Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

At the same time, he is the second Italian footballer after Roberto Boninsegni, who became the top scorer outside the Italian championship.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Kinaglia scored 49 goals in 41 playoff games for Cosmos, as well as five goals in five Soccer Bowls, four of which his team won (1977, 1978, 1980 and 1982).


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In addition, he became the most popular football player in the United States, surpassing players such as Johan Neskens, Franz Beckenbauer and Carlos Alberto Torres.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

He also became a close friend of Warner Brothers President Steve Ross, co-owner of the New York Cosmos franchise [38].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

He was inducted into the National Football Hall of Fame in 2000.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

After Quinagli's death, Cosmos, revived after the disbandment, forever assigned him number nine [37] [39], except for him, only Pele [40] received such an award.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Kinaglia retired from his professional career in 1983 as a New York Cosmos player.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

However, on February 25, 1990, at the age of 43, he returned to the field with the amateur club Villa San Sebastiano from Italy's eighth strongest division [41].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

The opponent in the first leg was Skurcola Marsicana, Quinaglia scored two of his team's three goals, which helped them win [42].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

He played for this club until June 1991 [43].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

National team career


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Thanks to Cinagli's successful performance for Lazio, Italy coach Ferruccio Valcareggi included him in the expanded squad for the 1970 World Cup.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

He did not make it to the final list of 22, but Valcaregi took him to Mexico for the young player to gain experience.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Italy reached the final of the tournament, where it lost to Brazil [44].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In 1971, after Lazio was relegated to Serie B, Quinaglia became the first player in the modern history of the Italian national team to be called up from a second division club [45].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

On 21 June 1972, Kinaglia scored a goal in his debut friendly against Bulgaria in Sofia.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In 1973, Quinaglia returned to Britain with Italy to play in a friendly against the British.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In the 86th minute, Quinaglia beat English defender Bobby Moore and made a pass taken advantage of by Fabio Capello, eventually winning its first victory over England at Wembley Stadium [46].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Together with his Lazio teammates Luciano Re Cecconi and Giuseppe Wilson, Quinaglia competed in the 1974 World Cup in Germany.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Initially, Luigi Martini was supposed to go with them, but on Scudetto's day he injured his shoulder.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Quinaglia criticized the selection of the national team by the coaching staff: The first match at the World Cup was to be played against Haiti, Italy approached the meeting as a favorite.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Cinagli's game did not work out, the footballer did not receive support from the midfielders.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In the 69th minute, Valcaregi replaced him with Pietro Anastasi, Quinaglia reacted very emotionally to the replacement and took out his anger on water bottles on the way to the locker room [47] [48].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Kinaglia later apologized for his behavior, and the coach let him play against Poland.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Italy lost 2-1 and did not qualify from the group, losing in additional indicators to Argentina.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Ferruccio Valcareggi did not often trust Quinalia with a place in the first team.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Under Valcareggi's successor, Fulvio Bernardini, the situation did not improve.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

After the unsuccessful World Cup, Kinaglia played only three matches for the national team, the last against the USSR (0-1 defeat) [49].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In total, he scored 4 goals for the national team in 14 games.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Matches for the Italian national team


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Total: 14 matches/4 goals; 6 wins, 6 draws, 2 losses.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Playstyle and personality


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Kinaglia is considered one of the best Italian strikers of his generation, he was large, strong, fast and powerful, and had an accurate shot [50].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

He was often called one of Italy's first classic ramming center forwards, his power style of play was originally new to Italy, but he became a famous and scoring scorer [17].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Kinaglia became famous for his powerful and accurate shot and could shoot both in and outside the penalty area [51], and he also fought well in the air [31].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Although initially not considered a talented or technically gifted player, he improved his ball control skills, demonstrating technique and refinement in his best years careers, including speed dribbling during counterattacks [30] [31].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

He was also often instructed to take penalties [31].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Throughout his football career, Kinaglia was often called “Long John”.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

He received this nickname for his similarity to the fictional literary character Robert Louis Stevenson in terms of height and physique, as well as for his tenacious and fearless style of play, accurate blow and peculiar character [47].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In addition, the nickname emphasized Cinagli's resemblance to the outstanding Welsh footballer John Charles, who also spent a significant part of his career in Italy [17].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In addition to his football qualities, Kinaglia was confident, charismatic and enjoyed authority on the field due to his bright, frank, eccentric and extroverted character, and also a good sense of humor.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

He also had pronounced leadership qualities [52], which he showed at Lazio [30].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

However, despite his high performance, Kinaglia was sometimes criticized for his selfishness, arrogance and inability to play without the ball [53].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Although popular with fans and teammates, he was also controversial, daring and obstinate and showed his aggressive disposition from time to time, which led to quarrels and conflicts with some of his coaches and teammates [17] [54].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

He has also been criticized by the press for his hedonistic lifestyle [53] and problems with the law [17] [54].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

attainments


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Teams


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Lazio


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Italian Serie A Champion: 1973/74


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Alps Cup Winner: 1971


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Total: 2 trophies


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

New York Cosmos


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

North American Football League Champion (4): 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Total: 4 trophies


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Personal


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Italian Serie A top scorer: 1973/74


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Italian Serie B top scorer: 1971/72


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Alps Cup top scorer: 1971


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

North American Football League Most Valuable Player: 1981


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

North American Football League Top Scorer (5): 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Top scorer in North American Football League history: 242 goals


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Performance statistics


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Club CareerLubSeasonLeague [a 1] Cups [a 2] Eurocups [a 3] Other [a 4] TotalGamesGoalsGamesGoalsGamesGoalsGamesGoalsGamesGoalsSwansea Town1964/651010—201965/664100—41Total5110000061Massese1966/6732500— 325Total325000000325Internapoli1967/68311000—31101968/69351400—3514Total662400006624Lacio1969/70281310227638211970/7130933225740211971/72342175000041261972/73301041003237131973/743024844600464 2341974 /75301440000034141975/762781033003111Total2099928131515263140New York Space19762119—211919773024—302419783639—363919793332—333219803950—395019813835—383519823824— 3824198319—1919Total254242000000254242Total for the care566371291311131515621412


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Notes:


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Personal life


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Cinagli's first wife was Cony Erucione, [55] and she was the daughter of a NATO officer and the sister of Olympic ice hockey champion Mike Erutzione.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Giorgio's wife was also of Italian descent.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

The couple had three children: George Jr., Stephanie, and Cynthia [56].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Later, the couple divorced and Cinaglia married Italian Angela Cacioppo for the second time, and in his second marriage, the football player had two boys: Anthony and Donald [47].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In 1974, Kinaglia tried himself as a singer, singing the song “English: (I'm) Football Crazy” [57], which was included in the soundtrack of the film “The Judge” starring Lando Buzzanca.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

The Italian band Squallor named one of their songs after the footballer, Italian: Il Vangelo secondo Chinaglia [58].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

He is also mentioned in Reno Gaetano's song “My brother is an only child” (Italian: Mio fratello è figlio unico): “... he is convinced that Quinaglia cannot move to Frosinone” [59].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In 1979, Kinaglia received American citizenship.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Diana Ackerman, a reporter for The New York Times, wrote that he proudly kept his citizenship documents in his locker next to a bottle of Chivas Regal.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In addition to his playing career, Kinaglia also had experience in the media [61], in particular in the late 90s he was a commentator for RAI [62].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In the early 2000s, he worked as a commentator for Stream TV.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In the last years of his life, Kinaglia was one of the hosts of the daily football talk show, “The Football Show”, which aired from 7:00am to 9:00am on Sirius Satellite Radio.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In memory of his father, Giorgio's three children from his first marriage created the non-profit organization Giorgio Chinaglia Foundation, which develops football programs for children with disabilities opportunities [64].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Functional career


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In 1983, Quinaglia returned to Italy, succeeding Gian Chiarion Casoni as president of his former club Lazio.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

The following year, Warner Communications transferred Cinaglia part of the shares of New York Cosmos, but these were the last years of NASL - in 1985, immediately after the friendly match against Lazio, Cosmos was disbanded.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

At the end of the same year, due to financial problems, Quinaglia was forced to transfer a controlling stake in the club of Rome to sports entrepreneur Franco Chimenti [65].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Since then, Quinaglia has lived alternately in the United States and Italy, continuing to work as a functionary.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In the following years, he worked with Ferencváros; Marsala (for some time honorary president); Foggia (president from October 2000 to March 2001); Virtus Lanciano (joined the club in 2004 year); and finally returned to Lazio [65].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In January 2011, together with Carlos Alberto Torres Cinaglia, he became an ambassador for the revived Cosmos, his teammate Pele became president, and Eric Cantona was appointed Technical Director [66] [67].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Problems with the law


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In 1996, Quinaglia was sentenced to two years in prison for fictitious bankruptcy and false reports he filed during the management of the Lazio property and financial company. [


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In the spring of 2006, Quinaglia was included in the register of the District Anti-Mafia Office of Naples.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

69] He was charged with aggravated money laundering under article 7 and was suspected of aiding the Camorra. [69]


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In October of the same year, the financial police requested an arrest warrant for the former Lazio football player for extortion and illegal insider trading.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

The prosecutor's office of Rome suspected him during the investigation of offenses related to the management of the club.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

At the time of the warrant request, Kinaglia was living abroad, in the United States.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

A few days later, a European arrest warrant was issued for the fugitive from Italian justice. [


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Investigators concluded that Quinaglia was a member of the Camorra, the Casalesi clan, and planned to use the proceeds from illegal activities to buy back his former club [71].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In November 2007, in accordance with a decision of the Securities and Exchange Commission (Consob), Quinaglia was fined 4.2 million euros for illegal enrichment at Lazio.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

He was found guilty of manipulating the market and obstructing the work of the Consob.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

It was assumed that a Hungarian chemical and pharmaceutical company wanted to acquire a controlling stake in Lazio.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Consob found that the issue of Lazio shares between October 2005 and March 2006 was unfounded.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

The former footballer was found guilty of “manipulating Lazio securities”.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

The Commission also noted that Kinaglia, directly or through an intermediary, tried to deceive the commission and confuse the tracks, which led to a delay in the objective investigation, obstructed the work of Consob and additional commission costs during the study of Lazio's trading on the stock market [72].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In July 2008, Kinaglia was again charged with money laundering and an arrest warrant was issued for him. [71]


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Death


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Giorgio Cinaglia died in Florida at the age of 65.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

On Sunday, April 1, 2012, Cinagli's son Anthony told Sky Sports about his father's death by phone: In Italy, the news was heard only in the afternoon.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

All sports programs have talked about this.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In the evening, the events were also covered in national news [47].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

A few days after his death, former Lazio comrades, Giuseppe Wilson and Giancarlo Oddi, offered to return Cinagli's remains to Rome.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Tommaso Maestrelli's son, Massimo, on behalf of the whole family, promised to give Cinagli a place in the family crypt in the Flaminio cemetery.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

The idea was supported by the football player's children from his first marriage, but to return the remains to Rome, I had to wait for a US court decision


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

It was not until early September 2013 that permission was issued to move the remains to Italy.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

On September 15, 2013, at 6:30am local time, a plane carrying Cinagli's coffin, accompanied by family members, landed in Fiumicino.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

The following day, a funeral service was held at the Church of the Sacred Heart of Christ, and in the afternoon, a commemorative mass was held, which was attended and paid tribute to Kinala by thousands of people.


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

In the evening of the same day, Giorgio Cinaglia was buried next to Tommaso Maestrelli [73].


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Notes


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

References


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Statistics


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

[[{{{1}}} national football team| {{{1}}}]]


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

on Nasljerseys.com


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Video


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

on YouTube


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

on YouTube


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Literature


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Category:Italian footballers


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Category: Italian national football players


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Category:FC Lazio players


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Category: Massese F.C. players


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Category: New York Cosmos F.C. players (1970-1985)


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Category:Swansea City F.C. players


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Category:FC Lazio Presidents


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Category:Italian football officials


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Category:Italian criminals


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Category:Convicted of economic crimes


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Category:Italian immigrants to the United States


Question: At what age did Giorgio Kinaglia start his sports career?

Giorgio Cinaglia

Category: Burials at Flaminio Cemetery


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Dreamfall Chapters (Norwegian: Drømmefall Kapitler) is an episodic computer game in the quest genre, which is a direct continuation of Dreamfall: The Longest Journey and partially affects the events of The Longest Journey.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Dreamfall Chapters is a 3D game that focuses on interacting with characters, exploring the game world, and solving puzzles.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The first of five episodes of the game was released on PC on October 21, 2014, and the last on June 17, 2016.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The final version of the game, The Final Cut, was released on May 5, 2017 on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One and on July 21 on PC.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game is set in two parallel worlds — Stark, Earth's dystopian future, and Arcadia, his magical twin world.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The Chapters plot continues the story started in Dreamfall, the main character of which, Zoe Castillo, uncovered a criminal conspiracy to steal the dreams of the inhabitants of both worlds and seize power over them, but was betrayed and thrown into a coma at the end of the previous part.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In Chapters, she will have to refind her purpose in life, and the creators describe the main theme of the game as “chapters/periods of life”.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game was created by the independent Norwegian studio Red Thread Games under license from Funcom (the owner of the rights to the series) under the direction of the creator of both previous parts Ragnar Turnqvist.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Its development was funded by fans of the series, who donated more than $1.5 million through Kickstarter, and the Norwegian Film Institute.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The German company Deep Silver released the game on consoles, and in Russia Buka became the publisher on consoles, but without an official translation.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Gameplay


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Dreamfall Chapters was originally created in the fourth version of the Unity game engine, but was ported to the fifth before the release of the fourth episode [1].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game consists of 3D levels that are much larger than the locations in Dreamfall and hand-drawn 2D backdrops in TLJ.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game does not have a fully open world, but some locations (such as Europol and Mercury [2]) can be explored regardless of the main plot for secrets and more information about the world of the game [3].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Levels change as the story progresses, reflecting the passage of time in the game [4].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Game characters are controlled by a keyboard (WASD keys) and a third-person mouse.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The player interacts with objects and characters highlighted on the screen by hovering the mouse cursor over them and selecting the desired action from the context menus [5].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game supports gamepads, but it was “sharpened” for the keyboard and mouse.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The emphasis in the gameplay is on exploring the world and plot of the game [6] and solving puzzles [7].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Approximately half of the game time is spent on dialogues and puzzles designed as dialogues [8].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game interface is hidden by default for more immersion in the game world [4].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game does not have action and stealth elements like Dreamfall [9].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Although Dreamfall Chapters has a linear plot and one ending [10], the player will have to make important decisions as they progress, the consequences of which will become obvious much later in the game's plot.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

A special “social” feature will allow players to find out (before or after making a decision) without leaving the game what choices other players have made in a particular situation.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

These statistics are stored in a global database regardless of platform [11] and can be disabled at any time [12].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In addition, the game warns the player about plot decisions with a special symbol “The balance has shifted” (English: The balance has shifted), even offline [8].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

An in-game magazine, like April Ryan's diary in Part 1, automatically updates as the story progresses [4].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Dreamfall Chapters will have a summary of previous installments for new players.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

During the Kickstarter campaign, the developers promised that the game would be the last chapter of the so-called. “The Dreamer Cycle” (that is, Zoe's story) [7] [8], but not the last in The Longest Journey series [13], but during development, the situation radically changed, and the last episode was presented as the finale of the entire saga in general [14] [15].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Content


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Background


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In the fictional universe The Longest Journey, Earth is one of countless parallel worlds created from the dreams of an original being named Lux, the First Dreamer (English: Lux, the First Dreamer) [16].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Earth (or rather, “Stark”, as it is called in games) is a world of science and logic, in equilibrium with its magical twin world Arcadia, which was separated from it twelve thousand years ago an impassable Section.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game begins in 2220 A.D.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

, and its antagonist is Brian Westhouse, a traveler from Stark, who, once in Arcadia and desperate to find a way home, tries to forcibly reunite the Gemini Worlds, destroying all the magic with with the help of Sleepless (English: Undreaming), Lux's destructive antipode.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Enhancing it with the energy of dreams, Westhaus, under the guise of a “Prophet”, led a conspiracy between treacherous officials of the Azadi Empire in Arcadia and an ambitious Stark scientist named Helena Chan.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In Arcadia, the Prophet and Azadi conquered the city of Mercury to build the “Machine” (English: Engine), a colossal repository for dreams stolen from Stark residents using technology invented by Chan lucid dreaming, so-called Drimashin (English: Dreamachines).


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

However, Chan, in secret from the Prophet, planned to capture the collected energy herself and rebuild the universe, for which she genetically designed Dreamers (English: Dreamer), children with abilities comparable to A suite.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Chan considered the first of them a failure and gave it to her former accomplice, Gabriel Castillo, who raised the child, Zoe, as her own daughter [17].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In Dreamfall, 20-year-old Zoe tried to prevent the plans of the Japanese mega-corporation WatiCorp, one of the sponsors of Chan's research, to use Dreamashines to establish total control of Stark, but Chan found her again and put her in an induced coma.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

At the same time, in Arcadia, an agent of Empresses Azadi named Kian Alvane unsuccessfully investigated corruption in Mercury, but was accused by the conspirators of treason and imprisoned.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In Chapters, their storylines unfold independently of each other until the fifth book, in which they are intertwined with the line of the last playable character, the Saga [17].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The plot


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

After placing Zoe in a coma, Chan transported her body to a secret laboratory in Mumbai [17], while the girl's mind was locked in the Dream World along with millions unable to wake up anymore users of Drimashin [18].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Using the Dreamer's abilities, Zoe tries to wake herself up, but instead creates a secondary physical body in Stark [17], in which, losing the memory of her adventures, begins a new life in Europol metropolis.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Under the secret surveillance of agents Wati and Chan, Zoe signs up as an agitator for the upcoming elections [18], but soon learns that all parties in them, including her own, have been bribed by Wati.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In order to withdraw the only incorruptible party from the race, Wati is pushing one of its activists and Zoe's friend, Nela, to attack the police [19].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Zoe can't stop her, but the concussion from the explosion returns some of her lost memories.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Hoping to return the remaining Zoe connects to the Dreamashina, which causes her secondary body to be transferred from Stark to Arcadia [20], where she goes in search of sleeping Lux in the company of her old crow bird companion [16].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Dying Lux makes Zoe her heir and gives her all her power, which allows her to finally wake up her primary body in Mumbai.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

There she meets her “parents” again, but Chan manages to put her to sleep again, intending to use her newly acquired abilities for her own purposes [17].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Meanwhile, one of the Empresses Azadi arrives in Mercury, accompanied by General Hami and Mother Utana, Kian's teacher and adoptive mother, respectively.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Not wanting to meet them, the Prophet's accomplices try to execute Kian without trial, but the rebels opposing Azadi organize his escape to recruit him into their ranks [18].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

On one of the rebel missions, Kian meets a street dolmari kid Bip, who helps him uncover a plan to raid a magical ghetto [19].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The rebels fail to prevent the raid, and Azadi deports hundreds of inhuman inhabitants of the ghetto, including Bip, to remote death camps.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Following their trail, Kian obtains irrefutable evidence of the genocide of magical peoples with the hands of Azadi [16], with which he convinces Hami to overthrow the corrupt authorities of Mercury before they launch my car.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

When they return to the city, they lead the surviving rebels and loyal Hami soldiers to storm the palace.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The raven, who has just returned from a journey with Zoe, shows Keanu a secret passage to the control center of the Machine, but their sabotage is prevented by Utan, who turns out to be an accomplice of the Prophet and mortally wounds Kiana.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The Prophet then personally curls the Raven's neck and launches the Machine [17].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The third storyline begins in the prologue when April Ryan, who died at the end of Dreamfall, is reborn into a girl named Saga in a mysterious House of All Worlds, beyond all dimensions and times multiverse [18].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Saga's mother goes missing shortly after her birth [20], and although her father makes every effort to suppress her inherited ability to travel between worlds, Saga runs away from home at the age of 14 [ 16] and, like April before her, eventually becomes the performer of countless prophecies.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Performing one of them, she arrives in Arcadia and heals Kian with an alchemical potion, whom Utana and the Prophet left to die.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Zoe, meanwhile, returns to the Dream World, where the ghost of the Raven helps her understand the Prophet's plans before leaving for the other world with the ghost of April.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Using Lux's power, Zoe wakes up her body again in Mumbai, just as Saga opens a portal (English: Shift) there from the Machine Control Center.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Zoe passes everything she learns to Keanu and helps a repentant engineer sabotage the Machine behind, while Kian kills Roper Klax, an accomplice of the Prophet, in whose body he imprisoned Sleepless.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The freed Sleepless captures the Prophet's body and takes him to Stark, where Zoe reunites him with Lux, thereby restoring the Balance between creation and destruction, and loses consciousness.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In Mercury, the rebels exterminate the Prophet's accomplices, but Utana manages to escape with the Empress.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The saga searches for Raven's body and takes it to another world [17].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

A week later, Kian leaves Mercury in pursuit of Utana.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

On the way, the Saga joins him and, fulfilling another prophecy, demands her adoption, as both of them are destined to play a significant role in the upcoming War of Balance, which will precede the reunification of the Twin Worlds.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Zoe, meanwhile, wakes up in the hospital and reconciles with Gabriel.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Five years later, Kian and Saga rule the capital Azadi, and Zoe enjoys a peaceful life in Casablanca and prepares to become a mother.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In the epilogue, many years after the reunification of the Worlds, the long-aged Saga, now called Lady Alvane, recollects her travels and talks to the reborn Raven in the House of All Mirov.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

She then sits in a chair and, when the portal opens behind her back, greets April as she comes out of it, repeating the scene of their meeting from the original The Longest Journey [17].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Themes


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The subtitle “Chapters” (Russian: “Chapters”) refers to the leitmotif of the game, which Ragnar Turnqvist described as “chapters/periods of life” and “chapter by chapter” — such as birth, growing up, and death [21].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The plot of the game covers almost a year of the life of the main characters, from spring to winter [13], and is divided into thirteen chapters (like the previous parts) or five “books”, each of which corresponds to a certain period life, for example, the first — birth (and rebirth).


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Initially, three books were planned, also corresponding to summer, autumn and winter [4], but there were more of them as the plot itself grew [22].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Another recurring theme in the game is the stories themselves and how they come to life.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The Dream World in the game is “the place where every story begins and where dreams come true” [7], and developers deliberately draw parallels between it and Australian mythology [23].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

One of the characters in the game, Helena Chan, directly identifies the Dream World with the mythological “dream time” [17].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The Longest Journey series is based on a deterministic worldview that compares life to a journey in which a person can freely choose his path, but one way or another always comes to one and the same predetermined goal.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In Dreamfall Chapters, this is reflected in the story decisions that game characters have to make that affect the plot of the game, but not the ending [24].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The Europol metropolis in the game is “Europe, finally paying the price for centuries of imperialism, reaction, waste and industrialization.”


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In an interview, Turnqvist confirmed that “there is definitely an element of political criticism in Dreamfall Chapters, as does Dreamfall” [2].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Development history


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Preparation


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Funcom, the developer of the original The Longest Journey and Dreamfall, originally announced Dreamfall Chapters on March 1, 2007, less than a year after the release of the previous installment [25].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

However, despite the fact that the plot of the game was ready by this time [26], the start of active development had to be postponed until the end of 2012, as the entire team working on Dreamfall (including Turnqvist) was transferred to the creation of a new Funcom MMORPG — The Secret World [27].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

On November 1, 2012, Funcom announced that Ragnar Turnqvist had founded his own studio called Red Thread Games, which would develop Dreamfall Chapters.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Since online games became the main focus of Funcom, the company licensed the rights to Turnqvist's The Longest Journey series, allowing them to finance and release the game independently of publishers [28 ].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Although Turnqvist did not lure other Funcom employees to his new studio [6], he managed to hire a significant part of Dreamfall creators who had previously been fired from Funcom.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

RTG has also partnered with Norwegian Blink Studios, which consists of former Funcom employees who also worked on Dreamfall [4], and already had significant experience working with the engine Unity [29].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Funding


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

After the initial announcement of the game, the Norwegian Film Foundation awarded Funcom a grant to “explore methods of online delivery of episodic content”, which would be used to fund early stages development [25], but after the project was frozen, this grant was fully returned to the fund [30].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The Norwegian Film Institute, which inherited the functions of the film fund disbanded in 2008, provided Red Thread Games with a grant of 1 million kroner (approx. 174 thousand US dollars) to begin development Dreamfall Chapters in November 2012 [31].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

On May 30, 2013, the Norwegian Film Institute allocated an additional grant for the development of the game in the amount of 1.5 million kroons (approx. $257,000) [32], and a year later another 2 million (about $336,000) [33].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The 30-day fundraising campaign for the game was launched on Kickstarter on February 8, 2013 with a minimum goal of $850,000.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

During the campaign, The Longest Journey was temporarily added to the game's official name, Dreamfall Chapters, in order to increase brand awareness [34].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The creators estimated the total amount required for development at $1 million (for comparison, the budget of Dreamfall was 5 million, and the original TLJ - from 2 to 3 million) and planned to supplement funds raised on Kickstarter with own savings and additional grants.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Before the start of the campaign, RTG studied the experience of previous successful projects for several months, primarily Pillars of Eternity and Broken Sword: The Serpent's Curse [27].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The campaign hit its low target on February 16 — much faster than developers' expectations [35] — and ended March 10, raising $1,538.425, or 180% of the original target.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In addition, more than 34,000 had been raised via PayPal at the end of the campaign, and Red Thread Games continued to collect donations through this channel until October 10, 2014, when it became possible to apply pre-order for the game [36].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

After reaching the minimum goal on Kickstarter to raise additional funds, a number of overplanned “growth” goals were announced, some of which were eventually achieved: the game port on Linux and Mac OS X, a more detailed plot with additional characters and locations, an improved soundtrack, an interactive comic, German and French localizations, and a soundtrack with developer comments [37].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

If the campaign raised more than $2 million, Red Thread Games would simultaneously begin preparatory work on The Longest Journey Home at the same time as Dreamfall Chapters home”) is a two-dimensional point-and-click quest starring April Ryan, whose plot would close the ten-year gap between the original TLJ and Dreamfall and complete April's storyline after the events Chapters [38].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

But since this additional goal was not achieved, TLJH's development plans were completely halted [39].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Shortly before the release of the last episode of Chapters, Turnqvist announced that “The Longest Journey Home is likely to never see the light of day again... except in the very distant future” [15].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Development


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The very first working prototype of Dreamfall Chapters was created during the Kickstarter campaign and used to record early trailers.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Such a fast iteration (for comparison, it took six months to create such a prototype for Dreamfall) was made possible by the use of the ready-made Unity 4 engine.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In addition, RTG decided to minimize the development of their own in-game systems (dialogues, story decisions, “social” function) and otherwise rely on either ready-made engine functions ( animation, physics), or materials purchased through the Asset Store (3D models, vegetation, shaders, filters, etc.) and tools (Playmaker, NGUI, Daikon Forge) [40].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The resources won due to this were invested in the creation of game content, such as locations, characters, and special effects [9].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The greatest difficulties for the creators were caused by the development of the graphical interface and management (for example, a full-fledged point-and-click interface was created, but was rejected at the early stages of work [8]), and as well as movement algorithms for NPCs [40].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

During the casting, many of the actors who voiced the characters in Dreamfall (including both game actors) were replaced with new ones.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In particular, despite the fact that Ellie Conrad-Lee, who played Zoe Castillo in the original, expressed her readiness to return to the role [41], she was played by Charlotte Richie in Chapters.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Nicholas Bolton played the role of Kian Alvane, replacing Gavin O'Connor.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Sarah Hamilton, who voiced April Ryan in previous parts, was supposed to return to Chapters [42], but is not in the final credits.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Only Roger Raines and Ralph Byers played their previous roles, the first voiced Raven, and the second by Brian Westhouse and Roper Klax in all three games in the series.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Chapters's last playable character, Saga, was played by Ava Khan, Elinor Matsuura and Susan Brown (in childhood, adulthood and old age, respectively) [43].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

RTG demonstrated a working version of the game on June 22, 2013 at the Rezzed exhibition in Birmingham, talking about their ideas about the so-called. “game spaces” (English: game space) and story decisions that players are coming to, as well as a “social” feature that will allow them to learn about the decisions of other players.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The level demonstrated at the exhibition was a part of Europol, located on the site of modern Prague [12].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

By October 2013, RTG had completed the “vertical slice” of the game, a half-hour demo that includes all the main elements of the gameplay [44] and one level dedicated to Kian's escape from Monk's Dungeon (English: Friar's Keep).


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

It was publicly shown in November 2013 at the Journeycon convention in Oslo.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

It was also announced that Simon Poole, chief sound engineer of the original Dreamfall, was working on the soundtrack for the game [45].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The pre-alpha version of the game was completed on December 6, 2013, with alpha and beta scheduled to be released in spring and late summer 2014, respectively [46].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

At the Game Developers Conference [8] and at EGX Rezzed [47] in March 2014, a new level in alpha was shown, showing Zoe's life in the Dream World (English: Storytime) at the very beginning of the game [48].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Work on the beta version began in May 2014 [49], and the first of five “books” (consisting of a prologue, two chapters and an interlude) was completed by mid-June [22].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

After returning to episodic format in June 2014, [50] the first book, Reborn, was released separately from the rest on October 21, 2014 [51].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

On August 26, 2014, the developers announced a music contest on Kickstarter, to which fans of the series were invited to send their creativity, the best examples of which would be included in the game's soundtrack.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

However, the very next day, the contest was canceled after the developers were accused of “exploiting unpaid labor” [52].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The second book, Rebels, took longer than expected to develop.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Initially, it was planned to release it on February 24, 2015, but due to the larger volume compared to the first, technical difficulties with the integration of episodes and the need for additional testing of the system” elections and consequences” (English: choice-and-consequence), the release date was shifted first by 10 [53], and then to March 12, when developers discovered errors that required urgent debugging [54].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Although the main milestones of the story remained unchanged from the very beginning of work on the game, a significant part of the dialogues in the second book were rewritten taking into account player feedback after the release of the first [55].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Despite additional testing, the first published version of the second book contained a serious bug that damaged players' saved games, which adversely affected reviews of the third book, Realms [56].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The third episode was dubbed for four weeks in parallel in Los Angeles, New York and London and ended on May 20, 2015, shortly before its title was announced [57].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

For various reasons, several developers, including Chief Designer Martin Brousgard, could not participate in the creation of the third book [56], so only eight RTG employees were constantly working on it , not counting freelancers and employees who worked in parallel on other projects of the studio [57].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The lack of graphics power of Unity 4 has repeatedly been the reason for criticism of the first three books, so in July 2015, it was decided to develop the fourth book in a new, fifth version engine, and also port all previous ones to it.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Due to unforeseen complications, this upgrade eventually took four months and cost the company $100-150 thousand: all levels of the game had to be reconfigured and rewritten from scratch all shaders and scripts.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In addition, some of the patches that fixed serious bugs in the engine contained new bugs themselves, so the developers had to completely stop working on the fourth book until the final the first three ports were released on November 23, 2015 [1].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Although active development of the game ended with the release of the last, fifth book on June 17, 2016 [14], the creators promised players long-term technical support and allocated a team of four employees and several freelancers [58].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Updates planned for the first quarter of 2017 included the German localization of the fourth and fifth books, the remaining in-game rewards for Kickstarter donators, and an upgrade to the final version of the game, The Final Cut, which was also released on consoles.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Porting


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The main target platforms of the game were Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux [3], because, according to the developers, they are used by the bulk of fans of The Longest Journey series [21].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

At Gamescom 2014, they announced that the first Chapters console port would be released on PlayStation 4 and would remain a console exclusive for some time [60].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The game supports PS4 Remote Play, so it can be played via PlayStation Vita, but a direct port on the Vita is unlikely due to the high RAM requirements.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

At the same time, RTG was working on a port for Xbox One, but Microsoft's current policy did not allow even former PS4 exclusives to be published on this platform [11].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

However, when the game's release date on consoles was announced in December 2016, publisher Deep Silver confirmed that the Xbox One version would be released simultaneously on the PS4 port on March 24, 2017 [61].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Later, the release date on consoles shifted to May 5, 2017 [62] and on PC to July 21 [63].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

According to the developers, porting the game to the console was not possible on the old, fourth version of Unity, and therefore began only after the engine was upgraded to version 5.2 [1].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Nintendo offered RTG to port Dreamfall Chapters to Wii U shortly after starting active work on the game, but it was not until July 2013 that the studio received the SDK and was able to start working on the console version [64].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The developers considered the port on the Wii U a “secondary” task, compared to versions for the main target platforms [24].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Porting the game to iOS and Android was one of the overplanned goals on Kickstarter, but it was not achieved [7].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The developers also do not rule out porting the game to tablets [21] and SteamOS [24] after release on target systems.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

From the very beginning of development, experiments have also been carried out with Oculus Rift virtual reality technology, but the prototype version that used it has not been published [55].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Localization


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The original language of the game is English [9], and translations into Norwegian, German and French have also been confirmed [65], however (v5.7.4.4) only English and German dubbing are present in the Steam version of the game, as well as English, German and French subtitles.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Vienna's White Rabbit Interactive studio [43] worked on the translation of the game into German, and Words of Magic in Paris [43] worked on the French translation.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

There were significant delays in the voicing of the German version, which took place at Studio Mühl in Hamburg [66] (the German version of the third episode, for example, was released only six weeks after English), as each book contains from 25 to 50 thousand words, which developers made changes almost until the release [56].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

cdp.pl planned to release a Polish localization [67], but abandoned these plans after the game returned to episodic format [68].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In Russia, Buka published retail versions of the game on consoles [69], but they were denied official localization into Russian for unannounced reasons [70].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Release


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Initially, the game was planned to be released in parts (chapters) [25], but then these plans were abandoned [21], as long breaks between chapters would adversely affect the pace of the narrative [24].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

However, faced with a lack of time and money in June 2014, the developers decided to return to the episodic format [50].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The first of the game's five “books”, entitled Reborn, was released on October 21, 2014 [51].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The title of the second book was announced on November 26, 2014 [71] and the release date was February 19, 2015 [53].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The title of the third book was announced on May 22, 2015 [72], and the release date was announced a month later [73].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The title of the fourth book was announced via Twitter and Facebook at the end of September 2015 [74], and the release date was November 30 [75].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The title and release date of the last, fifth book were announced on Kickstarter on April 6 [76] and June 9 [77], respectively.


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Initially, the game was distributed on the Internet, in particular through Steam, through the selection process of indie games, Greenlight, in April 2013 [78].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Episodes were never sold separately, but only as part of a subscription (English: season pass) for all five books at once [73].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

In 2014, Munich-based EuroVideo Medien released an exclusive retail version of the first PC book in Germany, which also included a Steam subscription for the rest of the episodes [79].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

After the release of the last book, Red Thread Games began work on the final, updated and corrected version of the entire game [59].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

This version was released on May 5, 2017 by German publisher Deep Silver on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One [62] consoles (Buka in Russia [69]), and was released on PC under the title Dreamfall Chapters: The Final Cut on 21 July [63].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

A number of exclusive collector's editions of various configurations (from the basic Collector's Edition to the extensive Draic Kin Edition) were offered as awards for Kickstarter donators [7].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Physical rewards will be sent out after The Final Cut is released on PC [80].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

The master disc for the physical edition of the game was tested, approved and sent for circulation in February 2018 [81].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

testimonials


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

According to the aggregator site Metacritic, the full version of the game received mixed reviews from critics on all platforms [82] [83] [84].


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Sources


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

References


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

on the website of the Russian publisher Buki


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

on the Deep Silver publisher's website


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

on Kickstarter


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

on


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

(in Russian) on


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:The Longest Journey


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:Steam Greenlight Games


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:Games for Linux


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:Games for macOS


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:PlayStation 4 Games


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:Windows games


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:Xbox One Games


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:Unity engine games


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:Indie games


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:Quests


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:2014 video games


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:2015 video games


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:2016 video games


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:Video games of 2017


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:Cyberpunk video games


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:Video games with 3D graphics


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:Computer games published by Buka


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:Video games developed in Norway


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:Video game sequels


Question: What is the plot of the video game Dreamfall: The Endless Journey?

Dreamfall Chapters

Category:Kickstarter Projects


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Cluster headaches are a pronounced pain syndrome in the areas of projection of the brain on the walls of the skull, which occurs spontaneously and irregularly.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The strength of pain is so great that it can lead to suicide attempts in order to get rid of pain.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Description


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

thumb


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Cluster pain occurs in series (clusters, hence the name of the syndrome) of seizures several times a day for a number of weeks or even months, then suddenly passes and months or even years are not celebrated .


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The attack lasts from 15 minutes to an hour and is characterized by such acute pain that there are even cases of suicide among patients with this type of headache.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Patients who experienced attacks of this pain said that it was like piercing the eye with a hot spoke.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

When an attack first lays the ear, then a sharp pain begins behind the eye.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

There is redness of the eye and the appearance of tears, blockage of the nasal cavity, a rush of blood to the face and sweating.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

This pain usually affects only one side of the face, but it can also pass to the other with subsequent attacks.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Pain can be seasonal, spring and autumn are the most dangerous times of the year.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Although no gene has yet been found responsible for this type of pain, first-degree relatives suffering from it are more likely to experience it than the population average.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Symptoms


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Headaches begin to appear after puberty — between 20 and 50 years and most likely around 30 years.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The headache does not have a preceding period or any signs that warn of its approach.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Very painful, but short in duration, seizures go one after another for several days, weeks or even months in a row.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

A person most often experiences one to three seizures a day, although a series of 10 headaches per day may occur.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

During the cluster period, the headache appears at the same time of day every day.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

At the end of a series of headaches, a period of up to 3 years without them follows.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The ratio of men to women suffering from this type of headache is approximately 6:1.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

For women, headache has nothing to do with the menstrual cycle.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Usually, the patient is the only person in the family who suffers from this type of headache.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The pain is localized only on one side of the head, most around one of the eyes, but the pain can spread to the forehead, temple or cheek.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

In most cases, pain is felt on the same side of the face.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Only in about 15% of patients, it changed sides.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Headache often wakes patients up at night.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

During a series of attacks that last several days, headaches appear with clockwork accuracy at the same time every night.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The eyes are watery.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The nose is stuffy.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The face may turn red from the rush of blood towards it; the forehead may sweat.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The eyelid on the affected side of the head is lowered and may appear swollen.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The eye is often bloodshot.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The pupil is temporarily narrowed and vision may be blurred.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The heart rate increases (tachycardia).


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Seasonal regularity in the appearance of headaches is possible, which can prevail in spring and autumn.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Drinking alcohol during a period of headaches can cause pain.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Cluster headache is clinically different from migraine, and should not be confused with any other type of headache.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Characteristic features of patients


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

When studying cluster headaches, doctors found unusual similarities in patients suffering from them.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The observations are specific, and medical science still cannot explain their significance.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

In 1972, John Graham confirmed that most of the sufferers are big muscular men [1].


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

They are taller than average in height and often have a strong, sturdy body.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

These men usually have a square jaw and a forked chin.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The skin is rough, like orange peel; the forehead is often covered with deep wrinkles; most have light blue or light green eyes.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Up to 94% of those suffering from cluster headaches smoke cigarettes (more than 30 pieces per day) and start smoking in adolescence or adolescence.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

They also have a tendency to abuse alcohol.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

However, these similarities are only observations.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

It is not known why people with these physical characteristics and habits are more susceptible to cluster headaches.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The relationship between these traits and headaches remains fundamentally unclear, but doctors sometimes use these characteristics when diagnosing cluster headaches .


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

It is also unclear why drinking alcohol causes pain during the period of cluster headaches, and at the end of it does not have a noticeable effect on the onset of headaches.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The reasons


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Cluster headache is a cyclic disorder.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

All currently available evidence shows that this syndrome is associated with a person's biological clock.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The biological clock theory is partly due to the cyclical nature of these headaches and the fact that they often appear at the same time of day during the cycle.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The human biological clock regulates enzymatic activity, body temperature, hormonal secretion, as well as other physiological reactions.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

In patients with cluster headache, the body seems to have some difficulty managing these natural rhythms.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The hypothalamus that controls sleep and wakefulness is probably at the root of this mystery.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

It can send impulses to the central nervous system, the circulatory system, causing blood vessels to dilate.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

But it is believed that this dilation of blood vessels is a consequence, not the cause of this disease.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Serotonin levels can be another influencing factor; this brain chemical, together with histamine, regulates the biological clock, and is anatomically related to the eye.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Histamine levels can also be the cause of this problem.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Histamine is a vasoactive substance found primarily in the hypothalamus, which dilates blood vessels.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Scientists have found that injecting (administering) a small amount of histamine to patients causes headaches.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

This fact is referred to as evidence of a link between histamine and headache.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Many patients report that they wake up at night due to cluster headaches.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Scientists have found that about half of the time this awakening occurs during the REM phase, or, as it is also called, the phase of rapid movement of the eye.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The cause of these phenomena has not been sufficiently studied.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Alcohol, being a vasodilator factor, can provoke headaches during the cluster cycle.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Patients are warned of contraindications to alcohol consumption during periods of cluster headaches.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Treatments


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Since seizures are generally short-term, cluster headaches are difficult to treat.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

However, in April 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) registered a non-invasive medical device for the treatment of cluster headaches.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

[2] GammaCore reduces pain by electrostimulation of the vagus nerve.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

GammaCore technology was developed by the American company ElectroCore.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Studies were conducted in which 85 patients took part.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The results showed that the use of the device reduced the severity of pain by 34.2% (in the placebo group, the figure was 10.6%).


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

As shown in another trial (27 patients), a cluster headache attack occurred after 15 minutes in 47.5% of GammaCore users, and only 6.2% of patients from the placebo group.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

FDA specialists noted that the electrical stimulator should not be used by patients with implantable medical devices (in particular, with pacemakers), as well as with clinically significant hypertension, hypotension, bradycardia, or tachycardia.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

In addition, GammaCore is not recommended for people with implanted metal medical devices in the neck area.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Oxygen breathing (through a mask) is also used as another method to combat this syndrome.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Sometimes pain is relieved by intense physical exercises.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Also, the disease is treated with the use of medications, but only under the supervision of a doctor, while somatostatin, ergotamine, lidocaine (“nasal drops”) are used.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

In foreign treatment practice, Verapamil is successfully used in doses from 240 to 960 mg.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

At the same time, the effectiveness of treatment according to studies is up to 94% in patients with episodic seizures, and up to 55% in patients with chronic seizures.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

In 2007, American scientists conducted a study using psilocybin [4], in which amazing results were obtained.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

About 50% of patients either completely ceased to suffer from this disease, or received a significant weakening of seizures.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

However, this study did not meet all the requirements of evidence-based medicine, and the study sample was too small for adequate statistical analysis, as a result of which a reliable it is too early to say the effect of the drug, and evidence of the effectiveness of its use requires additional research.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

In the middle of the 20th century, scientific publications also reported amazing results when using natural tryptamine derivatives.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Due to the fact that the test substance (psilocybin) is almost universally classified as prohibited substances, it is not possible to organize large-scale studies.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Notes


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Literature


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

D. Heyer.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

A headache.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Neurology.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Ed.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

M. Samuels.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

— M.: “Praktika”, 1997.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Disease symptoms and treatment.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

The causes of the onset and prevention.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

— M.: “Kron-Press”, 1997.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Bondarenko U. S., Shiretorova D. S., Freidkov V. AND. Headache in children and adolescents.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

— M.: Society of Pediatric Neurologists, 1997.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

J.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Adler A. Rogers.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

From a sore head...//“Itogi”.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

— 16.02.1999.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

— PP. 51—54.


Question: What is a “histamine” headache?

Cluster headaches

Category:Headaches


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

Botulism (from Latin: botulus - sausage [1]) is a severe toxico-infectious disease characterized by damage to the nervous system, mainly the oblongata and spinal cord, occurring with the predominance of ophthalmoplegic and bulbar syndromes.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

It develops as a result of ingestion of food products [2], water or aerosols containing botulinum toxin produced by the spore-forming stick Clostridium botulinum.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

Botulinum toxin affects the motor neurons of the anterior horns of the spinal cord, as a result of which muscle innervation is disturbed, and progressive acute respiratory failure develops.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

The entrance gate is the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, damaged skin and lungs.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

The infection is not transmitted from person to person.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

Despite the fact that botulism is much less common than other intestinal infections and poisonings, it continues to be a relevant and life-threatening disease [3] [4] [5] [6] [7].


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

Historical background


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

It is assumed that people suffer from botulism throughout the entire period of human existence.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

Thus, the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI banned the use of black pudding due to life-threatening consequences [8].


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

However, the disease was documented only in 1793, when 13 people who ate blood pudding fell ill in Württemberg, 6 of whom died.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

This is where the disease got its name [9] [10].


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

Later, based on observations in 1817—1822, Yu.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

Kerner made the first clinical and epidemiological description of the disease.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

In his monograph of 1822, he described the symptoms of botulism (malaise, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.), and also suggested that small doses of botulinum toxin may be useful in the treatment of hyperkinesis [11].


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

In Russia, this disease was repeatedly described in the 19th century under the name “ichthyism” and was associated with the use of salted and smoked fish.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

The first detailed study in Russia was done by E.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

F. Zengbush [7].


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

At the end of the 19th century, 34 musicians in Belgium who were preparing to play at a funeral ate raw homemade ham.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

Within 24 hours, most musicians began to show symptoms of botulism.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

As a result, 3 people died, and another 10 were hospitalized for a week in serious condition.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

Bacteriologist Emil van Ermenghem isolated the pathogen from the remains of ham and from the spleen of the victims and called it Bacillus botulinus.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

He also found that the toxin is formed not in the patient's body, but in the thickness of the ham.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

At the same time, the first immune serum for the treatment of botulism was created.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

Researcher Alan Scott conducted the first animal trials of botulinum toxin in 1973 to reduce the activity of hyperkinetic muscles, and then, in 1978, under his leadership, trials began pathogen in humans, according to the FDA protocol approved [12].


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

Now, as before, botulism manifests itself both in the form of single poisonings and in the form of group cases.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

In 1818-1913, 98 group outbreaks of food poisoning were registered in Russia, which affected 608 people, that is, 6.2 people per outbreak.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

During the period 1974—1982, 81 outbreaks occurred, which, on average, accounted for 2.5 cases [8].


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

In recent decades, cases of the disease associated with the use of home-made canned food are common [6].


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

Grading


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

According to WHO recommendations, four categories of botulism are distinguished [7]:


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

food botulism (the disease occurs after eating foods containing accumulated botulinum toxin);


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

wound botulism (develops when the wound is contaminated with soil, in which the conditions necessary for the germination of Clostridium botulinum that has fallen from the soil and subsequent toxin formation are created);


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

childhood botulism (occurs in children mainly up to 6 months, when infected with Clostridium botulinum spores);


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

botulism of an unspecified nature (it is not possible to establish any connection between the disease that has arisen and the food product).


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

The severity of the disease distinguishes between mild, moderate and severe forms of the disease [13].


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

With a mild course in patients, paralytic syndrome is limited to damage to the oculomotor muscles; with moderate severity, the muscles of the pharynx and larynx are affected.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

The severe course is characterized by respiratory failure and severe bulbar disorders.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

Etiology


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

The causative agent of botulinum Clostridium botulinum belongs to the genus Clostridium, the Clostridiaceae family.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

This is an anaerobic, mobile, gram-positive [14], spore-forming rod with dimensions of (0.6—1.0) x (4—9) microns.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

[15] In smears, it looks like rods with rounded ends, forming subterminally located spores, the diameter of which exceeds the diameter of the vegetative form.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

Due to spores, the pathogen has the form of a tennis racket (which is characteristically different from other clostridia).


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

They do not form capsules, peritrichas, obligate anaerobes, located in disorderly clusters or small chains, are mobile.


Question: What is the causative agent of botulism?

Botulism

Seven types of pathogen (serovars) are known — A, B, C (subtypes C1 and C2), D, E, F and G, which differ in the antigenic structure of the exotoxin released [13].