Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

She later explained that the only reason she agreed to the role was that she was given the opportunity to sing there [36].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In the same year, she played the late American actress Marion Davis in Death in Hollywood (2001) directed by Peter Bogdanovich.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Derek Alley in Variety described the film as “fun and intense”, also saying that it was Dunst's best work so far: “She is equally believable as a spoiled wife and mistresses of two different men. Dunst gives his heroine, a frivolous heroine, considerable depth and sympathy” [37].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In Esquire magazine, Tom Carson described her work as “amazing.”


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

For this role, she won the Silver Ombu Award for Best Actress in March 2002 at the Mar del Plata Film Festival [38].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

2002—2009: Spider-Man and After


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In 2002, Dunst appeared in the superhero film Spider-Man, the most successful film of her career so far, playing the role of Mary Jane Watson, the protagonist's best friend and lover, played by Tobey Maguire.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

The film was directed by Sam Raimy.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Owen Gleiberman “Entertainment Weekly” appreciated Dunst's ability to “convey even the slightest line of delicate music” [39].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In the Los Angeles Times, critic Kenneth Taren concluded that: “Dunst and Maguire depicted the real love between them on the screen and that it was their relationship that attracted viewers” [40] [41].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Spider-Man was commercially very successful, grossing $114 million at the box office during its first weekend in North America, and $822 million worldwide [21] [42].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

After the success of Spider-Man, Dunst starred in the independent drama Repentance (2003), where she played a supporting role [43].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In the same year, she starred in the star film Mona Lisa Smile, which also stars Julia Roberts, Maggie Gyllenhaal and Julia Stiles.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

The film received mostly negative reviews [44].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Manola Dargis in the Los Angeles Times describes the film as “presumptuous and simple” [45].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Dunst then appears in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004), along with Jim Carrey, Kate Winslet, Tom Wilkinson, Mark Ruffalo and Elijah Wood [46].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

This film received positive reviews and grossed $72 million worldwide [47] [48].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

The success of the first Spider-Man forced Dunst to return to his role in 2004 in Spider-Man 2 [49].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

The film received good reviews from critics and is financially successful, grossing $783 million at the box office, setting a record and becoming the second highest-grossing film in 2004 [21] [50].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

That same year, she plays a rising tennis star at the Wimbledon Championships, along with Paul Bettany, who played a tennis star at the end of his career in the romantic comedy at Wimbledon.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Critical reviews were varied [51], but many enjoyed Dunst [52] [53].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Claudia Pig wrote in USA Today that Dunst and Bettany had a good understanding, and that Dunst did a good job as a daring and self-confident tennis player [54].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In 2005, she appeared as flight attendant Claire Colburn along with Orlando Bloom in Elizabethtown, directed and screenwriter Cameron Crowe.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

This film premiered in 2005 at the Toronto Film Festival.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Dunst said that she really enjoyed working with Crowe and that he was more demanding than she expected [8].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

The film received a variety of reviews [55], “Chicago Tribune” described Dunst's heroine as “boring” [56], it was a box office disappointment [57].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Dunst's next role was a role in the Queen of France biopic Marie Antoinette (2005).


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

This film is an adaptation of Antonia Fraser's book Marie Antoinette: The Journey [58] [59].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

This film was the second for the creative duo of actress Kirsten Dunst and director Sofia Coppola.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2006 [60].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

The film's international revenues amounted to $45 million, out of a total of 60 million [61].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In 2007, she again played the role of Mary Jane Watson in Spider-Man 3.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Unlike previous films, which received positive reviews [42] [50], the third part of the film was received ambiguously by critics [63].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

However, the film grossed $891 million at the box office, becoming the most commercially successful part of the entire trilogy, and Dunst's highest-grossing film until 2008 [21].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Kirsten initially signed a three-part contract for Spider-Man, and she said she agreed with the fourth part, but only if Raimi and Maguire also participated in the project [64].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In January 2012, it was announced that the franchise would be relaunched, so Dunst, Maguire, and Raimi would not participate in the project [65] [66].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In 2008, Dunst starred with Simon Pegg in How to Lose Friends and Make Everyone Hate You, based on the biography of the former editor of Vanity Fair of the same name.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

After Kirsten signed, she admitted that she joined the project because Pegg was supposed to star in the film [68].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

2010—present: New projects and debut as a director


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Since 2010, Dunst began working in the direction of short films, the film “Bastard”, which premiered in 2012 at the Tribeca Film Festival [69], and later screened at Cannes film festival” [70].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Her next role was the lead role in the romantic drama “All the Best”, which also starred actor Ryan Gosling.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Dunst played the missing wife, a mentally unhealthy guy who was the son of one of the richest real estate owners in New York at the time [71].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

The film received good reviews [72], but failed at the box office, grossing $644,535 [21].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In 2011, Dunst starred in the science fiction film Melancholy as a young woman anticipating the end of the world.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

The film, which also stars Charlotte Gensburg, Kiefer Sutherland and Charlotte Rampling, premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2011.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

The film received positive reviews from critics, who also praised Dunst's work.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Stephen Loeb of Southampton Patch wrote: “This film brought the best to Lars von Thier and his stars. Dunst played her role so well in this film, unlike others she never tries... Even if the film is not an incredible work of art, this Dunst was enough to recommend it” [73].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Sukhdev Sandhu wrote from Cannes in “The Daily Telegraph”: “Dunst is exceptional, and so convincing in the lead role, you can immediately feel that this is her career breakthrough” [74].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Dunst won several awards for her work, including Best Actress in Cannes and Best Actress in the United States at the National Society of Film Critics [75] [76] [77].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Dunst signed a contract to film Sweet Help, in which she will play the role of Marla Ruzicka, an American activist who was killed by a suicide bomber in Baghdad [78] [79].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

She also expressed interest in the role of Debbie Hari, Blondie frontman in Michel Gondry's biopic about the band [80] [81].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In 2012, Dunst appeared in Juan Diego Solanz's romantic science fiction film Parallel Worlds, in which she co-starred with Jim Sturgess [82].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Dunst also starred in the short film “Bakery Assault Again” with Brian Geraghty [83].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Dunst also joined Kristen Stewart, Sam Riley and Garrett Hedlund in On the Road (2012) [84].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

She starred in a cameo role in the short film English: Fight for Your Right Revisited, which premiered in 2011 at the Sundance Film Festival.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In September 2011, Dunst finished acting in the independent comedy “The Bachelors” produced by Will Ferrel and Adam McKay.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

It is also reported that she joined Clive Owen and Orlando Bloom in an international thriller called Cities.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Dunst will also star with Mark Ruffalo and Billy Crudup in the drama Red Light, which began filming in January 2013.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In 2015, Kirsten starred in the second season of Fargo [87], for which she was nominated for an Emmy and Golden Globe Awards in 2016, for Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV movie”.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In 2016, Kirsten starred in the film Midnight Special [88] [89].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In May 2016, Kirsten Dunst was a member of the main competition jury at the 69th Cannes Film Festival [90].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Currently, the actress stars in a remake of a film directed by Don Siegel starring Clint Eastwood.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

The film's guest stars include Colin Farrell, Oona Lawrence and Elle Fanning.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

The film is directed by Sofia Coppola.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

A wounded Northerner soldier finds himself in a boarding school for girls during the Civil War in the United States at the enemy's disposal.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

He is saved by Confederate girls.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Pupils of the school take care of the patient, but gradually fall under his charm and fight for him, which leads to tragic consequences [91].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In May 2016, Kirsten Dunst announced his upcoming directorial debut in The Glass Hood (2018), starring Dakota Fanning [92] [93].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

music


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Dunst made her singing debut in 2001, when she performed two songs for the film “Love Virus” written by Mark Shaman [94].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

She also recorded a song for the filming of Death in Hollywood, and she performed the jazz song “When You Leave” by Henry Kremer and Turner Leighton [64] [95].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In Spider-Man 3, she sings two songs, on behalf of her character Mary Jane Watson, one in a Broadway musical, the other as a waitress at a jazz club [64] [96].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Dunst later said that she had recorded these songs earlier and sang to the soundtrack on the set [64].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In 1998, she starred in Anathema's Inner Silence video, where she demonstrated outstanding acting skills.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

She also appeared in the Savage Garden video for the song “I Knew I Loved You” and R.E.M. [97].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

“We All Go Back to Where We Belong”, and she also performed two songs, “This Old Machine” and “Summer Day”, for Jason Schwartzman's solo album “Nighttiming”, which was released in 2007 [98] [99].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In an interview with “The Advertiser” magazine, Dust said that she does not plan to follow in the footsteps of other actors and record her solo album, saying, “Definitely not, by no means. This was normal when Barbra Streisand did it, but now it looks a little decrepit. I think it will be better when singers sing in the movies” [7].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Dunst also sang Magjokko's sorceress's song “Turning Japanese” in Takashi Murakami and Makji's short film “Akihabara Majokko Princess”.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

The painting was shown at the Popular Life exhibition at the Tate Modern Museum in London.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

They show Dunst galloping around Akihabara.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Tokyo's crowded shopping district, the exhibition took place from October 1, 2009 to January 17, 2010 in London [100] [101] [102].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Other activities


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Policy


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In the 2004 US presidential election, Dunst supported Democratic candidate John Kerry [103].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Four years later, in the 2008 election, Democrat Barack Obama [9] [104].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Dunst said that she had supported Obama from the very beginning of his presidential campaign [105].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In support of this, she sent the documentary “Why Tuesday”, explaining the tradition of the United States to vote on Tuesdays [105] [106].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

She also explained that Tuesday is “not a holiday, and the United States, one of the most democratic countries, should come to the vote on November 4” [105].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

She knew how important it was to “influence people in a positive way” [106].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Philanthropy


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Her philanthropic work includes the Elizabeth Glazer Childhood AIDS Foundation, where she helped design and promote a special necklace that went to this fund [107].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

She also helps fight breast cancer, in September 2008, she participated in the Stand Up to Cancer telethon to help raise funds to speed up the research process for the disease [108] [ 109].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

On December 5, 2009, she participated in Teletón in Mexico to help raise funds for cancer treatment and rehabilitation for children [110].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Personal life


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Dunst was treated for depression in early 2008 at the Cirque Lodge Center in Utah.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

[111] [112] She explained that she felt very depressed six months before she went to the clinic.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

[111] At the end of March, she checked out of the center and started filming All the Best.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In May of the same year, she openly spoke about the treatment to the press to dispel rumors related to her treatment for drug and alcohol addiction: “Now that I feel much stronger, I'm ready to talk about it. Depression is a very serious condition that should not be rumored about.”


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

[113] [114]


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Since 2011, Dunst has dual citizenship of the United States and Germany.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

[115] [116] [117] [118] [119]


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

relationships


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

From 2002 to 2004, Dunst dated actor Jake Gyllenhaal.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

[120] In 2007, she had an affair with Johnny Borrell, a member of Razorlight.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

[121] From 2012 to 2016, she dated actor Garrett Hedlund, a colleague in the film “On the Road”.


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In 2016, Dunst began dating actor Jesse Plemons, Fargo partner [123].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

In January 2017, it became known that the couple got engaged [124].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

They have a son, Ennis Howard Plemons (born May 3, 2018) [125] [126].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Filmography


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Director's works


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Awards and nominations


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

The full list of awards and nominations is available on IMDB.com [127].


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Awards and nominationsAwardYCategoryWorkResultGolden Globes1995Best Supporting Actress — MovieInterview with a Vampire2016Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV filmFargosaturn1995Best Young ActressInterview with a Vampire1996Best Young ActressJumangi2003Best Film ActressSpider-Man2012Best Film ActressMelancholiaCannes Film Festival2011Prize Best Actress MelancholiaEmmy2016Best Actress in a Miniseries or MovieFargosatellite2016Best Actress in a Television SeriesFargo2017Best Cast - MovieHidden FiguresMTV Movie Awards1995Breakthrough of the YearVampire Interview2003Best KissSpider-Man2003Best Actress Spiderman Screen Actors Guild Awards 2017Best Cast in a Feature MovieHidden FiguresTeen Choice Awards1999Best ActressPranksConspiracy 2000Best ActressVirgins Suicide 2001Best ActressMake Success 2001Best Combination of ActorsLove Virus2002Best Combination of ActorsMan- Spider2002Best Drama ActressSpider-Man2003Best KissSpider-Man 2004The Most Disgusting TypeMona Lisa's Baby2007Action ActressSpider-Man 3: The Enemy in ReflectionYoung Star Award2000Best young actressVirgin SuicideEmpire2003Best Actress Spider-Man Silver Ombu2002Best ActressDeath in HollywoodKids' Choice Awards2003Favorite Movie ActressMona Lisa's Baby2008Favorite Movie ActressSpider-Man 3: The Enemy in ReflectionPeople's Choice Awards2004Favorite Actress on the ScreenSpider-Man 22007Favorite Actress Starring Spider-Man 3: The Enemy in Reflection2008Favorite Actress on ScreenSpider-Man 3: The Enemy in ReflectionUSNational Society of Film Critics 2011Best Actress RoleMelancholyClotrudis2011Best ActressMelancholy Online Film Critics Society2011Best ActressesMelancholyChicago Film Critics Association2011Best Actress RoleMelancholyFilm Critics AssociationOhio 2011Best ActressMelancholyLos Angeles Film Critics Association2011Best ActressMelancholyLondon Film Critics Circle2011Best ActressMelancholyDallas Film Critics Association2011Best ActressMelancholia Rembrandt2011Best Foreign ActressMelancholy Film Critics Society New York2011Best ActressMelancholyaAacta Awards2011Best Actress RoleMelancholyBodil2011Best Actress RoleMelancholyKansas Film Critics Society2011Best Actress MelancholyEuropean Film Academy2011Best ActressMelancholy


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Notes


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

References


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Category:American child actors


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Category:US child models


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Category:Winners of the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Category: Winners of the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor in Feature Films


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Category:Critics' Choice Television Award winners


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Category:Saturn Award Winners for Best Actress


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Category:Young Actor Award winners


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Category:American feminists


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Category:AIDS activists


Question: How tall is Kirsten Caroline Dunst?

Kirsten Dunst

Democratic Party of the United States politicians


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

This article is about a Russian television series.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

For the American television series, see


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Interny is a Russian comedy television series (sitcom) dedicated to the work of interns.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

It was broadcast on TNT from March 31, 2010 to February 25, 2016.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Initially, it was planned to start broadcasting on March 29, 2010, but due to the terrorist attacks in the Moscow Metro, the premiere was postponed.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

The plot


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

The series is dedicated to the work of young inexperienced interns who constantly find themselves in funny and ridiculous situations.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Their head, the head of the therapeutic department Andrey Evgenievich Bykov, constantly makes fun of them.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Bykov is helped and watched the adventures of interns by his friend Ivan Natanovich Kupitman, the head of the dermatovenerological department, and Lyubov Mikhailovna, the head nurse of the therapeutic department Scriabin (later Margarita Pavlovna Korolyova).


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

The head physician Anastasia Konstantinovna Kisegach puts things in order in the hospital.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

In episode 56, Levin leaves for America, and in episode 67 he is replaced by a new intern Phil Richards.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

In episode 156, Varya leaves the internship, and in episode 161, a new intern Polina Ulyanova comes instead of her.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

In episode 179, three characters — Semyon Lobanov, Gleb Romanenko and Phil Richards — became doctors and Bykov takes on new interns.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

In episode 260, Levin returns from America.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

In episode 278, the “old guard” — Bykov, Kupitman, Lyuba and Kisegach — left the hospital and moved to St. Petersburg.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

They were replaced by a “young shift” — Levin, Phil, Lobanov and Romanenko.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

The plots, according to the creators of the series, are based on real medical practice [1].


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Characters


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

physicians


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Nurses


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Interns


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

The first line-up


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

New roster


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Secondary characters


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Olga Lobanova (Tatyana Lyannik) is Semyon Lobanov's wife.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Alisa Bykova (Maria Pirogova) is Bykov's daughter.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Irina Shemyakova (Lidia Arefieva) is a psychiatrist.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Pyotr (Maxim Artamonov) and Pavel (Mikhail Pavlik) are nurses of the therapeutic department.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Vera (Tatyana Mukhina) — Chief Physician's Secretary.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Galya (Elena Surkova) and Valya (Veronika Ris) are nurses of the therapeutic department.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Ivanich (Eduard Ablam) is an electrician at the hospital.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

David Takoev (Vadim Tsallati) is an anesthesiologist.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Anton Yaroslavsky (Andrey Andreev) is a businessman, one of Kisegach's gentlemen.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Marina Alexandrovna (Lyudmila Chursina) is Anastasia Kisegach's mother.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Igor (Roman Gredin) and Valera (Alexey Bogdanov) are doctors attached to Bykov to complete the department after the graduation of the first interns.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Gennady Petrovich (Sergei Makarov) — Head of the Admissions Department.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Ekaterina Vorobyova (Lyubov Sokolinskaya) — Phil's girlfriend, journalist.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Ilya Bykov (Anatoly Naumov) is the son of Bykov and Kisegach.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Yakov Kalinin (Alexander Nazarov) is Sofia Kalinina's father, Kupitman's cousin.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Pavel Korolev (Mikhail Samokhvalov) is Rita's father.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Viktor Romanenko (Mikhail Porechenkov) is a businessman, Anastasia Kisegach's first husband, father of Gleb Romanenko.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Guest celebrities


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Episodes


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Initially, TNT ordered 60 episodes [4].


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Season 1


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Season 2


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Season 3


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Season 4


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Season 5


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Season 6


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Season 7


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Season 8


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Season 9


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New Year Series No. 1


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Season 10


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Season 11


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New Year Series No. 2


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Season 12


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Season 13


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Season 14


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Documentaries


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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On June 12, 2012, TNT premiered the documentary “Interns. Medical history”.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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On September 26, 2013, TNT premiered the documentary “Interns. Full examination” [5].


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Production


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Scenario


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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The author of the idea of the series (Vyacheslav Dusmukhametov) is a graduate of the Chelyabinsk State Medical Academy.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Studying at this institution, as well as the subsequent internship in therapy and medical practice, became the source of jokes and situations of the series.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

A total of 18 people are working on the script, including graduates of the Chelyabinsk State Medical Academy, KVN participants [6].


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Scenery


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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The series was filmed in a specially built pavilion of My Studio LLC on the territory of the former plant.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Medicines and medical equipment in the frame are real, the equipment is decommissioned or leased [7].


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

The cognac in Dr. Kupitman's office is also real, but during the filming, the actor drinks tinted tea instead of alcohol, as Vadim Demchog does not drink at all [4].


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Picture


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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From the very beginning, the Red One ultra-high resolution digital movie camera has been used in the shooting process.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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However, “Interns” began to be released in HD only in 2013 [6].


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Sound


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Unlike most humorous series, “Interns” does not have voice-over laughter [6].


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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music


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Promuse recording studio (Igor Smirnov and Nazar Rovkov), as well as Gray Nightingales (Ivan Lubennikov and Alexander Privalov) and Mr. Bocha (Alexander Bochagov) are working on the music for the film.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

In addition, well-known classical works by Mozart, Tchaikovsky, Beethoven, Bizet, Wagner, Vivaldi, Liszt, Sarasate, Chopin and others are often used as musical design for the series composers, which, according to the producer, is one of the distinguishing features of the series [8].


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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References to other film and TV projects


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

Before the premiere, some journalists expressed the opinion that “Interns” is in many ways similar to the American television series “Clinic” and “House” [9] [10].


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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The creators of “Interns” do not deny this, although they position their series as an independent work [11].


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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An allusion to House M.D.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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In episode 35, Kisegach tells Bykov not to “include Dr. House.”


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Also in the series: Bykov tucks his leg and then walks with a cane and throws a tennis ball, in the resident's room there is a board with symptoms of the patient's illness written on it, Lobanov and Romanenko suggest a diagnosis of “lupus”, the phrase “everyone lies” is repeatedly heard (Dr. House's favorite statement is English: Everybody lies).


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

At the end of the episode, it is shown that the idea of the series “House” arose after the conversation of the “Hollywood screenwriter” with Bykov.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

In episode 56, Levin tells Kisegach that he was offered an internship at Princeton Plainsboro Clinic (a fictional hospital in House, M.D.), and the clinic is also mentioned by Lyuba in episode 149, when is going to see Levin in America.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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In episode 62, Kupitman calls Bykov “Dr. Lupus”.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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In the 122 series, Bykov buys a Honda CBR motorcycle, like House.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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In addition, both House and Bykov have an accident on a motorcycle: House - in episode 19 of season 5 (105 episodes), Bykov - in series 140.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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In episodes 2-4 of season 10, Bykov arranges a casting for the position of new interns.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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A similar situation was observed from season 1 to 9 of season 4 of House, when House arranges a knockout interview among 40 candidates.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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In the latest episode of the television series, Bykov and Kupitman go on motorcycles to St. Petersburg, which is a reference to House and Wilson's trip to the sea in the last episode.


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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References to other TV shows


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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In episode 79, Lobanov examines the analyzes of a certain Borodach A. R., whose surname and initials coincide with Mikhail Galustyan's character.


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Honors


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

Interns

On February 28, 2011, at the first Golden Rhino television award ceremony, the Interns series was recognized as the best situational comedy, and Ivan Okhlobystin and Svetlana Kamynina were awarded for acting [13] [14].


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In 2016, at the TEFI-2016 award, the series won the award in the nomination “Best Television Comedy/Sitcom”.


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See also


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Clinic


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Dr. House


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Notes


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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References


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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on IMDb (on December 22, 2015)


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URL—wikilink conflict (help)


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Check date values in: |date= (help)


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Check date values in: |date= (help)


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Category:Russian television series of the 2010s


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Category:Russian television series launched in 2010


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Category:Russian television series completed in 2016


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Category:Russian comedy television series


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Category:TNT TV series


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Category:Russian medical television series


Question: How much does analgin cost in Moscow in 2019?

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Category:TV sitcoms in Russia


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland), or German: Grundgesetz, for short, is the Constitution of Germany, which enshrines fundamentals of the country's legal and political system.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

The Basic Law was adopted in 1949 as a law temporarily replacing the constitution on the territory of the western occupation zones and then continued to apply in Germany, and since 1990 it has been full-fledged the Constitution of a united Germany.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

Fundamental civil rights have acquired special importance in the Basic Law of a country that has experienced National Socialism.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

Acceptance history


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

At a meeting of Ministers - Presidents of the eleven lands of the western zone of occupation, held from 8 to 10 July 1949 in Koblenz, it was decided not to establish a fully fledged State on the territory of Trizonia, which could finally consolidate the partition of Germany.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

Instead, it was decided to create a temporary state unit, which in no case should have the character of a state.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

For this reason, it was decided to adopt a basic law (German: Grundgesetz) instead of the constitution (German: Verfassung), which would ensure uniform administration of the western zones of occupation, and instead The Constitutional Assembly shall convene the Parliamentary Council.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

For the same reason, it was fundamentally rejected to hold a vote on the approval of the law in a nationwide referendum.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

Although the Western occupation powers from the very beginning advocated the adoption of a full-fledged constitution through a referendum, the ministerial presidents were able to defend their point of view [1].


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

Thus, the Basic Law was drafted as a document that was not a full-fledged constitution for the entire German people, but was conceived only as an interim law which, according to its own article 146, was to be subsequently replaced by a new full-fledged constitution adopted by the entire German people as a result of a referendum.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

Even the preamble to the basic law itself contained an indication of its temporary nature until the unification of Germany and the adoption of a new constitution [1] [2].


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

On 8 May 1949, the Parliamentary Council, the body created to draft the Basic Law, met in Bonn, at which the law was adopted by 53 votes to 12.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

The Chairman of the Parliamentary Council, Konrad Adenauer, was the first to sign the adopted document.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

In the following days, the Western occupying powers also approved the adoption of the Basic Law, and the land parliaments of ten of the eleven Länder (except Bavaria) of the western zone of occupation also voted for a new constitution.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

The text of the law was officially promulgated on May 23, 1949.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

This day was the birthday of the Federal Republic of Germany [3].


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

Articles 136, 137, 138, 139 and 141 of the Weimar Constitution were incorporated into the Basic Law in 1949 and are still in force.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

Other provisions of the Weimar Constitution, which did not contradict the Basic Law, acted as customary law of Germany until the 60s.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

Scope of the Basic Law


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

The Basic Law, which entered into force in 1949, indicated in article 23 that it did not initially extend to the whole of Germany, but only to specific German lands, and in other parts it would enter into action upon their accession to the scope of the Basic Law (German: Geltungsbereich des Grundesetzes).


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

Even then, this wording implied a possible expansion of the scope of the basic law.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

In 1952, Württemberg-Baden, Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern were merged into a single state of Baden-Württemberg.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

On January 1, 1957, after a referendum and the signing of the Treaty of Luxembourg with France, Germany and the scope of the basic law came under the French Saarland Protectorate — in the form of the land of Saarland [4].


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

Despite all these changes, the text of article 23, as well as the preamble to the Basic Law, remained unchanged until 1990, thus not naming the new Länder Baden-Württemberg and Saarland.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

The Berlin question occupied a special place in the basic law.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

On the one hand, Berlin was not listed in the preamble to the Basic Law as the territory whose people adopt this law, on the other hand, Greater Berlin (that is, formally even the whole of Berlin) was mentioned in article 23 as a territory within the original scope of the Basic Law.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

However, this contradicted the will of the occupying powers, which considered Berlin outside the scope of the basic law of Germany.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

For this reason, for example, all laws issued in Germany contained the so-called Berlin clause, which allows German laws to operate in West Berlin.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

After the peaceful revolution in the GDR, there were two ways to reunite Germany:


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

Germany's Basic Law

voluntary entry of the GDR into the scope of the “Basic Law” (under Article 23)


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

German Basic Law

the loss of force of the “basic law” and the adoption of a new “all-German” constitution by the entire German people in a referendum (under article 146).


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

German Basic Law

After the first free elections to the People's Chamber of the GDR in March 1990, parties advocating a “fast track” for German reunification under article 23 came to power in the GDR.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

German Basic Law

Already on August 23, 1990, the People's Chamber of the GDR decided to enter the GDR into the scope of the Basic Law of Germany, in accordance with Article 23 of this law [5].


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

German Basic Law

According to some early comments of the German Basic Law, article 23 guarantees all German states the unconditional right to enter the scope of this law, so Germany even theoretically could not deny the GDR a request to join. [6]


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

German Basic Law

Thus, over time, the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany was established as the Constitution of Germany, and since October 3, 1990 it has been the constitution of the entire German people, which the new wording of article 146 [7] adopted after 1990 also testifies.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

German Basic Law

Procedure for making changes


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

German Basic Law

The amendment of the Basic Law requires the support of both the Bundestag and the Bundesrat.


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

German Basic Law

At the same time, Article 1, which guarantees the observance of human rights, and Article 20, which describes the state principles of democracy, the rule of law and social state, cannot be changed [8].


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

German Basic Law

As a result of numerous amendments and additions, the text of the Basic Law, 60 years after its adoption, is three times larger than its original size and is becoming more and more complex [9].


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

German Basic Law

Notes


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

German Basic Law

References


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

German Basic Law

Category:German Constitutions


Question: When was the German Constitution adopted?

German Basic Law

Category:Germany


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The Bermuda Triangle (English: Bermuda Triangle) is an area in the Sargasso Sea (Atlantic Ocean), where mysterious disappearances of ships and aircraft and other anomalous phenomena.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The area is bounded by a triangle, the peaks of which are Miami, Bermuda and San Juan, Puerto Rico.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The area is very difficult to navigate: there are a large number of shoals, cyclones and storms often occur here.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Those who are of the opinion that mysterious disappearances in this area do occur put forward various hypotheses to explain them: from unusual weather events to abductions by aliens or residents of Atlantis.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Skeptics, however, argue that the disappearance of ships in the Bermuda Triangle does not occur more often than in other areas of the oceans and is due to natural causes.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The same opinion is shared by the US Coast Guard and the Lloyd's insurance market.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

History


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Associated Press correspondent Edward Van Winkle Jones first mentioned “mysterious disappearances” in this part of the world, calling the area the “devil's sea” in 1950.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The very phrase “Bermuda Triangle” was first used by writer Vincent Gaddis in 1964 in his article “The Deadly Bermuda Triangle” (English: The Deadly Bermuda Triangle) about a strange disappearance “link 19” published in the magazine “Argosi” [1].


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

In the late 60s and early 70s of the XX century, numerous publications about the mysteries of the Bermuda Triangle began to appear.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

In 1974, Charles Berlitz, a supporter of the existence of anomalous phenomena in the Bermuda Triangle, published the book “The Bermuda Triangle”, which collected descriptions of various mysterious disappearances in this neighborhood.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The book became a bestseller, and it was after its publication that the theory of the unusual properties of the Bermuda Triangle became especially popular.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Later, however, it was shown that some facts in Berlitz's book were misstated.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

In 1975, the skeptic realist published the book “The Bermuda Triangle: Myths and Reality” (Russian translation — M.: Progress, 1978), in which he argued that there is nothing supernatural and mysterious in this the area is not happening.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

This book is based on years of research on documents and interviews with eyewitnesses that have revealed numerous factual errors and inaccuracies in the publications of supporters of the existence of the mystery of Bermuda triangle.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Accidents


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Proponents of the theory mention the disappearance of about 100 large ships and aircraft over the past hundred years.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

In addition to disappearances, there are reports of serviceable ships abandoned by the crew, and other unusual phenomena, such as instantaneous movements in space, anomalies over time, etc. Lawrence Kouchet and other researchers have shown that some of these cases occurred outside the Bermuda Triangle.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

About some incidents, no information could be found in official sources at all.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Avengers link (departure No. 19)


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The most famous case mentioned in connection with the Bermuda Triangle is the disappearance of a link of five Avenger torpedo bombers.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

These aircraft took off from the US Navy Base in Fort Lauderdale on December 5, 1945 and did not return.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Their wreckage was not found.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

According to Berlitz, the squadron, consisting of 14 experienced pilots, mysteriously disappeared during a normal flight in clear weather over a calm sea.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

It is also reported that in radio conversations with the base, the pilots allegedly talked about inexplicable failures of navigation equipment and unusual visual effects — “we cannot determine the direction, and the ocean does not look like usual”, “we go down into white waters”.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

After the disappearance of the Avengers, other aircraft were sent to search for them, and one of them, the Martin Mariner seaplane, also disappeared without a trace.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

According to Kushe, in fact, the link consisted of cadets who performed a training flight.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The only experienced pilot was their instructor, Lieutenant Taylor, but he had only recently been transferred to Fort Lauderdale and was not familiar with the flight area.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The recorded radio conversations do not say anything about any mysterious phenomena.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Lieutenant Taylor reported that he lost his orientation and that both compasses failed.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Trying to determine his location, he mistakenly assumed that the link was over the Florida Keys, south of Florida, so he was asked to navigate the sun and fly north.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Subsequent analysis showed that, perhaps, in fact, the aircraft were much east and, sticking to the north, were moving parallel to the shore.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Poor radio communication conditions (interference from other radio stations) made it difficult to determine the exact position of the squadron.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

After a while, Taylor decided to fly west, but could not reach the shore, the planes ran out of fuel.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The crews of the Avengers were forced to try to land on the water.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

By that time, it was already dark, and the sea, according to reports from ships in the area at the time, was very turbulent.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

After it became known that Taylor's link had lost, other aircraft were sent to search for them, including two Martin Mariners.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

According to Kouche, this type of aircraft had a drawback, which was that fuel vapors penetrated into the cockpit and there was enough spark to cause an explosion.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The captain of the tanker Heine Mills (English: Gaines Mills) reported that he had observed an explosion and falling debris and then found an oil stain on the sea surface.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The C-119 with 10 crew members disappeared on June 6, 1965 in the Bahamas [2].


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The exact time and place of the disappearance is unknown, and his search did not yield anything.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Although the disappearance of the aircraft while flying across the Atlantic can be explained by many natural causes, this incident is often associated with alien kidnapping.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Attempts to explain


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Proponents of the mystery of the Bermuda Triangle have put forward several dozen different theories to explain the mysterious phenomena that, in their opinion, occur there.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

These theories include assumptions about the abduction of ships by aliens from space or Atlantis inhabitants, travel through holes in time or faults in space, and other paranormal causes.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

None of them have yet been confirmed.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Other authors are trying to provide a scientific explanation for these phenomena.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Their opponents claim that reports of mysterious events in the Bermuda Triangle are greatly exaggerated.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Ships and aircraft also disappear in other parts of the world, sometimes without a trace.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

A malfunction of the radio or the surprise of a catastrophe can prevent the crew from transmitting a distress signal.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Finding debris at sea is not an easy task, especially in a storm or when the exact location of the crash is not known.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Given the very busy traffic in the Bermuda Triangle, frequent cyclones and storms, the large number of shallows, the number of disasters that occurred here that have not been explained is not unusually large.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Moreover, the mere notoriety of the Bermuda Triangle can lead to the attribution of catastrophes that actually occurred far beyond its borders, thereby artificially distorting to statistics.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Methane emissions


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Several hypotheses have been proposed that explain the sudden death of ships and aircraft by gas emissions, for example, as a result of the decomposition of methane hydrate at the bottom of the sea.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

According to one such hypothesis, large bubbles form in the water, saturated with methane, in which the density is lowered so much that ships can not stay afloat and instantly sink.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

There is an assumption that once methane takes off, it can also cause aircraft crashes — for example, due to a decrease in air density, which leads to a decrease in lift and distortion of readings altimeters.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

In addition, methane in the air can cause engines to stop or explode.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Experimentally, the possibility of a fairly rapid (within tens of seconds) flooding of a ship that is at the border of gas release in the event that gas is released was really confirmed one bubble, the size of which is greater than or equal to the length of the ship [3] [4] [5].


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

However, the question of such gas emissions remains open.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

In addition, methane hydrate is located in other places in the world's oceans, where no mass cases of loss of ships have been recorded.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Wandering waves


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

It is suggested that the cause of death of some ships, including in the Bermuda Triangle, may be caused by so-called wandering waves, which are believed to reach a height of 30 meters [6].


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Infrasound


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

It is assumed that under certain conditions, infrasound can be generated at sea, which affects crew members, causing panic and hallucinations, as a result of which they leave the ship.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Notes


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Literature


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The Bermuda Triangle, Charles Berlitz.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

ISBN 0-385-04114-4


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved (1975).


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Lawrence David Kusche.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

ISBN 0-87975-971-2


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Russian translation: Lawrence D. Kush.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

The Bermuda Triangle: Myths and Reality.


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

— M.: Progress, 1978


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

References


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Lenta.ru


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Category:Anomalous zones


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Category:Atlantic Ocean


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Category:Urban legends


Question: Where is the Bermuda Triangle?

Bermuda Triangle

Category:Nautical legends


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The Russification of Belarus is a set of measures aimed at spreading the Russian language and Russian culture on the territory of Belarus.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

It was carried out by the authorities of the Russian Empire, at that time it was aimed at strengthening the position of Orthodoxy and the Russian language and at weakening the dominance of Polish culture established over previous centuries and Catholic Church [1].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

According to the terminology of that time, Russification meant strengthening the local culture of all three branches of the “all-Russian people”, while the main literary standard was considered the Russian language, while The Belarusian language was considered as its adverb, in which literature was also published [1].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

This term also includes the policy of the Soviet authorities to promote the Russian language on the territory of the Byelorussian SSR, which replaced the policy of Belarusization in the 1920s.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

in the Russian Empire


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Background


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

At the end of the 17th century, Western Russian, which was formerly the official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, was finally replaced by Polish [2].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Polish became the main written language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: it was used in central and local office work, culture, science, education, the Catholic Church, was the main the means of communication of most of the gentry, and as a second language to one degree or another it was owned by the majority of citizens and a significant part of the peasants [3].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

At that time, Western Russian-Polish bilingualism became widespread in oral communication [4].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

By the end of the XVIII century, most of the gentry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and a significant part of the townspeople were Polish-speaking, but 90% of the population of Belarusian lands were rural residents, who kept in their for the most part their native language.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

80 per cent of them were Uniates.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The Uniate clergy, on the other hand, was more Polish-speaking.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In addition to the Poles, who were a separate ethnic and linguistic unity, the bulk of the population remained who professed Uniatism and did not have a clear ethnic and linguistic self-awareness.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Residents called themselves either by region (Polotsk residents, Minsk residents, Poleshchuks, etc.), or more often “ordinary” people [5].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Reforms in education, records management and legal proceedings


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

On May 28, 1772, immediately after the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Empress Catherine II signed a decree according to which all governors of the former Polish provinces were obliged to draw up their sentences, decisions and orders are in Russian, not Polish.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

On May 8, 1773, Catherine II signed another decree “On the Establishment of Provincial and Provincial Zemstvo Courts in the Belarusian Provinces”, which once again noted the mandatory use of office work exclusively in the Russian language [6].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Catherine II sought to incorporate the annexed lands with other parts of the empire, but did so cautiously and gradually.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

After the defeat of Kosciuszko's uprising, this policy was pursued more stubbornly and persistently [7].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The Russian authorities did not recognize the existence of a separate Belarusian people and language; in addition to paperwork, school education was also translated from Polish into Russian.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Emperors Paul I and Alexander I did not take significant anti-Polish Russification measures, and therefore Polish influence on Belarusian lands quickly restored by the end of the first quarter of the 19th century exceeded Russian.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In 1803, in the process of education reform, the Vilna Educational District was formed, which included modern Lithuania, Belarus and right-bank Ukraine.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

It was headed by the Polish patriot Prince Adam Czartoryski.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

As a result, Polish remained the main language of instruction.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Russian was taught only at the request of students [8].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

After the Polish Uprising of 1830, the Russian government began to take decisive action aimed at disseminating the Russian language.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

On September 16, 1831, a special “Western Committee” was created, the task of which was “to equalize the Western Territory in all respects with the internal Great Russian provinces.”


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire Pyotr Valuev prepared a special “Essay on the Means of Russification of the Western Territory” for the Committee [9].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In 1832, Vilna University, founded by the Russian government in 1803 on the basis of the Main Vilna School, was closed, and attempts were made to destroy the Polish public education system.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

On the basis of Vilna University in 1833, the Kiev Imperial University of St.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Vladimir.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The policy of Nicholas I was aimed at returning more enhanced Russification and unification of lands [7].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

At the same time, Uniate and Basilian schools that contribute to the preservation of Polish and Belarusian culture [10] were closed.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Control over education by the Russian Orthodox Church has increased.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In addition, many Polish-speaking teachers were expelled, and immigrants from the central Russian provinces were sent to their place.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In 1836, the Polish language was banned in schools in Vitebsk and Mogilev provinces, and five years later in other Belarusian provinces.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

On June 25, 1840, Nicholas I issued a decree according to which all cases both on the government and judicial parts, not excluding cases of noble and deputy assemblies, as well as in general all acts, whatever they were not genus and names, they are carried out in accordance with the laws of the Russian Empire, and the Third Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania has been terminated [11].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

On July 18, 1840, Nicholas I personally forbade the use of the term “Belarusian and Lithuanian provinces” and ordered to call them Vitebsk, Mogilev, Vilna and Grodno provinces from now on.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In particular, a document containing the name “Belarusian and Lithuanian provinces” was submitted to the Emperor for signature.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

On the margins of this document, the emperor attributed (quote verbatim from the Law of July 18, 1840): “The rules of this should continue to be held, never prescribing otherwise than in the province” [12].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In this form, the document was sent as a normative document to the provincial governments [13].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

This fact is often considered as evidence of the anti-Belarusian policy of the Russian authorities, but the decree actually concerned only the renaming of administrative units within the Empire.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Outside official papers, the expressions “Belarusians” or “Belarusian dialect” continued to be used [14].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

For example, in 1855, in the printing house of the III Branch of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, Mikhail Bez-Kornilovich published the book “Historical Information about the Most Remarkable Places in Belarus with the addition of other information related to it.”


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The term “North-Western Territory” was officially used [15].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

But despite all these measures, the Polish language still occupied a leading position in the Belarusian provinces [14].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In the first years of the reign of Alexander II, certain concessions were made in the Russification processes, but the policy of unification and integration of Western provinces with other territories of the Russian Empire is still was still going on [7].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

According to the concept of the triune Russian people officially adopted in the Russian Empire, Russification was understood, among other things, as support for local Belarusian culture to weaken the dominant Polish [ 1].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The concepts of “Russian” and “Russification” were not opposed to local culture, but included it as one of the components [16] [1].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

At the same time, the Russian language was considered as the most developed literary standard, organic for the entire territory of historical Russia.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

After the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1863-1864, the process of Russification was activated by M. N. Muravyov, who saw Russification as a means of neutralizing tension in the North-Western Territory.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Special attention to M. N. Muravyov paid attention to the Russification of education [17].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

According to Muravyov, “it is necessary to constantly explain to everyone that the North-West region has always been and is Russian and that the Polish element is temporary, abandoned during the era of Polish rule” [18].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Due to the participation of students in the Polish uprising in 1863, the authorities closed and transferred to St. Petersburg the only higher educational institution in Belarus - the Gory-Goretsky Agricultural Institute, founded on by the decision of the Russian government in 1840 (restored in Gorki in 1919) [19].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

A large number of primary parochial schools were opened in Belarusian villages, education in which had an emphasized religious and Russification orientation.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

A number of teachers' seminaries were opened to train local teachers (the first teachers' seminary in the Russian Empire was opened in 1864 in Molodechno).


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Muravyov also invited Xenophon Govorsky, a representative of the conservative trend in Western Russianism, to Vilna and contributed to the transfer of his Kiev edition “Bulletin of South-Western and Western Russia” under with a new name “Vestnik of Western Russia” [20].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

However, despite the introduction of a mandatory subscription to the magazine for clergy and officials, it was not popular, and in 1871 it was liquidated [20].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

On April 29, 1864, the Vilna Archaeographic Commission began its work, which was set the following political tasks: “a) to prove in fact that the Western Territory has never been happy under the Polish government; b) that the civilization of Poland, and with it the Western Territory, was far behind the degree of perfection on which the Poles put it; c) that only under the Russian government the Western Territory forgot his suffering, healed previous wounds and began its historical and political existence” [21].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

On Western Russian lands, especially in cities, many immigrants from other regions of the Russian state appeared.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The Polish language gradually began to give way to the literary Russian language [22].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Along with the fight against Polish influence, the Russian government also developed a system of Russian-language education [23].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

From 1860 to 1881, the number of schools increased 3.8 times (from 576 to 2,185).


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The literacy rate was higher than in other parts of Russia: 32% (among people aged 9 to 49) in 1897 compared to 27.9% in Ukraine and 29.6% in the Great Russian provinces [24] [25].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Publicist Solonevich I. L. assessed the policy of Count Muravyov as follows:


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

A land relatively recently annexed to the empire and inhabited by a Russian peasant.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

There was nothing Russian there except a man.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Our Belarusian nobility very easily sold the faith of their fathers, the language of their people, and the interests of Russia.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Tyszkevichi, Mickiewicz and Senkevichi are all about the same Belarusians as I am.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

But they sold out.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The people were left without a ruling layer.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Without the intelligentsia, without the bourgeoisie, without the aristocracy, even without the proletariat and without artisans.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Access to the cultural elite was completely locked by the Polish nobility.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Count Muravyov did not only hang it.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

He opened the way for the Belarusian peasant at least to the lower strata of the intelligentsia [26].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Through the efforts of the trustee of the Vilna educational district (1864—1868) I. P. Kornilov with the support of Governor-General M. N. Muravyov, 25,000 rubles were allocated for the needs of public education from the total amount of 10% of the fee from the landowners who participated in the Polish uprising.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Circular dated January 1, 1864 No. Muravyov ordered the leadership of the counties, the police and peace mediators to monitor cases of “unauthorized training”.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Priests and teaching in Polish were not allowed to teach without the permission of the administration.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

27] The Law of God was taught to Catholics separately and in the “local dialect” [27].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In addition to Poles and Belarusians, Jews were also students.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

By 1882, 1,703 Jews were enrolled in secondary schools in the district, averaging 25% of the total number of students.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In Kovno Gymnasium, the number of Jews reached 44% [28].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

At the beginning of the 20th century, there was not a single school teaching in Belarusian [15].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Thus, since the accession of Belarusian lands to the Russian state, the language situation on these lands has changed significantly.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

If until the middle of the XIX century Polish was almost the only literary and written language, then from the 30s it began to be replaced by the Russian literary language (until the 60s without much success), and by the end In the 19th century, the majority of residents of the region were characterized by a situation of diglossia: Belarusian dialects (everyday sphere, folklore literature) /Russian literary language (main written language, language administration, school, state) [29].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

At the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the term “Belarusians” began to supplant local ethnonyms of residents of the North-Western Russian lands, which were once part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

At the same time, self-determination on the religious principle prevailed: the Orthodox population called themselves Russians, and Catholics called themselves Poles or simply Catholics.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

There were names “litvins”, “poleshchuks”, “pinchuks” and other exoethnonyms [30].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

There was a massive non-identification of oneself with any known ethnic group, which was manifested in the expression “tuteishy” and “prost mov” [31].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Religious reforms


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In 1787, Catherine II decided that only printing houses subordinate to the Synod could print spiritual books in the Russian Empire, and the activities of Greek Catholic printing houses ceased.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In 1839, the process of liquidating the Uniate Church on the territory of the Russian Empire was completed at the Polotsk Cathedral (Uniates accounted for about 80% of Belarusian Christians [32]).


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The council proclaimed unity with the Orthodox Church, and the participants of the council asked Nicholas I to facilitate the speedy accession of the Uniates to Orthodoxy [33].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Learning Belarusian in the Russian Empire


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Interest in learning the language of the local population began to appear in the scientific community at the end of the 19th century.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

AND. Sreznevsky and A. Potebnya considered Belarusian dialects to be part of the South Russian dialect, A. Oganovsky called them a dialect of the Ukrainian language [34].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

At that time, most researchers were rather skeptical about the prospects for the socialization of the Belarusian language.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

As the famous ethnographer and collector of Belarusian folklore P. A. Bessonov: “The Belarusian oral folk dialect will never be a literary, written and book language” [35].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The first scientist who thoroughly approached the study of Belarusian dialects was E.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

F. Karsky, who is considered the founder of Belarusian linguistics.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Based on his many years of research, he published in 1903—1922 a three-volume work “Belarusians”, in the first volume of which he placed his Ethnographic Map of the Belarusian Tribe. Belarusian dialects” [30].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The development of Belarusian literature in the Russian Empire


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

As a result of the policy of the Polish authorities, during the 18th century, the former literary tradition on the territory of Belarus was almost completely forgotten.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

There was no general Belarusian literary language in the early 1860s.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

There were several spoken adverbs in the spoken language system.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

From a letter (February 28, 1864) from Archbishop Mikhail Golubovich of Minsk: “Belarus includes the provinces: Vitebsk, Mogilev, part of Vilna, Minsk and Grodno. In the first two, subadverbs are noticed, namely: on the outskirts adjacent to the inner provinces, the common dialect is approaching Russian. In the Minsk province, in particular Rechitsa Uyezd and Mozyr, they speak semi-Little Russian, and in Pinsk - Polessky, that is, a rude Little Russian dialect. In Grodno province, in the counties of Brest, Kobrin, Pruzhansky and Belsky, Little Russian is spoken, in Grodno, over the Neman River in Lithuanian, in Sokolsky and Bialystok counties settlers Mazury speak Polish jargon. With such a variety of adverbs, who should be given an advantage to translate this sermon? It is also difficult to make a choice because Little Russian speakers do not tolerate the Belarusian language and vice versa” [36].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The written Belarusian language began to develop anew on the basis of rural dialects after the annexation of Belarus to the Russian Empire [37].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The addition of the normative grammar of the Belarusian written language dates back to the 1860s and 1910s [38].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In the first half of the 19th century, Polish remained the main language of literature on the territory of Belarus.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Therefore, the first attempts at literary processing of Belarusian dialects were found mainly among Belarusian writers and poets who wrote in Polish and, as a rule, were Catholics.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

These were mostly small anonymous works.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The language of these works is characterized by a strong dialect variation [39].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

They were distributed orally and in manuscripts, as Polish and Russian magazines did not publish in dialects [37].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

After the Polish uprising, in 1863-1888, Russian censorship did not miss a single publication in the Belarusian language [40].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Until the 1860s, only the Latin alphabet (“lapel”) was used for Belarusian publications, mainly in the Polish version, sometimes with the addition of some letters.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The Main Censorship Directorate did not allow “the use of the Polish alphabet for printing works in the Belarusian dialect” [41].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The restrictions were completely lifted in 1905. [42] At the end of the 19th century, the civil script gradually began to replace the Latin alphabet.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Moreover, the spelling could either fully coincide with Russian or differ significantly from it, sometimes approaching the phonetic principle of transmitting words.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

At the end of the 19th century, many new names appeared in Belarusian literature: F. K. Bogushevich (works since 1891), A. Gurinovich, Ya.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Luchin, already at the beginning of the 20th century — Y.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Kupala (since 1905), M. A. Bogdanovich (since 1907), Y.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Kolas (since 1909), A. S. Pashkevich (Aunt, since 1914).


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Belarusian works began to actively penetrate into the press after 1905.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

If in the 19th century 75 books were published in different Belarusian dialects, then from 1901 to 1916 there were 245 books [43].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Several magazines and newspapers were published in Belarusian (Nasha Dolya, Nasha Niva, Ranitsa and others).


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Language policy of the Republic of Poland in Western Belarus


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The initial policy of the Polish authorities was favorable towards the Belarusian minority, despite the fact that the only literary language that was accepted on the West Belarusian lands, was Russian.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In 1921, more than 400 Belarusian primary schools, 7 full schools and 3 teaching seminaries were opened [44].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

But by 1924, the authorities had closed 400 Belarusian schools, began to resettle Poles on the territory of Belarus and ban Belarusian publications.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

According to official censuses, in 1921 there were slightly more than 1 million Belarusians, and in 1931 it was already 890 thousand [45].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

140 Orthodox churches have been closed.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In a 100-kilometer strip along the Soviet border, the Orthodox population was forced to convert to Catholicism under threat of expulsion [46].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In 1938, a presidential decree was issued “On the attitude of the state to the Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church”.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Orthodox citizens of Poland were denied the right to acquire land [47].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In September 1939, Soviet troops crossed the eastern Polish border and occupied the territory of western Belarus and Ukraine.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

November 1, 1939 Vilna Krai (7,120 square kilometers with 457,000 inhabitants) was transferred by the Soviet Union to Lithuania, which was not yet part of the USSR.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The language policy of the Soviet power after 1917


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Language policy in the BSSR in 1920—1933.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Belarusization


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In the 1920s, Belarusization was carried out in the BSSR — measures were taken to expand the use of the Belarusian language in socio-political and cultural life.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

This happened with the simultaneous expansion of the territory of the BSSR.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In 1924, the lands of the future Mogilev and Vitebsk regions were transferred to the BSSR, and in 1926 - Gomel and Rechitsa districts.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Most primary schools have switched to Belarusian as the language of instruction.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Gradually, it was introduced into higher education institutions.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

The 1924 decree declared the equality of the four main languages of the republic: Belarusian, Russian, Yiddish and Polish [48].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

According to the results of the census of 1926, 80.6% of Belarusians, 8.2% of Jews, 7.7% of Russians and 2% of Poles lived in the BSSR.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

At the same time, 67% called Belarusian their native language, 23.5% — Russian, 7.5% — Yiddish, and about 1% — Polish.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In cities, the ratio was different: 40.2% of citizens were Jews, followed by Belarusians (39%) and Russians (15.6%).


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Belarusian was their native language for 19% of citizens.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

In Article 22 of the Constitution of the BSSR of 1927, the Belarusian language was declared the main language for state, professional and public institutions and organizations.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

Active Belarusization of all spheres of life is beginning: the development of the press in the Belarusian language, the opening of schools, special and higher educational institutions, the translation into Belarusian of state, trade unions and other public organizations.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Karsky have?

Russification of Belarus

At the same time, the percentage of major languages in schools differed slightly from the census results.