Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Ingrid Sischi, in turn, mentioning Ingrid Bergman, Greta Garbo, Sophia Loren and Marlene Dietrich, noted: “Like some of those actresses, Cruz is not a pretty cookie cutter — it's even a little nosy, but its unusual features are combined into an unforgettable aria of real beauty” [87].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Director Woody Allen, describing Cruz, said: “I never thought of her as a person, because when I work, I'm not interested in the person, except for playing the role. When she turned out to be beautiful, it was good, but I would be happy if she were a bitch.”


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

He also added, “I don't like looking at Penelope directly. This is too overwhelming” [88].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Working with her on the film “Roman Adventures”, the director compared the actress with Italian legends Anna Magnani and Sophia Loren [89].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Pedro Almodovar had a direct influence on Cruz's work.


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

The actress said in an interview: “At the end of my life, he'll be among the ones I loved the most.”


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Almodovar, in turn, said that Cruz “was born to become an actress. She is a person who is extremely emotional, and if she did not become an actress, it would be a problem for her” [90].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

He once even called Penelope his muse [91].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Personal life


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Penelope is on friendly terms with Spanish director Pedro Almodovar.


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

They have known each other for almost twenty years and have worked together in films [91].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Cruz's best friend is Mexican actress Salma Hayek [92].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Among her friends, the actress is called Pe [11] [15].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

The romance between Cruz and Tom Cruise lasted three years, which began after their collaboration in the movie Vanilla Sky.


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

The severance of their relations became known in January 2004 [93].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

In April 2003, she filed a lawsuit against the Australian magazine New Idea for defamation in an article about her relationship with Cruz.


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

After breaking up with Cruz, the actress dated Matthew McConaughey from 2005 to 2006 [95].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

In April 2007, Cruz revealed in an interview with the Spanish edition of Marie Claire magazine that she would like not only to have, but also to adopt children [96].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

In 2007, Penelope began dating actor Javier Bardem (b. 1969), who worked with her in several films [97].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

In July 2010, they married in the Bahamas at their friend's house [98] [99].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

They have two children, son Leonardo (born January 25, 2011) [100] [101] [102] [103] and daughter Luna (born July 22, 2013) [104].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Filmography


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Awards and nominations


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

In addition to creative, Penelope Cruz is also the winner of several special awards.


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

In 2006, in France, the actress was awarded the Order of Arts and Literature III degree [105].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

In 2007, Queen Sofia of Spain awarded Penelope a gold medal for promoting Spanish culture in the United States [106] [107].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

For the full list, see IMDB.com [108].


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

AwardYearCategoryOscar Filmitog 2007Best Actress Return2009Best Supporting Actress Cristina Barcelona2010Best Supporting Actress Bafta2007Best Actress RoleReturn2009Best Supporting Actress Cristina BarcelonaCannes Film Festival2006Best Actress [109] ReturnDavid di Donatello 2004Best Actress Not Leaving European Film Academy1999Best Actress The Girl of Your Dream2004Best Actress Don't Leave2006Best Actress Return2009Best Actress Golden Globe Open Embrace (Italy) 1994Best Female RoleFor Love, Only For Love Golden Globe 2007Best Actress in a Drama FilmReturn2009Best Supporting Actress in a MovieViki Cristina Barcelona2010Best Supporting Actress in MovieNine2019Best Supporting Actress in a Television Series, Miniseries or TV FilmGianni Versace's Murder: American Crime StoryGoya is expected 1993Best Actress Ham, Ham 1999Best Actress Your Dream Girl2005Best Actress Don't Leave2007Best Actress Return2009Best Supporting Actress Cristina Barcelona2010Best Female RoleOpen Embrace 2012Best Actress Born Twice2016Best Actress MagHollywood Film Festival2006Actress of the YearMTV2002 Movie Awards Best Breakthrough of the YearGolden Raspberry Cocaine 2002Worst female rollCocaine


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Captain Corelli's Choice


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Vanilla Sky Sputnik 2006Best Actress Return2008Best Supporting Actress Elegy2009Best Actress Open HugesBest Supporting Actress ensemble [110] NineScreen Actors Guild Award2007 Best Actress Return2009Best Supporting Actress Cristina Barcelona2010Best Supporting Actress Feature Film Lineup [110] Nine2019Best Actress in a Television Movie or Mini SeriesGianni Versace's Murder: An American Crime StoryExpected Emmy 2018Best Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or The Movie The Murder of Gianni Versace: An American Crime Story


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Notes


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

References


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

on IMDb


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

(in English) on Allrovi


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Category:BAFTA Award winners


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Category:Hollywood Walk of Fame


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Category: David di Donatello Award winners


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Category:Winners of the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival


Question: What is Penelope Cruz Sanchez's husband's name?

Penelope Cruz

Category:Philanthropists


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Nestor Ivanovich Makhno (Ukrainian: Nestor Ivanovich Makhno;, Gulyaypole, Alexandrovsky Uyezd, Yekaterinoslav Province, Russian Empire - July 6 (25) [1], 1934, Paris, France) was a revolutionary anarchist.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

During the Civil War of 1917-1922, he commanded the peasant rebel army.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

He is the author of the memoirs “Memories” [2].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Early years


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

He was born into a family of peasants from Gulyaypole (now a city in the Zaporozhye region of Ukraine).


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Father Ivan Rodionovich Makhno (Mikhnenko) [3] (1846—1889) and mother Evdokia Matveyevna Makhno (née Perederiy) were rural residents (state peasants).


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Ancestors are serfs of the Shabelsky landowners [3].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Nestor had four older brothers (Polikarp, Savely, Yemelyan, Grigory) and sister Elena.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Yemelyan died in the war in 1915, Polikarp was killed by the Haidamaks of Hetman Skoropadsky, Savely by the whites, Grigory by the reds [3].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Nestor grew up without a father.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

He graduated from the Gulyaypole two-year elementary school.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

From an early age, Nestor worked on seasonal agricultural work for landowners and wealthy peasants.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Since 1903, he worked as an auxiliary worker in a paint shop, in a merchant's shop, at the iron foundry of M. Kerner in Gulyaypole.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Until the end of his life, he remained a convinced sober [3].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

He was Ukrainian and spoke surzhik, but he treated any national idea with complete indifference [3].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno is an anarchist


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Since the end of August 1906, Nestor was a member of the “Peasant Group of Anarcho-Communists” (also called the “Union of Free Grain Growers”), operating in Gulyaypole.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Since October 14, 1906, as part of the group, he participated in terrorist acts and “expropriations” of the rich.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

He was first arrested at the end of 1906 for illegal possession of weapons (soon released), then on October 5, 1907 on charges of attempting on the life of Gulyaypole guards Zakharov and Bykov (held in Alexander Uyezd Prison).


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On August 26, 1908, he was arrested for the murder of an official of the military government.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

By the session of the Odessa Military District Court of March 22, 1910, he was sentenced to death by hanging, which was replaced by indefinite hard labor.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In 1911, he was transferred to the hard labor department of Butyrskaya Prison in Moscow.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In the cell, Makhno met the famous anarchist activist Pyotr Arshinov.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Arshinov engaged in ideological training of Makhno.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Illiterate Makhno studied history, mathematics and literature in the cell.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

As an active participant in prison protests, he was imprisoned six times and fell ill with pulmonary tuberculosis [4].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Between the February and October revolutions


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

After the February Revolution of 1917, Makhno, like many other political prisoners, was released from prison ahead of schedule and returned to Gulyaypole three weeks later.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

There he immediately took an active part in public life — he was elected a friend (deputy) chairman of the volost zemstvo, on March 29 he headed the steering committee of the Gulyaypole Peasant Union anarchist, and after its reorganization into the Council of Peasants and Soldiers Deputies, Nestor Makhno was elected chairman of the Council and at the same time became a member of the Gulyaypole Committee of the Public salvation.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

During the same period, Makhno also led a local anarchist group.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Under the anarchist group, expropriator detachments were formed, which carried out several armed raids [5].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno advocated immediate radical revolutionary transformations, without waiting for the convening of the Constituent Assembly.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On May 1, 1917, he signed a dispatch to Petrograd demanding to expel ten “capitalist ministers” from the Provisional Government.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In June, at the initiative of Makhno, working control was established at the enterprises of Gulyaypole.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In July, with the support of supporters, Makhno dispersed the former composition of the zemstvo, held new elections, became chairman of the zemstvo and at the same time declared himself commissar of the Gulyaypole district


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In August 1917, during the struggle against Kornilov region, Makhno created the Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution in Gulyaypole, forming the Black Guard combat squad from members of the anarchist organization.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The authority of the anarchists and Makhno personally was strengthened by the confiscation of landlord lands he carried out in September 1917 [5].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno proposed “to immediately take away the church and landlord land and organize a free agricultural commune in the estates, if possible with the participation of the landowners themselves and kulaks in these communes” [6].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On September 25, Makhno signed a decree of the district council on the nationalization of land and divided it between peasants.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

After the events of October 1917


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In early December 1917, in Yekaterinoslav, Makhno took part in the work of the provincial congress of Soviets of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Deputies as a delegate from the Gulyaypole Council.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

He supported the demand of the majority of delegates to convene the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was elected to the judicial commission of the Alexander Revolutionary Committee to consider the cases of persons arrested by the Soviet authorities.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Shortly after the arrests of the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries, he began to express dissatisfaction with the actions of the judicial commission, proposed to blow up the city prison and release the arrested.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

He reacted negatively to the elections to the Constituent Assembly, calling the current situation a “card game” [7].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Having not received support in the Revolutionary Committee, he left it.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

After the capture of Yekaterinoslav by the troops of the Central Rada in December 1917, he initiated an emergency congress of Soviets of the Gulyaypole District, which issued a resolution demanding “death Central Rada”.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

1918 year


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On January 4, 1918, Makhno refused the post of chairman of the Council, decided to take an active position in the fight against opponents of the revolution.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Soon he headed the Gulyaypole Revolutionary Committee, which included representatives of anarchists, Left Social Revolutionaries and Ukrainian socialist revolutionaries.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On January 27 (February 9), 1918, in Brest-Litovsk, the German and Austro-Hungarian delegations signed a separate peace treaty with the delegation of the Ukrainian Central Rada.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On January 31 (February 13) in Brest, the UPR delegation appealed to Germany and Austria-Hungary with a request for help against the Soviet troops.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

German troops that entered the territory of Ukraine on February 18 (the Austro-Hungarian army launched an offensive a week later) gradually advanced in the eastern and southern directions, without meeting significant resistance from front-line units of the former Russian army or Soviet troops.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The territory of Yekaterinoslav province was transferred to the control of the Austro-Hungarian occupation administration [8].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

With the approach of the occupation troops to the Gulyaypole district in mid-April, the weakness of the anarchist partisan detachments became obvious.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The Makhno Black Guard detachment, unable to provide serious resistance to regular units, retreated, like other detachments of Ukrainian anarchists, to Russian territory, to Taganrog, where the Makhno detachment and has ceased to exist [5].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Having decided to familiarize himself with the activities of Russian anarchists, Makhno visited Rostov-on-Don, Saratov, Tambov and Moscow.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In Moscow, he met with local anarchist leaders P. A. Arshinov, A. A. Borov, and I. S. Grossman, P. A. Kropotkin, L. Cherny (Turchaninov), as well as the leaders of the Soviet government V. AND. Lenin, Ya.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

M. Sverdlov, L. D. Trotsky, G. E.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Zinoviev [7].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Yakov Sverdlov organized a meeting with Vladimir Lenin to discuss “the place and role of anarchists in the revolution.”


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

According to Makhno himself, who called himself a “Bakunin-Kropotkin anarchist communist”, he wanted to know the intentions of the Bolshevik authorities from primary sources [5].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

A few days after the meeting with Lenin, Makhno addressed his Gulyaypole like-minded people with a letter, the main idea of which was as follows: “Together we will deal with the destruction of the slave in order to enter ourselves and put our other brothers on the path of the new system. We will organize it on the basis of a free public, the content of which will allow the entire population who does not exploit someone else's labor freely and independently of the state and its officials, to build your entire social and social life completely independently at home, in your environment... Long live our peasant and workers' association! Long live our auxiliary forces — the selfless labor intelligentsia! Long live the Ukrainian Social Revolution! Your Nestor Ivanovich” [5].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In June, Makhno participated in the Moscow Conference of Anarchists, which developed tactics of struggle against the power of Hetman Skoropadsky and Austro-German troops in Ukraine.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Realizing that in Soviet Russia anarchists do not have the opportunity to significantly influence the course of revolutionary events, Makhno decided to return to Ukraine, where such an opportunity existed.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

By this time, dozens of scattered peasant detachments were already operating on the territory of Ukraine.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Soviet Russia, bound by the terms of the Brest Treaty, helped the rebel movement with weapons, food, and money [5].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In agreement with the All-Ukrainian Bureau for the Management of the Insurgency Movement and implementing the decision of the Taganrog Conference of Anarchists, on June 29, Makhno, with the assistance of the Russian Bolsheviks, left Moscow for organization of armed struggle against German-Austrian and hetman troops in Ukraine.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On July 21, with a passport in the name of I. ME.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Shepel Makhno arrived in Kharkov, and later joined the partisan detachment that already existed in the Gulyaypole area with his group.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

After the first successful combat operation against the German punishers, Makhno was elected commander of the detachment.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

To purchase weapons, Makhno carried out a number of expropriations in banks in the Yekaterinoslav province, and later obtained weapons, horses, etc., attacking landlord estates and detachments of occupation troops.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Courage, experience, organizational talent and conviction in the correctness of his cause made Makhno a real leader of the rebel movement and attracted new fighters to him [9].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Until autumn, Makhnovists operated mainly within the Aleksandrovsky district, attacking the Austrian detachments and the “Varta” of Hetman Skoropadsky.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In September-October 1918, under the command of Batka Makhno, several partisan detachments united, led by Gulyaypole anarchists Viktor Belash, V. Kirilenko, Fedosy Shchus and others.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

By this time, Makhno actually led the rebel movement not only in the Gulyaypole district, but also in the entire Yekaterinoslav province.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The peasants of Yekaterinoslav and Northern Tavria provided all possible assistance to the rebels, fed, supplied weapons, horses for cavalry, were engaged in reconnaissance and entire villages joined the Makhno squads.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

By November, Makhno's detachments numbered up to 6 thousand people.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The growth of Makhno's popularity was facilitated by acts of expropriation and distribution of property and products taken from the “bourgeoisie” to the population [9].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The November 1918 revolution in Germany led to its defeat in World War I.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

By this time, the troops of Hetman Skoropadsky were demoralized and did not want to fight, and the command of the occupation troops sought to withdraw their units from Ukraine as soon as possible.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Soviet Russia declared the Brest-Litovsk Treaty annulled.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In mid-November, Ukrainian bourgeois-nationalist parties formed their own government, the Directory, which began an armed struggle for power in Ukraine.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On November 28, a group of members of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Ukraine proclaimed the Provisional Workers and Peasants Government of Ukraine, which announced the restoration of Soviet power on Ukraine.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In the current situation of “Ukrainian dual power”, Makhno tried to preserve his independence.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

To the proposal of the Directory on joint actions of Petliurites and partisan detachments against the Red Army, Makhno replied: “Petliurivshchina is an adventure that distracts the attention of the masses from the revolution” [9].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On November 27, Makhno occupied Gulyaypole, declared it under siege, formed and headed the Gulyaypole Revolutionary Headquarters.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In relation to the Soviet power, Makhno took a wait-and-see attitude these days.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

However, after the Directory and Petliurov units intensified hostilities, threatening Makhno, they began to disperse the revolutionary working detachments, eliminate the created Soviets and deal with Bolsheviks and sympathizers, Makhno accepted the proposal of the Yekaterinoslav Committee of the Communist Party (b) U on joint armed actions against the Petliurites [9].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On December 26, armed detachments of the Yekaterinoslav Provincial Committee of the Bolshevik Party and the Gubrevkom, together with the Makhno detachments, knocked out the Petliurites from Yekaterinoslav.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

As a result of this operation, the seven-thousandth Petliurov garrison was defeated.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's detachments were entrusted with the task of defending the Yekaterinoslav fortified area and restoring normal life in the city.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was included in the Military Revolutionary Committee and appointed commander of the Soviet Revolutionary Workers and Peasants' Army of the Yekaterinoslavsky District.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was ordered to strengthen the front, but he primarily cared about providing his army with weapons and ammunition.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Taking advantage of the carelessness of the rebel command, the Petliurites in two or three days launched a counteroffensive with large forces and knocked out the Makhnovists from the city.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Batka, having actually surrendered Yekaterinoslav without a fight, returned to his “capital” Gulyaypole.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Meanwhile, Petliurites brutally dealt with the participants of the Yekaterinoslav uprising.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The rebels also suffered considerable losses.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

From Makhno's army, a cavalry detachment of 100 sabers and 400 infantrymen participated in the campaign.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Only about two hundred people returned to Gulyaypole [9].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In January-February 1919, in the Gulyaypole area, Makhno fought against armed formations of German colonists that arose in 1918 with the assistance of the Austro-German occupiers; prevented events on the Bolsheviks to conduct a surplus assessment; called on peasants to voluntarily implement the idea of “equalizing land use on the basis of their own labor.”


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On February 12-16, 1919, at the 2nd District Congress of Soviets of the Gulyaypolsky District, Makhno said:


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

If comrades Bolsheviks go from Great Russia to Ukraine to help us in the difficult struggle against the counter-revolution, we must tell them: “Welcome, dear friends!”


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

If they come here to monopolize Ukraine, we'll tell them, “Hands off!” [10].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's first alliance with the Reds


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In the face of the threat of an offensive by General AND. Denikin to Donbass, the successful offensive of the Red Army (Ukrainian Front) in Ukraine and the beginning of the creation of regular units of the armed forces of the Ukrainian SSR, in mid-February 1919, the Makhnovists concluded military agreement with the command of the Red Army, according to which their rebel army numbering up to 50 thousand people, while maintaining internal autonomy, became part of


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

1st Zadneprovsky Ukrainian Soviet Division of the Ukrainian Front, making up its 3rd Zadneprovsky Brigade.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The brigade under the command of brigade commander Makhno N. I. was under the operational subordination of the command of the Southern Front and fought against Denikin troops on the right flank of the front on the Mariupol-Volnovakha line [11].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

For the raid on Mariupol on March 27, 1919, which slowed down the White offensive on Moscow, brigade commander Makhno, according to some reports, was awarded the Order of the Red Banner numbered 4.* on April 10, 1919 on the 3rd district congress of Soviets of the Gulyaypole district was elected honorary chairman; in his speech he said that the Soviet government had changed the “October principles”, and the Communist Party legalized the power and” protected itself with emergencies.”


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Together with Shchus, Kogan and Mavroda, Makhno signed a resolution of the congress, which expressed disapproval of the decisions of the 3rd All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets (March 6-10, 1919, Kharkov) on the nationalization of land, protest against the Cheka and the policy of the Bolsheviks, the demand for the removal of all persons appointed by the Bolsheviks from military and civilian posts.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Later, at a meeting with Antonov-Ovseenko, he refused his signature.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhnovists demanded the “socialization” of land, factories and factories; changes in food policy; freedom of speech, press and assembly to all “left-wing parties and groups”; personal inviolability; rejection of dictatorship of the RCP (b); freedom of elections to the Councils of Working Peasants and Workers [12].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On April 15, the formation of the 2nd Ukrainian Soviet Army from units of the Group of Forces of the Kharkov direction was completed


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Management of the 1st Zadneprovsky Ukrainian Soviet Division, the 2nd Separate Brigade, the 3rd Zadneprovsky Brigade, the Crimean Brigade were reduced to 2 regular divisions: the 3rd Ukrainian Soviet Division (former Management and the 1st Zadniprovsky Brigade of the 1st Zadneprovsky Ukrainian Soviet Division and other units) and the 7th Ukrainian Soviet Division (former 3rd Zadneprovsky Brigade of the 1st Zadneprovsky Ukrainian Soviet division and other units) [13].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Since April 15, 1919, on the Southern Front, Makhno commanded an insurgent brigade, which was part of the 3rd Ukrainian Soviet Army.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

After the beginning of Grigoriev's rebellion on May 7, 1919, Makhno took a wait-and-see attitude, then decided to remain on the side of the Ukrainian Soviet government of Rakovsky.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In May 1919, at a meeting of commanders of rebel detachments in Mariupol, Makhno supported the initiative to create a separate rebel army.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

1919-1920 years


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Break with the reds


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In May 1919, the Makhno brigade, without receiving ammunition and equipment from the command of the Red Army, in battles with units of the Caucasian Division (under the command of General A. G. Shkuro) suffered heavy losses.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

White broke through the front, occupied Donbass.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On June 6, by order of the chairman of the PBC Lev Trotsky, Makhno was outlawed “for the collapse of the front and disobedience to the command.”


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On June 8, Krusser A. S. (He died on the night of June 10 near the Pologi station of the Taurida province, where his armored train came under machine-gun fire).


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On June 9, Makhno decided to break the agreement with the Soviet government and sent a telegram to Lenin [6], as well as Kamenev, Zinoviev, Trotsky, Voroshilov, Rakovsky, in which he announced his devotion to the revolutionary cause and explained the decision to break with the Red Army by constant attacks on it by “representatives of the central government” and the “press of the communist Bolsheviks”.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

At the same time, in a telegram, Makhno asked to release him from the command of the division (in June, an order was issued to reorganize the Makhnovists rebel brigade into a regular rifle division) “in view of the unbearably ridiculous situation” [11].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

After breaking with the Bolsheviks, Makhno with the remnants of his detachment retreated to the Kherson province and, together with Grigoriev, continued armed resistance to Denikin's troops, while taking small rebel detachments and large units and formations of the Red Army encirclement, forming combat-ready units and formations of the 40,000 rebel army.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In mid-July 1919, Makhno headed the Revolutionary Military Council of the United Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (RPAU), and after the murder of Grigoriev, who did not want to conduct active hostilities against the troops Denikina, became its commander-in-chief.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

With the beginning of the offensive of white troops on Moscow in the summer of 1919, Makhno began a large-scale guerrilla war in the rear of the whites and again called on the peasant rebels to an alliance with the Reds:


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Our main enemy, fellow peasants, is Denikin.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Communists are revolutionaries after all... We will be able to pay them off later.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Now everything should be directed against Denikin.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Battle near Peregonovka and raid on the rear of white


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Crowded by regular units of whites, Makhno led his partisan detachments to the west and by early September approached Uman, where he was completely surrounded: Petliurites from the north and west, and whites from the south and east.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In Denikin's memoirs we read:


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno entered into negotiations with the Petliurov headquarters, and the parties concluded an agreement: mutual neutrality, the transfer of the wounded Makhnovists to the care of Petliura and the supply of Makhno with ammunition.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

To get out of the encirclement, Makhno decided to take a bold step: on September 12, he suddenly raised his detachments and, having defeated and thrown back two regiments of General Slashchev, moved east, back to the Dnieper.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

This movement was carried out on replaceable carts and horses with extraordinary speed: on the 13th - Uman, on the 22nd - the Dnieper, where, having knocked down our weak units, hastily abandoned to cover the crossings, Makhno crossed The Kichkassky Bridge, and on the 24th it appeared in Gulyaypole, having covered about 600 versts in 11 days.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On the same events, one of Makhno's closest assistants, P. Arshinov wrote in his Memoirs as follows:


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Meanwhile, late at night, all units of the Makhnovists, standing in several villages, withdrew and moved east - to the enemy, located in the main forces near the village of Peregonovka, occupied by the Makhnovists.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In the night battle that followed, White was defeated, and Makhno himself personally led the cavalry to attack.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Having broken through the encirclement ring near Peregonovka, Makhno's detachments raided the entire Azov Sea, capturing large cities and important strategic facilities.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

As Denikin further writes:


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

... as a result, in early October, the rebels were in the hands of Melitopol, Berdyansk, where they blew up artillery depots, and Mariupol - 100 versts from Stavka (Taganrog).


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The rebels approached Sinelnikovo and threatened Volnovakha, our artillery base... Random units — local garrisons, reserve battalions, State Guard units, initially exhibited against Makhno, were easily defeated by his large gangs.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The situation became formidable and required exceptional measures.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

To suppress the uprising, it was necessary, despite the serious situation of the front, to withdraw units from it and use all reserves.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

... This uprising, which took on such a wide scale, upset our rear and weakened the front at the most difficult time for it.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Thus, Makhno's guerrilla actions to destroy the rear of the white army had a significant impact on the course of the war and helped the Reds repel Denikin's offensive on Moscow.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Peasant republic


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On September 1, 1919, Makhno proclaimed the creation of the “Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (Makhnovists)”.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On September 15, 1919, Makhnovists once again occupied Yekaterinoslav.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On October 20, 1919, at a meeting of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Army and the Congress of Peasants, Workers and Rebels in Aleksandrovsk, Makhno put forward a program of action reduced to the creation of an independent peasant republics in the rear of Denikin troops (centered in Yekaterinoslav).


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's program provided for the abolition of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the leading role of the Communist Party and the development of self-government on the basis of non-partisan “free Soviets”, the organization of the “third social revolution” to overthrow the Bolsheviks and establish people's power, eliminate the exploitation of the peasantry, protect the village from hunger and the policy of military communism, transfer land for free use peasant masses (at the same time, contrary to the stereotype, Makhnovists, as well as peasants of Russia and Ukraine in general, opposed any ownership of land, believed that the person who cultivates it should have land and is periodically redistributed “by consumers”) [11].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Thus, in the autumn of 1919, in the conditions of the collapse and retreat of whites, a kind of autonomous anarchic quasi-republic of Makhno was born in the great bend of the Dnieper.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The advancing Red rebels met in a friendly way and often went over to their side (which is natural given that among the Makhnovists there were many former Red Army soldiers who joined the “father” in time of the summer retreat of the Red Army).


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

However, after the conflict with the shooting of communist commander Polonsky by Makhnovists in December 1919, relations deteriorated.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On January 9, 1920, the All-Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee declared Makhno and his group outlawed as “deserters and traitors”.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In the context of the collapse of the RPAU and the typhoid epidemic, he ordered the temporary dissolution of the army.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In the spring of 1920, it was restored and raids on southern Ukraine resumed.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Wanting to attract peasants to its side, the government of General Wrangel in the summer of 1920 offered Makhno an alliance against the Bolsheviks, promising to carry out a broad land reform in case of victory.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

However, Makhno refused the offer.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Wrangel's envoy was publicly executed in Gulyaypole.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Again with the Reds against Wrangel


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Wanting to use combat-ready units of the rebels against Wrangel, in the fall of 1920, the Bolshevik government again offered Makhno a military alliance.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On October 2, 1920, Makhno once again signed (in Starobilsk) an agreement with the government of the Ukrainian SSR [17].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

As a result of this agreement, a detachment of rebels numbering up to 2.5 thousand fighters under the general command of Semyon Karetnik was sent to the Perekop area [18].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

During the battles for the Crimea, Makhnovists took part in crossing Sivash and in battles with the cavalry corps of General I. G. Barbovich near Ishunya and Karpova Balka.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

After the end of hostilities, the Red Command decided to get rid of the ally that had become unnecessary.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On November 26, a detachment of Makhnovists was surrounded, but managed to escape from the peninsula.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

During the retreat, it was overtaken by the superior forces of the “Reds” and partially destroyed by machine-gun fire.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Only 250 soldiers managed to escape, who told about what happened Makhno on December 7 near the village. Staryy Kermenchik.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The end of Gulyaypole


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Shortly after the fall of the white Crimea, the command of the Red Army issued an order for the redeployment of Makhnovists to the South Caucasus.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Considering this order a trap, Makhno refused to obey.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The response of the Bolsheviks was a military operation to “eliminate partisanship”.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's detachments fought out of the encirclement in the Gulyaypole area and moved around Ukraine for several months, avoiding persecution [19].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In exile


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

At the end of the summer of 1921, after numerous clashes with the superior forces of the Red Army, the remnants of anarchist detachments were pressed against the Romanian border.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On August 28, Makhno and a detachment of 78 people crossed the border near Yampol.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

He was wounded by 12 bullets, shell-shocked, his leg was broken.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The Romanians immediately interned Makhnovists.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

For a long time, they had to live in very bad conditions, in typhoid lousy barracks, without medicines or dressings, eating corn soup.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Two weeks after their arrival, the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR Georgy Chicherin demanded the extradition of Makhno.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

But the Romanians refused for several months.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In April 1922, Makhno, together with his wife and 17 other comrades, fled to Poland with the help of local authorities, who were by no means interested in indulging the Bolsheviks or in conflict with them.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On April 11, the fugitives ended up in Poland, also in an internment camp.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

According to Moshe Goncharok, Makhno came to Europe penniless, wearing one gymnast.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

He sometimes received money for food from American anarchists.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In Polish politics of the 1920s, Makhno was of interest to many.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Petliurites were the first to come with a proposal to organize a common front of emigrants against the Communists.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno did not even want to talk to them.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Polish communists came after the Ukrainian nationalists.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno also rejected their plans.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On September 25, 1923, Makhno was arrested together with his wife Galina Kuzmenko and associates of I. Khmara and Ya.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Doroshenko and placed in Warsaw's Mokotów prison.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On November 27, 1923, they were brought to court on charges of plotting an uprising in Eastern Galicia to join Soviet Ukraine.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The court acquitted Makhno and his comrades, Makhno was sent to settle in the city of Torun.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In December 1923, Makhno made a public statement about the struggle against the Bolsheviks and Soviet power, which caused a negative reaction from the Polish government.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On April 14, 1924, after an attempted suicide, he was placed under police surveillance in Danzig.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In the same year, with the help of Russian anarchists and emigrants, he obtained permission to travel to Germany.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

According to M. Goncharok, in Danzig Makhno is captured by security officers from the intelligence department of the Polish section of the Comintern - Elansky and Jan Sosnovsky and taken to Berlin, to the Soviet embassy.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno jumped out of the car and surrendered to the German police.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

There was no money, and after a hungry winter, he is taken to Paris.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

This happened in April 1925.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno worked part-time as a carpenter, carpenter, and even weaved slippers, living in the apartment of artist and anarchist Ivan Lebedev [20].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

He was assisted by local anarchist organizations.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

He lived until 1934 in Vincennes, a suburb of Paris.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In the last years of his life, Makhno actively participated in the life of European anarchist associations, published individual essays in the anarchist magazine Delo Truda (Paris), prepared memoirs, and fought stubbornly against slander in the direction of Makhnovshchina and his very personality.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

At that time, Makhno and his army were accused of Jewish pogroms during the hostilities.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

As a result of stormy proceedings, with the involvement of independent witnesses and objective facts, Makhno and his associates were fully acquitted in this matter (no Jewish pogroms at Makhnovskaya There was no Ukraine).


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Speculations based on the stories of one of the white officers about his polygamy, as well as the revelry and massacre allegedly staged by Makhnovists everywhere during the civil war, were also refuted.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

His life abroad was not meaningless, like many emigrants.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The Spaniards called him to lead their revolution.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Broken by consumption and tormented by old wounds, Makhno helped as much as he could, gave advice to the rebellious proletarians of Castile.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's health was severely undermined by many wounds, including serious ones, sustained in battles, and he could no longer personally participate in hostilities.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Death


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On July 6 (according to other sources, July 25) [1] 1934, Nestor Makhno died of bone tuberculosis at the age of 45 in a Paris hospital.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On 28 July, his body was cremated and an urn with ashes was walled up in the wall of the columbarium of Pere Lachaise cemetery, in cell number 6685.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

family


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

It is known that Makhno was married several times:


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On her compatriot Anastasia Vasetskaya in November 1917.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In May 1918, she gave birth to him a son (the child died a week later).


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Agafia Andreevna Kuzmenko (1892-1978, received a new name Galina after the wedding) - in 1919-1927; divorced in Paris.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

A daughter Elena (1922-1992 Kazakhstan) was born in marriage, who bore the surname Mikhnenko in her youth, according to a German passport [11].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The image of Makhno in culture


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's image has changed dramatically over the years.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

A striking example is A. N. Tolstoy's “Hozhdenie po Mukam”, which shows the capture of Yekaterinoslav by Makhnovists and based on which the film of the same name was shot twice.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The grotesque negative image of Makhno is also shown in Pavel Blyakhin's adventure novel Red Devils (1921), based on which Georgian screenwriter and director Ivan Perestiani shot the eponymous film (1923).


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Konstantin Paustovsky gave a negative description of Nestor Makhno and the soldiers of his rebel army in his “Tale of Life” [21].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

At the same time, one should take into account the dubious reliability of what Paustovsky stated, since he did not have the physical opportunity to personally meet with Makhno and the Makhno army in the spring of 1919 at the Pomoshnaya station, as he states in the text of his work.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

At this time, Makhno fought against Denikins in Donbass.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On the other hand, folk art attributed Makhnovists to the “heroes of the civil” (“From the Odessa kichman...”).


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

According to contemporaries, such as Sergei Yesenin, Makhno's personality and ideas were very popular among the peasantry:


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

And in response to the party team,


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

For the tax on peasant labor,


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

A gang on a gang whistles around the country,


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Considering the will of the authorities as a whip.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

And who can we reproach?


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Who can close the window


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

So as not to see how cautious the pack is


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Do the peasantry love Makhno so much?


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was directly depicted in this poem under the name of the bandit Nomakh (as evidenced by the poet himself); Yesenin even wanted to name the poem after this hero.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

[22] No-max means Mah no; the poet simply rearranged the syllables of the surname.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In Sergei Yesenin's letter to E.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

AND. Livshits, dated August 11-12, 1920, the poet writes about the real source of the poem “Sorokoust” — “A steel horse defeated a living horse. And this little foal was for me a visual expensive endangered image of the village and the face of Makhno.”


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

By the concept of “face” Makhno is equated by the poet with a saint.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Eduard Bagritsky describes Makhno in his poem “Duma about Opanas” (1926): “Makhn has a thick hair on his shoulders...”


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno, Lyova Zadov, relations with the “Reds”, an attempt to capture Kharkov in 1920 are shown in two novels about the Civil War by Igor Bolgarin and Viktor Smirnov - “The Mercy of the Executioner” and “Crimson Feathers” .


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In 1936, during the Spanish Civil War, Makhno was named after one of the military brigades of Spanish anarcho-syndicalists who fought against the army of General Franco.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In a number of science fiction novels by Michael Moorcock, a fictional character named Nestor Makhno participates in fictional events, such as, for example, the anarchist uprisings in Canada (Entropy Tango ( The Entropy Tango) from the Jerry Cornelius series), the war with the Steel Tsar Dzhugashvili (the novel “The Steel King” from the series about Oswald Basteable) and the like.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In the novel “The Cathedral” by Ukrainian writer Oles Honchar (1968), Makhno is one of the characters in the retrospective part of the story (the scene of interrogation by Nestor Ivanovich and his entourage of the famous Ukrainian historian D. AND. Yavornitsky).


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Gonchar's image of Makhno is ambivalent, neutral, with elements of hidden sympathy.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In 2009, at the Mariupol Theater of Russian Drama, director Konstantin Dobrunov staged the play “Black and Red, or the Mariupol Treasure of Nestor Makhno”.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The play tells about the capture of Mariupol by the Makhno brigade in March 1919, as well as the fate of a prominent figure in the Makhno movement - Ivan Lepetchenko, who, after returning from exile, lived in Mariupol and was shot here in 1937.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In cinematography


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Red Devils (1923) — Vladimir Kucherenko played (according to the credits — Vladimir Sutyrin [24]).


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Savur Grave (1926) — played by V. Sutyrin


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Alexander Parkhomenko (1942) — Boris Chirkov played.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

“Gloomy Morning” (1959) — Vitaly Matveev played.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

“Salute Maria!” (1970) — Valery Zolotukhin played.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

“Hozhdenie po Mukam” (1977) — played by Alexey Krychenkov.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

“Big and Small War” (1980) — played by Gennady Saifulin.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Nine Lives of Nestor Makhno (2006) — Pavel Derevyanko played.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

“Hozhdenie po Mukam” (2017) — played by Evgeny Stychkin.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Post-Traumatic Rhapsody (2017) — Ilya Kiva played.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In poetry


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's Philosophers — poem [25].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

memento


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Since 2006, on the Independence Day of Ukraine, the ethnic festival “Independence Day with Nestor Makhno” has been held in the city of Gulyaypole.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On December 22, 2006, in Dnepropetrovsk (former Yekaterinoslav), the leader of the Brotherhood party Dmitry Korchinsky, together with his like-minded people, installed a memorial plaque at the Astoria Hotel on the Ave. Dmitry Yavornitsky, which in 1919 housed the headquarters of Nestor Makhno.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

On August 24, 2009, a monument to N. AND. Makhno.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

October 25, 2013 The National Bank of Ukraine issued a commemorative coin with a nominal value of 2 hryvnia of the series “Outstanding Personalities of Ukraine” dedicated to Nestor Ivanovich Makhno.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

In the Dibrovsky forest, a commemorative plaque is installed near the remains of the Death Oak.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Historical facts


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's rebel army was international.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

The bulk were Ukrainians, there were also Russians, Jews, Greeks and even the Estonian military band captured from the Red Army [28].


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Anarchist, Jew Sholom Schwarzburd, whose Petliurites killed many relatives in Ukraine while in Paris, went home to Makhno, his ideological ally, at the end of May 1926.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

He told Makhno about the Jewish pogroms during the civil war in Ukraine and about the intention to kill Petliura for them.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno tried to dissuade Schwarzburd [11], but he still decided to shoot Petliura, fulfilled this intention, and was subsequently acquitted by the jury.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Order of the Red Banner


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

There is no consensus on whether Makhno was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, and even under No. 4.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

According to official data, Order No. 4 was held by Y.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Fabricius.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

As for Makhno, the award is not documented, only mentioned in the memoirs of individuals (G. Kuzmenko, great-uncle of V. Yalansky).


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

There is also a low-quality photo, where Makhno's chest is attached to an object similar to the Order of the Red Banner.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

There are versions that:


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was awarded, but this act was not documented [30];


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was not awarded, and what was mistaken for the Order in one of the photos is actually a red commander's badge, very similar in design to the Order of the Red Banner.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Essays


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Makhnovshchina and its yesterday's allies are the Bolsheviks (Answer to M. Kubanin “Makhnovshchina”) — Paris: Edition of the Makhnovists Library, 1928.


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

ISBN 5-9697-0045-2


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Notes


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Literature


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

ISBN 5-901606-07-8


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Check date values in: |date= (help) ISBN 978-5-235-03141-8


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Danilov A. (with rare photos).


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

ISBN 985-13-1148-0 ISBN 985-13-2439-6


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (the book also printed N. AND. Makhno)


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

ISBN 5-8243-0769-5


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

References


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

on YouTube


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

[series 9 lives of NESTOR MAKHNO (serial film)]


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

on the air of the Frankie Show radio program on 16.05.10


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Makhno family


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Russian revolutionaries


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Revolutionaries of Ukraine


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Participants of the Civil War in Russia


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Russian emigrants of the first wave in France


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Guerilla theorists


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Guerrillas


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Anarcho-communists


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Social anarchists


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Ukrainian anarchists


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Russian anarchists


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Civil War in Ukraine


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Ukrainian military leaders


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Personalies:Army of the Ukrainian SSR


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Ukrainian memoirists


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Russian memoirists


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Military of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (Makhnovists)


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Category: Deaths from tuberculosis


Question: What was Nestor Makhno's wife's name?

Nestor Makhno

Burials at Pere Lachaise cemetery


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria Skłodowska-Curie (French: Marie Curie, Polish: Maria Skłodowska-Curie; nee Maria Salome Sklodowska, Polish: Maria Salomea Skłodowska [1]; November 7, 1867, Warsaw, Russian Empire — Born July 4, 1934) is a French and Polish experimental scientist (), a public figure.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The first female teacher at the Sorbonne.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She was awarded the Nobel Prizes in Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911) [2], is the first woman Nobel laureate in history [3] [4] and the first twice Nobel laureate in history [5] [6] [2] [7].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The first woman was a member of the Paris Medical Academy [8].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She participated in the creation of the Curie Institutes in Paris and Warsaw.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Together with her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, he is the discoverer of radioactivity and the author of the term “radioactivity” [9] [10].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Together with her husband, she discovered elements of radium (from Latin: radius - “ray”) and polonium (from Latin: Polōnia - Poland, in honor of the homeland of Maria Sklodowska).


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Pierre and Marie Curie, along with Henri Becquerel, are also the first French Nobel laureates in physics [11] [12].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Biography


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Warsaw


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Mini|220px|left|M. Curie is at her home.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

16, Freta Street, Warsaw


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria Sklodowska was born in Warsaw in the family of teacher Vladislav Sklodowski, director of the gymnasium for boys.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The father played a huge role in the life of his youngest daughter.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

He graduated from St. Petersburg University [13] [14] and was aware of the latest achievements in physics, chemistry and mathematics, knew Russian, Latin and Greek, spoke French, German and English, wrote verses and translated [15].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Vladislav taught mathematics and physics in schools in Warsaw [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Her mother, Bronislava Boguska, led the prestigious Warsaw School for Girls [6] [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

After the birth of Maria in 1868, Vladislav was appointed a teacher at another school on Novolipskaya Street, so Bronislava was forced to leave her post due to the move [14] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In addition to Maria, three more daughters and a son grew up in the family: Zofia (1862), Jozef (1863), Bronislava (1865) and (1866) [1].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The family lived hard.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Vladislav unsuccessfully invested his savings in the business of his brother-in-law, who quickly went bankrupt.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The mother died for a long time and painfully from tuberculosis, and the father struggled to treat his sick wife and feed five children.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1873, Vladislav was dismissed for anti-state sentiments and was forced to occupy lower paid positions [14] [18].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1876, after several moves from apartment to apartment, the family settled in a house at the intersection of Novolipskaya and Karmelitskaya Streets.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In order to support his family, Vladislav was forced to accept guests, who were provided with housing, full board and training.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

One of these guests brought bedbugs into the house, which caused two children to become infected with typhus and the eldest daughter, Zofia, died [19] [20] [15] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

On May 9, 1878, when Maria was 10 years old, her mother passed away. [


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The death of her mother affected Mary's health and contributed to the weakening of religious faith [21] [14] [18].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Also in 1878, Maria entered school.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

As a schoolgirl, she was distinguished by her diligence and hard work [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Both sisters graduated from high school with gold medals [19].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Brother Jozef (also a gold medalist) went to Warsaw, enrolling in the medical faculty [15] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Helena also won a medal, but her claim was more modest.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She decided to stay with her father and run the household [14].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The territory of Poland at that time was divided between the Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary and Prussia [22], teaching in gymnasiums was conducted in Russian.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria sought to continue her education, but in Poland, women's opportunities to receive higher scientific education were limited: women were not admitted to the University of Warsaw [23].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Therefore, Maria was forced to study at clandestine women's courses, which were informally called “Flying University” [24] [4] [25] [19].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The Sklodowski sisters Maria and Bronislava agreed to work for several years in turn as governesses in order to take turns getting an education [4] [6] [19] [15].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1885, Maria was given a place in the family of a wealthy lawyer.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The conditions were terrible, the earnings were not enough to cover their expenses and save for Brony.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She agreed to another, well-paid job in the Zoravsky (Zhuravsky) family, but far from home, in the countryside, in Shchuki (Sharki), one of the Czartoryski estates [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

A year later, Maria was convinced of the naivety of their plan.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Not only did she need to support Armor for several years, giving her half of her salary, but also help her aging father.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Nevertheless, she was stubbornly engaged in self-education, got up at six in the morning and read books on physics and mathematics.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

It was also not easy for the girl to live in the estate: under her supervision and upbringing there were five children of a wealthy landowner.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She taught the younger ones.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The eldest son of the landowners, Casimir (Kazimierz) Zoravski, often came to the holidays, who after a while drew attention to the governess [15] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria, which was very unusual for the girl of that time, was very independent, she skated, controlled oars, ruled the carriage and rode, and also loved to compose poetry.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

At the same time, she found time to help peasant children, gave reading and writing lessons in Polish to children of all ages.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

For about four years, she combined work as a governess, hard study at night, and “illegal” teaching peasant children [26] [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Casimir's parents were against their son's relationship with a poor governess and after a while picked up a more worthy couple for him, in their opinion [15] [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria stayed in this house for another year and continued to study hard.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

After a while, her father found an unpleasant but profitable job as director of a juvenile delinquency shelter and fully covered the costs of Broni's studies.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria has the opportunity to save money.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1889, Maria received an offer to work as a home teacher in a wealthy family in Warsaw and left the Zoravskys.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

At the same time, in Paris, Bronya married a Polish emigrant, a medical student, and invited her sister to come and live in an apartment that she and her husband rented together.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria refused and decided to live with her father in Warsaw for one year [19] [15] [27] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In September 1891, Maria met Casimir while on vacation in Zakopane.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The couple finally broke up after an explanation [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

After that, Maria decided to accept her sister's offer to move to Paris to continue her studies [15].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Study in Paris


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In November 1891, Maria came to Paris, buying the cheapest ticket: third class in Poland and France, and fourth (almost a freight car) in Germany [15].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Her sister and husband, Kazimir Dlusski, who had already worked as a doctor, met her and received her at their home [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Six months later, Maria decided to move and rented a room on her own in the cold attic of the Latin Quarter, where libraries, laboratories and her university were located very close by.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

At the same time, she refused to stay with a girl for less payment for the room, so that no one would prevent her from studying late and in silence [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She was forced to cook on an alcohol burner, and her modest diet consisted at best of bread, eggs or fruit and chocolate [28] [15].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In parallel with her studies, she underwent a scientific internship in a laboratory led by her cousin Jozef Bogusky, future assistant to Dmitry Mendeleev [29].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria changed her name to French: Marie upon admission [28] and chose the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Sorbonne, where she studied mathematics, chemistry and physics.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

This was considered strange for the girls of the time, as most of them studied medicine.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1891, when Maria entered university, she was one of 23 female students out of 1,825 students in the Faculty of Natural Sciences [5].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

At the same time, out of 9,000 students studying at the Sorbonne at that time, only 210 were women.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

After entering university, Maria quickly felt gaps in her knowledge of French, as well as in mathematics and physics [30].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1893, when Maria graduated, there were only two graduates at the entire university, including herself [6] [15].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Sklodowska studied intensively during the day, and taught for a small fee in the evening.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Thus, in 1892, its budget was 40 rubles, or 100 francs per month.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

This money was barely enough for food and housing, not to mention heating and warm clothes.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria saved on entertainment, food, lighting and heating the room and transport, moving to the Sorbonne on foot [15].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

After a while, this lifestyle affected her health, and she fainted right in class.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

A classmate who was nearby ran to ask the Dlussky for help, and they took Marie back to their place so that she could pay less rent and eat normally [15] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

For her excellent academic success, Maria was awarded a grant from the Alexandrovich Foundation in the amount of 600 rubles, which was formed for outstanding Polish students who studied abroad [15] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

By the end of her studies, Maria became one of the best students at the university, graduated first [15] among her classmates in 1893 and received two diplomas — a bachelor's degree in physics, and a year later mathematics [31] [9] [32].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In July 1894, she had the second result among graduates of the course [5] [6] [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

After graduation, Maria received a grant from French to study the magnetic properties of steels under the guidance of Professor Gabriel Lippman, one of Maria's mentors at the Sorbonne [33] [34].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria returned 600 rubles of the money received to the Alexandrovich Foundation as a token of gratitude [15].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

While studying at the Sorbonne, Maria planned to return to Warsaw after receiving her diploma and teaching in educational institutions following the example of both parents [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

But these plans were disrupted by a meeting with her future husband [28].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Meeting with Pierre Curie


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

At the beginning of 1894, Maria Sklodowska met Pierre Curie in the house of Polish emigrants Kowalski.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

They were introduced by Jozef Kowalski, who hoped that Pierre would be able to give Maria the opportunity to work in his laboratory [35] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Pierre was then head of the laboratory at the Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

And by that time, he had already done important research on the physics of crystals and the dependence of the magnetic properties of substances on temperature; his name, for example, is associated with the term “Curie point”, which means temperature, at which the ferromagnetic material abruptly loses the property of ferromagnetism [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

During the first meeting, Maria was still impressed by her relationship with Casimir Zoravski, and Pierre experienced the death of a girl for whom he had felt warm feelings since childhood [36].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Pierre liked the fragile, blonde and gray-eyed girl, and gave Maria a small corner in his laboratory, and later became not only her colleague, but also her husband [6].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria rejected the first marriage proposal.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She was thinking about returning to her homeland [37] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Pierre said that he was ready to move with her to Poland.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Later, in his memoirs, Pierre admitted that the proposal made was the only time in his life when he acted without hesitation [36].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1894, Sklodowska went to Warsaw for the summer to see her family and get a job at the University of Krakow, but the girl was denied a job: only men were hired.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Throughout the summer of 1894, Pierre wrote her long letters [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In October, Sklodowska returned to Paris and continued to work on her Ph.D. thesis.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Then she was going to return to Warsaw to engage in social activities for the benefit of her homeland in parallel with teaching [36].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

On July 26, 1895, Pierre and Marie were married without a wedding.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The wedding took place in the municipality of Sault, in the suburbs of Paris, where Pierre lived with his parents [37] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The young refused religious service and rings, and instead of a wedding dress, Sklodowska wore a navy blue suit, in which she later worked in the laboratory for many years.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

After the wedding, Curie went on their honeymoon to Ile-de-France on bicycles, which they bought with the money they received as a wedding gift [34].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

They retained their passion for cycling later [38].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In October, they settled on Rue Glacier, in an apartment on the fifth floor that overlooked the garden.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The apartment consisted of three small rooms [36].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Irene was born on September 12, 1897.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Pierre's father Eugene Curie, a retired doctor who was present at the birth, played an important role in her upbringing.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

After the death of his wife from breast cancer in 1897 [39], two weeks after the birth of Irene, he moved to the house of Maria and Pierre, fully devoted himself to caring for his granddaughter and leaving his parents opportunity to continue research [6] [38] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Irene followed in her parents' footsteps and became a physics and chemistry scientist.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Together with her husband Frederic Joliot-Curie, she discovered the phenomenon of artificial radioactivity, for which they were both awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Recognition


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1898, Pierre was unable to pass the competition for the position of head of the newly opened Department of Physical Chemistry at the Sorbonne, but in 1900 he received an invitation to work at the University of Geneva for himself and Mary [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The couple seriously considered moving to Switzerland.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

But Henri Poincaré, impressed by Pierre's work, helped him stay teaching at the Sorbonne [40].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

At the same time, in order to earn extra money, despite continuing research and raising her daughter, Maria began teaching physics at the Sevres Higher Women's Normal School, which prepared teachers [6] [32] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

On June 23, 1903, Maria presented her doctoral dissertation “Research on Radioactive Substances” to the Sorbonne, which described the results of hard work in previous years, including selection of new elements — polonium and radium.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The public defense of the dissertation, which was a formality taking into account the merits of the applicant, was attended by relatives and students of Maria [6] [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Rutherford later recalled how, during a dinner organized by Langevin in honor of Mary, Pierre took out into the open air a flask partially covered with zinc sulfide with a solution of radium isolated by the couple Curie.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The brightly glowing flask with a radioactive substance impressed the guests very much [41] [38] [42].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In the same year, after the public defense of Mary's dissertation, Pierre Curie gave a lecture to the Royal Society of London, led by Lord Kelvin.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The lecture was accompanied by spectacular experiments demonstrating the properties of radium.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The merits of the couple were appreciated and awarded the Davy Medal for the most important discovery of the year in the field of chemistry [38] [32] [43] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In August 1903, after an exhausting bicycle trip, Maria gave birth to a girl five months pregnant, who did not survive.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria felt unwell from the first months of pregnancy and all this time continued to work with concentrated solutions of polonium and radium and regularly received doses of radiation that were dangerous for anyone a person, and not only for a woman in position [43] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Also in 1903, Marie and Pierre Curie were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics “in recognition of the exceptional services they provided to science by collaborating in research into the phenomena of radiation discovered Professor Henri Becquerel.”


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The latter shared the award with the Curie couple, receiving half of the amount.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria in her works recognized Becquerel's priority in the discovery of radioactivity [44].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Only Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel appeared in the original nomination, as Gosta Mittag-Leffler, a famous mathematician and influential member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, told Pierre.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

He replied:


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

I would like my work in the field of the study of radioactive bodies to be considered together with the activities of Mrs. Curie.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Indeed, it was her work that determined the discovery of new substances, and her contribution to this discovery is huge (she also determined the atomic mass of radium).


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

—Pierre Curie, [45]


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

As a result, Maria was nominated and won the Nobel Prize together with her colleagues [4].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She became the first woman laureate and remained the only one until 1935, when her daughter Irene was awarded the Nobel Prize [43].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

At the presentation of the award, another controversial question arose about which discipline works on radioactive substances belong to — physics or chemistry.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Pierre Curie and Becquerel were physicists, but the work Maria did was mainly in the field of chemistry.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In addition, the discoveries made made changes to purely chemical concepts about the nature and stability of elements.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

As a result, they were awarded a prize in physics, although the Academy did not rule out awarding another prize in the future — in chemistry [4].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The award was presented by King Oscar II of Sweden.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Only Henri Becquerel was present at the solemn event: the Curie couple referred to employment and deteriorating health, for which the award was accepted by the French minister [38] [46] [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

After the award, the Curie couple had the opportunity to equip their laboratory with the necessary equipment and buy a bath for their apartment [15] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

By that time, their hands were covered with wounds from constant contact with radioactive samples, which stimulated the idea of using radium in medical practice.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Pierre Curie emphasized this fact in his Nobel speech on June 5, 1905: by that time the couple were strong enough to go to Stockholm [15].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In July 1905, Pierre Curie was finally admitted to the French Academy of Sciences [47] [48] [40] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The second daughter, Eva, was born on December 6, 1904 [6] [49].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

By that time, the financial situation of the family had improved significantly.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Pierre became a professor of physics at the Sorbonne, and Maria worked for her husband as the head of the laboratory.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She had to hire governesses to care for her daughters [16] [14].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Eva became a journalist, musician and public figure after living to the age of 102.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She wrote a biography of her mother [15], which became a bestseller in the United States and received.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

From 1962 to 1965, she was the head of UNICEF in Greece.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Eva was the only one in the family that did not win the Nobel Prize [49] [50] [51].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

After her husband's death


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

On April 19, 1906, Pierre Curie was killed by a horse-drawn carriage as he crossed the street [32].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria was severely depressed for several months [52].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

After the death of her husband, she was appointed to his place at the University of Paris [9] and on November 5, 1906 began her first lesson [15] [53], becoming the first female teacher in history [54] [7] and France as a whole [5] [55] [33] [6].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1908, she became a professor and received a department [17] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1910, Marie Curie was nominated for election to the French Academy of Sciences.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Since no woman had ever been elected a member of the Academy before, the nomination immediately led to violent controversy between supporters and opponents of her membership in this conservative organization [6].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

As a result, a few months later, Marie Curie was rejected in the January 1911 elections by a margin of only two votes [5] (according to other sources, by one vote [6]).


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

After that, Maria categorically refused to run for election to the academy [56] [17].