Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The line, which ran along the northern part of the city parallel to the water axis, was considered a municipal axis.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[13] Constitution Avenue passed along the municipal axis, connecting City Hill in the City District with the Central Market.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Commonwealth Avenue and Kings Avenue were to travel south from Capitol Hill north to City Hill and Central Market, respectively, to form the western and eastern boundaries of the central basin.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The area between these three avenues became known as the Parliamentary Triangle and was supposed to be the heart of the Griffin Project.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Later, Scrivener, as a member of the government project committee, was responsible for changing Griffin's winning project.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[4] [14] [15] He recommended changing the geometric shape of the reservoir to a more natural one and using only one dam instead of Griffin's proposed series of dams.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[4] [16] Griffin lobbied for the preservation of pure geometric shapes, but his protests were rejected.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[17] The new project included elements from several of the best bids and was widely criticized for its ugly appearance.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The new plan of the reservoir retained three Griffin basins: east, central, and western, albeit in a somewhat blurred form.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[2] [16]


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Griffin corresponded with the government regarding the project and possible changes and was invited to Canberra to negotiate on the issue.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[18] He arrived in August 1913 and was appointed Director for Design and Construction of the Federal Capital for a period of three years.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[4] [19]


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Over the following years, the project was changed again, however, the layout of the reservoir continued to be mainly based on the original proposal.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[20] The 1918 Plan [11] was published and legally protected by the Federal Parliament in 1926.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[21] However, Griffin had a strained working relationship with the Australian authorities, and a lack of funding from the federal government meant that by the time he left in 1920 only minor works were completed in the year.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[8] [20] The proposal that followed in the 1920s to reduce the size of the western lake to just a ribbon of water was justified by the need to provide protection against floods.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

However, a report published in 1929 by Owen and Peake proved that the original design was hydrologically justified.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Political debates and changes


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

With the onset of the Great Depression and the ensuing World War II, the development of the new capital was slowed down.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[22] For a decade after the end of the war, Canberra was criticized for its resemblance to the village, [22] [23] and its disordered set of buildings was considered ugly.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[24] Canberra has often been mockingly described as “a few suburbs looking for a city.”


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

During this time, the Molonglo River flowed through flood areas, which, however, represented only a small part of the Griffin Plan water surface.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[26] The center of the capital was mainly agricultural land with a small number of buildings, mostly temporary wooden, on both sides of the river.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[27] Nothing in reality said that Canberra was built according to any plan, [23] The parliamentary triangle and Griffin's main ideas were forgotten.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[23] The grazing area, which was to become West Lake, housed the Royal Canberra Golf Club, Acton Racecourse and sports grounds, and people had to disperse cattle in front of sports activities.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[23] On the site of the northern shore of the central basin, there was a garbage dump.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[28] No construction work has been carried out in the 30 years since Griffin left.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In 1950, at the suggestion of the Planning and Development Committee of the National Capital, the east lake, the largest component of the system, was excluded from the project.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

[30] Today, the Fishwick district is located on the territory that was supposed to be occupied by the East Lake.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

This decision was based on the fact that if an eastern reservoir was created, about 690 hectares of agricultural land would be flooded, and the drainage of the Molonglo River would not be enough to maintain the required water level in the reservoir.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In 1953, the Committee removed the western lake from the plan, replacing it with a winding riverbed [31], which was 110 meters long and covered one-fifth of the original area of the site.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Since the Committee had only advisory powers, the decision on this change is attributed to the heads of the Department of Internal Affairs, who considered Griffin's plan too ambitious [32].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Proponents of this decision believed that it would be more economical and would save 350 hectares of land for further use.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

However, according to ignored engineering reports, a shortened project would actually be more expensive due to the more complex structure of dams, which, moreover, would be less able to prevent floods [33] [34].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

35] In the initial period of consultations prior to the amendment of the draft, there were practically no objections. [


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Subsequently, criticism of the reduction in water surface area intensified [31].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The procedure for changing the project was called cowardly and opaque [36].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Some organizations complained that they did not have the opportunity to express their opinion before the publication of the changes [37], and many politicians and the chief architect of the city were not informed about them [38].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Critics ironically hinted that the changes to the project were lobbied by influential members of the Royal Canberra Golf Club, whose courses were to be flooded by the alleged west lake [39].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The Parliamentary Public Works Committee recommended that Parliament preserve the West Lake [31].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

After an investigation at the end of 1954, the Committee came to the following conclusion:


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The creation of a western lake is desirable and feasible.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

It was removed from the Canberra project by the Department of Home Affairs without the necessary study by the National Capital Planning and Development Committee and replaced by a winding channel, which will increase capitalized costs of about 3 million.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The reservoir must be restored in the project.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

We recommend that necessary government action be taken as soon as possible [40].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Prime Minister Robert Menzies considered the state of the national capital as an embarrassment [41].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Over time, his approach has evolved from contempt to supporting development.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

He dismissed two ministers responsible for the development of the city, because he believed that their activities lacked intensity [42].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In 1958, the National Capital Development Commission, which was created and vested with great powers by Menzies in 1955 after a parliamentary investigation [34], restored the west lake in its plans [43], which was publicly announced in October 1959 [40].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

44] The Commission also blocked the Construction Department's intention to build a bridge across the reservoir along the axis between Parliament House and the Australian War Memorial, contrary to the Griffin Plan [44].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The famous British architect Sir William Halford was involved in finalizing Griffin's original plan [45].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

He made a number of changes to the project: the geometry of the central basin was changed so that it was no longer a segment of a circle; the southern straight bank was given a polygonal shape with three vertices ; a bay was added on the northern shore [46].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The result was close to an earlier modified Scrivener plan [47].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Final layout


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The surface area of the reservoir is 6.64 square kilometers, and the water volume is 33 million cubic meters.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

It has 11 kilometers in length, the largest width is 1.2 kilometers, the length of the coastline is 40.2 kilometers [48], the water level is 555.93 meters above sea level [49].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The reservoir is relatively shallow: the maximum depth (near the Skrivener dam) is 17.6 meters, the average depth is 4.0 meters.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The shallowest part of the complex is the eastern basin, where the average depth is 1.9 meters.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The minimum depth at the embankments is 0.5 meters.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

To limit the growth of aquatic plants, the embankments are lined with stone [49] [50].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Burley Griffin has six islands, three of which are small and nameless [51].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Of the larger ones, Aspen Island is located in the central basin, while Springbank and Spinnaker Islands are located in the west lake [51].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Aspen Island is connected to the shore by a pedestrian bridge [52] and is home to the Australian National Bell Tower [53].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Construction


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In 1958, engineers conducted studies of hydrogeology and structural requirements for the construction of the dam [29].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Additional studies were also carried out to model water quality, siltation, climatic effects and soil quality [54].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

As a result, it was recommended to maintain the water level within one meter of the planned 556 meters above sea level in the event of floods [55] [56].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In February 1959, a formal permit was issued to start construction [47].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

However, while Menzies was on vacation, Treasury Department officials persuaded the government to suspend funding for the project, and the start of construction work was delayed [47].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

As soon as the start was given, the work began to be carried out quickly [47].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

At their peak, the number of workers employed in the construction of the dam ranged from 400 to 500 people [55].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

John Overol, commissioner of the National Capital Development Commission, promised Menzies to finish the work within four years, and kept his word despite the Prime Minister's skepticism.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The equipment was purchased quickly [57].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

After the lengthy political disputes over the design of the reservoir subsided, criticism of the entire project subsided.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Menzies strongly condemned the “moans” of opponents of the construction [57].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The project was mainly criticized for wasting money that could be spent on important public needs throughout Australia [57].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Less sharp statements focused on the potential negative consequences of the construction of the reservoir, such as the reproduction of mosquitoes, environmental degeneration [57], siltation and the possibility of creating a pond of fog [56].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The last of these concerns proved to be unfounded [58].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Water bodies, islands and embankments


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Work on the construction of the lake began in 1960 with the removal of vegetation in the floodplain of the Molonglo River.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Trees from the golf course along the river, as well as sports grounds and houses, were moved [59].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

During the main excavation, at least 382,000 cubic meters of topsoil were removed [60], which was then used to equip several public parks and gardens [60], including Commonwealth Park on the north shore, as well as six artificial islands, including Springbank Island.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The island was named after the former Springbank Farm, located in the same place [60].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The land recovered from the construction of the sailboat canal at Yarralamla was used to fill Spinnaker Island in the north, and the stones were used to build Aspen Island in the eastern part of central pool, next to Kings Avenue Bridge [52] [60] [61].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

To ensure sufficient ground clearance for boats, the bottom of the lake was deepened to at least two meters from the water level.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

An additional reason for deepening the bottom was that neither mosquitoes nor algae can multiply at such a depth [60].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

A soil conservation program was launched in the lake basin, and bottom traps were also installed to minimize land losses [56], which were used as a source of sand and gravel for construction works [62].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Drainage devices were installed to prevent groundwater losses under the lake [63].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

During the next phase of work, four types of lake shores were built [64].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

On the south side of the central basin, weakly reinforced concrete retaining walls were used [51] [64].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

On the east side, near Commonwealth Park, as well as around most of the eastern basin, the walls were made of cement-bonded stones [51] [64].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

For recreational purposes, sandy and gravel beaches were built, which prevail in the western part of the lake complex [51] [64].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Steep rocky slopes with aquatic vegetation were also used, which is especially characteristic of the western lake in Yarralamla [51] [64].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

William Holford and Partners was responsible for the landscape design of the coastline, where more than 55,000 trees were planted in accordance with the developed scheme [4] [63].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In order to preserve the natural cityscape, eucalyptus trees were mainly planted [63].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Bridges


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The lake is crossed by Commonwealth Avenue Bridge (310 meters) [60], Kings Avenue Bridge [60] (270 meters) [65] and the Scrivener Dam road.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Both bridges were built before the lake was filled using removable wooden structures [60].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Design and survey work for the Commonwealth Avenue and Kings Avenue bridges was carried out from early 1959 to early 1960 [55].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Construction of the Kings Avenue Bridge began in 1960, and the Commonwealth Avenue Bridge a year later [60].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Fortunately for construction workers in Canberra, there was a drought, and the soil remained dry during construction work [55].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Concrete [63] reinforced with stainless steel ropes [66] was used for both bridges.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Both are two-way bridges [67] [68], the Commonwealth Avenue Bridge has three lanes in each direction, and the Kings Avenue Bridge has two lanes [68] [69].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Instead of traditional lighting with pole mounted lamps, Kings Avenue Bridge is illuminated by a series of fluorescent lights mounted on handrails.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

This concept is known as “integral lighting” [70].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

This solution was considered successful, so it was also used for the Commonwealth Avenue Bridge.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Both structures were awarded awards from the Lighting Engineering Society [71].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Kings Avenue Bridge was opened on March 10, 1962.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

With a large gathering of public, Prime Minister Menzies unlocked the ceremonial chain in front of the convoy and the carnival procession crossed the lake [60].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The Commonwealth Avenue Bridge was opened in 1963 without an official ceremony.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Menzies called it “the best building in the national capital” [60].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

levee


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The Scrivener Dam, which holds the waters of Lake Burleigh Griffin, was named part of Charles Robert Scrivener, who chose the site for the construction of Canberra [47].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The dam was designed and built by the West German company Rheinstahl Union Bruckenbau [60] [64] using advanced concrete stress methods to combat possible changes in the riverbed [ 55].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

This was required due to quartz rock and the presence of geological discharge under the dam [64].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

About 55,000 cubic meters of concrete were used during the construction process.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The dam is 33 meters high and 319 meters long with a maximum wall thickness of 19.7 meters.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The dam is designed to contain the flood that occurs every 5,000 years [72].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Construction began in September 1960 and was completed in September 1963 [64].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The dam has a five-span weir controlled by five hydraulically driven gates [55] with a width of 30.5 meters [65].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The gate allows you to accurately control the water level in the lake.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

All five gates were opened at a time only once during the existence of the dam, during a severe flood in 1976 [65].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The gate holds two-thirds of the water volume in the lake [63] and makes it easy to pass debris floating on the surface [64].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The design capacity of the dam makes it possible to pass 5600 cubic meters of water per second.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The level before the onset of “catastrophic destruction” is 8,600 cubic meters per second [62] [64].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

A flow of 2,830 cubic meters per second can be passed without any significant changes in the water level [62].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The largest recorded flow was 3,400 cubic meters per second during early floods [62].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The Lady Denman Highway, which runs along the top of the dam, is the third car crossing over the pond.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

It consists of a roadway and a bicycle path [51] and allows residents of western Canberra to cross the reservoir [64].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

This was made possible due to an innovation in the design of the dam spillway gate, which is opened by lowering down, while previously in most projects the gate was raised up [73].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Filling the lake


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The prolonged drought, which coincided with the construction of the lake, simplified them.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The Skrivener Dam was solemnly closed on September 20, 1963 by the Minister of the Interior, Gorodon Frith.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Menzies was absent due to illness [73].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

After a few months, there was still no rain, and a few puddles of mosquitoes were the only signs of filling the lake [73].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

With the cessation of the drought, the reservoir bed was filled to the planned level by April 29, 1964 [74].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

On October 17, 1964, Menzies (already Sir Robert) celebrated the completion of the first stage of construction with a solemn opening ceremony of the lake with sailing boats floating in the background [74] [75].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The ceremony was accompanied by fireworks.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Griffin's planned lake became a reality five decades later, and its construction cost 5,039,050 Australian dollars [63] [74].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Frith suggested, since Menzies “was largely the father of the lake”, to name the lake in his honor [76].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Menzies insisted that the lake be named Griffin [47].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

During severe drought, the lake level may fall unacceptably low.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

When this happens, water is drained from the Gugong Dam [77], located upstream of the Queenbian River, a tributary of the Molonglo River [78], to restore the level.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

This dam, which was completed in 1979, along with two others, Cotter and Corin, is part of the water supply system in Canberra and the Queenbian district [79].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The Gugong Dam holds 124.5 million cubic meters of water [78].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Recent history and development


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Griffin's plan made the lake the central point of the city.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In the four decades after the construction of the lake, various buildings of national importance were built around it.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In accordance with the Government's policy, “the lake is not only one of the centers of Canberra in itself, but also forms the immediate environment of the National Parliament district” [48].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The creation of the lake also provided a water facade for many well-known institutions.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Prior to its demolition, the Royal Canberra Hospital was located on the north shore between the west lake and the western basin on the Acton Peninsula [80].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

On the south and north shores are the Government House, the historic Blundells Cottage, built 50 years before the founding of Canberra, and the newly built Australian National University [80].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In 1970, two tourist attractions were installed in the middle of the central pool.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The Captain James Cook Monument was built by the Government in honor of the bicentennial discovery of Australia's east coast by James Cook.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

It consists of a fountain in the central pool, reminiscent of the Geneva Fountain [81], and a sculpture in the form of a globe frame installed on Cape Regatta depicting the routes of Cook's expeditions.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

On April 25, 1970, the monument was inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II [82].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

During this ceremony, Queen Elizabeth also opened the Australian National Bell Tower on Aspen Island, consisting of 53 bronze bells donated by Britain for the city's fiftieth anniversary [53].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The central basin became a waterway between the Australian Parliament House and the Australian War Memorial, forming a landscape boulevard along this axis [83].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

From the late 1960s to the early 1980s, a number of buildings of national importance were built along this axis.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The National Library building was opened on the west side of the axis in April 1968 [83].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Construction of the High Court and the National Gallery began in the late 1970s and was completed in May 1980 and October 1982, respectively.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

These two buildings are located on the eastern side of the axis and are connected by an overhead passage [52] [85].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In 1988, the new Australian Parliament House was built on Capitol Hill, and thus the formation of the main structure of the Parliamentary Triangle was completed [52].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The new building of the National Museum was built in 2001 on the site of the Royal Canberra Hospital [13] [52].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The hospital building was demolished in 1997.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

A large number of spectators watched the demolition process, and one girl died under the scattered debris [86].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

At the beginning of the 21st century, for the first time after construction, the outlines of the lake were significantly changed due to the reconstruction of the southern shore of the eastern basin, the design of which began in 1997 [87].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Luxury residential complexes [88] were built in Kingston, breaking all records in real estate prices [87].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

After disputes over the impact of the work on the environment, the construction was moved to the former industrial coastal zone of the district [89] [90].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In 2007, dredging began for the construction of the harbor, which should turn the district into a major entertainment center [87].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Kingston Power Station, which once supplied electricity to the city, was converted into the Canberra Glasswork Glass Art Gallery in 2007, 50 years after its closure power plants [91].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In April 2009, the Government approved the construction of a 22-meter glass tower in Kingston, called Tauchin Lightley [92].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In 2007, the Government presented a plan to redevelop the area around historic Albert Hall into a tourist and restaurant area.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

This plan included the construction of an eight-story building and the transfer of part of the coastal land from cultural to commercial category [93].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

However, the initiative was hostile to activists of the protection of historical heritage and the general public.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

A petition was filed against the project with more than 3,300 signatures [94] [95].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

One of the accusations was that the project was too business-oriented and neglected cultural and social needs [96].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The proposal was withdrawn in 2009 [97] [98] [99].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

A proposal was made for the construction of a pedestrian bridge between the National Museum and the Lennox Gardens on the south bank, to be called the Immigration Bridge in memory of the immigrants' contribution to development of Australia [100].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The proposal received mostly negative reviews [101].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

It was recommended to redesign or move the bridge taking into account the needs of other users of the lake [102].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Relaxation opportunities


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The area around Lake Burley Griffin is a popular holiday destination.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Public parks along most of the coastline are equipped with electric barbecues, fenced swimming areas, picnic tables and toilets [52].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

These parks cover a total area of 1,139 square kilometers [49].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The most famous parks are Commonwealth Park, Weston Park, Kings Park, Grevillea Park, Lennox Gardens, Commonwealth Square [52].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The Commonwealth and Kings Parks on the north shore of the central basin are the most popular.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The latter is a city garden park and hosts the Canberra Festival [13].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Commonwealth Park hosts Floriade, an annual flower festival held in spring throughout the month and attracts more than 300,000 visitors [103], comparable to the city's population.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

As the largest flower festival in Australia [104], this event is one of the main tourist attractions in Canberra.


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

When another festival tried to take the same name, its organizers were threatened with legal proceedings [105].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

It is planned to expand the scale of the festival by the centenary of the national capital


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Weston Park in the west is known for its coniferous forest, and Black Mountain Peninsula is a popular picnic spot among eucalyptus trees [13].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Greevillea and Bowen parks on the shores of the eastern basin are less visited [80].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Due to the rapid increase in the number of beaches, boat harbors and marinas, West Lake has become the most popular among boat owners and bathers [13].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

There is also a bike path around the lake, which makes it a popular place for jogging, cycling and hiking on weekends [2] [80] [107].


Question: How deep is Lake Burleigh Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

New Year's fireworks are held on the lake, and there is a large annual Skyfire show (since 1988) [108] [109].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Water sports


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Lake Burley Griffin, in addition to its decorative functions, is used for outdoor activities.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Sailing, canoeing, windsurfing, pedal boats are popular [80].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

There is a rowing canal in the western part of the lake [110].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In 1964, a national championship was held on the lake [61], but strong winds prevented further events from organizing further events.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

One day, the wind carried the boat to the bridge pylon [111].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Although swimming in the lake is not particularly popular, the opportunities for this are narrowed by the frequent closure of the lake for swimming due to the quality of the water [112].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Another limiting factor is the low water temperature [110] [113].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In summer, the lake is used for the swimming part of various triathlons and aquathlons, including the Sri Chinmoy Triathlon Festival [114].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In general, the use of motor boats on the lake is prohibited.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Permission can be obtained for the use of motor boats for rescue, training, commercial purposes, as well as in special cases (for example, showing historical steam boats) [115].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Molonglo Reach, the area of the Molonglo River before its confluence with the eastern basin, is designed for water skiing.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The operation of motor boats is allowed here [116].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Safety


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The lake is patrolled by the Australian Federal Police Water Police [74].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The duties of the water police include assisting lake users, regulating traffic on the lake and towing damaged boats to the shore [74].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Most of the bathing areas have a special fenced area.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Lockers with life jackets and emergency numbers are available in the most popular areas.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

During the period from 1962 to 1991, seven people drowned in the lake [117].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

For safety and preservation of water quality, the lake is divided into zones designed for various activities [118].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The eastern tip is designed for activities related to direct contact with water, such as swimming and water skiing [118].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The eastern and central pools, closer to populated areas, are designed for rowing and sailing [118].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

West Lake is the main recreation area, and all types of water sports are allowed here [118].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Environmental issues


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Water quality


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Mini|Announcement of the closure of the lake due to dangerous concentrations of blue-green algae on June 5, 2009


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The concentration of toxic cyanobacteria in the lake is at an acceptable level [119].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Warnings about the undesirability of contact with water are issued when water blooms in the lake.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

In order to improve water quality, attempts were made to limit the entry of phosphates into the lake [120].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Cyanobacteria (or blue-green algae) produce toxins that can be dangerous for humans and animals that come into contact with contaminated water.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

There have been several cases of infection in dogs after playing in the lake water and drinking it [121].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The water also looks cloudy [113], but this usually does not pose a health risk [113].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

At the same time, water turbidity caused by wind prevents photosynthesis [122].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Siltation is not a significant problem and is typical only for the eastern basin, although cleaning is not required here either.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The problem was facilitated by the construction of the Gugong Dam.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Heavy metal pollution has also decreased [119], partly due to the closure of some large mines upstream [58].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

However, leaching and seepage of groundwater still causes some pollution [58].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

To reduce this level, traps for garbage, oil waste and sedimentary rocks were arranged at the entrance to the lake [119].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Water life and fishing


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Fishing on the lake is quite popular.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The most commonly caught species is carp illegally bred in the lake [119].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Annual monitoring of fish populations is carried out.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Less common species include murray cod, western cyprinid gudgeon and silver bass, as well as artificially bred goldfish, gambusia, mikizha and trout [123].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The lake is replenished with various fish species every year.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Since 1981, more than half a million individuals have been released into its waters [124].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Since filling, the fish population in the lake has changed many times, and the policy for replenishing it with various species has also changed [124].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Through regular replenishment since the early 1980s, it was possible to restore the populations of golden carp and Murray cod to an acceptable level [124].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

These native fish lived in the Molonglo River before the construction of the lake, but due to pollution of the river by extractive industries, destruction of habitats, overfishing and the emergence of new ones, artificially bred species almost disappeared in the first half of the 20th century [125].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The increase in the population of these fish made it possible to restore balance in the ecosystem, where they are predators and eat other fish species [125].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Silver carp and brown trout were released into the lake in 1981-83 and 1987-89, respectively, but after that their population did not replenish [124].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Rainbow trout was released into the lake irregularly, about once every ten years, and since 2002 its release has been discontinued [124] due to a very low survival rate.


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

According to a government report, the causes of low survival have not been identified, but the dominance of carp in competition for food is the main version [124].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Over the past decades, golden carp and murray cod have accounted for four-fifths of all fish released into the lake, and only have been released in the past five years [124].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

The Government plans to continue this policy until 2014 [126].


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Notes


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Literature


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Category:Murrumbidgee Pool


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Category:Geography of Canberra


Question: How deep is Lake Burley Griffin?

Burley-Griffin

Category:Reservoirs in Australia


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Quebec (French: Quebec, English: Quebec [1]) is the capital of the Canadian French-speaking province of Quebec and the main urban agglomeration in the east of the province.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The city is home to the Quebec Parliament and the main government apparatus of the province, although the city is significantly smaller than Montreal.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Since 2001, Quebec has been one of Canada's most economically prosperous cities.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The main sectors of growth of the city's economy are biotechnology, industry, tourism, healthcare, nutrition, insurance, applied technologies [2].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Quebec is also an important port center, with its port being the third largest in the country in terms of tonnage.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

In addition, the city receives about 70,000 tourists and 30,000 crew members annually [3].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

In 2009, the population of the city was 508,349 people, who live in 6 urban areas: Cité Limouille, Rivieres, Saint-Foy-Sillery-Ca-Rouge, Charlebourg, Beauport and Haute-Saint-Charles.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Together with its environs, 746,252 residents live in the city.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

In 2008, Quebec celebrated its 400th anniversary with great fanfare, highlighting its role as the cradle of French civilization in North America.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Quebec is known for its historic quarter, a large number of museums and cultural institutions.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Quebec's nickname is “the city of theaters”.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

History


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The history of the name “Quebec”


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The narrowing of the river between Quebec and Levy, on the opposite bank, gave the name to the city, Kebec in the Algonquin language meant “the place where the river narrows”.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

According to another theory, although less common than the previous one, Samuel de Champlain borrowed the name from the Indians, who called Kebec their land.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Another hypothesis is that the city simply bears the name of the indigenous people living near this kebik region, today known as “montagnier” [4].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Two other names have been considered over the years to give the city its name.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Samuel de Champlain wanted to give the new city the name “Louis”, in honor of King Louis XIII.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

In addition, when the Canadian confederation was created in 1867, they wanted to give the city the Indian name “Stadacona” to avoid confusion with the name of the new province [5].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Background


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The place where the city of Quebec now stands 14 thousand years ago was literally under an ice cap.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

2,000 years later, it was under water as a result of the melting of glaciers that formed the Champlain Sea, which eventually became a river.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

At that time, only the hills of Quebec were visible.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Thus, only 6,000 years later, the place where Quebec is now located appeared from under the water [6].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

On March 18, 1534, Jacques Cartier sailed from Saint-Malo in France to explore the inland and waterways of North America for King Francis I of France.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

He has already studied America's east coast in Brazil.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Cartier chose a region that was on the same parallel with France.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The goal was to find a way to India, China and Japan.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

If he could get there, Cartier would be able to take control of territory and trade on this new sea route to the riches of the East.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

In the bay, the explorer and crew visited various places and went to Gaspé Bay, where they had an unexpected meeting with a large group of Native Americans.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Cartier met a chief named Donnacona.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

After establishing relations with the first group of natives, Cartier took Donnacona's two sons with him.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

They acted as guides in the valley of the St. Lawrence River.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

As the summer passed quickly, Cartier decided to return to France.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

He hoped to present his findings (various objects and natives) to the king.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Donnacona's sons accompanied Cartier on his journey to France.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Cartier was allowed to conduct a second expedition.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Jacques Cartier found out that there is a place where a big river begins.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

He decided to go up the river in 1535.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Cartier climbed the river, which he called the St. Lawrence River.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The main goal, however, was to find a new sea route to Asia.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

At that time, ships from other European powers also entered the region, which traded with the Indians and caught cod.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Cartier returned in 1541 to establish a permanent settlement.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

This first settlement was abandoned less than a year after its founding, in the summer of 1542, largely due to the hostility of the natives combined with the difficult living conditions during the winter.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

A city under French rule


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Quebec was founded by Samuel de Champlain, a French explorer and diplomat on July 3, 1608, on the site of a long-abandoned Iroquois settlement called Stadacona.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Champlain, also referred to as the “Father of New France”, served as the city's governor all his life.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The location was favorable for the creation of a permanent colony.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

In 1665, the city's population was 550 people in 70 residential buildings.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

A quarter of the residents were members of religious orders: secular priests, Jesuits, Ursulinki, who ran the local hospital, Hotel-Dieu [7].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Quebec was taken under British control in 1759 and was occupied until 1763.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

It was the site of three battles during the Seven Years' War — the Battle of Beauport, which ended in French victory (July 31, 1759); the Battle of Abraham, in which British troops under command General James Wolf defeated French General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm on September 13, 1759 and soon thereafter took the city; and the final Battle of Sainte-Foy, which was won by the French (April 28 , 1760).


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

France ceded to New France, including the city, to Great Britain in 1763.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

At the end of French rule in 1763, the territory of present-day Quebec was a world of contrasts.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Forests, villages, fields and pastures surrounded the city with 8-9 thousand inhabitants (for comparison, the population of Montreal at that time was only 5 thousand inhabitants).


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The city was distinguished by its monumental architecture, fortifications, muddy streets, houses of the rich in stone and the shacks of the poor in the suburbs of Saint-Jean and Saint-Roch.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Despite its status as a capital, Quebec remained a small colonial city, closely connected to the countryside.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

In two markets, the city traded surplus from farms and firewood, and a number of imported goods from France.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

British rule


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

During the American Revolution, revolutionary troops from the southern colonies attacked the British garrison in an attempt to “liberate” Quebec.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The defeat of revolutionaries from the south put an end to hopes that the peoples of Quebec will join the American Revolution and that Canada will join the Continental Congress and become a state The United States of America along with other British colonies in North America.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

In fact, the outcome of the battle marked the beginning of the split of British North America into two different political entities.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The city itself was not attacked during the war of 1812, when the United States once again tried to seize Canadian lands.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Due to fears of a repeat of the American attack on Quebec, construction of the Quebec fortress began in 1820.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The Americans never again attacked Canada after the war of 1812, but until 1871, a large British garrison remained in the fortress.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The fortress is still used by the military and also attracts tourists.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

In 1840, after the formation of the province of Canada, the role of capital was divided between Kingston, Montreal, Toronto, Ottawa, and Quebec (from 1852 to 1856 and from 1859 to 1866).


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

In 1867, Ottawa (which was chosen as the permanent capital of the province of Canada) chose the city as the capital of the Dominion of Canada.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The Quebec Conference on the Canadian Confederation was held here.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

20th and 21st centuries


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

During World War II, two conferences were held in Quebec.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The first Quebec Conference was held in 1943 with the participation of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (President of the United States at the time), Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of Great Britain), William Lyon Mackenzie King ( Prime Minister of Canada) and T. IN. Sun (Minister of Foreign Affairs of China).


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The Second Quebec Conference was held in 1944 and was attended by Churchill and Roosevelt.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The conference took place in the buildings of the fortress and the neighboring Chateau Frontenac.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

During these meetings, most of the plans for the Normandy landing were developed.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Metropolitan functions


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Throughout its more than 400 years of history, Quebec has served as the capital.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

From 1608 to 1627 and from 1632 to 1763, it was the capital of French Canada and all of New France, from 1763 to 1791 it was the capital of the province of Quebec, from 1791 to 1841 it was capital of Lower Canada, from 1852 to 1856 and from 1859 to 1866, it was the capital of the province of Canada, and from 1867 it became the capital of the province of Quebec.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The administrative region in which Quebec is located is officially called Capital-Nacional [8] [9] [10].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

sights


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Geographical location


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The city is part of the special metropolitan district (la Capitale Nationale) near the mouth of the St.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Lawrence.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

It is the only city north of Mexico whose impressive fortifications, created to protect New France from British attacks, have survived to this day.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Quebec's Old Town was declared an International Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

One of the main attractions of the city is the Frontenac Castle (Chateau Frontenac), a hotel built at the end of the 19th century in the style of the late Middle Ages.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Quebec itself is located on the left bank of the St.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Lawrence.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

It is connected to Levy on the right bank by the Quebec Bridge.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Climate


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Quebec is located in the humid zone of the province's continental climate and therefore has a temperate climate [11].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

This climate is characterized by four distinct seasons: hot summers, with a maximum above 35° C and cold winters, with lows of -30° C and heavy snowfalls.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Between these two seasons, there is autumn and spring with frequent rains.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The weather is usually sunny in summer, but when the air is hot and humid, it causes severe thunderstorms when passing through cold fronts.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The first snow usually falls in October or November, but snow cover usually falls until December.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

During the winter of 2006/07, Quebec experienced periods of above-average temperatures and a lot of precipitation in the form of snow until mid-January.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

On the contrary, in the winter of 2007/08, there was an increase in snowstorms and record snowfalls, with more than 550 cm of snow cover [12].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

One of the most famous winter storms that hit Quebec was the March 1971 storm called the “perfect storm”.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

population


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

At the end of French rule, Quebec's population (about 9,000 souls) was almost double that of Montreal (about 5,000), but over time, the latter significantly overtook it.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

According to the 2006 census, 491,142 people lived in St. Quebec City, and 715,515 people in the metropolitan area.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

A total of 48.2 per cent were men and 51.8 per cent were women.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Children under five years of age accounted for approximately 4.7% of the resident population of Quebec.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

This compares to 5.2% in Quebec and 5.6% for Canada as a whole.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

In 2001, 13.0 per cent of the resident population in Quebec was of retirement age (65 years and over for men and women) compared to 13.2 per cent in Canada.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The average age is 39.5 years, compared to 37.6 years for Canada as a whole.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

In the five years between 1996 and 2001, Quebec's population grew by 1.7%, compared to an increase of 1.4% in the province of Quebec as a whole.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Quebec has a population density of 216.4 inhabitants per square kilometer, compared to an average of 5.3 for the province as a whole.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

According to the 2001 census, more than 90% of the population is Catholic.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The city also has small Protestant and Jewish communities.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Immigration


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

For a long time, the city was the gateway to Canadian immigration: first, immigrants from France settled here, then, after the Anglo-American conquest, they were replaced by immigrants from the British Isles.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Due to the rapid growth of the local French-speaking population and the gradual displacement of the English language in the 20th century, mass British immigration stopped.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Immigration resumed at the end of the 20th century in a different capacity and from other countries, mainly again from France.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

According to the 2006 census, 22,160 natives of foreign countries lived in the city (only 4.5% of its population).


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Due to such a low share of immigrants, their unemployment rate (10%) is much lower than in other cities in Quebec and Canada, although it is twice as high as among the local population.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

43% of them came from European countries (which is the highest figure for cities in North America) and 21% from countries in the Western Hemisphere.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

43% of those arriving from Europe are French citizens [15].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Language


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The main and almost the only language in the modern city is French, or rather its special dialect.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Unlike Montreal, the percentage of residents with native English is very small — about 1.9% (compared to 3% of residents with native Spanish).


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

French is the native language of 94.8% of the city's residents, and only about 15% know English at a good level (2001 census data).


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Almost paradoxical at the same time is the fact that the population of the modern city as a whole is traditionally cool about the idea of independence of the province from the rest of Canada (during the last referendum only 54% of the city's residents voted for independence on this issue).


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

There are explanations for this: first, as civil servants of the provincial capital of a large federal state, many residents of the city and their families are afraid of losing jobs and access to federal funds of Canada; secondly, the city's few anglophones are no longer considered as an immediate threat.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The situation in Montreal is almost exactly the opposite of Quebec: the share of francophones is lower there, and they still have to learn English in order to compete in the labor market and education with a fairly large and still influential English-speaking community (especially in the business center of the city).


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The British made repeated, but generally unsuccessful attempts to colonize and assimilate the French-speaking residents of the city.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Thus, throughout the 19th century, the city was the main reception center for British immigrants, and English was the native language of 40% of the inhabitants of then-Quebec [16] [17] [18].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Today, English-speaking residents make up only 1.5% of the population of the city and its suburbs [19].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Gradually, however, with the outflow of the English-speaking population to the economically more dynamic West and the Irish partially assimilated, the English language in the city fell into decline, and the French-speaking population has greatly increased and is now absolutely dominant.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

A key role in preserving the French language was played by the Catholic Church, which opposed its value system to the norms of British Protestantism, as well as a higher natural growth francophones.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

More than 90% of citizens profess Catholicism.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Unlike Toronto, there are few immigrants from the former USSR — about 1000 people.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The annual Quebec Winter Carnival attracts tourists from all over the world, including from neighboring English-speaking regions, so the English-speaking population increases significantly during this event.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Economics


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Most jobs in Quebec are concentrated in public administration, defense, services, commerce, transport and tourism.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

As the provincial capital, the city benefits as a regional administrative center: by the way, the provincial government is the largest employer in the city, employing 27,900 people in 2007 year [20].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

CHUQ (a local hospital chain) is also one of the largest employers in the city, with more than 10,000 employees in 2007.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

In 2008, the unemployment rate in Quebec was 4.5% [21], which is well below the provincial and national average (7.3% and 6.6%, respectively) [22].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

About 10% of jobs are concentrated in the manufacturing industry [23].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The main products of production are pulp and paper, finished food products, metal, wood processing products, chemicals, electronics and electrical equipment, printed materials.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

There is also a computer game studio “Beenox” in the city.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Education


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Laval University is located in the western part of the city, in Sainte-Foy.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

However, the Laval University School of Architecture is located in the heart of Old Quebec.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The central campus of the University of Quebec, the National School of Public Administration, and the National Research Institute are also located in the city.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Numerous secondary colleges are located in Quebec City, including François-Xavier-Garneau College, O'Sullivan College, Limoilu College, Sainte-Foy College and St. Lawrence College, as well as private institutions such as Notre-Dame de Foix College, Merisi College, Bart College


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Quebec has the oldest educational institution for women in North America, the Ursuline Monastery of Quebec, located at 12 Rue Donnacona.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Transportation


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Roads


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The Quebec Bridge and Pierre Laporte Bridge connect the city to the southern bank of the St. Lawrence River.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

As well as the ferry service to Levy, the bridge connects Quebec with the Isle of Orleans.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The city is a major center of the provincial highway network, fanning on both sides of the river with an extensive system of highways.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Several important highways of the road network pass Quebec, of which Interstate 40 connects it westward to Montreal, and Highway 175 connects to Chicoutimi.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Public transport


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The Public Transport Authority has a fleet of buses and has recently introduced regular bus routes.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The Office is also exploring the possibility of returning the tram to relieve the busiest lines, as well as attract new users of public transport.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The $900 million project needs approval from the highest government bodies, as the city does not have the resources to finance such an ambitious project.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The rail transport is operated by VIA Rail in (Gare du Palais).


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The intercity bus station is adjacent to the railway station.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Air and sea traffic


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The city is served by Jean Lesage International Airport, located in the western part of the city.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

There is also a major port on the St. Lawrence River [24].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Public safety


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

The Quebec Police Department provides security in the city.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Quebec has one of the lowest crime rates in Canada.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

There were no murders in the city in 2007 [25].


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Sister cities


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Bordeaux (French: Bordeaux), France


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Guanajuato (Spanish: Guanajuato), Mexico


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Calgary (English: Calgary), Alberta, Canada


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Cannes (French: Cannes), France


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Liege (French: Liège, Dutch: Luik, Walloon: Lidje), Belgium


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Montevideo (Spanish: Montevideo), Uruguay


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Namur (French: Namur, Dutch: Namen, Walloon: Nameûr), Belgium


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Albany (English: Albany), pcs.


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

New York City, USA


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Paris (French: Paris), France (partner city)


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Saint Petersburg, Russia


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Xian (), China


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Sousse (Arabic: Spain, French: Sousse), Tunisia


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Ouagadougou (French: Ouagadougou), Burkina Faso


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Hue (Vietnamese: Hu), Vietnam


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Changchun (), China


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Iasi (Romanian: Iaşi), Romania


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

See also


Question: Where is Quebec City located?

City of Quebec

Notes


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Magnit is a Russian retail company and a chain of grocery stores of the same name (most of them have the format of a “convenience store”).


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

As of June 30, 2018, the company's chain included 16,960 stores, including 12,503 convenience stores, 244 hypermarkets, 213 Magnit Semeyny supermarkets and 4,000 Magnit Cosmetic stores .


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Retail outlets are located in 2,808 settlements of the Russian Federation.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

The company has its own fleet of about 6,000 cars.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Today, the total number of employees of the company is more than 270,000 people.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

It is headquartered in Krasnodar [1].


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

History


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

The company dates back to March 5, 1994 [2], when its former owner Sergey Galitsky founded a household chemicals company [3].


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

The first Magnit store was opened in 1998 in Krasnodar.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

The retail chain grew rapidly, reaching 1,500 stores by the end of 2005.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Since 2006, the development of a hypermarket chain has begun [3], and in 2007, the first hypermarket was opened in Krasnodar.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

The brand was deciphered as follows: “Low Tariff Store”.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

At the end of December 2008, Magnit was included in the list of companies that were entitled to state support during the crisis.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

In 2010, the company began to develop the Magnit Cosmetic chain of stores [4].


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

In 2012, the company created its own energy sales company MagnetEnergo, which is planned to serve the chain's stores [5].


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

On February 16, 2018, at the investment forum in Sochi, an agreement was signed on the purchase by VTB Bank of 29.1% of the company's shares from Sergey Galitsky for 138 billion rubles, which retained 3%.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

The transaction took place without an offer to buy back securities to minority shareholders, as this is required when buying more than 30% of the shares.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

On the same day, the entrepreneur left the post of CEO, and in return, the board of directors planned to approve Khachatur Pombukhchan to this post [6] [7].


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

On June 22, 2018, Olga Naumova was appointed CEO of Magnit [8].


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

In early June 2018, Magnit announced the beginning of negotiations with SIA Group on the purchase of a pharmaceutical distributor.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

In October of the same year, the decision to acquire was made at a meeting of the company's board of directors.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

It was noted that the transaction amount, no more than 5.7 billion rubles, will be paid in the form of Magnit securities.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Also, under the agreement, SIA Group undertakes not to sell Magnit shares for at least 3 years after the completion of the transaction.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

The acquisition was part of the strategy for the development of the Magnit Cosmetics and Pharmacy business areas [9] [10] [11].


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

In June 2018, Magnit, together with Russian Post, began selling at test points based on post offices in Moscow, Krasnodar Krai and Ryazan Region [12].


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

In January 2019, Magnit's Board of Directors approved the appointment of Jan Dunning, former head of Lenta, to the post of President of the company, and elected him to the Management Board [13] [14].


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Activities


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

The company has 37 distribution centers [15].


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Magnit has more than 5.9 thousand MAN, Mercedes-Benz and Renault trucks at its disposal.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Performance indicators


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

According to the results of audited operating results for 2017 in accordance with standard IFRS, the company's revenue in 2017 amounted to 1,143.31 billion rubles, net profit amounted to 35.54 billion rubles.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Gross profit increased from 295.76 billion.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

rubles. to 304.64 billion.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

rub. The gross margin for 2017 was 26.65%.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

During 2017, Magnit opened 2,291 stores.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

The total number of stores of the chain as of December 31, 2017 amounted to 16,350 (12,125 convenience stores, 243 hypermarkets, 208 Magnit Semeyny stores and 3,774 drogerie stores).


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Retail space increased by 13.56% from 5.07 million.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

square meters at the end of 2016 to 5.75 million square meters.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

sq. m. at the end of 2017.


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Gallery


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Magnit Semeyny Hypermarket in Armavir


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Supermarket in Severodvinsk


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Supermarket in Togliatti


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Magnit Semeyny Hypermarket (Mikhailovka) (2013)


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Notes


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

References


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Category:Retail chains in Russia


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Category:Companies in Krasnodar


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Category:Grocery store chains


Question: In which country was the magnet opened?

Magnit (chain store)

Category:VTB Group


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

Synthetic biology (English: synthetic biology) is a new scientific direction in biology engaged in the design and creation of biological systems with specified properties and functions, including those that have no analogues in nature [1].


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

One of the definitions of synthetic biology adopted by the international scientific community [2] states:


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

“designing and building biological modules, [3] biological systems and biological machines, or redesigning existing biological systems for useful purposes.”


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

The functional aspects of this definition have their origins in molecular biology and biotechnology.


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

Synthetic biology is developing genetic engineering, moving from the movement of several genes between organisms to the creation of an artificial genome.


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

Since 2003, the number of scientific publications on the topic has been rapidly increasing.


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

In the future, this direction makes it possible to obtain biofuels from algae, bacterial electricity, diagnostic drugs, synthetic vaccines, bacteriophages and probiotics to combat infections, increasing the productivity and resistance of cultivated plants and animals [1].


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

In addition to the practical assessment of the results of synthetic biology, there is an ethical question about whether a person has the right to realize artificial evolution (accelerated millions of times, unlike natural evolution) despite the fact that there is not a sufficient level of anticipation of the consequences [1].


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

History


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

In 1980, German biochemist Barbara Hobom used the term “synthetic biology” to report a transgenic bacterium obtained using recombinant DNA technology [5].


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

Later, the term was found in a number of works in the mid-1990s, such as the works of Klaus Kontselmann and Mathias Schnel on the creation of synthetic analogues of genomic single-stranded (-) RNA of the rabies virus [1].


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

The leading role in the development of synthetic biology in the 21st century is played by American geneticist Craig Venter and the American Scientific Institute named after him [1].


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

At the end of 2010, the Craig Venter Institute created the first bacterium with a fully synthetic genome, called Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn 1.0 or “Synthia” [6].


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

In 2006, engineers and scientists founded a non-profit organization with the aim of standardizing biological parts in this field of science.


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

These standardized biological parts are called BioBrick.


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

Technology


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

The first advances in synthetic biology are associated with the method of capillary sequencing (for example, automated sequencing of overlapping DNA fragments using the Sanger method), but in the future new generation sequencing methods were used, which make it much faster and cheaper to decipher the genome.


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

On the other hand, the chemical-enzyme method for the synthesis of oligonucleotides with a given sequence made it possible to create genes for transgenic microorganisms obtained by genetic engineering.


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

The technology of assembling artificial genomes from polynucleotide chains makes it possible to do without the use of the metabolic apparatus of the yeast cell, which for a long time was necessary for such an operation [1].


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

Bioethics and safety


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

Extensive regulation of genetic engineering and pathogen research exists in many countries.


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

Europe


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

The EU-funded SYNBIOSAFE project released a report on how to manage synthetic biology in 2007.


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

SYNBIOSAFE, together with COSY, released a 38-minute documentary in October 2009 to improve the general public's understanding of synthetic biology and its social implications.


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

USA


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

In July 2009, the Committee for Science, Technology and Law of the National Academy held a symposium “Opportunities and Challenges in the Emerging Field of Synthetic Biology”.


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

See also


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

Engineering biology


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

Genome editing


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

Notes


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

References


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

on the PostNauka website


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

Alekhin M.D.


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

, August 12, 2011, http://www.nanonewsnet.ru/articles/2011/sinteziruya-zhivoe, checked 04-10-2017.


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

, 2016.


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

doi:


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

Category:Biology


Question: Is 3' a branch in biology?

Synthetic biology

Category:Bioengineering


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Idish (or; Yiddish or Yiddish — literally: “Jewish”; the original encyclopedic name is “Jewish-German dialect/jargon” [1]) is a Jewish language of the Germanic group, historically the main language Ashkenazi, which at the beginning of the 20th century was spoken by about 11 million Jews around the world.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Yiddish originated in Central and Eastern Europe in the 10th—14th centuries on the basis of Middle High German dialects with extensive borrowings from Hebrew and Aramaic (up to 15-20% vocabulary) and (in the eastern branch) Slavic (in dialects reaches 15%) languages, and later from modern German [2].


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

The fusion of languages gave rise to an original grammar that allows you to combine words with Semitic and Slavic roots and syntactic elements of Germanic languages.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Name


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

The word Yiddish to denote a particular language began to be systematically used only in the 19th century, although it was used as one of the self-names since the 17th century.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Earlier documents of the 15th—16th centuries have also been preserved, in which the German speech of Jews is indicated by this word, but their interpretation is controversial [3].


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Previously, Jews called their language loshn ashkenez (“language of Germany”) or Taich (originally: “German”), thus not separating it from the language of German Christians [3].


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

In the 19th century, under the influence of Jewish enlightenment, the original peiorative designation of Yiddish as Jewish jargon spread; writers writing in it were called slang writers.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

In 1868-1869, Shie-Mordhe Lifshitz published the “Russian-New Jewish Dictionary”.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

The reverse dictionary of the same author, published in 1876, is simply called “Jewish-Russian”.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Ludwig Zamenhof in 1879 compiled an essay on “New Jewish” grammar in Russian.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

In the USSR, in official literature, the phrase “Jewish language” meant Yiddish; Hebrew was called “Hebrew”, not recognizing its status as a living spoken language of Israel.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

In Russian, the word “Yiddish” can be used as both a declinable (only singular form) and an indeclinable noun [4].


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Classification issues


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Historically, Yiddish belongs to the Upper Frankish dialects of the Upper German cluster of West Germanic languages of the Germanic group.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

In 1991, Paul Wexler, professor of linguistics at Tel Aviv University, put forward a hypothesis that attributed him to the group of Slavic, not Germanic languages.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

In academic circles, Wechsler's theory is treated as a curiosity that reflects the author's political views rather [5].


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Linguogeography


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Area and numbers


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

It is very difficult to determine the current number of Yiddish speakers.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Most Ashkenazi Jews during the 20th century switched to the language of the countries where they live.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Nevertheless, some country censuses provide estimates of the number of Yiddish-speaking people.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Israel — 215 thousand people


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

according to Ethnologue estimates for 1986 (6% of the Jewish population in Israel) [6].


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

USA — 178,945 people


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

speak Yiddish at home (approximately 2.8% of all Jews in the United States, with 3.1% speaking Hebrew).


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Canada — 17,255 people


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

named Yiddish as their mother tongue according to the 2006 census (5 per cent of persons of Jewish origin).


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Moldova — 17 thousand people


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

named Yiddish as their native language (1989), that is, 26% of the total number of Jews.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Ukraine — 3213 people


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

named Yiddish as their native language according to the 2001 census (3.1 per cent of the Jewish population).


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Belarus — 1979


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

speak Yiddish at home according to the 1999 census (7.1% of the Jewish population).


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Russia — According to the 2010 census, 1,683 people speak Yiddish.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

(about 1% of all Jews in the Russian Federation) [7].


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

According to former Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation M. E.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Shvydky, Yiddish culture in Russia is a thing of the past and its revival is unlikely [8].


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Romania — 951 people named Yiddish their native language (16.4% of the number of Jews).


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Latvia — 825 people named Yiddish their native language (7.9% of the number of Jews).


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Lithuania — 570 people named Yiddish their native language (14.2% of the number of Jews).


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Estonia — 124 people named Yiddish their native language (5.8% of the Jewish population).


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Hungary - According to the 2001 census, 1,691 Jews [9] accounted for 276 people (16.3%) who spoke Jewish at home or with friends [10], and 3,131 people.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

who speak Jewish as a second [11].


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

(The census does not separate Yiddish and Hebrew, so the exact number of Yiddish speakers is not known.)


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

A significant number of Yiddish speakers also live in the UK, Belgium, France, at least in Australia, Argentina and Uruguay.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Based on the above data, the total number of Yiddish speakers in the world can be estimated at 500,000 people.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Similar data are provided in some other sources: 550-600 thousand. At the same time, there are much higher ratings: 1762320 [6] (the previous, 15th edition indicated an even higher number of Yiddish speakers — 3,142,560) and even 2 million (at the end of the 1970s) 1990s; CEE [12]), but it does not explain what methodology these estimates are based on.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Sociolinguistic information


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Although among the majority of Ashkenazi Jews in Israel, Yiddish gave way to Hebrew, and in the diasporas to the languages of the surrounding population, representatives of some traditional religious communities (Haredim and especially Hasidim) they communicate with each other mainly in Yiddish.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Dialects


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Yiddish consists of a large number of dialects, which are usually divided into Western and Eastern dialects.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

Western Yiddish, closely associated with the German and Dutch dialects of the surrounding population, is now almost dead.


Question: What language group does Yiddish belong to?

Yiddish

The Eastern dialect, formed outside the German-speaking environment, is divided into three main dialects: