Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Therefore, its assessment of the number and dynamics of development of various Orthodox churches in Ukraine in itself is encyclopedic significant, and not marginal, so it can be mentioned in articles Wikipedia (with appropriate attribution — that this is Mitrokhin's assessment/opinion).


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

But this particular interview, published by the Religious Information Service of Ukraine, belongs to the category of journalism (albeit thematic — the RISU website is clearly designed to publish religious news and related journalism).


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Journalism is very often non-neutral, unprofessional, simplified, superficial, one-sided.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Therefore, it is possible to use it as a source of not only news facts, but opinions, assessments, assumptions, confessions if there are no better alternative AI for the same information.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Although the UOC-KP does not currently exist, this organization and its history remain encyclopedic significant.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Therefore, information about the number of its members and the number of parishes in different years, on the dynamics of changes in this number is certainly significant as facts and is needed in the article Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Kiev patriarchy.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

This applies to both the official number registered by the state authorities of Ukraine and competent estimates of the real number.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Therefore, the part of the above quote, which refers specifically to the UOC-KP: “the number of parishes of the UOC of the Kiev Patriarchate outside Western Ukraine is approximately 50-70% less than officially registered”, and a link to this interview may remain in the article of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kiev Patriarchate for the time being - until the best AI is found that can do this replace, and the “Structure and number” section will not be rewritten on them.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

After that, the link to Mitrokhin's interview may be removed as unnecessary.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

When describing the dynamics of numbers and trends from various sources, it is quite easy to move away from a neutral point of view and slide into the original study, so proposals for replacing the text are better This section is discussed on the CO article.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

The same is in an interview with Mitrokhin, as for not the UOC-KP, but the UOC-MP: “for the UOC (MP) this is about 12-15%... there is a complex dynamics of the growth of the pro-Ukrainian part, the redistribution of forces, intellectual growth, reassessment of theological heritage, etc.” is rather appropriate in the article Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate).


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

But it is not a fact that it is needed there either, since Mitrokhin is not very clearly expressed about the MPC MP in this interview, the speaker of the UOC-MP and the UOC-KP does not analyze the connection.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

I am amending the article of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kiev Patriarchate in accordance with this result, and I hope for further improvement of the article.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Alexander Rumega 18:34, December 29, 2018 (UTC)


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Website kaiwind.com


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

The Falun Gong article uses information from kaiwind.com (its multilingual clones).


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Please assess the authority of this resource and its use in Wikipedia articles.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

ICHWill98 (obs) 05:46, July 24, 2016 (UTC)


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

VP:OAI: Authority is relative, concrete and contextually dependent should be studied.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Relativity means that there are no sources for Wikipedia that are authoritative on any issue or not authoritative on any issue.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Concreteness and contextual dependence means that the issue of authority is most often considered in relation to a particular statement.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

—Tempus/obs 13:25, July 24, 2016 (UTC)


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

VP:AI was studied before the question was asked.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

In this connection, in fact, the question arose.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Please assess the authority of the source as part of the use of Falun Gong in the article.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

ICHWill98 (obs) 15:40, July 24, 2016 (UTC)


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Everything has already been discussed here — Discussion:Falun Gong #ru .kaiwind.com 2. —Tempus/obs 03:26, July 25, 2016 (UTC)


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Hello dear intermediaries.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

This is the first time I am writing to the mediation page, and I want to ask you to evaluate


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

I evaluated its content and came to the conclusion that this source is affiliated.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Then I started discussing the source here — Discussion:Falun Gong #Источник, _not_providing objective_information.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

I checked the use of this source in the article, and what is characteristic, this source is repeatedly referred to in the only section - “Checks and refutations”.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

In my understanding, using such a source in an article undermines Wikipedia's values.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Umweiss 18:12, January 10, 2018 (UTC)


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Result


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

The explicit position of kaiwind.com on issues related to Falun Gong is not a basis for removing the link, and the source should not be neutral.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

As far as I can see, the site is used in the Falun Gong article to retell or translate foreign language sources, and there are no contraindications for such use.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

The disadvantage is that the translation is either machine or amateur.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Readers can obtain such a translation of the source on their own with the help of one of the online translators.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

On the other hand, the resource is quite extensive, multilingual, and you can leave a link in the links section.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

But links must be removed from the text of the article.


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

—Alexandrine (obs.) 15:48, January 11, 2018 (UTC)


Question: What is the first work written by Roman Nikolaevich Lunkin?

KOI

Notes


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitri II, also the Tushino Thief or Kaluga Tsarik (date and place of birth are unknown - died of the year, Kaluga) is an impostor posing as the son of Ivan IV the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry Uglitsky and, respectively, for the seemingly miraculous surviving year of Tsar False Dmitry I.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

There are many versions of the real name and origin of False Dmitry II.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Before announcing his royal name in the Russian city of Starodub, the impostor briefly pretended to be Andrei Nagoy, a never-existent relative of Tsar Dmitry.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

At the peak of his influence, the impostor controlled a significant part of the Russian kingdom, although he failed to take Moscow, which remained under the control of the administration of the official Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In Russian historiography (unlike False Dmitry I), False Dmitry II is usually not considered tsar, since he did not control the Kremlin, although a significant part of Russia swore allegiance to him.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Hopes and rumors


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Rumors about “miraculous salvation” and the imminent return of the tsar began to circulate immediately after the death of False Dmitry I.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The reason for this was the fact that the body of the impostor was severely mutilated, and soon after being put to shame, it was covered with dirt and sewage.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Muscovites were essentially divided into two camps - those who rejoiced at the fall of the impostor recalled, among other things, his marriage to a “filthy Polish woman”, and behavior that did not correspond to the status of the Russian tsar.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In the depths of this group, rumors were born that a cross was found in the victim's boot, which the “cut” blasphemously stepped on at every step [1], that animals and birds disdain the bodies, the earth does not accept it and rejects fire.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Such views met the interests of the boyar elite who overthrew the impostor, and therefore, among other things, for the sake of adherents of ancient splendor, the corpse of False Dmitry was taken to the village of Kotly and burned there; the ashes of the former king, mixed with gunpowder, were shot in the direction of Poland, from where he came.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

On the same day, “hell”, a funny fortress built by an impostor, was burned to the ground.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

But there were more than enough adherents of the deposed tsar in Moscow, and stories immediately began to circulate among them that he had managed to escape from the “dashing boyars”.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

A nobleman glanced at the body and shouted that Dmitry was not in front of him, and whipping his horse immediately rushed away.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

It was recalled that the mask did not allow you to see the face, and the corpse's hair and nails were too long, despite the fact that the king had cut his hair short shortly before the wedding.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

They claimed that his double was killed instead of the tsar, and later even the name Pyotr Borkovsky was named.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Konrad Bussov believed that some of these rumors were spread by the Poles, in particular, the former tsarist secretary Buchinsky openly claimed that there was no noticeable sign on his body under his left chest, which he, supposedly looked at it well when I bathed with the king in the bathhouse.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

A week after the death of the “stripping”, “sweeping certificates” appeared in Moscow at night, written by the allegedly escaped tsar.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Many sheets were even nailed to the gates of the boyar houses, in which “Tsar Dmitry” announced that he “left the murder and God himself saved him from traitors.”


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The circumstances of appearance


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Konrad Bussov describes the origins of the appearance of False Dmitry II as follows:


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The commander under the Trinity Sergius Monastery Ivan-Pyotr-Pavel Sapega, once sitting at a table with his officers, exalted the courage of the Poles, quod Romanis non essential minores, imo maiores (that they are not lower , and even taller than the Romans) and, among many other things, he also said the following: “We, the Poles, three years ago put on the throne of the Moscow sovereign, who was to be called Dimitri, the son of a tyrant, even though he wasn't.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Now we have brought the Tsar here for the second time and conquered almost half of the country, and he should and will be called Dimitri, even if the Russians go crazy about it: Nostris viribus, nostraque armata manu id facimus (With our forces and our armed hand, we will do it).


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Immediately after the death of False Dmitry I, Moscow nobleman Mikhail Molchanov (one of the murderers of Fedor Godunov), who fled Moscow towards the western border, began to spread rumors that instead of “Dmitry” he another man was killed, and the king himself was saved.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Many social forces, both associated with the old and simply dissatisfied with the authorities of Vasily Shuisky, were interested in the emergence of a new impostor.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Molchanov, posing as “Dmitry”, settled in the castle of Mnishekov Sambor, after which the certificates of the “miraculously escaped tsar” poured into Russia in a stream.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

However, Molchanov could not continue to play his role outside the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

They knew him too well in Moscow.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Only at the beginning of 1607, on the instructions of the Russian rebels, the conspirators found a man in Belarus who resembled False Dmitry I as a figure, and already in Vitebsk presented him to the people.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitry II compiled his first manifesto to Vasily Shuisky.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

But soon the impostor was afraid of the offer made to him and fled.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Only a few months later he was found in Propoisk and thrown into prison under the guise of a “Russian spy”, offering to think at leisure — punishment or the role of the Moscow tsar; the impostor agreed to the latter.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Meanwhile, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was on the verge of civil war and King Sigismund III demanded to do everything possible to maintain peace with Russia.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Under these conditions, it was decided to transport False Dmitry II to Russia not under the name of Tsar Dmitry, but under the name of his relative Andrei Nagoy.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In May 1607, Pseudogoy crossed the Russian-Polish border, appeared in Starodub and began to spread rumors that his relative “Tsar Dmitry” was alive and would soon appear.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Soon Starodubtsy and a delegation from Putivl demanded an answer from him where Dmitry was hiding.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The pseudonyagoy did not say this, but when the townspeople threatened him with torture, the impostor attacked the Putivans and Starodubtsy with square abuse, accusing them of myopia and unwillingness to recognize the true The Tsar.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

His accomplices confirmed that Starodubsky “thief” is really “Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich”, and soon many southern cities swore allegiance to False Dmitry II.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Provenance Assumptions


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The personality of False Dmitry II is even more mysterious than the personality of False Dmitry I.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Different documents and different authors give different names.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Having learned nothing about the origin of the impostor, the Shuisky government gave him the nicknames “thief” and “king”.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The impostor knew the Russian letter and the entire church circle well, spoke and wrote Polish.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Some sources also claim that the impostor also spoke the Hebrew language.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

According to some sources, it was Popovsky's son Matvey Verevkin from the Severskaya side, according to others - the son of the Starodubsky archer.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Still others recognized him as a boyar son.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The fourth spoke Lithuanian clerk Bogdan Sutupov.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The fifth believed that he was not Lithuanian, but a royal clerk and served under False Dmitry I.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The sixth confused him with Sambor False Dmitry Mikhail Molchanov.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The seventh called him Ivan and he was supposedly a schoolteacher from the city of Sokol.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Eighths claimed that it was Dmitry Popovich, the son of a priest in the Moscow church.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Some even thought that he was the son of Lithuanian prince Kurbsky.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

There is also a version that False Dmitry II was a baptized Jew from the city of Shklov.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

And others, like R. G. Skrynnikov, claimed that he was not a Jew baptized.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

“I understood, according to one foreign historian, and the Jewish language, read the Talmud, the books of the Rabbis”, “Sigismund sent a Jid, who called himself Dimitri Tsarevich”


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

According to the CEE:


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

“Jews were part of the impostor's retinue and suffered during his deposition. According to some reports... False Dmitry II was a cross from Jews and served in the retinue of False Dmitry I” [2]


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Starodubsky camp


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Starodub swore allegiance to False Dmitry.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Novgorod-Seversky, Pochep, Chernigov, Putivl, Sevsk and other Seversky cities also recognized the power of the impostor.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Residents of several Ryazan suburbs, Tula, Kaluga and Astrakhan also recognized the Starodubsky “thief”.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Nevertheless, the situation in the controlled territory was quite difficult - the tsarist troops stormed Kozelsk and Tula, and also occupied Belev, and Epifan, Dedilov and Krapivna also deposited from False Dmitry II.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In Starodub, a boyar Duma began to form [1], as well as a rebel army to gather, to which Polish rebels, members of the Rokosh, who rebelled against King Sigismund III and forced to seek salvation outside their native land, and South Russian nobles, Tatars, Cossacks and the remnants of the defeated army of Bolotnikov.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Pan Mekhovetsky took the post of hetman - commander-in-chief of the impostor's army.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

It is noted that False Dmitry II was very dependent on the help of the Polish-Lithuanian lords, who derogatory called him a “tsarik” in their correspondence [3].


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

However, at the initial period, the number of Polish mercenaries in the army of False Dmitry II was small and barely exceeded 1 thousand people.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was on the eve of a decisive battle between supporters of Sigismund III and the rebellious gentry, and at that moment the Poles had no time for the impostor.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Trying to attract as many service people as possible to his side, False Dmitry II confirmed all the previous awards and benefits of False Dmitry I to the Northern destinies.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Tula campaign, siege of Bryansk


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

the rebel army of 3 thousand people led by Hetman Mekhovetsky left Starodub.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Her first stop was Pochep, who met the impostor with bread and salt.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The purpose of the campaign was Tula, where the tsarist troops besieged the remnants of the army of Bolotnikov, Prince Shakhovsky and False Peter.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitry's rebel army entered Bryansk.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Hetman Mekhovetsky defeated the tsarist troops of the voivode Litvinov-Mosalsky near Kozelsk, and took Belev.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The advanced detachments of the hetman, meanwhile, occupied Epifan, Dedilov and Krapivna, reaching the nearest approaches to Tula.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

However, the fall of Tula confused the cards of False Dmitry, and he retreated to Karachev to connect with the Zaporozhians.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In fulfillment of the contract, Vasily Shuisky forgave the Bolotnikov residents and sent them to besiege Kaluga.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

However, soon their 4,000 detachment rebelled and went under the banner of the impostor.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

the army of False Dmitry II, in the amount of about 7 thousand people, where Russian rebels still played a significant role (there were no more than 2.5 thousand Polish mercenaries), again besieged Bryansk, which was occupied by the tsarist troops.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The Don Cossacks also arrived here with another impostor — the “Tsarevich” Fedor, the “son” of Tsar Fedor I Ioannovich, who in fact, apparently, was a tramp or a fugitive peasant.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

He led a detachment of 3,000 Cossacks, apparently came from the Don, fighting his way to the Bryansk camp.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitry II came to the Cossacks, and ordered his “nephew” to hang.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

At this time, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, King Sigismund III won a decisive victory over the rebels.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Military operations in the country have practically ceased.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Many Polish soldiers were left out of work and were ready to seek happiness in a foreign land.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Thus, the army of False Dmitry II was replenished with new detachments of Poles and amounted to about 4 thousand mercenaries.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

there was a battle with the tsarist troops, but the rebels failed to take the stubbornly defending city.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Concerned about the state of affairs in the Severshchina, Vasily Shuisky sent troops under the command of Litvinov-Mossalsky to help Bryansk.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The voivode, with the support of the garrison of the city, hit the impostor's camp and broke into Bryansk to help the besieged.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Then False Dmitry II moved to Orel, which became the residence of the impostor during the winter.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Oryol camp


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Lithuanian Prince Roman Rozhinsky, who personally knew False Dmitry I, arrived in Orel to serve the impostor and showed the greatest activity in recruiting soldiers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into the army of False Dmitry II.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Thus, the army of the Oryol “king” was significantly replenished with new detachments of Poles and Lithuanians and amounted to about 9.6 thousand mercenaries.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The appearance under his banners of princes Adam Vishnevetsky, Alexander Lisovsky, Roman Rozhinsky and his people supported the impostor, who, however, became a puppet in their hands.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Ivan Zarutsky brought large troops of Zaporizhzhya and Don Cossacks.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In 1607—1608, False Dmitry II issued a decree on slaves [1], giving them the lands of the “traitors” of the boyars and even allowing them to forcibly marry boyar daughters.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Thus, many serfs, having sworn allegiance to the impostor, received not only freedom, but also became nobles, while their masters in Moscow had to starve.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Due to non-payment of salaries to Polish mercenaries, a coup took place in the military leadership of the rebel army, led by Lithuanian Prince Roman Rozhinsky.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Hetman Mekhowiecki was removed and expelled from the camp, with him left about 4 thousand Polish mercenaries.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Prince Roman Rozhinsky was proclaimed the new hetman of the impostor.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The number of the army of False Dmitry II in the Oryol camp amounted to about 27 thousand people, of which there were about 5.6 thousand Polish mercenaries, 3 thousand Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, 5 thousand Don Cossacks, the rest of the mass apparently they were archers, nobles, boyar children, military slaves and Tatars.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The first Moscow campaign


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In the spring, the rebel army moved from Orel to Moscow.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In the Battle of Zaraiska, Mr. Alexander Lisovsky's detachment defeated the tsarist army.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

After that, Lisovsky's army occupied Mikhailov and Kolomna.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In the two-day battle of Bolkhov - Hetman Rozhinsky defeated Shuisky's army (led by the tsar's brothers, Dmitry and Ivan).


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The warriors who fled the battlefield spread terrible rumors that “Tsar Dmitry” had an innumerable army.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

There were rumors in Moscow that Shuisky allegedly intended to surrender the capital due to numerous failures.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The cities of Kozelsk, Kaluga and Zvenigorod solemnly opened their gates to False Dmitry II.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Tula also swore allegiance to the impostor, who until recently kissed the cross to Tsar Vasily.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Local nobles, fearing the decree on the slaves of False Dmitry II, together with their families left the cities and went to Moscow or Smolensk.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Konrad Bussov, an eyewitness and writer of the time of troubles, noted that if False Dmitry II had not hesitated to approach the capital after the Battle of Bolkhov, the horrified Muscovites would have surrendered to him without a fight.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

However, the impostor hesitated, and this gave Vasily Shuisky a chance to strengthen his positions in Moscow, as well as prepare a new army, which was led by his nephew Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Prince Skopin hoped to defeat False Dmitry II on the nearest approaches to Moscow, but treason was found in his army - Princes Ivan Katyrev, Yuri Trubetskoy and Ivan Troyekurov plotted in favor an impostor.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Mikhail was forced to return to the capital and arrest the conspirators there.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Meanwhile, the impostor's army captured Borisov and Mozhaisk.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The tsarist governors, who guarded False Dmitry II on the Tverskaya road, lost the battle to him, and in early June the impostor appeared near Moscow.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

a clash between the detachments of False Dmitry and the tsarist troops took place on Khodynka, the rebels won the battle, but failed to take Moscow.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Tushino camp


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In the summer of 1608, Tushino became the residence of False Dmitry, just 19 versts from the Moscow Kremlin.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Hetman Rozhinsky and his captains hoped to starve the capital.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Their detachments tried to block all roads to Moscow and completely isolate the capital.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Nevertheless, they failed to intercept all roads, and for years in a fierce battle with Mr. Lisovsky, government troops were able to recapture Kolomna.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitry II actually ruled Russia — he distributed land to the nobles, considered complaints, met foreign ambassadors.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The official Tsar Vasily Shuisky was locked in Moscow and lost control of the country.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

To fight the Tushino “tsar” Shuisky concluded an agreement with the ambassadors of King Sigismund III, according to which Poland had to recall all Poles supporting False Dmitry, and oblige Marina Mnishek not recognize False Dmitry II as his husband, and not call yourself a Russian sovereign.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The Mnisheks promised that they would immediately leave Russia and promised to take all measures to end the civil war.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Vasily IV equipped a detachment to escort them to the line.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

However, Hetman Rozhinsky and others refused to leave the business they had begun, moreover, the army of False Dmitry continued to be replenished with Poles, and in the fall Jan Sapieha came with his people, rebelling against Sigismund III due to non-payment of wages.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In addition, the Tushino residents twice tried to besiege Kolomna in order to completely block Moscow, but the tsarist detachment under the command of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky inflicted a brutal defeat on the detachments of the impostor.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Having learned that the Mnisheki had been released from Yaroslavl to Poland in pursuance of the contract, False Dmitry decided to recapture them from the accompanying tsarist army.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

This was done, but Marina did not want to join the camp of False Dmitry for a long time, staying with Sapieha, and Yuri Mnishek agreed to recognize him as his son-in-law, only having received a record that the impostor, having received power, will give Yuri 30 thousand rubles and the Seversk principality with 14 cities.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Finally, the Mnisheki recognized the Tushino “thief”.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Hetman Sapieha brought them to Tushino, where Marina Mnishek “recognized” her late husband False Dmitry I in the new impostor and secretly married him.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

For them, a palace staff was created, on the model of Moscow.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Jan Sapieha was recognized as the second hetman of False Dmitry II along with Rozhinsky.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

A division of spheres of influence was made between them.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Hetman Rozhinsky remained in the Tushino camp and controlled the southern and western lands, and Hetman Sapiega, together with Mr. Lisovsky, became a camp near the Trinity Sergius Monastery and began to spread power” Tsar Dmitry” in Zamoskovye, Pomorie and Novgorod land.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Thus, a vast territory was under the rule of the Tushino tsar.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In the north-west, Pskov and its suburbs, Velikiye Luki, Ivangorod, Koporye, Gdov, Oreshek swore allegiance to the impostor.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Severshchina and the south with Astrakhan still remained under the rule of False Dmitry II.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In the east, the power of the Tushino “thief” was recognized by Murom, Kasimov, Temnikov, Arzamas, Alatyr, Sviyazhsk, as well as many north-eastern cities.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In the central part of the impostor was supported by Suzdal, Uglich, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vladimir and many others.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Of the major centers, only Smolensk, Veliky Novgorod, Pereslavl-Ryazansky, Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan remained loyal to Vasily Shuisky.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In Kostroma, Polish detachments, which forced them to swear allegiance to False Dmitry, first ruined the Epiphany Anastasiin Monastery, and then occupied the Ipatiev Monastery that supported them, but were captured as a result successful storming of this monastery (it was necessary to blow up the walls, which was carried out by two suicide bombers).


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Metropolitan Filaret (Romanov) was brought from Rostov to the impostor, whom False Dmitry II elevated to patriarch.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The state had two tsars, two Boyar Duma, as well as two patriarchs and two administrations, in addition, the government of False Dmitry II minted its own coin, which differed from Moscow in increased weight.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The catastrophe was not only political, but also moral: the words “flights,” “flip-flops,” appeared, denoting those who easily and without remorse moved from one camp to another and back.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

New impostors also came here - the false princes Augustus and Lawrence, who voluntarily came to join the troops of False Dmitry II, and even at first were hospitably welcomed in Tushino.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

But soon the “tsar” ordered to hang these “relatives” for the massacres of the boyars.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

At this time, one after another, new Cossack “princes” appeared, posing as the grandchildren of Ivan the Terrible, who robbed the south of Russia.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In his manifestos, False Dmitry II was extremely stunned by so many “relatives” and ordered them all to be executed.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Thus, the Tushino “thief” executed seven more “nephews”.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Trying to introduce free Cossacks to tsarist service, the government of False Dmitry II created a Cossack order headed by ataman and “Tushino boyar” Ivan Zarutsky.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The ataman completely subordinated the Cossack freestyle to “Tsar Dmitry” and Hetman Rozhinsky.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In September 1608, the siege of the Trinity Sergius Monastery began.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Moscow, however, did not give up, and a whole city with a “royal” tower had to be built in Tushino.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

At the same time, the impostor was increasingly losing real power, and in December 1608, the camp was headed by a “Decemvir commission”, consisting of 10 Polish nobles.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

They established strict control over the income and expenses of the Tushino “thief”, and also sharply limited the rights of the “thieves'” Duma, orders and district Tushino governors.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

On the territory subject to False Dmitry II, natural and monetary requisition was carried out in favor of his troops, the distribution of lands and serfs to his adherents, which contributed to the fall of the authority of the impostor.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

years, hoping to reverse the situation in his favor, Vasily Shuisky concluded the Vyborg Treaty with Sweden, according to which, in exchange for the territory of the modern Leningrad Region, he receives assistance from a 15 - of Jacob De La Gardie's thousandth Expeditionary Force.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The Russian-Swedish army of Mikhail Skopin Shuisky and De la Gardie in the battle of Toropets defeated an insurgent detachment led by nobleman Jan Kernozitsky.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

This was followed by a number of victories over the Tushino team: near Torzhk, near Tver, near Kalyazin, near Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda and near Dmitrov.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Many northern cities have withdrawn from the impostor.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In January 1610, the siege of the Trinity Sergius Monastery was lifted.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

However, the entry into the conflict of regular Swedish troops caused indignation of the Polish crown, which in the summer of 1609 openly declared war on Vasily Shuisky.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In September 1609, King Sigismund III besieged Smolensk.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The Polish king began to urge the Tushino people to go to serve him near Smolensk, offering them an extensive reward, both from the Moscow treasury and in Poland.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Due to constant failures, the Tushino camp began to collapse: Polish mercenaries and some Russian Tushins entered into negotiations with the king.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Hetman Rozhinsky, who had not previously shown due respect to the impostor, began to openly threaten the “tsar” with reprisals.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In these conditions of the year, False Dmitry II, hiding under shingles in a cart, fled to Kaluga, which became the new residence of the impostor.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Kaluga camp


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

During the Kaluga period of his adventure, False Dmitry II finally began to play an independent role.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Convinced of the treachery of the Polish mercenaries, the impostor appealed to the Russian people, frightening them with the king's desire to seize Russia and establish Catholicism.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Kaluga “thief” swore that he would not give an inch of Russian land to the Poles, but together with all the people he would die for the Orthodox faith.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

This call has been echoed by many.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitry II again attracted many supporters and waged war with two rulers: Tsar Vasily IV and King Sigismund III.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Many cities have sworn allegiance to it again.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The Tushino camp collapsed.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Some supporters of the “tsar” went to the king, others moved to Kaluga for the impostor.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Marina Mnishek also ran to her husband.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The movement of False Dmitry II began to take on a national character; apparently, it is no coincidence that many ardent supporters of the impostor later became active figures of the First and Second Militias.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

As in Tushino, a state system was created in Kaluga in the image of Moscow, and there were no structures for managing the church, except for the management of the church.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

At the beginning of 1610, the Kaluga Tsar ordered all the cities that remained on his side that the Poles who were there should be arrested and all their property delivered to him in Kaluga [1].


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In the shortest possible time, the impostor and his boyars were able to collect significant sums of money and fill the dungeons with foreign hostages, whom the Kaluga “thief” later ordered to be executed.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Not wanting to repeat the mistakes of the past, False Dmitry II vigilantly watched that in his army there were twice as many Russians as foreigners.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

By spring, the impostor's detachments had become so strong that they were able to recapture Arzamas and Staraya Russa from Shuisky.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In the Severshchina, the situation of the impostor has become much more difficult.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In the collapsing Tushino camp of the year near Smolensk, Tushino Patriarch Filaret and the boyars concluded an agreement with Sigismund III, according to which the king's son Vladislav Zhigimontovich was to become the Russian tsar; a prerequisite was the adoption of Orthodoxy by the Queen.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Acting on behalf of Vladislav, Sigismund III generously granted the Tushino people lands that did not belong to him.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In April 1610, Polish troops captured Starodub, Pochep, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky, taking the population of these cities to Vladislav.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In early May, residents of Roslavl swore allegiance to the Queen.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Meanwhile, the situation in Tushino itself was becoming critical.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In the south, in Kaluga, concentrated troops loyal to False Dmitry II; in the north, near Dmitrov, Skopin-Shuisky and the Swedes pressed, hardly restrained by the Tushins.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In such conditions, Hetman Rozhinsky decided to retreat to Volokolamsk.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

the army set fire to the Tushino camp and went on a campaign.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The siege of Moscow has finally stopped.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Two days later, the hetman's army was in Voloka, where Rozhinsky died of “exhaustion”.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

His company, left without a leader, finally dissipated.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The troops of Hetman Sapieha, having visited the king near Smolensk and did not achieve anything from him, returned to the service of the impostor.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The Second Moscow Campaign


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In the summer, a strong Polish-Lithuanian detachment of Crown Hetman Zholkevsky moved to Moscow, which met the tsarist army under the command of Dmitry Shuisky was defeated in the battle near the village of Klushino.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Russia's martial law worsened from day to day.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The power of Vasily IV became illusory.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Residents of the capital, gathered in large crowds under the windows of the palace, shouted Shuisky: “You are not our sovereign!” The frightened king did not dare to appear in public.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Zholkevsky's army entered Vyazma and approached the Russian capital from the west.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitry II hurried to Moscow from the south.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

His troops captured Serpukhov, Borovsk, Pafnutyev Monastery and reached Moscow itself.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Supporters of the impostor offered the capital's population to depose Tsar Vasily Shuisky and promised to do the same with their “tsar”.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

After that, they said, everyone would be able to work together, with all over the world, to choose a new sovereign and thereby put an end to the fratricidal war.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Kaluga agitation was gladly accepted by Shuisky's opponents, and a palace coup took place in Moscow for a year.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Boyars and nobles led by Zakhar Lyapunov overthrew Shuisky from the throne.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Tsar Basil IV was forcibly tonsured a monk.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Having deposed Tsar Vasily Shuisky, the Zemsky Sobor sent its representatives to the camp of False Dmitry II near the Danilov Monastery, so that the “thieves'” boyars immediately overthrew their “tsar”.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

They were in for a severe disappointment.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The “thieves'” Duma did not keep its promise and demanded to open the capital's gates to the “true sovereign”.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Illusions have vanished.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

This is a moment of general confusion.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Without a tsar on the throne, it was much more difficult to fight the “good Dmitry”.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitry II camped in the village of Kolomenskoye and began to storm the capital, and crown hetman Zholkevsky appeared near Moscow.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The provisional government of Semiboyarshchyna, which had no support in the country, went to direct national treason: for years, the boyar “seven”, headed by Fedor Mstislavsky, concluded an agreement with the hetman Zholkevsky and, relying on the Smolensk Treaty, chose Vladislav Zhigimontovich as tsar.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Moscow boyars and nobles kissed the cross to the gentile queen in the hope of an immediate end to the war.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

But Semiboyarshchina did not take into account the fact that the candidate did not have the necessary popularity either in the Russian capital or in the provinces.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The Moscow Treaty put people in front of a difficult choice: to submit to the dashing boyars with their foreign prince, or to prefer the “true Tsar Dmitry”.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The boyar government could not give the country either peace or a popular dynasty.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

And the people turned their backs on him completely.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Anarchy reigned in most regions of Russia.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Some cities kissed the cross to Vladislav, some to False Dmitry II, and other areas lived on their own.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In the capital, many began to get closer to the Kaluga “thief” and secretly refer to his people.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The myth of the good son of Grozny once again began to capture the imagination of the people.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitry II was sworn by the population of many cities and villages, including those who had previously stubbornly fought with him: Kolomna, Kashira, Suzdal, Galich and Vladimir [1].


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

More and more supporters were gained by the impostor among the urban poor, slaves and Cossacks, while many nobles who were in the Kaluga camp left the impostor and went to serve Vladislav in Moscow.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The real threat from the impostor prompted the Semiboyarshchyna to a closer alliance with Zholkevsky; the boyars allowed the hetman to pass through Moscow - in order to repel the “thief”.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Under the onslaught of the crown hetman, False Dmitry II was forced to return to Kaluga.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The death of False Dmitry II


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Kaluga camp became more and more involved in the war against Polish invaders.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Having entered the fight against recent allies, False Dmitry II led it decisively and mercilessly.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

By early September, the impostor's detachments recaptured Kozelsk, Meshchovsk, Pochep and Starodub from the Poles [1].


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The Russian population began to see the Kaluga “thief” as the only force capable of resisting foreign conquerors.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Kazan and Vyatka swore allegiance to him.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Emissaries of False Dmitry II openly agitated the people against Vladislav.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

In the market squares, guards and nobles repeatedly grabbed such agitators, but the crowd beat them off by force.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

At the same time, an atmosphere of cruelty and suspicion reigned in the Kaluga camp of the impostor.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Every day False Dmitry II felt more and more distrust of his boyar environment.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

More and more courtiers were executed on suspicion of treason.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The image of the reign of False Dmitry II acquired features of similarity with the oprichnina of Ivan IV the Terrible, which caused the death of the impostor.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

People were captured at the slightest suspicion, brutally tortured and killed.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The Provisional Government of Semiboyarshchina, with the support of the Poles, launched an offensive against the Kaluga camp.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

It expelled the governor of the impostor from Serpukhov and Tula and posed a threat to Kaluga.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

However, in early December 1610, Ataman Zarutsky inflicted a crushing defeat on Jan Sapega, to whom Sigismund III assigned the role of a strike force in the fight against the Kaluga “thief”, and the Tatar prince Pyotr Urusov defeated a Polish company and brought many prisoners to Kaluga.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Every day, by order of the Kaluga Tsar, the Cossacks committed a brutal reprisal against captured Poles.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

The Cossacks captured the royal nobles and soldiers, took them to Kaluga and drowned them there.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitry II began to prepare for a retreat to Voronezh, closer to the Cossack outskirts.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

According to the plan of the Kaluga “tsar”, Voronezh was to become the new royal capital.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

After that, the impostor hoped to push Tatars and Turks to invade Moscow and thus improve his affairs.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

But False Dmitry II was killed by Tatar Prince Peter Urusov (who avenged the Kasimov tsar secretly executed by the impostor).


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Back in the fall of 1610, Kasimov Khan Uraz-Muhammad and False Dmitry had a conflict.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

His relative, the head of the guard of False Dmitry, baptized Tatar Pyotr Urusov, stood up for the Kasimov ruler.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Khan was killed, and Urusov was imprisoned for 6 weeks, after leaving which, however, he was reinstated in office.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

During one of False Dmitry's walks outside Kaluga, taking advantage of the fact that False Dmitry had Tatar guards and only a few boyars with False Dmitry, Pyotr Urusov took revenge on False Dmitry — “riding to the sleigh on horseback, cut the king with a sword, and his younger brother cut off the king's hand” [4].


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

According to the New Chronicler, the murder caused great indignation in the city, while False Dmitry was buried in Kaluga in the wooden Trinity Church (In Kaluga, however, he was interested in the fact that Prince. Peter Urusov killed the thief, excited by the hail of everything and the Tatar beat everything that were in Kolug; he took his thief's head and buried honestly in the cathedral church at the Trinity) [5].


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Currently, the burial place of False Dmitry is unknown.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Big sovereign title of False Dmitry II


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

We, Dimitri Ivanovich, Emperor of Russia, Lord and Autocrat of the Moscow State, Tsar of the entire Grand Duchy of Russia, Sovereign God-given, God-chosen, God-protected, God-anointed and ascended above all other Rulers, like another Israel, led and overshadowed by the Power of God, the Christian Emperor from the sunrise and the west, and many areas, the Sovereign and Lord.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

[6] [7]


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

See also


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitry I


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitry III


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitry IV


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Notes


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Literature


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Skrynnikov R. G. Three False Dmitri.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Skrynnikov R. G. “Hard times”.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Soloviev S. M. The history of Russia since ancient times, volume 8 of chapter 4-7.


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

(per.)


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Category:Impostors of Russia


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Category:Impostors of the Time of Troubles


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Category:Candidates for the Russian throne


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Category:Tushino camp


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Category:Vasily Shuisky


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Category:History of Bryansk Oblast


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Category:History of Kaluga Oblast


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Category:Deaths by stabbing


Question: Under what circumstances did False Dmitri II die?

False Dmitry II

Category:1607 in the Russian Federation


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Granada (Spanish: Granada [aˈnaða]) is a city and municipality in Spain, the capital of the province of Granada in the autonomous community of Andalusia.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

The municipality is part of the district (comarca) of Vega de Granada.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

It covers an area of 88.02 km².


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Granada has a population of 234,325 (2009).


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

History


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Granada has been known as the Iberian and Phoenician settlement of Iliberra since 500 BC.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Due to its protected location among the surrounding mountains and very fertile land, it is assumed that villages exist here even in ancient times.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

After the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans, the existence of a settlement under the name of Iliberra is proved in writing.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the region fell under the influence of the North African state of vandals, after its collapse in 534 for several decades under the rule of Byzantium.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Since the beginning of the 7th century it belonged to the Iberian state of the Visigoths


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Emirate of Granada


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

In 711, the city was captured by the Moors, and it was called Ilbir in the Arabic manner.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

As the capital of the province in 756, the city of Madinat Ilbira was founded 10 km to the northeast, while the area of the old settlement became known as Kalat Garnata, from where the modern city name.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

After the fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba in 1012, power over the city passed to the Berber ruler Zavi ibn Ziri, who made Granada the seat of the Zirid dynasty, who ruled it for 80 years, making it one of the most prosperous states in southern Andalusia.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

After their overthrow, Granada was dominated by the Almoravid dynasty, followed by the Nasrid Sultanate (from 1238 to 1492).


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

At the court of the latter, the noble Abenserags played a prominent role.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

The End of the Reconquista


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

On January 2, 1492, the Nasrid ruler Mohammed XII (Boabdil) surrendered to the Spaniards besieging Granada and handed over the city, which was the last stronghold of Islam on the peninsula, to Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

This event marked the end of the long process of Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula by the Christian world.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

According to the agreement concluded at the time of surrender, the Catholic army escorted the Moorish population to the coast, from where they went to North Africa, into present-day Morocco.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Although the surrender treaty initially guaranteed loyalty to the defeated, the Spaniards soon began to oppress the population, restricting their freedom, increasing taxes and forcibly converting Christianity [1].


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

On March 31, 1492, in Granada's Alhambra Palace, Catholic kings Ferdinand and Isabella signed the famous decree on the expulsion of Jews from the territory of their kingdom, named after the place signing (El Decreto de la Alhambra or Edicto de Granada) [2].


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

In 1499, in the central square of Bibarrambla in Granada, on the instructions of Archbishop Jimenez de Cisneros of Toledo, about ten thousand treatises on Islamic theology, copies of the Koran and other essays.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

The archbishop preserved only 300 manuscripts on philosophy, history, medicine and natural sciences, some of which were transferred to the College of San Idelfonso in Alcala.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Magnificent manuscripts and masterpieces of calligraphic art were burned [3].


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

At the same time, there was a pogrom of the non-Christian population.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

The Jewish Quarter (La Juderia), which existed in the city for several centuries, was mostly destroyed.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

The decline in handicraft production in Granada was also affected by the expulsion of the former Muslim population in subsequent years, when, after the uprising of 1568, most of the Morisks were destroyed or evicted.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

In the following centuries, Granada's importance as a trade and cultural center decreased markedly, especially due to its loss of its status as the capital of an independent state.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Since 1492, Granada has been the center of the archbishopric, and in 1531 a university was founded there (before that, the city had a madrasah founded in 1349), which, especially in the 20th century, was the main the city's source of income.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

To this day, Granada University is one of the most prestigious in Spain and Europe.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

After the end of Franco's dictatorship, tourism became increasingly important.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

sights


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Granada is famous for its many historical architectural monuments inherited from the Moor era, as well as the Gothic and Renaissance periods.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

In addition, the city is known for its workshops and workshops of guitar builders.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Among the most striking monuments of the Moor period not only in Granada, but throughout Spain, is the architectural ensemble of the Alhambra.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

It was built in the 14th century as the residence of the Nasrid.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

In the 16th century, by order of King Charles V, a palace was built on the territory of the Alhambra, for which parts of the original buildings were destroyed.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Out of respect for Charles V, the Spanish authorities still refuse to excavate.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

In addition to the Alhambra, Granada's attractions include the medieval walls and Generalife Gardens, which were the summer residence of the emirs.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

The Alhambra and Albayzin, an ancient residential quarter of the Moors, are now part of the UNESCO world cultural heritage.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

In nearby Sacromonte, you can visit the so-called “cuevas” (caves) where gypsies lived.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Sometimes people still live in them, and some of them are even surprisingly equipped with modern amenities.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

The Renaissance cathedral is located in the city center.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Next to it is the royal chapel, built in 1521, where their Catholic Majesties Isabella and Ferdinand rest.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

In addition, Granada has an observatory and.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Criminality


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

The Basque terrorist organization ETA has carried out a number of terrorist acts on the territory of Granada.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

On 10 February 1997, Domingo Puente Marin, leader of the Granada labor movement, was blown up in his car.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

In 2000, Luis Portero García, a judge of the Supreme Court of Justice of Andalusia, was assassinated.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Sister cities


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Florence (Italian: Firenze), Italy


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Belo Horizonte (Portuguese: Belo Horizonte), Brazil (1975) [4]


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Sharjah (Arabic: Spain), UAE [5]


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Notable natives


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Pedro de Mena is the largest sculptor of the 17th century, born and worked in Granada.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Alfonso Ceron (1535-1575) was a Spanish clergyman, chess player and chess theorist, participant of the first international chess tournament in history.


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

See also


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

The 2015 Winter Universiade was held in Granada from February 4 to February 14, 2015 [6].


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Notes


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

References


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

(in Russian)


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Granada maps


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Category:Municipalities in Granada


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Category:Cities in Granada


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Category:Winter Universiade capitals


Question: When was Granada built?

Granada

Category:University cities in Spain


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Repair (from Latin: reparatio - repair) is a special function of cells, which consists in the ability to correct chemical damage and breaks in DNA molecules damaged during normal DNA biosynthesis in a cell or as a result of exposure to physical or chemical reagents.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

It is carried out by special cell enzyme systems.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

A number of hereditary diseases (e.g. xeroderma pigmentosa) are associated with impaired repair systems.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Discovery history


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

The study of repair began with the work of Albert Kellner (USA), who in 1948 discovered the phenomenon of photoreactivation — a reduction in damage to biological objects caused by ultraviolet (UV) rays, with subsequent exposure to bright visible light (light repair).


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

R. Setlow, K. Rupert (USA) and others soon found that photoreactivation is a photochemical process that occurs with the participation of a special enzyme and leads to the breakdown of thymine dimers formed in DNA during absorption of UV quantum.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Later, when studying the genetic control of the sensitivity of bacteria to UV light and ionizing radiation, dark repair was discovered - the ability of cells to eliminate damage in DNA without participation visible light.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

The mechanism of dark repair of bacterial cells irradiated with UV light was predicted by A. P. Howard-Flanders and experimentally confirmed in 1964 by F. Hanawalt and D. Petidjohn (USA).


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

It has been shown that after irradiation, bacteria cut out damaged areas of DNA with altered nucleotides and resynthesis of DNA in the gaps formed.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Repair systems exist not only in microorganisms, but also in animal and human cells, from which they are studied on tissue cultures.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

A hereditary human ailment is known - pigmented xeroderma, in which repair is disturbed.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Thomas Lindahl, Aziz Shankar and Paul Modric received the 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their research in the field of DNA repair methods [1] [2].


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Sources of DNA damage


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Ultraviolet radiation


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Radiation


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Chemicals


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

DNA replication errors


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Apurination — cleavage of nitrogenous bases from the sugar-phosphate backbone


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Deamination — cleavage of an amino group from a nitrogenous base


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

The main types of DNA damage


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Single nucleotide damage


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Nucleotide pair damage


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Double-stranded and single-stranded DNA chain breaks


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Cross-linking between the bases of the same strand or of different DNA strands


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Repair system device


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Each of the repair systems includes the following components:


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

DNA helicase is an enzyme that “recognizes” chemically altered areas in the chain and breaks the chain near damage;


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

exonuclease is an enzyme that removes a damaged area;


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes the corresponding part of the DNA chain instead of the removed one;


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

DNA ligase is an enzyme that closes the last bond in the polymer chain and thereby restores its continuity.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Types of reparations


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Bacteria have at least 3 enzyme systems that repair — direct, excisive and post-replicative.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

In eukaryotes, Mismatch and SOS repair are added to them.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Direct reparation


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Direct repair is the easiest way to repair damage in DNA, which usually involves specific enzymes that can quickly (usually in one stage) eliminate the corresponding damage by restoring the original nucleotide structure.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

This is the effect, for example, of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, which removes the methyl group from the nitrogenous base to one of the cysteine's own residues.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Excision repair


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Excision repair (English: excision) involves removing damaged nitrogen bases from DNA and then restoring the normal structure of the molecule along a complementary chain.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

The enzymatic system removes a short single-strand sequence of double-stranded DNA containing mistakenly paired or damaged bases and replaces them by synthesizing a sequence complementary remaining thread.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Excision repair is the most common method of repairing modified DNA bases.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

It is based on the recognition of the modified base by various glycosylases that break down the N-glycoside bond of this base with the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA molecule.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

At the same time, there are glycosylases that specifically recognize the presence of certain modified bases in DNA (oxymethyluracil, hypoxanthin, 5-methyluracil, 3-methyladenine, 7-methylguanine, etc.) .


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

For many glycosylases, polymorphism has now been described associated with the replacement of one of the nucleotides in the coding sequence of the gene.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

A number of isoforms of these enzymes have been associated with an increased risk of cancer [Chen, 2003].


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Another type of excision repair is nucleotide excision repair, designed for larger injuries, such as the formation of pyrimidine dimers.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Post-replicative reparation


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

The type of repair that takes place in cases where the excision repair process is insufficient to completely correct the damage: after replication to form DNA containing damaged areas, single-chain gaps are formed, which are filled during homologous recombination using the ReCa protein [3].


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Post-replicative repair was discovered in E. coli cells that are unable to split thymine dimers.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

This is the only type of repair that does not have a stage of recognizing the damage.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Interesting facts


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

It is believed that 80% to 90% of all cancers are associated with the lack of DNA repair [4].


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

DNA damage due to environmental factors, as well as normal metabolic processes occurring in the cell, occurs at a frequency of several hundred to 1,000 cases per cell, every hour [5].


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

In fact, errors in repair occur as often as in replication, and even more often under certain conditions.


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

In germ cells, complex repair associated with homologous recombination does not occur due to the haploid genome of these cells [6].


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Notes


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

See also


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Radiation-induced foci


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

DNA damage


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Cell cycle


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Gene therapy


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Primary radiobiological processes


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Progeria


Question: What device can be used to study enzymes?

DNA repair

Category:DNA repair


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

This is an article about a series of video games.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

For information on the medical effect, see the article Mass effect (medicine).


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The Mass Effect series is a collection of works of art (computer games, books and comics) based on the fictional Mass Effect universe.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The original trilogy of games and related content takes place in the 22nd century.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

On June 15, 2015, a new game in the series was announced, the main events of which will unfold in 600 years in the Andromeda Galaxy.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Games


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Four main games in the series and two additional games were released.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

All parts of the series are distributed in Russia with an original audio track and Russian subtitles.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The first game, “Mass Effect”, was the only part that was dubbed into Russian, but the dubbing was perceived negatively, so the issue of dubbing the next games was never raised.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Captain Shepard Trilogy


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

In the first three parts of the series, the main character is the captain of the Normandy spacecraft Shepard.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The main storyline of the entire trilogy is Shepard's struggle with the Reapers.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The first game in the series.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The game takes place in the XXII century.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Captain Shepard, the main character of the game, goes on a mission aimed at delivering an artifact of the ancient civilization Protean, found by archaeologists in one of the human colonies of Eden Prime.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

During the quest, the archaeological site is attacked by the Goths, an artificial race, who also try to capture the artifact.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

After preventing the destruction of the colony, Shepard finds the artifact.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

This artifact shows Shepard's apocalyptic vision, in which the captain watches the destruction of the Protean civilization by ancient machines known as the Reapers.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

With this knowledge, Shepard, along with a loyal team of races, must stop Saren, a former member of the elite SPECTRUM group, who intends to return the Reapers to the Galaxy.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The game was released on Xbox 360 in November 2007, on PC in the summer of 2008, and only in December 2012 on PS3.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

This game has two downloadable add-ons:


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Death from Heaven was released on March 10 for Xbox 360 and for PC on July 29, 2008.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Here, Captain Shepard (y) will have to stop Batarian terrorists who intend to collide asteroid x-57 with the colony of the Terra Nova Alliance;


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Vershina Station was released on August 26, 2009.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Includes several maps with different scenarios in the combat simulator at Vershina Station.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect 2


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Continuation of the series


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Shepard (y) will have to investigate the disappearance of the population of small human colonies.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

In the course of the investigation, it turns out that Collectors are behind the kidnappings, a little-studied race that hardly comes into contact with anyone.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Shepard gathers a team and goes on a suicide mission.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The game was released on Xbox 360 and PC in January 2010.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

It was released on PS3 in January 2011.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The following game additions were released for the game:


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Zayed - The Price of Revenge is the first DLC to the game.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

It became available immediately after Mass Effect 2 was released. Assigns a new teammate to the team Shepard (a), the famous bounty hunter Zayed Massani;


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

“Normandy crash site;


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Lord of the Flame mission pack was released on March 23, 2010.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Kasumi - Stolen Memory DLC is available for download on April 6, 2010.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Provides a new teammate to the team Shepard (a), Kasumi Goto's best thief in the Galaxy.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Overlord is a DLC released in June 2010.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Captain Shepard travels to Cerberus Laboratories on the planet Aita to stop the out-of-control VI “Lord”.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Gray Mediator's Lair is the first story DLC linking ME 2 and ME 3 events. The add-on was made available for download on September 7, 2010.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Captain Shepard and Liara T`Soni must find the most powerful information merchant in the Galaxy, the Gray Broker.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Arrivals is an expansion pack that was released on March 29, 2011.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

“Arrival” is a storyline DLC for Mass Effect 2, where Shepard (y) will have to stop or postpone the imminent invasion of the Reapers.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The add-on links the events of the second part to Mass Effect 3.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect 3


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The final part of the trilogy.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Throughout the game, Shepard (y) will have to enlist the support of other races in the galaxy to unite fleets and repel the attack of the Reapers.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The game was released in March 2012 on Xbox 360, PS3, and PC.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

It was released on Wii U in November of the same year.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The game also has several downloadable add-ons:


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Out of the Ashes — The DLC was released on the day the game was released.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Provides a new teammate to Shepard's team, the last proteane named Yavik.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

“Extended Cut” was released on June 26, 2012 on PC and Xbox 360, and released on PS3 on July 4.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Leviathan was released on August 28, 2012.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Shepard (y) will have to find a mysterious Leviathan who can help defeat the Reapers and discover the mystery of their origin.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Omega was released on November 27, 2012.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Captain Shepard, along with pirate queen Aria T`Loak, must recapture the Omega station, which is captured by the forces of Cerberus.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Citadel is the latest story expansion for Mass Effect 3. In this expansion, Shepard (y), along with a loyal team, will have to uncover a conspiracy aimed at eliminating the captain of the Normandy.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The expansion was released on March 5, 2013.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Additional games


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect Galaxy - the action takes place after the first part and before the start of the second, was released in the summer of 2009 on iPhone and iPod Touch.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect Infiltrator — the action takes place in parallel with the third part.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

It was released in March 2012 on iOS and Android.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

In 2013, on Windows Phone 8.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Continuation


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The development of the next game in the Mass Effect universe became known in September 2012.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The developers announced that Captain Shepard's story is over, and he will not participate in the new part [1].


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The fourth part of the series was developed on the Dragon Age: Inquisition engine and uses some of the developments of this game [2].


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

In December 2013, a working version of the game was ready [3].


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

At E3 2015, the title of the game, Mass Effect: Andromeda, was announced.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The release of the new part of “Mass Effect” took place on March 21, 2017.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Books


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

At the moment, six books have been published.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The opening, the first book, was published on May 1, 2007.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

It tells about the events that took place long before the events of the first part of Mass Effect.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The Ascent is the second book published on July 29, 2008.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The action takes place right after the first part of Mass Effect.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Retribution, the third book, was released on July 31, 2010.