Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

The principles are not used in a chain, but frontally and all at once.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

3. Equivalence.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

The principles of education as general fundamental provisions are equivalent — among them there are no main and secondary ones, such that require implementation in the first place, and those whose implementation can be postponed for tomorrow.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

At the same time, the principles of upbringing are not ready-made recipes, let alone universal rules, guided by which educators could automatically achieve high results.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

They do not replace special knowledge, experience, or skills of the educator.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

The principles on which the educational process is based make up the system.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

There are and did exist many parenting systems.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Naturally, the nature, individual requirements of the principles, and sometimes the principles themselves, cannot remain unchanged in them.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

1. The principles of education in the works of A. S. Makarenko


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

1.1 The upbringing of a modern person, according to Makarenko, is a social process in the broadest sense of the word.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

In other words, one person alone, no matter what qualities he has, cannot raise a child.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

The material for the future person cannot be a limited set of family impressions or pedagogical teachings of fathers.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

The material will be life in all its various manifestations.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

1.2 The family team provides experience in communicating with close and less close people, allows the child to learn the feeling of human help and human need, a sense of dependence, connectedness, responsibility.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

If parents see that there is something in their lives that can harm the upbringing of children, then it must be reconsidered, changed and, if necessary, completely destroyed.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

1.3 In childhood, the game is of great importance, and the child, wrote Makarenko, must play, “we must not only give him time to play, but we must impregnate this game all his life.”


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

1.4 Proper upbringing cannot be imagined as unworked upbringing... In educational work, labor should be one of the most basic elements.”


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

1.5 Developing a sense of duty, honor and discipline.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

“We have the right to call a disciplined person only someone who will always, under any conditions, be able to choose the right behavior that is most useful for society, and will find firmness continue this behavior to the end, despite any difficulties and troubles.”


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

2. The principles of education in the works of V. A. Sukhomlinsky.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

2.1 It is impossible to learn to love children in any educational institution or from any books, this ability develops in the process of a person's participation in public life, his relationships with others.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

2.2 Justice is the basis for the child's trust in the caregiver.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

But there is no abstract justice — beyond individuality, beyond personal interests, passions and impulses.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

To be fair, you need to know the subtlety of each child's spiritual world.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

2.3 If children feel truthfulness in these human passions of their mentor, this is real kindness.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

2.4 For a child, the ultimate goal of mastering knowledge cannot be the main incentive for his efforts, as in an adult.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

The source of desire to learn lies in the very nature of children's mental work, in the emotional coloring of thought, in intellectual experiences


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

2.5 Reading should become a very subtle tool for the child to acquire knowledge and, at the same time, a source of rich spiritual life.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

2.6 The game is a huge bright window through which a life-giving stream of ideas and concepts about the world around him flows into the child's spiritual world.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

2.7 Through the beautiful — to the human — this is the pattern of upbringing.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

2.8 Music is a powerful source of thought.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

2.9 Moral conviction is impossible without actions, without moral habits.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

2.10 A person is what his idea of happiness is.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

3. Principles of education of Waldorf pedagogy.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

3.1 It is necessary to cultivate not only and not so much correct behavior, but moral feelings that allow you to accept other people's joys and difficulties as your own.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

3.2 Education is not designed to develop intelligence and early learning.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

It strictly avoids any burden on memory and thinking until the age of 7.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

If the spirit and will of the child are given the opportunity to grow stronger in “lack of intelligence”, he will later be able to more successfully master the intellectual sphere necessary for modern civilization.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

3.3 Assessment, both negative and positive, is an intervention in the process of natural development, a form of external power of an adult


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

3.4 Only love for the baby, acceptance of his individuality, allows him to open up and develop his unique personality.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

The educator should strive to save the child from the need for self-affirmation and allow his own strengths and abilities to be realized.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

3.5 Imitation of the caregiver.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

At the same time, imitation is understood not as a repetition of other people's movements or words, but rather as an “infection”, as an experience of oneself and your connection with the world It is necessary to strictly monitor that the baby's environment does not was going on nothing he shouldn't be imitating


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

4. Principles of education of the Montessori system.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

The most important principle of Maria Montessori's system is that each child develops according to his own personal, absolutely individual plan in a specially prepared environment.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

The teacher's task is to help the child organize his activities so that the creative potential is maximized.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Particular attention is paid to sensitive periods of development.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Parenting defects


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Defects in upbringing are a kind of “marriage” of the upbringing process, when, for one reason or another, an individual does not develop some of the ethological stereotypes or, accordingly, does not certain adaptive norms are assimilated.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Defects in upbringing can be relatively harmless, but they can also pose a significant danger both to the individual itself and to its environment and habitat.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

The causes of defects in upbringing can be individually or collectively the following factors:


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

health disorders of an individual (individual)


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

features of the environment, including social


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

inheritance of parenting defects


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

scarcity of resources


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

costs of education technology and methodology


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

etc..


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

The presence of defects in upbringing may cause the individual to manifest various forms of deviant behavior in the future.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

At the same time, the mechanism for the formation of defects in upbringing in nature is a kind of filter that acts within the framework of natural selection and prevents the stable reproduction of certain pathologies (not necessarily behavioral) in offspring.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Notes


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

See also


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Pedagogics


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Education


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Educational psychology


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Category of pedagogics


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Ethology


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Anti-social psychopathy


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Knight education


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Sex education


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Physical education


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Parenting


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Psychology of parenthood


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Supplementary education for children


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Literature


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Janusz Korczak.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

A child in a family, a boarding school (two sections from the book “How to Love a Child”).


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Signal heredity//Research on genetics.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Ed.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

M. E.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Lobasheva.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

L., ed.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Leningr.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

un-ta, 1961.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Yeryomin V. A. Education in trials.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Moscow: Mann, Ivanov and Ferber Publ., 2011 176 p.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

c Fig.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

ISBN 978-5-91657-212-4


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Yeryomin V. A. Moscow, Vlados Publ., 2008 (size on the pages of the Pedagogical Museum of A. S. Makarenko from the author's rank.)


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Malikova L. AND. Education in a modern school.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

M., 1999.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Pedagogical dictionary.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Under the editorship of Kozhdaspirova G. M., M.: “Academy” — 2005.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

ISBN 5-7695-0445-5


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Shevchenko L. L. Ethical alternatives.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Moscow, Aletheia Publ., 2002.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Lorenz K.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Lorenz K.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Novikov A. M.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Kraevsky V. IN. Pedagogy between philosophy and psychology.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

//Journal “Pedagogics” — 1994.- № 6.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Gulyaikhin V. N.//Legal studies.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

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Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

: textbook/V. G. Stukanov said.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

— Minsk: Acad. MVD Rep.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Belarus, 2013.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

— 395 p.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

William Crane.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Psychology of human development.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

25 major theories.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Chapter 1.


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Category:Ethology


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Category:Pedagogics


Question: How does A.S. Makarenko define the term “upbringing”?

Parenting

Category:Behavior at home


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

According to various sources, the history of the go game dates back from two and a half to four thousand years.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Legends reflected in ancient Chinese chronicles date the appearance of Go to the third or beginning of the second millennium BC.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The game definitely existed and was quite common 2,500 years ago.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In the 7th century, it came to Japan, where, since the 15th century, it experienced a strong rise.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In the 20th century, which was previously cultivated only in Asia, became known and gradually spread to Europe and America [1].


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

To date, most European countries, including Russia, have their own Go federations, although the number of players and the level of play in the West have not yet reached the levels of Korea, Japan and China .


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Legendary period


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

It is not known exactly where the Go game originated and what it originally looked like.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Chinese legends attribute it to the age of more than four thousand years.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

According to these legends, the Go game, called Weiqi (Weiqi) in China, was invented at the dawn of Chinese history.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The author of the invention is the legendary Emperor Yao (about 2100 BC), or his first minister Chung, or Emperor Gao (about 1750 BC) of the semi-mythical Xia dynasty.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

All versions of the legend say that the game was invented for the irresponsible son of the emperor (in Yao's case it is called Danzhu) in order to develop his intelligence and ability to concentrate.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

These legends are mentioned in the annals of the Han Dynasty (206 BC — 220).


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

However, many researchers are inclined to believe that historians of the Han period deliberately included information about Weiqi antiquity in the annals to give the game more weight, because, according to Chinese tradition, everything related to the oldest dynasties is more valuable and perfect.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

There are various assumptions about the original form of the game and its purpose.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

There is a version that at first go was a game of chance in which dice was used (see en:Liubo).


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

According to other assumptions, the go board was a model of the sky.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Many researchers associate Go with the divination practices of the ancient Chinese, finding symbols in it that connect go with astrology and predictions.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

There are versions that the Go board was once used as a calendar.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Most of them come from one source, Tran Nui's book Classic Go, published between 1049 and 1054 AD.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

, in which the author likens parts of the go board to different parts of the calendar: items to days, angles to seasons, extreme points to weeks (five-day).


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The exact place of origin of go is also unknown.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

There is a theory that Go's homeland is not China, but India, from where the game came to China and Korea; however, it does not have reliable documentary evidence.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The first reliable information


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The first plausible references to Go in written sources date back to 91 BC.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

and 434 BC


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

, these documents describe the events of 681 BC, respectively.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

and 547 BC


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The first Go boards and stones found at burial sites date back to the Han era.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The oldest board known to archaeologists used for the game dates back to the 3rd century.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The first record of the party that is considered fully reliable dates back to 196, a party between Prince Sun Tse and his General Lu Fang.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Judging by the record, the game was played according to the same rules that are currently used (with the exception of the Komi), tactically the game did not differ from those currently played.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The twelfth century Go manual contains many diagrams of real-life parts played during the Tang Dynasty (618—907).


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In the same work, tasks are presented that are no fundamentally different from those that can be found now in go textbooks for amateurs.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Based on documents and archaeological data, most researchers believe that the game appeared in the Zhou era, that is, between the 11th and 5th centuries BC.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In the Han era, it was already quite common, and at the beginning of the first millennium AD, go rules were established and almost exactly corresponded to modern ones.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Weiqi in China


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Since its inception in China, Go has been one of the “four virtues” — skills necessary for any worthy person — along with lute playing, calligraphy, and painting.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Go was played by noble people, military leaders, sages, but the game also lived among the common people.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

They played Go and at court, the strongest players were known personally to the emperor.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

For nobles, craftsmen made very expensive, unique inventory — stones from precious stones, bowls made of expensive wood species.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The game developed quite actively until about the XVIII century: theory was developed, books were published.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Some ancient editions, such as Guanzi Pu, compiled by master Guo Bailin (c. 1586—1662) and containing more than 1400 tasks, have retained their relevance to this day.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

However, unlike Japan, where go as a sport was a particularly revered activity and enjoyed state support, in China it remained, in fact, a salon pastime and lot individual intellectuals.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Although the oldest task books and go textbooks in use so far are of Chinese origin, overall Chinese Go has lagged far behind Japanese in the past two centuries.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Political events also played a role, primarily the Opium Wars, which led to the subordination of China to Western countries, the decline of national culture and large-scale depopulation.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

By the beginning of the 20th century, the strongest Chinese players played handicap with Japanese masters and went to study in Japan.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Those who wanted to raise their level to a really masterful level or showed special abilities for go, as a rule, simply went to live in Japan.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Thus, one of the most famous Japanese masters of the 20th century, Guo Seigen (the original version of the name is Wu Qingyuan), is a Chinese who showed talent in Go since childhood and moved to Japan.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

There are other examples as well.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Some revival in the development of Chinese Go came after the Communists came to power in 1949.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The top leaders of communist China saw the development of Go as one of the ways to increase the prestige of the country, some senior Chinese officials themselves were lovers of Go, unlike gambling, it began to enjoy state support.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The national team of China appeared, competitions began to be held regularly, and a number of fairly strong masters stood out.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

However, it has not been possible to bridge the skill gap between China and Japan.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The difference between the strongest players in China and the Japanese masters of the 9th dan was about two handicap stones.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The ambitious goal set for young players in the early 1960s — to defeat the best Japanese masters in 10 years — has not been met.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Chinese Go fell into final decline during the Cultural Revolution.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The game was considered one of the remnants of the past, the competition ceased to be held at all, and the players had to look for another activity.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The best craftsmen of the Beijing team were sent by workers to the factory.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Only in the 1970s, with the change in policy, did the situation begin to change.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

State support for the game reappeared, the Go team was recreated, and domestic and international competitions resumed.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

By this time, a new generation of Chinese players had grown up, which was able to compete with the Japanese.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The first of them was Ne Weiping, who in 1976 managed to defeat four Japanese 9th Dan masters on an equal footing in a row.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Over the past two decades, China has made the strongest leap in the level of play.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Whereas in the 1970s, only a few of the strongest Chinese players stood out in the international arena, now in China, state support and a huge public base of go make it possible to select and train the strongest professionals.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Since the 1980s, Chinese players have regularly won international competitions.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

By 1996, Japan had canceled some international competitions, in which the Chinese began to consistently win.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

There are currently more than 300 professional players in China.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The highest achievement of the Chinese players was winning the Inga Cup, which was won in 2004 by Chinese professional Chan Hao.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Go in Japan


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Emergence


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The date of appearance of Go in Japan is not documented.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Chinese chronicles suggest that the game has been popular with the Japanese nobility since the beginning of the 7th century.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

It is most likely that the game was brought to Japan from Korea by scientists, officials, and artists who emigrated from political chaos.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The Japanese gave the game a new name “i-go”, but did not make any changes to the mechanism of the game and the rules.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Moreover, in Japan, some elements of Chinese rules, which the Chinese themselves later abandoned, have been “mothballed” and have survived to this day.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

For example, the method of calculating the result of a batch by territory and captured stones, borrowed by Japan, was later replaced in China by counting by territory and its stones put on the board.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In Japan itself, there is a legend according to which Go brought Kibi no Makibi from China, who went down in history as “Great Minister Kibi”.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

On the instructions of Emperor Shomu's daughter, who later became Empress Koken, he lived in China for 18 years.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Upon his return, Kibi allegedly brought with him the most impressive creations of Chinese culture, including Go.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

According to modern researchers, Go was known in Japan before Kibi, and his merit is that he raised the status of this game by presenting it as an occupation worthy of the emperor and his close associates.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

However, for a long time go in Japan, as well as in China, was nothing more than an easy entertainment, along with other courtiers fun, such as playing music.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

For about a century, Go was officially banned for everyone except the highest aristocracy, as it was considered a harmful, mind-corrupting activity, like drinking wine or playing dice.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Buddhist monks, despite the ban, played go, using the game as a spiritual practice.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Only in 701, by an official imperial decree, the game of go was recognized as non-gambling.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Go won the sympathy of all classes, up to the peasants.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

There were class restrictions on inventory: if aristocrats were allowed to play on boards made of precious wood, stones carved from precious stones, then commoners had to be limited to cheap rough boards and ordinary pebbles.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

For a long time, it remained at first forbidden, and later disapproved by samurai.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Even at the beginning of the 16th century, Hojo Nagauji (Son) wrote in Twenty-One Rules, which defines the basic principles of warrior life: “Look for bad friends who should be avoided among those who play go, chess and shakuhachi. You won't lose anything if you don't know about these activities. Doing them means wasting your time without benefit.”


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

[2] Despite these recommendations, samurai willingly spent time for go and shogi.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In the 14th century, Shiba Yoshimasa, in his teaching for samurai Chikubasho, wrote that a samurai must, in addition to martial art, have skills that are considered decent in his circle: calligraphy, be able to play musical instruments, be knowledgeable in poetry.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

All this is necessary in order to join the collective pastime and not be worse than others.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Shiba goes on to write, “It's shameful not to know how to play fun games like go, shogi, or sugoroku.”


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

[3] This shows that these games were extremely common and a samurai who did not own them was perceived by society as somewhat inferior.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

It was the passion of Go among Japanese commanders that caused the subsequent heyday of Japanese Go.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

16th — early 19th century


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Go flourished in Japan in the 17th and 19th centuries, largely due to the fact that the most famous military leaders and rulers of the 16th century, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, were seriously interested in Go, considering the game not only a pastime, but also an excellent training that helps to properly manage troops.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

They kept Go teachers both for themselves and for their warriors.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

When Hideyoshi became regent of Japan in 1584, his passion gave impetus to the development of Go in the country.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In 1588, a major tournament was held, the winner of which, Nikkai (coach of Oda Nobunaga), was declared the strongest player in Japan.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

At the beginning of the 17th century, when Tokugawa Ieyasu came to power, four houses, or Go families, were founded — Honimbo, Inoue, Yasui, and Hayashi.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In fact, these were go schools that were actively engaged in the development of game theory, as well as identifying and training capable players.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The houses enjoyed the patronage and financial support of the shogun.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Suffice it to note that Nikkai, the founder of the Honimbo School (he became Honimbo I Sansa), was allocated 13 hectares of land for the school — a huge area for low-land Japan, and a salary of 200 koku (30 tons) rice every year.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In 1603, the court post of Godokoro appeared, the highest official in Japanese Go, and at the same time a teacher of the shogun.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Only the best player could be it.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The Meijin title that appeared at that time was the official title of Godokoro.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

He was responsible for all official ceremonies related to go, awarded titles, distributed state scholarships to state families, and was in charge of all the organizational aspects of the Go Game at yard.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In the entire period from the 17th to the first half of the 20th century, only ten players were awarded the Meijin title.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Government support led to a strong increase in the level of Japanese Go over the next 250 years.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The level of Japanese players was much higher than those of China and Korea, where Go continued to play, but the game did not enjoy such strong support.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

A qualified player had an income that allowed him to play quietly, raise students without worrying about his livelihood.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The Japanese have also contributed to the development of go inventory.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

While the art of Chinese masters was mainly manifested in the manufacture of stones and bowls, the Japanese learned to make magnificent gobans from expensive kaya wood (kaya, Latin torrea nucifera, torrea nut-bearing).


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Kaya gobans have a yellow-gold color that is in harmony with black and white stones.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The sound of setting a stone on such a goban turns out to be very characteristic, clear, clean, “musical”, and is an important part of the aesthetics of playing go.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The lines on the gobans were drawn with katana before painting.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

By taking a certain part of the tree trunk and making a cut in a certain way, the craftsmen achieved an aesthetic, but not conspicuous, pattern of wood fibers on the surface of the goban.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Kaya is perfectly polished and has good resistance, its products are very durable.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Japan, poorer than China in natural materials, also gave rise to its standard for stones — black stones were carved from basalt, white stones were carved from the shells of the hamaguri mollusk.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The bowls were made of wood or basalt.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The stones themselves have also changed — while in China they were conical, in Japan they took on a modern lenticular shape (however, in China, stones with one side convex and the other is flat).


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The Meiji Restoration: Our Time


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

After 1868, it was a bad time for Go in Japan.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The Meiji restoration was accompanied by a massive, not always critical borrowing of scientific, technical, military and cultural achievements of Western countries.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Guo was, along with many other Japanese traditions, declared a “relic of a bygone feudal era.”


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Public funding for go-houses stopped, organizations fell apart, players fell into poverty.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

But the popularity of go among the people did not fall, among the players there were those who did not accept the decline and began to gather like-minded people around them.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In 1879, the 18th Honyimbo Murase Shuho created the Hoenxia Club, apparently the first professional go-organization of this era.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Since the 1880s, leading newspapers in Tokyo began sponsoring tournaments.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

One of the first to do this was the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper, which to this day remains one of the largest sponsors of go in Japan.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Tournaments became a source of income for professionals and allowed them to maintain the level of play


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Go columns appeared in newspapers (by 1910 they were already in more than a dozen newspapers), and players' fees gradually increased.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In 1924, the Japanese Go Federation, Nihon Kiin, was founded on the basis of several organizations of go professionals.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Its appearance can be considered the moment of the beginning of radical transformations in Japanese Go.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

General rules for holding tournaments were adopted, Komi were introduced into practice, and rules for assigning dans were established.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Time control has been added when playing.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The same time was marked by the emergence of a new generation of young, talented players, who are usually Guo Seigen and Kitani Minoru among the first.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

They introduced “new fuseki”, the beginning of a game in which the first moves are made not in komoku, as has been customary in Japanese go for several centuries, but to other corner points: hoshi, san san, mokuhazushi.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The new fuseki significantly enriched the game.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

During World War II, Go experienced a decline in Japan — many players were drafted into the army, many died, and newspapers stopped printing Go columns, saving paper.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

However, the most important tournaments and title matches were held, often in conditions that can be called combat without exaggeration.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

For example, during the second game of the Honimbo title match between Iwamoto Kaoru and Hashimoto Utaro, which took place in the suburbs of Hiroshima, a nuclear bomb was dropped on the city.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

This party went down in Go history as the Atomic Bomb Party.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

At the end of the war, Nihon Kiin resumed its activities, and the development of Go continued.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

A certain discord in Japan's state movement of the 1950s caused a split in the Go Federation — in 1950, the Nihon Kiin branch in Osaka became an independent Go Federation — Kansai Kiin.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

However, after some period of confrontation, the activities of the two federations were actually divided on a geographical basis — Kansai Kiin works mainly in the western part of the country, Nihon Kiin in east.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Gradually, the highest titles of the players were revived, and new titles that did not previously exist appeared.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The title draw was sponsored by various periodicals.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The rules for assigning titles have become significantly more stringent.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Previously, the holder of a high title could stay with him for a long time, avoiding meetings with strong opponents and taking advantage of his privileged position, but now he was obliged to defend the title periodically, in accordance with the established drawing procedure.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

For a certain period of time (it can be up to two years), a qualifying tournament is held that determines one or two applicants.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

If there is only one challenger, he plays a multi-game match with the title holder, the winner of which wins the title.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

If there are two contenders, the title match is played between them (for such titles, the holder, if he wants to continue holding the title, must participate in the Candidates Tournament and, on a general basis, again conquer it).


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

For some titles, there are so-called leagues — a small number of players, within a dozen, fighting among themselves for the right to match for the title.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

League entry tournaments and league tournaments are held annually.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The winners of the first enter the league, replacing those players who performed the lowest in the league tournament.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The league tournament also determines the contender for the title.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Thus, in order to face the title holder, a player must first win one of the qualifying tournaments and enter the league, and then win the league tournament.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Go's Penetration West


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Japan's active contacts with Western countries in the second half of the 19th century led not only to the decline of Go in Japan, but also to the expansion of this game beyond its traditional geographical boundaries.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Go came to Western Europe and America, and began to develop there.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In 1908, the first Go textbook was published in Europe.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Its author was a German engineer Korschelt, who studied Go in Japan, where he lived for many years.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

One of the famous European fans of the early 20th century was Emanuel Lasker, the world chess champion.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Together with his namesake, Edward Lasker, an international chess master, he created Europe's first go-club.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In the 1930s, the Laskers left Germany, eventually ending up in the United States.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

They didn't leave their hobby there.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Edward Lasker is considered the “father of American Go”.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In addition to social activities to popularize the game, he wrote the book “Go and Go-Moku”.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

One of the factors in the popularization of Go in America was the flow of immigrants from East Asia, which especially increased in the late 1930s.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Go-organizations in Europe and America have never been as numerous as in Japan, Korea, and China, but they have developed and enlarged.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In the 1950s, the development of Go in Europe was quite rapid - national go federations were created in England, Germany, Austria and Holland, and in 1956 the European Go Federation appeared, which is now unites federations of more than two dozen countries.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Since 1957, European Championships have been held annually, the first of which was held in Germany.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

To date, the total number of Go players in Western Europe, according to some estimates [4], exceeds 100,000, and in the US and Canada it is 127,000.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Most countries have their own national go federations, regular competitions are held, and qualification ranks are awarded.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

However, all the highest world Go titles are still firmly held by Korean and Chinese players.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

If earlier the development of go in Europe and Asia was almost independent (Europeans, clearly lagging behind the leading state countries, only borrowed their theoretical achievements), but now the state movement is showing more and more trends towards unification.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Since 1979, individual world championships among amateurs have been held, and in 1982 the International Go Federation was formed.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

European players, who were initially obvious outsiders in tournaments involving Koreans, Chinese, and Japanese, have recently risen higher in the standings.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Go in Korea


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Some particularly impressionable commentators called the sharp increase in interest in Go in Korea “madness” — with half the population of Japan, Korea has significantly more active players.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Almost exclusively Korean players have been at the top of the Go world rankings for more than a decade.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Since 1988, Koreans have won 41 of 54 international cups played (of the remaining 13, 10 won by the Japanese, 3 by the Chinese).


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The Inga Cup is the largest international professional tournament held every four years under the auspices of the Inga Foundation, four out of five times won by Korean professionals.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Go in the USSR and Russia


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Go appeared in Russia simultaneously with other European countries, imported from Japan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

But go was neither a mass hobby nor a sports discipline for a long time.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

From time to time, magazine publications were published, there were a number of amateurs, but that's all.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

1965 is considered the moment of the actual beginning of the development of go in the USSR.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

This year, in Leningrad, in the Lensovet Palace of Culture, a go section under the leadership of Yuri Filatov appeared and the first tournament was held.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Over the next 10 years, the section developed, and two of its members, Valery Astashkin and Georgy Nilov, officially received the 5th amateur dan in Kansai Kiin.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In 1975, they also published a series of articles about the game in the journal “Science and Life” (No. 8-12 for 1975, No. 1-8 for 1976) and held a problem solving competition.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Publications in such a mass magazine led to the emergence of go lovers throughout the country.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Quite large amateur associations have appeared in more than fifty cities, and competitions have begun to be held regularly.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In 1977, a multi-stage tournament was held for the title of the strongest player in the country (abbreviated as “SIGO”), which became the first unofficial championship of the USSR.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Valery Astashkin won it.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In the same year, he took 6th place at the European Championship.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The SIGO title was drawn twice more, according to the usual scheme for Japanese tournaments — the winner of the Candidates Tournament played a match with the title holder.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Both times Valery Astashkin held the title.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Until the end of the 1970s, go enthusiasts in the USSR sought official recognition of the game, along with chess and checkers, but this goal was never achieved.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

By 1980, the wave of initial enthusiasm had subsided, and the state movement in the USSR began to decline.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Only in 1984, the All-Russian Go Section was created under the Committee for Physical Culture and Sports of the RSFSR.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Official tournaments began to be held, and in 1985 the Russian Cup and the Russian Championship were held.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In 1989, the Federation of the USSR Civil Defense finally appeared, and Valery Astashkin became its first president.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

From that moment on, go has become a recognized sport.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In 1990, the first (and only) USSR championship took place.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Currently, in Russia, the Russian Go Federation (baduk), which became the legal successor of the Federation of the USSR Go, is the main official state organization in charge of the development of go as a sport.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Regular tournaments are held.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The evolution of the rules


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The current rules of go, for the most part, developed by the first half of the first millennium AD.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Although some changes have been made and are being made until recent years, all of them do not affect the tactics of the game, but only allow us to better identify some of the most difficult points.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Only in ancient times did the game differ markedly from the current one.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Tibetan Go retained, according to some researchers, features of early forms of Go, many of which were later excluded from the developing game.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The oldest game boards known from archaeological finds and pictures in books are not 19x19, but 17x17 lines in size.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The order of placement of handicap stones, which differs in Japanese and Chinese rules, is attributed by some researchers to an older rule, according to which several stones of both colors are in front of the game was put on the board by both players.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Subsequently, this rule was canceled, they began to start an equal game from an empty board, but the order of arrangement of the initial stones was preserved in the rules for the location of handicap stones.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The method of calculating the result of the game by territory and captured stones, preserved in Japanese rules, was borrowed from China in the 6th-7th centuries.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In China itself, after a while, it was replaced by the method of counting territory and living stones used there now.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

This method is more convenient when players do not agree on the status of a group at the end of the game.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

To determine the status, you can simply finish playing in this place until the contradiction is resolved.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In Japanese rules, this is not always possible, as players may need to go to their territory when finishing the game, which can change the ratio of points.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

At the end of the 16th century, Toyotomi Hideyoshi established a rule according to which the strongest player is played with black, and if the difference in strength is large, with handicap.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

A little later, a rating system was also formed there, which was based on a difference of one handicap stone.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

At the beginning of the 20th century, Nihon Kiin introduced Komi (first 2.5-3, then 4.5 points) and mandatory time control in all official tournaments.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In 1955, the Komi value was increased to 5.5 points.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

After 1960, several new (sometimes called “rational”) sets of Go rules appeared, including the AGA Rules, the Ing Rules, the Simplified Ing Rules, and the Tromp-Taylor Rules.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

All of them are basically identical to traditional Go rules and are based on the Chinese scoring system.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The difference is that the new rules simplify and formalize the procedure for assessing some non-trivial situations in parties, which makes it possible not to appeal to an arbitrator in the event of disputes, but to solve question according to the rules.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

The new rules are increasingly being applied in the world, mainly in Europe and America and in international professional tournaments.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

In 2003, in Japan, a few years earlier — in China and Korea, the Komi was increased to 6.5 — 7.5 points.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Notes


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

References


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

- anthropological research in several articles.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Japan of the Edo era.


Question: Where did Go come from?

Go history

Category:Go


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Franklin Patrick Herbert Jr. (English: Franklin Patrick Herbert, Jr.;, Tacoma, Washington, USA — Madison, Wisconsin, USA) is an American science fiction writer, best known as an author The Dune Chronicles series, especially the first novel in this series, Dune.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Biography


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Frank Herbert was born in Tacoma, Washington and graduated from the University of Washington in Seattle.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

From a young age, I wanted to become a writer.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

He graduated from high school in 1938, and in 1939, after lying about his age, he joined the Glendale Star newspaper [1].


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

He worked as a reporter and editor for various newspapers before becoming a professional writer.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

During World War II, Herbert was a photographer in the Navy, but after six months of service he was discharged.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

He married Flora Parkinson in 1941, but divorced in 1945 and had a daughter, Penny.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

In 1946, he entered the University of Washington, where he met Beverly Anne Stewart, who was the only person in the course other than Herbert who had published stories.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

They married in 1946, and had their first son in 1947 and their second son in 1951.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

The first science fiction work is the story “Are you looking for something?” (English: Looking for Something?) , which was published in Startling Stories magazine (1952).


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

During the 1950s, he published a dozen short stories and the novel “Dragon in the Sea” (English: The Dragon in the Sea, 1955) in magazines.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

This novel was later also published under the title “Under Pressure” (English: Under Pressure).


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

However, the writer became widely known after the publication in Analog magazine in 1963 of the novel “Dune World”, which became the first part of the novel “Dune”.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Later, the same magazine began publishing a sequel called “The Prophet of Dune”.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

In 1965, these two parts were combined into one full-fledged novel, which was released in a separate edition.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

The work received worldwide recognition and won such prestigious awards in the field of fantastic literature as the Nebula and Hugo Awards.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

The novel quickly became one of the most popular science fiction novels of the 20th century.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

In the following years, Herbert wrote sequels to the story of a sandy planet - the novels “The Messiah of Dune” (English: Dune Messiah, 1969), “Children of Dune” (1976), “God Emperor of Dune” (English: God Emperor of Dune, 1981), Heretics of Dune (English: Heretics of Dune, 1984) and Dune Chapter (English: Chapterhouse: Dune, 1985).


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

The Dune saga, which takes place in the distant future and continues for five millennia, raises issues such as the survival of mankind in the process of evolution, environmental problems, interaction between religion, politics and government.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Many of the world's leading critics consider this cycle to be a classic of science fiction, the most “vivid” and “complete” representative of this genre.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Frank Herbert's son, Brian Herbert, continued his father's series of novels about the world of Dune.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Frank Herbert also wrote many other works, including Dragon in the Sea (1956), The Green Brain (1966), The Green Brain (1966), Direction — emptiness” (English: Destination: Void, 1966), “Heisenberg's Eyes” (English: The Heaven Makers, 1968), “Santaroga Barrier” (English: The Santaroga Barrier) Barrier, 1968), Hellstorm Hive (English: Hellstrom's Hive, 1973), dilogy “Star Under the Scourge” (English: Whipping Star, 1970) and “The Dosadi Experiment” (1977).


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

In 2003, Brian Herbert published English: Dreamer of Dune, a biography of his father Frank Herbert.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Work on this book began with Brian running a magazine for many years in which he recorded the most significant events of the Herbert family.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Later, these records resulted in a large biography of his father.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Bibliography


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

YearNameOriginal1952Are you asking for something?


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Looking for Something?


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

1954Operating SyndromeOperation Syndrome1954Disappeared DogsThe Gone Dogs1954Pack Rat Planet1955Rat Race1955Occupation Force1956The Nothing1956Under Pressure [= “Dragon at sea” /"21st Century Submarine”] Under Pressure [= “Dragon in the Sea” /"21st Century Sub”] 1958Old Wandering HouseOld Rambling House1958You Take the High Road1958A Matter of Traces1959Missing Link1959Operation Haystack1960Haiku1961Egg and Ashes1961Without limits-W-F Unlimited1961Mating Call1961Try to Remember1962Mindfield!


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

1964The Mary Celeste Move1964The Tactful Saboteur1965Dunedune1965Committee of the Whole1965 GPThe G M Effect1966 Direction is Emptiness [="Dream or Reality? "] Destination: Void [="Do I Wake or Dream? "] 1966Green BrainThe Green Brain1966The Primitives1966Escape Felicity1966Eyes of HeisenbergaHeisenberg's Eyes1966By the Book1967The Featherbedders1967Sky Creators The Heaven Makers1968 Barrier SantarogsThe Santaroga Barrier1970Messiah of the DuneDune Messiah1970Star Under the Beach Whipping Star1970Seed Stock1970Murder Will In1972Soul Catcher1972God's Creators [="God's Creators "] The Godmakers [="The Priests of Psi “] 1973Hellstrom's Hive Hellstrom's Hive [= “Project 40”] 1976Children of Dune1977Annoying ExperimentThe Dosadi Experiment1978Come to the Party1979Jesus Incident [="Pandora's Box "] (c Bill Ransom) The Jesus Incident1979Song of a Sentient Flute1980Direct Descent1981God Emperor of DuneGod Emperor of Dune1982White PlagueThe White Plague1983The Lazarus Effect (with Bill Ransom) The Lazarus Effect1984Dune Heretics of Dune1985Dune Chapter House: Dune1986Man of Two Worlds (with Brian Herbert) Man of Two Worlds1988Ascension Factor (with Bill Ransom) The Ascension Factor


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Literary Award Winner


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Nebula — 1965 for the novel “Dune”;


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Hugo — 1966 for the novel “Dune”;


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Seiun — 1974 for the novel “Dune”;


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Apollo — 1978 for the novel “Hellstrom's Hive”


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Dune was the first novel to win a Nebula Award.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Frank Herbert himself participated in the jury that determines the winners of the awards.


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

This was in 1975 and 1976 (Nebula), as well as 1986 (Hubbard).


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Locus Award


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

1975 1st place in the category “Best Science Fiction Novel of All Time” (for the novel “Dune”);


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

1977 4th place in the category “Best Science Fiction Novel of All Time” (for the novel “Children of Dune”);


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

1977 19th place in the category “Best Science Fiction Writer of All Time”;


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

1978 7th place in the category “Best Science Fiction Novel of All Time” (for the novel “The Annoying Experiment”);


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

1982 6th place in the category “Best Science Fiction Novel of All Time” (for the novel “God Emperor of Dune”);


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

1982 26th place in the category “Best Anthology” for the anthology “15 winners of “Nebula”);


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

1983 19th place in the category “Best Science Fiction Novel” (for the novel “White Plague”);


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

1985 19th place in the category “Best Science Fiction Novel” (for the novel “Dune Heretics”);


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

1986 17th place in the category “Best Science Fiction Novel” (for the novel “Chapter of the Dune”);


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

1986 20th place in the category “Best Collection” (for the collection “Eye”);


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

1988 13th place in the category “Better non-antastic work” (for the essay “The Maker of Dune: Insights of a Maker of Science Fiction”);


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

1988 13th place in the category “Best Science Fiction Writer of All Time”;


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

1998 3rd place in the category “Best Science Fiction Writer of All Time”;


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

1999 9th place in the category “Best Science Fiction Writer of All Time”;


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Filmography


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

YearTitleOriginalRole1984DunedunesScreenwriter 2000DunedunesScreenwriter 2003Children of DuneScreenwriter 2012-Frank Herbert's Cease Firescreenwriter


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Notes


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

References


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Category:American science fiction writers


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Category: Hugo Award winners


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Category: Nebula Award winners


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Category:Prose writers in English


Question: What city was Frank Herbert born in?

Frank Herbert

Category: Deaths from pulmonary embolism


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner, an officer, Colonel of the General Staff of the Russian Imperial Army, fought on the side of the Whites during the Civil War, mainly in the headquarters of the formations.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He was the last chief of staff of the Kornilov Division in the Russian army of Baron Wrangel [1].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Professor of Military Sciences [2], military theorist of the Russian Diaspora [3].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Being a staunch anti-communist, he actively opposed the Soviet power.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He made a significant contribution to military science, anticipating a number of innovations in military affairs and describing the potential consequences of their implementation for the strategic balance of power in the world and the course of world history as a whole.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Biography


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

The formation of personality


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He was born into an architect's family.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Eugene's great-great-grandfather, who came from Württemberg Germans, moved to Russia under Catherine II.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

The mother is Catholic and the father is Lutheran.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He and Brother Victor were brought up in an Orthodox way, celebrating all Russian church holidays at home.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Parents named their children so that they could convert to Orthodoxy without changing their names.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He received his secondary education at the 3rd Odessa Men's Gymnasium.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He was seriously involved in sports, was one of the founders of Odessa football.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He spoke a number of European languages, including French and German [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Twice he entered the Mikhailovsky Artillery School, but both times to no avail (due to typhoid fever and football injury).


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Because of these failures, he decided to study at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Novorossiysk University, but studied there for only one year — he was attracted by a career as an officer and he decided to take the exam externally for the course of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In September 1910, he entered the 15th Artillery Brigade stationed in Odessa as a volunteer.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In 1911, he received the title of reserve warrant officer and moved to St. Petersburg to prepare for exams, where he managed to master about a dozen disciplines in six months.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In April 1912, he successfully passed exams for the course of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School “in the first category” [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In the Russian Army


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He began his officer service in the 5th battery of the 15th Artillery Brigade, and within a few months he was transferred by a teacher to the training team, which was a recognition of his knowledge, because such positions were held, as a rule, experienced lieutenants or captains.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

A year later, he received the position of adjutant of the 2nd Division [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

World War I


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Battle in the Carpathians


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He met the Great War with the rank of second lieutenant at the annual routine summer maneuvers near Tiraspol, from where his brigade was transferred to the theater of operations according to the mobilization plan, concentrating in district of Vladimir-Volynsky.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

There, in early August 1914, the brigade, which was part of the 15th Infantry Division of the 8th Army Corps, received a baptism of fire, repelling the offensive of the Austro-Hungarian troops, and gunner E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner was also in hand-to-hand combat with the enemy.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He fought as adjutant to the brigade commander, senior battery officer [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Lutsk breakthrough


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In February 1916, he was promoted to staff captain.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He participated in the Brusilov breakthrough, being at the command post of the 15th Infantry Division, storming Lutsk.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

With his quick-witted actions, the attention of the division chief, Major General P. N. Lomnovsky and for several months actually performed the duties of his adjutant.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Remembering this time later, E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner wrote: He used to go around or bypass the battle line every day and began to take me with him every day.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He made sure that I did not want to go where it was dangerous, that I would crawl where he, an elderly man, could not crawl, and that I would give him an accurate and complete report... He made me like his senior adjutant on the part of the General Staff.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He sent me on long-range reconnaissance.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

I carried out two services — a brigadier adjutant and an adjutant to the head of the division... I understood that this additional “load” was extremely useful for me, developing general staff abilities in me and enriching me military experience of an outstanding general.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

To the 50th anniversary of these events,


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner wrote the book “Lutsk Breakthrough”, dedicated to the memory of P. N. Lomnovsky, army commanders, generals A. M. Kaledina and P. A. Lechitsky, as well as all officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the Russian army who took part in those battles [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

General Staff Academy Accelerated Courses


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In October 1916, as the most capable and trained young officer of the division, among 150 officers of the first set of academic accelerated courses resumed during the war at the Academy General Staff, was sent for training in these wartime accelerated courses.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In January 1917, he completed his studies in the top ten.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Having refused to be appointed a teacher at the Alexander Military School, in early February 1917 he returned to his division as a senior adjutant of the headquarters.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In April 1917, he took up the temporary post of Chief of Staff of the Division, replacing Colonel M. G. Drozdovsky.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In this position, Ye.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner remained until Russia withdrew from the war and subsequent demobilization in the spring of 1918 [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

June Offensive


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He took part in planning and preparing the breakthrough of the enemy fortified strip in the offensive area of the 15th Infantry Division during the last offensive operation of the Russian army in the Great War — June offensive, conducted by the Romanian Front successfully, despite all the difficulties due to the decomposition of the Russian army by revolutionary demagogy.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

For “contributing to victory” E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner was awarded the St. George weapon.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Fifty years later, he wrote a short article about these events “The Last Victory of the Imperial Army”, in which he spoke about the difficulties of preparatory work and the offensive itself in conditions” deepening the revolution” and the process of decomposition of troops [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

After the October coup


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

At the beginning of 1918, the Russian army almost ceased to exist.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

But the Romanian Front was still holding on.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

At a time when many officers were “self-mobilizing”, E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner continued to hold office despite the severity of the situation [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Meanwhile, a new force, the Volunteer Army, was born on the Don.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

The thoughts of nationally minded servicemen rushed to the Don.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In February 1918, Ye.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner was summoned to Iasi to see Colonel M. G. Drozdovsky, who was engaged in the formation of the “First Brigade of Russian Volunteers”, for a campaign to the Don, to continue the fight against an external and internal enemy.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

The latter offered him to become a senior adjutant at the headquarters of the unit he was forming.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner agreed and returned to Skynteya, where the headquarters of the 15th Infantry Division was located, to hand over the cases of the chief of staff to someone else.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

At that moment, the political situation changed, and Colonel Drozdovsky's detachment urgently embarked on a campaign against the Don, which later became legendary [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Summing up his participation in the Great War, E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner later wrote [2]: “... withstood more than 1000 days of heavy battles, was wounded and shell-shocked seven times, received 12 military awards, up to Georgievskaya, from the modest post of artillery adjutant of the division rose to the post of chief of staff... division.”


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In white movement


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Refusal to “Ukrainize”


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In March 1918, after the conclusion of peace between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers, the remnants of the division in which E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner, were transferred from Romania to Odessa.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

About this time, E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner left memories [2]: A month later, Hetman General Kolodiy, who came from somewhere (before the separation of Ukraine he was called Kolodey) called us, officers, and announced that the division was Ukrainizing and entering as part of the hetman corps with the Headquarters in Odessa (he did not explain why Odessa became part of Ukraine, when Novorossia never belonged to Little Russia).


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

I told Kolodiy that I did not want to Ukrainize, left the meeting of officers (confused by Kolodiy's words: no one wanted to Ukrainize, but it was no longer possible to live without a salary. And the Treasury did not give me money for the division, not knowing who it was and who we belong to - the former Provisional Government, the current Leninsky Government or the born hetman?)


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In Odessa in 1918-1919 for the cause of the Volunteer Army


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He was in Odessa, according to his own words, “either retired, or in reserve.”


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In the summer of 1918, he visited Novocherkassk, on the secret assignment of his uncle, Major General of the General Staff A. ME.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner, associated with the leaders of the White Movement on the Don.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

He returned to Odessa with an order from the command of Dobrarmia on the secret recruitment of officers who were in Odessa into it [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In the autumn of 1918, P. G. Skoropadsky allowed the open formation in Odessa of units for the Volunteer Army.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner as an artilleryman was appointed to the 1st officer battery, but soon entered the headquarters of the Odessa Center of the Volunteer Army.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

According to his own assessment, “the headquarters did absolutely nothing” [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

After the surrender of Germany, the situation in the territories of the former Russian Empire occupied by the Central Powers changed dramatically.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

The Austro-Hungarian army left Odessa; battles between volunteers and Petliurites began for power in the city, and the Entente landing landed in the port of Odessa.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

During this period, E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner continued to participate in the formation of units of the Volunteer Army, in the battles of the latter with the UPR troops for Odessa, knowing the languages, helped the Russian authorities establish contacts with the command of the French expeditionary force [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

When France decided to withdraw from Russia in March 1919, E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner, having the opportunity to evacuate to Constantinople, decided to join the Odessa Rifle Brigade.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Together with her, he retreated to Romania, and from there he arrived by sea to Novorossiysk to continue the White Struggle [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In the 7th Infantry Division


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In Novorossiysk, the Odessa Rifle Brigade was reorganized into the 7th Infantry Division.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Staff Captain E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner served as a senior adjutant of the headquarters.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

The division fought in the Caucasus, then participated in the capture of Tsaritsyn.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

During the assault, the following remarkable episode occurred: while in the battle formations of the regiments to prepare for a decisive assault, Messner suddenly met with the commander who arrived by car By the Caucasian Army, General P. N. Wrangel, who demanded a report from Messner.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

After listening to the report, Wrangel ordered to hand over to the division commander P. P. Nepenin: do not start the attack until several tanks approach, and went to another sector of the front.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

While Messner handed over Wrangel's order to the commanders of the division units, the neighbors on the left - the Cossack brigade of Terts - as a result of confusion went on a horse attack.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

There was a brief confusion: on the one hand, the unconditional support of neighbors was required, on the other hand, Wrangel ordered not to attack without attached tanks.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Following Suvorov's “the local judges better...” and taking into account the offensive impulse of the division, Messner took responsibility on behalf of the division chief (who was at the command post approximately a mile from the front line) ordered to support the attack.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Nepenin, who rushed to the front line, approved Messner's decision.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

General Wrangel, in his order of June 30, 1919, noted: “... The high valor of the infantry... its endurance, excellent maneuvering on the battlefield, excellent artillery work and the skillful leadership of the commanders 7 Infantry Division played a decisive role in the struggle for Tsaritsyn.”


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In heavy battles for the Red Verdun, the 7th Division lost about 100 officers and more than 270 lower ranks killed and wounded [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In the Poltava detachment


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

After the publication of the Moscow Directive, the division was transferred to Ukraine.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

The division was merged with other units under the general command of General N. E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Bredova.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

The task of the detachment was to capture Poltava.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

So the detachment was called “Poltavsky”.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner was appointed senior adjutant of the detachment.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner's position assumed close communication with the commander of the detachment.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

N. E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Bredov instructed the adjutant to create a newspaper of the “volunteer direction”, which he creatively performed.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

After classes in Kiev, E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner was instructed to speak to the public of the city with a report on the campaign of the detachment to liberate the “mother of Russian cities”.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

According to Messner's memoirs, the performance was an extraordinary success.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Perhaps these events marked the beginning of Messner's journalistic and writing activity [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Delusional campaign


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

As a result of the counter-offensive of the Southern Front of the Red Army, which began in October 1919, the troops of the Armed Forces of Ukraine were driven south.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Kiev, Kharkov and Donbass successively fell, and by January 9, 1920, when the Red Army reached the coast of the Sea of Azov and captured Rostov-on-Don, they were finally divided into two parts, and the troops Kiev and Novorossiysk regions were cut off from the main bases and the central command.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

During this difficult time, E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner was promoted to captain by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Southern Russia (No. 75 of December 25, 1919) with seniority from June 30, 1919, and assigned to the General Staff on January 20, 1920 [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

N. E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Bredov, who by that time was appointed commander of the entire group of troops of the Armed Forces of Ukraine located on right-bank Ukraine, received an order from the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to withdraw his troops to the Romanian border for the transition to the territory of Romania and further evacuation by sea to the Crimea, but the Romanian authorities did not give permission for this.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In Bredov's detachment, which arrived at the Romanian border, there were about 13,000 fighters and about 7,000 sick, wounded, refugees, families of servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, officials of civilian departments.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Bredov decided to break northward along the Romanian border to Poland.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

With the battles between the Odessa-Zhmerynka railway and the Dniester, Bredov's detachment reached Novaya Ushitsa on February 12, where the Soviet-Polish front line passed.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

For some time he occupied an independent section of the front against the Red Army, but at the end of February 1920, Bredov's units were disarmed and interned - housed in former German camps for prisoners of war.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner, as part of the headquarters, “served quarantine” in the Pikulice camp (Przemysl).


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In the spring of 1920, the political situation changed: Polish troops took Kiev, and the dream of “Greater Poland to the Dnieper” was revived.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

The attitude of Poles towards Russian soldiers has deteriorated.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

It was possible to obtain permission to send troops to Crimea only in the summer of 1920 [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In the Russian army of Wrangel


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Arriving in Crimea at the end of July 1920, the headquarters of the detachment was disbanded.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner was a member of the liquidation commission.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In mid-September 1920, he,


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

by order of the Quartermaster General of the Staff of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, was aimed at strengthening the headquarters of the Kornilov Division, which fought heavy battles in Northern Tavria.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner actually headed the headquarters of the Kornilov Division in the final and most tragic period of the Kornilov armed struggle in Bolshevism in southern Russia, becoming, de facto, the last chief of staff division (although the division had another full-time chief of staff, and Messner was only acting).


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

During the days of evacuation from the Crimea, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel “with renaming colonels” (further confusion with the rank arose in connection with the abolition of the rank of “lieutenant colonel” in the Supreme Council of Ukraine and its return to the Russian Wrangel Army; in the “Lists of Officers of the General Staff assigned to it and course students of the Nikolaev Military Academy abroad of Soviet Russia” as of August 1, 1922, published The department of the General Staff of the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army stated: “... a lieutenant colonel assigned to the General Staff,” but after the Second World War, E. E. Messner has already passed as a “colonel” - probably, already in wartime, the “renaming” was finally fixed through the ROVS) [2].


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

This period of struggle was devoted to the first research work of E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

E.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Messner, trained in exile in Belgrade in 1921.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In exile


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

In exile, he settled in Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, where he lived from 1921 to 1944.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Very little is known about the living conditions of the Messner family of this period - they just did not know their own or at least a permanent place of residence.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Housing was rented, often changing addresses.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Among them is “st. Milovan Milovanovic, 4”, and “ul. Georges Poincare, 37, apt. M. Solovyova”, and others.


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

Often in letters to associates, editors of publications, he gave his “new address...” [2]


Question: Did Yevgeny Eduardovich Messner have children?

Yevgeny Messner

During the Belgrade period, E.