Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

Other important rivers of the Indian subcontinent are the Godavari, Mahanadi, Kaveri and Krishna, which also flow into the Bay of Bengal, [10] and Narmada and Tapti, which flow into the Arabian Sea [11] — the steep bank of these rivers does not give their waters overflow.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

Many of them are important sources of irrigation.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

There are no significant lakes in India.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

Elder lakes are most often found in the valleys of large rivers; there are also glacial-tectonic lakes in the Himalayas.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The largest lake Sambhar, located in arid Rajasthan, is used for salt residue.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The coast


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The length of the coastline is 7,517 km, of which 5,423 km belong to mainland India, and 2,094 km to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Laccadives Islands [12].


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The coast of mainland India has the following character: 43% sandy beaches, 11% rocky and rocky coast, and 46% watts or swampy coast.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

[12] Weakly dismembered, low, sandy shores have almost no convenient natural harbors, so large ports are located either in the mouths of rivers (Kolkata) or artificially arranged (Chennai).


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The south of the west coast of the Indian subcontinent is called the Malabar coast, the south of the east coast is called the Coromandel Coast.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The most remarkable coastal regions of India are the Great Kach Rann in Western India and the Sundarbans, the swampy lower reaches of the Ganges Delta and Brahmaputra in India and Bangladesh.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

[13] Two archipelagos are part of India: the Lakshadweep coral atolls west of the Malabar coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a chain of volcanic islands in the Andaman Sea.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

Climate


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, causing monsoons.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

[15] The Himalayas act as a barrier to cold Central Asian winds, thus making the climate in most of the Indian subcontinent warmer than at the same latitudes in other regions of the planet.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

[16] [17] The Thar Desert plays a key role in attracting the humid southwesterly summer monsoon winds, which provide much of India with rain between June and October.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

[15] India is dominated by four main climates: humid tropical, dry tropical, subtropical monsoon and alpine.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

In most parts of India, there are three seasons: hot and humid with the dominance of the southwest monsoon (June-October); relatively cool and dry with a predominance of the northeastern trade winds ( November — February); very hot and dry transitional (March-May).


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

During the wet season, more than 80% of the annual rainfall falls.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The windward slopes of the Western Ghats and the Himalayas are most moistened (up to 6000 mm per year), and on the slopes of the Shillong Plateau there is the rainiest place on Earth - Cherrapunji (about 12,000 mm).


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The driest areas are the western part of the Indo-Ganges Plain (less than 100 mm in the Thar Desert, the dry period is 9-10 months) and the central part of the Indian subcontinent (300-500 mm, the dry period is 8-9 months).


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

The amount of precipitation varies greatly from year to year.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

On the plains, the average January temperature increases from north to south from 15 to 27° C, in May everywhere 28-35° C, sometimes reaching 45-48° C.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

During the wet period, temperatures in most parts of the country are 28° C.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

In the mountains at an altitude of 1500 m in January -1° C, in July 23° C, at an altitude of 3,500 m, respectively -8° C and 18° C.


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

Notes


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India

Literature


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India


Question: How many lakes does India have?

Geography of India


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod has a long history of existence, rich in various events.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The temperate continental climate and favorable geographical location at the confluence of two major rivers of Russia (the Oka and Volga) and, as a result, at the intersection of trade routes, determined the constant development and the city's population growth.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Throughout its history, Nizhny Novgorod has been one of the largest transport, economic and cultural centers in Russia.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod residents have made a significant contribution to the development of various spheres of human life — science, mechanical engineering, education, music and much more.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The city has repeatedly acted as a stronghold of Russian statehood and contributed to the defense against external enemies of the country.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

All this together has led to the fact that Nizhny Novgorod has many interesting, memorable places and attractions.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The Kremlin and Minin and Pozharsky Square


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin is the historical center of the city, and probably its main attraction.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

At the beginning of its existence, Nizhny Novgorod was surrounded by the walls of the Kremlin, which were both its border and a fortification — a protective fortress.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The modern Kremlin houses state authorities of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Region and the Volga Federal District, as well as an art museum and two memorials of the Second World War.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Since it was from the historical center that the city grew and developed, the main historical sights of the city are concentrated in the immediate vicinity of the Kremlin - ancient buildings, monuments to famous people, temples.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Most of the ancient buildings have been restored and are regularly renovated, as they are used by modern organizations, and temples are operational.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Photo sightNizhny Novgorod KremlinGeorgievskaya Tower • Borisoglebskaya Tower • Zachatyevskaya Tower • White Tower • Ivanovskaya Tower • Clock Tower • Northern Tower • Taynitskaya Tower • Koromyslova tower • Nikolskaya Tower • Storeroom tower • Dmitrievskaya Tower • Powder TowerMikhailo-Arkhangelsk CathedralArt MuseumLegislative Assembly of Nizhny Novgorod Region100PXFederal Treasury Obelisk to Minin and Pozharsky Memorial “Gorky Residents to the Front” Minin and Pozharsky SquareMonument to Kuzma Minin 100pxLabor PalaceMedical AcademyFaculty of NNGUGymnasium No. 1 and Museum A. S. Pushkin Pedagogical UniversityMonument to Valery Chkalovuchkalov Stairs


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

City streets, squares and historic districts


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Bolshaya Pokrovskaya (Pokrovka) is a historic street in Nizhny Novgorod.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

It contains a large number of beautiful houses of the 19th century.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

In Soviet times, it was called Sverdlov Street (Sverdlovka).


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The Nizhny Novgorod Drama Theater and the State Bank are located on Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Street.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Walking along it, you can meet different musicians and various attractions.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Bronze sculptures are placed along the entire street, the most famous of which is the Merry Goat sculpture.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

It is located at the intersection of Piskunova and Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Streets, opposite Teatralnaya Square.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

It is believed that rubbing her udder will bring good luck.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

By the way, the same is thought about the nose at the statue of Yevgeny Evstigneev, near the Drama Theater on a bench [1].


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

A hundred meters from the Volga, near the walls of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, there is National Unity Square (formerly Torgovaya Square of Nizhny Posad, later Skoba), which is known as the most likely place Minin's appeals to the people.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

A monument to Minin and Pozharsky has been erected here — a copy of the monument of the same name in Moscow reduced by 5 centimeters.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Its installation in 2005 was an act of restoring historical justice, since the original was originally created for Nizhny Novgorod [2] [3].


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Another walking street, Rozhdestvenskaya, starts from this square.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

In 2012, it was completely renovated and received a significantly enlarged pedestrian zone.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Various bronze statues are placed along the entire street, as well as on Bolshaya Pokrovskaya.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The most popular attraction of this street is the Christmas (Stroganov) Church.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Photo AttractionMountainous “upper” partCentral part


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Bolshaya Pokrovskaya • Ulyanova street • Varvarskaya street •


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Minina Street • Alekseevskaya StreetCentral Squares


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Minin and Pozharsky Square • National Unity Square •


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Gorky Square • Lyadov Square • Theater Square • Sennaya SquareHistorical Part


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Rozhdestvenskaya Street • Dobrolyubova Street • Piskunova Street •


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Zvezdinka Street • IlyinskayaNaberezhnye Street


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Verkhne-Volzhskaya Embankment • Nizhne-Volzhskaya Embankment •


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Rowing Canal Embankment • Fedorovsky EmbankmentZarechnaya “lower” partSquare


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Revolution Square • Railwaymen Square •


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Lenin Square • Kiselyov Square100pxStreets and avenues


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Lenin Avenue • Molodyozhny avenue •


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Sovetskaya Street


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Religious buildings and structures


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

There are a significant number of confessions and religious associations in Nizhny Novgorod.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Many communities have their own places of worship, some of which are historical and architectural monuments in themselves.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Orthodox monasteries and temples


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Photo sightMonasteryBlagoveshchensky MonasteryExaltation of the Cross MonasterPechersky Ascension MonasteryCathedralsCathedral of St.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Alexander Nevskogomikhailo-Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Savior's Transfiguration Cathedral Spassky Old Fair CathedralChurches and Churches100pxChristmas (Stroganov) ChurchChurch of the Nativity of John the Baptist on TradeChurch All-Merciful SaviorAll Saints ChurchChurch of the Sign of the Mother of God and Holy Myrrhbearers Church in honor of the saints of MoscowChurch of Sergius of Radonezh Church of the Assumption Church on Ilyinskaya GoraChurch of Elijah ProphetChurch of the Ascension of the State UpChurch of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God on TorgesSmolensk-Vladimir Parish in GordeyevkesSpaso-Preobrazhenskaya ChurchChurch of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker Resurrection ChurchChurch Mother of God “Joy of All Who Sorrow” Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in VysokovoChurch of the Transfiguration of the Lord in Starye PecherChurch of Praise of the Most Holy TheotokosChurch of the Assumption of the Mother of God on Bugrovsky CemeteryChurch of John the Baptist in Blagoveshchenskaya SloboDePokrovskaya Church (Starye Klyuchishchi) Transfiguration ChurchChurch in honor of the Vladimir-Orange Icon of the Mother of God and Defenders of the FatherlandChurch of George Victorious Nativity Church (Gnilitsy) Holy Trinity ChurchChurch of the Icon of the Mother of God “Early Hearing” Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in KoposovoChurch in the name of St.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Prince Igor of ChernigovskyChurch of the Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos “Tenderness” Alexander Nevsky Church in SormovPokrovskaya Church (Doskino) St. Nicholas Church


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Places of worship of other faiths and religions


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

PhotoAttractionCatholic ChurchesChurch of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary Evangelical Christians-BaptistsNizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque100pxTaubasynagogue Mosque100pxNizhny Novgorod SynagogueOtherSurb Amenaprkich Armenian Church


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Architectural landmarks


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The city is home to many architectural and historical sights.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

First of all, these include the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The city center is located in its historical mountainous part and there are many architectural masterpieces here.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

These include: the State Bank, the Nativity Church, almost the entire Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Street, the Palace of Labor on Minin and Pozharsky Square, and the Mikhailo-Archangel Cathedral in the Kremlin.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The historical appearance of Nizhny Novgorod is emphasized by various architectural ensembles, gardens and parks, the confluence of the Oka and Volga.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Architectural ensembles: Minin and Pozharsky Square, Kiselev Square in Avtozavodsky District, Square in front of Zachatyevskaya Tower with a monument to Peter I [4].


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Of particular interest are monuments of the constructivism era — commune houses (“Cultural Revolution”, “House of a Security Officer”) and the social city complex at the Automobile Plant.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

One of the features of Nizhny Novgorod is the presence of a large number of houses of old low-rise [5] built.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Photo AttractionNizhny Novgorod FairState BankChkalov StairRukavishnikovaKazansky StationNizhpoligrafCentral Department Store100pxMerchant Markov's Manor FSB100PXBank RukavishnikovaState wine warehouse100pxRudinsky's manory100pxChildren's shelter100pxFormer.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

School of Emperor Alexander II Merchant Zaitsev's House Main HousePeter's House and Nizhny Novgorod Ostrog


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Monuments


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

To famous people


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The city has many monuments to famous people who were related to Nizhny Novgorod (and Gorky) or Russia at one time or another of their lives, or important in order to celebrate their livelihoods in memory the opinion of city residents and authorities.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

In particular, there is a monument to Kuzma Minin, and another, Minin and Pozharsky, a copy of the monument of the same name in Moscow, reduced by 5 centimeters.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Its installation in 2005 was an act of restoring historical justice, since the original was originally created for Nizhny Novgorod [2] [3].


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Also on September 24, 2014, in front of the Kremlin's Zachatyevskaya Tower, a monument to Peter I [4] was unveiled, who visited Nizhny Novgorod twice and decided to create the Nizhny Novgorod province.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The monument to Valery Chkalov was erected near the St. George Tower of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin in honor of Nizhny Novgorod resident, the famous Soviet pilot who made the first non-stop flight from the USSR to the United States via The North Pole.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

A staircase, also called “Chkalovskaya”, descends from the monument to the Volga.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

There is also a monument to pilot Pyotr Nikolayevich Nesterov.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

There are also several monuments to Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov — Gorky, whose name the city bore for several decades.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Photo sightMonument to Minin and Pozharsky100pxMonument to Kuzma Minin Monument to Peter I100pxMonument to the Heroes of the Volga Military FlotillaMonument to Valery ChkalovMonument to V. AND. Lenin100pxMonument to Maxim Gorky on the square of the same nameMonument to Maxim Gorky on Fedorovsky EmbankmentMonument to Maxim Gorky in Dubki Park Monument to Maxim Gorky in the Park on May 1Monument to Alyosha Peshkov at Kashirin's houseMonument to Maxim Gorky in Kulibin Park


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

(dismantled in 2012) Bust of Ivan Kulibin in Kulibin ParkMonument to P. N. NesterovMonument to N. A. DobrolyubovMonument to Yevgeny EvstigneevBust of A. S. Pushkina100pxBust by N. N. BogolyubovMemorial to V. AND. Lenin and Nizhny Novgorod MarxistsMonument to V. AND. Lenin on the street. CominterMonument to the Heroes and Victims of the Revolution of 1905 Monument “Grieving Angel” Monument to Jules ReturnMonument to Peter and Fevronia in the Park May 1Bust of F. E.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Dzerzhinsky at the entrance to the MVDBust of P. A. Semenov at the entrance to Sormovo Mechanical Technology100pxMonument to V. F. Margelov in Victory ParkBust to P. I. on Chaadaev Street (Moskovsky District) opposite the Aviation Technical College100pxBust of Panin B.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

V. at the intersection of Boris Panin and Vaneev Streets Bust to the Hero of the Soviet Union N. A. Vilkov on the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod River School named after N.N.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

AND. P. Kulibin Monument to designer R. E.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Alekseev at the beginning of Yubileyny Boulevard in Sormovo Monument to N. A. Bugrov on Lyadov Square


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

technics


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The war years of the Second World War are reflected in monuments by technical means to which the Gorky residents were directly related:


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Photo sightGaz-AA (“lorry”) at the Main Entrance of the Gorky Automobile PlantMemorial “Gorkovtsy to the Front” at the wall of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin100PXT-34 in the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin near the Eternal Flame Raid the launch Hero on Nizhne-Volzhskaya Embankment — a monument to rivermen and sailors of the Volga Military Flotilla [6] Monument to the Russian Renault (KS), the first tank of the Soviet Union, at the entrance of the Krasnoye Sormovo plant 100PXMiG-17 fighter in the park on Chernyakhovsky Street100PXMiG-19PM on the street. VaneyevaModel of the Nieuport aircraft opposite the monument to P. N. Nesterovumig-23 in Victory Park Mig-21bis in PobedyMig-25PU Park in Victory Park100PXL-29 in Victory Park100PXSU 213-58 steam locomotive at the Moskovsky railway stationNarrow gauge diesel locomotive TU2-233 in the park in front of Rodina station Malaya Gorkovskaya RailwayGAZ-24 Volga at the entrance to the traffic police building of Nizhny NovgorodHydrofoil Meteor-1 in Sormovo


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Miscellaneous


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

On November 30, 2007, the Mayor of Nizhny Novgorod Vadim Bulavinov unveiled a monument to a five-kopeck coin - a monument to the “nickle”.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Made of cast iron and painted with a special bronze composition, the Nickle memorial sign in the form of a coin with a diameter of 1.2 m without the designation of the mint, is mounted in the paving stone coating on the square in in the center of Sormovo between houses 166 and 168 along Kominterna Street.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

This place is called “Sormovsky Pyatachok” among local residents.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The decoration of the memorial sign is based on a nickle from the reign of Nicholas II.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

There is also an inscription on it informing about the date and place of installation of the monument.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The Nizhny Novgorod monument to the nickle was made in St. Petersburg.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The project provides a foundation that can withstand the arrival and exit of cleaning equipment, as well as vandal-proof protection.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Cultural attractions


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod Planetarium is the second planetarium opened in the USSR in 1948 and until December 5, 2005 located in the building of the Alekseevskaya Church of the Annunciation Monastery.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

After the return of the building of the Russian Orthodox Church, it was decided to build a new planetarium


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

During the construction, it did not interrupt its work.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod Drama Theater named after M. Gorky is one of the oldest Russian theaters.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The history of the theater dates back to 1798, when Prince N. G. Shakhovskaya opened a public theater in Nizhny Novgorod.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The Nizhny Novgorod Pushkin Opera and Ballet Theater is a theater founded in 1931 as the Gorky Opera and Ballet Theater, on the basis of the rebuilt building of the People's House.


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Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod State Art Museum (NGHM).


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Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The renovated museum building was opened on September 30, 2009.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The Russian Museum of Photography is a municipal cultural institution.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

It contains an extensive collection of photographic equipment, photographic literature, photographs of the 19th and 20th centuries.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Limpopo Zoo is the first private zoo in Russia, opened in 2003.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

It is located in the Moskovsky District on the territory of Sormovsky Park, occupying an area of 5.8 hectares.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

As of 2018, the zoo's collection includes 230 species of animals — a total of about 1,300 individuals.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Natural attractions


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Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Volzhsky Slope


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Bishops' Garden


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Dyatlovy Gory


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Green City


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Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Botanical garden


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Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Lake Meshcherskoye is a natural monument of regional significance [7]


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Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Zelensky Congress


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Oksky Congress


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Lykova dam


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Oka and Volga Strelka


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Transport attractions


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Since 1985, the Nizhny Novgorod Metro (until 1992 — Gorkovsky Metro) has been operating, a non-surface passenger transport system of Nizhny Novgorod.


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Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Historically, it is the third metro in Russia and the 10th in the USSR.


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Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

As of the end of 2012, there are 14 stations, which also puts it in third position after the Moscow and St. Petersburg subways.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

When traveling by train on the metro bridge, built recently, you can see a beautiful view of the Oka River, the lower part of the city and the high bank of the Oka River — a slope covered with forest.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The Nizhny Novgorod cable car, which leads across the Volga to the city of Bor, is the longest in Europe in terms of length.


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Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

There is a children's railway in Nizhny Novgorod.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Before the route was shortened, its length was 9.1 km, and it was the longest in the USSR.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Parks and zoos


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Currently, more than 15 parks have been opened in Nizhny Novgorod, and service enterprises have been created for 8 of them: six for parks of culture and recreation, one for landscape and children's parks.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

There are three zoos that are open to everyone:


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Limpopo Zoo in Sormovo Park


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Zoological Park Switzerland


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Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod Exotarium on Bolshaya Pokrovskaya


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Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Historical Reconstruction Park


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

On the opposite bank of the Volga from Nizhny Novgorod, in the city of Bor, 100 meters from the Borskaya cable car station, there is a historical reconstruction park “Pax Romana — Living History Park”.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The park is a collective image of a section of the Roman borderland at the turn of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

, with a military camp and a small town that developed from a Markitant village attached to the camp.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Interesting and memorable places


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Peter I's House


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Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Apartment house of merchant Fedor Perepletchikov [8]


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Kashirin's house


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Apartment-Museum of A. M. Gorky


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Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Bugrovs' overnight lodging house.


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Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Architect F. AND. Filin, 1880-1885.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The prototype of the overnight shelter from Maxim Gorky's play “At the Bottom”.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

[9] It was sold at auction [10].


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Apartment-Museum of A. D. Sakharova


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The house of M. AND. Balakireva


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Fountains


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The first two fountains at the fair were installed by merchants in 1869, a year after the opening of the water supply system.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

[11] One of them was located in front of the Transfiguration Cathedral, the other in front of the Main Fair House.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

[11] In 1928, the fountain in front of the Transfiguration Cathedral was moved to the Palace of Culture built in 1927.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Lenina.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

[11] On September 9, 2009, this fountain was reopened after a 10-year break.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The fountain on Minin and Pozharsky Square (began operating on October 1, 1847 as a source of water).


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

The fountain on Markin Square.


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Fountain on Oktyabrskaya Square


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Fountain in Chernoprudsky Lane


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Fountain near the Youth Theater


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Fountain at Nizhny Novgorod Fair


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Fountain on Marshal Rokossovsky Street


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

See also


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Museums in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Parks in Nizhny Novgorod


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Bridges in Nizhny Novgorod


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

Notes


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod

References


Question: How long did the monument to Minin and Pozharsky be created?

Sights of Nizhny Novgorod


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, North Atlantic Alliance (English: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO; French: Organization du traité de l'Atlantic Nord, OTAN) a political bloc that unites most European countries, the United States and Canada.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

It was founded on April 4, 1949 in the United States, with the aim of protecting Europe from Soviet influence [~ 1] [~ 2] [~ 3] [~ 4] [~ 5].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

At that time, 12 countries became NATO member states: the United States, Canada, Iceland, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Italy and Portugal.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

It is a “transatlantic forum” for Allied countries to consult on any issues affecting the vital interests of its members, including events that could jeopardize their safety.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

One of NATO's declared goals is to deter or protect against any form of aggression against the territory of any NATO member state.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Currently, 29 countries are members of NATO.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Together, military spending by all NATO members accounts for more than 70 percent of the global total [1].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

History


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

According to Anders Fogh Rasmussen, NATO Secretary General (2009—2014), the organization was created to protect Europe from Soviet invasion [2]:


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

NATO was created in a dangerous world.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

While the shadow of the USSR was gathering over Europe, 12 countries on both sides of the Atlantic united to protect their security and core values: freedom, democracy, human rights and the rule of law.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In March 1948, the Brussels Pact was concluded between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Great Britain, which later formed the basis of the Western European Union (WEU).


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

It is considered to be the beginning of the formation of the North Atlantic Alliance


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

At the same time, secret negotiations were held between the United States, Canada and Great Britain on the creation of an alliance based on their civilizational unity.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Negotiations between European countries and the United States and Canada on the creation of a single union soon followed.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

All these negotiations ended with the signing on April 4, 1949 by representatives of twelve countries (Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, USA, France) of the North Atlantic Treaty.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The treaty created a system of collective security.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

All parties undertook to collectively protect any party to the treaty that would be attacked.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The agreement between the countries finally entered into force on August 24, 1949 after its ratification.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In fact, since its foundation, NATO has been focused on countering the USSR and, later, also the member countries of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact, concluded in 1955.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Greece and Turkey joined NATO in 1952 (“First NATO Expansion”).


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

West Germany became a member of NATO in 1955 (the “Second NATO Expansion”).


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In 1954, the USSR applied for membership in NATO, which was rejected [3] [4].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In 1966, in addition to NATO's supreme body, the NATO Council, the Military Planning Committee was established, consisting of defense ministers of the bloc member countries, and meets twice a year.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In 1966, France withdrew from the military organization NATO, remaining a member of the political structure.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Despite this, France took an active part in the NATO military operation against Yugoslavia in 1999.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In 2009, it returned to all NATO structures.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Greece withdrew in 1974, and re-joined NATO in 1981.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In 1982, Spain joined NATO (the “Third Enlargement of NATO”).


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

With the unification of Germany, the territory of the alliance included the territory of the former GDR (now part of Germany).


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

After the end of the Cold War, Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 (the “Fourth NATO Enlargement”), in 2004 - Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Estonia (“Fifth NATO expansion”).


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Croatia and Albania joined NATO in 2009 (the “Sixth NATO Enlargement”).


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

[6] Montenegro joined NATO in 2017 (the “Seventh NATO Expansion”) [7].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Until the end of the Cold War, NATO forces did not officially participate in any military operation.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, NATO troops took part in the following conflicts:


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

in the war against Iraq in Kuwait and in Iraq in 1991. (under the auspices of the UN);


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

wars on the territory of the former Yugoslavia —


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995-2004),


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NATO

Yugoslavia (1999)


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NATO

Macedonia (2001—2003);


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NATO

in Afghanistan (2001-present) )


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

in Iraq (2003—2011),


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

during the peacekeeping operation in Sudan (2005—2011).


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On January 4, 2018, the organization approved as its official anthem a musical composition for 20 instruments by the conductor of the Luxembourg Military Orchestra, Captain Andre Reichling [9].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On March 10, 2018, Ukraine received the status of a graduate student country, as well as Macedonia, Georgia and Bosnia and Herzegovina [10].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Targets


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In accordance with the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949, NATO aims to “strengthen stability and improve prosperity in the North Atlantic region”.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

“The participating countries have combined their efforts to create collective defense and preserve peace and security” [11].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In general, the bloc was created to “repel the Soviet threat” [~ 1].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

According to First Secretary General Ismay Hastings, the goal of creating NATO is “... to keep the Russians aside, the Americans inside, and the Germans under” [12] [13].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

NATO's 2010 Strategic Concept “Active Participation, Modern Defense” presents NATO's three most important tasks — collective defense, crisis management and security based on cooperation [14].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

It is believed that by mid-2015, NATO is returning to its fundamental task in a modified form: instead of aggression by the USSR, an unexpected attack is considered as the main threat of the Russian Federation [15].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

At the NATO summit in July 2016, Russia was recognized as the main security threat to NATO, and its containment was officially declared a new NATO mission [16] [17].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Authorities


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The North Atlantic Council (NAC) is the main political decision-making body in NATO and the only committee created by the founding treaty.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

By virtue of article 9, it is empowered to establish “subsidiary bodies as may be necessary” for the implementation of the Treaty.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Over the years, the SAS has established a network of committees to facilitate the work of the Alliance and address all issues on the agenda.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

NATO's main committees include the Nuclear Planning Group (NSG) and the Military Committee.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The Defense Planning Committee, which was also one of the most important decision-making bodies in NATO, was disbanded during the committee reform in June 2010, and its functions were transferred to Defense Policy and Planning Committee.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In addition to the SAS, NSG and the Military Committee, there are a number of committees directly reporting to the North Atlantic Council:


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NATO

Committee of Deputies


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NATO

Policy and Partnerships Committee


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Nonproliferation Committee


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NATO

Consultation, Command and Control Board


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NATO

Operations Committee


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NATO

High-level Task Force on Conventional Arms Control


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NATO

Verification Coordination Committee


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NATO

National Arms Directors Conference


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Standardization Committee


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Logistics Committee


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Policy and Resource Planning Board


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Air Defense Committee


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Air Traffic Management Committee


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Civil Emergency Planning Committee


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Public Diplomacy Committee


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

North Atlantic Council Operations and Exercises Committee


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Safety Committee


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Civil Intelligence Committee


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Archive Committee [18]


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The NATO Parliamentary Assembly acts as a platform for discussion of security issues by lawmakers in NATO member countries.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

armed forces


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In 2007, there were more than 5 million troops in the armed forces of NATO countries, of which about 3 million 200 thousand in Europe [20]


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

As of 2010, the armed forces of NATO countries had about 3.8 million troops.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The NATO armed forces are divided into:


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

the joint armed forces (hereinafter referred to as the OVS) transferred to the bloc's disposal;


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

armed forces that remain under national subordination.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The Armed Forces include associations, formations and units of the US Army and Air Force (see also the article European Command of the US Armed Forces), Great Britain, Canada, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy and Turkey, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic, as well as the Norwegian and Danish Air Forces.


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NATO

In wartime and during exercises, the naval forces of these countries, as well as the bulk of the troops of Norway, Denmark, Portugal and Luxembourg, are transferred to the Armed Forces.


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NATO

The armed forces of France and Greece, which withdrew from the NATO military organization, periodically participate in joint exercises of the NATO Armed Forces in Europe, coordinate the air defense actions of their country with the NATO joint air defense forces .


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In 2002, NATO began a large-scale reform of its military structure.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In the process of this reform, the total number of NATO headquarters has been reduced from 20 to 11 [20].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Regional Commands


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Within the framework of the Allied Command in Europe, there are two regional commands:


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The Nordic Allied Forces include Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Great Britain.


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NATO

The company is headquartered in St. Brunssum, the Netherlands (Northern Army Group until 1993);


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NATO

The allied forces of Southern Europe are Hungary, Greece, Italy, Spain and Turkey.


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NATO

Headquartered in St. Naples, Italy.


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NATO

The High Command in the Atlantic consists of five headquarters:


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NATO

East Atlantic Ocean,


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NATO

The Western Atlantic,


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NATO

South Atlantic Ocean,


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NATO

Strike fleet,


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NATO

Submarine Allied Command.


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NATO

NATO's official languages are English and French.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The NATO Council is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The Supreme Command of the NATO Armed Forces in Europe is located in Mons (Belgium).


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NATO

Rapid Reaction Force


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The NATO Response Force is designed to provide operational support to NATO operations.


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NATO

The concept of this force was approved by the Declaration of the NATO Heads of State Meeting in Prague on 22 November 2002 and approved by the Defence Ministers of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in June 2003; their first headquarters (NRF-1) was established in October 2003 in Italy.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In accordance with the principle of rotation, the NRF-2 headquarters in Portugal was established in 2004 [22].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On September 5, 2014, at a meeting of NATO leaders in Newport, it was decided to create an English: Very High Readiness Joint Task Force, VJTF).


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

These forces of about 4,000 people [23] are designed to react quickly in the event of an attack by Russia on any of the NATO countries [24] [25].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The main base and command center of the force are planned to be located in the UK.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The planned period for the transfer and deployment of units in countries bordering Russia (Poland, the Baltic States) does not exceed 48 hours [23].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Finances


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

According to an unofficial policy, members of the Union should spend at least 2% of GDP on defense [26].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

However, of the 25 European members of the alliance, only Britain, Greece and Estonia comply with this requirement.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In 2013, the average indicator of military spending among the European members of the Union amounted to 1.4%.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The decline in military spending of European countries occurred as a result of cuts in military budgets due to the financial crisis in Europe.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The exception is the United States, where defense spending in 2013 amounted to 4.4% of GDP.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

From 1995 to 2013, the US share in NATO spending increased from 59% to 72% [26].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Arms costs


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In April 2014, NATO Secretary General A. F. Rasmussen called on European NATO members to increase defense spending in response to the aggravation of Russian-Ukrainian relations [2] [26]:


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

No one in NATO wants the Cold War to return, but we see that the Kremlin is trying to turn back time and divide Europe into spheres of influence.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

We must defend our values <... > and the system of international rules <... >.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

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Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Information security


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

NATO has structures (“centers”) whose purpose is analysis and information security.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

There are 20 such centers in the alliance countries, three of them are located in the Baltic States: Estonia deals with cybersecurity, Lithuania — energy security, Latvia — strategic communication [27].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Strategic Communication Center in Latvia


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

It is located in Riga.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The mission of the center is to conduct research and develop recommendations in several areas: information and psychological operations, public relations, propaganda.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

One of the priority areas of the center's work was possible ways to counter Russian Internet trolls [27].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Members


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Partners


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Possible members


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Members of the Membership Action Plan


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Accelerated Dialogue participants


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The Republic of Cyprus, with the coming to power of Nicos Anastasiades, plans to join NATO.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Individual Affiliate Plan Members


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Partnership for Peace


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

NATO has signed a cooperation agreement with a number of European countries.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The program of interaction with these countries is called Partnership for Peace.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Among the participants of the program: Austria, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

relationships


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Iceland


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

During the Cold War, the issue of Iceland's membership in the organization was raised several times, starting with the protests of 1949.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In the early 1970s. The Soviet Union intensified attempts to achieve the country's withdrawal from NATO and its neutral non-aligned status, as it was a strategically important stronghold and transit hub for fleets and US and British aviation in the North Atlantic, where, in addition to parking ships and reloading various military equipment, ships could be repaired, stationary and refueled strategic aircraft and many other transport and logistics operations.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In addition, there are reconnaissance and tracking stations for the actions of the submarine forces of the Soviet fleet in the Atlantic.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The argument for the continuation of the stay of several thousand troops of the American contingent on the island was very simple, according to the leadership of the alliance, if the American troops leave Iceland, then the Soviet leadership will be tempted to occupy it (according to their information, the USSR Navy had large marine corps forces to conduct such operations).


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The fears of the NATO leadership intensified after the trade agreement was signed between the USSR and Iceland and after the Icelandic government began to make claims to Great Britain delineation of fishing zones.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In 1973, during the December NATO summit in Brussels, the defense ministers of the member countries of the alliance signed a joint memorandum on the inadmissibility of Iceland's withdrawal from NATO and ensuring enforcement of this decision in the event of disagreements or emergency situations [35].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The severity of the situation was expressed in the termination of air communication with the island by the largest air carrier.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The U.S. Civil Aviation Council consistently granted Pan American World Airways requests in 1971 and 1973 to suspend civil flights between Reykjavik and Helsinki first from October 15, 1972 to May 17, 1973 [36], and then on the temporary suspension of flights with Iceland from October 1973 to May 1974 [37].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

USSR, Russia


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The USSR perceived the creation of the bloc in 1949 as a threat to its own security.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In 1954, in Berlin, at a meeting of the foreign ministers of the United States, Great Britain, France and the USSR, Soviet representatives assured that NATO is a purely defensive organization.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In response to calls for cooperation, the USSR sent a note on March 31, 1954 proposing to consider “together with interested governments the issue of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic Treaty” but this initiative was rejected in a note in response by stating that the organization was “more than military” and that such a proposal “contradicts the very principles on which the defense system and security of Western states”.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In response, the Soviet Union formed a military bloc in 1955 from states that pursued a pro-Soviet policy — the Warsaw Pact [39].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

After the collapse of the Warsaw Pact Organization and the USSR, the NATO bloc (created, according to official documents, to repel the Soviet threat) did not cease to exist and began to expand east [40] [~ 6] [41].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On June 7, 2007, the President of Russia signed Federal Law No. 99 “On Ratification of the Agreement between the States Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty and Other States Participating in the Program Partnership for Peace, on the Status of Forces of 19 June 1995 and its Additional Protocol” [42].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In January 2008, Dmitry Rogozin took up his duties as Head of the Permanent Mission of Russia to NATO.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On September 23, 2008, Russia protested against the signing on this day of the “declaration on cooperation between the secretariats of NATO and the UN”.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The declaration was signed by Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and Ban Ki-moon [43].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On March 5, 2009, NATO foreign ministers announced the resumption of relations with Russia, which had been terminated after the August crisis in the Caucasus.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In July 2009, Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Philip Gordon said that the United States was ready to consider Russia's accession to NATO on certain conditions [45].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Earlier, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev noted that Russia's accession to NATO is not yet possible, but “we want normal relations with the North Atlantic Alliance. We are ready to develop partnerships with the Alliance” [46].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Russia is cooperating with NATO on the issue of a military operation in Afghanistan.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The Russian side has concluded agreements with the United States and Germany on the transit through its territory of military cargo for troops participating in the International Security Assistance Force [47] [48].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In October 2009, Dmitry Shugaev, Deputy Director of the State Corporation Russian Technologies, said that Russia could provide NATO forces in Afghanistan with helicopters on commercial terms [49].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

According to Nikolai Makarov, former Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, the long-term interests of Russia and NATO in Afghanistan coincide, and Russia is interested in successful actions multinational grouping [50].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On April 1, 2014, NATO foreign ministers stopped military cooperation with Russia due to the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation, but NATO continues to cooperate in the Russia-NATO Council diplomatic level of ambassadors [51].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Belorussia


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Belarus has been participating in the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council since 1992 (the North Atlantic Cooperation Council in 1997), and in the Partnership for Peace program since 1995.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Belarus to NATO was established in 1998.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In the spring of 1999, Belarus condemned the invasion of NATO troops in Yugoslavia and suspended cooperation, but later it was restored.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In autumn 2001, Belarus provided some assistance to NATO in the preparation of an operation in Afghanistan.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Kazakhstan


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Since 2003, international peacekeeping exercises have been regularly held on the territory of Kazakhstan [52].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

They are attended by military contingents of NATO member countries and CIS countries (without Russia) [52].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In Kazakhstan, according to NATO standards, a contingent of the Kazbat peacekeeping battalion is being trained [52].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Ukraine


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The relationship between Ukraine and NATO was officially established in 1992, when Ukraine, after gaining independence, joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, later renamed Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council [53].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

A few years later, in 1994, Ukraine joined the Partnership for Peace program (the first among the CIS countries) and soon demonstrated its readiness to participate in the Euro-Atlantic by supporting NATO operations in the Balkans in the 1990s [53].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In 1997, relations between Ukraine and NATO moved to a qualitatively new level — the Charter on a Special Partnership between NATO and Ukraine was signed, the first Information and Information Center in Eastern Europe was opened in Kiev NATO documentation [53] [54].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

With the adoption of the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan in November 2002 [53], relations were further strengthened, and within the framework of this plan, annual Ukraine-NATO Target Plans began to be developed.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On April 21, 2005, in Vilnius, within the framework of an informal meeting of foreign ministers of NATO countries, a meeting of the Ukraine-NATO Commission was held, which opened a new stage in Ukraine's relations with the Alliance — an “intensive dialogue” which was intended to be the first step towards Ukraine's accession to NATO.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On August 11, 2006, the press service of the new Ukrainian government, headed by Viktor Yanukovych, reported that Ukraine was postponing the adoption of the “action plan for NATO membership”.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On September 14, Viktor Yanukovych paid a working visit to Brussels, where he made a policy statement about Ukraine's unreadiness to join NATO.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

According to him, the new Ukrainian government “intends to expand cooperation with NATO”, without assuming any obligations within the framework of the implementation of the so-called “NATO Membership Action Plan” (MAP).


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On August 21, 2009, the Declaration on Addition to the Charter on Special Partnership [55] [56] was signed at NATO Headquarters.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

With the coming to power in Ukraine in February 2010 of Viktor Yanukovych, the issue of Ukraine's accession to NATO was frozen.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In April 2010, Yanukovych signed decrees by which he liquidated the interdepartmental commission on Ukraine's preparation for accession to NATO and the national center for Euro-Atlantic integration, stating, however, that Ukraine's relations with NATO would be maintained at the level reached under President Viktor Yushchenko.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

[57] [58].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On February 22, 2013, Ukraine officially joined NATO's anti-piracy operation “Ocean Shield”.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

As of 2013, Ukraine is the only partner state of the alliance that takes part in all its operations [59]


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

According to the new version of the Military Doctrine of Ukraine, adopted under President Petro Poroshenko and published on September 24, 2015 on the official website of the President of Ukraine, Ukraine considers it a priority the task is to deepen cooperation with NATO and achieve full compatibility of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with the relevant forces of NATO member countries by 2020.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

By abandoning its non-aligned status, Ukraine intends to change approaches to ensuring national security, giving priority to “participation in the improvement and development of the Euro-Atlantic and European collective security systems” [60].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In February 2018, Ukrainian Defense Minister Stepan Poltorak announced that Ukraine had fulfilled 90% of the plan to adapt the Armed Forces of Ukraine to NATO standards, and by 2020 it is expected to complete the reform [61].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On March 10, 2018, she became a candidate to join the alliance [62].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Georgia


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On August 20, 2008, Belgian Foreign Minister Karel de Gucht, regarding further cooperation between NATO and Georgia, said that accepting NATO membership “a country that sometimes manifests itself in a way that is not very controlled actions, this is risky in itself.”


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In December 2008, at a meeting of the NATO Council, it was not decided to provide Georgia with an Action Plan for membership in the Alliance.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In August 2009, Laurinas Kasciunas, head of the Center for Eastern Geopolitics Studies, said: “Although after the conflict in South Ossetia at one time it seemed that Georgia's membership in NATO could be accelerated, but in the end, the conflict removed this prospect. NATO membership is now a very distant scenario.”


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In 2012, NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, while in Tbilisi, said that Georgia was closer to the alliance than ever [66].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Persian Gulf countries


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On December 11, 2014, the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf concluded an agreement with NATO on joint actions to ensure the security of energy supplies to world markets [67].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Participation in military conflicts


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The first use of military force in NATO history took place in 1994 in Bosnia [68].


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Afghanistan


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Since 2001, the International Security Assistance Force, an international military contingent under the auspices of the United Nations, has been operating on the territory of Afghanistan with UN Security Council Resolution No. 1386 of December 20, 2001 NATO.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

It consists of five regional commands, each of which reports several provincial offices (Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT).


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Each group consists of military units, police (advisers to the Afghan police) and civilian personnel from various government agencies of the participating countries.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Yugoslavia


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

NATO played a significant role in the Yugoslav wars.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The first NATO aircraft began monitoring navigation in the Adriatic Sea for compliance with the embargo against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia back in 1992.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On April 12, 1993, military aircraft of the United States, the Netherlands and France began patrolling the airspace of the former Yugoslavia for the first time.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

On 28 February 1994, United States Air Force fighters shot down four Republika Srpska air force attack aircraft over Banja Luka while they were flying combat against Bosnian Muslim positions in violation of the Council resolution UN Security 816.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

In 1999, as a result of the intervention of NATO forces in the Kosovo War, Kosovo actually withdrew from Yugoslavia.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Libya


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

See also


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

NATO TV+ Channel (Available to users on the Alliance website. For users and TV companies wishing to rebroadcast NATO TV, it is possible to download the channel's videos from the website.)


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

NATO HQ


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Antinato


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Non-Aligned Movement


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

A major ally outside NATO


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

NATO operations


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Warsaw Pact Organization


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

UN


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

OSCE


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

NATO Naval Rank Codes


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

STANAG (NATO ammunition standardization)


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

NATO enlargement


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

List of NATO member countries


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

European Union Armed Forces


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

SATO


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Notes


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

comments


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Sources


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Literature


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Scientific


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

in Russian


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

The Armed Forces of Foreign States: Information and Analytical Collection.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

— MOSCOW, 2009.


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Yermakov S. M. Transformation of NATO after the Lisbon Summit 2010: from the defense of the territory to the protection of the common heritage//Problems of the national strategy.


Question: Who heads NATO?

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— 2011.


Question: Who heads NATO?

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— No. 4.


Question: Who heads NATO?

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Kirillov V. IN. Russia and NATO: geostrategic realities. Voennaya Mysl.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

— 2007.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

— No. 9.


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in other languages


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Publicism


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NATO

D. Ganser.


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A. Khramchikhin.


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NATO

IN. Kozin.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

A. Wrestlers.


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NATO

V.Tolkachev.


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

References


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Official resources


Question: Who heads NATO?

NATO

Category:Organizations established in 1949


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts [note 1] (Slobodishche Village, Oryol Province — March 1932, Kiev) was one of the first female surgeons in Russia [note 2], one of the first women in the world to receive the title of professor surgery and headed the surgical department [1] [2], a participant in the Russo-Japanese War, novelist and poetess of the Silver Age.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

As a graduate of Professor Caesar Roux's School of Surgery (University of Lausanne), Vera Giedroyc authored a number of original scientific papers in the field, general and pediatric surgery.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

She also contributed to the establishment of the Kiev surgical school.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Considering the revolution inevitable and necessary, Vera Giedroyts, however, was one of the closest people of the royal family.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

She personally taught nursing to Empress Alexandra Fedorovna with Grand Duchesses Olga and Tatyana, after which they worked in the infirmary under her leadership.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Biography


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Family and early years


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Ignatievna belonged to the ancient and noble Lithuanian princely family of Giedroytsev, which actively participated in the liberation movement against Russian rule.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Ignatievna's grandfather was executed during the suppression of the uprising, and Father Ignatiy (Ignas) Ignatievich Gedroyts and his brother, deprived of the title of nobility, were forced to flee to the Samara province, to friends of their grandfather .


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

There Ignatiy received his education and worked in local governments, then married the daughter of the Russified German landowner Darya Konstantinovna Mihau, a pupil of the Smolny Institute of the Noble maidens.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Immediately after the wedding, Ignaty Ignatievich, on duty, moved to the Bryansk district of the Oryol province, where he acquired an estate in the village of Slobodishche, was engaged in agriculture and worked in the Council of Justices of the Peace [3] .


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Giedroyts was born on April 19 [O.S. 1870] [note 3] [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In addition to her, the family had three sisters and two brothers.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Her mother, housework, did not have time to deal with children, and the first teacher of little Vera was her grandmother Natalia Tikhonovna Mihau, who taught in her improvised boarding house local children to literacy, French, music, singing and dancing.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Already as a child, Vera wore boyish clothes, was distinguished by lively behavior and was the leader of all local children [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Gedroyts wanted to become a doctor after a series of illnesses and deaths of loved ones, including the death of her beloved brother Sergei, whose name she later began to sign all her literary works [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In 1877, a fire burned down all the property of the family, which then began to live extremely poorly.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

However, a Senate ruling came from St. Petersburg, according to which Ignatius Giedroyts and all his descendants were returned to the princely title [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In 1883, Vera met a teacher from the neighboring village of Lyubokhna, a populist L. K. Lyubokhna, who impressed her with her independence and dedication.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Giedroyts first read the novel by N. G. Chernyshevsky “What to do?”


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In the same year, Vera was sent to study at the Bryansk Women's Pro-Gymnasium, where she was immediately taken to the second grade.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Among her teachers was the later famous V. IN. Rozanov, who was a big influence on her.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

But soon Vera Ignatievna was expelled from the pro-gymnasium for writing epigrams, issuing a handwritten satirical leaflet and conflict with the teacher.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

After that, my father, in agreement with his friend industrialist S. AND. Maltsev, sent her to Lyubokhna to a factory paramedic for training in medicine.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Later, under the patronage of Maltsev, Vera returned to the pro-gymnasium, from which she graduated with honors in 1885 [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Study in Saint Petersburg and Lausanne


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

After graduating from pro-gymnasium, her father sent Vera Ignatievna to study in St. Petersburg.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

She did not easily enter the medical courses of Professor P. F. Lesgaft, which he organized in his apartment on Fontanka, house 18.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

After successfully passing the exams, Lesgaft advised Vera Ignatievna to go abroad and enter university, because at that time in Russia a woman did not have the right to receive higher education [note 4] [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

During her stay in St. Petersburg, Vera Gedroyts began to compose her first poems [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

During the courses, she met St. Petersburg students and began attending revolutionary circles, where she read the works of the Social Democrat Lassalle with everyone else, wrote proclamations and went to demonstrations.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In 1891, the popular democratic ideologist N. IN. Shelgunov, his funeral turned into a rally calling for revolution.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

The participants were dispersed by the gendarmerie, and mass arrests were carried out the next day.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Gedroyts was among the detainees.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

After being searched and interrogated, without finding serious evidence, she was sent to her father's estate under police supervision [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In 1894, Vera Ignatievna was able to receive the title of home teacher at the Oryol Gymnasium.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Being a lesbian [3] [4]


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

On September 5, 1894, Vera Gedroyts entered into a fictitious marriage with her St. Petersburg friend Captain Nikolai Afanasyevich Belozerov [note 5].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In the future, she practically did not see her husband, and carefully hid the fact of marriage.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

With the help of friends, after manipulating false passports, Vera Giedroyc escaped police surveillance and went abroad to Switzerland, where she intended to receive a higher medical education [2] [5] [6] [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

View of the old building of the University of Lausanne


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Upon arrival in Lausanne, she met Ricky Gudy's girlfriend, later they fell in love with each other and decided to go to Russia together, but fate decided otherwise.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Giedroyc, with her false passport, was first denied admission to university.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

However, she met through Narodovolets S. M. Zhemanov (associate of G. IN. Plekhanov) with Professor Physiologist A. A. Herzen (son of A. AND. Herzen), and at his request, she was admitted to the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lausanne [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Since Vera Giedroyc's family struggled to make ends meet and could not help to earn a living, she had to give lessons and work as an assistant to Professor A. AND. Skrebitsky [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Only three women studied at the faculty.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In her junior years, Vera Giedroyts was especially interested in anatomy.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In her senior years, she was interested in surgery taught by the famous Professor Caesar Roux, a student of E.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Kocher.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Giedroyc also attracted the attention of psychiatry, which was taught by Professor Siegfried Rabov.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

She actively worked at both departments, wrote reports, and was on duty in clinics [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Gedroyts graduated with honors from the university on December 14, 1898.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In winter, alarming letters came from Russia from her mother, in which she asked her daughter to return, but on the advice of Professor Caesar Roux, Vera Giedroyc applied for the competition and entered the assistant at the department surgical diseases.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

She was present in the clinic every day for rounds, bandages, took part in six to ten surgeries a day, and was on duty at night.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

At the same time, she studied scientific literature.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Under the guidance of Professor Ru, she wrote and defended her thesis for the title of Doctor of Medicine.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

After that, she received an invitation to become a private associate professor of the department.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

But soon a letter came from Russia from his father, in which he reported the death of his sister and the illness of his mother, begged him to return.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

At the same time, Ricky's mother died, leaving her daughter in the care of her minor brother and sister.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In the spring of 1899, Vera Ignatievna was forced to return to Russia alone [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Returning to Russia


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Returning to Russia, Vera Gedroyts got a job as a factory doctor at the Maltsov Portland cement plants in Kaluga Province.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In May 1900, a factory hospital with fifteen beds was opened in Fokino, but it was unsuitable for treatment, and Vera Ignatievna, who was the only doctor, organized a complete re-equipment of the entrusted institutions.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In addition to serving the plant workers and their families, she soon had to treat residents throughout the county.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Gedroyts conducted an outpatient appointment, went home to seriously ill patients, operated a lot, organized the sanitary and hygienic regime of factories, and trained doctors from neighboring hospitals.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

At the same time, she was preparing scientific material and preparing for exams in order to obtain a Russian medical diploma.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

A lot of effort was spent on constant conflicts in the factory commission to determine the severity of injuries, where Vera Ignatievna defended the rights of workers to retirement [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

On February 27, 1903, Vera Gedroyts, having successfully passed gymnasium and university exams at Moscow University, received a diploma with a record of awarding the title of “woman doctor”.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In the same year, Vera Gedroyts made a report at the III All-Russian Congress of Surgeons, published a report on the work of the factory medical service in the journal Surgery [3] [7].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Harsh working conditions, dirt and poverty, the hopeless situation of factory workers, hard work in the hospital and villages, difficulties in the family, a letter from Switzerland from Ricky in which she said that she would not be able to come to Russia, plunged Vera Giedroyc into severe depression and led to a suicide attempt.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

However, doctors who came to the factory commission saved her life [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Russo-Japanese War


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In the spring of 1904, Vera Gedroyts volunteered for the front of the Russo-Japanese War as a surgeon of the ambulance train of the Russian Red Cross Society.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

At the end of September, a medical service detachment led by Vera Ignatievna founded a hospital near the village of Xiaochintizi in Manchuria, and began receiving the wounded.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Soon she was elected chairman of the Society of Doctors of the Advanced Nobility Detachments.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

During the war, Vera Ignatievna not only developed new methods of treatment in the new conditions of war, but also organized medical work in the changing conditions of the combat situation.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

On January 11, 1905, the camp was relocated to the village of Gudziaozi.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Later, the detachment received a specially designed operating car, and Vera Giedroyts moved to lead it.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

On February 16, during the Battle of Mukden, the car was redeployed to the area of the Fushinsky mines.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Soon the first patients began to arrive, the hospital worked around the clock, and Vera Giedroyc personally performed more than a hundred surgeries.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

On February 22, at the end of the Battle of Mukden, there was a threat of encirclement of hospitals, the medical council decided not to leave the wounded and try to evacuate them.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

The retreat was successful, the train led by Vera Ignatievna was the last to leave under enemy fire [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In March 1905, Vera Giedroyc was instructed to treat Colonel V. AND. Gurko.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In the spring, her train went to the rear, and she took away two awards from the war: the gold medal “For Diligence” on the Annenskaya Ribbon, received on January 18, 1905 for her activities during the battles of the Shah, and the silver medal “For courage” on the St. George Ribbon, presented personally by General N. P. Linevich on March 11, 1905 for heroic actions to save the wounded during the Battle of Mukden.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

On May 16, 1905, she was also awarded the Silver Medal of the Red Cross [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

After the war


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In May 1905, Vera Gedroyts returned to her native land to her former place of work.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

On July 27, she presented the results of her work to the Bryansk Society of Doctors, summarizing the experience gained and drawing a number of important conclusions on military medicine [8].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Her name as a female surgeon, as a war hero, became known throughout the country.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In 1905, as throughout Russia, unrest and riots broke out at factories due to difficult working conditions and low wages.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Giedroyts helped labor leaders [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

She met local constitutional democrats and then joined the leadership of the local branch of the party [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

On December 22, 1905, the marriage she hid from others with N. A. Belozerov, at the request of Gedroyts, was terminated (in 1907 she will be returned to the title of princess and allowed to return her maiden name) [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In 1906, the police compiled a list of cadets, the first line in which was taken by Vera Ignatievna.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

However, unlike other persons on the list, she was not repressed, but was loaded with work and transferred to the head of the Lyudinovskaya Hospital, which was decided to be made central in the Maltsovsky district.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

She decided to achieve the European level of medical care: new equipment, tools, an X-ray machine were purchased, ether anesthesia and bacteriological diagnostics, a separate obstetric department was opened, and a pathological museum was created.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Soon Vera Ignatievna was appointed chief surgeon of Zhizdrinsky district, and then chief surgeon of the plants of the Maltsov Joint-Stock Company.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In addition to practical surgery and organizational activities, she did not leave science classes, collected material for her dissertation, and thought about writing a textbook.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Giedroyc developed issues of industrial injuries, abdominal wall hernias, thyroid surgery, tumors of various organs, bone tuberculosis, and obstetrics.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Ignatievna published articles in medical journals, held discussions with Zemstvo doctors on the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Soon Vera Gedroyts met the family of Professor of the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts Yu.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

YU.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Clover.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Communication with creative people revived her craving for literary activity, she began to write poems, ballads, plays, stories, fairy tales [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In the winter of 1909, Vera Gedroyts received an invitation to St. Petersburg to open a children's clinic.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Arriving in the capital, she met with a front-line friend E.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

S. Botkin, who by that time was a private associate professor at the Military Medical Academy and a personal doctor of the royal family.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

He invited Vera Ignatievna to be his assistant, because there were five women in the imperial family of seven, and he knew her as a first-class specialist, including in women's diseases [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Tsarskoye Selo period


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

In 1909, thanks to the recommendation of E.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

S. Botkin, as well as the military glory of Giedroyts, Empress Alexandra Fedorovna invited her to take the post of senior resident of the Tsarskoye Selo Palace Hospital.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Ignatievna and her mother came to Tsarskoye Selo, where she received an invitation to stay with Yu.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

YU.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Clover [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

The appointment of a woman to such a high position (VII rank) was extremely negatively perceived by the senior physician of the hospital N. M. Schrader, but he was forced to obey the will of the Empress.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Vera Ignatievna began to head the surgical and obstetric and gynecological departments, being the second person of the hospital.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

She also treated royal children and had a private practice in the city.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

However, the conflict with the senior doctor caused tense relations with colleagues and a lot of friction with superiors.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

N. M. Schrader even filed a request to the police about Giedroyz's trustworthiness, but for some reason the investigation did not reveal her links with revolutionary circles [3].


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

To support Vera Ignatievna, Yu.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

YU.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Clover Maria invited her to publish her literary works and undertook to design the publication herself.


Question: When was Vera Ignatievna Gedroyts born?

Vera Gedroyts

Maria was engaged in the preparation of the book entirely, so when Giedroyc saw the already printed edition of Poems and Tales, she was upset because of the unsuccessful selection of material.