Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The authorities, given rumors that two detachments are operating in the region, left some of the soldiers led by Lieutenant Lipinsky to guard the old apartment, and sent others to look for the rebels.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The peasants quickly told the soldiers led by Staff Captain Kusonsky where the rebels were hiding.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Antsyp, having learned about the approach of troops, decided to withdraw to the area of the village of Glukhi.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The soldiers, having combed the villages of Glukhi, Yazvy (now Vostochnoye), Zolotva, came to the conclusion that the rebels hid in the triangle of the forest between these villages.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

On April 30 (May 12), 1863, despite the late time of day and rain, it was decided to surround and capture the rebels.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The troops, supported by roundabout peasants as guides, moved into the forest and went to the rebel camp.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

As a result of the exchange of fire, the rebels killed one soldier and wounded three others, but crowded into the swamp, abandoned almost all their weapons and wagon train, managed to escape.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Staff Captain Kusonsky decided not to get involved in a forest shootout and took his soldiers to the village, taking the belongings of the rebels.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Then, by order of the authorities, by May 3 (15), the peasants caught the rest of the rebels one by one and in small groups, including Idelfons Antsypa, the head of the rebels.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

However, it was the last to catch him only on May 10 (22), 1863.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

By order of the Field Military Court, Idelfons Antsypa was shot in Mogilev on June 6 (18), 1863 [74].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Other detachments in the Mogilev region managed to hold out only a few days, after which in April 1863 they were defeated and their commanders were shot.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

According to official data, the total number of rebels in the Mogilev region did not exceed 800 people [41].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

End of the uprising


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In the Kingdom of Poland


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

On February 9 (21), 1864, the last large detachment of 1,000 rebels (Bosaka) was scattered.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

near the village of Kliny in the vicinity of the town of Opoczno (Lodz Voivodeship), a Cossack hundred under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Zagryazhsky scattered a detachment of 60 rebels under the command of the captain of the rebel Jozef Walter's troops.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The last more or less large group of rebels in the territory of the Kingdom of Poland (about 40 people) (priest Brzuski) existed until April 19 (May 1), 1864, and its defeat is considered official the end date of the uprising.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Although in fact, according to the Polish historian Stanislaw Zielinski, the last armed clash with a group of rebels (about 30 people) on the territory of the Kingdom of Poland took place near Sieradz 6 (18) June 1864, and the last rebel field commander, General Stanislaw Brzuska, was arrested only in April 1865.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The last rebel operating on the territory of the Kingdom of Poland, Stefan Bigczyński, was arrested in April 1865.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In the North-West Krai


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Active hostilities on the territory of the North-Western Territory ended at the end of November 1863.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

On April 16 (28), 1864, in an impassable forest area, in the vicinity of the village of Sutin (Igumen district), during a search operation, regular troops disarmed a group of rebels consisting of 7 man.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The last smaller and more organized group (about 50 rebels) led by Vladislav Borzobogaty, subordinate to the Lithuanian Provincial Committee, was liquidated (dissolved) in mid-June 1864 in Novogrudok Uyezd.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

[76] [77]


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In July 1864, again in Igumen district, a group of rebels under the command of Teleosphorus Khaleva was liquidated, who shot bailiff Lyatsky a few days earlier.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In addition, according to the Polish historian Stanislav Zelinski, on October 12 (24), 1864, a Russian postal escort was fired from a dense forest in the vicinity of Panevezys by a group of five rebels.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

After that, one of the rebels was killed by return fire from the accompanying guards, and four others laid down their arms.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

On October 22 (November 3), 1864, a group of 30 rebels under the command of the nobleman Kovalevsky was liquidated in an impassable forest area in the Velyatichi volost of Borisov district.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Kovalevsky himself, who managed to escape, was arrested 2 weeks later in Barysau.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

He was executed by court verdict in January 1865.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Vasily Konopatsky, the last single rebel operating in the territory of the region, was discovered by regular troops and captured only in October 1866.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Damage to Russia


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Regular troop losses


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The official losses of regular troops in the period (1863 - 1865) compiled according to reports are determined at 10,174 people - of which died directly from hostilities (killed in battle and died of wounds) 1.387 people (the number of combat losses does not include losses of senior and senior officers); deaths from diseases and other non-combat reasons - 4.490 people, wounded 3.322 people, missing or 438 deserters and at least 254 prisoners.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Defectors from soldiers and junior officers numbered 283 people (for example, warrant officer of the Life Dragoon Pskov Regiment Anton Klimantovich).


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

It is also known that 78% of losses were suffered by regular troops in the Kingdom of Poland, another 15% in the North-Western Territory and only 7% in the South-Western Territory.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Civilian casualties


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

There are numerous cases of protests by Polish, Belarusian and Ukrainian peasants against the rebels.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In response, extremist rebels, also called “daggers”, unleashed terror against all opponents of the uprising, which peaked in the summer of 1863.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The total number of its civilian casualties has not yet been accurately established.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Researchers give different figures: from several hundred to several thousand [79] [80] [81].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Muravyov himself during the uprising called the figure of 500 people.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

According to Moskovskiye Vedomosti, as of September 19, 1863, the number of civilians hanged by “daggers” alone reached 750 people.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

According to the III branch of the Imperial Chancellery, for the whole of 1863, the rebels executed 924 people.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The “Encyclopedic Dictionary” of Brockhaus and Efron indicates that the number of victims of insurgent terror was about 2 thousand people.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In addition, during the hostilities in the North-Western Territory, the total losses of regular troops in all categories amounted to 1,206 Russian soldiers and officers.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Economic losses


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The total economic damage caused to the entire territory covered by the uprising during the hostilities amounted to about 15,000,000 tsarist rubles.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

[83] 1,800 buildings in the Kingdom of Poland and about 1,660 buildings in the North-Western and South-Western Territories were also destroyed or partially damaged.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

[84] In addition, during the uprising, the rebels managed to rob the state treasury in the amount of about 4,000,000 tsarist rubles.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Repression of rebels


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

According to Russian data, during the entire period of the uprising, about 12,000 - 15,000 rebels died in battles against regular troops.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

About 25,000 more were injured or taken prisoner.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

According to Polish data, about 10,000 rebels were killed in battles and another 20,000 were wounded or taken prisoner.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

On the territory of the North-Western Territory, in the fight against the participants in the uprising, Muravyov also resorted to intimidation measures - public executions, which, however, were subjected only to irreconcilable participants in the uprising and the perpetrators of the murders, and which were carried out only after careful investigation. [86]


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In total, during Muravyov's reign, 128 people [87] were executed in the North-Western Territory, and another 8.2 thousand [88] to 12.5 thousand [86] people were sent into exile, prison companies or hard labor.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

These were mainly direct participants in the uprising: Catholic priests and representatives of the gentry, the share of Catholics among the repressed was more than 95% [88], which corresponds to the total proportion participants in the uprising [86].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In total, out of about 77,000 rebels, only 16% of their participants were subjected to various criminal penalties, while the rest managed to return home without being punished [89].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In fact, from the very beginning of the rebellion, the captured rebel commanders were executed by hanging and shooting.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The first death sentence in the Kingdom of Poland to August Jasinsky for participating in the uprising was carried out on February 20 (March 4), 1863.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The first execution of the death sentence in the North-Western Territory took place on May 10 (22), 1863, when the vicar priest of the “Zhmud Church” of Lida County was shot in Vilna on Lukishki Stanislav Ishora [90].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

On March 22, 1864, Konstantin Kalinovsky, one of the leaders of the uprising, was executed by hanging in Vilna on Lukishskaya Square.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

On May 28, 1864, a military court sentenced Jozef Kalinovsky to death (later canonized by the Catholic Church under the name Raphael).


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Then the sentence was commuted to 10 years of hard labor.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

On July 24 (August 5), 1864, members of the National Government of the last real composition (Traugutt, Rafal Kraevsky, Jozef Tochinsky and Jan Ezioransky) were executed.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The last political executions followed on February 5 (17), 1865 (Alexander Vashkovsky, Emanuel Safarchuk and Vladimir Mishchenko).


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In total, throughout the territory covered by the uprising from 1863 to 1865, about 400 death sentences were carried out to active participants.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The last execution for participating in the uprising took place in the market of Sokolow Podlaski, in front of 10,000 people.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The last field commander of the uprising Stanislav Brzuska together with his deputy Frantisek Wilczynski were executed.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Unreliable citizens (Florian Danovsky, Alexander Valitsky, Matilda Buchinskaya, etc.) were sent to remote corners of the Russian Empire.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

After the uprising of 1864, as well as after 1831, about 7,000 active participants in the uprising moved abroad.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

These emigrants of the new formation continued for some time in the spirit of the old emigration, but on a much smaller scale; soon this activity almost subsides.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

On December 31, 1866, a manifesto of Emperor Alexander II was issued, according to which indefinite hard labor for the rebels was replaced by a 10-year-old.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The consequences


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The uprising accelerated the implementation of the peasant reform, while on more favorable terms for peasants than in the rest of Russia (the amount of redemption payments is reduced for Polish peasants by 20%, for peasants North-and South-Western Territories by 30%).


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The authorities have taken measures to develop primary schools in Lithuania and Belarus, hoping that the education of the peasantry in the Russian Orthodox spirit will lead to a political and cultural reorientation of the population.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Historian Mikhail Dolbilov notes that after the beginning of the uprising, the image of a Pole cultivated by the authorities as a “rebel, conspirator and rebel” resisting the legitimate power showed the features of a sworn enemy of the Russian people” [91].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Nevertheless, in broadcasting appeals to the residents of the region, the authorities tried not to use ethnonyms and focused on the social origin of the participants in the rebellion.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In particular, Vilna Governor-General Mikhail Muravyov tried to avoid an excessive declaration of the “Polishness” of the uprising [91].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Throughout the territory covered by the uprising from 1863 to 1865, about 400 death sentences were carried out to active participants, about 7,000 active participants in the uprising moved abroad, thousands were sent to remote corners of the Russian Empire.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

128 people were executed for involvement in the uprising in the North-Western Territory; 12,500 were deported to other areas, in particular to Siberia (some of them later raised the Circum-Baikal Uprising of 1866 800 were sent to hard labor.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Given that the investigation established the participation of about 77,000 people in the uprising, it can be stated that less than 1/6 of the participants in the uprising in the territory of the North-Western Territory were punished in total.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

These figures show that the government did not show the particular cruelty towards the rebels, which international Soviet historiography will later talk about [92].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Mass repressions affected the families involved in the uprising, expelled to the central provinces of Russia.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In addition, in Lithuania and Belarus, it was forbidden to hold public positions (in particular, teachers in schools and gymnasiums) for persons of the Catholic faith, so Poles and Lithuanians were forced to to settle in the central provinces of Russia.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Composer Dmitry Shostakovich and writer Alexander Green are among the descendants of such exiles and immigrants.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

After the uprising, martial law remained in the western provinces for some time.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Males, except peasants, were forbidden to leave their place of residence for more than 30 miles without the permission of local authorities.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The Polish gentry was deprived of the opportunity to celebrate even family holidays, as there was a ban on several people to gather together.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

This was subject to a fine.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Vilensky Governor-General K. Kaufman in 1866 banned, under the threat of a fine, the use of the Polish language in public places and in official correspondence, wearing mourning, and various Polish differences.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

On December 10, 1865, Alexander II approved a law according to which all those expelled from the western provinces were offered to sell or exchange their lands within 2 years, and only Orthodox Christians could buy them.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In 1864, Mikhail Muravyov banned the use of the Latin alphabet and printed texts in Lithuanian (in force until 1904).


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Lithuanian books continued to be printed abroad: in East Prussia and the United States of America.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Interesting facts


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The last participant in the uprising, 99-year-old Felix Bartchuk, died on March 9, 1946 [94].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Uladzimir Korotkevich learned from his parents that one of his ancestors on the female line, retired staff captain Tomash Grinevich (nephew of Ivan Nikodimovich Grinevich, the owner of the Krasny Bereg estate) received participated in the uprising of 1863-1864.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The rebels under his command were defeated, and he himself was shot in Rogachev.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Korotkevich described this story in the epilogue of the novel “Prehistory”, and in the prologue of the novel “We Can't Forget” (“Leonids Will Not Return to Earth”).


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

From March 1862 to February 22, 1864, Vincent Dunin-Martsinkevich hid from the persecution of the tsarist administration in Dobrovlyany [95].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In March 1862, the interim military governor of the Minsk province, Major General Kushalev, sent a circular in which it was written: “According to the truthful information I received, it turns out that the landowner Martsinkevich wrote an outrageous poem in the folk Belarusian language entitled “Gutarka of the Old Grandfather”, which is aimed at inciting the peasants of the western provinces against the government,... and that St. Martsinkevich is trying to spread his work... among the common people.”


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Vincent Dunin-Martsinkevich found shelter in Dobrovlyany with Matilda Buchinskaya.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

After Dobrovlyana's estate of Sventsyansky Uyezd was sequestered, on February 22, 1864, he was forced to move to the nearby town of Svir, where he lived six months before his arrest in October 1864 [96].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

One of the leaders of the uprising, Zygmunt Chekhovich, after returning from the Nerchinsk mines, lived in the estate of the Vileyka district of the Vilna province (now Logoisk District, Minsk Region).


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In Malye Besyady, Chekhovich created a large library.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Here, a young Yanka Kupala met Chekhovich, whose family lived in the neighboring Selishche folvarka in 1895—1904.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In the house of Chekhovich, Yanka Kupala first got acquainted with illegal literature dedicated to the Polish liberation movement.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

According to Yanka Kupala, Chekhovich was an “idealist and dreamer” [97].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Historiography of the 1863—1864 uprising in the North-West Territory


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The uprising of 1863-1864 was one of the most significant events in the history of Belarus, which had a significant impact on the future fate of the Belarusian people, which was reflected in the works of scientists and publicists, starting from the second half of the 19th century [30].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

A significant part of archival documents related to the events of the uprising has been published.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The significance of the uprising on the territory of Belarus, the actions and role of its leaders, in particular K. Kalinovsky, at different times and by different authors were evaluated differently.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The uprising was declared either “Polish turmoil”, then purely gentry, then purely peasant, then bourgeois-democratic.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Sometimes it is questioned whether it has a revolutionary democratic wing.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Depending on the preferences of various authors, the religious and clerical component of the events of the uprising is emphasized or obscured.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Differences in assessments still exist today, sometimes positions diverge diametrically.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The reason for this lies in the difference in the authors' concepts regarding the fundamental principles of the formation of the Belarusian nation, the national mentality, the foundations of its socio - economic, cultural development.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Obviously, it is possible to get a complete picture and give an objective assessment of events only on the basis of scientific research that involves the study of all identified documentary sources and their thorough analysis.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Participants and contemporaries of the events related to the uprising left their memories written shortly after them.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

A significant amount of information about the activities of the rebel organization is contained in the “Testimonies and Notes” of O. Aveida, written by him in prison at the request of the authorities and published in a limited edition for official use in 1866 [30].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

One of the first official historiographers of the uprising was Tsar's General V. Ratch, on the personal instructions of M. Muravyov, who wrote two volumes of Information on the Polish Uprising of 1863 in North-Western Russia, published in Vilna in 1867-1868. According to the author, he used official correspondence, investigative files, confiscated papers, books, brochures and “some oral reports” in the course of his work.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In the work of V. Ratch contains information on the most important provisions of K. Kalinovsky: on the destruction of the nobility, on the liquidation of landlord land ownership through the peasant revolution, on the need to create a peasant revolutionary organization and the connection of the uprising in Belarus and Lithuania with the Polish national liberation movement and the people's revolution, which was being prepared in Russia, about the right of Belarus and Lithuania to independent state existence.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The tsarist historian noted that “Kalinovsky did not intend to work for Poland at all, he feared a merger with Poland, in which it would be impossible to get rid of it.”


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

One of the first publications was four volumes of memoirs “The History of the Uprising of the Polish People in 1861—1864” by member of the National Government A. Giller, which were published in Paris in 1867—1871 [30].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Supporters of the social revolution were criticized on their pages.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The publication first published “Letters from Under the Gallows” by K. Kalinovsky.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Later, at the beginning of the 20th century, F. Rozhansky, Ya.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Geyshtor, B.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Dluski and other participants and leaders of the uprising.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In the mid-1920s, Belarusian historian V. Ignatovsky called the main goal of the uprising in Belarus a radical solution to the peasant issue and the creation of a Belarusian republic independent of Russia and Poland [30].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In the late 1920s, Belarusian historian S. Agursky put forward a concept about the exceptional role of landowners and clergy in organizing the uprising and its purely Polish character.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In the 1950s and 1960s, the Belarusian philosopher I. Lushchitsky considered the uprising of 1863 in Belarus and Lithuania anti-serfdom and peasant.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Belarusian historian A. Smirnov, the author of one of the first monographs dedicated to Kalinouski, called him an outstanding son of the Belarusian people.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The scientist considered the uprising itself as a manifestation of the struggle of classes.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In the 1970s and 1980s, new studies by Belarusian scientists appeared [30].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The uprising of 1863 in the North-Western Territory was presented as an alleged all-Belarusian protest against tsarism.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The founder of Belarusian revolutionary democracy is K. Kalinovsky philosophers E.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Doroshevich and V. Conon.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

They pointed to Kalinovsky's ideal of a “fair social and political system”, calling it not an abstract ideal of a utopian dreamer, but a specific program of the ideologist of the peasantry, small gentry and democratic intelligentsia with its characteristic strengths and weaknesses of the worldview of these social strata of the Belarusian people.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The philosopher A. Maykhrovich assessed the uprising of 1863—1864 in Belarus and Lithuania as bourgeois-democratic, directed against social and national oppression [30].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

K. He calls Kalinouski an outstanding Belarusian revolutionary democrat, politician and publicist, connects with the activities of him and his associates the design of revolutionary democracy as independent flow of social thought.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

As extremely important on the historical path of Belarusians to freedom and national consolidation, he assessed the activities and work of K. Kalinovsky Belarusian historian, literary critic, archaeographer, writer G. Kiselyov, according to whom the heroic life of K. Kalinovsky to the last breath — there is no exaggeration here — is given to his native people, to the struggle for a better future.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The researcher named K. Kalinouski was a great son of the Belarusian people and a great revolutionary.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Noting that his activities embodied the most radical trends of the uprising of 1863—1864, G. Kiselev assesses them as one of the most daring attempts to test in practice and implement the program of the revolutionary democrats of the 60s, and K. Kalinovsky in the history of social thought and the revolutionary movement of Belarus and Lithuania assigns the role of leader and theorist of revolutionary democracy [30].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

He also believed that in a historical perspective, the ideas and works of K. Kalinovsky for many decades predetermined the ideological and aesthetic direction of Belarusian democratic literature, which has largely become the literature of the “Muzhitskaya Pravda”.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

K. calls a revolutionary democrat, a true national hero, a fighter for the freedom of the Belarusian people. Kalinovsky is another researcher of his life and work — Belarusian historian V. Shalkevich.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The scientist believes K. Kalinouski is one of the most famous representatives of the Belarusian nation in the world.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Mikhail Bich, the author of an article about the uprising of 1863—1864 in Poland, Belarus and Lithuania in the Encyclopedia of the History of Belarus, calls it national liberation [30].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

There is a point of view that the uprising was exclusively Polish in nature, and K. Kalinouski is not a true hero of the Belarusian people, but even an anti-hero.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

A “constructed hero”, a Polish revolutionary fanatic, appointed to the post of leader of the uprising by a foreign Polish rebel center, considers his historian A. Gronsky, he also calls the creation of Muzhitskaya Pravda a purely propaganda action [30].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

However, during sovereign Belarus, a number of researchers agreed that the majority of the Belarusian peasant population did not support the uprising.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The reasons for this were: high-quality propaganda of the authorities against the rebels and the indecisive agrarian policy of the CSC (“whites”) [98].


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Often K. Kalinovsky is generally declared a Pole.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

As an argument, the fact is that he did not directly state in his texts about the rights and aspirations of Belarusians and did not use such a name.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

However, it should be said that at that time the name Belarusians had not yet been assigned to the entire people and was narrowly regional.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Kalinovsky's commitment to the idea of social justice is questioned.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

His positions regarding methods of struggle (violent) and religious tolerance are harshly criticized.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The memory of the uprising


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In the interwar period (1921—1939), a number of monuments were erected on the territory of Poland and Western Belarus in honor of the uprising of 1863—1864. In the town of Svir, on the largest hill of the village, a monument with the White Eagle was erected.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

After the arrival of the Soviet administration in 1939, the monument was destroyed, and the White Eagle was thrown into Lake Svir.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The drawings of the monument have been preserved in the State Historical Archive of Lithuania.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In Belarusian theatrical art, the first production on the theme of the uprising was the performance of the Belarusian State Theater Kastus Kalinovsky, staged in 1923 by playwright and director E.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Mirovich based on his own play.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In 1928 The Belarusian Film Studio, together with the Leningrad Sovkino Factory, released a film also called Kastus Kalinovsky.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

During the Great Patriotic War, a partisan brigade and a Kalinovsky partisan detachment operated on the territory of Belarus.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

At the same time, the poet M. Klimkovich wrote the libretto of the opera Kastus Kalinovsky.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

After the war, an opera to the music of D. Lucas was staged by the Belarusian Opera and Ballet Theater.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

The Belarusian composer O. Yanchenko wrote the ballet Kastus Kalinovsky.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In 1975, Arkady Kuleshov published a dramatic poem “Hamutius” (1975), dedicated to the leader of the uprising in Lithuania and Belarus.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Hamutius is one of Kastus Kalinouski's clandestine nicknames.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

In 1963, one of the streets in Minsk was named after Kastus Kalinouski.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

At the movies


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Yaroslav Dombrovsky — dir.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Bogdan Poreba (Poland, USSR, 1975)


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Squadron (Szwadron) - dir.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Juliusz Makhulsky (Poland, France, 1992)


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

See also


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

People's Prison


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Committee of Russian Officers in Poland


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Russification of Poland


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Booksellers in Lithuania


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Expedition of the Russian Navy to the shores of North America (1863—1864)


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Kiev Fortress is a place of imprisonment and execution of participants of the uprising


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Dinaburg Fortress is a place of detention and trial of participants of the uprising


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Battle for Shidlovets


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Battle of Tsyolkovo


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Medal “For the Suppression of the Polish Uprising”


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Notes


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

References


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Berg N. IN.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

; continued in,,


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Ghesketh S. D.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Moscow: Modest Kolerov, 2013.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

536 p. ISBN 978-5-905040-06-1


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

(in English)


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

(in English)


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

virtual exhibition on the website of the Central Scientific Library named after M.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

ME.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Kolas NAS of Belarus


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Khoteev A.


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Category:Wars of the Russian Empire


Question: How many Poles died in the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising (1863—1864)

Category:19th century revolutions


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

The Alcock and Brown transatlantic flight on June 14—15, 1919 was the first non-stop transatlantic flight from St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Ireland.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

It was carried out on a converted Vickers Vimy bomber in 16 hours and 28 minutes by British pilots John Alcock and Arthur Brown.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

The distance covered was 3,040 km at an average speed of 190 km/h.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Background


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

On April 1, 1913, the Daily Mail awarded a £10,000 reward to those who were the first to cross the Atlantic Ocean by plane in no more than 72 hours.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

The announcement read: We are offering £10,000 to anyone who crosses the Atlantic Ocean from anywhere in America to anywhere in the UK or Ireland.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Of course, this flight over the Atlantic can be made in any direction.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

The prize can be awarded to a pilot of any nationality.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

The car on which he will fly can be either English or any foreign design.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Due to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the prize was canceled, but in 1918 the editors returned to the previous idea.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Alcock and Brown, being experienced pilots with combat experience (both were captured, respectively, in Turkey and Germany), offered their services to Vickers.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Their proposal coincided with the need to maintain Britain's national prestige: on May 8, 1919, the US government prepared four Curtiss NC seaplanes for a flight from New York to Newfoundland — Azores — Portugal — England.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Of the four aircraft, only one, the NC-4, reached the end of the distance, and it took the crew 23 days (flight time 57 hours and 16 minutes), so the United States could not qualify for the Daily Mail prize.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

The flight was very expensive, as security was provided by 50 ships of the US Navy, stationed along the flight route, both to monitor the weather and to rescue aviators in distress.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Several British companies that prepared their aircraft participated in the preparation of the British transatlantic flight: Vickers, Handley Page, Martinsyde and Sopwith.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

It was decided to fly from west to east, as winds blow in this direction over the North Atlantic, and for the capabilities of the equipment of the 1910s, the distance was extreme.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

On May 18, Sopwith and Martinsyde teams started.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

The second plane crashed at launch, and the same thing happened two months later with the Handley Page team.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

After 4 hours, the departed team hit the atmospheric front, and then the engine began to overheat.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

I had to make an emergency splash next to the Danish steamer, which picked up aviators 850 miles off the coast of Ireland.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Pilots Hawker and Mackenzie-Grieve were awarded half the prize - 5,000 pounds for courage.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Flying


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Alcock and Brown could not find a suitable take-off site for a long time, seeing the crash of two overloaded aircraft at the start.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Then it took a long time to wait for consistently favorable weather, with a squally wind blowing on June 10 and 11.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

By that time, the British press was already full of reproaches against the “indecisive” aviators.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

The weather improved on June 13, but during the refueling of the aircraft, the landing gear shock absorber could not withstand the gravity, after which all gasoline had to be drained and the landing gear repaired.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Repairs and refueling continued throughout the night.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

At dawn on June 14, the pilots started in a strong westerly wind, and the plane ran more than 300 meters before breaking away from the runway.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

The overloaded car, even at maximum engine speed, could not rise above 400 m, in these conditions, the crew was in complete clouds.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

In the fog, the wind turbine of the electric generator broke down, as a result, the pilots lost radio communication and heated flight suits.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

The blind flight lasted 7 hours, low-quality fuel burned out the exhaust pipe of the right engine, and then the exhaust warmed up the red-hot wire stretch of the wing, but it withstood until the end of the flight.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

By 19:30, as fuel was produced, it became possible to gain altitude, and 1800 m came out of the clouds. From the stars, it was possible to determine that 1400 km had been covered — about half the way to Ireland.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

The average speed was higher than the calculated speed — 160 km/h.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

It was decided to drop to 1200 m — the cloud edge.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

At three o'clock in the morning, the plane hit a thunderstorm front, Alcock lost orientation and fell into a tailspin, escaping from the cloud at an altitude of 150 m above the stormy ocean.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Despite the maximum engine speed, the aircraft sometimes found itself at an altitude of no more than 15 m, and the pilots thought that they could touch the waves.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Due to the rain and snow, the aircraft began to ice rapidly, and the snow began to clog the engine carburettors, and the right engine stopped.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Brown, risking his life, made his way down the icy wing to the engine and started it.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

After stopping the left engine, Brown had to repeat this operation five times.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

On the morning of June 15, we came out of the clouds and after 40 minutes we saw the Irish coast.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Alcock found his way around the mast of Clifden's radio station and decided to try to land.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

A green field was found nearby, which turned out to be a swamp, and locals tried to gesture that it was unsuitable for planting.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

The pilots thought they were welcomed.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

After touching, the landing gear got bogged down in the ground and the plane scapoted, however, without receiving serious damage.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

The pilots were also not injured.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

It turned out that there were still 1,200 liters of fuel left in the tanks, which would allow us to fly to England.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

After your flight


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Alcock and Brown became national heroes.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

In addition to the £10,000 prize, they received 2,000 guineas from the tobacco company and a £1,000 prize as the first British subjects to fly across the ocean.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Both were knighted.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

On December 18, 1919, Alcock crashed near Rouen while flying over a Vickers Viking seaplane for the Paris Air Show.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Brown passed away on October 4, 1948.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Monuments have been erected at the start and landing sites of Alcock and Brown.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

In 1954, their twin statue was erected at Heathrow Airport, and the monument was also erected in Manchester, the birthplace of Alcock.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

The aircraft survived and was installed at the Science Museum in South Kensington.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

In 1969, a stamp was issued in honor of the 50th anniversary of the flight.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

In 1994, a copy of the Vickers Vimy aircraft was built, on which famous record holder Steve Fossett repeated the achievement of Alcock and Brown from July 2 to 3, 2005.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

However, Fossett and co-pilot Mark Reboltz landed on a golf course in Connemara.


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

References


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

a 1919 Flight article on the flight


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Category:Transatlantic flights


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Category:Aviation history


Question: When did the first transatlantic flight take place?

Alcock and Brown's Transatlantic Voyage

Category: June 1919


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Alberto Ascari (July 13, 1918 — May 26, 1955) was a hereditary Italian racing driver and Formula One champion of 1952 and 1953.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

He is the second and so far the last Italian to win this title.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

He won both titles playing for the Ferrari team.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

He participated in only 33 races, but managed to set many records, some of them have not been broken so far.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

After several extremely successful years, he moved to the Lancia team, where he was refining a promising car, but after a year and a half of work, he died under unclear circumstances, testing a sports car on the Monza circuit.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Biography


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Career start


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Alberto Ascari was born on July 13, 1918 in Milan.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

His father, Antonio Ascari, owned a car dealership, was professionally racing and was one of the authors of Alfa Romeo's victory in the 1925 Automobile Manufacturers Championship, so young Alberto all He spent his childhood surrounded by cars and racers.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In many ways, this influenced his choice of further profession.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Despite the death of first his father and then a close friend of the family Giuseppe Campari in races (in 1925 and 1933, respectively), Ascari dreamed of sports competitions and secretly ran from his mother motorcycle competitions.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

At the age of sixteen, he even bought a Sertum racing bike, convincing his mother that it was a simple road unit.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Soon, out of sin, he was sent to college, first to Milan, and then further from home to Macerata.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

It did not last long — his studies fascinated him much less than races, and two years later he dropped out of classes, completely devoting himself to his favorite hobby.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In 1937, he started racing for the first time, taking part in the daily marathon of the Milan Auto Club.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Soon, victories were not long in coming — for the first time he was able to win a trial competition, after which he was taken under his wing by one of his father's acquaintances, Luigi Villoresi, who managed a private team.” Scuderia Ambrosiana”.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Antonio fully justified his trust by driving a Gilera winning five of the ten stages of the Italian motorcycle racing championship, which earned him a place in the Bianchi factory team.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In two seasons with a minor team driving a single-cylinder motorcycle, he managed to win five races out of thirteen, and finished twice on the podium.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

We could count on more — the team tested the four-cylinder unit, but turbulent years came, war was coming and the Bianchi took up motorcycles for the army.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Left without a place in the team, Alberto was able to compete in several more competitions before the war broke out.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

So, in 1940, acquaintances in the racing world allowed him to start racing for the first time - the aristocrat and racing lover Lotario Rangoni Machiavelli, Marquis of Modena, ordered Enzo Ferrari to build two cars to participate in the Brescia Grand Prix for themselves and Alberto.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In this competition, which replaced the canceled Mille Miglia, both Auto Avio Costruzioni 815 did not last long, leaving due to various breakdowns, but until Alberto left together with his cousin Giovanni Minozzi even managed to polish in his class.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Later, Askari bought his car for his father's twenty thousand lire, and sold it three years later, and twice as much as he bought it.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In the autumn of the last pre-war year for Italy, he had an unsuccessful start in motor racing twice more times: buying for twelve thousand lire from his motorcycle racing friend Piero Taruffi the right to participate in the Tripoli Grand Prix and Targe Florio, he finished ninth in the first race, and had an accident in the second race.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Askari spent the war doing business.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Together with the same Villoresi and one of his uncles, he organized the transportation of equipment and fuel for the army to North Africa.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Due to the strategic importance of this activity, Alberto avoided mobilization.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

He reorganized the family's car repair business, reorienting it to military equipment.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In 1942, he got married and had children, so by the end of the war he did not even think about racing.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The return was facilitated by chance - King Farouk of Egypt sent invitations to the best European drivers to take part in the race on a specially prepared track on the island of Gezira in the Nile Delta.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The competition, called the Sehab Almaz Bey Trophy (sometimes also found the El Gezira Grand Prix), consisted of two semi-finals and a final and was held in the same Cisitalia cars D46.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Alberto finished second in both his semifinal and final, half a minute behind winner Cortese.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Despite the fact that the victory slipped away, it was still obvious that the racing ability had not gone away.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In addition, contacts with the racing world have been restored.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

After a while, Ascari succumbed to Villoresi's persuasion and bought a Maserati 4CLT from him for five million francs, starting playing for his team “Scuderia Ambrosiana”.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

However, only three of them were available, but Luigi borrowed part of the money, and the rest was agreed to be paid from the prize money.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The return to the race took place.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Post-war races


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In those years, Alfa Romeo reigned supreme on the racetracks, and the rest of the teams had to be content with the role of extras.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Askari did not escape this fate either, which was especially disappointing for him, because his father once shone at the wheel of the Alpha.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Attempts to use the influence of acquaintances from the racing world ended in nothing — he was not accepted into the team, preferring other, often less famous drivers.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Konsalvo Sanesi, for example, was the team's mechanic, but he started regularly.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

It should be noted that Maserati, being basically a good car, nevertheless broke down quite often, and there was no chance to compete for the victory.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Finally, after a year and a half of competing, Alberto finally finished first at the finish of the race at the end of July 1948, winning the San Remo Grand Prix.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Villoresi's friend and teammate complemented the success, finishing second.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Probably, this success finally convinced the management of Alfa Romeo, and after the first team driver Achille Varzi died at the next race in Switzerland, it was Askari who was invited to replace him.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Of course, it was not possible to keep up with the team leader Jean-Pierre Wimille, but he beat everyone else both in qualifying and in the race in no time.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

At one time, I even managed to stay not too far from Wimill, but by the end of the race, the pace of the car deteriorated, Alberto was behind, and at the finish line there was an order from the team's management to lose second place to the full-time pilot — the same mechanic Sanezi.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

This not perfect performance for the famous team led to the fact that Askari returned to Ambrosiana at the next race.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The 1948 French Grand Prix remained Alberto Ascari's only performance for the team that made his father famous.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Later in the season, Ascari-Villoresi managed to win another race, the British Grand Prix, while Alberto remained only second.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Alberto started the following year with success — winning the Grand Prix of General Peron, and continued with failure — at the Rio Grand Prix, he crashed a car, broke his shoulder blade and got a couple of cracks in his ribs.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

This race was the last in which Ascari drove a private Maserati - he already had a signed contract with Enzo Ferrari, who had just started competing under his own brand name.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Subsequently, it is at the wheel of these cars that Alberto will win all his considerable achievements.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Success in the international arena came to the young team almost immediately.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

To begin with, Ascari won the Bari Grand Prix in Formula 2 (or, as it was then called, Formula B), then finished third in the Belgian Grand Prix (already in the highest category).


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Finally, in July 1949, he won the Swiss Grand Prix.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Later in the season, I managed to win three more times — at the International Cup in Silverstone, and most importantly, I managed to win the main race for any Italian, the Italian Grand Prix.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

For Askari, this fact was also of particular importance — 25 years before him, his father, Antonio, had achieved the same achievement.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

First steps in Formula One (1950)


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Ascari began the year of the start of the new World Cup by participating in a series of free formula races in Argentina.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In fact, this series began back in 1949 with the Grand Prix of General Peron and the City of Buenos Aires, which he won half a minute ahead of Fangio, and continued in January 1950 with three more equally pretentious named competitions.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In Eva's Grand Prix, Peron Alberto started from the front row, but damaged the radiator in the rush, which, in the South American climate, led to a descent in just five laps — his teammates finished first at the command of Villoresi and Serafini.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In Mar de la Plata, he won, ahead of Maserati's entire army — but teammate Villoresi faced Fangio due to damage to the steering.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In the last competition, the San Lorenzo Cup, Ascari retired again due to overheating.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The new racing championship started unusually late, on the second weekend of May, so Askari had taken part in several Formula 1 failed races before it started and even started in Targa Florio, not however, having achieved success.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Moreover, in the light of the participation of Alpha Romeo, the leader of the post-war races, in the championship, Ferrari decided not to go to the first race in the UK, instead taking part in the Formula 2 race in Belgium.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Not the last place in making this decision was the fact that many riders managed to participate in both races, which means that they could share information.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Finally, on May 21, the team consisting of Ascari, his old friend Villoresi and French driver Sommer arrived in Monaco.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

As you would expect, all qualifying events were dictated by Alpha pilots.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The same was expected in the race, but chance intervened.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Due to the windy weather, the track in one of the last turns was wet with splashes of sea water.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Farin, who was second, skidded, crashed into Gonzalez, and due to the extreme narrowness of the track, a real traffic jam immediately formed.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

As a result, half of the participating pilots left, and Askari managed to reach second place solely because he was the most successful in getting out of the hodgepodge of cars without damaging his own.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

It's been like this all year.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The compressor version of the 1.5-liter Ferrari engine was not suitable for the Alfetta engine as a footnote, so the Italian designer preferred to work on an aspirated unit with a capacity of 4.5 liters, along the way, very successfully participating in Formula 2 competitions.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In France, the training results were so unsatisfactory that Alberto and the team refused to start Formula 1 altogether, taking part only in the Formula 2 race, which is easy won.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In total, Askari won six races in junior formula, and finished second behind Villoresi several times.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

All this time, the team's engineers gradually increased the engine displacement, taking as a basis the two-liter Formula 2 unit from Ferrari 166.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Finally, for the Italian Grand Prix, a new car, called the Ferrari 375, was ready.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

From the very first training sessions, it became clear that the car is really fast and will allow you to fight for victory.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Qualifying second only two-tenths of a second away from the leader, he was among the leaders from the first laps, and on lap 14 he came out on top.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Unfortunately, the pace imposed by the Alfettas turned out to be beyond the power of the unrolled car, and Alberto retired on lap 21.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Not accepting this failure, the Italian borrowed the car from Serafini, who was invited to the team to replace Villoresi, who broke his leg in the Grand Prix of Nations.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The remaining time was not enough to fight for the victory, but he won the second place with a large margin.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

It was possible to achieve the desired success in the future even before the start of the next season - in late October, Peña-Rin Askari won the Grand Prix in the company of the same Serafini, ahead of all rivals for as many as two laps.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Battles with Fangio (1951)


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The new season, as usual, started late, and Askari took part in several side competitions.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

To begin with, together with Villoresi, he won the Sestriere Rally, held in the format of a “regularity race”.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Then, in April, together with Senesio Nicolini, he took part in the Mille Miglia race, but extremely unsuccessfully - at night he flew off the track and killed a fan.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The Italian prosecutor's office, as usual in such cases, opened a criminal case and it took almost three years to acquit.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The difficulties did not end there.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

A week before the start of the first Grand Prix of the season in the Formula 2 race in Geneva, Askari had an accident complicated by a fire.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

It was possible to leave the car quickly enough, but there were burns on the arms and legs.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In the first days, there was a question about the very possibility of participating in the race in Switzerland.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

As a result, he came to the start, but performed below his strength and finished only sixth, outside the points zone.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

At the next stage, things recovered in Belgium.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Starting fourth, he fought Fangio and Farina throughout the race, finishing second behind Farina.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Fangio, on the other hand, was as much as four laps behind due to tire problems.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

After the traditional pass of Indianapolis at the next stage in Reims, Alberto also spent the entire race fighting - he started from the front row, leading, ahead of Fangio and Farina.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

It did not last long — the gearbox failed, and I had to use the car of my teammate Gonzalez.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

He finished in second place, and the first this time was Fangio, who also took the car from his teammate.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The Silverstone race was unsuccessful — if the engine was quite reliable, the gearbox was no different, and Askari retired midway through the race.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Nevertheless, the bitterness of the departure was sweetened by the fact that Ferrari's first victory in the race was won by his teammate, Gonzalez.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Some sources report that at Gonzalez's last pit stop, Enzo Ferrari demanded that he give up his place (and, as a result, the first victory) to the team's leader, Ascari - but the Italian showed nobility and refused this offer.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Askari's own victory came at the next stage in Germany.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

After taking pole position in training, Alberto confidently transformed it into a victory in the race.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In Italy, the team managed to score a brace at all — Gonzalez supported Ascari's victory in second place.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

As a result of all of the above events, Alberto's gap from the leader, who had been Fangio all this time, was reduced to only two points, although after the UK Askari lost to the leader as much as three times.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

It should also be noted that due to the scoring system of that time, only the four best results in the last stage in Spain, Fangio had to finish first or second, otherwise his points the luggage would not have changed.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

For Askari, any result better than fourth place would count.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The competition at the Pedralbes circuit started positively — with winning pole position.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In the race, Ferrari made the wrong decision regarding the choice of tires.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Alfa Romeo and other Pirelli customers chose tires with a diameter of 18 inches, while Ferrari preferred to use smaller tires with a diameter of 16 inches, and against the recommendation of the rubber manufacturer itself.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

This had a catastrophic effect — almost immediately all riders of the team began to stratify the tread of tires that could not withstand the load.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

As a result, all the pilots of the Commendator had to change tires at least four times, which, coupled with the long duration of the pit stops of that time, deprived Askari of even theoretical chances to fight.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Fangio easily won both the race and, as a result, the championship.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

At the very end of the season, Ascari, accompanied by Villoresi, Taruffi and Kinetti, went to Mexico to participate in the Carrera Panamericana sports car marathon.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Despite some tire problems at the beginning of the race, Alberto and Luigi reached second place by the end of the race, where they finished, losing only to their teammates Taruffi/Kinetti.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Subsequently, this second place will remain Alberto's best result in the Americas.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

First title (1952)


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Even before the start of the 1952 season, there were several major changes in the organization of races.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

First, at the end of 51, Alfa Romeo announced the final cessation of performances for financial reasons.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

As a result, it turned out that only Ferrari remained of the active manufacturers of Formula 1 cars, while the cars of other manufacturers were no longer produced and existed only in the form of individual copies in private use.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In this regard, it was decided to hold the main races, and with them the entire standings of the World Championship, in the Formula 2 class.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Oddly enough, this decision turned out to be very beneficial to Ferrari - because in addition to excellent Formula 1 cars, the Commendatore also had an excellent engine in his arsenal that fit Formula 2 specifications.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The Ferrari-500 was designed specifically for this engine, on which Askari and his teammates began to race.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The car turned out to be just right — even before the first Grand Prix, Askari won all three Formula 2 races he participated in: Syracuse, Pau and Marseille.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Alberto missed the qualifying stage in Switzerland — he was busy preparing for the start of Indianapolis's 500 miles in the United States.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Starting in a high 19th place for the newcomer, he did not last long in the race, although he climbed to eighth place.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Having no experience of performing on ovals, the mechanics installed heavy and not very durable Boranni spoke wheels on the Italian's car.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Due to the huge loads, the wheel collapsed on lap 41, and I had to get off.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

However, in the eleven years during which the Indie 500 counted in the Formula 1 World Championship, Askari became the only participant from Europe.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Returning to Europe, Askari began to win everything in a row.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The car was powerful, reliable and easy to set up, so Alberto could only compete with his teammates.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The fact that his main rival, Juan Manuel Fangio, had a serious accident in early June and did not perform at all for the rest of the year also played a role here.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

As a result, Askari won all six Grand Prix that qualified for the World Championship, in which he participated, showing the fastest lap in each of them and starting from pole in almost all of them.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Only in the UK did he lose first place at the start to Giuseppe Farina.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Moreover, Alberto also went to almost all the leading laps - Gonzalez was in the lead in Italy alone four dozen laps, and Bera was the only lap ahead in Belgium.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Third win in a row at the German Grand Prix!


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

— earned him the honorary title of Master of the Nürburgring.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In addition to all of the above achievements, Askari also added two more off-score victories to his previous three off-score victories in the season, in Saint-Gaudens and La Baule.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

With the top four results in the championship standings, Alberto achieved the highest possible result, ahead of the nearest pursuer in standings by 12 points, and in total the points earned — almost twice at all.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Moreover, after winning six of the eight races of the season, he achieved a 75% win rate, which is still an unrivaled achievement.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Michael Schumacher, more than 50 years after Askari, managed to achieve only 72% in 2004, winning 13 races out of 18.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Repeating Success (1953)


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The series of victories continued the next year, but over time, the gap from rivals gradually decreased.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In the first race in Argentina, Ascari's main rival, Fangio, who recovered from injuries, could not oppose him.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Alberto won the Grand Slam — pole position, victory, fastest lap and lead the entire distance.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Further, after many uncounted races (of which Alberto won two, in Pau and Bordeaux, and Fangio none) and the traditional Indianapolis 500 pass, the situation almost repeated in The Netherlands, where Villoresi's fastest lap remained unwon, and Fangio retired again.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In Belgium, the Argentine finally managed to turn the tide by taking pole position, and another Argentine, Gonzalez, was in the lead for the first three dozen laps, and only problems with the car for both of them opened the way for Askari to win.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

It should be noted that after leaving, Fangio moved into the car of his other partner and broke from ninth to third place - only to fly off the track on the last lap, fortunately - without consequences.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The race in Reims, France, started as a repeat of previous competitions, but ended in a completely different way.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Having easily won pole position, Askari did not spill a lap in the race.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Because of the track, almost devoid of turns, the group of leaders followed very tightly all the time, gradually losing participants due to various problems.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Two Argentines and British Hawthorne swapped places ahead, who won the race as a result, while Askari reasonably kept a distance, practically did not participate in the fight and quietly finished fourth.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

With this result, Alberto finally interrupted a series of victories that are usually considered equal to seven races - from Belgium 52 to Argentina-53, and some researchers exclude from consideration the race in Indianapolis as formally classified as a championship, in which case the series extends to nine wins.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

It was only in 2004 that Michael Schumacher managed to get closest to this result later, winning seven times in a row.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In the UK, Askari regained his leading position, once again winning the Grand Slam.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Only Fangio was able to intervene and only before the first corner, and Gonzalez showed the same fastest lap time as the leader, so Askari scored not nine, but eight and a half points.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The next stage gave rise to positive forecasts, because it was held in Germany, where Alberto took the lead for the previous three years.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Pole conquered this time, leading the race, but on the fifth lap, after one of the jumps on the numerous hills of the Nürburgring, the front right wheel flew off the car.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Despite such major damage, the Italian managed to get to the pits and even install a new wheel, but the handling of the car deteriorated, and it was decided to exchange cars with Villoresi.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In his partner's car, Askari flew like on wings, improving his lap time three times, and dropping three seconds from the test record.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The car could not withstand such a load, and three laps before the finish, the engine burned down.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Villoresi finished eighth in a poorly managed car, while Farina won.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Three weeks later, in Switzerland, the struggle for leadership also lasted only until the first turn.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Having comfortably led the race for 40 laps, Askari then faced ignition problems, which required an additional pit stop, which threw him to fourth place.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

At that time, there was an unwritten rule in the team that after two-thirds of the distance, intra-team overtaking was not made - but Askari decided that the rules did not apply to him and caught up and overtook Hawthorne and Farin, who were in the lead at the time.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

However, this did not lead to a conflict, as Alberto participated with Farina a week later and won the Nürburgring 1000 kilometers endurance race.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In the Grand Prix races, the victory won brought Askari the early title of two-time world champion.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Alberto also started the last race of the season, already as the winner of the championship, with pole and lead.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

However, it did not last long - soon Fangio and then Farina took the lead.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In such a tight struggle, the whole race took place until the last corner of the last lap, where Askari skidded, and if Fangio, Villoresi, Hawthorne and Farina managed to bypass it (the last one on the grass), then Marimon, who was already five laps behind by that time, could not do so and crashed right into the stern of the car of the new world champion.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The victory went to Fangio, who coped best with the opponent's detour.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The season, which brought six poles, four fastest laps and five wins, ended quite unexpectedly.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Enzo Ferrari delayed signing a contract for 1954 until the last moment, all the time complained in the press about the lack of funds to compete in both Formula 1 and the sports car championship, and periodically announced the dissolution of the team.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Ascari, on the other hand, had received an advantageous offer from Gianni Lanci to play for his factory team, with a contract worth twenty-five million lire — two and a half times more, than Ferrari's.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Lancia hired the legendary Vittorio Jano as the designer of the car, the one whose efforts forged his father's victories at the wheel in the twenties, contributed to the attractiveness of the proposal Alfa Romeo.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Seduced by this proposal and dissatisfied with the Commendatore's indecision, Askari moved to the new team.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

New beginnings (1954-55)


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The first performance for the new team happened, as often happened at the time, not in Formula 1, but in the 12 Hours of Sebring race in early March.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In this competition from the sports car championship, Alberto competed together with Villoresi, and the second car of the team was led into battle by Alberto's eternal friend and rival Juan Manuel Fangio together with Castellotti .


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Neither crew achieved success - first the Argentine left due to problems with the suspension, and then Ascari “ran out” of brakes, and both crews stopped the competition while at high places.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Good expectations were met at the next stage of the championship, the Mille Miglia race, where Alberto was ahead of all rivals by half an hour, winning the first winning cup for the team from Turin.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

I must say that the car Vittorio Jano was preparing for participation in the Formula 1 championship had many innovative features.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In particular, the Lancia D50 had an engine installed at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the car, and was also an element of the power structure.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In addition, the fuel was located in tanks located on the sides of the car, so the weight distribution of the car did not change over the course of the race.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Unfortunately, the complexity of the car and the lack of finance led to the fact that its development was delayed.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

With this in mind, Lancia allowed Askari to participate in Formula 1 races for other teams on a one-time basis.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

By the time this permission was obtained, three stages of the championship had already passed, so Alberto's first performance was the French Grand Prix, the fourth stage of the World Cup.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The central event of this race was the arrival of the German automaker, the Mercedes team, into the race.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Askari managed to compete with Fangio, who won the first place in this team, driving the factory Maserati only during a lap - after that, silver cars rushed into the distance, and Askari the transmission collapsed on the second lap.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The performance at the next stage in the UK turned out to be no better - the engine of Alberto's car, although it allowed to set the fastest lap, lasted only 21 laps, and Villoresi's car, passed by Askari on lap 30, failed on lap 40 for exactly the same reason.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

This gathering was doubly offended, as the usually unattainable Mercedes faced problems this time due to the streamlined body of their car, and the chances of winning a high place were rather big.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

In addition, due to the low measurement accuracy of the owners of the fastest lap, there were as many as seven, so Askari got not one, but only points.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

The next race in Germany, where Askari was almost always successful, had to be missed, as Lancia considered the Nürburgring 1000 km race a higher priority — and as it turned out later, it was completely in vain , as this phase was canceled due to organizational difficulties, the Swiss stage was also not attended.


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Thus, Alberto entered the Formula 1 track again only in early September in Italy, this time driving a Ferrari, not without reason hoping to finally intervene in the dominance of German cars .


Question: How did Alberto Ascari die?

Alberto Ascari

Askari was fast, fought with Fangio and Hawthorne throughout the race, led for a long time, but soon after the middle of the distance he was forced to stop fighting - again due to engine problems.