Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

In addition, since the second half of the 2000s, the so-called “Old School Revival” has arisen around the game, which eventually became a relatively significant phenomenon in board role-playing games.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

The presence of various fantastic creatures makes it possible to compare Dungeons & Dragons with the work of J.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

R. R. Tolkien, although Gygax argued that the influence of the novel “The Lord of the Rings” was insignificant, and the use of its elements was just a marketing ploy.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Subsequently, D&D was influenced by the work of other writers (for example, Robert Howard, Edgar Burroughs, Michael Moorcock, Roger Zelazna, Paul Anderson).


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Structure


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

The game involves a host (the so-called “master”) and several players, the number of which varies depending on the editorial board and the wishes of the participants.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Usually, one player controls the actions of one character in the game world.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

The master acts on behalf of all NPCs, describing the environment and events taking place in it.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

During the game, each player sets actions for his character, and the results of actions are determined by the master in accordance with the rules.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Random events are simulated by rolling a dice.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Sometimes the master's decisions may not comply with the rules.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

This is the golden rule of the game: “The GM is always right”, the so-called “masterful arbitrariness”.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

And if, for example, the “master” sets the task of dodging a boulder falling for no reason by throwing a dice, then this is “masterful arbitrariness”.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

But if the “master” simply tells the players that the falling boulder has crushed them, then this is a “masterful lawlessness”.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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Traditionally, the game manual or set of rules includes three books: “Player's Handbook”, “Dungeon Master's Guide” and “Monster Manual”.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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There are also various add-ons that the master can use at his discretion.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Sometimes different cards are used to visually depict situations in the game, and figures of characters and their opponents can also be used.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

But the main, and sometimes the only requirement for the game is the presence of character sheets and a set of dice — dice — dice with a given number of sides (d4, d6, d8, d10, d12, d20).


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Editors


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

The Dungeons & Dragons rules have gone through several editions.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

The original rules were published in 1974 and were updated over the next two years.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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Official and popular unofficial additions were published in magazines and Dragon.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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In 1977, TSR released two new versions: Advanced Dungeons & Dragons and Dungeons & Dragons.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Dungeons & Dragons was a lightweight (introductory) version of the game.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

In 1977, the Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set, also called Second Edition, was released in a boxed version.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

This edition was revised in 1981, at the same time as the Expert Set was released, which complements the basic rules.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Between 1983 and 1985, the Third Edition was released in a series of five box sets: Basic Rules, Expert Rules, Companion Rules, Master Rules, and Immortal Rules.


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In 1991, the Dungeons & Dragons Rules were reissued.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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This edition included Dungeons & Dragons Game (introductory rules) and Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia (a guide that includes material from Basic, Expert, Companion, and Master Rules).


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In 1994, the set was renamed Classic Dungeons & Dragons Game, and in 1999 it was re-released as Dungeons & Dragons Adventure Game.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) was a more complex version of the game.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Between 1977 and 1979, three major rule books were released, called the Basic Manual: Player's Handbook (PHB), Dungeon Master's Guide (DMG), and Monster Manual (MM).


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

In 1989, AD&D was reissued (Second Edition).


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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The rules were again put together in three books.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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They included additions and corrections that have been published over the past decade.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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The Monster Manual was redesigned into Monstrous Compendium, on the basis of which the Monstrous Manual was made in 1993.


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Dungeons & Dragons

The second edition has been greatly redone.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Under the influence of the public, classes such as assassin (killer) and monk (monk) were removed.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Demons and Devils were first renamed and then completely removed from the game, despite protests from fans of the game.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

The target age of the game has been lowered.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

In 1995, the Basic Guide was reissued with minor additions.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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Among fans, this reissue was called AD&D 2.5.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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In 1997, TSR was acquired by Wizards of the Coast.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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The new company immediately began developing a new version of the game.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

In 2000, Wizards of the Coast introduced the third edition of D&D, which was very different from the previous ones.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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The third edition of the rules was aimed at creating greater flexibility of rules and standardizing the mechanics of actions.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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The basis of the rules was moved to a separate d20 system available by the software.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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In 2003, D&D 3.5 was released.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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It includes many minor changes and enhancements to the Third Edition.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

In August 2006, D&D 3.5 rules were first officially published in Russian by AST Publishing House, which at that time owned a license to publish D&D in Russia (translated by A. Lensky).


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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In August 2007, the 4th edition was announced, which was released in June 2008.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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Preliminary materials (Wizards Presents: Classes and Races and Wizards Presents: Worlds and Monsters) were released in December 2007 and January 2008.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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The main differences of the 4th edition are:


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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increasing the number of class levels from 20 to 30,


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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significantly increasing the influence of the chosen race on the character's capabilities,


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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changing the list of races available to play


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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introduction of specializations for warriors (“fast” or “powerful” fighting style),


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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changing the existing worldview system,


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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new basic setting (realm)


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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The 5th edition was released in July 2014.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Simplified rules of the game were available for free on the official Wizards of the Coast website.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Most of the classes, races and backstories, many DM rules, and most monsters have been cut out in this pdf documentation.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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Together with the new edition of Wizards of the Coast, announced the D&D Adventure League.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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The Game


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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Character creation


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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Before starting the game, each player creates a character — his own embodiment in the game world.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

To do this, first of all, its basic parameters are determined — strength, physique, agility, intelligence, wisdom and charisma.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Classically, a 3d6 roll (a triple roll of a hexagonal die), which gives a spread of 3 to 18, but usually uses a 4d6 roll, and the value of the dice on which the lowest number is drawn is discarded and the values of the others add up.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

This option also gives a distribution from 3 to 18, but more shifted towards 18: the probability of a minimum is reduced by 6 times, and the probability of a maximum is doubled.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

In addition to these two, there are other alternative methods described in the Gamerbook (For version 3.5 in the Dungeon Master's Guide).


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

The player then chooses their character's race and class.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

After that, the player can choose the skills and abilities that the character will have, as well as indicate his worldview.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

It is also possible to choose a deity that the character worships.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

In the end, the player must properly equip the character: armor and weapons for the warrior, scrolls and magic items for the wizard, lock picks and other special tools for the thief, and so on.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Also, in agreement with the master, the player can create a quest [1], a character biography that is needed to make the character better fit into the game world.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

During the game, the character can change his parameters, improve them thanks to the experience gained.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Game process


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

During the game, the party (players acting together) travels the world and performs various missions and tasks.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

During the journey, characters, at DM's discretion, gain experience that in one way or another contributes to improving the character's characteristics.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Characters also earn money and get equipment.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

The game can include many smaller games where characters move from one to another.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

It can end after completing a certain mission, or it can continue indefinitely.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

In general, the D&D game experience does not differ from games on other desktop systems.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Thumbnails


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Like its predecessors, Dungeons & Dragons uses thumbnails to represent participants in battle.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

The first edition required miniatures of the Chainmail desktop wargame, but in subsequent editions, the role of miniatures was reduced due to the ability to describe the course of the battle orally.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

In the 1970s, many companies began to take advantage of the popularity of Dungeons & Dragons and specialize in the production of miniatures.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Officially, this was done by,, and TSR.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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Most of the miniatures were 25 millimeters high.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

From time to time, Dungeons & Dragons goes back to basics and offers additional rules for thumbnails.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Official settings


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Dungeons & Dragons official settings (game worlds):


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

— since the birth of D&D, 1974; first separate book 1975.


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It is currently officially supported by Wizards of the Coast.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

In this setting, the computer role-playing game The Temple of Elemental Evil: A Classic Greyhawk Adventure takes place.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

— since the late 1970s.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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Not officially supported since 1999.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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The setting includes the following subsettings:


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

— since the birth of D&D, 1974; first separate book — 1979.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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Supported by Zeitgeist Games.


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— since 1990.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Not officially supported since 1999.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

— since 1994.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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Not officially supported since 1999.


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Ravenloft — since 1983.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

It was supported by Arthaus from 2002 to 2006, and Wizards of the Coast revoked the license in 2006.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Dragonlance — since 1984.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

From 2002 to 2007, it was supported by the company, and in the spring of 2007, Wizards of the Coast revoked the license.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Forgotten Realms — since 1987.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

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In this setting, computer role-playing games such as Baldur's Gate, Icewind Dale, Neverwinter Nights take place.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

This setting includes subsettings (they have not been supported since 1999):


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

(Oriental Adventures) - since 1986.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Al-Qadim (Arabian Adventures) — since 1992.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Maztica — since 1991.


Question: How many players can play the Dungeon Master RPG board version at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Spelljammer — since 1989.


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Not officially supported since 1999.


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Dark Sun — since 1990.


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

It has not been officially supported since 1999, officially reissued for the 4th edition of D&D in 2010.


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Planescape — since 1994.


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Not officially supported since 1999.


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

In this setting, the computer role-playing game Planescape: Torment takes place.


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Birthright — since 1995.


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Not officially supported since 1999.


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Eberron — since 2004.


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

This setting takes place in the Dungeons & Dragons Online computer MMORPG, which started in 2006.


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

In addition, official game settings for licensed copyright worlds were created for D&D: Conan, Red Sonja and Lankhmar.


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

As of the summer of 2007, only Forgotten Realms and Eberron settings are actively supported by developers.


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

The Greyhawk setting is considered the “basic setting” of the third edition of D&D: if the D&D book is not dedicated to a particular game world, it is understood that the events, personalities and objects described in it belong to the Greyhawk setting.


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Currently, Wizards of the Coast publishes many novels on individual D&D settings.


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Worlds like Dragonlance and Forgotten Realms are better known for their novels, rather than belonging to the game.


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Film adaptations


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Dragon Dungeon (animated series)


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

List of Dragon Dungeon episodes


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Dragon Dungeon (film)


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Dragon Dungeon 2: Source of Power


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

Dungeons & Dragons

Dragon Dungeon 3: Spell Book


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Dungeons & Dragons

Notes


Question: How many players can play the board version of the Dungeon Master RPG at the same time?

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References


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Dungeons & Dragons

(in English)


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WikiProject Dungeons & Dragons


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Dungeons & Dragons

VTThis article is within the scope of the Dungeons & Dragons WikiProject, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Dungeons & Dragons-related articles on Wikipedia.


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If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, or join the discussion, where can you join the project and find out how to help!?


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D&D to-do:


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view


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Here are some tasks awaiting attention:


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Expand: List of Dungeons & Dragons monsters and Sub-articles.Merge: Various ArticlesStubs: Dungeoneer's Survival Guide, Swords & Spells, Variant Dungeons & Dragons games, More... Update: Rewrite to be out-of-universe: Companions of the Hall, Dark Sun, Elf (Dungeons & Dragons) Verify: add sources to novels planned for merge to List of Dragonlance NovelsOther: Collaboration: Dave Arneson, Drow (Dungeons & Dragons)


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Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Ekaterina Konstantinovna Guseva (born July 9, 1976, Moscow) is a Russian theater and film actress, singer, Honored Artist of Russia (2009) [1].


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Childhood and school years


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Born on July 9, 1976 in Moscow.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

His father, Konstantin Vasilyevich Gusev, is a tailor, mother, Tamara Mikhailovna Guseva, works as chief inspector in the Administrative and Technical Inspectorate of Moscow [2].


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

During her studies at school, Ekaterina tried many activities — artistic gymnastics, figure skating, swimming, dancing, school theater.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

I was going to enter the Moscow Biotechnology Institute, but at one of the school “skippers” she was noticed by Yevgeny Rubenovich Simonova's assistant and offered to try to enter higher education Theater School named after B.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

IN. Shchukin.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

In 1993, she enrolled in the E.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

R. Simonov, after Simonov's death, the course was taught by V. P. Nikolaenko.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Acting career


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

After receiving her diploma in 1997, she played the main role in Nikolai Lebedev's first film “Snake Spring” and received an offer from Mark Rozovsky to become an actress of his theater “At Nikitsky Gate”.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

After working for four years at the Rozovsky Theater, Ekaterina went to the musical “Nord-Ost”.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Especially for the role of Katya Tatarinova, she began to take lessons in professional vocals and musical literacy.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Preparing for the premiere of Nord-Ost, Ekaterina Guseva managed to star in Alexey Sidorov's series The Brigade, which brought her all-Russian fame.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

In the spring of 2002, together with her Nord-Ost partner Andrey Bogdanov and the authors of the play Alexey Ivashchenko and Georgy Vasilyev, Ekaterina Guseva conquered the North Pole by hoisting a flag on it autographed by the musical group.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

During this expedition, she sang at a temperature of -40° C, a fact that was recorded in the Russian Book of Records [3].


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

On October 23, 2002, Guseva had a day off at Nord-Ost, but she spent all three days of the terrorist attack near the Dubrovka Theater Center.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

In February 2003, Ekaterina Guseva again appeared on stage as Katya Tatarinova in a restored version of the play.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

When the screenings of the new version of the musical stopped (May 2003), Guseva joined the troupe of the Mossovet Theater, of which she is still a member.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Ekaterina Guseva took part in the recording of discs “Nord-Ost: Favorites” (2002) and “7 Christmas Gifts” (Classic Christmas Songs translated by Georgy Vasilyev) (2004), recorded several songs as a solo singer.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

In a duet with Leonid Serebrennikov he performs Russian romances.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

In 2007, she released her first solo CD “Maybe It Will Work”.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

She participated in the Stars on Ice project of Channel One together with figure skater Roman Kostomarov.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Ekaterina Guseva played the main role in the musical Beauty and the Beast until its closure in April 2010.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Since November 2011, she has also starred in the musical The Sound of Music (premiered in October 2011) [4].


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

In 2004 and 2011, she shot for the Russian version of the men's magazine Maxim [5].


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

In 2012, the film “Brigade 2. Heir” with the participation of Ekaterina Guseva.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Personal life


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Since August 1, 1996, she has been married to businessman Vladimir Evgenievich Abashkin (born January 24, 1966), the owner of the art and production company Base-Beauty, which is engaged in the manufacture of sets for performances, programs and shows.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Clients include Alla Pugacheva, Valery Leontyev, Philip Kirkorov, Sofia Rotaru and other artists [6] [7] [8], from this marriage there is a son Alexey Vladimirovich Abashkin (01.11.1998) and a daughter Anna Vladimirovna Guseva (25.10.2010).


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

She is only present on Instagram (account) on social networks, all other accounts on her behalf are fake [9].


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Theater roles


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Theater “At Nikitsky Gate” (1997—2001):


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

“Poor Lisa”


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Doctor Chekhov


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Romances with Oblomov


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

“The Love and Life of a Murdered Student”


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Gambrinus


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

“The Killer”


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

“Duck Hunt” by Alexander Vampilov


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Three Little Pigs


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Link Production Company (2001—2003):


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Nord-Ost, a musical based on Veniamin Kaverin's novel Two Captains — Katya Tatarinova


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

International Theater Agency “Art Partner XXI” (2002):


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Stoletnik


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Mossovet Theater (2003 — present):


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

“Dance Teacher” by Lope de Vega.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Director: Yuri Eremin — Florella.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

“The Strange Story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” (musical performance).


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Director: Pavel Khomsky — Lucy Haris, cabaret singer


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

“In Tennessee W. Space” based on Tennessee Williams' play The Streetcar Desire.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Director: Yuri Eremin — Stella Dubois


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

“Jesus Christ Superstar” - Mary Magdalene


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

“The Kingdom of Father and Son” based on the dramatic works by A. K. Tolstoy.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Director: Yuri Eremin — Irina, wife of Tsar Fyodor


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

“The Roman Comedy (Dion)” based on the play by Leonid Zorin.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Director: Pavel Khomsky — Lollia


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

“Sea Voyage of 1933” is a theatrical variation on the theme of S. Kramer's “Ship of Fools”.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Director: Yuri Eremin — Countess, Prisoner


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

“The Idiot” based on the novel by F. M. Dostoyevsky.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Director: Yuri Eremin — Nastasia Filippovna


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Teatrium on Serpukhovka (2006—2008):


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

“Dragon” — Elsa


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Stage Entertainment (October 2008 — May 2012):


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Beauty and the Beast — Belle


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Sound of Music — Maria Rainer (von Trapp)


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Moscow State Academic Philharmonic Society (2009):


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

“Tales with Orchestra” The Scarlet Flower


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Moscow operetta (since 2012):


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

“Count Orlov” — Yekaterina Velikaya


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Anna Karenina — Anna Karenina


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Filmography


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Voicing


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

2006 — The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) — Esmeralda


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

2006 — Ants Storm — Hova


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

TV career


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

2003: Participant of the Fort Boyard TV game on Rossiya TV channel.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

As part of the team, Ernest Matskyavichyus, Vladimir Vdovichenkov, Pavel Maykov, Dmitry Dyuzhev and Elena Vykhodtseva won 90030 rubles.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

2004: Participant of the Fort Boyard TV game on Rossiya TV channel.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

As part of the team, Egor Titov, Irina Slutskaya, Vladimir Presnyakov Jr., Alexander Khabarov and Eduard Bondarenko won 40050 rubles.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

2006: Participant of the TV game “Big Races” on Channel One in Seasons 1-10.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

2011: Host of the Phantom of the Opera TV show on Channel One.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Co-host Anton Makarsky


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

2013: Participant of the TV show “Yesterday Live” on Channel One


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

2016: Host of the TV show “Romance of Romance” on the Kultura TV channel.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Recognition and awards


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Nominated for the Golden Mask Award (Best Actress in the musical performance “Nord-Ost”) (2003).


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Best Actress of a Television Series Award (The Brigade) at the Vivat Kino Rossii Festival in St. Petersburg (2004).


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Winner of the Theater Award “” in the nomination “Seductive Woman” for his role as Lucy Harris in “The Strange Story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” (2005).


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Honored Artist of Russia (2009) [1].


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Laureate of the Georges Internet Award in the nomination Best Russian Actress (2010) [10].


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Best Actress Award (“Goldfish in N City”) at the XIV All-Russian Festival of Visual Arts in Tuapse (2010)


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Laureate of the National Award “Musical Heart of the Theater” — 2012 in the nomination “Best Supporting Actor”.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Golden Eagle Award Nomination for Best Supporting Actress (“Weekend”)


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Notes


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

References


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Unofficial website of Ekaterina Guseva


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

on IMDb


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

— LiveJournal community dedicated to Ekaterina Guseva


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

at RUSKINO.RU


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Interview with Teatron magazine


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Category:Graduates of the Boris Shchukin Theater Institute


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Category:Russian voice actresses


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Category:Actresses of Russian musicals


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Category:Personalies:Theater them.


Question: Who played the main female role in the movie “The Brigade”?

Yekaterina Guseva

Moscow City Council


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Megalodon (Latin: Carcharocles megalodon or Otodus megalodon, from Greek: μα and - big tooth) is a species of extinct sharks from the family.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

It existed during the Miocene and Pliocene, although there is some controversial evidence about older and newer findings.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Disputes about the systematic position of the megalodon have been going on for about a hundred years.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

According to a popular point of view in the past, it belongs to the same genus as the modern white shark - Carcharodon from the Lamnidae family.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In this case, its scientific name would be Carcharodon megalodon.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

However, most modern researchers refer megalodon to the genus Carcharocles, or even include it in the genus Otodus.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Both of these genus are part of the Otodontidae family.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Thus, the correct scientific name for a megalodon would be Carcharocles megalodon or Otodus megalodon [1].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

It is also worth taking into account the fact that the generic name Megalodon means completely different taxa not related to the giant shark (for example, the genus of grasshoppers synonymous with Lesina, bivalve mollusks, etc.).


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Thus, the pronunciation of not only the species, but also the generic name of the shark (for example, literally - Otodus megalodon) will probably be more correct in Russian.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Previously, it was often assumed that the megalodon was similar in appearance and behavior to the modern white shark, but there is reason to believe that due to the restrictions imposed by its large size and unique ecological niche, it was very different in behavior from any modern shark [2].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Currently, it is believed that the appearance of the megalodon did not look like the great white shark, but rather an enlarged sand shark many times [3].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The Megalodon was one of the biggest fish of all time.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Its size is difficult to judge, but a study of the remains, represented by a large number of teeth and fossilized vertebrae, shows that this shark was gigantic in size, reaching, according to various estimates of a maximum length of up to 15-16 meters and a maximum weight of 30-35 to possibly 47 tons.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Thus, the megalodon was one of the largest aquatic predators in the history of our planet along with pliosaurs, mosaurs, gainosaurs, basilosaurs, deinosuchs, purussaurs, kronosaurs and other animals that were larger than any modern predator, with the exception of the sperm whale, which is similar in size, but occupies a slightly different ecological niche.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Fossils suggest that the megalodon was very widespread and was very numerous.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

It was probably a superpredator at the top of the food chain [4], at least before the appearance of organized toothed whales like killer whales.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Megalodon tooth marks on the bone remains of marine animals indicate that they ate small cetaceans, sirens, pinnipeds and large fish, eating them alive or dead.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The bite strength of the largest megalodons probably reached 10.8 tons and made it easy to open the chest of a small whale [5].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Discovery


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Glossopetra


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In works dating back to the Renaissance, cases of finding large triangular teeth in rock formations are mentioned.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

At first, these teeth were considered petrified tongues of dragons or snakes and were called “glossopetra” (from Greek. “stone tongues”).


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The correct explanation was proposed in 1667 by the Danish naturalist Niels Stensen: he recognized them as the teeth of ancient sharks.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

His image of a shark's head armed with such teeth became famous.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Among the teeth he published images are megalodon teeth [6] [7].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Systematics


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The first scientific name Carcharodon megalodon was given to this shark in 1835 by the Swiss naturalist Jean Louis Agassiz [8] in Recherches sur les poissons fossiles [9] (” Research of fossil fish”, 1833—1843).


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Due to the morphological similarity of the teeth of the megalodon with the teeth of the white shark, Agassiz attributed the megalodon to the same genus Carcharodon [8].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In 1960, Belgian explorer Edgar Cazier, who believed that these sharks were far from each other, isolated megalodon and related species into the genus Procarcharodon.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In 1964, Soviet scientist L. S. Glickman, agreeing that the megalodon is not closely related to the white shark, attributed it to a close species, now known as, to the new genus Megaselachus, and close species that had lateral on their teeth denticles, included in the genus Otodus [1] [10] [11].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In 1987, the French ichthyologist Henri Cappetta drew attention to the fact that Procarcharodon is the youngest synonym for the genus Carcharocles described back in 1923, and attributed megalodon and a number of similar species (with jagged the edge of the tooth, but regardless of the presence of lateral denticles) to Carcharocles [1] [11].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

This variant (Carcharocles megalodon) is most widely used; the Glickman variant (Megaselachus megalodon) is also somewhat popular.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In 2012, Cappetta proposed a new classification: he attributed the megalodon with all close species to the genus Otodus, in which he identified 3 subgenuses: Otodus, Carcharocles and Megaselachus; thus, the species received name Otodus megalodon [12].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In the evolution of sharks of this genus, there was a gradual increase and expansion of teeth, memorization of the cutting edge, and later the loss of a pair of lateral denticles [1] [11].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The main difference between the Glickman (1964), Cappetta (1987) and Cappetta (2012) systems is where conditional boundaries between genera are drawn in this smooth evolutionary transition; but according to all these systems, the megalodon belongs to the Otodontidae family.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The old version about the close relationship between the megalodon and the white shark has no supporters among major scientists.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

However, those who adhere to this version call it Carcharodon megalodon and, accordingly, belong to the Lamnidae family [13] [14].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Fossil remains


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The skeleton of the megalodon, like other sharks, consisted of cartilage, not bones.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Therefore, any of his remains, except for his teeth, are quite rare.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Sometimes vertebrae are found (unlike other skeletal elements, they were well mineralized during the life of the shark) [15].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Fossil teeth


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The most common remains of a megalodon are its teeth.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Of modern sharks, the white shark has the most similar teeth, but the teeth of the megalodon are much larger (up to 2-3 times), more massive, stronger and more evenly jagged [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The inclined height (diagonal length) of megalodon teeth can reach 18-19 cm; these are the largest shark teeth known in the history of the Earth [17].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Megalodon differs from similar species, in particular, by the absence of a pair of lateral denticles on the teeth of adults.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

During evolution, the denticles disappeared gradually, remaining the longest in young sharks and on the teeth along the edges of the mouth.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In the Late Oligocene, the absence of denticles in adults was the exception, and in the Miocene it became the norm.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

At the same time, young megalodons retained their denticles, but by the early Pliocene they lost them [1] [11].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Fossil vertebrae


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

There are several findings of partially preserved megalodon spinal columns [7].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The most famous of these was discovered in Belgium in 1926.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

It consists of 150 vertebrae up to 15.5 cm in diameter [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

However, the maximum diameter of megalodon vertebrae can exceed 22.5 cm [18]; for example, in 2006, a full spinal column was found in Peru with a maximum vertebral diameter of about 26 cm [19].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Megalodon vertebrae are strongly calcified to withstand its mass and loads that occur during muscle contraction [18].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Distribution of remains


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Megalodon remains are found in many parts of the globe, including Europe [11], North America [16], South America [7] [16], Puerto Rico [20], Cuba [21], Jamaica [22], Australia [23], New Zealand [17], Japan [16] [24], Africa [7] [16], Malta [17], Grenadines [25] and India [7].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Megalodon teeth were also found in areas remote from continents (for example, in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean) [17].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

It lived in subtropical and temperate waters of both hemispheres; the water temperature in the region of its distribution is estimated at 12—27° C [11].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In Venezuela, megalodon teeth found in freshwater deposits are known, which may indicate that the megalodon, like the modern bovine shark, was adapted to be in fresh water [26].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The oldest reliable findings of megalodon, according to a review made in 2016, relate to the Lower Miocene (about 20 million years ago) [11] [27], but there are also reports of Oligocene [17] [24] [28] and even Eocene finds [29].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Sometimes the appearance of the species is referred to as the Middle Miocene [29] [30].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The uncertainty of the time of appearance of the species is due, among other things, to the fuzzy boundary between it and its probable ancestor: the change in tooth characteristics during evolution was gradual [1].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Megalodon died out, probably at the border of the Pliocene and Pleistocene, about 2.6 million years ago [31], although there are a number of reports of Pleistocene finds [31] [32].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The figure is sometimes referred to as 1.6 million years ago [33].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

For teeth raised from the bottom of the ocean, some researchers, based on the growth rate of the crust of deposits, obtained the age of tens of thousands [34] and even hundreds of years, but this method of determining age unreliable: the crust can grow at different rates even in different parts of the same tooth, or it may stop growing for unclear reasons [35].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Anatomy


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Among modern species, the white shark was previously considered the most similar to megalodon [7] [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Due to the lack of well-preserved megalodon skeletons, scientists were forced to base its reconstructions and assumptions about its size mainly on the morphology of the white shark [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

However, further studies have shown that otodontids (the family to which Megalodon belongs) are not directly related to herring sharks, and are actually a branch of more primitive sharks, most likely retaining the basal characteristics of lamna sharks.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Thus, it is more likely that the megalodon looked like a sand shark, and some dental features similar to those of the white shark are more likely to be examples of convergent evolution [3].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

On the other hand, the shape and body features of a megalodon resembling those of a giant shark are also likely, since such proportions are common for large aquatic animals [36].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Size estimation


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The question of the maximum size of a megalodon is very debatable [17].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In the scientific community, it is believed that the megalodon was comparable in size to the modern whale shark (Rhincodon typus) and extinct bone fish called Leedsichthys [2].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The first attempt to reconstruct the jaw of a megalodon was made by the professor in 1909.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Based on the size of the reconstructed jaws, an estimate of the body length of the megalodon was obtained: it was approximately 30 meters.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

However, later discovered fossils and new achievements in vertebrate biology called into question the reliability of this reconstruction [37].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The main reason for the inaccuracy of reconstruction is the lack of sufficient knowledge about the number and location of megalodon teeth during Dean's time [37].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

According to expert estimates, the exact version of the megalodon jaw model built by Bashford Dean would be more than 30% smaller than the original size and would correspond to a body length consistent with modern findings [37].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Currently, several methods for assessing the size of megalodon have been proposed, based on the statistical relationship between the size of the teeth and the body length of the great white shark [16] [37].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

John E.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Randall


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In 1973, an ichthyologist proposed a method for determining the size of the great white shark and its extrapolation to determine the size of the megalodon [38].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

According to Randall, the body length of a megalodon in meters is determined by the formula:


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

L = 0.096 × the height of the tooth enamel in millimeters [37] [38].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

This method is based on the fact that the height of the enamel (the vertical distance from the base of the enameled part of the tooth to the tip) of the largest front teeth of the shark's jaw is interrelated with the total length of its body [ 37].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Since the enamel height of the largest megalodon teeth available to Randall at that time was 115 mm [37], it turned out that the megalodon reached a length of 13 meters [37] [38].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

However, in 1991, two shark explorers (Richard Ellis and John E. McCrocker) pointed out an error in Randall's method [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

According to their research, the height of the shark tooth enamel is not always proportional to the total length of the fish.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Based on these studies, new, more accurate methods for determining the size of the great white shark and similar shark species have been proposed [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Gottfried and others method


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The following method was proposed by a team of scientists consisting of Michael D. Gottfried, Leonard Kompagno and S. Curtis Bowman, who, after careful examination of numerous samples of the great white shark, proposed a smaller but more accurate method for determining the size of C. carcharias and C. megalodon; their results were published in 1996.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

According to this method, the body length of a megalodon in meters is determined by the formula:


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

L = −0.22 + 0.096 × (maximum tooth height in millimeters) [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The largest upper front tooth of the megalodon, at the disposal of this team of researchers, was 168 millimeters high.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

This tooth was discovered by L. Kompagno in 1993.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The result of calculations using the formula for it corresponded to a body length of 15.9 m [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The maximum tooth height in this method corresponds to the length of the vertical line from the top of the tooth crown to the lower lobe of the root parallel to the long axis of the tooth [16], that is, the maximum tooth height corresponds to its sloping height [39].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Body weight assessment


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Gottfried et al.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

also proposed a method for determining the body weight of the great white shark, studying the mass-length ratio of 175 individuals of this species of different ages, and extrapolated it to determine the mass of the megalodon.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Megalodon's body weight in kilograms, according to this method, is calculated by the formula [16]:


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

M = 3.2 × 10-6 × (body length in meters) 3.174


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

According to this method, an individual 15.9 meters long would have a body weight of approximately 47 tons [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Clifford Jeremiah method


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In 2002, shark researcher Clifford Jeremiah proposed a method for determining the size of the great white shark and similar shark species [17].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

This method calculates the shark's total body length in feet using the formula:


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

L = root width of the upper anterior tooth in centimeters × 4.5.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

According to K. Jeremiah, the perimeter of the shark's jaw is directly proportional to its length, and the width of the roots of the largest teeth makes it possible to estimate the perimeter of the jaw [17].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The biggest tooth available to K. Jeremiah, had a root width of about 12 centimeters, which corresponded to a body length of 15.5 meters [17].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Vertebrae calculation


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

One of the most accurate methods for estimating the size of megalodons, without the use of teeth, is based on the size of the vertebrae.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Two methods for calculating vertebrae applicable to this species are proposed.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

One of them was proposed in 1996 by Gottfried et al.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In this paper, based on a study of the partial spinal column from Belgium and the vertebrae of the white shark, the following formula was proposed:


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

L = 0.22 + 0.058 × vertebra size


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The second method of calculating vertebrae was proposed by Shimada et al.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In 2008, they estimated the body length of the cretoxyrhina mantelli chalk shark in this way.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The formula looks like this:


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

L = 0.281 + 0.05746 × vertebra size


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The discrepancies in the results when using these formulas are relatively small.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Despite the rarity of megalodon vertebrae, these methods make it possible to calculate the size of some very large samples.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The partial spine of the megalodon, found in Denmark in 1983, had 20 fastened vertebrae with a largest diameter of about 23 cm [18] [39].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Based on the proposed formulas, this individual of megalodon was about 13.5 m in length [39], despite the fact that the largest known teeth of this sample were about 16 cm high [18].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

A very large sample of megalodon, perhaps the largest of all, was found in Peru in 2006.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

For 18.6 cm teeth, its length was estimated at 18.26 meters.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

However, the largest of its 194 vertebrae is about 26 cm in diameter, which, according to the formulas mentioned above, indicates a total body length of about 15.3 meters.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

This suggests that large isolated teeth of megalodons do not necessarily indicate the gigantic size of these sharks during life [19] [39].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Final assessment of the maximum size


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Currently, the most common estimate in the scientific community of the maximum length of a megalodon is 15—16 meters [5] [14] [17].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The expected maximum possible size of a megalodon at which it would be able to breathe is approximately 15.1 m [40].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In 2015, from a large sample of megalodon teeth, C. Pimiento and M. A. Balk estimated the average length of megalodons at about 10 m. Interestingly, at the same time, the largest samples studied by them were estimated at 17—18 m [39] [41].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Although, since the calculation was made based on the height of the teeth, in fact, these individuals were probably slightly smaller in size — their teeth did not exceed much fuller teeth specimen whose vertebrae indicate a total length of 15.3 m.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Thus, recent studies show that despite being slightly smaller than previously thought, the megalodon was the largest shark known to science, competing for this title only with a modern whale shark, as well as one of the largest fish that has ever inhabited the seas of our planet [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Body weight


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The modern formula, derived from measuring the length and weight of 127 white sharks, indicates a mass of 15.3 m of megalodon at about 40,885 kg [42].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

On the contrary, comparison with modern whale sharks gives its lower value in the region of 30-35 tons [43].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Teeth structure and jaw mechanics


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

A team of Japanese scientists (T. Uyeno O. Sakamoto G. Sekine) in 1989 described the partially preserved remains of a megalodon with an almost complete connected set of teeth found in Saitama Prefecture, Japan [7].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Another almost complete set of these was extracted from Leigh Creek, North Carolina, USA.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

It served as the basis for the reconstruction of the jaws of the megalodon, exhibited at the American Museum of Natural History in New York [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

These findings made it possible to determine the number and location of teeth in the jaws, which made it possible to create accurate reconstructions of the jaws.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Later, other articulated sets of Megalodon teeth were found.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In 1996, S. Applegate and L. Espinosa determined his dental formula:


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

{\ displaystyle {\ begin {matrix} {\ frac {2.1.7.4} {3.0.8.4}}\ end {matrix}}}


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

(from left to right is the number of front, intermediate, lateral and posterior teeth in each half of the upper jaw (above) and lower (lower)) [7] [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The most accurate modern reconstructions of megalodon jaws are based on this formula.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The megalodon had very strong teeth [16]; the total number reached 276.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The teeth were arranged in 5 rows.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

According to paleontologists, the size of the jaws of large individuals of the megalodon reached 2 meters [17].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Bite power


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In 2008, a team of scientists led by Stephen Uro created a computer model of the jaws and masticatory muscles of a white shark weighing 240 kg and calculated that the bite force in some places of its mouth reaches 3.1 kN.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

This value was extrapolated to the megalodon (assuming it has the same proportions) using two estimates of its maximum mass.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

With a mass of 48 tons, a force of 109 kN was calculated, and at a mass of 103 tons, 182 kN was calculated [5].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The first of these values seems more adequate from the point of view of modern estimates of the mass of the megalodon; it is about 17 times greater than the bite force of the dunkleostey (6.3 kN), 9 times more than that of the largest white shark (about 12 kN), 3 times more than the modern record holder, the combed crocodile (about 28-34 kN) and slightly higher than that of the pliosaurus kevani pliosaurus (64-81 kN) [44], but inferior to strength bite of a deinosuchus (356 kN), a tyrannosaurus rex (183-235 kN), a Hoffman mosasaurus (more than 200 kN) and similar animals.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Thus, the megalodon, due to its size, had one of the strongest bites known to science today, although in terms of weight this figure was relatively small due to inferior in strength to the bones of the cartilaginous skull.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Teeth function


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Megalodon teeth are quite strong, but thin, jagged with a relatively shallow cutting edge [8] [17].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Paleontologist Bretton Kent points out that these teeth are thick enough for their size and have little flexibility, but good bending strength.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Their roots are quite large compared to the overall height of the tooth.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

These teeth are not just a good cutting tool; they are also well suited to open the chest and bite through the vertebrae of a large animal, and rarely break even when they cut into bones [45].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Thus, when fed on a large carcass, the megalodon could reach parts of it that are inaccessible to many other sharks [46].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Skeletal anatomy


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In addition to determining the size of the megalodon, a group of scientists led by Gottfried also tried to determine the structure of its skeleton [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Cartilaginous skull


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The cartilaginous skull of the megalodon had to be proportionally thicker and stronger than that of the great white shark to fit the more massive jaws and the structure of the teeth, withstanding the loads during their application [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Jaw structure


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

To support very large and strong teeth, the jaws of the megalodon also had to be relatively more massive, strong and stronger than the jaws of the great white shark [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Such highly developed jaws gave the eyes of the megalodon a “pig” appearance [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Pectoral fins


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The fins of the megalodon were most likely proportionally larger and thicker than the fins of the great white shark, as this was required to move and control the movement of such a massive shark [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Axial skeleton


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

By studying the partially preserved vertebral trunks of the megalodon from Belgium, it became obvious that the number of vertebrae in the megalodon exceeded the number of vertebrae in large specimens of any other shark [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Only the number of vertebrae of the great white shark is close, which indicates some anatomical relationship between the two species [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

However, based on the systematic position of the megalodon, it is assumed that it looked more like an ordinary sand shark than a great white shark, since the elongated body and heterocercal the caudal fin is a basal feature for this group [3].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Full skeleton


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Based on the characteristics mentioned above, Gottfried and his colleagues were able to reconstruct the complete skeleton of the megalodon.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

It was exhibited at the Calvert Marine Museum (Solomon Islands, Maryland, USA) [16] [47] [48].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The reconstructed skeleton is 11.5 meters long and corresponds to the average adult [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The team points out that relative and proportional changes in the characteristics of the skeleton of the megalodon compared to the great white shark are ontogenetic in nature, and should occur in great white sharks as they increase in size [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Large size problems


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Megalodon is the largest fish that has ever existed, along with the lidsychtis and the modern whale shark.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

However, the largest predatory shark is the megalodon, the largest filter sharks are ledsychtis and whale sharks, do not reach the size of the largest whales and do not exceed the weight bar of about 40 tons.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

This is due to the fact that as the size of the body increases, the volume grows disproportionately faster than its surface area.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

While the body of fish is limited by the surface area that collects oxygen (gills) [49].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Since giant fish reached huge sizes and their volume increased to a greater extent than the area of the gills, they began to face problems of gas exchange [50].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Thus, these giant fish, including megalodon, can not be fast aerobic swimmers — they have minimal endurance, slow metabolism.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The speed of movement and metabolism of the megalodon will be more correct to compare with those of the whale shark, rather than the great white shark.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

It is not known whether the megalodon has developed a developed homocercal caudal fin, which the white shark uses to jerk sharply and maintain acceleration, which is also facilitated by its homoyothermy.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The megalodon most likely had a heterocercal caudal fin, which is needed for slow swimming and only short-term flashes of speed, and it was unlikely to be warm-blooded [3] [50].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Another problem is that the cartilage is much inferior in strength to bones even with its significant calcification, and therefore the musculature of the huge shark, attached to this very cartilage, could not provide sufficient strength for an active lifestyle [46].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Paleoecological considerations


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Loot Relationship


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Factors such as its huge size, powerful jaws and large teeth with a shallow cutting edge [16] suggest that the megalodon was able to attack larger animals than any modern shark [5].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Although sharks are generally opportunistic predators, scientists suggest that megalodon may have some food specialization and be an exception to this rule [5].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Due to its size, this predator was able to cope with a wide range of potential prey, although its feeding mechanisms were less effective than, for example, giant mosasaurs.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The only competitors and enemies of megalodons over a long period of their existence were probably only toothed whales, such as leviathans and zygophysiters, as well as others giant sharks (including another member of the genus Carcharocles).


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Fossils indicate that the megalodon ate cetaceans, including small sperm whales [17], early bowhead whales [51], cetoteria [15], minke whales [52], walrus dolphins [53], dolphins [16] and harbour porpoises [17], sirens [54] [55], pinnipeds [15] [25] and sea turtles [54].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The size of the megalodon suggests that its prey was mainly animals with a length of 2.5 to 7 meters - to a large extent it could be primitive baleen whales [56] [57].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Although small baleen whales are often not very fast and unable to counterattack the predator, the Megalodon needed destructive weapons and an effective hunting strategy to catch them.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Currently, a large number of whale bones have been found with clear marks from large teeth (deep scratches) corresponding to megalodon teeth [7] [16], and in many cases megalodon teeth were found near the remains of whales with similar traces [16] [47], and sometimes teeth were even found stuck in such remains [58].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Like other sharks, the megalodon had to eat fish in large quantities, especially at a young age [15] [48].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Hunting behavior


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Modern sharks often use rather complex hunting strategies when fishing for prey.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Some paleontologists suggest that the hunting strategies of the white shark may give an idea of how the megalodon hunted its unusually large prey for the shark (for example, whales) [59].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

However, fossils show that the megalodon could use slightly different and quite effective techniques for hunting cetaceans [45].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In addition, he apparently ambushed his victim and never dared to actively pursue, as he could not reach high speed and had a very limited stamina [50].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

To determine the methods of attacking megalodon on mining, paleontologists conducted a special study of fossil remains [45].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Its results show that the methods of attack could differ depending on the size of the prey [59].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Fossil remains of small cetaceans indicate that they were rammed with great force, after which they were killed and eaten [59].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

One of the objects of the study, the remains of a 9-meter long baleen whale of the Miocene era, made it possible to quantify the attacking behavior of the megalodon [45].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The predator mainly attacked hard bone areas of the victim's body (shoulders, fins, chest, upper spine) [45], which white sharks usually avoid [45].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Dr. Bretton Kent suggested that the megalodon tried to break bones and damage vital organs (such as the heart and lungs) enclosed in the chest of the prey [45].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The attack on these vital organs immobilized prey, which quickly died due to serious internal damage [45].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

These studies also once again point to why the megalodon needed relatively stronger teeth than the great white shark [45].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In the Pliocene, in addition to small baleen whales, larger and more developed cetaceans appeared [59].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Megalodons have modified their attack strategy to cope with these animals as well.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Many fins and caudal vertebrae bones of fairly large Pliocene whales with traces of megalodon bites were found [5] [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

This may indicate that the megalodon first tried to immobilize large prey by tearing off or biting off its motor organs, and only then killed and eaten it [5] [16].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

An alternative explanation for whale bone injuries


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The version that due to their slow metabolism and relatively low physical strength, large megalodons were scavengers rather than active hunters is also very justified.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Damage to the bones of cetaceans may not demonstrate the tactics megalodons used to kill large prey, but the method by which they extracted the contents of the chest from dead carcasses, to which smaller sharks could not reach, while damage from alleged ramming attacks by megalodons could actually be obtained by whales during ritual intraspecific struggle and become the cause of death of animals.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Trying to hold and kill even a small whale by biting it in the back or chest, the most protected parts of it, would be very difficult and illogical, since a megalodon could kill its the victim, attacking it in the stomach like modern sharks.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

This point of view perfectly coincides with the fact of increased tooth strength of adult megalodons, while the teeth of young individuals (obviously more active predators) and early relatives megalodons were more like the teeth of modern white sharks [46].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Extinction


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

These sharks went extinct about 3 million years ago.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The reason for the extinction, according to biologists, was increased competition with other predators during the food crisis, although previously the most popular version was about global climate change [60] .


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Megalodons were successful because they lived at a time when many slow marine mammals were swimming in the sea, and there was almost no competition with poorly developed teeth at that time whales.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

They hunted primitive small whales, such as cetoteria, and depended heavily on this food resource.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Such animals inhabited shallow warm shelf seas.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Megalodon was probably also usually limited to moderately warm seas.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

With the cooling of the climate in the Pliocene, glaciers “connected” huge water masses, and many shelf seas disappeared.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The map of ocean currents has changed.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The oceans are getting colder.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

And this was reflected not so much on the megalodons themselves, but on the relatively small mammals, which served as one of their main sources of food.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

The next factor in the extinction of megalodons was the emergence of toothed whales, the ancestors of modern killer whales, leading a pack lifestyle and having a more developed brain.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Due to their large size and slow metabolism, megalodons could not swim and maneuver as well as these marine mammals.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

They also could not protect their gills and could most likely fall into tonic immobility in the same way as modern sharks.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Therefore, killer whales could easily eat young megalodons, even though they usually hid in coastal waters, and together they were even able to kill adults [50] [57].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Megalodons stayed the longest in the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Megalodon in cryptozoology


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

However, some cryptozoologists believe that the megalodon could have survived to this day.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

They refer to several extremely dubious facts: first, studies of two megalodon teeth accidentally found in the Pacific Ocean seem to have shown that they were lost by giant sharks not millions of years ago, and about 24,000 and 11,000 years each, which is practically “modern” from the point of view of geology and paleontology [61].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

And secondly, the case recorded by Australian ichthyologist David George Stead of a meeting of Australian fishermen allegedly with a huge shark of incredible size [62].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

However, the reliability of such information is not confirmed anywhere, except for sites on cryptozoology and paranormal phenomena [63].


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Most of the facts clearly indicate that the megalodon died out about 3 million years ago, and claims that “only 5% of the ocean has been explored and the megalodon may be hiding somewhere” do not stand up to scientific critics.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In 2013, Discovery Channel demonstrated a special project known as Megalodon: Monster Shark Alive, which allegedly provided some evidence that the megalodon is still alive and convinced at least 70% of viewers say that the giant prehistoric shark still lives somewhere in the ocean.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

However, this pseudo-documentary program was quickly criticized by scientists and viewers for the fact that almost all the facts cited in it were fake.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

For example, all the “scientists” featured in the film were actually just high-paid actors.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

Almost every photo or video of a megalodon was just a montage, and not of the best quality.


Question: What is the maximum weight of a megalodon shark?

Megalodon

In 2014, Discovery directed the sequel, Megalodon: New Evidence, which became the highest-rated episode of Shark Week, gaining 4.8 million viewers, and then released an additional, equally a fantastic program called “Darkness Sharks: Submarine Fury”, which in total led to further negative reactions from the media and the scientific community [64] [65] [66] [67] [68].