Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

During his life, Nobel has accumulated an impressive fortune.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

He received most of his income from his 355 inventions, of which the most famous is dynamite [2] [3].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In 1888, Alfred Nobel was “buried alive”.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Nobel's brother Ludwig died in Cannes, and by mistake of reporters, newspapers posted an announcement about the death of Alfred Nobel himself, and not his brother.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

After reading his own obituary called “The Merchant of Death is Dead” in a French newspaper, Nobel wondered how humanity would remember him.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

After that, he decided to change his will [4].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

On December 10, 1896, Alfred Nobel died in his villa in Sanremo, Italy, of a brain hemorrhage [5].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Alfred Nobel's will, drawn up on November 27, 1895, was read out in January 1897 [6] [7]:


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

“All my movable and immovable property must be converted by my executors into liquid values, and the capital collected in this way should be placed in a reliable bank. The income from investments must belong to the fund, which will annually distribute them in the form of bonuses to those who have brought the greatest benefit to humanity during the previous year... divided into five equal parts, which are intended: one part to the one who makes the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics; the other to the one who makes the most important discovery or improvement in the field of chemistry; the third is for the one who will make the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth is for the one who will create the most outstanding literary work idealistic; the fifth is to the one who has made the most significant contribution to bringing nations together, eliminating slavery or reducing the number of existing armies, and promoting peace congresses ... My special wish is that the awards do not take into account the nationality of the candidates...”


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

This will was initially received with skepticism.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Numerous relatives of Nobel considered themselves deprived and demanded to recognize the will illegal.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

It was not until April 26, 1897 that it was approved by the Storting of Norway [8].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The executors of Nobel's will, secretary Ragnar Solmann and lawyer Rudolf Lilekvist, organized the Nobel Foundation to take care of the execution of his will and organize the award of prizes [9].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

According to Nobel's instructions, the Norwegian Nobel Committee became responsible for awarding the Peace Prize, whose members were appointed in April 1897 shortly after the will came into force.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

After a while, the organizations that award the rest of the prizes were identified.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

On June 7, the Karolinska Institute became responsible for the award in physiology or medicine; on June 9, the Swedish Academy won the right to award the Literature Prize; on June 11, the Royal Swedish the Academy of Sciences was recognized as responsible for awarding prizes in physics and chemistry [10].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

On June 29, 1900, the Nobel Foundation was founded to manage finances and organize Nobel Prizes [11].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The Nobel Foundation reached agreements on the basic principles for awarding prizes, and in 1900, the newly created charter of the fund was adopted by King Oscar II [12].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In 1905, the Swedish-Norwegian Union was dissolved.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Since then, the Norwegian Nobel Committee has been responsible for awarding the Nobel Peace Prize, and Swedish organizations are responsible for the rest of the prizes [13].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In 2018, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences decided not to award the Literature Prize for the first time in history due to the scandal.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Previously, the Literature Prize was not awarded during World War I (1914—1918), World War II (1941—1943), and 1935, as there was not a single worthy candidate.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

According to the decision of the Academy, two prizes will be awarded in 2019 at once — one of them will be awarded for the scandalous 2018 [14].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Award rules


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The main document regulating the rules for awarding the prize is the statute of the Nobel Foundation.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The prize can only be awarded to individuals and not to institutions (except for peace awards).


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The Peace Prize can be awarded to individuals as well as official and public organizations.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

According to § 4 of the statute, one or two works can be encouraged at the same time, but the total number of recipients should not exceed three [15].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Although this rule was only introduced in 1968, it has been de facto always observed [16].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

At the same time, the monetary reward is divided between the laureates as follows: the prize is first divided equally between the works, and then equally between their authors.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Thus, if two different discoveries are awarded, one of which is made by two, the latter receive 1/4 of the cash part of the prize.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

And if one discovery is awarded, made by two or three, everyone receives equally (1/2 or 1/3 of the prize, respectively).


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

§ 4 also states that the prize cannot be awarded posthumously.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

However, if the applicant was alive at the time of the announcement of the award (usually in October), but died before the award ceremony (December 10 this year), he retains the prize [15].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

This rule was adopted in 1974, and before that, the prize was awarded twice posthumously: Eric Karlfeldt in 1931 and Dag Hammarskjöld in 1961 [17].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

According to the adopted rule, the prize was retained by William Vickrey, who died in October 1996 a few days after he was awarded the prize.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

However, in 2011, the rule was violated when, by decision of the Nobel Committee, Ralph Steinman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine posthumously, because at the time of award The Nobel Committee considered him alive [18].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

According to § 5 of the statute, the prize may not be awarded to anyone at all if the members of the relevant committee do not find worthy works among those nominated for the competition.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In this case, the prize money is kept until the next year.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

If the prize is not awarded the following year, the funds are transferred to the closed reserve of the Nobel Foundation [15].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Nobel Prizes


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The Nobel testament provided for the allocation of funds for awards to representatives of only five areas:


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Physics (awarded since 1901 in Sweden);


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Chemistry (awarded since 1901 in Sweden);


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Physiology or medicine (awarded since 1901 in Sweden);


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Literature (awarded since 1901 in Sweden);


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Promoting peace in the world (awarded since 1901 in Norway).


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In addition, regardless of Nobel's will, since 1969, at the initiative of the Bank of Sweden, the Alfred Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences has also been awarded, unofficially called the Nobel Prize for economy.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

It is awarded under the same conditions as other Nobel Prizes.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In the future, the Board of the Nobel Foundation decided not to increase the number of nominations anymore.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The laureate is required to give the so-called “Nobel Memorial Lecture”, which is then published by the Nobel Foundation in a special volume.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Nobel Foundation


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The Nobel Foundation was established in 1900 as a private independent non-governmental organization, with an initial capital of SEK 31.6 million (at current prices this amount is equivalent to about 1.65 billion kroons).


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Prizes were paid to the laureates from interest on transactions with securities.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The main task of the Foundation is to manage Alfred Nobel's wealth, most of which he acquired in Azerbaijan, in particular, from oil fields in Baku.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Baku enterprises were the main production base for the company's impressive financial results and greatly contributed to the creation of the Nobel Prize Fund after the death of Alfred Nobel.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Since by the time the prize pool was created, Alfred Nobel's deceased fortune amounted to SEK 31 million, respectively, more than 12% of this huge amount was obtained by the labor of her Baku employees [19].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

[20] [21]


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The size of the Nobel Prize


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The first premiums were 150,000 kroons (7.87 million kroons at 2009 prices).


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In the 1980s, the prizes amounted to about 880,000 kroons (in terms of the exchange rate of the early 2010s, about $350,000).


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In the 1990s, the premium increased significantly.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

As of December 2015, the fund had a capital of SEK 4.065 billion, and the premium amounted to SEK 8 million [22], which is approximately equivalent to 1.1 million US dollars.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In 1992, $1.04 million


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In 2000, $0.9 million


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In 2003, it was $1.34 million


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In 2004, it was $1.46 million


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In 2005, it was $1.25 million


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In 2006, it was $1.45 million


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In 2007, it was $1.56 million


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In 2008, $1.25 million


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In 2009, $1.45 million


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

$1.5 million in 2010 [23]


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

$1.4 million in 2011


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

$1.1 million in 2016


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In 2017, it was $1.118 million.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In 2012, the Nobel Prize fell by 20 percent to $1.1 million.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

This decision was made in June 2012 at a meeting of the Board of Directors of the Nobel Foundation.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

According to the fund's management, this measure will help avoid reducing the organization's capital in the long term.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

According to the statement of the fund, the management of capital “should be carried out in such a way that the award can be awarded indefinitely”.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

“The Nobel Foundation is responsible for ensuring that the size of the prize can remain at a high level for a long time,” said Lars Heikensten, Executive Director of the Foundation.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In recent years, the income received from the use of capital has not even been enough to pay the monetary component of the bonus, reimburse the costs of the award ceremony, as well as for the maintenance of apparatus.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

To optimize costs in the fund, in addition to cutting the amount of the premium, they also promise to take other austerity measures [24].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Award procedure


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Award nominations


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Requests for nominations are sent by the Nobel Committee to approximately 3,000 individuals, usually in September of the year preceding the year the prize is awarded.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

These individuals are often researchers working in their respective fields.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

For the Peace Prize, requests are sent to governments, members of international courts, professors, rectors, Peace Prize winners, or former members of the Nobel Committee.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Proposals must be returned by January 31 of the award year.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The committee nominates about 300 possible laureates.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The names of the nominees are not publicly announced, and the nominees are not informed about the fact of nomination.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

All information about the nomination for the award has remained secret for 50 years [25].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Award Ceremony


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The award procedure is preceded by a lot of work that is carried out all year round by numerous organizations around the world.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In October, the winners are finally approved and announced.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The final selection of laureates is made by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute and the Norwegian Nobel Committee.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The award procedure takes place annually, on December 10, in the capitals of two countries — Sweden and Norway.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In Stockholm, prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and economics are awarded by the King of Sweden, and in the field of peace by the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in Oslo, City Hall, in the presence of the King of Norway and members of the royal family.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Along with the cash prize, the amount of which varies depending on the income received from the Nobel Foundation, laureates are awarded a medal with its image and a diploma.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The first Nobel banquet took place on December 10, 1901, at the same time as the first award ceremony.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Currently, the banquet is held in the Blue Hall of the City Hall.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

1300-1400 people are invited to the banquet.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The form of clothing is tailcoats and evening dresses.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The menu is developed by chefs of the Town Hall Cellar (a restaurant at the town hall) and cooks who have ever received the title of “Cook of the Year”.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In September, three menu options are tasted by members of the Nobel Committee, who decide what will be served “at the Nobel table”.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Only dessert is always known — ice cream, but until the evening of December 10, no one, except a narrow circle of initiates, knows what kind of dessert [26] [27].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

For the Nobel banquet, a set and tablecloths with a specially designed design are used.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

A portrait of Nobel is woven on the corner of each tablecloth and napkin.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Handmade tableware: along the edge of the plate there is a strip of three colors of Swedish Empire style — blue, green and gold.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The stem of a crystal wine glass is decorated in the same range [26].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The banquet service was ordered for $1.6 million for the 90th anniversary of the Nobel Prizes in 1991.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

It consists of 6,750 glasses, 9,450 knives and forks, 9,550 plates and one tea cup.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The last one is for Princess Liliana (1915—2013), who did not drink coffee.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The cup is stored in a special beautiful wooden box with the princess monogram.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The cup saucer was stolen [28].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The tables in the hall are arranged with mathematical accuracy, and the hall is decorated with 23,000 flowers sent from Sanremo.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

All waiters' movements are strictly timed to within a second.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

For example, the ceremonial delivery of ice cream takes exactly three minutes from the moment the first waiter appears with the tray in the door until the last of them stands at his table.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

It takes two minutes to serve other meals [26].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

At 7 pm sharp on December 10, guests of honor, led by the king and queen, descend the stairs to the Blue Hall, where all the guests are already sitting.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The Swedish king leads a Nobel laureate, and if she does not, the wife of a Nobel laureate in physics.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The first is to make a toast to His Majesty, the second to the memory of Alfred Nobel [26].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

After that, the mystery of the menu is revealed.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The menu is printed in small print on the maps attached to each place and decorated with Alfred Nobel's gold-embossed profile [27].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Music is played throughout the dinner — very famous musicians are invited, including Rostropovich and Magnus Lindgren (in 2003) [26].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The banquet ends with the removal of ice cream, crowned, like a crown, with a chocolate monogram monogram “N”.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

At 10:15pm, the Swedish king gives a sign for the start of the dance in the Golden Hall of the Town Hall.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

At 1:30, the guests leave.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Absolutely all dishes from the menu, from 1901 onwards, can be ordered at the Stockholm City Hall restaurant.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

This lunch costs a little less than $200.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Every year they are ordered by 20 thousand visitors, and traditionally the menu of the last Nobel banquet is the most popular.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Nobel concert


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The Nobel Concerto is one of the three components of Nobel Week, along with the award ceremony and the Nobel dinner.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

It is considered one of the main musical events of the year in Europe and the main musical event of the year of Scandinavian countries.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The most prominent classical musicians of our time take part in it.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In fact, there are two Nobel concerts: one is held on December 8 each year in Stockholm, and the other in Oslo at the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Nobel Prize equivalents


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Many areas of science remained “not covered” by the Nobel Prize.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Due to the fame and prestige of the Nobel Prizes, the most prestigious awards in other areas are often informally referred to as “Nobel” awards.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Mathematics and computer science


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Initially, Nobel included mathematics in the list of sciences for which the prize is awarded, but later crossed it out, replacing it with the Peace Prize.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The valid reason is unknown.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

There are many legends associated with this fact that are poorly supported by facts [29].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

This is most often associated with the name of the leading Swedish mathematician of the time Mittag-Leffler [30], whom Nobel disliked for some reason.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Among these reasons are either the mathematician's courtship of Nobel's fiancée, or the fact that he intrusively begged for donations to Stockholm University.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

As one of Sweden's most prominent mathematicians at that time, Mittag-Leffler was also the main contender for this very award.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Another version is that Nobel had a lover, Anna Desri, who later fell in love with Franz Lemarge and married him.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Franz was the son of a diplomat and was going to become a mathematician at the time [31].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

According to the director of the executive committee of the Nobel Foundation: “There is not a word about this in the archives. Rather, mathematics was simply not in Nobel's sphere of interest. He bequeathed money for bonuses in areas close to him” [32].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Thus, stories about taken away brides and annoying mathematicians should be interpreted as legends or anecdotes.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The “equivalents” of the Nobel Prize in Mathematics are the Fields Prize and the Abel Prize, in the field of computer science - the Turing Prize.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Economics


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Unofficially, this is the name given to the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in memory of Alfred Nobel.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The award was established by the Bank of Sweden in 1969.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Unlike other prizes awarded at the Nobel Prize Ceremony, the funds for this prize are not allocated from the legacy of Alfred Nobel.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Therefore, the question of whether this prize is considered “truly Nobel” is debatable.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The Nobel laureate in economics is announced on October 12; the award ceremony for all prizes takes place in Stockholm on December 10 each year.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Geography


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The Vautren Lyuda International Geographical Prize positions itself as an analogue of the Nobel Prize in the field of geography.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In this context, the Votrin Lyuda Prize is often mentioned in the media [33], as well as in official sources [34] [35].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Art


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Every year, His Imperial Highness Prince Hitachi, honorary patron of the Arts Association of Japan, presents five Imperial Prize (Praemium Imperiale) awards, which he says are a gap in the nominations of the Nobel Committee — specially designed medals, diplomas and cash prizes in five areas of art: painting, sculpture, architecture, music, theater/cinema.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The reward is 15 million yen, which is equal to 195 thousand dollars.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Criticism


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The actual discrepancy with the will is that according to Nobel's will, the prize must be awarded for discoveries, inventions and achievements made in the year of award.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Another reason for criticism is that a number of scientists die before their discoveries or inventions pass the “test of time” necessary for the award.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The compliance of the winners of the Literature Prize with the official criteria for awarding it raised questions at the beginning of the 20th century [36].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Controversial awards


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Barack Obama, who received the Peace Prize with the wording “For outstanding efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples” [37], was nominated for the award no later than two weeks after becoming President [38].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Repeated awards


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Prizes (except Peace Prizes) can only be awarded once, but there have been few exceptions to this rule in the history of the award.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Only four people have won the Nobel Prize twice:


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Marie Sklodowska-Curie, in physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Linus Pauling, in Chemistry in 1954 and Peace Prize in 1962.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

John Bardin, two Physics Awards, 1956 and 1972.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Frederick Sanger, two Chemistry Prizes, 1958 and 1980.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Organizations


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The International Committee of the Red Cross has won the Peace Prize three times, in 1917, 1944 and 1963.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees won the Peace Prize twice, in 1954 and 1981.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

One family


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In 1974, Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal won the Nobel Prize in Economics, and in 1982 his wife, Swedish diplomat Alma Myrdal, won the Nobel Peace Prize.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Nobel prize in art


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

On September 13, 2008, a memorial sign — a memorial symbol — was unveiled on the territory of Dnipropetrovsk University of Economics and Law [39].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The sign is a granite monument on which there is a hand supporting the globe.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Around him is a trail curling behind the goddesses of science, intelligence and intelligence.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

On the globe there are bas-reliefs of 802 Nobel laureates made of a composite alloy obtained during the disposal of strategic combat missiles at the Southern Machine-Building Plant [40].


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

In 2012, the Swedish director's film “The Last Will of Nobel” (English: Nobels testamente) was released, the plot of which revolves around the murder at a banquet dedicated to the award of the next Nobel awards.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Ig Nobel Prize


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The Ig Nobel Prizes, the Ignobel Prize, the Antinobel Prize (English: Ig Nobel Prize) is a parody of the Nobel Prize.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Ten Ig Nobel Prizes are awarded in early October, at the time when the winners of the real Nobel Prize are named, for achievements that first cause laughter and then make think (first make people laugh, and then make them think).


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The award was established by Mark Abrahams and the humorous magazine Annals of Incredible Research.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

See also


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

List of women Nobel Prize winners


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Nobel prizes for the year of awarding


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

List of Nobel laureates by university


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Nobel laureates from Russia


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Balzan Award


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Ig Nobel Prize


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Thomson Reuters Citation Laureates


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

List of Nobel laureates from France


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Category:Lists of award winners


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

List of Nobel Peace Prize winners


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

List of Nobel Prize Winners in Literature


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

List of Nobel Prize Winners in Physics


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

List of Nobel laureates in economics


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

List of Nobel Prize winners in physiology or medicine


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

List of Nobel Prize winners in chemistry


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Notes


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Literature


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Valery Chumakov.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Nobels.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

The formation of the oil industry in Russia.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

— M.: ZAO “Businesscom”.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

— 2011.


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

— 256 p. — (Great Russian Entrepreneurs Series, Volume 1) — ISBN 978-5-91663-084-8


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Template:wt-NES


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

References


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

(in English)


Question: Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Nobel prize

Category:establishments in 1901


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Right|mini|Grilled squabs on a baking sheet


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

A squab is a young pigeon raised for meat, as well as the meat of such a pigeon [1].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Squabs are slaughtered for meat before they fly, usually at four weeks of age [2], so their meat is tender.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

The word “squab” is probably of Scandinavian origin (Swedish: skvabb - “fat, obese” [3]).


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Previously, this was the name of the meat of all birds of the pigeon family, including the wood pigeon, turtle dove and the now extinct wandering pigeon [4] [5].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Recently, the term refers exclusively to the meat of a domestic pigeon.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

The meat of adult pigeons and game is usually not called squab, the extraction of this meat is only a by-product of sports hunting [4].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Pigeons were eaten in ancient times and in the Middle Ages, but pigeon meat was more of a delicacy than a staple food.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

The preserved recipes for its preparation are more suitable for a rich festive meal than for a poor man's dinner.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

The industrial production of squabs is developed in the United States.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Modern production is based on meat breeds of pigeons.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Chicks are raised until about one month of age, when they reach the size of an adult bird, and slaughtered before they take off.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

History


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

The practice of raising pigeons as poultry probably came from the Middle East [6].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Pigeons were eaten in ancient Egypt, ancient Rome and medieval Europe [4].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Pigeon meat is mentioned in the Holy Scriptures as the food of the Israelites.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Early texts on methods of raising pigeons found in Spain date back to 60 AD [7].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

In the past, pigeons were hunted for meat, and were a cheap and affordable source of protein [4].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

In Tierra de Campos, a resource-poor region of northwestern Spain, squab meat has been an important addition to cereals since the Roman Empire.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

The ancient Roman physician Celius Aurelian considered squab meat to be a cure for headaches, and by the 16th century, the opinion of doctors had changed to the opposite: medieval healers believed that eating squobs could cause a headache [7].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

In the Middle Ages, dovecotes were built in Europe — separate buildings in which pigeons were raised [4].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Dovecotes were rightfully considered “living storerooms” [7], where a source of meat was stored for unexpected guests, in addition, the sale of excess birds brought additional income [8].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Colonists introduced dovecotes into the use of residents of South America and Africa.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

In medieval England, squab meat was highly valued, although its availability depended heavily on the season [9].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

During World War II, pigeons were eaten when the food given out by card was running out.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

In English culture, pigeon meat is associated with poverty and war shortages.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Nevertheless, squab meat continues to be consumed in England [10].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Breeding


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Commercial squab breeding began in North America in the early 1900s.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

In 1986, annual production in the United States and Canada reached one and a half million squobs per year [11].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Pigeons, unlike other poultry, must form pairs for reproduction, chicks are raised and fed up to four weeks of age by both parents.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

A pair of pigeons can produce 15 squobs a year [11], ten pairs of pigeons can produce eight squobs every month and they don't even need to be fed [12].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Pigeons, which are accustomed to their dovecote, will get food on their own, and return home for rest and reproduction [7].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Large meat farms raise young pigeons weighing up to 590 grams, while ordinary domestic pigeons at the same age weigh 230 grams [7].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Meat breeds of pigeons are formed by artificial selection aimed at weight gain, rapid growth, excellent health and the ability to live in crowded conditions, the ability to bring healthy offspring [13].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

To increase profitability on an industrial scale, pigeons can be raised according to a two-nest system: while chicks grow in one nest, feeding on the goiter milk of both parents, the mother lays two more eggs in the second nest [12] [14].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Another strategy for increasing the efficiency of squab cultivation is to maintain two breeding lines in parallel: one is selected on the basis of fertility and the other on the basis of development parental behavior [15], which is vital for squabs after two weeks of age [11].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Squobs reach the size of an adult pigeon and must be slaughtered about a month after hatching.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

At this age, they are not yet ready to fly and are easy to catch [4] [7] [12].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

In a well-equipped dovecote, chicks hatch from 80 to 85 percent of eggs laid [16].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

The size of the egg affects survival after hatching, as well as the size of the chick [17], but from a certain age, the difference between chicks hatched from eggs of different sizes is leveled out.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

There was no direct relationship between the weight at hatching and the weight of a well-fed bird [11].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

In cooking


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Squab is generally considered a delicacy.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

The meat is tender, juicy and has a richer taste than other types of poultry meat.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

The carcass contains relatively little meat, most of it is concentrated in the breast [4] [18], which weighs five times more than the legs [19].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

The skin is oily like a duck [4] and the meat is very lean, dark in color, easy to digest, rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Squab meat is said to have a “silky” texture, so tender and thin in structure [7] [20].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

The taste of squab is milder than that of game [21] and has a slight berry aroma [7].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Squab goes well with both red and white wines [21].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

The heat cooking of a squab takes half as long as ordinary poultry meat.


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Squobs are suitable for frying and grilling, while ordinary pigeons are better stewed or baked [7] [4] [22].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Squobs are part of modern cuisine in many countries, including France, the USA, Italy, North Africa and Asian countries [23] [24].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Traditional dishes include squab breast (French: salmis), Egyptian mahshi (squobs stuffed with rice or frike and herbs), Moroccan pastilla [25].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

In Spain and France, squabs are used to prepare confit [7].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

In the United States, squabs are a rare delicacy, with cheaper chicken being preferred [26].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Squab dishes are on the menu of American haute cuisine restaurants such as Le Cirque and The French Laundry [18] [27] and are recommended by some famous chefs [4].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

The price of squab meat reaches twenty dollars per kilogram, which is more expensive than other poultry meat [4].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

In Chinese cuisine, pigeon meat is served for a festive meal, such as Chinese New Year, usually deep-fried [4] In the recipe, Cantonese meat stewed in soy sauce with rice wine and star anise, fried until crispy [28].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

In markets, squabs are often sold live to ensure the freshness of meat [29].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Most squab meat produced in the United States is sold in Chinatowns [4].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Despite the relative ease of breeding pigeons, squabs are usually not considered as a resource for ensuring food security [12].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

In developed countries, pigeon meat is considered exotic or even unpleasant for consumers who consider pigeons a source of unsanitary conditions and urban pests [24].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

However, it contains fewer pathogens than meat from other birds, so it is safer for health and can be eaten even without being heavily roasted [30].


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Notes


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Supplementary literature


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Category:American cuisine


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Category:French gastronomy


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Category:Indonesian cuisine


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Category:Italian cuisine


Question: Which country do they eat pigeons?

Squab

Category:Spanish cuisine


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Fleita (Latin: flauta, from flatus - whiff [1]) is a labial wind musical instrument in which the primary source of oscillations is an air jet that cuts against the edge of the instrument wall [1], called labium (German: labium - lip).


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The source of oscillations drives the air column in the flute channel and produces a sound of a certain height.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

One of the oldest musical instruments [2].


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

It belongs to the woodwinds group.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

According to the method of holding, the flutes are divided into longitudinal, transverse and semi-transverse (diagonal).


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Longitudinal flutes come with a whistle device (mouthpiece) [1] and without it.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

A flute with a closed end of the barrel opposite to the performer (closed flute) sounds an octave higher than the same size flute with an open end (open flute).


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

History


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The oldest form of the flute is the whistle.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Gradually, finger holes began to be cut through the whistle tubes, turning a simple whistle into a whistle flute, on which musical works could already be performed.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The first archaeological findings of the flute date back to 35,000 to 40,000 BC, so the flute is one of the oldest musical instruments [3].


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The longitudinal flute was known in Egypt five thousand years ago, and it remains the main wind instrument throughout the Middle East.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

It was widely distributed in Europe in the 15th—17th centuries.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The longitudinal flute, which has 5-6 finger holes and is capable of octave blowing, provides a complete musical scale, individual intervals inside which can change, forming different modes by crossing fingers, closing the holes by half, and changing the direction and strength of breathing.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Now it is rarely used in the performance of early music.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The transverse flute with 5-6 finger holes was known in China at least 3,000 years ago, and in India and Japan more than two thousand years ago.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

In Europe, during the Middle Ages, mainly simple whistle-type instruments (predecessors of block flute and flageolet) were common, as well as a transverse flute that penetrated into the Central Europe from the East through the Balkans, where it is still the most common folk instrument.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

By the end of the 17th century, the transverse flute was improved by French craftsmen, among whom Otteter stands out, who, in particular, added valves to the six finger holes for performance full chromatic scale.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

With a more expressive sound and high technical capabilities, the transverse flute soon replaced the longitudinal (block flute) and by the end of the XVIII century took a strong place in the symphony orchestra and instrumental ensembles.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Between 1832 and 1847, Theobald Boehm improved the instrument, which has changed relatively little since then.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

It has introduced the following most important innovations:


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

1) placed the large finger holes in accordance with acoustic principles, and not the convenience of performance;


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

2) equipped the tool with a system of valves and rings that helps to close 15-17 holes or even more with 9 fingers, depending on the so-called options and tool system (German, which is the original Boehm system, or French, which is a hybrid of the Boehm system and the Old French system);


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

3) used a cylindrical channel of the barrel section with a conical-parabolic head instead of the reverse conical one that took place until 1847, which improved intonation and leveled the sound in different registers;


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

4) switched to the use of metal for the manufacture of the instrument, which, compared to a wooden instrument, increased the brilliance of the sound.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

(Previously, wooden flutes were most often used, as well as, less often, glass and ivory. As a result of numerous experiments with different materials, Boehm came to the conclusion that silver contributes to the purest sound, so today it is part of both alloys for more cheap student models, and is an addition to gold and platinum in the most expensive professional models.) But Boehm's greatest merit is that thanks to the ingenious valve mechanism, it became possible to perform chromatic scales and works on the flute in all keys without exception.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Modern orchestras use the usual large flute (its timbre is diverse, but somewhat cold, and the sound strength is low), a small flute with a sharp sound (octave higher), less often an alto flute in the Sol formation (its timbre is slightly warmer), extremely rare bass flute (octave lower).


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Longitudinal


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

No whistle


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Longitudinal flute muzzle


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Kena


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Shakuhachi


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Xiao


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

In flutes without a whistle device [1], an air jet is formed and directed to the pointed edge by the performer's lips and his ear pad.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Kalyuka


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Kalyuka (from prickly [4]), also forcing [5], thorn [6], overtone flute [4], grass pipe [7] is a wind musical instrument that is a kind of longitudinal overtone flute, since natural overtones are blown out during the performance of playing this musical instrument [7].


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

It is a hollow cylinder with special holes made of a thorny tartar stalk or some other plants.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Experts became aware of the use of the instrument in Russian traditional culture only in 1980, after which it was widely used in Russian folklore ensembles.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

In folk culture, it is considered exclusively masculine.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Tools similar to Kalyuk are found among many peoples of the world.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Playing the kalyuk is carried out by opening and closing the lower hole of the tube with your finger, as well as changing the strength of the air jet supplied by the mouth to the instrument.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

During the game, the musical instrument is held vertically down with both hands so that the lower hole can be opened or closed with the index finger pad.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The size of a musical instrument may vary, depending on the height and length of the hands of the player playing it.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

For children, this is from 25 cm to 30 cm, and for adults it is from 72 cm to 86 cm. The length of the tube is also adjusted to the owner's height.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The length is considered acceptable if the lower hole on the pipe could be covered with the palm of the hand or fingers.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Therefore, the length of the flute should not exceed the size of the outstretched arm from the shoulder to the fingertips.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The body of the kaluka has a conical passage that tapers slightly from top to bottom.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The inner diameter of the tubes is from 15 to 25 mm.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The diameter of the outlet does not exceed 12-14 mm, and the upper hole is 19-23 mm.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Dudka was discovered in 1980 by students of the Moscow and Leningrad Conservatories in the villages of Bolshebykovo and Podserednee, located halfway from Belgorod to Voronezh.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Kena


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Quechua: qina, Spanish: quena is a longitudinal flute used in music in the Andean region of Latin America.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

It is usually made from cane.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

It has six upper and one lower finger holes.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Usually made in G formation. The kenacho flute (Quechua: qinachu, Spanish: quenacho) is a variant of the ken with a lower sound, in line D.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

In the 1960s and 1970s, kena was actively used by some musicians working in the nueva canción direction.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

In most cases, the instrument was used in specific song compositions, but individual groups, such as Illapu, resorted to its capabilities regularly.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Subsequently, in the 1980s and 1990s, Kena was also involved in rock bands, such as Soda Stereo or Enanitos Verdes.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The instrument is also found in ethnic music.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

With whistle device


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

See also the Flute with Whistling Device category.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

In flutes with a whistling device [1] (whistling flutes), an air stream is formed and directed to the pointed edge through a special channel in the mouthpiece of the instrument.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Recorder


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Recorder (German: Blockflöte - flute with block) is a type of longitudinal flute.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

This is a brass wooden musical instrument from the whistle family.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

An insert (block) is used in the design of the head part.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Related tools: pipe, saddle, whistle.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The recorder differs from other similar instruments by the presence of 7 finger holes on the front side and one on the back - the so-called octave valve.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The two lower holes are often made double.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

8 fingers are used to close the holes during the game.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Fork fingering is often used to take notes (when the holes are closed not in turn, but in a complex combination).


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Among the varieties of the longitudinal flute, the recorder is defined as the most important.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

In Europe, it has been widespread since the 11th century; later the popularity of this instrument increased, as a result of which in the period from the 16th to the 18th century the recorder was the most an actively used and common type of flute.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The instrument is characterized by a soft, warm, cantiled (that is, melodious) timbre, but at the same time it has limited capabilities in terms of dynamics.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The recorder is often used in musical works by composers such as I. S. Bach, A. Vivaldi G. F. Handel et al.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Due to the fact that the sound of the recorder is quite weak, its popularity gradually decreased due to the spread of the transverse flute.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

However, this variety is currently enjoying some interest for some reasons, including the trend towards the revival of early music and the possibility of using a recorder as an educational tool (since the technique of playing it is relatively simple) [8].


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Whistle


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Whistle (from English: tin whistle, literally translated “tin whistle, pipe”, pronunciation options (Russian): whistle, vistle, the first is more common) is a folk longitudinal flute with six holes on the front, widely used in folk music from Ireland, Scotland, England and some other countries.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The most popular are small whistles in key D. They are tuned an octave higher than other wind instruments (a regular flute, for example, or bagpipes), and the notes for them are respectively recorded an octave lower .


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

However, the popularity of the so-called low whistle, a longer modification of the instrument, which sounds approximately in the same range as a regular flute, is also increasing.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

There are also whistles in other keys; they are defined as transposable (that is, all whistles are considered instruments in key D, even if they actually sound higher or lower) [9].


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Pipe


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The pipe is a Russian folk wind musical instrument, a kind of longitudinal flute.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Sometimes it can be double-barreled, while one of the trunks is usually 300-350 mm long, the second is 450-470 mm.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

At the upper end of the barrel there is a whistling device, in the lower part there are 3 side holes for changing the pitch of sounds.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The trunks are tuned together in a quart and give a generally diatonic scale in the volume of septima.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

In addition, a pipe can also be understood as an outdated wind instrument, which was characterized by a double tongue inserted into a special cup; later on its base, by some simplifying the design (in particular, eliminating the use of the cup) was developed by the oboe.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

In this sense, the pipe correlates with the bombard, the woodwind instrument that was the predecessor of the bassoon.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The pipe was historically its first and smallest type [10].


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Pyzhatka


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Pyzhatka is a Russian folk wind musical instrument, a wooden flute, traditional for the Kursk region of Russia


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

It is a wooden tube with a diameter of 15-25 mm and a length of 40-70 cm, at one end of which a wooden cork (“wad”) is inserted with an oblique cut that directs the blown air to the pointed edge a small square hole (“whistles”).


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The term “pyzhatka” can also be considered as a synonym for the concept of a nozzle - a type of longitudinal whistle flute, which is also a traditional Russian folk wind instrument, the most the oldest among those who were in circulation among the Eastern Slavs.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

This variety was characterized by a diatonic scale and a range of up to two octaves; when changing the strength of the air flow and using special fingering, chromatic scale.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

It is actively used by amateur groups both as a solo and as an ensemble instrument< [12].


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Double


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Main article: Double flute.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Whistle flute made of two tubes.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Multi-barreled


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Main article: Multi-barrel flute.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Multi-barreled flutes consist of several tubes of different lengths fastened or unfastened together, each of which emits one fundamental tone.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The upper ends of the tubes are located at the same level next to each other.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The lower end of the tube is open or closed with a stopper.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The tubes are brought to the lips in an upright position and blow on their upper cut.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Siringa


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Siringa (Greek) is an ancient Greek musical instrument, a kind of longitudinal flute.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The term first appears in Homer's Iliad (X,13).


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Single-barreled siring (srigmonokalamos) and multi-barreled siring (srigi poluklamos) differed; the latter was later given the name of Pan's flute.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Russian translators traditionally convey the word “pipe” with a somewhat vague word [13].


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The Greek word served as the anatomical name for the vocal organ of birds (see syrinx).


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Siringa is known as a traditional wind instrument of shepherds and peasants in antiquity.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

This variety often appears in ancient Greek poetry; it was also used for musical accompaniment of stage performances, including in ancient Rome.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Subsequently, the instrument also penetrated into later European folk music [14].


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Pan's Flute


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Fleita Pana is a class of woodwind instruments, a multi-barreled flute consisting of several (2 or more) hollow tubes of various lengths.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The lower ends of the tubes are closed, the upper ones are open.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The name is due to the fact that in antiquity, the invention of this type of flute was mythologically attributed to the deity of forests and fields Pan.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

When playing, the musician directs the flow of air from one end of the tubes to the other, as a result of which the air columns enclosed inside begin to oscillate, and the instrument whistles of a certain height; each of the tubes produces one basic sound, the acoustic characteristics of which depend on its length and diameter.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Accordingly, the number and size of the tubes determine the panflute range.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The tool can have a movable or fixed plug; depending on this, different ways of fine-tuning it are used [15].


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Kugikli


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Kugikly (kuvikli, tsevnitsa) is a Russian folk wind musical instrument, which is a kind of multi-barreled flute.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The tool is a set of hollow tubes of various lengths and diameters.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Pipes are made from stems of kugi (marsh reeds), reeds, bamboo, tree branches and shrubs that have a core.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The upper open ends are located at the same level, the lower one is closed by the barrel assembly.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The flute is usually made up of 3-5 tubes of the same diameter, but different lengths (from 100 to 160 mm).


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The tool tubes are not fastened together, which allows them to be changed depending on the required structure.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Bringing the upper ends of the tubes to the mouth and moving them (or head) from side to side, they blow on the edges of the sections, extracting, as a rule, short, jerky sounds.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

A set of five pipes in the hands of one performer is called a “pair”.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Transverse


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

See also the Cross Flute category.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Modern flute


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Modern orchestral flute (often simply “flute”; Italian: flauto from Latin: flatus — “wind, whiff”; French: flûte, English: flute, German: Flöte) is a woodwind musical instrument soprano register.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The pitch of the sound on the flute changes by blowing (extracting harmonic consonances with the lips), as well as by opening and closing the holes with valves.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Modern flutes are usually made of metal (nickel, silver, gold, platinum), less often wood, sometimes glass, plastic and other composite materials.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The name is due to the fact that during the game, the musician holds the instrument not in a vertical, but in a horizontal position; the mouthpiece, respectively, is located on the side.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Flutes of this design appeared a long time ago, in late antiquity and in ancient China (IX century BC) [16].


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The modern stage of development of the flute begins in 1832, when the German master T. Boehm improved it; over time, this variety replaced the previously popular longitudinal flute.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The modern flute is characterized by a range from the first to the fourth octave; the lower register is soft and deaf, the highest sounds, on the contrary, are piercing and whistling, and the middle and partly upper registers have a timbre that is described as gentle and melodious [17].


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Piccolo flute


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Fleita Piccolo (often called simply piccolo or small flute; Italian: flauto piccolo or, French: petite flûte, German: kleine Flöte) is a woodwind musical instrument, a variety modern flute, the highest sound instrument among wind instruments.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

It has a brilliant, piercing and whistling timbre in the fort.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The small flute is twice as short as the ordinary flute and sounds an octave higher, and a number of low sounds cannot be extracted on it.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The piccolo range is from d² to c5 (pe of the second octave to the fifth octave), and there are also instruments that have the ability to take c² and cis².


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Notes are written an octave lower for readability.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Mechanically, the small flute is arranged equivalent to the usual flute (not counting the absence of “D flat” and “before” the first octave) and therefore is characterized by generally the same performing features.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Initially, within the framework of the orchestra (starting from the second half of the 18th century), the small flute was intended to strengthen and extend upwards the extreme octaves of the large flute, and it was recommended to use it more in opera or ballet than in symphonic works.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

This was due to the fact that in the early stages of its existence, due to insufficient improvement, the small flute was characterized by a rather sharp and somewhat rough sound, as well as a small degree of flexibility.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

It should also be noted that this type of flute is quite well combined with ringing percussion instruments and drums; in addition, the small flute can be combined in an octave with an oboe, which is also generates an expressive sound [18].


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Irish flute


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The Irish flute (English: Irish flute) is a transverse flute used to perform Irish (as well as Scottish, Breton, etc.) folk music.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

It is a transverse flute of the so-called simple system - its main 6 holes are not closed by valves, when playing, they are closed directly by the fingers of the performer.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

The Irish flute is found in versions with valves (from one to ten), and without.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Despite its name, the Irish flute is not directly related to Ireland by its origin [19].


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

In fact, it is an English version of a transverse wooden flute, which for quite a long period of time was known as the “German flute”; the British subjected it certain modifications, and the most significant of them were made by the English inventor and performer Ch. Nicholson Jr. [20] [21].


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Many classical and some modern variations on this flute include the use of metal flaps and additional tone holes, which makes it possible to achieve partial or full chromatic scale.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Dee


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Di (, from Old Chinese hengchui, handy - transverse flute) - ancient Chinese wind instrument, transverse flute with 6 playing holes.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

In most cases, the di trunk is made of bamboo or reeds, but there are di made of other types of wood and even stone, most often jade.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Dee is one of the most common wind instruments in China.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

It is assumed that this type of flute penetrated the country from Central Asia in the 2nd-1st centuries BC. e.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Its air injection hole is located near the closed end of the barrel; in the immediate vicinity of the latter there is another hole, which is covered with a thin film of reeds or cane (there is, however, an option without a film, which is called “mendi”).


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

For adjustment, the remaining four holes are used, which are located at the open end of the barrel.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

This instrument is played in the same way as a transverse flute.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Depending on its use in works of certain genres, two types of di are distinguished: quidi and baidi [22].


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Vascular


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Main article: Vascular flute.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

These are flutes with a body shape that differs from most other flutes.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

In Russia, a traditional similar flute is a children's toy whistle.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

European ocarina flutes and English ocarina have the largest musical range.


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Notes


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Literature


Question: What is the length of the flute?

flute

Category:Musical instruments alphabetically


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Minori () is a Japanese visual novel company (formerly ComixWave's software department until April 2007).


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Their most successful visual novel is Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two, which received a manga and two anime adaptations and it was ported to PlayStation 2 in April 2010.


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

minori uses Musica as its main engine.


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Makoto Shinkai animated several opening screensavers for early minori novels.


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

minori is known for its stance against amateur translations and piracy and has earned some notoriety for its actions against amateur translation group No Name Losers and TLWiki due to disagreements like Rapelay video games from Illusion Soft.


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

As a result, the main page of the minori official website is blocked for people who are not in Japan.


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

In 2010, minori, MangaGamer, and Name Losers announced a partnership to distribute English localizations of minori's visual novels.


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Releases


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

August 31, 2001: Bittersweet Fools


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

April 19, 2002: Wind: A Breath of Heart


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

December 27, 2002: Soyokaze no Okurimono: Wind Pleasant Box (fan disc)


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

July 23, 2004: Haru no Ashioto


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

November 5, 2004: Wind: A Breath of Heart Re:Gratitude


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

March 25, 2005: Angel Type


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

March 31, 2006: Sakura no Saku Koro: Haru no Ashioto Pleasant Box (fan disc)


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two.


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

August 25, 2006: ef - First Fan Disc


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

December 22, 2006: Ef: The First Tale


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

May 30, 2008: Ef: The Latter Tale.


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

September 17, 2010: Tenshi no Nichiyōbi (fan disc)


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

September 18, 2009: Eden*


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

December 29, 2011: Supipara Nice to Meet You!


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

December 21, 2012: Natsuzora no Perseus


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

January 31, 2014:12 no Tsuki no Eve


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

February 27, 2015: Soreyori no Prologue


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

February 26, 2016: Tsumi no Hikari Rendezvous


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

March 31, 2017: Trinoline


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

January 26, 2018: Trinoline: Genesis


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

2018: Sono Hi no Kemono ni wa,


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Staff


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Nobukazu Sakai aka nbkz (producer, director, lyricist, idea writer)


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Makoto Shinkai (animation director, not affiliated with minori)


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Mikage (director, planner and screenwriter)


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Tammon (composer)


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Tatsuya Yuki (character design, storyline producer)


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Mitsuishi Shona (Character design)


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Kimty (Character design/developer of Haru no Ashioto novel, not affiliated with minori).


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

2C Galore (character design/developer of the novel EF, not affiliated with minori).


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Naru Nanao (character design/developer of the novel EF, not affiliated with minori).


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

References


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

(blocked outside Japan, redirects to MangaGamer).


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

at Anime News Network's encyclopedia


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Category:Companies by alphabet


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Category:Companies established in 2007


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Category:Japanese video game companies


Question: Where does Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two take place?

Minori

Category:Hentai producers and publishers


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. (briefly: Lamborghini — [lamborˈiːni] — Lamborghini [1]) is an Italian company, manufacturer of expensive sports cars under the Lamborghini brand.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

It is located in Sant'Agata Bolognese, near Bologna.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The company was founded in 1963 by Ferruccio Lamborghini, at that time he was already the founder of a large tractor company.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini himself, after the company was founded, owned it for another 9 years.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The current owner of the company is Audi [2].


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

History


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

In the early 1960s, Ferruccio Lamborghini owned several companies and could afford to buy expensive cars.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

At different times, he had a Mercedes 300SL, several Maserati 3500 GT, Jaguar E-type.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

He also owned several Ferrari 250 GT, different versions.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

But he found some flaws in every car.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

There are several versions about the reasons why Lamborghini founded his own company.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

All these versions boil down to a conflict between Enzo Ferrari (owner of Ferrari) and Ferruccio Lamborghini.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The most popular version, told by Ferruccio Lamborghini's son, says that Lamborghini came to the factory to Enzo Ferrari to complain about the quality of the clutch in his Ferrari 250 GT.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Enzo sent Lamborghini back with a wish to continue working on tractors, because Lamborghini does not understand anything about cars, let alone sports.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini returned to the factory, disassembled the transmission in his Ferrari 250 GT and found that the manufacturer of many parts was the same as that of Lamborghini tractors.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

It found a suitable replacement in its warehouses, and after assembly, the problem was solved.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Ferruccio decided that his car would have a V12 engine, this engine was also chosen for economic reasons.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Ferruccio attracted talented engineer Giotto Bizzarrini, owner of Bizzarrini S.p.A, who had previously developed the V12 for Ferrari, to his project.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The prototype of the Lamborghini 350 GTV was presented to the public at the Turin Auto Show in October 1963 [3].


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

In March 1964, the first production Lamborghini 350 GT was shown.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Sales of the production version were very successful.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Born under the sign of a calf, Ferruccio Lamborghini decorated the car with a logo with the image of a bull.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The success of the 350 GT was followed by the equally successful Lamborghini 400 GT, which brought enough money to develop the company's first real “pearl”, the legendary Lamborghini Miura.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

This prototype of the car was demonstrated by Ferruccio himself in November 1965 at the Turin Motor Show, and in March 1966, a working version was presented at the Geneva Motor Show.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Miura was a great success — 111 cars sold in 1967 alone — and the company became known for


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

all over the world.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

In 1971, Lamborghini once again surprised the world with the prototype of the revolutionary new Lamborghini Countach model.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Although the car itself began to be produced only three years later (in 1974), it remained the focus of attention at any auto show until then.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The prototype had newfangled then vertically opening doors, rear air intakes and a powerful 4-liter engine.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

However, in 1972, the company faced a serious crisis when the contract for the supply of a large batch of tractors to South America was interrupted.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The lack of funds forced Ferruccio to sell part of his share of the tractor production, which was purchased by Fiat.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Ultimately, the entire tractor production was taken over by the Same Deutz-Fahr Group, which still produces Lamborghini tractors today.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

During the seventies, Lamborghini Countach's successful sales kept the company afloat.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Soon, automobile production became self-sufficient and profitable, but Lamborghini sold his share of the company to Swiss investors Georges-Henri Rossetti and Rene Leimer (René Leimer).


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Feruccio Lamborghini died in 1993 at the age of 76.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

As a result of the oil crisis of the 1970s, sales of sports cars fell sharply.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The company, among others, faced financial problems, the supply of spare parts was disrupted, orders for cars were sold out for 2 years in advance and buyers were very dissatisfied with this deadline expectations.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

As a result, the company declared itself bankrupt in 1978.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The Italian court was forced to sell the company.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

It was bought by the Mimram brothers from Switzerland.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The purchase of the company by Chrysler Corporation was another surprise.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

At this time, work was underway on Countach's follower, Lamborghini Diablo.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Significant technical and financial resources were involved in the modernization of the company and the cars produced, and the end result was another success for the company — the Diablo model quickly brought the company is back to the world level.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

In 1994, due to financial difficulties, Chrysler was forced to sell Lamborghini to an Indonesian investment group M'tec (Megatech) under management.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

For the same reason (financial problems), the company changed ownership again in 1998, this time Audi AG became the new owner [2].


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The new owner once again had a big impact on the design of the supercars in production, today's Lamborghini Murciélago.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Various models have their own technical innovations, for example: carbon fiber body, high-tech V12 engines.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The original style of the cars was developed by Franco Scaglione, Touring, Zagato, Mario Marazzi, Bertone, ItalDesign and Marcello Gandini — known for all over the world.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

In 2001, a signature museum, the Museo Lamborghini, was opened in Sant'Agata Bolognese, and in 2016 it was reconstructed and the expositions were completely changed [4].


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Models


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

mini|2011 Lamborghini Aventador


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

mini|2002 Lamborghini Murciélago Roadster


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Concept cars


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Sesto Elemento Concept (2010)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Ankonian Concept (2012 year)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Madura (3D drawn model that assumes a hybrid power plant)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Urus Concept (2012, crossover concept)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Egoista Concept (2013 year) [6]


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Racing cars


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Ferruccio Lamborghini established as a rule that Lamborghini cars do not participate in races, so during his leadership, the company did not produce racing cars.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

But, already under the leadership of Rosetti, the company, together with BMW, decided to create a car suitable for car racing.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

However, Lamborghini did not cope with its part of the task, and the car was entirely developed by the BMW sports department.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

It later went into production and sale as the BMW M1.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

In 1986, the company created the Lamborghini QVX to participate in Group C competitions.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The car was built, but problems with sponsors forced me to miss the season.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The QVX competed in only one non-title race at the Kyalami Circuit (Johannesburg) in 1986 under the control of Tiff Needell.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Despite the fact that the car showed quite a good result, the financing program was curtailed.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

From 1989 to 1993, Lamborghini supplied V12 engines for Formula 1 vehicles.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The engines were supplied for Larrousse, Ligier, Lotus, Minardi.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

In 1991, Lamborghini raced her own team, which lasted only one season.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The same engine, but under the logo of Chrysler (the new owner of the company), was tested on McLaren in 1993.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Although testing recommended the engine for use in the 1994 season, the team preferred the Peugeot engine, and Chrysler closed the project.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

To participate in the Diablo Supertrophy, a single-model competition held annually from 1996 to 1999, the company provided two modifications of the Lamborghini Diablo, the Diablo SVR in the first year and Diablo 6.0 GTR in the remaining 3 years.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini developed the Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT for the FIA GT Championship and the 24 Hours of Le Mans.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The best results of all these competitions are first place (last to start) in the LMGT1 class at the Catalunya circuit in the 2009 Le Mans series. (the car of the Russian team InterprogressBank SPARTAK Racing) and third place (started fifth) at the opening of the FIA GT Championship in Valencia (the car was exhibited by the Reiter Engineering team).


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

The Lamborghini Gallardo version for participation in the FIA GT3 Championship is being developed by the Reiter Engineering team.


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Prototypes


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

mini|Lamborghini Reventon|220px


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini 350 GTV (1963)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini 350 GTS (1965)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Marzal (1967)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini LP5000 Countach


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini AMS Raceca (1972)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini P114 Bravo (1974)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Faena


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Cheetah (1977)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Countach “Alfieri”


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Athon (1980)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini LM 001 (1981)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Marco Polo (1982)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini LM 004 (1984)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Portofino (1987)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini P140 (1988)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Genesis (1988)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Calà (1995)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Canto (1999)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Stella (2000)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Concept S (2005)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Miura Concept (2006)


Question: Which company produces the most expensive cosmetics in the world?

Lamborghini

Lamborghini Estoque Concept (2008)