Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

This direction in philosophy arose on the basis of the Moscow Mathematical Society and was most clearly manifested in the works of Zinger's colleagues at Moscow University - professors Nikolai Vasilyevich Bugaev ( 1837—1903) and Pavel Alekseevich Nekrasov (1853—1924) [3].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

The ideas of the Moscow School of Philosophy and Mathematics were aimed at resolving the classical sociological antagonisms “individual — society” and “freedom — necessity” with the help of other grounds than in positivist and materialistic sociology, namely with the help of arrhythmology (the theory of intermittent functions and sets) and probability theory, as well as special personalistic social anthropology, in by which a person was considered (according to Bugaev) as a living spiritual unit, an “independent and amateur individual” [22].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger is the author of several public speeches of scientific and philosophical content, about which the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary says that they are “equally remarkable for the depth of scientific foundations, strictly logical construction of arguments and sincerity of confessing the author's beliefs” [5].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger was a supporter of the ideas of Immanuel Kant, whose works he studied in the original [6].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

With a speech “Exact Sciences and Positivism”, Zinger spoke at a solemn event at Moscow University in 1874.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In 1875, at the Polytechnic Museum, he gave a lecture “On the Relation of Mathematical Knowledge to Experimental and Philosophical Sciences” [6].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In another work, Misunderstandings in Views on the Foundations of Geometry, Zinger examines the views of various scientists on the foundations of geometry and expresses the opinion that reliability, certainty and accuracy these grounds cannot be shown if we are based on empiricism, that is, to recognize sensory experience as the only source of knowledge.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Empiricism, according to Zinger, can rather destroy these foundations, since they have an ideal character, a priori, independent of experience, representing in a sense integral qualities human contemplation ability [3].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In 1894, Zinger presented this work at the IX Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors [5].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Analysis with its continuous functions as a means of fighting against revolutionary theories


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Under Soviet power, this philosophical school in connection with the so-called “Industrial Party Case” (1930) and the defeat of scientific statistics (the first “wave” was after the demographic catastrophe caused by the famine of 1932—1933 years, the second “wave” - after the “wrong” census of 1937) was declared reactionary.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Here is what, for example, was written in the brochure “To the Struggle for Dialectical Mathematics” published in 1931: “This school of Zinger, Bugaev, Nekrasov put mathematics at the service of the most reactionary “scientific and philosophical worldview “, namely: analysis with its continuous functions as a means of fighting revolutionary theories; arrhythmology, which affirms the triumph of individuality and cabalism; theory probabilities as a theory of unreasonable phenomena and features; and everything in general is in brilliant accordance with the principles of Lopatin's black-hundredth philosophy — Orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality.”


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

The article “Soviet Mathematics in 20 Years” published in 1938 spoke about the “negative significance for the development of science of reactionary philosophical and political trends in Moscow mathematics ( Bugaev, P. Nekrasov, etc.)” [23].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In subsequent years, the ideas of the Moscow School of Philosophy and Mathematics were practically not mentioned in Soviet literature [3].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

It is characteristic that the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary contains an extensive article about V. ME.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger, while the Great Soviet Encyclopedia does not contain an article about him at all.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

At the end of the 20th century, the ideas of N. IN. Bugaev, scientists again began to show significant interest; this is due, among other things, to the fact that many ideas of this school, as it now becomes clear, have been further developed, and representatives of this schools were one of the founders of a systematic approach in the natural sciences [3].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Experimental data itself, due to an inevitable lack of accuracy, is so pliable that it can always be adapted to non-Euclidean and any other geometry, and from this even more it is clear that the reliability of axioms can neither be confirmed nor refuted by experimental verification.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Scientific works


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger's works belong to various areas of physical and mathematical knowledge: pure mathematics, applied mathematics, mechanics (including celestial mechanics), and hydrodynamics [ 6].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Among them [5] are:


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

— MOSCOW: 1862.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Constructs a third-order curve from nine given points.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

— 1868.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Higher algebra.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

— MOSCOW: 1874.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

About one minimum case.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

— 1891.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

— 1891.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Some of Zinger's botanical works


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Philosophical works


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Exact sciences and positivism.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

— MOSCOW, 1874.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

On the relationship of mathematical knowledge to experimental and philosophical sciences.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

— 1875.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Misunderstandings in views on the foundations of geometry.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

— MOSCOW, 1884.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Science and true knowledge should not be slaves to experience, they must dominate it and make it serve its tasks.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

It is true that science should be guided not by material, but by ideal aspirations, but more precisely, that it is based not on material, but on ideal principles.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

The highest qualities of science are clarity, simplicity, sincerity and conscientiousness of thought; the beacon of science is the ideal of truth.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

But science is only one of the aspects of spiritual existence and human life; the same ideal of truth is on the other sides, either as the ideal of beauty and harmony, then as the ideal of goodness and honor, truth and philanthropy; it the same ideal, the one to which we all, without distinction in ages and positions, without distinction of views and beliefs, without distinction of merit and talents, reverently admire as an ideal of divine wisdom and love!”


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

family


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Vasily Yakovlevich was married three times.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

His first wife was Magdalena Ivanovna Raevskaya [3], sister of Ivan Ivanovich Raevsky (1835—1891), a landowner, public and zemstvo figure, close friend of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy [24].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger and Raevskaya got married in 1865 [3].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

It is known that their family life was very happy [9].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Their sons, like their father, became prominent scientists, while, like Vasily Yakovlevich, they were engaged in botany — the eldest son professionally, and the youngest as an amateur.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

The eldest son, Nikolai (1865—1923), was a taxonomist botanist, professor at the Novo-Alexandria Institute of Agriculture and Forestry (now Kharkiv State Agrarian University named after IN. IN. Dokuchaev); laureate of the V. AND. Lenin for 1928 (posthumously) [9].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Another son, Alexander (1870-1934), was a physicist, teacher; he is known as the author of many textbooks and teaching aids on physics (for example, the textbook “Elementary Physics”, which for a long time was the main a textbook at school on his topic and was reprinted 20 times between 1919 and 1931); he also wrote the book “Entertaining Botany”, published in 1927 and since then many times reprinted [9].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Interestingly, when working on his Entertaining Botany, Alexander Vasilyevich actively used Mayevsky's Flora of Central Russia [25], a book largely based on the Collection of Information on flora of Central Russia” by Vasily Yakovlevich himself [15].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

It is also known about Vasily Yakovlevich's daughter, Elizaveta Vasilyevna, married Rizkina.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Sophia Andreevna Tolstaya, the wife of Leo Tolstoy, says in one of her letters to her husband that Elizaveta Vasilyevna came to visit her with her two sons.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In her diary for 1910, Tolstaya writes about her as follows: “She is not stupid and educated, but alien to her materialism and learning” [26].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In 1888, Magdalene Ivanovna died suddenly [3].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Soon Vasily Yakovlevich married Ekaterina Alekseevna Letnikova, daughter of Alexei Vasilyevich Letnikov (1837—1888), professor at the Imperial Moscow Technical School, with whom Zinger was in his time is very friendly.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Vasily Yakovlevich had several children from his second marriage [3], including:


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Alexey (1892—1945), a Russian naval officer, teacher of naval astronomy, who lived in exile in France after the Civil War.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Natalia (1897—1977), Professor of Botany.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Vera (1900-1993), wife of Academician Yevgeny Alekseevich Chudakov and mother of Academician Alexander Evgenievich Chudakov.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Ekaterina Alekseevna suffered from heart disease, was often ill and died in 1903.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Shortly before his death, Zinger married for the third time and began to live in Moscow again, raising his young children.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Death


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

At the end of the winter of 1907, Zinger fell ill with pneumonia and died on February 16 (March 1, New Style [1]).


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

The funeral service took place at the University Church on Mokhovaya (Zinger was of Orthodox faith).


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger was buried at the Vagankovo Cemetery in Moscow [6] (section 10; the corner of the site that is closer to the Church of the Resurrection of the Word).


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Professor Zinger did not gain fame for his abundance of scientific works, but for the nature of these works.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Everything he wrote, with the depth of the content, was clear, complete and concrete form.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

There are mathematical works that, once read, are remembered forever, just as a painting by a famous artist, caught a glimpse in an art gallery, is then clearly drawn in imagination.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Such works include the works of V. ME.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger... His students, both mathematicians and mechanics, also tried to work in this direction... We honor the memory of a mathematician, who can rightly be called the head of the Russian geometric school.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Memorable places


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

It is known that in the 1860s, Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger lived in Moscow in Maly Kozikhinsky Lane and in the Streshnevs' house in Kamergersky Lane, [28] and in the early 1890s - on Malaya Bronnaya Street [29].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Notes


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Literature


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

v


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

v


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link) v


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

References


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

v


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

v


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Category:Botanists alphabetically


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Category:Botanists of the Russian Empire


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Category:Graduates of the 1st Moscow Gymnasium


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Category:Graduates of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Category: 19th century mathematicians


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Category:20th-century mathem


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Category: Mathematicians alphabetically


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Category:Mathematicians


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Burials at the Vagankovo Cemetery


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Category:Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, Moscow University


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Category:Deans of the Imperial Moscow University


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Category:Philosophers of the Russian Empire


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Category:Honored Professors of Moscow University


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Saint Petersburg School of the Deaf and Dumb

The St. Petersburg School of the Deaf and Dumb is the first specialized educational institution in Russia for deaf and dumb children.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The purpose of this educational institution was to educate and educate, both general and craft children of both sexes who were born deaf and dumb or deaf from a disease with loss of the gift of speech.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

History


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in Pavlovsk in 1806.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The reason for the opening of the first school for the deaf and dumb in St. Petersburg was a meeting between Maria Fedorovna and a deaf and dumb boy Alexander Meller in Pavlovsky Park.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

To alleviate the fate of this boy and children like him, Maria Fedorovna instructed the discharge of one of the most famous professors from abroad in order to establish a school for the deaf and dumb in St. Petersburg.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In the same 1806, priest and professor Vincent-Anselm Zygmunt was discharged from Poland, and he became the first teacher and organizer of educational work at the school of the deaf and dumb.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Under the direction of Maria Fedorovna


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806, as an experienced one.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The plan and staff of the school were approved on October 14, 1806.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

It was kept with the Empress's money and was first located in Pavlovsk.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The maintenance of the school was supposed to be 4,500 rubles per year from the funds of Empress Maria Fedorovna.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Initially, the school was designed for 12 “deaf and verb” pupils (6 boys and 6 girls) from among the pets of the St. Petersburg Orphanage — children from poor families of ministers and raznochintsy, as well as children of noble origin.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

General Akhverdova's nephews were among the first students of the school.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Under the authority of the St. Petersburg Board of Trustees


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In 1810, by the decision of Maria Fedorovna, the experimental school was transferred to the jurisdiction of the St. Petersburg Board of Trustees and transferred to state maintenance.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The school was transferred to St. Petersburg.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

It was officially opened on February 22, 1810.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

At first, the school was located on the Vyborg side, and then moved to the Widow's House, which was located on the territory of the Smolny Monastery.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

According to the charter of the school, approved on January 1, 1810, it contained 24 children, 12 of whom were pets of the St. Petersburg and Moscow Orphanages and the same number were private boarding houses of both sexes at the age of 7-10 years.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The first director of the school was Professor Zh. B.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Joffrey, invited from the Paris Institute of the Deaf and Dumb.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In 1817, by the will of the Empress, to accommodate the school from merchant Kusovkina, a three-story building was bought into the treasury at the corner of Gorokhovaya Street and the Moika River embankment, next to the Orphanage (modern. Address: Gorokhovaya Street, 18).


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

According to P. S. Plavov's building was rebuilt and included in the complex of the St. Petersburg Orphanage.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In 1824, after Joffrey's death, G. A. Gurtsov said.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The school remained the Empress's favorite brainchild.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Maria Fedorovna not only allocated the necessary funds from her personal treasury to purchase a large house for the school in St. Petersburg, but also took half of the students, teachers, supervisors, actively delved into the process of formation and development of the school.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Alexander I has repeatedly visited the school.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

As part of the Mariinsky Department


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

By an imperial decree of October 26, 1828 (two days after the death of Empress Maria Fedorovna), the St. Petersburg Board of Trustees and its subordinate institutions were transferred to the jurisdiction of the newly formed IV branch of Own E.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

AND. V. Chancellery (since 1854 it was called the Office of Institutions of Empress Maria, and since August 12, 1880 - Own E. AND. V. the Chancellery for Institutions of Empress Maria).


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In 1838, V. AND. Fleury.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

On July 30, 1835, the new Charter of the school was approved.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

After the fire that occurred on July 30, 1840, the school building was rebuilt again according to the project of P. S. Plavova.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The school continued to expand: in the 1860s and 1870s, the number of students reached 160 (100 boys and 60 girls), and paid students (up to 40 children) were also allowed to attend classes.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In total, during the period 1810-1910, 2,205 children (1,401 boys and 804 girls) studied at the school, of which 1,929 people successfully completed the course of study.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In 1865, a new charter of the St. Petersburg School was approved.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The course was taken to reorganize workshops, improve the technical education of students.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Children who were incapable in science began to be taught mainly crafts.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In 1898, pedagogical courses were created at the Imperial School of the Deaf and Dumb, which trained deaf teachers.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

An outpatient clinic was opened at the school to receive patients suffering from diseases of the ear, throat, nose and speech disorders.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Evening classes were opened for adults who lost their hearing as a result of illness, where they were taught lip reading and general education subjects.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Teaching methods have also been constantly improved.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The name of the school manager, honorary guardian Alexander Karlovich Pel (d. 1887) was associated with the introduction of a revolutionary “oral” method for that time.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

This innovation of the last quarter of the 19th century contributed to a more effective development of communication abilities among deaf and dumb children and, consequently, the ability to adapt to society.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In 1900, at the World Exhibition in Paris, the school received an honorary diploma for staging educational business.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In February 1910, the school on Gorokhovaya Street celebrated the centenary of its foundation.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

On February 22, a solemn act was held at the school, which was visited by Empress Maria Fedorovna.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

On this day, the school was awarded the title of Imperial School.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

After the October Revolution


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

After the October Revolution (1917), the school was included in the system of Soviet public education institutions.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In 1918, the school was transformed into the Institute of the Deaf and Dumb with a school attached to it.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In 1938, the institution was named “Central Boarding School for Children with Hearing and Speech Disorders”, in 1948 - “Boarding School No. 1 for Deaf Children”.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Since 1969 it has been located on the territory of the former Lansky estate (ul. Engels, 4).


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The building at 18 Gorokhovaya Street was transferred to the Leningrad Pedagogical Institute named after V.I.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

A. AND. Herzen.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

School leaders


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The educational process of the experimental school opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806 was led by Ksondz prof. Vincent-Anselm Zygmunt, who came from Vilna and previously served as a mentor for the Institute of the Deaf and Dumb in Vienna.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

He introduced the basics of the facial method of teaching deaf and dumb children of Abbot de L'Epe).


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Pupils were trained with the help of dactyl, sign, written and oral speech.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The purpose of mimic-gestural training was to develop the mental abilities of the deaf and dumb, contrary to the then prevailing belief that people deprived of hearing and speech are not capable of mental activity.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

However, Maria Fedorovna was not satisfied with the secularism of Zygmunt's teaching, she believed that during education, children were not sufficiently inspired by religious concepts and rules.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Maria Fedorovna started active correspondence with Abbot Sikar, director of the Paris Institute of the Deaf.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

At the request of his mother, Alexander I instructed the ambassador in Paris to hold talks with Sikar to invite teachers to Russia.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

on the recommendation of Abbot Sicard, director of the Paris Institute of the Deaf, his student Jean Baptiste Joffrey, who was in charge of the elementary school at the Paris Institute of the Deaf, was invited to Russia.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

According to the first charter of the school, approved by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1802, a six-year period of study at the school was established.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The school had four classes.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The fourth grade (for the youngest students) was divided into three departments.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The subjects that make up the course of study under Joffre included the Law of Faith, correct knowledge of Russian and French languages, the basics of geometry, history, and drawing.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

From the third department, the first exam is introduced (the youngest children by this time were only 7 years old).


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In 1820 Joffrey invites priest Izmailov as rector of the church at the school built in the same year.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

It was also the duty of the priest to teach students the Law of God.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

N. M. Lagovsky, in an essay on the St. Petersburg School of the Deaf and Dumb [1], describing the knowledge of first-grade students, notes that they intelligently answer questions in the field of religion and arts, and that


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

“By knowing the things man has done, they have been prepared to understand what the Creator has done.”


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

“The development of students in this class,” Lagovsky notes, “made it possible to bring them into possession of the highest truths; they were taught about the creation of spirits, their indignation, their overthrow from heaven into the underworld, about the creation of the world and man, which consists of body and soul...”


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Joffrey did a lot for the formation of the school, without stopping his activities until his death, which followed in 1828.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In recognition of Joffrey's merits, Alexander I awarded him the Order of St. Vladimir, one of the highest awards of the Russian Empire.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The same order was awarded to Abbot Sikar.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Joffrey's successor as director of the school was G. A. Gurtsev (1824-1838) who makes his first attempt to create a methodology for teaching the deaf and dumb, writing the “Encyclopedic course of methodological and practical lessons, compiled and brief edifying phrases, adapted to facial language, related to a person, everyday needs, knowledge and all duties in society” [St. Petersburg, 1838].


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

After the approval of the new School Charter, on July 30, 1835, in the course of subjects, “Sacred History and Morality” was added to the Law of God.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In 1838, V. AND. Fleury (1838—1856), a wonderful teacher who played a significant role in the development of domestic sign language pedagogy and wrote the first book in this area “Deaf and dumb, considered in relation to their state and methods of education that are most characteristic of their nature” [St. Petersburg, 1835].


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

This unique work has been a manual for teachers and parents for many years and has not lost its value today.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In subsequent years, the school was headed by outstanding specialists and teachers Y.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

T. Speshnev (1856—1865), I. ME.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Seleznev (1865—1868), P. AND. Stepanov (1868—1885), V. D. Sipovsky (1885—1895), A. F. Ostrogradsky (1896—1901), P. D. Yenko (1901-1916).


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In the second half of the 19th century, Russian schools for deaf and dumb children developed as boarding schools and as educational institutions of general education and vocational type.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Attention is focused on the labor training of pupils, and the curricula are increasingly becoming practical, including new subjects: modeling, drawing, drawing, art embroidery, engraving craft.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

They worked at the St. Petersburg School of the Deaf and Dumb


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Jean Baptiste Joffrey


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Georgy Gurtsov


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Viktor Ivanovich Fleury


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Yakov Timofeyevich Speshnev


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Ivan Yakovlevich Seleznev


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Stepanov P. AND.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Vasily Sipovsky


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Aleksandr Fyodorovich Ostrogradsky


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Mikhail Bogdanov-Berezovsky


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Petr Dmitrievich Yenko


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The fate of pupils


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

After graduation, many graduates of this school could continue their education in ordinary educational institutions, as they were fluent in oral speech.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Some of them served in the public service, many became teachers at the same school for the deaf and dumb in St. Petersburg and helped their brethren in misfortune.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Many were sent to schools in other cities and also organized schools for deaf and dumb students there.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Ivan Karlovich Arnold, a graduate of the St. Petersburg School, who lost his hearing in early childhood, received an artist's place in the Imperial Hermitage in 1825, and later served as a surveyor in the Department state assets.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

And in 1860, Arnold founded a school for the deaf and dumb in Moscow at his own expense [2].


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

There were also artisans and merchants among the graduates.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Deaf and dumb children capable of drawing were taught both painting and icon painting.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Maria Fedorovna contributed to the fact that the most talented students of the school of the deaf and dumb were given for training by famous artists.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Alexander Beller, a deaf and dumb student, studied with the artist Venetsianov [3], who later became a drawing teacher at the school and painted twelve holiday icons for the school church.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Some of the most talented graduates continued their drawing studies at the Academy of Arts and at the Drawing School of Baron Stieglitz.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In the Church of St. George the Victorious at the General Staff Building on Palace Square, copies of religious paintings from the Hermitage, made by deaf and dumb artists, hung on the walls.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

One of the graduates of the school became a teacher of artistic calligraphy at the St. Petersburg Trade School.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

It is known that one of the graduates of the school worked as a draftsman of medicines at the Krestovozdvizhenskaya community of sisters of mercy.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Fedor Shelting, a graduate of the school in 1884, served as a draftsman at the Ship Drawing House of the Baltic Shipbuilding and Mechanical Plant for more than 30 years [4], and his wife Anna Shelting served as a laboratory assistant for 18 years the first St. Petersburg microscopic station in Russia at urban slaughterhouses [5].


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Since students immediately after graduation could not always immediately find places of service, and sometimes places of life, the school created a shelter where they could stay after graduation until the moment they find the right place.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The case of resistance to the seizure of church valuables


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In 1922, several employees of the Petrograd Institute of the Deaf and Dumb were brought to court in the case of resisting the seizure of church valuables (the trial of Metropolitan Veniamin).


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

They were accused of embezzling church valuables.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

But this was not the case.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Due to the difficult financial situation, several valuable items were taken out of the temple for sale in order to buy food for the pupils with this money.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

This was done by order of the director and by decision of the Council of the Institute.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The director, Professor P. S. Yankovsky, priest Mikhail Dymsky and three other teachers.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The director and teachers received various terms of imprisonment, but mostly short — from 1 year to 3 months.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

70-year-old priest Mikhail Dymsky, who served in the school church for 34 years, was released, died the following year, and in 1923, the church at the school was closed.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Church in the name of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The church on the third floor of the school building for the deaf and dumb was arranged by P. S. Plavov.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The single-tier iconostasis contained four icons by Vasiliev; the altarpiece Crucifixion was painted in 1822 by the deaf and dumb artist Stepan Sergeev.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The church was consecrated on February 19, 1821, in honor of Ap.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Paul, the patron saint of the late spouse of the Empress Dowager.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

After the fire of July 30, 1840, the services were temporarily moved to the recreation hall.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

On June 29, 1844, on the third floor, in the central part of the building designed by P. S. Plavov, a new church was founded.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

On the facade of the building, it was highlighted with a portico made of composite semi-columns.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Inside, the church was decorated with Ionic columns and pilasters of artificial yellow marble, the choirs were supported by powerful consoles.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The icons for the two-tier white and gold iconostasis were taken by the old ones saved in the fire, the missing ones were painted by the son of the aforementioned Vasiliev, and the Twelve Great Feasts were painted by a school pupil, a drawing teacher A. AND. Beller.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The church was consecrated on May 14, 1847 by Bishop Nathaniel of Revel.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The Church was a very important element in raising deaf and dumb children.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Priests served in this church, whose duties included knowledge of the sign language of the deaf and dumb.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The service was held in the usual way, during the service, a choir sang, the singing of which could not be heard by deaf and dumb students.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The priest did not use sign speech during the service, but usually at the most important moments of the service, one of the senior students or teachers went out in the middle of the church and translated for deaf people worship in sign language.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The meaning of the service was explained to the disciples in the lessons of the Law of God by writing or gestures.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Naturally, confession was accepted at the school in writing or in sign language.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Strangers were not allowed to enter this church, but they were placed in the choirs of this temple.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

At the beginning of 1918, the church was made a parish church, while sign language interpretation was abolished, and in 1923 it was completely liquidated.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In 1996, the Orthodox community of the Pedagogical Institute named after A.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

A. AND. Herzen appealed to the rector with a request to open the church.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

In 1997, the first liturgy was served.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Since 1999, a permanent priest has been appointed to the church and regular services have been held.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

On October 8, 2000, the first Liturgy for deaf and dumb people with sign language interpretation was served.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Currently, the church has the only community of the deaf in St. Petersburg.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Weekly meetings and classes are held for people with hearing disabilities.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Educational activities are carried out: pilgrimage trips and excursions, watching films with subtitles.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Every Sunday and on church holidays, Liturgies with sign language interpretation are served for the deaf and hard of hearing.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Church ordinances are also performed: baptisms and weddings, and funeral services are held.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The rector of the church is Archpriest Dimitri Simonov


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

See also


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Empress Maria's Guardianship for the Deaf and Dumb


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

History of Russian defectology


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Special pedagogics


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

sign language pedagogics


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Special psychology


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

sign psychology


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

logo-psychology


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Literature


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Basova A. G., Egorov S. F. History of sign language pedagogics: Textbook.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

student allowance defectol.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

fak.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

ped.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

in-tov.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

—— M.: Education, 1984.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

— 295 p., silt


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

RGIA.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

F. 758.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

140; Fiftieth anniversary of the St. Petersburg School of the Deaf and Dumb, January 1, 1860 SPb., I860


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Bogdanov-Berezovsky M. The situation of deaf and dumb people in Russia.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

SPb 1901


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Lagovsky N. St. Petersburg School of the Deaf and Dumb: (1810—1910).


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

SPb. 1910


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The fiftieth anniversary of the St. Petersburg School of the Deaf and Dumb.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Meller A. A. On the foundation of a school for the deaf and dumb in St. Petersburg.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

(Letter from the oldest pupil to Mr. Director of the School P. AND. Stepanov).


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

M., 1872.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Bratolyubov A. ME.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

, a priest.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Prayer pantomime or Description of mimic prayer signs.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

SPb. 1873.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Calendar of philanthropist for the Deaf and Dumb Guardianship for 1900.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

SPb., 1899.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Guardianship for the deaf and dumb.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Bulletin of the Russian Red Cross Society.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

1902, No. 37.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Lagovsky N. M. St. Petersburg School of the Deaf and Dumb.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

SPb., 1910.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Deaf and dumb holiday.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Conversation with N.M. Lagovsky, inspector of the school of the deaf and dumb.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Petersburg newspaper.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

1910 year.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

February 21st.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

The centenary of the School of the Deaf and Dumb.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Vedomosti of the St. Petersburg City Government.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

February 23, 1910 of the year.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Imperial School of the Deaf and Dumb.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Report on the training unit for 1911—1912. Saint Petersburg, 1912


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Bulletin of the Guardianship of the Empress Maria Feodorovna about the deaf and dumb.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Petersburg, 1902—1915.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Metropolitan Veniamin's “case”.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

M., Russian Archive Publ., 1991.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Zavaritsky D. A. The Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul at the Russian State Pedagogical University named after V.I.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

A. AND. Herzen.


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

SPb. 2006


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

References


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Notes


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Category:Schools of the Russian Empire


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Category:Educational institutions of St. Petersburg (Leningrad) that have ceased to exist


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Category:Institutions of the Mariinsky Department


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Category:Defectology


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Category:Sign language pedagogics


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Category:Deaf and dumb


Question: What school was opened by Empress Maria Fedorovna in 1806?

Category:Buildings and structures in the Central District


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Klenovo is a village in the Troitsky Administrative District of Moscow (until July 1, 2012 as part of the Podolsky District of the Moscow Region).


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

The administrative center of the Klenovskoye settlement.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

population


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

According to the All-Russian census, in 2002, 2,221 people lived in the village (990 men and 1,231 women); the predominant nationality was Russians (96%) [1].


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

As of 2005, 2,278 people lived in the village [2].


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Geography


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

The village of Klenovo is located about 55 km south-west of the center of Moscow.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Varshavskoye Shosse passes 3 km north of the village.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

The Mocha River flows along the southern border of the village.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

The nearest settlements are the villages of Davydovo, Pochinki and Kiselyovo.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

History


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

For the first time, the village of Klenovo on the Moche River was mentioned in the scribe books of 1627-1628.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Then it belonged to the Peremyshl volost of the Moscow district and was listed “for Prince Nikita Petrov, the son of Baryatinsky.”


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

The village had a clerk's yard, a yard man's yard, three peasant and seven bean yards.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

In addition, the village had a wooden church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker [3].


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Nikita Baryatinsky died and Klenovo passed to his heirs.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

In 1675, Yuri Nikitovich sold the village to Prince Stepan Vasilyevich Romodanovsky.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

At that time, the village already had 15 peasant and 5 Bobyl households.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

In 1681, his daughter Martha inherited the village.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Martha sold part of her possessions, then she married and Klenovo passed to her husband, Boris Mikhailovich Cherkassky.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

In 1722, the village was inherited by their son, Pyotr Borisovich Cherkassky [3].


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

In 1756, Pyotr Borisovich Cherkassky appealed to the Moscow Spiritual Consistory with a request to allow him to build a new wooden church to replace the old one [3].


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Permission was obtained and in 1758 a new wooden church was consecrated [4].


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

And in 1793, a stone Peter and Paul Church with a side chapel of St. Nicholas was built on the site of a wooden one [3].


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

In the middle of the 19th century, the estate was owned by General A.B.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Neidgardt.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

In 1890, industrialist L.V.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Shamshin, from 1911 to 1917 by A.I.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Shamshin [5].


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

In 1994—2006, it was the center of the Klenovsky rural district.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Since July 1, 2012, it has become part of the federal city of Moscow.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

sights


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Klenovo estate is located in the village.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

The ruins of the main house, an outbuilding with a mezzanine and a park have been preserved [3].


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

The Church of St. Nicholas, built in 1793, also belongs to the manor complex.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

The church was built in the early classicism style.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

The church building belongs to the common type of “octagon on quadrangle”.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Klenovo Manor and the Church of St. Nicholas are architectural monuments of local importance [6].


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Transportation


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

City buses No. 629, 874 and 1004.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

There is also a bus service with the city of Podolsk (route No. 1033: Podolsk-Klenovo-Chernetskoe-Vyatkino-Zhokhovo station) [7].


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Education


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Klenovo is home to the State Budgetary Educational Institution of the City of Moscow Secondary School No. 2074


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

(until 01.07.2012 Municipal Educational Institution Klenovskaya Secondary School).


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Streets


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

The following streets and territories are located in the village of Klenovo:


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

The territory of GSK Klenovo


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

The territory of DNT Zvezda-95


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

The territory of HBC Klenovsky


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Michurina Street


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Oktyabrskaya Street


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Parkovaya Street


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Pochtova Street


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Rabochaya


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

SNT Gavan territory


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

SNT Source territory


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

SNT Klenovo territory


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

SNT Crystal-5 territory


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

SNT Mechta Territory


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

SNT Neptune territory


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

SNT Salkovo-M territory


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

SNT Yantar territory


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Sadovaya Street


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Trade impasse


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Central Street


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

The territory of Chegodaevo


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

SNT Teacher territory


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

The territory of SNT Osinki


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

SNT territory Shcherbinka


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

SNT territory Lesnye Polyany


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Notes


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Literature


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Dunaev M. M. “South of Moscow”, M., 1978


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Chizhkov A. B.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Estates near Moscow, M., 2006, p. 146;


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Potseluev V. A., Petreev I. IN. Podolsk and its environs.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

M. 1999, P. 252—254.


Question: How far is Dubovka from Moscow?

Klenovo (Moscow)

Category:Populated places in Troitsky Administrative Okrug


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Mark Calpurnius Bibulus (born 102 BC or earlier — died at the end of February 48 BC) was an ancient Roman statesman and military leader from Kalpurnius plebeian family, consul in 59 BC. e.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

He was a colleague of Gaius Julius Caesar in a number of master's degrees, starting at least with Edility in 65 BC.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

, and unsuccessfully resisted his undertakings.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

During his consulate, also joint with Caesar, actually refused to perform his duties in protest against the actions of his colleague.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Mark Calpurnius became the son-in-law of Mark Portius Cato the Younger and ran with him as the leader of the conservative part of the Senate, which in the 50s BC.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

started supporting Gney Pompey the Great.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In 51—50 BC


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

ruled the province of Syria, which was then threatened by the Parthians; Bibul was able to improve the situation by inspiring an internecine war in Parthia.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, Mark Calpurnius took the side of the latter.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

He became commander of the fleet and in this capacity at the end of 49 BC.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

tried to prevent Caesar from sending troops from Italy to the Balkans.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

When this crossing did take place, Bibul imposed a blockade on the Caesarian army in Epirus.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

He failed and died of illness during the fighting.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Biography


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Origins


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Bibul came from the Calpurni plebeian family, whose representatives considered Kalpa, the mythical son of the second king of Rome, Numa Pompilia, to be their ancestor (patricians also raised their pedigree to Numa Emilia, the plebeians of Pinaria and Pomponia) [1].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The most famous branch of this family was the Pison family, which rose to consular posts at the beginning of the 2nd century BC.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Bibulas before Mark Calpurnia were never mentioned in sources at all; only two members of the Publicius family with this cognomene are known, who lived in the second half of the 3rd century BC.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Mark Calpurnia's father, according to the Capitoline Fastas, wore prenomene Gaius [3]; nothing else is known about his origin.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Presumably, Bibul was born to the Senate class, although he was in some way a new person (none of his ancestors were consul).


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

His at least relative nobility is indicated by the fact that he was elected curul aedil early - before he became the son-in-law of Mark Portius Cato.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

At the same time, it is impossible to establish the degree of kinship between Bibul and Pisons [2].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Career start


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The exact date of birth of Mark Calpurnia is unknown.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Based on the dates of his master's degrees and the requirements of the William Law, historiography writes about 102 BC. e.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

as the latest date [4].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

A characteristic feature of Bibul's political career was that he shared all curul positions with Guy Julius Caesar.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Historian M. Grey-Fowe calls it an “exceptional failure”: Caesar, who had brilliant abilities and impeccable pedigree, clearly overshadowed Mark Calpurnia, arousing the strongest hatred in him, “which extended far beyond the main political differences” [5].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

It is not known when Mark Calpurnius held the position of questor — the first in the political career of every Roman noble [6].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

At the same time, modern Russian antiquarian A. Egorov writes that Bibul was a colleague of Caesar and in this master's degree too [7]; in this case, we are talking about 69 or 68 BC.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

[8] [9] In 65, Mark Calpurnius was a curul aedil [10].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

There is an assumption that Caesar, born in 100 BC.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

, obtained permission from the Senate to hold office two years earlier than required by the William Act.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Dissatisfied with this, opponents of Guy Yulia achieved the election of his colleague Bibul, who is already described as a “stable optimal” in relation to these events [11].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

As an edile, Mark Calpurnius organized games together with Caesar (in April, September -), which impressed the Romans with their luxury, but at the same time fame went exclusively to Guy Julius.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Suetonius reports a bitter joke that Mark Calpurnius made about this.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

“Mark Bibul openly admitted that he suffered the fate of Pollux: just as the temple of the divine twins on the forum was simply called the temple of Castor, his joint generosity with Caesar was attributed to one Caesar” [12].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Guy Julius, for his part, later wrote that it was since the time of edility that Bibul had enmity towards him [13].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In 63 BC


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Bibul won the Praetor election.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Among his colleagues, in addition to Caesar, were Quintus Tullius Cicero, Lucius Marcius Philippe, Mark Valery Messala Niger [14].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Sources do not report anything about Bibul's behavior after the elections on the days when Catilina's conspiracy was uncovered (December 63), but, belonging to the conservative part of the Senate, Mark Calpurnius should have support Mark Portius Cato, who demanded the death penalty for the conspirators [15].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Caesar took a different, more lenient position; nevertheless, the execution took place.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The following year, when he took office, Bibul participated in the defeat of scattered groups of Catilinarians that rebelled in different parts of Italy: he suppressed a rebellion in the Pelign lands led by Marcella's father and son [16].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

There is a possibility that Bibul was, in a sense, a colleague of Caesar in the year after the Preture.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The latter became the governor of Far Spain, and the name of the Roman official who ruled the neighboring province - Near Spain in 61, is unknown.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Meanwhile, one of the ancient inscriptions (CIL 2.3422), preserved only in fragments and in a copy, mentions a certain Mark Calpurnius Bibula, who built something in New Carthage.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

This inscription may date back to 61 BC. e.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

and to Mark Calpurnius, son of Gaius [2].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

During these years, the confrontation between Bibul and Caesar developed.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Sources report quarrels between colleagues during the Preture [15].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

It is believed that until a certain point Mark Calpurnius should have felt more confident in this confrontation: Caesar looked in the eyes of the Roman nobility as an adventurer suspected of ties with Catilina, who has no support and is mired in debt.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Bibul, on the other hand, already had certain (albeit modest) military merits and enjoyed the support of the conservative part of the Senate [15].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Even then, this support could be associated with the property between Mark Calpurnius and one of the most influential senators, Mark Portius Caton: the latter, although younger than Bibul [17], passed off as him my daughter.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

There is no consensus in historiography about when this marriage was concluded.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

There are opinions in favor of 66/65 [4], 64 [5], 60 [18] or 59/58 [19] BC.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Thanks to this marriage, Bibul's alliance with Katon became even stronger.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Mark Calpurny was on the sidelines in this union, which affected his family life: according to M. Grey-Fow, “the couple was still ruled by Cato” [20].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Nevertheless, researchers rank Bibul among the leaders of the Senate factio, an oligarchic group that united both political interests and personal ties.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In addition to Bibul and Cato, the leaders of this group included Lucius Domitius Agenobarb, married to another Portia, the aunt of Mark Calpurnia's wife [21].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

These three nobles, according to S. Utchenko, presided over the Senate as early as 65 BC [22]


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Catona and Bibula's Factio pursued an emphasized conservative policy, demonstrating its commitment to the “customs of their ancestors”.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

At the end of the 60s BC. e.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

she opposed Gney Pompey the Great, who returned to Italy after a series of high-profile victories in the East and could try to seize power with the help of an army loyal to him [23].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The Senate majority led by Katon and Bibul rejected Quintus Cecilius Metellus Nepot's proposals to allow Pompey to be elected consul in absentia and give him command in the war with Catilina, postponed in every possible way the resolution of issues on granting land to Pompey's veterans and approving his orders in the East.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Attempts by the commander to negotiate with Cato's “party” (in particular, Pompey wanted to marry one of the daughters or nieces of Mark Portia) failed.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

To snatch the city plebs from the influence of Caesar, who acted in the interests of Pompey during these years, senators increased the number of recipients of free bread, so public spending under this item grew by a huge amount — seven and a half million denarii per year [24] [25].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

When Caesar returned from Spain after his viceroyalty (60 BC), the political situation changed dramatically.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Gaius Julius made an alliance with Gney Pompey and the richest man in Rome, Mark Licinius Crassus.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The purpose of the union was, among other things, to ensure that Caesar was elected consul for the following year, 59 BC.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

, and later — confirmation of Pompey's orders in the East and a number of reforms [26].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In response, the Conservatives nominated their candidate, Bibula (Cato could not run because he had not yet reached the right age and did not hold the mandatory intermediate praetor position [15]).


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In addition to his father-in-law, Mark Calpurnia was supported by Mark Tullius Cicero, Lucius Licinius Lucullus and other prominent politicians [7].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Bibul tried, through Gaius Calpurnia Pisa, to form an alliance with the third candidate, Lucius Lucce, [27], an insignificant man but very rich, but he preferred to support Caesar and bribe voters from both of them.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Then Bibul's allies provided the latter with money to respond.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

“Cato himself did not deny that this is bribery in the interests of the state” [28].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The struggle was extremely acute, and both sides spent a lot of money [29]; in the end, Mark Calpurny and Gaius Julius won the election [30].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Consulate


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Even before the election, in order to neutralize Caesar, the Senate ruled that none of the consuls in 59 BC.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

won't get control of the overseas provinces.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The powers of both magistrates were to be “forests and pastures” [31].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

As a result, the consuls remained in Rome, and Bibul's activities during the consular year were reduced to countering Caesar's initiatives - traditionally unsuccessful.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

At the beginning of the year, Guy Julius proposed a draft agrarian law, according to which it was supposed to buy land in Italy with the money received from Pompey's victories and distribute it to low-income citizens.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Bibul and Cato led the opposition to this initiative.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

They were supported by Lucius Licinius Lucullus, Guy Scribonius Curion Sr., Quintus Cecilius Metell Zeler, Mark Favonius, Mark Petray.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

As a result, Caesar had to postpone the discussion to the People's Assembly [32], citing the “callousness and arrogance of the senators” [33].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Mark Calpurnius and the three people's tribunes that supported him constantly stated that heavenly signs were unfavorable for the convening of a people's congress; in the end, Caesar set a date for voting on his bill despite these prohibitions.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Then the senators, gathered in Bibula's house, decided to oppose Caesar in the assembly.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

But on the decisive day, Mark Calpurnia was not even allowed to attend the forum: supporters of the triumvirs “turned a basket of manure on Bibula's head, then attacked his lictors and broke their rods, and, finally, stones flew and darts” [34].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The law has been passed.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The next day, Mark Calpurnius proposed to the Senate to repeal the law on formal grounds, but none of the senators dared to support it and go against the plebs in this way [35]: senators even swore that they would comply with Lex Iulia's requirements.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In addition, Caesar approved Pompey's orders in the East, which the Senate had previously refused to approve, secured the adoption of a law on extortion, which regulated in detail the duties provincial administration, and a one third reduction in rent for publications.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

At the end of the year, he received emergency powers in both Gallic provinces for five years. [36]


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Mark Calpurnius, making sure that he could not resist his colleague, locked himself in his house until the end of the consulate [37] [38].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

He constantly monitored the signs [39], declared them all unfavorable for the convening of a people's assembly and periodically issued edicts, which, according to Cicero, were actively read and rewritten by the townspeople [40].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

These political pamphlets, “worthy of Archilochus”, were so popular that it was impossible to pass in places where their texts were put on public display due to the huge crowds of people [41] [42].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In them, Mark Calpurnius revealed the scandalous details of the private life of the Triumvirs [43].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

It is to these texts that Suetonius's list of Roman matrons who cheated on their husbands with Caesar can go back [44]: they were Crassus Tertullus's wife, Pompey's wife Mucius Tertius, wife of Avla Gabinia Lollia, wife of Servius Sulpicius Rufa Postumia [45].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In addition, Mark Calpurnius called Caesar “Queen of Bithynia”, referring to rumors that in his youth Gaius Julius was the lover of King Nicomedes IV [46].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

It is Bibula's edicts that Suetonius refers to when talking about the so-called “first conspiracy of Catilina”, in which they participated in 66 BC.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Caesar, Crassus, Publius Cornelius Sulla [47]; in modern historiography it is widely believed that this “first conspiracy” is a propaganda myth invented by Cicero, and Bibul finalized by making his enemy as the main conspirator [48].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Despite Bibul's activity, Caesar ruled virtually alone for most of the year: he did not convene the Senate, and the People's Assembly was fully controlled by the triumvirs [32].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Some Romans even mocked 59 “the year of Julius and Caesar” [49].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Suetonius cites the following “rhyme” in Caesar's biography:


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

At Caesar's consulate then, and not to Bibulus's consulate, it was:


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

There was really nothing at Bibul's consulate, my friend.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

During the year, the popularity of the triumvirs fell markedly; Utchenko attributes this to the fact that the triumvirate, in which society first saw as an instrument of struggle against the all-powerful Senate, itself turned into an authoritarian ruling body.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Changes in the mood of society are visible in connection with the appointment of the date of the next elections.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Caesar planned them for the end of July, and Bibul postponed them to October 18; Pompey opposed this postponement, and Gaius Julius tried to send a crowd of people to the house of Bibul to force him to cancel his decision, but no one responded to his call [50].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The People's Tribune Publius Vatinius wanted to arrest Mark Calpurnius, but Caesar stopped him and obeyed his colleague in this matter [51].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Later (presumably in early October [52]), the so-called “Vettia case” took place: a certain Lucius Vettius announced in the People's Assembly that there was a conspiracy to kill Pompey.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Among the conspirators, he named a number of representatives of aristocratic youth (Gaius Scribonius Kourion, Mark Junius Brutus, Lucius Emilius Lepidus Paul, Publius Cornelius Lentula Spinter) and prominent politicians — Lucius Licinius Luculla, Lucius Domitius Agenobarba, Bibula.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The latter's lictor, according to Vettia, gave him a dagger.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

But no one believed these testimonies, soon Vetty died in prison, and there were no real consequences.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

It was suggested that in fact it was a provocation by Caesar, directed, among other things, against Mark Calpurnia [53] [54].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The next election was led by Caesar, and the consuls the following year were supporters of the Triumvirs - Pompeian Avl Gabinius and Caesar's father-in-law Lucius Calpurnius Pisa Cezonin.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

But at the same time, Agenobarb and another supporter of the Senate Party, Guy Memmy, were among the praetors [52] [55] [56].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In the end, according to Sallustia, “the consulate, this highest power, brought the greatest dishonor” to Mark Calpurnia [57].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

At the very end of the year, Bibul was also attacked by Publius Claudius Pulcher, whose adoption by the plebeian he had previously tried to protest [58].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

December 10, 59 BC


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Claudius became a people's tribune and immediately proposed to revise Eliev and Fufiev laws on auspitions: it was on these laws that Mark Calpurnius relied on when talking about unfavorable omens.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The initiative of the tribune was approved by the People's Assembly in January [59], and from that moment on, voting in the People's Assembly could be held on any day, and heavenly signs could be observed on such days was prohibited [60].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Going over to Pompey's side


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In subsequent years, Bibul played one of the leading roles in the Senate, remaining, together with Katon and Agenobarb, the principal enemy of the Triumvirs [61].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

It is known that in the summer of 58 BC. e.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

he suddenly received support from Publius Claudius Pulchre, Caesar's protege.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Claudius gathered and, in the face of the people, forced Marcus Calpurnia to state once again that all the laws of Gaius Julius were adopted contrary to the expectations; hence the tribune concluded that the Senate should repeal these laws .


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

But this step was actually only an attempt to blackmail: Claudius showed Caesar in this way that he should appreciate the union with him.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

This demonstration occurred due to information that Caesar was ready to support the return from exile of Cicero, Claudius's enemy [62].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Cicero, however, soon returned to Rome.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In 57 BC


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

it was Mark Calpurnius who proposed to the senators to pass a decree on the illegality of Claudius's destruction of the house of Cicero; this proposal was accepted [63].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In 56, Mark Calpurnius took an active part in the debate about how to help the Egyptian king Ptolemy XII Avlet return to the throne.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The Triumvirs sought to send Pompey to Egypt at the head of the army; Lucius Licinius Lucullus and Quintus Hortensius Gortal proposed to entrust this mission to the governor of Cilicia Publius Cornelius Lentul Spinter, and Bibul proposed to entrust the restoration of Avlet to the throne not to the army, but to three ambassadors, and to choose individuals for this role [64] [65].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

It was an open demarche against Pompey, who at that time organized the supply of food to Rome and was endowed with an empire with emergency powers [66].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In the end, the king had to turn to the governor of Syria, Avl Gabinius, who returned him to Alexandria for a huge bribe, and was later forced to go into exile because of this [67] [20].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In 53 BC


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Crassus died in a campaign against the Parthians, and relations between Caesar and Pompey began to deteriorate.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Under these conditions, the conservative part of the Senate, including Mark Calpurnia, began rapprochement with Pompey.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

It is known that in 52 BC. e.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

it was Bibul who was the first to speak in favor of electing Pompey as sole consul [68], arguing that “either under his leadership everything will go well, or at least Rome will be enslaved to the strongest and the most worthy citizen.”


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

This proposal was accepted thanks to the support of Cato [69].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Researchers believe that the decision to support Pompey was not easy for Bibul and was made only because of enmity with Caesar [70].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In any case, the events of 52 years meant the conclusion of a strong alliance between Pompey and the optimals under the formal leadership of Pompey [71].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Viceroyalty in Syria


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

During the consulate of Pompey, a law was passed to appoint those nobles who were consuls and praetors at least five years ago as governors of provinces [4].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

This also influenced Bibul's career: in 51 BC. e.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

he was appointed governor of Syria with the powers of proconsul [72].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Mark Calpurnius himself reacted to this appointment without any enthusiasm and was clearly in no hurry to the province [73] [67]; as a result, he ended up in Syria only in December, although in principle he could still take power in summer.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

At the same time, Mark Tullius Cicero became the ruler of neighboring Cilicia [4].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In Rome, it was believed that both governors should be allowed to recruit replenishment in Italy for provincial armies, but Consul Servius Sulpicius Ruf spoke out against it, and the recruitment did not take place [74].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Immediately upon arrival in Bibul province, for glory, he began hostilities against the tribes living on Mount Aman, on the border between Syria and Cilicia, but was defeated.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

In battle, he lost an entire cohort, the first, including Primupil Asinius Denton and all the other centurions, and the military tribune Sextus Lucilius was also killed [75].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The main task of the proconsul was to counter the Parthian threat, which remained very serious after the death of Crassus's army: in September 51 BC.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

, just three months before Bibul's arrival, proquestor Guy Cassius Longin repulsed another Parthian invasion that threatened Antioch [76], but they still controlled Upper Syria.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The position of the Roman administration was fragile due to the discontent of the local population, the small number of Roman citizens in the region and the uncertain position of the vassal kings [74].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Sources report that at this very time in Alexandria, Roman soldiers left there by one of the previous governors of Syria, Avl Gabinius, killed two sons of Bibul.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Any details are unknown, but there is a hypothesis that Mark Calpurnius sent his sons to Egypt for these soldiers in order to strengthen the defense of his province.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

The Gabinians, on the other hand, did not want to give up a quiet life in Egypt in order to return to the harsh discipline of the Roman camp, and in their eyes Bibul was one of the culprits in the expulsion of Gabinius, their former commander.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Therefore, they refused to obey the order and killed two young Calpurnias, presumably with the approval of the de facto rulers of Egypt and Potin [77] [78] [79].


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

Cicero, who monitored the situation in the neighboring region, in one of his letters to Attica dated June 26, 50 BC.


Question: What was Mark Calpurnia's mother Bibula's name?

Mark Calpurnius Bibul

reports that Bibul is heartbroken, but nevertheless “carries all the labors of waging the war”, which at that time was “in full swing” in Syria.