Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

street in Mogilev, Belarus;


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

School No. 2 in the village of Kalininskaya, Krasnodar Krai, is named after Pokryshkin;


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

the An-148 aircraft of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia (RA-61715) bears the name of Alexander Pokryshkin [32];


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Art stamp: On February 22, 2013, the art stamp “100 years since the birth of A. AND. Pokryshkin (1913—1985)”.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

In literature


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

The Great Patriotic War.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Commanders.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Military biographical dictionary.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Tom 2.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— Moscow: Kuchkovo Pole, 2014.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— PP.744-746.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Babak I. AND. The stars are on the wings.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— Kharkiv, 1975.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Vershinin K. A. The fourth is air.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

—: Voenizdat, 1975.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Golubev G. G. My friends are pilots.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Devyataev M. P. Escape from hell.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— Kazan, 1988.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Denisov N., Karpovich M. Three times Hero of the Soviet Union A. AND. Pokryshkin.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— Military Publishing House of the Ministry of the Armed Forces of the USSR, 1948.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— (Heroes of the Great Patriotic War).


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— 28 p.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Dolnikov G. Y.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

—: Voenizdat, 1983.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Zhukov Yu.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

A.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

—: DOSAAF, 1979.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Karpovich V. P.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

—: Yauza; Eksmo, 2007.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— (In air battles).


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— ISBN 978-5-699-23774-6.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Malyshko A., Verkholetov A. Alexander Pokryshkin is the master of heaven.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

//For the honor of the homeland.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— Aug. 23


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Marchukov A. Pokryshkintsy heroes about themselves and their commander.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

—: Tsentrpoligraf, 2014.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Maslennikov Yu.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

AND. The role of A. AND. Pokryshkin in the development of fighter aviation tactics.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— 1989.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Merzhanov M.//Ogonek.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— Feb.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Moskvitelev N. AND.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— 2nd ed.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

, Ext.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— Tver: Factor, 2005.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Novosibirsk citizens are Heroes of the Fatherland.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— Novosibirsk, 2010.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Pokryshkin in the air and on the ground/Ed.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

-comp.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Pokryshkina M. K., Timofeev A. V. — 2nd ed.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

, Ext.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— Novosibirsk: AVION, 1995.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Pokryshkina M. K.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

—: Patriot, 1989.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— ISBN 5-7030-0348-2.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Rechkalov G. A. The smoky sky of war.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— Sverdlovsk, 1968.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Savitsky G. Penalties against Luftwaffe aces.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

After all, this is our sky... M.: Yauza, Eksmo; 2011.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— ISBN 978-5-699-48474-4.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Sinitsyn Ye.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— Novosibirsk: Izd.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

NGAHA, 2008.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Sukhov K. IN. The squadron is fighting.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

—: DOSAAF, 1983.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Timofeev A. IN. Aleksandr Pokryshkin.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Great pilot of the Great War.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

—: Yauza; Eksmo, 2009.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— (The Greatest Soviet Aces).


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— ISBN 978-5-699-33910-5.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Timofeev A. IN.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— 2nd ed.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

—: Young Guard, 2005.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— (Life notices people: Ser. Biogr.; Vol. 918).


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— ISBN 5-235-02759-0.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Ustinov Yu.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

S. The only three times Hero in the war.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— Heroes of the Fatherland, 2005.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— ISBN 5-98698-008-5.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Ustinov Yu.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

S. Alexander Pokryshkin's stars.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— Mechanical engineering — Flight, 2001.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— ISBN 5-217-03086-0.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Works of art


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Roman says:


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

In music


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Gleb Samoilov — Pokryshkin song.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

The band “Russian Size” — the song “Pokryshkin in the Sky” (album “Meow”).


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Movies, TV shows


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

The documentary “Alexander Pokryshkin”.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Director: A. A. Gendelstein Central Order of the Red Banner documentary film studio, 1945.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

The documentary “”.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Director: Demin D. Creative association “Ekran”.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

USSR State Television and Radio, 1985.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

In video games


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

In the game “War Thunder” Alexander Pokryshkin's P-39N-0 Airacobra


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Coins, medals, stamps, postcards


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Silver commemorative coin.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

2 rubles, 2013.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Pilot A. AND. Pokryshkin, to the 100th anniversary of his birth [33] [34]


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Token is 1 ruble.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

2013 year.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

“A. AND. Pokryshkin” [35] [36].


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

The Pokryshkin Medal is a regional award established on March 21, 2013 by Resolution No. 54 of the Governor of the Novosibirsk Region [37].


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

The medal is awarded to citizens for active participation in military-patriotic education, personal contribution to maintaining combat readiness, for their contribution to perpetuating the memory of Siberian soldiers, the development of aviation and cosmonautics [38].


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Postage stamps “100 years since the birth of A. AND. Pokryshkin (1913—1985)”.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

A ten-stamp sheet with a coupon in the center.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Denomination is 15 rubles [39].


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Postcard with a stamp and special cancellation of the first day [40] [41].


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of A. AND. Pokryshkin NP “Union of Bonists” issued a commemorative banknote for collectors with a nominal value of 100 borrowed rubles.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Interesting facts


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

There is a reasonable opinion that Pokryshkin was surpassed ace Rechkalov G. A., but 3 planes shot down by Rechkalov were counted in favor of Pokryshkin.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Fighter pilots of the 2nd Air Army were the first in the world in aviation practice to massively use the highway for take-off and landing.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

The first test of the unusual A. AND. Pokryshkin personally produced [42] [43] [44].


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Many sources indicate that “Pokryshkin did not lose a single wingman throughout the war.”


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

In fact, this means that Pokryshkin always did everything possible to save his wingmen in the most difficult situations, and none of them died due to his fault [45].


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

In his memoirs, Pokryshkin describes the departure that took place on April 10, 1943, in which his wingman was Guards Junior Lieutenant Alexander Fedorovich Golubev.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

On this flight, Golubev died: “What happened to Golubev? One could only guess. Most likely, the wingman, fascinated by the attack on the bombers, did not notice my energetic turn to the revenue of the pair from the Paskeev link, broke away from me or continued attacks on the Yu-88. In this case, it could have been taken by the Messerschmitts.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

(...) “But how Sasha Golubev, an experienced pilot, died remains unknown” [46].


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Another case of losing a wingman: “... I haven't been warned yet, and I took off with Shiyan. “Seagulls” have already disappeared from sight. Unaware of the change in their assignment, I went north. In the Kotovsk area, we met with a couple of ME-109, with whom we started a battle. When I attacked one ME-109, another attacked Shiyan. After making a coup, he did not take into account the height and smeared it into the pipe of a brick factory and died. During the attack, I knocked out one ME-109, but the second, attacking me, thwarted my attack to finish off the first, who managed to escape northward against a dark background of the ground. After that, the second also left the battle using the darkness. In this fight, I knocked out 1 ME-109 and lost my wingman” [47].


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

The tail number of the first Aerocobra was 13, the next aircraft had a three-digit onboard, but unpronounceable as a call sign, so Pokryshkin took the call sign 100.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

His wingman Georgy Golubev had number 55.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

A portrait of Alexander Pokryshkin was printed on the cover of Smena magazine No. 15-16 of 1944 [48].


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

The book “Sky of War” was translated and published by the Commander-in-Chief of the Syrian Air Force for his own money in Arabic.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Arab pilots in the modern Arab-Israeli war in practice brilliantly used the air combat tactics developed by Pokryshkin.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

The pilot's son, grandson and great-grandson is Alexander Alexandrovich Pokryshkin.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

At the same time, the great-grandson was born 13 years after the death of his great-grandfather [49].


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

In the United States, in 1945, one of the issues of True Comics was dedicated to the “hawk of heaven” Russian Colonel Alexander Pokryshkin [50].


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

See also


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

List of World War II flying aces


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Notes


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

References


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

on the Russian Ministry of Defense website


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

[http://old.donbass.ua/get-news/id/505/article.html?cal_m=5&qmm=ok Looking Through the Years — DONBASS Newspaper].


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

D/f (based on an interview with A. AND. Pokryshkin).


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

TO “Ekran”, 1985 year.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Documentary studio “Wings of Russia”, 2008.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— d/f, chronicle.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

TsSDF, 1945.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— documentary dedicated to the 85th anniversary of A. AND. Pokryshkin.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Novosibirsk State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company, 1998.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— documentary dedicated to the 90th anniversary of A. AND. Pokryshkin.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Novosibirsk State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company, 2003.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

— episode from the series “Legends of the Army”, 2016.


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Category:Three times Heroes of the Soviet Union


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Category:Graduates of the Kachin Higher Military Aviation School


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Category:Glider pilots


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Category: Great Patriotic War pilots


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Category:Squadron Commanders in the Great Patriotic War


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

Category:Regiment commanders in the Great Patriotic War


Question: What was the name of the most outstanding Aviation Assa in the USSR during the Second World War?

Aleksandr Pokryshkin

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Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Political repressions in the USSR are coercive measures of state influence, including various types of punishments and legal restrictions applied in the USSR to individuals and categories of persons by political motives.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Repressive policy in Soviet Russia


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Political repression in Soviet Russia began immediately after the October Revolution of 1917 (cf. Red terror, narration).


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

At the same time, the victims of repression were not only active political opponents of the Bolsheviks, but also people who simply expressed disagreement with their policy.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Repressions were also carried out on a social basis (against former police officers, gendarmes, officials of the tsarist government, priests, as well as former landowners and entrepreneurs).


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Political repression of the 1920s


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

After the end of the Red Terror during the Civil War, political repression in Soviet Russia and, later, in the USSR continued.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

As it became known later, in the 1920s, a number of cases of political crimes were actually based on falsified charges (“Lyceum Students Case”, “Foxtrotists Case”, Shakhtinskoye case).


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In 1921, the Cheka arrested in the case of the Petrograd Combat Organization V. N. Tagantsev” 833 people.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

At the same time, 96 people were shot or killed during the arrest, 83 were sent to a concentration camp, and 448 were released from prison.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In September-November 1922, a large group of intelligentsia was expelled from the RSFSR on the so-called philosophical steamer [1].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Repressions during the Stalinist period


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

With the beginning of the forced collectivization of agriculture and accelerated industrialization in the late 1920s and early 1930s, as well as the strengthening of Stalin's personal power, repressions became widespread character.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

They reached a special scale in 1937-1938 (see Fig. “Great Terror”), when hundreds of thousands of citizens were shot or sent to Gulag camps on charges of committing political crimes.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Political repression continued with varying degrees of intensity until Stalin's death in March 1953.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

According to historians N. G. Okhotin and A. B.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Roginsky, if the concept of “victims of the regime” is narrowly defined as persons arrested by security agencies and convicted on political charges by various judicial and quasi-judicial instances, “then, with with minor errors, the number of repressed in the period from 1921 to 1953 will be about 5.5 million people.”


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

If the “victims of Bolshevism” include “not only different types of deportees who died of artificial starvation and killed during provoked conflicts, but also soldiers who died on the fronts many wars that were fought in the name of communism, and those children who were not born because their possible parents were repressed or starved to death”, the number of victims of the regime will approach 100 million people [2].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In the second case, the scale of mortality from hunger and repression can be judged by demographic losses, which amounted to 9 million people in the period 1926—1940 alone.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Historian V. N. Zemskov, in his article “The GULAG (Historical and Sociological Aspect)”, cites the data: “... in fact, the number of convicts for political reasons (for “counter-revolutionary crimes”) in the USSR for the period from 1921 to 1953, that is, for 33 years, amounted to about 3.8 million people” [4].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

“In February 1954,” it appears later in the text, “addressed to N. S. Khrushchev prepared a certificate signed by the Prosecutor General of the USSR R. Rudenko, Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR S. Kruglov and Minister of Justice of the USSR K. Gorshenin, which indicated the number of people convicted of counter-revolutionary crimes for the period from 1921 to February 1, 1954. In total, during this period, 3,777,380 people were convicted by the OGPU Collegium, the “troika” of the NKVD, the Special Conference, the Military Collegium, courts and military tribunals, including 642,980 to death, detention in camps and prisons for terms of 25 years and below — 2,369,220, in exile and expulsion — 765,180 people.”


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

During the perestroika, Memorial managed to collect data on 2.6 million repressed people [5].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Repression after 1953


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

After Stalin's death, general rehabilitation began, and the scale of repression sharply decreased.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

At the same time, people of alternative political views (the so-called” dissidents”) continued to be persecuted by the Soviet authorities until the end of the 80s.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Criminal liability for anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda was abolished only in September 1989.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Statistical data on the scale of Soviet repressive policy


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

According to Arseny Roginsky, Chairman of the Board of the International Society Memorial, for the period 1918 to 1987, according to the surviving documents, there were 7 million 100 thousand people arrested by the security agencies people in the USSR.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Some of them were not arrested under political articles, as the security agencies arrested in different years for such crimes as banditry, smuggling, counterfeiting.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

These calculations, although they were made by 1994, were deliberately not published by him, as they contradicted the much higher numbers of arrests that existed in those years [6].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

According to historian V. P. Popov, the total number of people convicted of political and criminal crimes in 1923-1953 is at least 40 million.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In his view, this estimate is “very rough and grossly underestimated, but it fully reflects the scale of repressive State policies... If persons under 14 years of age and over 60 are subtracted from the total population, as incapable of criminal activity, it turns out that within the life of one generation, from 1923 to 1953, almost every third capable member of society was convicted.”


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In the RSFSR alone, general courts handed down verdicts against 39.1 million people.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

, and in different years, from 37 to 65% of convicts were sentenced to real terms of imprisonment (not including those repressed by the NKVD, without sentences handed down by the judicial collegiums for criminal cases of Supreme, regional and regional courts and permanent sessions operating at the camps, without sentences of military tribunals, without exiles, without expelled peoples, etc.) [7].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

According to Anatoly Vishnevsky, “the total number of citizens of the USSR who were subjected to repression in the form of imprisonment or significant restriction of freedom for more or less long periods” (in camps, special settlements, etc.). p.) from the late 1920s to 1953. “amounted to at least 25-30 million people” (that is, convicted under all articles of the Criminal Code of the USSR, including also special settlers).


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

[8] According to him, with reference to Zemskov, “in 1934—1947 alone, 10.2 million people entered the camps (minus those returned from the run).”


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

However, Zemskov himself does not write about the newly arrived contingents, but describes the general movement of the camp population of the Gulag [9], that is, this number includes both newly arrived convicts and those who are already is serving prison terms.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

State policy towards persons subjected to political repression in the Russian Federation


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

According to Russian legislation, victims of political repression in the USSR and members of their families have the right to rehabilitation, restoration of a good name and good memory, and material compensation.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

According to the Law of the Russian Federation No. 1761-1 “On the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression” of October 18, 1991, various coercive measures applied by the state for political repression are recognized as political repression grounds such as deprivation of life or liberty, placement in compulsory treatment in psychiatric institutions, expulsion from the country and deprivation of citizenship, eviction of population groups from places residence, exile, expulsion and special settlement, involvement in forced labor in conditions of restriction of freedom, as well as other deprivation or restriction of the rights and freedoms of persons who have been recognized socially dangerous for the state or political system on class, social, national, religious or other grounds, carried out by decisions of courts and other bodies that judicial functions, or administratively by executive authorities and officials and public organizations or their bodies vested with administrative powers [10].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Punishment of NKVD officers who fabricated criminal cases


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Some of the employees of the NKVD of the USSR, who carried out repressions, were also punished.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Repressions against employees of the NKVD of the USSR, accused of “violating socialist legality and methods of investigation” during the Great Terror, were carried out in two stages.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

The first stage of repressions against employees of the NKVD of the USSR began at the end of 1938 (historian M. Junge dates the beginning to November 17, 1938 [11]) and ended in June 1941 with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

During this period, the punishments were especially severe and then a significant part of the members of the “triples of the NKVD” was shot.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

The dismissed NKVD officers were interrogated in cases that they fabricated and brought to trial.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

The punitive operation was interrupted by the defeat of the Soviet troops in 1941, which forced the Soviet leadership to look for qualified personnel of the NKVD to strengthen the rear.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In 1941, according to M. Junge, “the arrested officers of the NKVD, as a rule, were released on the grounds that criminal prosecution against them in military conditions was “inappropriate”” [11].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Some released employees of the NKVD of the USSR again took high positions and continued to fabricate criminal cases.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

For example, on April 19, 1941, Fedor Ivanov was arrested and fabricated 42 cases, in which 1,110 people were shot [12].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Already on June 26, 1941, Ivanov was released “on the grounds of the inexpediency of bringing to criminal responsibility in wartime” and was appointed head of the special department of the NKVD 22 tank brigades [12].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In 1942-1946, Ivanov was the head of the special counterintelligence department of the SMERSH of the Tomsk garrison, where he fabricated cases against military personnel [12].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

SMERSH ZSO in 1944 repeatedly sought Ivanov's resignation “for perversions in intelligence and investigative work”, unsuccessfully asking V. S. Abakumova [12].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

However, Ivanov retained his post and was dismissed from the Ministry of State Security only on October 8, 1952 due to official discrepancy [12].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

The second wave of repressions against employees of the NKVD of the USSR, who fabricated criminal cases during the Great Terror, was associated with the “Khrushchev rehabilitation”.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In 1953, the “Beria case” led to arrests in the Soviet special services.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In addition, shortly after Stalin's death, the Ministry of State Security of the USSR was abolished, with the transfer of its functions to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

The following year, the USSR State Security Committee was separated from the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

All these reorganizations were accompanied by layoffs of employees of punitive bodies.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

For example, in 1954, district departments of the Ministry of State Security of the USSR were liquidated with the transfer of their functions to the office of the authorized State Security Committee of the USSR for corresponding territory.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

The transfer of functions was accompanied by cleaning.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In 1954—1957, 16,000 employees were expelled from the KGB [13].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

For example, in the Molotov Region, 116 units out of 613 staff units allocated from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR were reduced in April-May 1954 alone [13].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

At the same time, 40-year-old men were massively dismissed from the authorities “for health reasons” [13].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

At the same time, there was a mass release from the camps of convicts on trumped-up cases of the 1930s.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

The release was accompanied by a review of cases and the issuance of private rulings against those who fabricated the cases.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

The second wave of repressions against former employees of the NKVD of the USSR was massive, but much less severe than in 1938-1941.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Despite the fact that a number of employees of the NKVD of the USSR were shot under Khrushchev, most of the punished were brought not to criminal, but to party and administrative responsibility.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

According to the KGB of the USSR, published on July 14, 1989 by V. A. Kryuchkov, in 1954-1957, 1,342 former employees of the NKVD - the Ministry of State Security were brought to criminal responsibility for gross violations of the law, and another 2,370 people were punished administratively and party line [14].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Some of those punished under Khrushchev were previously arrested for the same thing under Stalin, but escaped responsibility in connection with the Great Patriotic War.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Thus, the aforementioned Fedor Ivanov was arrested on October 10, 1955 and on April 19, 1958, was convicted by the Military Tribunal of the Siberian Military District under Art.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

58-7 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR by 10 years of correctional labor camps [12].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

The fate of informers and informants


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Some political cases were fabricated on the basis of testimony from informers and informants.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

During the Great Terror, informants were sometimes senior officials of party and Soviet bodies.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

The top secret order of the USSR People's Commissar of Internal Affairs P. Beria No. 00827 of December 27, 1938, sent to all the NKVD of the Union and Autonomous Republics, the heads of the NKVD of regions and territories, as well as the heads of city and district branches of the NKVD, ordered Take the following measures within 10 days from the date of its receipt [15]:


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Stop recruiting informants from among senior executives of party, Soviet, economic, professional and public organizations;


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Stop the recruitment of “any workers” who served the apparatus of the central committees of the national Communist Parties, regional, regional, city and district committees of parties;


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Call each agent (informant) belonging to the number of senior officials, as well as employees serving party apparatuses.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Take away a subscription from each such agent, that communication with him is interrupted;


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

All personal and work files of agents from among senior officials, as well as employees of party apparatuses, should be destroyed in the presence of representatives of the relevant party committees.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Order No. 00827 was also sent to members of the bureau of the National Communist Parties, regional, regional, city and district committees of the All-Union Communist Party (b) by a letter from I. IN. Stalin dated December 28, 1938 No. P4414 [16].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Thus, information about the intelligence activities of senior officials and a member of the apparatus of party committees should have been destroyed.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In practice, their destruction was accompanied by errors.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Abaidullin, the head of the Tumutuk District Department of the NKVD of the Tatar ASSR, complained that the secretary of the district committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b) discussed Order No. 00827 at a meeting of the bureau of the district committee [17].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Inforcers who did not belong to senior officials were punished in 1939-1941, and sometimes publicly.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Since cases of libel and knowingly false denunciation were considered petty and did not entail prolonged imprisonment, informers were publicly tried for counter-revolutionary propaganda.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

On September 20, 1939, the newspaper Uralsky Rabochiy (the main newspaper of the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b)) published an article “Zamaraev's Slanderer”.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

It was reported that a certain A. M. Zamaraeva, “working in the regional newspaper Uralsky Rabochiy from March 1937 to April 1938, tried in every possible way to discredit honest workers”, “wrote statements against them to various organizations, expressing political distrust, called them enemies of the people” [18].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

“A seasoned slanderer who embarked on the path of counter-revolutionary agitation against the party and Soviet power” by A. M. Zamaraeva was sentenced by the Sverdlovsk Regional Court under Article 58.10 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR to 6 years in prison, followed by deprivation of rights for three years [18].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In the post-war period, whistleblowing remained under the control of party bodies.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

The resolution of the CPSU Central Committee of December 4, 1952 ordered the first secretaries of the regional committees of the party to know by the names of all agents of the bodies of the Ministry of State Security of the USSR [19].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

The fate of executioners


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Among those who carried out death sentences were those who shot thousands of convicts.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In Moscow, they were Pyotr Maggo (died of cirrhosis of the liver in 1941), Vasily Blokhin (shot from 1924 to 1953, dismissed from the authorities in 1953, and deprived of his general rank in 1954).


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

There were experienced executioners in the provinces.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

For example, Ivan Nagorny participated in the executions of about 10,000 people in Kiev and the Kiev region, for which he was awarded the Order [20].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Artem Zeleny participated in the executions of 6.2 thousand people in the Kharkiv region [20].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Nagorny was not punished and went missing in 1941 [20].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Partial destruction of criminal cases of repressed


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

The cases of repressed persons who were released were to be destroyed [21].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

After the destruction of the case of the released convict, an archival card was drawn up, which indicated: full name, year and place of birth, movement of the prisoner between camps and camp points and date liberation [21].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Archival cards compiled on the basis of criminal cases of the repressed, in accordance with the interdepartmental order (marked “for official use”) dated February 12, 2014 “On Approval of the Manual on the maintenance and use of centralized operational reference, forensic and search records formed on the basis of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation” are subject to destruction after the convicted person will reach the age of 80 [21].


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

memento


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In 1990, the Solovetsky Stone was installed in front of the KGB building of the USSR on Lubyanskaya Square in Moscow, a stone from the territory of the Solovetsky special purpose camp


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In 1990, the Solovetsky Stone was also erected in front of the House of Political Residents in St. Petersburg in memory of victims of political repression.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In 2010, the monument “Victims of Political Repression” was opened in St. Barnaul, Altai Krai.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

The monument “Victims of Political Repression” was erected in the village of Galbstadt, Altai Krai.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In the United States, in 2007, the Monument to the Victims of Communism


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Since 2015, the Immortal Barrack project has been launched on the network.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

A website has been created where the project editors collect and publish family stories, memories and photos from family albums, as well as publish materials from archives and criminal cases of rehabilitated people.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In 2014, the Last Address project was launched.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

In memory of the victim, a small, palm-sized memorial plaque dedicated to only one person is installed on the wall of the house in which the repressed person lived.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

On October 30, 2017, the Wall of Sorrow monument was unveiled in Moscow


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

See also


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Totalitarianism


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Human rights in the USSR


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Ideological control in Soviet science


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

The use of psychiatry for political purposes in the USSR


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Democracy and totalitarianism


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Repressions in the Belarusian SSR


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Article 58 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Notes


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

References


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Viktor Zemskov//“ Sociological research” 1991 No. 6-7


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Viktor Zemskov//“Russia XXI” 1-2 1994


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Rogovin V. H.


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Canadian Slavonic Papers 60, no 3-4 (2018)


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR

Canadian Slavonic Papers 59, no 3-4 (2017)


Question: In what year did political repressions begin in the USSR?

Political repression in the USSR


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber (German: Ludwig (Louis) August Bernhard v.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Körber) [1], and from October 30, 1916 — Ludwig Berngardovich Korwin (Roengu —, London).


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The pseudonym in the Navy: “Lev Fedorovich” is a Russian sailor, Vice Admiral of the Russian Imperial Navy.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Participant of the Russo-Japanese War and World War I at sea [2]:


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Chief of the Naval Marching Office of the Commander-in-Chief of Land and Sea Forces Operating against Japan (1905—1906);


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Chief of Staff of the Commander of the Baltic Sea Naval Forces (since August 1914 — Commander of the Baltic Fleet) (1913—1915);


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Chief of Mine Defence of the Baltic Sea (1914—1915);


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Commander of a squadron of battleships of the Baltic Fleet (1915);


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Commander of the Arctic Ocean Flotilla (1916—1917).


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Head of the Foreign Statistics Department of the Naval General Staff (1906—1909); Naval Agent in Great Britain (1909—1911); Member of the Admiralty Council of the Russian Empire (Chairman of the Conference on sea transportation) (1916—1917).


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

A hereditary nobleman, a representative of the German-Baltic spiritual and aristocratic family Körber.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Evangelical Lutheran faith, which converted to Orthodoxy in 1916.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Biography


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

He was the eldest son in the family of a young doctor Bernhard Avgustovich Körber and his wife Bertha ur.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Hagen (Gotton Berta Auguste Hagen) (18.11.1838 — 23.02.1912).


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

He was born and raised for the first three years in the home of his grandfather, pastor of the Evangelical Parish in Ringen Ludwig August Körber.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

In 1866, in connection with the transfer of his father to the Maritime Department and his appointment as a doctor at the naval hospital, he moved to Kronstadt, where in 1871 he was assigned to the Kronstadt Classical Gymnasium.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

From the age of thirteen, he continued his education at the famous St. Petersburg German Petrishule Gymnasium, from which he completed the full course in 1879 [3].


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Ludwig had long intended to become a naval officer, but that year his father was elected a professor at the University of Dorpat and further studies had to be temporarily postponed.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Only a year later, on September 12, 1880, L. Kerber entered the Peter the Great Naval Cadet School.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

He successfully graduated from it on October 1, 1884 [4], receiving the prestigious Admiral Nakhimov Prize.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Ludwig was released as midshipman and enlisted in the 1st Naval Crew of His Imperial Highness Admiral General Konstantin Nikolaevich.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The journey on the Vityaz under the command of S. O. Makarova


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

A few months later, the commander of the Practical Squadron of the Baltic Sea Stepan Osipovich Makarov, who knew well the recent midshipmen of the Naval School, included L. Kerber and his companion (brother of his future wife) K. Schultz to the crew of the newly built Vityaz corvette.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

On this sail-propeller warship, Makarov planned to travel around the world and carefully selected the crew.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The historic voyage began on August 31, 1886 and lasted 993 days.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Its main difference from other similar expeditions was the active scientific work carried out on a daily basis by all crew members without exception.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Vityaz could rightly be compared to a floating laboratory.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Some oceanological observations and hydrological studies for three years were carried out at intervals of 10 minutes without the slightest interruption.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

On May 20, 1889, Vityaz returned to Kronstadt.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Already in 1894, S. O. Makarov under the title: “Vityaz and the Pacific Ocean” [5].


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Makarov himself noted that this book “summed up collective research.”


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

In the foreword, he wrote:


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

“It is with great pleasure that I mention young observers by seniority: midshipman Mechnikov, Mitkov, Maksutov, Kerber, Schultz, Shakhovsky, Puzanov and Nebolsin. The junior navigator, Lieutenant Igumnov, worked especially hard.”


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

On the international recognition of S. O. Makarov is evidenced by the fact that the name of the Vityaz corvette among the 10 most famous ships is carved on the pediment of the Oceanographic Museum in Monaco.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

On the recommendation of S. O. Makarov in September 1889, L. Kerber was enrolled in the Mine Officer Class, from which he graduated on September 7, 1890 with the rank of Mine Officer of the 2nd Category.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

For the next 5 years (from 1891 with the rank of lieutenant), he continued his service as a mine officer on various ships of the Baltic Fleet.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The most remarkable of them was the battleship Gangut, which sank ridiculously in June 1897 and still rests at the bottom of the Vyborg Bay [6].


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

On board the cruiser “Russia”


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

With receiving the rank of mine officer of the 1st category at the end of 1894, in the fall of 1895, Ludwig Berngardovich was appointed senior mine officer who had just been launched and the most advanced in those the times of the warship, the cruiser Rossiya.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

After the first short voyage in May 1897 to Great Britain for the celebrations on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the reign of Queen Victoria, where Rossiya adequately represented the Navy of the Empire, the cruiser left to the Far East.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber at a costume evening dedicated to the seeing off of Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich (see text).


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

On the way to Vladivostok in the spring of 1898, the crew of the cruiser took part in the solemn transfer of Lyushunkou (Port Arthur) to Russian jurisdiction.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

These events were timed to coincide with the arrival of “Russia”, since the crew member of the cruiser was an officer of the watch, midshipman Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, who was instructed to put a hand in the corresponding international act and raise the Russian flag [7].


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

In the same year, in Vladivostok, Kirill Vladimirovich, having hammered a symbolic “golden” crutch, opened traffic along the Trans-Siberian Railway, along which he left for St. Petersburg as the first passenger.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Years later, the Grand Duke wrote in his memoirs:


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

“The night before saying goodbye to my fellow officers, there was a dinner with speeches and toasts. This big event was not without fun and laughter... The lunch ended with singing and a very original performance: our miner Kerber and other officers, dressed in leather clothes, performed something like a ritual wild gold dance. Kerber himself beat a round drum and looked like a real shaman — he did it very effectively... In addition to Lieutenant Kerber, I would like to mention Admiral Rusin, who at that time was one of the officers gunners of “Russia”. These people played an invaluable role for our fleet.”


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

These words are illustrated by L. Kerber, which has been preserved in his personal archive.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Service in the Far East as the mine chief of the cruiser Rossiya was delayed for L. Kerber for five years.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

At the end of this term, in May 1900, as part of an international force, he took part in a military conflict in China, which was caused by a peasant uprising called “boxing”.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Lieutenant Kerber was part of one of the amphibious detachments that made a campaign to Beijing.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Ludwig Berngardovich's participation in this operation was noted by several awards at once.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

By the end of the same year, L. Kerber has returned to the Baltic.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

He conducted the 1901 campaign as a senior mine officer on the battleship General Admiral Apraksin, then as a flag officer of the Practical Squadron of the Baltic Sea [8].


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

After that, as he successfully passed the exams, on September 22, 1901, he was enrolled as a student of the course of naval sciences of the Nikolaev Maritime Academy.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Russo-Japanese War


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

mini|left|160px|l-nt L. B.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber after returning from China.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

After graduating from the Academy and almost until the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, Ludwig Berngardovich remained in teaching and staff work.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Together with one of the leading theorists of the Navy N. Kladau, L. Kerber participated in the preparation and practical implementation of the first strategic games of the fleet, simulating the future war between Russia and Japan.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Together, they published an analytical report [9], which justified the inevitable loss of Russia in this war if a set of necessary measures is not taken in the remaining time.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

In particular, they pointed out the need to transfer the squadron from Port Arthur to Vladivostok [10].


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Later, the Admiral of Togo admitted that he expected this development of events and started the war in January, when he was convinced that the Russian squadron would no longer be able to leave for its native port due to freezing in the Sea of Japan.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

We can only regret that N. Kladow and L. Kerber was left without attention.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

In 1903, L. Kerber prepared and delivered at the Nikolaev Maritime Academy an analytical course of lectures on the strategy of the fleets of leading maritime powers, including Japan.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Almost immediately, lectures were published in separate editions for official use [11] [12].


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

In the summer of 1903, under the pretext of the need for treatment at the L. Kerber undertook a trip to Germany, which was actually reconnaissance in nature.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Under diplomatic cover on the part of the Russian naval agent in Germany, Prince A. A. Dolgorukova [13] L. Kerber secretly surveyed the coastal fortifications in the Danzig and Pillau areas [14].


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

In the appendices to the report submitted to Minmore (No. 81, August 1903) L. Kerber gave a detailed description of all surveyed objects (more than 30) of the coastal defense of a potential enemy:


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

“Battery No. 1


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

This is a concrete structure for 6 guns of six-inch caliber (30 caliber) with traverses between the guns.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

There are cellars for ammunition in the traverses.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The gun platforms are raised 4 to 5 feet above the battery floor.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The floor is level with the terrain.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

From the sea side, the sandy parapet, cased with shrubs (dead in the sand) and hard grass, sprouts scantily in the sand.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

In some places they can be seen...


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

., which served to strengthen the soil during construction.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

An approximate cut is attached.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The firing angles of extreme (flank) guns, apparently, do not exceed those average.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Parapet flanks are slightly bent.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

There is a small platform on the right flank of the battery and there are three three-winged semaphores 20 to 30 feet high on it.”


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

After the successful completion of the mission, he was appointed senior officer of the battleship Slava, which by that time had just been launched and was being completed.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

On January 1, 1904, 4 weeks before the start of the Russo-Japanese War, L. Kerber was awarded the rank of captain of the 2nd rank.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Before the death, together with the headquarters in Port Arthur, the commander of the Pacific Squadron, Vice Admiral S. O. Makarova, L. Kerber remained in St. Petersburg, taking part in the tests of his battleship.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The very next day after the tragedy in the Yellow Sea, Admiral N. AND. Skrydlov said.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Having surrendered the Black Sea Fleet, he urgently went to St. Petersburg to form his headquarters.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

On April 12, by order of the Maritime Department No. 77, Captain 2nd Rank L. B.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

By the same order, N. L. Klado.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Perhaps their analytical report on the results of the strategic games of 1902—1903 was taken into account.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Soon, the headquarters, led by the new train commander, left for Port Arthur.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

On the way, it became known that the Japanese managed to block the fortress, and N. AND. Skrydlov, forced to change the route, went instead of Port Arthur to Vladivostok.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Under these conditions, the structure of his headquarters was changed, and L. Kerber was appointed senior officer of the cruiser Bogatyr, which was part of the Vladivostok cruiser detachment.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Even before N. AND. Skrydlov, the cruiser Bogatyr suffered a serious accident, jumping on the stones at Cape Bruce.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The damage to the hull was so serious that many doubted the possibility of saving the ship.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The task of the senior officer was to develop and implement a rescue plan.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

By June 1, it was possible to remove the cruiser, seal the hull and transfer the ship to Vladivostok, where it was put for repair, which lasted until the end of the war.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The key event in the history of the Vladivostok cruiser detachment was the battle on August 1, 1904. On that day, the flag of the commander was on the cruiser “Russia”.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Already at the beginning of the battle, a senior officer of the cruiser was seriously wounded, and L. Kerber, who knew the team well from his previous service, had to replace him.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

After the end of the battle, in which the detachment lost the cruiser “Rurik”, Ludwig Berngardovich remained a senior officer of “Russia”.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

He held this position almost until the end of the campaign and only with the departure of A. AND. Rusin to America for a conference on signing peace with Japan took his post as head of the Naval Marching Office of the Commander-in-Chief of Land and Sea Forces Operating against Japan, General -adjutant N. P. Linevich.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

At the Naval General Staff


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

After the end of the war, having completed the matters related to the return of the fleet to the Baltic, one of the last, in February 1906, L. Kerber returned to St. Petersburg.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

He was appointed commander of the Don Cossack mine cruiser, which had just entered service, and left for Libava.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The service on the destroyer was short-lived.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

L. Kerber only managed to conduct the first series of sea trials, when a new appointment followed.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

On 24 May, he was appointed as a staff officer of the highest salary to head the Foreign Statistics Division of the newly organized Maritime General Staff (MGS).


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The idea of creating such a headquarters as opposed to the General Naval Staff (GMS) was proposed by Lieutenant A. N. Shcheglov [15] was one of the founders of the St. Petersburg Naval Circle, of which Kerber was a member [16].


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

It was the members of this circle who first came up with the idea of reforming the fleet after the inglorious defeat in the war with Japan, for the first time justifying the need to create a shipbuilding program.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Foreign Statistics Department of the Naval General Staff L. Kerber, in fact, was an intelligence department that collected information about foreign fleets.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

L. Kerber had the duty to formulate tasks and develop the structure of the department in the most difficult — the organizational period.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

First of all, the Foreign Statistics Department managed to take over and systematize the activities of Russian maritime agents accredited to the fleets of foreign countries.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

An organic continuation of L. Kerber in the Moscow State School were the following two of his appointments.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

On January 21, 1908, he took command of the gunboat Khivinets, which at that time performed a special task while part of the international peacekeeping forces on the island of Crete.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

For many years, the conflict between the Turkish and Greek communities did not cease here, and the role of the only Russian ship in the international squadron was significant.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Greece has traditionally focused on Russia, and the commander of the Khivinets acted as an intermediary between the command of the international squadron and the Greek government.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The return of L. Kerber to St. Petersburg at the end of November of the same year coincided with the assignment of the rank of captain of the 1st rank on December 6.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

This was followed by an appointment as a naval agent to Great Britain on January 25, 1909.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

This two-year diplomatic work of Ludwig Berngardovich in the most powerful maritime power was appreciated by the leadership very highly, and the cooperation of the fleets of future allies in the First World War has been significantly strengthened.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

During his 691 days in office, L. Kerber sent 271 secret reports and prepared dozens of reports, reports and business letters of a non-intelligence nature [17].


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Thanks to these efforts, the Russian program for the construction of an armored fleet has been largely adjusted.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Concurrently, L. Kerber negotiated and executed contracts for the supply of coal, guns, boats, instruments, Whitehead mines, large-caliber shells, etc. The total cost of purchases was expressed in millions of gold rubles.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The most important duty of a naval agent was to supervise warships under construction in the UK by order of Russia, in particular the new cruiser Rurik, which inherited its name from the heroic cruiser of the Vladivostok detachment.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Returning from London in March 1911, L. Kerber learned about his new appointment - commander of the squadron battleship “Tsesarevich”.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

He spent two campaigns on this ship sailing the Baltic Sea calling at foreign ports.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

In addition to training firing in the Gulf of Finland and Vyborg, for the first time for ships of this class, the Tsesarevich practiced a maneuver along the passage of Finnish skerries without pilotage support.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Informal relations were linked by L. Kerber's meeting with Secretary of the Navy Admiral K. Grigorovich, as well as with future academician A. N. Krylov, with whom Kerber was friends since the Naval School.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Their encounters are evidenced by his son L. L. Kerber says:


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

“Academician A. N. Krylov said.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

He and his father were somehow connected in the construction of dreadnoughts “Sevastopol”, “Gangut”, etc.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The Krylovs lived nearby and, in order not to waste time, Alexey Nikolaevich came to our house.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The interlocutors retired to their father's office.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Both of them were temperamental people, and soon more and more loud voices of those arguing began to be heard from behind the tightly closed doors.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

An anxious mother would take me and my brother and take me somewhere far away to the kitchen, and there, closing my ears in horror, she whispered, “Oh my God, look they'll change the fight.”


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

They met on Fridays, and she called them Black Fridays...


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Minister of the Navy I. K. Grigorovich, who lived nearby...”


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

World War I


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

At the beginning of 1913, at the suggestion of Commander Admiral N. O. Essen, L. Kerber was appointed Chief of Staff of the Commander of the Baltic Sea Naval Forces and was awarded the rank of Rear Admiral by the end of the year.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

In his new capacity, in August 1913, Ludwig Berngardovich took part in the last pre-war maneuvers of the Baltic Sea forces.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The fleet was divided into two squadrons.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

The “eastern” detachment was commanded by N. O. Essen, the “Western” squadron was headed by L. Kerber.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

In a stubborn, albeit training battle, the squadron of the “Western” won.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

After the maneuvers, Nikolai Ottovich wrote with undisguised pride: “I find that the chiefs I have placed in the Navy are doing their job, and in some cases me... However, we do not know which of the rowers was more useful in the boat of the Russian state, when Lefort, Sheremetyev, Menshikov, Demidov and others sat on oars.”


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

mini|left|300px|mine plan off the coast of Germany, prepared under the leadership of L. B.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber.


Question: What was named after Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber?

Ludwig Kerber

On the eve of the war, the headquarters in 1913 carefully developed a mine plan along the Nargen-Porkkala-Udd line in order to close the Gulf of Finland and protect the capital of the empire from the sea.