Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Pope Paschalius I attracted numerous Greek monks to Rome — icon worshipers who fled Byzantium from the second wave of iconoclasm.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Thanks to this, many Roman basilicas were decorated with rich mosaics, and the Pope himself was immortalized in mosaics of three temples at once — Santa Prassede, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere and Santa Maria in Domnica.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

But Byzantine masters achieved their best result in Rome in Santa Prasseda, where they made mosaics of the apse and presbytery (a cycle based on the motifs of the Apocalypse), as well as the chapels of the saint Zeno, intended for the burial of Theodora, mother of Paschal I.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

This chapel received the name “Garden of Eden” from its contemporaries for its exceptional beauty of the mosaic.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The basilica originally had 24 large windows in the walls of the main nave, 5 in the apse and 6 in the transept.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Thanks to this, the high main nave and apse were brightly lit, and the low side naves drowned in half darkness, which enhanced the impression of the mosaics.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Almost all of these windows were laid during subsequent reconstructions, which significantly distorted the original idea of Paschal I.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Subsequent restructuring


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In 1223, the basilica was home to a “flagellation column”, a column to which Christ was allegedly tied during a scourge in the courtyard of the Praetoria (cf. Christ's Passion).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The presence of such a significant shrine here immediately attached importance to the basilica: the popes celebrated the liturgy there on the fourth Sunday of Great Lent.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

After the 9th century, Santa Prassede was repeatedly rebuilt, completed and reconstructed in accordance with the prevailing “fashion trends”.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In the second half of the 13th century, the basilica received its campanile, and due to lack of space, the bell tower was simply built into the left arm of the transept, blocking it with an additional wall.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

To hide the resulting asymmetry, the right arm of the transept was then rebuilt into a chapel (originally consecrated in honor of all saints, then in honor of the Crucifixion).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Until the end of the 15th century, the presbytery was connected to the campanile (left) and the Chapel of the Crucifixion (right) by arches with columns.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Between 1489 and 1504, the titular cardinal of the basilica, Antonio Pallavicini, closed these arches with blank walls on the lower level, and on the upper level he set up choirs intended for monks, which are now could participate in the service without being visible from below by laity.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Saint Carlo Borromeo, a former titular cardinal from 1564 to 1584, initiated a major reconstruction of the basilica.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

On his instructions, the presbytery was significantly enlarged at the expense of the main nave and richly decorated.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The mosaics of the lower part of the triumphal arch were partially destroyed, and in their place on both sides of the altar, small balconies (poggioli) were arranged to display numerous relics to worshipers.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Sacristy was added to the left arm of the transept, the original windows were walled up in the main nave, and 8 smaller ones were pierced instead, and the entrance to the basilica (staircase and portal) was significantly changed.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In 1594-1600, by order of the titular cardinal Alessandro Medici (later Pope Leo XI), the wall space above the columns separating the main nave from the side nave was decorated with a cycle of 8 frescoes on themes of the Passion of Christ.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The Roman Cathedral of 1725 pointed out the need to emphasize the need to emphasize the main altar allocated in the temple space, as well as to ensure that pilgrims can access relics.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In the spirit of this decision, Cardinal Ludovico Pico dela Mirandola ordered an increase in the crypt and thereby raise the presbytery floor compared to the level of the main nave.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The altar itself was covered with a luxurious ciborium, and access to the crypt was arranged in front of the altar.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The restoration carried out in the 20th century was aimed at restoring the basilica in a form close to its original one.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

As a result, numerous Baroque layers were removed in the main nave, the floor was covered with marble slabs imitating the Cosmatesco style (1918), plaster was knocked off the facade and brickwork was exposed (1937).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Titular basilica and vallombrosians


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In 1153-1154, Santa Praseda and the adjacent monastery were transferred by Pope Anastasia IV to the regular canons of Santa Maria del Reno.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Pope Celestine III (1191-1198) overturned the decision of Anastasia IV, and Innocent III (1198-1216) entrusted the management of the basilica to Vallombrosian monks, in whose hands Santa Prasseda remains to this day.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Santa Prassede has been known as titulus since its legendary foundation in the 1st century; in subsequent centuries, the church retained its status as a titular basilica.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Since 1073, there has been a continuous list of cardinals - titular abbots of Santa Prassede.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Among them are 5 future popes (Honorius II, Lucius III, Julius III, Leo XI, Alexander VIII) and the famous figure of the Counter-Reformation Carlo Borromeo.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The current Cardinal Priest of Santa Prassede (since 1996) is Paul Pupar.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Basilica interior — general view


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Santa Prassede has retained the overall appearance of a classic three-nave basilica with an apse.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The main nave is separated from the side naves by a colonnade that originally consisted of 12 columns on each side.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In the 13th century, to make the structure more rigid, the main nave was reinforced with three transverse arches supported by powerful pylons, which replaced the columns in appropriate places.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Thus, there are currently 9 columns and 3 pylons in each row.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The main nave is much wider and higher than the side ones, the upper register of the clerestoria (space on the colonnade) contains 8 windows for lighting, cut under Carlo Borromeo instead of the original 24.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Eight chapels were added to the side naves at different times, the most famous of which is the Chapel of St. Zeno.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The lower register of the clerestoria, at the direction of the titular cardinal Alessandro Medici (future Leo XI), was decorated with a cycle of frescoes on the themes of the Passion of Christ, each fresco is “supported” by a pair of angels holding hands of instruments of Passion, corresponding to the theme of the fresco.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The following table lists the frescoes in order from the main altar to the main entrance and back counterclockwise.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Theme of the frescoAuthor's weapon in the hands of angelPraying in the Garden of Gethsemane Giovanni Balducci (1550—1631) Olive branchesArrest of Jesus, Peter cuts off the ear of the slave high priest Paris Nogari (1536—1601) RopesJesus at trial Caiafi Giovanni Massei (1540—1614?) Books of ZakonaiJesus at the trial of PilateAgostino Champelli (1565—1630) Scepter JesusAgostino Champelli (1565—1630) Ropes and whipsWedding of Jesus with a crown of thornsBaldazare Croce (1558—1628) TicksECCE HomoAgostino Ciampelli (1565—1630) Crown of ThornsMeeting between Jesus and VeronicGiovanni Balducci (1550—1631) Image Not Made by Hands


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In addition, Giovanni Balducci performed a series of monochrome works on the walls of the main nave dedicated to the lives of Joseph and Moses.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The entrance door of the basilica is framed by a false marble (actually painted) portal.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The tympanum of the portal is decorated with allegorical figures of Faith and Justice supporting the coat of arms of Pope Clement VIII (by Stephane Pieri (1542—1629); the same author owns a fresco with the Annunciation on both to the sides of the portal.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The basilica floor was rebuilt in 1916 in a cosmatesco style.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

A large circle on the red porphyry floor marks the place of the well destroyed during the reconstruction, in which Saint Praxeda, according to legend, buried the bodies of the martyrs.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The caisson ceiling of the basilica was remade in 1868; the material was wood from the Vallombrosa Monastery, the cradle of Vallombrosians.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The main motif is crowns and palm trees, which are symbols of martyrdom.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The apse and the presbytery — an overview


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The presbytery in its modern form was formed after the reconstruction of 1728-1734 according to the project of Francesco Ferrai by order of Cardinal Ludovico Pico del Mirandola.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The presbytery is bounded by an apse, a triumphal arch and two side wings with choirs above them.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The choirs, which arose at the turn of the XV-XVI centuries, are intended for the inhabitants of the monastery, who had the opportunity to participate in the service, remaining invisible to the laity.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The side wings that border the presbytery are decorated with six columns (three on each side) dating back to the 1st and 2nd centuries, although their original capitals have been lost.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The columns frame marble portals (two on each side), although three of the four doors available are false.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In the Basilica of Paschalia I, the apse was illuminated by 5 windows, but all of them were laid during subsequent reconstructions.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

On the site of the last of them (located along the main axis of the basilica) there is an altar image of St. Praxeda by Domenico Muratori.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The main altar of Santa Prassede was completely redone in 1728-1734 and covered with a ciborium.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The angels on the four corners of the ciborium (by Giuseppe Rusconi) and the frescoes in the ciborium dome (by Antonio Biccherai) are also an 18th-century work.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Only four porphyry columns have survived from the earlier ciborium.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In the same 1728-1734, the presbytery was artificially raised (due to the expansion of the crypt) above the level of the main nave of the basilica by six steps.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Thanks to this reconstruction, it was the altar with the ciborium that became the semantic and artistic center of the basilica, shifting the attention of worshipers from the Byzantine mosaics of the 9th century to itself.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Presbytery mosaics


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Meanwhile, it was the mosaics of the apse that opened its arches and closed the presbytery of the triumphal arch that were, according to Paschal I, the most important element of the basilica.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The mosaics are inspired by the motifs of the Apocalypse and are the most significant Byzantine work on this topic in Rome.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Konkhi apse mosaics


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The scene in the conch of the apse shows the future second coming of Christ.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In the center, Christ walks towards the worshipers along red, blue and green clouds (a similar color scheme can be found in the Roman basilica of Santi Cosma y Damiano).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

His right hand is raised and shows nail marks; in his left hand the Savior holds a scroll (symbol of legislation) with the Greek letters Α and Ω.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

This image illustrates the beginning of the Apocalypse: “Behold, he comes with clouds, and every eye will see Him, and those that pierced Him... I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, says the Lord” ().


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The Greek letters Α and Ω — the first and last in the alphabet — indicate the omnipotence of Christ, who contains all creation, from the beginning of time to the end of the world.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

These two letters, which appear repeatedly in the text of the Apocalypse, appear in Christian art during the persecution and are repeated many times in the Roman catacombs.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

On the right and left hands of Christ are the Apostles Paul and Peter dressed in white (the color of righteousness) with purple (sign of martyrdom) clothes.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

They are the first to welcome the newly arrived Christ, being, first, the first apostles to the entire universe and, secondly, the apostles who preached the gospel in Rome.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

With one hand, the Apostle Paul hugs Praxeda, and Peter hugs Pudentsian, with the other hand pointing to the virgins of their heavenly Bridegroom.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Praxeda and Pudentiana are dressed in clothes embroidered with gold and precious stones, and in the hands of the saints there are gold crowns with white bedspreads (emblems of virginity and betrothal to Christ).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Next to Paul and Praxeda is also depicted the builder of the basilica, Pope Paschalius I.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

He is dressed in gold robes and a white pallium with a cross (sign of dignity), and in his hands is a model of the basilica he built.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Easter I differs from all participants in the scene in an unusual — blue square, not round gold — halo, indicating that Dad was still alive at the time of making the mosaic.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

At the opposite end of the mosaic, symmetrically to Paschal I, there is a deacon whose rank is easily identified by the Gospel in his hands and a dalmatic with wide sleeves.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The authors of the mosaic did not sign the image, so it is not possible to accurately determine the name of the deacon.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

It could be Saint Kiriac, whose relics were transferred to the basilica by Paschal I, or Saint Zeno, to whom the side chapel is dedicated.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The whole composition is closed by two palm trees indicating paradise as the scene, and on one of the trees sits a phoenix topped with a blue halo, an early Christian symbol of Christ and the Resurrection.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In addition to horizontal development, the composition also has a second dimension — up and down.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Above Christ's head, in white clouds, you can see the hand of God the Father pointing to the Son, and the gold-blue stripe under the Savior's feet is signed as Jordan.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Thus, in the vertical direction, this mosaic is read as a symbolic image of the baptism of Christ ().


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Mosaic artists draw a parallel between the beginning of Christ's sermon on salvation and its logical conclusion — the end of this world.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The lower semicircle of the konha represents another symbolic picture.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Christ is depicted as the Lamb of God taking on the sin of the world (comparable to the hymn of Agnus Dei to the Roman Mass).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The lamb stands on a mountain from which four streams flow down, the image of four rivers of paradise and at the same time four evangelists carrying the Gospel to all parts of the world.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

There are six more lambs to the right and left of the lamb, forming together 12 lambs, the number of the first apostles.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Six of them come out of Jerusalem, the place of Christ's Resurrection; the other six come from Bethlehem, the city of His Nativity.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

According to another interpretation, the lambs leaving Jerusalem symbolize Christians from the Jews, and those leaving Bethlehem symbolize Christians from the Gentiles (since the Magi worshiped Christ in Bethlehem).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The symbolism of the composition is further complicated by the fact that the walls of Jerusalem are decorated with precious stones and do not have towers.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

This makes it possible to see in the composition a hint of John's seeing heavenly Jerusalem ().


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

From below, the mosaic of konha is completed by a Latin hexameter, which reads: “This resting place in honor of the noble Praxeda, beloved by the Lord in heaven, is replete with jewels thanks to the diligence of Paschal, disciple of the apostolic throne. He placed the bodies of numerous saints under these walls, confident that they deserved them to rest in heaven.”


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Koncha apse (left side): Apostle Paul, Praxeda, Paschalius I, palm tree with phoenix (right to left) Koncha apse (center): Christ coming on the cloudsKoncha apse (right side): Apostle Peter, Pudentiana, Saint Kyriac (Zeno?) (from left to right)


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Mosaics of the apse arch


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The mosaics of the arch preceding the apse illustrate Chapters 4 and 5 of the Apocalypse.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In the center of the arch, a blue medallion depicts Christ in the form of a slain Lamb.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In front of him is a book sealed with seven seals, which only He living in the universe can open ().


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The medallion with the Lamb is surrounded by seven golden lamps, which in the Apocalypse designate the seven churches in Asia, and are explained by interpreters as the entirety of the universal Church.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The medallion and lamps are surrounded by angels (two on the right and left) and mysterious creatures of the Apocalypse — a lion, a man (left), an eagle and a taurus (right).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The latter are traditionally associated with four evangelists (Mark, Matthew, John and Luke respectively) and are therefore depicted holding the Gospels in their hands.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

As the action takes place in heaven, red, blue and green clouds float under the feet of angels and animals.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The lower register of the mosaic depicts 24 elders in white clothes and with gold crowns in their hands (;).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The number of elders, which is twice the number of 12, is usually interpreted as 12 patriarchs of the tribes of Israel and the 12 apostles, that is, Christians from Jews and Gentiles, respectively.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The pure Roman detail of the mosaic is characteristic — the elders lay their crowns before the Lamb, holding them covered with their hands.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

This is how, in ancient Rome, it was supposed to present or receive gifts from the emperor with covered hands.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The inner surface of the arch is covered with floral motifs, and in the center of it is the monogram of the basilica builder Pope Paschalius I.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Triumphal Arch Mosaics


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The Arc de Triomphe, which opens the entrance to the presbytery from the main space of the main nave, is also decorated with complex mosaics on the themes of the Apocalypse.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The exact meaning of the entire composition can no longer be deciphered, since individual elements of the mosaic were destroyed during the reconstruction of the basilica in the 16th century, and the arch itself underwent an unsuccessful restoration of the 19th century .


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In the middle of the mosaic, heavenly Jerusalem is depicted with walls decorated with precious stones ().


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In the city center, Christ, dressed in scarlet and gold clothes, teaches the blessing with his right hand and holding a scroll in his left hand.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The Savior has two angels behind him with open wings.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

On His right hand, He will have the Mother of God, John the Baptist (recognizable by his characteristics) and six apostles; on his left hand is Saint Praxeda and six other apostles.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The farthest position on Christ's right hand is occupied by Moses, holding a table with the word Lex in his hands; on his left is Elijah, extending his white-covered hands to the Savior.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Next to Elijah is another apocalyptic character, an angel, who combines two messengers of Revelation by holding an open book in one hand and a “golden measuring cane in the other” the city and its gates and its walls” ().


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The gates of heavenly Jerusalem are guarded by angels (), and crowds of rescued people are moving towards this gate, honored to enter the city.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The group on the left side of the mosaic is led by an angel; on the right is led by an angel with the Apostles Peter and Paul.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The right group of the rescued was seriously damaged in the 16th and 19th centuries, while the left group features bishops dressed in robes and pallium, officials in colorful chlamyds, and richly dressed women.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

All of them hold golden crowns in their hands.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

These two groups are usually associated with the last verses of Revelation 21: “Saved nations will walk in his light, and kings of the earth will bring glory and honor to it. Its gates will not be locked during the day, and there will be no night there. And they will bring glory and honor of peoples to it. And nothing unclean will enter it, and no one who is devoted to abomination and lies, but only those written in the Lamb's book of life” ().


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Two groups of men on the right and left sides of the lower register of the mosaic are more difficult to interpret.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

They are dressed in white clothes, holding golden crowns and branches of palm trees in their hands.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

These people, according to various versions, may be:


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

144,000 sealed from the sons of Israel (12,000 from each of the 12 tribes of Israel);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

saved, of whom the Apocalypse says: “A great multitude of people, whom no one could count, from all tribes and tribes, and peoples and languages, stood before the throne and before the Lamb in white robes and with palm branches in their hands. And they cried out in a loud voice, saying, Salvation to our God sitting on the throne, and the Lamb!” ().


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

2,300 martyrs, whose relics were transferred by Paschal I to the basilica.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Accurate identification of these groups is impossible, as part of the mosaic was destroyed at the direction of Carlo Borromeo when constructing balconies (poggioli) to display relics.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

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Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

St. Zeno's Chapel


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Chapel history


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The chapel of St. Zeno was built by Pope Paschalius I as a future tomb for his mother Theodora.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The chapel is one of the few examples of an early medieval oratorio attached to the main church building and having its own dome.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Almost nothing is known about Saint Zeno, in whose honor the chapel was consecrated, and whose relics were placed under her throne.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Some epitaphs found in the basilica suggest that Zeno was a deacon and served together with Holy Presbyter Valentine (who has nothing to do with the patron saint of lovers).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The chapel was decorated with mosaics created by Greek monks who fled to Rome from Byzantium from the second wave of iconoclasm.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

For the splendor of the mosaics, the Chapel of St. Zeno received the name Hortus Paradisi — “Garden of Eden” during the lifetime of its founder.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Another popular name for the chapel is Sancta Maria libera nos a poenis inferni, associated with the privilege allegedly granted by Paschal I, which frees the soul from purgatory, about repose to which five masses will be served here.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Local tradition suggests that Paschalius I himself was buried in the chapel, but Liber Pontificalis unequivocally states that the Pope was buried in St. Peter's Basilica.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Chapel mosaics


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Above the entrance to the chapel there are two semicircular series of gold medallions on a blue background.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The medallions of the “outer” semicircle depict Christ (in the center) and the twelve apostles, the “inner” depicts the Theotokos with the Child (center), to the right and left of her two holy men (it is assumed that this is Valentine and Zeno), and then holy wives (four on each side).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Outside the semicircles, Moses and Elijah are also represented in the medallions.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Already during the restoration of the 19th century, the Byzantine mosaic was supplemented from below with portraits of two popes — Paschal I and his successor Eugene II.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The mosaic of the counterfacade (the entrance wall, but already inside the chapel) contains a typical Byzantine plot — the Prepared Throne (a symbol of the expected second coming of Christ).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The apostles Peter (in his left hand with keys) and Paul (in his left hand there is a scroll instead of the usual sword) prayerfully stand before the throne.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

200px|centerChapel facadeChapel counterfacade


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

On the left of the entrance, the wall of the chapel depicts Saints Agnes, Pudentian and (separated by a blind window) Praxeda.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The holy maidens walk in procession towards the altar of the chapel, dressed in gold robes with precious stones, and their hands covered with white veils carry golden crowns.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

As in the mosaics of the apse, saints who have received glory in heaven present their crowns to Christ, and their veiled hands remind us of the Roman custom of presenting gifts to the emperor with covered hands.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The arched passage in the left wall leading to the adjacent room (where Cardinal Cetivi has been resting since 1474) is also richly decorated with mosaics.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The inner surface of the arch, in addition to floral patterns, contains a small mosaic depicting the descent of Christ into hell.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Christ is depicted in a blue mandorla, symbolizing His glory, rays of light emanating from Him in all directions, followed by an angel, greeted by Adam and Eve.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In the background, the mosaic artists depicted Death bound and defeated.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The niche under the arch contains two mosaics.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The upper one depicts Christ in the form of the Lamb, standing on the top of a hill from which four rivers flow down (a similar plot is found in the conch of the apse).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Deer and fallow deer quench their thirst from the streams, reminding of verse 41 of Psalm: “As a doe wants streams of water, so does my soul wish for You, God!” ().


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The lower mosaic of the niche depicts the Mother of God surrounded by Saints Pudentiana and Praxeda, and to the left of this group there is a portrait of Theodora, mother of Paschalius I, for whose burial the chapel was intended.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

At the time of working on the mosaic, Theodora was still alive, as indicated by a square blue, not a round gold, halo above her head.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Numerous speculations among researchers are caused by the inscription above Theodora's head: TEODO (ra) EPISCOPA.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The simplest explanation for the name of Theodora “bishop” is deep respect for the mother of the ruling pope.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Nevertheless, an exotic assumption is sometimes made (especially against the background of the practice of the female priesthood that has arisen in a number of Protestant denominations) about the sacred rank of Theodora.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

However, no outside evidence of this “female bishop” was found.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

200px|centerSaints Agnes, Pudentian and Praxeda (from left to right) Descent into Adagnes of God and Fallow deer (above); Theotokos with Saints Praxeda and Pudentiana, and “Theodora the Bishop” (below)


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The chapel wall to the right from the entrance is arranged symmetrically to the left.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In its upper part, the Apostles James and Andrew walking to the altar are depicted, and John the Theologian follows them with the Gospel in his hands, separated from his brethren by a blind window.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

An arched opening in the wall leads to a room in which a flogging post has been kept since 1699.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The niche of the arch depicts Christ the Almighty blessing with his right hand and holding the Gospel in his left hand.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

On either side of him are two unknown holy husbands, who are sometimes seen as Saints Presbyter Valentine and Deacon Zeno.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The inner surface of the arch is covered with complex floral ornaments.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The Apostles John, Andrew and James (from left to right) Christ with St.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Valentin (?) and Zeno (?)


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The chapel altar is located in a niche opposite the entrance.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The only outer window of the chapel is located above the altar and, in addition to the function of natural lighting, also has a symbolic meaning.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

On both sides of the window opening, the mosaic artists depicted the Mother of God and John the Baptist, prayerfully stretching their hands to the window.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Involving the mosaic of the left and right walls in the examination, you can see that the composition of the mosaics of the chapel is similar to a typical Byzantine deesis: on the left to the altar, holy wives pray (Theotokos, Praxeda, Pudentian and Agnes), on the right are holy men (John the Baptist, John the Theologian, Apostles Andrew and James).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The central place in the deesis should be occupied by Christ, the Light of the Evening, replaced, according to the mosaicists, by natural light pouring from the only outer window of the chapel.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

With this consideration, the scene of the Transfiguration of Christ, placed by mosaic artists in a niche under the window (and accordingly above the altar), occupies a logical place in the composition of the chapel.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Theotokos and John the BaptistTransfiguration of ChristThe Mother of God with Child and the Upcoming Praxeda and Pudentiana


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

This explanation is the most common explanation for the composition of the mosaics of the St. Zeno Chapel, but it has a significant flaw.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In the Deesis row, John the Theologian is defiantly incorrectly depicted, facing not the window, the light from which depicts Christ here, but in the opposite direction.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

This arrangement of the characters can be explained when the dome mosaic is included in the consideration.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In the center of the dome is depicted in the medallion Christ the Almighty.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The medallion is supported by four white-robed angels, who in turn stand on the gilded capitals of the columns.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

These columns are simply attached to the wall and do not carry any physical activity, their purpose is symbolic — to support the figures of angels.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

If we consider that Christ in the dome is the semantic center of the chapel, the entire mosaic composition is read as follows.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

All the saints depicted on the four walls of the chapel, including the “wrong” converted John the Theologian, individually offer their prayers and throw their crowns before Christ, looking from above from domes rather than carrying them in an organized procession down the aisle.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In this reading of the mosaic, the chapels do not involve worshipers in the “horizontal” procession of saints, but draw them in the “vertical” direction directly to the throne of Christ.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

This interpretation of the mosaics overlooks the chapel's outer window, making it redundant in the complex composition.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Directly above the altar there is another mosaic — the Mother of God and Child with the upcoming Saints Praxeda and Pudentiana.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

For a long time, this mosaic was considered part of the original composition of the 9th century, but recent studies date its creation to the 13th century.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Nevertheless, its authors were guided by Byzantine models, so that the mosaic fit seamlessly into the overall composition of the chapel.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Castigation column


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The flagellation column (pillar) located in the chapel of St. Zeno is said to be the pillar to which Christ was tied during the scourge in Pilate's house.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The pillar is a low column with a capital, with a variable thickness (in the middle is the bottleneck in which a metal ring was attached until the 13th century).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

It is alleged that Christ's hands were tied to a ring, and the small size of the column forced Him to be in a bent position, which allowed the torturers to whip not only His shoulders, but and on the chest.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The relic was brought to the basilica in 1223 by its titular cardinal Giovanni Colonna, a former papal legate in Syria during the Fifth Crusade.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In the 13th century, the ring to which Christ's hands were tied was separated from the column and handed over to King Louis IX of France the Saint in exchange for three thorns from the crown of thorns (now these spikes are in Santa Croce in Gerusalemme).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In 1585, part of the base was separated from the column and transferred by Sixtus V to Padua.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

From 1223 to 1699, the castigation column was located in the sacristy of Santa Prassede, then moved to its current location in the Chapel of St. Zeno.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Other chapels


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In addition to the Chapel of St. Zeno, seven more chapels were built in the Church of Santa Prassede.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

They are incomparable to the first, but are also of interest, as they reflect a variety of architectural styles and contain works of art from different eras.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Plan numberChapel nameDate of consecration of painting12Chapel of the Crucifixion (formerly All Saints) of the 13th centuryFiftieth century, from which, according to legend, Christ spoke with St. Brigitte of Sweden; image of the Virgin” Madonna della Salute” (XIII century); fresco (XIII-XIV centuries) “Crucifixion with the Coming Theotokos and John the Theologian” (XIV century) 18Chapel of St. Pius X (until 1954 Cesi Chapel) 1595 plafond “God the Father in glory with angels, with the upcoming Paschal I, Saints Philippe Neri, Francesca Romana and Firmina” (Guglielmo Cortese, 17th century); in lunettes - “The murder of Frangirani during Gelasius II celebrated Mass in Santa Prassede” and “Empress Pulcheria erects a statue of the Virgin” (both Ciro Ferri, 17th century); side walls - “Adoration of the Magi” and “Saints Joachim and Anna receive news of the impending birth of Mary ” (both Guglielmo Cortese, 17th century), altar image — “Saint Pius X” .19Chapel of St. Bernardo degli Uberti (until 1886 in honor of the Madonna of the Rosary) 1886 side walls — “Martyrdom of Blessed Tesauro Beccaria” (Domenico Pestrini, XVIII century) and “Saint Peter Iños Aldobrandini Walks Unharmed Through the Fire” (Angelo Soccorsi, 18th century); altar image — “Saint Bernardo degli Uberti stops Po Flood” (Filippo Luzzi, XVIII century) 4Chapel of St. Peter (until 1735 of St. Praxeda) 1735 side walls - “Saint Emerentian” and “John the Baptist” (both Giuseppe Severoni, XVIII century); altar image — “The Apostle Peter visits the house of Senator Pood and his daughters Praxeda and Pudentiana” (unknown author, XVIII century) 5Chapel of St. Carlo Borromeo1735 side walls — “Angels show guns Passion to Saint Carlo Borromeo” and “Carlo Borromeo's Ecstasy before the Holy Gifts” (Ludovico Stern, 18th century); altar image — “Carlo Borromeo thanks God for ending the epidemic in Milan” (Stefano Parrochel, XVIII century); relic — chair Carlo Borromeo.6Capella Olgiati1583 — 1586 dome — Ascension of Christ, with the upcoming prophets Ezekiel, Jeremiah, Micah and Moses, and the Teachers of the Church Gregory the Great, Blessed Jerome and Augustine, Ambrose of Milan; side walls — “Resurrection of Christ” and “Ascension of the Virgin Mary”; above the entrance - “The Last Supper”, “Appearance of the Risen Christ Mary Magdalene” and “The Appearance of Christ to His Disciples in Emmaus” (all listed — Cavalier d'Arpino, 1587); altar image — “Christ falls under the weight of the cross and meets Veronica, with the upcoming Andrew The First-Called and Bernard Clairvovsky” (Federico Zuccari, 16th century); relic is a table at which Carlo Borromeo fed the poor. 7Chapel of St. John Gualbert 1933 side walls — “John Gualbert tramples on the heresies in the form of hydra” and “John Gualbert forgives the murderer of his brother”; the altar image is “John Gualbert with two angels”; the concha of the apse - “The Ascension of the Virgin with the upcoming monks and nuns — Vallombrosians” (all of the above are Giulio Bargellini, XX century).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Tombs and monuments


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In addition to the chapel of St. Zeno, originally intended for burial, the basilica houses several historical tombs.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In the Chapel of the Crucifixion (number 12 on the plan) there is the tomb of Cardinal Ankero Pantaleone, who was killed on this site on November 1, 1286.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The tombstone is a sarcophagus decorated with small columns and rectangular inserts in the cosmatesco style, covered with a marble shroud.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

On top of the veil is a resting cardinal in full robes.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The elegant folds of his clothes and bedspreads make the tombstone similar to those of Arnolfo di Cambio.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In the room (on plan 14), adjacent to the Chapel of St. Zeno, there is the tomb of the titular cardinal of the Basilica Alano Cetivi (died 1474) by Lombard sculptor Andrea Bregno.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The sarcophagus, which depicts the lying cardinal, is placed in the center of a large arch, from the depths of which the Apostles Peter and Paul, as well as Saints Praxeda and Pudentian, look at the deceased.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Two more tombs are marble floor slabs of the XIV century with carved relief images.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Pharmacist Giovanni da Montopoli is buried under one of them (in the Cesi Chapel — plan 18).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

He is depicted wearing a long cloak, wearing a kind of pilgrim hat (in the form of a shell) and a shoulder bag behind his back, which suggests his sudden death in Rome during a pilgrimage.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Under the second slab (in the corner to the left of the main entrance), a certain Giovanni Carbone is buried.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

On the tombstone, he is depicted in armor, with a dagger at his right and a sword at his left thigh, and two puppies swarming at his legs.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

These details suggest that the deceased is a nobleman, and the puppies depicted point to their native country - Naples.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The most famous in Santa Prasseda is the monument to Bishop Giovanni Batista Santoni (plan 15).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Most art critics consider it an early work by Gian Lorenzo Bernini.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Ankero Pantaleone Tombstone (XIII century) Alano Cetivi Tombstone (XV century) J.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

B.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Santoni (prep by Bernini)


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Crypt


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The crypt of Santa Prassede was built by Paschal I at the same time as the basilica, and it was here that the relics of 2,300 saints from various Roman catacombs were transferred.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The 9th-century commemorative marble plaque, now located in the Chapel of the Crucifixion, mentions the following popes buried in the basilica: Urban I, Stephen I, Anterre, Miltiades, Fabian, Julius I, Pontian, Syritius, Lucius I, Sixtus II, Felix I, Anastasius I, Celestine I; as well as 3 bishops, 4 elders, 2 deacons, more than 40 martyrs by name (some others are indicated only by their number, for example, 66 martyrs, 1124 martyrs etc.), 16 virgins and martyrs (head the list of Praxed and Pudentian).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Initially, the crypt was semicircular with two entrances from both branches of the transept, and pilgrims could only pass by the room with relics.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

In 1728-1734, the crypt was significantly enlarged, and a staircase was arranged that led from the main altar directly to the relics room, turned into a chapel.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The small rectangular chapel contains four ancient sarcophagi (standing in pairs in two rows, two sarcophagi contain, according to the inscription, the relics of Saints Praxeda and Pudentiana) and an altar decorated in the style cosmatesco.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The walls of the semicircular part of the crypt, located behind the chapel, are decorated with fragments of ancient and medieval epitaphs.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

200px|centerCrypt with sarcophagi of Saints Prasseda and Pudentiana9th-century marble plaque with the names of saints whose relics were transferred to Santa Prasseda


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Titular Church


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

The Church of Saint Praxeda is a titular church, a cardinal priest with the title of the church of St. Praxeda.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

At different times, this title was held by:


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Silvano Antonio (?) (318? —?) ;


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Serrano Aquilero (?) (335? —?) ;


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Domizio Ligo (?) (387? —?) ;


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Annio Longo (?) (421? —?) ;


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Severo Flavio (475? —?) ;


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Ginesio (?) (478? —?) ;


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Sebastiano (?) 482? —?) ;


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Lavrenty (494—?) ;


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Lorenzo (?) (515? —?) ;


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Pietro (530? —?) ;


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Avenisio (590—?) ;


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Pasquale Massimi (796—817);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Ottavio Elario (829—?) ;


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Adimaro, O.S.B.Cas.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

(1062—about 1073);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Benedetto Cao (1073—1077 or 1087);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Desiderio (after 1077 or 1087 to 1099);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Lamberto Scannabecchi di Fagnano, C.R.S.A. (1099—1105);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Desiderio (1105—about 1138);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Crisogono (1138-1140);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Ubaldo Alluchignoli (1141—1158);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Ridolfo Nigelli (1188—1189);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Rufino (1190-1191/1192);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Soffredo Errico Gaetani (1193—1210);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Giovanni Colonna Jr. (1212—1245);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Anchero Pantaleon (1262—1286);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Sud Eslen de Billaume, in commendam (1294—1299);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Pedro Gomez Barosso (1327—1341);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Gilles Riguad, O.S.B. (1350-1353);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Marco da Viterbo, O.F.M. (1366—1369);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Pedro Gómez de Barroso Albornoz (1371-1374)


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Pietro Pileo di Prata (1378-1384);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Tommaso Ammanati (1385—1396), pseudo-cardinal of Antipope Clement VII;


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Pedro Fernández (de Frías) (1405—1412), pseudo-cardinal of Antipope Clement VII;


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Antonio Calvo (1405—1409);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Raimond Mairose (1426—1427);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

vacant (1427—1440);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Jean Le Jeune (de Macel) (1440-1441);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Alain de Coëtivy (1448-1465), in commendam (1465—1474);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Giovanni Arcimboldo (1476—1488);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Antonio Pallavicini (o Antonio) (1489-1503);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Gabriele de' Gabrielli (1507-1511);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Christopher Bainbridge (1511—1514);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Antonio Maria Ciocchi del Monte (1514-1521);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Ippolito de' Medici (1529—1532);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Tommaso de Vio, O.P. (1534);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Francesco Cornaro (1535—1541)


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Philippe de la Chambray, O.S.B. (1541—1542);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Gasparo Contarini (February 15 — August 24, 1542);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte (1542—1543);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Miguel de Silva (1543—1552)


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Cristoforo Ciocchi del Monte (1552—1564);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Carlo Borromeo (1564—1584);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Nicolas de Pelleve (November 14, 1584 — March 28, 1594);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Alessandro Ottaviano de Medici (1594—1600);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Simeone Tagliavia d'Aragona (1600);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Antonio Maria Galli (o Gallo) (1600-1605);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Ottavio Acquaviva d'Aragona, Sr.


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Bartolomeo Cesi (1613—1620);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Roberto Bellarmine, S.J. (August 31, 1621 — September 17, 1621);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

François d'Escoublo de Surdi (1621—1628);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Marcello Lante (1628—1629);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Roberto Ubaldini (August 20, 1629 — April 22, 1635);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Guido Bentivoglio (May 7, 1635 — March 28, 1639)


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Giulio Roma (1639—1644);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Ernest Adalbert von Harrach (1644—1667)


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Giulio Gabrielli (1667);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Virginio Orsini (1667—1668);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Alderano Cibo (January 30, 1668 — September 13, 1677);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Luigi Omodei (1677—1680);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Pietro Vito Ottoboni (1680-1681);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Francesco Albizzi (1681—1684);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Decio Azzolini Jr. (November 13, 1684 — June 8, 1689);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Giulio Spinola (1689—1691);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Francesco Maidalchini (1691—1700);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Galeazzo Marescotti (June 21, 1700 — April 30, 1708);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Fabrizio Spada (April 30, 1708 — February 19, 1710);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Bandino Panciatici (1710—1718);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Francesco Barberini Jr. (May 11, 1718 — March 3, 1721);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Giuseppe Sacripante (1721—1726);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Filippo Antonio Gualterio (1726-1728);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Lodovico Pico della Mirandola (1728-1731);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Antonio Felice Zondadari (1731—1737);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Giorgio Spinola (December 16, 1737 — September 3, 1738);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Luis Antonio de Belluga y Moncada (1738—1743);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Angelo Maria Quirini, O.S.B. (March 11, 1743 — January 6, 1755)


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Domenico Silvio Passionei (1755—1759);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Giacomo Oddi (1759—1763)


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Carlo Vittorio Amedeo delle Lanze (1763—1783)


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Vitaliano Borromeo (1783—1793);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Francesco Saverio de Zelada (June 17, 1793 — December 19, 1801);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Antonio Dugnani (1801—1807);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Carlo Bellisomi (1807-1808);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

vacant (1808—1814);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Giovanni Filippo Gallarati Scotti (September 26, 1814 — December 21, 1818), in commendam (December 21, 1818 — October 6, 1819);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

vacant (1819—1823);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Francesco Serlupi Crescenzi (May 16, 1823 — February 6, 1828);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Antonio Domenico Gamberini (1829—1839), in commendam (1839—1841);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Paolo Polidori (1841-1847);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Luigi Vannicelli Casoni (1847-1877);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Edoardo Borromeo (1878—1881);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Angelo Bianchi (1883—1889);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Tommaso Maria Dziliara, O.P. (1891—1893);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Gaetano Aloisi Masella (1893—1902);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Rafael Merry del Val y Zulueta (1903—1930);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Raffaele Carlo Rossi, O.C.D. (1930—1948);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

vacant (1948—1953);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Pietro Ciriachi (1953—1964);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Owen McCann (1965—1994);


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Paul Pupar (since 1996).


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Sources


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Category:Catholic churches in Italy


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

N


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

N


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Category:Byzantine art


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Category:Mosaic


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Category:Buildings and structures founded in 817


Question: When was St. Zeno's Chapel created in the Basilica of Santa Prasseda?

Basilica of Saint Praxeda

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 822


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year (GAU index - 52-P-353) is a Soviet light regimental gun of 76.2 mm caliber of direct support of infantry and cavalry with fire and wheels.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

It is the first large-scale model of artillery equipment created in the USSR.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The gun was in mass production from 1928 to 1943, took an active part in many pre-war armed conflicts involving the USSR, as well as in the Great Patriotic War.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In total, about 18,000 guns of this type were produced.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Regimental guns, which were constantly in infantry battle formations and quickly suppressed enemy firing points, enjoyed the love and respect of the infantrymen and their own crews; in the soldier's vocabulary, they were called “generals” or affectionately emotionally “bobiks” [1].


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The gun served as a prototype for the creation of the first domestic serial tank and self-propelled guns of medium caliber.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

At the same time, this gun was quite conservative in design, excessively heavy, had insufficient horizontal aiming sector and armor penetration before the introduction of a cumulative projectile.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Therefore, in 1943, it was replaced in production by a 76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1943 (OB-25) of the same purpose.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

History


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Prerequisites


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In the Russian Empire, regimental artillery was abolished in 1800 [2], and, as a result, the development and production of regimental guns was completed.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

At the same time, light anti-assault guns intended for fortress artillery were created and produced.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

According to the tactics of their use, such guns, when storming the fortress, had to quickly roll out of shelters by crews and open direct fire at enemy attacking infantry; in addition, anti-assault guns were supposed to accompany the garrison of the fortress during sorties.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The specifics of the use of anti-assault guns imposed certain requirements on their characteristics (lightness, high rate of fire, relatively short firing range), which coincided with required characteristics for regimental guns.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Thus, structurally, anti-assault guns were actually regimental guns [3].


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Also, both in terms of design and tactical and technical characteristics, light mountain guns were very close to regimental guns.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

With the outbreak of the First World War, the 76 mm anti-assault guns modr.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1910, they were removed from the fortresses and sent to field artillery.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

At the beginning of the 20th century, the leadership of the Main Artillery Directorate realized the need to adopt a light field gun, but the term “regimental gun” in relation to such guns has not yet was used [3].


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1914, such a gun was manufactured, tested and put into production at the Putilov Plant, officially adopted as the “3-inch short gun mod. 1913”. (“long” meant a 3-inch gun mod. 1902 with a barrel length of 30 calibers).


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Structurally, the gun was created on the basis of a 76 mm mountain cannon mod.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1909, which, in turn, was a collapsible (barrel and clutch with a bolt) body of the gun system of the Greek Colonel Dangleys on a mountain carriage developed by Schneider.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In particular, the design of the barrel, recoil devices, wheels were almost completely borrowed from the mountain cannon, and the design of the carriage was largely preserved.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

At the same time, the latter became non-separable, unlike the mountain cannon [3].


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

3-inch short gun mod.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1913 was mass-produced in 1914-1920, was actively used in the First World War and the Civil War.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

After the end of the Civil War, there was a rethinking of military experience, expressed in particular in the final design of the concept of a regimental gun.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In particular, in 1924, an article by I. Sokolovsky, in which the basics of the use of regimental artillery were set out as follows [1]:


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1. Regimental artillery must be brought up on the cult of open positions...


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

2. Regimental artillery, as a rule, should occupy positions in the area of advanced infantry units (machine-gun combat groups of mechanized infantry, as they, as a rule, go ahead of the rifle).


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

... Regimental artillery guns, before they appear in a combat position and after they have solved a combat mission, must be in a sheltered place, as close as possible to the line of fire in a wait-and-see position, from where you can feel the fighting experiences of the infantry and follow all the twists and turns of the battle...


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Creating


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1924, the Soviet military leadership decided to create a regimental gun, since the 76-mm cannon modr.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1902 was too heavy and had limited mobility.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

It was decided to abandon the design of the gun from scratch, creating a gun based on existing models.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

As prototypes, the 76 mm mountain cannon mod.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1909, 76 mm anti-assault gun mod.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1910 and 76 mm short cannon mod.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1913, from which the last one was chosen at the beginning of 1925.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The task for the design of a new gun was issued by the Design Bureau of the Arms and Artillery Trust (OAT) under the leadership of S. P. Shukalov, and designer Sokolov also presented his project [3].


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The design of the new gun was completed by the end of 1925, and at the beginning of 1926, a prototype of the OAT Design Bureau gun was manufactured [1].


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Prototypes of guns were tested at the Research Artillery Range and the Klementyevsky Training Ground of the Leningrad Military District from January to June 1927.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

During the tests, it was noted that it was inexpedient to increase the initial speed of more than 381 m/s (at high speeds, instability of the gun and a large spread of shells were observed).


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Wishes were also expressed to increase the maximum elevation angle of the gun and the maximum speed of the carriage.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

After carrying out appropriate improvements, at the beginning of 1928, the OAT Design Bureau cannon was adopted for service with the Red Army under the official name “76 mm regimental gun mod. 1927”.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

At the same time, all work on further improvement of the gun was entrusted to the Artillery Technical Office (ATK) of the Putilov Plant, where mass production of guns began.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Before the start of mass production, ATK under the leadership of F. F. Lander made some improvements to the gun.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The first serial regimental guns were accepted by the military on December 22, 1928 [1].


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Production


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Serial production of the gun was carried out from 1928 to 1943, while from 1928 to 1941 the guns were produced at the Leningrad Putilov (Kirovsky) Plant, and in 1942-1943 - at Plant No. 172.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Detailed information on the production of guns before 1938 is not available; it is only known that before November 1, 1936, at least 1,634 guns were produced (including 14 training guns).


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Production of 76 mm regimental guns mod.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927, pcs.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

(since 1938) [3] 1938 year1939 year1940 1941 1942 1943 year10001300900391868092555


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Upgrades


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

From 1929 to 1934, the gun underwent constant improvements.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Their goal was to simplify the design and improve the manufacturability of production, as well as improve tactical and technical characteristics.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Work on the modernization of the gun was carried out in the ATK of the Putilov Plant under the leadership of A. Monakova and I. A. Makhanova.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1929, some changes and simplifications were made to the design of the bolt, in 1930, the fastened barrel was replaced by a monoblock, and in the same year a new metal wheel was developed for the gun with rubber trucks, which made it possible to increase the maximum speed of the gun carriage to 25 km/h.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

However, it was only in 1934 that the old version with wooden wheels was completely replaced in production [1].


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Experimental development and further development of regimental guns


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 had a number of drawbacks, including a small vertical guidance angle and low armor penetration (although at the time of creation, the vast majority of tanks in the world were defended by bulletproof armor 10-20 mm thick, vulnerable to its shells, and not only armor-piercing ones).


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The solution to these problems could be either a deep modernization of the gun, or the creation of a new gun.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Back in 1927, the OAT Design Bureau was designing a new gun carriage, which made it possible to fire at an elevation angle of 45 degrees, but after the transfer of work on the gun to the ATK of the Putilov Plant, this project was is closed.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1934, the Kirovsky Zavod Design Bureau received a task to modernize the gun in order to increase the elevation angle to 45-50 degrees, but studies have shown that it is impossible to implement this proposals while maintaining the existing carriage and recoil devices [1].


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1936, it was decided to abandon attempts to modernize the gun and begin designing a new regimental howitzer gun, the design of the gun began at the Kirovsky Zavod Design Bureau, but in 1937 work on the project by order of Marshal M. N. Tukhachevsky were discontinued [4].


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1938, the new leadership of the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU) decided to resume work on the creation of a new regimental gun, and in addition to the Kirovsky Zavod Design Bureau (76 mm tank gun of the 1938 model (L-10)), their projects were presented by the design bureau of Plant No. 7 (guns 7-4 and 7-5) and Plant No. 92 (F-24 cannon).


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

All the presented developments were new guns that had little to do with the 76-mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1939-1940, prototypes of guns were manufactured and tested, but none of them, for various reasons, satisfied the customer [3] [4].


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

After the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, it became obvious that the armor penetration of the gun was clearly insufficient - in most cases, the sides of German medium and the forehead of light tanks were protected by high-quality armor about 30 mm thick, which was at the limit of the gun's capabilities even at close combat ranges.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

This led to the initiation of new work on regimental guns.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The Kirovsky Zavod Design Bureau modernized the 76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927, which consisted in lengthening the gun barrel by 9 calibers, installing the load on the breech to eliminate the advantage and increasing the gap in the recoil brake compressor.


Question: What is the firing range of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The modernized model of the gun, called the “76 mm regimental gun mod. 1927/42”, was manufactured in January 1942.