Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchev himself did not take part in the formation of the “cycle”, so it is often unclear who certain poems are addressed to - to E.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

A. Denisyeva or wife Ernestina.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchev studies have repeatedly emphasized the similarity of the Denisyev Cycle with the genre of lyrical diary (confession) and the motives of Dostoevsky's novels (soreness of feeling).


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The love of eighteen-year-old Tyutchev for the young beauty Amalia Lerchenfeld (the future Baroness Krudener) is reflected in his famous poem “I remember the golden time...” Tyutchev was in love with the “young fairy” who did not reciprocate him, but visited the poet in his declining years.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

His poem “I Met You, and Everything Past” is dedicated to her, which became a famous romance to the music of L. D. Malashkina.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Letters


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

We have received more than 1,200 letters from Tyutchev.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchev and Pushkin


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

In the 1920s, Yu.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

N. Tynyanov put forward the theory that Tyutchev and Pushkin belong to such different areas of Russian literature that this difference excludes even the recognition of one poet by another.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Later, this version was challenged, and it was justified (including documented) that Pushkin quite consciously placed Tyutchev's poems in Sovremennik, insisted before censorship on replacing the excluded stanzas poems “Not what you think, nature...” in rows of dots, considering it wrong not to designate the discarded lines in any way, and in general was very sympathetic to Tyutchev's work.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Nevertheless, the poetic imagery of Tyutchev and Pushkin does have serious differences.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

N. IN. Koroleva formulates the difference as follows: “Pushkin draws a person living a lively, real, sometimes even everyday life, Tyutchev is a person outside everyday life, sometimes even outside reality, listening to the instant the ringing of the aeolian harp, absorbing the beauty of nature and admiring it, longing for the “deaf time moans” [6].


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchev dedicated two poems to Pushkin: “To Pushkin's Ode to Freedom” and “January 29, 1837”, the last of which is radically different from the works of other poets on Pushkin's death archaized language in its own style.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Museums


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The poet's estate museum is located in Muranov near Moscow.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

It was taken over by the descendants of the poet, who collected memorial exhibits there.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchev himself, apparently, has never been to Muranov.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

On July 27, 2006, a lightning strike broke out in the museum on an area of 500 m².


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

As a result of the fire, the manor house was seriously damaged, but its restoration soon began, which was completed in 2009.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Many exhibits were also damaged, but almost the entire volume of the museum's collection was saved.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Since 2009, the museum has begun to restore the exhibition, adding new exhibits as they are restored.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Full restoration of the exhibition is planned for 2014.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The Tyutchevs' ancestral estate was located in the village of Ovstug (now Zhukovsky District of the Bryansk Region).


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The central building of the estate, due to its dilapidated condition, was dismantled into bricks in 1914, from which Dmitry Vasilyevich Kiselev, volost foreman, deputy of the State Duma of the IV convocation, the volost government building was built (it has survived; now it is the museum of the history of the village of Ovstug).


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The park with the pond was in disrepair for a long time.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The restoration of the estate began in 1957 thanks to the enthusiasm of V. D. Gamolin: for the museum being created by F. AND. Tyutchev, the preserved building of the rural school was transferred (1871), the park was restored, and a bust of F. AND. Tyutchev, and in the 1980s, according to the surviving sketches, the estate building was recreated, to which the museum's exposition moved in 1986 (including several thousand original exhibits).


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

[7] There is an art gallery in the former museum building (a former school).


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

In 2003, the building of the Assumption Church in Ovstug was restored.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Family estate in the village of Znamenskoye on the Kadka River (now the Uglich District of the Yaroslavl Region).


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The house, the dilapidated Church of the Sign of the Mother of God [8] (built in 1784) and the park of extraordinary beauty have been preserved.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The brick two-altar church with the Nikolsky side chapel was built at the expense of the local landowner N. A. Tyutchev, the poet's grandfather.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchevskaya alley of centuries-old pines leads from it to the very porch of the manor house.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

It was planned to reconstruct the estate, but no action was taken for 2015.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

When the war with the French broke out in 1812, the Tyutchevs were going to evacuate.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The Tyutchev family went to the Yaroslavl province, to the village of Znamenskoye.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev's grandmother on his father's side, Pelageya Denisovna Panyutina, lived there.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

She had been seriously ill for a long time; her relatives found her grandmother alive, but on December 3, 1812 she died.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The Tyutchevs decided not to return to burnt Moscow, but to go to their estate in Ovstug.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Raich, Fedenka Tyutchev's future mentor and friend, also left Znamensky with them.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

A year and a half after the death of my grandmother, the division of all property


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

It was supposed to happen between three sons.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

But since the eldest Dmitry was rejected by the family for marrying without parental blessing, two could participate in the section: Nikolai Nikolaevich and Ivan Nikolaevich.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

However, Znamenskoye was an indivisible estate, a kind of Tyutchev majorat.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

It could not be divided, changed or sold.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The brothers had not lived in Znamenskoye for a long time: Nikolai Nikolaevich was in St. Petersburg, Ivan Nikolaevich was in Moscow, and he already had an estate in the Bryansk province.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Thus, Nikolai Nikolaevich received Znamenskoye.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

At the end of the 1820s, Nikolai Nikolaevich died.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Ivan Nikolaevich (the poet's father) became the guardian of his brother's children.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

All of them settled in Moscow and St. Petersburg, with the exception of Alexey, who lived in Znamenskoye.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

So the so-called “Yaroslavl” branch of the Tyutchevs came from him.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

His son, Alexander Alekseevich Tyutchev, that is, the nephew of Fedor Ivanovich, was the district leader of the nobility for 20 years.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

And he is the last landowner of Znamensky.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

memento


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

In honor of F. AND. Tyutchev was named the asteroid (9927) Tyutchev, discovered by astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory on October 3, 1981.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

family


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

My grandfather is Nikolai Andreevich Tyutchev Jr.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

His wife is Pelageya Denisovna, nee.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Panyutina (1739—3 December 1812)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Father: Ivan Nikolaevich Tyutchev (October 12, 1768—April 23, 1846)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Mother — Ekaterina Lvovna (October 16, 1776—May 15, 1866), daughter of Lev Vasilyevich Tolstoy (1740 — October 14, 1816) and Ekaterina Mikhailovna Rimskaya-Korsakova (? —1788).


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

She was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Her father's sister is Anna Vasilyevna Osterman and her husband F. A. Osterman played a big part in the fate of her niece and her family.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

[9] [10] Mother's brother A. M. Rimsky-Korsakov.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Ivan and Ekaterina's children:


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Nikolai Ivanovich (June 9, 1801 — December 8, 1870).


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Colonel of the General Staff.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

He died single.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The last owner of the Tyutchevs' family estate: the village of Gorenovo (now Roslavl District of the Smolensk Region)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Fedor


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

1st wife: Tyutcheva, Eleonora Fedorovna.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Their kids are:


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutcheva, Anna Fedorovna (1829—1889), maid of honor, author of memoirs.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Husband — Aksakov, Ivan Sergeevich


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutcheva, Darya Fedorovna (1834—1903), maid of honor


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutcheva, Ekaterina Fedorovna [11] (1835—1882), maid of honor


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

2nd wife: Pfeffel, Ernestina.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Their kids are:


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutcheva, Maria Fedorovna (1840-1873), married since 1865 to Nikolai Alekseevich Birilev (1829—1882)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Dmitry Fedorovich (1841-1870), married to Olga Alexandrovna Melnikova (1830—1913)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchev, Ivan Fedorovich (1846—1909), married since 1869 to Olga Petrovna Putyata (1840-1920), niece of his wife E.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

A. Baratynsky, daughter of literary critic N. IN. Putyaty.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Their kids are:


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Sophia (1869—1957).


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The teacher of children of Nicholas II


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Olga (1871—?)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Fedor (1873—1931)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchev, Nikolay Ivanovich (1876—1949), collector, founder and first director of the Muranovo Estate Museum


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Ekaterina (1879-1957), married Pigarev V. E.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

It is from this marriage that the branch of the Pigarev, the modern descendants of the poet,


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

My beloved is Denisyeva, Elena Alexandrovna (the relationship lasted 14 years).


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Their kids are:


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Elena (1851—1865)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchev, Fedor Fedorovich (1860—1916)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Nikolai (1864—1865)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The beloved is Hydrangea Lapp.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

“We do not know the details of this long-term relationship. The foreigner came with Tyutchev to Russia and later gave birth to two sons (...) The poet died in 1873 and bequeathed Mrs. Lapp the pension that his widow Ernestina Fedorovna was entitled to by law. The widow and children faithfully fulfilled the last will of her husband and father, and for twenty years, until the death of Ernestina Fedorovna, Hydrangea Lapp received a pension, which was given to her by the widow of the official. That's all we know about this love story” [12] [13]


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Nikolay Lapp-Mikhailov, died in 1877 in the battle near Shipka


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

regimental doctor Dmitry Lapp, died a few months after the death of his brother and was buried in Odessa


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Sergey (April 6, 1805 — May 22, 1806)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Dmitry (February 26, 1809 — April 25, 1815)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Vasily (January 19, 1811) died in infancy


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Daria Ivanovna (June 5, 1806—1879), married Sushkova


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Paternal aunt Evdokia (Avdotya) Nikolaevna Meshcherskaya (monasticism Eugenia) (February 18, 1774 — February 3, 1837) was abbess, founder of Boriso-Glebsky Anosina Convent


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Paternal aunt Nadezhda Nikolaevna (1775—1850), married Sheremetev, mother of Anastasia, the future wife of the Decembrist Yakushkin and Pelageya (1802-1871), the future wife of M. N. Muravyov-Vilensky


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Ivan Nikolayevich Tyutchev, the poet's father.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Ekaterina Lvovna Tyutcheva, the poet's mother.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Eleanor, 1st wife


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Anna, daughter from her first marriage


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Daria, daughter from her first marriage


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Ekaterina, daughter from her first marriage


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Ernestina, 2nd wife


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Maria, daughter from her 2nd marriage


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Ivan, son from his 2nd marriage


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Addresses


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Stay in Moscow


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

December 1805 — early 1810: Maly Trekhsvyatitelsky Lane (corner of Khitrovsky Lane), Building 8 — estate of Count F. A. Osterman.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The Tyutchev family was parishioners of the Moscow Church of the Three Hierarchs on Kulishki;


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Autumn 1810: Starokonyushenny Pereulok (House of Collegiate Assessor Praskovya Aleksandrovna Danilova);


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

December 1810-1821, 1825: Armyansky Pereulok, 11/2 (corner of Sverchkov Lane) (Tyutchevs take care of themselves in the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Stolpy);


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

July — August 1843: Sadovaya-Triumfalnaya Street, Building 25, M. M. Krezova (not preserved) [14];


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

May — July 1845:8 Tverskaya Street, house of merchant Vargin (not preserved);


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

summer 1863: Bolshoy Gnezdnikovsky Pereulok, 5 (furnished rooms) [15];


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

August 1868: Vorotnikovsky Pereulok, 9/5 — here, in the house of the clergy of the Church of Pimen the Great in Starye Vorotniki, his son Ivan lived at that time, who married in this church on April 27, 1869 Olga Putyata [15] [16].


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Stay in Saint Petersburg


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

February-May 1822 — Angliyskaya Embankment, now 10, A. AND. Osterman-Tolstoy;


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

August 1843 — Demut Hotel — Moika River Embankment, 40, then Tiraka Hotel;


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

September-October 1844 — Kulona Hotel on Mikhailovskaya Square;


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

October 1844 — May 1845 — Angliyskaya Embankment, now 12, M. Markevich [17];


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

August 1845 — March 1846 — Demut Hotel;


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

March 1846 — June 1847 — Field of Mars, now 3, E.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

AND. Safonova [18];


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

September 1847 — August 1850 — Mokhovaya Street;


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

September 1850 — May 1852 — Nevsky Prospect, 68 (Lopatin House);


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

September 1852 — 54/3 Nevsky Prospect (Demidov House) [19];


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

October — December 1852 — Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street (furnished rooms);


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

March — April 1853 — Field of Mars (Safonov House);


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

September 1853 — Klee Hotel;


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

November 1854 — Gryaznaya Street (near Semenovsky parade ground) [20];


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

November 1854—1872 — Nevsky Prospect, 42 (house of L. AND. Lazarev, the house of St. Catherine's Armenian Church) *.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Stay abroad


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

1822—1828 — Munich, Herzogspitalstrasse, 1139; later 12 [21];


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

June-July 1827 — 21 rue d'Artois, Paris [22];


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

1829 — Munich, Ottostrasse, 248 (later 4);


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

1830 — Munich, Karolinenplatz, 1 — square in Maxvorstadt [23];


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

end 1837 — Turin, furnished rooms;


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

June-July 1838 — Munich, Briennerstrasse, 4 (boarding house of Aunt Eleonora Tyutcheva, Baroness Ganstein), then Wittelsbacherplatz, 2 — Neusiegel House


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

August 1838 — Turin, hotel;


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

September 1839 — Munich, Briennerstrasse, 18


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

February 1840 — Ottostrasse, 250 (later 6);


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

October 15, 1840 — Karlstrasse, 54/1


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

October 27, 1842—1844 — Ludwigstraße, 7 (house of Kopp flour merchant);


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

summer 1844 — Paris.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Essays


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchev F. AND. Complete collection of poems/Vst.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

art.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

B.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

ME.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Bukhstab.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— Moscow: Soviet writer, 1957.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— 424 p. (The poet's library. Big series)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchev F. AND. Lyrics.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

In 2 volt./Ed.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

podg.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

K. IN. Pigarev; otv.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

ed.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

D. D. Good.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— M.: “Nauka”, 1965.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— Vol. 1. — 447 p. Vol. 2. — 511 p. Circulation is 40,000 copies.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchev F. AND. Lyrics.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

In 2 volt./Ed.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

podg.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

K. IN. Pigarev; otv.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

ed.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

D. D. Good.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— 2nd ed.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— M.: “Nauka”, 1966.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— Vol. 1. — 448 p. Vol. 2. — 512 p. The circulation is 200,000 copies.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchev F. AND. Poems/Comp.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

, article and note.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

IN. IN. Kozhinova.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— M.: Sov.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Russia, 1976.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— 334 p. (Poetic Russia)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchev F. AND. Complete collection of poems/Comp.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

, prepared.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

text and notes.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

A. A. Nikolaeva.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— L.: Sov.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

writer, 1987.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— 448 p. Circulation is 100,000 copies.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

(The poet's library. A big series. Third edition)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchev F. AND. A complete collection of poems in two volumes.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

/Ed.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

and a comment.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

P. Chulkova.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— M.: Publishing Center “Terra”, 1994.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— 960 p.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchev F. AND. A complete collection of works.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Letters: In 6 vols/M: Publishing Center “Classica”, 2005.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— 3504 p.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Tyutchev F. AND. /Comp.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

, the entrance.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

article, translation and comment.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

B.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

N. Tarasova/Otv.


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Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

ed.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

O. A. Platonov said.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— M.: Institute of Russian Civilization, 2011.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— 592 p.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

See also


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The mind does not understand Russia - about Tyutchev's famous quatrain


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Category:Tyutchelogists


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Neman (poem)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The Battle of the Iron Chancellors — V. Pikul


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Notes


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Literature


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Borodkin, Mikhail Mikhailovich —: (Speech, delivered in celebrations. Petersburg glorious blessed island on May 11, 1901) /M. Borodkin.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— Saint Petersburg: St. Petersburg.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

electric printing, 1902.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— 40 p.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Pigarev K. IN. The life and work of F. AND. Tyutchev.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1962.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— 376 p.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Pitzkel F.H.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Dialectic Poet (on the Peculiarity of F. AND. Tyutchev)//Russkaya literatura.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— 1986.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— N 2. — P. 93-109.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Karpenko A. N. Fedor Tyutchev's esoterics.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

— Poetry.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

ru — Laurel grove.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

An essay.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Polyanskaya M. AND.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

7 Arts, 2015, No. 1.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

N. ME.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Berkovsky Introductory article//The complete collection of poems by F. AND. Tyutchev.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The Poet's Library (Big Series, Third Edition), L., 1987.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Berkov F. F. AND. Tyutchev//Berkovsky N Ya.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

About Russian literature.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

L.: Hood.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

lit.


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

References


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

WOUNDS


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

11 letters from 1837-1846 from Petersburg, Lübeck, Munich and Revel


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Category:Bryansk writers


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Category:Graduates of the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Category: 19th-century Russian writers


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Category:Russian writers of the 19th century


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Category:Russian poets


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Category:Slavophiles


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Fedor Ivanovich


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Category:Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Category:Censors


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Category:Corresponding Members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Category:Chamber cadets (honorary title of the Russian Empire)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Category:Chamberlain (honorary title of the Russian Empire)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Category:Privy Councillors


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Category: Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery (Saint Petersburg)


Question: What was the name of Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev's wife?

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Category:Banknote personalities


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Iron Guardia (Romanian: Garda de Fier) was a Romanian movement and far-right political party of the same name that operated in Romania between the two world wars (from 1927 to 1941).


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The party represented the ideology of Romanian ultranationalism, anti-communism, anti-capitalism and anti-Semitism, and also supported the Romanian Orthodox Church.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

In September 1940, the party was brought to power by Ion Antonescu, appointing its leader, Horia Sima, Deputy Prime Minister of Romania.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Anti-Semitic pogroms provoked by the Iron Guard began in the country.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

However, in January 1941, after a coup attempt, Antonescu, with the support of the Romanian army, defeated the Iron Guard, destroying its leadership and forcing Horia Sima to flee to Germany.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Milestones


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Corneliu Zelja Codreanu was originally founded on July 24, 1927 as a paramilitary organization “Legion of Archangel Michael”.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

In the mid-1930s, ties were established with the Nazi regime in Germany [1].


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

In the elections of 1937, she came third in terms of the number of votes.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

After Codreanu's death in 1938, Horia Sima became the head of the Iron Guard.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

A prominent supporter of the Iron Guard was philosopher and religious scholar Mircea Eliade, imprisoned for his commitment to organizing a concentration camp [2].


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

It was outlawed in 1938, but in September 1940 she reached an agreement with the king and was invited to the government.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

As a result, the Guard launched terror against Romanian Jews and adopted anti-Semitic laws.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The Iron Guard was removed from power as a result of an unsuccessful armed protest, accompanied by Jewish pogroms, against Prime Minister Antonescu.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Composer Ion Minzatu, who composed the anthem of the Iron Guard, later emigrated to Italy and gained fame under the pseudonym Nello Manzatti.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

After the war, many prominent figures of the Iron Guard took refuge in Spain and Portugal, escaping prosecution for war crimes.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

There, the organization was headed first by Horia Sima, and since the 1950s. Vasile Jasinski.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Background


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

On June 24, 1927, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu founded a movement called the Legion of Archangel Michael, becoming its head until his death in 1938.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Its members were called “legionaries” (Romanian: legionarii), and the movement itself became known as the “Legionnaire Movement” (Romanian: Mişcarea Legionară), despite the constant change of name of the organization.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

In March 1930, Codreanu also created the so-called Iron Guard, which was the paramilitary wing of the movement, but soon the entire Legion began to be called that.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

In June 1935, the Legion changed its name again and became the All for the Fatherland party (Romanian: Totul pentru Ţară) [3] [4] [5].


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Structure


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Ideology


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Stanley Payne, a researcher of fascist ideology and historian, wrote that the Legion became one of the most unusual mass movements in Europe during the interwar times [6].


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

It differed from other nationalist fascist movements in Europe and in its understanding of nationalism: nationalism in their understanding was firmly connected with religion, in the atmosphere of which a person with of my childhood.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

According to Joanid, the Legion “deliberately included powerful elements of Orthodoxy in its political ideology in order to become one of the few European political movements with a structure religious ideology”.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, head of the Legion, was a deeply religious parishioner of the Romanian Orthodox Church and a patriot of Romania, so he set out to carry out the spiritual revival of all Romanians [6].


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

According to his philosophy, human life was a sinful and violent political war, and this violence could only be overcome by cleansing the entire people from filth, that a legionnaire needs to perform much more important actions than just fight, and even suppress the instinct of self-preservation for the sake of the prosperity of the country [6].


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The Legion also sought to form a revolutionary “new man”, but did not support the attempt to introduce any analogue of Nazi racial politics, with the exception of active anti-Semitism.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Legionnaires wanted to make their people “closer to God”.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

In economic terms, they advocated the nationalization of enterprises and rejected capitalism as a relic of materialism [6].


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The Legion's goal was to fight against incumbent politicians and Jews.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Style


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The main color of the Legion was dark green, for which the legionaries were nicknamed “green shirts” (Romanian: Cămășile verzi).


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Green as such was interpreted as the color of revival, resurrection, renewal.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Legionnaires greeted each other with the so-called “Roman fireworks”.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The main symbol of the Legion was a triple cross in the shape of a prison lattice (symbol of martyrdom), which was often called the “Cross of Archangel Michael” (Romanian: Crucea Arhanghelului Mihail).


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The Legion was close to mysticism based on the cult of death, martyrdom and self-sacrifice.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

It included the so-called “Death Squads” (Romanian: Echipa morții), the purpose of which was to travel to Romanian cities and perform loud songs.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The name was not chosen by chance: members of the death squads were constantly in danger, as any of them could be killed by police officers, communists, or someone else the Legion considered its enemy.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Among the members of the Death Squads were Orthodox priest Ion Dumitrescu-Borsha, legionaries Sterie Ciumetti, Petre Tsoku, Take Savin, Traian Klime, Joseph Bozintan and Nicolae Constantinescu [7].


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The Legion cell was called a “nest” (Romanian: cuib).


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Members of the Legion followed values such as discipline, hard work, education, honor, mutual assistance, dedication, etc., and sometimes they were forced to observe a vow of silence.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

History


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Education and climbing


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

In 1927, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, who was a member of the Romanian National Christian League for the Defense of Alexandru Cuza, left the party to form his own movement, the Legion of Archangel Michael [8].


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Codreanu borrowed this name from the Michael the Archangel Russian People's Union, an organization of the Black Hundreds of the Russian Empire, whose ideas he transferred to Romanian soil [9].


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The Legion differed from other fascist movements in its popularity among peasants and students, but one of the traditions was respect for veterans of the First World War.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Codreanu was a charismatic leader and made the Legion famous for his propaganda combined with performances.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Marches, Christian processions of the cross and other church processions, the performance of patriotic songs and partisan hymns, as well as charitable activities and active anti-communist propaganda allowed the Legion to overtake in popularity all parties that Codreanu considered corrupt and rotten through and through.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Initially, the Iron Guard was ready to support any politician who tried to fight the young Soviet state.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The ideology of the Iron Guard was still based on anti-Semitism: they regarded Jews as aggressors against Christendom.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Legionaries condemned Freemasonry, Sigmund Freud's ideas, Marxism and Bolshevism in all forms, atheism, homosexuality and the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War — all this, in their opinion, split society [10].


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

On December 10, 1933, Liberal Prime Minister Ion Duca outlawed the party, after which a wave of arrests and murders of all those who sympathized with legionaries swept across the country.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Angry Codreanu responded by organizing an assassination attempt on Duku on December 29, 1933: three people fatally wounded the Prime Minister at Sinaia Station with revolvers.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Striving for power


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

In the parliamentary elections of 1937, the Legion took 3rd place, gaining 15.5% of the vote (he was overtaken by the Liberal and Peasant Parties).


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

King Carol II of Romania opposed the Legion (it is believed that he feared for his kept woman Magda Lupescu, who was either a disgraced aristocrat or a Jew) and tried to prevent him from coming to power , until in 1940, by the forces of Ion Antonescu, the king was forced to abdicate.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

On February 10, 1938, the king dissolved parliament altogether, becoming a dictator in the country.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

In April 1938, Codreanu was arrested and sent to prison.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The court proved his involvement in the murder of Ion Duka and sentenced him to death together with 13 associates (including three murderers of Duka).


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The verdict was brought on the night of November 29-30, 1938, so that no one escaped from prison.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Historians, however, believe that no attempt was made to escape, and the order for execution was given by the king, who feared for his life: on November 24, 1938, legionaries broke into the office and killed a friend Armand Calinescu, Minister of the Interior of Romania.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

On March 7, 1939, the king could not stand it and was forced to form a new government, appointing Calinescu Prime Minister and putting an end to the dictatorship.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

However, on September 21, 1939, legionaries reached Calinescu, killing him and thereby avenging Codreana.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The war between the Legion and the King continued, but at the same time, trouble began within the legion itself.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Since 1939, for some reason, inexperienced people who were on the sidelines were appointed as the main leaders.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

At the end of 1940, Hungarian intelligence agencies compiled a secret report on the state of affairs in the Legion: as it turned out, three warring groups were formed there.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The first was led by Horia Sima, a native of Banat and the most pragmatic leader (least inclined to traditional Orthodox values).


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The second was headed by Ion Zelea Codreanu, father of Corneliu Codreanu, and his brothers.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The third group was known as the Motsa-Marin group and advocated a return to the religious basis of the movement.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

After a long hostility on September 6, 1940, the Legionnaires Forum recognized Sima as its leader, the least radical of all.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

On September 28, 1940, Codreanu Sr. unsuccessfully tried to seize the headquarters of legionaries in the Green House of Bucharest [11].


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Sima's Deeds


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

At the beginning of World War II, Romania adhered to a policy of neutrality.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

However, the conclusion of a non-aggression pact between the USSR and Germany and the signing of a secret protocol actually untied the hands of the Soviet Union on the question of Moldova's ownership.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Romania refused to accept the Polish government in exile and Polish troops.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Calinescu's death did not convince Carol II to abandon neutrality.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

However, after the surrender of France and the abandonment of continental Europe by British troops, the Romanians still chose the side of the Axis bloc.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

On July 4, 1940, the government of Ion Dzhigurtu, after its formation, offered the Iron Guard to send anyone who expressed a desire to the government.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The only one who was ready for this was Horia Sima.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

In power


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

On September 4, 1940, the Legion formed an alliance with Ion Antonescu, a general in the Romanian army.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Soon they waited for a coup d'état: the Second Vienna Arbitration, in which Hungary took Northern Transylvania from Romania, forced them to act.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Karol II abdicated and his son Mihai became the heir.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Romania has thus clearly indicated its desire to enter the Axis bloc.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The National Legionnaire State was proclaimed, and the Iron Guard was recognized as the only legitimate party.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Antonescu became an honorary member of the Legion, and Sima became Deputy Prime Minister.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Until January 21, 1941, the Legion carried out anti-Semitic purges and pogroms.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

In November 1940, a massacre committed by legionaries broke out in Zhilava prison.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Many political and cultural figures were killed at the hands of legionaries, including historian and former Prime Minister Jorga, Siguranta leader Mikhail Moruzov and economist Virgil Majaru, former minister in government.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Defeat and overthrow


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

While in power, Sima finally quarreled with Antonescu: he advocated that the government should follow the spirit of legionaries; that the entire state apparatus should be made up only by legionaries; economic policy was coordinated in the interests of the Axis bloc and the Third Reich itself.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Antonescu refused to obey Sima's demands, in response to which he sent Death Squads.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

A fight broke out, in which only one was supposed to remain - the one who would become the de facto ruler of Romania under the puppet king Mihai.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The legionaries immediately rebelled, engaging in clashes with the Romanian army after another series of Jewish pogroms in Bucharest and trying to deliver a pre-emptive strike.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

During one of the massacres, legionaries drove Jews to a slaughterhouse, killed them there and hung the corpses on hooks, and then cut them as butchers cut an animal carcass according to Jewish traditions [12] [13].


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

However, Sima lost.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

By January 24, 1941, Antonescu, having received approval from Adolf Hitler and the army, had actually appropriated power, and Sima was completely defeated [14].


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

He had to flee with legionaries to Germany.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

During the riot, the Iron Guard killed 125 Jews and 30 soldiers of the Romanian army, losing 9,000 people arrested.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Antonescu adopted anti-Semitic traditions, sending soldiers and punishers to operations to eliminate Jews.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Raul Hilberg wrote in his book “The Extermination of the Jews of Europe” that even the Germans were horrified by how ruthlessly the Romanians dealt with Jews, and had to stop them sometimes so that they would not have crossed a certain line.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

However, for the most part, the Romanians did not follow the German order and did not build concentration camps or systems for transporting Jewish prisoners, but simply staged banal gangster pogroms and massacres.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Some of the legionaries died on the fronts of the Second World War, and some after the war were arrested by the Romanian communist authorities and executed by court verdict for collaborationism.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

memento


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The name “Iron Guard” is now used by a small group of Romanian nationalists who do not play a serious role in the political arena of Romania in modern times.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Other parties - “For the Fatherland” (Romanian: Pentru Patrie) and “New Right” (Romanian: Noua Dreaptă), consider themselves the legal successors of the Legion.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

The New Right has developed a cult of personality for Corneliu Codreanu, and it also uses the Celtic cross as its symbolism.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Since the 1970s, writer and religious historian Mircea Eliade has been criticized and threatened in both the US and Romania for supporting the Iron Guard.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Notes


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Literature


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Nagi-Talavera, Nicholas M. Green shirts and others.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Hoover Institution Press.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Stanford, CA.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Sturdza, Prince Michael.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Europe's suicide.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Western Islands.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Belmont, MA.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Watts, Larra L. Romanian Cassandra: Ion Antonescu and the struggle for reforms 1916-1941.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

East European Monographs.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Boulder, CO.


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

References


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Category:National Legionary State


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Category: Nationalist parties in Romania


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Category:Fascist parties


Question: When was the Legion of Archangel Michael movement founded?

Iron Guard

Category:Fascism in Romania


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The Russian-Pechenezh wars are a series of military conflicts for a little more than a century, which were in the nature of the so-called “small war”.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The fighting ended, as a rule, with a lightning raid of the Pechenegs on Russian villages or cities and an equally rapid departure.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The main goal of the Pechenezh raids was to seize prey (slaves, cattle, property), and therefore the Pechenezh horde did not threaten the independence of Russia, but despite this, it caused great damage to the rural economy, human and material resources of Russia.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

At the same time, the Pechenegs were used by Russian princes as a mercenary force in wars both against external enemies and in internal (internecine) war.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Pechenegs


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The Pechenegs (Arabic Bajnaks [1], Greek Pachinakits [2]) were a union of Turkic nomadic tribes.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

According to M. AND. Artamonov, their ancient place of residence was located north of the Aral Sea, including the lower and middle reaches of the Syr-Darya.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

At the end of the 8th and early 9th centuries, the Pechenegs occupied the steppes between the Volga (dr. Itil) and the Urals (dr. Yaik), displacing the Ugrians from there [3].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

There, the Pechenegs created a tribal union, which included local Sarmatian and part of the Finno-Ugric tribes [Comment 1].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Soon, however, they were driven out of there by a larger tribal association of Oghuz and Kipchaks.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Some part of the Pechenezh Union became part of the latter, but the bulk of them crossed the Volga, and, having defeated, according to the Chronicle of Regina Pryumsky in 889 [2], the Ugrians who settled in the Atelkuz, took a wide steppe strip of the Northern Black Sea region.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Many local nomadic tribes ethnically related to the Pechenegs became part of their horde [5].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The Pechenezh Horde bordered Russia, Byzantium, the Bulgarian Kingdom and the Khazar Khaganate.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

These states began to be systematically subjected to Pechenezh raids.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Archbishop Theophylakt of Ohrid described the Pechenegs and their raids as follows:


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Rus


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The appearance of the Pechenegs at the southern borders of the East Slavic tribes coincided with the formation of a single Old Russian state on the lands of the latter.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Russian princes carried out campaigns against scattered Slavic tribes, uniting them under a single centralized power with the center in Kiev.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

At the same time, Russia waged wars with other states and tribal associations, such as Byzantium, Khazaria, the Bulgarian Kingdom, Poland, etc.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

, and was also periodically engaged in internecine warfare.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The course of the war (periods of rule of Russian princes)


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Askold & Dir


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The first mention of the clash of Russia with the Pechenegs is contained in the Nikon Chronicle under 867 (6375) [Comment 2], when the Kiev princes Askold and Dir, after an unsuccessful campaign to Byzantium, inflicted defeat to the Pechenegs who appeared in the Dnieper region [9] [10], ― “In the same summer, I beat a lot of Pechenegs Oskold and Dir” [11] [12].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Igor


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Under 915 (6423), during the reign of Igor Rurikovich, the chronicle mentions the first invasion of the Pechenegs to Russia, ― “Priidosha is the first Pechenegs to the Russian land” [13].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Byzantine diplomacy contributed to the appearance of the Pechenegs within Russian borders [14].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

However, there was no military clash.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

According to the same chronicle, the Pechenegs “... make peace with Igor, an idosha to the Danube” [13] [15].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

There is also an assumption that the Pechenegs, being drawn at that time into the conflict between Byzantium and the Bulgarian Kingdom on the side of the former, tried to prevent Russia from participating in it [15].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Peace, however, did not last long and already in 920 (6428) Prince Igor, according to the chronicle, “... voevash on the Pechenegy” [13].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

It remains unknown who initiated the conflict.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

It is quite possible that this was Prince Igor's response to a certain Pechenezh raid [15].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

During Igor's 2nd campaign of 943-944 to Byzantium, which was a revenge for the defeat in the 1st campaign, he hired the Pechenegs, having previously taken hostages from them [16], and after imprisonment in 944 year of the peace treaty with Byzantium, the prince “ordered the Pechenegs to fight the Bulgarian land” [17], which at that time was an ally of Byzantium [18].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Since Igor's last campaign against the Pechenegs in 920, the chronicles for a long time did not mention anything about the raids of the Pechenegs on Russia or any clashes with them.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Based on this, a number of later researchers believed that until 968, the Pechenegs did not bother the Russian lands [19] [20], however, as noted by V. IN. Kargalov, their raids on the Russian borderland were already commonplace, and did not have such significance as to include them on the pages of chronicles [5].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

So the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Bagryanorodny in his treatise “On the Management of the Empire” reported that when the Pechenegs do not have peace with the Russ, they “often rob Russia, inflict it on it significant harm and cause damage” [21].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

He also reported that near the Dnieper rapids, the Pechenegs systematically attack ship trade caravans of the Rus, who because of this were forced to constantly carry vigilant protection [22].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Svyatoslav


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

At the beginning of the reign of Svyatoslav Igorevich, there were no military (at least large) clashes with the Pechenegs.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

On the contrary, the Arab author Ibn Haukal even calls them allies of Russia: “they are the thorn of the Rusiyans and their strength” [23].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

It is known that in 965 (6473), along with Svyatoslav's campaign to Khazaria, some Turkic nomads also attacked the Khazars.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Perhaps it was the Pechenegs [5].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

However, in 968 (6476), during Svyatoslav's campaign to the Bulgarian kingdom, the Pechenegs suddenly besieged Kiev [5].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Being in a dense ring and exhausted from hunger and thirst, the people of Kiev were cut off from the routes of communication.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Svyatoslav's mother Olga and his sons Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir were also in the city.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

On the opposite bank of the Dnieper at that time stood a small Russian detachment led by voivode Pretich.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

At the assembly gathered in the city, the townspeople began to look for someone who could move to the other side and tell the voivode: “If you do not approach the city in the morning, we will surrender to the Pechenegs” [24].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

A young man who knew the Pechenezh language volunteered to complete this task.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Leaving the city unnoticed, he passed through the Pechenezh barriers with a bridle in his hand and, when he reached the river, threw off his clothes and jumped into the water.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The Pechenegs unsuccessfully began to shoot at the infiltrator with bows.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

We saw what was happening from the other side, and immediately on a boat they swam to meet him and, picking him up, took him to Pretic, who listened to the appeal of the townspeople.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

After that, the voivode decided to make his way to the city at any cost and release the princess and princes, announcing to the vigilantes that “If we do not do this, Svyatoslav will destroy us” [24] [25].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Towards dawn the next day, Pretich's detachment, plunging into the rooks, loudly voiced their movement with a lot of battle pipes.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In the city itself, the people of Kiev began to shout.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The Pechenegs, considering that this was Svyatoslav, turned to an indiscriminate flight, but later gathered again and settled near the Lybid River.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

On the same day, the Pechenezh Khan personally went as a parliamentarian to Pretich to clarify whether he was a prince.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Pretich replied that he was a voivode, and came with an advanced detachment, followed by Prince Svyatoslav himself with the main forces.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Khan suggested, “Be my friend” [24], after which he gave Pretic a horse, a sword and arrows.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The latter, in turn, presented the khan with chain mail, a shield and a sword.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

At the same time, Princess Olga equipped messengers to Svyatoslav with the following letter:


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Svyatoslav was in Pereyaslavets at that time.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Having received this letter, he and his army immediately went to Kiev, and arrived in the capital as soon as possible.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

From there, he immediately rushed to the Pechenegs and, having defeated them, drove them deep into the steppes [5].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In 970 (6478), during the Russian-Byzantine War, the Pechenegs and Ugrians were allies of Russia, but unlike the “enslaved” [26] Bulgarians, both of the first acted independently.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In the Battle of Arcadiopol, the Pechenegs, who were one of the flanks of the Russian army, were ambushed by the Byzantines and defeated there [27].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

After a series of battles at Dorostol in April-July 971 (6479) between Russian and Byzantine troops, a Russian-Byzantine peace treaty was concluded on July 23.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Immediately after that, the Byzantine Emperor John Tzimiskes sent a prominent diplomat, Bishop Theophilos of Euchaite, to the Pechenegs with “expensive gifts”.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

According to the chronicler Skilitsa, Theophilos on behalf of the emperor offered them “to become his friends and allies”, and also asked Khan Kurya not to prevent the return of the Russ to their homeland, but the latter, allegedly, rejected the request for the Russ [28] (a day before the peace treaty, Svyatoslav, addressing his squad, mentioned “... and the Pechenegs are with us” [29]).


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

A number of researchers believe that Theophilos's mission was precisely to lead the Pechenegs to Svyatoslav [30] [31] [32] [33] [15].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

At the same time, Russian chronicles report that Pereyaslavtsy (Bulgarians) sent news to the Pechenegs:


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Having signed an agreement with Tzimiskes, Svyatoslav went to his homeland by water.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The mouth of the Dnieper was already occupied by the Pechenegs and experienced voivode Sveneld advised Svyatoslav to move on the dry way, but the latter, probably due to the large number of wounded and sick [32], preferred overwinter in Beloberezhye, and Sveneld and part of the squad sent the way to collect the rati from which he was supposed to return.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Wintering in Beloberezhye was extremely difficult “and they had a great famine” [29], and help never arrived.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Then, without waiting for the latter, Svyatoslav continued his movement along the river route with the onset of spring 972 (6480).


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

At the Dnieper rapids, large hordes of Pechenegs continued to stand, waiting for the return of the Rus, who, when crossing those rapids, were surrounded and completely destroyed.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The Russ died every single one, including Prince Svyatoslav.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Khan Kurya ordered to make a drinking bowl from his skull, shackling it with gold [15] [14] [5].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The death of Svyatoslav is also reflected in Byzantine sources [34] [35].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Yaropolk


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

After the death of Svyatoslav, the Kiev table was occupied by his eldest son Yaropolk (at the time of the station he was no more than 11 years old, and Sveneld became his regent [36]).


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

At the same time, the Pechenegs raids on Russia became more frequent [14] [20].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In 978 (6486), Yaropolk inflicted a major defeat on the Pechenegs and even imposed a tribute on them [5], ― “Yaropolk Pechenegs won and paid tribute to them” [37].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In the following year 979 (6487), one of the Pechenezh khans named Ildey went to the service of the prince “... and beat Yaropok with his forehead into service; Yaropolk accepted him and gave him hails and volosts” [37].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

At the same time, the first civil strife began in Russia.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Sveneld convinced Yaropolk to go to his brother Oleg (Prince of Drevlyansky), who had previously killed Sveneld's son Lyuta.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In 977 (6485), during Yaropolk's assault on Ovruch, Oleg died.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Vladimir, fearing the same fate, fled to the Norwegian ruler Hakon “Mighty”.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Yaropolk immediately occupied Novgorod, but in 980 (6488) Vladimir returned with the Norman army and, having gathered the same large army in the northern lands of Russia, moved to Kiev.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

When Vladimir invited Yaropolk to negotiate, one of the latter's youths, Varyazhko, advised his prince:


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

However, Yaropolk rejected this proposal and, having come to Vladimir for negotiations, was killed by his people [38].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Vladimir


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

With Vladimir's station in Kiev, the Pechenegs raids on Russia gained new strength [15] [14].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Varyazhko, who fled to the Pechenegs immediately after the death of Yaropolk, began to avenge his prince — “... and fought for a long time with the Pechenegs against Vladimir” [39].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The latter, unable to cope with the energetic Varyazhko, hardly persuaded him to go over to his side, making an oath not to cause any harm [38] [19].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

By 988 (6496), the chronicles date back to the beginning of construction along the steppe border to protect defensive lines or the so-called Zmiev Vals [40] [15] [14] from frequent Pechenezh raids.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The built cities, which served as outposts, were interconnected by ramparts, on which signal towers were installed at a certain distance.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

This network of fortifications created a number of problems for the Pechenegs, in particular, depriving them of the surprise factor of their raids.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The sentinels conducted round-the-clock surveillance.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In addition, at a considerable distance from the outposts towards the “Wild Field”, horse crossings patrolled the approaches to the Russian borders.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In the event of the appearance of Pechenezh clusters, those crossings were in a hurry to notify the garrisons, which in turn lit signal lights.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Messengers were sent to other cities, and garrisons, meanwhile, held the defense until help approached.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Under these conditions, a lightning raid of individual Pechenezh detachments on unprotected villages was excluded.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

For a successful invasion of Russian borders, the Pechenegs now had to undertake only large-scale campaigns by joint forces [5].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The year 988 is also significant for the baptism of Rus.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Apparently, Vladimir's military successes in both defensive and active actions were the result of a new relationship between him and some Pechenezh khans.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Thus, according to the Nikon Chronicle, in the same year, Khan Metigay came to him and was baptized [41], and in 991 (6499) Khan Kuchyug was baptized, while joining the service of the Grand Duke, ― “... and served From the bottom of my heart to Vladimir” [5].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Later, according to the Nikon Chronicle, the former Pechenezh Khan Kuchyug repeatedly distinguished himself in battles with the Pechenegs [42].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In 990 (6498), according to the Nikon Chronicle, the Pechenegs invaded Russian borders in large numbers and “did a lot of evil”, but were completely defeated by a large army assembled by Vladimir.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

According to the same chronicle, few of them managed to escape [43].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In 992 (6500), a major campaign of the Pechenegs to Russia took place.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Their combined forces marched from the side of the Sula River.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Vladimir managed to gather the forces necessary to repel the enemy and met him at the ford on the Trubezh River.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Both troops lined up against each other on opposite banks of the river, without taking any active action.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Further, the chronicle gives a story about the duel between the Pechenezh hero and the Russian, Jan.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The Russians, inspired by the victory of their fighter, rushed with battle cries at the Pechenegs, who, unable to withstand the attack, were turned into an indiscriminate flight [44] [15] [14] [Comment 3].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In 996 (6504), the Pechenegs again invaded from Russian redistribution and approached the Stugna River.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

This time Vladimir did not have time to gather enough strength and, having come out to meet “with a small squad” [46], he was defeated in the battle of Vasilev [15].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The Russians, not having time to accept the battle formation, fled [47].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Vladimir himself barely escaped death, hiding under the bridge, and then locked himself in Vasilev [44].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The Stugnensky border was in a daytime crossing (30-35 km [15]) from Kiev and, therefore, the capital was under threat.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

However, the serpent ramparts and fortified points of the Middle Dnieper region were the reason that the Pechenegs did not manage to reach Kiev.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The garrisons did not give up, and the Pechenegs, whose main goal was profit, did not waste time on sieges and, moreover, did not try to storm those fortifications, as a result of which the latter remained with them in rear, carrying out active actions for its part.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

However, despite this, a large number of villages that year were still ruined by the Pechenegs [25].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The defeat of Vladimir near Vasilev inspired the Pechenegs, and since that time, according to the chronicler, “there has been a continuous great war” [48].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Not having sufficient forces to counter the Pechenezh raids, Vladimir in 997 (6505) went to Novgorod to collect rati.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Meanwhile, the Pechenegs, having learned that Vladimir had left for the north, besieged Belgorod in the same year.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The city was taken into a tight ring, and the siege itself was delayed.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The Pechenegs expected to starve the city.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Famine really began in it, and the townspeople, according to the chronicle, decided at the assembled assembly:


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

There is a legend according to which Belgorod residents, on the advice of an elder who offered to postpone the surrender of the city, dug two wells and installed tubs there, filling one with a talker (from the collected from all over the city remains of oats, wheat or bran), and the other is full of honey.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

After that, residents invited the Pechenegs for negotiations.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Belgorod residents showed them the wells and treated them with the contents, saying that here the earth itself depletes food, and therefore, the siege can last forever and starvation does not threaten the citizens.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The Pechenegs considered it pointless to continue the siege and retreated from Belgorod [44].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In 1000 (6508), when Vladimir was on a campaign against the Bulgarian Kingdom (and 6 thousand Rus participated in the Byzantine campaign to Armenia [49]), a certain Volodar (called V. N. Tatishchev, a traitor who forgot the “benevolence of his master”) and his brother led the Pechenegs to Kiev.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The latter “in many ways” overlaid the city, in which great confusion arose among the residents.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

However, the squad led by voivode Alexander Popovich made a night sortie, destroying a large number of besiegers, after which the Pechenegs fled [47] [Comment 4].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In the next 1001 (6509) year, a campaign of Russian troops under the leadership of Alexander Popovich and Yan Usmoshvets took place against the Pechenegs.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

During this expedition, the Russians “beat many Pechenegs”, and also captured their Khan Rodman and his three sons, who were brought to Vladimir in Kiev [47] [5] [Comment 5].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In 1004 (6512), the Pechenegs again besieged Belgorod, however, when large Russian forces led by Alexander Popovich and Jan Usmoshvets approached the city, the Pechenegs fled back to the steppe [50] [51].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In 1014 (6522), civil strife began to develop.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Yaroslav, who was sitting in Novgorod, refused to send an annual tribute to his father in Kiev.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In the following year 1015 (6523), Vladimir had already prepared for a campaign to Novgorod, but while still in Berestovo, he learned that the Pechenegs were going from the south to Russia.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Vladimir was with his son Boris, whom he immediately sent to repel the Pechenegs, but in the meantime he became very ill and died on July 15 of the same year [48] [52].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Svyatopolk: Yaroslav the Wise


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

After Vladimir's death, Svyatopolk took the Kiev table.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

Boris, meanwhile, did not find the Pechenegs, learned on the way back about the death of his father and about the occupation of the throne by Svyatopolk.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

To the persuasion of his squad, “Here you have your father's squad and army. Go, sit in Kiev on his father's table”, Boris replied that “he will not raise his hands on his eldest brother”, and, according to chroniclers, having dissolved the squad, he was soon killed by order of Svyatopolk.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The same fate soon befell Gleb and Svyatoslav, and also awaited the rest of the brothers [53] [54].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In the internecine war that began in Russia between Yaroslav and Svyatopolk, the Pechenegs acted on the side of the latter [55] [14] [Comment 6].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

In addition to the Pechenegs, the Polish king Boleslav I (Brave) was an ally of Svyatopolk.


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

German chronicler Titmar wrote that the Pechenegs, on the instructions of Boleslav, made frequent raids on Russian lands [57].


Question: In what country did the Rus-Pechenezh wars last?

Russian-Pechenezh wars

The fact that Yaroslav was exhausted by the systematic raids of the Pechenegs is also reported by the Polish historian A. Poppe [58].