Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Serbolužice literature is literature in Upper Luzhitsky and Lower Luzhitsky languages or written by Serbolužice authors in other languages.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The oldest written monument in the Lusatian language that has survived to this day is fragments of the so-called work “Magdeburgske glossy”, which dates back to the 12th century.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The regular publication of printed books in the Lusatian languages began in the 16th century.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

There is a corpus of “Lusatian Language Monuments”, published during the XVI-XVIII centuries and significantly influenced the development of the Lusatian languages.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

16th century


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Until the 16th century, the literary creativity of the Luzhitsky people existed mainly orally: for example, heroic (Our guys are going from the war) and church chants.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The oldest monument of Serbolužice writing is the text of the Latin psalm of the Magdeburg Manuscript (Magdeburgske glossy) of the 12th century with an interlinear translation into Old Lužice and German.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

According to Slavist G. Shuster-Shevets, the Slavic translation belongs to the West Lower Luga dialect.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The history of Serbolužice literature dates back to the Reformation — the 16th century.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The earliest monument of business writing is the Budishinskaya Oath of 1532.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

It was an oath of allegiance to the authorities taken by the Luzhitans after they received the right of equal citizens of Budishin.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Later, similar oaths appeared in other cities of Luzhitsa.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Translations of the Bible and other religious texts played an important role in the development of writing among the Upper- and Lower Luzhitsky Serbs in the 16th—18th centuries.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The first books were written and printed by Protestants in Lower Luga dialects: Miklavsh Yakubica translated the New Testament in 1548, and Albin Moller published the Little Catechism in 1574.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1595, the first printed book in Upper Luzhitsky was published, Luther's Small Catechism, translated by Vyatslav Vorekh [1] [2] [3].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1707, Yuri Gavshtyn Svetlik made a complete translation of the Bible.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In the XVI-XVII centuries, Upper Luzhitsky (in Catholic and Protestant versions) and Lower Luzhitsky written languages appeared.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

A number of monuments of Serbolužice writing were written in dialects that later died out.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1884, the Lusatian folklorist Hendrich Jordan discovered the manuscript of Gregoriusowe kěrlušowe knižki, which dates back to the end of the 16th century and is an example of the development of the Upper Lužice language and its dialects.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The creation of a single national language was also hampered by the territorial disunity of the Lusatian Serbs [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The Lusatian writer of the early 16th century, who wrote in Latin, was a teacher at Krakow and other European universities - Jan Rak (d. 1520).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1502, his Songs were published in Strasbourg.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

It is known that Cancer also wrote “Poems about a Puddle”.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Another major humanist and poet was Caspar Poiker (d. 1602).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

While imprisoned in Leipzig Prison, Poiker composed a Latin poem “The Idyll of the Motherland” in 1583, which was a chronicle of Bautzen's district (published in 1594).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The most famous opponent of the Reformation of the 16th century was Jan Luzycki, a teacher at the University of Krakow.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1560, he published a polemical book “Historical Narrative of Various Subjects”.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Born in Bautzen, Kaspar Yaniti composed the poem “The Face of the School” (“Prosopon Scholae”), in which he described the difficult situation of the school, the decline in the quality of education and the fall in morals.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Jakub Janus, a native of Cottbus (d. 1583), left behind numerous works, including “The Birthday of Christ” and “Acts of the Prophets”.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Lower Luzhitsky theologian and scientist Albin Moller in 1574 in Bautzen published the first books in the Lower Luzhitsky dialect: “The Small Catechism”, “Collection of Lusatian Psalms” and “The Eternal Church Calendar”.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In Lower Luga, Moller published works on astronomy and astrology in Leipzig: “A Detailed and Truthful Report on the New Comet” (1605) and “Great Practical Astrology” (1613).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1582 he wrote a book on medicinal plants.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1597, the Serbolužice priest Vyatslav Varihiy published a catechism he translated in Upper Lužice, to which an article in German was attached: “Information on how to use and pronounce letters in the Lusatian language” [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

17th century


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Jan Bock (d. 1621) was originally from Lower Luzhitsa, who spoke seven languages, including Lower Luzhitsa (which he called the “Sarmatian” language).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Bock wrote poems in Latin and German, as well as historical works about Hungarians and Turks.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In a poem of 1612, Bock glorified his native land “Mother Puddle” [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Khandrosh Tara (d. c. 1638) published Luther's Small Catechism in the West Lower Luga Stork dialect in 1610 in Frankfurt am Main.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Among his other manuscripts are Dictionary of the Lusatian Language in Buchholz and its Environs, the grammar of the Lusatian language, and the Lusatian Sermons (not preserved).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1627, Verkhneluzhitsky clergyman Gregor Martini published the book “Seven Penitent Psalms of the Royal Prophet David. Lusatian and German.”


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1650, priest Jan Hoinan prepared for publication the first grammar of the Lower Luga language with the Lower Luzhitsko-Latin dictionary “Linguae Vandalicae ad dialectum Cotbisiani formandae aliquis Conatus”.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Around the same time, Juro Ermel released the first primer in Lower Luga, “ABC — Kniglicki” (in 1669, the ABC book was banned and seized by the German authorities).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1654, priest Adam Tilo published a book in Lower Luzhitsky, Catechismus und Glaubens Articul (banned and destroyed by the German authorities in 1667).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1653-1656, the priests of the “Vendian District” published four books in the Lower Luzhitsky language: the Catechism, the Psalter, the Collection of Excerpts from the Bible and the Collection of Church Hymns.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1679, Jakub Xaver Titian published the Upper Lužice grammar “Principia linguae Wendicae” in Prague, which became the basis for the Upper Luzhitsky Catholic literary language [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Scientist and priest Yuri Ludovitsa (d. 1673) wrote the first grammar of the Upper Luzhitsky language “Rudimenta Grammaticae Sorabo-Vandalicae idiomatis Budissinatis deliniata”.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1675, the Lower Luzhitsky scientist Juro Krigar spoke at the University of Wittenberg and published the book “On the Serboluzhitans, the Slavic people, colloquially called the Venda”.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1689, Zachary Birling published a work on the Lusatian spelling, Didascalia seu Orthography Vandalica.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Michal Frenzel Sr. (d. 1706), as a priest in Bautzen, was engaged in translation activities in the Budishinsky dialect of the Upper Luzhitsky language.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1706, after Frenzel's death, his translation of the New Testament was published in full.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In his Greeting Letter to Peter I, who was in Germany in 1697, Frenzel wrote: “Oh, Saxony, especially you, Drezhany... you have never been honored so much that a great king and a great the sovereign, who, together with millions of his subjects, speaks our Luzhitsky or Sarmatian language, has come to us...” [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

XVIII century


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

One of the famous Lusatian families that played a significant role in the formation of Serbolužice literature was the Frenzel family, from which several representatives came out from the 1660s to the middle of the XVIII century Serbolužice scientific and creative intelligentsia.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The first known representative of this family was the translator Michal Frenzel, who in 1706 published the New Testament in the Upper Lužice language.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

His activities contributed to raising the prestige of the native language among Luzhitans [5].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Michal Frenzel was the father of the Lusatian encyclopedist Abraham Frenzel and poet Michal Frenzel, who, in turn, was the father of chronicler Salomon Boguchval Frenzel.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Abraham Frenzel (d. 1740) was the author of De originbus linguae Sorabicae (On the Origin of the Lusatian Language).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In the last two volumes, Frenzel explained the names of the settlements of Luzhitsy.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1719, Frenzel's book about the pagan deities of the Slavs and Luzhichans “De diis Slavorum in specie” was published.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1706, Jan Bogumil Fabricius, who stood at the origins of the Lower Luzhitsky literary language, opened the first printing house in Cottbus.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1721, a Latin-Luzhitsky dictionary compiled by Yuri Gavshtyn Svetlik was published in Budishin.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Jan Bohumer Richtar, a native of Cottbus, known for his research on beekeeping, published a historical and ethnographic work in German in 1730 “A collection of some reports about the city of Cottbus in Lower Lužice and the places adjacent to it.”


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1738, the monthly scientific publication Destinata Litteraria et Fragments Lusatica began to be published in Lübben.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Important educational institutions in which the Serbolužice intelligentsia were brought up were the Lužice Seminary (operated from 1728 to 1922) and the Lesser Town German Gymnasium in Prague.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Future Serbolužice writers and poets of the XVIII-XIX centuries studied in these institutions.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1766, Lipske nowizny a wšitkizny, the first newspaper in history in handwritten version in Upper Luzhitsky, was published.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

This newspaper was published by representatives of the Serbian Preaching Society, which arose in 1716 among Lusatian students at the University of Leipzig.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1728, this society published a Bible in the Upper Luzhitsky language, which was included in the corpus of the Luzhitsky Written Monuments.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

A member of this society was Gadam Boguhwal Sherah (d. 1773), a representative of the Enlightenment, who published a large number of religious texts.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1755, his article in German “Message in Defense of the Ancient Slavs and Luzhichans” was published, in which the author tried to debunk German prejudices against the Slavs.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In the second half of the 18th century, a large number of Lusatian publications in German appeared.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Thus, in 1768, the German-language Luzhitsky Journal was founded in Görlitz.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Yuri Men, a representative of the secular trend in literature, in 1767 composed a patriotic poem “The Luzhitsky language of opportunity and praise in a poetic song”.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Jan Gorchansky in 1782 published in German the book “Reflections of the Upper Luzhitsky Serb on the Fate of His People...”.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In the German magazine Lausitzer Provinzial-Blätter, Gorchansky wrote: “I confess right away: I am a Serboluzhican and I am not ashamed of my origin...”


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The Monthly for Teaching and Consolation (Mesačne pismo k rozwučenju a wokřewjenju), a socio-political magazine published in Bautzen in 1790, was immediately banned by the authorities Saxony, feared unrest.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Linguist Jan Bedrich Fritzo (d. 1819) translated the Old Testament into Lower Luga, and compiled a Lower Luga dictionary with grammar [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

19th century


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Educator journalist Jan Boguhval Deika (d. 1853) published the monthly Serbski powědar a kurěr (Lužice Storyteller and Courier) in Upper Lužice from 1809 to 1812.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The first half of the 19th century was the work of Upper Luzhitsky poets Rudolf Me, the inspirer of the national revival Gandry Lyubensky, Lower Luzhitsky writers Dabit Boguver Glovan, Pomgaibog Kristalyub Fritzo and Hanzo Nepila.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Bedrich Adolf Klin, known primarily as a publicist, also wrote poems in Latin and Upper Luzhitsky.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1826, a handwritten literary magazine Serbske Noviny began to be published.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The beginning of the most fruitful period of Romanticism in Upper Lusatia was associated with Gandry Seyler (d. 1872) and Hendrich August Krigar (d. 1858).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Seyler was the author of a song called “Beautiful Luzhitsa”, which became the national anthem of the Luzhitans.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

For Luzhitsa, Seyler is as important as A. S. Pushkin for Russia [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

National revival


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Until the 1840s, there were no permanent periodicals in the Lusatian language, most literary works were created in manuscripts, and there was no reading audience.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

During these years, a qualitatively new stage in the development of Serbolužice literature began.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1842, the weekly edition “Yutnichka” was published.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In the same year, Seyler began publishing the weekly newspaper Tydźenska Nowina, which existed under various names until the ban in 1937.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1847, Matica Serbolužitska was created (following the example of similar institutions in Serbia and the Czech Republic), which gathered around it the Lusatian intelligentsia, as well as educated artisans and peasants.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Jan Velya-Radyserb and Jan Bartko began publishing the political newspaper Serbski Nowinkar in 1848, which began to advocate the abolition of the monarchy.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

If Seyler was a lyricist, Jan Wela was a master of ballad, fable and political poem.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Another lyricist of Upper Luzhitsky poetry was the first Luzhitsky poetess Herta Vichazets (d. 1885).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1848, the Lower Lužick-language newspaper Bramborski Serbski Tsasnik began to be published in Cottbus, which was published under its name until 1939.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1880, a branch of Matica was established in Lower Luzhitsa.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1851, a Serbolužice book publishing store was opened in Budishin.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1875, Ya.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Smoler bought a printing house at the expense of patrons.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1848, Časopis Maćicy Serbskeje (Journal of Matica Serbolužická) was founded, which was published twice a year (before the ban in 1937).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

From 1860 to 1881, the literary magazine Łužičan (Lužicanin) was published.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

From 1876 to 1881, another literary magazine, Lipa Serbska, was published [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In the society of Lusatian students “Serbovka” in Prague, the work of Upper Lužice poets began: Miklausz Yatslavka, Michal Gornik, Jan Chesla.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1861, Michal Leshava, a student and member of Serbovka, began publishing his handwritten illustrated magazine Serb, on the pages of which the future famous Lusatians published their first poetic experiments poets who were studying in Prague at that time.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Yatslavka's poems are close to Seyler's political lyrics.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Gornik composed patriotic and political poems, romances and ballads, was actively engaged in translation activities (for example, in 1853-1854, Gornik was the first to translate into Upper Luzhitsky “The Word of Igor's regiment”).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Chesla developed the genre of historical romantic poem (“Serbian King”, “King Przybyslav”), wrote poems and ballads that described the period of almost two centuries of independence of the Lusatian Serbs in The Middle Ages.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In the second half of the 1870s, the work of the largest Upper Luzhitsky poet (after Seyler), Yakub Barth, began, who in 1884 became known under the pseudonym Chishinsky.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

He brought a pronounced individuality and strengthened the national principle in poetry.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In his poetic work “In the Fortress” (1880), Bart-Chishinsky depicted a dramatic picture of the struggle of the Slavs against the Franks, with hints of his own era.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Prominent Lower Luzhitsky poets at that time were Quito Fritzo Stempel and Mato Kosyk.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Having written philosophical poems “Three Mighty Horns”, “The Search for the Old Moon, or the Conquest of the Lusatian Serbs”, Stempel was misunderstood by his contemporaries.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Considering the world as an “acoustic phenomenon”, the author brings the reader to an original interpretation of the Serbolužice language.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Kosyk wrote large poems: “Serbian Wedding in Blots” (1880) in the genre of village idyll and “The Betrayal of Margrave Gero” (1881).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The second poem is based on a historical legend in which the German Margrave Gero lures Slavic leaders to negotiate peace, and then kills them [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Serboluzhitskaya prose began to develop actively since the 1840s.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1847, the first book edition of Veli-Radyserb's “Stories” was published.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The writer made a significant contribution to the development of the genre of Serbolužice historical prose.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In the novel “Jan Manya, or Where is My Home” (1896), Velya-Radyserb wrote about the problems of young Luzhitans who emigrated to America.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1902, he published Serbolužice Proverbs (with ten thousand proverbs); in 1907 - “Riddles”, in 1909 - “Folk Metaphors”.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In the genre of topical socio-political prose, Verkhneluzhitsky writer Jan Boguver Muchink wrote the novel “Gribovtsy, or a Political Narrative from Our Times” in 1849.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Julius Eduard Velan, Michal Gornik and others wrote in the genres of actual political, didactic and satirical prose at that time.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Serbolužice literature maintained the closest ties at this time with Czech literature, which ranked first in terms of the number of translated works (Polish and third places were taken by Polish and Russian literature) [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

20th century


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

At the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, there was the work of German writers Jan Valtar, who wrote in Upper Luzhitsky, and Yuri Sauerwein, who wrote in the Lower Luzhitsky language.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

From 1900 to 1906, the Union of Serbolužice Writers organized by Miklash Andritsky operated.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Andritsky developed a new genre for national literature “poems in prose”.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

His techniques were actualized in the poetry of Jan Kruzh (d. 1918), Jan Linert (1974) and Joseph Novak (d. 1978).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

A significant contribution to secular and religious lyrics was made by the Protestant poet of Upper Luzhitsky literature Matey Urban (d. 1931).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Urban also showed himself as a major translator of ancient, German and Slavic poetry into the Upper Luzhitsky language.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Poets of folk song lyrics were Jan Emanuel Dobrutsky (d. 1921), Jan Gainza (d. 1926), Jan Ciz (d. 1948) and Joseph Jakubash (d. 1958) [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In Verkhneluzhitsky prose of this period, a historical story and novel developed in the works of Jan Veli-Radyserb, Yuri Vinger (d. 1918), Jan Valtar (d. 1921), Emanuel Dobrutsky, Yakub Lorenz- Zalessky (d. 1939), Matey Gandrik (d. 1945).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In the publishing house, Andritsky's traditions were continued by Yuri Delenk (d. 1918) and Franz Kral-Rachloutz (d. 1915).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

A major novelist of this time was Michal Navka (d. 1968), whose work was distinguished by a socio-critical orientation.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Jakub Lorenz-Zalesski wrote the historical and mythological novel “Serbian Heroes”, which was published in 1900.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The story takes place during the German-Slavic wars of the 10th century [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The interwar period


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1919, bilingual publications in German and Lusatian appeared: the weekly Serbske słowo (published in 1919) and the daily Serbski Dźenik, which was published until 1921.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Jan Skala was a prominent publicist of the interwar period.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

At that time, literature in the Lusatian language was actively published by the Prague branch of the Union of Serbolužice Writers.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1931, the novel by Y.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Lorenz-Zalessky “Island of the Forgotten”, which was the pinnacle of Serbolužice prose in the period between the world wars.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1920, Josef Pata published the literary Serbolužice Reader (Serbska čitanka) in Prague in Lusatian languages.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1934, the first department of the Lusatian Language, Literature and Cultural History was opened at Charles University in Prague [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1919, Josef Novak published a poetry collection “With the Spirit of Freedom”, which was a manifesto of the revived Serbolužice literature.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

His poem “To revolt, Serbs!” (1919) was repeatedly quoted by newspapers in Nazi Germany to justify the “final solution” to the Lusatian question.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1921, Novak's historical drama The Last King was published.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Other poets of this period were Michal Navka, Jan Linert, Yuri Hezhka, as well as Mina Witkoitz, who wrote the collection “Wreath of Flowers from Blot” (1934).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Vitkoits was also engaged in translation activities from Upper Luzhitsky, Czech, Slovak, and Russian languages.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Even before the Nazis came to power, Witkoitz was prosecuted for “anti-German activities” and banned from writing in 1933.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Other Lower Luzhitsky poetess of this period were Liza Domashkoits and Mariana Domashkoits [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

From 1923 to 1937, the newspaper Serbske Nowiny published more than 600 articles and essays by writer Yuri Slodenok.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Writer Mercin Novak-Nehornski (d. 1990) was engaged in the development of the genre of artistic travel essays.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

During the interwar period, Novak-Nehornski published more than 200 essays and feuilletons against German nationalism.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

He also showed himself as a translator, artist and illustrator of books.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

At that time, his books “In the Kingdom of Dusan the Strong” (1936) and “On the Luzhitsky Roads” (1937) were published, which were banned.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In addition to Novak-Nehornski, during this period there were other writers of socio-critical prose — J.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Skala, Ya.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Lorents-Zalessky, Marya Kubashets, Miklausz Bedrich-Radlubin.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The newspaper Serbske Noviny published novels, novels and stories by Romuald Domashka (d. 1945).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Novelist Yuri Velya proved to be a playwright, writing anti-Nazi plays “Master and Worker” (1931), “Dragon” (1936) and others [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The period of National Socialism


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1933, persons objectionable to the authorities were removed from the Serbolužice publishing house, including Lorenz-Zaleski, Novak-Nehornsky and Mina Vitkoitz.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

They were forbidden to write, Novak-Nehornsky was arrested.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The reaction to the events in Lužice was the protests in Czechoslovakia, after which the repression stopped for a while.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1934, journalist Marja Grolmusets was accused of anti-fascist activities and arrested (died in custody in the Ravensbrück concentration camp).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Part of the Serbolužice intelligentsia was evicted from Lužica.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

At the beginning of 1937, Domovina, led by Pavol Nedo, refused to accept the draft charter of the Union of Vendian-Speaking Germans proposed in an ultimatum form, which humiliated national dignity Lusatian Serbs.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

On March 18, 1937, Domovina was actually liquidated (together with its press organs); Matica Serboluzhitskaya was dissolved, the publishing house and printing house were closed, the library and archive were arrested.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

A decree followed on the withdrawal of all Serbolužice literature from libraries.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The public use of the Lusatian language was banned.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The German press received an unspoken order to avoid any mention of the Lusatian Serbs, and even the use of the term “Lusatian Serbs” (Sorben, Wenden) was banned.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The atmosphere of arrests and threats caused the premature death of Jan Skala and Yakub Lorents-Zalessky, and Yuri Khezhka died.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Members of Domovina began anti-fascist resistance, expressed in the distribution of anti-fascist materials.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

A number of writers have been arrested.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1944, Yang Cizh and Domovina chairman Pavol Nedo were arrested, who was later released from prison by the Soviet army [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In the post-war period, Serbolužice literature reached an unprecedented heyday for itself.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

During this period, the Luzhitsky Serbs maintained the most active inter-Slavic literary ties with Czechoslovakia, followed by Poland, the Ukrainian SSR, the RSFSR, the Byelorussian SSR and Yugoslavia.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

During the ban of fascist Germany on the use of the Lusatian language, the number of native speakers decreased.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

After 1945, Serbolužice writers wrote both in the Lusatian languages and in German.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Thus, the poet Quito Lorenz (b. 1938) began to write in his native language only after studying Slavic studies at the age of 14.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Bilingualism has increased the influence of German literature on Serbolužice literature.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Relations with all other Slavic literature have intensified, and the number of translations from Luzhitsky into other languages has increased.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In May 1945, the work of Domovina was resumed.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1946, on the initiative of writer Yuri Brezan, the Association of Serbolužice Writers was restored, which later became part of the Writers' Union of the GDR.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1947, Domovina received permission to open its own publishing house and printing house; the Luzhitsky newspaper Nova Doba began to be published.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1948, regular radio broadcasting began in the Lusatian languages.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1950, Rozglyad, a monthly publication of a cultural and political nature, was founded.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In 1951, the Institute of Serbolužice Ethnology was established at the Academy of Sciences of the GDR, and the Institute of Sorabic Studies at the University of Leipzig, where Serbolužice literature began to be taught [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Poets Ota Vichaz, Mina Vitkoitz, Mercin Novak-Nehornsky, Michal Navka, Jan Linert, Yuri Vujesh, Josef Novak, as well as writer Marja Kubashets resumed their literary activity.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Yuri Brezan was a prominent poet of the first decade after the end of the war.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

After the publication of the book of poems and prose “Rye Grows on the Boundary” in German in 1951, Brezan became a bilingual writer.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In the mid-1950s, Brezan switched to prose.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Another poet of this decade was Yuri Mlynk (d. 1971).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In his poem “To the Light” (1947), the lyrical poet reproduces a picture of Luzhitsa's life during the Nazism.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Mlynk was also engaged in translating German foreign poetry into the Lusatian language.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In the early 1960s, a new generation of Lusatian poets emerged, including Quito Lorenz and Yuri Koch.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

If for Koch poetry was a transitional stage of creativity on the way to prose, Lorenz became the leading Lusatian poet.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Writer Marya Kubashets developed genres of historical and biographical prose.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The trilogy “Boschiy Serbin” (1963—1967) was dedicated to Kubashets to the Lusatian figure of the national revival of the XVIII century Boschiy Serbin.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

She also translated Slavic writers into the Luzhitsky language, wrote books for children.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The post-war work of Mercin Novak-Nehornsky consists of autobiographical and artistic essays.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Novak-Nehornsky collected his literary fairy tales in the book “The Bearded Brownie and Other Tales” (1950).


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

He also translated Russian classics.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Other writers of the older generation who began working before the establishment of the Nazi regime in Germany during this period were Kurt Krenz, Yuri Vinar, Anton Navka, Jan Tsyzh, Yuri Kubash-Worklechan and Wilem Bero.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

By the 1960s, the beginning of the work of writers Pyotr Malinka, Marya Mlynkova, Beno Solta, Yuri Kravzha, Beno Budar, Yuri Kokh, Jan Vornar dates back to the 1960s.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Dramaturgical works were created by Peter Malink (“Rebel Yan Tsushka”, “Request for Pardon”, “The Night Patient”), Yuri Brezan (“Night in the Forest”, “Marya Yanchova”) [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In the 1970s, notes related to the awareness of the contradictions of socialist society appeared in the works of Yuri Koch, Quito Lorenz, Benedict Dyrlikh, Angela Stakhova.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In his poem “The Serbolužice Psalm” (1975-1977), Josef Novak summed up his own reflections on the fate of the Lusatian Serbs.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Since 1973, Lorenz worked as the editor-in-chief of the Serboluzhitsky Poetry series.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

During the years of socialist industrialization, the coal industry developed in Lužice.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Until 1989, 46 Luzhitsky settlements were completely demolished, and another 27 settlements were partially destroyed.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In the collection “Struga” (1967), Lorenz described two worldviews: a “socialist” person who is proud of the growth of socio-economic potential, and a “normal” person who is horrified by destruction of native villages and surrounding nature.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Other poets of this period were Rozha Domashtsyna (b. 1951), Beno Budar (b. 1946), Marya Kravtsets (b. 1948), Tomas Navka (b. 1949), Herat Libsch (b. 1935) [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Brezan continued to write, focusing not on national, but on social problems.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

For his novel “Krabat or the Transfiguration of the World” (1976), Brezan received the third National Prize of the GDR.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The greatest writer of this period was Yuri Kokh (b. 1936), who created his works both in the Lusatian languages and in German.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In Koch's prose, the national element prevailed over the social element.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Like Lorenz in poetry, Koch dealt with the environmental topic in his prose.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

In the novel “Land Surveyors”, published in 1975, Koch combined the problem of nature ecology with the ecology of the Luzhitsky people into a single whole.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Other prose writers of this period were Jan Vornar, Yuri Kravzha, Krzeschan Kravets, as well as writers of the older generation: Mina Vitkoitz, Herbert Novak, Marja Kubashets, Hanzha Bienshova, Anton Navka and others.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Among the Lower Luzhitsky writers are Sabina Dunkeloyc, Ingrid Khusteteteoitz, Margita Geinrikhova, Uwe Gutschmit, Ingrid Naglova, Yuri Koch, Herbert Novak, Monika Slokova, Hinz Richtar, Rozha Shenkareva.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Luzhitskaya drama remained poorer than prose and lyrics: according to D. Solt, only 50 plays were written during the post-war period.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

The plays were created most often based on the works of Serbolužice prose (for example, based on the novel “Between Seven Bridges” by Koch) [4].


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

21st century


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

An important source of preserving the heritage of Lower Lužice literature and culture was a series of books entitled Podstupimske pśinoski k Sorabistice, published by the University of Potsdam since 2000.


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

See also


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

List of Lusatian writers and poets


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Serbolužice epic


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Notes


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Literature


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

References


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Article on Zeno.org (in German)


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

On the website of the Serbolužice Institute (in German)


Question: When was the first grammar of the Lower Luzhitsky language written?

Serbolužice literature

Category:Lusatian literature


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Figure skates are skates for figure skating.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Their distinctive feature is the presence of a short row of teeth on the front of the skate blade, which are necessary to perform some elements of figure skating: steps, spins and jumps.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

The blade of the figure skates protrudes about 3 cm behind the heel of the boot.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

History


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Skates were invented many centuries ago, [1] the term “figure” appeared only in the 19th century as a response to the growing popularity of figure skating, and coincided with the first world championships.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

At that time, the mandatory part of the performance was the so-called “mandatory figures”, canceled only in the 1990s.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

[2] Figure skating consisted in the ability to draw intricate figures on the ice and maintain a beautiful pose at the same time.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

By the middle of the XIX century, the blade of the skate became taller and more rounded, the skates began to be made steel, improving their attachment to shoes, until they began to be screwed tightly to the shoes.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Boots


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Figure skating boots are traditionally made by hand from leather.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

The design has undergone significant changes throughout the 20th century.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Athletes in the 1920s and 1930s wore elastic boots with high tops, now it is believed that the bootleg should be eight to nine centimeters above the ankles, [5]


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

and the boot should sit on the leg tightly and firmly fix it.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

[6] Heels come in different heights, for example, ice dancing athletes prefer a high heel, as it allows better control over the change of direction.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Traditionally, skaters wear black boots, and figure skaters wear white and beige boots, although other colors are also allowed.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

blade


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

The blades are made of high-quality chrome-plated steel.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Hardening is carried out in such a way that the ridge runner and the lower part of the side surfaces of the blade have the greatest hardness, while the rest remains less hard.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

This allows the skate to maintain its elasticity.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

[7] Expensive models are equipped with removable runners, as the boot body does not wear out as much as its blades.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

The blade of the skate for single skating has a thickness of about 4 mm, the dance blade is about 2.5 mm.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Figure skate blades for single skating, as a rule, are sharpened with a radius of 11 to 15 mm “under the groove” (this is the name of a groove in the form of an arc of a circle along the entire length, along the lower edge of the runner), and dance — from 9 to 13.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

The groove creates two so-called. The “ribs” of the ridge are internal and external.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

They are of great importance for the skater (without them, the skate blade will fall to the side, the skater will not be able to repel well and keep his balance correctly), so sharpening the skates is not so much about sharpening the sides of the blade as in restoring the groove, which is leveled during training.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

[5] The front has several sharp teeth, which are also necessary when performing various elements — spins, footpaths and jumps.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Also of great importance is the radius of curvature of the blade, measured in the most “stable” back of the ridge.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

It can range from 7 to 8½ feet.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

For beginner skaters, blades with a larger radius of curvature are recommended.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Types


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Notes


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Literature


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

GOST 22357-87.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Figure skating skates.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

General specifications.


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

References


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Media related to Figure skates at Wikimedia Commons


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Category:Sports equipment


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Category:Figure skating


Question: Who came up with figure skates?

Figure skates

Category:Sport shoes


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The Louvre Abu Dhabi is an art museum in Abu Dhabi that opened in 2017 [1] [2].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The Louvre Abu Dhabi collection includes exhibits from various eras and civilizations, including paintings by Leonardo da Vinci (Savior of the World) [3], Picasso [4], Gauguin, Manet, Magritte, Bellini [5].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

Location


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The museum building is located on Saadiyat Island.


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The island will also house a branch of the Solomon Guggenheim Museum and the Sheikh Zayed National History Museum.


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

Architecture


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The Louvre Abu Dhabi has many water channels and a huge openwork dome.


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

This makes it possible to give visitors the feeling that the museum is located in the open air on the open sea [6].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The building has an area of approximately 24,000 m² [7].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

Museum construction


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

Jean Nouvel is the architect of the Louvre Abu Dhabi.


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The decision to establish the museum was made in 2007 [7].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

Construction began on May 26, 2009, and the ceremony was attended by French President Jacques Chirac and Muhammad bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi [8].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The Louvre Abu Dhabi was originally expected to open in 2012 [7].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

In January 2012, it was announced that the museum would open in 2015 [9].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The opening date was later postponed to 2016 [10].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

In 2016, Abu Dhabi authorities appointed Frenchman Manuel Rabaté as director of the museum and announced that the museum would open in 2017 [11] [12].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

On September 6, 2017, French Minister of Culture Francoise Nissen announced the final date for the opening of the Louvre in Abu Dhabi - November 11 of the same year.


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The opening ceremony is scheduled to be attended by high-ranking official guests led by French President Emmanuel Macron [13].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

On November 11, 2017, the museum was opened to the public [2]; a solemn ceremony with the participation of the presidents of France and the UAE took place on November 8 [14].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

Collection


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The museum displays about 300 exhibits [15] from the Louvre, the Georges Pompidou Center, Versailles [16].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

In 2014, it was announced that the Louvre Abu Dhabi was renting Leonardo da Vinci's Beautiful Ferroniere from French museums [17], works by Matisse, Van Gogh's self-portrait, Napoleon at the Saint-Bernard Pass by Jacques-Louis David, “Gare de Saint-Lazare” by Claude Monet [18].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The museum also has themed halls where antiquities from various countries are exhibited: China, India, Iraq, Congo, etc. The museum displays religious objects from different cultures side by side: a page from the 9th century Blue Quran, a Yemeni Torah from 1498 and two Gothic Bibles from the 13th century.


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

There is also a two-headed bust from Jordan (6000 BC) and a stone tool from Saudi Arabia (350,000).


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The museum is called the first universal museum in the Arab world [15].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

cost


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The construction cost of the Louvre Abu Dhabi building is estimated at 600 million euros [19].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The Louvre in Paris, represented by France-Muséums, undertakes to provide consulting services, rent art objects and give the right to use the Louvre brand until 2037 — all this cost the creators of the museum about a billion euros [15].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

Criticism


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The decision to build the Louvre Abu Dhabi and transfer paintings from the collections of French museums to it caused criticism among some French artists [20].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

4,700 museum experts, archaeologists and art historians signed a petition stating that “[French] museums are not for sale” [21].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

Accusations were also made of exploiting workers building the museum.


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

For example, The Guardian called the working conditions of builders “modern slavery” [22].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

The architect of the museum Jean Nouvel, responding to criticism, said that the conditions for the builders of the museum are better than that of some builders in Europe [23].


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

Notes


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

References


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

on YouTube


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

Category:Art museums


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

Category:Art of the United Arab Emirates


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

Abu Dhabi


Question: What are the opening hours of the Louvre?

Louvre Abu Dhabi

Category:Abu Dhabi


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Main article: Nuclear weapons


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Prerequisites


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

In 1898, Polish scientists Marie Sklodowska-Curie and her husband, French scientist Pierre Curie, discovered in nasturan, a uranium mineral, a substance that emits a large amount of radiation.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

This discovery suggested that there is a huge potential for unprecedented energy contained in the atoms of radioactive elements.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

In 1911, Ernest Rutherford made important discoveries in the field of atomic research, and in 1932 Ernest Walton and John Cockroft were able to split the nucleus of an atom for the first time.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

German program


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

American program


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Soviet program


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Development and first test


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Main articles: The Manhattan Project, Trinity (trial)


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The Manhattan Project began on September 17, 1943.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

It attracted many outstanding physicists, many of whom were refugees from Europe.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

By the summer of 1945, the Americans had managed to build 3 atomic bombs, 2 of which were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the third was tested shortly before.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The design of the Hiroshimov Malysh, a uranium nuclear bomb, was simple and reliable (albeit ineffective), and American scientists had no doubt about its success.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The plutonium “Fat Man”, on the other hand, had a more complex, but also more effective design, and needed to be verified.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

So on July 16, 1945, New Mexico conducted the world's first test of an atomic bomb, called Trinity (Trinity).


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Main article: Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

On the morning of August 6, 1945, the American B-29 Enola Gay bomber (crew commander Colonel Paul Tibbets [1]) dropped the Little Boy uranium bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

According to various estimates, the power of the explosion ranged from 13 to 18 kilotons in TNT equivalent.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Three days later, on August 9, 1945, the Fat Man plutonium atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki by pilot Charles Sweeney.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Its power was much higher and amounted to 15-22 kt.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

This is due to the more advanced design of the bomb.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Estimates of human losses from attacks are very difficult.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

It is believed that 140,000 people died in Hiroshima from the explosion and its consequences; a similar estimate for Nagasaki is 74,000 people.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

These figures, published in February 1946 by the headquarters of the American occupation army in Japan, do not take into account deaths after February 1946 from radiation sickness and other effects of radiation exposure in explosions [2].


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The exceptional destructive power of nuclear weapons, demonstrated by the bombing, was the starting point of a nuclear arms race between the US and the USSR, which was later joined by others countries.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Cold War


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

See also: Nuclear Race


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

In the first years after the end of World War II, the United States was the only “nuclear state” in the world.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The US leadership assumed that the Soviet Union was very far from creating its own bomb.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Meanwhile, the US has tried to derive as much benefit as possible from its temporary superiority.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

In particular, there were attempts to put pressure on Stalin on issues such as Berlin and Czechoslovakia.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

In this situation, the Soviet leader concluded that only because of this, the United States will not risk launching a new war against the Soviet state.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Meanwhile, the USSR was actively developing its own atomic bomb.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

During the war, research was limited due to a shortage of uranium, but supplies from Eastern Europe now solved this problem.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

All conditions were created for physicists to accelerate the pace of work as much as possible.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

On December 3, 1944, “monitoring the development of work on uranium” by the decree of the GKO of the USSR was entrusted to the Deputy Chairman of the GKO L. P. Beria.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The United States believed that the USSR would not have nuclear weapons until at least the mid-50s.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

However, on August 29, 1949, the work of Soviet nuclear physicists ended in success.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The RDS-1 bomb, which exploded on this day, was called in the West in honor of Stalin: “Jo-1”.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The nuclear race has begun.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

In addition to the atomic bomb for testing on August 29, 1949, two more RDS-1 bombs were manufactured in the USSR by the end of 1949, and nine more in 1950.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

However, all these bombs were experimental devices, and the USSR at that time did not have means of delivery.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

In January-February 1951, four more atomic bombs were manufactured.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Thus, by March 1, 1951, the USSR had 15 atomic bombs of the RDS-1 type.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

By the end of 1951, a total of 29 RDS-1 atomic bombs had been manufactured, including the first three mass-produced atomic bombs.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

After the successful testing of the Soviet atomic charge “502-M” (RDS-2) on September 24, 1951, the production of atomic bombs of this type RDS-2 was mastered by the end of 1951.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

As of January 1, 1952, the USSR had 35 atomic bombs, 29 of which were RDS-1 and 6 RDS-2.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Theoretically, the USSR could deliver these bombs to the United States.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

On August 29, 1951, the Council of Ministers of the USSR decided to begin construction of the first military depots — nuclear bases designed to store and prepare for the use of atomic bombs.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

There were only four of them: in the north of Crimea, in western Ukraine, in Belarus and in the north-west of Russia.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The construction of the first two nuclear weapons storage bases was completed in 1955. In 1956, a central nuclear weapons storage base was put into operation.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

On October 18, 1951, the first Soviet aerial atomic bomb (RDS-3 with the 501-m nuclear charge) was first tested by dropping it from an aircraft (Tu-4) This bomb began to be prepared for adoption ( was adopted in 1954) In 1952 and 1953, successful flight control tests (LKI) of the RDS-3 aerial bomb were carried out.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Huge amounts of money were invested in improving the quality of weapons and increasing their quantity.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Both nations quickly began to develop thermonuclear weapons.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The US detonated such a device on November 1, 1952.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Surprising everyone again, the Soviet Union launched a thermonuclear explosion just 8 months later.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The Soviet hydrogen bomb RDS-6s was completely a product of its own design, since espionage in the United States did not bring results.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

And most importantly, it was the first bomb in the size of the bomb bay of an aircraft, and not a stationary structure the size of a two-story house, as in the United States.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Development was also actively carried out on means of delivering nuclear weapons, primarily strategic bombers.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

In this area, the US began to work with a clear handicap, but the emergence of interceptor jets reduced the American advantage to nothing.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

In the early 50s, the US Air Force introduced B-47 and B-52 jet bombers capable of penetrating the airspace of the USSR.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

A copy of the Vostok missile (R-7 modification) in Moscow at VDNH


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

In the second half of the 50s, the USSR developed the first R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

On October 4, 1957, this rocket launched the first artificial Earth satellite into space.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The first American ICBM was launched on October 31, 1959.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The current situation


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

As of August 2009, the US Department of Defense has approximately 5,600 warheads, both ready for installation and already placed on carriers.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

In April 1995, nuclear weapons were exported to Russia from Kazakhstan, by June 1996 — from Ukraine and by November 1996 — from Belarus [3].


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

As of January 2009, Russia's strategic nuclear forces (SNF) included 634 strategic carriers capable of carrying 2,825 nuclear warheads.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

As of July 2009, Russia's strategic nuclear forces (SNF) already had 608 strategic carriers capable of carrying 2,683 nuclear warheads.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Russian nuclear weapons are under the jurisdiction of the 12th Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

According to the agreement signed in May 2002, the United States and Russia must reduce their nuclear arsenals by two-thirds by January 31, 2012, to the level of 1,700 to 2,200 warheads for each side [4].


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Nine countries possess nuclear weapons: the United States, Russia, Great Britain, France, China, India, Pakistan, Israel (presumably) and North Korea.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Of these, only five countries have signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (the United States, Russia, Great Britain, France and China).


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

More information can be found on the Nuclear Club page.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons was approved by the UN General Assembly on June 12, 1968, and opened for signature on July 1, 1968 in Moscow, Washington and London.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The Treaty entered into force on March 5, 1970 after the deposit of instruments of ratification.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Ratified by the USSR on November 24, 1969 190 States are parties to the Treaty.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

India, Pakistan and Israel remain outside the NPT.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The DPRK announced its withdrawal from the NPT.


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Major nuclear explosions


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

The power of the exploded devices is indicated in kilotons of TNT equivalent [5].


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

See also


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Nuclear race


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Nuclear weapons


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Nuclear explosion


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Nuclear club


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Nevada — Semipalatinsk


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Vela Incident


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Notes


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Literature


Question: When did the world's first nuclear explosion take place?

The history of nuclear weapons

Category:Nuclear weapons


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko (Ukrainian: Nadia Viktorivna Savchenko; born May 11, 1981, Kiev) - Ukrainian statesman, politician.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Deputy of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the VIII convocation since November 27, 2014.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

[1] [2] Hero of Ukraine (2015) [3].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Chairman of the political party “Socio-Political Platform of Nadiya Savchenko” since April 14, 2017.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

[4] [5] [6]


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

In the past, he was a member of the Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to PACE (from December 25, 2014 to December 22, 2016) [7] [8].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Former serviceman of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, captain of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Navigator-operator of the Mi-24 helicopter of the 3rd Separate Regiment of Army Aviation of the Armed Forces of Ukraine [9].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Savchenko gained fame after she ended up in a Russian pre-trial detention center under unclear circumstances [10].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

She was convicted by the Donetsk City Court of the Rostov region “for involvement in the murder of journalists of VGTRK” on June 17, 2014 near Lugansk and sentenced to 22 years in prison.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Pardoned by decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 25, 2016 [11].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

She was recognized by human rights organizations as a political prisoner in 2015 and 2016.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Savchenko is one of the likely candidates for the post of President of Ukraine in the presidential elections in 2019.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On March 22, 2018, she was arrested by the SBU in the building of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on suspicion of organizing a coup d'etat and terrorist attacks [13].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On January 26, 2019, she was nominated as a presidential candidate of Ukraine at the congress of the Nadiya Savchenko Socio-Political Platform party [14].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

In her election program, Savchenko proposed to give a special status to all territorial communities in Ukraine to resolve the conflict in the Donbas.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

In particular, Savchenko believes that the change in the administrative structure within the unitary, conciliar and indivisible Ukraine is a process of real decentralization and the creation of a powerful municipality, as the basis of the state [15].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

In addition, Nadezhda Savchenko proposed to deprive parliamentarians of immunity, introduce a mechanism for impeachment of the president and create a new Constitution taking into account the modern needs of society [16].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

family


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

His father, Viktor Grigorievich Savchenko (January 1, 1929 — March 5, 2003), was an agricultural machinery engineer, was a communist, loved motorcycles (he earned money to buy in Argentina), love for motorcycles handed over to his daughter Nadezhda, for some time as a specialist he belonged to the Soviet party nomenclature, during the Great Patriotic War he worked at the Kiev Cartridge Plant [17]) [18] [19]


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Her mother, Maria Ivanovna Savchenko (born March 29, 1938), worked as a seamstress, married at the age of 42, her family was dispossessed and exiled to Kolyma, her mother's four brothers died at the front, two reached Berlin in as part of the Belarusian Front and the Ukrainian Front.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

[9] [19] [20] [21] [22].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Sister Vera Viktorovna Savchenko (born January 12, 1983) [23] is an architect by profession, works as an assistant to the People's Deputy of Ukraine Sergey Vlasenko.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

[24] [25]


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Biography


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko was born on May 11, 1981 in Kiev.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Since childhood, I dreamed of becoming a combat aircraft pilot.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

She studied at Kiev school No. 238 with the Ukrainian language of instruction, spoke only Ukrainian, although she also understood Russian [26].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

After graduating from Kyiv School No. 238 [24], she received a degree in fashion designer, after which she studied at the Faculty of Journalism of Kyiv National University for a year.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Worked at the phone sex service for $100 an hour [27].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Then she entered the Armed Forces of Ukraine under contract, starting her service in the railway troops [9] as a radio operator [28].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

When the first contract battalion of airmobile troops was being formed, she signed a contract for service in the 95th airmobile brigade in Zhytomyr.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

In 2004-2005, as part of the Ukrainian contingent, she took part in the invasion of Iraq by coalition forces, where she served for six months as a shooter of the 3rd company of the 72nd separate mechanized battalion [9].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

After returning from Iraq, she entered the Kharkov Air Force University, for which she received permission personally from the Minister of Defense of Ukraine Anatoly Gritsenko [29].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

She was expelled from the university twice as “unfit for departure as a pilot”, but she recovered twice and graduated as a navigator in 2009.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

As a navigator, she studied as a Su-24 front-line bomber, but at the end of her training she was sent to another aircraft, the Mi-24 helicopter.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

After graduation, she served as a navigator-operator of the Mi-24 of the 3rd Separate Regiment of Army Aviation of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in Brody.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

He has 170 flying hours and 45 parachute jumps [30].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On June 16, 2016, the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine stated that Nadezhda Savchenko was dismissed from military service in the reserve in 2014 by order of the Minister of Defense of Ukraine dated November 10, 2014 in connection with organizational arrangements [31].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Involvement in the fighting in eastern Ukraine


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

She went to the armed conflict zone in eastern Ukraine in 2014 on vacation, was at Kramatorsk airport with the Ukrainian military [26].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Later she took part in hostilities as a volunteer of the battalion “Aidar” [32] with the call sign “Bullet” [33], remaining an active officer of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

According to her own words, she was engaged in training colleagues [26].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

According to her, she carried the wounded from the battlefield during the battles near the village of Metalist near Lugansk, when she was captured by rebels from the Zarya battalion on June 18 or 19, 2014 [34] [35].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Later, the defense stated that Savchenko was captured by the rebels on June 17, shortly before the murder of journalists [36], which was confirmed by the commander of “Aydar” Sergei Melnichuk [37].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On June 18, LifeNews published and distributed a video made by Russian citizen Egor Russky, intelligence commander of the Zarya battalion, who took part in the battle near the village of Metalist.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

The small one captured the moment of Savchenko's interrogation and a conversation with the militias immediately after his capture [38].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On June 19, a video of her interview in captivity was posted online, in which she confessed to killing rebels and working as a gunner, saying, “Did I kill? - Well, yeah, I did. To be honest, I went and saw where the destroyed armored personnel carriers were, and it is clear that if this is already a war, then I spoke right or left — yes, this is a job as a gunner” [30].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On June 22, 2014, Nadiya's sister Vera Savchenko reported that the rebels had contacted her, wanting to exchange Nadezhda for four of their captured associates.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

It was also reported that they transported Nadezhda from Luhansk to Donetsk [39].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Nadezhda Savchenko herself did not rule out the possibility that she would be shot [40].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Being on the territory of Russia


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Version of the Ukrainian side


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On July 8, 2014, it became known that since July 2, Nadezhda Savchenko has been in custody in Russia in solitary confinement in a pre-trial detention center in Voronezh [41] [42].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

According to Savchenko, she was first taken to Lugansk and then to Krasny Luch, and then transported to Boguchar, Voronezh Region of Russia [43].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

According to Savchenko's sister, she was personally taken to Russia by the Minister of Defense of the LPR Igor Plotnitsky [44].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On the same day, July 8, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko ordered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine to take measures regarding the return of Nadiya Savchenko, “captured terrorists” and “illegally exported to the Russian Federation”, to Ukraine [45].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

According to the Ukrainian side, there are grounds to suspect that it was illegally exported to Russia as a result of collusion between rebels and Russian special services [46].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

According to Savchenko herself, she was forcibly taken out of the territory of Ukraine — with a bag over her head and handcuffed; on the territory of the Russian Federation, the kidnappers handed her over to “persons in camouflage uniforms” [47].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On October 29, Savchenko's second lawyer Nikolai Polozov said that after watching the TV show, Savchenko said that she had identified the leader of the LPR Igor Plotnitsky as one of her kidnappers, who led it transfer to FSB officers on the border of Ukraine and Russia [48] [49].


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On October 30, 2014, the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine accused Igor Plotnitsky and citizen of the Russian Federation Alexander Popov of kidnapping Ukrainian pilot Nadiya Savchenko.


Question: How many languages does Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko speak?

Nadezhda Savchenko

According to the prosecutor's office, on June 17, 2014, they attacked the battalion “Aidar”, captured Savchenko and took the pilot to Lugansk, where she was interrogated for several days in the building of the regional military commissariat, and on June 23, she was taken out of Ukraine with armed escort.