Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In 1866, in connection with the transfer of his father to the Maritime Department and his appointment as a doctor at the naval hospital, he moved to Kronstadt, where in 1871 he was assigned to the Kronstadt Classical Gymnasium.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

From the age of thirteen, he continued his education at the famous St. Petersburg German Petrishule Gymnasium, from which he completed the full course in 1879 [3].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Ludwig had long intended to become a naval officer, but that year his father was elected a professor at the University of Dorpat and further studies had to be temporarily postponed.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Only a year later, on September 12, 1880, L. Kerber entered the Peter the Great Naval Cadet School.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

He successfully graduated from it on October 1, 1884 [4], receiving the prestigious Admiral Nakhimov Prize.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Ludwig was released as midshipman and enlisted in the 1st Naval Crew of His Imperial Highness Admiral General Konstantin Nikolaevich.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The journey on the Vityaz under the command of S. O. Makarova


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

A few months later, the commander of the Practical Squadron of the Baltic Sea Stepan Osipovich Makarov, who knew well the recent midshipmen of the Naval School, included L. Kerber and his companion (brother of his future wife) K. Schultz to the crew of the newly built Vityaz corvette.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

On this sail-propeller warship, Makarov planned to travel around the world and carefully selected the crew.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The historic voyage began on August 31, 1886 and lasted 993 days.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Its main difference from other similar expeditions was the active scientific work carried out on a daily basis by all crew members without exception.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Vityaz could rightly be compared to a floating laboratory.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Some oceanological observations and hydrological studies for three years were carried out at intervals of 10 minutes without the slightest interruption.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

On May 20, 1889, Vityaz returned to Kronstadt.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Already in 1894, S. O. Makarov under the title: “Vityaz and the Pacific Ocean” [5].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Makarov himself noted that this book “summed up collective research.”


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In the foreword, he wrote:


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

“It is with great pleasure that I mention young observers by seniority: midshipman Mechnikov, Mitkov, Maksutov, Kerber, Schultz, Shakhovsky, Puzanov and Nebolsin. The junior navigator, Lieutenant Igumnov, worked especially hard.”


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

On the international recognition of S. O. Makarov is evidenced by the fact that the name of the Vityaz corvette among the 10 most famous ships is carved on the pediment of the Oceanographic Museum in Monaco.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

On the recommendation of S. O. Makarov in September 1889, L. Kerber was enrolled in the Mine Officer Class, from which he graduated on September 7, 1890 with the rank of Mine Officer of the 2nd Category.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

For the next 5 years (from 1891 with the rank of lieutenant), he continued his service as a mine officer on various ships of the Baltic Fleet.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The most remarkable of them was the battleship Gangut, which sank ridiculously in June 1897 and still rests at the bottom of the Vyborg Bay [6].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

On board the “Russia” cruiser


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

With receiving the rank of mine officer of the 1st category at the end of 1894, in the fall of 1895, Ludwig Berngardovich was appointed senior mine officer who had just been launched and the most advanced in those the times of the warship - the cruiser “Russia”.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

After the first short voyage in May 1897 to Great Britain for the celebrations on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the reign of Queen Victoria, where Rossiya adequately represented the Navy of the Empire, the cruiser left to the Far East.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber at a costume evening dedicated to the seeing off of Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich (see text).


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

On the way to Vladivostok in the spring of 1898, the crew of the cruiser took part in the solemn transfer of Lyushunkou (Port Arthur) to Russian jurisdiction.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

These events were timed to coincide with the arrival of “Russia”, since the crew member of the cruiser was an officer of the watch, midshipman Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, who was instructed to put a hand in the corresponding international act and raise the Russian flag [7].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In the same year, in Vladivostok, Kirill Vladimirovich, having hammered a symbolic “golden” crutch, opened traffic along the Trans-Siberian Railway, along which he left for St. Petersburg as the first passenger.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Years later, the Grand Duke wrote in his memoirs:


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

“The night before saying goodbye to my fellow officers, there was a dinner with speeches and toasts. This big event was not without fun and laughter... The lunch ended with singing and a very original performance: our miner Kerber and other officers, dressed in leather clothes, performed something like a ritual wild gold dance. Kerber himself beat a round drum and looked like a real shaman — he did it very effectively... In addition to Lieutenant Kerber, I would like to mention Admiral Rusin, who at that time was one of the officers gunners of “Russia”. These people played an invaluable role for our fleet.”


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

These words are illustrated by L. Kerber, which has been preserved in his personal archive.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Service in the Far East as the mine chief of the cruiser Rossiya was delayed for L. Kerber for five years.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

At the end of this term, in May 1900, as part of an international force, he took part in a military conflict in China, which was caused by a peasant uprising called “boxing”.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Lieutenant Kerber was part of one of the amphibious detachments that made a campaign to Beijing.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Ludwig Berngardovich's participation in this operation was noted by several awards at once.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

By the end of the same year, L. Kerber has returned to the Baltic.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

He conducted the 1901 campaign as a senior mine officer on the battleship General Admiral Apraksin, then as a flag officer of the Practical Squadron of the Baltic Sea [8].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

After that, as he successfully passed the exams, on September 22, 1901, he was enrolled as a student of the course of naval sciences of the Nikolaev Maritime Academy.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Russo-Japanese War


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

mini|left|160px|l-nt L. B.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber after returning from China.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

After graduating from the Academy and almost until the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, Ludwig Berngardovich remained in teaching and staff work.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Together with one of the leading theorists of the Navy N. Kladau, L. Kerber participated in the preparation and practical implementation of the first strategic games of the fleet, simulating the future war between Russia and Japan.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Together, they published an analytical report [9], which justified the inevitable loss of Russia in this war if a set of necessary measures is not taken in the remaining time.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In particular, they pointed out the need to transfer the squadron from Port Arthur to Vladivostok [10].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Later, the Admiral of Togo admitted that he expected this development of events and started the war in January, when he was convinced that the Russian squadron would no longer be able to leave for its native port due to freezing in the Sea of Japan.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

We can only regret that N. Kladow and L. Kerber was left without attention.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In 1903, L. Kerber prepared and delivered at the Nikolaev Maritime Academy an analytical course of lectures on the strategy of the fleets of leading maritime powers, including Japan.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Almost immediately, lectures were published in separate editions for official use [11] [12].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In the summer of 1903, under the pretext of the need for treatment at the L. Kerber undertook a trip to Germany, which was actually reconnaissance in nature.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Under diplomatic cover on the part of the Russian naval agent in Germany, Prince A. A. Dolgorukova [13] L. Kerber secretly surveyed the coastal fortifications in the Danzig and Pillau areas [14].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In the appendices to the report submitted to Minmore (No. 81, August 1903) L. Kerber gave a detailed description of all surveyed objects (more than 30) of the coastal defense of a potential enemy:


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

“Battery No. 1


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

This is a concrete structure for 6 guns of six-inch caliber (30 caliber) with traverses between the guns.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

There are cellars for ammunition in the traverses.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The gun platforms are raised 4 to 5 feet above the battery floor.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The floor is level with the terrain.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

From the sea side, the sandy parapet, cased with shrubs (dead in the sand) and hard grass, sprouts scantily in the sand.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In some places they can be seen...


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

., which served to strengthen the soil during construction.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

An approximate cut is attached.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The firing angles of extreme (flank) guns, apparently, do not exceed those average.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The flanks of the parapet are slightly bent.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

There is a small platform on the right flank of the battery and there are three three-winged semaphores 20 to 30 feet high on it.”


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

After the successful completion of the mission, he was appointed senior officer of the battleship Slava, which by that time had just been launched and was being completed.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

On January 1, 1904, 4 weeks before the start of the Russo-Japanese War, L. Kerber was awarded the rank of captain of the 2nd rank.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Before the death, together with the headquarters in Port Arthur, the commander of the Pacific Squadron, Vice Admiral S. O. Makarova, L. Kerber remained in St. Petersburg, taking part in the tests of his battleship.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The very next day after the tragedy in the Yellow Sea, Admiral N. AND. Skrydlov said.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Having surrendered the Black Sea Fleet, he urgently went to St. Petersburg to form his headquarters.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

On April 12, by order of the Maritime Department No. 77, Captain 2nd Rank L. B.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

By the same order, N. L. Klado.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Perhaps their analytical report on the results of the strategic games of 1902—1903 was taken into account.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Soon, the headquarters, led by the new train commander, left for Port Arthur.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

On the way, it became known that the Japanese managed to block the fortress, and N. AND. Skrydlov, forced to change the route, went instead of Port Arthur to Vladivostok.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Under these conditions, the structure of his headquarters was changed, and L. Kerber was appointed senior officer of the cruiser Bogatyr, which was part of the Vladivostok cruiser detachment.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Even before N. AND. Skrydlov, the cruiser Bogatyr suffered a serious accident, jumping on the stones at Cape Bruce.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The damage to the hull was so serious that many doubted the possibility of saving the ship.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The task of the senior officer was to develop and implement a rescue plan.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

By June 1, it was possible to remove the cruiser, seal the hull and transfer the ship to Vladivostok, where it was put for repair, which lasted until the end of the war.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The key event in the history of the Vladivostok cruiser detachment was the battle on August 1, 1904. On that day, the flag of the commander was on the cruiser “Russia”.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Already at the beginning of the battle, a senior officer of the cruiser was seriously wounded, and L. Kerber, who knew the team well from his previous service, had to replace him.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

After the end of the battle, in which the detachment lost the cruiser “Rurik”, Ludwig Berngardovich remained a senior officer of “Russia”.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

He held this position almost until the end of the campaign and only with the departure of A. AND. Rusin to America for a conference on signing peace with Japan took his post as head of the Naval Marching Office of the Commander-in-Chief of Land and Sea Forces Operating against Japan, General -adjutant N. P. Linevich.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

At the Naval General Staff


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

After the end of the war, having completed the matters related to the return of the fleet to the Baltic, one of the last, in February 1906, L. Kerber returned to St. Petersburg.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

He was appointed commander of the Don Cossack mine cruiser, which had just entered service, and left for Libava.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The service on the destroyer was short-lived.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

L. Kerber only managed to conduct the first series of sea trials, when a new appointment followed.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

On 24 May, he was appointed as a staff officer of the highest salary to head the Foreign Statistics Division of the newly organized Maritime General Staff (MGS).


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The idea of creating such a headquarters as opposed to the General Naval Staff (GMS) was proposed by Lieutenant A. N. Shcheglov [15] was one of the founders of the St. Petersburg Naval Circle, of which Kerber was a member [16].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

It was the members of this circle who first came up with the idea of reforming the fleet after the inglorious defeat in the war with Japan, for the first time justifying the need to create a shipbuilding program.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Foreign Statistics Department of the Naval General Staff L. Kerber was essentially an intelligence department that collected information about foreign fleets.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

L. Kerber had the duty to formulate tasks and develop the structure of the department in the most difficult — the organizational period.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

First of all, the Foreign Statistics Department managed to take over and systematize the activities of Russian maritime agents accredited to the fleets of foreign countries.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

An organic continuation of L. Kerber in the Moscow State School were the following two of his appointments.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

On January 21, 1908, he took command of the gunboat Khivinets, which at that time performed a special task while part of the international peacekeeping forces on the island of Crete.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

For many years, the conflict between the Turkish and Greek communities did not cease here, and the role of the only Russian ship in the international squadron was significant.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Greece has traditionally focused on Russia, and the commander of the Khivinets acted as an intermediary between the command of the international squadron and the Greek government.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The return of L. Kerber to St. Petersburg at the end of November of the same year coincided with the assignment of the rank of captain of the 1st rank on December 6.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

This was followed by an appointment as a naval agent to Great Britain on January 25, 1909.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

This two-year diplomatic work of Ludwig Berngardovich in the most powerful maritime power was appreciated by the leadership very highly, and the cooperation of the fleets of future allies in the First World War has been significantly strengthened.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

During his 691 days in office, L. Kerber sent 271 secret reports and prepared dozens of non-intelligence reports, reports and business letters [17].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Thanks to these efforts, the Russian program for the construction of an armored fleet has been largely adjusted.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

At the same time Kerber negotiated and executed contracts for the supply of coal, guns, boats, instruments, Whitehead mines, large-caliber shells, etc. The total cost of purchases was expressed in millions of gold rubles.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The most important duty of a naval agent was to supervise warships under construction in the UK by order of Russia, in particular the new cruiser Rurik, which inherited its name from the heroic cruiser of the Vladivostok detachment.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Returning from London in March 1911, L. Kerber learned about his new appointment - commander of the squadron battleship “Tsesarevich”.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

He spent two campaigns on this ship sailing the Baltic Sea calling at foreign ports.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In addition to training firing in the Gulf of Finland and Vyborg, for the first time for ships of this class, the Tsesarevich practiced a maneuver along the passage of Finnish skerries without pilotage support.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Informal relations were linked by L. Kerber's meeting with Secretary of the Navy Admiral K. Grigorovich, as well as with future academician A. N. Krylov, with whom Kerber was friends since the Naval School.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Their encounters are evidenced by his son L. L. Kerber says:


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

“Academician A. N. Krylov said.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

He and his father were somehow connected in the construction of dreadnoughts “Sevastopol”, “Gangut”, etc.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The Krylovs lived nearby and, in order not to waste time, Alexey Nikolaevich came to our house.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The interlocutors retired to their father's office.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Both of them were temperamental people, and soon more and more loud voices of those arguing began to be heard from behind the tightly closed doors.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

An anxious mother would take me and my brother and take me somewhere far away to the kitchen, and there, closing my ears in horror, she whispered, “Oh my God, look they'll change the fight.”


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

They met on Fridays, and she called them Black Fridays...


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Minister of the Navy I. K. Grigorovich, who lived nearby...”


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

World War I


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

At the beginning of 1913, at the suggestion of Commander Admiral N. O. Essen, L. Kerber was appointed Chief of Staff of the Commander of the Baltic Sea Naval Forces and was awarded the rank of Rear Admiral by the end of the year.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In his new capacity, in August 1913, Ludwig Berngardovich took part in the last pre-war maneuvers of the Baltic Sea forces.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The fleet was divided into two squadrons.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The “eastern” detachment was commanded by N. O. Essen, the Western squadron was headed by L. Kerber.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In a stubborn, albeit training battle, the squadron of the “Western” won.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

After the maneuvers, Nikolai Ottovich wrote with undisguised pride: “I find that the chiefs I have placed in the Navy are doing their job, and in some cases me... However, we do not know which of the rowers was more useful in the boat of the Russian state, when Lefort, Sheremetyev, Menshikov, Demidov and others sat on oars.”


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

mini|left|300px|mine plan off the coast of Germany, prepared under the leadership of L. B.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

On the eve of the war, the headquarters in 1913 carefully developed a mine plan along the Nargen-Porkkala-Udd line in order to close the Gulf of Finland and protect the capital of the empire from the sea.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Under the conditions of the direct ban of Nicholas II, the operation was successfully carried out by order of Admiral N. O. Essen by a detachment of minelayers Rear Admiral V. A. Kanina on the night before the outbreak of the war.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

By the way, it was the headquarters of the Baltic Fleet, thanks to the well-established I. AND. Rengarten and A. AND. Nepenin radio intelligence was the first to learn about the tragic events in Sarajevo, which made the First World War inevitable.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The main successes of the autumn-winter campaign of 1914-1915 were associated with mine installations in the southern part of the Baltic Sea, perfectly designed and accurately executed by the forces of the Special Cruiser Detachment destination.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The result was achieved due to the deep secrecy of planning all operations, the so-called “marching headquarters” consisting of L. Kerber and three officers of the operations department, as well as the first tactics used to disperse the forces of the Detachment between various ports long before the start of the operation [18].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The detachment gathered at the rendezvous point, at the appointed time away from the coast, from where it could be seen.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The withdrawal of single warships from various ports of the Baltic Sea did not cause concern among the enemy.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Even the commanders of the ships until the meeting at the appointed place had no idea about the true nature of the combat mission.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In addition, in each case, the marching headquarters had several plans for the operation so that it could be performed in any circumstances.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

During the first two operations out of the four planned, the detachment was led by L. Kerber, who, in addition to the post of Chief of Staff of Admiral N. O. Essen, with the outbreak of the war, he also headed the mine defense of the Baltic Sea.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The second half of the productions was performed by V. A. Kanin and M. K. Bakhirev and A. IN. Kolchak.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

During 1914-1915, the Germans lost an armored cruiser, 4 minesweepers, 14 steamers and 3 patrol ships on Russian mines.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In addition, as a result of the explosion, 2 cruisers received various damage, of which one was immediately excluded from the fleet lists, 3 destroyers and 2 minesweepers [18].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

For a long time, the enemy could not detect the very fact of mining fairways, believing that his ships are dying from British submarines.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

But most importantly, the German fleet was locked in its own ports and could not provide effective support to its ground forces.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

For this campaign, as early as December 1914, L. Kerber was awarded the Golden St. George Weapon “For Courage” and promoted to Vice Admiral with the wording “for military distinctions”.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

After the sudden death on May 7, 1915 of Admiral N. O. Essen was L. Kerber was planned for the post of commander of the Baltic Fleet.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The commander of the North-Western Front, General N. IN. Ruzsky, to whom the Baltic Fleet was promptly subordinate, was even given an appropriate order.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Intrigues did not allow this to be done.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In May 1915, Ludwig Berngardovich's brother, engineer O. B.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber, who lived in Kronstadt by the military governor of the city, Admiral R. N. 19] Viren was charged with espionage for Germany. [


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

He was not even arrested, but received only an order to immediately leave Kronstadt.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Moreover, he was allowed to get a job in the same position at the shipyard in Gelisngfors, where the main forces of the Baltic Fleet were located.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Almost immediately, the absurdity of the accusation became obvious, but the goal was achieved and Vice Admiral Kerber was compromised.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The successor of the deceased admiral was V. A. Kanin, and L. Kerber was soon forced to leave the post of Chief of Staff of the Fleet.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

From June 1915 until the end of December, he commanded the Baltic Fleet Battleship Squadron (First and Second Brigades), carrying out two more successful covert mine laying operations off the coast Germany, leading the squadron forces into the open sea by skerry fairways.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

During one of them, leaving the skerries, he managed to lead his squadron through enemy minefields in the wake of the German detachment and go unnoticed.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

After completing the task, the squadron returned just as calmly.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

During one of the summer trips in the skerry fairway, the Sevastopol dreadnought suffered a significant accident, using which Vice Admiral V. A. Kanin conducted an investigation and at the same time launched a behind-the-scenes campaign to transfer L. Kerber from the active fleet.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Only in December 1916, the results of the investigation established the complete innocence of the squadron commander, Vice Admiral Kerber, in the dreadnought accident [19], but all decisions had already been made.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Since the beginning of 1916, the confrontation between V. A. Kanin and L. B.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber ended and Ludwig Berngardovich was transferred to the General Naval Staff as chairman of the Conference on Maritime Transportation under the Admiralty Council and the Maritime Ministry.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Having surrendered the squadron, which from that moment on no longer participated in hostilities and remained in Helsingfors until 1918, L. Kerber went to Petrograd.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In his new position, he made an important business trip to England and France.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Arriving in London at the end of April 1916, Ludwig Berngardovich, as a foreign observer, managed to take part in the largest warrior in history, the Battle of Jutland.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

At the end of the empire.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

At the origins of the Northern Fleet


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In London, using past connections at the English Admiralty, L. Kerber managed to sharply intensify the supply of military cargo to Russia [17].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

He achieved similar success in Paris.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

This caused a response from the enemy, which began to increase its presence on the route of caravans in the Barents and White Seas.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The Maritime Ministry decided to create a flotilla of the Arctic Ocean (SLO).


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The catalyst was the explosion of the Baron Driesen transport in the port of Arkhangelsk, which followed on October 17, 1916.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

From the point of view of the command, it was L. Kerber, who organized the flow of goods, had to ensure its acceptance and protection, leading, and in fact, creating a flotilla of SLO.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The condition for appointment to a new position was Kerber's change of surname.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

On the last day of October 1916, by the highest order, Ludwig Kerber “with his family” became “called Corvin” [20].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Under his old name, he visited London in November and on November 8 (21) was even awarded an audience with King George V at Buckingham Palace [21], and when he returned to Russia, he immediately went to Arkhangelsk to the place his new service.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The order was signed on November 11, 1916.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

By the way, in modern historical literature, some authors looking for a “German trace” in the explosion of Baron Driesen often argue that Kerber (Corwin) could be involved in this sabotage [22 ].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Obviously, they do not take into account either the impeccable service of the admiral, nor the fact that he received his appointment to Arkhangelsk three weeks after the explosion of the ship, and on the day of the tragedy he was in a business trip to London (all dates are given according to the Julian calendar).


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In the three months that L. Corwin led the flotilla, and a lot was done.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The main thing is that we managed to form, albeit limited, but still combat naval forces.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Ships from the Pacific Ocean began to arrive, and coast services appeared.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

All this was soon felt by the enemy, whose actions became more cautious and less effective.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

But the February Revolution broke out.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

These days, L. Corwin was in Petrograd, where he arrived at the Admiralty Council for a meeting with representatives of Great Britain.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Right in the Admiralty building, he was arrested and held in the Tauride Palace for a month with several other generals and ministers of the ousted government.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In those days, Count A. P. Kapnist reported to Admiral A. AND. Rusin [23]:


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

March 02, 1917 15:37.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The situation is the same.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

There is a great danger from the Socialists.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Moscow, Kharkiv and Simferopol appear to be subordinate to the Duma Committee.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Minmore considers it necessary to act in agreement with the Duma Committee, as it gave directives to the north.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Admiral Corvinus was threatened by danger from the lower ranks, who consider him German.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

By agreement with the guard chief, he was arrested and sent to the Duma, where he received a free separate pass, but remains there until he leaves for the north.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

There is anarchy in Kronstadt.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Viren seems to have been killed.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Kurosh has been arrested.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

According to Count A. P. Kapnist, this arrest saved L. Corvinus's life.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The commander of the SLO flotilla, Vice Admiral Corwin, did not consider it possible for himself to swear allegiance to the Provisional Government and, remaining under arrest, was removed from office on March 7, 1917.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Unlike many, he was not dismissed, and the new authorities still hoped to use his experience.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Soon the admiral was once again sent to England.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

This trip was considered to be a very successful one.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

During his next business trip in October 1917, the October Revolution took place.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

No longer imagining anyone, L. Corwin was forced to stay in London.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

There is evidence [17] that he accepted an offer to join the British Admiralty for the sole purpose of continuing his war with Germany.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The fatal illness suddenly overtook L. Corvinus is at the age of 56.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Alone, far from his family who remained in Russia, he died on April 9, 1919 in a London hospital, during surgery.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The place of burial of the admiral in London for a long time remained unknown.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In the 1960s, his middle son Leonid Lvovich Kerber, who came from the USSR, was looking for him in vain, and in the 1990s, his great-grandson, Mikhail Mikhailovich Kerber.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Then he managed to obtain a copy of the death certificate of his great-grandfather, which showed that already in London L. Corvinus was awarded his last (one of the highest in Great Britain) award, the Order of the Bath of the Commander's Cross.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

On June 28, 2014, on the centenary of the assassination in Sarajevo of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which led to the outbreak of World War I, the grave of a Russian admiral at the Kensal Green Cemetery in London ( sector 16, row 5, reg.№ 46437) found R. Firsov [24].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

He was able to find out that a few months before L. Corvin was quite healthy and arrived at the port of Liverpool in January 1919 from the Canary Islands.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

He also found that Vice Admiral L. B.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Corwin lived in London with the last imperial naval agent in Great Britain, Rear Admiral N. A. Volkov, who allegedly buried him under the name Louis Korvine with the honors due to a knight of the British Order of the Bath (KCB).


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

memento


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Since the 1920s, the Society of Officers of the Russian Imperial Navy in America [25] has collected the largest collection of marine relics, documents and books abroad.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Transferred by Rear Admiral N. A. Volkov, and the awards of Vice Admiral Corwin (Kerber) were also here.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Over the years, the number of members of the society has thinned out, and it has become increasingly difficult to store numerous museum exhibits and archival materials.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Therefore, in 1979, the board of the Society decided to transfer all its collections to the Rodina Society [26].


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The main condition for the transfer was the storage of materials until their return to “national Russia”.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The Rodina Society fulfilled the will of Russian sailors.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

After 1991, most of the collections actually went to Russia.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Among others, Admiral Kerber's St. George weapons returned home.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The golden dagger was placed in storage at the Central Museum of the Armed Forces in Moscow.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The fate of the rest of Ludwig Berngardovich Kerber's awards is unknown.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

In honor of Kerber, a cape in the Sea of Japan is named, explored during the voyage of the Vityaz corvette (the name has not been preserved).


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Print works


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber L. The rules of Jen's tactical naval game.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

//Izd.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Artillery officer class.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber L. The gradual development of combat vessels.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Changes in the nature of the reservation due to the increase in the caliber of medium artillery.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

//Typogr.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Ministry of the Navy.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

SPb. 1903.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber L. Notes on foreign fleets.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The course of the Nikolaev Maritime Academy in the Department of Naval Sciences.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

//Typogr.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

K. Birkenfeld, St. Petersburg 1903.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

— 308 p.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber L. Far East.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Lecture 1.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Japan's naval forces.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

3 p.//Reports of the Society of Enthusiasts of Military Knowledge No. 122.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Saint Petersburg, 1904:


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The war between Russia and Japan in 1905.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Report on practical classes on strategy at the Nikolaev Maritime Academy in the continuation of the winter of 1902-03//Compiled by order of the Head of the Academy by full-time teachers of the Academy by captain 2 rank N. L. Clado and Captain 2nd Rank L. F. Kerber.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

SPb 1904.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber L. The influence of the Russo-Japanese War on changes in the appearance of warships and regulations in foreign fleets.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Unofficial Department//Marine Collection.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Petersburg 1907.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

— No. 6.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

— P. 57-86.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber L., Dolivo-Dobrovolsky B.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Great maneuvers of the English fleet in the summer of 1906. Unofficial Department//Marine Collection.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

— No. 9.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

— P. 49-86.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Kerber L. Military fleets of foreign countries.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

SPb.: Typogr.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

K. Birkenfeld, 1907.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

— 422 p.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

1906—1908 year.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

//SPb., 1907—1908.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

— 137 s.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Kirchhoff.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

The Influence of Maritime Force in the Baltic Sea on the History of the Baltic States in the 17th and 18th Centuries in 2 Volumes//Translation from German, ed.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

L. Kerber.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Ed.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Berezovsky.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

SPb 1908.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

On the question of the proposed reconstruction of our fleet//SPb 1912.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

(without specifying the author).


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

On the application of the rules of naval warfare developed at the London Conference in 1909//SPb. Ministry of the Navy 1916.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

(without specifying the author)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

family


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

wife: von Schulz Olga Fedorovna (1866-1942, Leningrad (blockade)) - daughter of Rear Admiral Fedor Bogdanovich von Schulz (1820-1880); sister of Vice Admiral von Schulz Maximilian (Mikhail) Fedorovich, captains 2nd rank von Schulz Wilhelm Fedorovich and von Schulz Konstantin Fedorovich; cousin of Captain 1st Rank von Schulz Ewald Karlovich;


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

son: Viktor Lvovich Corvin-Kerber (1894—1970) - one of the first Russian naval pilots, aircraft designer of the Design Bureau D. P. Grigorovich, Deputy Chief Designer of the Design Bureau I. IN. Chetverikov;


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

grandchildren: Irina Viktorovna (1920—2004) — engineer; Pavel Viktorovich (1924—1942, Leningrad (blockade));


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

son: Leonid Lvovich Kerber (1903—1993) — Doctor of Technical Sciences, Aircraft Designer, Deputy General Designer of the Design Bureau A. N. Tupolev for equipment;


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

grandchildren: Mikhail Leonidovich (born 1932) — Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor; Lev Leonidovich (1937-1993) — director;


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

son: Boris Lvovich Kerber (1907—1978) - aircraft designer, Deputy General Designer of the Design Bureau A. AND. Mikoyan for equipment;


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

grandchildren: Olga Borisovna (born: 1937) and Alexey Borisovich (born 1941) — specialists in aviation equipment;


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Brother: Oscar Berngardovich Kerber (German: Oskar Carl v. Körber) (1874—1946) - historian, genealogist, one of the leading researchers of the German-Baltic families of Ingria and the Baltic States;


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

brother: Udo Conrad v. Körber (German: Udo Conrad v. Körber) (1876—1929) - chemical engineer; since 1906 he headed the chemical laboratory of armor alloys of the Izhora plant;


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

brother: German: Erich Conrad v. Körber (1878—1934) — graduate of the University of Munich; served as chief forester of all the estates of the Dolgorukov princes in Chernigov province; victim famine in the Volga region;


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

maternal grandfather: German: August Mattias Hagen (1794—1878) was an artist, representative of the German school of landscape painting.


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Awards [2]


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Orders of the Russian Empire:


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of Saint Stanislaus 3rd Class (1900)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of Saint Anne, 3rd class (1900)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of Saint Vladimir of the 4th class with swords and bow (1905)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of Saint Stanislaus, 2nd Class (1905)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of St. Anne, 2nd Class with Imperial Crown (1906)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of Saint Vladimir of the 3rd degree (1911) and swords to the order (1915)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of Saint Stanislaus 1st Class (1914)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Golden St. George Weapon “For Bravery” (1914)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of Saint Vladimir, 2nd Class (1915)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of Saint Anne, 1st Class (1916)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Commemorative medals of the Russian Empire:


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Silver medal in memory of the reign of Emperor Alexander III (1896)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Silver medal commemorating the war in China 1900—1901 (1902)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Light Bronze Medal Commemorating the War with Japan 1904—1905 (1906)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Light bronze medal commemorating the 300th anniversary of the reign of the Romanov dynasty (1913)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Light bronze medal in memory of the 200th anniversary of the Gangut victory (1915)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Light bronze medal for works on excellent performance of general mobilization of 1914 (1915)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Foreign awards:


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of Franz Joseph of the Cavalier Cross (Austro-Hungary) (1896)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of the Red Eagle 4th class (Prussia) (1897)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of Cambodia Officer's Cross (France) (1901)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of Sacred Treasure, 4th Class (Japan) (1902)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of the Legion of Honor of Officers Cross (France) (1902)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of the Red Eagle 3rd class (Prussia) (1902)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of the Officer Cross Crown (Italy) (1902)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of the Savior of the Officer Cross (Greece) (1909)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of Queen Victoria (Great Britain) (1909)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of the Legion of Honor of the Commander's Cross (France) (1914)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of the Legion of Honor of the Supreme Officer Cross (France) (1916)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Order of the Bath of the Commander's Cross (Great Britain) (1917)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Notes


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Literature


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Category:Cavaliers of St. George Weapon


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Category:Graduates of the Naval Cadet Corps


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Category:Graduates of the Nikolaev Maritime Academy


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Category:Participants of the Chinese campaign (1900—1901)


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Category: Participants of the Russo-Japanese War


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Category:Admirals of World War I


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Category:Russian first-wave emigrants in the UK


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Category:Petrishule students


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Category:Germans in Saint Petersburg


Question: Who was Ludwig Berngardovich von Kerber by nationality?

Ludwig Kerber

Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

German: Cosima Wagner (born Francesca Gaetan Cosima Liszt, Francesca Gaetana Cosima Liszt; December 24, 1837 — April 1, 1930, Bayreuth, Bavaria, Weimar Republic) was the second wife and muse of German composer Richard Wagner (1813—1883), co-founder and long-term director of the Bayreuth Festival.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Cosima was the daughter of Hungarian composer and pianist Franz Liszt.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In 1857, she married conductor Hans von Bülow, with whom she gave birth to two children.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In 1863, Cosima began an affair with Wagner, and in 1870 they married.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

With Richard Cosima, she founded the Bayreuth Festival, designed to stage Wagnerian operas in full accordance with the composer's idea.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

After Wagner's death in 1883, Cosima led the Bayreuth Festival, devoting the rest of her life to preserving and glorifying its heritage.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Cosima Wagner was convinced of the need to adhere to the composer's original ideas and resisted any theatrical innovation.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

This approach was followed by her heirs after Cosima left the festival in 1907.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Because of this, and because Cosima shared her husband's nationalist and anti-Semitic views, her legacy is controversial.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Family and childhood


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Francesca Gaetana Cosima Liszt was the second daughter of composer Franz Liszt, who was twenty-six years old at the time, and French writer and socialite Marie d'Agou.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Ferenc and Mary were unmarried; for Liszt, who was six years younger than her, Mary separated from her husband, Count Charles d'Agou, and left Paris, where they lived.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Liszt toured extensively in Europe, and Maria traveled with him.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Cosima was born on December 24, 1837 in a hotel in the Italian resort of Bellagio and was named after St. Cosma, the patron saint of doctors [1].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Her parents continued to travel to Europe, leaving Cosima and her older sister Blandina in the care of a wet nurse, which was common practice at the time.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In 1839, Liszt and d'Agou had their third child and only son Daniel [2].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In 1839, Maria tried to return to Paris with her daughters, but her mother refused to recognize her illegitimate children.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

This also meant that it was impossible to restore the previous position in society.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Liszt's daughters lived with his mother Anna, and Daniel later joined them.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In subsequent years, relations between Liszt and d'Agou deteriorated, and by 1845 they communicated only through intermediaries [3].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Liszt forbade mother and daughters to communicate with each other, and soon Maria stopped trying to get a meeting.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Although they lived in the same city, they were not able to meet until five years later, in 1850 [4].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Youth


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

According to Cosima biographer George Marek, Anna List was “a simple, uneducated, naive, but kind woman... for the first time [girls] learned what it means to be loved” [5].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Blandina was more beautiful; Cosima with a long nose and a wide mouth looked like an “ugly duckling” [6] [7].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Ferenc's attitude towards the children was cool, but he made sure that they received a good education.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The daughters were placed in Madame Bernard's privileged closed school [8].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In 1847, Liszt met Carolina Wittgenstein, the wife of a Russian general, who by that time already lived separately from her husband.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

By the fall of 1848, they had an affair, Carolina became Liszt's companion for the rest of his life.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

When Liszt found out to his indignation in 1850 that his daughters were seeing their mother, Carolina took them out of school on his instructions and placed them under the supervision of her seventy-two-year-old former teacher Madame Patersi [9].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Madame Patersi supervised Blandina and Cosima for four years.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Cosima's biographer Oliver Hills compared her upbringing to Madame Patersi to horse dressage [10], but according to Marek, it, although harsh, eventually turned out to be beneficial for Cosima, as she received necessary skills for living in the light [11].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

On October 10, 1853, Liszt visited Madame Patersy's home, visiting his daughters for the first time since 1845.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Liszt was accompanied by two other composers, Hector Berlioz and Richard Wagner.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

According to the memoirs of Carolina Marie's daughter, who was present at the same time, Cosima was “at the worst time of growing up, tall and angular, with an earthy complexion... covered in her father. Only her long golden hair with an unusual tint was beautiful” [12].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

After the family feast, Wagner read to the audience an excerpt from the last act of the future “Death of the Gods”.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Cosima did not impress him, and in his diary he only noted that both girls were very shy [13].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Marriage to Hans von Bülow


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

When his daughters began to grow up, Liszt arranged for them to move to Berlin despite angry protests from their mother [14].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In Berlin, Franziska von Bülow, whose son Hans, a pianist and conductor, was Liszt's most outstanding student, became the teacher of the girls.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Hans also participated in the upbringing of girls — he gave them a musical education.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Bulow was impressed by Cosima's progress, and they soon developed a romantic relationship.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Liszt reacted with approval, and on August 18, 1857, Hans and Cosima married at St. Hedwig's Cathedral in Berlin [15].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

On their honeymoon, Hans, Cosima and her father visited Wagner at his home near Zurich [16].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The following year, they visited Wagner again, and before he left, Cosima struck him with an emotional scene that the composer recalled: “She fell to her knees and covered my hands with tears and kisses... I pondered on a mystery that he could not comprehend” [17].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Cosima, who was raised in Paris, could not get used to living in Berlin, at that time a relatively provincial city [18].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Her efforts to take part in local public life, according to Marie Wittgenstein's memoirs, were hampered by “overestimated self-esteem and innate acrimony” [19].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

At least for the first time, Cosima showed interest in her husband's career, convincing him to devote more time to composing music.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Once she composed for him a libretto of an opera from the life of the legendary wizard Merlin, which, however, did not receive any development [20].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Due to Bulow's workload with concerts, Cosima stayed alone at home for a long time and during this period wrote articles and translated for the French-language magazine Revue germanique [21].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In December 1859, her brother Daniel, 20, died after a long illness.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In his honor, Cosima's daughter, born on October 12, 1860, was named Daniela.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In 1862, she suffered a new grief: Blandina, who was married to Emile Olivier, a lawyer and future Prime Minister of France, died in childbirth.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Cosima's second daughter, born in March 1863, was named Blandina Elizabeth Veronica [23].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Bülow was an ardent fan of Wagner; in 1858 he prepared a vocal score for Tristan und Isolde, and in 1862 he made a final copy of the score of the Nuremberg Meistersingers [24].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Their relationship became friendly, and in 1862 the von Bülow visited Wagner in Wiesbaden.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In his diary, Wagner describes how Cosima “transformed” during his performance of Wotan's Farewell from Valkyrie.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Wagner himself had a turbulent personal life at the time: he was still married to actress Mina Planer (she died in 1866) and had several novels on the side [25].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Wagner visited Berlin on November 28, 1863.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

While von Bülow was rehearsing the concert, Wagner and Cosima went on a long trip to Berlin in a carriage and there was a stormy explanation between them [26].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

With Wagner


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Munich and Tribschen


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In 1864, Wagner's financial situation was improved thanks to a new patron, eighteen-year-old Ludwig II, who ascended the Bavarian throne.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

He paid the composer's debts and assigned him an annual generous maintenance [27].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The monarch also gave Wagner a mansion in Munich and another house on the shores of Lake Starnberg [28].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

On Wagner's advice, Bülow accepted an offer to become a “royal pianist” at Ludwig's court [29], he and his wife moved to Munich and bought a house near Wagner, allegedly so that Cosima could work Richard's secretary [28].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

From June 29, 1864, Cosima and Richard spent more than a week together on Lake Starnberg until Hans joined them.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

According to the memoirs of Wagner's maid, “it was clear that something was going on between Frau Cosima and Richard Wagner.”


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

She also recounts how Bulow once found his wife in Wagner's bedroom, but did not demand an explanation from her or him [30].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Nine months later, on April 10, 1865, Cosima gave birth to a daughter, Isolde.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Bülow idolized Wagner so much that he recognized the child as his own and registered him as the “legitimate daughter” of Hans and Cosima von Bülow [31].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In the same year, on June 10, von Bülow conducted the premiere of Tristan und Isolde at the Bavarian Opera [32].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Wagner's influence on Ludwig began to cause increasing indignation in the monarch's entourage.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

When Wagner demanded that the king dismiss both the Cabinet Secretary and the Prime Minister, discontent reached its limit, and Ludwig was forced to expel Wagner from Bavaria [33].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

However, he continued to support the composer financially.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In March 1866, Wagner arrived in Geneva, and later went to Lucerne, where he rented a country house located on the shore of the lake in Tribschen.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The king paid the rent [34].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

At the invitation of Wagner von Bülow, the children arrived in Tribschen for the summer [35].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

For a short time, the von Bülow returned to Munich, and then Hans left for Basel, and Cosima returned to Tribschen [36].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

During this period, von Bülow wrote to a friend: “Since February 1865, I have not had a single doubt about the extremely delicate nature of this situation.”


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

To protect Cosima from a public scandal, Wagner tricked Ludwig into making a statement in June 1866 about the purity of von Bülow's marriage and a square that would fall on whoever dares to say otherwise [37] .


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

By this time, Cosima was pregnant with Richard's second child, a daughter born in Tribschen on February 17, 1867 and named Eva.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Meanwhile, Bülow, appointed director of the Bavarian Opera and still loyal to Wagner, led the preparations for the premiere of the Nuremberg Meistersingers.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

On June 21, 1868, it was successfully held under the direction of Bulow.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Shortly thereafter, Cosima came to Tribschen.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Wagner explained this to the king by the fact that she could not stand constant insults in Munich and wanted solitude [38].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In October 1868, Cosima asked her husband for a divorce.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Initially, von Bülow refused to give it, and explained the absence of his wife to outsiders by a trip to her half-sister in Versailles [39] [40].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In June 1869, immediately after the birth of her third and last child with Richard Siegfried, Cosima wrote to von Bülow, she said, in her “last attempt to reach understanding” [41].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In response, Bulow admitted that Cosima “dedicated the treasures of her heart and mind to a higher being” [42].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Due to the need to comply with legal procedures, the marriage was finally dissolved by a Berlin court on July 18, 1870. [43]


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

After the divorce, von Bülow stopped contact with Wagner and Kozima, he never talked to the first again and for the next eleven years with the second [44].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

On August 25, 1870, Richard and Cosima were married in a Protestant church, although Cosima, baptized Catholicism, converted to Lutheranism only two years later [45].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Liszt was not notified of the marriage in advance and learned about it from the newspapers [46].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

On December 25, the day Cosima always celebrated her birthday, although it actually fell on the 24th, she woke up to the sound of music.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

On the stairs of a house in Tribschen, a chamber orchestra invited by Wagner performed a work that became known as Siegfried Idyll [47].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Bayreuth


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The deception about the nature of Richard and Cosima's relationship seriously affected his friendship with Ludwig.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In addition, Ludwig, contrary to the composer's objections, insisted that the two completed operas from the cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen, Rhine Gold and Valkyrie be staged as soon as possible.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

According to the composer himself, the production was possible only after the complete completion of the entire cycle [48].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

To Wagner's deep displeasure, both operas premiered on September 22, 1869 and June 26, 1870, respectively, under the baton of Franz Wüllner [49].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

This strengthened the composer's belief that he needed his own theater and the opportunity to fully control the artistic process himself.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

On May 5, 1870, Cosima, according to her diary, advised Richard to “look at an article about Bayreuth in the encyclopedia” (she wrote the name of the city with a mistake: Bayreuth) [50].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In April 1871, they traveled to Bayreuth and immediately decided to build a theater here and settle down [51].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Wagner appointed his first festival for 1873, designating Bayreuth as the venue for the premiere of the Nibelung cycle [51].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The City Council, honoring this honor, presented the composer with a large plot of land on a hill overlooking the city for a theater to be built on it.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Ludwig refused to finance the project, the completion of the theater and the date of the first festival were repeatedly shifted, but finally in 1874, the king provided the necessary loan [52].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Along with the theater, a country house known as Wanfried was built, into which the Wagner family moved in on April 18, 1874 [53].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In 1875, the construction of the theater was completed [54].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

During this period, Cosima converted to Lutheranism.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Probably the only reason for this was the desire to follow Richard in everything; according to Hilms, “Cosima remained a pious Catholic until her death” [55].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In March 1876, Cosima learned that Marie d'Agou had died in Paris.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

While with her husband in Berlin, Cosima was unable to attend the funeral [56].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Since June, her diary entries have been almost entirely devoted to rehearsals for the Ring of the Nibelung [57].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The festival took place from August 13 to August 30, 1876 and consisted of three premiere performances of the Nibelung cycle, all conducted by Hans Richter [58] [59].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

After the festival, Richard, Cosima and the children went to Venice and stayed there until the end of the year.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The festival brought heavy losses and disappointed the composer, who was seriously considering closing the project [60].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The following year, Richard received an invitation to give a series of concerts in London.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The Wagners, leaving their children, spent two months there.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Cosima met with writer George Eliot, poet Robert Browning, and artist Edward Burne-Jones; the latter made several sketches for a portrait of Cosima.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

On May 17, the Wagners received an audience with Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle [61].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The English tour did not bring much profit, but was a source of inspiration for Wagner.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Upon his return, he began work on Parsifal, which took the next five years [62].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

According to the composer, he could not compose a single note if his wife was not around.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

When Wagner was besieged by creditors demanding repayment of debts arising from the festival, Cosima convinced Ludwig to provide a loan that made it possible to repay the debts and opened up prospects for a second Bayreuth Festival [63] [64].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

To celebrate Cosima's birthday on December 25, 1878, Wagner hired an orchestra to perform the prelude to Parsifal and Siegfried Idyll [65].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Work on Parsifal slowed down due to the composer's poor health, but at the end of 1880 he announced that the next festival would be held in 1882 and would be entirely dedicated to the new work [66].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Richard insisted that Parsifal be staged only in Bayreuth [67], but in return Ludwig demanded that the festival be conducted by 1st Court Kapellmeister Hermann Levy.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

This caused indignation at Wagner, who objected to the “Christian” opera being conducted by a Jew [68].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Both Richard and Cosima were staunch anti-Semites.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

According to Hilms, Cosima inherited anti-Semitism from her father, Carolina Wittgenstein, possibly Madame Patersi and, later, from von Bulow, a “primitive anti-Semite” [69].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

According to Marek, Cosima's anti-Semitism was largely formed due to Wagner's influence; according to his calculations, Cosima's diary mentions Jews in a negative context on average on each the fourth page out of five thousand [70].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Hilms wrote about the difference between the composer, whose anti-Semitic views could change over time under the influence of personal experience, and Kozima, whose anti-Semitism remained unchanged [71].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

According to musicologist Thomas Gray, in the years following the death of her husband, Cosima's anti-Semitism further intensified [72].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Despite the composer's protests, Levy was appointed [73].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Later, the performance of Parsifal under the leadership of Levy was recognized as a reference [74].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

At the second Bayreuth Festival, Parsifal was performed sixteen times.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Wagner personally conducted the last performance [75] Both the composer himself and his wife were pleased with the second festival, and it also made a sufficient profit [76].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Friedrich Nietzsche, once a friend and admirer and now an opponent of Wagner, spoke critically about the premiere of the new opera: he considered Parsifal an abomination and saw it as the guilt of Cosima, who corrupted the composer and which invaded German culture, to which it did not belong [60].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Venice and widowhood


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

At the end of the festival, the Wagner family left for Venice.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The Wagners needed a large house that could accommodate children and servants and allow them to receive guests, so they rented the mansion of Palazzo Vendramin Kalergi, which faces the Grand Canal [77].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In autumn and winter, Richard's health deteriorated.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

On February 12, Cosima made the last entry in her diary: she reported that Richard had read Fouquet's Ondine and played the crying of the Daughters of the Rhine from Rhine Gold on the piano [78].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

On February 13, according to Isolde Wagner's memoirs, there was a violent quarrel between Richard and Kozima: Cosima was jealous of her husband for Carrie Pringle, an Englishwoman soprano who sang in Parsifal, with whom the composer allegedly was an affair.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Nowadays, there is no evidence that this novel existed, nor confirmation of Isolde's story [79].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Around noon, Wagner suffered a heart attack and died the same day [78] [80].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Cosima spent more than a day at her husband's body, refusing to rest and eat (however, Carr suggests that the description of Cosima's grief may be exaggerated) [81].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

For the next two days, while the body was being prepared for the funeral, Cosima also stayed with her almost all the time.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

She asked her daughters to cut her hair, which was sewn into a pillow and placed on the chest of the deceased [82].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

On February 16, the funeral motorcade left Venice and arrived in Wanfried two days later.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

After a short service, the composer was buried in the garden of his house.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Cosima spent the months following her husband's death in retreat, even communicating with her children mainly by correspondence [83].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Von Bülow also sent a telegram to Kozima, who wrote to her: “Sister, we must live” [84].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

At the head of the Bayreuth Festival


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Wagner did not leave a will or any orders on the fate of the Bayreuth Festival after his death [85].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

He wrote: “I... can't imagine anyone saying what I think should be said... I can't rely on almost anyone's opinion” [86].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The future of the festival became even more unclear due to the departure of Cosima, who did not communicate with anyone but her daughters and her friend Adolf von Gross.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The 1883 festival was held without Cosima and consisted, as Wagner planned, of twelve performances of Parsifal.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The artistic director of the festival was bass-baritone Emil Scaria, who simultaneously performed the role of Gurnemanz in the opera.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Levi remained the conductor [87].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

At the end of the festival, Cosima received a long anonymous letter criticizing the numerous deviations from the will of the late composer in organizing the festival.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

According to Marek, this letter was the event that determined her life's mission: maintaining Wagner's legacy in its original form.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

With the help of Gross, Cosima achieved recognition of herself and Siegfried as Wagner's only legitimate heirs and, as a result, the authority to hold the festival [87].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In 1885, Cosima announced that the 1886 festival would be held under her leadership.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

She took over as executive for the next 22 years, until 1907.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

During this time, 13 festivals have been held, and the repertoire has been supplemented by other works by Wagner, which completed the formation of the so-called Bayreuth Canon, consisting of ten Wagner masterpieces.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Until 1894, the festival hosted a triumvirate of conductors: Levy, Richter and Felix Motl.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Levy left in 1894, and for the rest of the Cosima era, the festival was managed by Motl and Richter, joined by some other leading conductors of the time [88].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

He repeatedly received invitations from von Bülow, but each time he refused [89].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Cosima rejected Nietzsche's once expressed and the widespread opinion among some fanatical Wagner fans that only Germans could conduct his music [90].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Under her leadership, the festival gained a stable financial support and turned into a profitable enterprise that brought wealth to the Wagner family [91].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Although Frederick Spotts believes that Cosima had creativity that she hid, in life she has always followed the precepts of her late husband and sought to realize his wishes: “We don't need anything create, but only improve in detail” [92].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Bernard Shaw in 1889 spoke sarcastically of Cosima as the “chief chronicler” and regretted that the performance of Wagner's works was reduced to slave copying of lifetime productions [93].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Ten years later, Shaw called the hallmark of the “Bayreuth style” “unbearably old-fashioned poses and gestures characteristic of half speakers, half historical paintings” and singing, “sometimes tolerable, sometimes disgusting” [94].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

According to Spotts, Cosima brought the demand for clarity of pronunciation to a “fetishes”, and as a result, the festival was dominated by an unpleasant manner of performance, which had features of recitation and was contemptuously named critics “Bayreuth barking” [95].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

At her first festival in 1886, Cosima included Tristan und Isolde in the canon [88].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The festival was not interrupted even by the death of Franz Liszt, who fell ill after visiting Tristan und Isolde and died a few days later.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Cosima supervised the preparations for the funeral and the service, but refused to dedicate a concert to his memory or otherwise publicly honor the memory of her father.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

According to Liszt's student Felix Weingartner, “Liszt's death was not so important as to overshadow the Festival at least for a moment” [96].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Parsifal was given at all festivals led by Cosima, with the exception of the 1896 festival, which was entirely dedicated to the Ring of the Nibelungen.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

The Nuremberg Meistersingers were added in 1888, Tannhauser in 1891, Lohengrin in 1894, and The Flying Dutchman in 1901 [88].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In 1894, Levy resigned, who had worked in an anti-Semitic environment all these years. [97]


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In 1896, Siegfried conducted for the first time in Bayreuth; he remained one of the permanent conductors of the festival until Cosima retired [88].


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

Like her husband, Cosima prioritized Bayreuth's interests over her own anti-Semitic views, and Levy, whom she respected as a musician, remained Bayreuth's conductor for a long time.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

In 1897, when Gustav Mahler, a Jew who converted to Catholicism, applied for the post of director of the Vienna Opera, Cosima tried — unsuccessfully — to use all her influence to prevent an appointment.


Question: How many children did Cosima Wagner have?

Cosima Wagner

At the same time, she understood that Mahler, as conductor, was one of the outstanding Wagner interpreters of his time, and at her request in 1894 Mahler was preparing tenor Willy Birrenkoven for the role of Parsifal [98].