Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Some stands are effective in close or ranged combat, while others are suitable for subversive activities.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

List of Jojo's Bizarre Adventure characters

A person can get a stand under a variety of mysterious circumstances, in some cases, the ability to own a stand is inherited or there are artifacts that can awaken people stand.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Any animal (manga featured monkeys, dogs, cats, rats, plants and even plankton) can also have a stand, and they usually become too dangerous to be left alive, as animals do not realize the dangerous power they have acquired and are killing anyone they meet or feel potentially threatened.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

It takes a lot of spiritual strength to own a stand.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Otherwise, the stand will drain the host's energy and kill him.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

If you injure the stand, then the owner gets a wound in the same place, and if the stand is destroyed, its owner dies.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Jamon


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

is the inner strength of some people, concentric light waves that have a similar nature to solar energy and are therefore fatal to vampires.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Such people are surviving descendants of a tribe of sunny people who could resist the human gods, but were eventually exterminated by the latter, but some members of the tribe fled and their descendants show the ability to own jamon.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Jamon is owned by Jonathan and Joseph Jostar, as well as their late allies.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

With the death of Dio, who was the last vampire, there was no need for jamon.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Hirohiko Araki, screenwriter Jojo's Bizarre Adventure, gave the power of jamon to his characters in the first two parts of the Phantom Blood and Battle Tendency manga and refused it in the following parts after came up with the concept of stands.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Column People


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

is an ancient race of superhumans that lived thousands of years ago in Central America, where locals worshiped them as gods.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

They were afraid of the sun and needed human blood.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

In an attempt to overcome their weakness for the sun, they conducted various experiments, one of which was the creation of stone masks that give people part of the nature of superhumans, making them vampires.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Column men are essentially a more advanced and powerful version of the vampire.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

They have unique abilities, such as moving into the body or moving through microscopic space, and they are also able to turn into stone if they are exposed to the sun, avoiding final death.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

vampire


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

- a supernatural creature created as a result of experiments of the ancient super-race “column-people”.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

They have greater physical strength, feed on blood, but through their fingers.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

They are afraid of sunlight, ultraviolet radiation and jamon, as they turn into ashes.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

To become a top-class vampire, you need to wear a stone mask and sprinkle it with blood.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

It pierces the skull with “spikes” that activate parts of the brain, awakening the hidden capabilities of the body.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

A top-class vampire takes on a young form (if old), can create low-class vampires or zombies, and resurrect long-dead people.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

If a person receives vampire blood, he does not convert, but his body regenerates, so Joseph Jostar was brought back to life.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

After the events of Part 2 of the manga, all stone masks were destroyed, and in part 3 of the manga, Dio became the last vampire (after Nukesaku and Vanilla Aisa), as he did not seek to convert his subordinates.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

After Dio died, there were no more vampires left.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Zombie


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

- They're the lower-class undead that vampires can create.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

At the same time, even the old remains of people who lived several centuries ago can be turned into zombies.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Although they are weaker than vampires, do not possess their unique abilities, and do not regenerate, they still outperform mortals in physical strength.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

They look like living corpses and have a disgusting smell.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Phantom


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

- A creature from the Jojo universe, appears for the first time in Diamond is Unbreakable.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

A ghost is the restless soul of a deceased person, which for one reason or another could not enter the afterlife.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

They can only be seen by people who own stands or animals.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Despite the fact that there are no physical barriers for a ghost, it must obey rules, for example, it can only enter an empty room, or if a living person has given him permission to do so.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

A ghost, with sufficient spiritual strength, can interact with physical objects.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

The ghost does not develop/change as a person, remaining hostage to his feelings before death and the essence of its existence is the pursuit of a dying idea or goal.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

When the ghost is no longer held on earth (for example, it has completed a goal, or the object of its anger has died), the ghost finds peace and goes to heaven.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

If a ghost did sinful deeds during his lifetime, he goes to hell.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

A ghost can own a stand and engage in battle with live stand carriers.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Ghosts are hunted by cleaners, egg-like creatures that, when in contact with a ghost, destroy it and turn it into pure energy.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

In this way, cleaners control the ghost population so that they do not become a threat to the world of the living.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Speedwagon Foundation


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

is a foundation that helps the Jostar family and their descendants.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

It was founded by Robert E.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

O. Speedwagon, a loyal ally of Jonathan Jostar of Phantom Blood.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

The aged Robert found an oil well and became rich by founding Speedwagon, after his death he bequeathed to continue providing financial support to the descendants of Jonathan Jostar, such as transport or finding new allies with a stand.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

This is how this fund is mentioned in every next installment of the Jojo manga.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

The perception


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

According to manga author Hirohiko Araki, when creating the characters, he was inspired by famous action films such as Rambo and Terminator [13].


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Jotaro Kujo stands out the most against this background.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Battle scenes also look more believable compared to Dragon Ball, for example [14].


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

When reviewing the first part of Phantom Blood, critics noticed that the main character Jonathan Jostar turned out to be an uninteresting character, and the story rests on his allies, Speedwagon and Zeppel, and the main enemy Dio Brando [15] [16].


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

In a review of Stardust Crusaders, a critic of ootb-media noted that the main character Jotaro turned out to be cold: he is not a gentleman like Jonathan, but he is not a deceiver like Joseph.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Dio returns and becomes even more charismatic than in the first part of the manga.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

The plot successfully balances between humor and seriousness [17].


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

The unusual poses of the characters depicted in the manga have become a kind of meme, and manga fans can copy poses and upload photos to the Internet.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

[5] Also, the faces of many characters may be too “detailed and glamorous”, as a result of which some artists and photographers may parody Araki's work.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Some of the most famous and recognizable characters in the Jojo universe are Jotaro Kujo [18] and Dio Brando [19].


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

For example, Kyari Pamyu Pamyu Pamyu is a Jotaro fan and often takes iconic poses from Jotaro and other characters from the manga during his performances.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

In addition, she named her dog Jojo and also wore Jotaro's cosplay character for interviews.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

[20] Jotaro's pose was also used by Clint Eastwood, a famous American actor, for photography in a magazine celebrating the 25th anniversary of the manga.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Eastwood also met in person with Hirohiko Araki, the author of the manga [21].


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Dio once caused a major scandal between the creators of the OVA adaptation and the Islamists, who discovered that in one of the short shots Dio read a sura from the Quran, which the Japanese accidentally inserted by understanding the Arabic text.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Islamists regarded this as an insult to Islam and propaganda of the image of Muslims as terrorists.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

As a result, Viz Media and Shueisha were forced to apologize and stop publishing the manga for a whole year.


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Despite the fact that Dio Brando is the most recognizable villain, Yoshikage Kiru is considered the best villain, who was even nominated as the best villain of the year for the Villain of the Year Award in 2017, where he lost to Gaku Yashiro of Boku Dake ga Inai Machi without gaining about 400 votes [23]


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

According to a fan vote in Weekly Shonen Jump in 2018, Giorno Giovanna, the protagonist of the Vento Aureo manga, was ranked second on the list of the strongest heroes of all time [24].


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Notes


Question: What is the name of the protagonist Jojo's Bizarre Adventure?

Category:Jojo's Bizarre Adventure characters


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The history of Odessa is a historical period belonging to the territory of the Gulf of Odessa (the north-western coast of the Black Sea) and fits into the time frame from the 1st millennium BC. e.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

to this day.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Before the city was founded


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Ancient period


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The territory of Odessa has been inhabited since the appearance of Greek settlements (VI century BC) in the Northern Black Sea region.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The place occupied by Odessa was known and inhabited as early as the 2nd century AD.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Arrian, the ruler of Cappadocia, who inspected the shores of the Black Sea at the behest of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, found here a settlement and ship shelter for Istrian sailors — Greek: ISTRIANON LIMIN ( Ancient Greek: Istrianon limn; literal translation - harbor of the Istrians).


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

[1] Remains of antiquities (vases, pottery, amphoras, bowls) periodically found in the ground during construction work in different parts of the city from the very first moment of its foundation (from the first years of the XIX century) [2], belonging to the Greek era of ownership of the Black Sea coast, provide material evidence of the existence on the site of Odessa of ancient Greek settlements that traded with the endless Scythian steppe.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

On the site of present-day Odessa, there existed for 6 centuries BC the Greek colony Istrion (Istrian) and the harbor of Isiakon (Isiaka), later the port of Skopeli;


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In the immediate vicinity, the Greeks also founded settlement colonies: Nikonion (on the Dniester, where Ovidiopol is today), Tira (on the opposite bank of the Dniester estuary), Isakion (about 2 miles almost from Odessa, at the Dry Estuary), Skopelos (2.5 miles from Odessa, at the Maly Adzhalyk estuary), Odyssos or Ordessos (about 6 miles (≈ 45 km to B) from Odessa, at the Tiligul estuary) and Alektos (on the spot will be.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

fortresses Dashev (1415), Kara-Kermen (1492; later Achi-Kale) and the port of Ochakov (1792)).


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Between those settlements, rich Olvia was famous, on the right bank of the Buga River, ancient Hipanis (where the village of Parutino is now {Ilyinskoye (1811-1905)}).


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

All of the above port colonies, including Odessa (Istrian, Isiaka), were directly administratively subordinate to the policy (city-state) of Olbia.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The devastation of the Northern Black Sea Coast in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

on the eve of the Great Migration of Peoples, probably caused the desolation of settlements located on the shores of the Odessa Gulf.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

(All information in this section is taken from:


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The Middle Ages and Modern Times (Pre-Russian Period)


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In the 8th and 10th centuries, the Old Slavic tribes of Tivertsy and streets dominated on the shores of the Northern Black Sea region.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The “Tale of Bygone Years” says that “... improve and Tivertsy gray-haired bo along the Dniester, sat down [neighboring] Dunaevi. Be [there] a multiplicity of them; gray [before] along the Dniester Oli to [the very] sea, and the essence [preserved] of their hails to this day...” [6].


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The places of these seaside cities have not yet been discovered, but there is no denying the possibility that there were some ancient Slavic settlements on the territory of modern Odessa [7].


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In the second half of the XIV century, when these lands fell under the control of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the literature mentions the port of Kotsyubeev, which, according to one hypothesis, is identical to the Tatar settlement Hajibey, which arose after the conquest of the region by the Ottoman Empire.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In 1765, near Khadzhibey, the Turks erected a stone fortress of Yeni-Dunya (translated from tour. Novy Svet), located between the modern Potemkin Stairs and the Vorontsov Palace on Primorsky Boulevard.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

As part of the Russian Empire (1789—1794)


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

I could say: it's dirty in Odessa —


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

And here, I really wouldn't lie.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In a year of five or six weeks Odessa,


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

By the will of the stormy Zeus,


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Sunk, dammed


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

It is immersed in thick mud.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

All the houses on the arshin are polluted,


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Pedestrian only on stilts


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Wading down the street;


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Carriages, people drown, get stuck


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

And in leaps and bounds the ox, the horns of the slope,


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Replaces a frail horse.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

A.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

S. Pushkin [8]


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787—1791, the fortress (castle) attracted the attention of A. IN. Suvorov, en route to Bendery; the fortress was taken at dawn on September 13, 1789 by the advanced detachment of the corps of General I. IN. Gudovich.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The detachment was commanded by Count José de Ribas (also known as Joseph Deribas).


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The detachment also included Cossacks led by Ataman Golovaty (who at that time had the rank of second major of the Russian army).


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

City foundation


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

After the Treaty of Iasi (1791), at the suggestion of A. Suvorov, the construction of the fortress began here (1793); the new city of Odessa was founded by the rescript of Catherine II of June 7 [O.S. 1794] in the very west of the newly acquired territory of the Russian Empire — Novorossia.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

She entrusted the project for the construction of the city, port and a new fortress (on the site of which the Alexander Park was later laid out) to the Dutch military engineer Franz de Vollan, who fully implemented principles of ancient Roman urban planning.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

On September 2 [O.S. 1794], with the blessing of Metropolitan Gabriel (Banulescu-Bodoni) of Yekaterinoslav and Taurida, the first piles were driven into the foundation of the city.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The city being created in 1795 was called Odessa - a derivative (as is commonly believed) from ancient Greek Odessos - in memory of the ancient Ancient Greek: Odissos/Ordessos (Strabo, Arrian), once located to the east in the area of the Tiligul estuary, near Histrion.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The city was built under the leadership of Vice Admiral I. Deribas, to whom grateful descendants erected a monument [1994, sculptor A. A. Prince] only two centuries later, and before that, his name was respectfully kept in the name of the main street.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Well-located geographically, Odessa during the 19th century turned from a small settlement into a commercial, industrial and scientific center, while remaining, however, a county center.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

To the 100th anniversary of its founding (1894) Odessa ranked 4th in the Russian Empire in terms of population and level of economic development after St. Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In 1791-1793, the population numbered 122 inhabitants.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

(probably without builders and military), 1799 — 4177 people


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

, in 1820 — 60,000, 1873 — up to 180922 people.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

, 1881 — 207562 inhabitants.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

A third of the population of Odessa was mostly Jews and numerous foreigners, mainly Greeks, French, Moldovans, Germans, etc.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

[historical districts, streets, boulevards, squares remained from each of the national communities - Grecheskaya Square, French Boulevard, Moldavanka (originally a suburb, a settlement, now a housing estate as part of cities) and so on [9]


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Odessa was led consistently, in particular: DeriBas, Duke (Duke) de Richelieu, Count A. F. Langeron, M. S. Vorontsov, G. G. Merazli and others.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

As part of the Russian Empire (1794—1917)


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Pri de Ribas


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The Russian government did not immediately make a final decision on how it wants to see Odessa.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Initially, after the conclusion of the Peace of Iasi, it was supposed to settle Hajibey with retired sailors of the Mediterranean rowing flotilla.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

But this project was soon abandoned, and instead in 1793 it was decided to include the Khadzhibey fortress in the III defensive or Dniester line and build a fortress here.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

This line of defense was supposed to cover the new Russian border from Bessarabia and was to include 3 fortresses: Tiraspol, Ovidiopol and Khadzhibey.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Vice Admiral de Ribas and Engineer de Volan were appointed builders of the fortresses.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The project of the fortress proposed by de Volan was supposed to create a fortress here for 120 guns and 2,000 garrison men.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Construction began immediately, up to 800 soldiers worked every day, and by the end of 1793 the outlines of the fortress were already visible.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Thus, Khadzhibey turned into a purely military city.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In 1794, two musketeers and two grenadier regiments arrived there.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

At this point, there was a radical revolution in the development of the city.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In the city of Khadzhibey, it was decided to build a military and commercial port on the Black Sea.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Initial plans were to build such a port in Kherson or Mykolaiv, but the freezing and shallow mouths of rivers in those cities forced us to look for another place.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The merit of de Ribas and de Volan is that they understood for themselves and convinced the Empress that there is no better place than Hajibey.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

On June 7 [O.S. 1794], followed by the Supreme Rescript on the construction of the city and port in Khadzhibey.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The city was given the usual privileges in such cases: exemption for 10 years from taxes, military posts, issuing a loan from the treasury to settlers for the first establishment, allowing sectarians to make their worship services and build their own churches.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The official version of the renaming of Khadzhibey to Odessa is as follows: at the court ball on January 17 [O.S. 1795], Catherine II was proposed to rename Khadzhibey in memory of the ancient Hellenic village of Odyssos, near this place.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The Empress replied: “Let Khadzhibey bear the ancient Hellenic name, but in the feminine gender - Odessa.”


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In any case, the first written name of Khadzhibey Odessa is found on January 21 [O.S. 1795] in the title of the Highest Approved Staff of the Spare Salt Shop [10].


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

But who should populate the new city?


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Since 1794, a new plan has been made — to create a shelter from Hajibey “for peoples of the same faith suffering under the Turkish yoke, mainly Greeks” — after the conclusion of peace, many residents of the Balkans, actively who helped Russians, were forced to become refugees.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Obviously, this is why, on its plan of 1794, the city is divided into two sections — military and Greek.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

This, by the way, creates another hypothesis about the origin of the Greek name “Odessa” — a Greek name, Greek inhabitants.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

On April 19 (30), 1795, decrees were issued (1) on the settlement in Odessa of the Greeks and Albanians who served Russia in the last war in the archipelago; (2) on the establishment of a three-fold division of 330 people from Greeks and Albanians lower ranks; (3) on the export at the expense of the Russian treasury of wishing urban immigrants from the Greek archipelago.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

A special “commission for Greeks and Albanians” was formed to resolve all issues of new arrivals.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In July 1795, the first population census was conducted, presumably conducted superficially and with great inaccuracies.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

According to this census, in the city (except for the military garrison) there were 2,349 souls of residents of both sexes, except for nobles and officials.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Runaway landlord peasants — 566 souls.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

They were followed by state-owned peasants — 500 souls, bourgeois who moved from different provinces — 613, Jews — 240, Greeks — 224, merchants 146 and Bulgarians 60.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

As you can see, the population of Khadzhibey has not increased in any way over the 6 years of existence in the Russian crown.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In general, during the leadership of the young city of de Ribas, despite the large sums allocated by the government for the construction of the port, construction was extremely slow, probably for objective reasons ( for example, in 1795, out of the allocated 712,000 rubles, only 87,579 were actually spent) and even in 1799, the port of Odessa existed more on paper than in reality.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

If there was no port, there was no trade, which the government hoped so much in its plans.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The sad situation of Odessa was officially stated immediately after the death of Catherine II.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The accession to the throne of Paul I meant a complete and sharp change in the entire government system.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The persons standing under Catherine left the historical stage, the institutions that enjoyed the special guardianship of the Empress were abandoned and forgotten.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

All these changes had a sensitive impact on Odessa, this creation of Catherine and Count Zubov.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

At the beginning of 1797, Vice Admiral de Ribas was dismissed.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Upon his departure, the expedition of the city and port building was closed and the first builder de Volan was resigned.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Pavel's actions, by the way, had every reason - the information collected by the new head of the Novorossiysk Territory on behalf of Pavel showed that the huge costs associated with the construction of the Odessa ports place a heavy burden on the treasury and have not yielded any significant results.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The audit showed multiple cases of abuse and embezzlement.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

However, the unfinished port, and therefore the dangers associated with winter parking in the Gulf of Odessa, together with the poor harvest of 1799, the newly begun war and even the earthquake failed the trade of the region (and therefore Odessa) to the last gasp.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

To develop trade, it was necessary to complete the construction of the port


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

This is where the famous story of sending a batch of Greek oranges to Paul happened, which saved the city from death.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

(All information in this section is taken from:


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Under Richelieu (1803-1815)


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In 1803, Emperor Alexander I appointed Richelieu Mayor of Odessa and Governor-General of Novorossiysk Krai (since 1805).


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

When Richelieu arrived in Odessa, the city practically did not exist yet — the population of Hajibey increased quantitatively, but the city attracted scum of society from all over Europe - Count Langeron described the city of those years as a “garbage pit of Europe”, and the traveler Reya, who visited Southern Russia, wrote about what he saw: “this is a republic of crooks” [14].


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

With significant administrative skills, Richelieu was actively involved in the management of urban construction.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

During these years, many streets were laid in Odessa, 50 feet wide each; gardens were laid out; religious institutions were erected: a cathedral, an Old Believer chapel, a Catholic Church, a synagogue, and two hospitals, a theater, barracks, a market were built, a freshwater reservoir was created, educational institutions were opened: a noble educational institute (later transformed into a lyceum, called” Rishelyevsky”), a commercial gymnasium, six lower educational institutions; “redoubt with a coffee establishment” and “promenade office”.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

At the same time, Richelieu's reign was distinguished by humanity and culture, which was rare for the Russian Empire at that time.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The best buildings in Odessa were built according to the projects of the famous architect Tomon [14].


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In 1812-1813, the city experienced a terrible plague epidemic, from which every fifth resident of the city died.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The dead residents were taken to a huge mass grave outside the city, a high hill was poured and the mountain that arose at the burial site was called Chumka.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Now this hill is located almost in the city center.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In 1815, Richelieu, having received an invitation to head the French government, left the Russian Empire forever.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

When he left Odessa, it was already a fully equipped European city, the port's turnover reached 30 million rubles a year [14].


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In memory of the wise mayor, one of the main and most beautiful streets of the city is called Rishelyevskaya.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Walking along it from the sea to the railway station, you can read the history of the city and see different architectural styles.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Under Langeron


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Under Richelieu's successor, Langeron, by the Supreme Decree of 1817, a port-franco was established in Odessa, carried out in 1819, when work was completed on circling the city with a moat and on the arrangement of Kherson and Tiraspol customs office for the passage of goods paid by duty beyond the port-franco line.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Thanks to him, Odessa became a storage place for foreign goods that were distributed from here not only in Russia, but by transit, in Austria, and through the Caucasus to Persia.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

At the same time, however, the import of Russian goods has significantly decreased.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Staroportofrankovskaya Street is now located on the place where the porto-franco border passed.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In 1818, the Odessa office of the State Commercial Bank began its activities, which greatly contributed to the development of trade.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

And in memory of Langeron, one of the central, most beautiful beaches of the city, as well as one of the streets of the city, bear his name.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Under Vorontsov (1823—1845)


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In 1823, Count Mikhail Semenovich Vorontsov was appointed Governor-General of Novorossiysk Krai and Plenipotentiary Governor of Bessarabia.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The count placed his residence in Odessa.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Odessa during the reign of M. S. Vorontsova experienced a period of great upsurge and became a true cultural, scientific and educational center.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The previously introduced port-franco regime gave impetus to the development of the port, and therefore trade.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Transport links with other regions of the Russian Empire were developing.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

During this period, the facade part of the city, Nikolaevsky Boulevard (now Primorsky Boulevard), was finally formed in Odessa, and the famous Potemkin (Nikolaev) Stairs was erected.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The city continued to expand, the population increased from 35 thousand people to almost 90 thousand people


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Under Stroganov


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

During the Eastern War, the city, as an important commercial center of Russia on the Black Sea coast, was subjected to a naval blockade and was attacked by a joint Anglo-French squadron on April 10 (22), 1854.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Under Kotzebue (1862—1874)


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In 1866, Odessa was connected by rail with Kiev and Kharkov through the Balta.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In 1867, Mark Twain visited Odessa.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In Simplains Abroad, he describes the city as follows:


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Odessa looks exactly like an American city: beautiful wide streets, and also straight; low houses (two or three floors) are spacious, neat, without any bizarre decorations; along the sidewalks our white acacia; business bustle on the streets and shops; hasty pedestrians; houses and everything around us are brand new, which is so familiar to our eye; and even a thick cloud of dust enveloped us like hello to a sweet to our heart of the homeland, so we almost shed a grateful tear, could hardly resist a strong word, as it is sanctified by good American custom.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Everywhere you look, right, left, America is in front of us everywhere!


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Nothing reminds us that we are in Russia.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

We walked a little, reveling in the familiar picture — but here we had a church in front of us, a flight with a coachman on goats — and basta!


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

- There was no illusion.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The dome of the church is crowned with a slender spire and is rounded to the base, resembling an inverted turnip, and the coachman is wearing something like a long petticoat without hoops.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Jews in Odessa


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

From the 18th to the beginning of the 20th centuries, she lived in Odessa, which was part of the sedentary line.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Thus, according to the 1897 census, Odessa was the fourth largest city in the country (after St. Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw, respectively), and the Jewish population was up to 31%, or about 130 thousand. man.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Jewish pogroms have repeatedly occurred in the city.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

One of the first pogroms in the Russian Empire took place in Odessa in 1821 [15].


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Later in the 19th century, several more pogroms took place in the city.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In 1905, when a wave of pogroms swept across the country, Odessa claimed the lives of more than 400 Jews [15].


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In 1897, there were about 403 thousand people in the city (Russians — 49%, Jews — 31%, Ukrainians — 9%, Poles — 4%, Germans — 2.5%, Greeks — 1%) [16].


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

World War I, the October Socialist Revolution and the Civil War (1914—1920)


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Main articles: Odessa during the Civil War, Odessa intervention, “Great Idea” in the South of Russia


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

During the First World War, Odessa was attacked from the sea - on October 29, 1914, the Turkish fleet under the command of German Admiral Suchon shelled the city and port.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The revolutions of February and October 1917 brought chaos and the outbreak of civil war.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The city has experienced devastation and frequent changes of power.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

On January 18, 1918, Soviet power was proclaimed in Odessa.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

However, the Odessa Soviet Republic did not last long and on March 13, 1918 was liquidated by the Austro-German troops that occupied Ukraine.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

From April 29 to December 14, 1918, the district state authorities of the Ukrainian state, Kherson province, worked in the city.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In the city was the administration of the corps - the military district of the 3 Odessa Corps (since July 8, the Kherson Corps) of the Ukrainian state.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

[18], [19]


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

April 29 - December 14, 1918, the 1st Cavalry Division, the head of the division, Major General Biskupsky, Vasily Viktorovich, was in the city.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

[20] In early December, the division's troops resisted the troops of the Kherson Division of the Directory.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Change of Authorities in Odessa 1917—1920


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Kerensky's Provisional Government: until December 7, 1917.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The transition period is triple-power: from December 7, 1917 to January 27, 1918, when several authorities acted simultaneously:


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Odessa City Duma,


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The Military Council,


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Rumcherod — Council of the Rum of the Eun Front, the Russian Black Sea Fleet and the city of Aude essa.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The first period of Soviet power (Odessa Soviet Republic): from January 17 to March 13, 1918.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Austro-German occupation: from March 13 to November 26, 1918:


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Central Rada — from March 13 to April 30, 1918,


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Skoropadsky Hetmanate — from April 30 to November 26, 1918.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Transition period — tri-power: from November 26 to December 17, 1918:


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Polish Rifle Brigade,


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Petliura Directory, Commander General Biskupsky,


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Volunteer army, commander Admiral Nenyukov.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

French intervention and Dobrarmia: December 18, 1918 to April 5, 1919.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Dual power: April 3-6, 1919:


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The French and Dobrarmia,


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Odessa Council and Ataman Grigoriev.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The second period of Soviet power: from April 5-6, 1919 to August 23, 1919.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Volunteer Army: August 23, 1919 to February 6, 1920.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Galicians of the UGA, General V. N. Sokira-Yakhontov: from February 6, 1920 to February 8, 1920.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Soviet power: since February 8, 1920.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Sources:


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Soviet period


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Soviet power was established in Odessa in February 1920, when the troops of the Kotovsky cavalry brigade entered the city.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

From March 1923 to October 1939, the city housed the administration of the 6th Rifle Corps, the commander of the corps Dybenko, Pavel Efimovich, the Ukrainian Military District of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and Crimea (March 1923-1925), since May 1935 of the Kiev Military District, since July 26, 1938 of the Kiev Special Military District [24] [25] [26].


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

From July 26, 1938 to November 1939, the city was the administration of the Odessa Army Group of the Kiev Special Military District [27].


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

On September 16, 1939, the management of the Odessa Army Group became part of the Ukrainian Front.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Commander of the troops, Commander F. A. Parusinov, member of the Military Council Brigadier Commissar M. D. Averin.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

In September, the OAS was renamed the 13th Army.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

[28], [27] [29].


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Odessa defense of 1941


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Romanian and German troops stayed near the borders of the city for 73 days.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The heroic defense of Odessa began on August 5, 1941 and was carried out by soldiers of the Primorsky Army, the Black Sea Fleet, and the population of the city.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

90 percent of local communists joined the ranks of the defenders of Odessa.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

During the first military week, 45 fighter battalions were created in the city and in the region, then 6 special volunteer detachments designed to conduct barricade and street battles.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

At the call of the Odessa Party Organization, more than 100 thousand people participated in the defensive work, who built three defensive lines in a short time.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

During the defense, city enterprises manufactured 5 armored trains, 55 tanks, 1,262 mortars, 965 flamethrowers, about 310,000 grenades, up to 250,000 anti-personnel mines and other weapons and equipment for the front .


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The enemy never managed to break into the city.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Only in connection with the change in the general situation at the front, the Soviet command on September 30, 1941 ordered the evacuation of troops, which ended on October 16.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The enemy lost 160,000 soldiers and officers, up to 100 tanks, and about 200 aircraft near Odessa.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The entire population of the city and the region, temporarily falling under the yoke of the occupiers, actively resisted the Nazis.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

More than 20 thousand residents of Odessa went to the catacombs.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

There were 6 partisan detachments and 45 underground groups in the city and its suburbs.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Underground workers and partisans of the city and the region killed more than 5,000 soldiers and officers, organized 27 crashes of military echelons and caused other material damage to the enemy.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The Motherland highly appreciated the exploits of the defenders of Odessa: 14 soldiers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, 57 were awarded the Order of Lenin, more than 30 thousand participants of the heroic defense were awarded the medal “For Defense Odessa”.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

For outstanding services to the Motherland, courage and heroism shown by the city's workers in the fight against the Nazi invaders, on May 8, 1965, the hero city of Odessa was awarded the Order of Lenin and a medal Zolotaya Zvezda


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Occupation period and liberation


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

October 16, 1941 Odessa was occupied by Romanian troops and became part of the territory of Transnistria.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The Mayor was appointed G. Pintya, who managed to improve the city's economy in a short time.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Active entrepreneurial activity was carried out, and several theaters functioned.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

At the same time, the occupation authorities carried out repression against the population, and the persecution of Jews was no less brutal than in the territory occupied by the Nazis.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Several underground groups were left in the city, of which Molodtsov-Badaev played the most active role.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

At the same time, the 1st Secretary of the Underground Regional Committee A. Petrovsky behaved passively, and his regional committee actually did not function.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Shortly before the retreat, in 1944, a detachment of Kalmyk collaborators, in revenge for the murder of several of their comrades, completely slaughtered the population of the village of Kholodnaya Balka.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Odessa was liberated by the troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front (commander - Army General R. ME. Malinovsky) on April 10, 1944 - the banner of liberation was raised over the portico of the Odessa Opera House.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

See also: article; more about Odessa during the war.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

About one of the episodes of the defense of Odessa after the war (1959), the film “Thirst” was shot at the Odessa Film Studio.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Those interested in the history of the Great Patriotic War can visit the Museum of the Headquarters of the Odessa Military District (now the Southern Operational Command), the memorial complex and the 411th Battery Museum, as well as take a tour of the “Belt of Glory”, a complex of memorials located along the defense line of Odessa.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Post-war


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

As part of independent Ukraine


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Political Crisis in Ukraine (2013—2014)


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

During the political crisis in Ukraine, Odessa became one of the centers of confrontation between supporters and opponents of Euromaidan.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

The center of activity of opponents of Euromaidan was the Kulikovo Pole Park Square, and among the main requirements were the preservation of the Russian language and the federalization of Ukraine.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

See also


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Notes


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Literature


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Sapozhnikov I. V., Belousova L. G.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

— Odessa-Illichivsk: Elton-2, 1999.


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

References


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa

Page “” on the site “Jewish Heritage of Ukraine”


Question: Who founded Odessa?

History of Odessa


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The US Medal of Honor (English: Medal of Honor) is the highest military award in the United States.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The medal is awarded for “outstanding courage and bravery, at the risk of life and exceeding duty, while participating in actions against enemies of the United States; in military operations, including a clash with opposing foreign forces; or while serving with friendly foreign forces involved in a military conflict with opposing armed forces, in which The US is not a belligerent” [1].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Each branch of the US armed forces has the right to its own medal design, but in practice, the Marine Corps and the Coast Guard use the design of the Navy.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Medal history


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Creating


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The first military award of the United States is considered to be the “For Military Merit” badge, approved by George Washington in 1782.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

It ceased to be awarded after the end of the US Revolutionary War.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

During the Mexican-American War, American soldiers were awarded a Certificate of Merit, which many years later, in 1905, received medal status [2].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Despite this, until the outbreak of the Civil War of 1861—65, the United States did not have an award for individual heroism in battle [3].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Shortly after the outbreak of the Civil War, on December 9, 1861, a proposal for such a medal was put forward by Iowa Senator James W. Grimes.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

On December 21, Grims' proposal was approved by the Senate as Bill No. 82, and President Abraham Lincoln approved the creation of the English: Navy Medal of Valor, the earliest version Medals of Honor [4].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The design and production of the first 200 medals were entrusted to the Mint in Philadelphia [5].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

On February 17, 1862, Massachusetts Senator Henry Wilson (English: Henry Wilson) introduced a bill of award for privates and non-commissioned officers of the United States Army [4].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

On July 12, 1862, a law was signed establishing the Medal of Honor for this type of army and establishing the same name for the naval award.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Private Jacob Parrot, a participant in the Great Steam Locomotive Race, was the first to receive the new award on March 25, 1863; although the first act awarded the medal was performed by a private on May 21, 1861, he was awarded only in 1877 [4].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Initially, it was assumed that awards would be made only for actions during the Civil War, but in 1863 Congress established the permanent status of the medal [3].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In 1956, a separate version of the Medal of Honor was approved for the US Air Force, which separated from the US Army in 1947 [4].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The history of awards and the evolution of award criteria


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Initially, the award was intended only for soldiers and sergeants, changes to allow the medal to be awarded to army officers were made to the statute of the medal on March 3, 1863, and naval officers infantry — only 52 years later — March 3, 1915 [4].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Since the establishment of the medal, it has been established that the awardee must be a member of the US Armed Forces (but do not necessarily have to have American citizenship).


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

On December 21, 1861, the first military personnel were awarded - 6 participants in the “Great Steam Locomotive Race”, while James Andrews himself, who led the operation, did not receive the award, as he was listed a civilian.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

However, exceptions to the rule are known:


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In the 19th century, the medal was awarded to eight civilians, including the only woman ever awarded the medal, Dr. Mary Walker, a contract surgeon in the army.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The decree, signed by President Andrew Johnson, states that the award is for “valuable services rendered to the government and serious and tireless efforts”, but does not mention any act heroism [6];


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

symbolic awarding of Unknown Soldiers of France, Belgium, Great Britain, Romania and Italy after the First World War [7];


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

pilot Charles Lindbergh was awarded the Medal of Honor for Transatlantic Flight as a civilian.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In the 19th century, the Medal of Honor was not uncommon, as it was the only American military award at the time.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

During the Civil War, Secretary of War Stanton officially promised to award a Medal of Honor to every soldier of the 27th Maine Infantry Regiment who agreed to continue service beyond the agreed period.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The regiment defended Washington during the Battle of Gettysburg.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

About three hundred people agreed to postpone the dismissal for four days, but due to a clerical error, all 864 soldiers of the regiment were awarded, including those who left duty and went home [4].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

During this period, more than two thousand medals were awarded — more than half of the awards in the history of the medal [8].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The sailor became the first African-American to be awarded a medal, which was awarded to him on April 16, 1864.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Blake was honored for his bravery in the battle of a gunboat with a Confederate battery on December 25, 1863.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

A sergeant is sometimes called the first black soldier to win a medal, but although he performed his feat earlier than Blake, on June 18, 1863, during the second Battle of Fort Wagner, the medal was awarded to him almost forty years later [9].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The medal was also awarded during the Indian Wars.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

For their participation in the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, soldiers of the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States were awarded 20 medals [10].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Currently, these awards are causing discussion in the United States.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In 1898, Theodore Roosevelt, the future President of the United States, was presented for the award for his actions during the Spanish-American War.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The award was approved only in 2001 and Roosevelt posthumously became the first and only US president to receive the highest military award of his country [11].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In the first half of the 20th century, the US Navy awarded the medal to servicemen who showed courage and heroism in peacetime, for example, seven sailors received awards for their actions during the explosion of a steam boiler on battleship Iowa in 1905 [12].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Especially for such occasions, a special version of the medal was established in 1919, known as the Maltese Cross or Tiffany Cross (after the name of the jewelry company that developed the design), while while the original design was supposed to be used exclusively for rewarding actions in a combat situation.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The cross was not very popular and was abolished in 1942.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

One of the reasons for the abolition may have been its external similarity with the German Iron Cross [13].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

By decision of Congress, a special commission was established in 1916, the task of which was to study the circumstances of all awards of the medal until that time.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The members of the commission were five retired generals of the US Army and was headed by Lieutenant General Nelson Miles, who was awarded the medal during the Civil War.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The Commission published an opinion on February 5, 1917, as a result of the work, 911 awards were canceled, including medals received by soldiers of the 27th regiment, and all awards to civilians.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Two of them were later restored — Dr. Walker's award was restored in 1977, and by the famous scout and explorer of the Wild West “Buffalo Bill” Cody in 1989 [4].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In 1918, the commander of the American Expeditionary Force in Europe, General Pershing, recommended the establishment of awards for less significant acts, and the Medal of Honor be awarded only for manifestations of exceptional heroism [14].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

On July 9, 1918, Congress passed an act establishing new awards.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

This act establishes the Medal of Honor as the highest military award in the United States, regulates the procedure for awarding it, and establishes a hierarchy of military awards.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In particular, the act stipulates that only the Medal of Honor is awarded by the President of the United States on “behalf of Congress”, all other awards are awarded on behalf of the President, but not Congress [4].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

After the end of the First World War and the establishment of new awards, the criteria for awarding the Medal of Honor were significantly tightened, as a result of which the number of recipients decreased.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

However, even after that, in 1926, the medal was awarded to Navy pilots and Richard Bird for flying over the North Pole.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Subsequently, Bird's flight diary was discovered, containing erased but readable coordinate measurements with a sextant, which showed that the pilots could not fly over the pole and knew about this [15].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

With the outbreak of World War II, awards were made only for exceptional valor shown in a combat situation.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Since then, more than 60% of the awards have been made posthumously [8].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

On July 23, 1963, amendments were made to the statute of the medal, legislatively enshrining the established practice in terms of award criteria [4].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The last soldier to be awarded during the Vietnam War was the Navy SEAL, who saved the life of his commander on October 31, 1972.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

After that, until 2010, all awards were made posthumously, on September 10, 2010, the White House announced that the President had awarded the Medal of Honor to Salvatore Giunta, a living US Army sergeant for the feat he accomplished in 2007 in Afghanistan [16].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The last foreign citizen to be awarded the medal is a Canadian who received a medal during the Vietnam War.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Among the recipients are Sergeant First Class Randy Sugart and Master Sergeant Gary Gordon, Delta Special Forces soldiers who sacrificed their lives during the Battle of Mogadishu to protect the crew of the downed MH-60 helicopter.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

This episode is depicted in the feature film Black Hawk.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The only known case of abandonment of the medal occurred on July 29, 1986, when a retired army chaplain mailed his medal to President Reagan in protest against US policy in South America.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Liteki, a veteran of the Vietnam War, was awarded for being wounded twice, taking 20 wounded out of enemy fire and delivering 20 wounded to the evacuation site [17].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The last awards were made during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Multiple awards


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In the history of awards, 19 people were awarded the medal twice, while, on five occasions, during the First World War, the marines awarded received two medals for the same act - from the US Army and Navy, in fourteen other cases, repeated awards were for various acts.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

After the First World War, there was not a single case of multiple awarding a medal [18].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Awarding discrimination


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Until the early 1990s, no black soldier was awarded the Medal of Honor for exploits during the First and Second World Wars.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The situation began to change only in 1991, when the medal was awarded to the relatives of Corporal Freddy Stowers, who died in World War I.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In 1993, a study by the US Army found racial discrimination in the criteria for awarding the Medal of Honor during World War II.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

It was decided to review a number of awards of the Distinguished Service Cross (the second most important American military award), as a result of which 7 Medals of Honor were awarded in 1997 African-Americans, and in 2000, Medals of Honor were awarded to 21 veterans of Asian origin, including 20 participants in World War II with Japanese roots, including a Senator from Hawaii Daniel Inouey.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In 2005, Tibor Rubin, a veteran of the Korean War of Jewish descent, was awarded, whose award delay of more than fifty years is also associated with racial discrimination [19] [20] [21].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Name


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Officially, the award is called the Medal of Honor.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

It is often referred to as the Medal of Honor of the US Congress, which is a mistake, although formally the President of the United States does award on behalf of Congress.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The error is so common that the Society for the Study of History and Heritage of the Medal of Honor, established in 1958 by an act of Congress signed by President Eisenhower, is called the Society Congressional Medals of Honor” [22].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Presentation to the medal and awarding


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor is the only award that, in addition to the usual procedure for presenting military personnel for the award by the command (in this case, the submission must be approved at all levels command hierarchy, up to the President of the United States) provides for submission to the medal by one of the members of Congress (usually at the initiative of his constituency).


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

23] Such a submission is approved by a special act of Congress. [23]


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The submission for awarding the army medal and the Air Force medal must be submitted within two years from the date of the feat, and the award will take place within three years, for the naval medal these terms are three and five years respectively.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The terms may be extended at the request of members of the US Congress [24].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor is usually awarded by the President of the United States.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In case of posthumous awarding, the medal is awarded to the closest relatives of the awardee [25].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In two cases of posthumous awarding, medals remained unclaimed due to the lack of close relatives among the victims [26].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Medal Privileges


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Owning the Medal of Honor gives a number of privileges to its holder [27]:


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The name of a serviceman who received the Medal of Honor may be included in a special List of the Medal of Honor, after which the serviceman has the right to request an additional monthly pension ($1,259 as of January 1, 2017) [28];


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Soldiers of the rank and file with at least 20 years of service are entitled to a 10% supplement to the military pension, provided that the total amount of allowances does not exceed 75%;


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Free use of military air transport subject to availability [28];


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Children of persons awarded the Medal of Honor are enrolled in military academies regardless of quotas allocated to states, provided that they meet all the requirements for candidates [28];


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Retired servicemen awarded a medal have the right to wear military uniforms “at their discretion”.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

All other retired military personnel may wear military uniforms only to ceremonial events [29];


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Receive invitations to the inauguration ceremony of the President of the United States and related celebrations.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Persons in active military and public service are granted administrative leave to participate in such events [28];


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

A portrait of the awardee and a bronze nameplate are placed in the Hall of Heroes at the Pentagon;


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In the event of death, the installation of a special tombstone at the expense of the Department of Veterans Affairs [28], as well as the right to burial at Arlington Cemetery [30];


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

When quartering at military bases, awardees must be provided with conditions corresponding to the prestige of the award [28];


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In addition to the benefits and privileges enshrined in law, there is a tradition according to which other military personnel, including the Commander-in-Chief, the President of the United States, are the first to salute the awarded medal when they meet, regardless of the seniority of military ranks [31].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Medal design


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

NAVY


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The Navy Medal of Honor is the oldest variant of the award.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

It was established on December 21, 1861 under the name Medal of Valor.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Since the US Marine Corps does not have its own version of the medal, its soldiers are awarded the Navy Medal of Honor.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The design of the medal, on behalf of the Philadelphia Mint, was developed by William Wilson & Sons.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

During its existence, the naval award has undergone minimal design changes, which actually affected only the medal pad.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The first version of the medal, developed in 1861, was intended to be worn on uniforms and attached to a rectangular last covered with a ribbon in the colors of the American flag, using an anchor attachment wrapped in a rope.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In 1913, the rope was removed from the fastening design, and the colors of the ribbon were changed, and now it depicted, like the army version, 13 white stars on a blue moire background, symbolizing the thirteen first states of the United States.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The medal acquired its modern look in 1942, when the last was replaced by an octagonal one that connects the medal and the neck ribbon


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The medal has the shape of an inverted five-pointed star, at the ends of the rays there are laurel leaves symbolizing victory and oak leaves symbolizing strength.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In the center, in a circle of 34 stars, according to the number of states that were part of the United States in 1862, there is an image of two figures engraved: the goddess of wisdom Minerva, holding a fascia in her left hand, a symbol of power, on the right is a shield symbolizing the unity of the states and a kneeling man who has receded from the goddess, holding a ball of snakes in his hands.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The figure of a man symbolizes discord, and the composition as a whole symbolizes the victory of wisdom over discord [5].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The Maltese Cross, better known as the Tiffany Cross (after the company that designed it), was established in 1919 to reward heroism in peacetime, while The Navy Medal of Honor remained an award for heroism in combat.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The new medal was not very popular and was abolished in 1942 [13].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The US Coast Guard Medal of Honor formally appeared in 1963, but has not been awarded to anyone and currently does not even have its own design.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The only Coast Guard officer, Signalman 1st Class Douglas Munro (English: Douglas Munro), awarded for his participation in the Battle of Guadalcanal, received a naval medal


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

[33] [34].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

U.S. Army


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The Army Medal of Honor was established on July 12, 1862.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

At first, the only difference from the Navy version was the shape of attaching the medal to the last - instead of an anchor, it was made in the form of an eagle that spread its wings and held a sword in its claws, sitting on two crossed cannons.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In 1896, the ribbon was redesigned while maintaining the same colors, and in 1904 Congress approved a completely new design for the medal.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The design was designed by General George Gillespie, who himself was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Civil War [4].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The new version retained the overall shape of the inverted five-pointed star, but laurel and oak leaves now framed it on the outside and were covered with green enamel, the scene with Minerva in the center was replaced by the profile of the goddess in helmet.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The eagle that connected the medal to the block was placed on a bar with the inscription Valor framed by a bunch of arrows.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The colors of the ribbon were also changed — 13 stars symbolizing the first states of the United States were placed on a blue moire field [5].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

After the approval of the new design, all awardees were ordered to exchange old-style medals, but after numerous appeals from veterans, it was decided to issue new medals without withdrawing the old ones, those who had already made the exchange, the old medals were returned.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

It was specifically stipulated that wearing both medals at once was prohibited [4].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The design of the modern US Army Medal of Honor is based on Gillespie's design.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

It is made of gilded bronze and is an inverted five-pointed star mounted on a green enameled laurel wreath ring.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

There is a green clover leaf on each ray of the star.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In the center of the star there is a round bas-relief with a profile image of the head of the goddess Minerva in a military helmet.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Around the bas-relief there is a flat ring engraved with the inscription “United States of America”.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The reverse side of the medal is engraved with the inscription “From Congress To”, below which there is room for the name and surname of the awardee.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The star is attached with two rays to a rectangular plate engraved with the word “Valor”.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Above the plate is a relief bald eagle (symbol of the United States), which is attached to a blue moire hexagon, on which 13 white stars are located (symbolizing the first 13 states that formed A blue neck moire ribbon is connected to it [35].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

AIR FORCE


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The Air Force Medal of Honor was approved in 1956 and its design in 1965 [3].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The design is based on the army version of the medal, since it was awarded to servicemen of the US Army Air Corps, the predecessor of the Air Force.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The medal differs from the army medal by about 50% larger, instead of Minerva's head, it depicts the head of the Statue of Liberty, and the eagle on the medal mount is replaced by the US Air Force emblem [32].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Although the Air Force separated from the army into an independent branch of the armed forces in 1947, all four Medals of Honor awarded to military pilots during the Korean War were army models.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

For the first time, a new medal was awarded to Major Bernard Fischer for rescuing a downed comrade on March 10, 1966 during the Vietnam War [4].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Wearing rules


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor is worn on a blue moire ribbon over the neck knot of the tie, only with a full dress uniform.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

On everyday military uniforms, a medal block is worn instead of a medal.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The last is covered with a moire ribbon in the colors of the medal, and there are five white stars on it, forming the letter “M”.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

According to the status of the medal, its last must be the first, located on the right in the upper row of pads [36] [37].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

When awarding a medal more than once, the second and subsequent medals are not worn, but a gold star for the naval medal and oak leaves are attached to the moire ribbon or medal block for options army and air force.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

This method of marking multiple awards with the same award is typical for the US armed forces [36] [38].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

For wearing with civilian clothing, a hexagonal rosette of the colors of the medal ribbon with 13 stars is provided [1].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Flag medals


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In accordance with the decision of Congress, all military personnel awarded the Medal of Honor after October 23, 2003 must receive a special flag along with the medal [39].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The flag was created by US Army Institute of Heraldry artist Sarah Leclerc (English: Sarah LeClerc) based on a design developed on his own initiative by Vietnam War veteran 1st Sergeant Bill Kendall is from Jefferson, Iowa.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Kendall created his own version of the flag in honor of Captain Darell Lindsay, a pilot of the B-26 bomber, posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor during World War II and a native of the same city.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The final version of the flag differs from the original design by the absence of the inscription “Medal of Honor” and gilded tassels.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The colors and pattern of the flag follow the medal ribbon [40].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

For the first time, the flag was officially presented to the family of Sergeant 1st Class Paul Smith, who was posthumously awarded during the Iraq War


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

It is also planned to present this flag to all currently living veterans who have the Medal of Honor.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The first solemn ceremony of awarding the flags took place on September 30, 2006 aboard the Constitution [42].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Special legal status


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Federal law prohibits the private resale, production, exchange of any US military awards and insignia, as well as award documents, and the relevant paragraph highlights the Medal of Honor among other awards, and imposes significantly more severe penalties for crimes related to this medal (imprisonment for up to 1 year instead of 6 months for other awards).


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

43] It is also a crime to carry awards illegally. [43]


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Unlike the illegal wearing of a medal, false award claims (if they were not made to receive related material benefits) were not considered a crime for a long time, and only public organizations of veterans fought against such phenomena.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In 2005, the so-called “” was adopted, according to which a false announcement of awarding was qualified as a crime [44].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

According to some reports, the number of impostors exceeds the number of people actually awarded the medal [45].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In 1996, Lordship Industries, the main manufacturer of awards and emblems for the US Armed Forces, was fined $80,000 for illegal production and the sale of 300 medals, and then was deprived of the government contract. [46]


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In 2003, the couple Edward and Gisela Fedora (English: Edward and Gisela Fedora), Canadian citizens, were arrested by the FBI for attempting to sell several medals.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Subsequently, Edward Fedora was sentenced to imprisonment [47].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Medal of Honor Day


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

On November 15, 1990, by a joint decision of the Senate and the House of Representatives, the Day of the Medal of Honor was established, which is celebrated on March 25, the anniversary of the first award of the medal.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The proposal was made by a congressman from Washington State, whose initiative was supported by another 151 members of Congress.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

A congressional resolution calls on US citizens and organizations to hold events on this day to celebrate the medal and the heroes awarded to it.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The central ceremony, attended by senior US officials and veterans awarded the medal, usually takes place at Arlington Cemetery.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Nevertheless, it is noted that the celebration of the Medal of Honor Day has not been widely used [48].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Commemorative coins


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

In accordance with a special act of Congress, the US Mint issued two commemorative coins in 2011 dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the establishment of the Medal of Honor.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

One of the coins is silver, with a face value of 1 dollar, the other is gold with a nominal value of 5 US dollars.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Both coins will be minted in both normal quality and “proof” quality.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The circulation of the gold coin is 100 thousand, and the silver coin is 500 thousand copies.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The coins are not intended for release into free circulation and will be sold to collectors.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

When selling coins, a special fee is set — $35 for each gold coin and $10 for a silver coin, the funds received will be transferred to the Medal of Honor Society fund for financing patriotic education programs [49].


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Awards statistics


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

According to the Congressional Medal of Honor Society, from 1863 to July 31, 2017, 3,499 people [50] [51] were awarded the Medal of Honor, of which 19 people were awarded twice.


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

The following are the years of U.S. involvement in armed conflicts [8]:


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Notes


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Literature


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

(in English)


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

(in English)


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

(in English)


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

References


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

(in English)


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

(in English)


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Category:US military awards


Question: How many people won the US Medal of Honor in 2018?

U.S. Medal of Honor

Category:US medals


Question: What is the title of Samuel Barkley Beckett's most famous play?

Samuel Beckett

Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 — 22 December 1989) was a French and Irish writer, poet, and playwright.


Question: What is the title of Samuel Barkley Beckett's most famous play?

Samuel Beckett

A representative of modernism in literature.


Question: What is the title of Samuel Barkley Beckett's most famous play?

Samuel Beckett

One of the founders (along with Eugene Ionesco) of the theater of the absurd.


Question: What is the title of Samuel Barkley Beckett's most famous play?

Samuel Beckett

He gained worldwide fame as the author of the play “French: En attendant Godot” (French: En attendant Godot), one of the most significant works of world drama of the 20th century.


Question: What is the title of Samuel Barkley Beckett's most famous play?

Samuel Beckett

Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1969.


Question: What is the title of Samuel Barkley Beckett's most famous play?

Samuel Beckett

He spent most of his life in Paris, writing in English and French.


Question: What is the title of Samuel Barkley Beckett's most famous play?

Samuel Beckett

Biography


Question: What is the title of Samuel Barkley Beckett's most famous play?

Samuel Beckett

Early years (1906—1923)


Question: What is the title of Samuel Barkley Beckett's most famous play?

Samuel Beckett

Samuel Barkley Beckett was born on April 13 (Good Friday), 1906 in the small settlement of Foxrok, a suburb of Dublin, Ireland.


Question: What is the title of Samuel Barkley Beckett's most famous play?

Samuel Beckett

His father, William Frank Beckett (1871—1933), came from a wealthy Protestant family with French roots — his ancestors left France during the counter-reformation, probably after the abolition of Nantes Edict in 1685, which outlawed the Huguenots [1].


Question: What is the title of Samuel Barkley Beckett's most famous play?

Samuel Beckett

The grandfather of the future writer, also William (“Bill”), founded a fairly large and successful construction business: for example, J. and W. Beckett Builders acted as a contractor for the construction of buildings of the National Libraries as well as the National Museum of Ireland [2].


Question: What is the title of Samuel Barkley Beckett's most famous play?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett's father continued his family business, professionally engaged in real estate appraisal activities and construction estimates.


Question: What is the title of Samuel Barkley Beckett's most famous play?

Samuel Beckett

Unlike his son, as well as his brothers, Uncles Samuel, Bill Jr. did not have artistic inclinations, but was an excellent athlete, a grasping businessman, a good family man and was distinguished good-natured disposition.


Question: What is the title of Samuel Barkley Beckett's most famous play?

Samuel Beckett

Beckett was very friendly with his father and later suffered his death.


Question: What is the title of Samuel Barkley Beckett's most famous play?

Samuel Beckett

Mother, Maria (May) Beckett, née Rowe. Roe (1871—1950), also came from a Protestant family of Church of Ireland parishioners and belonged to the middle class: her father owned a mill and procured and sold grain.


Question: What is the title of Samuel Barkley Beckett's most famous play?

Samuel Beckett

At the age of 15, May was orphaned, the family business was upset, and the writer's expectant mother was forced to work as a sister and nurse in a hospital, where she met her future husband [2].