Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On September 1, 1942, the evacuation of Anders's army was completed.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In total, 75,491 servicemen and 37,756 civilians left the USSR during the two evacuations [10].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Polish units in the Middle East and Italy


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The Polish units of Anders's army withdrawn from the USSR were deployed in northern Iraq, and in July 1943 - transferred to Palestine.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On July 22, 1943, Polish units were transformed into the 2nd Polish Corps as part of the British Army.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On December 7, 1943, the British command decided to send the Polish 2 Corps to Italy.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On March 24, 1944, the Polish 2 Corps received an order from the British command to break through German positions in the Monte Cassino area, storm the monastery and occupy the town of Piedimonte and thereby clear the road to Rome.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In April 1944, the 2 Polish Corps had a strength of 46 thousand servicemen and consisted of the 3 Carpathian Rifle Division (commander - General Dukh), the 5 Kresov Infantry Division (General Sulik), the 2nd tank brigade (General Rakovsky) and the 2nd artillery group.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On May 11, 1944, the fourth battle of Monte Cassino began.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

After fierce battles with the defending German 1st Parachute and 5th Mountain Divisions, on the morning of May 18, the Poles took the monastery and raised the regimental banner of the 12th Podolsk Ulan Regiment and the flag over it Poland (later, by order of General Anders, the British flag was hoisted).


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On the morning of May 19, the entire Monte Cassino massif was cleared of German troops.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The victory of the Poles ensured the passage of the British 13 Corps to the Leary Valley.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On May 25, Canadian, British and Polish units broke through the German Hitler Line.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In total, during the battle in the Monte Cassino area, the Polish 2 Corps lost a thousand people killed and 3 thousand wounded.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

After a short rest, General Anders was ordered to move the Polish corps along the Adriatic coast to capture the port city of Ancona.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Heavy fighting in this area began on June 21.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On July 17, the Poles began storming Ancona.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On July 18, the 2nd Tank Brigade cut off Ancona in the north-west, then the Carpathian Lancer Regiment entered the city.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The port, as required by the command, was taken intact.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In the battle for Ancona, the Poles lost more than 600 killed and almost 2,000 wounded.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The capture of the port allowed the British 8 Army to continue the offensive on Bologna.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The Polish corps then received an order to break through the German Gothic Line, which was carried out in August 1944.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

By the end of 1944, the Polish 2 Corps was reinforced by two infantry brigades, the 2 Tank Brigade was reorganized into the 2 Warsaw Tank Division.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In January 1945, the American commander of the 15th Army Group, General Clark, ordered allied units to prepare for the last offensive in Italy.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Since General Anders was appointed Supreme Commander of the Polish Armed Forces, General Bohusz-Shyshko became the commander of the Polish 2 Corps.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The offensive began on April 9, 1945.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On April 21, the Poles stormed Bologna, losing more than 200 killed and more than 1,200 wounded.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Polish units in Normandy, Belgium and Holland


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The 1st Panzer Division (commanded by General Stanislav Macek) was landed in July 1944 in Normandy and incorporated into the Canadian 2 Corps.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In August 1944, she took part in the hostilities of the Canadian Corps near the city of Falaise in order to join American units advancing from Argentan.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

During the Battle of Falesia, the Polish 1st Panzer Division participated in the encirclement of the German group, its servicemen captured more than 5,000 Germans.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The losses of the Poles amounted to more than 400 killed and 1 thousand wounded.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

At the end of August 1944, the Polish division advanced eastward with heavy battles, on September 6 crossed the Franco-Belgian border and took the city of Ypres, and later the cities of Tilt, Ghent, Lokeren, St. Nicholas.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On September 16, the division crossed the Belgian-Dutch border and was ordered to take Antwerp.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The task was completed, but then the Polish division fought for three weeks against the Germans who went on the counteroffensive.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In October 1944, the division advanced to Holland and took the city of Breda (the Breda City Council declared all fighters of the Polish division honorary citizens of the city, and after the end of World War II, many veterans of the Polish 1st Panzer Division settled there).


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On November 8, 1944, Poles reached the banks of the Meuse River.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

There, the advance stopped until April 14, 1945, when the Polish division, after five days of fighting, broke through the German defenses and entered Germany.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On May 6, 1945, the Poles captured the German naval base in Wilhelmshaven.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

1st Separate Parachute Brigade — on the second day after the start of Operation Market Garden, September 18, 1944, part of the Polish 1st Parachute Brigade (more than 1,000 paratroopers) landed on the north shore Reina to help the British 1st Airborne Division besieged in Arnhem.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The rest of the brigade landed on September 23, 30 km from the first landing.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Only a small part of Poles managed to unite with the British.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On the whole, this Allied operation was unsuccessful.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The Poles lost more than 200 dead and missing and more than 200 wounded there.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Polish navy abroad


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The Polish Navy continued to fight in the west after September 1939, as three Polish destroyers — Bliskawica, Thunder and Buzha — were sent to Britain even before the outbreak of World War II .


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

After the outbreak of the war, two of the five Polish submarines, the Wilk and the Ozel, broke from the Baltic to Britain.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In November 1939, a naval cooperation agreement was signed between the Polish Navy and the British Navy.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Shortly thereafter, the Polish Navy leased several ships from Britain - 2 cruisers (Dragon and Conrad), 6 destroyers Garland, Piorun, Krakowiak, Kujawiak, Schlenzak, Orkan) and 3 submarines (Sokol, Yastrzemb, Dzik).


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In April 1940, the Auger submarine sank the German transport Rio de Janeiro, which participated in the landing of German troops in Norway.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In 1941, the destroyer Piorun, together with a flotilla of British destroyers, participated in the pursuit of the German battleship Bismarck.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In August 1942, the destroyer Schlenzak supported the British landing in Dieppe with artillery fire.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The submarines “Sokol” and “Dzik” operated in the Mediterranean Sea and received the nickname “Terrible Twins”.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Polish warships took part in the Allied amphibious operations in 1940 in Narvik, in 1942 in North Africa, in 1943 in Sicily and Italy.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

They were also part of the protection of the Arctic convoys of the Allies, which delivered weapons, food and other military materials to the USSR under the Lend-Lease program.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In total, Polish sailors sank several enemy warships (German and Italian), including 2 German submarines, about 40 transport ships and shot down about 20 aircraft.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Of the approximately 4,000 Polish sailors, about 400 died.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Most of the survivors of World War II remained in the West.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Polish aviation in the West


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

After the September 1939 campaign, many Polish military pilots tried to move to France.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

During the defense of France, Polish pilots shot down about 50 German aircraft, and 13 Polish pilots were killed.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Polish pilots then crossed to Britain, where two Polish squadrons were formed as part of the British Air Force (302 and 303, but the Poles also served in other British squadrons).


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The Battle of Britain (July-October 1940) involved 145 Polish fighter pilots who shot down 201 enemy aircraft.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The Polish Air Force became one of the most productive among the British Air Force, shooting down 125 German aircraft.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In the summer of 1940, 2 Polish bomber squadrons were formed, later the total number of Polish squadrons in Britain reached 15: of which 10 fighter, 4 bomber and 1 guidance squadron artillery.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In 1943, a group of Polish pilots (Skalski Circus) fought in North Africa.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Polish pilots bombed Germany (15,000 tons of bombs), including Berlin, Ruhr and Hamburg, and dropped weapons and ammunition for guerrillas in Poland (426 sorties) and other countries (909 sorties).


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In total, during the war, Polish pilots made 73.5 thousand sorties from Britain.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

They shot down 760 German aircraft and 190 V-1 missiles, and sank 2 submarines.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The most productive of the Polish pilots were Stanislav Skalsky, Witold Urbanovich, Evgeniusz Horbachevsky and Boleslav Gladysh, who shot down 15 or more enemy aircraft each.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Losses of the Polish Air Force amounted to 2 thousand dead.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

After the end of World War II, most of the Polish flight technicians (more than 14,000 in May 1945) remained in the West.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The struggle in occupied Poland


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The resistance of the Poles began in the first days of the German occupation.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

At this time, several armed detachments and groups of servicemen of the defeated Polish army operated on the territory of the country, who decided to continue the armed struggle against the German invaders.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Among them were: a detachment under the command of Major Heinrich Dobrzansky (“Gubali”), operating in the Świętokrzyžskie forests; Kazik Dembiak's detachment; Vladislav Yasinski's detachment (“Endrusya”), operating in in the vicinity of Sandomierz, the Ludwik Kwiatek detachment, which operated in Ilzha County, the Kossak detachment, which operated in the Janovsky forests, as well as several small groups of soldiers in Tuchola Bor, Siedlce district, Wegrow and Wyszkow [11].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Later, some of these units were destroyed by the Germans, others collapsed, and others became part of underground organizations.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

At the same time, the formation of the first underground organizations begins.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Thus, already in September 1939, by order of the Polish military command, the “Secret Military Organization” (Tajna Organizacja Wojskowa, TOW), “Service to the Victory of Poland”, etc. were created.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

at the same time, the leadership and activists of a number of military sports, public and youth organizations were engaged in the creation of conspiracy structures: for example, the Union of Polish Charters created a secret “Gray Ranks” youth organization


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

political parties, which also began to create armed formations, did not stand aside either:


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

for example, the People's Military Organization (Narodowa Organizacja Wojskowa, NOW) was established by the Stronnitstvo Narodove Party;


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

several organizations were created by Polish socialists and communists: the Society of Friends of the USSR, the organization of communists of Warsaw “Hammer and Sickle”, “Proletariy”, “Rabochaya Gvardiya”, “The Lodz Committee sabotage”, “Workers and Peasants Combat Organization” (“RHOB”), “Spartacus”, “PWOR” (“Polska Wojskowa Organizacja Rewolucyjna”), etc.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

At the beginning of 1940, activists of the People's Party created the “Peasant Guard” (“Chłopska Straż”), on the basis of which the “Cotton Battalions” were later formed.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

several organizations were formed by right-wing and nationalist forces: in particular, the Military Organization of the Lizard Alliance and the Polska Organizacja Zbrojna...


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In mid-1941, the processes of consolidation of underground structures began, which continued in 1942:


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Thus, as a result of the unification of several organizations of the left and communist forces, the Union of Liberation Struggle was created at the end of 1941, and the Lyudov Guard in January 1942.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In February 1942, on the basis of the previously existing Union of Armed Struggle, the Craiova Army was created, under the command of General S. Rovetsky.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Its leaders assumed that the AK should include all Polish underground organizations of the Resistance movement, but in practice, this did not happen.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In the summer-autumn of 1942, Polish nationalists created the People's Force Zbroyne (NSZ)...


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In the second half of 1942, the partisan movement and other forms of armed struggle against the invaders became more active (in particular, in the summer of 1942, partisan detachments of the Lyudova Guard were created).


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In 1943, resistance to the occupiers increased, took more active forms and became more massive, but simultaneously with the process of consolidation of anti-fascist forces, their internal cleavage.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The Lyudov Guard, part of the BH detachments and some other groups of the left and socialist orientation are intensifying the armed struggle against the German invaders, and in their activities are guided by cooperation with the USSR;


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The Craiova Army continues to act in accordance with the directives of the emigrant government in London.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In 1943, the creation of partisan detachments began as part of the AK.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

nationalist forces (in particular, the NSZ) are stepping up the fight against political opponents and are increasingly inclined to cooperate with the Nazis.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On January 1, 1944, the Ludov Army was created, which included detachments of the People's Guard, units of the Cotton Battalions, detachments of the People's Labor Militia of the Party of Polish Socialists, as well as individual units and soldiers of the Craiova Army.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In 1944, the Craiova army held a series of armed demonstrations called the Storm Plan, the purpose of which was to establish control over cities in Poland before Soviet troops joined them.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

During the operation, the AK forces suffered significant losses.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The largest armed action of the Polish underground in 1944 was the Warsaw Uprising organized by AK (soldiers of the Lyudova Army and other anti-fascist organizations also took part in the uprising resistance).


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The Warsaw Uprising was militarily directed against the Germans, politically against the USSR [12], the Polish Committee for National Liberation and demonstratively against the policies of Western allies.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The uprising began on August 1, 1944.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

According to various estimates, the uprising received from 23 to 50 thousand AK activists, who were armed with several thousand weapons (mainly light small arms), as well as a number of weapons handicrafts, improvised grenades and incendiary bombs [13].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The rebels managed to occupy several districts of the city, but the Germans managed to retain important objects, arsenals, and retained control over transport hubs.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Later, the German garrison was strengthened from 20 to 45-50 thousand people and after August 4, the Germans launched a counteroffensive.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Rokossovsky (a few hours before the start of the uprising in Warsaw) was forced to order the 2 Panzer Division advancing on the city to go on the defensive.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

For his part, Stalin ignored the Zhukov-Rokossovsky plan, which assumed the resumption of the offensive after regrouping, [14] [15] and after the appeal of the supporter of “the London government Y. Churchill was not allowed to use Soviet airfields to help the rebels [16].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

(In fact, on September 9, 1944, the USSR agreed to provide an air corridor and on September 18, 1944, as part of Operation Frantic, an action was carried out to drop military cargo, in which they participated 105 American bombers and 62 fighters. The bulk of the dumped cargo was in the hands of the Germans. In the future, flights to Warsaw to supply the rebels with Western allies were not carried out) [17].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

After August 1, rebel forces were isolated in several separate pockets of resistance (Old Town, center, Mokotow, Zoliborz).


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

By September 30, the Germans had suppressed resistance in all major foci.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On October 2, 1944, the commander of the AK forces in Warsaw, General T. Bur-Komorowski signed a surrender.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The rebels lost 15.2 thousand killed and 5-6 thousand wounded, and another 15 thousand were taken prisoner.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Residents of Warsaw were deported from the city: some were sent to concentration camps, some to labor camps.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

German archival data show [18] that military units lost 1 T-V tank and 2 Hetzer self-propelled guns irretrievably, police units and collaborationist military units lost several tanks irrevocably.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Almost all damaged tanks and self-propelled guns were evacuated and repaired (some tanks and self-propelled guns were repaired several times) [18].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

According to the Polish side, 290 tanks, self-propelled guns and armored cars were destroyed [19].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

German archival data show [20] that all formations of the Third Reich lost about 3,000 dead and died from wounds and about 12,000 wounded.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The losses of von Dem Bach's group, including only citizens of the Third Reich and Cossacks, amounted to 9,044 people, including 1,570 killed [21] Calculation of the total losses of the Third Reich in hostilities in Warsaw since 1947 is based on outright falsification of German losses [20] to the level of 17,000 killed and 9,000 wounded.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

This and similar “information” is widely found in the media, in history textbooks, in modern works of the Institute of National Remembrance, a number of historians and publicists, and in the Museum of the Warsaw Uprising [22].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The Germans brutally suppressed the uprising, destroying the city and its inhabitants by 70%.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In total, AK partisan detachments, operating since 1943, took part in more than 170 military clashes with the Germans, killing more than 1,000 Germans.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

AK was also actively engaged in intelligence activities (including in the interests of Western allies).


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

AK activists were engaged in sabotage and sabotage, they organized the crash of 732 trains, destroyed about 4.3 thousand cars, blew up 40 railway bridges, carried out about 25 thousand sabotage actions in military factories and released prisoners from 16 prisons.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Achievements include:


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

collection of data on the location of gasoline factories (Operation Synthesis);


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

collection of data on the development of V-1 and V-2 rockets and their testing at the Peenemunde test site;


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

the murder of a number of high-ranking functionaries of the German occupation administration (in particular, they killed SS Brigadefuhrer Franz Kucera).


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In addition, in the period from June 28, 1944 to May 30, 1945, 594 Soviet servicemen were killed and 218 wounded by AK members [23].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In total, about 1,000 Soviet servicemen were killed by members of the AK [24].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Units of the Lyudova Guard in 1942-1943 conducted more than 1,400 operations [25] (including 237 battles), they killed 71 German officers, 1,355 gendarmes and police officers, 328 German agents; in as a result of sabotage on the railways, they derailed 116 freight and 11 passenger trains, destroyed 9 long sections of railways and suspended traffic for 3,137 hours; destroyed and 132 cars and 23 locomotives were disabled; 13 bridges, 36 railway stations, 19 post offices, 292 volost administrations, 11 factories and industrial enterprises were destroyed and burned [26], 4 fuel depots with fuel and petroleum products [27], 9 livestock branding points [28], as well as a number of other facilities.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On January 1, 1944, Craiova Rada Narodova decided to disband the Lyudova Guard, which became part of the Lyudova Army [29].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

During 1944, units of the Lyudova Army conducted 904 combat operations (including 120 major battles); destroyed 79 highway and railway bridges and 55 railway stations [30], organized the crash of 322 echelons; destroyed more than 19 thousand Nazis, 24 tanks, 191 cars, 3 aircraft [31], 465 steam locomotives and 4,000 cars [10].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Polish Army in the USSR (1943—1945)


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In May 1943, on the initiative of the Union of Polish Patriots and with the support of the Soviet government, the formation of new Polish military units began on the territory: first, the 1st Polish infantry division to them.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

T. Kosciuszko, and later other Polish military units and units.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Colonel Zygmunt Berling (former head of the military camp of the Anders Army in Krasnovodsk) was appointed commander of the first Polish division, and Alexander Zavadsky was appointed political instructor.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In June 1943, the formation of the division was completed, on July 15, 1943, the soldiers of the division took the military oath [32]


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On August 10, 1943, the 1st Polish Corps was created, which included the existing Polish military units:


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

1st Polish Infantry Division


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

1st Polish Tank Regiment them.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Westerplatte Heroes


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

1st Fighter Aviation Regiment “Warsaw”


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On the same day, the command awarded Berling the rank of general and appointed him commander of the Polish corps.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On September 1, 1943, the 1st Polish Infantry Division was sent to the front, it became operational subordinate to the 33rd Army of the Western Front.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On October 12-13, 1943, near Lenino, Mogilev region, Polish units engaged in the first battle with the enemy.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

During the battles, the division suffered significant losses and was withdrawn to the rear for replenishment of personnel.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In January 1944, the Polish corps was sent to the Smolensk region.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On March 13, 1944, the Headquarters decided to deploy the Polish Corps to the 1st Army of the Polish Army.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

To this end, the corps was redeployed to Ukraine, near the city of Sumy, where the number of the Polish army was increased to 78 thousand.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In the summer of 1944, the 1 Army included 4 infantry and 1 anti-aircraft artillery divisions, 1 armored, 1 cavalry, 5 artillery brigades, 2 air regiments and other units.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The number of personnel at that time was about 90,000 people.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

As of July 22, 1944, the total number of the 1st Army of the Polish Army was 100 thousand servicemen (including more than 60 thousand in combat units and units), in addition, in Soviet 2,554 officers and more than 600 pilots were trained in military educational institutions.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The 1st Army of the Polish Army was armed with 61,626 units.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

rifles and assault rifles; 3,714 machine guns and ATGMs; 1,513


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

guns and mortars; 217 tanks, self-propelled guns and armored vehicles; 3,011 vehicles; 219 tractors; 171 motorcycles; 66 aircraft and 779 radio stations [33].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On July 20, 1944, the artillery of the 1st Army of the Polish Army supported units of the 69th Army with fire while crossing the Western Bug.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On the same day, the first Polish soldiers set foot on Polish soil.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Over the next three days, the main forces of the 1 Polish Army crossed to the west bank of the Bug.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In late July and early August 1944, the 1st Polish Army was at the junction of the 8 Guards Army and the 69 Army, it participated in battles with units of the 4 of the German Tank Army, the offensive on Chelm and Lublin, the liberation of Demblin and Pulaw [34] (Pulawski bridgehead).


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

“I remember with respect and gratitude our Polish friends who bravely fought shoulder to shoulder with Soviet soldiers.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Even before crossing the Vistula, they helped us a lot... I have already mentioned Polish anti-aircraft gunners who arrived at the Vistula River at the most difficult time for us.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The Polish anti-aircraft division was commanded by Colonel Prokopovich, and the chief of staff was Major Sokolovsky.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

This division selflessly covered the crossing of our units across the Vistula River.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Under machine gun fire, under bomb explosions, Polish anti-aircraft gunners engaged in heavy battles with enemy artillery.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

During the crossing of the Vistula and during the battles to expand the Magnuszew bridgehead, the first Polish sapper brigade, commanded by Colonel Lubansky, and his deputy for the political unit, acted perfectly was Lieutenant Colonel Zelginsky.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

This brigade, under fire from enemy artillery and aircraft, built a bridge across the Vistula River 900 meters long in two days.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Although it lasted only two hours, a lot of valuable cargo was passed through it.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The Polish tank brigade under the command of General Mezhitsan approached the river when a fierce battle was going on on on the bridgehead.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

For several days and nights, under continuous bombing, the brigade's tanks were transported by ferry to the west bank of the river.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Polish tankers showed exceptional courage.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

No matter how fierce the bombing was, they stayed on the ferry.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

But the ferry broke down.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The tankers went in search of means of transportation.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Soon they reported that near Demblin there was a serviceable barge, on which you can immediately put 8-10 tanks.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

At night, the barge was delivered to the Przewuz-Tarnowski area, and the crossing of tanks continued.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The tanks that crossed were concentrated at Magnushev.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The brigade commander immediately organized a strong defense here.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The very first attempt of the fascist troops to break through to the Vistula in this direction failed.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

All attacks were repulsed with heavy losses for the enemy.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Polish tankers showed exceptional heroism in the Lenkawica and Trzebien section.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In the midst of the battle, General Mezhitsan took a place in the ranks on a tank...


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The battle did not stop all day long.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The entire battlefield was littered with burning German tanks.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

At a high price, the enemy managed to wedge into our defense, but he could not achieve more.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Tankers of the heavy tank regiment of Lieutenant Colonel Ogloblin and gunners of Colonel Kobrin came to the rescue of Polish tankers.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Together, military friends knocked out the enemy at night.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

There are many corpses of enemy soldiers and up to 40 tanks and armored vehicles left on the battlefield.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

For this battle, more than a hundred tankers of the tank brigade immediately received Soviet orders and medals on the battlefield.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Among the recipients, I remember the crew of tank No. 212: commander Khorunzhiy Pavlitsky, driver Yakovlenko, Corporal Levik, privates Zabnitsky and Svyantek.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The brave five went on reconnaissance several times in their combat vehicle, suppressed the firing positions of two batteries with tracks, knocked out three German tanks...


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

No less bravely fought for the Magnuszevsky bridgehead on its right flank, the soldiers of the 3rd Infantry Division of the Polish Army.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The division was commanded by Colonel Stanislav Galitsky.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

I met him several times at the bridgehead.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

A brave and thoughtful commander.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

They had a difficult task to do.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

They defended the Zalessky, Zagshev section, which for some reason was especially chosen by fascist aviation.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The Junkers endlessly dived into the battle formations of the regiments.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In just one morning, more than 400 sorties were recorded here.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

After a massive air strike, German tanks and infantry went on the offensive.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Many Polish comrades were killed in this battle.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

But the division did not flinch and repulsed all attacks” [35].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The 1st Polish Tank Brigade participated in the defense of the Studziansky bridgehead on the west bank of the Vistula south of Warsaw.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In three-day defensive battles on the Magnuszhev — Rychevul — Folwark Studzianka line, Polish soldiers destroyed about 1500 enemy servicemen, 2 tiger tanks, 1 panther tank, 12 T-IV tanks, one T-III tank, 8 self-propelled guns, 9 armored personnel carriers, 11 75-mm guns and 16 anti-tank rifles [36].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On July 28, 1944, units of the 1st Army of the Polish Army took combat positions on the eastern bank of the Vistula and received an order from Marshal Rokossovsky to cross the river.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On the night of August 1, the 2nd Polish Division tried to do this.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

As a result, one company crossed the Vistula River, and another company was able to reach one of the islands in the middle of the river.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

All units that tried to cross the Vistula suffered heavy losses.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On the afternoon of August 1, the 1st and 2nd Polish Infantry Divisions tried to cross the Vistula River.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

As a result, the 2nd regiment of the 1st Division was almost completely destroyed.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On August 2, the army did not try to attack, as all 9 attempts to cross the Vistula failed.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On August 3, attempts by the 2 Division to cross were stopped by German artillery.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On September 10, 1944, Soviet and Polish troops launched an offensive near Warsaw and on September 14 captured Prague, a suburb of Warsaw on the eastern bank of the Vistula.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Immediately after the fighting in the Prague area (a suburb of Warsaw), units of the 1st Army of the Polish Army attempted to cross to the west bank of the Vistula in order to help the rebels.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On the night of September 15-16, 1944, units of the 3rd Infantry Division of the Polish Army began crossing in the Saska-Kempa area.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Despite fierce opposition from the enemy, the amphibious operation continued until September 19, 1944 and was terminated due to heavy losses.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On September 23, 1944, previously transported units of the Polish Army, as well as a group of rebels who joined them, were evacuated to the eastern bank of the Vistula.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

During the operation, the total losses of the Polish Army amounted to 3,764 soldiers and officers, including 1987 people.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

killed on the west bank of the Vistula (1,921 servicemen of the 3rd Infantry Division of the Polish Army and 366 servicemen of the 2nd Division of the Polish Army) [37], the wounded losses amounted to 289 servicemen [38].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On January 12, 1945, a new Soviet offensive began, in which the 1st Polish Army participated.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On January 16-17, 1945, Warsaw was liberated, which the Germans turned into ruins.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

At the end of January 1945, the 1st Polish Army (93 thousand people) was stationed in Pomerania.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In February, it went on the offensive.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In February-March 1945, the 1st Polish Army fought fierce battles for ten days for the city of Kohlberg, which was given the status of a fortress by Hitler's command.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On March 18, 1945, units of the 1st Army of the Polish Army established control over the city.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In the battles for Kohlberg, German troops lost 5,000 soldiers killed and 6,992 prisoners [39].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On April 13, 1945, units of the 1st Polish Army reached the Oder River.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In January 1945, the formation of the 2nd Army of the Polish Army was completed.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

It was transferred to the Neissa River, which it crossed on April 17.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The next day, German troops under the command of Field Marshal Schörner, who were going to defend Berlin, partially repulsed and partially surrounded units of the 2 Polish Army.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

On April 20, German troops withdrew from positions on the west bank of the Oder and began to retreat west.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The 1st and 2nd armies of the Polish Army took part in the Berlin offensive, which by that time consisted of 36 units and formations totaling 185 thousand people.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

(including 10 infantry divisions, 14 regiments and 20 separate battalions), 3,000 guns and mortars, 508 tanks and self-propelled guns, 320 aircraft [40].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The contribution of Polish soldiers to the victory was highly appreciated: more than 5 thousand servicemen and 23 formations and units of the Polish Army were awarded Soviet orders, 13 times the Polish Army was awarded in orders of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR [41] (at the same time, 373 orders of thanks were issued during the Great Patriotic War, and 5 more orders were issued for the war with Japan) [42].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The best soldiers of the Polish Army took part in the Victory Parade on Red Square on June 24, 1945.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

May-June 1945. The Polish army numbered about 400,000 people.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

It was the largest regular military force that fought together with Soviet troops [43].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

As part of the Polish Army (1st, 2nd Army and Reserve of the High Command) there were 2 army directorates, 1 tank corps; 14 infantry, 1 artillery and 3 anti-aircraft artillery divisions; 10 artillery, 1 mortar, 1 motorized rifle, 5 engineering and sapper, 1 cavalry and 2 separate tank brigades, 4 aviation divisions, as well as a number of special, auxiliary and rear units and several military schools.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

It was armed with 4,000 guns and mortars, 400 tanks and self-propelled guns, 600 aircraft and 8,000 machine guns [44].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In total, during the war, the USSR transferred 302,994 rifles and carbines, 106,531 assault rifles, 18,799 light and heavy machine guns, 6,768 anti-tank rifles, 4,806 mortars, 3,898 guns to the Polish Army [45], about 1000 tanks and self-propelled guns, 1,200 aircraft, 1,800 vehicles and a significant amount of other equipment and military equipment, and also provided the supply of the Polish Army with uniforms, food, ammunition, fuel and medicines [46].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The participation of Polish citizens in the Soviet partisan movement (1941—1944)


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Polish citizens took an active part in the Soviet partisan movement in the occupied territory of the USSR.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

2,500 Poles [47] took part in the Soviet partisan movement on the territory of the BSSR, of which 703 were awarded Soviet government awards [48].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

2,000 Poles took part in the Soviet partisan movement on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR [49].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Of the 9,187 Soviet partisans and underground fighters established by name operating on the territory of the Lithuanian SSR (the identity of some of those killed in the initial period of the war remained unknown), 3.5% nationalities were Poles [50].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Thus, the Soviet underground organization “Union of Active Struggle”, which arose in early 1942 in Vilnius, included the Polish communist J.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

K. Przewalski and several other Polish anti-fascists [51].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In addition, the Poles took part in the Soviet partisan movement on the territory of other republics of the USSR:


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Thus, activists of the Soviet underground organization operating in the village of Seshcha in the Bryansk region of the RSFSR were Poles Janusz Przymanowski, Vacek Messyash, Jan Mankovsky, Jan Tima and Stefan Gorkevich ( servicemen of the German military unit L50485A, which carried out military construction work at the airfield near the village) [52]


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

the underground group operating in the railway workshops of Daugavpils included Poles Kazimir Lazdovsky and his son, also Kazimir Lazdovsky [53]


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In total, 5,000 Poles took part in the Soviet partisan movement in the occupied territory of the USSR [54].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

993 Polish citizens were awarded Soviet government awards for participation in the anti-fascist struggle in the underground and partisan detachments on the territory of the USSR [55].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Sabotage activities in Germany


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In December 1942, the Polish subversive group Zagra-Lin of 18 people, which was subordinate to the London government, began operating on German territory.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In February 1943, they blew up Friedrichstraße Station, later an explosion on the Berlin City Railway Line, and in April 1943, an explosion at Berlin Central Station.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The explosions had a significant public outcry, in addition, as a result of the explosions, damage to railway infrastructure and killed and injured several Germans.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

In early June 1943, the group was identified by the Gestapo and later liquidated by the German special services and the police [56].


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Notes


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Literature


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Władysław Anders: An Army in Exile: The Story of the Second Polish Corps, 1981, ISBN 978-0-89839-043-8.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Władysław Anders: Mémoires (1939—1946), 1948, Paris, La Jeune Parque.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Margaret Brodniewicz-Stawicki: For Your Freedom and Ours: The Polish Armed Forces in the Second World War, Vanwell Publishing, 1999, ISBN 978-1-55125-035-9.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski: Secret Army, Battery Press, 1984, ISBN 978-0-89839-082-7.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Jerzy B. Cynk: The Polish Air Force at War: The Official History, 1939—1943, Schiffer Publishing, 1998, ISBN 978-0-7643-0559-7.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Jerzy B. Cynk: The Polish Air Force at War: The Official History, 1943—1945, Schiffer Publishing, 1998, ISBN 978-0-7643-0560-3.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Norman Davies: Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw, Viking Books, 2004, ISBN 978-0-670-03284-6.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Norman Davies.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

God's Playground, Oxford University Press, 1981.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

First to Fight: Poland's Contribution to Allied Victory in World War II, 2009, ISBN 978-0-9557824-4-2.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Józef Garliński: Poland in the Second World War, Hippocrene Books, 1987, ISBN 978-0-87052-372-4.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Robert Gretzyngier: Poles in Defense of Britain, London, 2001, ISBN 978-1-904943-05-1.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

F.H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp, eds.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

, Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park, Oxford University Press, 1993.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Jan Karski: Story of a Secret State, Simon Publications, 2001, ISBN 978-1-931541-39-8.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Jan Koniarek, Polish Air Force 1939—1945, Squadron/Signal Publications, 1994, ISBN 978-0-89747-324-8.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Stefan Korboński, Zofia Korbońska, F. B. Czarnomski: Fighting Warsaw: the Story of the Polish Underground State, 1939—1945, Hippocrene Books, 2004, ISBN 978-0-7818-1035-7.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, University Publications of America, 1984, ISBN 978-0-89093-547-7.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Władysław Kozaczuk, Jerzy Straszak: Enigma: How the Poles Broke the Nazi Code, Hippocrene Books; February 1, 2004, ISBN 978-0-7818-0941-2.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Richard Lukas: Did the Children Cry?


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Hippocrene Books, 1994.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Richard Lukas: Forgotten Holocaust.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Hippocrene Books, 2nd rev.ed.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

, 2005.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Richard Lukas: Forgotten Survivors.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Univ.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Press of Kansas, 2004.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Lynne Olson, Stanley Cloud: A Question of Honor: The Kosciuszko Squadron: Forgotten Heroes of World War II, Knopf, 2003, ISBN 978-0-375-41197-7.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Michael Alfred Peszke, Battle for Warsaw, 1939—1944, East European Monographs, 1995, ISBN 978-0-88033-324-5.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Michael Alfred Peszke, Poland's Navy, 1918-1945, Hippocrene Books, 1999, ISBN 978-0-7818-0672-5.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Michael Alfred Peszke, The Polish Underground Army, the Western Allies, and the Failure of Strategic Unity in World War II, foreword by Piotr S. Wandycz, Jefferson, NC, McFarland & Company, 2005, ISBN 978- 0-7864-2009-4.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Polish Air Force Association: Destiny Can Wait: The Polish Air Force in the Second World War, Battery Press, 1988, ISBN 978-0-89839-113-8.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Polish Troops in Norway, a photographic record of the campaign at Narvik, published for the Polish Ministry of Information by M.I.Kolin (Publishers) Ltd.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

, London July 1943.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Harvey Sarner: Anders and the Soldiers of the Second Polish Corps, Brunswick Press, 1998, ISBN 978-1-888521-13-9.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Stanisław Sosabowski: Freely I Served, Battery Press Inc, 1982, ISBN 978-0-89839-061-2.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Gordon Welchman, The Hut Six Story: Breaking the Enigma Codes, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1982.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Michał Wojewódzki, Akcja V-1, V-2, 3rd ed.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

, rev.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

, Warsaw, Pax, 1975.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

E. Thomas Wood, Stanislav M. Jankowski: Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust, Wiley, 1996, ISBN 978-0-471-14573-8.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Steven J. Zaloga: Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg, Osprey Publishing, 2004, ISBN 978-1-84176-408-5.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Steven J. Zaloga: The Polish Army 1939—1945, Osprey Publishing, 1982, ISBN 978-0-85045-417-8.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Adam Zamoyski: The Forgotten Few: The Polish Air Force in the Second World War, Pen & Sword Books, 2004, ISBN 978-1-84415-090-8.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

The Poles on the Battlefronts of the Second World War.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Warszawa, 2005.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

ISBN 83-11-10163-9.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Mukhin Yu.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

AND. The crusade to the East.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

— M.: “Yauza”, “Eksmo”, 2004.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Petrushevich O. Interaction of the Polish underground with Soviet partisan detachments in the defense of the Polish population from the actions of Ukrainian nationalist detachments in Volyn in 1943//The forgotten genocide: “Volyn massacre” 1943—1944: collection of documents and researches/Comp.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

A. R. Dyukov said.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

— Moscow: Alexey Yakovlev, 2008.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

— P. 90—117.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Klimkovsky E.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

“The most vile of the vile.”


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

Notes by adjutant General Anders.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

— Veche, 2011.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II

— ISBN 978-5-9533-5396-0.


Question: Was there a Jewish general in the Polish Army in 1939?

Poland during World War II


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“Bad Romance” (Russian: Vicious Romance) is a song written by American singer Lady Gaga and produced by RedOne.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The song was released as a lead single for the album “The Fame Monster”.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The song was written under the inspiration that the singer has experienced over the past few years as she toured the world.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

A demo version of the song leaked online before its official premiere at Paris Fashion Week on October 6, 2009.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Critics gave a positive assessment of the song, comparing it to the song “Poker Face”.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The song topped the charts in the UK, Ireland, Canada, Russia, Sweden, Germany, Austria and Denmark peaked at number two in the United States, Australia and New Zealand.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The single also won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The video for the song was shot in a white bathroom, from which Gaga is kidnapped by a group of models who drink her and then sell her to the mafia for sexual slavery.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The video was enthusiastically received by critics, mainly because of the cinematography and its novelty.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Critics also especially noted his symbolic plot and ability to shock the audience.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The video also won a Grammy Award for Best Short Music Video


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The song “Bad Romance” was the first female song to receive diamond certification in the United States, and after the first female song to receive 11 platinum in the same country.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

About the song


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“Bad Romance” was released as the first single from the singer's second album, “The Fame Monster” [1].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Before the official release, the demo of the song “leaked” on the Internet, after which Lady Gaga commented on Twitter: “The leak of the next single makes my ears bleed. Wait until you hear the real version” [2].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

A small part of the song was performed during the American television program “Saturday Night Live” on October 3, 2009, along with other songs by the singer, Poker Face and LoveGame.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

[3] [4].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“Bad Romance” was officially presented at the finale of Alexander McQueen's Spring/Summer 2010 fashion show on October 6, 2009 at Paris Fashion Week [5].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The cover art for the single was released on October 15, 2009.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Bill Lamb of About.com commented positively about the cover, saying that: “Gaga continues to support her line of creating strong images that accompany her music and performances” [6].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Gaga said that “Bad Romance” was one of the songs she wrote in 2008 while touring the world.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

All these songs were written about the various “monsters” (paranoid ideas) she faced during this period of time.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

One of these “monsters” was the “monster of love”, which served as the inspiration for writing “Bad Romance” [7].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Later, in an interview with Indian magazine Grazia, Gaga explained where she got the inspiration for writing the song.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

She said that:


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“I wrote Bad Romance when I was in Norway on my tour bus. I was in Russia, later in Germany and spent a lot of time in Eastern Europe. There's such amazing German house techno music that I wanted to do an experimental pop recording. I kind of like to keep the minimalist beat of the 80s and take the melody from the 90s, which, in fact, was my inspiration. Well, of course, a little whiskey was also involved in writing the song. In fact, this song is about what it means to be in love with your best friend.”


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Music and lyrics


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

According to MTV, the tempo of the song is similar to Gaga's early single “Poker Face”.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The song begins with Gaga singing part of the chorus, which then turns into a hook, with the words “Rah-rah-ah-ah-ah/Roma-roma-mah/gaga-ooh-là-là”.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The sound is accompanied by a beat of drums and arranged by keyboards [2].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

In the bridge, Gaga says “You know that I want you/ And you know that I need you”, followed by a chorus in which Gaga sings: “You and me could write a bad romance [...] Caught in a bad romance” [2].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

According to About.com, the music of the song is best suited for fashion shows and the catwalk [7].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“Slant Magazine” said that the music in the song consists of a new wave style and a number of “endless” hooks [9].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“The Independent” pointed out that the chorus was influenced by Boney M's music, while “The Guardian” wrote that it was reminiscent of the music from Depeche Mode's fifth album, “Black Celebration”, 1986 year of release [10] [11].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The song was recorded at an average pace of 116 beats per minute.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

It is also known that the song was written in the key of A minor, with the following chord sequences: Am-C-F-C-G (for verses) and F-G-Am-C-F-G-E-Am (for the chorus) [12].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The lyrics, in general, speak of the joys of a “bad romance”, but this idea changes in the bridge and turns to the theme of fashion [13].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

During an interview on November 2, 2009 on “It's On with Alexa Chung”, Gaga noted that she listed Alfred Hitchcock's films in verse: “I want your psychosis, your dizzying slang, I want you in my window into the yard, baby, you're crazy.”


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

She claimed, “What I really wanted to say is that I want the deepest, darkest, craziest part of you that you're afraid to share with anyone because I'm so love you very much” [14].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Criticism


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Bill Lamb of About.com said that: “Lady Gaga's singing is in her best qualities here, as she goes from danger to light sweetness [in her voice] and back [...] And if you have there were still some doubts that Gaga would remain the artist of one album, then the beats and melodies of “Bad Romance” that fill the room would help to finally dispel them” [7] He also noted that the song is one of the best on the album [15].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Gill Coffmann of MTV pointed out that: “The minimalist beat [of the song] keeps you impatient waiting for a sequel, [...] increasing the delight in Erasure's pulsating chorus, but still experiencing the lack of the tension that Gaga's greatest hits caused” [2].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Daniel Craps of “Rolling Stone”, when writing about the “leak” of the single to the Internet, said that: “the single does not depart so far from a project on which other hits have been written, especially “Poker Face”, with which “Bad Romance “has a striking resemblance” [16].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Christopfer John Farley of The Wall Street Journal noted that: “it is especially difficult to resist the catchiness of the Bad Romance hook” [17].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Sal Singuemani of “Slant Magazine” called the song one of the best moments on the album and added that: “If the melody could be stamped with time, you could stigmatize the 80s on the ass of this track” [18].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Simon Price of “The Independent” claimed that the first lyrics of “I want your ugly, I want your disease” set the gothic tone for the entire album “The Fame Monster” [19].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Kitty Empire of “The Guardian” said that “singles like “Bad Romance” show even more convincing the possibility of this groovy, uncharismatic Italian-American Lady Gaga to become the new Madonna” [20 ].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Paul Lester of the BBC called the song “crappy” and felt its comparability with Andy Warhol's music [21].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Michael Wood of the Los Angeles Times called the song “a little Europop” [22].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

John Dolan of Rolling Stone said that “Bad Romance makes Gaga's name a Teutonic slogan” [23].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Michael Hubaird of “MusicomH” expressed the opinion that the chorus of the song is the best for Gaga so far: “mainly because it seems to consist of three separate parts, each of which is the same exciting as the other” [24].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Monica Herrera of “Billboard” felt that “Bad Romance” was not as exciting as Gaga's previous singles, but it had an “evil” sex appeal [25].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Pitchfork Media ranked “Bad Romance” at number 39 on their list of the best 100 songs of 2009, calling it “epic by nature” [26].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Georgy Kharebava of Muz.ru said that “Bad Romance is the perfect first single” and described it as “a kind of mutant, a hybrid of Poker Face with Paparazzi — a crazy intro, a melodic chorus and Gagina's signature hooks” [27].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

In “Rolling Stone” magazine, the song was ranked number nine on its list of “25 Best Songs of 2009”.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Chart positions


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

In Russia, Bad Romance debuted on November 15, 2009 at number 40 on the Russian radio chart [29].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Six weeks later, the single topped the chart, shifting from number one the very successful single “I will be” by 23:45 and 5ivesta family, which topped the chart for 10 weeks [30].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

In total, the single “Bad Romance” topped the Russian radio chart for 9 weeks.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

In the first, officially presented chart of the 30 most downloaded songs by Muz.ru, the single reached number 5 [31].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

On March 3, 2010, the single peaked at number two on the Russian digital singles chart, while the CD single in the remix version also peaked at number two in sales [32].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The single was certified gold in Russia (as a ring back tone) for selling more than 100,000 copies [33] [34].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“Bad Romance” debuted at number nine on November 14, 2009 on the “Billboard Hot 100”, becoming Gaga's best debut on the chart, selling 142,000 digital copies in its first week.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Two weeks later, the song peaked at number two, becoming Gaga's third best single in the United States, after the singles “Just Dance” and “Poker Face”.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The promotion on the chart was driven by a 49% increase in digital downloads, which allowed the single to reach number one on the “Hot Digital Songs” chart [36].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The single has so far sold more than 4 million 330 thousand copies in the United States, according to Nielsen Soundscan, making Gaga the only artist to have three singles sold more than four million copies (the other two: “Just Dance” and “Poker Face”) [37] [38].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“Bad Romance” debuted on the Pop Songs chart at number 39 [39] and later topped the chart on January 16, 2010, becoming Gaga's fifth consecutive single to top the chart [40].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

In the same week, the single topped the dance music chart “Hot Dance Club Songs” [40].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

According to Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, Bad Romance set a record for the number of radio broadcasts in the United States in one week, as it was played 10,859 times on radio stations [41].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The single debuted at number 58 on the Canadian “Canadian Hot 100” chart.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The following week, the single topped the chart, becoming Gaga's third song to top the chart [43].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The song debuted on the Australian “ARIA Charts” at number 16 on 2 November 2009 [44] and at number 33 on the New Zealand “RIANZ” chart.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The following week, the single peaked at number three in Australia [46].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Seven weeks after its debut on the chart, the song peaked at number two [47].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

In New Zealand, the song peaked at number three [45].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

On October 29, 2009, the song debuted on the Irish Singles Chart at number 20 and peaked at number one seven weeks later.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The song debuted in the top 20 on the UK Singles Chart at number 14 and topped the chart on December 13, 2009, making Gaga the first singer in the history of the chart to have three number one hits in one calendar year [49].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

In Sweden, the song debuted at number three and topped the chart two weeks later [50] [51].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The single debuted on the pan-European singles chart “European Hot 100 Singles” at number 40 [52] and topped the chart for one week on January 23, 2010.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

According to the International Federation of the Recording Industry (IFPI), the single became the second best-selling single in 2010, in the world.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

At the same time, the single sold 9 million 700 thousand copies [54].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Music video


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

During an interview with Rolling Stone magazine, Gaga announced that director Francis Lawrence had already made the video and that she was “impressed” by herself and the final result of the filming [55].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

She said that: “I know Lawrence's ability as a director is much higher than what I could do” [56].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Members of Gaga's creative team “Haus of Gaga” were involved as art directors of the video [55].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The video premiered on November 10, 2009. [57]


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Gaga later described her work with Lawrence as:


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“I wanted someone with a huge understanding of how to make a pop video, because my main difficulty in working with directors is that I am a director and I write the script and I implement fashion, I I'm deciding what this is about and it's very difficult for me to find a director who leaves freedom of expression for an artist [...] But Francis and I worked together. [...] It was a collaboration. He is a true pop video director and a true filmmaker. He directed “I Am Legend” and I'm a big fan of Will Smith, so I knew he would make the video in a way that I would show him with my fantastic, mostly crazy ideas, [...] But it could both shock and be understandable to the public” [56].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The plot


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The plot of the video is based on the fact that Gaga is kidnapped by a group of super models, then drinks her and sells her to the mafia.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

In the course of the clip, on the displays of mafia laptops, you can see the cost of the “sale” for 1,000,000 rubles, and even displayed a new symbol of the Russian ruble.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The action takes place in a fluorescent white bathroom [56] [58].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The video begins with Gaga sitting on a white throne, wearing a gold dress and glasses made of blades.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

She is surrounded by various people and her dog (Great Dane breed).


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

She holds her finger on the music off button on the iPod (from which a synthesized extract from the fugue in B minor from Johann Sebastian Bach's First Book of The Well-Tempered Clavier sounds) and when she releases the button, “Bad Romance” starts to sound.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Sunlight hits the bathroom walls and activates fluorescent spotlights, after which the inscription “Bath Haus of GaGa” becomes visible.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

After that, a group of dancers, dressed in white tights and knee-length boots, with crown-like hairstyles, begin to get out of the egg-shaped incubators.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The central incubator has the inscription “Monster” and Gaga gets out of it, dressed as the dancers who start dancing behind her.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

When the chorus starts to sound, two women pull Gaga out of the bath, tear off her clothes and force her to drink a glass of Nemiroff Lex vodka.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

When the second verse begins, Gaga, wearing a diamond-embellished corset, begins to dance seductively in front of a group of men who appreciate her.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

She chooses one of the men and performs a lap dance.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

After that, the man raises his stakes and offers the best price for it.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

When the chorus is played for the third time, Gaga is already wearing a floor-length cape, with a polar bear collar.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

She goes to a man who is lying on the bed, unbuttoning his shirt.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Gaga expresses indifference and drops her cloak and sunglasses.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Suddenly, after that, the bed ignites along with the man lying on it.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The video ends with Gaga lying next to a smoldering skeleton on a bed covered with ashes.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

She smokes a cigarette while her pyrotechnic bra releases sparks.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

To date, the video has more than 1 billion views on YouTube.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Video reviews


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Tim Stack of Entertainment Weekly saw the similarity of the choreography of the video with the choreography of Michael Jackson's video “Thriller”.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

He said that: “I don't think Gaga ever looked better than a close-up when she's more naked below the waist [...] This is an amazing video” [59].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Jennifer Cady from “E!” was also impressed by the video and said that: “This video really makes us appreciate everything that Gaga brings to pop music. It's fascinating on its own and nothing more. [...] We need someone like Gaga to create this. After all, it fills its product with real thoughts and care, and that is why it is so “alive”” [60].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Daniel Crapt of “Rolling Stone” felt the similarity of the video with the works of Stanley Kubrick.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

He also added that “Bad Romance” is essentially made for fans of Gaga and is made in perhaps the craziest and brightest canvas, so far [...] and undoubtedly Gaga is dressed in the most outrageous outfits she ever wore (and that already says a lot)” [61].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

MTV's Jocelyn Vienna found the video symbolic and showing that “the old Gaga is gone, now you see a completely different Gaga who seems to admire the breaking of restrictions and studying everything types of sexual inclinations.”


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

He also noted that: “This video is a dedication to the best that Gaga has as an artist and that she is using it as a new impetus for her future career step. Today, fewer and fewer stars seem to put such thoughts into their vision and in their works” [62].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“The Wall Street Journal” noted that Gaga “seems to be the only artist in modern times who really understands performance, fashion, shock and choreography — everything Madonna and Michael Jackson are wearing were masters in the 80s” [17].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Bill Lamb of About.com wrote that “like a song, the video explodes your senses until you're completely drowned in the audio and visual power of it. Gaga continues to break boundaries and shows us something completely new. It seems that the music industry is too often trying to recreate what has already been successful in the past without introducing anything new, and Lady Gaga remains interesting enough to watch” [63].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Live performance


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Part of the song was performed on the television show “Saturday Night Live” on October 3, 2009.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Gaga wore a sophisticated costume called “Orbita”, designed by Nazir Mazhar and the singer's creative team, “Haus of Gaga” [4].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Described by Gaga as a “fashion setup,” the costume consists of concentric metal rings that revolve around her.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

After performing “LoveGame”, Gaga sat down at the piano (with some difficulties caused by the design of the costume) and performed an acoustic version of the chorus of “Bad Romance” [2] [64].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Gaga also performed the song on the television show “Gossip Girl” during an episode of “The Last Days of Disco Stick”, aired on November 16, 2009 [65] The performance takes place on a private show hosted by the hero Blair Waldorf, who tried to assert herself as a newcomer to New York University [66].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

In an interview with MTV, Gaga said that the idea to perform the song on the show was given by her sister.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

She explained that she did not want the performance to be detached from the main storyline of the show, so she worked with the show's writers to fit the performance seamlessly into the overall plot.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The performance included many stairs in the scenery, as a symbol of failure.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Gaga wore a very long, 35-foot dress [67].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

According to the show's executive producer, Stephanie Savage, the song included a little specific lyrics from Gossip Girl [65].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The plot includes a scene where Waldorf tries to impress her friends at New York's Tisch School of the Arts, where Gaga herself studied.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Her stepfather, who knew Gaga when she was at university, invited her to perform on the show.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The performance began with her appearance from two giant doors, dressed in a huge red dress.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

After that, she went up the stairs, where she sang part of the song [68].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Gaga performed the song at the 2009 American Music Awards.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The song was paired with another song from the album “The Fame Monster”, “Speechless”.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Gaga wore a flesh-colored suit decorated with white wires that emit a pulsating glow and imitating the human chest.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The performance began with the performance of “Bad Romance”.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

It was then converted to “Speechless”, in front of which Gaga used her microphone stand to break the glass cube in which the piano was located.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

After that, she climbed onto the piano from above and began to perform the song while it caught fire.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Throughout the song, Gaga broke bottles of piano liqueur [69].


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The single “Bad Romance” was also the end of every show “The Monster Ball Tour”.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

The tour began on November 27, 2009 and continued until May 6, 2011.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

During the performance of the final composition, Gaga, dressed in a complex costume of an incomprehensible shape and with a headdress and glasses, was inside the gyroscope and sang the first words from “Bad Romance”.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Then the song itself began.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

During the performance, choreography from the video itself was actively used.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

It all ended with Gaga, surrounded by her dancers, walking deep into the stage and saying the last phrase “Want your bad romance”.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

At the concert on February 18 in Manchester, a completely new concept of the show was used: a new stage, new sets, new costumes and much more.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

From February 18 to 26, the costumes for the performance of “Bad Romance” changed in each city.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

But at concerts in London, “Bad Romance” was performed by the singer in the same metal Armani suit in which she performed the single on tour until the very last concert.


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

List of songs


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Digital Single [70]


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Bad Romance — 4:54


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

EP Digital Single [71]


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Bad Romance — 4:54


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“Bad Romance” (Hercules & Love Affair Remix) - 5:11


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“Bad Romance” (Chew Fu Remix) - 7:13


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“Bad Romance” (Starsmith Remix) - 4:55


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“Bad Romance” (Music Video) — 5:14


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

CD Promo Single [72]


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“Bad Romance” (Short Radio Edit) — 4:00


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“Bad Romance” (Radio Edit) - 4:22


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Bad Romance (Main) — 4:54


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

European CD single [72]


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“Bad Romance” (Radio Edit) - 4:24


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

Bad Romance (Main) — 4:54


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

German Remix Version [73]


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“Bad Romance” (Radio Edit) - 4:21


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“Bad Romance” (Chew Fu Remix) - 7:13


Question: When was “Bad Romance” released?

Bad Romance

“Bad Romance” (Starsmith Remix) - 4:55