Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Mini|Rosenthal village in Catholic Lusatian


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Lusatian Catholic Serbs numbering about 12,000 people live compactly in the triangle between the cities of Bautzen, Kamenz and Hoyerswerda, which includes 85 settlements.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

About a thousand crosses and chapels are scattered along the roads of the area.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Here, the Lusatian language is spoken in many families, schools, kindergartens and churches.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) confirmed the status of Luzhitsky as a language of worship.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Services in the Lusatian language are held in churches in the villages of Krostwitz, Ostro, Radibor, Nebelschutz, Ralbitsy, Wittichenau, Bacsony, as well as Reckelwitz, Panschwitz-Kuckau.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In Bautzen, a service in Lusatian takes place on Sundays at.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Older women here still wear formal suits.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

During church holidays, weddings and other celebrations, young women and girls wear festive costumes.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The public holiday in the Serbo-Catholic regions of Saxony is the holiday of the Body and Blood of Christ.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The holidays of the Holy Trinity Day, the Meeting of Mary and Elizabeth and the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos are celebrated with solemn processions in Ralbitz.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Catholics also celebrate Bird Wedding (January 25), the “burning of witches” (April 30), St. Martin's Day (November 11), St. Barbara's Day (December 4), St. Nicholas Day (December 6) [58].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the past, the Catholic areas of Upper Lusitsa were heavily influenced by monasteries, including Marienstern; believers were forbidden to marry non-Catholics [59].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Culture


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Literature


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The oldest monument of Serbolužice writing is the text of the Latin psalm of the Magdeburg Manuscript (Magdeburgske glossy) of the 12th century with an interlinear translation into Old Lužice and German.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The history of Serbolužice literature dates back to the Reformation — the 16th century.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The earliest monument of business writing is the Budishinskaya Oath of 1532.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The first books were written and printed by Protestants in Lower Luga dialects: in 1548, M. Yakubica translated the New Testament, and in 1574 A. Moller published The Little Catechism.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1595, the first printed book in the Upper Luzhitsky language was published - Luther's Small Catechism, translated by V. Varichia.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

A significant role in the formation of Serbolužice literature was played by the Frenzel family, from which several representatives of the Serbolužice scientific and creative intelligentsia came out from the 1660s to the middle of the XVIII century, including M. Frenzel, who published the New Testament in 1706 in the Upper Luzhitsky language, encyclopedist A. Frenzel, poet M. Frenzel, chronicler S. B.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Frenzel [60].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Prominent poets of the XIX century were G. Seyler (whose attitude is similar to that of A. S. Pushkin in Russia [61]), the second largest poet Y.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Bart-Chishinsky, Ya.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Velya-Radyserb, M. Gornik, the first Lusatian poet G. Vichazets.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the 1840s, Serbolužice prose was actively developed.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Prominent writers of the XIX century were Velya-Radyserb, Y.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

B.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Muchink, Y.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

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E.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

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Velan M. Gornik.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the work of poets M. Andritsky, Y.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Novak, Ya.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Tsyzh, writer M. Navka.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the interwar period, publicist Y.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Skala, writers Ya.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Lorentz Zaleski, M. Novak-Nekhornsky, poets M. Navka, Y.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

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Khezhka, M. Vitkoits.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Writers were mainly from the clergy, less often from the intelligentsia (scientists, teachers, doctors) [62].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Until 1937, magazines, calendars and church literature were printed mostly in Gothic script [63].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

After the establishment of the Nazi regime in Germany, representatives of the Serbolužice intelligentsia were subjected to repression.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

On March 18, 1937, Domovina was actually liquidated (together with its press organs); Matica Serboluzhitskaya was dissolved, the publishing house and printing house were closed, the library and archive were arrested.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

A decree followed on the withdrawal of all Serbolužice literature from libraries.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The public use of the Lusatian language was banned.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The German press received an unspoken order to avoid any mention of the Lusatian Serbs, and even the use of the term “Lusatian Serbs” (Sorben, Wenden) was banned.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The atmosphere of arrests and threats caused the premature death of Y.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Rocks and Ya.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Lorents-Zalessky; at this time Yu.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Hezhka [64].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the second half of the 20th century, the writer Yu.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Brezan, poets Yu.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Mlynka, Y.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Koch [65].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

folklore


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Collection by L. Haupt and A. Smolyar of the middle of the XIX century “Folk songs of the upper and lower Luzhitans” divided Lusatian songs into types: field or harvest, lullabies, suffering, wedding, dance, round dance, jokes and others.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

By the beginning of the 20th century, about 1,500 folk songs and 800 melodies were known.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Ancient epic songs include “Victories of the Serbs” (tells about the events of the 11th century [66]) and “Our guys are going from the war” (presumably originated in the 10th century [67]).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

After the First World War, Serbolužite youth sang “Sokol songs” with nationalist motifs.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The collection and study of Lusatian proverbs was carried out by Y.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Radyserb-Vela, who published in 1902 the collection “Proverbs and Sayings of the Upper Luzhitsky Serbs”, which included about 10 thousand proverbs and sayings.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Some proverbs ridiculed wealth (“It would be easy for a rich man to become a wise Solomon if wisdom was sold”, “The higher the palace, the lower the hut”), others praised everyday experience, thrift, modesty (“Pride suits Luzhichans as well as a beggar ring”).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Some sayings were devoted to the Luzhitans who betrayed their people (“There is no devil worse for a Luzhician than a numb Luzhician”).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Legends tell about exploits in the struggle for national freedom in the 9th-11th centuries, the death of the last Serbian rulers, and the history of some settlements [68].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Theater and cinema


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The history of the Serbolužice Theatre, which arose under the influence of the Czech National Theater, dates back to 1862, when the first performance of the play in the Lusatian language took place in Bautzen.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

A significant contribution to Serbolužice drama was made by writer Yu.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Vinar, the plays were written by the poet Y.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Bart-Chishinsky and A. Flour.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1948, the first Serbolužice People's Theater (now the German-Serbolužice People's Theater) opened in Bautzen [69].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the cinema, the Lusatian Serbs were first shown in the silent film “”, shot in 1911.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

During the interwar period, about ten films were shot, in which the Luzhitans were often presented as a “village” and endangered people.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The first Serbolužice film historian was G. Cerna (d. 1955).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1953, the first feature film on the Serbolužice theme “52 weeks — one year” was released [70].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The emergence of Serbolužice cinema dates back to 1971, when the “Working Circle of Serbolužice Cinematographers” was founded to train personnel for the future Serbolužice cinematography.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1972, this film school shot the first Serbolužice film “Struga — a Portrait of a Landscape” (the name is given along the river in Luzhica).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1980, the production and creative association Serbska Filmova Skupina was created at the DEFA film studio (and in fact within the framework of the Dresden TRIK-Film Studio).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the 1980s, documentaries dedicated to national culture were shot, including the film “The City” about the Serbolužice history of Bautzen.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1984, the first feature film of Serbolužice cinema “Rublyak, or the Legend of a Measured Country” was released in German (the films “Skupiny” were shot mainly in the Lusatian language) [71].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Since 1991, the studio has been called Sorabia-Film-Studio [72].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Music and visual arts


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1952, it was created, combining a choir, an orchestra and a ballet group [73].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Among traditional dances, Serbolužice dance is popular, as well as the dances “Wait” and “Go on”.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Lusatian songs and dances are accompanied by musical performances.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Previously, the most common instruments were large and small (violin genus), bagpipes and cockroach.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Modern instruments include grand piano, guitar, accordion, clarinet, trumpet and harmonica.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Small harps, or “wedding harps”, in the 20th century were common in the Schleife-Muskau area.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

They are a three-string instrument of triangular shape, resembling a violin, and is not known to other peoples [74].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Until the end of the First World War, fine arts did not occupy a prominent place in the Serbolužice national culture.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Single artists left almost no trace.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1923, the Association of Lusatian Artists was formed, whose paintings were shown at exhibitions in Krostvica and other places.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1948, the Circle of Lusatian Artists was founded, headed by M. Novak-Nehornsky.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The circle organized traveling exhibitions, introduced the population to the paintings of Lusatian artists [75].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Clothes


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Serbolužice folk clothes have common features with the clothes of other Western Slavs, especially with Poles (women wearing an apron, an abundance of jewelry on festive costumes - embroideries, lace, ribbons).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The original clothes have been preserved mainly among women.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Luzhitsky ethnographer P. Nedo distinguished four complexes of women's clothing in Luzhitsa: Spreewald, Schleiffen, Goyersverdsky and Bautsen-Kamensky.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The latter complex is distributed in the districts of Bautzen, Kamenz and Wittichenau.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The festive clothes of the Bautsen-Kamenets complex include a white shirt made of canvas with short sleeves and a round neckline, a black woolen upper skirt and a woolen underskirt.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The upper skirt is sewn to the corsage, which is laced or fastened.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The headdress of the Bautsen-Kamenets complex consists of a black bonnet, from which two black ribbons hang to the knees.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The headdress, common in the Spreewald, is characterized by the presence of wide wings.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Black mourning robes are combined with a white headdress [76].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The men's costume of the XVIII-XIX centuries (not preserved) was close to the German costume of Brandenburg and Saxony.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

It consisted of a linen shirt with long sleeves, which was tucked into linen pants with buttons below the knees.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The shirt was worn with a cloth jacket, often bluish in color.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Now the costume can be seen on the artists of the Luzhitsky Song and Dance Ensemble.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Wooden shoes served as home shoes, and boots with high tops served as street shoes [77].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Holidays


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The Serbolužice holidays were significantly influenced by Germany.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Luzhitans, like other peoples of Europe, celebrate Christian holidays.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

For Easter, boiled eggs are painted, which are given to children.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In terms of brightness and variety, they are inferior to the colored eggs of Slovaks, Ukrainians and South Slavic peoples [78].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

On St. Peter's Day, February 22, a straw scarecrow of winter was burned [79].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Since 1541, it has been known that the Easter cavalcade has been held, when men in tailcoats and top hats on horseback go with the news of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The procession is led by horsemen with banners, statues and crucifixes [80].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The day of Saint John the Baptist, June 24, was also celebrated.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

On Ivanov Day, they wondered and jumped over the fires.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Unlike other peoples of Europe, the Luzhitans did not have rituals related to water [81].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The harvest festival, known throughout Germany, was celebrated in August-September.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In Upper Luzhitsa, the celebration was led by wealthy peasants.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Poor peasants and laborers congratulated the owner and gave him a wreath in gratitude for his bread and work.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the Spreewald, it was a custom to “tear the rooster” and “beat the rooster”.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

According to the beliefs of the Lusatian Serbs, after harvesting, the rooster, endowed with the power to protect the harvest, fulfilled his task and must be killed, otherwise he will cause evil [82].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In autumn, St. Michael's Day was celebrated on September 29, the holiday of “All Saints” on November 1, and the children's holiday Martins Day on November 11 [83].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Since 1875, the holiday of the Luzhitsky youth of Skadovanka has been celebrated [84].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Print, radio, television


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The daily Serbske Nowiny (under this name since 1854 [85]) is published in Upper Lužice, as well as religious publications: the Catholic Katolski Posoł and the Protestant Pomhaj Bóh.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The weekly Nowy Casnik newspaper is published in Lower Luga.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Magazines are published in both languages: scientific Lětopis (published twice a year), cultural Rozhlad (since 1950 [86]), children's Płomjo, pedagogical Serbska šula.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Half-hour TV shows are broadcast once a month: Wuhladko in Upper Lužice (MDR [87]) and Łužyca in Lower Lužitsky (rbb TV channel [88]).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Radio programs of Serbolužice radio are broadcast in two languages [89].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Settlements and buildings


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

See also the article:


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

See also the article:List of Serbolužice villages (1956)


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Currently, Lusatian Serbs make up an ethnic majority in 70 Catholic villages in Upper Lusica (northwest of Bautzen).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the Protestant areas of Upper Luzhica and throughout Lower Luzhica, villages with a predominance of Lusatian Serbs no longer exist [90].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Until the 20th century, Luzhitans had almost no mixed interethnic marriages, as they lived closed and separately from the Germans [91].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

According to the Luzhitsky poet Y.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Bart-Chishinsky (1904), German-Serbolužice marriages were rare.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the first half of the 20th century, the number of mixed marriages increased significantly due to the industrialization of Luzhitsa, the development of the brown coal basin and especially after the arrival of a large the number of German settlers at the end of World War II.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

According to M. AND. Seven ryagi (1955), especially many mixed marriages in the Spreewald (50% or more of the total number in the middle of the 20th century against 5% in 1900), in the vicinity of industrial centers - Cottbus, Fetschau, Luebbenau, in communities of Upper Luzhitsa.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

For Catholics, the couple came from the same village, while Protestants often had a bride and groom from different villages [92].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The oldest type of settlement planning is circular.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Cumulus layout is also common, in Nizhnyaya Luzhitsa - farm, in German districts - street.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

To the east of the Kamenz-Bischofswerda line, street planning is less common.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the Spreewald, settlements of a peculiar farm shape are common: due to the low-lying landscape and frequent floods, scattered villages are located on hills, estates are located along the canals.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The villages on the islands are connected by boat during summer.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the Spreewald, estates are located along the canals.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The yard with buildings in Lower Luzhitsa is open, in Upper Luzhitsa it is closed.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The oldest type of buildings is a single-storey log building with residential and utility rooms under one roof.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

This type of Lusatian buildings in the second half of the 20th century was found in the villages of Spreewald and Hoyerswerda.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Half-timbered buildings associated with the German tradition were more common in Upper Luzhitsa.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Over time, wooden buildings were replaced by brick construction [93].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

National symbols


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The flag of the Lusatian Serbs is a cloth of blue, red and white horizontal stripes.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

It was first used as a national symbol in 1842.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1848, the flag was recognized among the Luzhitans [94].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Article 25 of the Brandenburg State Constitution contains provision for the Serbolužice flag.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Article 2 of the Constitution of Saxony contains a provision on the use of the coat of arms and traditional national colors of the Lusatian Serbs.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The Laws on the Rights of the Lusatian Serbs of Brandenburg and Saxony contain provisions on the use of Serbolužice national symbols (coat of arms and national colors). [95]


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The national anthem of the Lusatian Serbs since the 20th century is the song “Beautiful Luzhica” [96].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Previously, the anthem was the songs “Serbia has not yet died” (written by G. Seyler in 1840) [97] and “Our Serbia Rises from the Dust” (written by M. Homework, performed until 1945) [98].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Legal status


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Mini|bilingual inscription at Spremberg (Lužicki Grodk) train station


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The legal status of the Lusatian Serbs in Germany (in the states of Brandenburg and Saxony) is regulated on the basis of Article 35 of Protocol No. 14 of the Treaty on the Unification of Germany and the GDR of 1990.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Article 25 of the Brandenburg Constitution of 1992 guarantees the right of the Serbolužice people to protect, maintain and protect their cultural identity and place of residence.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Land, communities and community unions promote rights.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The article establishes the cultural autonomy of Luzhitans, the right to use the Lusatian language (including as the official language in their places of residence, when studying in kindergartens and schools), contains a reference to a special law on the participation of representatives of Lusatian Serbs in legislative activities.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Articles 5 and 6 of the Constitution of Saxony enshrine the right of national and ethnic minorities of German citizens to preserve their identity and to care for language, culture, traditions and religion [99].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In Brandenburg in 1994, and in Saxony in 1999, similar laws were adopted on the rights of Lusatian Serbs.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Both laws refer to the autochthonous nature of the Luzhitans.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The concept of belonging to the Serbolužice people is defined (one who considers himself a Lužice Serb belongs to the Serbolužice people), establishes the legal status of the territory of residence of the Lusatians, defines the status of the Lusatian Serb Councils attached to the Diet (and the Lusatian Serb Commissioners in Brandenburg).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The laws contain provisions on education in the Lusatian language, bilingual inscriptions on the territory of traditional residence of the Lusatians, the reflection of the culture and interests of the Lusatian Serbs in the media information [100].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Inter-Slavic relations


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Lusatian Serbs have strong historical ties with Poland and the Czech Republic.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Poland, positioning itself as the “guardian” of the Serbolužice people, criticizes the German government for insufficient efforts to preserve the Lusatian language.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1936, the Association of Friends of the Serbolužice People was established at the University of Warsaw.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

From 1945 to 1949, there was a youth organization “” (with a central representative office in Poznan) [101].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Since 2004, the Polish-Serbolužice Partnership “” [102] has been operating, which holds international scientific conferences, Days of Lusatian Culture, creative evenings with the participation of the Lusatian intelligentsia, events in memory of the figures of the Serbolužice national revival, organizes visits of Lusatian politicians and activists to Poland (and Poles to Lusatian), publishes literature.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The second place in terms of cooperation with the Lusatian Serbs is occupied by the Czech Republic, in which the Society of Friends of Lusica (founded in 1907) is active, which publishes the popular science magazine “Czech-Lusatian messenger” [103].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In Serbia, there is a scientific and educational project “Rastko Lužica”, which brings together scientists and researchers from Serbia.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Lusatian Serbs sympathize with the Balkan Serbs, Serbolužice volunteers took part in the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s on the side of the Serbs [104].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Since 1996, the Society for Friendship of Russians with Luzhitans has been operating in Russia, represented by Sergey Pryamchuk [105] (d. 2012).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

See also


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Serbolužice surnames


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Notes


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

comments


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Sources


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Literature


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Encyclopedias


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

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Template:From TSB


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Template:Unavailable link — article from Encyclopedia Britannica ‹See Tfd› (in English)


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

‹See Tfd› (in German)


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Monographs


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

‹See Tfd› (in Ukrainian)


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

‹See Tfd› (in English)


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

References


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

“” Digital Library on Sorabistics


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

“” Historical program on Czech Television (2015)


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Page of the “Society of Friendship between Russians and Luzhitans”


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Category:People of Germany


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Category:National minorities in Germany


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Macintosh [ˈmækơnt] or Mac [mæk] is a line of personal computers manufactured by Apple Corporation.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

They run operating systems of the Mac OS family, Windows NT, A/UX, NextStep, GNU/Linux and Rhapsody.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

They got their name from the apple variety “Malus' McIntosh '”.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

History


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

1979-1984: development


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

The Macintosh project was launched in the late 1970s, when Jeff Ruskin, already an Apple employee, decided to make a convenient and inexpensive computer for the average consumer.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

He decided to name the computer after his favorite apple variety Mekintosh [1], but the name had to be changed for legal reasons, as it sounded too similar to the name McIntosh Laboratory, a company that produces sound equipment.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Steve Jobs asked for permission to use the name freely for Apple, but was refused, so Apple then had to buy the rights to use the name [2].


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Raskin received permission to launch the project and began recruiting new people to the team in September 1979 [3], among others, he needed an engineer capable of making a full-fledged prototype.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Bill Atkinson, who was part of another Apple project called Lisa (they developed a similar computer, but at a higher level), introduced Ruskin to Burrell Smith, a technician repair of equipment that came to the company a little earlier in 1979.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Over the years, Ruskin assembled a large team of developers who designed and built the original Macintosh machines and the original Mac OS version for their computer.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

In addition to Ruskin, Atkinson and Smith, the team includes George Crow [4], Chris Espinosa, Joanna Hoffman, Bruce Horn, Susan Care, Andy Herzfeld, Guy Kawasaki, Daniel Kottke [5], Jerry Manock and Andrea Cunningham [6] [7] .


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Smith built his first Macintosh motherboard to Ruskin's specifications: it had 64 kilobytes of RAM, a Motorola 6809E processor, and supported bitmap display on a monochrome display with a resolution of 256 × 256 pixels.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Bud Tribble, another member of the Mac team, was interested in running graphics programs from the Lisa platform on a Macintosh machine, so he asked Smith if he could integrate a Motorola processor 68000 from Lisa to the Mac system without increasing the cost.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

By December 1980, Smith had managed to design a board that not only carried the 68000 processor, but also supported an increased clock speed of 5 to 8 MHz; this board could also output an image on a monitor with a resolution of 384×256 pixels.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Smith's design contained fewer RAM chips than Lisa, which significantly reduced costs.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

The final design of the Mac was self-sufficient and had a full-fledged language for working with QuickDraw graphics and an interpreter of only 64 kilobytes of ROM — much more than most other computers in that time; the machine contained 128 kilobytes of RAM in the form of sixteen 64-kilobit chips soldered to the motherboard.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Although the board did not have slots for additional memory, it was possible to expand the RAM to 512 kilobytes by desoldering sixteen connectors where 256 kilobits of RAM chips could be installed instead of the factory 64 kilobit chips.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

The car went into production with a built-in monochrome monitor with a diagonal of 9 inches and a resolution of 512×342 pixels — the monitor size was larger than planned [8].


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

The design of the car attracted the attention of Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Realizing that the Macintosh had better market prospects than Lisa, he began to focus on this project.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Ruskin finally left the Macintosh project in 1981 due to a personal conflict with Jobs, and project participant Andy Herzfeld said that the final design of the Macintosh was closer to Jobs's ideas than to Ruskin's plans [3].


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Hearing that Xerox PARC was creating a breakthrough graphical interface technology, Jobs arranged to visit the center to take a closer look at the Xerox Alto computer and its development tools Smalltalk, offering options to buy Apple shares in return.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

The Lisa and Macintosh user interfaces were influenced by technologies seen at Xerox PARC and combined with the Macintosh project participants' own ideas.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Jobs also engaged industrial designer Hartmut Esslinger to work on the Macintosh series, which eventually led to the creation of a special design language Snow White; although This language came too late and did not make it to the first Mac models, it was implemented in most Apple computers released in the middle and late 1980s.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Despite everything, Jobs's leadership in the Macintosh project did not last long; after a fierce internal struggle with the company's new CEO John Scully, Jobs resigned from Apple in 1985 [9].


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

After leaving, Jobs founded another computer company, NeXT, aimed at the education market [10], and did not return until 1997, when Apple acquired NeXT [11].


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

The Macintosh 128K was manufactured at Apple's Fremont factory.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Models released


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

The first Mac was released on January 24, 1984.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

The launch of the computer was preceded by a television commercial directed by Ridley Scott, first aired on January 22, 1984, based on George Orwell's novel 1984.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Shortly thereafter, the company stopped developing and manufacturing the Apple III family, which turned out to be uncompetitive.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Initially, the Macintosh family combined platforms based on Motorola processors (68000, 68020), later replaced by more powerful IBM PowerPC processors (used in models PowerMacs), and then Intel processors.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

The latest PowerPC-based desktops and servers were equipped with 64-bit G5 processors, and laptops with 32-bit G4 processors.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Due to the high heat dissipation and power consumption of the G5 processors, which IBM could not cope with, they have not been used in laptops.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

This issue, as well as IBM's inability to release processors at a higher clock speed, forced Apple to start looking for a new processor supplier.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Such a supplier was found, and in 2006 Apple began switching to Intel processors.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Existing PowerPC applications were launched on new computers in emulation mode using Rosetta technology.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

By the end of 2006, the entire line of computers was migrated to new processors.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Intel's architecture at that time was only supported by Mac OS X 10.4 in 32-bit mode.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

By 2010, all released models were equipped with 64-bit Intel Core 2 Duo and Xeon processors, Mac OS X 10.5 supported both 64-bit and 32-bit modes on Intel and PowerPC platforms .


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Starting at 10.6, Mac OS X only runs on the Intel platform, although support for applications compiled for PowerPC has been abandoned in emulation mode.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard is fully 64-bit like most apps.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

The Boot Camp utility, included in the basic distribution of this version of the operating system, made it possible to install Windows operating systems on the Macintosh (starting with Windows XP SP2).


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

There are also Linux distributions for the Macintosh platform.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Most Mac OS X platform applications are compatible with all Intel and PowerPC platforms supported by the operating system, but some applications support only the Intel platform, and In a few cases (for example, IBM DB2), only Intel 64-bit platforms.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Scope of application


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Macintosh computers can be used for the same tasks as Windows computers and Linux kernel systems.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

There is a wide range of software, system and application, including Microsoft Office for Mac, Adobe Photoshop, and other well-known programs.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Macintosh is also widely used in the field of computer graphics, printing and sound recording.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

The transition to OS X operating system, which is Unix-compatible OS and officially certified UNIX 0.3, has expanded the choice of software for the Macintosh because most programs for Unix/Linux can be run on OS Xby simple recompilation or after refinement.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Migrating to Intel architecture


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

With the change in architecture, there was a problem with incompatibility of processor commands: older applications written for PowerPC processors cannot run on Intel processors.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

This problem is being addressed in two directions.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

All new applications are proposed to be released as part of a strategy where the same code can run on both types of processors, and therefore on both older and new Macintosh computers.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Older applications run on new processors through a special Rosetta command translator, which transfers Intel commands to and from PowerPC.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

For the client, this process is completely transparent, although it slows down the application somewhat.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

However, the Rosetta translator has some limitations, the main of which is that it can only run applications written specifically for Mac OS X, that is, created in an environment Cocoa or Carbon (a version designed specifically for Mac OS X), which makes it easier to transfer applications from previous systems).


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Applications that have migrated from an earlier version of the operating system, Mac OS 9 (also called Classic), that is, not developed in the Carbon environment, cannot be run through the Rosetta translator, therefore, can no longer be run on newer processors.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Fortunately, there are very few such apps left.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

The transition to Intel processors has greatly simplified, and therefore accelerated, the operation of virtual machines running virtual operating systems.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Moreover, the Boot Camp project made it possible to install and run other operating systems on the Macintosh and boot into one of them.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Windows XP and Windows Vista are supported (both 32-bit and 64-bit for models with a 64-bit processor; drivers for all Macintosh devices for this operating system are written), Windows 7.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Linux distributions that are adaptable independently of Apple can be installed (there are no problems installing the OS, but the main problem is the lack of drivers).


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

This initiative turns the Macintosh into a versatile computer with a variety of operating systems for Intel processors available.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Mac OS X 10.7 removed Rosetta, so PowerPC applications will no longer run.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Model range


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Macintosh has the following product lines: MacBook Pro top-level laptops, MacBook Air ultra-portable, ultra-light MacBook, compact desktops Mac mini, all-in-one desktops with integrated iMac display, Mac Pro top-level workstations.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Within each line, several different configurations are available.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

MacBook Pro — professional laptops, since 2006;


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

MacBook Air is an ultra-thin laptop for surfing the Internet and simple tasks, since 2008;


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

MacBook — MacOS-based laptop; since 2008;


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Mac Pro — workstation-class desktops;


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

iMac — all-in-one computers (monitor, system unit, audio-video peripherals), introduced in 1998;


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Mac mini — system units of personal computers, since 2005.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

iMac Pro is a line of professional all-in-ones announced for the first time at WWDC 2017 and produced since December 2017.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Criticism


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

The release of the very first Macintosh computer was initially very well received by many publications - it was constantly compared to the Apple II, which was released shortly before and unlike the new computer which had an open architecture.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

According to all well-known publications of that time, “The modern user wants to have an open architecture and the ability to change the technical characteristics of the computer at his discretion.”


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

The closed architecture of the new computer did not allow this, as a result of which there was an initial drop in sales of the new computer and the dismissal of Steve Jobs from the post of head of Apple.


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Illustrations


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Macintosh 128k (first Macintosh, introduced in 1984)


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

iMac


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Mac mini


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

MacBook Pro


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Notes


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Literature


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

(in English)


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

References


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Category:Apple Inc. Hardware


Question: How much did the first Mac weigh?

Macintosh

Category:establishments in 1984


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

The first season of the American television web series Daredevil, which is based on the Marvel comic book character of the same name.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

In the season, Matt Murdock/Daredevil, a blind lawyer and aspiring crime fighter, confronts powerful crime boss Wilson Fisk/Kingpin.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

The series is part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (KVM).


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

The season is produced by Marvel Television together with ABC Studios, DeKnight Prods.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

and Goddard Textiles.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Steven S. Denight is the showrunner of the season, and the creator of the series Drew Goddard is a consultant.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Charlie Cox plays Murdock and Vincent D'Onofrio plays Fisk.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Also starring Deborah Ann Wall, Elden Henson, Toby Leonard Moore, Wondi Curtis Hall, Bob Ganton, Ayelet Zorer and Rosario Dawson.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Work on Daredevil began in late 2013, when Goddard was hired in December.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Denight replaced him as showrunner, and Cox landed the lead role in May 2014.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

The series, based on the darkest and most mature elements of the source material, was shot in New York from October to December 2014.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Stephanie Maslansky designed costumes for the season, and the red Daredevil costume was designed by Ryan Meinerding and costume designers Marvel Studios.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

The season contains references to other KVM projects, including upcoming Netflix series.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

The first two episodes of the season premiered in Los Angeles on April 2, 2015, and the full 13-episode season became available on Netflix on April 10 of that year.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

As noted, the series received a high viewing rating.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Critics praised the actors' performance, in particular D'Onofrio, and the darker tone and plot of the series compared to other KVM projects.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

However, in places, the slow speed of events and the red Daredevil costume received some critical reviews.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

The first season received two Emmy Awards nominations for creative arts — visual effects created by Shade VFX and sound editing.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

The series was renewed for a second season on April 21, 2015 [1].


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Episodes


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Cast


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

The main composition


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Charlie Cox — Matt Murdock/Daredevil [2]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Deborah Anne Wall vs. Karen Page [3]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Elden Henson vs. Franklin “Foggy” Nelson [4]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Toby Leonard Moore — James Wesley [5]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Wondi Curtis Hall — Ben Urich [5]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Bob Ganton — Leland Owlesley [5]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Ayelet Zorer — Vanessa Marianna [5]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Rosario Dawson vs. Claire Temple [6] [7]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Vincent D'Onofrio — Wilson Fisk/Kingpin [8]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Secondary roster


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Peter Mcrobbie—Lantom [9]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Rob Morgan — Turk Barrett [10]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Royce Johnson vs. Brett Mahoney [11]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Daryl Edwards — Carl Hoffman [11]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Chris Tardio — Christian Blake [12]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Wai Ching Ho-Gao [10]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Peter Shinkoda - Nobu Yoshioka [10] [13]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Nikolay Nikolaeff — Vladimir Ranskagov [10]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Susan Varon - Josie [14]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Jeffrey Cantor — Mitchell Ellison [5]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Adrian Lenox — Doris Urich [14]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Judith Delgado — Elena Cordenos [15]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Amy Rutberg — Marcy Stahl [16]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Tom Walker — Francis [17]


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Production


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Development


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

In October 2013, Marvel and Disney announced that Marvel Television and ABC Studios would release on Netflix series about Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Iron Fist and Luke Cage, which would unite in a mini- a series based on the comic book “The Defenders” [18].


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Drew Goddard was appointed executive producer and showrunner of Daredevil [19], but in May 2014 it was announced that Goddard had resigned as showrunner to focus on his work on a feature film based on the Marvel comic book Sinister Six for Sony Pictures Entertainment.


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He was succeeded by Stephen S. Denite.


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Goddard, who wrote the first two episodes, stayed with the show as a consultant and executive producer.


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It was also announced that the full title of the series would be Marvel's Daredevil [20].


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The first season consists of thirteen hour-long episodes [21]; Denight, Goddard, Jeff Loeb, Jim Chorie, Dan Buckley, Joe Quesada, Stan Lee, Alan Fine, Cindy Holland, Chris Hanigman, Ellie Goss and Peter Friedlander became executive producers of the project [22].


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Scenario


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The season does not directly adapt any comic book storyline; Denight noted that it was more important to focus on “conveying the spirit of comics” [23].


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He said that Netflix's support for “creative ideas”, combined with Marvel's restrictions on the use of their property, led to the fact that EMC had to move away from the source material, together while adhering to the characters and their stories.


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He was surprised how “everyone enthusiastically took a fresh look at what we were doing and really tried” [24].


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Vincent D'Onofrio called the Netflix narrative style more a “13-hour movie” than a series, and noted that it would take time to tell the story and “be more accurate” [25].


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Deborah Anne Wall said that in her opinion, one of the most important topics of the series is normal people who influenced “seemingly insurmountable circumstances”, and the main thing here is not the ability Daredevils or the qualifications of the characters, and their readiness to help people [26].


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Although the season was much tougher than previous KVM works, Denight felt sexual abuse was “too much”, saying that Daredevil didn't require many sex scenes, especially since Matt Murdock is not in the mood to be romantic—it just didn't fit into the season. I think this may change in the future, but I never put sexual connotations at the forefront of the show. I think that since Daredevil was a hit and people were really positive about it, you can see an older world in Jessica Jones” [23].


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Speaking about how the Daredevil name appears in the season, Denight explained that several options were considered, such as “one of the versions in the comics where people called him names when he was a child Daredevil”, which did not fit into the world of the series; or when Ben Urich gives the character a name, but this version did not fit the time — Urich dies before the last Daredevil costume was presented.


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It was decided that instead of saying Daredevil's name out loud, it was easier to present it through the media as a newspaper headline.


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About why this was not done for Wilson Fisk's nickname - Kingpin - Denight said that he felt “a little stupid... [if] we were to say, “Oh, they called him Daredevil! Oh, they named him Kingpin!” , but could not come up with another natural way for the name Kingpin to appear, so it was decided to leave it for the next seasons [27].


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casting


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The main cast includes Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock/Daredevil [2], Deborah Ann Wall as Karen Page [3], Elden Henson as Franklin “Foggy” Nelson [4], Toby Leonard Moore as James Wesley [5], Wondi Curtis Hall as Ben Urich [5], Bob Ganton as Leland Owlesley [5], Ayelet Zorer as Vanessa Marianna [5], Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple [6] [7] and Vincent D'Onofrio as Wilson Fisk [8].


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In July 2014, it was announced that Peter Shinkoda had received a supporting role in the series, Hashiro [28].


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In March 2015, it was reported that he would actually play Nobu Yoshioka; other opponents of Daredevil included Madame Gao, Vladimir Ranskagov and Turk Barrett, whose roles were played by Wai Ching Ho , Nikolay Nikolaeff and Rob Morgan respectively [10] [13].


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The list of supporting characters also includes Mitchell Ellison played by Jeffrey Cantor [5] [29], Elena Cardenas played by Judith Delgado [15], Carl Hoffman played by Daryl Edwards [11], Brett Mahoney played by Royce Johnson [11], Doris Urich played by Adrian Lenox [14], Lantom's father played by Peter Mcrobbie [9], Marcy Stahl played by Amy Rutberg [16], Christian Blake in Chris Tardio [12], Josie played by Susan Varon [14] and Francis by Tom Walker [17].


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Design


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Costume designer Stephanie Maslansky, before starting costume design, read the scripts for the first two episodes and some sketches of the scenarios for further episodes and developed a “firm understanding” character plot arches and the overall story.


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She also took into account the requirements of stuntmen for the features of costumes, and also asked questions about creating more complex retro costumes [13].


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Murdock's black suit at the beginning of the season (referred to by the crew as “the avenger outfit”) is inspired by Frank Miller's Man Without Fear character's costume, rather than the more traditional red horned suit.


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This was done to emphasize the formation of Matt Murdock's character as Daredevil — the costume develops gradually as the character develops [30].


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Quesada, Chief Creative Officer of Marvel Comics, developed the appearance of the hero based on Denite's work [13].


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About the process of developing the image, Denight said: “We've tried almost everything in design. We've been experimenting with a lot of different masks. One of the versions is a ski mask with your eyes closed. We tried everything until we found something that just felt right” [30].


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Denite and Quesada explained that the idea was for Murdoch to start with a makeshift outfit that was more suitable for the “real world” of the show and then change it to a classic costume Daredevils [31].


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Maslanski noted that they wanted the outfit “to look like something Matt Murdoch could put together himself — either order online or buy from a city store... we chose quite practical options. He wears close-fitting shirts and pants from an army or navy store.”


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As for the black mask, Maslanski noted that there was a need for a balance between aesthetics and safety, and that it was made of several layers of cotton mesh that “really fit snugly against head”, but also allowed Cox to see through the mask [32].


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Of the red suit, Maslanski said, “We wanted it to look militaristic and functional, but also dramatic and sexy,” adding that it was difficult to make it practical [31].


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Before starting work on the costume, Quesada contacted Ryan Meinerding and other Marvel Studios artists and costume designers who came up with their design ideas; he was eventually selected Minerding's idea.


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Quesada, who previously worked as an artist for Daredevil comics, made several proposals, including reflecting the spirit of New York in the costume, which led to the use of rivets and “architectural” forms.


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The costume was supposed to look like a Kevlar vest, and the black sections were a homage to comics in which artists highlight some areas of red with “darker shadows”.


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Minerding noted the difficulty of designing a mask for the upper half of the face, which was supposed to fit the lower half of the actor's face, “because half of his face is covered and has a static expression, and the lower part of the face must change expressions.”


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Andy Park designed the batons Daredevil uses; it was discussed whether to attach the baton to his right leg, given that both Cox and his understudy Chris Brewster are right-handed, but in the end it was it was decided to leave the mount on the left side, as in classic comics [33].


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Denight explained that the Daredevil costume has a “DD” emblem on its chest, as depicted in the comics, because Murdoch gets his nickname only after the costume is presented.


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He also noted that the emblem is “one of the most problematic emblems of all superhero costumes” and that the Daredevil costume in comics “is very difficult to transfer to the screen, especially in this the dark world of [TV series]” [27].


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Many of the show's male characters often wear costumes that Maslanski was comfortable dealing with after working as a costume designer for White Collar.


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Murdock's costumes differ more in texture than in color, with a limited palette, given that the character cannot see the color of the clothes.


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Cox's size changed throughout the shoot, as it continued to swing.


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To create Murdock's sunglasses, Maslansky worked with prop master Michael Yortner; they sought to do something that fits into the modern world, but paid tribute to “what was familiar to fans.”


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About a hundred different versions of frames were created for Cox to choose from.


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Working on the images of the female characters of the series, Maslansky looked at their background: Paige, with her dreams and fantasies about living in New York, imitated Catherine Hepburn and Lauren Bacall, dressing in “retro, tight skirts that fit snugly to the body and thin dresses”; while Marianne appears on the show as a mysterious but glamorous femme fatale dressed in expensive haute couture clothes — “she needed draw attention to [Fisk]. He would not take care of a lady in old jeans and a T-shirt” [32].


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Filming


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In February 2014, Marvel announced that the series would be filmed in New York.


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In April 2014, Quesada confirmed this information, saying that in addition to the studio, filming will take place in areas of Brooklyn and Long Island, which still resemble the old Hell's Kitchen. [


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Loeb announced that filming of Daredevil would begin in July 2014 [35], and Denight confirmed that filming was scheduled to start this month [36].


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The budget amounted to 56 million.


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The working title of the series was “Bluff” (English: Bluff) [37].


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The project received 14.3 million.


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38] Under the New York Film and Television Tax Credit Program [38].


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Filming was completed on December 21, 2014 [39].


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The following locations were used in New York: Williamsburg, Greenpoint, and Bushwick in Brooklyn [40] [41]; Abe Lebwall Park in the East Village; Whitestone Lanes Bowling Alley in Flushing, Queens; New York County Courthouse -York (outdoor scenes only); Brooklyn City Hall; Rockefeller Center Roof Gardens; Brooklyn College (for Murdock and Nelson's college flashbacks); Chelsea District in Manhattan; and the Bridge Honeywell on Long Island [41].


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The Cut Man episode ends with a lengthy action scene shot in one shot.


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Denight called it “the most difficult action scene” on the series due to technical difficulties during filming; he named it Goddard, episode director Phil Abraham, stunt coordinator Philip J.


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Silver and the cameraman of the series Matt Lloyd [42].


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He also said that the scene was inspired by the film “Raid” [43].


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Unlike the film, which “has a couple of weeks left”, the series team had only a few days to prepare and produce the scene; it took seven or eight takes to shoot successfully.


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Silvera explained that the scene was always written for shooting in one shot and that he originally planned to resort to frame shifting, but Abraham invited the team to do everything live, which allowed the fight look more realistic — “slow down the battle, and just show that naked, animal feeling.”


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The final scene features the so-called Texas Switches (changing actor to stuntman and vice versa), but nevertheless shot in one frame [44].


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Speaking about the scene in the episode In the Blood, in which Fisk cuts off Anatoly Ranskagov's head with a car door, Denight noted that in television series such as Spartacus or The Walking Dead, it would be necessary shows a bloody head, which, in his opinion, is a logical move for them, but Daredevil was more of a Psycho style - “you saw the consequences of this, but you did not see how the door cut off head... There are undoubtedly sound effects. This is a very frightening scene without horror elements” [23].


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Visual effects


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The visual effects of the series were created by New York studio Shade VFX; Daredevil has more than 1,000 frames with visual effects [45] [46].


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Visual Effects Executive Manager Brian Goswin explained that the company's work included creating digital twins when stunts were not safe for actors or stuntmen, as well as scenes bloodshed and wounds, given that “the high level of violence and bloodshed in Daredevil” distinguishes the series from other Marvel projects and defines the location of the series as “more realistic and darker place, the real streets of New York” [47].


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Among the shots created by Shade VFX is Matt Murdock's “vision”, how he “sees” through other intensified senses.


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Denight explained the show of the “vision” only once a season by the fact that several such shots were budgeted, and at least two had already been created.


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The second frame was cut out for several reasons, including not to lose the uniqueness of the phenomenon and to maintain the dramatic tone of the series.


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The effect was also to be featured in an episode of Stick, where viewers would see Murdoch see Stick as he threw him keys, and then how his “vision” honed over the years as Stick throws batons into a grown-up Murdock.


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In this case, the work was not completed on time.


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Another alleged use was in an episode of The Ones We Leave Behind, when Murdoch meets a Chinese worker and realizes that he is blind.


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The last use of the effect was supposed to be in an episode of Daredevil, where the camera shows Paige's reaction when Murdoch tells her that they can work together.


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Here, the effect hid all the nuances of her facial expression, so it was decided to remove it [27].


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music


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Composer John Pesano began working on the soundtrack “a couple of weeks after the start of post-production”; it took him four to five days to compose the music for each episode.


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Pesano calculated that each episode contains 25-30 minutes of musical accompaniment.


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When starting his work, Pesano focused on Denite, who “had a very clear idea of what he wanted — the music you feel and don't necessarily hear.”


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The result is a more restrained soundtrack for the superhero genre, although when the canonical red suit is introduced, the music begins to “change its shade” and becomes closer to KVM.


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Most of the music is electronic, but where possible, live performances, such as cello, have also been used.


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Instead of “stirring up tension” with drums, Pesano used heartbeat sounds, which corresponded to the minimalist style of the series and echoed the fact that Daredevil is capable of hear people's heartbeat [48].


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Hollywood Records released a digital soundtrack album on April 27, 2015.


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Music by John Pesano, unless listed separately [49].


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Daredevil (Original Soundtrack) No.titleMusicLength1.” Main Title"John Paesano & Braden Kimball 1:042.” Fogwell's Gym” 3:533.” Battlin' Jack Murdock” 3:054.” Hallway Fight” 4:265.” Union Allied” 1:516.” Passenger Side” 2:577.” A World on Fire” 1:268.” Ben Urich” 3:099.” Stick” 2:1110.” Wilson Fisk” 4:3811.” Worthy Opponents” 2:2812.” Avocados at Law” 1:4213.” Man of Ill Intent” 3:4514.” The Suit” 5:4315.” Daredevil” 1:41 Total length: 41:45


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KVM communication


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In February 2015, Emma Fleischer of Marvel Television reported that the events of “Daredevil” develop after “The Avengers”, but “the connection with the world of “Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.” will not be obvious.


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We're in our own corner [KVM].”


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In short, the aliens came down from the sky and destroyed the city, and this is the story of the revival of Hell's Kitchen” [50].


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A link to the KVM universe is the character Carl “Crusher” Creel, who is referred to as Jack Murdock's rival in his last fight and who appears in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.” played by Brian Patrick Wade [51]; The Orphanage of St. Agnes, where Matt Murdoch and Sky from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. grew up; the emblem on Madame Gao's heroine is a reference to the enemy of the Iron Fist, the Steel Serpent; and a mention Roxxon Oil Corporation, which is present in KVM [9].


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The final scene of the Stick episode, which features a conversation between Stick and Stone, hints at further connections between the series and other KVM projects in the same way as post-credits scenes in Marvel movies; it doesn't could go after the credits, as Netflix starts broadcasting the next episode during the credits of the current one [27].


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At the scripting stage, there was talk of making another scene at the end of the final episode of the season in which Leland Owlesley would try to escape New York, only to suddenly be killed by the Punisher.


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The frame would not show the actor's face, but would show the distinctive “skull” of the character.


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The idea was rejected due to Netflix's broadcasting system, and Owsley was eventually killed by Fisk in one episode, and the Punisher performance was left for a second season [52].


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Release


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The first season of Daredevil was released on April 10, 2018 on Netflix and became available in all territories as Ultra HD 4K [53] [54].


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On April 14, 2015, Daredevil became the first Netflix series to receive an audio description — an audio accompaniment that “describes what is happening on the screen, including the physical actions, emotions of the characters, costumes, interior and scene changes” [55].


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As of April 16, the number of illegal downloads worldwide had reached 2.1 million times; according to Excipio, a piracy tracking company, only Game of Thrones had the most downloaded number of times.


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Brazil (190,274 torrent downloads), India (149,316), the United States (144,351), the United Kingdom (119,891), France (105,473) and Australia (101,025) were the leading countries in illegal downloads.


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With the exception of India, Netflix was available in all of these countries at the time [56].


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The season received improved HDR quality when released by Deluxe seller [57].


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Marketing


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In October 2014, the New York Comic Con showed the first stills from the series [7] [58].


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In January 2015, simultaneously with the announcement of the premiere date of the series, the first poster for the season was released [53].


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The following month, on February 4, a teaser trailer was released [54].


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Forbes Merrill Barr noted the dark tone of the trailer, reminiscent more of DC Comics's Arrow than the Marvel television series on ABC; he was also surprised at the trailer's release time — after the Super Bowl XLIX — and not the screening time of the films “Avengers: Age of Ultron” or “Ant-Man”, which could create additional advertising for the “freshest and riskiest show” [59].


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In March 2015, additional posters were released that featured all the main characters against the background of the Avengers Tower, as well as Murdock's visible red suit [60].


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On the eve of the premiere of the first season, a street advertising campaign began — in twelve cities around the world, various artists created wall paintings [61].


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On April 2, 2015, the series premiered at the Regal Entertainment Group at L.A. Live, [62], where the first two episodes were presented [63].


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Media


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The season was released on DVD in Region 2 and Blu-ray in Region B on October 3, 2016 [64], Region 1 and Region A on November 8, 2016 [65], and Region 4 on December 7, 2016 [66].


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Reaction


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Auditorium


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Since Netflix does not disclose the number of viewers of any original series, Luth Research collected season data based on a sample of 2,500 Netflix subscribers who watch from computers, tablets or smartphones (Luth Research does not monitor Netflix on TVs, whether they are connected to the Internet or those connected to streaming media players or game consoles ).


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According to them, approximately 10.7% of subscribers (about 4.4 million) watched at least one episode of Daredevil in its first 11 days on Netflix, with 2.3% (940,000) views on the first day [67].


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In a separate study, Netflix noted that it was the fifth episode of the season that “hooked” viewers “to the point that they [continued to watch] the entire first season” [68].


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Critics reviews


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On the aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the season keeps 99% “freshness” based on 69 reviews with an average rating of 8.1/10.


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The critical consensus of the site states: “With a greater degree of commitment to the source material, high quality filming and a serious dramatic component, Daredevil stands out for its spectacular story becoming a superhero, a bold procedure and exciting action scenes” [72].


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On Metacritic, the season received 75 points out of a hundred, based on 22 “generally favorable” critical reviews [73].


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In a review of the first five episodes of the series, Variety's Brian Lowery said that “compared to Marvel's experience with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.” for ABC, Netflix's pay-per-view system clearly provides freedom” in terms of what can be done and shown in the show [22].


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Esquire's Matt Patches added: “The show's style refines the sweetness and aesthetics of Iron Man, Thor, Captain America with the addition of neo-noir. Goddard and Denight are drowning Daredevil in darkness and blood.”


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He compared Daredevil to the “television spin-off” of Christopher Nolan's Batman films and praised Cox and D'Onofrio's acting, but criticized the storyline with Nelson and Page, noting that the slow pace of Daredevil, in which the story can be stretched a little more than necessary, can be a problem for fans of watching TV shows binge [69].


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MTV's Victoria McNally said the action scenes in the early episodes were “shot beautifully”, approving a little use of CGI, and called Henson “great and infinitely funny” as Nelson [74] .


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Eric Eisenberg of Cinema Blend also commented positively on the first episodes, saying: “It's smart, interesting, and contains moments so shocking that you will have to suppress the scream. Suffice it to say that Marvel and Netflix got another successful project”; he also praised the acting [75].


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Speaking about the first two episodes, Mark Hughes of Forbes additionally praised the series: “It's so easy for Marvel in Daredevil to show one of the greatest superhero movie stations ever shot. It is in the same highest category of formative stories as Batman Begins, Iron Man, and Superman.


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Hughes noted that if the first two episodes were released in theaters with only minor changes, they would be “perceived as one of the best Marvel films so far” [63].


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Mike Hale of the New York Times was more restrained about the series, calling it ordinary, admitting to inflating demands from the series because of his love for comics; however, he was delighted care and seriousness with which the series was made.


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Daredevil season 1

He called the pace of the series “leisurely” but “a pleasant change”, and Cox's acting “divided”, praising him as Murdock and criticizing him as Daredevil.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

In general, Hale praised the cast and eventually concluded that judging by the first five episodes of Daredevil, it was a “highly watchable” show, but it was not a comic book Daredevil [76].


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

IGN columnist Matt Fowler, after evaluating all episodes of the second season separately, gave the season an overall rating of 9 out of 10, saying that the season was “amazing” and that although it could have “gained momentum” more As we approached the final act, the series was “an exciting and very satisfactory adaptation of materials and stories about Daredevil. This alone, like Favreau's first Iron Man movie, helped breathe new life and attract new fans to Marvel's second-tier character.”


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

He especially praised D'Onofrio's acting, the battle scenes in suspense, the fact that the hero “gets hit the hat” a lot, and the uniquely gloomy atmosphere for KVM [70].


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Liz Shannon Miller rated it B+ in a review for Indiewire, and although the series was not quite “Denite”, The Wire praised the show, noting its style and plot, as well as the acting of the entire cast, especially D'Onofrio, Curtis Hall and Cox.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

She praised the level of violence in the series, and all its “violent” and “beautiful” action scenes, the way the series shows the consequences of film events for ordinary people, while building its own the universe in the already established KVM [71].


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

HitFix's Alan Sepinwall also praised actors and characters, especially D'Onofrio, and noted that the series benefited from a much narrower focus than Marvel movies or other series.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

He would like Murdock's “world on fire” to be shown more often and added that “some changes” can be applied to the classic Daredevil costume, which “cannot be conveyed well on the screen” [77].


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Honors


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Cox was awarded by the Blind Society of America for “outstanding achievements in improving the quality of life of blind people” [78].


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

The opening credits of the series created for the season won an Online Film and Television Association Award [79] and were nominated (lost to the Manhattan credits) for an Emmy Award for Creative of art for outstanding title credits design [79].


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

The season was included in many rankings of the best series of 2015: People (1st, along with Jessica Jones) [80], Business Insider (3rd) [81], TV Guide and Digital Spy (7th) [82] [83] and Slate (23- (e place) [84].


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

The season was also included in Vanity Fair magazine's list of the best series.


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Daredevil became the seventh most popular Google search among TV shows in 2015 [86].


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Notes


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

References


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

(in English)


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

on IMDb


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Category:Daredevil


Question: When did the Daredevil web series come out?

Daredevil season 1

Daredevil


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

Lancashire (English: Lancashire, /ˈlækəəə/ or /ˈlækəəə/) is a ceremonial non-metropolitan county in North-West England on the Irish Sea.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

The capital and largest city is Preston.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

The population is 1.168 million people (4th highest county; 2007 estimate).


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

It is part of the Duchy of Lancashire, which has been owned by British monarchs since 1413 and is the source of their personal income.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

Geography


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

The total area of the territory is 3,079 km² (17th place); the territory of the administrative region is 2,903 km² (16th place).


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

From ESBE (data from the end of the 19th century)


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

The surface of the northern, smaller part is called Furnace (English), between the Morecambe and Duddon bays, flat off the coast, while inside the country wavy; cut by the spurs of the Cumbrian Mountains, reaching 785 m in height, such as Old Man and Coniston Fell; the eastern regions are also mountainous; there is a long ridge called the Backbone of England, separates Lancashire from York, the rest of the surface is flat.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

In the northern part of the county is the famous Lake Coniston and part of the picturesque Windermere.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

The southern and most part of Lancashire is swampy and connects with the Pienina Mountain Range with its small hills.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

The northern regions are dominated by the Silurian system, interrupted by granite and porphyry.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

In the south, in the valley of the Mersey River, there is a motley sandstone, between the Mersey and Ribble rivers there is a coal system.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

The vast wealth of coal has created the factory fame of Lancashire; the coastal areas represent low-lying strips.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

The soil in hilly places is peaty, in low-lying places it is greasy clay.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

It is irrigated by the rivers Duddon, Lune, Wire, Ribble, Mercy and Irwell.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

The climate is temperate but very damp.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

Agriculture and animal husbandry are negligible.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

Copper, iron, coal, which lies on an area of 562 km²; in 1892, more than 22 million tons of coal were mined.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

Lancashire is predominantly a cotton county; the center of this industry, which occupies up to 2,000 factories, is Manchester, while Liverpool is the main point of vacation trade in the county.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

A whole network of railways and canals.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

There are also factories for wool, linen, hosiery, paper, chemical, machine-building plants and many others; shipbuilding is also significant.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

The Duchy of Lancashire is almost the same as the county; it has its own chancellor [1].


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

The county's main city is Preston.


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

Roster


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

The county consists of 2 unitary units and 12 districts (English: Non-Metropolitan district):


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

Blackburn-whit-darwen


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

Blackpool (unitary unit)


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

Burnley


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

Pendle


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

Ribble Valley


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

Rossendale


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

South Ribble


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

City of Lancaster


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

City of Preston


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

Wire


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

West Lancashire


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

Fylde


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

Hindburn


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

Chorley


Question: In what country is Lancashire County?

Lancashire

See also