Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

One of them was the “Kiysky Cross”, where, in addition to a particle of the Life-Giving Cross, 108 particles of the relics of saints and 16 stones from the sites of biblical events were placed [76].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Since the first half of the 19th century, Russian pilgrims to the Holy Land, from among especially eminent persons, received crosses from the Patriarch of Jerusalem with a particle of the Tree of the Cross of the Lord as a blessing, and later awards [77].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The Order of the Cross with a particle of the Life-Giving Tree is currently the highest award of the Church of Jerusalem.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

At the Catholic Church


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The Jerusalem and Constantinople parts of the Life-Giving Cross became the source for the creation of relics revered in Western Europe.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

As a rule, reliquaries were made in the form of a cross, sometimes richly decorated.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Particles of the Life-Giving Cross formed a fragment of the relic, or were embedded inside.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The origin of four such relics from a fragment of the Life-Giving Cross taken by the Crusaders from Byzantium is documented.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

They are kept in the Basilica of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme in Rome, Notre Dame Cathedral and the cathedrals of Pisa and Florence.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

When studying these relics, it was confirmed that all particles of the Life-Giving Cross consist of olive wood [78].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The fragment of the Cross, which is kept in the reliquary of the Austrian Cistercian monastery Heiligenkreuz, is one of the few that comes directly from the Jerusalem part of the Tree.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

This fragment was presented by King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem to Duke Leopold V of Austria [79].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The most famous relics containing parts of the Cross are also kept in the Spanish Franciscan monastery of Santo Toribio de Liébana in Cantabria, Vienna's Hofburg, Brussels and Venice.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The particles of the Life-Giving Cross are currently


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Throughout its history, the tree of the Life-Giving Cross has been divided into particles of different sizes, which can now be found in many temples and monasteries around the world.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

It is possible that there are counterfeits among them, but their number is difficult to determine.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Church reformer Jean Calvin polemically stated in the 16th century in his Treatise on Relics that a cargo ship could be built from numerous parts of the Cross [80] [81].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

However, a researcher of the late XIX century in his work “Memory of the Instruments of Christ's Passion” (French: “Mémoire sur les instruments de la passion de la N.-S. J.-C.”) [82] reports that the total weight of all documented fragments of the Cross is only about a third of the volume of the Cross [83] [84].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Storage locations by country


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

This short list presents the most famous places in Christendom for storing particles of the Life-Giving Cross.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

CountryTemple (Monastery) AustriaHeiligenkreutz [79] ArmeniaEtchmiadzin [85] BelgiumOnthaalkerk Church in Bruges [86] GermanyChurch of Saint Cecilia, Dusseldorf [87] GreeceAthos monasteries: Iveron, Dionysios, Kotlumush, Xiropotam (part pierced with a nail), Philotheos, Simonopetra, St. Paul, Stavronikita and Esphygman are single particles; Great Laurus, Vatopedus, Hilandar, Pantocrator, Zograph and Caracal are several particles [88] , Sarmago Monastery [89] GeorgiaSvetitskhoveli Cathedral (particle).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

According to legend, part of the Cross, one of the nails, as well as the foot of the Cross were presented to Georgia by Emperor Constantine.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The foot was lost under the Georgian king George XII [90] IsraelChurch of the Holy Sepulcher is the largest known part of the Cross [90] SpainSanto Toribio de Liébana Monastery, Cantabria [91] ItalyRome: Cathedral Peter's Basilica, Basilica of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme [92], Pisa Cathedral, Santa Maria del Fiore in FlorenceCyprusStavrovouni Monastery (a particle, according to legend, left by St. Helena at the foundation Monastery), the Church of the Holy Cross in the village of Lefkara, the church in the village of TokhniLatviaCathedral of the Old Believers Grebenshikov Community in Riga.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

RussiaAlexander Svirsky Monastery [93], Annunciation Monastery (Nizhny Novgorod) [94], Holy Cross Monastery (Nizhny Novgorod), Epiphany Cathedral in Yelokhovo [95], Voskresensko-Fedorovsky Monastery, Holy Cross Monastery (Yekaterinburg) [96], Pokrovsky Alexander Nevsky Monastery, Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Anastasia Uzoreshitelnitsa Church (Pskov), Krestovozdvizhensky Kyltovsky Convent [97], Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh in Krapivniki.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

UkraineCross Exaltation Church (Vinnitsa) [98], Holy Cross Cathedral (Uzhgorod), Assumption Cathedral (Mukachevo) [99], Holy Dormition Pochaev Lavra Holy Cross Church (Holy Assumption Kiev- Pechersk Lavra) FranceNotre Dame Cathedral [100], Abbey of the Holy Cross, Poitiers (particle, since 568) [101], Church of St. Claudius, Paris (a particle brought from Jerusalem on July 28, 1109) [102] MontenegroCetinje is a particle that previously belonged to the Order of Malta, then located in Russia (Winter Palace and Gatchina, until 1917) [103]


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

In painting


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The most famous account of the history of the Cross is the Piero della Francesca cycle in the Basilica of San Francesco in Arezzo.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Of the cycles that preceded the work of Piero della Francesca, the most famous are the frescoes by Agnolo Gaddi, commissioned by the Franciscans in the Church of Santa Croce in Florence, the frescoes by Chenny di Francesco in the Church of San Francesco in Volterra, as well as the later History of the Life-Giving Cross, written by Masolino in Sant'Agostino in Empoli (1424).


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Other details


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

In 2006, a particle of the Life-Giving Cross was delivered to Earth orbit [104].


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

See also


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Media related to Holy Cross at Wikimedia Commons


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Judas Kiriac


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Kiysky cross


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Crucifixion (arts and crafts)


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

The Crucifixion


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Santa Croce in Gerusalemme


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Jesus' Execution Instrument


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Christian relics


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Notes


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Literature


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Barbara Baert.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

, Leiden: Brill, 2004, ISBN 90-04-12469-1


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

References


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Derevensky B.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

G.: a selection of evidence on the history of the discovery of the Cross.


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Category:Christian relics


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Category:Instruments of Passion


Question: In what year did Queen Elena find the Holy Crucifixion?

The Life-Giving Cross

Category:Cross in Christianity


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro (January 31 (February 12) 1874, p. Smeloye, Poltava Province, Russian Empire - January 28, 1943, Belorechenskaya village, Krasnodar Krai, USSR) was a Russian public figure, professional gardener, one of the founders and propagandists of Siberian horticulture, founder of the testing and scientific garden (later the West Siberian Garden Station) on Tagarsky Island near Minusinsk, and in 1918 a member of the Siberian Regional Duma.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Biography, scientific and social activities


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Childhood, adolescence, life in Ukraine (1874—1909)


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro was born on January 31 (February 12), 1874 in the town of Smely, Romensky Uyezd, Poltava Province (Russian Empire), in the family of Cossack Prokhor Alekseevich Bedro.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Hidro studied at the Uman School of Agriculture and Horticulture (Kiev province), then at the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy (now the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Among the best graduates of the Academy I. P. Bedro trained in nurseries and seed farms in France, Belgium, Holland and Germany, studied seed production of vegetable crops at the farm of the famous Vilmorin company, as well as viticulture on south of France [1].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Returning to his homeland, I. P. Bedro, renting 10 hectares of land on the outskirts of the city. Lokhvytsia, Poltava province, created a fruit nursery and horticultural farm, from where grown and grafted apple seedlings were sent throughout Ukraine.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Being popular among the population, I. P. The thigh was twice elected from local peasants by the Zemstvo vowel of Lokhvitsky district.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Since 1895, I. P. Hidro, being a secretary-agronomist and a member of the board of the Lokhvitsky Uyezd Agricultural Society, organized warehouses of machines and seeds.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In 1904, he was elected chairman of the Peskov Agricultural Society, which he significantly expanded, creating eight cooperatives (small agricultural societies).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

At the same time, he served in Lokhvitsa as an agronomist of the district zemstvo and head of the experimental field


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On the eve of the first Russian revolution of 1905—1907, I. P. The hip begins to take an active part in political life.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

For discussing political issues at a meeting of the Peskov Agricultural Society (chaired by him) and promoting the nationalization of land, I. P. In September 1905, the hip was expelled for three years outside the Poltava province.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

However, after the release of the tsarist manifesto of October 17, 1905, I. P. The hip returned to Lokhvitsa and in November-December 1905 became a member of the All-Russian Peasant Union (cf. Stolypin agrarian reform), created to involve peasants in revolutionary activities.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Regarding the political events of that time in Lokhvitsky district, the assistant to the head of the Poltava Provincial Gendarme Administration reported [1], [2]: A party called itself was formed in Lokhvitsky district liberal, the head of which is the leader of the nobility Alexander Rusinov, the landowner with. Pozniki, and his son-in-law, who lives on his estate, known for his political unreliability, former Professor M. AND. Tugan-Baranovsky.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Under the influence and recommendation of Tugan-Baranovsky A. Rusinov began to appoint his henchmen to various positions, and due to the lack of places, under the guise of raising the economic situation of the county, he created an agricultural society and a credit partnership with small county offices, in which he has established new posts with high salaries.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Of his henchmen, A. Rusinov also formed a Zemstvo party, choosing unconditionally loyal or indifferent to public affairs persons as part of his vowels.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The Zemstvo government included Sluz and Priymak, Solomakh's secretary, assistant accountant Alexandra Renning, secretary of the Lokhvitsky Agricultural Society and the Credit Partnership Ivan Bedro, accountant of the credit partnership Gelya Volynskaya, member of the school council from the zemstvo, court councilor Vlahopulov, head of the economic part of Priymak.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Having this circle of persons, A. Rusinov began the selection of persons for Zemstvo schools.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

These persons exchange views on the phone every day and serve as censors for messages received from others.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Thus, all teachers and employees under the Zemstvo government and other societies, willingly or unwittingly, are united into one group.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The main figures in Lokhvitsa are Sluz, Lieberman, Renning, Solomakha, recently appointed secretary of the leader of the nobility Mikhail Kozhushko and I. P. Your thigh.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

They hold gatherings, and on Fridays Sluz, Renning, Lieberman and Bedro go to Pozniki, where meetings are held in Tugan-Baranovsky's apartment at night, from which even servants are removed.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The meetings began to be attended by nobles Nikolai Tereshkovich and Nikolai Khodoli.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In December 1905, the Black Hundreds and the police tried to organize a Jewish pogrom in Lokhvitsa, but I. P. The thigh managed to prevent a pogrom and revealed initiators, in particular the assistant to the local police officer.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Detained for the second time by the police in December 1905 [3] I. P. The thigh was released only under pressure from the masses, who forced the governor to give a special instruction [1].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

After that, I. P. Hidro went abroad and worked for some time in the gardening farms of the French Riviera.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Upon his return to Russia, he was arrested again (March 1906).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

He was in prison in Poltava.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The meeting of the Kharkiv Court Chamber of Justice held on October 14—17, 1908 with the participation of class representatives and the famous lawyer A. S. Zarudny, having considered the case of I. P. Thigh, sentenced him for participating in a criminal association (creating cells of the Peasant Union) under Art.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

126 of the Criminal Code in force at that time to deprive all rights of state and exile to Siberia for eternal settlement.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In the autumn of 1909, it was delivered to the village of Bystraya, Minusinsky District, Yenisei Province.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Life in Siberia (1909—1935), gardening and social activities


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In the spring of 1910, I. P. The hip purchased [4], [5] (according to other sources [6] leased) 17 acres of land on Tagarsky Island (Yenisei River) near Minusinsk and founded a fruit nursery and an experiment garden, which soon turned into the first experimental fruit-growing station in the Siberian region, later called the West Siberian Garden Station.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The main purpose of the station and the “Old Garden”, planted in 1912, was to test a large collection of apple trees and other fruit and berry crops.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The area of the “Old Garden” was 2 hectares, and apple trees on it entered into economic fruiting in 1925 [6].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

There were more than 120 varieties of ranets and semi-clature apple trees here, including seedlings obtained from specialists from the northern gardening zone, with whom I. P. The thigh was in correspondence.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

At the request of Professor N. F. Kashchenko (who moved from Tomsk to Kiev in 1912 for health reasons) I. P. The thigh received and planted his small collection of hybrid apple trees (about 20 pieces), bringing some of them to variety formation.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In general, to collect such a northern assortment of apple trees as was in I. P. The hip was a very difficult task in 1910-1912, since the number of amateur gardeners who had their own seedlings was then hardly 15-20 people in the entire northern zone of horticulture of Russia, and experienced There were no gardening stations here [6].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

From the north, the “Old Garden” was protected by a strip of pine forest growing on the dunes.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On the south side, 500 apple trees of 74 large-fruited varieties were planted obliquely (according to the Canadian method).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Every year, in late autumn, these trees were bent down and covered with pine branches, potato tops and earth.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

This collection of apple trees was supported primarily for hybridization purposes.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

For the purpose of inspection and introduction, collections of Ussuri and Canadian plums (about 50 trees) were also collected, red, white and golden currants, gooseberries, irgi, Trans-Baikal apricot, etc.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Apple plantings were compacted with bushes of local black currant (more than 1000 pieces).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Since 1914, I. P. For several years, the thigh published a catalog of fruit and ornamental plants, seeds, vegetables and flower crops, which was sent throughout Siberia.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

His scientific research by I. P. During his work in Siberia, the hip led mainly in four areas:


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

acclimatization of fruit and berry plants;


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

hybridization for breeding particularly winter-hardy varieties;


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

“vegetative hybridization” — the study of the interaction between rootstocks and grafts;


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

cultivation of wild fruit and berry plants.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In the spring of 1916, I. P. The hip created the “New Garden” (an area of 4 hectares), planting 10-50 trees of 75 varieties selected for winter hardiness in the “Old Garden”.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The orchard began to bear fruit by 1928.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Since many imported apple varieties turned out to be unsuitable for Siberia, I. P. The hip moved to breeding local varieties through hybridization.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Having studied more than three hundred varieties of various breeds, including, in addition to the apple tree, sea buckthorn, apricot, cherry, barberry, plum and garden strawberries, I. P. The thigh developed methods for protecting cultivated plants from adverse winter factors, conducted experiments to identify the optimal crown shapes, studied methods of grafting and budding, and received successful results on cultivation of Zabaikalsky Pallas apple trees.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In winter, I. P. The thigh corresponded with prominent gardeners of the country - I. IN. Michurin, V. IN. Pashkevich (Saint Petersburg), L. P. Simirenko (Cherkasy Region), N. F. Kashchenko (Kiev), with the Khudyakov brothers (Primorsky Krai), A. M. Lukashov (Khabarovsk), A. K. Thomson (Irkutsk), with gardeners from Omsk and the monastery on Valaam Island.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The natural and climatic conditions of the Minusinsk depression (sharply continental climate) greatly complicate the implementation of effective gardening in this area.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The disadvantages include harsh, little snow and windy winters, late spring and early autumn frosts.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The advantages are the hot summer, which contributes to the good ripening of shoots and, consequently, the winter hardiness of plants.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

This climate is due to the fact that Eastern Siberia, as I. P. Hip L. AND. Vigorov is “the kingdom of ranets and currants”.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Only very few semi-cultivated apple trees, such as Kuzmina Seyanets No. 16, Serzhik Kopylova and Ivanitsky Yellow Cheldon, as well as some of the hybrids obtained by I. P. Hip from N. F. Kashchenko, yielded crops in the garden of I. P. Hip [6].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

While living in Minusinsk, I. P. Hip married Khakaska F. K. Kharina, a native of the Ulus of Bij, who became the mother of his two sons — Alexey Bedro (later Leonid Vigorov) and Yuri Bedro (later Georgy Bedrov, geologist, 1913-1961), as well as daughter Galina (Galina Ivanovna Afanasyeva).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In 1915, I. P. The hip was amnestied, but remained to work in Minusinsk.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

He served as secretary and chairman of the Minusinsk Uyezd Union of Credit Cooperation, which helped peasants develop farms by providing them with loans, cars and seeds.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

With the beginning of the revolutionary events of 1917, I. P. Bedro was elected chairman of the Minusinsk Public Security Committee, defended peasant interests in the zemstvo.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In 1917 he visited Ukraine [1].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On the pages of Soviet memoirs by I. P. The hip was repeatedly presented as a Social Revolutionaries and an “ardent enemy” of the Minusinsk Bolsheviks [1].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Modern historians define his political face in different ways.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

However, the documents of the criminal case initiated against him by the Yenisei Provincial Cheka indicate that I. P. The hip was a socially active person who could not be attributed to any political camp.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

His views were typical for the general population of Siberia [1].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Without sharing the views of either the Bolsheviks or the Social Revolutionaries, without participating in their struggle and trying to protect the peasants from the influence of representatives of these parties, I. P. Bedro continued to act as a public defender in Minusinsk district.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Residents of the village of Bystraya on November 19, 1917 delegated it with an advisory vote to the III Minusinsk Uyezd Peasant Congress.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Despite the fact that the Bolsheviks persuaded the participants of this congress to transfer power to the Soviets, I. P. Hidro opposed the specific actions of the Bolsheviks.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Thus, having received information from the central authorities of credit cooperation that the Council of People's Commissars nationalized Credit Bank of Moscow, I. P. Hidro, with the support of the board of the Minusinsk Uyezd Union of Cooperative Partnerships, wrote a circular on December 23, 1917, in which he notified the cooperators and the population about the nationalization of their monetary deposits and called for protests against this by sending telegrams to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On December 29, 1917, the Bolsheviks, members of the Minusinsk United Executive Committee, decided to arrest I. P. The thigh, and the circular itself with relevant comments should be published in local Izvestia.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

While under investigation, I. P. The hip, as a representative of credit cooperation in Minusinsk Uyezd and a delegate to the 2nd All-Siberian Congress of Cooperators, was elected a member of the Siberian Regional Duma.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On March 6, 1918, the Revolutionary Tribunal sentenced I. P. Thigh to a three-month suspended sentence [1].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Persecuted by the authorities, I. P. In January 1918, the thigh still found time to compile the Atlas of Fruits with descriptions and drawings of 87 varieties of ranetok that have proven themselves better than others in the climatic conditions of Minusinsk.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Complemented at the end of the 1920s, this description was prepared by I. P. Bedro and his son Alexey Bedro for publication in the form of a book on Siberian pomology.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

At the beginning of 1918, I. P. Bedro also created a manuscript of the future guide to fruit growing in Siberia (published in 1925 and 1928), then wrote and published in the newspaper “Svoboda i Trud” “Letters from the Prison” of a feuilleton nature.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The Bolsheviks later, using these “letters”, accused I. P. The thigh is in slander of Soviet reality [1].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In May 1918, I. P. The hip was elected a delegate to the VI Minusinsk Uyezd Peasant Congress.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

After the Military Revolutionary Headquarters (VRS) created by the Bolsheviks dissolved the congress for anti-Soviet protests, I. P. On the night of June 8, 1918, the thigh was arrested by the Red Guards and put in prison.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

After power in Minusinsk passed to the anti-Bolshevik forces (under pressure from the VII Peasant Congress with the support of peasant Cossack squads) I. P. The thigh was released from prison and co-opted with advisory votes to this congress.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

At this time, I. P. The thigh opposed the beginning of the robberies of the urban population of Minusinsk by the rebels vigilantes, as well as against the mobilization of peasants into the Volunteer Army.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In July 1918, I. P. The hip was invited to participate in the work of the Siberian Regional Duma.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

At a meeting of the Duma on August 15, 1918, I. P. Bedro was elected a member of the credentials committee, and then the bureau of one of the four Duma factions — regional and non-partisan.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Hidro advocated the replenishment of the Duma with peasant representatives (the expansion of the true peasant representation in the Duma), which the Social Revolutionaries were against [7].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

At that time, the Social Revolutionaries accounted for almost half of the Duma members.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Initiatives by I. P. The hip did not find support among the deputies, and at the end of 1918 he refused to work in the Siberian Regional Duma and returned to Minusinsk, where he continued to act on the side of the interests of the peasantry [8], [1].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Friendly relations have developed with I. P. Hip with the Commander-in-Chief of the Partisan Army A. D. Kravchenko.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Subsequently, Deputy Kravchenko P. E.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Shchetinkin testified that I. P. The hip provided the guerrillas with all kinds of material support.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Chairman of the Minusinsk Uyezd Council V. G. Soldatov, a man of Bolshevik beliefs, said that the impetus for the growth of Social Revolutionary sentiments among the partisans was allegedly the appearance in the political arena of Minusinsk of an agronomist gardener and “a famous Social Revolutionaries” by I. P. Hip [1].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On May 2, 1920, I. P. The thigh, on the denunciation of the Minusinsk Bolsheviks, who accused him of anti-Soviet agitation, was arrested and escorted to the Krasnoyarsk Provincial Cheka.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

During interrogation on May 29, one of them testified that Bedro, who enjoyed authority among employees of credit partnerships and the population, during the peasant uprising of 1918 agitated residents of the village. Minor Minus against the “Bolshevik bandits”.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

However, the testimony of whistleblowers was based only on rumors.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Having stated that the reason for the charge was personal accounts, I. P. The thigh easily refuted the reservation.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

He was supported by peasants d. It's fast.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On May 23, their meeting, stating that I. P. Hidro with his activities contributed to the transition of the population to the side of Soviet power and saved people from the “punishers”, asked to release him from prison as a “supporter of the working people”.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The security officers were strongly impressed by the testimony of the deputy commander-in-chief of the partisan army P. E.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Shchetinkin, who, during interrogation on June 18, assured them that he knew I. P. The thigh is like a person who did not commit any actions against the Soviet power.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On July 20, I. P. The thigh was released on the bail of P. E.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Shchetinkina and A. D. Kravchenko.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

However, this outcome did not suit some Minusinsk Bolsheviks.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On August 1, 1920, I. P. Hidro was arrested again and sent to the Krasnoyarsk House of Detention.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

This time, the investigation into the Bedro case turned out to be longer, but on December 12, for lack of evidence of guilt, he was released from custody and sent to serve in the Minusinsk District Labor Committee.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

However, on January 10, 1922, the provincial Cheka still sentenced I. P. Hip to one year in prison.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The accusation was so shaky that on November 11 of the same year, the Board of the Prosecutor General's Office, on the basis of the decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, was forced P. Hip ahead of schedule [1].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Meanwhile, the data of the Krasnoyarsk Krai Public Organization “Memorial” indicate that I. P. Bedro, arrested on July 31, 1920 and accused of “counter-revolutionary agitation”, was sentenced by the provincial Cheka on August 19 of the same year to five years in prison in a correctional labor camp, where stayed until December 1924 [1] (according to other sources [6] until April 25, 1925).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Returning to Minusinsk in 1925 from prison and achieving the return of the neglected garden (during the imprisonment of I. P. The hip garden was transferred first to the experimental station, and then to the local prison [1], [9]), I. P. The hip put the garden in order, although much had to be rebuilt.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Combining gardening work with service in credit cooperation (credit agricultural partnership), I. P. The thigh continued to carry out mass hybridization of apple trees in order to obtain frost-resistant varieties with more or less large fruits.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

About this work by I. P. The hip is well written in the book [6], which also refers to the works of I. P. Hip for the introduction into the culture of wild fruit and berry plants (various types of wild currants, Ussuri pear, Canadian plum, Manchurian apricot, wild Siberian apple tree, sea buckthorn, bird cherry), as well as about the works of I. P. Hip in the area of “vegetative hybridization”.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In 1925, I. P. Bedro appealed for support to the All-Union Institute of Applied Botany and New Crops (later the All-Union Institute of Crop Production), which in those years was headed by the outstanding Russian scientist N. AND. Vavilov said.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

VIR expressed its readiness to consider the testing and scientific garden of I. P. The hip (more precisely, the West Siberian Experimental Station of Fruit Growing) as its stronghold, to ensure the supply of the station with the latest biological literature, subject to the fulfillment of some instructions.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Among them were the collection of rare plants that are promising for introduction and breeding, phenological and morphological observations of the apple tree.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

However, the patronage of VIR did not change anything in the legal status of the station.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Local authorities still considered it as a private farm, the financial inspectorate continued to impose large taxes on the garden, and science was not taken into account [6].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In 1926-1927, I. P. Bedro received an additional land plot of 5 hectares.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

By 1928, the third, “Far Garden”, was planted on this site on an area of about 2 hectares and nurseries were laid.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The nurseries where planting material was grown (almost exclusively apple seedlings) were small, with an area of more than 0.5 hectares and the production of 2000-3000 annual grafted apple trees per year.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In the last five years of the work of the experimental horticulture station (1925—1929), grafted seedlings were sent throughout Siberia.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The largest part of the assortment was made up of small-fruited winter-hardy apple varieties, and in recent years, larger hybrids.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Since orders from hobby gardeners were usually small (5-10 seedlings each), the total number of parcels sent annually in autumn reached 300 pcs.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The experimental station, which at that time was famous throughout Siberia, was regularly visited by students of the Minusinsk Agricultural Technical School.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Often, they also underwent short-term practice in the garden.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Students from the Omsk Agricultural Institute and the Minusinsk Pedagogical Institute also practiced here.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Of no small importance for the dissemination of information on gardening was the holding of short-term practical courses for two or three years since 1927, in agreement with the Minusinsk Land Administration for gardening peasants and agronomists [6].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In conclusion to his book Fruit Growing in Siberia (1925), I. P. Hip wrote [10]:


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Humanity, apparently, has crossed the line beyond which faith in bliss in heaven remains... It is embarking on the path of firm knowledge and confidence that it is necessary to build a happy and beautiful life here — on sinful land...


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Behind this confidence, we expect a broad and deep impulse to creativity in this direction.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Gardening is one of the conditions for happiness.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

It is not for nothing that great thinkers and our Leo Tolstoy considered communication with plants a necessary condition for happiness, by the way...


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Almighty nature gives into man's hands countless beautiful forms of plants it has created.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Science shows ways to make them even more beautiful, even more useful for humans.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Describing the scale and value of the widely conceived, lovingly done work and trying to save I. P. Hip from ruin due to exorbitant taxes [11], Vl.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

M. Krutovsky wrote in the fall of 1929 in the magazine “Siberian Fruit Growing and Gardening” [1], [9]: And the most surprising thing is that all this gigantic work is done by the hands of the Bedro family, which he makes up himself, his wife, two teenage sons, and only for autumn work, harvesting, day laborers are temporarily taken.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

... He does not have any savings, not even reserves, and his family life is the most working and modest in everything from food to clothing.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

It takes care of the minimum, everything stays in the garden.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

... The scientific part of the work is interesting and is carried out with amazing consistency and energy.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The work plan was reviewed by the Institute of Applied Botany and New Cultures (Leningrad) and approved by it on April 20, 1925.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The work mainly refers to the production of hybrid apple forms created in Siberia by Acad. Kashchenko in the second and next generations... This activity of Bedro is of great importance.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The Thigh Garden must be saved, its scientific work must be preserved and continued, and Bedro himself, as a valuable and rare specialist of a high brand, selflessly dedicated to his work, must be preserved for Siberia.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In 1929, no longer being able to cope with financial difficulties, avoiding ruin and another arrest that threatened him as a well-known cooperative figure in Siberia (in the USSR, it began collectivization), I. P. Hidro accepted the offer of the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Combine (on behalf of Chief Engineer I. P. Bardin) about the organization of a large horticultural farm in them.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In the autumn of 1929, I. P. The thigh signed an act on the transfer of the garden to the Minusinsk fruit and berry experimental field and left Minusinsk for St. Stalinsk (now Novokuznetsk).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In Stalinsk, I. P. Hidro worked as the head of the garden and park farm of Kuznetskstroy (Kuznetsk Metallurgical Combine), laid a fruit and berry orchard (more than 180 hectares), which subsequently occupied about 300 hectares (in the western on the outskirts of the city).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Subsequently, this gardening and park economy was transformed into the Sadovo-Parkovoe state farm.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On February 18, 1933, I. P. Bedro was arrested by the Stalin Civil Defense Department of the OGPU and was unreasonably accused of allegedly being a member of a counter-revolutionary organization, making anti-Soviet statements, contributing to mismanagement and thefts in gardening [12], [13].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On June 5, 1933, I. P. The hip at a meeting of the Special Troika of the Plenipotentiary Representative Office of the OGPU of the West Siberian Territory was convicted under Art.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

58-10, 11 of the Criminal Code and the Law of August 7, 1932 and sentenced to three years of exile to Narym Krai.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In the autumn of the same year, he was sent to settle in the village of Podgornoye, Chainsky District, Narymsky District, West Siberian Territory [12], [1].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In the village of Podgornoye I. P. The hip also planted and, according to [14], worked on the Tiskinsky experimental field, which was under the jurisdiction of the colonization and taiga station of the Narymsky North (since 1933 - a complex agricultural Narymsky North station).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The reference letter of the KGB of the USSR [12] contains the following data from the archival file on the composition of the family and marital status of I. P. Hip for 1933:1st wife Bedro Maria Grigoryevna.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

2nd wife Bedro (Kharina) Feodosya Konstantinovna, born in 1888


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Kononov's 3rd wife Varvara Andreevna, born in 1898


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Sons Alexey, born in 1913


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

and Yuri.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Daughters Vera, born in 1901


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

and Mariana, born in 1922


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The last years of I. P. Hip (1935—1943)


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. The thigh was released ahead of schedule in 1935 and moved from Siberia to the North Caucasus to the village.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Shuntuk of Maykop district.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Since the beginning of 1936, I. P. Hip worked as a senior researcher in the Department of Flower and Ornamental Plants of the Maikop Experimental Department of VIR, collected a large collection of roses.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

But at the beginning of 1938, when, shortly before N. AND. Vavilov reduced staff and funding of the experimental department, I. P. Bedro resigned and moved to the village of Belorechenskaya (Krasnodar Krai) [15].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Departure from Siberia and departure from breeding, according to [1], saved I. P. The thigh is from a new pursuit.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The fact is that the Krutovsky brothers arrested by Krasnoyarsk security officers, known in the past for socio-political, medical and horticultural activities, were interrogated in August-September 1938 are forced to show that the former “exiled Social Revolutionaries” I. P. After the civil war, the hip was a member of the “counter-revolutionary organization of regionalists”.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In 1928, he allegedly agreed to participate in intelligence activities in favor of Japan and with relevant information came to them from Stalinsk to Krasnoyarsk.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

After that, I. P. The thigh was supposed to be arrested as a “Japanese spy”, but there was a malfunction in the work of the special services: he was probably simply not found immediately.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Later, senior Krutovsky (Vladimir Mikhailovich) died in a prison hospital, and the youngest, who retracted his testimony, was soon released [1].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Hidro died on January 28, 1943, a few days before the end of the fascist occupation of the village of Belorechenskaya [14].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Rehabilitation in all cases filed against I. P. The thigh by Soviet law enforcement agencies took place on December 25, 1963 and November 28, 2003 [1].


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Some works by I. P. Hip


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Your thigh.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Brief report of the acclimatization pomological station in St. Minusinsk, Yenisei Gubernia


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

for 1911, 1912 and 1913//Otd.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

an impression from the magazine.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

“Scientific fruit growing”.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Petrograd: Imperat.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Ross.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

fruit growing society, 1915.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

25 p.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Your thigh.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Fruit growing in Siberia.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

H. I: Initial Foundations of Siberian Fruit Growing.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

H. II: A short guide to fruit growing in Siberia.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Fruit school.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Fruit nursery.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Orchard.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Omsk: Omsk Gubl.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

57 p.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Your thigh.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Is fruit growing profitable in Siberia?


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Siberian fruit growing and gardening.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

#2. P. 1—3.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Your thigh.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Ways of development and prospects of Siberian fruit growing.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Siberian fruit growing and gardening.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

#3. P. 6—11.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Your thigh.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Ussuri gardening and gardening: zhur.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

pract.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

gardening and gardening.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Vladivostok: Seaside Peasant Publ., 1927.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

# 2—3.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

P. 28—34.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Your thigh.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

15 years of experience in industrial tomato culture in Siberia.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Siberian fruit growing and gardening.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

No. 1.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

P. 17—18.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Your thigh.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

15 years of experience in industrial tomato culture in Siberia (the end).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Siberian fruit growing and gardening.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

No. 2-3.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

P. 13-15.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Your thigh.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The situation of gardening and gardening in the Minusinsk District and measures for their development: thesis.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

dokl.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Siberian fruit growing and gardening.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

P. 8.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Your thigh.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Fruit growing in Siberia.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In 2 parts.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Minusinsk: Publishing house of the newspaper “Vlast Truda”, 1928.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

111 p.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

memento


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

A street in Minusinsk is named after Ivan Bedro.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Literature


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Krutovsky Vl.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

M. Through the gardens of the Yenisei province.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Siberian fruit growing and gardening.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

No. 1.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

P. 27.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Kashchenko N. F. Three periods in the history of Siberian fruit growing.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Siberian fruit growing and gardening.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

#3. P. 1—2.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Krutovsky Vl.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

M. The past and the present.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Siberian fruit growing and gardening.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

#3. P. 1—3.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Your thigh.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Dictionary of gardener.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Comp.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

N. A. Kamshilov said.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Moscow: State Publishing House of Agricultural Literature, 1957.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

P. 33—34.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Leonov I. M. The history of the development of Siberian fruit growing.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Tr.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Novosib.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

s-x.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

in-ta.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

T. XIV.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Novosibirsk, 1957.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

124 p.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Borisoglebsky A. D. In memory of I. P. Your thigh.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Garden and vegetable garden, 1958, No. 2. P. 77-78.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Pashkevich V. IN. Selected works on fruit growing.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Moscow, Selkhozgiz Publ., 1959.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

360 p.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Yanin V. AND. Let's go to the garden.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Chisinau: Cartea Moldovenasca, 1968.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

128 p.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Kuminov Ye.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

P. 60th anniversary of scientific horticulture in Eastern Siberia.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Horticulture of Eastern Siberia.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Novosibirsk, 1980.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Russian gardeners and scientists.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

A short biographical guide.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Ed.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

E.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

N. Sedova.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Orel: VNIISPK Publ., 1997.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

440 p. ISBN 5-900705-10-2.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

YU.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

L. Vigorov said.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Strength of mind in extreme conditions.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In Sat.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Forests of the Urals and their economy: a collection of scientific papers.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Vol.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Ekaterinburg: Ural State Forestry Engineering University Publ., 2005.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

P. 17—24.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

ISBN 5-94984-056-9.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Sheksheev A. P. Civil turmoil on the Yenisei: Winners and losers.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Abakan: Khakas.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

kn.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

publishing house, 2006.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

(Ch. 2.5. Peasant defender I. P. Your thigh. P. 120—126).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Gins G. K. Siberia, allies and Kolchak.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

A turning point in Russian history in 1918—1920. Publisher: Iris Press.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

672 p. ISBN 978-5-812-3010-5.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Vigorov L. AND. Selected works.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Ekaterinburg: Ural State Forestry Engineering University Publ., 2010.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

364 p. (Ch. Research by Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro and horticulture in Siberia. P. 335-361).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

ISBN 978-5-94984-319-2.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Sheksheev A. P. “We know that Siberia will be covered with gardens.”


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Questions of history, 2011.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

#2. P. 104—113.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Sheksheev A. P. Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro: politician, cooperator and gardener.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Collection of materials of the First Interregional Local History Readings dedicated to Leonid Romanovich Kyzlasov.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

October 6-7, 2011 of the year.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Abakan, 2012.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

P. 122-144.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Golovtsov A. L. The house is above the park.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Gatchina: Publishing house of the FGBU “PINP”, 2012.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

P. 219—222.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

ISBN 978-5-86763-300-4.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Article: “The Hip Garden has received official status.”


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Socio-political newspaper “Ton-M”, No. 85 (219).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

P. 1; L. Romakh “Hip Garden is getting younger”.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Socio-political newspaper “Ton-M”, No. 18 (253).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

P. 3.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Article: “He dreamed of making Siberia a garden...”


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

“Vlast Truda” (socio-political newspaper of St. Minusinsk and Minusinsk District), No. 8 (18.327).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

P. 3. NO. 10 (18.329).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

P. 3. NO. 14 (18.333).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

P. 3.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Notes


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

References


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

— founder of Siberian horticulture


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

— Member of the Siberian Regional Duma in 1918.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Siberian Regional Duma by August 15, 1918


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

victims of political repression in Krasnoyarsk Krai.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Tom 1 (A-B).


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Bg-Bell


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

in Minusinsk and I. P. Hip


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

— a prototype of Dr. Griva from the novels by Alexey Cherkasov.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

and M. AND. Tugan-Baranovsky


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Sheksheev A. P. “”//Voprosy istorii, 2011.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

#2. P. 104—113.


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Category:Graduates of Petrovsky Agricultural Academy


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Category:Pomology


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Category:Soviet breeders


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Category:Horticulture


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Category:Gardeners of the Russian Empire


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Category:Personalies:Exiles to Minusinsk


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Category:People: Minusinsk


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Category:Exiled to Siberia


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Category:History of Krasnoyarsk Krai


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Category:History of Siberia


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Category: Death in Belorechensk


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Category:Members of the Siberian Regional Duma


Question: When did Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro die?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Category:People from Novokuznetsk


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

The Dymkovo toy is one of the Russian folk clay art crafts.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

It arose in the Zarechnaya settlement of Dymkovo, near the city of Vyatka (now on the territory of the city of Kirov).


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

History


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

The appearance of the toy is associated with the spring holiday of Svistunya, to which the female population of the Dymkovo settlement sculpted clay whistles in the form of horses, rams, goats, ducks and other animals; they were painted in different bright colors.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Later, when the holiday lost its significance, the fishery not only survived, but also received further development.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Manufacturing


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Dymkovo toy is a handmade product.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Each toy is the creation of one master.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Making a toy from modeling to painting is a creative process that never repeats itself.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

There are no two products that are exactly the same.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

For the production of the Dymkovo toy, local bright red clay is used, thoroughly mixed with fine brown river sand.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Figures are molded in parts, individual parts are collected and added using liquid red clay as a binder.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Traces of modeling are smoothed to give the product a flat surface.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

After complete drying for two to fifty days and firing at a temperature of 700—900° C, the toys are covered with tempera white in two to three layers (previously, whitewashing was carried out with chalk diluted in milk ).


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Previously, toys were painted with tempera paints mixed on an egg with kvass, using sticks and feathers instead of brushes.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

The painted toy was again covered with a beaten egg, which gave the faded aniline paints shine and brightness.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Today, aniline dyes and soft core brushes are used for painting.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

The use of a wide range of colors, in which there is a lot of red, yellow, blue, green, scarlet, gives the Dymkovo toy a special brightness and elegance.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Strictly geometric ornament is built according to various compositional schemes: cells, stripes, circles, dots are applied in various combinations.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

The decoration is completed by rhombus toys made of potali or gold leaf, pasted over the pattern.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

The most common stories are babysitters with children, water carriers, rams with golden horns, turkeys, roosters, deer, young people, buffoons, ladies.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

The meaning of the Dymkovo toy


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

The Dymkovo toy has become one of the symbols of the Kirov region, emphasizing the identity of the Vyatka Territory and its ancient history.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Due to its plasticity, simplicity of patterns, brightness of the palette, the Dymkovo toy is widely studied and used in children's creativity, embodied in the form of drawings, clay products and other materials.


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

The outfits of Dymkovo “ladies” are reflected in the collections of modern clothing designers [1].


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

The folk “Dymkovo” style was repeatedly used in artistic (primarily children's) works (for example, the cartoon “The Servant Returned Home”, directed by Vladimir Degtyarev, USSR, 1959).


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

In 2010, a sculptural group “Family” was installed in the center of Kirov, made according to the canons of a Dymkovo toy and representing a group of a lady with a baby, a peasant with an accordion, a child with whistle, cats and dogs [2].


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

The motifs of the Dymkovo ornament were used at the opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi [3].


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Vodonoska


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

A girl with a samovar


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

The sculptural group “Family”, made according to the canons of the Dymkovo toy


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Notes


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Literature


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Category:Russian toys


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Category:Russian ceramics


Question: In which city did the first Dymkovo toys appear?

Dymkovo toy

Category:Culture of Kirov Oblast


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Jewish philosophy is a philosophy based on Jewish tradition, the collective experience of the Jewish people [1].


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Jewish philosophy is often defined more narrowly as the philosophy of Judaism, that is, as a rational justification for Jewish theology, through a system of philosophical concepts.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

According to Professor E.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Berkovich, no Jewish thinker has ever started from the very beginning, because Judaism is already given at the moment when the philosopher begins his research [2].


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

However, there is an extremely broad approach to understanding the essence of Jewish philosophy.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

This approach identifies Jewish philosophy with any kind of reflexive thought on the part of those who identify with Jews.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

However, at present, philosophers, Jews by birth, who do not consider the problems of Judaism or whose work does not reflect specific Jewish problems, are usually not considered Jewish philosophers [3].


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The main stages in the development of Jewish philosophy


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Six main periods are distinguished in the development of Jewish philosophy: the oldest period (Old Testament), the Hellenistic period, medieval Jewish philosophy, Jewish philosophy of the Renaissance, Jewish philosophy of modern times and the modern period.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The Oldest Period


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The oldest period in the development of Jewish philosophy is closely related and largely coincides with the period of writing the sacred texts of the Tanakh (Bible, Old Testament) and the formation of the Jewish canon.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Many of the books that make up the Jewish Bible contain certain views on subjects related to the field of philosophy, certain ideas about God, man and the world, about attitude man to himself, to other people, to the world as a whole and to God as the absolute original.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

On the one hand, the Tanakh (Old Testament) was the most significant result of the development of Hebrew religious and philosophical thought, which lasted throughout the 1st millennium BC.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

On the other hand, Hebrew metaphysics, anthropology, ethics served as the main source and foundation for the entire subsequent history of Jewish philosophy.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The peculiarity of the philosophical views of ancient Jews is that these views are not presented systematically.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

There are neither special terminology nor formal arguments in the Tanakh that justify certain metaphysical ideas.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

As noted by V. Sorokin, biblical authors did not shy away from theological or philosophical questions; but none of them ever tried to present for their listeners or readers a whole and complete philosophical or theological system [4].


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Tanakh Metaphysics


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Biblical ontology is based on the idea of the One God, who is the basis, the substance of all things (the principle of monotheism) (Deut 6:4).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

God is the absolute spiritual principle; His attributes include infinity, omnipotence (Job 42:2), omniscience (Isa. 40:28), incorporeality (Deut. 4:15; Isa. 40:25).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Another fundamental principle on which the metaphysics of the Jewish Bible is based is the principle of creationism, as evidenced by the story of the creation of the world (Gen. 1-2).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The idea of creating the world from nothing is found not only in the Pentateuch, but also in the Prophets (Neviim) and the Scriptures (Ctuvim) (for example, Isa. 45:12; Ps. 100:3).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Because the world is created by God and is governed by Him (the principle of providicialism), the world (the universe) is limited in both space and time (Deut 4:32; 13-8).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Biblical cosmology is also characterized by the idea of celestial spheres that are animate and intelligent (Ps. 19:2, Eccles 1:5).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The first chapters of the Pentateuch (Gen. 1:2) also mention the four elements that make up the matter created by God: earth (Eretz), air (ruach), water (maim) and darkness (Maim — hosheh), interpreted as fire.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Hebrew anthropology


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Tanakh's anthropology is based on the idea that man (Adam) is the crown of creation (the principle of anthropocentrism), that he is conceived “in the image and likeness of [God]” and created “in the image of God” () to with God's help, achieve His likeness on your own.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Man is given free will and power over nature, and being created from the “dust of the earth”, he received from the Creator the “breath of life”.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Thanks to this, a person becomes a “living soul” (eg - nafash hai).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The highest principle in man is the spirit (rurach — ruach).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The spirit is given by God, it is the very unspeakable force of life, knowledge and activity.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Thus, a person is a personal unity of spirit, soul and body.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

According to the ideas reflected in the oldest parts of the Tanakh, the soul does not exist outside the body, because “the soul of every body is its blood” (Lev 17:14).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

It should be emphasized that it was only in the 2nd century BC.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

belief in the immortality of the soul becomes the dominant opinion among Jews (2 Macc. 12:43 — 45), although the Sadducees denied this belief, as well as faith in resurrection [5].


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Among the elements that make up human nature, Tanah often calls the heart (l — lev).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

This concept combines reason, feelings, and will [6].


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Tanakh Ethics


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The presence of free will in a person gives rise to the possibility of a fall.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Sin (heta) is one of the central concepts of Hebrew ethics.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The fall of the first man in the Tanakh has not only an ethical meaning, but also a deeply metaphysical meaning.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The first man, Adam broke God's commandment and was expelled from the Garden of Eden.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Thus, the status of a person was determined: man is expelled, alienated, he has lost his harmonious connection with nature, he is in constant conflict with it.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

In order to restore a pristine connection with God and the world, one must follow God's commandments.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The ideal of human existence is the path to ultimate redemption through the fulfillment of divine will.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Deliverance, according to the Tanakh, will be achieved through man, the very person who himself spoiled the world [7].


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The core of the Old Testament moral code is the Ten Commandments and the so-called golden rule of ethics, expressed by the formula: “Love your neighbor as yourself” (Lev 19:18).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The most important ethical problem — the problem of the meaning of human life — is the main theme of such most philosophical books of the Tanakh as the Book of Ecclesiastes and the Book of Job.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Solomon's Book of Proverbs is filled with deep ethical content.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Biblical historiosophy


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The historiosophy of the Jewish Bible is based on the idea of history as a single, natural, directed process that has a certain meaning, has a beginning and an end.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

In the most general sense, the entire Tanakhic story is a place where the Creator and His creation meet dynamically [8].


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

According to the Tanakh, it is God who rules history.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Indeed, Jews are one of the few peoples whose historical consciousness essentially coincides with religious consciousness, and religious consciousness with historical consciousness [9].


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The core of the Tanakh's philosophy of history is the concept of linear time, according to which time has a beginning, middle and end, so each event has its own specific place on the time axis.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

This understanding of time is significantly different from the concept of time among the ancient Greeks, for whom history was only a continuation of the rotation of the Cosmos and was thought by analogy with it as a cyclical process.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

It should be noted that elements of cyclicity in the historical process are not discarded in the biblical interpretation of history either.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

On the contrary, as Joseph Ben-Shlomo notes, the linear development of history in the Hebrew Bible involves not just moving in a straight line, but a complicated spiral development in upward cycles [10].


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The entire narrative of the Tanakh is built as a complex, by no means straightforward movement towards a certain goal: the entire course of history is directed to the end point — the historical ideal — redemption (Hebrew: geula).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

According to Hebrew historiosophy, neither great personalities nor the masses play a key role in history.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

God is the only creator of history.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

According to J.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Ben-Shlomo, the God of the Tanakh, is first and foremost the God of history.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

His intervention in human existence is always associated with the course of history, always pursues a certain historical goal.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The meaning of any event must be sought in its goal, and the meaning of the entire course of history in redemption.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

However, the role of man in Tanah's history does not diminish at all.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

On the contrary, man is a historical being because he can be a companion of God, he is able to help or interfere with God, advance history or turn it back.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

According to the Bible, the Jewish people have a special historical mission.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The appearance of the people of Israel in the historical arena is no coincidence


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

On the one hand, it is caused by many previous historical events (the fall of Adam, the Flood, the construction of the Tower of Babel); on the other hand, it is due to the purpose of history itself, which God leads mankind as a whole (redemption, deliverance).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The Jewish historical mission is to be the bearers of revelation.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Divine revelation is a kind of guidance by which the people of Israel should contribute to the correction of the world (Hebrew: Tikun Olam).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

According to the Tanakh, before divine revelation, mankind was on the path of degradation and divergence.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Since the fall of Adam and Eve and their expulsion from paradise, absolute integrity and harmony have been destroyed in the world (Hebrew: Shvirat a-Kelim).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The moral fall of mankind led to a worldwide flood, and the proud construction of the Tower of Babel led to the loss of humanity's unity, the splitting of the ancestral essence of man into many peoples who speak different languages.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The task of the Jewish people is to contribute to the restoration of the unity of the human race, to show the tribes of the Earth by example


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

This is why God chose Abraham and his offspring, for this purpose, through Moses, He gave the Jews a detailed code of moral and legal regulations (commandments) called the Torah.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Therefore, with God's election of Abraham and the Sinai revelation, an ascending branch of human history begins, the vector of which is aimed at deliverance, that is, to restore the integrity of the world (Hebrew: Speech — it'orerut, letter. awakening, enlightenment).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Thus, the Tanakhic concept of history can be represented in the form of a diagram depicting three key historical points: Creation — Revelation — Atonement [12].


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Hellenistic period


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

General characteristics of Jewish philosophy of the Hellenistic era


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

With the advent of the Hellenistic era, the prehistory of Jewish philosophical thought ends.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Jewish philosophy in its proper sense arose in the Jewish diaspora of the Hellenistic world in the 2nd century BC.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

It should be noted that the philosophical tradition in the diaspora was maintained until the middle of the 5th century AD.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Jewish philosophy arose as a result of the influence on the Jewish religion of Greek philosophy (especially the traditions of Platonism and Stoicism).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

According to Karl Jaspers, “the Western idea of God originates from two historical sources: the Bible and Greek philosophy” [13].


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Acquaintance with Hellenic thought produced a kind of mental coup in Judaism, which became a prologue to the preaching of monotheism among the Gentiles and to the Hellenization of Judaism [14].


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Jewish Hellenistic culture actually began with the translation of the Tanakh into Greek, the Septuagint.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Some researchers believe that this translation already reveals the philosophical influences of Greece.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

This is indirectly evidenced by Aristeus's Letter to Filocrat [15], the earliest surviving works of Jewish-Greek literature (probably 150-100 BC) [16].


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The philosophy of Alexandrian Jews


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

In the Hellenistic era, the Jews of the Diaspora were discovering pagan culture from a new perspective.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

In the works of Anaxagoras, Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Plato and Aristotle, Alexandrian Jews found the doctrine of the supreme Deity and moral principles close to the Torah.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Thus, it became necessary to comprehend the achievements of Greek philosophy in the light of the Tanakh.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The first Jewish philosopher to attempt to interpret Greek philosophy from the standpoint of Jewish doctrine was probably Aristobulus of Alexandria (Aristobulus of Paneada), who lived in the middle of the 2nd century bc


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

He is the author of an allegorical commentary on the Septuagint.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

In his work, Aristobulus explains how biblical anthropomorphism should be understood: references to the “hand”, “standing”, “descent” of God are only metaphors that indicate the manifestation of divine power.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Likewise, God's “resting” on the Sabbath does not mean his subsequent inactivity, but only that the order of things created has remained unchanged from that day on.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

It is very significant that Aristobulus justifies the special status of Saturday by reference to the meaning of the week in the Pythagorean numerical symbolism.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The Alexandrian philosopher calls for avoiding the literal interpretation of the Torah, since Moses, as the author of the Pentateuch, with the help of various images and expressions denotes (Greek semainiei) the great secrets of nature, which a discerning mind must see in the text of Scripture.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

According to Aristobulus, Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, as well as Orpheus and peripatetics, are all successors of Moses.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Studying the Testament of Orpheus, Aristobulus comes to the conclusion that the Old Testament and Orphic doctrines are similar, that the Orphics depend on the Jewish Testament [17].


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Some researchers note that philosophical views close to the views of Aristobulus of Alexandria were also adhered to by Jewish historians of the Hellenistic era - Dimitri (III century BC), Eupol ( II century BC) and Artapan (II century BC) [18].


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Artapan, for example, tried to link the Mosaic theocracy with the circle of Greek ideas, claiming that Moses was the founder not only of Judaism, but also of the beliefs of Egypt and Greece.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Musay, the legendary teacher of Orpheus, was, according to Artapan, none other than the legislator of Israel.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Eupol believed that it was Moses who was the first to invent the alphabet.


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

The most outstanding Jewish philosopher of the Hellenistic era is considered to be Philo of Alexandria (Greek. Philiωn Alegandres).


Question: When did Jewish philosophy originate?

Jewish philosophy

Philo of Alexandria (c. 25 BC — after 41 AD) outlined his views in a number of comments on chapters and poems of the Pentateuch, in works on biblical themes, and independent philosophical treatises.