extinguishing chamber and was designed for more high currents (continuous current — 1250 A).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The circuits of the power circuit of traction motors and control circuits were the same as on electric locomotives of the VL19 series, made for a voltage of 3000 V. The DDI-60 dynamotor installed on the electric locomotive had a parallel connection of armature windings, and the compressor motors were of the EK12/1500 type. [4]


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

With a voltage in the contact wire of 1500 V, the traction force and speed of the electric locomotive at hourly mode were 18,000 kgf and 39 km/h, respectively, and in continuous mode - 14,500 kgf and 41 km/h.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The design speed of the electric locomotive was 75 km/h.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Initially, the VL19-41 entered the Moscow-Zagorsk section of the Northern Railways, and in 1937, due to the electrification of the Zagorsk-Aleksandrov section to a voltage of 3000 V, it was transferred to the section Mineralnye Vody — Kislovodsk of the Ordzhonekidze Railway, where it served long-distance passenger and freight trains.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In August 1941, the electric locomotive was temporarily evacuated to the Transcaucasian Railway.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In 1957, the VL19-41 was converted to operate only at a voltage of 3000 V, while the scheme of the VL19-28 electric locomotive was used. [4]


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Electric locomotives modernization


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the People's Commissariat of Railways handed over several faulty electric locomotives of the VL19 series to the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Plant.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In 1947, the necessary overhaul of the crew unit was carried out at the plant near electric locomotives, and traction motors were replaced: instead of the DPE-340, a DPE-400B with a capacity of 400 kW (installed on VL22m electric locomotives).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The connections of the equipment of the electrical circuits were made according to the scheme Z. M. Dubrovsky as on VL19-27 (see above).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

A total of 10 locomotives were produced, which were assigned new numbers:


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

No. 187 [6] — former No. 137;


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

No. 189 — former No. 02;


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

No. 190 — former No. 75;


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

No. 191 — former No. 25;


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

No. 192 — trolleys from No. 127, body from No. 52;


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

No. 193 — former No. 139;


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

No. 194 — former No. 141;


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

No. 195 — former No. 59;


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

No. 196 — former No. 07;


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

No. 197 — former No. 10.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The repaired electric locomotives received the designation of the VL19m series (modernized).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

At hourly mode, their power was 2,400 kW, the traction force was 19,500 kgf, and the speed was 43.5 km/h.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The maximum speed was increased to 90 km/h, the gear ratio of the traction gearboxes and the diameter of the driving wheels remained unchanged.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

According to the project, the mass of VL19m electric locomotives was supposed to be 117 tons, but due to the variety of electrical equipment used and options for strengthening the mechanical part, it actually ranged from 115.3 to 120.5 tons. In the reference books, the weight of the locomotive was indicated as 120 tons [4]


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Technical specifications


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The main data of VL19 electric locomotives of various modifications are given in Table.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

3. [7]


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Design


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Mechanical part


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The mechanical part of the electric locomotive consists of two 3-axle bogies connected by a joint, on which the body is mounted on top.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On the trolleys there are shock-traction devices (buffers, screw harness, or CA-3 automatic coupler), as well as traction motors that had axial suspension (the engine rests directly on the moving axis).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

All electrical equipment and auxiliary machines are located in the body.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

As with electric locomotives of the SI series, the VL19 has only one side corridor, auxiliary machines are placed in a common high-voltage chamber.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

[4] [8]


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

bodywork


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The locomotive body has a lower supporting frame, to which the weight of equipment and auxiliary machines is transferred.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The lower frame of the body consists of channel beams, squares and sheets; all frame elements are riveted (on VL19-01 - by welding).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The body frame consists of vertical pillars and roof arches, which are covered with a steel skin, 3-4 mm thick.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On the VL19-01 electric locomotive, part of the roof, which was located above the high-voltage chamber, was made removable, and on serial electric locomotives it was replaced with 3 roof hatches.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Two of these hatches are located above the starting rheostats (located at the ends of the high-voltage chamber) and current collectors are attached to them.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Also, for the convenience of installing the equipment, there are two double-leaf doors in the body that open directly into the high-voltage chamber.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The middle wall has removable shields.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Louvers are located along the outer wall along the service corridor, through which cold air enters (for cooling electrical equipment).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The entrance inside the electric locomotive is carried out through end doors that go to the transition platforms.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Trolleys


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The VL19 electric locomotive bogies are made 3-axle.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

They are connected by a joint, as traction forces are transmitted to the train through them.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Initially, a return device was installed at the intercarriage connection, but due to the increased wagging of the trolleys, it was disconnected (see below).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The body rests on each trolley through special supports that are located on the second transverse beam.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The wheelsets are made bandage, with a rolling surface diameter of the new bandage of 1220 mm; the bandages are used the same as on the Ov series steam locomotives that were common at that time.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The gear train is elastic spur with a gear ratio of 3.74 (86:23), the large gear wheel has elastic elements (leaf springs).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The axle boxes are made with plain bearings.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Spring suspension is 4-point, statically indeterminate.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Leaf springs have a stiffness of 144 kgf/mm (for Suram electric locomotives - 155 kgf/mm).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Electrical equipment


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The electric locomotive is equipped with 6 traction motors (TED), the voltage on which is regulated by means of rheostats (that's why these rheostats are called starting ones) made of gray cast iron, as well as ways to include TED.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The electric locomotive has 36 running positions, of which 1—16 positions correspond to the serial connection of TED (all 6 engines are connected in series into one branch), 17—27 — series-parallel (engines are connected 3 in series in 2 parallel branches), 28-36 - parallel (motors are connected 2 in series in 3 parallel branches).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On two-voltage electric locomotives in the 1500 V mode, these positions correspond to series-parallel, parallel and full parallel, respectively (all 6 motors are connected in parallel) traction motor connections.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Positions 16, 27 and 36 are running - on them starting rheostats are removed from the traction motor chain.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Also, on each of the running connections, it was possible to obtain two degrees of excitation attenuation — 67 and 50%, due to which the number of economic speeds was increased to 9.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The electrical equipment provided for the possibility of operating on a system of many units (several connected electric locomotives can be controlled from the front cabin of the leading locomotive.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

[4] [9] [10]


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Traction motors


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On VL19 electric locomotives for a voltage of 3000 V and for two voltages, DPE-340A traction motors were used, which differ from the DPE-340 engines (used on electric locomotives of the SS series) only by transfer cooling air holes from the side to the upper edge.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The traction motor DPE-340A (D — Dynamo plant, P — DC, E — electric locomotive, 340 — hour mode power, kW, A — version) was a four-pole electric motor direct current with series excitation (the armature winding is connected in series with the pole windings) and the armature wave winding.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The operating voltage of the electric motor is 1500 V, the insulation of the windings is designed for the maximum voltage of the contact network (4000 V).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Plain bearings were installed in the bearing shields, and the engine itself is designed for axial suspension.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

[4] [11]


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The VL19-41 electric locomotive was equipped with traction motors DK-1A, the operating voltage of which was 750 V. DK-1A differed from DPE-340A only in the parameters of the pole windings and the armature (the number of turns, the cross-section of the conductors), as well as the smaller number of plates on the collector.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On the modernized electric locomotives of the VL19m series, DPE-400B traction motors were installed, which had parameters similar to the DPE-400A electric motors (used on electric locomotives of the VL22m series).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The main characteristics of all three electric motors are given in Table.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Auxiliary machines


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Fans are installed on the locomotive to cool the traction motors.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Dual fans were installed on the first VL19, driven by MAT-77 electric motors (previously used on SS electric locomotives).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Since the operating voltage of these engines was 1500 V, dynamos (DDI-66 type) were installed on the electric locomotive, which were connected directly to the contact network (3000 V) and issued at the output half the voltage of the contact network (3000/2 = 1500 V).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

These dynamotors also drove current generators (DU-3 type), and they in turn were the main source of power for low-voltage electrical circuits of the electric locomotive (voltage 50 V).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On electric locomotives of the fourth edition (see above), instead of double ones, two fan motors were installed, driven by DV-18/3000 electric motors with an operating voltage of 3000 V (on electric locomotives for two voltages, as well as at No. 41 — DV-18/1500 at 1500 V), which made it possible to remove dynamos, while the current generators were transferred to fan motors that served as a drive for the generators.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

To obtain compressed air (for example, to power the brake line), 2 motor-compressors were installed on the electric locomotive.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The first VL19 used motor compressors of the GZB-6 type (as on SI electric locomotives), which were driven by GFM-300/4 electric motors with an operating voltage of 3000 V, later they were replaced by TV-130 with electric motors EK-12/3000 (at No. 41 and two-voltage electric locomotives — EK-12/1500).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The main data of the electric motors of auxiliary machines are given in Table.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

5. [4]


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Operation


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

After the end of the tests, the VL19-01 electric locomotive served trains on the Khashuri-Zestafoni section of the Transcaucasian Railway for some time.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In the year, he was transferred to shunting; he also drove relatively light passenger trains on the Khashuri-Borjomi section.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In 1972, the locomotive was removed from the locomotive fleet.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Serial electric locomotives initially arrived at the Zaporizhzhya — Dolgintsevo section of the Catherine (since the year — Stalin) railway, on which they replaced the E and C series steam locomotives. In the middle of the year, due to the military situation, electric locomotives were evacuated to Tomskaya and L. M. Kaganovich (formerly Perm) railways.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In the year, VL19 electric locomotives began to serve freight and passenger trains on the Tbilisi-Khashuri section (replaced the E and Su series steam locomotives), and since May — on the Zestafoni-Samtredia section (steam locomotives were replaced Shch and B series) of the Transcaucasian Railway.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Since December 15, 1935, VL19 began to be operated on the Perm Railway, where they served freight trains on the Sverdlovsk-Goroblagodatskaya section, while the weight of trains increased from 950 to 1200 t, and the average technical speed is from 28 to 40 km/h.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On November 29, the VL19-40 electric locomotive conducted the first freight and passenger trains along the electrified Kandalaksha-Apatity-Kirovsk section of the Kirov Railway.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Since December 16, electric locomotives have been operating on the site according to the schedule, replacing the Em series steam locomotives and increasing the average technical speed on the section from 32 to 43 km/h.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In the year, VL19 electric locomotives began to operate on the Belovo-Novokuznetsk and Apatity-Imandra sections of the Kirov Railways, replacing the E and Eu series steam locomotives.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

[4] It should be noted that electricity for the electrified sections of the Kirov Railway came from the Nivskaya and Tulomskaya hydroelectric power plants, the original engineering solutions of which made them practically invulnerable during the Great Patriotic War.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Thanks to this, in the years, the electric traction on the Murmansk-Kandalaksha section was preserved, and the delivery of goods from Murmansk (supplied by Arctic convoys from the USA and England under Lend-Lease) was able to to be carried out faster than with locomotive traction.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

[12] [13]


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In operation, it turned out that the return device used on electric locomotives of the VL19 series (located near the articulation of the trolleys) was effective only on mountain lines with small radii of curves ( for example, Khashuri-Zestafoni of the Transcaucasian Railway), but Suram electric locomotives that were not equipped with this device were operated in these sections.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

VL19 electric locomotives could not be operated in such areas (due to their low coupling weight and lack of regenerative braking), so they were sent to relatively flat areas with large curves radii.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In these areas, the use of a return device led to the “wagging” of the locomotive, which reduced its driving performance.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Therefore, in the period 1938-1940, return devices were jammed on all VL19 electric locomotives.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On November 6, the electrified section Zlatoust-Chelyabinsk was put into operation, where VL19 were the first electric locomotives.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Since the mid-1950s, due to the increase in the weight of trains, many electric locomotives of the VL19 series began to be transferred from the roads of the Urals and Siberia to light sections in profile and small in length.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Since the 1960s, the VL19 was gradually withdrawn from train work and excluded from the locomotive fleet; the most intensive exclusion occurred in 1971-1976, and only in 1975 it was excluded about 50 locomotives.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Electric locomotives of the VL19 series operated the longest on the Murmansk-Kandalaksha section of the Oktyabrskaya Railway.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Electric locomotive evaluation


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In the summer of the year, a number of articles were published on the pages of the Gudok newspaper discussing the advantages and disadvantages of electric locomotives of the VL19 and SS series.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Supporters of the VL19 electric locomotive pointed to its following advantages compared to the SS [1]:


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

better location of equipment;


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

the mechanical part is designed for higher speeds;


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

the load from the wheelsets on the rails is sufficient and should not be increased to 22 tons.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Their opponents also pointed out the following shortcomings of VL19 [1] [2]:


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

auxiliary vehicles are “hidden” [14] from the locomotive crew;


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

poor location of the equipment, which gets cold air (snow could fall on it in winter, which led to failures);


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

the electric locomotive is designed for a weak upper structure of the track, and the insufficient mechanical strength of the bogie frames, center beams and body heels does not allow raising the axial load to 22 tons;


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

impossibility to install recovery equipment.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In order to refute the latter statement, the VL19-38 electric locomotive was converted from rheostat to regenerative braking in the Moscow-3 depot of the Northern Railways.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

During the re-equipment, auxiliary vehicles of the SI series electric locomotive were used, but as a result, a large pile of various equipment was formed in the body, which was difficult to inspect get there.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

After the alteration, the VL19-38 was sent for testing to the Transcaucasian Railway, where, after a short work, it was again converted to rheostat braking.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Further attempts to create an electric locomotive with regenerative braking on the basis of the VL19 design resulted in the creation of a batch (5 locomotives) of experimental electric locomotives of the SK series (Sergey Kirov, design designation — VL20), equipped with regenerative braking, had bogies of an electric locomotive of the SS series, and gearboxes and traction motors like the VL19. [1]


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In the late 1930s, Transcaucasian and L. M. Kaganovich railways needed to replenish the fleet with electric locomotives with a coupling weight of 132 tons and equipped with regenerative braking.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

At the end of the year, the leadership of the Central Electrification Department of the People's Commissariat of Railways, whose composition, compared to 1934—1936, was significantly updated, decided to terminate construction of electric locomotives of the VL19 series and ordering electric locomotives of the SS type with regenerative braking.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In addition to the above shortcomings of the VL19, supporters of stopping the construction of this electric locomotive pointed to the need to return to thicker bandages, as on Suram-type electric locomotives (90 mm, VL19 locomotives — 75 mm).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

[2] In the year, an upgraded version of the SS electric locomotive — SM (VL22) was designed and put into production.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The second serial electric locomotive, after the VL19, the design of which was developed in the USSR, was the H8 series electric locomotive (since the year — VL8), the first locomotive of this series (H8-001) was produced in March of the year.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The surviving locomotives


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

VL19-01 [16] — on a pedestal in Khashuri locomotive depot (Georgia).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

VL19-35 is an exhibit of the Railway Transport Museum at the Yekaterinburg-Sortirovochny station Yekaterinburg).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

VL19-40 — on a pedestal near the Kandalaksha locomotive depot (Murmansk Region).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

VL19-61 — on a pedestal in the city of Zlatoust.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

VL19-01 on a pedestal in Khashuri


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

VL19-35 in Yekaterinburg


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

VL19-61 in Zlatoust


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Notes


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

comments


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Sources


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Literature


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

VL


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Douglas A-4 Skyhawk (English: Douglas A-4 Skyhawk; until 1962 had the A4D index) was an American light carrier-based attack aircraft developed in the first half of the 1950s by the Douglas Aircraft Company.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was mass-produced until 1979 and was in service with many countries around the world.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was widely used in the Vietnam War, the Arab-Israeli wars and other armed conflicts.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Creation history


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the early 1950s, the company's general designer Ed Heinemann drew attention to the trend towards an increase in the mass of modern fighters.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Privately, the company developed a project for a fighter weighing only about 3000 kg. The project did not interest the US military department, since at that time there were already several fighter programs, but the US Navy offered the company to develop a carrier-based attack aircraft.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In October 1952, a mock-up commission took place, after which the main work on the project began.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A contract with the Navy dated 21 June 1952 provided for the supply of 20 production aircraft (assigned the A4D-1 index) capable of diving bombing, isolating the combat area and providing direct air support [1].


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The aircraft was planned, among other things, to deliver nuclear weapons (one Mk 8, Mk 12 or Mk 91 free-fall nuclear bomb) and should have the following characteristics: maximum speed — 800 km/h , combat range — 550 km, combat load — 900 kg, empty weight — no more than 13,600 kg. A few weeks later, Douglas presented a new project.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The required characteristics were surpassed: the aircraft was twice as light as the set parameter (5,400 kg), had a speed of 965 km/h and a range of 740 km.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Later, the weight of the aircraft increased slightly due to new requirements for flight range.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Skyhawk was designed under the influence of the experience of using assault aircraft in the Korean War.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The main principle in its creation was the simplicity of the fuselage design.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was a light and compact aircraft that did not even need folding wing consoles to be based on an aircraft carrier.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the event of a hydraulic failure and the inability to release the chassis, the Skyhawk could make an emergency landing on two outboard fuel tanks, which were almost always used.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Factors that have a positive effect on the combat survivability of the A-4 were the possibility of switching to manual control in the event of failure of the main and auxiliary hydraulic systems, the three-spar wing and a protected fuselage fuel tank.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The cockpit is armored, the outer steel armor along the outer contours of the cockpit, the windshield bulletproof glass [2].


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Providing protection of the pilot from ground fire of the 14.5 mm ZPU from a distance of 300 m [3].


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The armor weight was 450 kg, or 5.5 percent of the normal take-off weight.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The A-4 was the first aircraft equipped with a refueling system in flight for aircraft of its type, and the last heavily armored attack aircraft from 1950—1960.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The new aircraft took off for the first time from Edwards Air Force Base on June 22, 1954, piloted by Robert Rahn.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Serial production of the car lasted a quarter of a century, until February 27, 1979, when the last of the 2,960 Skyhawks was pumped out of the assembly shop.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Structures involved


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The following structures were involved in the development and production of A-4 aircraft: [4]


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

General contractors


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Glider — Douglas Aircraft Co.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

, Inc.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Long Beach, CA;


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Aircraft engine — United Aircraft Corp.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

, Pratt & Whitney Division, East Harford, CT;


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Subcontractors


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Automatic on-board flight control system — Bendix Corp.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Burbank, California;


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Radio altimeter — Bendix Corp.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

, Bendix-Pacific Division, North Hollywood, California;


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Inertial radio navigation system — General Precision, Inc.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

, Kearfott Division, Clifton, New Jersey;


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Alternator, radio transmitter — General Electric Co.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Los Angeles, CA;


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Airspeed Indicator — Servomechanisms Inc.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

El Segundo, California;


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Pumps — Vickers, Inc.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

, Aero Hydraulics Division, Torrance, California;


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Cooling system — United Aircraft Corp.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Hamilton Standard Division, East Harford, CT;


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Wheels, brake pads — Goodyear Aerospace Corp.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Akron, OH.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Variations


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

American


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

XA4D-1 is a prototype.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

YA4D-1 is a pre-production aircraft.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Nineteen vehicles were built, later renamed A-4A.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4A (A4D-1) is the first serial modification with the Wright J65-W-4 engine.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on August 14, 1954, was mass-produced until 1957, and 146 aircraft were built (another 19 aircraft were originally built as pre-production YA4D-1).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4B (A4D-2) — reinforced rear fuselage, new Wright J65-W-16 engine (3490 kgf), installed a non-retractable rod for in-flight refueling, improved navigation and control system by plane.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was mass-produced in 1955-1958, 542 vehicles were built.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4C (A4D-2N) is a night all-weather attack aircraft with the possibility of low-altitude bombing.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

AN/APG-53A radar in the extended nose fuselage, autopilot, LABS low-altitude bombing system, new ejection seat, Wright J65-W-16A engine (3,175 kgf), more powerful on later aircraft J65-W-20 (3810 kgf on takeoff).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on August 21, 1958, was mass-produced until 1962, and 638 aircraft were built.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4D—The designation was not used to avoid confusion with the pre-1962 A4D.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The A4D-3 is an all-weather attack aircraft proposed in 1957 with a Pratt-Whitney J52-P-2 engine (3,855 kgf).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was not mass-produced.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The A4D-4 was a long-range all-weather attack aircraft proposed in 1958 for the delivery of nuclear weapons.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was not mass-produced.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

YA-4E (YA4D-5) is a prototype of A-4E.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Two cars were built.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4E (A4D-5) is a variant with a deep upgrade.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It is equipped with the new Pratt-Whitney J52-P-6A engine with 37 kN thrust.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The fuselage has been strengthened, the center of gravity has been changed, the number of pylons for weapon suspension has been increased from three to five, an elongated nose of the fuselage for the Doppler navigation radar, the following system is installed TACAN tactical navigation, an on-board computer for bombing from a half-loop, an AJB-3A sighting system for bombing from low altitudes.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Later, many vehicles of this modification were equipped with a J52-P-8 engine with a thrust of 41 kN.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on July 12, 1961, was mass-produced until 1966, and 499 aircraft were built.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The A4D-6, a modification proposed in 1963, was not mass-produced.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

TA-4E is a prototype of a two-seat training modification of the Skyhawk.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on June 30, 1965, and built two aircraft, later renamed the TA-4F.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4F — development of A-4E.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Additional electronic equipment in the gargrot (the characteristic “hump” used on most subsequent modifications), the Pratt-Whitney J52-P-8A engine (4220 kgf), later replaced by the J52-P-408 ( 5080 kgf).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Additional cabin reservation for protection against bullets and splinters.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on August 31, 1966, was mass-produced until 1968, and 147 aircraft were built.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

TA-4F is a two-seater training aircraft.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was mass-produced in 1965-1967, 238 vehicles were built (2 more were originally built as TA-4E).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

TA-4J is a two-seater combat training aircraft, a modification based on the TA-4F.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Most weapon control systems and two of the five weapon suspension pylons, the J52-P-6 engine (3855 kgf) have been dismantled.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It first flew on December 17, 1968, built 293 aircraft, and most of the TA-4F were converted to this version.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4L is the designation of the upgraded A-4C Navy Reserve.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The J65-W-20 engine (3810 kgf) is installed, some minor improvements.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on August 21, 1969, and 100 aircraft were modernized.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The A-4M (unofficially called Skyhawk II) is an attack aircraft for the US Marine Corps.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The cockpit light has been increased, a brake parachute is installed, a new refueling rod in flight, a friend-foe identification system, a J52-P-408a engine with a thrust of 50 kN.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

During production, additional equipment was installed, including new indicators in the cockpit, a radar radiation warning system, a new ARBS (Angle Rate Bombing system) bombing System) Hughes AN/ASB-19.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Pilot armor protection from the front directions and from the lower hemisphere, windshield bulletproof glass.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Protected tank, two hydraulic control systems (main and reserve).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on April 10, 1970, was mass-produced until 1979 (the last serial modification of the A-4), and 158 aircraft were built (2 more were converted from A-4F).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

OA-4M is the designation of two-seater TA-4F converted into advanced air guidance aircraft for the US Marine Corps.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

23 cars have been converted.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Exports


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4AR (Fightinghawk) is an A-4M with upgraded on-board equipment for the Argentine Air Force.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the second half of the 1990s, 36 cars were delivered.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

TA-4AR is an OA-4M for the Argentine Air Force.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the second half of the 1990s, 4 cars were delivered.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4G is the A-4F export designation for the Royal Australian Navy.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Designed to provide the fleet's air defense, it could carry up to 4 AIM-9 air-to-air missiles.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on July 19, 1967, and built eight aircraft (8 more were later converted from A-4F).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The TA-4G is a two-seater training aircraft for the Royal Australian Navy.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on July 21, 1967, and built two aircraft (2 more were later converted from TA-4F).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4H is an A-4F for the Israeli Air Force, designed for operation from ground airfields.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Colt Mk 12 20 mm air cannons replaced with 30-mm DEFA, gargrot dismantled.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It first flew on October 27, 1967 and built 90 aircraft.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The TA-4H is a two-seater training aircraft for the Israeli Air Force, a modification based on the TA-4J.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Ten vehicles were built.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4K is an A-4F for the Royal New Zealand Air Force, designed for operation from ground airfields.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It made its first flight on November 10, 1969, and built 10 aircraft (later converted from Australian A-4G).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

TA-4K is a TA-4F for the Royal New Zealand Air Force.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Four cars were built.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4KU is an A-4M for the Kuwait Air Force, designed for operation from ground airfields.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Increased cockpit light, some other changes, J52-P-408 engine (5080 kgf).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It first flew on July 20, 1976, and built 30 aircraft.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The TA-4KU is a two-seater training aircraft for the Kuwait Air Force.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It first flew on December 14, 1976, and built six aircraft.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4N — A-4M for the Israeli Air Force.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

New navigation and weapon control system, AN/APQ-145 radar, 30 mm DEFA air cannons.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It first flew on June 8, 1972 and built 117 aircraft.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4P is the designation for A-4B aircraft supplied to the Argentine Air Force (75 aircraft).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4PTM (PTM - Peculiar to Malaysia) - A-4C and A-4L for the Royal Malaysian Air Force.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Upgraded on-board equipment (including AN/ARN-118 radar), new cockpit light, brake parachute, J65-W-20 engine.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The first flight took place on April 12, 1984.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The TA-4PTM is a two-seater training aircraft for the Royal Malaysian Air Force (converted A-4C and A-4L).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The first flight took place on August 28, 1984.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4Q is the designation of A-4B aircraft supplied to the Argentine Navy (16 aircraft).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4S is A-4B for the Singapore Air Force.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Updated some on-board equipment, 30-mm Aden cannons, five weapon suspension units, J65-W-20 engine (3810 kgf).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The first flight took place on July 14, 1973.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The TA-4S is a two-seater training aircraft for the Singapore Air Force.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4SU/TA-4SU (Super Skyhawk) - a deep modernization of the A-4S-1, intended exclusively for the Singapore Air Force (RSAF).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

They were equipped with a General Electric F404 afterburner engine and modern electronic equipment.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Operation


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

USA


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The first Skyhawk entered the US Navy Combat Squadron (72nd Blue Hawks Assault Squadron, VA-72 Blue Hawks) on September 26, 1956.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Since the beginning of 1957, new aircraft began to enter service with the Marine Corps, and the 224th Bengal Tigers Assault Squadron (VMA-224 Bengals) was the first to receive them.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

As a carrier-based attack aircraft, the A-4 replaced the A-1 Skyrader piston.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was easy to operate and maintain, had good maneuverability and could carry a wide range of weapons (including nuclear weapons).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Skyhawk was respected among pilots and received several nicknames, the most famous of which was Heinemann's Hot-Rod.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The first years of service of the A-4 passed quite calmly.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The squadrons armed with these attack aircraft participated in the campaigns of aircraft carriers in the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, covered the landing of the Marines in Lebanon (1958), flew over the area fighting during the landing of Cuban emigrants in the Bay of Pigs (1961) and participated in the Caribbean crisis (1962), but in these cases it did not come to the real use of attack aircraft.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The culmination of the service of the American Skyhawks was the Vietnam War, in which aircraft of both carrier-based aircraft and marines played a significant role.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the midst of hostilities, in December 1967, the US Navy began to gradually withdraw the A-4 from service - its place was now to be taken by the A-7 Corsair II.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The last Skyhawks left the decks of American aircraft carriers in 1975, and a few years later they were withdrawn from the Navy Reserve and units.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

They remained in service with the Marine Corps much longer.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was the ILC that was intended for the last serial Skyhawk, pumped out of the workshop on February 27, 1979.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Exactly eleven years later, on February 27, 1990, the A-4 was withdrawn from service with the first-line Marine Corps squadrons, and in June 1994 they were abandoned by the ILC Reserve, thereby completing the service of combat A-4 modifications in the USA.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Skyhawk was not only used as an attack aircraft.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

During the Vietnam War, it was chosen as an “aggressor aircraft” in (better known as Top Gan due to popular culture), imitating North Vietnamese MiG-17 fighters that had similar flight characteristics.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Initially, the enemy was simulated by A-4E, later replaced by two-seater aircraft.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Training modifications played an important role in the training of carrier-based pilots.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

As a result, the double Skyhawks stayed in service longer than their single counterparts and continued to fly until 2003.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Their withdrawal from service marked the end of almost 50 years of operation of this type of aircraft in the US armed forces.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

From 1974 to 1986, A-4F aircraft were used by the US Navy's Blue Angels aerobatic team.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Australia


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

On October 26, 1965, the Australian Navy announced its intention to purchase Skyhawk attack aircraft in connection with the growing threat from Indonesia.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4G and TA-4G modifications were supplied to Australia, with a total of 16 and 4 aircraft received, respectively.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

They were in service with two squadrons.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Squadron No. 805 (later VF-805) was combat and periodically based on board the only Australian aircraft carrier Melbourne; all two-seat aircraft entered training squadron No. 724 (later VC-724), they could not be operated from the short deck of the Melbourne due to the changed center of gravity.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Australian Skyhawks had a high accident rate, and in a decade and a half, about half of the total number of vehicles delivered were lost in flight accidents.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In 1982, the Melbourne was withdrawn from the Royal Navy, and in 1984 Australia sold all of its surviving A-4s to New Zealand.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Argentina


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In 1965, the Argentine Air Force ordered 50 A-4B aircraft to replace the outdated Meteors and F-86.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Deliveries began in the fall of 1966, but were delayed for several years, as the US Congress feared that these aircraft might be needed by the Navy and the ILC due to the heavy losses of the Skyhawks in Vietnam.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In 1975, another 25 aircraft were ordered.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In total, the Argentine Air Force received 75 aircraft designated A-4P.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Argentine Navy ordered 16 A-4B in 1971.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

These aircraft received the designation A-4Q and differed from Air Force aircraft in their ability to carry AIM-9 air-to-air missiles.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

They were periodically based on the aircraft carrier Veinticinco de Mayo (Spanish: Veinticinco de Mayo).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In Argentina, the A-4 was in service with four Air Force squadrons and one Navy squadron.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Approximately 25% of Skyhawk Park was lost in the Falklands War of 1982.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Argentina could not make up for its losses due to the US arms embargo.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It was not until 1994 that the embargo was lifted, and immediately followed by an order for a batch of A-4M-based aircraft operated by the US Marines.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Deliveries of 36 A-4AR and 4 TA-4AR began in 1997, which allowed the Air Force Command to finally withdraw from service the Skyhawks of old modifications.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Brazil


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In 1997, Brazil entered into a contract with Kuwait for the supply of 20 Kuwaiti A-4KU and 3 TA-4KU.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the Brazilian Navy, these aircraft were designated AF-1 and AF-1A.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Pilots were trained in Argentina and the United States.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Currently, one squadron based on the aircraft carrier São Paulo is armed with the Skyhawks.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Israel


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The contract for the supply of the first 48 Skyhawks to Israel was signed in August 1966.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The first aircraft arrived in December 1967.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Israeli Air Force was the largest operator of the A-4 outside the United States, receiving a total of 90 A-4H, 10 TA-4H and 117 A-4N.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In addition, to make up for the heavy losses in the 1973 war, 46 A-4E delivered aboard the aircraft carrier Independence were transferred from the US Navy and ILC.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Since the nineties, the Skyhawk has been used to train flight personnel, and in 2015 it was finally withdrawn from service.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

[8] [9]


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Indonesia


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In 1979, Indonesia ordered 14 A-4E and 2 TA-4H from Israel; the deal was secret.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In 1982, another 16 A-4Es were purchased from the United States.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Indonesian Skyhawks served in Squadrons No. 11 and No. 12.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In 1996, all aircraft were transferred to Squadron No. 11 at Hasanuddin Air Base.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

[10] Later, 2 TA-4Js were received from the United States.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The status of Indonesian aircraft for 2008 is not entirely clear; apparently, all A-4Es have been decommissioned, but two-seater aircraft continue to be in service.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Kuwait


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In November 1974, the Kuwaiti government announced its intention to purchase 36 Skyhawks.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A total of 30 A-4KU and 6 TA-4KU, which were in service with Squadrons No. 9 and 25, were delivered.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Some Kuwaiti aircraft were lost during the Iraqi invasion in August 1990.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

After the Gulf War, the Kuwaiti Air Force received F/A-18 fighter-bombers, and the Skyhawks were sent for storage.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

There were unsuccessful attempts to sell them to Bosnia and the Philippines, and in 1997 a contract was finally signed with Brazil, which received all 23 surviving Kuwaiti A-4s. [12]


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Malaysia


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Royal Malaysian Air Force ordered 88 Skyhawk aircraft in 1980.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Later, due to inflation, the order was reduced, and Malaysia received 34 A-4PTM and 6 TA-4PTM.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

They were in service with Squadrons No. 6 and 9, based in Kuantan.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Due to the receipt of new Hawk and F/A-18D attack aircraft, the Malaysian A-4s were decommissioned by the end of the 1990s.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

NZ


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

On July 3, 1968, New Zealand ordered 12 Skyhawks to replace the aging Canberra bombers.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

10 A-4K and 2 TA-4K were delivered in 1970 and entered service with Squadron No. 75.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Additional aircraft were received in 1984 from Australia, which sold 10 of its Skyhawks, which made it possible to arm another New Zealand squadron (No. 2) with attack aircraft.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Since 1991, this squadron has been based in Australia by agreement between the governments of the two countries.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Since 1986, the New Zealand A-4s have undergone the KAHU modernization program, receiving new avionics.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Despite this, in the late 1990s, the question arose about the need to replace them.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

To do this, New Zealand was going to purchase F-16 fighter-bombers, but the deal did not take place.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

[14] Since the early 2000s, Skyhawk aircraft have been decommissioned, and in 2005 it was decided to sell them abroad [15].


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

It is noteworthy that in 2001, a new TA-4K was assembled from spare parts in New Zealand specifically for museum display; thus, this aircraft can be considered the last built by Skyhawk.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Singapore


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Since 1972, Singapore has purchased at least 126 A-4B and A-4C aircraft, converted to the A-4S standard.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Double-seat modifications were not purchased; instead, an unusual conversion of single-seat aircraft was carried out, consisting in the installation of a second cockpit with a separate lantern (TA-4S).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the mid-1980s, the first stage of modernization of the Singapore A-4s was carried out, which received General Electric F404-GE-100D (A-4S-1) engines.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the second phase of the upgrade, new avionics was installed; these aircraft (A-4SU and TA-4SU) were designated Super Skyhawk.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

By 2008, the process of removing the A-4 from service with the Singapore Air Force was coming to an end.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Combat use


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Southeast Asia


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Skyhawks fought in Southeast Asia literally from the first to the last day of direct US intervention in the Vietnam War.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

On August 5, 1964, the A-4s were among the aircraft that made the first raid on North Vietnam.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Operation Pierce Arrow was carried out in response to alleged actions by North Vietnamese boats against US Navy destroyers during the second Tonkin incident.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

During the raid, some of the torpedo boats available to the DRV were destroyed, as well as the oil storage facility in Vina.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Losses amounted to two aircraft, including one Skyhawk from the 144th Assault Squadron; its pilot Everett Alvarez ejected and became the first American prisoner of war in North Vietnam.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the first half of the war, the Skyhawk (modifications A-4B, A-4C and A-4E) was the most massive attack aircraft of the US Navy.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Piston Skyraders were removed from service, and more advanced and expensive Intruders were quite few.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The A-4 deck was used mainly against North Vietnam.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The tasks assigned to them included strikes on communication lines and strategic facilities, armed reconnaissance (“free hunting”), suppressing the North Vietnamese air defense system, including hunting for anti-aircraft missile systems.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Operations to search for and destroy air defense systems were codenamed “Iron Hand” (in the US Air Force, this was done by special units “Wild Caresses”) and was considered one of the most dangerous missions.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

For the first time, the Skyhawks used the AGM-45 Shrike anti-radar missile and the AGM-62 Wally guided bomb.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

After the cessation of the bombing of North Vietnam in the fall of 1968, carrier-based aircraft were reoriented to operations in South Vietnam and Laos.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Skyhawks have already been replaced by the new A-7 Corsair II attack aircraft.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

When a new air campaign against DRV began in the spring of 1972, only a few squadrons armed with A-4F took part in the fighting.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The US Marines used their Skyhawks from ground bases in South Vietnam (Da Nang and Chulai).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Its aircraft were partially involved in the bombing of the DRV and were mainly engaged in providing direct air support to ILC units in the northern provinces of South Vietnam.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Marine Corps Skyhawks carried out their last sorties on 28 January 1973, the day after the signing of the Paris Peace Agreement and just before the entry into force of the cessation fire.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The use of A-4 in Vietnam has been extremely intensive.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

For example, the 311th Marine Assault Squadron alone, which fought throughout the war with a one-year break and armed with Skyhawks all this time, made 54,000 sorties.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

[17] Losses were also corresponding: during the entire war in Southeast Asia, the US Navy and ILC lost 362 A-4 attack aircraft (this is the figure of total losses, both combat and non-combat), and 130 pilots were killed.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

[18] The Skyhawks suffered the largest combat losses of all types of aircraft used in Vietnam by the US Navy and ILC.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The A-4 recorded one air victory: on May 1, 1967, Lieutenant Commander Theodor Schwartz shot down a North Vietnamese MiG-17 fighter with unguided missiles.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

North Vietnamese fighters shot down one to four A-4s. [19] [20]


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Two A-4 pilots received the highest US military award, the Medal of Honor.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Lieutenant Commander Michael Estotsin was posthumously awarded for his actions in two sorties to suppress air defense positions in the Haiphong area (April 1967) [21], Commander James Stockdale received the award for heroism in captivity [22].


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Another famous A-4 pilot in Vietnam was Lieutenant Commander John McCain, a future senator and candidate in the 2008 presidential election.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

He almost died in a fire on the aircraft carrier Forrestal on July 29, 1967, which killed more than 130 people, and on October 26, his Skyhawk was shot down over Hanoi by an anti-aircraft missile.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

McCain ejected and was captured.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Middle East


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A-4 attack aircraft began to enter the Israeli Air Force at the end of 1967.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

They were first used in combat operations in the spring of 1968 on the Jordanian front, and later were used on all fronts of the “war of attrition”.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

On May 15, 1970, Skyhawk pilot Ezra Dotan recorded two Syrian MiG-17s shot down in an air battle over Lebanon.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

On the Sinai front, Egyptian MiG-21s shot down two Israeli Skyhawks.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Israeli A-4 had to meet over Sinai and with Soviet MiG-21s, as a result of which two Skyhawks were damaged and one was destroyed [23] [24] [25] [26].


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In total, at least 4 Israeli Skyhawks were lost in battles during the war [27].


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

By the beginning of the October 1973 War, the Skyhawk was the most mass-produced aircraft of the Israeli Air Force (about 160 aircraft).


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

During the war, Israeli aircraft collided with an unexpectedly powerful air defense system of Egypt and no less powerful air defense of Syria, as a result of which heavy losses were suffered in the first three days of hostilities.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In just one day on October 7, at least 30 Skyhawks were shot down, only a few pilots were able to eject.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

More than half of the aircraft sent to the Golan Heights did not return from a combat mission.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

To replenish them, 46 Skyhawks were urgently transferred from the United States.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The losses of the A-4 in this war amounted to more than 50 vehicles [23] [28] [29].


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

According to official US data, Israel had 172 A-4s before the war, during the war they carried out 4,695 sorties, 52 aircraft were shot down or crashed, and 89 were damaged.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

[30] It is known that at least 1 damaged Skyhawk has been decommissioned.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Western historian Frank Acker points out the A-4's irretrievable loss of 55 cars.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

[31] Another Western researcher, Edmund Garib, calls the irretrievable losses of the Skyhawks at 80 aircraft.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

[32] At least 9 Skyhawks were shot down in air battles - 5 were shot down by Syrian MiG-21, 2 Syrian MiG-17, 1 Egyptian MiG-21 and 1 Iraqi MiG-21 [33] [34].


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The aircraft delivered during the war also managed to make a number of sorties, and nothing is known about their losses.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

After the end of the major war, Israeli Skyhawks continued to fly combat missions over the Golan Heights.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

On April 19, 1974, over Mount Hermon, an A-4 was shot down by Syrian Shilka fire, killing the pilot on the plane.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Israeli A-4s participated in raids on Palestine Liberation Organization bases in Lebanon.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

They were also used during Operation Peace for Galilee, a full-scale invasion of Lebanon in the summer of 1982.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

One plane was lost, shot down by a Strela-2 MANPADS missile on June 6, 1982 (its pilot was captured) [37].


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Falklands


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The basis of Argentina's jet strike aircraft during the Falklands War (1982) was the Skyhawks and Daggers.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

In total, Argentina had 48 A-4:26 A-4B, 12 A-4C and 10 A-4Q.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Due to the lack of suitable airfields in the Falklands, they were forced to carry out combat sorties from the mainland, which significantly increased the flight range.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Skyhawks were mainly involved in strikes on British ships using free-falling bombs.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Despite the fact that many bombs did not explode (the drop height was often too low and the fuse did not have time to detonate), the A-4 pilots managed to destroy four of the six lost British ships (” Ardent, Coventry, Antiloope, Sir Galahead), and several more ships were damaged [38], making Skyhawk attack aircraft the most effective Argentine aircraft in this conflict.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

A vivid example of the capabilities of modern assault aircraft was the events in Bluff Cove (en) on June 8, 1982.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The British command was going to transfer reinforcements to the area by sea for the paratrooper battalion already in position.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The transfer was supposed to take place in the dark, but as a result of a number of accidents and errors, both amphibious assault ships were still in Bluff Cove at dawn.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

As a result, they were spotted by the Argentines, and a group of Skyhawks attacked the landing site without meeting any opposition.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The consequences of the raid were catastrophic: about 50 British soldiers were killed, the ships were damaged, and the damage to the Sir Galahead was so severe that it was sunk after cessation of hostilities.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The losses of squadrons armed with Skyhawks during the war amounted to 22 aircraft (10 A-4B, 9 A-4C and 3 A-4Q) and 19 pilots, of which 8 were shot down by the British Sea Harrier, 7 by air defense system fire from ships, 3 by fire from the ground, 1” friendly fire” and 3 crashed [39] [40] [41].


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Other conflicts


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

During Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, Kuwaiti A-4KU attacked advancing enemy troops.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Several aircraft were lost, and the rest managed to fly to Saudi Arabia before the airfields were seized.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Iraq won five Skyhawks as trophies.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

[42] All surviving Kuwaiti aircraft became part of the Free Kuwaiti Air Force.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The Skyhawks actively participated in Operation Desert Storm in January-February 1991, making more than 1,300 sorties while losing only one aircraft (the pilot was captured) [12] [42].


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Indonesian Skyhawks were used against guerrillas in occupied East Timor, but the details of these operations are unknown. [


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Accidents


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

On February 14, 2013, the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk of the Argentine Air Force crashed during landing.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The pilots managed to eject [43].


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Performance characteristics


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

The data given correspond to variant A-4E [44].


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Technical specifications


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Crew: 1 person


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Length: 12.6 m


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Wingspan: 8.4 m


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Height: 4.6 m


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Wing area: 24.06 m²


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Empty weight: 4365 kg


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Curb weight: 8300 kg


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Maximum take-off weight: 10,410 kg


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Engine: 1× Pratt & Whitney J52-P-6A turbojet engine (1×3855 kgf)


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Flight performance


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Maximum speed at ground: 1083 km/h


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Cruising speed: 800 km/h


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Stall speed: 224 km/h


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Battle radius with 2 PTB: 1094 km


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Distillation range: 3430 km


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Battle ceiling: 12,200 m


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Operational overload: −3/+8 g


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Arming


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Cannons: 2×20 mm (Colt Mk.12); 100 rounds of ammunition per gun


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Suspension points: 5


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Combat load: up to 3720 kg


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Notes


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Literature


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

AND. Alekseev said.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Skyhawk attack aircraft//“Foreign Military Review”, No. 11, 1980.


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

page 50-53


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

, Foreign Military Review magazine, No. 10 1977


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

References


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

(in English)


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

(in English)


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Category:US aircraft


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Category:Stormtroopers


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Category:Carrier-based aircraft


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Category: Vietnam War aircraft


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Category: Falklands War aircraft


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Category:Single-engine jets


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Category:Bendix Military Products


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Category:General Electric military products


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Category:Goodyear military products


Question: Until what year was the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk mass-produced?

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

Category:Vickers military products


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

India is located in South Asia, mostly on the Indian subcontinent.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The coast of India, which is more than 7 thousand km long.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

, is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean - the Bay of Bengal from the southeast and the Arabian Sea from the southwest.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The area of India's territory is 3 million 288 thousand km², according to this indicator, the country ranks seventh in the world.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

India is located north of the equator between 6°44' and 35°30' north latitude [1] and 68°7' and 97°25' east longitude.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

Geology


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

Most of India is located within the Precambrian Indian subcontinent plate, which forms the peninsula of the same name and the adjacent Indo-Ganges Plain from the north and is part of the Australian slabs.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

India's defining geological processes began 75 million years ago, when the Indian subcontinent, at that time part of the southern supercontinent of Gondwana, began to drift in the northwest through the then non-existent Indian Ocean, a process that lasted about 50 million years.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

[3] The subsequent collision of the subcontinent with the Eurasian plate and its subduction below it led to the emergence of the Himalayas, the highest mountains on the planet, which now surround India from the north and northeast.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

[3] On the former seabed, just south of the emerging Himalayas, a huge deflection was formed as a result of the movement of the plates, which gradually filled with alluvium [4] and turned into the modern Indo- The Ganges Plain.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

[5] To the west of this plain, separated from it by the Aravalli mountain range, stretches the Tar Desert.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

[6] The original Indian subcontinent plate has survived to this day as the Indian subcontinent, the oldest and geologically most stable part of India, stretching north to the Satpur and Windhya mountain ranges in central India.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

These parallel mountain ranges run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chhota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

[7] The interior of the Indian subcontinent is occupied by the Decan Plateau, divided by discharges into low and medium-altitude mountains with smoothed peaks and extensive flat or wavy plateaus, above which hills and table mountains with steep slopes rise.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

To the west and east, the Dekan Plateau rises, forming, respectively, the Western and Eastern Ghats.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

[8] The slopes of the Gat facing the sea are steep, and those facing the Dean are gentle, cut by river valleys.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The Dean Plateau is home to the oldest mountain formations in India, some more than 1 billion years old.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The dean is rich in deposits of iron, copper, manganese, tungsten ores, bauxite, chromite, mica, gold, diamonds, rare and precious stones, as well as coal, oil and gas.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

Relief


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

Through India, the Himalayas stretch in an arc from north to northeast of the country, forming a natural border with China in three sections interrupted by Nepal and Bhutan, between which, in Sikkim State, is located the highest peak in India, Mount Kanchenjung.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

Karakorum is located in the far north of India in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, mainly in the part of Kashmir held by Pakistan.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

In the northeastern appendix of India are the medium-altitude Assamo-Burma Mountains and the Shillong Plateau.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The main glaciation centers are concentrated in Karakorum and on the southern slopes of the Zaskar ridge in the Himalayas.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

Glaciers are fed by snowfalls during the summer monsoons and snowstorm transfer of snow from the slopes.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The average height of the snow line decreases from 5,300 m in the west to 4,500 m in the east.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

As a result of global warming, glaciers are retreating.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

Hydrology


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

India's inland waters are represented by numerous rivers, which, depending on the nature of nutrition, are divided into “Himalayan”, full-flowing throughout the year, with a mixed snow-glacial and rain food, and “dean”, mainly with rain, monsoon nutrition, large fluctuations in runoff, floods from June to October.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

On all major rivers, there is a sharp rise in level in summer, often accompanied by floods.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The Indus River, which gave the country its name, after the partition of British India, was most of Pakistan.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The largest rivers that originate in the Himalayas and mostly flow through India are the Ganges and Brahmaputra, both of which flow into the Bay of Bengal.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

[9] The main tributaries of the Ganges are the Yamuna and Koshi.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

Their low shores cause catastrophic floods every year.