Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

From Iguala, his soldiers went north and entered Guanhauto in mid-April 1821, then south, where they occupied Valladolid on May 22.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Then they marched northeast to Queretaro and captured the city on June 28.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Iturbide sent the army to the southeast, to the capital.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On July 23, he entered Cuernavaca, took possession of Oaxaca a week later, and Puebla on August 2.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On August 19, a bloody battle took place on the outskirts of Mexico City near Azcapotzalco [50].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On August 24, 1821, representatives of the Spanish crown and Iturbide signed the Treaty of Cordoba, which recognized Mexico's independence in accordance with the provisions of the Plan Iguala.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On September 27, the liberation army entered Mexico City, and on September 28, the “Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire” was promulgated in the capital [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On May 18, 1822, the people and garrison of Mexico City proclaimed Iturbide Emperor of Mexico, and he ascended the throne under the name Augustine (Agustina) I [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Establishment of the Republic


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In December 1822, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, commander of the Veracruz garrison, rebelled and declared Mexico a republic [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In March 1823, Iturbide was forced to abdicate and emigrate [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Executive power in the republic was transferred to the triumvirate consisting of Victoria Guadalupe, Nicolas Bravo and Pedro Celestino Negrete, and legislative power to Congress [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After the fall of the empire, the Central American regions annexed by it in 1822-1823 [42] separated from Mexico - on July 1, 1823, the creation of the Republic of the United Provinces of Central America [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On October 4, 1824, a republican constitution was adopted, confirming independence from Spain [51].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Constitution enshrined the federal principle of government [23] — Mexico was divided into 19 states and 4 territories, and the separation of powers: legislative power was transferred to a bicameral congress , and the executive to the president.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Inquisition was prohibited, the poll filing was canceled, the equality of all citizens before the law and freedom of the press were proclaimed.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, the Constitution did not mention such bourgeois-democratic principles as freedom of speech, conscience and assembly [53] [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In the same year, Victoria Guadalupe was elected the country's first president.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The early years of the young republic's existence were marked by a lack of political stability.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

During the described period, a struggle broke out in Mexico between two political movements: the aristocratic neutralist-clerical party of former supporters of the Spanish regime - escoseses (Scots), and Democratic Federalist Party — Yorkinos (Yorxists) [54].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Both grouped around Masonic lodges: escoseses around the box of the Scottish ritual, Yorkinos around the lodge of the York ritual [55].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Taking advantage of this aggravation of the internal political situation, Spain tried to regain control over the lost colony.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In July 1829, a Spanish fleet consisting of 20 ships was sent from Cuba to Mexico, with 3,000 soldiers on board [56] [57].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The invaders landed on the east coast of the country, but were soon defeated by the forces of General Santa Anna [54] [58].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Despite these events, Spain recognized Mexico's independence only in 1836 [58].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Conservatives and liberals


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

As a result of the confrontation between various political groups from 1824 to 1857, the head of state in Mexico was replaced more than 40 times.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Political parties were formed in the 1930s.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The interests of landowners, the church and the military were expressed by the Conservative Party [51].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At the same time, its right wing openly sought to establish a monarchy [59].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Liberal Party consisted of two directions, the right — moderados (Spanish: moderados — Russian: moderates) and the left — puros (Spanish: puros — Russian: pure).


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Moderados reflected the views of liberal landowners, merchants, part of the military and officials, puros — the lower city, artisans, small traders, intelligentsia and employees [51].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The parties were formed on the basis of Masonic lodges.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The lodge of the Scottish ritual became the basis of the Conservative Party, and the bed of the York ritual, in the creation of which the American envoy Joel Poinset took part, became the basis of the Puros faction.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

From 1824 to the early 1830s. Mexico was largely under liberal rule.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

They were supporters of federalism and considered the United States as an example to follow.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

During this period, a number of anticlerical decrees were issued, the law protecting communal land tenure was repealed, mining was leased to foreign capital, freedom of trade was established, foreign colonists were involved [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Despite the dominance of liberals in Mexican politics during this period, in 1823-1825, the posts of foreign and interior ministers were occupied by the future creator and inspirer of the conservative Lucas Alaman.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

And in 1830, after the coup, conservative Anastasio Bustamante took the presidency for two years, but the conservatives were able to firmly establish themselves in power only four years later [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1832, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, who supported the liberals, became President of the Republic [Note 14], and Valentin Gomez Farias, a representative of the extreme liberals, became vice-president.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But on the day he took office as president, Santa Anna declared himself sick and went to his estate [58] [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Farias, as acting president, was given complete freedom of action [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1833, he issued laws on the separation of church and state, the prohibition of the creation of religious congregations, on the voluntary payment of church tithing, on the state registration of acts of civil states.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It also abolished a number of military privileges.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, this policy has caused discontent among influential economic forces.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In April 1834, Gomez Farias was removed, and the dictatorship of Santa Anna was established [58] [51], who acted neither as a liberal nor as a conservative, but as an “impartial patriot” [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It dissolved Congress, repealed the constitution and anticlerical laws [58].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The new Congress met in September, with a Conservative majority.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Santa Anna handed over power to Vice President Miguel Barragán and retired to his estate again [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Alaman's views had a great influence on the ideology of the Conservative Party.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Conservatives adhered to the principle of a unitary state structure, reflected in their constitutions, and advocated a strong central government (that is, they were centralists) .


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

They pursued a policy of industrialization — a number of textile enterprises were established, and the Industrial Credit Bank was created (1831—1842).


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, the development of a large factory industry led to the ruin of artisans.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The seizure of communal land continued.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Common customs tariffs were introduced [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Texas Branch


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In the 1820s and 1830s, Texas's sparsely populated space, whose law provided for the ability to purchase land at low prices in installments, was heavily colonized by Americans.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The number of American colonists significantly exceeded the Mexican population [51].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Most of the settlers remained Protestants, preserved their English language, their customs and racist attitude towards Mexicans.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But the main reason for the disagreement between Americans and Mexico was the issue of slavery, which was of economic importance for the former [60].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

An attempt to secede took place in 1826, when the Republic of Fredonia was proclaimed [60].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1829, to limit American colonization, President Vicente Guerrero passed a law abolishing black slavery [60].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In addition, in 1830, the Mexican Congress banned immigration from the United States to the states bordering them in Mexico [58].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

This policy of the Mexican government caused discontent among Texans and led to the war for independence.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On October 2, 1835, 140 Texans clashed with a 100-man Mexican cavalry detachment near Gonzales, the first armed conflict of the Texas Revolution [61].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On March 6, 1836, General Santa Anna's army stormed the Alamo fortress in San Antonio, all defenders of which were killed.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The battle for the Alamo was the most famous battle of the war [62].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On April 21, the Texas Army (783 men [60] [63]) under the command of General Sam Houston and the Mexican Army (1,600 [63]) under the command of Santa Anna met in a decisive battle at the mouth of the San Jacinto [60] [63].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The battle, which lasted less than twenty minutes, resulted in the complete defeat of the Mexicans, who lost 630 people killed, 208 wounded and 730 captured.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Texans lost 9 people killed and 30 wounded [64].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Santa Anna fled, but was soon found and captured.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On May 14, 1836, without authority, he entered into an agreement with the Texans, under which he promised Mexico to recognize the Republic of Texas and establish a border between them along the Rio Grande.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, by a decree of the Mexican Congress, this agreement was annulled. [60]


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Centralist republic


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After the separation of Texas, the Conservatives firmly seized state power.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1836, they passed a constitution (“7 Constitutional Laws” [54]), which abolished state freedoms with the replacement of the latter by departments and introduced a property qualification for voting. [


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1838, several foreign countries filed claims against Mexico for losses incurred during the defeat of the capital's Pariana market in 1828 and during the ensuing unrest.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Veracruz has a French fleet, which demanded payment of 600 thousand pesos.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The invaders bombed the fortress of San Juan de Uloa.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Mexican government has declared war on France.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

General Santa Anna took command of the troops.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

During the fighting, he lost his leg, which, after a capitulation agreement with the Texans, again made him popular.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Having received a guarantee of satisfaction of the requirements, the French retreated [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

During this period, Mexico faced a number of difficulties.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The financial crisis became permanent, Indian tribes from the Sonora and Chihuahua mountains raided Creole settlements, and liberals also caused trouble in the Yucatan, which was in their hands, they formed a virtually independent republic, and the northern states also sought separatism (see: Republic of Rio Grande).


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1840, the Liberals revolted in Mexico City [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1841, there was a rebellion that established the dictatorial power of General Santa Anna.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The following year, a new congress was elected, with moderados winning the majority.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Santa Anna once again left, giving Nicholas Bravo the task of dissolving Congress.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Bravo also appointed the Notable junta, which in 1843 drafted a new constitution known as the Organic Foundations, [59] which effectively transferred dictatorial powers to the president.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Santa Anna was elected President.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1844, after a popular uprising in Mexico City, moderados returned to power.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Santa Anna fled to the mountains and then to Cuba.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

45] In January 1846, power again passed into the hands of the Conservatives [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The war with the United States


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Texas achieved independence as a result of the successful war of 1836.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

And in 1845, it became part of the United States [51], which caused the discontent of the Mexican government [65].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

John Slidell was sent to Mexico as Ambassador in November 1845.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

His task was to demand compensation for the harm caused to US citizens during the coups that took place in the country.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

To satisfy the claims, it was ordered to demand the sale of California and New Mexico, in which the United States assumed compensation for the losses.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At the same time, the Conservatives who came to power promised to begin preparations for a war against the invaders of Texas [65].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On January 12, 1846, Washington received a message that the Mexican government refused to accept Slidell.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The next day, General Zachary Taylor was instructed to move from Corpus Christi to the mouth of the Rio Grande.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On March 8, the US Army invaded Mexico.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On April 23, Mexico declared war on the United States [65].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On April 25, after failing to comply with Mexican demands for the US to withdraw troops to the Nueses River, a 2,000 Mexican mounted detachment attacked a 63-man US patrol, killing and injuring 16 American soldiers [66].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On May 13, 1846, the United States declared war on Mexico.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The American ground offensive went in three directions [68] [69].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

They planned to seize key positions on the border and force Mexico to make peace on favorable terms.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

This task was carried out by the “Army of Occupation” led by Taylor, who was ordered to occupy northeastern Mexico.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In case of intractability of the enemy, he had to move south, threatening the Mexican capital [65].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Army of the Center was supposed to capture northern Mexico, the Army of the West - New Mexico and California [68].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The US Navy blocked the shores of the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico [70].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Commodore John Slout was ordered to seize California ports [65].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On 18 May, Taylor-led forces crossed the Rio Grande and occupied the city of Matamoros.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In early June, Taylor's army marched towards Monterrey, occupying the cities of Reynos, Camargo, Seralvo, and a number of other small settlements along the road.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On September 19, Americans approached the outskirts of Monterrey.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On September 20, the assault on Monterrey began.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On September 24, the city surrendered [65].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On August 17, California was annexed to the United States [65].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

65] On August 22, the United States annexed New Mexico. [


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At this time, after carrying out a coup, the Puros returned to power in Mexico.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

They restored the Constitution of 1824 [45] and returned from exile Antonio López de Santa Anna, who was considered by many to be the most capable of Mexican generals and who retained a reputation as a participant war for independence.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, Santa Anna also conducted secret negotiations with the American president on territorial concessions [65] [Note 15].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Mexicans convened a liberal congress, which, unaware of these negotiations, [71] appointed him acting president [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At the end of January 1847, Santa Anna, led an army of 18,133 soldiers [Note 16], moved north to meet Taylor, who had 6,000 soldiers.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The latter, having learned about the approach of the Mexican army, took a position with Hacienda Buena Vista.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Battle of Buena Vista between Taylor and Santa Anna took place on February 22—23, 1847.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Mexicans bypassed the enemy from the left flank, and their cavalry managed to penetrate deep into the enemy's rear.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By 9 am on February 23, the situation of the Americans was threatening, but they were rescued by reinforcements that arrived in time.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Despite the powerful shelling of enemy artillery, by four o'clock the Mexicans had captured several guns and three banners.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But at eight o'clock in the evening, Santa Anna suddenly [Note 17] ordered a retreat.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The losses of Taylor's army amounted to 723 people killed, wounded and missing.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

According to American data, Mexicans lost more than 1,500 people killed and wounded [65].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Since the route to Mexico City from the north lay through waterless steppes, President James Polk sent a 13,000-strong army under the command of Winfield Scott, which was to land in the vicinity Veracruz [65] — Scott's Mexican campaign began.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After besieging the city, Scott heavily bombed it for four days.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

As a result of the shelling, a large number of civilians were injured.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On March 29, 1847, Veracruz was surrendered.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Scott's army moved to the Mexican capital.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In May, it reached Puebla, then Mexico's second largest city.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The city surrendered without resistance on May 15.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Mexico City was opened after the Battle of Chapultepec.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In the battles for the capital, Scott's army lost 2 thousand 703 people, having decreased by a third.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On September 14, the city was captured [65] [Note 18].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The war was ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848 between the moderados [45] [72] who came to power and the Americans.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Upper California, New Mexico and the Lower Rio Grande area ceded to the United States.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Together with Texas and the territory acquired by the United States in 1853, this accounted for more than half of Mexico's total area.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

This territory is now home to the US states of California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado and part of Wyoming [65].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In return, Mexico received $15 million, and another $3 million 250 thousand was paid by the US government to US citizens against Mexican debts [73].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

When the treaty was ratified in the US Senate, the article guaranteeing that the United States recognized Mexican landowners was deleted. [74]


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The War for Reform


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In March 1848, General Santa Anna went into exile and settled in Jamaica and then in Colombia.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But as a result of the Conservative uprising in April 1853, he returned to power for the last time [75].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

This presidency of Santa Anna was once again marked by an odious political decision: under pressure from the United States, a treaty on new territorial concessions was concluded, called the Gadsden Treaty.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Under this agreement, Mexico transferred an area of 120,000 km² to the United States — now making up the southern part of the US states of Arizona and New Mexico — to the United States for $10 million [51].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The unpatriotic actions of President Santa Anna and the defeat in the war with the United States, as well as pre-capitalist forms of land use, the privileges of the church and the highest circles of the army, led to an increase the struggle between liberals and conservatives.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

These contradictions grew into a revolution, the purpose of which was economic development, secularization of property, and the elimination of church and army privileges [51].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The revolution that began on March 1, 1854 in Ayutla swept the whole country, the regime of General Santa Anna fell, and he was forced to emigrate [51].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The government of Juan Álvarez [31], which represented the left wing of the liberals, the Puros, was in power.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In November 1855, at the suggestion of the Minister of Justice, Public Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs [76] Benito Juarez, a law was promulgated abolishing the privileges of the army and clergy (the “Juarez Law”) [51] [31].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Dissatisfied with the law, conservatives tried to carry out a coup.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, the counter-revolutionary protest was suppressed.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Ignacio Comonfort, who belonged to the moderate liberals of Moderados, has now become president.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

His Government approved the “Juarez Law” and passed the “Lerdo Act” [Note 19], which prohibited church and civil corporations from owning real estate [51] [31], as well as accelerating the transition to purchase sale of church lands and real estate into the hands of the bourgeoisie and latifundists.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Under the Lerdo Law, they also bought up a significant part of the lands of Indian communities, which fell under the definition of “civil corporations” [51] [58].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On September 16, 1857, a new constitution came into force.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It proclaimed Mexico a democratic representative republic consisting of states sovereign in internal affairs.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Constitution confirmed the provisions of the Juarez and Lerdo laws.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It declared the inviolability of private property, freedom of speech, press, assembly, secrecy of correspondence, prohibited slavery and peonage [51].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Conservatives and the church opposed the constitution, uprisings broke out in a number of states, President Comonfort fled at the end of 1857, and the government was headed by Felix Zuloaga [58] [51].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Conservatives, on whose side the regular army was, occupied a number of major cities, including Mexico City, and announced the abolition of the Constitution and the “Lerdo Law”.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Benito Juarez headed a liberal government that relied on the northwestern and part of the southern states.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The confrontation increased the influence of the church, which helped the authority and financing of the conservative forces [51].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1859, Juarez issued “Reform Laws” declaring the seizure of property from the church that it uses against society — instead of buying out church property, it nationalization.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Freedom of religion was proclaimed, the church was separated from the state, monasteries, brotherhoods and congregations were dissolved, civil marriage was introduced, registration of acts of civil status was transferred State [51] [58].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Despite the increasing support of liberals by the general population, and the presence in the conservative camp of circles that did not object to ending the war, the advantage of conservatives still affected for a while.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At the end of 1859, their troops, under the command of General Miguel Miramon, who led the conservative government in Mexico City from 1859 to 1860, captured the vast region of Bajio.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In February, they besieged Veracruz, but were soon forced to lift the siege. [58]


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By mid-1860, the number of liberal troops had increased significantly, their organization, training and equipment had improved significantly.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

During the second half of the year, they occupied the main cities of a number of states, blocked Mexico City and Puebla.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On December 25, the liberals entered the capital, and the civil war ended with their unconditional victory [58].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

French intervention


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On October 31, 1861, an agreement was signed in London between England, France and Spain on a joint armed expedition to Mexico [77].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The invaders were supported by Mexican conservatives, who lost the civil war to the liberals a year earlier.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The immediate cause of the war was the decree of the Mexican Congress of July 17, 1861 on the temporary cessation of payments on foreign debt obligations [52] [77].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Back in 1860, Miguel Miramont received a loan from the Parisian banker Jecker, in which Duke of Morny, close to the French Emperor Napoleon III, took part.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Bankers from England and Spain also participated in this loan [78].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, the invaders pursued other goals.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

England and France sought to take advantage of the civil war in the United States, limiting their expansion into South America.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

For this reason, the British government was preparing for war with the United States, seeking to provoke a conflict with the North.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The invasion of Mexico could force Washington to act that would lead to such a conflict.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Napoleon III was going to establish in the country the monarchy of Archduke Maximilian, brother of the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In addition, he hoped to raise the shaky authority of his regime with an easy military victory.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Spain hoped to either restore its domination in Mexico or put a Bourbon ruler on the Mexican throne [79].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On December 8, 1861, Spanish troops landed in Veracruz.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In January 1862, they were joined by troops from England and France.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Spaniards had 6,200 cavalrymen and infantrymen, the French landed more than 2,600 Zouaves and Marines, and the British landed 800 marines [79].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, it turned out that the forces of Mexican conservatives are not able to actively support the invaders, who had to begin negotiations with the Mexican government [58].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At the end of April 1862, the coalition of invaders collapsed, and Spanish and British troops were evacuated [79].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On April 19, fighting began between the French and Mexican armies.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By the beginning of hostilities, the French forces numbered 6.5 thousand people, the number of the Mexican army, according to official estimates, was 28 thousand 345 people, but in fact, trained regular troops there were no more than 12 thousand people.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In early May, the French army approached the city of Puebla, which is on its way to the capital.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After attacking the forts that dominated the city, the French suffered a complete defeat.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Of the 2,500 people who participated in the assault, they lost 482 killed, wounded or captured, while Mexicans lost about 230.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Thus, on May 5, the Mexicans defeated the French army [79].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Napoleon III government sent reinforcements to Mexico.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By the end of 1862, 30,000 people were concentrated there, not counting more than 10,000 French naval forces operating in Mexican waters.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Eli Faure was appointed Commander-in-Chief.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1863, a second offensive against Puebla began.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The number of Mexican troops stationed in the city was 15—20 thousand people.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Since Puebla was built up with buildings with massive walls, the French had to take house by house.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Field artillery was not effective enough, the invaders used heavy naval guns.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

According to official data, during the fighting, the French lost 1 thousand 300 people.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The city surrendered on May 17, and the fall of Puebla opened the way to Mexico City [79].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On May 31, President Benito Juarez left the capital, moving his residence to San Luis Potosi.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In June 1863, the French entered Mexico City.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

A pro-French government junta was convened and elected an assembly of notables.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On July 10, the Notables proclaimed a monarchy and offered the imperial crown to Archduke Maximilian [79].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In October, the invaders launched an offensive to the north.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

General Francois Bazin was appointed Commander-in-Chief.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Under his command were 34,000 French soldiers and about 7,000 Mexicans attracted by conservatives.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Republicans had 20 thousand soldiers.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After 700 km, the French occupied Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Saltillo, Monterrey, etc.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, in the occupied territories, only cities were subordinate to them, and most of the country was controlled by guerrillas [79].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On April 10, 1864, Maximilian accepted the proposed crown.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On April 14, the emperor left for Mexico, and at the end of May he arrived in Verarus.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By the time of his arrival, the invaders held 7 states out of 24 [79].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

During 1864—65, the French occupied all major cities in Mexico.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On December 11, 1865, they seized Juarez's fifth residence, Chihuahua [79].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The occupiers brutally suppressed all resistance, executions were widespread [58].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Gradually, a number of European countries recognized the empire


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, Latin American countries (except Brazil) and the United States refused recognition [58].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

During the Civil War, the Lincoln government remained neutral, but at the end of the confrontation between the North and the South, the United States demanded that France withdraw its troops from Mexico.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Mexicans were allowed to buy weapons from the United States and recruit volunteers [79].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The French people and the opposition of Napoleon III opposed the intervention.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The continued occupation of Mexico also posed the threat of military conflict with the United States.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1866, due to the inevitability of war between France and Prussia, the withdrawal of French forces from the country was announced [79].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

As the French retreated, liberation armies were formed.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In the north-east - the army of Mariano Escobedo, in the northwest - Ramón Corona and Vicente Riva Palacio, in Michoacan - Nicolas Regules, Porfirio Diaz organized guerrillas in the mountains of Oaxaca [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In February 1867, the French left Mexico City.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Maximilian, who remained with 15,000 to 20,000 Mexican soldiers and a small number of European volunteers [45], retreated to Queretaro, and on May 15, the city was taken by Republicans.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The emperor was brought before a field military court and sentenced to death in accordance with a decree of January 25, 1862.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

58] The sentence was carried out on June 19. [


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On June 21, the capital surrendered, and eight days later, Veracruz's last conservative stronghold.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Republic was restored, and President Juarez returned to power [79].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Restored republic


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Juárez was re-elected President in 1867.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

He strengthened local power by subjugating local caciks.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The President became a national cacique.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The “reform laws” abolished the guild system that restrained industry, and trade began to develop.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Railways were being built, and the Veracruz-Mexico line, conceived back in 1837, was completed [45] [Note 20].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After the fall of the empire, Juarez took up a secular education project.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Jesuit College of San Ildefonso was transformed into a National Preparatory School for teacher training.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

City councils and haciend owners were ordered to build elementary schools [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Gabino Barreda, a fan of Auguste Comte's philosophy of positivism, was to deal with the reform of the education system.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

For the first time in Mexico, free and compulsory primary education was proclaimed [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Two-thirds of the army was disbanded home without pensions.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

During Juárez's presidency, former soldiers revolted several times, which were mercilessly suppressed.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Provincial kasiks and clerics showed discontent.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The interests of these groups were expressed by one of the organizers of the anti-French resistance, General Porfirio Diaz [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1871, regular presidential elections were to be held.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Juarez sought a new re-election, and was opposed by Porfirio Díaz and Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada, an associate of Juarez, who relied on bureaucracy and state governors.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The liberal movement split into Huarists, Porphyrists and Lerdists.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

None of the three candidates obtained the required majority.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The choice was given to Congress, which supported Juarez [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The election of Juarez was the reason for a rebellion organized by supporters of Diaz.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But by the spring of 1872, the rebellion was suppressed, and on July 18, Juarez died of a broken heart.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Lerdo was elected as the new president, and supporters of Juarez defected to his side.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, it soon lost almost all of its popularity [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Porfiriat — the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1876, General Porfirio Díaz came to power in a coup d'état, who ruled the country for more than 30 years (this period was called the Porfiriat).


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

To strengthen his regime, he reached an agreement with the largest factions of liberals and conservatives, weakened the effect of anticlerical reforms, thereby gaining the support of the clergy, and subdued the upper strata of the army and local caciks.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

During the reign of Diaz, the Mexican economy recovered: railways and telegraph lines were built, new enterprises were created, and foreign investment increased [52].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, these results were obtained, among other things, due to the exploitation of peasants and the indigenous population and a decrease in the standard of living of the masses [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1883, a decree was issued on the colonization of “empty” territories, which created conditions for the seizure of communal land.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

During the dictatorship of Diaz, 54 million hectares, that is, 27% of the country's area, were owned by latifundists.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

As of 1910, 96.6% of the rural population did not have land, while peon laborers and families accounted for 2/3 of the population of Mexico.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The monopoly of latifundists generated inefficient use of land, consolidating the extensive nature of agriculture [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Large areas were owned by American and British companies [1], for example, in Baja California, out of 14.4 million hectares of total land, 10.5 million hectares belonged to US companies.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1884, the so-called “Code of Mines” was approved, according to which a foreign owner of land could own the minerals in it [31].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The industry of this period was characterized by the predominance of extractive industries [58].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1901, Mexico ranked first in the world in silver mining, second in copper mining and fifth in gold mining [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

During the first decade of the 20th century, oil production increased 1,200 times.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Metallurgy was developing, the manufacturing industry was represented mainly by textile enterprises [58].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1891, diplomatic relations were established between Mexico and Russia.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

And in 1909, the first bilateral agreement on trade and navigation was signed between the states.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It was supposed to “guarantee citizens of both countries privileges based on the principle of most-favored nation” [80].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

From September 1 to September 30, 1910, Mexico widely celebrated the centenary of independence (see Spanish). Centenario de la Independencia Mexicana).


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

For the festivities, such structures as the Palace of Fine Arts and the Independence Column were erected [81].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Diaz government managed to balance the budget by increasing taxes, but new foreign loans quickly increased public debt.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1880, it was 191.4 million pesos, and in 1910-1911 it reached 823 million pesos.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The banking sector was dominated by English, French and Spanish capital.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By the early 1910s, 60% of Mexican imports and 77% of exports accounted for the United States [58].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The policy of the ruling circles led to an aggravation of class contradictions in the village.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Throughout the entire period of the dictatorship, there was a revolutionary struggle of the peasantry.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The labor movement grew in the country, and discontent also spread to the middle strata of citizens [58].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

20th century


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Revolution of 1910—1917


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The flip side of the economic success of the Diaz dictatorship was the country's increased dependence on the United States and high social tension.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Therefore, the reaction to the cyclical crisis in the United States of 1907—1908, aggravated by the poor harvest of 1910, was the acute economic, social and political crisis in Mexico [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1910, Porfirio Díaz was once again re-elected President of Mexico [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

His rival, the leader of the liberal democratic opposition [1] Francisco Madero, refused to recognize the election results and called on Mexicans to fight the oppressive regime by launching the “San Luis Potosi plan” .


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

His program provided for the deliverance of Mexico from imperialist domination and the return to the peasants of the lands taken from them during the reign of Diaz [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The uprising was scheduled for November 20 [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Although the plan did not address all social issues, it became a catalyst for mass popular demonstrations [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

This was the beginning of the Mexican Revolution, during which between 500,000 and 2 million people died in battle, hunger and disease [82] [Note 21], while the population of the country in 1910 was 15 million people [83].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

A general uprising did not begin, but the rebellion captured the state of Chihuahua, where the famous peasant leaders Pascual Orozco and Pancho Villa later stood out [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In March, an uprising began in the state of Morelos, led by Emliano Zapata [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At this time, two revolutions actually took place in the country: the goal of Madero and the middle strata was to participate in the government of the country, revolutionaries in the south and center of Mexico, formally subordinate to Madero, sought to the division of landlord lands between peasants [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In an April address to Congress, Diaz recognized most of the demands of the rebels and promised to carry out agrarian reform.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, the revolutionaries were determined to fight the regime decisively.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In April-May, they seized the major port of Acapulco and the important customs point of Ciudad Juarez. [71]


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The rebels then launched an offensive in almost all states, occupying the largest railway junction Torreon and Cuernavaca [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In May, Diaz resigned and emigrated to France.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In June, Madero entered the capital, and in October he was elected President [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Madero was in no hurry to resolve the agrarian issue, thus restoring the peasants against himself [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In November 1911, Zapata declared Madero a traitor to the revolution, proposing the “Ayala plan”, which provided for the division of land of the latifundists.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In March 1912, Pascual Orozco announced an uprising against Madero, who captured almost all of Chihuahua within two weeks. [71]


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But in May, he suffered a crushing defeat at Rellano from the government troops of General Victoriano Huerta [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Pancho Villa remained loyal to Madero [71], but was sentenced to death on trumped-up charges by Huerta. [71]


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

He was saved by the president's intervention.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The investigation has begun.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Villa was placed in prison, from which he later escaped to the United States. [71]


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By early October, the rebellion was suppressed: Zapata was surrounded in Morelos, and Orozco went to the United States [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But in February 1913, a military coup took place in Mexico City.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

As a result of ten days of fighting (“Tragic Decade”), Madero was removed from the presidency on February 19.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Huerta became the interim president, with formal observance of the Constitution.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On February 23, on his orders, Madero was killed on the way to prison. [71]


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Huerta pursued a policy of classical Bonapartism, and was ready to rely on any forces supporting his regime [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But the richest northern states did not support the new government.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Venustiano Carranza, Governor of Coahuila, announced non-recognition of the government [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

He put forward the “Guadalupe Plan”, the purpose of which was to restore constitutional rule.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Carranza was appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Constitutionalist Army.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The state of Sonora also expressed distrust, where revolutionary commanders Alvro Obregon and Plutarco Elias Calles advanced [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Orozco took the side of the federal forces.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Zapata did not recognize either Carranza's leadership or Huerta's legitimacy.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By April 1913, constitutionalists had made great strides at Sonora, where Huerta's troops held only the south.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In May and June, Obregon inflicted two major defeats on government forces near the cities of Santa Rosa and Santa Maria [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By summer, in Morelos, where Zapata fought, federal forces held only large cities [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At this time, the civil war takes on a comprehensive character [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The external and domestic economy fell into complete decline [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The turning point of this campaign was the capture of Torreon by constitutionalists.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The commander of the forces that captured the city was Pancho Villa [Note 22], who united his subordinate units into the “Northern Division”, numbering 8,000 people.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

His troops entered the city on the night of October 1, 1913.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

As a result of the battle, government forces lost 800 people killed, ammunition stocks and 18 guns were seized [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In October, Huerta dissolved Congress and held a presidential election, which was declared invalid due to low turnout. [71]


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On November 24, Villa seriously defeated the Orozco army near Terra Blanca. [71]


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The United States, concerned about anti-American sentiment in Mexico, sent its naval forces there, which occupied the port of Veracruz in April 1914.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But due to the patriotic upsurge among Mexicans, the US was forced to abandon the continuation of the intervention [84] [Note 23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In April, constitutionalists took Monterrey [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In May, Zapata took Khohutla [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On June 23, Villa captured Zacatecas.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The battle for the city, which killed from 5,000 to 6,000 federal soldiers and about a thousand soldiers of the Northern Division, was the bloodiest battle against Huerta.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On July 6-7, Obregon inflicted a major defeat on the government army near Guadalajara [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On July 15, Huerta announced his resignation and left the country on the 20th.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Mexico City was surrendered without a fight.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On August 18, 1914, Carranza solemnly entered the city [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Carranza did not take office as interim president [Note 24], retaining the post of Supreme Commander-in-Chief [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Carranza's political program did not provide for social reforms and bypassed the agrarian issue, which did not suit the peasants who joined it [85].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

To resolve issues about power and upcoming transformations, a convention of representatives of revolutionary armies was convened.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It opened on October 1 in Mexico City and then moved to Aguascalientes [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Carranza did not recognize the decisions of the convention and in November, after leaving the capital, went to Veracruz.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After Carranza refused to resign, the convention declared him a rebel [71] [86].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Pancho Villa, in alliance with Zapata, began a struggle against the government and in December 1914 their armies occupied Mexico City.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In January 1915, Carranza issued a law on the expropriation of latifundia and the granting of land to peasants — the forces of Zapata and Villa began to thin out and were forced to leave the capital [84] [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By March 1915, 160,000 people participated in the Civil War: 80.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

thousand Carrancistas, 50,000 Villists, 20,000 Zapatistas and 10,000 soldiers of various independent commanders [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In April, two battles took place near the city of Selaya between Carrancista troops under Obregon and supporters of Villa.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In the last battle, which was attended by 25,000 Villists and 15,000 Carrancistas, Villa was defeated, losing 4,000 people killed and 5,000 wounded.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Obregon's losses amounted to 138 soldiers killed and 276 wounded [87].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Villa's army was finally defeated in the Battle of Leon, which lasted more than a month [88] [52].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By the end of 1915, all territories were under the control of the Carranza government.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Villa and Zapata switched to guerrilla warfare [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After Carranza issued a decree prohibiting foreign companies from exploring new fields and drilling wells without the permission of the Mexican government, the United States undertook a new intervention.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The invasion was declared a punitive expedition against the remnants of Villa's army near the US-Mexican border (see: Border War).


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In March 1916, a 10,000 detachment of Americans under the command of John Pershing entered Mexico, where there were clashes with the troops of Carranza.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, the readiness of Mexicans to repel aggression, the prospects for a protracted conflict and the fact that the United States was preparing to participate in the First World War led to the withdrawal of their troops, which ended on February 5 1917 of the year [84].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In December 1916, a Constituent Assembly was convened in Queretaro, which on February 5, 1917 adopted a new constitution for the country, which is still in force today.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Constitution proclaimed the equality of all citizens, declared all natural resources the property of the state [84], provided for agrarian reform with the division of latifundia and the endowment peasants by land [1], the church was separated from the state, and its real estate became national property, guaranteed an 8-hour working day, the right to form trade unions and strike [84].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On March 11, presidential elections were held, in which Venustiano Carranza won [71].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Nevertheless, Carranza was in no hurry to carry out agrarian transformations [89].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The struggle between government troops and the rebels continued for several more years.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1919, Zapata was killed, and Villa continued the guerrilla war until 1920, [52] when Alvaro Obregón and Pablo González Carranza were killed during the evacuation from Mexico City to Veracruz as a result of the uprisings [90] [ Note 25].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Revolutionary caudilism


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Caudilism in Mexico was different from conservative caudilism in the rest of Latin America.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Here it is associated with the names of Presidents Álvaro Obregon (1920—1924) and Plutarco Elias Calles (1924—1928) [84].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Under them, a regime was established with strong presidential power and formal observance of democratic freedoms.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

This regime was supposed to ensure social and political stability in the post-revolutionary situation, as well as the implementation of reforms.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

“Revolutionary caudilism” proclaimed the concept of superclass unity, but in practice it became an expression of the interests of the middle and petty bourgeoisie [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

During the presidency of Obregon, the implementation of the agrarian reform promised in the constitution began [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

311 thousand hectares were distributed among peasants on a permanent basis, and 751,000 hectares on a temporary basis [90].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Obregon also supported the labor movement.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Education Minister José Vasconcelos has launched an extensive educational program for the rural population.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It contributed to the cultural heyday of the 1920s, known as the “Mexican Renaissance” [52].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In particular, Vasconcelos patronized Mexican monumental painting [91], which had a great impact on the art of all of Latin America [52] [92].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The government of the successor Obregon Calles announced a new stage in the “ongoing revolution” - the construction of a developed economy and a social justice society based on the cooperation of workers, peasants and national entrepreneurs [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The main goal of agrarian policy was to create a stratum of wealthy peasantry and accelerate the development of capitalism in the village.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Peasant communities were given 3.2 million hectares of land, which is three times more than for the entire period of the reform since 1915.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, a large number of peasants did not receive land [1] [90].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The position of foreign capital was limited, primarily affecting the oil industry.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Such actions caused a conflict with the US government.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Although Calles widely used anti-imperialist slogans, he did not dare to significantly affect the interests of foreign companies [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Labor policy was expressed in concessions to workers, such as: an 8-hour working day, recognition of trade union rights, collective agreements and arbitration.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Leaders of the country's main trade union center, the Mexican Regional Workers' Confederation, established in 1918, took influential positions in the government administration and congress of the republic [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By the end of the 1920s, the tasks of “revolutionary caudilism” were largely fulfilled.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The national bourgeoisie strengthened its position and was now burdened by “revolutionary” and cooperation with workers.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After 1927, land distribution was slowed down, trade unions were directly subordinate to the government, and the conflict with American oil companies was extinguished by significant concessions.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Mexican Regional Workers' Confederation, which lost the support of the regime, collapsed [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Kristeros rebellion


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The 1917 Constitution deprived the church of the right to own and acquire real estate.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Monasteries were abolished, and religious education was prohibited.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Religious acts could only be held within the walls of specially designated rooms.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Priests were not allowed to wear church vestments in public places.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It was not allowed to raise any political issues in sermons.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

All ministers of the church were deprived of their voting rights.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The activities of any public organizations whose name reflected their connection with religion or church were prohibited [93].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At the beginning of 1926, Plutarco Elias Calles took a number of measures to implement the anticlerical program of the constitution.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At the end of February, several dozen foreign priests were expelled from the country, who, according to the Constitution, did not have the right to serve in Mexico.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The President also proposed to amend or supplement the criminal legislation, providing for punishment for violating the anticlerical provisions of the Constitution. [93]


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In June, the text of such a law was published (which entered into force on August 1), which provided for fines and imprisonment for up to 6 years as punishment [93].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In July 1926, Mexican bishops decided to suspend services in churches [93].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

This step marked the beginning of an uprising by Christeros, supporters of the church, mainly peasants, who killed government officials and burned secular schools [94] [52].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Also in 1928, the newly elected president, Álvaro Obregón, known for his seclericalism, was killed by a religious fanatic [94].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The settlement of the conflict became possible under President Emilio Portes Gila, loyal to the church.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1929, with the assistance of the United States [Note 26] and the Vatican, it was possible to reconcile the clergy and the Mexican government [95].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On June 21, an agreement was signed between them, which, among other things, allowed priests to teach Catholic doctrine in church premises and file petitions for law reform [93].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The uprising claimed the lives of 90 thousand people of government troops and Christeros [96].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

A few years later, Christeros will be reminded of himself again, killing about 300 rural teachers in 1935—1939 [94] [97].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Establishment of the National Revolutionary Party


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Great Depression exacerbated class and social contradictions [1] [84], undermining the foundations of “revolutionary caudilism”.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Calles's entourage increasingly gravitated towards cooperation with landowners and foreign capital.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1930, diplomatic relations with the USSR were severed [1], which Mexico was the first country in America to establish in 1924 [84].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Callez and his supporters found it difficult to maintain influence.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After the end of his presidential term at the end of 1928, Calles retained his position as paramount leader of the revolution and control over frequently changing governments.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In March 1929, on the initiative of Calles, the National Revolutionary Party (PRP) was formed.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The new party, which was supposed to unite the forces that formed the basis of “revolutionary caudilism”, included most bourgeois political groups, military, petty-bourgeois movements, peasant organizations and part of workers [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Before the establishment of the PRP, parties in Mexico existed only as temporary associations, most of which were formed during the presidential election.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Callez managed to attract all important Mexican political groups to the party and at the same time prevent a single independent leader from joining it.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Every civil servant was required to contribute part of his salary to the IUU fund.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Thus, the party received large funds and a semi-official position [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Lázaro Cárdenas Reforms


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, Calles's influence declined and in 1933 he was forced to agree to the nomination of a representative of its left wing, General Lázaro Cárdenas, as the PRP presidential candidate.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1934, Cárdenas won [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The new government has launched a broad reform campaign.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

An agrarian reform was organized.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

From 1934 to 1940, 18.4 million hectares of land were transferred to communal peasants.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The share of community members among the agricultural population increased from 15.5% in 1930 to 41.8% in 1940.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The share of communities (“ejido”) in arable land increased from 13.3% to 47.4%.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The quality of land provided to communities has improved: in 1930, ejido owned 13.1% of irrigated areas, and in 1940 - 57.3% [98].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Peasant communities were encouraged, where land and equipment were used collectively.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, at the same time, the process of stratification of the peasantry intensified in Ejido [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Workers have achieved an increase in wages, the establishment of a 40-hour week in a number of industries, and the consolidation of the system of collective agreements.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1936, a single national trade union center, the Confederation of Workers of Mexico (KTM), was created.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The confederation includes the main trade unions of the country.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By 1940, the number of KTM members increased from 200 thousand at the time of its creation to 1.5 million people [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In order to restrict the activities of foreign monopolies, a law was passed in October 1936 that allowed the government to nationalize the property of foreign companies.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1937, railways were partially nationalized.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

They were transferred to the management of the working administration of the trade union of railway workers [84].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On March 18, 1938, Lazaro Cárdenas began expropriating the property of foreign oil companies, which led to an aggravation of relations with the United States and Great Britain [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Diplomatic relations with Great Britain were severed [84].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In the course of nationalization, the state oil company Pemex was created, which began to play an important economic [99] and political [100] role.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Cárdenas took decisive steps to eradicate mass illiteracy, especially among Indians.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The number of schools and technical schools has increased, and a working university has been created [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Cárdenas's foreign policy was aimed at ensuring national sovereignty.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In the light of the deterioration of relations with the United States and Great Britain, Mexico has established economic ties with Germany, Italy and Japan.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, it condemned fascism, and after the beginning of the Italian aggression against Ethiopia, trade with Italy was embargoed [84].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Under Cárdenas, Mexico assisted Spanish revolutionaries, and in 1939, a significant number of defeated Spanish Republicans took refuge in Mexico [84].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1937, Lev Trotsky took refuge here.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In March 1938, Cárdenas and his supporters announced the transformation of the PRP into the Mexican Revolution Party (PMR).


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The PMR includes various public organizations: the Confederation of Workers of Mexico, the National Peasant Confederation, etc.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By 1940, the number of the PMR numbered 4 million people.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The party's program assumed the further development of reforms, including “preparing the people for the establishment of workers' democracy and the establishment of a socialist system” [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Cárdenas and his supporters tried to prepare the country for socialism.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But the undermining of the positions of landowners and foreign capital created conditions for the development of local capital.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Paternalistic methods of leadership made it easier for the general population to become involved in politics, but they were not ready for independent action.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Nevertheless, conditions were provided for accelerating capitalist development, reduced dependence on foreign capital, strengthened Mexican sovereignty and improved the position of the masses [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Mexico in World War II


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After the outbreak of the war, all Latin American states declared their neutrality after the United States.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

From September 23 to October 3, 1939, in Panama, the Foreign Ministers of the American States adopted the Declaration of Neutrality.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

A 300-mile “safety zone” was established along the entire coast of the United States and Latin America, which was to be jointly protected [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But the victories of the Nazis in Europe, the involvement of more and more states in the war and the attack on the USSR showed the danger that threatened the whole world.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In Latin America, a movement of solidarity with the states of the anti-Hitler coalition grew.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In December 1941, Mexico broke off diplomatic relations with the Berlin-Rome Axis countries [84], and on May 22, 1942, Mexico declared war on Germany.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

To help the USSR, the Society of Friends of the USSR and the Youth Committee for Assistance to Russia were created [84].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In November 1942, Mexican-Soviet diplomatic relations were restored [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In February 1945, Mexico sent a squadron of 300 people to the Pacific Ocean.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The squadron participated in military operations against Japan in the Philippines and the island of Taiwan [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

From February 21 to March 8, 1945, a conference of American states was held in Mexico City, called Chapultepec [Note 27].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At the conference, the Chapultepec Declaration was adopted, proclaiming the principle of mutual assistance and solidarity of the countries of the continent, and at the suggestion of the United States, the Economic Charter was adopted, which spoke gradual abolition of customs barriers, guarantees to foreign capital, non-discrimination [1] [101].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Mexico's “economic miracle”


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In World War II, Mexico was an ally of the anti-Hitler coalition.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Financial and technological assistance from the United States has allowed Mexico to modernize its railways and industry.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Having lost European imports, Mexico was forced to develop its own production.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The war raised world prices, thereby creating favorable conditions for Mexican trade [52].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1942, an agreement was signed to resolve the US-Mexico conflict.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

US direct investment rose from $316 million in 1946 to $787 million in 1957.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The US also held a monopoly position in Mexican foreign trade [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After the war, a period of economic growth began: the implementation of industrialization programs, industrial development of regions, irrigation, and the introduction of new agricultural technologies [52].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By 1958, Mexico had reached the first place in Latin America in terms of total industrial production [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The public sector played an important role.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After the reforms of Cárdenas, the state owned railways, the oil and oil refining industries, and 12-15% of the manufacturing industry.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It accounted for 33 to 43% of all investments [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The increase in production led to an almost twofold increase in the number of industrial workers in the 1940s and 1950s, their number increased from 420 to 800 thousand. The number of workers engaged in agriculture increased from 1.2 to 2 million people.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The share of industry in the gross domestic product exceeded the share of agriculture — the country gradually became industrial-agricultural.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Agrarian reform in the 1940s and 1950s slowed down — in 18 years (1940-1958), peasants received 12.3 million hectares of land [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1958-1964, the distribution of land accelerated again, taxation reform was undertaken, and energy and film industry enterprises were nationalized [52].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In the period 1964-1970, production developed rapidly with an annual increase in gross national product by 6.5%.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Per capita income has increased [52].