Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Since 1877, the state also required importers to pay customs duties (only import duties, since there were no export duties in Russia) in gold rubles at face value.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The monetary system of the Russian Empire in 1885—1896

This set of restrictions led to a scheme for the circulation of the gold ruble between the treasury, holders of gold government securities, importers and again the treasury.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The gold ruble was issued partially as a private gold miner (the gold sold was paid only with a gold coin), after which the gold coin was transferred to importers.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Since payments on gold loans usually amounted to more than the customs duties collected, the state continued to buy gold on the market with credit cards and mint the necessary settlements on loans imperials.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

At the same time, gold money, under the influence of the restrictions described above, fell out of use in domestic circulation and was almost unknown to the population [20].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The market value of the credit ruble relative to gold was determined at the St. Petersburg Stock Exchange by setting the exchange rate for checks and three-month bills in popular gold currencies (pound, German mark, French franc) issued by Russian banks to London, Berlin and Paris.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Bills and checks were bought by importers for settlement with foreign counterparties.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Since by the 1880s all these currencies were tightly tied to gold (and therefore rigidly linked to each other), this rate automatically determined the value of the gold ruble and gold bars relative to the credit ruble.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The exchange rate of the St. Petersburg Stock Exchange actually followed the reverse rates (that is, the rates of ruble checks and bills to St. Petersburg) on European exchanges [21].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The gold ruble also had a fluctuating market value, different from the theoretical parity value; fluctuations were determined by the magnitude of current supply and demand for the currency.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The fluctuations were strictly limited to the gold points of export and import — the amount of transportation costs, insurance in transit, and the minting of one currency into another.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

When the market rate reached the gold point, it became more profitable for market participants not to buy bills for foreign currency, but to physically move and mint gold rubles.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The deviation of the gold dot from parity started from 0.9% (operations to Berlin) and reached 4.1% (operations to New York) [22].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The state continued to comply with its obligation to mint coins from metal brought by private individuals.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The minting of a coin from private gold did take place — most of the gold mined in Russia was minted into a coin; and the minting of a full-fledged silver coin was unprofitable for the owners silver and actually stopped [23].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The credit ruble behaved like a volatile currency on the international market, and its exchange rate easily swayed when speculators influenced the market.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

At the end of the 1880s, annual deviations of 25% of the difference between the maximum and minimum of the exchange rate were considered normal.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The ruble exchange rate could only be restrained from fluctuations if the government made market interventions where necessary.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

There was another danger in this: the government did not skillfully combat the use of official information for personal gain (insider).


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In 1892, Chairman of the Finance Committee A. A. Abaza was caught playing with borrowed money for the ruble exchange rate, using classified official information.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

At the same time, since the late 1870s, an attractor of the ruble exchange rate has been identified — 66 kopecks in gold per credit ruble; for more than 10 years, the average annual exchange rate values almost did not deviate from this value [24].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Preparation and introduction of gold money circulation


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

By the early 1880s, the government was preparing for a gradual transition to gold money circulation.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Finance Ministers Nikolai Bunge (1881—1886) and Ivan Vyshnegradsky (1887—1892) pursued an active and quite successful policy in this direction, and this work was completed under Sergei Witt (1892—1903).


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Since 1884, the treasury began to gradually accumulate the gold fund; the fund was conditionally called a bargaining fund, but was not used to guarantee banknotes or for their exchange and, therefore, did not affect current money circulation.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Since 1888, it has been accepted as a rule that when issuing the next series of credit tickets, an equal amount in gold was deposited with the State Bank.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Banknotes that were not backed by gold in the bargaining fund were called temporarily issued; the state gradually withdrew them from circulation.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The balance of account for the entire period of the monetary system of 1885 was negative for Russia — gold tended to leave the country.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Accordingly, the increase in the gold reserve that the treasury had could not occur except with the growth of Russia's external debt - the state continuously borrowed more and more funds for foreign market [23].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Neither the active trade balance (in 1882-1897, exports of products exceeded imports by 2,635 million rubles), nor an increase in gold production (in the first half of the 1890s, the average annual gold production reached 42 202.7 kg, which amounted to 17.2% of world production) did not change this picture [25] [26].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Since the summer of 1890, the government switched to a policy of maintaining the exchange rate of the credit ruble at the level of 3:2, that is, 150 credit kopecks per gold ruble.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The exchange rate was supported by buying gold on the market (the credit ruble at that time showed an upward trend).


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Since 1893, the government has switched to indirect measures to combat fluctuations in the exchange rate of the credit ruble.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Forward and non-deliverable (for exchange rate difference) transactions for the gold ruble on Russian stock exchanges were prohibited.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The Ministry of Finance conducted individual negotiations with banks and major stock players, using administrative resources to unofficially prohibit participation in transactions at the exchange rate of the credit ruble .


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The government's efforts were successful, and by the end of 1893, the credit ruble began to show low volatility (fluctuations of no more than 3% of the target rate — 3:2) [27].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In the summer of 1893, the price of silver relative to gold fell below its (silver) nominal price in a full-fledged silver coin (this was caused by technological reasons - cheaper and increased world production)), that is, the bank silver coin has become incomplete and has ceased to differ from the bargaining one.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The government could not support the profitable free minting of a silver coin from privately brought silver, and withdrew this commitment on June 16, 1893.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

At the same time, now the silver coin has ceased to fall out of circulation, and the treasury was able to start minting it from its own silver.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Given that silver was now cheaper than a coin, the treasury began to receive coin income during this operation.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The manufacture of a counterfeit silver coin, previously meaningless, is now possible, and the government has banned the import into the country of foreign silver coins (except for those who have retained the silver standard Asian countries with which it would be impossible to trade with such a ban) [28].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

By 1895, the credit ruble had stabilized so much at 3:2 that in May the government allowed transactions and settlement of the gold coin at the current exchange rate.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

This was supposed to show the market that speculation on the gold ruble is no longer possible, as the government has sufficient financial power to hold its exchange rate [29].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Since 1895, the government has temporarily accepted various taxes and fees in a gold coin, considering the imperial (10 rubles) for 14 rubles 80 kopecks in credit cards (20 kopecks less ideal for market rate governments); the types of taxes for which this was possible and the periods allowed were set individually for each case.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Since the beginning of 1896, the exchange rate was raised to 15 rubles, which greatly facilitated oral calculations.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In August 1896, the Supreme Decree announced that the exchange rate of 15 credit rubles for the imperial would be used at least until December 1897 and beyond, unless there was a special order on its cancellation [30].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Since April 1895, the treasury began to accept in all payments metal deposit receipts received by gold miners for the delivery of gold to state gold alloy laboratories, as well as any persons when submitting a foreign gold coin to the treasury [31].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In 1896, the treasury, to the great displeasure of the public, began to forcibly saturate money circulation with a gold coin.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Banknotes of 1, 3 and 5 rubles were withdrawn from circulation, and in return, the treasury began to make a significant part of payments by imperials and semi-imperials.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Up to this point, 90% of the population (according to economist S. F. Sharapova) never saw a gold coin, and the fact that the denomination of these coins (10 and 5 rubles) did not correspond to their real price (15 and 7.5 rubles) led to numerous misunderstandings [32].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Thus, in 1895—1896, the monetary system almost turned into a monometallic gold system.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The exchange rate of the credit ruble against the gold ruble turned out to be de facto fixed, and the treasury (by accepting the gold ruble in payments at a fixed price) guaranteed that it would not rise higher.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The only difference with full-fledged gold money circulation was that the treasury did not guarantee that it would maintain this rate constantly.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In addition, instead of the obligation to exchange credit tickets for gold in an unlimited manner, the treasury de facto guaranteed that it would maintain a stable exchange rate that allowed anyone to do this free market operation.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The imperials and semi-imperials in circulation received actual denominations of 15 and 7.5 rubles, although they were marked with denominations of 10 and 5 rubles [33].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Finally, after a year of successful operation of the “almost golden” monetary system, on January 3, 1897, the government switched to a full-fledged gold currency circulation.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The ten-ruble imperial received, while maintaining its previous weight in gold, a new denomination of 15 rubles (that is, the gold ruble was formally devalued to the current exchange rate of the credit ruble); it was announced free exchange of the credit ruble for gold coin and vice versa; the obligation to exchange the credit ruble for silver and back was liquidated; free minting of the gold coin was maintained, free the minting of the silver coin (canceled in 1893) was no longer resumed and finally passed into the hands of the state, the entire silver coin (incomplete since 1893) remained in circulation.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The former non-exchangeable credit notes (formally denominated in silver rubles) turned into credit notes denominated in gold rubles and secured by a gold bargaining fund.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The value of the old credit ruble in gold did not change when it was converted into gold; therefore, domestic prices did not change [34] [35].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

This temporarily ended the history of Russian paper money, which continued 16 years later, when just before the outbreak of the First World War (by the law of July 27, 1914), the government was forced close the exchange of credit cards for gold and turn them back into paper money [36].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Ministers of Finance of the Russian Empire of the era of the monetary standard of 1885—1896:


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Nikolay Bunge


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Ivan Vyshnegradsky


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Sergey Witte


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The main parameters of money circulation in 1885—1896


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Years18851886188718881889189018911892189418951896The average annual course is 3 months.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

bills to London,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

pounds for a credit.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

ruble [37] 0.1010,0980,0890,0930,1270,1170,1100,1000,1050,1080,1080,106The average annual exchange rate of the gold ruble,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

cred.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

kopecks per ruble, on the St. Petersburg Exchange [38] 157,8169,8179,6168,2151,8137,8149,8161,4153,2149,2148,2148,2150,0The average annual exchange rate of the silver ruble,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

cred.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

kopeks per ruble, at the price of meth.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

silver [38] 125,9126,7131,6118,6106,6108,2111,1105,489,571,072,673.3 The average annual ratio of silver to gold,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

in the London Foreign Exchange Market [39] 19,4120,7821,1321,9922,1019,7620,9223,7226,7226,4932,5631,6031.66Credit tickets in circulation,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

annual maximum, million rubles [40] 917946986103297397810721139111210721107211031083 Treasury exchange fund,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

million rubles of evils.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

[41] 171,4171,4171,4211,4211,4211,4211,5286,5361,5361,5450,0500,0Gold reserve (full),


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

million rubles of evils.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

[42] 273,1311,1281,5273,7297,1372,3483,8495,2581,5598,6645,76Minting a gold coin,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

million rubles of evils.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

[43] 26,829,126,026,524,428,12,70,73,03,050,00,0Minting a silver full coin,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

million rubles ser.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

[44] 1,31,72,01,52,03,53,83,20,44,826,0Public debt,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

as of the end of the year, million credits.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

rubles [45] 541156625743532454335385565758195834655265066735


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Monetary System Estimates 1885


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Since the mid-1890s, the project to introduce gold money circulation has become the object of lively discussion in the economic community, in specialized literature, periodicals and even in the popular press [46].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Since such a discussion could not do without comparing the projected monetary system with the existing one, the monetary system of 1885 was also in the focus of attention at the end of its existence public opinion and economic science.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The peculiarity of the discussion was that by the time it began, historical alternatives to the gold standard — the silver standard and bimetallism — had already shown their failure; there was only a choice between gold and paper ruble [47].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Thus, the dispute was about whether to leave money circulation in its current state or switch to gold monometallism [48].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The first topic discussed was the economic usefulness of the fixed ruble exchange rate against gold and gold foreign currencies.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Supporters of the gold ruble believed that the fixed exchange rate reduces the risks of participants in foreign trade.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

It was believed that the gold ruble would make trade with Russia more attractive for countries with gold currency: although foreign trade operations themselves were conducted in gold rubles, domestic prices (and behind them the demand for imported goods and the supply of exported goods) fluctuated along with the exchange rate of credit tickets.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Thus, stabilization should have led to an increase in Russia's participation in international trade.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Supporters of the paper ruble believed that its fluctuating exchange rate was not an inconvenience for those market participants who have the skills to deal with this risk — and these participants are precisely Russian merchants and banks.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In addition, the fluctuating ruble exchange rate stabilized the profits of agricultural producers — during the years of low harvest, exports fell, the exchange rate of credit cards fell after it, and producers, exporting less grain in commodity terms, made a larger profit in credit notes per unit of grain.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

From the point of view of supporters of the paper ruble, the floating exchange rate of the national currency gave the government the tools of financial regulation — intervention in the foreign exchange market, while the gold circulation with the current trade balance left the government no choice but to make new external loans to maintain the gold reserve.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The second topic discussed was the feasibility of costs associated with maintaining gold circulation.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The amount of costs required to create and maintain a bargaining gold fund was easy to account for and predict.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The benefits of gold circulation were indirect, and their exact monetary valuation was impossible.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Supporters of the golden ruble believed that the stability of domestic prices, a guarantee against budget deficits, a fixed exchange rate of the ruble against world currencies and the removal of risks of fluctuations in exchange rates cover the costs of maintaining the gold standard.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Supporters of paper money believed that the need to continuously obtain foreign loans to maintain a bargaining fund creates unnecessary risks; and funds killed in the form of gold reserve, would be of great benefit to the economy by turning into investments.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

It has been argued that paper money — inconvenient but cheap — is better suited for poor economies (including Russian); Russia should not blindly follow countries that surpass it in development [49].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The most active supporters of the paper ruble were economist S. F. Sharapov [50] and publicist G. IN. Bootmee [51].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The discussion was also influenced by the situation in other countries.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

By 1895, unsecured paper money existed only in Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Portugal, Greece, Spain, and Italy; with Portugal and Italy having recently switched to paper money due to the fall in gold circulation.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

All countries that are leaders in industrial development and the main trading partners of Russia had either a golden money circulation or a lame bimetallism (bimetallism with an actual restriction of exchange and circulation silver) [52].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The end to the dispute was put by the strong-willed decision of Finance Minister S. YU.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Witte, who refused to take into account the arguments of supporters of the paper ruble [53] and completed a long-prepared monetary reform in 1897.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

But even in the period 1897—1914, the idea of a paper ruble continued to maintain a certain popularity in the economic community; criticism of the excessive high cost of gold circulation for Russia never stopped [54].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The bulk of assessments of the monetary system of Russia in modern Russian literature follow the apologetic (in relation to the golden circulation) tone and arguments of pre-revolutionary official sources.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Within the framework of this approach, gold money circulation is considered perfect, and paper money is considered as a transitional stage from silver to gold, delayed due to the financial weakness of the state [55] .


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

There are also some researchers who believe that Russia, which followed the trajectory of catch-up development, has in vain abandoned paper money that is more suitable for its economic structure [56].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Extensive world economic literature on the historical analysis of monetary systems is inclined to assess the gold money circulation as beneficial for the countries of the “core” (Great Britain, Germany, France and the United States), and paper — beneficial for the periphery countries [57].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

According to Joseph Schumpeter, paper money circulation was economically adequate for Russia; by abandoning it, Russia slowed down its growth and created difficulties for itself; this decision did not generated by the real economic needs of the country, seemed somewhat mysterious to Shumpeter [58].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

See also


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Silver ruble


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Gold ruble


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Monetary reform in Russia in 1895—1897


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Notes


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Literature


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

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Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

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Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Category:Finance and credit in the Russian Empire


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Category:Monetary reforms of the Russian Empire


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Category:Money of the Russian Empire


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Category:1885 in economics


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The State Museum of Fine Arts named after A. S. Pushkin

The State Museum of Art History named after A. S. Pushkin (Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Pushkin Museum) is a Moscow Museum of Foreign Art, founded by Ivan Tsvetaev, a professor at Moscow University, in 1912.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The museum building was designed by architect Roman Klein in the neoclassical style in the form of an ancient temple.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Initially, the museum was conceived as an educational one, but after the revolution of 1917, the institution was transformed into the State Museum of Fine Arts.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 1937, the museum was named after the poet Alexander Pushkin [1].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 1991, the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts was included in the State Code of Particularly Valuable Cultural Heritage Sites of the Peoples of Russia [2].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

As of 2018, the exhibition consists of more than 700,000 items and includes a collection of casts from ancient statues, works of art, archaeological finds, as well as a collection items from Ancient Egypt and Ancient Rome [3].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Titles


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1912—1917 — Emperor Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts at Moscow University


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1917—1923 — Museum of Fine Arts at Moscow University


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1923—1932 — State Museum of Fine Arts


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1932—1937 — The State Museum of Fine Arts


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1937 — present — The State Museum of Fine Arts named after A. S. Pushkin


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

History


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Artistic intent


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, private art galleries, funded by philanthropists and entrepreneurs, appeared in the Russian Empire.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The idea of creating the Museum of Fine Arts at Moscow University was first proposed in 1831 by Princess Zinaida Volkonskaya and Professor Stepan Shevyrev, but the project was not implemented.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 1858, Karl Hertz, professor of archeology and art history, made a similar proposal, but no funding was found for the project [4] [3].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 1894, Ivan Tsvetaev, the father of the poetess Marina Tsvetaeva, proposed to create an educational museum at the First Congress of Russian Artists and Art Lovers.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

An example was the Cabinet of Fine Arts, created by Tsvetaev in 1848 at Moscow University.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The new museum was supposed to illustrate the development of art from antiquity to the Middle Ages and revival [4] [1].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

On March 12, 1898, Tsvetaev presented the design of the building of the Moscow Museum of Fine Arts to Emperor Nicholas II.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

A preview of large models was scheduled in the royal billiard room, where large models could be placed on the tables.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The emperor approved the project, but allocated only 200,000 rubles for the construction of the building.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

However, many investors, having learned about the approval of Nicholas II, also began to give money for its creation.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Thus, the Roman Hall was paid for by Princes Yusupov, and a copy of the Pergamon altar was paid for by architect Fedor Shekhtel.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Merchant Varvara Alekseeva allocated about 150,000 rubles, provided that the museum will bear the name of the emperor's father, Alexander III [5] [6] [7].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The foundation of the future museum building was laid at the end of 1898 in the presence of Nicholas II and his family members.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

On the same day, the Committee for the Organization of the Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts was organized [4].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The organization was conceived as voluntary, its participants had to help the university organize scientific expositions, as well as find funds for its construction.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The first chairman was Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, who has been patronizing the museum since its foundation.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Industrialist Yuri Nechaev-Maltsov, the main sponsor of the museum, was appointed Deputy Chairman.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Ivan Tsvetaev himself became the secretary of the committee [3].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Building construction


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 1896, Ivan Tsvetaev published the terms of an architectural competition for the construction of the museum building.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

It was won by aspiring architect Roman Klein and Chief Engineer Ivan Rerberg.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The building was erected by 1912 in the neoclassical style in the form of an ancient temple with a high podium and an Ionic colonnade along the perimeter of the facade.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

It was the last building in Moscow built with neo-Greek elements.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 1904, a fire broke out in the building, destroying most of the buildings and more than 175 boxes of casts, including copies from St. Mark's Basilica in Rome, ordered shortly before.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

After the fire, many investors refused to invest in the reconstruction of the premises, but the building was restored at the expense of Nechaev-Maltsov [8] [9].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The glass vault was designed by engineer Vladimir Shukhov, who created unique structures using arched ties so that natural light fell on the exhibits [10].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The interior layout corresponded to the museum exposition: an enfilade of rooms on the second floor was designed to accommodate ancient Greek sculptures and ancient art.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The rest of the halls were reserved for exhibitions of items from Ancient Egypt, Assyria, works by the Italian and Northern Renaissance.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The museum also had a library with a separate entrance from Kolymazhny Lane [11] [12].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The interior was decorated with decorative paintings and picturesque panels under the direction of artist Ignatiy Nivinsky [13].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Opening of the museum


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Tsvetaev was assisted in the design of the museum exposition by figures of Russian culture: Vasily Polenov, Igor Grabar, Konstantin Korovin, Alexander Golovin, architect Fedor Shekhtel, Nikodim Kondakov, Dmitry Ainalov, Vladimir Golenishchev, Boris Turaev, Dmitry Ilovaisky.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Thus, the first exhibition presented at the opening of the museum included casts from sculptures of the early Middle Ages and the Renaissance: forms were made from the originals of Roman and Greek sculptures, which later were filled with plaster.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

This is how exact plaster copies of figures from any material were obtained.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Among the original items in the original exhibition were antique vases, a famous collection of Egyptian originals and a group of Italian icons of the 13th and 14th centuries [6].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

According to legend, the first visitor to the still closed museum was the stoker Alexey, who worked for Ivan Tsvetaev and asked to show him the museum - at the beginning of the 20th century, the entrance to cultural institutions was for commoners is banned.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The official opening of the Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts took place on May 31, 1912 in the presence of Nicholas II and his mother Maria Fedorovna, as well as daughters Olga, Tatyana, Maria and Anastasia.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

On the same day, Yuri Nechaev-Maltsov received the Order of the White Eagle for his contribution to the development of art, and Ivan Tsvetaev was appointed the first director of the museum [5].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The discovery aroused great interest from the public: in the early years, the average attendance was 700—800 people on weekdays, and on weekends — 2500 people.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The main audience of the museum was teachers, students, representatives of the intelligentsia and the clergy [3].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Collection formation


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The collection of exhibits began even before the completion of the museum's construction.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 1909-1911, the funds included monuments of art of Ancient Egypt, paintings by Western European artists of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, as well as works by Russian artists.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Masterpieces of world culture at that time were no longer possible to purchase, so it was decided to create about two thousand plaster casts from works of ancient culture [5] [14].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In the first years of the museum's existence, about two thousand copies were made by order of Tsvetaev [4].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Since 1894, even before the construction of the main museum building, the sculptures were available to visitors in the former University Hospital Building on Bolshaya Nikitskaya Street, but four years later the exhibition closed due to the dilapidation of the building and plans for its demolition.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The casts were in the Rumyantsev Museum and in a warehouse in the Kolymazhny Dvor.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The first special storage facilities of the museum were erected in 1904 next to the main building, where sculptures began to be transferred [3].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The Egyptian collection was purchased in 1909—1911 from the famous orientalist Vladimir Golenishchev.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The collection of Italian paintings and art objects of the 13th and 15th centuries was handed over by diplomat Mikhail Shchekin, and Princess Elizaveta Fedorovna and Dmitry Khomyakov handed over Italian sculptures of the 16th—17th centuries.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

These collections were the first originals in the museum's collection.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Archaeologist Alexey Bobrinsky gave samples of French artistic casting of the XVIII-XIX centuries.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The rest of the items were purchased from scientists N. Likhachev, Vladimir Shileiko, Alexander Zhivago and Boris Farmakovsky [3].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Until the 1920s and 1930s, paintings were not presented in the museum exposition.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The art department began to form during the redistribution of the country's museum funds.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 1924, the museum included collections from the former collections of Heinrich Brocard, Sergei Shchukin, Ivan Shuvalov, Yusupov, exhibits from the State Museum Fund and museums of Leningrad.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The first regular exhibition of the art gallery opened on November 10, 1924.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

From 1924 to 1930, the museum included collections of European paintings from the Ilya Ostroukhov Museum of Icon Painting and Painting, the Historical Museum, and the Tretyakov Gallery.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The works transferred from the Hermitage in the period from 1924 to 1930 occupy an important place in the collection.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

These include Rinaldo and Armida by Nicolas Poussin, Bacchanalia by Peter Paul Rubens, portraits of Harmenszoon van Rijn Rembrandt, Still Life with Attributes of Art by Jean-Baptiste Chardin, Satire on doctors” by Antoine Watteau, as well as paintings by Peter de Hoch and Sandro Botticelli [6] [2] [15].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The art exposition was finally formed in 1948 after the transfer to the museum of the collection of the State Museum of New Western Art, created on the basis of the collections of Ivan Morozov and Sergei Shchukin .


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The museum received more than 300 works by French and American artists of the late 19th and first half of the 20th centuries [2].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

During this period, the museum included the famous works Boulevard de Capuchin in Paris by Claude Monet, Blue Dancers by Edgar Degas, Nude by Pierre Auguste Renoir, The Banks of the Marne by Paul Cezanne, paintings Vincent Van Gogh, Henri Matisse, Paul Gauguin, Henri Bonnard, Andre Derain and Fernand Leger [16] [6].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In the 1950s and 1960s, the museum began to receive paintings by artists of European socialist countries: Xavier Dunikovsky, Zsigmond Kischfaludi Strobl, Hans Grundig, Corneliu Baba, Fritz Kremer, as well as Bulgarian, Romanian and Hungarian artists [17].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Soviet times


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

After the revolution of 1917, the museum fell into temporary disrepair.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The first exposition was opened in 1920 and was an exhibition of projects for the monument to Liberated Labor.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Vladimir Lenin attended the opening of the exhibition, which confirmed the status of the museum as one of the main places of cultural life in Moscow.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

With the beginning of the NEP in 1921, a workshop was opened at the museum, which produced sculptures to decorate public places, such as the Girl with an Oar, exhibited at the Gorky Central Park of Culture and Recreation [16] [6].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 1924, the museum was renamed the State Museum of Fine Arts.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

With the new name, the museum received a government development plan, according to which the museum was to become a place of collection of world fine art — until then, the exhibition includes works of art were hardly represented.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The work on the creation of the art gallery was entrusted to scientists N. Romanov, Anatoly Efros and V. Lazarev [18].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 1932, the name was changed again — the institution became the State Museum of Fine Arts, and in 1937 it was named after Alexander Pushkin, in honor of the centenary of his death poet [6].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the museum's art collections were evacuated to Novosibirsk and Solikamsk.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

During the battles for Moscow, the building was badly damaged by bombing, its reconstruction began in 1944 and lasted several years.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The first post-war exposition was opened on October 3, 1946 under the direction of the director of the museum Sergey Merkurov.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

However, already in 1949, all the exhibits were removed to utility rooms, and the museum space was given for an exhibition of gifts sent to Joseph Stalin for his 70th anniversary.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The halls were filled with photographs, carpets and paintings with images of the Secretary General.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

After his death in 1953, the museum's exposition was returned to its place.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 1955, an exhibition of a collection of paintings by the Dresden Art Gallery, taken by Soviet soldiers from Berlin taken by Soviet soldiers and subsequently restored in the museum's workshop, opened in the halls of the museum [3] [16] .


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 1956, the museum hosted an exhibition of paintings by Pablo Picasso, organized by a politician and friend of the artist Ilya Ehrenburg.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The Soviet authorities allowed the event because of Picasso's participation in the international communist movement.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 1985, his second exhibition was organized, and after a while Picasso was awarded the Lenin Prize.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The award ceremony took place at the artist's French estate, located near Mougins.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In the same year, more than a hundred paintings from the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York were brought to the Pushkin Museum, as well as a portrait of the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci [16] [6].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Since the early 1980s, the Pushkin Museum has again become one of the main centers of cultural life in Moscow.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 1981, it hosted the Soviet-French exhibition Moscow-Paris, which exhibited paintings by avant-garde artists: Vasily Kandinsky, Pavel Filonov, Vladimir Tatlin, Kazimir Malevich.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The exhibition was very popular and was also visited by Leonid Brezhnev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

After the exhibition, the works of the Russian avant-garde began to be exhibited without state oppression in Russian museums and were popular abroad [16] [19] [20].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

On May 31, 2012, the Pushkin Museum celebrated its 100th anniversary.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

A series of medals and a postage stamp were issued for the event.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

On its anniversary, May 31, 2012, Channel One premiered Leonid Parfyonov's two-part film The Eye of God, dedicated to the century-old history of the museum [21].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Directors list


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1911—1913: Ivan Tsvetaev


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1913—1921: Vladimir Malmberg


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1921—1923 — Vladimir Giatsintov, Acting Director


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1923—1928: Nikolay Romanov


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1928—1929 — Fedor Ilyin


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1929—1932 — Vyacheslav Polonsky


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1932—1933: Boris Etingof


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1933—1935 — Joseph Byk-Bek


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1935—1936 — Alexey Vasiliev


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1936—1939: Vladimir Eifert


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1939—1944: Ivan Korotkov


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1941-1942 — V. N. Krylova, Acting Director


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1944—1950 — Sergey Merkurov


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1950—1954 — Nikolai Slonevsky


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1954—1961: Alexander Zamoshkin


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

1961—2013 — Irina Antonova


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

since 2013 — Marina Loshak [22]


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Modernity


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Museum town


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 2008, a tender was announced for the construction of new museum buildings and the reconstruction of the main building of the museum [23].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

It was won by British architect Norman Foster, who was in charge of the construction of the Mary X skyscraper in London.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The expansion was initiated by the museum's director Irina Antonova [24].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 2013, Marina Loshak was appointed director of the museum [25], and a year later, due to disagreements with the Pushkin Museum, the architect refused to participate in the project [26] [27] [28] [29].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In the same year, a new competition was announced, which was won by architect Yuri Grigoryan, known for the construction of a residential complex in Molochny Lane, a pavilion for the Born-house exhibition during the Architectural Biennale in Venice, as well as the Typography Cultural Center.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

According to his project, a whole block from the Kropotkinskaya metro station to Borovitskaya Ploshchad will be rebuilt into a museum space.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

It is planned to mount a brass map with the main attractions opposite the main building.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The museum will also include more than 29 new buildings, which will house expanded permanent exhibitions.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The reconstruction is planned to be completed by 2023 [30] [31].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 2018, the virtual museum town of the Pushkin Museum won the F @IMP 2.0 International Festival, held in Germany on May 31 and June 1, and received a bronze award in the nomination “Virtual Tours and 3D panoramas” [32].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Major exhibitions


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Bagatelle is a series of paintings by Vasily Kandinsky [33].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

“Masterpieces of New Art. Shchukin Collection” is an exhibition of works by Matisse, Picasso, Gauguin, Cezanne and Monet from the Hermitage and the Tretyakov Gallery.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Some paintings were brought from foreign collections: the Netherlands, Greece, France, Monaco and the United States [34].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

“Raphael. Poetry of the Image” is a temporary exhibition by artist Rafael Santi, which presented the paintings “Madonna and Child”, “Saint Cecilia”, “Angel”.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Over the course of 25 days, the event was attended by more than 50,000 people [35].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

“Panticapaeum and Phanagoria. Two Capitals of the Bosporan Kingdom” is an exhibition dedicated to the culture of the state of Eastern Crimea and the Taman Peninsula.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The Pushkin Museum exhibited the altar of the goddess Ditagoye, the marble head of Athena, as well as elements of ancient temples [36].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

“Facing the future. European Art 1945—1968” is an exhibition dedicated to post-war Western European art [37].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Yasumasa Morimura. The History of Self-Portrait” is a temporary exhibition of artist Yasumasa Morimura, who works in the genre of appropriation [38].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Caprichos. Goya and Dali” is a graphic series of works that presented works by Spanish artists Goya and Dali [39].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

October is an exhibition of works by Chinese artist Cai Guoqiang, dedicated to the theme of the revolution of 1917.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The exposition was based on two twenty-meter paintings, which were created by the master using the technique of gunpowder painting [40].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

“From Tiepolo to Canaletto” is an exhibition of 57 works by Venetian painters of the 18th century.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The paintings on display include paintings by Giovanni Pittoni, Luca Carlevaris, Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, Francesco Guardi and Pietro Longhi [41].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

“Masterpieces of the Leiden Collection” — Pushkinsky presented collections of American philanthropists Thomas Kaplan and Daphne Recanati-Kaplan, who collect Dutch painting.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Particularly valuable exhibits were paintings by Rembrandt and his students Frans Hals and Jan Vermeer [42].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Meetings


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Casts


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The museum contains a large collection of casts from ancient and medieval works, the basis of which was created under Ivan Tsvetaev.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The exhibits include a cast of the crayfish of St. Gertrude, the original of which was in the Church of St. Gertrude in Nivelles, destroyed during World War II.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

For the museum, the Italian courtyard of Palazzo Bargello in Florence was completely copied, as well as columns made of papyrus stems recreating the image of the temple of Carnac [2].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Sculptures


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

As of 2018, the collection of Western European sculpture includes about 600 works from the 16th to the 21st centuries.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The museum contains samples of polychrome wooden sculpture of the 15th—16th centuries, works of bronze plastic art of the 16th—17th centuries, works by French masters of the 18th century: Jean-Baptiste Lemoine, Philippe Caffieri, Jean-Antoine Houdon, Clodion, works by Auguste Rodin, Aristide Maillol, Emile Bourdelle, Osip Zadkin and others [6].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Art collection


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The museum's art collection includes more than 350,000 works, including works by Durer, Andrea Mantegna, Claude Callot, Rembrandt, Anton Zubov, Karl Bryullov, Ilya Repin, Dmitry Vrubel, Anna Ostroumova-Lebedeva and Nivinsky [18].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The exhibition is arranged in chronological order and begins with art from the 1st to 14th centuries.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The museum exhibits Fayum portraits — examples of easel painting painted on boards in the burials of the Fayum oasis of the 1st and 4th centuries.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

There is also a fragment of a mosaic depicting St. Joseph of the early 18th century — part of the composition “The Nativity of Christ” from the Basilica of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The collection also includes Byzantine icons of the 14th century dating back to the Paleologian dynasty: “The Twelve Apostles”, “The Mother of God with the Christ Child”, “Annunciation”, “Assumption of the Mother of God” , Saint Panteleimon [18].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The Pushkin Museum also features Italian art of the 13th and 15th centuries, including the 13th century hagiographic icon Madonna and Child Enthroned by artists from Naples, Pistoia, Florence and Siena, as well as triptychs.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

A separate exhibition is dedicated to European art of the 15th—16th centuries by artists from Italy, the Netherlands and Germany.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Examples of the Spanish Renaissance are the paintings of the Spanish figure Pedro Esparagez “Archangel Michael Weighing the Souls of the Dead”, “Madonna and Child” by Perugino, Guidoccio di Giovanni Cozzarelli” The Baptism of Christ” and others.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The museum owns a collection of majolica of the 16th century: a dish depicting the entry of Christ into Jerusalem, Venetian albarellas, a dish with the coat of arms of the city of Deruta, a plate with Neptune [18].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The collection also includes Flemish and Spanish art of the 16th and 17th centuries: paintings by Peter Bruegel the Younger, Joos de Momper, Lucas van Yuden, Rubens, Jacob Jordans, Antonis Van Dyck, Frans Snyders , Ian Feith, Cyberhats, Rembrandt and others.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Italian art of the 17th and 18th centuries is represented by works by Caravaggio, Agostino Carracci, Guido Reni, Domenico Fetti, Johann Liss, Strozzi and others [18].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Egyptian Assembly


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The collection of ancient Egyptian exhibits includes about 800 items dating from the 4th century BC to the 4th century.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The exhibition is arranged in chronological order.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The collection includes wooden and stone sarcophagi, reliefs, sculptures, jewelry, papyri, vessels, figurines and amulets.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The most valuable exhibits are stone tools of labor of the 6th-5th millennia BC, slate palettes and painted vessels of Negada cultures of the 1st and 3rd centuries BC.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Burial rites, which played an important role in the religious life of Egyptians, are presented separately.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The collection also includes sarcophagi, canopies, funeral masks, ushebti figures, statuettes of gods and the mummy of Priest Jorch, on which a net of faience beads was found during excavations [43] [6] [44].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Graphics


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

As of 2018, the museum owns about 150 thousand items of engravings.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The collection of the museum's engraving cabinet was transferred to Pushkinsky from the Rumyantsev Museum, formed on the basis of Dmitry Rovinsky's collection.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In total, about 40,000 sheets of Russian engravings of the 16th—19th centuries were transferred to the Pushkin Museum.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Later, the museum's collection was replenished with works by Soviet artists.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The Pushkin Museum also presents drawings by Ilya Repin, Valentin Serov, Mikhail Vrubel, Alexander Benois, Nikolai Ulyanov [45].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Numismatics


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The numismatics department consists of 200 thousand exhibits: medals, coins, bones, gemmas, casts of European carved stones.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The collection is based on the collection of coins and medals of the Moscow Imperial University, which was originally part of the Cabinet of Fine Arts.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In 1888, this collection was divided and became the basis of the largest numismatic collections in Moscow — the Historical Museum and the Emperor Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts [46].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Since 1912, items of ancient and Western European numismatics from the university collection have been part of the collection of the Sculpture Department of the Museum of Fine Arts.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

By June 1925, individual cabinets with coins, medals and casts scattered around the Museum were grouped and decorated as a Numismatic Study located on the choirs of the White Hall through the efforts of the curators.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

In the 1930s, the collection was regularly replenished at the expense of private collections of collectors A. G. Golikov, Vasily Rozanov, Evgeny Pakhomov, Alexander Smirnov, V. N. Stepanov, Alexander Stakhovich.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The exhibition is divided into four main sections: Western European, Ancient, Russian and Eastern.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Since 1945, the Numismatic Cabinet of the Museum has been separated into an independent department [46].


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Museum exposition, 2011


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Museum exposition, 2011


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The glass vault of the roof of Vladimir Shukhov, 2011


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The poet Archilochus.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

A Roman copy of the 2nd century AD, 2009


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Copies of ancient Roman statues at the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, 2011


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Rodin “Love Runs Away”, 1881


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Casts of statues of Athens, 2011


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Greek sculptures, 2012


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The vault of the Egyptian Hall, 2011


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Sculptural compositions, 2011


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Nika of Samothrace, 2017


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Museum interiors, 2010


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Museum interiors, 2010


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Portrait of Magdalena Strozzi, 2016


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Fellini exhibition, 2015


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

The exhibition “I Love Petersburg...”, 2003


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Exhibition of one painting by Andrea Mantegna “The Holy Family”, 2009


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Branches


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Notes


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Literature


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

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Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

References


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Pushkin Museum


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Steiner E.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

S.//Polit.


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

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Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Category:Museums established in 1912


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Category:Objects named after Alexander Pushkin


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Category:Buildings and structures in Volkhonka


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Category:Roman Klein


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Category:Shukhov floors


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Category:Neoclassicism


Question: Which museum contains the most works of Soviet aesthetics?

Category:Ancient Egyptian art collections


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Denomination (from Latin: denominátio - “renaming”) is a change in the nominal value of banknotes, usually after hyperinflation in order to stabilize the currency and simplify settlements.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

During the denomination, old banknotes are exchanged for new ones, which, as a rule, have a lower denomination.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Old banknotes can be withdrawn from circulation:


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

within a few weeks, which leads to the exchange of not all available money supply;


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

for a year or several years, when old money flows at the same time as new money and is gradually withdrawn from circulation.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

In the USSR and Russia


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

In the history of the USSR and Russia, the denomination took place several times: in 1922, 1923, 1924, 1947, 1961 and 1998.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Comparison table


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

until 19221922—1923—19241924—19471947—19611961—19981998 to the present day


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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{\ displaystyle 5\ cdot 10^ {10}}


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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{\ displaystyle 5\ cdot 10^ {6}}


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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{\ displaystyle 5\ cdot 10^ {11}}


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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{\ displaystyle 5\ cdot 10^ {7}}


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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{\ displaystyle 5\ cdot 10^ {5}}


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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{\ displaystyle 10}


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{\ displaystyle 1}


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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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{\ displaystyle 5\ cdot 10^ {12}}


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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{\ displaystyle 5\ cdot 10^ {8}}


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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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{\ displaystyle 5\ cdot 10^ {6}}


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{\ displaystyle 10}


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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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{\ displaystyle 5\ cdot 10^ {11}}


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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{\ displaystyle 5\ cdot 10^ {9}}


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

{\ displaystyle 10^ {5}}


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

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Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination


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Economic denomination

{\ displaystyle 10^ {4}}


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

{\ displaystyle 1000}


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

{\ displaystyle 1}


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

The denomination of 1922 was carried out with a coefficient of 10,000:1 for matches, that is, ten thousand old rubles corresponded to one new one.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Since metal money was not issued in Soviet Russia until 1921, no exchange of coins was carried out.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Soviet signs continued to circulate along with the hard chervonets until 1924.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

The 1947 denomination of Finance Minister Zverev was carried out with a coefficient of 10:1 for paper money, that is, 10 old rubles corresponded to one new one.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

At the same time, prices fell, but the order of prices, salaries and other payments remained the same, so many do not consider this monetary reform a denomination.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

It has more signs of a monetary reform of a confiscation nature, similar to the Pavlovsky exchange of hundred-ruble bills or the introduction of a German mark.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

All coins of the 1923-1947 issues continued to circulate without changing their value (1:1).


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Money in the accounts of savings banks of the USSR up to 3000 rubles. (about 90% of all deposits of the population) were exchanged with a coefficient of 1:1, from 3 to 10 thousand rubles — with a coefficient of 3:2, over 10,000 rubles — 2:1.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Money in the accounts of collective farms, state farms, cooperatives was exchanged at a coefficient of 5:4, regardless of the amount.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

The exchange took place from December 16 to December 29, 1947.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Since December 29, the old cash has been reset to zero.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

The 1961 denomination was carried out with a coefficient of 10:1, that is, 10 old rubles corresponded to 1 new one.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Coins in denominations of 1, 2 and 3 kopecks, including those issued before the denomination of 1947, continued to circulate without changing value (that is, for 13 years (from December 29, 1947 to January 1, 1961) the value copper money actually increased a hundred times, which, for example, was used by the characters of the film “Money Changers”)


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Coins in denominations of 5, 10, 15, 20 kopecks were exchanged like paper money — ten to one


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

50 kopeck coins appeared.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

and 1 ruble, which has not been the case since 1927


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

However, before the reform, the dollar cost 4 rubles, and after its implementation, the exchange rate was set at 90 kopecks (1 ruble).


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

The same thing happened with gold content: instead of getting a gold content of 2.22168 grams, the ruble received only 0.987412 grams of gold.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Thus, the ruble was undervalued by 2.25 times, and the purchasing power of the ruble in relation to imported goods, respectively, decreased by the same amount.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

On August 4, 1997, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 822 “On Changing the Nominal Value of Russian Banknotes and the Scale of Prices” was issued [1].


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

I hereby agree with the proposal of the Government of the Russian Federation and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to enlarge the Russian currency and hold a denomination from January 1, 1998 ruble and replacing circulating rubles with new ones at a ratio of 1000 rubles in old-style money by 1 ruble in new money, ensuring the parallel circulation of old and new banknotes during 1998 years old.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

The denomination was carried out with a coefficient of 1000:1, that is, 1000 old ones (1993 and 1995 samples) corresponded to one new ruble.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

All non-denominated coins of the Central Bank of Russia (1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 rubles and collection coins), contrary to the tradition of the previous two denominations, ceased to be legal tender, but in an unlimited the number was exchanged along with banknotes for new coins and banknotes in all branches of banks of the Russian Federation from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2002.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

An interesting fact: to buy, for example, a bag of chips for 3500 rubles, you had to collect a whole handful of 50-ruble coins (100-ruble coins were quite rare).


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Taking into account the negative experience of three-day exchange of 50 and 100-ruble bills in the USSR in 1991, the exchange of old banknotes was possible until 2002.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

The President of Russia V. IN. Putin extended it for another year [2].


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

New banknotes and coins were put into circulation on January 1, 1998.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

The appearance, color and design of the Bank of Russia tickets did not change under this denomination - three zeros were only removed from them (1995 sample) and a 1 ruble coin was put into circulation instead of the former 1000 ruble banknote with image of Vladivostok.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Penny coins with the image of George the Victorious (1, 5, 10, 50 kopecks) and ruble coins (1, 2, 5 rubles) were also introduced.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

In 1998, a five-ruble bill with the image of the city of Novgorod was issued into circulation, but it is rarely found in circulation, since now it is not issued (completely replaced five ruble coins), and worn-out banknotes are withdrawn from circulation.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Future denomination


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Since the end of 2007, rumors have spread in Russia about the planned new denomination of the ruble.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Representatives of the financial authorities denied this information, and experts claimed that the denomination in the conditions of that time was meaningless [3] [4].


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

On February 14, 2008, Russian President V. IN. Putin said at a press conference:


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Alexander Zhestkov, REN TV: There is talk about denomination...


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Vladimir Putin: Yes, they all lie!


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Alexander Zhestkov: And in the medium or long term?


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Vladimir Putin: Neither in the medium term nor in the long term.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Post-Soviet countries


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

As of the beginning of 2018, Estonia, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan did not redenominate from the post-Soviet countries.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

In Belarus, the denomination was held three times, in other countries — once:


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

The denomination was also held in Pridnestrovie.


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Other countries


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Notes


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

See also


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Monetary reform


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Devaluation


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Revaluation


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Ruble


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

References


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination

Novye Izvestia, January 22, 2008


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination


Question: What was the name of the monetary unit of the Russian State?

Economic denomination


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

François Debret (French: François Debret; June 27, 1777 — February 19, 1850) was a French architect [1], chief architect of Paris and inspector general of civil buildings.


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

Artist Jean-Baptiste Debré's brother, a freemason.


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

Biography


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

He was born on June 27, 1777 in Paris.


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

Son of French: Jacques Debret, an official of the Paris Parliament, and his wife Elizabeth; the younger brother of the artist Jean-Baptiste Debré (1768—1848).


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

In 1808, Francois Debré married the sister of his student, the French architect Felix Duban.


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

In 1809, a son Francis was born into the family, who later graduated from the French Academy of Fine Arts.


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

He created a project for a Parisian building built in the year.


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

In 1825 he was elected a member of the Academy of Fine Arts of the Institute of France.


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

He was responsible for the maintenance and renovation of the Basilica of the Abbey of Saint-Denis, which he significantly rebuilt — first changing the western facade in 1839, then starting to make extensions to the north tower.


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

It was suspended from work in 1846 after the tower began to roll.


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

He was the chief architect of Paris and inspector general of civil buildings.


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

A fan of classicism, he was perceived as a reactionary during the retrospection period — a return to the Gothic and historical appearance of buildings, finally decorated by Viollet-le-Duc.


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

A student of Charles Persier, he himself trained many architects who actively participated in the reconstruction of Paris according to the plans of Baron Haussmann.


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

He died on February 19, 1850 in Saint-Cloud.


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

He was buried in Pere Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

Notes


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

References


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

(in English)


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

(in French)


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

Category: 19th-century French architects


Question: When was architect Charles Percier born?

Francois Debré

Category:Architects of Paris


Question: What year was Wilhelm Wilke born?

Wilhelm Bittrich

Wilhelm Bittrich (Willy Bittrich; him. Wilhelm Bittrich (February 26, 1894 — April 19, 1979) was an SS Obergruppenfuhrer and SS general.


Question: What year was Wilhelm Wilke born?

Wilhelm Bittrich

Biography


Question: What year was Wilhelm Wilke born?

Wilhelm Bittrich

Army officer


Question: What year was Wilhelm Wilke born?

Wilhelm Bittrich

Born in Wernigerode in the Harz Mountains, the son of a sales representative.


Question: What year was Wilhelm Wilke born?

Wilhelm Bittrich

Since the beginning of the First World War, he voluntarily served in the army, enrolling on July 30, 1914 in the 7th Jaeger Battalion.


Question: What year was Wilhelm Wilke born?

Wilhelm Bittrich

Then he served in the 19th Reserve Jaeger Battalion and the 77th Infantry Regiment.


Question: What year was Wilhelm Wilke born?

Wilhelm Bittrich

Since September 15, 1915, he was a reserve lieutenant (that is, he received an officer's rank without studying at a military school).


Question: What year was Wilhelm Wilke born?

Wilhelm Bittrich

In 1916, he joined aviation, was a pilot in the 226th Aviation Detachment and the 37th Fighter Squadron, and was awarded the Iron Cross of the 1st and 2nd Class for distinction.


Question: What year was Wilhelm Wilke born?

Wilhelm Bittrich

From 1919 to 1920 he served in the volunteer corps of von Hulsen and Erhardt, who fought against the left.


Question: What year was Wilhelm Wilke born?

Wilhelm Bittrich

He worked as a broker from 1920, and married Ket, née Blume, on December 29, 1922.


Question: What year was Wilhelm Wilke born?

Wilhelm Bittrich

In 1923, he joined the Reichswehr, and since 1925 he was an instructor pilot at the secret military center of German aviation, located on the territory of the USSR.


Question: What year was Wilhelm Wilke born?

Wilhelm Bittrich

From 1930 to 1932 he was a civil servant in the Reichswehr.


Question: What year was Wilhelm Wilke born?

Wilhelm Bittrich

Since March 1932 he has been a member of the SA.


Question: What year was Wilhelm Wilke born?

Wilhelm Bittrich

On December 1, 1932, he joined the NSDAP (No. 829700).


Question: What year was Wilhelm Wilke born?

Wilhelm Bittrich

Service in the SS