Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

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It was Noonan who told Radrick about customers who wanted to get a sample of “witch's jelly”.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

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It is also very likely that he was the one who framed Radrick when he was arrested for the second time.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

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This is supported by the fact that he appointed Shewhart to meet at Borjce at the time when there he was waiting for an ambush led by Captain Quarterblood.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

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Radrick Shewhart (Red) is the main character of the work.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

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A strong man, embittered by a difficult life.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

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He has the highest sense of danger and therefore successfully goes to the Zone.


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She loves her family and friends very much, while cheating on his wife with Dina Barbridge.


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Due to constant stress, he abuses tobacco and alcohol.


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Vulture Barbridge is one of the first stalkers.


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He owns the discovery of a unique artifact — the Golden Ball.


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Initially nicknamed “Bityug”, he received the nickname “Vulture” for often returning from the Zone without partners (apparently leaving them to their fate, leaving them to die in various anomalies or deliberately sacrificing “traps”, using them as “lock picks”).


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Gopher (formerly Handsome) Dixon is a half-crazy cripple, a former stalker who got into the so-called “meat grinder”, but survived after that.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

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In a mutilated state, he was carried out of the Zone by Vulture Barbridge (who probably feared reprisals by other stalkers if he returned alone again), for which he later served him for life thankful and worked in his house as a servant.


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The tender is the second laboratory assistant of Dr. Panov.


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Whirling Hugh is an artifact buyer.


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Ernest is the owner of the Borzhch establishment (Kirill insisted on the name “Borsch”), a buyer of artifacts.


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He turned Shewhart over to Captain Quarterblood, and later went to jail.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

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other stalkers - Bob Gorilla, Gundosy Geresh, Kallogen, Zapfa the Chicken, Dwarf Tsmyg, Lyndon Shorty, Moslaty Ishak, Norman Bespectacled (real name Stefan Norman), Nosy Ben Galevy, Pete Sore, Poodle, Slug, Lucky Carter, Cactus (real name Jonathan Miles), Pharaoh Bunker, Slush.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

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Anomalies


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“Tramp Dick” is what scientists call the alleged source of noise at the plant.


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Valentin Pilman compared it with a “rampant clockwork bear cub”.


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Probably the only inhabitant of the Zone.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

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“Witch's jelly” (“colloidal gas”) is a kind of fluid substance.


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It penetrates well through the skin and any other organic matter, plastic, metal, concrete.


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The only material that is “too tough for him” is special porcelain vessels.


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Almost everything that reacts with turns into a “witch's jelly” again.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

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The book describes how Vulture Barbridge, stepping into the “witch's jelly”, suffers a serious injury to his legs: “burns” the skin, and the bones turned into a rubber-like mass.


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At the same time, the lesion began to spread further, affecting healthy flesh and bones.


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The only method of care is urgent amputation of the affected limbs.


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Due to the complexity of transportation and the danger to humans, “witch's jelly” is not subject to investigation, it is forbidden to remove it from the Zone.


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Shewhart violated this ban, took out a porcelain container with the “jelly” along with the wounded Vulture, but did not want to sell it and hid the container in the garage.


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I decided to sell it when I realized that he would be imprisoned for a long time, and hid it under a phone booth.


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With the proceeds, his wife and daughter were to be provided for the entire period of imprisonment.


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Perhaps it was this container that researchers from Carrigan laboratories later discovered with manipulators, which led to a major catastrophe: the laboratory building was partially destroyed; dissolving floors, the jelly broke out and descended through all floors to the basement, killing 35 people, more than 100 were mutilated.


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Merry Ghosts are abnormal air turbulences in certain parts of the Zone that pose a danger to humans.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

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They are mentioned in the book as a legend, but in the last chapter Radrick Shewhart sees this anomaly from a safe distance.


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“Zelenka” is an unknown substance that can flow on the ground and is probably dangerous for humans (mentions an episode when Radrick Shewhart and Arthur Barbridge waited two hours for the flow of “green” on the hill).


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“Mosquito bald patch” is an area with abnormally high (thousands of times) gravity, known in the scientific circle as “gravity concentrate”.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

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The book mentions a crashed helicopter that fell into a “mosquito bald patch”, flattened into a thin “pancake”.


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Stalkers discover them by throwing nuts.


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Living dead or dummies are autonomous wandering bodies of people buried in the Zone before the Visit.


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Usually, “dummies” leave the Zone and return to the houses where a person used to live.


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It is also mentioned that individual parts of the body of “dummies” are completely autonomous.


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They are often mistakenly referred to as the “walking dead”.


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The movements of the “dummies” are clumsy and sharp, resembling the movements of a mechanical doll, intelligence is almost at zero.


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They try to imitate people's daily actions.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

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The book mentions how Radrick Shewhart and Vulture Barbridge saw the so-called “this one”, first wandering among the graves, then wandering along the road.


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The next day, this one came to his home.


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Radrick Shewhart was also visited by his father, who had died long before the Visit.


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Radrick tried to perceive him as a member of the family and got into a fight with paramedics who were going to take his father away for research.


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The meat grinder is a deadly anomaly.


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When it hits its field of action, an object or creature instantly twists, deforms and tears it apart.


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It is almost invisible outwardly.


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The meat grinder is right on the way to the Golden Ball.


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During the entire existence of the Zone, only one stalker came out of the “meat grinder” alive - Handsome Dixon, who later received the nickname “Gopher” (he was pulled out of the Barbridge Zone, mutilated).


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According to the observations of stalkers, after the “triggering”, the “meat grinder” becomes inactive for some time.


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This feature was used by stalker Barbridge, letting unsuspecting partners into the meat grinder, which ensured a safe passage for himself.


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Rusty wet — something like a wet, “grows” on television antennas in the Plague Quarter (once a residential quarter that was in the Visiting Zone).


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When it comes into contact with metal, it immediately causes severe corrosion and gradually switches to it.


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In this regard, the transportation of “rusty wet” is difficult.


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It is not subject to research.


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“Burning down” is a kind of harmful formation carried by the wind, one of the few from which you can protect yourself by wearing a protective suit.


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For some reason, it is not blown out of the Zone by the wind.


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The silver web is thin shiny threads of unknown origin, seen by Red in the garage.


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The strength of the threads is small, similar to that of a regular web.


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One case of death of a person (Kirill Panov) from a heart rupture is described, presumably after accidental contact with a web through a protective suit.


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Death occurred suddenly, with no prior signs, some time after leaving the Zone.


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Shepherds are mutant people who have been living in the Zone since the day of the Visit.


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They are mentioned in passing by Radrick Shewhart.


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- I know they say that someone lives in the Zone.


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Some people.


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Not aliens, but humans.


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It's like the Visit caught up with them here, and they mutated... adapted to the new environment.


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Have you heard of this, Mr Shewhart?


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“Yes,” Radrick said.


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Only it's not here.


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Northwest.


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Some shepherds.


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Shadows are anomalous shadows from illuminated objects in the Zone.


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As a rule, they are on the wrong side of objects, often the shadow is directed towards the sun.


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This phenomenon may be safe, but stalkers prefer to avoid it.


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“Bloody cabbage” is mentioned only once as a dangerous formation that shoots harmful particles.


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Wearing a protective suit protects against “spitting”.


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The book also describes many other phenomena that do not have a name.


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Interestingly, the influence of the Zone affected even those Harmonts who did not come close to it.


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For some time now, it has been noticed that as soon as an immigrant from Harmont who was present at the Visit settles in another city, the number of disasters and accidents in that city increases dramatically.


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After that, emigration from Harmont was banned.


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Zone Artifacts


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The purpose of the items found in the Zone, despite twenty years of study, remained unknown.


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Dr. Pilman believed that humanity, using some artifacts, is simply “hammering nails with microscopes.”


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“White hoop” (the name is conditional, perhaps this object means the term mentioned in the book from stalker jargon - “white spinner”) is a white ring made of light metal.


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If you put it on the axle and spin it slightly, it continues to move until it is stopped by force.


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The first perpetual motion machine found in the Zone.


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By mistake, it was first mistaken for a “bracelet” (see below), but differs in color, weight and diameter.


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The book mentions a single copy of this object (found by Shewhart).


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“Bracelets” are metal rings that have a beneficial effect on human health.


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“Pins” are small, pin-like objects that, under certain conditions, begin to emit sequences of colors in the visible spectrum.


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“Golden Ball” (“Wish Machine”) is an object that has the shape of a golden or reddish ball.


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According to legends, he has the ability to fulfill wishes, but not any, but only the most intimate ones.


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However, no direct evidence of these properties is given in the book.


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“Zuda” is a device, the form and shape of which are not described in the book.


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When active (squeezing between the fingers is enough to initiate), it somehow affects people and animals, causing feelings of fear and discomfort.


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According to Radrick Shewhart, dogs are the first to feel the working “itch”.


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“Dummy” (“hydromagnetic trap”, “object 77-B”) are two metal discs, the space between which is not filled with anything (except air), but which at the same time retain their relative position when arbitrary loads.


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The book mentions “small pacifiers” (it is natural to assume that there are also large ones).


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At least one “dummy” with the contents — a viscous blue liquid, possibly witch's jelly — was found and sent for research.


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“Death-lamp” is a device that produces radiation of unknown nature, which has a detrimental effect on terrestrial organisms.


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The work mentions only the story about the only case of finding the device:


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“Eight years ago,” Noonan tightened in a boring voice, “a stalker named Stefan Norman, nicknamed Glasses, took out a device out of the Zone that is, as far as you can tell, a kind of system emitters that have a deadly effect on terrestrial organisms.


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The aforementioned Ochkarik traded this unit to the Institute.


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They didn't agree on the price, Bespectacled went to the Zone and never came back.


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Where the unit is currently located is unknown...


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“Black spray” (“K-23 objects”) are small black formations that have the shape of a ball.


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The beam of light entering them comes out with a delay and at a lower frequency.


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They are used in jewelry.


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There is also an assumption that these formations are giant areas of space with a different metric, which, under the influence of our space, have taken a compact three-dimensional shape.


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“Etak” is a “perpetual battery”, a small-sized inexhaustible source of electrical energy.


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The artifact was widely used in technology and led to the abandonment of hydrocarbon fuels.


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Under certain conditions, it multiplies by division.


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One “this” is enough to drive a passenger car.


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The novel also mentions various other artifacts, but without any description:


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“Carbonated Clay” - indirectly described only in an episode when stalker Radrick Shewhart (Red) spread the swag on the table at home.


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She was in the bank.


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Rattling wipes.


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“Sponge” has the ability to record dreams and reproduce them to another person.


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Needles.


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“Crayfish eyes”.


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The “blue panacea” may be one of the types of “quasibiological mass” mentioned by Valentin Pilman in a conversation with Richard Noonan and made a great leap in medicine.


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“Twigs rattles”.


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“Wiggly magnet”.


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Awards and nominations


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1978 year.


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John Campbell Award, second place book of the year.


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1978 year.


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After the release of Roadside Picnic in the United States, the Strugatsky brothers became honorary members of the Mark Twain Society for their “outstanding contribution to the genre of science fiction”.


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1979 year.


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At the Scandinavian Congress of Fantastic Literature, the book was awarded the Jules Verne Award for Best Book of the Year.


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1981 year.


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At the Sixth French Science Fiction Festival in Metz, the Strugatsky brothers were awarded for the best foreign book of the year.


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Adaptations


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Film adaptations


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In 1977, Czechoslovak television shot a mini-series based on the novel Návštěva z Vesmíru (Visit from Space).


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The series was defeated by critics and at the moment the existence of any copies is unknown [19].


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1979 film “Stalker” by Andrei Tarkovsky.


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The script of the film was written by the Strugatsky brothers and Andrey Tarkovsky based on the story.


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The Strugatsky rewrote the script repeatedly, as a result, the latest version used for the film had almost nothing to do with either the first or the story itself.


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In 2000, Columbia pictures announced its intention to make a high-budget film adaptation called English: After the Visitation, with directors being Glen Morgan and James Wong are invited [20].


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In 2006, director David Jacobson was invited to replace them in this project [21] [22].


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At the same time, information was announced that one of the roles should be played by John Travolta [23].


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Subsequently, the project record was removed from IMDB.com.


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On September 11, 2015, news feeds reported that WGN America announced the start of work on a series based on the book “Roadside Picnic”.


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The idea is being implemented by screenwriter Jack Paglen and director Alan Taylor.


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In 2012, the independent film company Pilman Radiant Pictures posted on YouTube the result of five years of work on the indie film Vyöhyke (Zone) based on the story by the Strugatsky [25].


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In 2016, it was reported that Matthew Good would star in the AMC Roadside picnic series based on the story [26], and in February 2017, a trailer for the series appeared [27].


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The director of the series is Jack Paglen (scriptwriter for such films as “Supremacy”, “Alien: Covenant”).


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IMDB also posted a record about the animated project “Zona” [28], which is also scheduled to be launched in 2017.


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Amateur Roguelike video games for DVK (1988) and ZX Spectrum — Stalker (1997) and Zone the Last Stalker (1999)


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Soviet radio play “Roadside Picnic” in 1990.


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The plot is preserved with abbreviations and distortions of names (for example, the city of Harmont turned into Marmont, and Mosol Katyusha became Kanasha).


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Nikolay Karachentsov plays Shewhart.


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Also in the roles are Vladimir Kashpur (Barbridge), Yuri Vasilyev (Kirill), Leonid Kulagin (Lemkhen), Georgy Taratorkin (speech from the author).


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In 2003, the Finnish company Circus Maximus produced a theatrical version of Roadside Picnic, called Stalker.


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Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

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In 2007, the computer game S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl was released, using the ideas of a book and a film.


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On August 22, 2008, the second computer game in the series, S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Clear Sky, was released.


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In 2009, the third game S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Call of Pripyat was released.


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Despite the large amount of material referring to the novel by the Strugatsky (from the basic terms “stalking”, “swag”, up to the identical name of most anomalies), the game developers do not mentioned the contribution of writers to their project due to copyright problems.


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The Stalker RPG board role-playing game, developed by Ville Vuorela with the permission of Boris Strugatsky, was published in 2008 by Burger Games in Finnish and in 2012 in English.


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“Wish Machine” Scenario


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The first version of the script written by the Strugatsky for Tarkovsky's future film.


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Published in the complete works of the Text publishing house.


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It was also once.


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It has a lot in common with the original work.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

It is interesting because it considers one of the options for completing the plot: the stalker reached the place of fulfillment of desires, in a semi-conscious state asked for something that he did not make out himself, and ended up at home.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

He sees that his daughter is sick, and money is pouring out of a large bag on his shoulder.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

There is also a version published in the 1981 almanac “Science Fiction Collection” (issue 25).


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

This version is somewhat closer to the existing film adaptation.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Of course, the certain ending of “Wish Machine” does not negate the possibility of each reader “speculating” the final of “Roadside Picnic” in their own way.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The stalker described in the script is not Radrick Shewhart.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Continuing and imitating


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Alexander Lukyanov, “The Old Man from the Roadside” (story, 2008).


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Alexander Lukyanov, “The Old Man's Trailer” (novel, 2010).


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Kir Bulychev, “Save Galya!” (short story, 1990) [31].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Leonid Kudryavtsev, “And the Hunter...” (short story, anthology “Time of Students”, 1996)


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Nikolai Romanetsky, “Burdened with Happiness” (novel, anthology “Time of Students”, 1996)


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Nikita Filatov, “Gilded Ball” (short story, anthology “Students' Time — 3”, 2000)


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Sergey Streletsky, (short story, 2008) [32].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

“Christopiles”, a fantastic story.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Amateur translation of D. Wyndham's “Chrysalides”, published in 1955, with minor inserts “under the Strugatsky”.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Sergey Tarmashev, Areal series of novels (AST, 2011—2015).


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Books and stories dedicated to stalkers and written under the influence of the S.T.A.L.K.E.R.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Dmitry Sillov, “Roadside Picnic: Happiness for Everyone”.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The first novel in the series “Roadside Picnic” is positioned as a direct continuation of Shewhart's story.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

China Myeuville, Rails.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The book's world is very similar to the Zone.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

In one episode, the hero examines an artifact that looks like a “dummy”.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Mike Gelprin, Harmont. Our days” (AST, Astrel-SPb, 2014).


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Jeff Vandermeer “Annihilation”, “Zone X” cycle (2014), the plot and main details are copied almost completely.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

In culture


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The term stalking


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

S.T.A.L.K.E.R. is a series of computer games that largely inherits the ideas of the book


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

See also


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

A forgotten experiment is the story of the Strugatsky in 1959.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The sphere is a novel by M. Crichton 1987 about the golden ball that materializes people's thoughts


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The Sphere is a 1998 fantastic thriller directed by Barry Levinson based on the novel of the same name by Michael Crichton.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The Mysterious Wall is a 1967 film.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Made in Abyss is a manga with a similar plot.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Notes


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Category:Science fiction novels in Russian


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Category:Novels by the Strugatsky brothers


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Category: Novels of 1972


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Category:John W. Campbell


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Chameleons (Latin: Chamaeleonidae) are a family of lizards adapted to a woody lifestyle that can change body color.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

etymology


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

The Russian word “chameleon” through German: Chamäleon is borrowed from Ancient Greek: kamailων (khamailéōn) [1], a word composition consisting of (khamaí) “on earth” and (léōn) “lion”.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

There is an assumption that the Greek word traces Akkadian: nēš qaqqari “earth lion” [2].


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

General characteristics


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Most species have a body length of 30 cm, the largest reach 50-60 cm, the smallest 3-5 cm.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

The head is helmet-shaped, with a noticeably raised occipital region.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

It is often decorated with more or less convex ridges, hillocks or elongated, pointed horns.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

In most cases, all these formations are developed in males, and in females they are rudimentary.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

The legs are long, peculiarly adapted to lasagna.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

The fingers grow together into two opposing groups of 2 and 3 and have the form of “claws” that can tightly wrap around the branches of the tree.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

The tail is thick at the base, gradually tapers towards the end, can spiral downward and wrap around the branches.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Most members of the family have this ability, with the exception of a relatively small number of species with a short tail.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Chameleons have unusual organs of vision.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

The eyelids of animals are fused, constantly covering the eye, but having an opening for the pupil.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

The movements of the left and right eyes can be inconsistent, which is important when catching insects, but before an attack, the chameleon turns both eyes to the prey.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Chameleons have an all-round view.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

During hunting, chameleons tend to sit on tree branches for a long time.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

At the same time, the animal's body remains motionless, and the eyes are constantly moving (but sometimes chameleons slowly creep up to the prey).


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Insects are caught with the tongue with a hunting suction cup at the end, the ejection process of which lasts about 1/20 of a second, and together with the return to the starting position - no more than half a second.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

In three seconds, a chameleon can recognize and catch up to four insects [3].


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

In the “idle” position, the tongue is held by a special bone in the lower jaw.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Sometimes the prey is too heavy to hold on to the tongue; later, the chameleon grabs prey of this size with its mouth.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Body color change


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

The ability to change the color and pattern of the body, characteristic of all chameleons, is widely known.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

The change in color is due to the peculiarities of the structure of the skin.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

In the outer fibrous and deeper layer of the skin there are special branched cells — chromatophores, containing grains of various pigments of black, dark brown, reddish and yellow colors.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

With a reduction in the processes of chromatophores, the grains of pigments are redistributed, and their highest concentration falls on the center of the cells, while the skin of the lizard itself becomes whitish or yellow.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

When the dark pigment is concentrated in the fibrous layer of the skin, it acquires a dark color accordingly.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

The combination of pigments in both layers results in different color shades.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Green colors appear additionally as a result of the refraction of light rays in the surface layer of the skin containing guanine crystals.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

As a result of these features, the color of chameleons can quickly change from light — whitish and orange, through yellow and green to purple, and then completely black or dark brown.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

These changes in color can occur both on the entire body of the animal and in its individual parts, accompanied by the appearance and disappearance of various stripes and spots.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

These changes in the color of the body of chameleons occur under the influence of both external stimuli - temperature, light and humidity, and as a result of hunger, thirst, fear, irritation, etc. The color variations available to the chameleon depend on the predominant habitat characteristic of the species.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Chameleons are daytime, as they lose control of skin color during sleep, turn pale and become noticeable to predators.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Often, color changes can be combined with a demonstration of a threat aimed at deterring the enemy.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Rapid changes in color are also observed in males during the breeding season.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

It was traditionally believed that chameleons change body color for mimicry to the surrounding vegetation.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Studying the variegated mountain chameleon (genus Bradypodion), which lives in North Africa, scientists came to the conclusion that chameleons use color change primarily to communicate with representatives of its own species, and not to protect against predators [4].


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Distribution


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Chameleons are primarily found in mainland sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar, although some species are also found in North Africa, Southern Europe, the Middle East, South India, Sri Lanka and a number of smaller islands in the western Indian Ocean.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

There are representatives of wild populations in Hawaii and have been recorded in California and Florida.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Chameleons live in all types of rainforests, savannas, and sometimes deserts and steppes.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

The “typical” chameleon from the Chamaeleoninae subfamily is usually found on trees or shrubs, although some (Namakwa in particular) are partially or largely terrestrial.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Most species from the Brookesiinae subfamily live in low vegetation or on land.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Evolution


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

The oldest known chameleon was found in Europe (the find is about 26 million years old).


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

However, chameleons are probably much older than this one (there are findings more than 100 million years ago).


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Fossils have also been found in Africa and Asia, and it is believed that chameleons were once more widespread than they are today.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

They can have their origins in Madagascar, which today is home to almost half of all known species in this family, then dispersed to other lands.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Detention in captivity


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Most often, terrariums contain and breed Yemeni chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) or panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis) [5].


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Grading


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

As of June 2012, there were 11 genera in the family with 193 species [6] [7]:


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Photo gallery


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Bradypodion fischeri


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Chamaeleo melleri


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Bradypodion pumilum


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Bradypodion pumilum


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Brookesia sp.


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Calumma tarzan


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Panther chameleon


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Yemeni chameleon


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Notes


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

References


Question: How many colors can a chameleon change?

Chameleons

Category:Reptile families


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky (born Lev Simkhovich Vygodsky [1] [2]; [3], Orsha, Mogilev Province — June 11, 1934, Moscow) was a Soviet one.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Founder of the Marxist [lower-alpha 1] research tradition of studying higher psychological functions, which became known since critical works of the 1930s as “cultural and historical theory ” in psychology [5] [6] [7] [8].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He is the author of literary publications, works on pedology and cognitive development of the child.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He united a team of researchers known as the Vygotsky-Luria Circle (also the Vygotsky Circle).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The current situation in the development of Vygotsky's heritage in Russia and abroad is often described as the “Vygotsky cult” (Vygotsky cult, the cult of Vygotsky, the cult of personality around Vygotsky) [9] [ 10]: “Currently, in psychology there is a kind of “cult of Vygotsky”, blind worship, rarely based on understanding and reading the works of this undoubtedly outstanding scientist” [11].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The cult of Vygotsky originated in the Soviet Union in the 1960s, when an idea of the worldwide significance of this researcher and his scientific heritage was formed and his canonization took place: “for the new” the discovery of Vygotsky became possible without a radical revision of Soviet psychology as such, it was necessary to canonize the scientist as a cultural figure on a global scale: this is the only way in the 1960s and 1970s g. it was possible to withdraw Vygotsky's legacy from the sphere of influence of official psychological and pedagogical institutions.”


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

[12] [13]


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

On the other hand, as a counterbalance to this cult, there has been a “revisionist revolution in Vygotsky studies” around the world since the early 2000s [14] [15] [16] [17] [18].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Studies of the decade of the 2010s, conducted as part of the “revisionist turn” in Vygotsky studies, revealed not only systematic and massive falsifications and distortions of the author's heritage [19] [20] [4] [21] [22], but also recorded a rapid decline in Vygotsky's popularity around the world, which began in 2016-2017 and even accelerated in 2018 [23] [24] [25] [26].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

This situation is characterized as a “Vygotsky bubble”, in other words: “Vygotsky bubble” [27] (also informally, the “vygo_bubble” [28]) and the fundamental crisis in the global Vygotsky.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The causes of this crisis are not yet fully understood and are widely discussed in scientific circles [29] [30] [31].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Biography


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Lev Simkhovich Vygodsky (changed his surname in 1923) was born in 1896 in Orsha, the second of eight children in the family of a graduate of the Kharkov Commercial School, merchant Simkha Leibovich (Semyon Lvovich Vygodsky (1869—1931), a native of Polotsk from a merchant family [32], and his wife, teacher Tsipa (Cecilia) Moiseevna Vygodskaya (1874—1935) [33] [34] [35].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

A year later, the family moved to Gomel, where his father received the position of deputy manager of the local branch of the United Bank and was engaged in timber trade.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygodsky's family was quite wealthy: together with other heirs of their father's late brother, they owned a house in Gomel [36].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The education of children was carried out by a private teacher Sholom Mordukhovich (Solomon Markovich) Ashpiz (1876 — after 1940), known for using the so-called method of Socratic dialogue and participating in the revolutionary activities as part of the Gomel Social Democratic Organization [37] [38] [39] [40] [41].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

His cousin, later a well-known literary critic and translator David Isaakovich Vygodsky (1893—1943), also had a significant influence on the future psychologist in childhood [42] [43].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

After the death of his father in 1897, David Vygodsky and his brother, sister and mother Dvosya Yakovlevna lived in the family of his uncle Semyon Lvovich Vygodsky and was brought up with his eight children [44].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

L. S. Vygodsky subsequently changed one letter in his surname to differ from D. AND. Vygodsky.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

After completing his primary education at home, L. S. Vygotsky passed exams for grades 5 and entered the 6th grade of the state gymnasium, finished the last two classes at the private Jewish men's gymnasium A. E.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Ratner [37] [40] [45].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He continued to study Hebrew, Ancient Greek, Latin and English with private teachers, and studied Esperanto on his own.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1913, he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, but soon transferred to law.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

As a student, he wrote a two-hundred-page study “The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince W. Shakespeare” (1916), which after graduation was presented as a thesis (published in 1968 as a supplement to the second edition of the Psychology of Art).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1916, he published articles on literary topics in the weekly Novy Put devoted to Jewish life (where he worked as a technical secretary): “M. YU. Lermontov (on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of his death)” and “Literary Notes (St. Petersburg, Andrey Bely's Novel)”; was also published in the Chronicle and Novy Mir published by Maxim Gorky.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Until 1917 inclusive, he actively wrote on Jewish history and culture, expressing rejection of anti-Semitism in Russian literature [46] [47] and a negative attitude towards the ideas of socialism and communism [48].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1917, he dropped out of classes at the Law Faculty of Moscow University [49] and completed his studies at the Faculty of History and Philosophy of the University.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Shanyavsky.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

After the October Revolution of 1917, he briefly moved to Samara, and then returned to Gomel, after which he traveled to Kiev with his mother and younger brother (1918) [50], but then returned to Gomel, which at that time was geographically subordinate to the Ukrainian state, and where his parents lived at that time.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1919 he became ill with pulmonary tuberculosis.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1919-1923, together with his cousin David Vygodsky, he worked as a literature teacher at the Soviet labor school and pedagogical technical school, as well as in vocational schools of printers and metalworkers, evening Gubpolitical education courses, training courses for preschool workers, summer courses for retraining teachers, courses for cultural workers of the village, Sotsvos courses, at the People's Conservatory and workers' faculty.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

At the same time, in 1919-1921, he was first in charge of the theater subdepartment of the Gomel Department of Public Education, then the art department at Gubnarobraz, published more than eighty theatrical reviews in the newspapers Polesskaya Pravda and Nash Monday (38 of which were reprinted posthumously) [51] [52] [53] [54].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1922, he was in charge of the publishing department of the Gompechat publishing house, and in 1923-1924 he was the literary editor of the publishing department of the Gomel Provincial Administration of Party and Soviet Press.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He published a collection of poems by I. G. Ehrenburg (1919) and one issue of the literary magazine “Veresk” (with D. AND. Vygodsky, 1922).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

At the end of 1922, he entered a job as a teacher at the Gomel Pedagogical College, and in the first half of 1923 he was engaged in organizing a psychological laboratory.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

During the summer months of 1923. Vygotsky supervised the experimental work of students of the Moscow Pedological Institute in the laboratory room at the Gomel Pedagogical College.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The results of this work were formalized in the form of reports in the fall of 1923 and were presented by Vygotsky in three speeches at the II All-Russian Congress on Psychoneurology in Petrograd in early January 1924, thus becoming his first appearance at scientific conferences.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

It was at this congress that Vygotsky met Alexander Luria, who at that time was secretary of the Institute of Experimental Psychology in Moscow and contributed to his invitation to the institute as a graduate student (Director of the Institute — K. N. Kornilov).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Later, this acquaintance and invitation served as the basis for a long scientific alliance and cooperation between these two researchers, who formed the backbone of the so-called Vygotsky-Luria Circle.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1924, he moved to Moscow, where he lived the last decade of his life (the whole family soon moved here — Father L. S. Vygotsky in the last years of his life served as the manager of the Arbat branch of the Industrial Bank).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In the summer of 1925, he made his only trip abroad — as a responsible employee of the People's Commissariat of Education, he attended the International Conference on the Education of Deaf and Dumb Children (June 20—24) in London [55 ] [56].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Upon returning from the trip, he was hospitalized for a long time, and therefore his dissertation was accepted for defense (and credited as defended) at the end of 1925 in the absence of the author.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He spent the next year 1926 on disability and, from the point of view of his track record, did not officially work anywhere.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1927 (December 19), when the founder of this medical and pedagogical institution V. P. Kashchenko was relieved of his leadership position, L. S. Vygotsky was appointed director of the Medical Pedagogical Station [57] and remained in this position until October 10, 1928. (dismissed at his own request) [58].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1929, the Experimental Defectology Institute (EDI) was established on the basis of the Medical and Pedagogical Station.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Its first head was Dmitry Ivanovich Azbukin (Deputy — Rosenthal Lia Yan., Head of the Scientific and Pedagogical Department — L. IN. Zankov [59]), and since 1930 I. AND. Danyushevsky.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky was invited to EDI as a freelance consultant and scientific director of psychological laboratories [60].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1930, during inspections and audits of the Institute of Experimental Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Rabkrin Commission revealed the inefficiency of this scientific institution and inappropriate expenditure of allocated budget funds [61].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

As a result, in November 1930. Kornilov was dismissed from the management of the institute, the institute was fundamentally reorganized, and A. B.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Zalkind [62].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Just a few months later, at the end of winter-spring 1931 [63], at the reorganized and renamed institute under the leadership of Zalkind and with the active participation of Vygotsky, Luria, etc.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

a critical scientific discussion took place to discuss the theoretical provisions and practical application of the so-called “reactological” concept of Kornilov (otherwise: Kornilov's “reactology”) [64], during which criticized this direction in psychology and removed from the agenda of the institute [65].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

At the same time, that is, in the spring and summer of 1931, the organizational structure of the institute was changed, as a result of which some employees lost their leadership positions, for example, as part of the disbanded collective governing body, that is, the College of the Institute.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Other employees, on the contrary, went for promotion: for example, as a result of purges and reorganization of the management apparatus, an employee of the institute since 1924. Lev Vygotsky was promoted and transferred from the post of “employee of the 1st category” to “full members” of the institute (see entry 24 of March 1, 1931 in Vygotsky's Work Book [3]).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He also worked for a number of government, educational, medical and research organizations in Moscow, Leningrad, Kharkov and Tashkent.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

At the very beginning of 1934. Vygotsky was invited to the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine, which was being created at that time in Moscow, to organize a psychology sector in it.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Nevertheless, these plans were not destined to be realized: Vygotsky was hospitalized in May and died on June 11, 1934 in Moscow from tuberculosis.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The urn with the ashes of L. S. Vygotsky was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery a year after the death of L. S. Vygotsky.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

It is not known for certain where it was stored and for what purpose it was stored all this time and was not buried.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Timeline of the most important life and career events


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1922, autumn — Vygotsky was hired at Gomel Pedagogical College


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1923, winter-spring — organization of a psychological laboratory under the leadership of Vygotsky at the Gomel Pedagogical College


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1923, summer — the first experimental works of the psychological laboratory


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1923, autumn — completion of empirical studies, beginning of preparations for the presentation of research results at the psychoneurological congress


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1924, January — participation in the II Psychoneurological Congress in Petrograd, moving from Gomel to Moscow, enrollment in postgraduate studies and a position at the State Institute of Experimental Psychology in Moscow (Director of the Institute — K. N. Kornilov)


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1924, July — beginning of work as the head of the subdepartment for the education of physically defective and mentally retarded children of the Department of Social and Legal Protection of Minors (SPON) (head of the SPON department — S. S. Tizanov) of Glavsotsvos under the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR; dismissed from office in 1926 due to disability


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1924, November 26 — December 1 — II Congress of Social and Legal Protection of Minors (SPON), Moscow: at the congress, during the work of the section on mental retardation, the turn to social education was officially announced as a new direction in the development of Soviet defectology and special pedagogy; a collection of articles and materials edited by L. S. Vygotsky “Issues of Education of Blind, Deaf and Mute and Mentally Retarded Children”


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1925, May 9 — birth of first child: daughter Gita


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1925, summer — the first and only trip abroad: sent to London for a defectology conference; on the way to England I drove through Germany, where he met with local psychologists


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1925 — defense of the dissertation Psychology of Art.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

November 5, 1925 Vygotsky was awarded the title of senior researcher due to illness without defense, equivalent to the modern degree of Candidate of Sciences, the contract for the publication of the Psychology of Art was signed on November 9, 1925, but the book was never published during Vygotsky's lifetime.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Why this book was not published.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky was given permission to publish this book only in 1927, and then only at the expense of the author.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Therefore, it was not possible to publish this book at state expense, and the author did not accept publishing the work for his own money.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Everything is very simple here.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

November 21, 1925 to May 22, 1926 — tuberculosis, hospitalization in the Zakharyino sanatorium-type hospital; on discharge from the hospital for medical reasons, he was qualified as a disabled person until the end years


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1926 — throughout the year, temporary disability due to disability caused by recovery from treatment of chronic tuberculosis; Vygotsky's first book, “Pedagogical psychology”; writes notes and essays that compiled an unfinished manuscript on the “crisis of psychology”, later, several decades after the author's death, published under the title.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1927 — since the beginning of the year (officially — from January 1, 1927) he returns from disability, resumes work at the Institute of Experimental Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and in a number of others.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

institutions in Moscow and Leningrad


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1927, September 17 — the scientific and pedagogical section of the State Academic Council (GUS) approved Vygotsky as a professor


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1927, December 19 — appointed head of the Medical and Pedagogical Station of the Glavsotsvos of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, remained in this position until October 1928 (dismissed at his own request), since 1929 - freelance scientific consultant, head of psychological laboratories at the Experimental Defectology Institute (transformed by the Medical - pedagogical station)


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1927, December 28 — January 4, 1928 — First All-Russian Pedological Congress, Moscow; Vygotsky takes part in the congress as a co-editor of the difficult childhood section (editors: L. S. Vygotsky and L. IN. Zankov) of a collection of abstracts and reports, and also presents two reports: “Development of a difficult child and its study” (at the section of difficult childhood) and “Instrumental method in pedology” (at the research methodological section); they are thematically adjacent, respectively, by Zankov's reports “Principles of constructing comprehensive programs of an auxiliary school from a pedological point of view” and Luria “To the methodology instrumental psychological research”; the first public presentation of “instrumental psychology” as a research method and the first public application for an independent scientific direction in psychology associated with the names of Vygotsky and Luria [66]


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1928 — the first publications in the spirit of independent psychological theory and based on the results of experimental research using the “instrumental method”: a series of journal articles was published on Russian and English languages and Vygotsky's second book, “School Age Pedology”


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1928, December — conflict with the director of the Institute of Experimental Psychology (GIEP) K. N. Kornilov, Vygotsky submits a memorandum to the collective governing body of the institute, the Board of the Institute; Vygotsky continues to work at the Institute of Psychology as a teacher of psychology, but with at the end of 1928, the research activities of the Vygotsky-Luria group were curtailed in this organization, and experimental studies were transferred to the Academy of Communist Education [67], in Laboratory of Psychology (Vygotsky and Luria have been laboratory employees since 1924 [68]; head no later than 1927 — Luria [69])


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1929, April — Vygotsky gives lectures in Tashkent (returned to Moscow in early May of the same year)


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1929, autumn is the beginning of the first official work in the system of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR: Vygotsky was enrolled as an assistant (later: head of the psychological laboratory) of pediatric psychoneurology and experimental psychology at the Clinic of Nervous Diseases 1 of Moscow State University (dismissed no later than March 1931) [36]


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1929, September — IX International Psychological Congress at Yale University; Luria presented two reports, one of which is based on the results of his many years of original research (using the so-called conjugate motor method), and the other was co-authored with Vygotsky; Vygotsky himself did not take part in the work of the congress


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1930 — the birth of the second child: daughter Asya; the third book (co-authored with Luria) is published, Studies on the History of Behavior: The Monkey. A primitive. Child” and Vygotsky's fourth book, in three parts (in 1929, 1930 and 1931, respectively), “Pedology of a Teenager”


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1930, January 25 — February 1 — First All-Union Congress for the Study of Human Behavior (“Behavioral Congress”), Leningrad; Vygotsky takes part in the congress as a member of the Presidium and co-editor of the congress materials on the pedology section in the collection of abstracts and reports (other members of the presidium of the pedological section and co-editors: Basov M. Y., Vygotsky L. S., Molozhavy S. S. and Shchelovanov N. M.), and also presents three reports:


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

as part of the Section of Psychology, Reflexology and Physiology of the Central Nervous System: “Experimental study of higher behavioral processes” (subsection “Forms of behavior”; other significant reports of this subsection: Soloviev I. M. “Activity and Side Irritation”, Zankov L. IN. “The Study of Active Memorization” and Luria A. R. “The structure of psychophysiological processes and their reflection in conjugate motor skills”)


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

as part of the Pedological Section: “I. Development of higher forms of behavior in childhood” (subsection “Study of the cultural development of the child”; the other two reports of this subsection: Luria A. R. “II. The function of the sign in the development of child behavior”, Leontyev A. N. “III. Development of the internal structure of higher behavior”) and “Cultural development of an abnormal and difficult child” (subsection “The problem of difficult childhood”; it is adjacent to the report: Zankov L. IN. “Active memorization in a mentally retarded child (idiot)”, in the same subsection) [70]; public presentation of the results of systematic emiric studies of “higher forms” and “cultural development” in the spirit of “instrumental psychology” as an independent scientific direction within the framework of “behavioral psychology” associated with the names of researchers of the Vygotsky and Luria Circle [71]


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1930, April 23—27 — At the VI International Conference on Psychotechnics in Barcelona, L. S. Vygotsky “Le probleme des fonctions intellectuelles supérieures dans le système des recherches psychotechniques” (abstracts of the report were also published in Russian in 1930: in the journal Psychotechnics and psychophysiology of labor); the first public presentation of the results of empirical research by researchers of the Vygotsky and Luria Circle as a joint project to study “higher forms” and” cultural development” in conditions of normal and abnormal development [72]


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1930, summer — former students of Kurt Levin Nina Kaulina and Gita Birenbaum move from Berlin to the Soviet Union and start working in cooperation with researchers of the Vygotsky-Luria Circle [73]: the beginning a full-scale revision of the research program and the convergence of Vygotsky's “instrumental” and “cultural-historical” psychology with the German-American gestaltist movement in psychology [74] [75]


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1930, October 9 — made at the Clinic of Nervous Diseases 1 of Moscow State University: announced the beginning of a new research program aimed at studying psychological systems; actual refusal to study isolated “psychological functions”


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1931, January-February - by order of the People's Commissariat of Health of February 17, 1931, Vygotsky was enrolled as deputy director for the scientific part of the Institute of the OzDIP named after M.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

10th Anniversary of the October Revolution [36]


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1931, March 1 — from a researcher of the 1st category he was transferred to full members of the State Institute of Psychology, Pedology and Psychotechnics (the director of the institute is A. B. Zalkind) [3]


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1931, March 2-3 — reactological discussion at the State Institute of Psychology, Pedology and Psychotechnics; during the discussion, Vygotsky and Luria publicly abandon “reactology” and mechanicism” instrumental period” of the 1920s [64] [76]


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1931, May-August: Luria's first psychological expedition to Central Asia (with Vygotsky's participation in absentia) [77]; Kurt Levin Blum's third student Zeigarnik moves from Berlin to Moscow and joins to the Vygotsky-Luria Circle; Vygotsky entered the medical faculty at the Ukrainian Psychoneurological Academy in Kharkov, where he studied by correspondence with A. R. Luria


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1931, October 22 [78] — father's death


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1932, March — Vygotsky's report at the Institute of Scientific Pedagogy: the first public presentation of the research project and the draft of the book “Thinking and Speech”


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1932, summer — Luria's second psychological expedition to Central Asia (with the direct participation of Kurt Koffka and Vygotsky's participation in absentia) [77]


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1932, December — report on consciousness in Moscow, formal discrepancy with Leontiev's group in Kharkov


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1933, April-May — Kurt Levin stops in Moscow from the United States (via Japan), meeting Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1934, January-February — Vygotsky receives an invitation and begins work on the creation of a specialized psychological department at the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine (VIEM), in Moscow


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1934, May 9 — Vygotsky is transferred to bed rest


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1934, June 11 — Death


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1934, December — publication of a posthumous collection of works from 1928—1934 entitled “Thinking and Speaking”


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Workplaces after 1924


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Moscow State Institute of Experimental Psychology (since 1924 — researcher of the 2nd category, since 1931 — full member),


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

State Institute of Scientific Pedagogy (GINP) at LSPI and at LSPI named after V.I.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

A. AND. Herzen (1927—1934),


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Academy of Communist Education named after N. K. Krupskaya (AKV) (1929—1931),


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Clinic of Nervous Diseases at the First Moscow State University (1st Moscow State University) (as an assistant, then head of the psychological laboratory; see Fig. Rossolimo, Grigory Ivanovich) (1929—1931)


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Second Moscow State University (2nd MSU) (1927—1930), and after the reorganization of the 2nd Moscow State University —


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Moscow State Pedagogical University (M.V. A. S. Bubnova) (1930—1934; Head of the Department of Pedology of Difficult Childhood) and


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

2nd Moscow State Medical Institute (MSMI) (1930—1934; Head of the Department of General and Age Pedology);


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Research Institute of Scientific Pedagogy at the 2nd Moscow State University (up to the liquidation of the institute in 1931)


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Institute for the Study of Higher Nervous Activity at the Natural Science Section of the Comacademia (member of the section since March 17, 1930: ARAN. F.350. Op.3. D.286. LL.235-237ob)


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

State Scientific Institute for the Protection of Children and Adolescents Health named after the 10th Anniversary of the October Revolution (since the beginning of 1931 as Deputy Director of the Institute for Scientific Affairs)


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Experimental Defectology Institute (EDI im. M. S. Epstein) (1929—1934, scientific director of the research laboratory)


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He also gave lectures at a number of educational institutions and research organizations in Moscow, Leningrad, Kharkov and Tashkent, for example, at the Central Asian State University (SASU) (in April 1929 years).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Family and relatives


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

His parents were Simkha Leibovich (Semyon Lvovich) Vygodsky (1869 — October 22, 1931 [78]) and Tsipa (Tsetsilia) Moiseevna Vygodskaya (1874 — May 25, 1935 [78]).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Father L. S. Vygotsky was one of the organizers of the Society for the Dissemination of Education among Jews, within the framework of which a public public library was opened in Gomel.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Sisters and brother [79]:


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Khaya-Anna Semenovna Vygodskaya-Khavina (May 26, 1895 — June 6, 1936) [78].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Zinaida Semenovna (Zelda Simkhovna) Vygodskaya (April 12 (25), 1898 — December 4, 1981) [80] [78], linguist, author of Russian-English and English-Russian dictionaries [81], translator.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Esther Semenovna (Esya Simkhovna) Vygodskaya (October 21, 1899—1969) [82] [78].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Claudia Semenovna Vygodskaya (1904—1975) [83], linguist, author of Russian-French and French-Russian dictionaries [84].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Maria Semyonovna Vygodskaya (1907—1990) [85].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

David (October 24, 1905—1918 or 1919) [86].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

His wife (since 1924) was Roza Noyevna Smekhova (1899—1979) [87].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Daughters:


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Gita Lvovna Vygodskaya (1925—2010) - psychologist and defectologist, candidate of psychological sciences, researcher at the Research Institute of Defectology, co-author of the biography “L. S. Vygotsky. Strokes to the Portrait” (1996) [88] (her daughter is Elena Evgenievna Kravtsova, Doctor of Psychology, former employee of the Russian State University for the Humanities).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Asya Lvovna Vygodskaya (1930—1985), Candidate of Biological Sciences, Researcher at the Research Institute of Oncology [89].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

His cousin is David Isaakovich Vygodsky, poet, literary critic, translator (his wife is children's writer Emma Iosifovna Vygodskaya).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Scientific contribution


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky's formation as a scientist coincided with the period of perestroika of Soviet psychology based on the methodology of Marxism, in which he took an active part.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In search of methods for an objective study of complex forms of human activity and personal behavior, Vygotsky critically analyzed a number of philosophical and most modern psychological concepts (“The Meaning of the Psychological Crisis”, unfinished manuscript, 1926), showing the futility of attempts to explain human behavior, reducing the “higher” forms of behavior to the “lower” elements.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

By studying speech thinking, Vygotsky solves the problem of localization of higher psychological functions as structural units of brain activity in a new way.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Studying the development and decay of higher psychological functions on the material of child psychology, defectology and psychiatry, Vygotsky comes to the conclusion that the structure of consciousness is a “dynamic semantic system ” which are in unity of affective, volitional and intellectual processes.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Despite the fact that the designation “cultural and historical theory” is found only once in the texts of Vygotsky himself, this name later took root among a number of scientists who positioned themselves followers of Vygotsky [90] [91].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there has been a historical analysis of missed opportunities in Vygotsky's original theory.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Traditional assessments of the creative heritage of Vygotsky's Soviet period are being revised.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky defines pedagogical activity as a special human-oriented activity in 1926.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

However, they did not deepen this direction in the future.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

New ways of development are being developed at the present stage — originally conceived by the author, but later forgotten or ignored in Soviet psychology of the 20th century (see, for example, [92] [93] [94]).


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

This intellectual movement in a number of recent publications has become widely known as the “revisionist revolution” in Vygotsky studies [16].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The doctrine of “higher psychological” processes


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Throughout the decade of his scientific career as a psychologist (1924-34), Vygotsky always understood the meaning of his scientific work as the development of the doctrine of “higher psychological” processes, phenomena, functions, systems of functions, behaviors, etc. At the same time, he emphasized the importance of understanding these phenomena as “higher psychological”: “Consciousness determines life (image), but it itself arises from life and forms its moment: ergo life determines life through consciousness. As soon as we took thinking away from life (from dynamics) — we took it as a concept of mental, not psychological — we closed ourselves any way to find out and explain its main property: determine lifestyle and behavior, act, influence” [95].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

At the same time, Vygotsky emphasized the fundamental importance of distinguishing between psychological and mental phenomena from the point of view of dialectical psychology and, in particular, his psychological theory:


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Dialectical psychology... does not mix mental and physiological processes, it recognizes the irreducible qualitative originality of the psyche, it only states that p s and x o l o g and h e s k and e the processes are one.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Thus, we come to the recognition of peculiar psychophysiological single processes that represent the highest forms of human behavior, which we propose to call psychological processes, in difference from mental and by analogy with what is called physiological processes [96].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Moreover, in his works published during the lifetime of their author, Vygotsky never used the expressions “higher mental” to describe the phenomena that his psychological theory described and studied [90] [91].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Nevertheless, immediately after his death, Vygotsky's texts began to undergo systematic editing in preparation for publication, which ultimately led to systemic and fatal falsifications of his scientific heritage in post-war publications of Vygotsky's works throughout the Soviet period of the 1950s and 1980s [14] [16] [17].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In addition to the “higher psychological functions” (more precisely, systems of such functions), other concepts and expressions that are found in Vygotsky's texts of various periods of his life, for example: “interiorization” (internalization), “the zone of proximal development” (mediation) and a number of others.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In total, these textual and semantic substitutions led to a systemic and massive distortion of almost the entire conceptual apparatus of the theoretical constructions of this author [29].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Cultural and historical theory


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The most vivid expression of the posthumous falsification of Vygotsky's legacy is presented in Vygotsky's so-called “cultural-historical” theory.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In an unfinished and untitled manuscript of the work, published in a distorted form in 1960 under the title “History of the Development of Higher Mental Functions” (the name is given according to the first words of the falsified text, work on the manuscript was completed no later than 1930) and presented as the main theoretical work of this author [21], a detailed presentation of the cultural and historical theory of psyche development is given, according to which it is necessary to distinguish between lower and higher psychological functions, and accordingly two plans of behavior — natural, natural (the result of the biological evolution of the animal world) and cultural, socio-historical (the result of the historical development of society), merged in the development of the psyche.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The hypothesis put forward by Vygotsky proposed a new solution to the problem of the ratio of lower (elementary) and higher psychological functions.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The main difference between them is the level of arbitrariness, that is, natural psychological processes do not lend themselves to regulation by a person, and people can use higher psychological functions consciously manage.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky came to the conclusion that conscious regulation is associated with the indirect nature of higher psychological functions.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

An additional connection arises between the acting stimulus and the reaction of a person (both behavioral and mental) through a mediating link - a stimulus-means, or a sign.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The difference between signs and tools that also mediate higher psychological functions, cultural behavior, is that the tools are directed “outward”, at transforming reality, and signs “inward” first to transform other people, then to control their own behavior.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The word is a means of arbitrary direction of attention, abstraction of properties and their synthesis into meaning (formation of concepts), arbitrary control of one's own psychological operations.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The most convincing model of indirect activity that characterizes the manifestation and implementation of higher psychological functions is the “situation of the Buridan donkey”.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

This classic situation of uncertainty, or problem situation (the choice between two equal opportunities), is of interest to Vygotsky primarily from the point of view of the means that allow you to transform ( solve) the situation that has arisen.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

By casting lots, a person “artificially introduces into the situation, changing it, new auxiliary incentives that are not related to it” [98].


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Thus, the lot cast becomes, according to Vygotsky, a means of transforming and resolving the situation.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He noted that the operation with casting lots reveals a new and peculiar structure, so a person himself creates stimuli that determine his reactions, and uses these stimuli as a means for mastering the processes of your own behavior.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Developing a method for studying higher psychological functions, Vygotsky is guided by the principle of “manifestation of the great in the smallest” and, in addition to casting lots, analyzes such phenomena as “tying a nodule for memory” and counting on the fingers.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In the last years of his life, Vygotsky focused on studying the relationship between thought and word in the structure of consciousness.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

His work “Thinking and Speech” (1934), devoted to the study of this problem, is fundamental for Soviet psycholinguistics.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In this paper, Vygotsky points to the different genesis of the development of thinking and speech in phylogenesis, and that the relationship between them is not a constant value.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In phylogenesis, the pre-speech phase of intelligence is revealed, as well as the pre-intellectual phase of the development of speech itself.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

But in the process of ontogenetic development, at some point, thinking and speech intersect, after which thinking becomes speech, and speech becomes intellectual.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

According to Vygotsky, internal speech develops through the accumulation of long-term functional and structural changes.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

It branches off from the child's external speech along with the differentiation of the social and egocentric function of speech, and finally, the speech functions assimilated by the child become the main functions of his thinking.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Age and pedagogical psychology


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky's works consider in detail the problem of the relationship between the role of maturation and learning in the development of higher psychological functions of a child.


Question: Who was Kurt Legovets's mother by nation?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Thus, he formulated the most important principle according to which the preservation and timely maturation of brain structures is a necessary, but insufficient condition for the development of higher psychological functions.