Question: What year was Jacques Derrida born?

Jacques Derrida

— No. 10.


Question: What year was Jacques Derrida born?

Jacques Derrida

— PP. 57—72.


Question: What year was Jacques Derrida born?

Jacques Derrida

Sokolov B.


Question: What year was Jacques Derrida born?

Jacques Derrida

G.


Question: What year was Jacques Derrida born?

Jacques Derrida

— SPb., 1996.


Question: What year was Jacques Derrida born?

Jacques Derrida

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Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Nestor Ivanovich Makhno (Ukrainian: Nestor Ivanovich Makhno;, Gulyaypole, Alexandrovsky Uyezd, Yekaterinoslav Province, Russian Empire - July 6 (25) [1], 1934, Paris, France) was a revolutionary anarchist.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

During the Civil War of 1917-1922, he commanded the peasant rebel army.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Author of the memoirs “Memories” [2].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Early years


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He was born into a family of peasants from Gulyaypole (now a city in the Zaporozhye region of Ukraine).


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Father Ivan Rodionovich Makhno (Mikhnenko) [3] (1846—1889) and mother Evdokia Matveyevna Makhno (née Perederiy) were rural residents (state peasants).


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Ancestors are serfs of the Shabelsky landowners [3].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Nestor had four older brothers (Polikarp, Savely, Yemelyan, Grigory) and sister Elena.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Yemelyan died in the war in 1915, Polikarp was killed by the Haidamaks of Hetman Skoropadsky, Savely by the whites, Grigory by the reds [3].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Nestor grew up without a father.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He graduated from the Gulyaypole two-year elementary school.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

From an early age, Nestor worked on seasonal agricultural work for landowners and wealthy peasants.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Since 1903, he worked as an auxiliary worker in a paint shop, in a merchant's shop, at the iron foundry of M. Kerner in Gulyaypole.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Until the end of his life, he remained a convinced sober [3].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He was Ukrainian and spoke surzhik, but he treated any national idea with complete indifference [3].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno is an anarchist


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Since the end of August 1906, Nestor was a member of the “Peasant Group of Anarcho-Communists” (also called the “Union of Free Grain Growers”), operating in Gulyaypole.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Since October 14, 1906, as part of the group, he participated in terrorist acts and “expropriations” of the rich.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He was first arrested at the end of 1906 for illegal possession of weapons (soon released), then on October 5, 1907 on charges of attempting on the life of Gulyaypole guards Zakharov and Bykov (held in Alexander Uyezd Prison).


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On August 26, 1908, he was arrested for the murder of an official of the military government.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

By the session of the Odessa Military District Court of March 22, 1910, he was sentenced to death by hanging, which was replaced by indefinite hard labor.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In 1911, he was transferred to the hard labor department of Butyrskaya Prison in Moscow.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In the cell, Makhno met the famous anarchist activist Pyotr Arshinov.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Arshinov engaged in ideological training of Makhno.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Illiterate Makhno studied history, mathematics and literature in the cell.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

As an active participant in prison protests, he was imprisoned six times and fell ill with pulmonary tuberculosis [4].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Between the February and October revolutions


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

After the February Revolution of 1917, Makhno, like many other political prisoners, was released from prison ahead of schedule and returned to Gulyaypole three weeks later.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

There he immediately took an active part in public life — he was elected a friend (deputy) chairman of the volost zemstvo, on March 29 he headed the steering committee of the Gulyaypole Peasant Union anarchist, and after its reorganization into the Council of Peasants and Soldiers Deputies, Nestor Makhno was elected chairman of the Council and at the same time became a member of the Gulyaypole Committee of the Public salvation.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

During the same period, Makhno also led a local anarchist group.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Under the anarchist group, expropriator detachments were formed, which carried out several armed raids [5].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno advocated immediate radical revolutionary transformations, without waiting for the convening of the Constituent Assembly.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On May 1, 1917, he signed a dispatch to Petrograd demanding to expel ten “capitalist ministers” from the Provisional Government.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In June, at the initiative of Makhno, working control was established at the enterprises of Gulyaypole.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In July, with the support of supporters, Makhno dispersed the former composition of the zemstvo, held new elections, became chairman of the zemstvo and at the same time declared himself commissar of the Gulyaypole district


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In August 1917, during the struggle against Kornilov region, Makhno created the Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution in Gulyaypole, forming the Black Guard combat squad from members of the anarchist organization.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The authority of the anarchists and Makhno personally was strengthened by the confiscation of landlord lands he carried out in September 1917 [5].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno proposed “to immediately take away the church and landlord land and organize a free agricultural commune in the estates, if possible with the participation of the landowners themselves and kulaks in these communes” [6].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On September 25, Makhno signed a decree of the district council on the nationalization of land and divided it between peasants.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

After the events of October 1917


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In early December 1917, in Yekaterinoslav, Makhno took part in the work of the provincial congress of Soviets of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Deputies as a delegate from the Gulyaypole Council.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He supported the demand of the majority of delegates to convene the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was elected to the judicial commission of the Alexander Revolutionary Committee to consider the cases of persons arrested by the Soviet authorities.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Shortly after the arrests of the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries, he began to express dissatisfaction with the actions of the judicial commission, proposed to blow up the city prison and release the arrested.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He reacted negatively to the elections to the Constituent Assembly, calling the current situation a “card game” [7].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Having not received support in the Revolutionary Committee, he left it.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

After the capture of Yekaterinoslav by the troops of the Central Rada in December 1917, he initiated an emergency congress of Soviets of the Gulyaypole District, which issued a resolution demanding “death Central Rada”.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

1918 year


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On January 4, 1918, Makhno refused the post of chairman of the Council, decided to take an active position in the fight against opponents of the revolution.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Soon he headed the Gulyaypole Revolutionary Committee, which included representatives of anarchists, Left Social Revolutionaries and Ukrainian socialist revolutionaries.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On January 27 (February 9), 1918, in Brest-Litovsk, the German and Austro-Hungarian delegations signed a separate peace treaty with the delegation of the Ukrainian Central Rada.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On January 31 (February 13) in Brest, the UPR delegation appealed to Germany and Austria-Hungary with a request for help against the Soviet troops.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

German troops that entered the territory of Ukraine on February 18 (the Austro-Hungarian army launched an offensive a week later) gradually advanced in the eastern and southern directions, without meeting significant resistance from front-line units of the former Russian army or Soviet troops.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The territory of Yekaterinoslav province was transferred to the control of the Austro-Hungarian occupation administration [8].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

With the approach of the occupation troops to the Gulyaypole district in mid-April, the weakness of the anarchist partisan detachments became obvious.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The Makhno Black Guard detachment, unable to provide serious resistance to regular units, retreated, like other detachments of Ukrainian anarchists, to Russian territory, to Taganrog, where the Makhno detachment and has ceased to exist [5].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Having decided to familiarize himself with the activities of Russian anarchists, Makhno visited Rostov-on-Don, Saratov, Tambov and Moscow.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In Moscow, he met with local anarchist leaders P. A. Arshinov, A. A. Borov, and I. S. Grossman, P. A. Kropotkin, L. Cherny (Turchaninov), as well as the leaders of the Soviet government V. AND. Lenin, Ya.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

M. Sverdlov, L. D. Trotsky, G. E.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Zinoviev [7].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Yakov Sverdlov organized a meeting with Vladimir Lenin to discuss “the place and role of anarchists in the revolution.”


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

According to Makhno himself, who called himself a “Bakunin-Kropotkin anarchist communist”, he wanted to know the intentions of the Bolshevik authorities from primary sources [5].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

A few days after the meeting with Lenin, Makhno addressed his Gulyaypole like-minded people with a letter, the main idea of which was as follows: “Together we will deal with the destruction of the slave in order to enter ourselves and put our other brothers on the path of the new system. We will organize it on the basis of a free public, the content of which will allow the entire population who does not exploit someone else's labor freely and independently of the state and its officials, to build your entire social and social life completely independently at home, in your environment... Long live our peasant and workers' association! Long live our auxiliary forces — the selfless labor intelligentsia! Long live the Ukrainian Social Revolution! Your Nestor Ivanovich” [5].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In June, Makhno participated in the Moscow Conference of Anarchists, which developed tactics of struggle against the power of Hetman Skoropadsky and Austro-German troops in Ukraine.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Realizing that in Soviet Russia anarchists do not have the opportunity to significantly influence the course of revolutionary events, Makhno decided to return to Ukraine, where such an opportunity existed.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

By this time, dozens of scattered peasant detachments were already operating on the territory of Ukraine.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Soviet Russia, bound by the terms of the Brest Treaty, helped the rebel movement with weapons, food, and money [5].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In agreement with the All-Ukrainian Bureau for the Management of the Insurgency Movement and implementing the decision of the Taganrog Conference of Anarchists, on June 29, Makhno, with the assistance of the Russian Bolsheviks, left Moscow for organization of armed struggle against German-Austrian and hetman troops in Ukraine.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On July 21, with a passport in the name of I. ME.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Shepel Makhno arrived in Kharkov, and later joined the partisan detachment that already existed in the Gulyaypole area with his group.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

After the first successful combat operation against the German punishers, Makhno was elected commander of the detachment.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

To purchase weapons, Makhno carried out a number of expropriations in banks in the Yekaterinoslav province, and later obtained weapons, horses, etc., attacking landlord estates and detachments of occupation troops.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Courage, experience, organizational talent and conviction in the correctness of his cause made Makhno a real leader of the rebel movement and attracted new fighters to him [9].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Until autumn, Makhnovists operated mainly within the Aleksandrovsky district, attacking the Austrian detachments and the “Varta” of Hetman Skoropadsky.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In September-October 1918, under the command of Batka Makhno, several partisan detachments united, led by Gulyaypole anarchists Viktor Belash, V. Kirilenko, Fedosy Shchus and others.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

By this time, Makhno actually led the rebel movement not only in the Gulyaypole district, but also in the entire Yekaterinoslav province.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The peasants of Yekaterinoslav and Northern Tavria provided all possible assistance to the rebels, fed, supplied weapons, horses for cavalry, were engaged in reconnaissance and entire villages joined the Makhno squads.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

By November, Makhno's detachments numbered up to 6 thousand people.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The growth of Makhno's popularity was facilitated by acts of expropriation and distribution of property and products taken from the “bourgeoisie” to the population [9].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The November 1918 revolution in Germany led to its defeat in World War I.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

By this time, the troops of Hetman Skoropadsky were demoralized and did not want to fight, and the command of the occupation troops sought to withdraw their units from Ukraine as soon as possible.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Soviet Russia declared the Brest-Litovsk Treaty annulled.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In mid-November, Ukrainian bourgeois-nationalist parties formed their own government, the Directory, which began an armed struggle for power in Ukraine.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On November 28, a group of members of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Ukraine proclaimed the Provisional Workers and Peasants Government of Ukraine, which announced the restoration of Soviet power on Ukraine.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In the current situation of “Ukrainian dual power”, Makhno tried to preserve his independence.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

To the proposal of the Directory on joint actions of Petliurites and partisan detachments against the Red Army, Makhno replied: “Petliurivshchina is an adventure that distracts the attention of the masses from the revolution” [9].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On November 27, Makhno occupied Gulyaypole, declared it under siege, formed and headed the Gulyaypole Revolutionary Headquarters.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In relation to the Soviet power, Makhno took a wait-and-see attitude these days.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

However, after the Directory and Petliurov units intensified hostilities, threatening Makhno, they began to disperse the revolutionary working detachments, eliminate the created Soviets and deal with Bolsheviks and sympathizers, Makhno accepted the proposal of the Yekaterinoslav Committee of the Communist Party (b) U on joint armed actions against the Petliurites [9].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On December 26, armed detachments of the Yekaterinoslav Provincial Committee of the Bolshevik Party and the Gubrevkom, together with the Makhno detachments, knocked out the Petliurites from Yekaterinoslav.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

As a result of this operation, the seven-thousandth Petliurov garrison was defeated.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's detachments were entrusted with the task of defending the Yekaterinoslav fortified area and restoring normal life in the city.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was included in the Military Revolutionary Committee and appointed commander of the Soviet Revolutionary Workers and Peasants' Army of the Yekaterinoslavsky District.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was ordered to strengthen the front, but he primarily cared about providing his army with weapons and ammunition.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Taking advantage of the carelessness of the rebel command, the Petliurites in two or three days launched a counteroffensive with large forces and knocked out the Makhnovists from the city.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Batka, having actually surrendered Yekaterinoslav without a fight, returned to his “capital” Gulyaypole.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Meanwhile, Petliurites brutally dealt with the participants of the Yekaterinoslav uprising.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The rebels also suffered considerable losses.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

From Makhno's army, a cavalry detachment of 100 sabers and 400 infantrymen participated in the campaign.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Only about two hundred people returned to Gulyaypole [9].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In January-February 1919, in the Gulyaypole area, Makhno fought against armed formations of German colonists that arose in 1918 with the assistance of the Austro-German occupiers; prevented events on the Bolsheviks to conduct a surplus assessment; called on peasants to voluntarily implement the idea of “equalizing land use on the basis of their own labor.”


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On February 12-16, 1919, at the 2nd District Congress of Soviets of the Gulyaypolsky District, Makhno said:


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

If comrades Bolsheviks go from Great Russia to Ukraine to help us in the difficult struggle against the counter-revolution, we must tell them: “Welcome, dear friends!”


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

If they come here to monopolize Ukraine, we'll tell them, “Hands off!” [10].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's first alliance with the Reds


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Amid the threat of an offensive by General A. AND. Denikin to Donbass, the successful offensive of the Red Army (Ukrainian Front) in Ukraine and the beginning of the creation of regular units of the armed forces of the Ukrainian SSR, in mid-February 1919, the Makhnovists concluded military agreement with the command of the Red Army, according to which their rebel army numbering up to 50 thousand people, while maintaining internal autonomy, became part of


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

1st Zadneprovsky Ukrainian Soviet Division of the Ukrainian Front, making up its 3rd Zadneprovsky Brigade.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The brigade under the command of brigade commander Makhno N. I. was under the operational subordination of the command of the Southern Front and fought against Denikin troops on the right flank of the front on the Mariupol-Volnovakha line [11].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

For the raid on Mariupol on March 27, 1919, which slowed down the White offensive on Moscow, brigade commander Makhno, according to some reports, was awarded the Order of the Red Banner numbered 4.* on April 10, 1919 on the 3rd district congress of Soviets of the Gulyaypole district was elected honorary chairman; in his speech he said that the Soviet government had changed the “October principles”, and the Communist Party legalized the power and” protected itself with emergencies.”


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Together with Shchus, Kogan and Mavroda, Makhno signed a resolution of the congress, which expressed disapproval of the decisions of the 3rd All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets (March 6-10, 1919, Kharkov) on the nationalization of land, protest against the Cheka and the policy of the Bolsheviks, the demand for the removal of all persons appointed by the Bolsheviks from military and civilian posts.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Later, at a meeting with Antonov-Ovseenko, he refused his signature.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhnovists demanded the “socialization” of land, factories and factories; changes in food policy; freedom of speech, press and assembly to all “left-wing parties and groups”; personal inviolability; rejection of dictatorship of the RCP (b); freedom of elections to the Councils of Working Peasants and Workers [12].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On April 15, the formation of the 2nd Ukrainian Soviet Army from units of the Group of Forces of the Kharkov direction was completed


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Management of the 1st Zadneprovsky Ukrainian Soviet Division, the 2nd Separate Brigade, the 3rd Zadneprovsky Brigade, the Crimean Brigade were reduced to 2 regular divisions: the 3rd Ukrainian Soviet Division (former Management and the 1st Zadniprovsky Brigade of the 1st Zadneprovsky Ukrainian Soviet Division and other units) and the 7th Ukrainian Soviet Division (former 3rd Zadneprovsky Brigade of the 1st Zadneprovsky Ukrainian Soviet division and other units) [13].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Since April 15, 1919, on the Southern Front, Makhno commanded an insurgent brigade, which was part of the 3rd Ukrainian Soviet Army.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

After the beginning of Grigoriev's rebellion on May 7, 1919, Makhno took a wait-and-see attitude, then decided to remain on the side of the Ukrainian Soviet government of Rakovsky.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In May 1919, at a meeting of commanders of rebel detachments in Mariupol, Makhno supported the initiative to create a separate rebel army.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

1919-1920 years


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Break with the reds


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In May 1919, the Makhno brigade, without receiving ammunition and equipment from the command of the Red Army, in battles with units of the Caucasian Division (under the command of General A. G. Shkuro) suffered heavy losses.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

White broke through the front, occupied Donbass.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On June 6, by order of the chairman of the PBC Lev Trotsky, Makhno was outlawed “for the collapse of the front and disobedience to the command.”


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On June 8, Krusser A. S. (He died on the night of June 10 near the Pologi station of the Taurida province, where his armored train came under machine-gun fire).


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On June 9, Makhno decided to break the agreement with the Soviet government and sent a telegram to Lenin [6], as well as Kamenev, Zinoviev, Trotsky, Voroshilov, Rakovsky, in which he announced his devotion to the revolutionary cause and explained the decision to break with the Red Army by constant attacks on it by “representatives of the central government” and the “press of the communist Bolsheviks”.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

At the same time, in a telegram, Makhno asked to release him from the command of the division (in June, an order was issued to reorganize the Makhnovists rebel brigade into a regular rifle division) “in view of the unbearably ridiculous situation” [11].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

After breaking up with the Bolsheviks, Makhno with the remnants of his detachment retreated to the Kherson province and, together with Grigoriev, continued armed resistance to Denikin's troops, while taking small rebel detachments and large units and formations of the Red Army surrounded, forming combat-ready units and formations of the 40,000 rebel army.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In mid-July 1919, Makhno headed the Revolutionary Military Council of the United Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (RPAU), and after the murder of Grigoriev, who did not want to conduct active hostilities against the troops Denikina, became its commander-in-chief.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

With the beginning of the offensive of white troops on Moscow in the summer of 1919, Makhno began a large-scale guerrilla war in the rear of the whites and again called on the peasant rebels to an alliance with the Reds:


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Our main enemy, fellow peasants, is Denikin.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Communists are revolutionaries after all... We will be able to pay them off later.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Now everything should be directed against Denikin.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Battle near Peregonovka and raid on the rear of white


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Crowded by regular units of whites, Makhno led his partisan detachments to the west and by early September approached Uman, where he was completely surrounded: Petliurites from the north and west, and whites from the south and east.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In Denikin's memoirs we read:


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno entered into negotiations with the Petliurov headquarters, and the parties concluded an agreement: mutual neutrality, the transfer of the wounded Makhnovists to the care of Petliura and the supply of Makhno with ammunition.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

To get out of the encirclement, Makhno decided to take a bold step: on September 12, he suddenly raised his detachments and, having defeated and thrown back two regiments of General Slashchev, moved east, back to the Dnieper.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

This movement was carried out on replaceable carts and horses with extraordinary speed: on the 13th - Uman, on the 22nd - the Dnieper, where, having knocked down our weak units, hastily abandoned to cover the crossings, Makhno crossed The Kichkassky Bridge, and on the 24th it appeared in Gulyaypole, having covered about 600 versts in 11 days.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On the same events, one of Makhno's closest assistants, P. Arshinov wrote in his Memoirs as follows:


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Meanwhile, late at night, all units of the Makhnovists, standing in several villages, withdrew and moved east - to the enemy, located in the main forces near the village of Peregonovka, occupied by the Makhnovists.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In the night battle that followed, White was defeated, and Makhno himself personally led the cavalry to attack.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Having broken through the encirclement ring near Peregonovka, Makhno's detachments raided the entire Azov Sea, capturing large cities and important strategic facilities.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

As Denikin further writes:


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

... as a result, in early October, the rebels were in the hands of Melitopol, Berdyansk, where they blew up artillery depots, and Mariupol - 100 versts from Stavka (Taganrog).


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The rebels approached Sinelnikovo and threatened Volnovakha, our artillery base... Random units — local garrisons, reserve battalions, State Guard units, initially exhibited against Makhno, were easily defeated by his large gangs.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The situation became formidable and required exceptional measures.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

To suppress the uprising, it was necessary, despite the serious situation of the front, to withdraw units from it and use all reserves.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

... This uprising, which took on such a wide scale, upset our rear and weakened the front at the most difficult time for it.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Thus, Makhno's guerrilla actions to destroy the rear of the white army had a significant impact on the course of the war and helped the Reds repel Denikin's offensive on Moscow.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Peasant republic


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On September 1, 1919, Makhno proclaimed the creation of the “Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (Makhnovists)”.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On September 15, 1919, Makhnovists once again occupied Yekaterinoslav.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On October 20, 1919, at a meeting of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Army and the Congress of Peasants, Workers and Rebels in Aleksandrovsk, Makhno put forward a program of action reduced to the creation of an independent peasant republics in the rear of Denikin troops (centered in Yekaterinoslav).


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's program provided for the abolition of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the leading role of the Communist Party and the development of self-government on the basis of non-partisan “free Soviets”, revolution” to overthrow the Bolsheviks and establish people's power, eliminate the exploitation of the peasantry, protect the village from hunger and the policy of military communism, transfer land for free use peasant masses (at the same time, contrary to the stereotype, Makhnovists, as well as peasants of Russia and Ukraine in general, opposed any ownership of land, believed that the person who cultivates it should have land and is periodically redistributed “by consumers”) [11].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Thus, in the autumn of 1919, in the conditions of the collapse and retreat of whites, a kind of autonomous anarchic quasi-republic of Makhno was born in the great bend of the Dnieper.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The advancing Red rebels met in a friendly way and often went over to their side (which is natural given that among the Makhnovists there were many former Red Army soldiers who joined the “father” in time of the summer retreat of the Red Army).


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

However, after the conflict with the shooting of communist commander Polonsky by Makhnovists in December 1919, relations deteriorated.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On January 9, 1920, the All-Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee declared Makhno and his group outlawed as “deserters and traitors”.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In the context of the collapse of the RPAU and the typhoid epidemic, he ordered the temporary dissolution of the army.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In the spring of 1920, it was restored and raids on southern Ukraine resumed.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Wanting to attract peasants to its side, the government of General Wrangel in the summer of 1920 offered Makhno an alliance against the Bolsheviks, promising to carry out a broad land reform in case of victory.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

However, Makhno refused the offer.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Wrangel's envoy was publicly executed in Gulyaypole.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Again with the Reds against Wrangel


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Wanting to use combat-ready units of the rebels against Wrangel, in the fall of 1920, the Bolshevik government again offered Makhno a military alliance.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On October 2, 1920, Makhno once again signed (in Starobilsk) an agreement with the government of the Ukrainian SSR [17].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

As a result of this agreement, a detachment of rebels numbering up to 2.5 thousand fighters under the general command of Semyon Karetnik was sent to the Perekop area [18].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

During the battles for the Crimea, Makhnovists took part in crossing Sivash and in battles with the cavalry corps of General I. G. Barbovich near Ishunya and Karpova Balka.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

After the end of hostilities, the Red Command decided to get rid of the ally that had become unnecessary.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On November 26, a detachment of Makhnovists was surrounded, but managed to escape from the peninsula.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

During the retreat, it was overtaken by the superior forces of the “Reds” and partially destroyed by machine-gun fire.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Only 250 soldiers managed to escape, who told about what happened Makhno on December 7 near the village. Staryy Kermenchik.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The end of Gulyaypole


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Shortly after the fall of the white Crimea, the command of the Red Army issued an order for the redeployment of Makhnovists to the South Caucasus.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Considering this order a trap, Makhno refused to obey.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The response of the Bolsheviks was a military operation to “eliminate partisanship”.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's detachments fought out of the encirclement in the Gulyaypole area and moved around Ukraine for several months, avoiding persecution [19].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In exile


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

At the end of the summer of 1921, after numerous clashes with the superior forces of the Red Army, the remnants of anarchist detachments were pressed against the Romanian border.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On August 28, Makhno and a detachment of 78 people crossed the border near Yampol.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He was wounded by 12 bullets, shell-shocked, his leg was broken.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The Romanians immediately interned Makhnovists.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

For a long time, they had to live in very bad conditions, in typhoid lousy barracks, without medicines or dressings, eating corn soup.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Two weeks after their arrival, the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR Georgy Chicherin demanded the extradition of Makhno.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

But the Romanians refused for several months.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In April 1922, Makhno, together with his wife and 17 other comrades, fled to Poland with the help of local authorities, who were by no means interested in indulging the Bolsheviks or in conflict with them.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On April 11, the fugitives ended up in Poland, also in an internment camp.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

According to Moshe Goncharok, Makhno came to Europe penniless, wearing one gymnast.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He sometimes received money for food from American anarchists.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In Polish politics of the 1920s, Makhno was of interest to many.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Petliurites were the first to come with a proposal to organize a common front of emigrants against the Communists.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno did not even want to talk to them.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Polish communists followed the Ukrainian nationalists.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno also rejected their plans.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On September 25, 1923, Makhno was arrested together with his wife Galina Kuzmenko and associates of I. Khmara and Ya.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Doroshenko and placed in Warsaw's Mokotów prison.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On November 27, 1923, they were brought to court on charges of plotting an uprising in Eastern Galicia to join Soviet Ukraine.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The court acquitted Makhno and his comrades, Makhno was sent to settle in the city of Torun.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In December 1923, Makhno made a public statement about the struggle against the Bolsheviks and Soviet power, which caused a negative reaction from the Polish government.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On April 14, 1924, after an attempted suicide, he was placed under police surveillance in Danzig.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In the same year, with the help of Russian anarchists and emigrants, he obtained permission to travel to Germany.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

According to M. Goncharok, in Danzig Makhno is captured by security officers from the intelligence department of the Polish section of the Comintern - Elansky and Jan Sosnovsky and taken to Berlin, to the Soviet embassy.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno jumped out of the car and surrendered to the German police.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

There was no money, and after a hungry winter, he is taken to Paris.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

This happened in April 1925.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno worked part-time as a carpenter, carpenter, and even weaved slippers, living in the apartment of artist and anarchist Ivan Lebedev [20].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He was assisted by local anarchist organizations.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He lived until 1934 in Vincennes, a suburb of Paris.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In the last years of his life, Makhno actively participated in the life of European anarchist associations, published individual essays in the anarchist magazine Delo Truda (Paris), prepared memoirs, and fought stubbornly against slander in the direction of Makhnovshchina and his very personality.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

At that time, Makhno and his army were accused of Jewish pogroms during the hostilities.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

As a result of stormy proceedings, with the involvement of independent witnesses and objective facts, Makhno and his associates were fully acquitted in this matter (no Jewish pogroms at Makhnovskaya There was no Ukraine).


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Speculations based on the stories of one of the white officers about his polygamy, as well as the revelry and massacre allegedly staged by Makhnovists everywhere during the civil war, were also refuted.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

His life abroad was not meaningless, like many emigrants.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The Spaniards called him to lead their revolution.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Broken by consumption and tormented by old wounds, Makhno helped as much as he could, gave advice to the rebellious proletarians of Castile.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's health was severely undermined by many wounds, including serious ones, sustained in battles, and he could no longer personally participate in hostilities.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Death


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On July 6 (according to other sources, July 25) [1] 1934, Nestor Makhno died of bone tuberculosis at the age of 45 in a Paris hospital.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On 28 July, his body was cremated and an urn with ashes was walled up in the wall of the columbarium of Pere Lachaise cemetery, in cell number 6685.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

family


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

It is known that Makhno was married several times:


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On her compatriot Anastasia Vasetskaya in November 1917.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In May 1918, she gave birth to him a son (the child died a week later).


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Agafia Andreevna Kuzmenko (1892-1978, received a new name Galina after the wedding) - in 1919-1927; divorced in Paris.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

A daughter Elena (1922-1992 Kazakhstan) was born in marriage, who bore the surname Mikhnenko in her youth, according to a German passport [11].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The image of Makhno in culture


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's image has changed dramatically over the years.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

A striking example is A. N. Tolstoy's “Hozhdenie po Mukam”, which shows the capture of Yekaterinoslav by Makhnovists and based on which the film of the same name was shot twice.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The grotesque negative image of Makhno is also shown in Pavel Blyakhin's adventure novel Red Devils (1921), based on which Georgian screenwriter and director Ivan Perestiani shot the eponymous film (1923).


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Konstantin Paustovsky gave a negative description of Nestor Makhno and the soldiers of his rebel army in his Tale of Life [21].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

At the same time, one should take into account the dubious reliability of what Paustovsky stated, since he did not have the physical opportunity to personally meet with Makhno and the Makhno army in the spring of 1919 at the Pomoshnaya station, as he states in the text of his work.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

At this time, Makhno fought against Denikins in Donbass.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On the other hand, folk art attributed Makhnovists to the “heroes of the civil” (“From the Odessa kichman...”).


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

According to contemporaries, such as Sergei Yesenin, Makhno's personality and ideas were very popular among the peasantry:


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

And in response to the party team,


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

For the tax on peasant labor,


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

A gang on a gang whistles around the country,


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Considering the will of the authorities as a whip.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

And who can we reproach?


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Who can close the window


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

So as not to see how the pack is cautious


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Do the peasantry love Makhno so much?


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was directly depicted in this poem under the name of the bandit Nomakh (as evidenced by the poet himself); Yesenin even wanted to name the poem after this hero.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

[22] No-max means Mah no; the poet simply rearranged the syllables of the surname.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In Sergei Yesenin's letter to E.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

AND. Livshits, dated August 11-12, 1920, the poet writes about the real source of the poem “Sorokoust” — “A steel horse defeated a living horse. And this little foal was for me a visual expensive endangered image of the village and the face of Makhno.”


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

By the concept of “face” Makhno is equated by the poet with a saint.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Eduard Bagritsky describes Makhno in his poem “Duma about Opanas” (1926): “Makhn has a thick hair on his shoulders...”


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno, Lyova Zadov, relations with the “Reds”, an attempt to capture Kharkov in 1920 are shown in two novels about the Civil War by Igor Bolgarin and Viktor Smirnov - “The Mercy of the Executioner” and “Crimson Feathers” .


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In 1936, during the Spanish Civil War, Makhno was named after one of the military brigades of Spanish anarcho-syndicalists who fought against the army of General Franco.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In a number of science fiction novels by Michael Moorcock, a fictional character named Nestor Makhno participates in fictional events, such as, for example, the anarchist uprisings in Canada (Entropy Tango ( The Entropy Tango) from the Jerry Cornelius series), the war with the Steel Tsar Dzhugashvili (the novel “The Steel King” from the series about Oswald Basteable) and the like.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In the novel “The Cathedral” by Ukrainian writer Oles Honchar (1968), Makhno is one of the characters in the retrospective part of the story (the scene of interrogation by Nestor Ivanovich and his entourage of the famous Ukrainian historian D. AND. Yavornitsky).


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Gonchar's image of Makhno is ambivalent, neutral, with elements of hidden sympathy.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In 2009, at the Mariupol Theater of Russian Drama, director Konstantin Dobrunov staged the play “Black and Red, or the Mariupol Treasure of Nestor Makhno”.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The play tells about the capture of Mariupol by the Makhno brigade in March 1919, as well as the fate of a prominent figure in the Makhno movement - Ivan Lepetchenko, who, after returning from exile, lived in Mariupol and was shot here in 1937.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In cinema


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Red Devils (1923) — Vladimir Kucherenko played (according to the credits — Vladimir Sutyrin [24]).


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Savur Grave (1926) — played by V. Sutyrin


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Alexander Parkhomenko (1942) — Boris Chirkov played.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

“Gloomy Morning” (1959) — Vitaly Matveev played.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

“Salute Maria!” (1970) — Valery Zolotukhin played.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

“Hozhdenie po Mukam” (1977) — played by Alexey Krychenkov.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

“Big and Small War” (1980) — Gennady Saifulin played.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Nine Lives of Nestor Makhno (2006) — Pavel Derevyanko played.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

“Hozhdenie po Mukam” (2017) — played by Evgeny Stychkin.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Post-Traumatic Rhapsody (2017) — Ilya Kiva played.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In poetry


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's Philosophers — poem [25].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

memento


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Since 2006, on the Independence Day of Ukraine, the ethnic festival “Independence Day with Nestor Makhno” has been held in the city of Gulyaypole.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On December 22, 2006, in Dnepropetrovsk (former Yekaterinoslav), the leader of the Brotherhood party Dmitry Korchinsky, together with his like-minded people, installed a memorial plaque at the Astoria Hotel on the Ave. Dmitry Yavornitsky, which in 1919 housed the headquarters of Nestor Makhno.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On August 24, 2009, a monument to N. AND. Makhno.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

October 25, 2013 The National Bank of Ukraine issued a commemorative coin with a nominal value of 2 hryvnia of the series “Outstanding Personalities of Ukraine” dedicated to Nestor Ivanovich Makhno.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In the Dibrovsky forest, a commemorative plaque is installed near the remains of the Death Oak.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Historical facts


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's rebel army was international.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The bulk were Ukrainians, there were also Russians, Jews, Greeks and even the Estonian military band captured from the Red Army [28].


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Anarchist, Jew Sholom Schwarzburd, whose Petliurites killed many relatives in Ukraine while in Paris, went home to Makhno, his ideological ally, at the end of May 1926.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He told Makhno about the Jewish pogroms during the civil war in Ukraine and about the intention to kill Petliura for them.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno tried to dissuade Schwarzburd [11], but he still decided to shoot Petliura, fulfilled this intention, and was subsequently acquitted by the jury.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Order of the Red Banner


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

There is no consensus on whether Makhno was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, and even under No. 4.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

According to official data, Order No. 4 was held by Y.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Fabricius.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

As for Makhno, the award is not documented, only mentioned in the memoirs of individuals (G. Kuzmenko, great-uncle of V. Yalansky).


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

There is also a low-quality photo, where Makhno's chest is attached to an object similar to the Order of the Red Banner.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

There are versions that:


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was awarded, but this act was not documented [30];


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was not awarded, and what was mistaken for the Order in one of the photos is actually a red commander's badge, very similar in design to the Order of the Red Banner.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Essays


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhnovshchina and its yesterday's allies are the Bolsheviks (Answer to M. Kubanin “Makhnovshchina”) — Paris: Edition of the Makhnovists Library, 1928.


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

ISBN 5-9697-0045-2


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Notes


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Literature


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

ISBN 5-901606-07-8


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Check date values in: |date= (help) ISBN 978-5-235-03141-8


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Danilov A. (with rare photos).


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

ISBN 985-13-1148-0 ISBN 985-13-2439-6


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (the book also printed N. AND. Makhno)


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

ISBN 5-8243-0769-5


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

References


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

on YouTube


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

[series 9 lives of NESTOR MAKHNO (serial film)]


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

on the air of the Frankie Show radio program on 16.05.10


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Makhno family


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Russian revolutionaries


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Revolutionaries of Ukraine


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Participants of the Civil War in Russia


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Russian emigrants of the first wave in France


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Guerilla theorists


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Guerrillas


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Anarcho-communists


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Social anarchists


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Ukrainian anarchists


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Russian anarchists


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Civil War in Ukraine


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Ukrainian military leaders


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Personalies:Army of the Ukrainian SSR


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Ukrainian memoirists


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Russian memoirists


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Military of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (Makhnovists)


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Category: Deaths from tuberculosis


Question: When was the revolutionary anarchist Nestor Ivanovich Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Burials at Pere Lachaise Cemetery


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Binary gender system, gender binarism (English: gender binary), gender binarism (English: gender binarism) is a way of social structure in which gender and gender are separated into two separate and opposite categories: men and women [1] [2] [3].


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

This is one of the common types of gender systems.


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

One of the key principles of the binary gender system is a social ban on crossing borders or mixing gender roles, as well as on forms of gender expression that do not coincide with the accepted ideas about masculine and feminine.


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

The binary model assumes that “gender”, “gender” and “sexuality” are always consistent by default.


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

For example, if a person is assigned a male sex at birth, he is expected to have masculine appearance, character traits and behavior, as well as a heterosexual attraction to the “opposite” sex [4].


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

One of the main mechanisms by which this correspondence is built is naturalization, that is, the presentation of social processes as natural and natural [5].


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

The binary gender system is dominant in the modern world, although other gender systems have existed throughout history, and in many cultures still exist [6].


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

General information


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

In the binary gender system, society divides people into men and women, assigning them male or female at birth and matching the assigned sex with a certain gender role, identity and characteristics.


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Gender roles form and impose restrictions on various aspects of people's self-expression: from clothing choices to professions.


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Various social institutions work to strengthen and maintain traditional gender roles for a given society: the media, religion, educational and political system [7].


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

There is an opinion that the binary gender system is a way to streamline social reality, although some authors point out that it divides and polarizes society [8].


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

There are exceptions to the binary gender system.


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

For example, intersex people cannot be uniquely assigned male or female, and transgender people have a gender identity that does not coincide with the sex assigned at birth.


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Some transgender people cross gender boundaries and identify themselves as having the opposite gender assigned to them at birth.


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

The identities of others — such as bigenders, agenders, genderqueers — go beyond the binary gender system as such.


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Restrictions


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Modern science has collected a lot of data that show that the binary gender system is neither natural nor the only possible, and that in many respects it is not functional.


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

For example, some researchers point out that gender division is often not the most significant for people and the differences between people within each gender group are often much more than between these groups [9].


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Many researchers also note that the gender roles and expectations that various social institutions put forward to people (for example, the gender requirements that a child has in the family and at school), are often contradictory and incompatible with each other [5].


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Many researchers are also critical of the binary gender system's idea that men should be masculine and women should be feminine.


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

They note that because of this, people whose expression goes beyond their assigned gender role are discriminated against.


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

In fact, modern studies show that masculinity and femininity are not universal and do not have natural grounds — they are constructed by society and depend on political and cultural context [10].


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Many researchers note that the concepts of “masculinity” and “femininity” are intended to describe ways of behavior and self-expression and that it is important to consider them separately from the concepts of “man” and” woman” [11].


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Other gender systems


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Throughout human history, there have been many societies in which the gender system has included more than two genders.


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

For example, the gender systems of many indigenous peoples in North America included three or four genders.


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Many of these peoples had and still exist the concept of “man with two souls” (in the terminology of Western anthropologists - Berdashi).


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

This category traditionally includes gender-diverse people who enjoy respect and recognition in their cultures, and sometimes play special roles in religious rituals [6].


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Non-binary or non-binary gender systems also exist in various cultures in South America [12], Asia (in particular the Hijra in India, the Khata in Thailand) and Africa [13].


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

According to researchers, in many cultures now dominated by the binary system, its affirmation and suppression of traditional gender diversity is associated with Western colonization [13].


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Notes


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Category:Gender identity


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Category:Gender studies


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Category:Gender sociology


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Category:Gender roles


Question: What is the binary gender system?

Binary gender system

Category:Transgender


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Dungeons & Dragons (D&D, DnD; Dungeons & Dragons) is a fantasy role-playing board game developed by Gary Gygax and.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

It was first published in 1974 by Tactical Studies Rules, Inc. (TSR).


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Since 1997, it has been published by Wizards of the Coast (WoTC).


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Creating


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Initially, Dungeons & Dragons was an addition to the Chainmail desktop wargame.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The main difference was the introduction of various fantastic creatures and magical items into the game.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Subsequently, the players controlled not military units, but individual characters, and the action of the games was transferred to dungeons.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The host (Dungeon Master) is an arbiter and storyteller.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Players create a group of several characters that interact with the outside world, resolve various conflicts, participate in battles, and receive rewards.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The early success of Dungeons & Dragons led to the proliferation of similar gaming systems.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In 1977, the system was divided into two branches: the easier to learn Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) and the more structured Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D).


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The second edition of AD&D was published in 1989.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In 2000, the original series of D&D games was interrupted, and the third edition of AD&D with the new system was renamed D&D, which formed the basis of the d20 System.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The fourth edition was published in 2008 and the fifth edition in 2014.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In addition, since the second half of the 2000s, the so-called “Old School Revival” has arisen around the game, which eventually became a relatively significant phenomenon in board role-playing games.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The presence of various fantastic creatures makes it possible to compare Dungeons & Dragons with the work of J.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

R. R. Tolkien, although Gygax argued that the influence of the novel “The Lord of the Rings” was insignificant, and the use of its elements was just a marketing ploy.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Subsequently, D&D was influenced by the work of other writers (for example, Robert Howard, Edgar Burroughs, Michael Moorcock, Roger Zelazna, Paul Anderson).


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Structure


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The game involves a host (the so-called “master”) and several players, the number of which varies depending on the editorial board and the wishes of the participants.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Usually, one player controls the actions of one character in the game world.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The master acts on behalf of all NPCs, describing the environment and events taking place in it.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

During the game, each player sets actions for his character, and the results of actions are determined by the master in accordance with the rules.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Random events are simulated by rolling a dice.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Sometimes the master's decisions may not comply with the rules.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

This is the golden rule of the game: “The GM is always right”, the so-called “masterful arbitrariness”.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

And if, for example, the “master” sets the task of dodging a boulder falling for no reason by throwing a dice, then this is “masterful arbitrariness”.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

But if the “master” simply tells the players that the falling boulder has crushed them, then this is a “masterful lawlessness”.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Traditionally, the game manual or set of rules includes three books: “Player's Handbook”, “Dungeon Master's Guide” and “Monster Manual”.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

There are also various add-ons that the master can use at his discretion.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Sometimes different cards are used to visually depict situations in the game, and figures of characters and their opponents can also be used.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

But the main, and sometimes the only requirement for the game is the presence of character sheets and a set of dice — dice — dice with a given number of sides (d4, d6, d8, d10, d12, d20).


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Editors


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The Dungeons & Dragons rules have gone through several editions.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The original rules were published in 1974 and were updated over the next two years.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Official and popular unofficial additions were published in Dragon magazines.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In 1977, TSR released two new versions: Advanced Dungeons & Dragons and Dungeons & Dragons.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Dungeons & Dragons was a lightweight (introductory) version of the game.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In 1977, the Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set, also called Second Edition, was released in a boxed version.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

This edition was revised in 1981, at the same time as the Expert Set was released, which complements the basic rules.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Between 1983 and 1985, the Third Edition was released in a series of five box sets: Basic Rules, Expert Rules, Companion Rules, Master Rules, and Immortal Rules.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In 1991, the Dungeons & Dragons Rules were reissued.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

This edition included Dungeons & Dragons Game (introductory rules) and Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia (a guide that includes material from Basic, Expert, Companion, and Master Rules).


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In 1994, the set was renamed Classic Dungeons & Dragons Game, and in 1999 it was re-released as Dungeons & Dragons Adventure Game.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) was a more complex version of the game.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Between 1977 and 1979, three major rule books were released, called the Basic Manual: Player's Handbook (PHB), Dungeon Master's Guide (DMG), and Monster Manual (MM).


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In 1989, AD&D was reissued (Second Edition).


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The rules were again put together in three books.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

They included additions and corrections that have been published over the past decade.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The Monster Manual was redesigned into Monstrous Compendium, on the basis of which the Monstrous Manual was made in 1993.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The second edition has been greatly redone.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Under the influence of the public, classes such as assassin (killer) and monk (monk) were removed.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Demons and Devils were first renamed and then completely removed from the game, despite protests from fans of the game.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The target age of the game has been lowered.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In 1995, the Basic Guide was reissued with minor additions.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Among fans, this reissue was called AD&D 2.5.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In 1997, TSR was acquired by Wizards of the Coast.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The new company immediately began developing a new version of the game.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In 2000, Wizards of the Coast introduced the third edition of D&D, which was very different from the previous ones.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The third edition of the rules was aimed at creating greater flexibility of rules and standardizing the mechanics of actions.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The basis of the rules was moved to a separate d20 system available by the software.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In 2003, D&D 3.5 was released.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

It includes many minor changes and enhancements to the Third Edition.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In August 2006, D&D 3.5 rules were first officially published in Russian by AST Publishing House, which at that time owned a license to publish D&D in Russia (translated by A. Lensky).


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In August 2007, the 4th edition was announced, which was released in June 2008.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Preliminary materials (Wizards Presents: Classes and Races and Wizards Presents: Worlds and Monsters) were released in December 2007 and January 2008.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The main differences of the 4th edition are:


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

increasing the number of class levels from 20 to 30,


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

significantly increasing the influence of the chosen race on the character's capabilities,


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

changing the list of races available to play,


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

introduction of specializations for warriors (“fast” or “powerful” fighting style),


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

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changing the existing worldview system,


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

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new basic setting (realm)


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The 5th edition was released in July 2014.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Simplified rules of the game were available for free on the official Wizards of the Coast website.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Most of the classes, races and backstories, many DM rules, and most monsters have been cut out in this pdf documentation.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Together with the new edition of Wizards of the Coast, announced the D&D Adventure League.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The Game


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Character creation


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Before starting the game, each player creates a character — his own embodiment in the game world.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

To do this, first of all, its basic parameters are determined — strength, physique, agility, intelligence, wisdom and charisma.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Classically, a 3d6 roll (a triple roll of a hexagonal die), which gives a spread of 3 to 18, but usually uses a 4d6 roll, and the value of the dice on which the lowest number fell is is discarded and the values of the others add up.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

This option also gives a distribution from 3 to 18, but more shifted towards 18: the probability of a minimum is reduced by 6 times, and the probability of a maximum is doubled.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In addition to these two, there are other alternative methods described in the Gamerbook (For version 3.5 in the Dungeon Master's Guide).


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The player then chooses their character's race and class.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

After that, the player can choose the skills and abilities that the character will have, as well as indicate his worldview.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

It is also possible to choose a deity that the character worships.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In the end, the player must properly equip the character: armor and weapons for the warrior, scrolls and magic items for the wizard, lock picks and other special tools for the thief, and so on.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Also, in agreement with the master, the player can create a quest [1], a character biography that is needed to make the character better fit into the game world.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

During the game, the character can change his parameters, improve them thanks to the experience gained.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Game process


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

During the game, the party (players acting together) travels the world and performs various missions and tasks.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

During the journey, characters, at DM's discretion, gain experience that in one way or another contributes to improving the character's characteristics.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

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Characters also earn money and get equipment.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The game can include many smaller games where characters move from one to another.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

It can end after completing a certain mission, or it can continue indefinitely.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In general, the D&D game experience does not differ from games on other desktop systems.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Thumbnails


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Like its predecessors, Dungeons & Dragons uses thumbnails to represent participants in battle.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The first edition required miniatures of the Chainmail desktop wargame, but in subsequent editions, the role of miniatures was reduced due to the ability to describe the course of the battle orally.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In the 1970s, many companies began to take advantage of the popularity of Dungeons & Dragons and specialize in the production of miniatures.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Officially, this was done by,, and TSR.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Most of the miniatures were 25 millimeters high.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

From time to time, Dungeons & Dragons goes back to basics and offers additional rules for thumbnails.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Official settings


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Dungeons & Dragons official settings (game worlds):


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

— since the birth of D&D, 1974; first separate book 1975.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

It is currently officially supported by Wizards of the Coast.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

In this setting, the computer role-playing game The Temple of Elemental Evil: A Classic Greyhawk Adventure takes place.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

— since the late 1970s.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Not officially supported since 1999.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

The setting includes the following subsettings:


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

— since the birth of D&D, 1974; first separate book — 1979.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

Supported by Zeitgeist Games.


Question: At what age can I play Planescape:Torment?

Dungeons & Dragons

— since 1990.