Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

It is located in the center of the vast forest-steppe Minusinsk depression, surrounded on all sides by mountains.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

etymology


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The name of the city of Minusinsk comes from the hydronym Minus, which is of Turkic origin.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The name of the river is derived from the Turkic words min “thousand” (understood as multitude, abundance) and su “water” [1], or from the Turkic mines “many” and the Mongolian mustache “river” [2].


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

History


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The city was founded in 1739 at the confluence of the Minusy River into the navigable duct of the Yenisei, like the village of Minyusinskoye (later Minusinskoye).


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In 1797, the village of Minusinskoye became a volost center.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

From 1797 to 1804, all territories of the Yenisei River basin were assigned to the Tobolsk province.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Then, until 1822, they became part of Tomsk Province.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

After the formation in 1822 of the Yenisei province with the center in Krasnoyarsk, Minusinsk received the status of a city and a district center.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsky District united 4 volosts: Minusinskaya, Abakan, Novoselovskaya and Kuraginskaya.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In 1823, 787 people lived in the city, including 156 exiles [3].


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In 1898, it became the center of Minusinsk Uyezd (existed until 1925) of the Yenisei province.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In December 1925, the city became the center of the Minusinsk District, an administrative-territorial unit of the Siberian Territory (the regional center of Novosibirsk), which existed in 1925-1930.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The district included 6 districts: Abakan, Beysky, Ermakovsky (Leninsky), Idrinsky, Karatuzsky, Kuraginsky, Minusinsky, Usinsky.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

On July 30, 1930, the Minusinsk District, like most other districts of the USSR, was abolished.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Its districts became directly subordinate to the West Siberian Territory with the center in Novosibirsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

At the end of 1934, the cities and districts that formed the Krasnoyarsk Territory separated from the West Siberian Territory.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Since then, the city of Minusinsk, as the center of Minusinsk District, has acquired its current administrative-territorial status.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Coat of arms


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The shield is divided into two equal parts, in the upper half there is a depiction of the Yenisei Provincial Coat of Arms (“In the scarlet shield there is a golden lion with azure eyes and tongue and black claws, holding a golden lion in its right paw shovel, in the left the same sickle”), and in the lower, on the azure field, a running horse.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The shield is decorated with a golden city crown.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The coat of arms is approved by a.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Geography and climate


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Decembrist S. AND. Krivtsov wrote to his mother from Krasnoyarsk in 1829:


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

I'm going to Minusinsk the other day.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Everyone who has been there speaks with admiration about that region, calling it Italy here.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

A meteorological station was opened in Minusinsk in 1882.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Correct meteorological observations that began here on October 1 have shaken the reputation of the Minusinsk District as “Siberian Italy”.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In the 1970s, in connection with the creation of huge water areas of the Krasnoyarsk and Sayano-Shushenskoye reservoirs in the center of the Eurasian continent, the climate in the Minusinsk depression, as well as in the entire south of the region, begins to change towards a decrease in continentality and an increase in humidity.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Time zone


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The city of Minusinsk, like the entire Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Republic of Khakassia, is located in the time zone designated by the international standard as Krasnoyarsk Time.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The offset from UTC is + 7:00 (KRAST, summer time, after the clock change in the spring of 2011, this procedure was abolished by the government of the Russian Federation).


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Relative to Moscow time, the time zone has a constant offset of +4 hours and is designated in Russia, respectively, as MSK+4.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

population


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In the 1820s, exiles made up the second largest group of residents of Minusinsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

As a result of Stalinist repressions of the 1930s and 1940s, migrations provoked by the political situation, victims suffered by citizens during the Great Patriotic War, the 20,000 population of the city changed its composition by 75-90%.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Demographics


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In 2001, 10.6 people were born per 1,000 inhabitants of the city, and 18 died.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

National composition


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

According to the census of 1897, Minusinsk was the most mono-national city of the 3 largest cities in the Yenisei province (including Krasnoyarsk and Yeniseisk).


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

91.9% of the population were Russians, 2.9% Ukrainians and 1.8% Tatars [4].


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

City architecture


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinskaya duct of the river. The Yenisei divides the city into two parts: the old, northern, which has preserved the features of a Siberian city of the XIX century, and the new, southern one with modern microdistricts.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In 1844, the first development plan for the city (that is, its northern part) was approved.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The architectural dominant of the city was set by the tiered bell tower towering above the city and the dome of the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands (1803-1813, 1904), built not so far from the embankment of the Yenisei channel.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Behind the church was the main square of Gostinodvorskaya, built up along the perimeter with 2-storey buildings.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

There was Gostiny Dvor, rows of shops with booths, treasury storerooms, official places, several residential buildings and, most importantly, the house of merchant Belova (1854, the first stone building in the city).


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The Vilner House occupies a dominant position in the architectural ensemble of the old center of Minusinsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

With the light hand of historians of the last century, the style was called “Siberian Baroque”, and the house itself was called the “Siberian Small Winter Palace”.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Despite the attempts of the Krasnoyarsk Krai government to restore this building, it has not yet been restored.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The developer, Konsal LLC, systematically disrupts the restoration deadlines.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In memory of the events of the Civil War, Utro-Sentyabrskaya, Talskaya, Manskaya, Kanskaya, Achinskaya, Kravchenko, Surguladze streets were named in the city.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In 1951, a monument was erected in the city to P. E.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Shchetinkin.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Stepan Ivanovich Kretov — squadron commander of the 24th Guards Aviation Regiment, captain.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

He was awarded two Orders of Lenin, two Orders of the Red Banner, the Order of the Red Star (1954), and medals.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

A bronze bust of the Hero was installed in the city of Minusinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The monument to V. AND. Lenin, this is one of four monuments in Russia (the other three are located in St. Biysk, Altai Krai, St. Rybinsk, Yaroslavl Oblast and St. Uzhur, Krasnoyarsk Krai), on which the leader of the world proletariat is depicted in a hat with ear flaps.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Culture


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In 2012, Minusinsk was the cultural capital of Krasnoyarsk Krai.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Theatre


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In 1882, an amateur theater society was created - now the Minusinsk Drama Theater.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The first performance “Guilty Without Guilt” based on the drama by A. N. Ostrovsky was delivered in 1882.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

At the origins of the theater's birth was the non-professional director A. S. Shirokov said.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In the 1890s, on the initiative of the exiled F. ME.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Kon, mainly at the expense of the fire society, a building was built, the second floor of which was given to the theater, and the first was occupied by the fire department.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The modern Minusinsk Drama Theater (in the 1920s and 1930s it was called the Soviet Theater) still operates in this building.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Over the years, writers V. G. Ian, S. IN. Sartakov, directors L. L. Obolensky, V. P. Pashnin, actors I. P. Shmykov (with the troupe since 1922), N. K. Gudzenko (with the troupe since 1935), A. N. Vengrzhinovsky, A. AND. Ganchin A. A. Gordon A. IN. Panin A. IN. Potylitsyn said.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Milestones in the work of the theater were the performances “Vasilisa Melentyeva” by A. N. Ostrovsky, Tsar Fedor Ioannovich by A. K. Tolstoy, “The Death of a Squadron” by A. Korneychuk, “Destiny” by P. Proskurin, “Not on the lists...” by B.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Vasiliev, “Alone with Everyone” by A. Gelman, “Our Debts” by E.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Volodarsky, “Love in Staro-Korotkino” by V. Lipatova, “Woman on the Wharf” by A. Galiyeva, “Leader” by Z. The machine.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In the 1980s, the play “Hops” based on the novel by Alexey Cherkasov was first staged here, which in 1986 was awarded the State Prize of the RSFSR named after M.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

K. S. Stanislavsky (production by V. P. Pashnina), and its 2nd part is the play “Roots and Leaves”.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Museums, galleries, exhibition halls


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The main attraction of the city is the Minusinsk Museum of Local Lore named after M.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

N. M. Martyanov, founded in 1877 (one of the oldest in Siberia and the first museum in the Yenisei province: see the relevant dictionary entry).


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk Regional Museum of Local Lore named after V.I.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

N. M. Martyanova.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Decembrists Museum in St. Minusinsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Memorial Museum-Apartment of G. M. Krzhizhanovsky and V. IN. Starkova.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk Art Gallery.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Museum “Cars and Motorcycles of the USSR”.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk Tomato Day


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk Tomato Day has been held since 2004.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Since 2008, it has been awarded the status of a regional holiday.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The largest tomato was grown in 2011, weighing 2,146 g [6].


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Memorials and monuments in the city of Minusinsk


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In the 1920s and 1930s, Minusinsk became a major agricultural center of the region.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

During the Great Patriotic War, more than 4,000 Minusinsk residents died on the battlefields.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Currently, 744 people live in Minusinsk, rehabilitated from political repression.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Education


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In 1935, an agricultural vocational school No. 2 was opened (since 1951, a technical school of mechanization and electrification of agriculture).


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

On November 24, 1947, a cultural education school was opened, later a cultural education school.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Currently, Minusinsk College of Culture and Arts.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In September 1955, the children's music school began classes.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In 1968, a children's art school began to operate.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In 1983, a medical school was established.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The number of day general education institutions at the beginning of the 2000/2001 academic year is 17.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In the mid-2000s, there were no more than 10 libraries, 1 cinema, and 5 secondary specialized educational institutions.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

There is a branch of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V.I.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

IN. P. Astafiev and a department of the Moscow Electrotechnical Institute.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Religion


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Since the 1940s, services in the Orthodox Transfiguration Cathedral have been resumed in Minusinsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In the 2000s, in the Zaprotochnaya (new) part of the city, the Orthodox chapel of St.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Panteleimon, is located at the intersection of Narodnaya and Abakanskaya streets.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk is home to one of the centers of the Russian Siberian church Old Believers, headed by Bishop Minusinsk and Usinsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Vissarion, the head of the Church of the Last Testament, who comes from the city, preaches his teaching in the taiga of the Kuraginsky District (Lake Tiberkul).


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

There is a local religious organization “Church of Glorification” of Christians of evangelical faith (Pentecostal).


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Pastor Mughnetsyan M. IN.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Industry


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The Geotechnocenter plant is the production of equipment for geological exploration of oil and gas.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk garment factory.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Declared bankrupt, production stopped


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk Brewery produces Minusinskoye beer, mineral and carbonated water.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk Food Plant produces cookies, gingerbread cookies, cakes and other products.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk Confectionery Factory produces confectionery products (cookies, rolls, etc.).


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Turan Meat Factory — production of sausages, delicacies, hams.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

APG Minal LLC is a liquor industry plant, restored and re-launched in 2011.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

It belongs to Baikalfarm OJSC.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Production has been suspended again since 2013


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Moloko OJSC is a processing enterprise of the dairy industry.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The city also has more than 100 small and medium-sized enterprises in the light, woodworking and food industries, construction and transport.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Transportation


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

railway


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Near Minusinsk (12 km away, in the village of Zeleny Bor, the Minusinsk railway station is located) there is the Abakan-Taishet railway (“Highway of Courage”, Yuzhsib), along which regular passenger service to Krasnoyarsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The Abakan-Krasnoyarsk route is operated daily through the Sayanskaya express train.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

An electric train also runs daily on the Abakan-Koshurnikovo route.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Until 2014, the Abakan-Irkutsk train ran.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Automotive


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The Enisey Krasnoyarsk-Abakan-Kyzyl highway (formerly Usinsky Trakt connecting Abakan and Kyzyl) passes through Minusinsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Two regional roads start in the city: Minusinsk-Bellyk-Novoselovo (via ferry) with entrances to the regional centers Krasnoturansk and Idrinsky and Minusinsk-Kuragino-Kuskun, which has access to the track.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

There is a bypass road, currently almost completely passes through the city and is actually a street in the city.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Road communication is carried out with the cities and regional centers of the region and Khakassia: Abakan, Chernogorsk, Sayanogorsky, Shushensky, Kuragino, Karatuzsky, Yermakovsky.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The city has a bus station located in the old part of the city, from which buses go daily to Krasnoyarsk, Tomsk, Kyzyl.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In the 1950s and 1960s, Minusinsk was called the “city of drivers”.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

A significant part of the working population was engaged in road transportation and, above all, servicing the Usinsk tract, connecting the south of Siberia with Tuva.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Until the mid-1990s, more than 15 automobile enterprises operated in Minusinsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Aquatic


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The previously existing large shipping ceased in 1997 due to the construction of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, which led to siltation and shallowing of the Minusinsk duct, which made it unsuitable for shipping.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Until the mid-1990s, there was a direct passenger service on the routes Minusinsk-Abakan, Minusinsk-Krasnoyarsk (Shumikha) and Minusinsk-Sayanogorsk (Sizaya).


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Now, through the Abakan river port, you can sail along the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir to Divnogorsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Aerial


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Air communication is carried out through the nearest Abakan Airport, a civil international airport located in Abakan (30 km away), from where you can fly to Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Moscow, Norilsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

It is the only one in the region (Khakassia and the south of Krasnoyarsk Krai) capable of receiving almost all types of aircraft.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In the 1980s, thanks to the commissioning of a runway in the suburbs of Minusinsk, regular flights were carried out on the Krasnoyarsk-Minusinsk route since November 15, 1984.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In the early 1990s, the airport was closed, and the New City Cemetery of Minusinsk was opened in its place.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Sports


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Judo is the most popular sport in Minusinsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Boxing, Greco-Roman wrestling, athletics, weightlifting, cycling, rock climbing, rhythmic gymnastics, football, volleyball, hockey, orienteering, kyokushinkai karate are also developed, taekwondo, kendo, historical fencing, rugby.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Until 2009, there was a specialized children and youth school of the Olympic reserve (SDUSHOR) in judo.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

There is a children's and youth school of the Olympic reserve in athletics.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Since 2014, the MBU “MC “Defender” has had a skate park, a municipal flagship program, Parkour (parkour), Freeran (Free running), Tricking (tricking), BMX (Freestyle BMX).


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

From February 3 to March 9, 1986, the VI Winter Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR was held in Minusinsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Mass media


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The first printing house was opened in Minusinsk in 1888.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In 1906, the first newspaper Telegraph and Pochta was published in Minusinsk (until 1917, several newspapers were published in Minusinsk, in particular, Minusinsky Krai and Minusinsky Listok.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In 1917, the Minusinsk Committee of the RSDLP published the newspaper “Tovarishch”.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The newspaper's editor was D. S. Rusin [7].


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Currently, the following are published and broadcast in the city:


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

“Hope and We” newspaper,


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

the newspaper “Vlast Truda” (published since April 24, 1922. The circulation of the 1st issue is 600 copies. Since 1962, it has been published under the name “Iskra Ilyich”. In 1985, it had a circulation of 22,000 copies),


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinskaya Yarmarka newspaper,


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

“Narodnaya” newspaper (20 000 copies)


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsky Courier newspaper,


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk private television company M23,


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk City Television Company (MGTK),


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk STS channel,


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk City Editorial Office of Radio Programs,.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk city site “Sreda 24”.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Radio stations


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

87.5 FM — Love Radio;


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

88.0 FM — Radio Record;


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

88.8 FM — Radio Pi FM;


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

90.2 FM — Radio Dacha;


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

91.0 FM — Radio Rossii (Abakan);


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

100.9 FM — Comedy Radio (Abakan);


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

101.3 FM — Road Radio (Abakan);


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

101.7 FM — DFM (Abakan);


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

102.2 FM — Russkoe Radio (Abakan);


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

103.2 FM — M-Radio;


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

103.7 FM — Radio Siberia (Abakan);


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

104.2 FM — Europe Plus (Abakan);


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

104.7 FM — Avtoradio (Abakan);


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

105.0 FM — Comedy Radio;


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

105.3 FM — Radio Komsomolskaya Pravda (Abakan);


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

105.7 FM — Radio Chanson (Abakan);


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

106.2 FM — New Radio (Abakan);


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

106.7 FM — Retro FM (Abakan);


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

107.5 FM — Radio 7 (Abakan);


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

107.9 FM — Radio Rossii.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Sister cities


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai [8]


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Famous people associated with Minusinsk


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk was a place of political exile for 11 Decembrists, writer and feuilletonist Alexander Amfiteatrov, close associates of V. AND. Lenina E.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

D. Stasova, L. B.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Kameneva, and I. Smilgi.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

People's Commissar of Communications of the USSR and Chief of Armaments of the Red Army Innokenty Khalepsky, writer Alexander Bushkov, opera singer Lyubov Popova, 2013 world champion in long jump were born and raised in Minusinsk Alexander Menkov, popular actor Viktor Khorinyak.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Archbishop Dimitri (Vologda) of Minusinsk and Usinsk lived and worked in Minusinsk, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, historian A. AND. Yakovlev, writers Vasily Yan, Alexey Cherkasov, Sergey Sartakov, Roman Senchin, Sergey Kruglov, popular film actors Leonid Obolensky and Andrey Panin, theater director Valery Pashnin, religious preacher Vissarion, politicians Anatoly Kekin and Mikhail Zenchenko.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk in works of literature and art


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In the memoirs of Pole A. F. Ossendovsky “Animals, People, and Gods” (1922), where he tells about his adventures in Siberia and Mongolia, engulfed in the civil war.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In Russia, the book was first published in 1994.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In the novel “The Golden Calf” by I. Ilf and E.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Petrov “underdeveloped Minusinsk” is mentioned in the scene of the division of the territory of Russia between the “sons of Lieutenant Schmidt”.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In the novel by A. N. Cherkasov “Hops” (1963: the trilogy “The Tale of the People of the Taiga”) the action partially takes place in Minusinsk (near the Vilner House, in the house of Dr. Ivan Griva on the dune, on the bank of the Minusinsk duct, opposite the pier) , on Tagarsky Island (in the garden of Dr. Griva), in Belaya Elan (Podsinea), in Malaya Minus.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The events unfold between the 1870s and the 1910s.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In the dilogy play “Khmel” (staged by V. P. Pashnin) of the Minusinsk Drama Theater.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The performance was awarded the State Prize of the RSFSR named after K. S. Stanislavsky for 1986.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In the novel by R. IN. Senchin “Minus” (2001) artistically and naturalistically accurately tells about the life and interests of provincial Siberian youth in the “time of troubles” sir.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

1990s, on the example of socially and financially poor and restless people who came to Minusinsk from other towns and settlements of Siberia and live in a workers' hostel in the Survey part of the city.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Behind-the-scenes life in Minusinsk Drama is presented.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

theater of those years.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In Oleg Mazurin's novel “During Fierce Battles”, YAM Publishing (Saarbrücken, Germany, 2012)


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk on city maps


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Despite its small size, Minusinsk left a fairly large mark on the maps of cities around the world.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinskaya Street (except for Minusinsk itself, where the street is named after the Minusinka River) is located in the following cities:


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Moscow,


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Kaliningrad,


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Kazan,


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Samara,


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Astrakhan,


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Ulan-Ude


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Khabarovsk,


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Prokopyevsk (Kemerovo Oblast),


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Anzhero-Sudzhensk (Kemerovo Oblast),


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Abakan,


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Chernogorsk (Republic of Khakassia),


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Krasnoyarsk,


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Uzhur (Krasnoyarsk Krai),


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Achinsk (Krasnoyarsk Krai),


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Kansk (Krasnoyarsk Krai),


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Almaty (Kazakhstan),


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Dnepr (Ukraine),


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Gorlovka (Ukraine).


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

In addition, Minusinsky Lane is located in Perm, Irkutsk, Uzhur, Khabarovsk and Dnipro.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

There are three Minusinsky lanes in Astrakhan (Minusinsky, 1st Minusinsky, 2nd Minusinsky).


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Notes


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Minusinsk

Literature


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Minusinsk

CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Vatin V. A. Minusinsk City — Minusinsk, 1922


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Memorable places of Minusinsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

A short guide.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

— Krasnoyarsk book publishing house, 1970


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Gnedovsky B.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

V., Dobrovolskaya E.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

D. section “In Old Minusinsk” in the book “Up the Yenisei” — Moscow, Iskusstvo, 1980


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Kovalev V. A., Yermolayeva L. N., Shadrina I. E.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk — Krasnoyarsk: Book Publishing House, 1986


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The pride of Minusinskaya land.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

— Krasnoyarsk, 2001.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

— 352 p.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Encyclopedia of Krasnoyarsk Krai.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

South.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

— Krasnoyarsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

“Letter S” Publishing House, 2008.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

— 592 p.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

References


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Category:Minusinsk


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Category:District centers of Krasnoyarsk Krai


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Category:Populated places of regional subordination of Krasnoyarsk Krai


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Category:Populated places in Minusinsk urban district


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Category:Cities in Krasnoyarsk Krai


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Category:Cities on the Yenisei


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky (born Lev Simkhovich Vygodsky [1] [2]; [3], Orsha, Mogilev Province — June 11, 1934, Moscow) was a Soviet one.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Founder of the Marxist [lower-alpha 1] research tradition of studying higher psychological functions, which became known since critical works of the 1930s as “cultural and historical theory ” in psychology [5] [6] [7] [8].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He is the author of literary publications, works on pedology and cognitive development of the child.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He united a team of researchers known as the Vygotsky-Luria Circle (also the Vygotsky Circle).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The current situation in the development of Vygotsky's heritage in Russia and abroad is often described as the “Vygotsky cult” (Vygotsky cult, the cult of Vygotsky, the cult of personality around Vygotsky) [9] [ 10]: “Currently, in psychology there is a kind of “cult of Vygotsky”, blind worship, rarely based on understanding and reading the works of this undoubtedly outstanding scientist” [11].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The cult of Vygotsky originated in the Soviet Union in the 1960s, when an idea of the worldwide significance of this researcher and his scientific heritage was formed and his canonization took place: “for the new” the discovery of Vygotsky became possible without a radical revision of Soviet psychology as such, it was necessary to canonize the scientist as a cultural figure on a global scale: this is the only way in the 1960s and 1970s g. it was possible to withdraw Vygotsky's legacy from the sphere of influence of official psychological and pedagogical institutions.”


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

[12] [13]


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

On the other hand, as a counterbalance to this cult, there has been a “revisionist revolution in Vygotsky studies” around the world since the early 2000s [14] [15] [16] [17] [18].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Studies of the decade of the 2010s, conducted as part of the “revisionist turn” in Vygotsky studies, revealed not only systematic and massive falsifications and distortions of the author's heritage [19] [20] [4] [21] [22], but also recorded a rapid decline in Vygotsky's popularity around the world, which began in 2016-2017 and even accelerated in 2018 [23] [24] [25] [26].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

This situation is characterized as a “Vygotsky bubble”, in other words: “Vygotsky bubble” [27] (also informally, the “vygo_bubble” [28]) and the fundamental crisis in the global Vygotsky.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The causes of this crisis are not yet fully understood and are widely discussed in scientific circles [29] [30] [31].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Biography


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Lev Simkhovich Vygodsky (changed his surname in 1923) was born in 1896 in Orsha, the second of eight children in the family of a graduate of the Kharkov Commercial School, merchant Simkha Leibovich (Semyon Lvovich Vygodsky (1869—1931), a native of Polotsk from a merchant family [32], and his wife, teacher Tsipa (Cecilia) Moiseevna Vygodskaya (1874—1935) [33] [34] [35].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

A year later, the family moved to Gomel, where his father received the position of deputy manager of the local branch of the United Bank and was engaged in timber trade.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygodsky's family was quite wealthy: together with other heirs of their father's late brother, they owned a house in Gomel [36].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The education of children was carried out by a private teacher Sholom Mordukhovich (Solomon Markovich) Ashpiz (1876 — after 1940), known for using the so-called method of Socratic dialogue and participating in the revolutionary activities as part of the Gomel Social Democratic Organization [37] [38] [39] [40] [41].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

His cousin, later a well-known literary critic and translator David Isaakovich Vygodsky (1893—1943), also had a significant influence on the future psychologist in childhood [42] [43].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

After the death of his father in 1897, David Vygodsky and his brother, sister and mother Dvosya Yakovlevna lived in the family of his uncle Semyon Lvovich Vygodsky and was brought up with his eight children [44].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

L. S. Vygodsky subsequently changed one letter in his surname to differ from D. AND. Vygodsky.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

After completing his primary education at home, L. S. Vygotsky passed exams for grades 5 and entered the 6th grade of the state gymnasium, finished the last two classes at the private Jewish men's gymnasium A. E.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Ratner [37] [40] [45].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He continued to study Hebrew, Ancient Greek, Latin and English with private teachers, and studied Esperanto on his own.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1913, he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, but soon transferred to law.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

As a student, he wrote a two-hundred-page study “The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince W. Shakespeare” (1916), which after graduation was presented as a thesis (published in 1968 as a supplement to the second edition of the Psychology of Art).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1916, he published articles on literary topics in the weekly Novy Put devoted to Jewish life (where he worked as a technical secretary): “M. YU. Lermontov (on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of his death)” and “Literary Notes (St. Petersburg, Andrey Bely's Novel)”; was also published in the Chronicle and Novy Mir published by Maxim Gorky.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Until 1917 inclusive, he actively wrote on Jewish history and culture, expressing rejection of anti-Semitism in Russian literature [46] [47] and a negative attitude towards the ideas of socialism and communism [48].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1917, he dropped out of classes at the Law Faculty of Moscow University [49] and completed his studies at the Faculty of History and Philosophy of the University.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Shanyavsky.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

After the October Revolution of 1917, he briefly moved to Samara, and then returned to Gomel, after which he traveled to Kiev with his mother and younger brother (1918) [50], but then returned to Gomel, which at that time was geographically subordinate to the Ukrainian state, and where his parents lived at that time.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1919, he fell ill with pulmonary tuberculosis.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1919-1923, together with his cousin David Vygodsky, he worked as a literature teacher at the Soviet labor school and pedagogical technical school, as well as in vocational schools of printers and metalworkers, evening Gubpolitical education courses, training courses for preschool workers, summer courses for retraining teachers, courses for cultural workers of the village, Sotsvos courses, at the People's Conservatory and workers' faculty.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

At the same time, in 1919-1921, he was first in charge of the theater subdepartment of the Gomel Department of Public Education, then the art department at Gubnarobraz, published more than eighty theatrical reviews in the newspapers Polesskaya Pravda and Nash Monday (38 of which were reprinted posthumously) [51] [52] [53] [54].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1922, he was in charge of the publishing department of the Gompechat publishing house, and in 1923-1924 he was the literary editor of the publishing department of the Gomel Provincial Administration of Party and Soviet Press.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He published a collection of poems by I. G. Ehrenburg (1919) and one issue of the literary magazine “Veresk” (with D. AND. Vygodsky, 1922).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

At the end of 1922, he entered a job as a teacher at the Gomel Pedagogical College, and in the first half of 1923 he was engaged in organizing a psychological laboratory.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

During the summer months of 1923. Vygotsky supervised the experimental work of students of the Moscow Pedological Institute in the laboratory room at the Gomel Pedagogical College.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The results of this work were formalized in the form of reports in the fall of 1923 and were presented by Vygotsky in three speeches at the II All-Russian Congress on Psychoneurology in Petrograd in early January 1924, thus becoming his first appearance at scientific conferences.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

It was at this congress that Vygotsky met Alexander Luria, who at that time was secretary of the Institute of Experimental Psychology in Moscow and contributed to his invitation to the institute as a graduate student (Director of the Institute — K. N. Kornilov).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Later, this acquaintance and invitation served as the basis for a long scientific alliance and cooperation between these two researchers, who formed the backbone of the so-called Vygotsky-Luria Circle.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1924, he moved to Moscow, where he lived the last decade of his life (the whole family soon moved here — Father L. S. Vygotsky in the last years of his life served as the manager of the Arbat branch of the Industrial Bank).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In the summer of 1925, he made his only trip abroad — as a responsible employee of the People's Commissariat of Education, he attended the International Conference on the Education of Deaf and Dumb Children (June 20—24) in London [55 ] [56].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Upon returning from the trip, he was hospitalized for a long time, and therefore his dissertation was accepted for defense (and credited as defended) at the end of 1925 in the absence of the author.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He spent the next year 1926 on disability and, from the point of view of his track record, did not officially work anywhere.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1927 (December 19), when the founder of this medical and pedagogical institution V. P. Kashchenko was relieved of his leadership position, L. S. Vygotsky was appointed director of the Medical Pedagogical Station [57] and remained in this position until October 10, 1928. (dismissed at his own request) [58].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1929, the Experimental Defectology Institute (EDI) was established on the basis of the Medical and Pedagogical Station.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Its first head was Dmitry Ivanovich Azbukin (Deputy — Rosenthal Lia Yan., Head of the Scientific and Pedagogical Department — L. IN. Zankov [59]), and since 1930 I. AND. Danyushevsky.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky was invited to EDI as a freelance consultant and scientific director of psychological laboratories [60].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In 1930, during inspections and audits of the Institute of Experimental Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Rabkrin Commission revealed the inefficiency of this scientific institution and inappropriate expenditure of allocated budget funds [61].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

As a result, in November 1930. Kornilov was dismissed from the management of the institute, the institute was fundamentally reorganized, and A. B.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Zalkind [62].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Just a few months later, at the end of winter-spring 1931 [63], at the reorganized and renamed institute under the leadership of Zalkind and with the active participation of Vygotsky, Luria, etc.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

a critical scientific discussion took place to discuss the theoretical provisions and practical application of the so-called “reactological” concept of Kornilov (otherwise: Kornilov's “reactology”) [64], during which criticized this direction in psychology and removed from the agenda of the institute [65].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

At the same time, that is, in the spring and summer of 1931, the organizational structure of the institute was changed, as a result of which some employees lost their leadership positions, for example, as part of the disbanded collective governing body, that is, the College of the Institute.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Other employees, on the contrary, went for promotion: for example, as a result of purges and reorganization of the management apparatus, an employee of the institute since 1924. Lev Vygotsky was promoted and transferred from the post of “employee of the 1st category” to “full members” of the institute (see entry 24 of March 1, 1931 in Vygotsky's Work Book [3]).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He also worked for a number of government, educational, medical and research organizations in Moscow, Leningrad, Kharkov and Tashkent.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

At the very beginning of 1934. Vygotsky was invited to the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine, which was being created at that time in Moscow, to organize a psychology sector in it.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Nevertheless, these plans were not destined to be realized: Vygotsky was hospitalized in May and died on June 11, 1934 in Moscow from tuberculosis.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The urn with the ashes of L. S. Vygotsky was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery a year after the death of L. S. Vygotsky.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

It is not known for certain where it was stored and for what purpose it was stored all this time and was not buried.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Timeline of the most important life and career events


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1922, autumn — Vygotsky was hired at Gomel Pedagogical College


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1923, winter-spring — organization of a psychological laboratory under the leadership of Vygotsky at the Gomel Pedagogical College


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1923, summer — the first experimental works of the psychological laboratory


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1923, autumn — completion of empirical studies, beginning of preparations for the presentation of research results at the psychoneurological congress


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1924, January — participation in the II Psychoneurological Congress in Petrograd, moving from Gomel to Moscow, enrollment in postgraduate studies and a position at the State Institute of Experimental Psychology in Moscow (Director of the Institute — K. N. Kornilov)


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1924, July — beginning of work as the head of the subdepartment for the education of physically defective and mentally retarded children of the Department of Social and Legal Protection of Minors (SPON) (head of the SPON department — S. S. Tizanov) of Glavsotsvos under the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR; dismissed from office in 1926 due to disability


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1924, November 26 — December 1 — II Congress of Social and Legal Protection of Minors (SPON), Moscow: at the congress, during the work of the section on mental retardation, the turn to social education was officially announced as a new direction in the development of Soviet defectology and special pedagogy; a collection of articles and materials edited by L. S. Vygotsky “Issues of Education of Blind, Deaf and Mute and Mentally Retarded Children”


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1925, May 9 — birth of first child: daughter Gita


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1925, summer — the first and only trip abroad: sent to London for a defectology conference; on the way to England I drove through Germany, where he met with local psychologists


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1925 — defense of the dissertation Psychology of Art.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

November 5, 1925 Vygotsky was awarded the title of senior researcher due to illness without defense, equivalent to the modern degree of Candidate of Sciences, the contract for the publication of the Psychology of Art was signed on November 9, 1925, but the book was never published during Vygotsky's lifetime.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Why this book hasn't been published?


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky was given permission to publish this book only in 1927, and then only at the expense of the author.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Therefore, it was not possible to publish this book at state expense, and the author did not accept publishing the work for his own money.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Everything is very simple here.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

November 21, 1925 to May 22, 1926 — tuberculosis, hospitalization in the Zakharyino sanatorium-type hospital; on discharge from the hospital for medical reasons, he was qualified as a disabled person until the end years


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1926 — throughout the year, temporary disability due to disability caused by recovery from treatment of chronic tuberculosis; Vygotsky's first book, “Pedagogical psychology”; writes notes and essays that compiled an unfinished manuscript on the “crisis of psychology”, later, several decades after the author's death, published under the title.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1927 — since the beginning of the year (officially — from January 1, 1927) he returns from disability, resumes work at the Institute of Experimental Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and in a number of others.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

institutions in Moscow and Leningrad


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1927, September 17 — the scientific and pedagogical section of the State Academic Council (GUS) approved Vygotsky as a professor


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1927, December 19 — appointed head of the Medical and Pedagogical Station of the Glavsotsvos of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, remained in this position until October 1928 (dismissed at his own request), since 1929 - freelance scientific consultant, head of psychological laboratories at the Experimental Defectology Institute (transformed by the Medical - pedagogical station)


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1927, December 28 — January 4, 1928 — First All-Russian Pedological Congress, Moscow; Vygotsky takes part in the congress as a co-editor of the difficult childhood section (editors: L. S. Vygotsky and L. IN. Zankov) of a collection of abstracts and reports, and also presents two reports: “Development of a difficult child and its study” (at the section of difficult childhood) and “Instrumental method in pedology” (at the research methodological section); they are thematically adjacent, respectively, by Zankov's reports “Principles of constructing comprehensive programs of an auxiliary school from a pedological point of view” and Luria “To the methodology instrumental psychological research”; the first public presentation of “instrumental psychology” as a research method and the first public application for an independent scientific direction in psychology associated with the names of Vygotsky and Luria [66]


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1928 — the first publications in the spirit of independent psychological theory and based on the results of experimental research using the “instrumental method”: a series of journal articles was published on Russian and English languages and Vygotsky's second book, “School Age Pedology”


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1928, December — conflict with the director of the Institute of Experimental Psychology (GIEP) K. N. Kornilov, Vygotsky submits a memorandum to the collective governing body of the institute, the Board of the Institute; Vygotsky continues to work at the Institute of Psychology as a teacher of psychology, but with at the end of 1928, the research activities of the Vygotsky-Luria group were curtailed in this organization, and experimental studies were transferred to the Academy of Communist Education [67], Laboratory of Psychology (Vygotsky and Luria have been laboratory employees since 1924 [68]; head no later than 1927 — Luria [69])


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1929, April — Vygotsky gives lectures in Tashkent (returned to Moscow in early May of the same year)


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1929, autumn is the beginning of the first official work in the system of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR: Vygotsky was enrolled as an assistant (later: head of the psychological laboratory) of pediatric psychoneurology and experimental psychology at the Clinic of Nervous Diseases 1 of Moscow State University (dismissed no later than March 1931) [36]


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1929, September — IX International Psychological Congress at Yale University; Luria presented two reports, one of which is based on the results of his many years of original research (using the so-called conjugate motor method), and the other was co-authored with Vygotsky; Vygotsky himself did not take part in the work of the congress


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1930 — the birth of the second child: daughter Asya; the third book (co-authored with Luria) is published, Studies on the History of Behavior: The Monkey. A primitive. Child” and Vygotsky's fourth book, in three parts (in 1929, 1930 and 1931, respectively), “Pedology of a Teenager”


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1930, January 25 — February 1 — First All-Union Congress for the Study of Human Behavior (“Behavioral Congress”), Leningrad; Vygotsky takes part in the congress as a member of the Presidium and co-editor of the congress materials on the pedology section in the collection of abstracts and reports (other members of the presidium of the pedological section and co-editors: Basov M. Y., Vygotsky L. S., Molozhavy S. S. and Shchelovanov N. M.), and also presents three reports:


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

as part of the Section of Psychology, Reflexology and Physiology of the Central Nervous System: “Experimental study of higher behavioral processes” (subsection “Forms of behavior”; other significant reports of this subsection: Soloviev I. M. “Activity and Side Irritation”, Zankov L. IN. “The Study of Active Memorization” and Luria A. R. “The structure of psychophysiological processes and their reflection in conjugate motor skills”)


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

as part of the Pedological Section: “I. Development of higher forms of behavior in childhood” (subsection “Study of the cultural development of the child”; the other two reports of this subsection: Luria A. R. “II. The function of the sign in the development of child behavior”, Leontyev A. N. “III. Development of the internal structure of higher behavior”) and “Cultural development of an abnormal and difficult child” (subsection “The problem of difficult childhood”; it is adjacent to the report: Zankov L. IN. “Active memorization in a mentally retarded child (idiot)”, in the same subsection) [70]; public presentation of the results of systematic emiric studies of “higher forms” and “cultural development” in the spirit of “instrumental psychology” as an independent scientific direction within the framework of “behavioral psychology” associated with the names of researchers of the Vygotsky and Luria Circle [71]


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1930, April 23—27 — At the VI International Conference on Psychotechnics in Barcelona, L. S. Vygotsky “Le probleme des fonctions intellectuelles supérieures dans le système des recherches psychotechniques” (the abstracts of the report were also published in Russian in 1930: in the journal Psychotechnics and psychophysiology of labor); the first public presentation of the results of empirical research by researchers of the Vygotsky and Luria Circle as a joint project to study “higher forms” and” cultural development” in conditions of normal and abnormal development [72]


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1930, summer — former students of Kurt Levin Nina Kaulina and Gita Birenbaum move from Berlin to the Soviet Union and start working in cooperation with researchers of the Vygotsky-Luria Circle [73]: the beginning a full-scale revision of the research program and the convergence of Vygotsky's “instrumental” and “cultural-historical” psychology with the German-American gestaltist movement in psychology [74] [75]


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1930, October 9 — made at the Clinic of Nervous Diseases 1 of Moscow State University: announced the beginning of a new research program aimed at studying psychological systems; actual refusal to study isolated “psychological functions”


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1931, January-February - by order of the People's Commissariat of Health of February 17, 1931, Vygotsky was enrolled as deputy director for the scientific part of the Institute of the OzDIP named after M.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

10th Anniversary of the October Revolution [36]


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1931, March 1 — from a researcher of the 1st category he was transferred to full members of the State Institute of Psychology, Pedology and Psychotechnics (the director of the institute is A. B. Zalkind) [3]


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1931, March 2-3 — reactological discussion at the State Institute of Psychology, Pedology and Psychotechnics; during the discussion, Vygotsky and Luria publicly abandon “reactology” and mechanicism” instrumental period” of the 1920s [64] [76]


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1931, May-August: Luria's first psychological expedition to Central Asia (with Vygotsky's participation in absentia) [77]; Kurt Levin Blum's third student Zeigarnik moves from Berlin to Moscow and joins to the Vygotsky-Luria Circle; Vygotsky entered the medical faculty at the Ukrainian Psychoneurological Academy in Kharkov, where he studied by correspondence with A. R. Luria


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1931, October 22 [78] — father's death


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1932, March — Vygotsky's report at the Institute of Scientific Pedagogy: the first public presentation of the research project and the draft of the book “Thinking and Speech”


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1932, summer — Luria's second psychological expedition to Central Asia (with the direct participation of Kurt Koffka and Vygotsky's participation in absentia) [77]


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1932, December — report on consciousness in Moscow, formal discrepancy with Leontiev's group in Kharkov


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1933, April-May — Kurt Levin stops in Moscow from the United States (via Japan), meeting Vygotsky


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1934, January-February — Vygotsky receives an invitation and begins work on the creation of a specialized psychological department at the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine (VIEM), in Moscow


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1934, May 9 — Vygotsky is transferred to bed rest


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1934, June 11 — Death


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

1934, December — publication of a posthumous collection of works from 1928—1934 entitled “Thinking and Speaking”


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Workplaces after 1924


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Moscow State Institute of Experimental Psychology (since 1924 — researcher of the 2nd category, since 1931 — full member),


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

State Institute of Scientific Pedagogy (GINP) at LSPI and LSPI named after V.I.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

A. AND. Herzen (1927—1934),


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Academy of Communist Education named after N. K. Krupskaya (AKV) (1929—1931),


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Clinic of Nervous Diseases at the First Moscow State University (1st Moscow State University) (as an assistant, then head of the psychological laboratory; see Fig. Rossolimo, Grigory Ivanovich) (1929—1931)


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Second Moscow State University (2nd MSU) (1927—1930), and after the reorganization of the 2nd Moscow State University —


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Moscow State Pedagogical University (M.V. A. S. Bubnova) (1930—1934; Head of the Department of Pedology of Difficult Childhood) and


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

2nd Moscow State Medical Institute (MSMI) (1930—1934; Head of the Department of General and Age Pedology);


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Research Institute of Scientific Pedagogy at the 2nd Moscow State University (up to the liquidation of the institute in 1931)


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Institute for the Study of Higher Nervous Activity at the Natural Science Section of the Comacademia (member of the section since March 17, 1930: ARAN. F.350. Op.3. D.286. LL.235-237ob)


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

State Scientific Institute for the Protection of Children and Adolescents Health named after the 10th Anniversary of the October Revolution (since the beginning of 1931 as Deputy Director of the Institute for Scientific Affairs)


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Experimental Defectology Institute (EDI im. M. S. Epstein) (1929—1934, scientific director of the research laboratory)


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He also gave lectures at a number of educational institutions and research organizations in Moscow, Leningrad, Kharkov and Tashkent, for example, at the Central Asian State University (SASU) (in April 1929 years).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Family and relatives


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

His parents were Simkha Leibovich (Semyon Lvovich) Vygodsky (1869 — October 22, 1931 [78]) and Tsipa (Tsetsilia) Moiseevna Vygodskaya (1874 — May 25, 1935 [78]).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Father L. S. Vygotsky was one of the organizers of the Society for the Dissemination of Education among Jews, within the framework of which a public public library was opened in Gomel.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Sisters and brother [79]:


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Khaya-Anna Semenovna Vygodskaya-Khavina (May 26, 1895 — June 6, 1936) [78].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Zinaida Semenovna (Zelda Simkhovna) Vygodskaya (April 12 (25), 1898 — December 4, 1981) [80] [78], linguist, author of Russian-English and English-Russian dictionaries [81], translator.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Esther Semenovna (Esya Simkhovna) Vygodskaya (October 21, 1899—1969) [82] [78].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Claudia Semenovna Vygodskaya (1904—1975) [83], linguist, author of Russian-French and French-Russian dictionaries [84].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Maria Semyonovna Vygodskaya (1907—1990) [85].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

David (October 24, 1905—1918 or 1919) [86].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

His wife (since 1924) was Roza Noyevna Smekhova (1899—1979) [87].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Daughters:


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Gita Lvovna Vygodskaya (1925—2010) - psychologist and defectologist, candidate of psychological sciences, researcher at the Research Institute of Defectology, co-author of the biography “L. S. Vygotsky. Strokes to the Portrait” (1996) [88] (her daughter is Elena Evgenievna Kravtsova, Doctor of Psychology, former employee of the Russian State University for the Humanities).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Asya Lvovna Vygodskaya (1930—1985), Candidate of Biological Sciences, Researcher at the Research Institute of Oncology [89].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

His cousin is David Isaakovich Vygodsky, poet, literary critic, translator (his wife is children's writer Emma Iosifovna Vygodskaya).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Scientific contribution


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky's formation as a scientist coincided with the period of perestroika of Soviet psychology based on the methodology of Marxism, in which he took an active part.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In search of methods for an objective study of complex forms of human activity and personal behavior, Vygotsky critically analyzed a number of philosophical and most modern psychological concepts (“The Meaning of the Psychological Crisis”, unfinished manuscript, 1926), showing the futility of attempts to explain human behavior, reducing the “higher” forms of behavior to the “lower” elements.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

By studying speech thinking, Vygotsky solves the problem of localization of higher psychological functions as structural units of brain activity in a new way.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Studying the development and decay of higher psychological functions on the material of child psychology, defectology and psychiatry, Vygotsky comes to the conclusion that the structure of consciousness is a “dynamic semantic system ” which are in unity of affective, volitional and intellectual processes.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Despite the fact that the designation “cultural and historical theory” is found only once in the texts of Vygotsky himself, this name later took root among a number of scientists who positioned themselves followers of Vygotsky [90] [91].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there has been a historical analysis of missed opportunities in Vygotsky's original theory.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Traditional assessments of the creative heritage of Vygotsky's Soviet period are being revised.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky defines pedagogical activity as a special human-oriented activity in 1926.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

However, they did not deepen this direction in the future.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

New ways of development are being developed at the present stage — originally conceived by the author, but later forgotten or ignored in Soviet psychology of the 20th century (see, for example, [92] [93] [94]).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

This intellectual movement in a number of recent publications has become widely known as the “revisionist revolution” in Vygotsky studies [16].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The doctrine of “higher psychological” processes


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Throughout the decade of his scientific career as a psychologist (1924-34), Vygotsky always understood the meaning of his scientific work as the development of the doctrine of “higher psychological” processes, phenomena, functions, systems of functions, behaviors, etc. At the same time, he emphasized the importance of understanding these phenomena as “higher psychological”: “Consciousness determines life (image), but it itself arises from life and forms its moment: ergo life determines life through consciousness. As soon as we took thinking away from life (from dynamics) — we took it as a concept of mental, not psychological — we closed ourselves any way to find out and explain its main property: determine lifestyle and behavior, act, influence” [95].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

At the same time, Vygotsky emphasized the fundamental importance of distinguishing between psychological and mental phenomena from the point of view of dialectical psychology and, in particular, his psychological theory:


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Dialectical psychology... does not mix mental and physiological processes, it recognizes the irreducible qualitative originality of the psyche, it only states that p s and x o l o g and h e s k and e the processes are one.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Thus, we come to the recognition of peculiar psychophysiological single processes that represent the highest forms of human behavior, which we propose to call psychological processes, in difference from mental and by analogy with what is called physiological processes [96].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Moreover, in his works published during the lifetime of their author, Vygotsky never used the expressions “higher mental” to describe the phenomena that his psychological theory described and studied [90] [91].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Nevertheless, immediately after his death, Vygotsky's texts began to undergo systematic editing in preparation for publication, which ultimately led to systemic and fatal falsifications of his scientific heritage in post-war publications of Vygotsky's works throughout the Soviet period of the 1950s and 1980s [14] [16] [17].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In addition to the “higher psychological functions” (more precisely, systems of such functions), other concepts and expressions that are found in Vygotsky's texts of various periods of his life, for example: “interiorization” (internalization), “the zone of proximal development” (mediation) and a number of others.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In total, these textual and semantic substitutions led to a systemic and massive distortion of almost the entire conceptual apparatus of the theoretical constructions of this author [29].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Cultural and historical theory


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The most vivid expression of the posthumous falsification of Vygotsky's legacy is presented in Vygotsky's so-called “cultural-historical” theory.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In an unfinished and untitled manuscript of the work, published in a distorted form in 1960 under the title “History of the Development of Higher Mental Functions” (the name is given according to the first words of the falsified text, work on the manuscript was completed no later than 1930) and presented as the main theoretical work of this author [21], a detailed presentation of the cultural and historical theory of psyche development is given, according to which it is necessary to distinguish between lower and higher psychological functions, and accordingly two plans of behavior — natural, natural (the result of the biological evolution of the animal world) and cultural, socio-historical (the result of the historical development of society), merged in the development of the psyche.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The hypothesis put forward by Vygotsky proposed a new solution to the problem of the ratio of lower (elementary) and higher psychological functions.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The main difference between them is the level of arbitrariness, that is, natural psychological processes do not lend themselves to regulation by a person, and people can use higher psychological functions consciously manage.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky came to the conclusion that conscious regulation is associated with the indirect nature of higher psychological functions.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

An additional connection arises between the acting stimulus and the reaction of a person (both behavioral and mental) through a mediating link - a stimulus-means, or a sign.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The difference between signs and tools that also mediate higher psychological functions, cultural behavior, is that the tools are directed “outward”, at transforming reality, and signs “inward” first to transform other people, then to control their own behavior.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The word is a means of arbitrary direction of attention, abstraction of properties and their synthesis into meaning (formation of concepts), arbitrary control of one's own psychological operations.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The most convincing model of indirect activity that characterizes the manifestation and implementation of higher psychological functions is the “situation of the Buridan donkey”.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

This classic situation of uncertainty, or problem situation (the choice between two equal opportunities), is of interest to Vygotsky primarily from the point of view of the means that allow you to transform ( solve) the situation that has arisen.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

By casting lots, a person “artificially introduces into the situation, changing it, new auxiliary incentives that are not related to it” [98].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Thus, the lot cast becomes, according to Vygotsky, a means of transforming and resolving the situation.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He noted that the operation with casting lots reveals a new and peculiar structure, so a person himself creates stimuli that determine his reactions, and uses these stimuli as a means for mastering the processes of your own behavior.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Developing a method for studying higher psychological functions, Vygotsky is guided by the principle of “manifestation of the great in the smallest” and, in addition to casting lots, analyzes such phenomena as “tying a nodule for memory” and counting on the fingers.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In the last years of his life, Vygotsky focused on studying the relationship between thought and word in the structure of consciousness.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

His work “Thinking and Speech” (1934), devoted to the study of this problem, is fundamental for Soviet psycholinguistics.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In this paper, Vygotsky points to the different genesis of the development of thinking and speech in phylogenesis, and that the relationship between them is not a constant value.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In phylogenesis, the pre-speech phase of intelligence is revealed, as well as the pre-intellectual phase of the development of speech itself.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

But in the process of ontogenetic development, at some point, thinking and speech intersect, after which thinking becomes speech, and speech becomes intellectual.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

According to Vygotsky, internal speech develops through the accumulation of long-term functional and structural changes.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

It branches off from the child's external speech along with the differentiation of the social and egocentric function of speech, and finally, the speech functions assimilated by the child become the main functions of his thinking.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Age and pedagogical psychology


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky's works consider in detail the problem of the relationship between the role of maturation and learning in the development of higher psychological functions of a child.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Thus, he formulated the most important principle according to which the preservation and timely maturation of brain structures is a necessary, but insufficient condition for the development of higher psychological functions.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The main source for this development is the changing social environment, to describe which Vygotsky introduced the term social situation of development, defined as “peculiar, specific to of this age, an exceptional, unique and unique relationship between the child and the reality around him, primarily the social reality.”


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

It is this attitude that determines the course of development of the child's psyche at a certain age stage.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

L. S. Vygotsky noted that culture creates special forms of behavior and modifies the activity of the psychological function.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In this regard, the concept of cultural development of the child is explained by him as a process corresponding to the individual development that took place in the process of historical development of mankind.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Both types of human development are repeated in the development of a child: biological and cultural-historical.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In other words, these two types of development are in dialectical unity.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

A significant contribution to pedagogical psychology is the concept of a zone of immediate development introduced by Vygotsky.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The zone of immediate development is “an area of unripe, but maturing processes”, encompassing tasks that a child at this level of development cannot cope with on his own, but which are able to solve with the help of adult; this is the level achieved by the child so far only in the course of joint activities with an adult.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky's influence


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky's cultural and historical theory gave rise to the largest school in Soviet psychology, from which A. N. Leontyev, A. R. Luria, A. IN. Zaporozhets, L. AND. Bozhovich, P. ME.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Halperin D. B.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Elkonin P. AND. Zinchenko L. IN. Zankov et al.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In the 1970s, Vygotsky's theories began to arouse interest in American psychology.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In the next decade, all of Vygotsky's main works were translated and, along with Piaget, formed the basis of modern educational psychology in the United States.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The name of a Soviet psychologist in North America is associated with the emergence of social constructivism.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The current situation in the study of Vygotsky's heritage in Russia and abroad is characterized as the “cult of Vygotsky”, associated not only with systemic falsifications of his texts, but also with uncritical and a distorted idea of his concepts and ideas in the works of his self-proclaimed followers and admirers.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky's cult and the revisionist movement in Vygotsky studies


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The cult of Vygotsky is the main obstacle to the critical study, development and further development of ideas related to the name of this researcher and author.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Thus, according to the famous Russian philosopher and methodologist V. M. Rozin, “there was a period of development of Soviet psychology and humanitarian thought, when the work of L. S. Vygotsky was hushed up and was actually banned. Today we are dealing with the opposite trend: L. S. Vygotsky is almost canonized and criticism against him seems, if not indecent, then at least strange. Today, the thinking and creativity of the creator of Soviet psychology are considered as exemplary, certainly not devoid of search and problems, but still correct in their essence, which have withstood the test of time. But is this really the case?” [99]


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The current state of affairs in critical international studies of the 21st century is characterized as overcoming the cult of Vygotsky and the “revisionist revolution in Vygotsky studies” [14] [16] [17].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Criticism of Vygotsky's scientific heritage and its various interpretations began back in the 1960s in the Soviet Union [100] [101] [102], and continued occasionally but continuously, despite Soviet censorship, until up to the 1990s [103] [104] [105].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In this regard, the expectations of the author of the first post-war Soviet critical work on Vygotsky's legacy and the reaction of the Soviet psychological community to it are very characteristic: “With a sinking heart, I expected a possible discussion in the press based on the results of my analysis, but the answer to it was almost complete silence...” [106]


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

One of the earliest truly innovative revisionist assessments of Vygotsky's legacy and his place in world psychology took place in the early 1990s, although it was largely ignored Russian-speaking psychological community: “L. S. Vygotsky was not a lonely hero from Nietzschean-Bolshevik mythology; moreover, he was not a messiah who came out of nowhere to save psychology and immediately found faithful apostles in it. He was a man of culture, an intellectual who acted in the main line of aesthetic, philosophical, political and simply life ideas that were modern to him. Not the founder of new principles, who took them from the depths of his talent, but one of the representatives of the most fashionable trends that owned the minds of his generation. Not a prodigy born by a Marxist, but a writer of the post-Symbolist era, who came to psychology and Marxism along complex and characteristic ways. Not Mozart of Psychology, but a man of his time, who successfully applied his cultural experience in a new and unexpected field” [105].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Outside Eastern Europe, the wave of literature criticizing the “Vygotsky” heritage originated, compared to the USSR, with some delay and arose as a reaction to the growing popularity of its decade of the 1980s, which followed the publication in the West in 1978 of a thoroughly edited collection, according to its editors, “constructed” from the texts of Vygotsky himself and others, unnamed authors, published under the name of Lev Vygotsky and under the name Mind in society.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The first critical publications of the Western Vygotskiana appeared in the 1980s and 1990s.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

[107] [108] [109] [110] [111] [112] [113] [114], and especially in the 21st century [115] [116] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121] [122] [123] [124] [125].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The number of critical publications has been steadily increasing all this time and only in the 2000s did it finally take shape during the “revisionist revolution” in Vygotsky studies [126] [127] [16] [17] [128] [18].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Audits are subjected to both the quality of translations by Vygotsky [129] [130] and numerous members of Vygotsky's circle [131] and the authenticity of his texts published in the Soviet Union in Russian [19] [20] [4] [ 21] [22], as well as the main theoretical postulates and scientific “innovations” of Lev Vygotsky [18].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

All this critical literature makes a great contribution to the reassessment of Vygotsky's historical role and theoretical heritage in the context of modern science.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The revisionist movement includes scientists from Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China (Hong Kong), Germany, Greece, Israel, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Russia, South Africa and Ukraine, and the United Kingdom, and is growing rapidly these days [123] [127] [16] [17] [128] [18].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky's Complete Works


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

An essential component of the revisionist movement in Vygotsky studies is the work on the voluntary, non-profit scientific and publishing project PsyAnima Vygotsky's Complete Works (PsyAnima Complete Vygotsky” project) [132], during which a number of Vygotsky's texts for the first time become freely available to a wide range of readers, and in a form cleared of censorship, editorial interventions, distortions and falsifications in posthumous Soviet publications of a later time [133] [134] [126].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

This publishing and editorial work is supported by a stream of critical studies and scientific publications on textology, history, theory and methodology of Vygotsky's psychological theory and participants Vygotsky-Luria Circle [16] [18].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

memento


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

A network student scientific community and a discussion group to study and discuss the problem of the “Vygotsky bubble”: “vygo_bubble” [28].


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Community slogans: “Truth is something worth fighting for!” and “if Vygotsky were alive, he would be proud of us!”


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Facsimile editions published and available free of charge as part of a non-profit publishing project


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Institute of Psychology named after L. S. Vygotsky RSUH


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Gomel State Pedagogical College named after L. S. Vygotsky


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

A street in the Novinki microdistrict in Minsk and a lane in the center of Moscow (2015) are named after Lev Vygotsky


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

comments


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Notes


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Scientific bibliographies of L. S. Vygotsky


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Van der Veer and Yasnitsky bibliography (2016): Van der Veer & Yasnitsky (2016).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

In: Yasnitsky, A. & van der Veer, R. (Eds.) (2016).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

(pp. 243-260).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

London and New York: Routledge


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Lifanova bibliography (1996): Lifanova (1996).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— Traditional and outdated bibliography, includes 275 titles


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

see also L.S.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The works of L. S. Vygotsky


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Lifetime original editions


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky, L. S. (1929, 1930 and 1931).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

: in three volumes, 1929, 1930 and 1931; publishing house of BZO 2 of Moscow State University (vol. 1 and 2) and CIPKKNO (vol. 3)


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky, L. S. (1934).


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

(,) M.-L.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

: Sotsekgiz, 1934.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Fascism in psychoneurology.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— M.; L.: Biomedgiz, 1934.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Post-mortem texts


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Psychology of Art (the book was written and prepared for publication in 1925-26; first published in 1965)


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky L. S. ()/General


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

ed.


Question: When was Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky born?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

IN. IN. Ivanova, comment.