Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49

The LM-49 motor car once again underwent minor repairs for the opening of the Nizhny Novgorod Museum of Urban Electric Transport in 2005 and as of March 2009 is one of the museum's two running trams without any reservations or conditions. [12]


Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49

In Minsk, the non-self-propelled LM-49 serves as a memorial car in a tram depot.


Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49

Museum LM/LP-49 in St. Petersburg and LM-49 in Nizhny Novgorod can be rented for city tours and various events (weddings, proms, corporate parties).


Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49

In 2004 and 2005, he participated in two tram parades, worked as a line car at the City Day, not counting other trips organized by the museum, foreign guests and Russian tram enthusiasts [12].


Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49

Notes


Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49

Literature


Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49


Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49

References


Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49

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Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49


Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49


Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49


Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49


Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49


Question: When was the first LM-49 built?

LM-49

Category:Trams of St. Petersburg Tram and Mechanical Plant


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The US invasion of Panama (codename: Operation Just Cause) was a US invasion of Panama that began on December 20, 1989.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The fighting ended on the morning of December 25.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The US officially motivated the invasion by protecting the lives of 35,000 American citizens and “restoring democracy” in Panama.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Previous events


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On September 7, 1977, in Washington, Panama President Omar Torrijos and US President Jimmy Carter signed an agreement (The Panama Canal Treaty), according to which on December 31, 1999, the United States was to transfer control of the Panama Canal to the Government of Panama.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In the mid-1980s, due to the reluctance of the Panamanian government to revise the terms of the agreement, relations between the US and Panama began to deteriorate, the US government began to put pressure on the Government of Panama [1].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In 1984-1985, the Panamanian government received recommendations from the International Monetary Fund for economic reforms, which were supported by the United States.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The implementation of these reforms has led to a deterioration in the living conditions of the Panamanian population and has led to protests and an increase in anti-American sentiment.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In 1985, the Panamanian government began to pursue an independent foreign and domestic policy that did not coincide with the foreign policy of the US government.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Within the framework of this policy, Panama began to strengthen ties with the countries of Central and South America (including Nicaragua) [2]:


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Since the beginning of 1987, after the government of Panama refused to grant the United States territory of the country to conduct activities against Nicaragua, relations between Panama and the United States have deteriorated further, During the time, the United States continuously exerted diplomatic, economic, military-political and information-psychological pressure on the government of Panama [3].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In June 1987, Panama's Foreign Minister, Habadia Arias, sent a note of protest to the US Secretary of State against the continued interference of the United States in Panama's internal affairs [4].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In July 1987, the US government announced the cessation of economic and military assistance to Panama [5].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In February 1988, the Drug Enforcement Administration of the US Department of Justice accused Manuel Noriega, Commander of the Panamanian Armed Forces, of drug trafficking and a number of other crimes.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

A Florida state court (grand juries in Miami and Tampa) ruled that Noriega was a member of an organized criminal group that engaged in extortion and transportation of drugs.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

6] In March 1988, the US government imposed a ban on the provision and provision of any assistance to Panama. [


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On April 8, 1988, US President Ronald Reagan adopted the International Emergency Economic Powers Act against Panama, which prohibited the transfer of funds to Panama by American companies, their structural units and US citizens [5].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In addition, in April 1988, the United States increased its military contingent in Panama by 1,300 troops “to ensure the safety of citizens and interests of the United States” [7].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On May 25, 1988, Noriega rejected an offer by the United States to leave the country in exchange for dropping charges of involvement in drug trafficking [8].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

6] In September 1988, a delegation from Panama was sent to the meeting of Foreign Ministers of the Non-Aligned Movement. [


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In April 1989, the US President decided to impose economic sanctions against Panama [9]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The United States launched a “psychological war” to overthrow the Noriega government — on April 5, 1989, Panamanian government forces arrested a US citizen living in Panama (Kurt Frederick Muse) who organized the 91.5 MHz broadcast of two anti-government radio stations from a radio transmitter located in his home [10].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In May 1989, the United States sent another 2,000 troops to Panama “to ensure the safety of US citizens” [7].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In July 1989, the United States began training flight crews who were to take part in the intervention in Panama [3].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On October 3, 1989, a group of officers in the Panamanian army attempted an armed coup to overthrow Noriega. [


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The leaders of the conspirators were officers: Major Moises Giroldi Vega, Colonel G. Wong, Colonel Ou Wong and Lieutenant Colonel Palacios Gondola.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

During the coup attempt, Major Vega and 9 other conspirators were killed, 37 more coup participants were arrested [11], and two conspiracy leaders fled to the US military base Fort Clayton [12 ].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The conspirators appealed to the US military command with a request for assistance, asking to block units loyal to Noriega.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

However, Commander Thurman refused to do so to avoid dragging the US army into the civil war [13].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

This demoralized Noriega's hidden opponents, who counted on the help of the US Army in a critical situation.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Immediately after the suppression of the conspiracy, Noriega initiated an investigation, as a result of which a number of members of the Panamanian army were arrested, shot or fled the country.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The US government condemned Noriega's actions [8] for not wanting to follow the democratic path.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On October 7, 1989, opposition leader Guillermo Endara was detained — as a result of an investigation, it was established that he knew in advance about the preparation of the coup, the date and time of the beginning of the speech [14]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

At the end of October 1989, the Panamanian government expelled a group of US citizens, employees of the American news agency UPI, from the country for publishing information materials containing false and misleading information on the situation in Panama and aimed at discrediting the Government of Panama [15]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On November 10, 1989, Panamanian President Francisco Rodriguez met at a press conference with Soviet journalists.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

He said that the difficult socio-economic situation in Panama was caused by the hostile policy of the US government, which was not satisfied with the refusal of the Panamanian government to yield to the demands put forward by the US government.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

President Francisco Rodriguez also said that Panama is ready to normalize relations with the United States on the basis of respect for freedom and sovereignty and non-interference of the United States in the internal affairs of Panama.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In addition, President Francisco Rodriguez said that Panama plans to expand ties with countries of the world (including the USSR) in order to reduce the vulnerability of Panama due to the dependence of the country's economy on “one of the great powers” [16].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The next day, November 11, 1989, the United States announced the beginning of the evacuation of all family members of the US military in Panama (7,700 people) and began evacuating them [17]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In early December 1989, two Panamanian citizens were hit by mines in the Arraijan district, one of them lost his sight and was disabled.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The Panamanian government protested.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

After that, a representative of the US military command in Panama was forced to admit that US troops mined the area “during recent exercises” [18].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Later, the US government decided to conduct a military operation against Panama.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

An official statement by the US State Department gave the following reasons for the operation [19]:


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

protecting US citizens who were in Panama;


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

protecting the security of the Panama Canal;


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

supporting Panama's democratically elected statesmen;


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

the removal of General Noriega from leadership positions and bringing him to trial as a criminal (on the basis of a decision of American courts).


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Another stated goal of the military operation was to destroy the international drug trafficking network allegedly patronized by Noriega.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The original plan for the military operation against Panama (OPLAN “Blue Spoon”) in September 1989 was changed to the new name “Right Cause (OPLAN 90-2).


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On December 15, 1989, Manuel Noriega, speaking in the Panamanian Parliament, said that the country was at war with the United States [20].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Thus, it made it easier for the United States to find legal grounds for interfering in Panama's internal affairs [13].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In addition, the US representative at a meeting of the UN Security Council on December 20, 1989 pointed out that Noriega could not invoke Panama's sovereignty in the destruction of the international drug trade , since drug trafficking is a threat to all States. [21]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On December 16, 1989, Panamanian soldiers shot dead U.S. Marine Corps Lieutenant Robert Paz of the United States Marine Corps, and witnesses to the murder were shot by another officer and his the wife was beaten, and the woman was also raped [22].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

After that, US troops were put on alert.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On December 20, Panamanian military police stopped a van driven by a US officer dressed in civilian clothes.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The American fired twice with a pistol, which was not a service weapon, injuring one policeman and fled [23].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

U.S. Forces Involved


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The overall management of the operation was carried out by US Secretary of Defense R. Cheney and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell, were directly led by the Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Command of the United States Armed Forces Central and South America, General M. Turner and Commander of the 18th Airborne Corps of the US Army, General K. Steiner [3].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In terms of the number of troops and military equipment, the US invasion of Panama was the largest US airborne operation conducted since the end of World War II [3].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The total number of troops that took part in the operation was 26,000 servicemen, armed with more than 100 armored vehicles (M551 Sheridan light tanks are armed with a tank battalion of the 82nd Airborne Division, the M113 armored personnel carrier in service with the infantry regiments of the US Army and the LAV-25 infantry fighting vehicle in service with units of the US Marine Corps), 140 guns and mortars (including 105-mm howitzers), up to 350 ATGM launchers.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

U.S. Air Force


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The US Air Force group included up to 200 attack vehicles (30 attack aircraft and 170 AA attack helicopters), TA aircraft and tanker aircraft [3], including:


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

388th IAP


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

F-16 [3] fighter unit (relocated to the United States on the second day of operation [24])


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

National Guard Air Force


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

six A-7D attack aircraft [3]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

919th SAP Special Forces of the Air Force Reserve


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

2 AC-130A ground support aircraft [3]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

24th SHAP (830th AD)


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

18 OA-37 light reconnaissance attack aircraft [3];


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

23rd VA


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

7 AC-130H fire support aircraft, 3 MC-130 aircraft, 2 HC-130 aircraft, 6 MH-53J helicopters, 4 MH-60 helicopters () [3];


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

6 F-117A fighter-bombers [3];


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

TA VFC


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

12 C-5 Galaxy, 77 C-141 Starlifter) [3]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

KC-135 Stratotanker and KC-10 Extender tanker tanker aircraft [3]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

U.S. Army Group


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The US Army grouping consisted of five combined battalion groups:


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Tocumen international airport takeover team (call sign “Pacific”)


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

a company of the Special Forces of the 7th Regiment with the support of the 1st Parachute Battalion (75th Ranger Regiment) with the immediate task of capturing Tocumen Airport, ensuring landing units of the 1st Brigade of the 82nd Airborne Division, advance to the capital and further capture of key facilities in the city [3]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Rio-Hato International Airport Capture Team (call sign “Red”)


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

a company of the Special Forces of the 7th Regiment, supported by the 2nd Parachute Battalion (75th Ranger Regiment) with the immediate task of capturing Rio Hato airport, blocking and disarming the garrison its protection [3]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Panama Canal Blocking Group (Callsign Semper Fidelis)


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

2 Marine Corps companies from the 2nd Marine Division with heavy weapons with the immediate task of blocking the so-called. Bridge of the Americas across the Panama Canal and securing Howard Air Force Base [3]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

HPP capture group (call sign “Atlantic”)


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

2 light infantry battalions (3rd Parachute Battalion of the 504th Parachute Regiment of the 82nd Airborne Division and 4th Battalion of the 17th Infantry Regiment of the 7th Light Infantry Division) from the nearest the task of seizing dams and structures of the Madden and Gatun HPPs, facilities in St. Colon and Gamboa Prisons [3];


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The seizure team of the building of the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff (call sign “Bayonet”)


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

2 light infantry battalions (5th Battalion of the 87th Infantry Regiment of the 10th Mountain Division and 4th Battalion of the 6th Infantry Regiment of the 5th Infantry Division) supported by a platoon of M60A2 tanks (from the 35th Tank battalion of the 5th Infantry Division) with the immediate task of advancing to the capital, seizing the building of the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff of the Panamanian Armed Forces, further blocking the capital area and disarming the Fort Amador garrison [3]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Panama


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Before the invasion, Panama's National Defense Forces numbered 12,000 people [3]:


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Panama Army: 11,000 servicemen, up to 30 armored personnel carriers and armored vehicles, more than 50 guns and mortars [3];


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Panama Air Force: 500 troops, 23 aircraft and 20 helicopters [3];


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Panama Navy: 400 troops, 12 patrol boats [3]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The course of hostilities on land


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The decision to conduct Operation Right Cause (English: Just Cause) was made by US President George H.W. Bush on December 17—18, 1989.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Immediately before the start of the land operation, by midnight on December 19, three RDG (SEAL Naval Special Rapid Deployment Combat Group) secretly moved to the area of Tocumen International Airport in order to destroy M. Noriega.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

During the raid on the airport, these groups completed the task of destroying the aircraft, but during the withdrawal lost 4 soldiers killed and 3 seriously wounded from the fire of the airport security.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

According to the US Navy, the airfield security forces lost 3 people killed and 8 wounded in battle [25].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Operation progress


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

December 20


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The operation began at 1:00am on December 20, 1989.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

After the advance to the initial positions of the Special Forces units of the Army.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

At 2:00, Air Force aircraft and AA helicopters carried out BSU on targets in the cities of Panama, Colon, Rio Hato and David [3].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The US Air Force TA began transferring paratroopers of the US Army to Panama.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

From 84 TA aircraft (63 C-141, 19 C-130 and 2 C-5), a parachute landing from soldiers of the 75th Ranger Regiment was dropped, after which 27 TA aircraft (14 C-141, 10 C-5 and 3 C-130) delivered a personal composition and equipment of the 82nd VDD at Albrook, Tocumen airfields and Howard Air Base [3].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

After the landing, motorized and parachute units of the US Army advanced and attacked the main points of deployment of the Panamanian Armed Forces in accordance with their tasks.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

After the outbreak of hostilities, units of the US Special Forces near the capital attempted to capture Panamanian President F. Rodriguez and members of the Panamanian government, but the President managed to escape [26].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Immediately after the outbreak of hostilities, Panama's state television stopped broadcasting, and an hour later began broadcasting the image of the emblem of the US Department of Defense and the demand for Panamanians do not attack US citizens and property [7].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Radio Nacional managed to broadcast the government's appeal to Panamanian citizens to repel the United States before it stopped broadcasting [27].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The operational-tactical groups of the US Army mainly completed their primary tasks during December 20, 1989 [3].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

December 21


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

By the morning of December 21, 1989, the building of the General Staff and the Ministry of Defense of Panama was seized and disabled.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

During a fierce battle in the center of the capital between the battalion group of the US Army (call sign Bayonet) and the garrison of the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff of the Panamanian Armed Forces, the Ministry of Defense was captured, and the capital quarter was blocked.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In blocking the adjacent urban area, the battalion group additionally interacted with the light infantry bn of the 7th LPD with the support of tanks and the fire of a howitzer battery [28].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

December 22


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On the night of December 22, 1989, at 02:30am, militia groups armed with small arms and grenade launchers attacked the positions of units of the 2nd Brigade Group of the 7th LPD near the building where the headquarters units of the US Armed Forces OSH in the South American theater of operations.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The battle was very fierce, the advancing militia units were stopped by artillery fire and air support for US Army units from the air by an AC-130 aircraft and army helicopters [3].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On December 22, 1989, trade unions in Panama called on the population to continue the fight against US troops. [


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On December 22, 1989, US Colonel Mike Snell told reporters that 50 pounds of cocaine had been found by his subordinates in Manuel Noriega's Fort Amador home.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Later, in January 1990, after an examination, it was established that the bags contained flour for making tamale cakes [30].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

December 23-25


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The focal resistance continued for several more days, and the last fighting continued on the morning of December 25.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The American command feared a widespread deployment of guerrilla warfare by the Panamanian Armed Forces, but this did not happen.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

An integral part of the invasion was Operation Acid Gambit, during which a group of fighters from the 1st op Special Forces of the Army (Delta), with the support of attack helicopters of army aircraft, attacked the Carcel prison Modelo” and released an American who had previously been arrested for conducting anti-government propaganda [31].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Planning and conducting psychological warfare (PV) against the Panamanian Armed Forces


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The military operation of the US Armed Forces was accompanied by the active use of “psychological warfare” techniques with the involvement of psychological operations units.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The air defense units of the US Department of Defense acted according to a pre-developed plan, which was actually an annex to the general plan of combat operations.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

It determined the forces, means, and timing of the transfer of materials to civilian media.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

A feature of the PV plan in Panama was the increased psychological pressure on General Noriega and his discrediting in the eyes of the people.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Also in Panama, a new system of interaction between the PV apparatus and civilian and military media was tested.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

For this purpose, a specially selected and instructed contingent of journalists and photo reporters was created, which was transferred to the relevant facilities by the beginning of hostilities.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The US command sought to restrict the access of undesirable persons to the combat zone.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The main information came through the public relations service, which, through briefings, press conferences and meetings with prominent politicians, businessmen and other influential persons, skillfully influenced its focus.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In addition, PV techniques were used to encourage Panamanian soldiers to stop fighting and surrender [32]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

As a result of the US invasion, the country's government was overthrown [3].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On December 20, 1989, Guillermo Endara, winner of the May 1989 presidential election, took over as President of Panama and was sworn in at a US military base.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Issues of diplomatic immunity and state sovereignty of third countries


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Immediately after the start of the operation, US Army units blocked the embassies of Cuba, Nicaragua, Peru and Libya in order to prevent political asylum for Noriega and his entourage, and the detachment 80 [3] soldiers of the US Army invaded the residence of the Ambassador of Nicaragua [33].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

After the blockade of the Cuban Embassy, the US military disabled the cameras of the outdoor video surveillance system.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

According to some media, the actions of the US military were a direct violation of international agreements on the inviolability of embassies and diplomatic missions [34].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In addition, US troops stopped and searched the car of the Cuban Ambassador [3].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Loss and destruction


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

During the military operation, US losses amounted to 23 servicemen killed and 330 wounded; in the first two days of the operation, 15 aircraft were damaged - four C-141 and eleven C-130 (according to American 13 aircraft had their damage repaired by January 2, 1990, and the remaining two were repaired by January 16, 1990), 4 helicopters were lost and another 45 helicopters were received damage (according to the American side, the damage to 44 helicopters was repaired within 24 hours) [3].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In addition, three [35] US citizens who were in Panama were killed since the start of the operation: Richard Paul, a US Department of Defense civil servant, who was shot by Panamanian soldiers after refusing to stop at the checkpoint; Raymond Dragseth college teacher who was shot by Panamanian soldiers and Gertrude school teacher Kandi Helin, who was shot by an unknown person [36].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In September 1990, the US government reported that the cost of the operation amounted to $163 million [37].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

According to official US data published by U.S.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Southern Command in October 1990, during the invasion, killed 515 Panamanian citizens (including 51 members of the Panamanian Armed Forces, 202 civilians, and the rest were not identified found, “since Panamanian soldiers often changed into civilian clothes and members of the self-defense units did not wear military uniforms”).


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

According to official figures from the Panamanian government, 570 Panamanian citizens were killed during the invasion, including several looters and criminals who were shot while committing crimes.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The losses of the Panamanian armed forces amounted to 68 servicemen killed and 27 wounded, not counting the losses of the militias [38].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Other sources contain different estimates of the losses of the parties and human casualties [39].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In addition to Panamanian citizens, Juan Antonio Rodriguez Moreno, a Spanish citizen, a photo reporter for El Pais, was killed during the operation.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Despite testimonies from other reporters about the circumstances of his death in a shootout outside the Marriott Hotel, the US government denied the version that he was shot by the US military. [


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

During the invasion, US Army units fired artillery and airstrikes on urban areas, destroying residential buildings and civilian infrastructure.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The total damage to the Panamanian economy amounted to 1 billion US dollars [33].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Another consequence of the invasion was the deterioration of living conditions — as noted in a statement by the International Committee of the Red Cross, the shortage of essential goods and medicines caused the death of several people, and as a result of the disorganization of public services in Panama City, there was a threat of an epidemic [41].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On July 19, 1990, 60 companies with property in Panama sued the United States Government in federal court in New York for damage caused during the invasion [42]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

At the time of the US invasion of Panama, ships on the Panama Canal were cut off, [43] causing economic damage to international maritime trade and the economies of third countries.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

War crimes


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

After the end of hostilities in the United States, an investigation was launched into crimes committed by US military personnel during the operation in Panama.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Twenty-one criminal cases were initiated, 8 of which were related to murders.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Among the accused are:


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

82nd Airborne Division Lieutenant Brandon Thomas, who shot and killed a Panamanian fleeing from him [44]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

82nd Airborne Division Sergeant Roberto E.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Brian, who shot the detainee [45]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

two soldiers of the 7th Infantry Division (Sergeant Paul T. Fincel Jr. and Private First Class Mark F. McMonagle), who shot and killed a 50-year-old woman [46]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

As of early May 1990, US investigators had identified more than 60 military and criminal offenses committed by the US military during the US invasion of Panama (ranging from theft gold items and robbery of detainees and ending with murders) [47].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

International response


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

After the invasion, 15 UN Security Council member states voted to condemn the US invasion of Panama, but the US, Britain, and France used the veto to block resolution [48].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Later, on December 29, 1989, the 44th session of the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution condemning the US invasion of Panama [49] and demanding that the United States immediately stop the intervention and withdraw troops from Panama.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

75 states voted in support of the resolution, 20 against, representatives of 40 countries did not take part in the vote [50] In response, the US representative to the UN made a statement that during the military US operations “exercised the right to self-defense” [51].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The Organization of American States condemned the US invasion of Panama and demanded the withdrawal of US troops from Panama.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Twenty states voted for the adoption of the resolution, and 1 against (the United States) [52].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The EEC adopted a resolution in which it expressed concern about the actions of the United States [53].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The US invasion of Panama caused discontent and protests among the population and many governments of Latin America [54], the island states of the Caribbean [55] and other countries of the world, including the USSR , Libya and Australia [53].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

53] SI adopted a resolution condemning the US invasion as a direct violation of international law. [


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

There are 69 public and political figures in the United States (including politician J. McGovern, Senator J. Fulbright, writer E. L. Doctorow) signed an open letter to the US President condemning the US invasion of Panama [56].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

53] The intervention was also condemned by the US National Council of Churches and the Council of the United Methodist Church of the United States [53].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Follow-up events


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Manuel Noriega spent several days at the Vatican Embassy, which was surrounded by US soldiers.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

US Secretary of State James Baker demanded that the Vatican extradite Manuel Noriega [57].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

To force Noriega to leave the embassy, the Americans installed speakers around the perimeter of the embassy, through which rock music was played deafeningly loud around the clock - as a result, the embassy has become unbearable [58].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On 3 January 1990, Noriega surrendered, was arrested and taken to Miami.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In 1992, he was sentenced by an American court to 30 years in prison for drug trafficking and extortion.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In 1999, a French court sentenced Manuel Noriega in absentia to 10 years in prison for money laundering through French banks and drug smuggling.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In 1995, a Panamanian court also found Noriega guilty in absentia of political assassination and sentenced him to 20 years in prison.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In addition, Lieutenant Colonel Luis del Cid of the Panamanian Army was arrested and taken to the United States [59].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The United States has set up two camps to accommodate those arrested and detained, and although some of those detained during the operation were released shortly after the end of hostilities, as of 12 January 1990, 351 people continued to hold them [60].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

At the same time, several hundred criminals were released from prisons during the operation, which significantly worsened the criminal situation [35].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Panama's new president, Guillermo Endara Galimani, immediately launched a campaign to combat the memory of President Omar Torrijoz, who advocated the nationalization of the Panama Canal Zone.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Already in the first three months after the invasion, new school textbooks were published, calling the era of Torrijos and Noriega as “21 years of military dictatorship”, and renamed the international Panama Airport and Municipal Stadium, formerly named after Torrijos [61].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On January 12, 1990, the United States announced the launch of a humanitarian operation (“Operation Promote Liberty”), which lasted until 1991.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On February 10, 1990, Guillermo Endara Galimani announced the disbandment of the Panamanian armed forces. [


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Manuel Noriega's family (wife, three daughters and granddaughter) received political asylum at the residence of the Cuban Ambassador, where they stayed until early March 1990, and then left Panama and, through Cuba, went to Dominican Republic, where they were granted political asylum [63].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

After the end of hostilities, on the night of March 4-5, 1990, a bomb was thrown through the window of a nightclub where American soldiers celebrated the holiday in the capital of Panama.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

As a result of the explosion, 26 people were injured (16 US troops and 10 civilians). [64]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On January 26, 1991, the US State Department officially announced that the results of the operation in Panama were “successful”.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

As a justification, it was stated that before the operation, Panama was a dictatorship with growing unemployment, social conflicts and external debt.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

According to the State Department, at the time of publication of the report, Panama was a democracy, with a free press, competing political parties and police forces under civilian control, with high economic growth rates, low unemployment, low inflation and a balanced budget.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Also, according to the US State Department, in the fight against drug trafficking, Panama has turned from an “enemy” of the United States into an ally of the United States.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

However, according to Abraham Liventhal in the Los Angeles Times, even by mid-1992, the economy did not reach the level of 1987, and the US-supported President Guillermo Endar Galimani was supported by only 12% of the country's population [65].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

US policy towards Panama (demand for payment of external debt, which caused cuts in social programs and increased unemployment; Mutual Legal Agreement signed in April 1991 Assistance Treaty”) caused an increase in US discontent among the population of Panama [66].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On December 21, 1999, on the tenth anniversary of the US invasion, a mass protest took place in Panama, when protesters threw stones and paint bags at the US Embassy [67].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In December 2007, the National Assembly of Panama decided to designate December 20 as the National Day of Remembrance for the Victims of


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In addition, the National Assembly set up a commission of inquiry into the circumstances of the invasion of American troops in 1989, which is to determine how many people died as a result of the invasion. [


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On December 11, 2011, Manuel Noriega was extradited from France to Panama to serve a prison sentence on charges of political assassination.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

On December 20, Panama hosts an annual mourning march (“La Marcha Negra”) to celebrate the anniversary of the US invasion and commemorate the victims of the invasion [70] [71].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

More information


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The US invasion of Panama is the first US intervention in history, for which the US government used the slogans of “restoring democracy” and “preserving democracy” as a theoretical basis [72]


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

during the operation, the United States used the latest models of military equipment, weapons and equipment, it was here that the first combat use of F-117A stealth aircraft, AH-64A combat helicopters took place, LAV-25 armored personnel carriers, AT-4 grenade launchers, ANVIS-6S night vision devices [3].


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

In video games


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

An episode of the invasion of Panama is present in Call of Duty: Black Ops 2, where the main goal of the player will be to capture the President of Panama, Manuel Noriega, who will later be used to eliminate the dangerous the terrorist and the main antagonist of the game — Raul Menendez.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Notes


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Literature and sources


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Manuel Antonio Noriega.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

National dignity is not traded//“Problems of Peace and Socialism”, No. 6, 1989.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

J. Quigley.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

The invasion of Panama and international law.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

International Progress Organization, 1990


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Lionel Méndez D'Avila.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Invasión USA a Panamá.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Modelo para no olvidar y cinco presagios structurales.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Panamá, Fundación Omar Torrijos, 1991.


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

References


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

//“Russia Today”, December 21, 2010


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Category:Battles alphabetically


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Category:Cold War U.S. Armed Forces Overseas Operations


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Category:Conflicts of 1989


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Category: December 1989


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Category: 1989 in Panama


Question: What was the official reason for the US invasion of Panama?

US invasion of Panama

Category:George Herbert Walker Bush Presidency


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Gorkovsky Automobile Plant (abbreviated as GAZ) is a Soviet and Russian automotive enterprise, a major manufacturer of cars, light trucks, minibuses and military techniques.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The plant was founded in 1932 as the Nizhny Novgorod Automobile Plant named after V. M. Molotova.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

It is located in Nizhny Novgorod (from 1932 to 1990 — Gorky).


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Until 2005, it operated as a single GAZ OJSC, during the restructuring, the assembly plants of cars and trucks were separated into a separate subsidiary — GAZ Automobile Plant LLC ( Gorky Automobile Plant).


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In August 2009, after the layoffs, GAZ OJSC (now unites the enterprise's automotive component production facilities) and GAZ Automobile Plant LLC employed 27,000 people [1], by 2013 the number of employees has already been reduced to 25,000 people.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Since 2005, the Gorky Automobile Plant has been part of GAZ Group, one of the largest [2] automotive holdings in Russia.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The company unites two divisions of GAZ Group — the Light Commercial Vehicles and Passenger Cars Division and the Autocomponents Division.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The Light Commercial and Passenger Vehicles Division includes GAZ capacities for the production of automotive equipment, and the Autocomponents Division includes the plant's procurement facilities (metallurgical, forging and tool and press-frame production; production of fittings, wheels and steering; non-ferrous casting body; automobile units plant; dies and molds plant).


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

History


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Construction and pre-war years


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

On May 31, 1929, the Supreme Council of the USSR and the American company Ford Motor Company signed an agreement on technical assistance in organizing and establishing mass production of cars and trucks.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Ford-A and Ford-AA models were chosen as the basis of the production program.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The plant was designed by the American architectural bureau of Albert Kahn, the technical management of the construction was carried out by the American company Austin, and the construction was carried out by the Metallostroy Trust.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The Nizhny Novgorod Automobile Plant (NAZ) entered service on January 1, 1932 and in the same year the first 1.5-ton NAZ-AA truck (GAZ-AA since 1933) rolled off its assembly line.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In December of the same year, the assembly of the GAZ-A passenger car with an open 5-seater “phaeton” body began.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Despite the fact that the first cars of the plant were manufactured according to the drawings of the American company Ford, they were already somewhat different from American prototypes: GAS models were strengthened clutch housings and steering gears, the shape of the radiators has been changed, the inch thread has been replaced with a metric thread.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Combining Ford patents with the search and implementation of their own solutions, GAZ designers have created an extensive family of original production models and modifications based on the GAZ-AA truck and a half:


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

in 1933 — 17-seater GAZ-03-30 bus, produced at car assembly plant No. 1 (since 1946 — Gorky Bus Plant (GAZ));


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

in 1934 — GAZ-AAA 2-ton three-axle (6×4) truck and GAZ-410 1.2-ton dump truck;


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

in 1938 — a modernized 50-horsepower GAZ-MM truck, a 1-ton GAZ-42 gas generator truck, a GAZ-60 half-track truck and a GAZ-55 ambulance.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Zhiguli?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1933, on the basis of the GAZ-A car, a GAZ-4 pickup truck was created with an all-metal cabin from a truck and a half and a metal platform for 500 kg of cargo.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

It was produced at the Gorky Automobile Assembly Plant.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In addition, the GAZ-6 sedan was also produced in small batches there.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

On April 17, 1935, a 100,000 car rolled off the assembly line of the plant.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

It was a GAZ-A passenger car.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Thus, GAZ was the first automobile manufacturer in the country to produce 100,000 cars.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ continued to receive technical support from Ford Motor until 1935, when the contract was terminated ahead of schedule by mutual agreement of the parties.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Thus, the USSR received documentation for the Ford Model B model year 1933.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

It featured a closed body with a modern look and a four-cylinder engine (unlike the Ford Model 18 with a difficult eight-cylinder to produce).


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The model was adopted for production at GAZ, but with quite serious improvements to the requirements of operation in the USSR, for example, two transverse springs were replaced with four longitudinal springs, and the engine was left 4-cylinder, but with increased power to 50 hp. from.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In May 1936, serial production of the 4-door 5-seater sedan GAZ-M-1 (Molotovets-1), known as Emka, began.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

This car became the most popular pre-war Soviet passenger model.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

A number of serial modifications were created on the basis of Emka:


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

in 1937 — GAZ-M-415 pickup truck with an all-metal cabin and a metal platform for 500 kg of cargo;


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

in 1939 — a modernized GAZ-11-73 sedan with a 6-cylinder GAZ-11 engine;


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

in 1940 — GAZ-61-40 all-wheel drive phaeton;


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

in 1941, it was the world's first comfortable SUV with a closed body of the GAZ-61-73 sedan type.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Just before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, GAZ created an army commander all-wheel drive vehicle (SUV) GAZ-64.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The first car was released in August 1941.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Almost simultaneously with the exit of the American Willys-ma jeep.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

At the same time, GAZ-64 was superior to its American counterpart in many respects.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

To a lesser extent, it is known about the work at GAZ in the field of tank construction.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1936, the company produced the first series of T-38 small amphibious tanks developed at Moscow Plant No. 37.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

However, after the delivery of 35 vehicles, their production was completed, and the design team tried to develop an alternative version of the small amphibious tank.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

This resulted in the creation of a prototype of the TM (Molotov Tank), which in a number of characteristics was superior to the T-38, was inferior in a number of characteristics, and in general, both of these types had extremely limited combat effectiveness.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

As a result, until the fall of 1941, the tank construction at GAZ did not have further development, although the company had great potential for the production of light wheeled and tracked armored vehicles needed by Krasnaya Armies.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

It turned out to be in demand later.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

During the Great Patriotic War, the enterprise was completely reoriented to the production of military equipment.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In the initial period of the war, the production of the GAZ-64 off-road army car was mastered in the shortest possible time.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In October 1941, the plant mastered the production of the T-60 light tank, the design of which was improved by the plant workers in order to improve its performance characteristics.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

At the same time, taking into account the greater capabilities of GAZ compared to Moscow Plant No. 37, which developed the T-60, the design of a new T-70 light tank with reinforced armor and weapons began in December Its prototype was built in 1941, and the combat vehicle went into production in April 1942.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Subsequently, the T-70 became the second largest tank in the Red Army.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

At the same time, in the spring of 1942, the BA-64 light armored car, developed on the basis of the GAZ-64 army SUV, went into production.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1943, the modernized (with a broadened track) BA-64B armored car and the GAZ-67 off-road army passenger car unified with it according to the chassis were mastered.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The GAZ Tank Design Bureau under the leadership of Nikolai Alexandrovich Astrov during the second half of 1942 worked to strengthen the T-70 chassis, trying to eliminate its drawback - single tower.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In October 1942, the modernized T-70M began to roll off the assembly line, and in December of the same year, a new T-80 light tank with a two-seater turret was successfully tested and put into service.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Since the Red Army's need for self-propelled artillery was very high, the SU-76 (SU-12) light self-propelled artillery mount (self-propelled guns) was launched into production at GAZ.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Since the transition to the manufacture of the T-80 light tank could lead to a decrease in the production of the T-70M and SU-76, its production was moved to Mytishchi at Plant No. 40, and the Gorky residents built five experimental and pre-production cars of this type.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1943, the work of the tank design bureau was focused on improving the SU-76 self-propelled guns, since its first version had a serious design defect in the engine-transmission group, improved the model (SU-15, and later the SU-76M of the second version) was spared this drawback.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ designers also developed several prototypes of wheeled and tracked armored vehicles that did not go into production for various reasons, for example, KSP-76, GAZ-74 self-propelled guns and so on.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In September 1943, the modernized army passenger car GAZ-67B was mastered, which was also produced in the post-war period.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In addition, GAZ massively produced engines, mortars and other military products.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The leading role in the design of Soviet off-road vehicles was played by designer Vitaly Andreevich Grachev, who was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1942 for the creation of the BA-64 armored car.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

During the Great Patriotic War, the following were produced:


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

cars — 176,221


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

(including assembly of Ford G8T and Chevrolet G7107 trucks from Lend-Lease kits);


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

about 12,000 tanks


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

more than 9000 self-propelled units


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

24,000 mortars


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

automobile engines — 232,000 pcs.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

30,000 shells for the Katyusha rocket launcher


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

During the war, the plant became one of the main targets of the German bombing in Gorky.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1943, the raids were the most massive, in just a month, from June 4 to June 22, German aircraft bombed GAZ seven times.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Fifty buildings and buildings were seriously destroyed.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In-line production has been interrupted.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

35,000 repairmen, installers and builders, working 18-19 hours a day, restored the plant in 100 days.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

However, it was necessary to abandon the production of a technologically complex three-axle GAZ-AAA truck, and for some time the production of other vehicles and BA-64 armored cars was stopped.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

However, the production and delivery of the T-70 light tank to the troops did not stop for a day, although the plant workers managed to cover the May figures only in October 1943.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Outstanding designers and innovators in the creation of military equipment were A. A. Lipgart N. A. Astrov V. A. Dedkov V. A. Grachyov, A. M. Krieger L. IN. Kostkin Yu.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

N. Sorochkin V. K. Rubtsov said.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The USSR government highly appreciated the work of car manufacturers during the war.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The plant was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Red Banner and the Patriotic War I degree.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Mini|250x250pcs|GAZ-21R Volga (1962—1970)


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

At the end of the Great Patriotic War, the plant carried out work to replace the entire pre-war model range, the development of which began partially before the war and actively resumed in 1943—1945 . Already in the first post-war 1946, the Pobeda M-20 (prototype in 1944) and the 2.5-ton GAZ-51 truck (prototype in 1943) went into production.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1947, the production of the GAZ-MM truck and a half was transferred to ULZIS.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

At the same time, the production of the GAZ-47 tracked snowmobiles was mastered.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1948, the GAZ-63 all-wheel drive truck was mastered, and in 1949 a prototype of the GAZ-69 Truzhenik jeep was created.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1950, a large-class executive sedan ZIM began to roll off the assembly line, and mass production of the BTR-40 (GAZ-40) armored personnel carrier began.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1953-1954, the production of GAZ-69 and GAZ-69A jeeps was mastered (transferred to the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant — UAZ in 1955—1956), as well as the first comfortable SUV with a load-bearing body M-72 on GAZ-69 units.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1956, Pobeda was replaced by the Volga GAZ-21 middle-class sedan, which underwent a number of upgrades on the way to mass production.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1959, ZIM was replaced by the elegant Chaika GAZ-13, which lasted more than two decades in production.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The works of the team of designers and designers of the GAZ plant, such as the GAZ-21 Volga, GAZ-13 Chaika and the GAZ-52 truck at the World Exhibition in Brussels in 1958, were awarded the highest award — the Grand Prix.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In the second half of the 1950s, preparations were underway for the production of the third generation of trucks, including GAZ-56 (carrying capacity 1.5 tons), GAZ-52 (2.5 tons) and GAZ-53 (3.5 tons) models.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

For the Soviet Army in 1958, a 1.2-ton GAZ-62 amphibious truck with a cabin above the engine was mastered.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Unfortunately, for a number of reasons, the GAZ-56 truck and a half did not go into production, and the development of production of GAZ-52 and GAZ-53 trucks was delayed until the 1960s.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1961-1980 years


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In the 1960s, the renewal of the truck line was completed.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ-52 (1961), GAZ-53 (1961) and GAZ-66 (1964) on the assembly line formed the third generation of GAZ trucks.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ-53 and GAZ-66 began to install new power units with a powerful V8 carburetor engine.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The GAZ-66 all-wheel drive dual-use truck was the first among USSR cars to be awarded the State Quality Mark.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Since the early 1960s, the famous 21st Volga was replaced by the development of the GAZ-24 Volga passenger car, the pilot batch of which was ready in 1968, and since 1970, mass production.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The car received awards: gold medals at the International Exhibitions in 1969 in Plovdiv (Bulgaria) and in 1970 in Leipzig (GDR).


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Production of the veteran GAZ-21 was curtailed in July 1970, and in April 1975, another veteran, GAZ-51A, was discontinued.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The last legendary truck that rolled off the assembly line went to the GAZ History Museum.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1977, the production of GAZ-14 Chaika, a representative of the third generation of large-class cars, began.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

This car was famous for its high technical level and comfort.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Also in the 1970s, production was reorganized: on August 24, 1971, the AvtoGaz production association was formed on the basis of branch plants and production facilities of the parent enterprise.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1973, it was renamed into PA GAZ, which included 11 plants.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

For the successful development of the production of new trucks and cars for the national economy in 1971, the GAZ automobile plant was awarded the Order of Lenin.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

During these years, the development of the next generation of GAZ trucks began with a view to their dieselization, and a significant modernization of the Volga is planned.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

1981-1991 years


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In March 1981, the 10-millionth GAZ car rolled off the assembly line of the plant.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In the 1980s, guided by the government's dieselization program, GAZ began work on a fourth-generation truck and a diesel engine for it.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1984, the first GAZ-4301 truck with an air-cooled diesel engine, independently developed by the specialists of the automobile plant, was assembled.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In the 1980s, dieselization became a priority for the development of the enterprise.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The reconstruction carried out in connection with this program was the most significant in the history of the plant.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Construction of the diesel engine plant began in 1984, but the GAZ automobile engine plant was launched in 1993.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Against the background of this long-term construction, there has been a certain stagnation in the production of cars.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The “new Volga” GAZ-3102, which appeared in 1981 with an engine with pre-chamber-torch ignition and front disc brakes, was not a fundamental novelty, but only a deep restyling of the 24-ki.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In addition, its production volumes were limited to several thousand per year.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

As a result, the prestigious “31st” model of the Volga occupied a niche between the usual Volga and the Seagull and, like the latter, was intended exclusively to serve the management of important state institutions.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

At the same time, GAZ-24, modernized in 1985 and received the GAZ-24-10 index, continued to enter taxi companies and sold in limited quantities to private owners (mainly through the network “Berezka” check stores).


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

On September 23, 1987, the first GAZ-24-12 “station wagon” and GAZ-24-13 “sanitary”, manufactured on the basis of GAZ-24-10, rolled off the assembly line [4]


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In the late 1980s, the development of a fundamentally new family of cars with front-wheel and all-wheel drive began.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The first to begin was the design of the GAZ-3105 representative sedan, which was later produced in a limited edition.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ-3103 (front-wheel drive) and GAZ-3104 (all-wheel drive) sedans intended for mass production did not become serial due to the crisis in the 1990s.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1989, in the wake of perestroika, initiative work began at the plant to create a small-tonnage truck with a GVW of up to 3.5 tons for the needs of small businesses that had just appeared at that time.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Thanks to the CAD design system and the accelerated test procedure, the future Gazelle family entered the assembly line in record time — already in the first half of the 1990s.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Since the end of 1989, the GAZ-3307 truck, which is transitional from the third to the fourth generation, has entered the assembly line.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

By the end of the Soviet period, the design capacity and production of cars by the plant exceeded 300 thousand per year, about half of which were cars.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

After the collapse of the USSR, the industry of the Russian Federation plunged into a deep systemic crisis.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ became one of the first large enterprises in the country to try to adapt to the new market conditions.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In November 1992, the Gorky Automobile Plant was transformed into an open joint-stock company (OJSC).


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The President of GAZ OJSC was elected N. A. Pugin.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Since the early 1990s, the GAZ-3307 medium-duty carburetor truck of the transitional generation, as well as the fourth-generation diesel models designed to replace it: GAZ-4301, GAZ-3306 and GAZ-3309 with original air-cooled GAZ diesel engines, lost the mass market and could no longer ensure the full utilization of capacities and the further successful financial existence of a huge city-forming enterprise in conditions of lack of state support.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

But the huge deferred demand for cars since the times of the USSR allowed GAZ to increase the production of the Volga by 1.8 times (from ~70 to 125 thousand cars per year).


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Along the way, a permanent modernization of the Volga family was carried out.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Thus, in 1992, the GAZ-31029 sedan appeared, which differed from the previous GAZ-24-10 model mainly in the modernized design of the front and rear parts of the body.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

At the same time, on the basis of the Volga, a GAZ-2304 Burlak delivery pickup was created, which did not go into production due to a sharp increase in the production of the passenger model.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The small-scale business class sedan GAZ-3105, which was planned to replace the Chaika, did not find demand due to the high cost, which was primarily due to the lack of domestic production technologies modern components and accessories, as well as increasing competition from prestigious foreign cars.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

But the Gazelle light truck, which appeared in July 1994 with a GVW of 3.5 tons, became the first post-war serial GAZ truck and a half.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Later, the Gazelle family became the most popular low-tonnage series in the nascent LCV class, extremely popular with small and medium-sized businesses and other sectors of the post-Soviet economy, thus, a real savior of the enterprise and providing it with fairly stable development prospects.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The first million GAZelles will be released in 11 years.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In December 1995, the 15 millionth GAZ car was assembled.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The GAZ-32213 minibus of the Gazelle family, mastered in the spring of 1996, became the basis of the revived mass type of public transport — minibus.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1996, GAZ became the first manufacturer in Russia to use engines with 4 valves per cylinder on its models.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

These were 2.3-liter 4-cylinder engines of the ZMZ-406 family.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

However, for a long time they could not replace the obsolete carburetor engines of the ZMZ-402 family, which have been pedigree since 1958, due to their lower cost.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1997, another modernization of the Volga was carried out.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The new model received the GAZ-3110 index.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In the same year, GAZ acquired a license from the Austrian company Steyr for the production of small diesel engines for cars, minibuses and light trucks.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Also in 1997, GAZ signed an agreement with the Italian concern Fiat to establish a joint venture called Nizhegorod-Motors for the assembly of Fiat cars.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

For the new joint venture, the workshops of the former GAZ diesel engine plant were prepared, which were idle after the curtailment of their production, but due to the default of 1998, the project did not take place.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In the second half of 1998, the second family of GAZ Sobol light trucks and minibuses with a GVW of up to 2.8 tons was put into production. In 1999, the GAZ-66 dual-use off-road truck, produced in almost a million copies, was replaced by a more advanced GAZ-3308 Sadko bonnet truck, also adopted by the Russian armies.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Since the second half of the 1990s, active work has been carried out to create a family of low-tonnage pickups and SUVs GAZ-2308 Ataman, GAZ-23081 Ataman Yermak and GAZ-3106 Ataman-2.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 1998, a GAZ-3111 “transitional” sedan was developed on the Volga rear-wheel drive platform, designed to strengthen GAZ's position in the business class (E2 segment) until it was mastered in a series of promising models GAZ-3103 and GAZ-3104, based on the GAZ-3105 model platform.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

However, after the default of 1998, even the cost of the not so complex GAZ-3111 model turned out to be too high for the “sagging” market.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Since the late 1990s, GAZ has begun design work on the creation of a promising medium-duty low-bed truck GAZ-3310.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In the 1990s, GAZ launched cooperation with global manufacturers of equipment and automotive components:


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Lucas — production of brake systems and other components;


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

INGERSOLL-RAND — production of high-quality tools;


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Haden — production of paint complexes;


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

CZ — production of turbochargers for diesel engines;


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Bosch — production of electrical equipment for cars;


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Lear — seat production.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In November 2000, a controlling stake in GAZ OJSC was acquired by Basic Element, Oleg Deripaska.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 2001, GAZ became part of the automobile manufacturing holding RusPromAvto, which, as a result of a radical restructuring in 2005, was transformed into the GAZ Group holding, where GAZ was assigned the role parent company.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Accordingly, all products of the Group were distributed among divisions formed on a production rather than territorial basis.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ's specialization in the production of light and medium-sized commercial vehicles has been maintained.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

According to the Group, it occupies a leading place in Russia in the production of light commercial vehicles.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

At the end of 2000, a major reorganization began at GAZ.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Subsequently, a number of promising areas, including the program for the production of Ataman pickups and SUVs, the GAZ-3115 passenger car of segment D and a number of other projects were curtailed due to a lack financial resources and low marketing attractiveness.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The dealer network was radically reorganized (in fact, it was created from scratch), a full financial audit of the enterprise was carried out, and a number of non-core assets were removed from the OJSC.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

These measures made it possible to first reduce the loss ratio, and by the middle of the decade to reach the level of profitability.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

The main attention was paid to the development of the most competitive direction — light commercial vehicles with a GVW of up to 3.5 tons (Light Commercial Vehicle), in the segment of which GAZ actually is a monopolist.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 2005, the company was able to master the serial production of a new family of low-loader medium-duty trucks GAZ-3310 Valdai, and the general revival of the economy increased demand for traditional GAZ-3307, 3309 and GAZ-3308 Sadko medium-duty trucks.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 2005 and 2006, GAZ Group made significant efforts to overcome the technological and time lag behind the world's leading manufacturers, while accelerating the development of new equipment the experience of leading automakers was actively used.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ Group's strategic goals included increasing the scale of its business and joining the club of global players in the international automotive market.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ Group focused its main attention on the segments of light commercial vehicles, class E cars and power units.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 2006, the LCV division was increased due to the acquisition by GAZ Group of the British company LDV Group, specializing in the production of Maxus light front-wheel drive vans with a GVW of up to 3.5 tons. In May 2008, GAZ began assembling Maxus vans and minibuses from British SKD kits in Nizhny Novgorod.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

With the localization and transition to CKD assembly technology, Maxus production was supposed to reach 50 thousand per year, but due to the crisis and bankruptcy of LDV, the project did not reach this stage and was curtailed in mid-2009.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Due to the conflict over prices for engines with ZMZ in 2006-2008, part of the production of Volga, Soboley and GAZelles was equipped with imported Chrysler 2.4 liter engines.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In June 2007, the Cars division restyled the interior of Volga sedans (31105 and 3102), but the drop in demand for obsolete models and the crisis forced GAZ to curtail at the end 2008 production of these models.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In the development of the passenger model range, GAZ Group bought the Sterling Hills assembly plant from DaimlerChrysler in 2006, which produced mid-size Chrysler Sebring and Dodge Stratus sedans .


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Since July 2008, Volga Siber's own E segment model has been released on equipment exported from the United States.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Volga Siber was expected to produce 65,000 per year, but the model turned out to be unpopular, and after the production of 8.7 thousand cars, the assembly was curtailed at the end of 2010.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 2010, GAZ produced 70.3 thousand trucks (+78.1% compared to 2009).


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In 2010, 83.25 thousand trucks and buses were sold through the GAZ dealer network (+61.6% compared to 2009), including exports to more than 30 countries around the world.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

While the share of GAZ in the production of LCVs and minibuses in the country is about 59%, in the production of cars its share fell to 0.4%, and this is the presence of the independent GAZ brand in the passenger sector is over.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

However, the company returned to the passenger segment due to the assembly of foreign brands Chevrolet, Volkswagen and Skoda.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

GAZ and the crisis of 2008-2010


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Already in September 2008, GAZ faced a financial crisis, and since October, a sales crisis.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

In the fourth quarter of 2008 and January 2009, GAZ stopped the conveyor several times in order to unload overloaded finished products sites.


Question: Did the Gorkovsky Automobile Plant produce Lada?

Gorky Automobile Plant

Due to the emergence of serious debts to suppliers, as well as an offer for bonds in the amount of $147 million, in early February, the Government of the Russian Federation decided to provide financial support GAZ Group [5].