Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

As a result, the name of the same file without an associated LFN record may appear in Windows 9x in its entirety in uppercase, and Windows NT (partially) in lower case.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

File attributes


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In the attribute byte, the top two bits are fallback and should always be set to zero.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The rest of the bits are distributed in such a way that 0x01 corresponds to the read-only attribute, 0x02 is hidden, 0x04 is system, and 0x20 is archive.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

A set of several attributes is compiled by summing up the main values.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In addition to these standard attributes, the following are also used: 0x10 — indicates that the file is a directory (container for other files); 0x08 — ATTR_VOLUME_ID, a special attribute of the unique a zero-sized file in the root directory whose name is considered a volume label.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The FAT volume label length limit of 11 characters is related to the size of the DIR_name field.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

If a file has the READ_ONLY | HIDDEN | SYSTEM | VOLUME_ID attribute set (value 0x0F), this indicates that the entry does not correspond to an individual file, but contains part of the long name of another file, not within the 8.3 framework (see below).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Artificially assigning a non-zero value to the upper two bits of DIR_ATTR is used to generate files that cannot be deleted or renamed by standard file system tools without formatting.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

This is useful, for example, when fighting Autorun.inf viruses (Panda USB and AutoRun Vaccine program).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

On the other hand, viruses themselves can use the same tool.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Dir_attr = 0x40 is reserved for internal use (device).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

What happens when you create a catalog


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

When creating a directory, Dir_FileSize = 0 is set for it “for life”.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The size of the catalog content is determined by simply following the cluster chains to the End Of Chain tag.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The size of the directory itself is limited by the file system to 65,535 32-byte records (that is, directory entries in the FAT table cannot be more than 2MB).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

This limitation is designed to speed up file operations and allow various utilities to use a 16-bit integer (WORD) to count the number of entries in a directory (as a result, it occurs the theoretical limit on the number of files in a directory is 65,535, provided that all file names follow the 8.3 standard).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

A directory has one data area cluster (unless it is the FAT12/FAT16 root directory), and the Dir_FstClushi/Dir_FstCluslo fields are assigned the cluster number value.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

An EOC label is placed in the FAT table for the record corresponding to this cluster, and the cluster itself is zeroed.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Next, two special files are created, without which the FAT directory is considered corrupted (the first two 32-byte entries in the cluster's data area) — zero-size files named “.” (single dot, directory id) and “..” (two dots, pointer to parent directory).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The date and time stamps of these files are equal to the values for the catalog itself at the time of creation and are not updated when the catalog changes.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The dir_fstclushi/dir_fstCluslo fields in the “.” file contain the number of the cluster containing it, and the file “..” contains the number of the first cluster of the directory containing this one.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Thus, the file “.” refers to the directory itself, and the file “..” refers to the parent directory's initial cluster; if the parent directory is the root directory, the starting cluster is considered null.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Time and date


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The double-byte date stamp has the following format:


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

bits 0-4 are the day of the month, values 1—31 are allowed


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

bits 5—8 are the month of the year, values 1—12 are allowed;


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

bits 9-15 — year, counting from 1980 (“MS-DOS era”), values from 0 to 127 inclusive are possible, that is, 1980-2107.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The two bytes corresponding to the timestamp are distributed as follows:


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

bits 0—4 are the seconds counter (two each), the values are 0—29, that is, 0—58 seconds;


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

bits 5—10 are minutes, values 0—59 are allowed;


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

bits 11—15 are hours, values 0—23 are valid.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Of the date and time stamps, only the time of the last modification (that is, Dir_wrtTime and Dir_wrtDate) is critical, the rest may not be supported by many systems; when operating on a file in such system (such as DOS or Windows 3.1) ignores these fields.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

FAT stores the date and time stamps according to the local time zone, and do not change the marks when it changes.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Directory timestamps are set when they are created and do not change when new files are written to the directory, renamed, or a new cluster is allocated to it.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The file's last access date is updated every time it is accessed, for example, when viewing file properties, moving to a different volume (but not within a volume).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

When you copy a file on Windows 98, the last access date of the original file is updated, but not on Windows XP.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The file modification date-time changes each time new content is written to the data area (not the file record).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In other words, the modification date-time does not change when you change attributes or rename a file.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Moving or copying a file retains its original modification mark.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The creation date and time are specified when you select a file record for a new file that did not exist before that file.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In other words, when you rename or move a file, the creation date and time does not change, and when you copy the new file, it gets a new stamp.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Thus, when you copy a file to Windows, the file may receive a later creation date than the modification date.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

LFN records


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Files and directories with a long name (above 8.3) are handled in a special way by the FAT file system.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The 32-byte record structure for an LFN (Long File Name) file is different from a regular (SFN) record:


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The first byte of the record is used to number the records in the set.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The ten-byte field at 0x01 contains the first five characters of the file name (or rather, the part of its name that is reflected in this LFN record).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The attribute byte at 0x0B is 0x0F (ATTR_LONG_NAME).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The byte at 0x0C is zeroed and additionally indicates that this FAT table entry belongs to a file with a long name.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The byte at 0x0d contains the SFN checksum of the file alias corresponding to the set of LFN records.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

A 12-byte field at 0x0E that contains the sixth to eleventh characters of the file name.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The 2-byte field at address 0x1a, in the context of an LFN record is meaningless and is reset to zero.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

A 4-byte field at 0x1C that contains the 12th and 13th characters of the file name.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The FAT catalog's LFN record set must always be associated with a regular SFN record that is physically preceded on disk.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

A set of LFN records found without a corresponding normal record is called an orphan and the record is considered corrupted; such a file is completely invisible in older versions of MS-DOS/Windows.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In a sequence of LFN records, each of them has its own sequence number defined by the first byte (LDIR_ord).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The 0x40 mask indicates that this record is the last in the row of LFN records that follow it (that is, for example, for the third LFN record in the row, the value of the LDIR_ord byte will be 0x43, for the 17th - 0x51).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In subsequent records, this byte changes from N for the Nth “long” record in the count from the corresponding normal record to 1 for the closest record to the normal record.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Long file names are stored in UNICODE (UTF-16) encoding, while preserving the alphabetic case entered.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

If an OEM or UNICODE character of a name cannot be converted to a code page character, it is always displayed as an underscore “_”, and stored on disk the valid character does not change.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The checksum byte is calculated according to a certain algorithm based on the 8.3 name of a regular record (for a file with a long name, the “name” from a regular record is called an alias) and copied to all its corresponding “long” records.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

If any of the values do not agree with the file name (for example, if the file was renamed under an earlier version of MS-DOS/Windows), orphan occurs.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

An SFN file alias with a long name consists of a main body and, if necessary, a digital tail.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

If a file has an extension, its first 3 characters are saved in an alias.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The corresponding name is formed by translating the characters of the long file name into the OEM encoding, with all spaces in the long name being ignored, and characters that are not translated into the OEM or are prohibited in the context of the short name names, are replaced by the underscore “_”.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The digital tail “~n”, where n = 1 ÷ 999999, is added to the alias if the originally obtained alias conflicted with the name of a file in the same directory or exceeded the 8.3 standard, or if any character did not find an OEM analogue when changing the encoding and was replaced by an underscore.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Thus, aliases of the NEWFIL~1.DJV type (LFN = New file for me.djvu) are formed.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The file alias formation scheme is optimized for speed of operations and is therefore unpredictable in detail.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

A file name that is not a multiple of 13 characters does not completely fill in the LFN record name fields in the FAT table.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In this case, the file name is artificially terminated with a NUL character (0x00), and excess bytes are clogged with ones (i.e. 0xFF characters).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

For long names, the name length is limited to 255 characters, not counting the NUL separator, and the full path is limited to 260 characters, including NUL.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The long name also allows six special characters that are prohibited in short names: +,; = []


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

When you try to create a file or directory on a FAT32 volume with a name that contains this symbol, an LFN record is automatically generated regardless of the length of the file name.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

A similar process occurs when you create a file/folder with a name that contains non-ASCII characters.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

It is possible that a volume label file does not physically precede all records in a volume with long names (when the volume does not have a label or the label was assigned after a file with a long name was written).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Then the volume label in FAT12/FAT16 will be displayed incorrectly, as it will be taken from the nearest LFN record (since it also has a VOLUME_ID attribute), and when trying to change the volume label in the name of the corresponding file will actually be violated.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

When you delete a file that has associated LFN records, the latter are not affected and become orphan.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

When further creating a new file, the mentioned orphan may be mistakenly associated with it if the checksums of the names of the old and new files coincide, but the calculation algorithm used checksum (the ASCII code of the first character of the file alias is cyclically shifted a bit to the right and the code of the next character is added, etc.) makes this probability negligible.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The Meaning of File Operations in FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Volume formatting — the index index table is reset to zero, except for the first three (FAT [0] and FAT [1], are reserved, and FAT [2] contains an entry corresponding to the volume label file, or if not its EOC label) and broken cluster records; root directory entries are reset to zero (except for the volume label file, if any), otherwise the data area is not affected.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

File deletion—Replaces the first character of the file record and all associated LFN records with the 0xE5 code; the clusters occupied by the file are marked free in the FAT table, and the data area is not are affected.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Creating a file or directory with the “Create” command of the context menu — creates a file record for a new “empty” file with a default name (for example, “New Folder”) and a size determined by the file type; the file itself, if it has a non-zero size (which is true for almost all “empty” files, except directories and text documents), is written in the data area to the clusters allocated to it; in the FAT table a corresponding cluster chain is created.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Once a file is given a valid name (not the default), the originally created file record is marked as deleted and a new one is created.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Rename a file — a new record is created with the updated name; the old record is marked as deleted.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Save a file from the application (not from the command line) — creates an entry that contains all fields except the file size and initial cluster; when the file is saved, a new record is created which contains all fields, and the old one is removed.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Copying a file — an identical file record is created in the new location (possibly with the exception of some time stamps, see above), the file is allocated the first free cluster and content the file is copied to a new location, and the current cluster is copied, the next free cluster is searched, and the FAT table is filled.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Move a file (between different volumes) —Copy and delete the file from its original location.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

File move (within volume) — the cluster chain is not affected, the file record is copied unchanged to the new directory, and then deleted from the previous one.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In general, the search for a free cluster in the index pointer table to allocate to a new file does not begin from the beginning of the data area (that is, from cluster 2), but from the last one allocated to a the cluster file, the number of which is stored in the FSInfo structure.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In other words, if file 1 is assigned cluster 30 and file 2 is assigned cluster 31, after which file 1 is deleted, then when a new file 3 is created, it is likely to be physically located starting with cluster 32.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

System fault tolerance


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Since FAT stores file data and free disk space data in one table, the file write operation, which traditionally consists of two stages (adding the occupied block to the list occupied and the exclusion of the same block from the list of free) takes place in FAT in one action.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Due to this, the FAT system has an inherent resistance to failures, that is, a failure (for example, power) during a read or write operation will in most cases not lead to destruction file system.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

However, in this case, we are talking about the integrity of the file system, not the files themselves.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Features [3]


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

FAT12FAT16FAT32Microsoft DeveloperFull NameFile Allocation Table (File Allocation Table) (12-bit version) (16-bit version) (32-bit version) Introduced1980 (Microsoft Disk BASIC) August 1984 ( MS-DOS 3.00, stripped down)


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

full July 1988 MS-DOS 4.0 [6] August 1996 (Windows 95 OSR 2) Volume ID0x01 (MBR) 0x04, 0x06, 0x0E (MBR) 0x0B, 0x0C (MBR)


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 (GPT) StructuresDirectory ContentTableFile Placement ListFailure LocksCluster RestrictionsFile Size32 MIB2 GIB4 GIBQuantity clusters408465 524268 435 445 (228−12) File name length8.3 or 255 characters when using LFNVolume size32 MIb2 GiB


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

4 GiB (64 Kb per cluster, not supported everywhere) 2 TiB


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

8 TiB (2 KB per sector) CapabilitiesSaved DatesCreation, Modification, AccessDate Range January 1, 1980 — December 31, 2107Additional DataInitially Not SupportedFile Attributes Readable Only, hidden, system, volume label, subdirectory, archiveAccess rights delimitationTransparent compressionSeparate utilities (Stacker, DoubleSpace, DriveSpace) Transparent encryptionThird-party DOS utilities or clones


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Licensing


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Microsoft has patented some algorithms for working with FAT and VFAT.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In the United States, on reconsideration, it was decided to revoke some of the patents, but then it was revoked.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In October 2006, a patent for VFAT issued by the European Patent Office was revoked in Germany for evidence [7].


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Over time, FAT has become widely used in various devices for compatibility between DOS, Windows, OS/2, Linux.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Microsoft did not intend to force them to be licensed [8].


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In February 2009, Microsoft sued TomTom, a manufacturer of Linux-based car navigation systems, for patent infringement [9].


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

According to Jeremy Ellison, Microsoft's goal is to give different companies a choice: to enter into a patent protection treaty with Microsoft (the one Novell entered into with it in November 2006) thereby violating the GNU GPL license, and making it impossible for yourself to use Linux or not enter into such a contract, and be accused of violating the patents protected by it under condition of non-disclosure [10] [11].


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In March 2009, TomTom filed a counterclaim for patent infringement [12].


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

See also


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

exFAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Notes


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

References


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

(in English) FAT standard


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Category:Microsoft file systems


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Collective intelligence or collective intelligence is a term that appeared in sociology in the mid-1980s when studying the process of collective decision-making.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Researchers have defined collective intelligence as the ability of a group to find solutions to problems more effective than the best individual solution in this group.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

This concept is used in sociobiology, political science and in the context of applications designed for group review and crowdsourcing.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The concept of collective intelligence can affect consensus, social capital, and concepts such as electoral systems, social media and other methods of accounting for social activities.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Collective intelligence is also attributed to bacteria [1] and animals [2].


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

It may also be understood as a property resulting from the interaction between


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

1) data — information — knowledge;


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

2) software and hardware and 3) specialists (both carriers of new ideas and recognized authorities) who constantly learns, using feedback, to generate information, necessary at this particular moment to make decisions that are better than those that can take the three components separately.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Or, in a narrower sense, a property that arises as a result of interaction between people and information processing methods [4] Collective intelligence understood in this way is called “symbiotic intelligence” and described by Norman Lee Johnson.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

[5] This concept is used in sociology, business, computer science and the media.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

It's also found in science fiction.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

According to researchers Levy and Derrick de Kerckhove, it relates to the ability of networked ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) to expand the general fund of social knowledge by simultaneously expanding opportunities for interaction between people.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Collective intelligence makes a great contribution to shifting the focus of knowledge and power from individual to collective.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

According to Raymond and Hertz, open source intelligence will sooner or later begin to produce results that exceed those produced by proprietary software within corporations (Terry Fleu 2008).


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

At the same time, Henry Jenkins views collective intelligence as an 'alternative source of media power', closely linked to the convergence culture.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

It focuses on education and how people learn to participate in such knowledge cultures outside of formal education.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Jenkins criticizes schools that encourage 'autonomous problem solvers and self-contained students' while opposing collective intelligence learning.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Ultimately, both Pierre Levy (2007) and Henry Jenkins (2008) share the view that collective intelligence is important to the process of democratizing society because it is closely linked to culture, based knowledge, supported by shared ideas, and thus contributes to a better understanding of a diverse society among its various members.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Writers who influenced the idea of collective intelligence include: Douglas Hofstadter (1979), Peter Russell (1983), Tom Utley (1993), Pierre Levy (1994), Howard Bloom (1995), Francis Heiligen (1995), Douglas Engelbart, Cliff Joslin, Ron Dembo, Gottfried Mayer-Kress (2003).


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

History


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The concept that precedes the modern term is found in entomologist William Morton Wheeler, who notes that seemingly independent individuals can cooperate so closely that they become indistinguishable from a single organism (1911).


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

[8] Wheeler observed this process of cooperation in ants, which acted as cells of a single living being, which he called “superorganism.”


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

In 1912, Emil Durkheim established that society is the only source of logical thinking in man.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

In his book Elementary Forms of Religious Life, he argued that society is a more intelligent form, as it surpasses of the individual in both spatial and temporal length.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

[9] Other previous ones include the concept of the “noosphere” by Vladimir Vernadsky and the concept of the “world brain” by H.G. Wells.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Peter Russell, Elizabeth Santuris, and Barbara Marx Hubbard (author of the term “evolution of consciousness”) were inspired by images of the noosphere — a transcendental, rapidly evolving collective intelligence — information “crust” of the planet.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

This idea was later considered by the philosopher Pierre Levy.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Aspects


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Howard Bloom looked at mass behavior—collective behavior, from the quark level to bacterial, plant, animal, and human communities.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

He drew attention to a biological device that turned most creatures living on Earth into components of what he called a self-learning machine.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

In 1986, Bloom combined the ideas of apoptosis, parallel distributed processing, group selection, and superorganism, and developed a theoretical explanation of how collective intelligence works.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

[10] He later demonstrated how the collective intelligence of competing bacterial colonies and human societies can be explained in terms of computer-generated complex adaptive systems and genetic algorithms, terms coined by Henry Holland.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Bloom traced the evolution of collective intelligence to our bacterium ancestors that existed 1 billion years ago and demonstrated how multi-species intelligence has functioned since its inception life.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

[11] Ant communities demonstrate higher intelligence, in a technical sense, than any living thing other than humans, and collaborate in raising livestock, such as aphids, for” milking”.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Leaf cutters breed mushrooms and bring leaves that serve to feed the mushrooms.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

David Scrbina [12] cites the concept of group mind as a derivative of Plato's concept of panpsychism (which states that consciousness is omnipresent and is present in all matter).


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

He develops the concept of 'group mind' as Thomas Hobbes formulated it in Leviathan and Fechner's argument for the mass consciousness of mankind.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

He cites Durkheim as the most prominent advocate of “collective consciousness” and Teillard de Chardin as the thinker who formulated philosophical conclusions derived from the concept of group intelligence.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Tom Atley focuses primarily on people and opportunities to increase what Howard Bloom calls “group IQ.”


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Atley believes that collective intelligence can be promoted in order to “overcome group thinking” and individual cognitive biases in order for the team to collaborate in general process — while benefiting from higher intellectual efficiency.” George Pohr defined the phenomenon of collective intelligence as “the ability of human societies to evolve towards greater complexity and harmony, using such mechanisms innovation as differentiation and integration, rivalry and cooperation.” [13] Atley and Pore argue that “collective intelligence also includes achieving a common focus of attention and measurement standards, which provide a suitable boundary condition for action.”


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Their approach is based on the “metaphor of the scientific community”.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Atley and Por believe that the sphere of collective intelligence should be considered primarily as a human enterprise in which the way of thinking, the desire to share and openness to the values of the distributed intelligence that serves the common good is extremely important, although group theories and artificial intelligence have a lot to offer.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Individuals who respect collective intelligence are confident in their abilities and understand that the whole is really greater than the sum of any of its components.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Maximizing collective intelligence depends on the organization's ability to embrace and develop the “golden proposition”, which is any of the potentially useful ideas of any participant.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Groupthink often hinders the realization of collective intelligence, allowing ideas to be introduced by only a select few individuals, or screening out potential “golden offers” without developing them before implementation.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Robert David Steele, in his New Intelligence Craft, portrayed all citizens as “security reservists” capable of creating a “public security service” that can provide honesty of public figures and corporate directors, based only on legitimate and ethical sources of information, overturning the very idea of “national security” (previously dealing with issues espionage and secrecy) on its head.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

According to Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams, collective intelligence is mass collaboration [14].


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

For this idea to be realized, four principles must be in place;


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

OpeningSharing ideas and intellectual property: While these resources give you an edge over your competition, allowing others to use ideas and contribute significant improvements and carefully study them, allows you to accumulate more benefits through cooperation as a result.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Peering is a horizontal organization with the 'openness' of Linux programs, where users can freely change the program and refine it, provided that they make it available to others.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Peering is successful because it stimulates self-organization — this style of work for certain tasks is more effective than a hierarchical management structure.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Sharing Companies have begun to provide some ideas for sharing, while maintaining some control over others, such as rights to potential and critical patents.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Restricting access to all intellectual property closes the way for new opportunities, while opening some to the public expands markets and introduces new products to markets quicker.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

GlobalizationThe development of communication technologies has caused global companies to flourish at low cost.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The Internet is widely available, so a globally integrated company is not geographically limited and has access to new markets, ideas and technologies.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

examples


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The Collective Intelligence Global Futures System (GFIS) at www.themp.org was created as part of the Millennium Project in 2012.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Political parties mobilize a large number of people to formulate a political course, select candidates, finance and conduct an election campaign.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Information concentrated through different voting methods allows different possible ways to converge, assuming that uninformed voting is to some extent incidental and may be excluded from the decision - making process, leaving only informed consent in the balance.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Critics point out that often bad ideas, misconceptions and misconceptions are widespread, and that structuring the decision-making process should take into account the opinions of experts who presumably have a lower tendency to vote randomly or vote on the basis of incorrect information in a given area.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Military units, unions and corporations satisfy some of the CI definitions — the strictest definition would require the ability to respond to a very wide range of conditions without restrictions on actions emanating from orders or instructions from “law” or “customers”.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Online advertising agencies use collective intelligence to do without traditional marketing and design studios.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

In the context that students create (Learner generated context), a group of users mobilize resources to create an environment that meets their needs, often (though not exclusively) due to co - configuration, co-creation and co-planning of a special learning space that allows students to create their own context.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

[15] [16] [17] The context created by the students' is a specially created community that contributes to the coordination of joint actions in an environment of trust.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Examples of the context students create can be found on the Internet, where collaborating users combine knowledge in a “shared intelligence space”.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Like Wikipedia.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Along with the development of the Internet, the concepts of CI as a shared public forum have also developed.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The global availability of the Internet has allowed more people than ever to share ideas and reach out to the ideas of others.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

(Flew, 2008)


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Improvisation actors also know a type of collective intelligence they call 'group intelligence'.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Another example of collective intelligence is the competition of ideas.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Specialized information sites, such as the Digital Photography Review or Camera Labs, are examples of collective intelligence.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Anyone with access to the Internet can share their knowledge through specialized information sites.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Quora


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The Quora Internet Service is a portal where anyone can ask any question and anyone can answer.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Each question is assigned a category and a set of shortcuts for easier navigation.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

For example, a question about Apple's CEO, Tim Cook, can be found in the Apple and CEOs categories, and 'Tim Cook' would be a personal label.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

If someone is wondering, for example, what would it be like to work with Tim Cook?


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

, the response will include private or personal information that is (by definition) not publicly available.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Users can reply on their own behalf or anonymously.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Getting such private information is, of course, very valuable for understanding the whole picture or for looking behind the scenes.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Questions often relate to first-hand experience, and the answers are often carefully reviewed chronicles and detailed logs of their changes.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

They provide the user with the opportunity to get a detailed analytical picture and thus the information is democratized.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The collection of direct experiences of different people is a vivid example of collective intelligence.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Mathematical methods


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Sometimes, especially theorists who are more focused on artificial intelligence, use a “collective intelligence quotient” (or “cooperation coefficient”) — which can presumably be measured similar to the “personal” intelligence quotient (IQ) — thus making it possible to identify the marginal additional intelligence attached by each new participant in the collective process, thus , using metrics to avoid the dangers of groupthink and stupidity.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

In 2001, Tadeusz (Ted) Szuba from the Polish Academy of Mining and Metallurgy proposed a formal model for the phenomenon of collective intelligence.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

It is assumed that CI is an unconscious, random, parallel and distributed computational process performed in the environment of mathematical logic by a social system.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

In this model, creatures and information are modeled as abstract molecules of information that carry expressions written in the language of mathematical logic.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

They are quasi-radially replaced due to interaction with the environment containing their supposed substitutions.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Their interactions in the abstract computing space create multi-threaded processes of inference that we perceive as collective intelligence.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Thus, the computation model used is Non-Turing.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

This theory allows for a simple formal definition of collective intelligence as a property of the social system, and it seems to work successfully for a wide range of creatures, ranging from colonies of bacteria to to human social systems.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

From the perception of collective intelligence as a special computational process, a straightforward explanation of several social phenomena follows.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

For this model of collective intelligence, a formal definition of the KSI (Social Intelligence Quotient, IQS — IQ Social) was proposed defined as “a function of the distribution of probability over time and domain of logical inferences from N elements, reflecting the activities for the production of logical inferences in the social system.”


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

While IQS seems computationally difficult, modeling a social system in terms of the computational process described above gives a chance for approximate calculations.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

One potential application is to optimize companies by maximizing their IQS, and analyzing drug resistance for the collective intelligence of bacterial colonies.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Digital media


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

New media are often associated with the popularization and improvement of the quality of collective intelligence.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The ability of new media to easily store and use information, mostly through databases and the Internet, makes it easy to share it.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Thus, by interacting with new media, knowledge easily passes from source to source (Fleu 2008), resulting in a kind of collective intelligence.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The use of interactive new media, in particular the Internet, encourages online interaction and this distribution of knowledge among users.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Francis Heiligen, Valentin Turchin and Gottfried Mayera-Kress, among others, look at collective interest through the prism of computer science and cybernetics.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

From their point of view, the Internet makes possible collective intelligence on the broadest, planetary scale, thus contributing to the emergence of a global brain.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The developer of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, sought to promote global sharing and publishing of information.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Later, his employer opened the technology for free use.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

In the early 1990s, the potential of the Internet was not yet explored, until about the mid-1990s, when the “critical mass”, as formulated by the head of the Department for Prospective Research and Development (ARPA) by Dr. J.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Licklider, required greater accessibility and usefulness.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

[20] The driving force behind this form of collective intelligence is the digitization of information and communication.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Henry Jenkins, a key theorist of new media and media convergence, proceeds from the theory that collective intelligence can be attributed to convergence and a participatory culture culture) (Fleu 2008).


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

He criticizes modern education for failing to incorporate current trends towards collective problem-solving into the learning process, arguing that “while the collective intelligence community supports group ownership of work, schools evaluate individual participants.”


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Jenkins argues that engaging with the knowledge community develops skills that are vital for young people, and that group interaction through collective intelligence communities helps these skills develop.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Collective intelligence is not only a quantitative addition of information from all cultures, but also a qualitative one.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Levy and de Kerckhove look at CI from the point of view of mass communications, focusing on the ability of networked information and communication technologies to improve the quality of the knowledge pool communities.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

They assume that these means of communication allow people to interact, share and collaborate easily and quickly at the same time (Fleu 2008).


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

With the development of the Internet and its widespread use, the opportunity to share knowledge in communities and knowledge forums, such as Wikipedia, is now greater than ever before .


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Such computer networks allow participants to access information through shared access to such databases and allow them to “harness the hive” (Raymond 1998; Hertz 2005 according to Fleu 2008).


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Researchers [21] at the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence study the collective intelligence of groups of people and computers.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

In this context, collective intelligence is often confused with shared knowledge.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The first is knowledge available to all team members, while the latter is information that is known to all members of the community.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

[22] Users are less involved in the collective intelligence presented by Web 2.0 than in collaborative intelligence.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

An example of an art project using the Web 2.0 platform is Shared Galaxy, an experimental project developed by an anonymous artist that aims to create a collective entity that looked like one person across multiple platforms, such as MySpace, Facebook, YouTube, and Second Life.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The password is listed in profiles and accounts under the name “Shared Galaxy” are public.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Thus, many are involved in the process of being alone.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

With the growth of the Internet and mobile telecommunications, events such as “swarming” or “rendezvous” have also appeared, making it possible to make an appointment or even a date on request.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The effect of the spread of such phenomena cannot yet be fully felt, but the anti-globalization movement, for example, is highly dependent on e-mail, mobile phones, pagers, text communications and other means of the organization.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Atley discusses the link between these events and the political views behind them.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Indymedia operates in a more journalistic manner.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Such resources can form a form of collective intelligence that is accountable only to relevant participants, but at the same time has pronounced moral or linguistic attitudes received from generations participants — or even take an apparently more democratic form to achieve common goals.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Social bookmarks


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

In social bookmarks (also called collective tags), users assign tags to sources shared with other users, allowing a new variety of organization of information to be formed during this crowdsourcing process.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The resulting information structure can be considered as the collective knowledge (or collective intelligence) of the user community and is usually referred to as “folksonomy”, and the process can be analyzed within the framework of collaborative tagging models.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Recent studies using data from the Delicious social bookmarking website have shown that collaborative tagging (collective label) systems show the dynamics inherent in complex ( or self-organizing) systems.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

[23] [24] [25] Although there is no centrally controlled dictionary that restricts the actions of individual users, it has been proven that the distribution of labels describing various resources converge over time into stable power law distributions.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

[23] Once such stable distributions are formed, the study of the correlations between different labels can be used to construct simple folksonomic graphs that can be effectively segregated to create a kind of community of shared dictionaries.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

[26] These dictionaries can be considered as a form of collective intelligence that arises from the decentralized actions of the user community.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The Wall-it project is also an example of social bookmarking.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Video games


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Games like The Sims series and Second Life are designed so that the plot is not linear, and the development of the game world depends on collective intelligence.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

This type of sharing is gradually evolving and influencing the worldview of current and future generations.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

[20] For them, collective intelligence has become the norm.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

In his discussion of 'interactivity' in the online gaming space, the continuous dialogue between users and developers of the game, [28] Terry Fleu refers to the concept of collective intelligence authored by Pierre Levy (Levy 1998) and argues that it is also common in video games, as clans and guilds in MMORPGs are constantly working to achieve goals.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Henry Jenkins believes that participatory cultures that are emerging between game producers, media companies and end users mean a fundamental change in nature production and consumption of media products.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Jenkins argues that these new participatory cultures are emerging at the intersection of three new global media trends.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

[29] The first is the emergence of new media tools/technologies that allow you to create content.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Secondly, the emergence of subcultures that popularize these works, and lastly, the growth of value adding media conglomerates that stimulate the flow of ideas , images and stories.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

John Banks, a cultural theorist and developer of online communities, recognized the contribution of online fan communities to the creation of the Trainz project.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

He argued that the project owes its commercial success to “the emergence and development of an active and energetic online community of fans who simultaneously actively advertised the project and created content that extends and complements the game's original software.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

[30] The increase in the amount of content created by users and the increase in interactivity has also caused problems with control over the game and with the ownership of content created users.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

This raises fundamental legal problems outlined by Lessig [31] and Bray and Konsinsky, [32] related to aspects such as intellectual property and property rights.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Gosney, in his discussion of alternate reality games, extends this problem of collective intelligence one step further.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

He describes the genre as “a cross-media game that deliberately blurs the boundaries between in-game and out-of-game experience” [33] as events outside the game reality “affect” the player's life to combine this experience.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Completing the game requires “the joint and collaborative efforts of many players”; thus, the problem of joint and collaborative team play is very relevant for IAR.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Gosney believes that the alternate reality genre requires an unprecedented level of cooperation and “collective intelligence” to solve the riddles of the game.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Stock predictions


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Thanks to the ability of the Internet to quickly transfer large amounts of information around the world, the use of collective intelligence to predict stock quotes and their direction has become more and more real.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Sites aggregate stock information as fresh as possible, so stock analysts, both professionals and amateurs, can publish their point of view, giving them the opportunity non-professional investors to express their opinions on financial issues and create an aggregated opinion.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The opinion of all investors can be given the same weight, so the key condition for the effective use of collective intelligence is met: a lot of people with a wide variety of analysis experience exchange market, can be used to more accurately predict the behavior of financial markets.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

[34] [35]


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Collective intelligence supports the effective market hypothesis by Eugene Fam [36] — and while the term “collective intelligence” is not used directly in Fam's work, it refers to research conducted by Michael Jensen [37] in which 89 of the 115 selected funds performed below the stock index between 1955 and 1964. But after deducting the loading charge, only 72 had lower efficiency, and after deducting brokerage costs, only 58 showed lower efficiency .


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Based on this evidence, index funds have become a popular investment vehicle that uses the collective intelligence of the market, as opposed to the judgment of professional managers funds as an investment strategy.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Opinions


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Tom Atley showed that while people have an internal ability to collect and analyze data, they are influenced by culture, education, and social institutions.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

An individual tends to make decisions motivated by the instinct of self-preservation.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

In addition, people do not have a method to make choices that balance innovation and reality.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Thus, without collective intelligence, people can drive themselves to extinction caused by their own selfish needs.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Philip Brown and Hugh Lauder quote Bowles and Gentis (1976) that in order to give a real definition of collective intelligence, it is absolutely necessary to separate 'intelligence' from ikewism (iQism).


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

They continue to argue that intelligence is an achievement and that it can only develop if it is given the opportunity to do so.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

For example, groups from lower strata of society are extremely limited in aggregating and combining their intelligence.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The reason for this is that elites fear that collective intelligence will convince people to rebel.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

If there is no such capability and connectivity, then, therefore, there is no infrastructure on which collective intelligence is built (Brown & Lauder 2000, p.230).


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

This example reflects how much collective intelligence can do if it is allowed to develop.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Studies by Tapscott and Williams have identified some examples of the benefits that collective intelligence brings to businesses:


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Effective use of talentAt the current speed of technology development, no firm can maintain the pace of innovation necessary to remain competitive.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Instead, smart companies are using the power of mass collaboration to engage people they can't hire.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Generating demandFirms can create a new market for complementary products by participating in open source communities.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Cost reductionMass collaboration can help significantly reduce costs.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Firms can provide specific software or product for evaluation or testing by online communities.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

As a result, the product will be more personalized, reliable and free from errors, and development time and costs will be significantly reduced.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Skeptics, especially those who are critical of artificial intelligence and are more likely to believe that the risk of bodily harm or physical action is the foundation on which it is based human unity, are also more likely to emphasize the group's ability to take action and withstand damage through flexible mass mobilization, ignoring damage just as the body ignores loss multiple cells.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

This line of thought is more evident in the anti-globalization movement and is described in the works of John Zerzan, Carol Moore, and Starhawk (Miriam Simos), who usually shy away from academics.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

These theorists are more likely to refer to environmental and collective wisdom and the role of consensus in identifying ontological differences than to any form of “intelligence” as such, which, as they often they say does not exist, or is simply a “mind”.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Harsh ethical critics of artificial intelligence tend to promote collective methods of wisdom formation, such as the new tribalism of Geyanism.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The question remains whether they are collective intelligence systems.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Some, like Bill Joy, just want to avoid autonomous collective intelligence of any kind, and seem to want to work on collective intelligence in the strict sense of the word to exclude AI capability.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Study results


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

In the process of the study, scientists came to the conclusion that when working in a team, it is not so much the intellectual abilities of each of the group members that are important as their social susceptibility and the number of women and the absence of a pronounced leader in the presence of a pronounced desire for dominance among the members of the group [39].


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Collective intelligence and technology


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The term “collective intelligence” is used on the World Wide Web to refer to network services that process data collected from different sources and participants, and find the most useful among them for users.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Implementation examples


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Wiki projects for the joint accumulation, improvement and publication of knowledge (Wikipedia).


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Google Answers question and answer services, Ответы@mail.ru.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Product rating and review systems (Amazon) and multimedia content (Flickr, YouTube).


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Group development of open source software.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Collaboration between many project participants using Groupware software.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Prediction market.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Self-regulatory portals, such as Habrahabr.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Geosocial games.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Geosocial networks, including mobile ones, such as Gvidi and Foursquare.


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

See also


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

The collective unconscious


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Crowdsourced


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Group robotics


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Citizen science


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Notes


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

References


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

(in English)


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

— Vicky NJIT (in English)


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

(in English)


Question: Who coined the term collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence

Category:Artificial intelligence


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

Meteor, projects 342, 342E, 342U is a series of river passenger hydrofoils developed by Rostislav Alekseev.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

History


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

In October 1959, the first experimental hydrofoil Meteor was launched, which was sea trials from November 1, 1959 to November 17, 1959.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

During sea trials, the first Meteor, built at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant, traveled from Gorky to Feodosia and was left there for the winter period.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

In the spring of May 9, 1960, the first Meteor went back from Feodosia and on May 14, 1960 arrived in Gorky.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

Serial production of Meteors was established at the Zelenodolsk Shipyard named after M.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

A. M. Gorky.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

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From 1961 to 1991, more than 400 motor ships of this series were built [1].


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

The Nizhny Novgorod Hydrofoil Design Bureau named after Rostislav Alekseev developed a modification of the Meteor-2000 with imported engines and air conditioners, which also was supplied to China [2].


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

By 2007, the Meteors production line at the plant was dismantled, and motor ships of the new project A45-1 were laid down.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

Description


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

The Meteor motor ship of Project 342E is a duralumin, diesel, single-deck, two-shaft hydrofoil motor ship, designed for high-speed transportation of passengers during daylight hours along navigable rivers, freshwater reservoirs and lakes in temperate climates.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

The remote control and monitoring system provides control of the ship directly from the wheelhouse.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

Passengers are accommodated in three cabins equipped with soft seats: bow, middle and stern — for 26, 44 and 44 seats, respectively.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

Passengers move from the middle cabin to the aft cabin via a roofed deck (seen as a “hump” in the photos), from the deck doors lead to the toilet, engine room and utility room.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

There is a snack bar in the middle cabin.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

The wing device consists of the bow and stern bearing wings and two flaps fixed on the side and bottom pillars of the bow wing.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

As the main engines, two diesel engines of the M-400 type (12CHNS18/20) of right and left rotation can be installed on the ship, twelve-cylinder, four-stroke, turbocharged, water-cooled, reversible clutch with a rated power of 1000 hp.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

each at 1700 vol.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

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/min converted from aviation M-40.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

The propellers are two five-blade propellers of fixed pitch ø 710 mm.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

To service the power plant and ship needs, a combined diesel-generator-compressor-pump unit is installed.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

The unit consists of a diesel engine with a capacity of 12 hp.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

at 1500 vol.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

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/min


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

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with starter and manual start, 5.6 kW generator, compressor and vortex self-priming pump.


Question: Where was the first ship built on the back wings?

Meteor

The mechanical installation of the ship is controlled from posts in the wheelhouse and in the engine room.


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

Meteor

Electricity sources


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

Meteor

The main source of electricity in running mode is two running DC generators with a capacity of 1 kW each at a normal voltage of 27.5 V, installed on the main engines.


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

Meteor

There is an automatic machine for parallel operation of the generator and storage batteries.


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

Meteor

To power electricity consumers, an auxiliary DC generator with a capacity of 5.6 kW with a rated voltage of 28 V. is installed in the parking lot [3]


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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Distribution


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

Meteor

People's Republic of Bulgaria


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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People's Republic of Hungary, Hungary


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Vietnam


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Greece


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Federal Republic of Germany, Germany — in operation until 2008


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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Egypt


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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Italy


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Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Kazakhstan


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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China


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic — in operation ≈ until 1988


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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The Netherlands — in operation until 2004


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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People's Republic of Poland, Poland


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russia


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Romania


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Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukraine — in operation ≈ until 2000


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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Czechoslovakia, Slovakia


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Yugoslavia — in operation ≈ to 1999


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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Interesting facts


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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The book “Winged Ships of Russia” reports the following interesting facts: [4]


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

Meteor

One of the captains of the hydrofoil Meteor-2, which was part of the Volga United Shipping Company of the MRF of the RSFSR, was the famous pilot Hero of the Soviet Union Mikhail Devyataev, who during the Great Patriotic War was able to escape from captivity by hijacking an enemy bomber.


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

Meteor

In June 1960, during the demonstration of the first experimental hydrofoil Meteor, N.S.


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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Khrushchev, aircraft designer A.N.


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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Tupolev was impressed by Meteor and asked R.E.


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Alekseev on joint management of the ship.


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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The vast majority of Meteors are numbered, but two of them operated on the Volga were named after their creators — Konstruktor Alekseev (since 2011 it has been operated in St. Petersburg [5]) and” Engineer Zaitsev” (written off in 1997 [6]).


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Meteor-236 vessel of the Meteor type on the Lena River, 2004.


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Meteor-240 vessel of Meteor class in Kazan, 2016.


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Meteor-218 vessel of the Meteor type on the Volga River, 2009.


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Greenlines-3 and Greenlines-11 Meteor vessels at the pier in Vung Tau, 2010.


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Meteor-240 vessel of Meteor type on the Volga River, 2014.


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The vessel “Solyom-2” of the Meteor type on the Danube River, 2006.


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The Petro Express-01 vessel of the Meteor type on the Saigon River, 2013.


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Meteor-176 vessel of Meteor type on the Neva River, 2008.


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The decommissioned vessel of the Meteor type, which became a monument in Nizhny Novgorod, 2016.


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See also


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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Voskhod


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Polesie


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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Rocket (ship)


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Sputnik


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Comet


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Belarus (ship type)


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Notes


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References


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Category:Hydrofoils


Question: Where was the first vessel built on the back wings?

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Category:Ships


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Category:Hydrofoils of the Central Design Bureau for SEC them.


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R. E.


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Alekseeva


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

“Only Old Men Are Going to Battle” is a 1973 Soviet feature film directed by Leonid Bykov, which tells about the everyday life of fighter pilots during the Great Patriotic War.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Released in 1974, the film grossed 44.3 million.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

moviegoers, becoming the fourth at the box office and the only one in the top ten highest-grossing films of that year dedicated to the theme of the Great Patriotic War.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

The film, directing and acting were also awarded awards at republican and international film festivals.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Many phrases of the characters of the film were quoted, becoming part of Soviet and post-Soviet folklore.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Monuments were erected to the heroes of the film, Captain Titarenko and mechanic Makarich in Kiev and Kharkov, respectively.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

The plot


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

The film begins at the end of the summer of 1943 during the Battle of the Dnieper.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Fighter pilots of the second squadron of the Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment are returning from combat sortie.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Only its commander, Hero of the Soviet Union Guard Captain Titarenko, nicknamed “Maestro”, is missing.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

When everyone, except his mechanic Makarich, stopped waiting, because the fuel in the tanks ran out more than forty minutes ago, the Messerschmitt, piloted by Titarenko, landed on the airfield.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

He was indeed shot down behind the front line, but the infantry attacking at that time rescued the pilot, and at the jump airfield he was presented with a trophy.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

The next day, the newly arrived replenishment is distributed to the regiment by squadrons.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Several newcomers, including Lieutenant Alexandrov and junior lieutenants Shchedronov and Sagdullayev, are asking to join the famous second squadron.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Titarenko asks everyone about their musical talents: the second squadron is known as “Singing” and after combat work turns into an amateur orchestra, where Titarenko acts as a conductor.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Shchedronov hums the song “Smuglyanka” and receives the corresponding nickname.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

As soon as they got acquainted with the replenishment, “old people” with the words “Enough for your lifetime!” fly to intercept a large group of German bombers.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Newcomers are not taken into battle right away: at the Orenburg Flight School, they were trained according to an accelerated program, and they still have to finish learning how to fly and learn to fight.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Everyone returns to the airfield, but the Maestro is angry: this is not the first time his wingman, Senior Lieutenant Skvortsov, left the battle without an order.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

After a serious conversation, it turns out that after Skvortsov collided with a German fighter in a frontal attack during the Battle of Kursk over Ponyry and only miraculously survived himself, led by Maestro subconsciously afraid of a fight.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Skvortsov asks to write him off from aviation, but Titarenko burns his report, giving a friend a chance to correct the situation.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

In between flights, the second squadron rehearses musical numbers.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Even Alexandrov, who is disgusted with music, undertakes to perform the part of a tambourine, and soon begins to lead rehearsals instead of a komesk.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Newcomers are starting to fly.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

After Alexandrov crashes the plane during landing, the commander scolds it, but Alexandrov goes to catch grasshoppers as if nothing had happened.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Titarenko suspends Alexandrov from flights for an indefinite time (“Appoint duty, eternal duty officer at the airfield!”).


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Alexandrov is firmly nicknamed “Grasshopper”.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Titarenko on the captured Messerschmitt flies away for reconnaissance.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

In his absence at the airfield, an emergency landing is made by a light night bomber, a U-2 biplane, piloted by pilots Zoya and Masha.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Sagdullayev falls in love with Masha at first sight and receives the nickname “Romeo” from his comrades.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Maestro, who returned from reconnaissance, confirms the information of the guerrillas about a large group of German tanks.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

When the replenishment (except Grasshopper) was ready for the first battle, Titarenko goes for re-reconnaissance (the Germans disguised their tanks as shocks and sheds), but on the way back he is shot down.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Infantrymen soldiers, who mistook Titarenko for a German who liked to shoot at the medical battalion, give him a “hot meeting”, but they understand in time that the fascist would not give back to the Soviet who beat him soldiers.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Returning to the regiment on a horse, Titarenko learns from Makarich that Smuglyanka died.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

With his host, he worked out flying in pairs and was shot down by German “diamonds” Fokkers over the airfield.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

After a while, Romeo confesses his love to Masha.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Titarenko joins the CPSU (b) and receives a party order: by personal example, to show the young replenishment that Goering's “diamonds” aces can also be successfully shot down.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

The maestro calls the Germans to an exhibition “knightly duel”.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

He takes Skvortsov as a wingman and at the same time conducts a “pedagogical” experiment: at the very beginning of the battle, he reports that the weapon has failed.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Helping out his friend, Skvortsov for the first time in a long time overcomes his fear and even shoots down a German plane.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

In the evening of the same day, the Germans raid the airfield, during which Grasshopper, suspended from flights, takes off without permission, moreover, on a Titarenko plane, and wins his first air victory saving the regiment.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

The squadron is giving another concert, to which it also invites pilots whose regiment is stationed nearby.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Sergei Skvortsov sings the song “Nich Yaka Misyachna”, and in one of the next sorties he makes a “fire ram” — he directs his burning plane at enemy railway trains shouting: “Guys! We'll live!”


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

It's been a while.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

The territory of the Soviet Union is almost liberated.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Only “old men” are going into battle again, but among them are Romeo, a senior lieutenant and led by the Maestro, and Grasshopper, a senior lieutenant and commander of the second squadron, and Titarenko himself, with the rank of major, is already in command regiment.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Fifteen minutes before the construction of the regiment before the combat flight, Romeo appeals to the commander with a request to allow him to marry, since both he and Masha can be shot down at any time.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Titarenko does not hesitate to give permission and half-jokingly scolds the wingman for the lack of a tablet (the resolution on the report with a request has to be imposed on a soccer ball), as he was once scolded Titarenko.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

New “yellowheads” remain on the ground waiting for the return of their older comrades.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Romeo returns seriously wounded from another battle, but dies after landing the plane.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

When Maestro, Makarich and Grasshopper come to the airfield of the women's regiment to tell Masha this news, they find out that the regiment has flown away, and Masha and her partner Zoya also died.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Makarich and Titarenko sit at the grave of the girls and promise to return here when the war is over to sing “Smuglyanka” again from beginning to end.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

At the end of the film, there are credits “Dedicated to those who did not return from sorties” and the song “For that guy” performed by Lev Leshchenko sounds.


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Cast


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Leonid Bykov — captain (later major) Alexey Titarenko (aka Maestro)


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Sergei Podgorny — Junior Lieutenant Viktor Shchedronov (aka “Smuglyanka”)


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Sergei Ivanov — Lieutenant (later Senior Lieutenant) Alexandrov (aka “Grasshopper”)


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Rustam Sagdullayev — Junior (later Senior) Lieutenant Sagdullayev (aka Romeo)


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Evgenia Simonova — Masha Popova


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Olga Mateshko — captain Zoya Molchanova


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Vladimir Talashko — Senior Lieutenant Sergei Skvortsov


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Viktor Miroshnichenko — Major Ivan Yermakov, Regiment Commander


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Alexey Smirnov — mechanic Makarich


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Alim Fedorinsky — Alyabyev


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Vano Yantbelidze — Lieutenant (later Captain) Vano Kobakhidze


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Alexander Nemchenko: Ivan Fedorovich


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Vilory Pashchenko — Vorobyov


Question: Where was the movie “Only Old Men Go to Battle” filmed?

Only “old men” are going to battle

Yuri Sarantsev - Vasily Vasilyevich, Air Division Commander