Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

In 1943, during the retreat of German troops from the temporarily occupied territories of the USSR, more than five million civilians were kidnapped or voluntarily left.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Working and maintenance conditions


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

In Germany, Ostarbeiters lived in two types of camps:


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

in private camps attached to factories and factories built and maintained with money from companies such as Henkell or Opel.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The work lasted 12 hours a day, 6 days a week.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

in special camps guarded by private security forces known as “Werkschutz” (German: Werkschutz).


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The work also lasted 12 hours a day, 6 days a week.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The work was paid at rates three times lower than German workers, and the pay was calculated in such a way that it was enough only for meager food, clothing and basic necessities.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Most of the money did not reach its legal recipients, but was used to cover the above costs of food, camp maintenance, etc. With the introduction in Germany of a card system for basic food products, shoes, clothing, etc., the money received lost all value for Ostarbeiters without ration cards.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Many reputable scholars claim that in many cases, companies did not pay for Ostarbeiters and “civilian workers” at all.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Those who were paid received their payment in specially printed paper money or in the form of stamps similar to postage, which could only be purchased in a limited amount and range of goods, and only in special stores at the camps.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Legislatively, the German government has established worse eating conditions for this category of workers compared to all other groups of forced workers in the Reich.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

A starvation diet and primitive conditions of detention were standard living conditions for these people in Nazi Germany.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Cash wages, according to former Ostarbeiter S. Ponomarenko, he had enough maximum for a bottle of beer in the city [12].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Towards the end of the war, payment and maintenance conditions improved, and in 1943, the German government established savings books for Ostarbeiters [16].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Ostarbeiters were restricted in their freedom of movement and choice of place of stay [2] (as mentioned above, these were often labor camps [2]), they were prohibited from having sexual intercourse with Germans [2].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

They could be beaten and abused, or even killed with minimal consequences for the Germans who did so.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Ostarbeiters who tried to escape were killed, leaving the corpse of the victim “as a reminder”.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Leaving one's job was also punishable by death [2].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

However, at the same time, opposite assessments of working conditions are quite common:


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Interesting information about the life and everyday life of the Ostarbeiters is provided by a study of their letters to their homeland sent before the liberation of this territory from occupation:


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Quote from a letter stored in the State Archive of Kharkiv region:


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Many of the Ostarbeiters died in aerial bombardment of factories by allied aircraft.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Many were also simply destroyed [17], as it was ordered not to leave workers in this category alive [18].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Only a few managed to survive and return home.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Thus, Ukrainian author Grigorovich claims that there is a known case when a girl cut off her fingers with a machine to be sent home [4].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Girls also went home if they became pregnant [2], but this practice was quickly stopped by the Reich authorities due to the fact that the girls deliberately became pregnant in order to return to their homeland.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Numbers


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

During the German occupation of Eastern Europe during World War II, more than 3 million people were taken to the Third Reich as Ostarbeiters.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The indictment of the Nuremberg trials in the case of the main German war criminals indicated that the German occupation authorities forcibly removed 4 million 979 thousand from the Soviet Union. people of the civilian population.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

In general, various official Soviet estimates fluctuate around a total figure of 6.8 to 7.0 million people, including prisoners of war — about 2 million (which is 1.1 million lower than according to German data), and civilians — from 4.8 to 5 million people [1].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Some researchers cite the figure at 5 million 500 thousand people [2].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

From 2/3 to 3/4 of all Ostarbeiters were Ukrainians.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Prof. Kondufor published the figures of his research, according to which, during the Second World War, 2 million 244 thousand Ukrainians were deported into slavery to Germany.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Other statistics operate on the figure of 2 million 196 thousand 166 people of Ukrainian nationality (Dallin, p. 452).


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

About 400,000 Belarusians were taken to Germany [19].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Both of these statistics may not include several hundred thousand Ukrainians from the territory of Galicia, where young people were also mobilized into the Baudinst construction battalions, which sometimes forced potential mobilized to make a choice between Baudinst and work in Germany, so the final figure can reach 2.5 million people.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Ukrainian nationality [4].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Work and employment


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The proportion of women among Ostarbeiters was slightly higher than that of men.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

They were engaged in work in the field of agricultural production, mining, production of weapons, metal products and railway work [4].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Two million Ukrainians worked mainly in arms factories and factories, including the production of V-2 missiles in Peenemünde [4].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Ostarbeiters who arrived in the Third Reich ended up in preliminary camps that served as sorting camps, where representatives of employer companies directly selected future employees.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Ford-Werke AG in Cologne and Opel in Rüsselsheim each recruited thousands of people for their needs.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

In total, more than 200 companies used the slave labor of Ostarbeiters and Civiliarbeiters, including Daimler-Benz, Deutsche Bank, Siemens-Schuckertwerke, Volkswagen, Hoechst, Dresdner Bank, Krupp, Allianz, BASF, Bayer, BMW and Degussa [20]


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Despite the fact that most of the Ostarbeiters were employed in large military enterprises of the Reich, some got jobs in small and medium-sized private factories; both small and large enterprises were air raid targets [22].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The work of the Ostarbeiters was recognized as extremely productive and profitable.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The productivity of a male Ostarbeiter was equal to 60-80% of the productivity of a German worker, the productivity of a woman reached 90-100% of the German “equivalent” [4].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Ostarbeiters and medical experiments


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

On September 6, 1944, the Reich Minister of the Interior of Germany Heinrich Himmler issued an order according to which all Ostarbeiters who were there were killed in a number of psychiatric hospitals in the Reich [23] :


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The exact number of Ostarbeiters killed on the basis of this order in German psychiatric institutions is currently unknown.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Thus, out of 189 patients admitted to the Ostarbeiter Unit of Kaufbeuren Psychiatric Hospital, 49 died as a result of starvation diets or lethal injections [23].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Repatriation


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Homecoming


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

In October 1944, the Office of the Authorized Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for the Repatriation of Citizens of the USSR from Germany and the Countries it Occupied was established, which was engaged in returning to the homeland of millions of Soviet citizens taken during the German occupation for forced labor to the Third Reich.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

After the end of World War II, many of the Ostarbeiters were placed in refugee and displaced persons camps, from where many of them were sent to the filtration camp in Kempten (zone of occupation allies) for the procedure for establishing their identity and returning them to the country of arrival, mainly in the USSR.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

In order to convince the Ostarbeiters from the USSR to return to their homeland, the Soviet authorities used special propaganda teams.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

A certain proportion of Ostarbeiters (at least 30%) [2] came to Germany as children or adolescents after being separated from their parents, which influenced their decision to return.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Those who found themselves in the French or Anglo-American zones of occupation, former workers of the Reich, for the most part, were forced to return by the authorities of these countries, according to a signed agreement between these countries Yalta Agreement, which stated that citizens of the USSR and Yugoslavia must return to their countries of citizenship regardless of their desire [3].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The small part of the Ostarbeiters who realized the threat of Stalinist repression refused to return.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Those of the former Ostarbeiters who were in the Soviet zone of occupation were returned automatically.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

There is ample evidence in history of how representatives of the Western authorities offered former Ostarbeiters to stay, citing the possibility of purges and mass repression against them by the Soviet authorities.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Thus, excerpts from the reports of the Office of the Commissioner of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for Repatriation Affairs have been published and became public knowledge, where you can read


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Summary of November 20, 1944 [24]:


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Summary of December 1, 1944 [24]:


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Summary of February 10, 1945 [24]:


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

In October 1945, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Anglo-American Expeditionary Force, General Dwight Eisenhower, banned the use of force and coercion against the repatriation decision for the Soviet and Yugoslav citizens who were in the American zone of influence.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Some of the former Ostarbeiters, faced with the need to return to the USSR after voluntarily leaving for the Reich to “help with the housework”, committed suicide [4].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

According to various sources, between 700,000 and 1 million former citizens of the USSR were able to avoid deportation and stay in the West after the war.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Many of them later moved from Europe to other countries (Latin America, the USA, Canada, Australia, etc.)


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The fate of Ostarbeiters in the USSR


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

All repatriates had to go through the sieve of Soviet verification and filtration camps, where they were interrogated by officers of the NKVD and SMERSH.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Those who were suspicious of collaborating with the Germans were sent to the Gulag (mainly men).


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Men of military age were sent to the active army or, for example, to restore mines in the destroyed Donbass.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

After filtration, many young girls were recruited into subsidiary farms of military units of the Red Army.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Large-scale deportations of these people were carried out from their places of permanent residence to remote regions of the Soviet Union (for example, to the Kazakh steppes or the Far Eastern region), where they often denied higher education [2] and respect for other rights of a Soviet citizen.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Many of those who returned from German captivity were spiritually and physically broken; moreover, they were officially considered persons whose loyalty to the existing regime was questionable, and this again discriminated against them [ 2].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Journalistic sources [14] also indicate the presence in the passports of former Ostarbeiters of a special stamp indicating their stay in the Reich during the war.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Similar marks were placed in the passports of relatives of these persons.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

As a result, people were denied admission to certain jobs or studies, and, due to the peculiarities of Soviet society, they were subject to public condemnation.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Many victims of German captivity testified that throughout their lives they were humiliated by others who accused them of living comfortably in the Third Reich at a time when the USSR was fighting against the invaders [14].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

In cases where, upon returning from captivity, former Ostarbeiters had serious evidence of crimes, they were repressed as collaborators [24].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Payments and reparations


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The “repatriates” were not paid any compensation for free labor and moral damage during the war due to the fact that the Soviet Union in 1953 abandoned reparation claims against the GDR.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Former Ostarbeiters did not fit into the official Soviet memory of the war: they were not considered prisoners of fascism or veterans.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

In general, payments from Germany to Ostarbeiters and victims of Nazism in modern CIS countries are voluntary.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The Memory, Responsibility, Future Foundation was established in Germany to pay forced workers.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Part of the funds was provided by the governments of Germany and Austria, and part by firms whose factories Soviet citizens worked during the war (for example, Siemens and Volkswagen).


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

In 1994, a special fund of DM 10 million was established to pay compensation to Ostarbeiters.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Of the more than 2 million former Ostarbeiters living in Ukraine, 700 thousand people were confirmed and qualified as eligible to receive payments, each of whom a lump sum of DM 4,300 was paid.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Depending on where they worked, they were paid from 1,500 to several thousand deutschmarks in the 1990s.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Later, with the transition to the single European currency, the average amount of compensation was about 2,500 euros.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

A large part of this money did not reach its recipients [25].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Ukrainian Ostarbeiters received the payment less than 5 times than their Polish “brothers in misfortune”.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

In 2006, payments stopped.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The descendants of Ukrainian Ostarbeiters, who forcibly worked in Austria during the Second World War, have been given the opportunity to study and acquire a profession in this country since 2006.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

For this purpose, the Austrian government has allocated 25 million euros [26].


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Cultural heritage


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Yar Slavutich's creativity


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Ukrainian-Canadian poet Yar Slavutich wrote a poem about Kempten, the camp from which Ukrainian Ostarbeiters repatriated back to the Soviet Union.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The poem was set to the music of Grigory Kitasty — including solo, male choir and accompaniment of a symphony orchestra.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The work was first performed in Washington in 1959.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

“The rails are spread far away...”


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The song “The rails spread far away...” is also known - a song about the hijacking to Germany, on the motif “The sea spread wide”.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The lyrics of the song were published in the Izvestia newspaper on December 22, 1945. Publication by A. Tvardovsky “From songs about German captivity”.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The song is taken from a hand-made handwritten collection found by a Soviet officer in an Ostarbeiters barrack in Stablak, Germany, entitled: “Album for songs from life in Germaniï, 1944 year, Nadiï Koval”.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

As A. Tvardovsky [27] [28], here are presented from Nadezhda Koval's book those songs that, according to all data, have developed in the circle of one girl's community and are, as it were, part of a single work about the life of a Soviet girl in fascist captivity


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Illustrations


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

A poster by the German occupation authorities announcing the sending of young people to work in Germany.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Kyiv.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

May 31, 1943 of the year.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The Ostarbeiters are on their way to Germany.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Soviet women Ostarbeiters at work.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Related literature and documentation


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

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Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

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Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

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Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

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Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Polyan P. M. Victims of two dictatorships: Ostarbeiters and prisoners of war in the Third Reich and their repatriation/Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Research.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

consequences of wars to them.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

L. Boltzmann.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

-M.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

: Your Choice CIRZ, 1996.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

— 442 s, Il.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Bibliography.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

: p. 412—416.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The decree.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

names, geogr.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

name


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

: p. 421-439.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Polyan P. M. Victims of two dictatorships: Life, Work, Humiliation and Death of Owls.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

prisoners of war and Ostarbeiters in a foreign land and in their homeland/Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

— MOSCOW: ROSSPEN PUBL., 2002.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

— 895 s, Il.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

- Bibliography.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

: pp.841-855.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The decree.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

: pp.857-892.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Belarusian Ostarbeiters.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

The hijacking of the population of Belarus for forced labor in Germany.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Documents and materials in two books.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Book one.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

— Minsk, 1996.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

— 302 p. Book two.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

— Minsk, 1997. — 471 p.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Belarusian Ostarbeiters/Gos. com.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

on archives and records management Rep.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Belarus et al.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

— M., 1998 Kn.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

3: Repatriation, 1944—1951: Documents and materials: At 2 h. Part 1/Editorial Board.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

: Adamushko V. I. et al.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

; Comp.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

: Knatko G. D. (hands), etc.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

— 367 s, Il.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Overcoming slavery.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Folklore and language of the Ostarbeiters, 1942—1944.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

/Publ.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

prep.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Chistova B.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

E.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

, Chistov K. C. — M., 1998.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

— 199 p.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Verbitsky, G. G. Ostarbeiters: The story of Russians forcibly taken to work in Germany during the Second World War.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Izd 3-e, ispr.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

— SPb., St. Petersburg Publishing House.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

un-ta, 2004.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

(Library of the New Sentinel magazine).


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Belarusian Ostarbeiters: Historical and analytical study.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Minsk: NARB Publ., 2001.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

336 p.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Boroznyak, A. AND. The tragedy of the Ostarbeiters in the mirror of historical science and historical consciousness of Germany//Milestones of Russian-German relations (40-90s of the XX century).


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

— Volgograd, 2001.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

— Vol.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

— P. 119-127.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Zayonchkovskaya, Zh. A. Ostarbeiters: in Germany and at home.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

(Based on the materials of the questionnaire survey) /J. A. Zayonchkovskaya, P. M. Polyan//In memoriam: Ist.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Sat.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

in memory of F. F. Perchenka.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

— MOSCOW, 1995.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

— P. 396—413.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Polyan P. M. Soviet citizens in the Reich: how many were there?


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

/P. M. Polyan//Sociological research (Sotsis).


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

- 2002.- NO. 5.- P.95-100.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

//National Revival of Russia.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

//Weekly Demoscope.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

- 2001.- № 15-16.- 9-22 apr.


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

[The electronic version of the bull. Population and Society/Center for Demography and Human Ecology of the Institute of National Economies. Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Video


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Notes


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

See also


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Hijacking of citizens of the USSR to work in Germany


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Yekaterina Susanina


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Khivi


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Untermensch


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Generalplan Ost


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Rumsya


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

References


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

(Four books of memoirs of former Ostarbeiters, in Russian and Ukrainian)


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

(in English)


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

(in German)


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

(in English)


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

(in English)


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

— a page describing the main document that regulated the stay and replaced the passport for Ostarbeiters in the Third Reich (in English).


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

(in Ukrainian)


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

(in Ukrainian)


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

(in German)


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Reinhold Billstein (Editor) Working for the Enemy: Ford, General Motors, and Forced Labor in Germany During the Second World War — Berghahn Books (November 2000) ISBN 1-57181-224-5


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Category:Ostarbeiters


Question: Who is the author of the term “Ostarbaiter”?

Ostarbeiters

Category:Deportations of peoples


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Catherine Palace (also known as the Grand Tsarskoye Selo Palace, Grand Catherine Palace, Grand Palace [1], Old Palace [2]) is a former imperial palace, the official summer palace the residence of three Russian monarchs — Catherine I, Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine II; the palace is located 26 km south of the center of St. Petersburg in the former Tsarskoye Selo (now Pushkin).


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

It is an object of cultural heritage of Russia


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

[3] It is part of the “Palace and Park Ensemble of the City of Pushkin and its Historical Center”, which is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site “The Historical Center of St. Petersburg and Related Complexes monuments” [4].


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The building was founded in 1717 by order of the Russian Empress Catherine I, after whom it is named; during the 18th century it was repeatedly rebuilt and in its modern form is an example of the late baroque.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

In Soviet times, a museum was opened in the palace.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

During the Great Patriotic War, the palace was badly damaged.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

It took many years to restore it and is not yet complete.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The restoration is carried out by the Leningrad School of Restorers on a strictly scientific basis.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

History


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The history and architecture of the palace reflect both the architectural trends of each of the eras that the palace experienced, and the personal preferences of the Russian rulers of that time.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The palace itself was founded in 1717 under the direction of German architect Johann Friedrich Brownstein as the summer residence of Empress Catherine I.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

In August 1724, as a sign of the completion of construction, a holiday was held in the palace, during which “13 cannons were fired three times”.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The Emperor was present at the celebration.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

According to the first project, the palace was a small two-story Dutch-style building typical of Russian architecture of the early 18th century — “with 16 lights”.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

In 1743, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, who had just ascended the throne, instructed Russian architects Mikhail Zemtsov and Andrei Vasilyevich Kvasov to expand and improve the palace.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

It was under Empress Elizabeth Petrovna that the palace acquired its current look and style.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

In May 1752, she commissioned architect Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli to rebuild the palace, as she considered it too old-fashioned and small.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

After dismantling, grandiose reconstruction and construction work, which lasted four years, a modern palace appeared, made in the style of Russian Baroque.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

More than 100 kilograms of gold were spent on gilding the sophisticated decoration of the new facade and numerous statues on the roof.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

An equally majestic “right” park was laid out in front of the majestic facade.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

On July 30, 1756, a presentation of the 325-meter palace took place to shocked Russian nobles and foreign guests.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Traditionally, the palace is also associated with the name of Catherine the Great, although the Empress herself considered this “whipped cream” old-fashioned.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

According to the will of the late Empress Elizabeth, the first thing Catherine ordered was to gild the statues in the park.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

When some of them had already been processed, having learned about the cost of these works, Ekaterina ordered them to be suspended.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

In her memoirs, she reprimanded her predecessor for waste.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Throughout her reign, she rebuilt the palace and park to her liking, making them more convenient for living and more modest.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Perestroika


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Rastrelli rebuilt the Grand (Catherine) Palace (1752—1756) in Tsarskoye Selo as follows.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The longitudinal axis of the building has become the main spatial coordinate in its plan; the huge length of two parallel suites of state rooms, the scale of which grows towards the center — the Great Hall and The art gallery is emphasized by the removal of the main staircase to the south-western end of the building.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The rhythmic diversity of the facade order system, large protrusions of colonnades with entablature liberations above them, deep depressions of the windows, creating a rich play of chiaroscuro, an abundance of stucco molding and decorative sculptures, multicolor facades (blue and golden colors) give the building an emotional, rich, festive and very solemn look (TSB).


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

From the memoirs of count S. D. Sheremeteva: “This is the first time I saw the Grand Tsarskoye Selo Palace in all the splendor of the ball. (1863) We danced in the large hall, and dinner was served in the entrance gallery for countless guests. Gilded wooden columns, intertwined with garlands in the taste of the last century, shone with lights. At that time, no one thought of electric lighting, and countless candles were burning, as was the case in Catherine's time. It was a wonderful sight that cannot be forgotten, “I was then a young officer and danced the mazurka with Princess Catherine Petrovna of Oldenburg.”


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The Palace after 1917


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

During the German occupation, the ensemble was badly damaged, palaces were looted, and many exhibits burned down.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Now the ensemble has been completely restored by restorers — N. IN. Baranov, A. A. Kedrinsky, N. E.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Tumanova et al.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

On May 23, 2010, Olga Taratynova, General Director of the Tsarskoye Selo State Museum-Reserve, told reporters that several restored halls and pavilions:


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

“We will open the newly restored Throne Room in the Catherine Palace. We will also open a hall completely unfamiliar to our guests from the half of the palace in which Ekaterina lived — the Arabeskovy Hall. Currently, it is already working on furniture and selecting curtains [5].”


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Architecture


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The huge volume of the Grand Palace is immediately visible.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

In addition, the symmetrical axial system of overhead porticos of the palace facade corresponds to the main spatial coordinates of the park plan.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The halls and rooms of the palace


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The Amber Room


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The Amber Study or Amber Room is one of the most famous rooms of the Grand Catherine Palace.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The main decoration of the Amber Room was made at the beginning of the 18th century in Prussia, in 1716 it was presented by King Frederick Wilhelm I to Peter I; in 1746 it was supplemented and installed in the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, 1755 moved to Tsarskoye Selo.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

During the Great Patriotic War, the decoration of the Amber Room was taken by German occupiers to Königsberg.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The fate of the room is unknown.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Since 1979, work has been carried out in St. Petersburg to recreate the Amber Room, and in 2003, on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of St. Petersburg, it was fully restored by the hands of domestic restorers, including funds from German companies.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Palace Church


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The temple was built in the north wing between 1746 and 1756.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

It was restored several times after the fires of 1820 and 1863.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Chevakinsky, Rastrelli, Stasov and others participated in its design.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The interior of the church was almost destroyed during the occupation of Pushkin and has not yet been restored.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Since 1993, prayers have been rarely held in the church.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Photos


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The recreated Amber Room


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

South side


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Side wing and house church


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Ballroom


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The Arabesque Hall opened in 2010.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Canteen


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The green dining room of the Catherine Palace


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Literature


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Petrov A. N., Pushkin.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Palaces and Parks, [2nd ed.], L., 1969;


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Great Soviet Encyclopedia


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Mosyakin A. G. Pearl necklace from St. Petersburg.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Palaces that have risen from the ashes.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Saint Petersburg, Paritet Publ., 2014.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

— 432 p., Fig.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

— ISBN 978-5-93437-405-2


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Mosyakin A. G. The Prussian curse.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

The mystery of the Amber Room.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Saint Petersburg, Palmira Publ., 2018.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

—— 479 p.: Fig.


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

(Lost Treasures Series) —— ISBN 978-5-521-00932-9


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Notes


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

References


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Media related to Catherine Palace at Wikimedia Commons


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Category:Grand Catherine Palace


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Category:Buildings and structures founded in 1717


Question: When was Catherine Palace built?

Grand Catherine Palace

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1756


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Alexander Nevsky is a Soviet historical feature film about an Old Russian prince who won the battle with the Knights of the Livonian Order on Lake Peipsi on April 5, 1242.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

It belongs to the galaxy of classical Soviet historical films of the 1930s and is considered one of the best works of Sergei Eisenstein.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The music for the film was written by Sergei Prokofiev.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Alexander Nevsky appeared in cinemas in 1938 and was a huge success (comparable to Chapaev).


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Sergei Eisenstein received the Stalin Prize and the degree of Doctor of Art History without defending his dissertation.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In 1941, with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Alexander Nevsky returned to the screens with even more resounding success.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In 1942, the year of the 700th anniversary of the Battle of the Ice, a poster was issued with the words of Joseph Stalin: “Let the courageous image of our great ancestors inspire you in this war.”


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Almost the entire Nevsky crew also staged Eisenstein's next film, Ivan the Terrible.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Creation history


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Eisenstein's Opal


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The All-Union Conference of Cinematographers of the USSR in January 1935, at which Eisenstein was accused of theoreticism and separation from life, was the result of the process that led to the final formation of the Soviet film industry based on Soviet patriotism and “ideology”, and the doctrine of “socialist realism”, which originally arose in literature, was transferred to cinema.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

After returning from Mexico City to Moscow in May 1932, Eisenstein faced growing hostility and suspicion towards him.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In 1935, Eisenstein undertook the production of the film “Bezhin Meadow”, which failed for ideological and censorship reasons, where he wanted to reflect the variety of processes that took place in the village against the background collectivization, taking as a basis the story of Pavlik Morozov.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In this film, full of biblical associations and quotes, an attempt was made to mythologize and bring Christian motifs to modern Soviet reality [1] [2].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Filming of the film was suspended “due to the formalism and complexity of the language of the film”, the footage was rejected, and the results of the work were severely assessed by the management of cinema and the official criticism.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The ban on this film “due to anti-artistry and obvious political failure” is recognized as one of the key ones in the process of establishing party control over Soviet cinema [3].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The director had to make public self-criticism in the press and was excommunicated from teaching.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

His situation was under threat (many of his acquaintances, theater and film workers were repressed in the thirties), and he himself was accused even in connection with the Trotskyists [4].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The head of Soviet cinema B.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

IN. Shumyatsky proposed to remove him from the creation of films.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The director, in a letter dated April 16, 1937, asked Shumyatsky for permission for further work and offered to make a film based on the script of playwright V. IN. Vishnevsky “We, the Russian People” about the formation of the Red Army.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On May 9, 1937, the decision on granting the director the opportunity to make films was submitted to the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b), the resolution of which read: “I think we can try to use Eisenstein, having given him the task (topic) to pre-approve his script, text, etc., you need to tinker with him. IN. Molotov” [4] [5].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The historical context and “rehabilitation” of Alexander Nevsky


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In the thirties, there was a reversal in the USSR associated with some revision of classical Marxism in terms of considering patriotism as a purely bourgeois phenomenon, which was manifested in the rejection of the views of the head Marxist historical school in the USSR M. N. Pokrovsky [6].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

His sociological historiography described Russian history in line with class antagonisms and was focused on Marxist economic and historical categories, and national and patriotic elements underestimated, hushed up and even ridiculed [7] [8].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

One of the outstanding historical figures of Russian history, who were supposed to perpetuate the heroic past of the country, their struggle against the invaders and inspire them to new achievements and exploits, was Aleksandr Nevsky.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The first work, after a 20-year break, dedicated to the Old Russian prince and his deeds, appeared in the Historical Journal in March-April 1937 [9].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Almost simultaneously with this article, Pravda published an article by P. Drozdov “Pokrovsky Historical School”, in which historians of this school were declared “enemies of the people”, in addition, the author blamed Pokrovsky and his students for the fact that none of their works the struggle of Novgorod and Pskov residents against the crusaders and German invaders is considered.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Due to the tense Soviet-German relations, Soviet historiography began to draw a line about the centuries-old struggle of the Slavs against German expansion (Drang nach Osten) and, in general, against foreign invaders , which led to a positive attitude towards the activities of Alexander Nevsky and his inclusion in the pantheon of Soviet heroes.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Choosing a movie theme


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The appeal to the biographies of outstanding pre-revolutionary “progressive” historical figures in the spirit of a new historical doctrine that strengthened the role of the individual in history (often rulers and generals) became characteristic of this period of Soviet cinema (for example, the film is the biography “Peter the Great” by V. M. Petrov, shot in 1937-1939).


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

After the decision of the Politburo, on May 18, 1937, Eisenstein received an offer from the director of Mosfilm S. AND. Sokolovskaya to shoot a historical picture.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

He was offered a choice of stories and characters from Russian history: Minin and Pozharsky, Ivan Susanin and Alexander Nevsky.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Eisenstein also tried to propose as topics for discussion the Civil War in Spain or “The Word of Igor's Regiment”.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

He also expressed interest in a film project about the fight against espionage and subversive activities or about the “racial problem”.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The director chose Alexander Nevsky, which was apparently largely due to the fact that the surviving information about the prince's life is very small, which in turn provided an opportunity work relatively freely, giving historians little reason for criticism and reduce the influence on the filming process from the outside: “... there is only one page in the chronicle about it, and no one else at all knows” [10].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

There is a story by Mikhail Romm about how Eisenstein, when he met him, asked which scenario he would choose.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Romm replied that, of course, Minin and Pozharsky: after all, the 17th century, it is known what people looked like and what was happening there.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

And what do we know about the Nevsky era?!


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

“That's why,” said Eisenstein, “that's why I should take Alexander Nevsky. As I do, it will be so.”


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In addition, it is believed that he knew about Nevsky's personality since childhood, since the Konetsky, his maternal relatives, were from Novgorod region.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

As a young boy, he spent a lot of time in St. Petersburg with his very religious grandmother Iraida Matveyevna, who lived near the Alexander Nevsky Lavra (where her husband and grandfather were buried director — merchant of the first guild I. AND. Konetsky) [11].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The main theme of the film was to be a patriotic theme, which Eisenstein himself wrote about as follows:


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— “Patriotism is my theme — this is how it appears on the first piece of paper on which the first thoughts about the upcoming film were recorded, when I was instructed to recreate the 13th century on the screen... We want our film has not only mobilized even more those who are in the midst of the struggle against fascism on a global scale, but to instill cheerfulness, courage and confidence in those parts of the world who think that fascism is... indestructible...” [12].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

According to him, “the bloody horror that the knightly orders of the conquerors sowed in the 13th century” is almost indistinguishable “from what is being done now in Europe” [13].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Preparatory work


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Apparently, on the advice of writer A. A. Fadeev Eisenstein, with whom he was supposed to collaborate on the project of the film “Moscow”, he began working with another writer and screenwriter close to the authorities P. A. Pavlenko [14], who completed the first version of the script called “Rus” at the end of July 1937 (originally it was called “Mr. Veliky Novgorod”) [15].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Since mid-August, together with the director, they worked together on the second version of the script, in the preface to the text, which was mentioned in connection with the name of the prince by both Peter the Great and Dmitry Donskoy.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The third version of the literary script was submitted for review by the Main Directorate of the Film Industry on November 13, 1937.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The approved work plan for the film included 198 shooting days and provided for the film to be completed by the end of February 1939 [16].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Thus, Eisenstein wrote the script and directed the film on a state order.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The author has put together a first-class cast.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

First of all, this is, of course, Nikolai Cherkasov, who continued to work with the director in Ivan the Terrible.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The invitation to the role of prince was unexpected for Cherkasov, caught him by surprise, as he himself said, as he considered himself more an acutely characteristic actor, but was convinced and agreed with the role proposed.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Explaining the image of Nevsky, the director told him: “Fire restrained by wisdom, synthesis, merger of both are the main things in Alexander's character. That's a challenge for the actor!” [17].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Without any trial, Eisenstein approved Nikolai Okhlopkov and Andrei Abrikosov as associates of Prince Vasily Buslaev and Gavrila Aleksic.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Sergei Blinnikov played Pskov voivode traitor Tverdila.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The director invited Vladimir Ershov, an outstanding actor of the Moscow Art Theater, to play the role of Master of the Order.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Fedor Odinokov played his first film role.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film's consultants were professional scientists A. IN. Artsikhovsky, Yu.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

IN. Gautier, N. P. Gratsiansky, A. A. Savich, M. N. Tikhomirov, Ye.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

E.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Syroechkovsky.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Filming


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Filming of the film “Alexander Nevsky” began on June 5, 1938.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film begins with a scene of fishing on Lake Pleshcheevo and a dialogue between Alexander Nevsky and Tatar Baskaks.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Eisenstein shot this scene in Alexander Nevsky's homeland — near the village of Gorodishche near Pereslavl-Zalessky — the hill and rampart of the settlement, where the princely chambers stood at that time, have survived to this day.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

According to local historians and the memoirs of old-timers, in August 1938, the shooting of individual scenes continued near the village of Protopotovo on the high bank of the Oka River in the city of Kolomna for which special decorations.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

This can be seen from the film footage.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The shooting of the central scene of the film, the Battle of the Ice, took place in the summer due to tight deadlines.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

For this purpose, a scenery was built in the courtyard of Mosfilm on Potylikha.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The asphalt was sprinkled with chalk and salt and filled with liquid glass.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Wooden “ice floes” painted white were also used [18].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In an episode of the duel between Alexander Nevsky and the Master of the Livonian Order, Nikolai Cherkasov's understudy was Senior Lieutenant N. AND. Buchilev, and Surkov was the understudy of the master, and in the future he was a general of tank troops [18].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

As the director himself noted, the style of the film was influenced by the operas “A Life for the Tsar” by M. AND. Glinka and “Sadko” by N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In many places, the influence of the epic “The Word of Igor's Regiment” is also obvious to film, which the director offered Mosfilm before that.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Viktor Shklovsky points out the influence on the scheme of the battle of the screenwriter Pavlenko of the novel “Crusaders” Henryk Sienkevich.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The events of the film in Russian scenes were carefully furnished with ancient attributes, interior items and appropriate decorations.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Eisenstein took out genuine weapons from the 13th century from the Hermitage and closely watched the manufacture of Nevsky's armor.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

An exact copy of a medieval portable organ was made especially for the film.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

It is played by a Catholic monk dressed in black during battle (gleaned by the authors from The Chronicle of Livonia).


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Instead of the planned 198 shooting days, the director needed only 115 days, and for the early end of filming, the band was awarded a passing red banner [19].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Screenplay and plot


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Scenario options


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The cinematic version of the script differs from the original versions proposed by Pavlenko and Eisenstein.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The first version of the script called “Rus” was sharply criticized by historians.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

M. N. Tikhomirov in his review “The Story on History” (1938) noted:


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The writers of the script... made a lot of factual mistakes that were unforgivable for people who were at least somehow familiar with Russian history, and gave a completely distorted idea of Russia in the 13th century [20]


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Already in this scenario, Pavlenko develops two storylines in nine scenes that will be the main ones for the future film — the struggle against the Teutonic Order and the competition between two Novgorod heroes, Vasily Buslay and Gavrila Oleksic, for the love of beautiful Olga.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Criticism of historians was mainly aimed at numerous historical inaccuracies and errors in the script, which was largely influenced by literary texts, such as Novgorod epics or operas.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

S. M. Eisenstein and P. A. Pavlenko took into account criticism and revised the script twice.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Thus, according to the German Slavist Bernd Uhlenbruch, who largely noted the compromise nature of the director's work on the film, the literary scripts of the film are “... the result of a forced dialogue between the artist and censorship, the result of collective creativity [1]”.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In November 1937, the writers handed over their “literary script” to the General Directorate of Cinematography, from where he returned in December with the following directive remarks:


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— “To show the people more clearly, mainly the peasantry, to emphasize the heroism and fearlessness of the people, and not just the princes and the voivode, to more clearly work out the entire line of Alexander Nevsky, his leading role commander, to free the script from excessive piles of “horrors” and “cruelties”, to correctly show the Novgorod Veche.”


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The director himself conceived at the end of the film a big episode that was not included, where the prince would appear not only as a warrior, but also in the guise of a diplomat in the Golden Horde, where he was summoned through the khan's envoy Khubibulai Nevsky, and after negotiations he was poisoned.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

According to the director, the prince's activity also had an eastern vector, after his death historical continuity would be preserved, and the Battle of the Ice in the film historically and thematically preceded Battle of Kulikovo [21]:


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Thus, in the editorial office of the script Eisenstein worked on, Nevsky appears both as a diplomat for the Mongols, and as a caring husband and father of the family.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

At the same time, the director admitted that he was sometimes forced to retreat “from historical facts in favor of artistic and ideological considerations.”


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

However, the attempt to insist on his tragic ending ended with a direct indication from above about what he wrote as follows: “It was not my hand that drew a red line with a pencil after the scene the defeat of the German hordes.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

“The script ends here,” the words were told to me. “Such a good prince cannot die!” [22] [23] [24].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Pavlenko and Eisenstein write in Literaturnaya Gazeta of April 24, 1938 that they agreed with the criticism of historians and changed the script in accordance with it [25].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The end of the discussion is evidenced by the new and final title of the film, Alexander Nevsky.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

After the rejection of the final proposed in the second version of the scenario of “Russia”, the script of “Alexander Nevsky”, in fact, coincided with the original version of Pavlenko.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Subsequently, the director regretted that he could not insist on the second edition (the third version of the literary script was almost the same as the second).


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In February 1940, he even publicly stated that due to various interventions and the reduction of the original finale, “Shakespeare's turn in character... Alexander Nevsky disappeared.”


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Also, some changes were made during the filming and editing (there is no whole scene of a fist fight on the bridge in Novgorod, in some episodes the wife was originally shown prince, all these scenes were removed during editing.)


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Despite the fact that the painting refers to the history of the 13th century, it had an acutely modern character, which contained references and parallels to the time of its creation and the topical outwardly political setting.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

One of the director's recordings shows that the director even wanted to start the film with a quote (title) from the book “My Struggle” by A. Hitler, who called for “getting land... at the expense of Russia,” for which it would be necessary,” explained the Fuhrer, “to move along the same road that the knights of our orders once walked,” and after that, had to go the inscription: “Let us remember and recall how it happened.”


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In addition, Eisenstein, noting the continuity in the similarity of the drawings of the ancient Russian helmet in shape resembling a budyonovka, accompanies them with the note: “Do not forget. To play hard on this in the Novgorod Army.”


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The plot


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film includes twelve episodes united by two interrelated storylines: the rivalry between two heroes, Vasily Buslay and Gavrila Oleksic, for the love of Olga Danilovna and the struggle of Novgorod residents (” Russian people”) led by their leader Alexander Nevsky with the Teutonic Order.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film is based on historical events of the XIII century, the struggle of the Novgorod principality against the expansion of knightly orders.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The action takes place in 1242, after the battle with the Swedes on the Neva in 1240 (which made it possible to expand the “German” theme in the film).


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

However, Eisenstein did not set the task of literally filming the events.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In the scenario, there are deviations from reality, romanticization and polarization of the parties to the conflict, and along with historical characters and events, fictional ones also act.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The troops of the Teutonic Order are advancing on the western borders of Russia.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

They capture Pskov, torture and kill local residents.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Knights divide Russian lands that have not yet been conquered in advance, appropriating the titles of princes and hoping for the support of the Pope.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Voivode Pavsha, who resisted the invaders and, by order of the traitor posadnik Tverdila, was hanged on the facade of the church, ordering his daughter Vasilisa to flee the city and take revenge, calls on Pskov residents to call Prince Alexander for the liberation of the city.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

At the assembly, the Novgorod people decide to gather a squad and call an experienced commander Prince Alexander, nicknamed Nevsky, to command it.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Two heroes — Gavrila Aleksic and Vaska Buslay (real personalities [26]) — marry one girl Olga Danilovna, and she decides that she will choose the one who will show himself better in the upcoming battle.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The troops converge to the shores of frozen Lake Peipsi.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Before the battle, chain mail master Ignat, in the presence of the prince, tells the soldiers a fable about a fox stuck in a fork in a tree, where it was lured by a hare who dishonored the fox.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Alexander acts in a similar way: he builds his troops with ticks, while the “boar” of the Teutons comes right in the center.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Rusichi surround the enemy, clamp him in a “vice” and break him.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The fleeing Germans are drowning, breaking through the ice with heavy armor.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The leaders of the aggressors are captured.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

After the battle, Russian women gather the wounded.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Two heroic heroes are taken barely alive to Pskov, where Vasily publicly gives the championship to a friend.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

He himself marries the daughter of a Pskov voivode executed by the Crusaders, who fought in battle on a par with men.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The prince and the Pskov people judge the Teutons.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Ordinary bollards are released, knights are left for ransom.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

A traitor posadnik and a Catholic monk who blessed the burning of children at the stake, the crowd lynches on the spot.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

After that, Pskov and Novgorod residents vigorously celebrate the victory.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Alexander, paraphrasing the released bollards, paraphrases the Gospel of Matthew: “Go and tell everyone in foreign lands that Russia is alive! Let them come to visit us without fear, but if someone comes in with a sword, he will die by the sword! Russkaya Zemlya stands on this and will stand!” [27].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Subtext of the film


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film contains an easy-to-read allegory: knighted dogs mean Nazi Germany, and Novgorod Rus means the Soviet Union.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

This allegory was used as anti-fascist propaganda [28].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Rhetoric similar to Alexander's statements in the film was characteristic of the era of the film's creation.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Thus, Stalin uttered a phrase with a similar message on January 26, 1934 at the XVII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (B), where in his reporting report he spoke about Germany and Japan [29]:


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

music


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The music for the film (in close collaboration with Eisenstein) was written by S. S. Prokofiev said.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

When creating the musical accompaniment, the composer listened to all the noise instruments available at the film studio and inscribed some of them into the orchestral score.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On its basis, Prokofiev wrote a cantata in 1939, which premiered on May 17, 1939 at the BZK.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The cantata Alexander Nevsky has become one of Prokofiev's most famous and popular works.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Passionate about the problem of the synthesis of music and plastic (German. Gesamtkunstwerk), Eisenstein understood and admitted that this problem was successfully solved in the film.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Eisenstein later called collaboration with the famous composer and work on visual and sound effects in combining music and film images as the most interesting aspects of creating a film.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

When working on this film, a principle took shape that they followed in the future, which the director wrote as follows [30]:


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The musical series of the film, consisting of symphonic and choral music, is a full-fledged classical work.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

According to Eisenstein himself, some episodes of the film were edited according to the recorded musical phonogram [31].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Prokofiev combined all the musical fragments in the cantata Alexander Nevsky, which consists of seven parts:


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

1) “Russia under the yoke of Mongol”


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

2) “The Song of Alexander Nevsky”


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

3) The Crusaders in Pskov


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

4) “Get up, Russian people!” (audio recording)


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

5) Battle of the Ice


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

6) Field of the Dead


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

7) “Alexander's Entry into Pskov”


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film was released with a poorly recorded audio track.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The poor quality of the recording is due to the fact that a draft version was inserted into the film, which had yet to be re-dubbed.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

But even before this was done, Stalin watched the film with a draft sound and approved it in this form.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Eisenstein did not dare to change anything in the film, which successfully passed such a high censorship.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The themes “Crusaders” and “Battle of the Ice” are still used in various feature films and documentaries.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In his book Making Movies (1996), American director Sidney Lumet wrote the following about the musical accompaniment of the film [32]:


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Film distribution and reception


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On November 7, 1938, the film was shown to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (B) and members of the government, after which it was approved by Stalin, on November 9, an official film show was held at the Committee on Cinematography Affairs, a public screening was held at the Cinema House, and on December 1, 1938, it premiered in Soviet cinemas.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The Leningrad Copy Factory produced 800 copies of the film [33].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On the very first day of its release in Moscow alone, 45,000 people watched it in seven cinemas [34].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film was accompanied by a broad historical and cultural educational campaign.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The first articles about the film appeared at the end of July 1938 in various regional newspapers.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

During the release period, numerous positive reviews were published in the press, thematic exhibitions, lectures and readings were held, collective visits, sessions were accompanied by enthusiastic applause viewers.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

It is noted that even children on the streets played “Battle of the Ice”.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The popularity of the film is evidenced by the following fact: on New Year's Eve in 1939, you could meet people dressed in fancy dresses by Alexander Nevsky in the capital.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film was shown throughout the USSR.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On February 1, 1939, Eisenstein and leading actor Nikolai Cherkasov received the highest state award of the USSR for the film - the Order of Lenin.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On March 15, 1941, director and actors N. Cherkasov and A. Abrikosov received the Stalin Prize of the first degree.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The director also received a doctorate in art history without defending his thesis.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On March 22, 1939, the film was released in the United States.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On June 29, the newspaper “Kino” reported on the screening of the film at the White House in Washington.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

According to the publication, US President F. D. Roosevelt was very touched by the movie.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In 1939, the film was shown in cinemas in Belgium, Switzerland and Great Britain.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

After the conclusion of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in connection with the cessation of anti-German and anti-fascist propaganda in the USSR, Alexander Nevsky and other films for reasons of political correctness were withdrawn from cinemas (in some regions of the USSR, the film could still be watched at the end of 1939).


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

It should be noted that so far not a single document has been found proving the official ban on the film.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In 1941, after the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the screening of a film glorifying the heroism of the Russian people resumed with great success and contributed to strengthening the morale of the population.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The Soviet Order of Alexander Nevsky, established in 1942, depicts not the face of Alexander Nevsky himself, whose lifetime portraits do not exist, but Nikolai Cherkasov, who played the main role in this movie [35].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Until 1966, Alexander Nevsky was banned in Germany and could not be publicly demonstrated, as it was considered an “anti-German” special government commission.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Criticism and perception


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Despite the undoubted success and approval of the country's top leadership, the film caused lively discussions.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Thus, extracurricular references to the past of Russia, anti-German orientation and appeal to the topic of Russian patriotism in the film were perceived by some, including ideological communists, as oblivion ideals of internationalism and cosmopolitanism, the resurrection of Russian pre-revolutionary nationalism, which distorted the nature of “socialist patriotism”.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Eisenstein justified his patriotic film by pointing to A. S. Pushkin and his “Sincere and Deep Love for His People”.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

During the creation of the film and after that, a debate broke out between cultural figures, party representatives and historians about the “Genuine” and “true” image of Alexander Nevsky.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film was also criticized for historical inconsistencies, for its obmodernity and separation from reality, subjectivity, schematic, simplification, patriarchal, “pseudo-epic style” and “popular battle scenes”, excessive pathos, the use of cinematographic and opera cliches.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Critical statements met with sympathy and approval at meetings of art and public organizations, and some editorial offices of magazines published texts that were opposed to the official doctrine [16].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

A well-known literary critic and dissident L. H. Kopelev wrote in 1990:


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

According to Jacques Loursel, this is a patriotic film with a message to the near future and using a “distant historical metaphor” that was used in the cinema of fascist Italy and Germany: “Speech it is no longer about expressing Marxist ideology, but about nationalist propaganda, figurative to such an extent that Bardesh and Brasillac admired Alexander Nevsky, seeing him as “the most exciting example fascist cinema “” [36].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The same R. Brasiyak, a nationalist critic, wrote: “In the depths, for all its political resonance, with its cult of hero and symbols of the past, Alexander Nevsky, in reality it is more beautiful than” fascist “movies. Nothing reminds of Marxism in this war song of the Slavic people, and the blond hero of the film will take a place in our memory not next to Lenin or Peter the Great, but next to Roland, Siegfried, Parsifal. This film should have been created in Nazi Germany if it had a film genius” [37].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Film critic Leon Mussinac, a critic in the communist Humanit, wrote: “No film has made such a strong impression on me. “Alexander Nevsky” for sound films is the same as “Battleship Potemkin” for the silent. It is a masterpiece with absolute completeness of content and form. A real monument that needs to be analyzed” [37].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

American film critic Jay Leida, a student and friend of Eisenstein, who was his assistant intern in the film “Bezhin Meadow”, called the film “his least personal work” [38].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Numerous references, images and symbolism from religious texts and mythology led Slavist Uhlenbruch to the assumption that the film should be interpreted in the spirit of the director's opposition to to the Stalinist regime, as a subversive commentary on the Soviet “new mythology”, which found expression in the cult of Stalin's personality [1].


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Cast


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Nikolay Cherkasov — Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Nikolay Okhlopkov: Vasily Buslay


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Andrey Abrikosov — Gavrilo Oleksic


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Dmitry Orlov — Ignat, chain mail master


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Vasily Novikov — Pavsha, Pskov Voivode


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Nikolai Arsky — Domash Tverdislavich, Novgorod boyar


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Varvara Massalitinova — Amelfa Timofeyevna, Buslay's mother


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Valentina Ivasheva — Olga, Novgorod girl


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Alexandra Danilova — Vasilisa, a resident of Pskov


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Vladimir Ershov — Master of the Teutonic Order (Andreas von Felfen)


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Sergey Blinnikov — Tverdilo (Tverdila), Pskov voivode, traitor


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Ivan Lagutin — Ananius, monk, assistant of Tverdila


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Lev Fenin — bishop


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Naum Rogozhin — “black monk”


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In cameo roles (not credited):


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Nikolay Aparin — Mikhalka


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Leonid Iudov — Savka


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Fedor Odinokov


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Ivan Klyukvin is a Pskov warrior


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Nikolay Vitovtov — Knight Hubertus, “Prince of Pskov”


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Nikolay Tarasov — Knight Dietlib, “Prince Novogorodsky”


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Pavel Pashkov — Mikula


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Nikita Lian-Kun [39] — Kublai


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Film crew


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Scriptwriters: Pyotr Pavlenko, Sergei Eisenstein


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Production by Sergei Eisenstein, Dmitry Vasiliev


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Chief cameraman — Eduard Tisse


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Composer: Sergey Prokofiev


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Lyrics by Vladimir Lugovskoy


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The main artist is Iosif Shpinel


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Artist: Nikolay Solovyov


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Costume and props designer — Konstantin Eliseev


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Co-Director: Boris Ivanov


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Cameraman — Sergey Uralov


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Sound Designer — Boris Volsky


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Sound engineer: Vladimir Bogdankevich


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Noise design — Valery Popov


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Make-up artist L. Porozov


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Assistants:


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Directed by Nikolay Maslov


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

installation — Esfir Tobak [40]


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

operator — A. Nikolay Bolshakov Astafiev


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Assistant Director: Valentina Kuznetsova, Yakov Kocharyan


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Administrators — E.


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Soluyanov, M. Khavkin V. Gordon


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Actors consultant — Elizaveta Teleshova


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Historical consultation — Professor A. IN. Artsikhovsky


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Military Consultant — Brigade Commander K. G. Kalmykov


Question: Who played Alexander Nevsky in Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Costume models by Nadezhda Lamanova [41], N. Makarova