Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum has succeeded in designing and planning the operation of this incredibly successful enterprise.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Most of Accum's publications were written in English.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The style of their writing made them readable by people far from science.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

These works gave impetus to many scientific discoveries that were decisive in the popularization of chemistry at that time.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In 1820, Accum published a Treatise on Food Falsification, in which he protested against the use of chemical additives in food.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In this revolutionary work, for the first time, the issue of food safety control was raised.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum was the first to work on this problem and communicated his ideas to the general public.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

His book, which caused a lot of controversy at the time, found its reader and sold well.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

However, the ideas expressed in the book threatened the established technologies of the food industry, thereby making Accum an enemy of London food producers.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum left England after a lawsuit was filed against him.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum worked as a teacher at the Industrial Institute in Berlin for the rest of his life.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Life and work


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Youth and education


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum was born in Bückeburg, Schaumburg-Lippe, about 50 km (31 miles) west of Hanover.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

His father was originally from Vlotho and served in the infantry regiment in the calculation of Wilhelm von Schaumburg-Lippe.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In 1755, Akum's father changed his faith from Judaism to Protestantism.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Shortly thereafter, his father married Judis Wers de La Motte in Bukenburg.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Judis was the daughter of a hat manufacturer who belonged to the French society of Berlin and the granddaughter of a French refugee who was persecuted by Huguenots in France.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

When adopting Baptist, Accum Sr. changed his name from Marcus Hertz to Christian Accum.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In addition to the name “Christian”, which means “follower of Christ,” Accum's father wanted to emphasize his new religious affiliation by changing his surname to “Accum”, which comes from the Hebrew the words “Akum”, which means “Nejudean.”


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

It is not known whether the name change was his own initiative or whether he changed his name under pressure from his fiancée's family.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

After his marriage, Christian Accum opened a soap shop in Bukenberg.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Nine years after marrying Judis, Accum received legal citizenship from the city.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[2] On May 9, 1772, Christian Accum died at the age of 45, only three years after the birth of his first son.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Friedrich Accum attended the Bukenberg Adolfinum Gymnasium and took additional private lessons in English and French.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

After graduating from high school, he studied pharmacist in Hanover with the Brande family, who were friends of his family.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Brande also did business in London and were pharmacists of the King of England of Hanover, George III.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[3] As one of the leading centers of scientific research at the end of the 18th century, London attracted the best minds from all over Europe.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[4] Friedrich Accum moved there in 1793.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

He found a job as an assistant at one of Brand's pharmacies located on Arlington Street.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Early years in London


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

After gaining experience as a pharmacy assistant, Accum studied science and medicine at the Great Windmill Street School of Anatomy in London.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

He met surgeon Anthony Carlisle (1768—1842) and London chemist William Nicholson (1753—1815).


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum published his first article in Nicholson's Journal in 1798.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[5] Accum married Mary Anna Simpson on May 10, 1798 (March 7, 1777 — March 1, 1816).


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

He anglicized his name before Frederick.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Frederick and Mary had eight children, but only two of them survived to adulthood.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In the autumn of 1799, Nicholson's magazine published a translation of Franz Karl Achard's revolutionary work on the production of sugar from beets.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Before that, the only plant from which sugar was obtained was sugar cane, which was grown far beyond the borders of England.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The information presented in Achard's work made it possible to create sugar production in the country, and therefore attracted great interest.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Shortly after the publication of the article, Accum received samples of sugar (derived from beets) sent to him from Berlin and presented them to William Nicholson.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Nicholson conducted a thorough analysis of two types of sugar (beet and sugar cane) and published a detailed report in the January issue of his magazine, in which he indicated that there was a significant difference in taste there is no sugar between these two types.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Lab work, entrepreneurship and teaching


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In 1800, Accum and his family moved from 17 Haymarket Street to 11 Old Comptom Street in London.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

He will live there for the next 20 years.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

His house served at the same time as a school, a laboratory for conducting experiments and a shop selling chemicals and laboratory equipment.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum's business card of that time describes his activities as follows:


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Mr. Accum informs professionals and amateurs of chemistry that he continues to give private lecture courses on Operational and Philosophical Chemistry, Practical Pharmacy and the Art of Analysis, in addition, Students to live in his Home and he always sells in the purest possible form reagents used in experimental chemistry and the Complete Collection of Chemical Apparatus and Tools that can suitable for any Buyer.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum compiled a catalog of goods and distributed it to his customers in London.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

This catalog could be sent to other cities at the request of customers.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

For many years, Accum's establishment was the only significant institution in England that gave lectures on the theory of chemistry and conducted practical classes.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Chemistry enthusiasts were invited to conduct simple experiments and, thereby, improve their knowledge.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum's lectures attracted many outstanding students, such as the famous London politician, and then Prime Minister Lord Permelston, the Duke of Bedford, and the Duke of Northumberland.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In addition, his laboratory was the first in Europe to be visited by students and scientists from the United States, including Benjamin Silliman and William Dandridge Peck.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

When Silliman later became Professor of Chemistry at Yale College (the predecessor of Yale University) in New Haven, he ordered equipment for his laboratory from Accum in London.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum's biographer, Charles Albert Brown, noted in one of his works in 1925 that some of the old American colleges by that time still kept receipts from Accum's London business.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

With the development of new laboratory equipment, Accum positioned its business as a business in the middle price range, with a good combination of price and quality.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum has developed portable laboratory tool kits designed for farmers to analyze soil and stones.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

With an affordable price of £3 to £80, these kits were the first truly portable labs.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Teacher and researcher


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In March 1801, Frederick Accum was offered a position at the Royal Institution on Ablemarle Street, a research institute founded two years earlier by the Earl of Rumford.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

After accepting the position, he began working as an assistant to Humphrey Davy, who was the head of the laboratory, and later became President of the Royal Society.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum stopped working at the Royal Institution in September 1803.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

His biographer, R. D. Cole, believes that this change in Accum's life is associated with the simultaneous departure of the Earl of Rumford to Paris.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Rumford was the driving force behind Accum's retention.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

By 1803, Accum had published a number of articles in Nicholson's Journal discussing a number of issues: research methods for determining the purity of drugs, determining the presence of benzoic acids in vanilla extract, monitoring the explosiveness of mixtures of phosphorus and sulfur.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[11] Accum completed one of his most significant publications in 1803.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Cole, biographer of Accum, notes that this book, The System of Theoretical and Practical Chemistry, “was the first general chemistry textbook written in English and based on the new principles of Lavoisier; so but it is an outstanding work, so it is written in a popular science style, while the subject is presented at the level of a modern textbook.”


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum gave his first chemistry and mineralogy lecture in a small room in his home on Old Compton Street.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

His audience grew so fast that he soon had to rent the Medical Theater on Cock Street.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

After leaving the Royal Institution and taking up a new position at the Surrey Institute, he continued his popular lectures.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

An advertisement in The Times on January 6, 1809 reported that Accum gave a course on mineralogy and chemical analysis of metals every Wednesday evening.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

His growing interest in mineralogy at that time can be seen in the titles of his two books, written between 1803 and 1809.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The first book was a two-volume work published in 1804 under the title “Practical Essay on the Analysis of Minerals”, which was reprinted in 1808 as the Manual of Analytical Mineralogy.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In 1809, he published An Analysis of Lectures on Mineralogy.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Starting in 1808, while working at the Surrey Institute”, Accum also published a number of articles on the chemical properties and composition of mineral water in the Philosophical Journal of Alexander Tilloch.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In 1811, when Bernard Courtois, a Parisian nitrate producer, first obtained iodine from the ashes of brown algae, his discovery aroused great interest among scientists.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum was one of the first English chemists who conducted experiments on the release of iodine.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In two articles published in Tilloch's Journal of Philosophy in January and February 1814, Accum described the iodine content in various types of seaweed and gave a detailed description of the isolation process iodine.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum's role in the history of luminous gas


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Artificial lighting of any kind was practically absent during the industrial development of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The use of candles or oil lamps to illuminate a textile factory was expensive and economically unjustified.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

With the advent of industrial production methods, textile workshops became larger and needed brighter lighting for longer periods of time.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Due to the high demand for artificial lighting and the appearance of Lavoisier's works describing the role of oxygen in the combustion process, the rapid development of lighting technology began at the end of the 18th century.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The formation of gases from coal was noticed by Henry Clayton.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

He shared his observations with Robert Boyle in a letter written in the 17th century.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

This letter was published in the Royal Society's Philosophical Transactions journal in 1739.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Clayton's discoveries were not used until the end of the 18th century.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The mixture of gases released during coking coal was not used anywhere until William Murdoch proposed using this gas as a light source.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Similar experiments were conducted by George Dixon in 1787 in Cockfield, Jean-Pierre Minkellers in 1785 in Leuven, Archibald Cochrane at his home in Culross Abbey.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Operating prototypes of future gas plants were first designed in 1802 at a foundry in Soho and in 1805 at the George Lee paper mill in Salford, near Manchester.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

However, this innovative technology for the time was received with skepticism by many critics.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

It wasn't until 1810 that Murdoch was asked in the House of Commons, “Do you mean that lighting will be possible without using a wick?” [17] It was only in the second decade of the 19th century that lighting gas began to be used to illuminate not only enterprises, but also streets and residential premises.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Frederick Accum played a decisive role in the spread of artificial lighting.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum was involved in the production of luminous gas thanks to the efforts of Friedrich Albert Winsor (1763—1830), another German immigrant who launched a long public campaign.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In 1809, Accum appeared before a Committee of Parliament, which considered sponsoring a lighting gas company promoted by Winsor.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Despite the fact that this first attempt to obtain financing failed, the necessary funds were transferred in 1810 and the Gas Light and Coke Company was founded [19].


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The newly founded company met all the requirements for funding and began operations in 1812, and Accum became a member of its board of directors.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum oversaw the construction of a gas plant on Curtain Road, which was the first of its kind in the history of luminous gas.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Since then, the use of artificial lighting has not been limited to industrial enterprises and factories and has become part of urban life.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Westminster Bridge began to be illuminated by gas lamps in 1813, and a year later, gas lamps appeared on the streets of Westminster.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In 1815, Accum published a Description of the Luminous Gas Production Process.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In the introduction, Accum compared gas plants to water companies that have been operating in London since the beginning of the 18th century: “Thanks to gas, it will be possible to illuminate every room, as before of this, water supply became possible.”


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

When this book was translated into German in Berlin in 1815, an explanation was added to it, as Berlin did not have running water at the time: “Many residential buildings in England have walls laid pipes in such a way that, if necessary, you just need to open the tap so that water flows out of it.”


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In 1814, London had only one 400 m3 (14,000 cubic feet) gas meter, and by 1822, four gas companies were operating in London, with a total gas meter volume of almost 1 million feet.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[21] In order to ensure that the distance required for gas delivery was as short as possible, gas plants were opened in areas of the city where gas consumption was greatest.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The appearance of such factories in densely populated parts of cities met with public protest.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

This was due to harmful waste generated at enterprises.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Gas plants were especially severely criticized after the explosions that occurred at one of the enterprises.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[22] Accum, who at that time was an ardent supporter of the use of luminous gas, in addition to chemistry, sharply denied in his publications all the arguments of critics about gas plants.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

After a thorough analysis, he showed that, in general, accidents were more the result of negligence of the plant workers than shortcomings and shortcomings in the technological process, and they could have been avoided.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

From the very beginning, Accum was concerned about the disposal of waste from the production of light gas, including resins and various sulfur compounds.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Usually they were simply buried or drained into nearby water bodies.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Ammonium and sulfur compounds were particularly harmful to the environment.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In 1820, Accum began to demand legislative measures to suspend the discharge of these by-products into sewage systems and rivers.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Few people approved his initiative.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[24] Accidents such as gas explosions at factories attracted much more attention than the long-term impact of the discharge of hazardous production waste on the environment.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Death in a Bowler Hat


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In 1820, Accum began to openly oppose harmful food additives, writing the book “Treatise on falsification of food and culinary poisons”.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Some additives derived from plants and used as preservatives have been used for a long time.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

At the beginning of the 19th century, there was a sharp increase in food production.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The significant increase in the number of supplements used in these processes has led us to think about their possible effects on human health.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Food production and delivery, instead of being evenly distributed between cities and rural areas, began to rapidly concentrate on large factories.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The rapid increase in the number of known chemical compounds and the absence of laws governing their use have enabled unscrupulous traders to increase their revenues, harming the health of others people.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[25] Accum was the first to publicly announce the risks of this practice and communicate his ideas to the public.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum expresses its opinion on the use of dietary supplements as follows:


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

“A person who robs another for a few shillings on the road is sentenced to death; while whoever spreads a slow-acting poison to an entire society moves away from responsibility”.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Thousands of copies of The Treatise on Food Falsification and Culinary Poisons were sold within a month of its publication.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[28] Its second edition was published the same year, and a German translation was published in Leipzig two years later.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The cover of the book shows that Accum was able to depict the drama of the situation and, thus, draw attention to his scientific book.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The cover depicts a rectangular frame supporting the web and surrounded by intertwined snakes.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The spider lurks in the center of the web waiting for the victim, and at the top there is a skull with the caption: “Death in a bowler hat.”


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The chapters of the book described both harmless types of fraud, such as mixing dry peas into coffee, as well as the use of much more dangerous poisonous substances.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum explained to the reader that Spanish olive oil had a high lead content, as lead containers were used in the oil purification process, and recommended using oil brought from other countries, such as France and Italy, where this practice did not exist.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[30] He cautioned against eating bright green candies sold by wandering merchants on the streets of London, as their color was due to the addition of a dye with a high copper content.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[31] “Vinegar,” he explained to readers, “was often mixed with sulfuric acid in order to increase acidity.”


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum paid special attention to beer; turning to its discussion in his work, he notes: “Malt drinks and, especially, port wine, which is popular with residents of London and other big cities, are the most commonly counterfeited products.”


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[33] He stated that honey, molasses, vitriol, pepper and even opium were sometimes added to English beer.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Among the most shocking examples, he notes the addition of anamirta (a plant of the moon-seed family, the fruits of which were used as poison for fish) to port wine.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

This became known during the French Revolutionary Wars, when Accum attributed the intoxication effect of the drink to the addition of the extract of this plant.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[34] Accum resorted to various methods of confirming the authenticity of his research.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

As evidence of the use of anamirta, he used, among other things, import data that supplemented his own observations of how the price of the plant rose in the product catalog, used for brewing.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

He also observed historical trends in prices for the same goods.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The “Treatise on falsification of food products and culinary poisons” can be described as follows.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

First, as in other early works of Accum, there is a description of the methods of analytical chemistry he used, thus, these methods have become more accessible to a wide range of readers.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

He wanted to make every test reproducible and in the simplest possible way by any layman.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Secondly, Accum did not limit himself to simply pointing out the problem.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

At the end of each chapter, it included the names of merchants who were caught counterfeiting food until 1820.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Thus, Accum wanted to deprive them of business and thus influence the economy of London.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Reaction to “Treatise on food falsification and culinary poisons”


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Even before the publication of his book, Accum was well aware that specifying the names of representatives of London business could cause resistance or even an aggressive reaction.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In the preface to the first edition of the book, he calls naming those who counterfeit food a “painful duty” [36] that he performs to verify his claims.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Although he further notes that he only cites data certified by documents of Parliament [37], this did not save him from his opponents.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

By the time the second edition was published, as he notes in the preface, he had been threatened several times.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

He further writes that he would like to notify his secret enemies that he will convey to future generations data on the crimes committed by these fraudsters — that is, the addition of poisonous substances to the products nutrition.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Scandal and lawsuit


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The process that eventually led Accum to leave England and return to Germany began a few months after the publication of his book on food poisoning.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

For a long time, there were many opinions about his expulsion from England.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Finally, in 1951, Cole, in an appendix to the protocol of the Royal Institution, found evidence that the events described in an article in the Dictionary of National Biography [39], and later in Allgemeinen Deutschen Biographie [40] (according to which Accum was accused of embezzlement as a librarian at the Royal Institute and fled to Germany) are not true.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Cole completely reprinted the minutes of the Extraordinary Meeting of the Royal Institution of December 23, 1820, [41] which shows that these events were initiated by observation made by a Royal Institution librarian named Sturt.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Sturt reported to his superiors that on November 5, 1820, several pages were removed from books in the reading room of the institute, books Akkum had read.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

On behalf of his superiors, Sturt cut a small hole in the wall of the reading room to watch Accum from the next room.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

On the evening of December 20, as recorded in the minutes, Sturt could see Accum pulling out pages of work on the components and use of chocolate with him.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The article was from Nicholson's magazine issue.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum's house on Old Compton Street was searched by order of a judge of the city of London, and the torn pages were indeed found.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

They could be parts of books that belonged to the Royal Institution.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The magistrate, after hearing the whole case, noted that although the pages found in Accum's house may have been parts of valuable books, they are of no value in themselves.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

If they weighed a pound, Accum could be accused of damaging a pound of paper, but in this case Accum cannot be found guilty.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The Royal Institution Committee, which met on December 23, 1820, however, did not agree with this decision and decided to take further legal action against Accum.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

On January 10, 1821, an open letter sent to Earl Spencer, president of the institute, was published in The Times in defense of Accum.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[43] The letter was signed by A.C., and Cole suggested that the author was surgeon Anthony Carlisle, who had been friends with Accum since the latter's early years in London.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

This unsolicited support did little to Accum, as shown by the Royal Institution minutes of April 16, 1821. [44] They claimed that a lawsuit would be initiated against Accum for stealing paper on the amount of 14 pence.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[45] Two of his friends were included in the indictment.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The publisher is Rudolph Ackermann and architect John Papworth.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The three defendants appeared in court and paid only £400 as bail.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum did not appear at the hearing.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

[46] He fled England and returned to Germany.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Back to Germany


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Two years before his return to Germany, Accum published a number of books on nutritional chemistry.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In 1820, he published two works, one on beer production (Treatise on the Art of Brewing) and the other on wine (Treatise on the Art of Winemaking).


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The following year, Culinary Chemistry was published, in which Accum presented practical information on the scientific foundations of cooking.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

He also published a book on bread (A Treatise on the Art of Making Good and Healthy Bread).


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Even when he returned to Germany, his works continued to be reprinted and translated into French, Italian and German, becoming available to a wide readership in Europe, as well as in the United States.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Immediately after arriving in Germany, Accum went to Althaldensleben.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

There, industrialist Johann Gottlob Nathusius purchased various properties and used them to establish a vast industrial settlement.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Nathusius was the first German to produce sugar from beet, and established a beet sugar factory in that city between 1813 and 1816.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

It was the extensive library of this industrialist and his chemical laboratory that attracted Accum.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

He stayed only briefly at Althaldensleben, but he soon became a professor at the Gewerbeinstitut and Bauakademie in Berlin.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

His lectures in physics, chemistry and mineralogy were collected in two volumes of the book, Physische und der Chemische Beschaffenheit Baumaterialien, deren Wahl, Verhalten und zweckmässige Anwendung, published in Berlin in 1826.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

This was Accum's only work originally published in German.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

A few years after moving to Berlin, Accum already had a house built on 16 Marienstraße (later 21 Marienstraße), where he lived until his death.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

In the last years of his life, he suffered from a severe form of gout, which eventually caused his death.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

His illness worsened sharply in June 1838, and his condition worsened.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

On June 28, about 16 years after his return to Germany, Accum died at the age of 69 in Berlin.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

He was buried there at the Dorotheenstadt cemetery.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Bibliography and primary sources


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

The first biographical essay on the life of Friedrich Accum was written by the American agrochemist and scientific historian Charles Albert Brown Jr., in 1925.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

He carefully studied Accum's life and work for ten years, during which time he had access to information from civic and ecclesiastical sources in Bukenberg.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

His enthusiasm was so great that he went to Germany in July 1930 to meet Hugo Otto Georg Hans Westphal (August 26, 1873 — September 15, 1934), Accum's great-grandson.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Brown's latest publication on this topic, which appeared in 1948 in Chymia, a journal on the history of chemistry, relies heavily on information he collected from Hugo Westphal.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Three years later, Cole published a description of Accum's life, based on English sources.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

He was particularly interested in finding new information to cover the 1821 trial.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Like Brown, Cole also had relatively little data on Accum's last life in Berlin.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Lawson Cockroft of the Royal Society of Chemistry in London noted that Friedrich Accum was one of those chemists who, despite significant achievements in his life, are largely forgotten today.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Accum's works


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

System of Theoretical and Practical Chemistry, London 1803 Vol 1, [51] Vol 2 [52] Second edition 1807; Reprint Philadelphia 1808 Vol 1 [53] Vol 2, [54] Second edition 1814 Vol 1 [55] Vol 2 [56]


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

A Practical Essay on the Analysis of Minerals, London 1804; Reprint Philadelphia 1809; [57] and a new edition expanded to two volumes in 1808 with the title A Manual of Analytical Mineralogy


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

An Analysis of a Course of Lectures on Mineralogy, London 1809, expanded edition in 1810 under the title A Manual of a Course of Lectures on Experimental Chemistry and Mineralogy


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Description Catalog of the Apparatus and Instruments Employed in Experimental and Operational Chemistry, in Analytical Chemistry, and in the Pursuits of the Recent Discoveries of Electro-Chemical Science, London 1812


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Elements of Crystallography, London 1813 [58]


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Practical Treatment on Gas-Light, London 1815, went through four English editions to 1818, rewritten with the title Description of the Process of Manufacturing Coal-Gas.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

For the lighting of streets, houses, and public buildings, with elevations, sections, and plans of the most improved sorts of apparatus.


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Now employed at the gas works in London, London 1819, Second edition 1820; German translation by Wilhelm August Lampadius entitled Praktische Abhandlung über die Gaserleuchtung: enthaltend eine summarische Beschreibung des Apparates und der Maschinerie, Berlin 1816, Second edition 1819; the 1816 French edition [59] Traité pratique de l'éclairage par le gaz inflammable contained a forward and was expanded by Friedrich Albert Winsor, Paris 1816; Italian Trattato pratico sopra il gas illuminante: contenente una completa descrizione dell'apparecchio... con alcune osservazioni, Milan 1817


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

A Practical Essay on Chemical Re-agents or Tests: Illustrated by a Series of Experiments, London 1816, expanded second edition 1818 with the title Practical Treatment on the Use and Application of Chemical Tests with Concise Directions for Analyzing Metallic Ores, Metals, Soils, Manuals and Mineral Waters, Third edition 1828; [60] reprint Philadelphia 1817; French Traité pratique sur l'usage et le mode d'application des réactifs chimiques, Paris 1819; [61] Italian (translation of second English edition) Trattato practico per l'uso ed apllicazione de'reagenti chimici, Milan 1819


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Chemical Amusement, a Series of Curious and Instructive Experiments in Chemistry Which Are Easily Performed and Unattended by Danger, London 1817, Second edition 1817, Third edition 1818, fourth reprint 1819; German Chemische Unterhaltungen: eine Sammlung merkwürdiger und lehrreicher Erzeugnisse der Erfahrungschemie, Kopenhagen 1819, entitled Chemische Belustigungen Nürnberg 1824; second American edition based on the third English edition with additions by Thomas Cooper, Philadelphia 1818; French translation by V. Riffault Manual de Chimie Amusante; ou nouvelles recreations chimiques, content une suite d'experiences d'une execution facile et sans danger, ainsi qu'un grand nombre de faits curieux et instructifs, 1827, Second edition 1829 [62] later reprinted by A.D. Vergnaud, final and sixth reprinting Paris 1854; two volume Italian translation Divertimento chimico contenente esperienze curiose, Milan 1820, second expanded edition by Pozzi La Chimica dilettevole o serie di sperienze curiose e instructive di chimica chi si esequiscono con facilità e sicurezza, Milan 1854


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Dictionary of the Apparatus and Instruments Employed in Operational and Experimental Chemistry, London 1821, reprinted omitting the author's name as the Explanatory Dictionary of the Apparatus and Instruments Employed in the Various Operations of Philosophical and Experimental Chemistry by a Practical Chemist, London 1824


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

A Treatment on Adulterations of Food and Cultural Poisons: Exhibiting the Fraudulent Sophistications of Bread, Beer, Wine, Spiritual Liquors, Tea, Coffee, Cream, Confectionery, Vinegar, Mustard, Pepper, Cheese, Olive Oil, Pickles, and Other Articles Employed in Domestic Economy, and Methods of Detecting Them, London 1820, [63] Second edition 1820, [64] Third edition 1821, Fourth edition 1822; reprint Philadelphia 1820; German translation by L. Cerutti Von der Verfälschung der Nahrungsmittel und von den Küchengiften, Leipzig 1822, Second edition 1841


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

A Treatment on the Art of Brewing: exhibiting the London practice of Brewing, Porter, Brown Stout, Ale, Table Beer, and various other Kinds of Malt Liquors, London 1820, Second edition 1821; German translation by Accum's niece Fredrica Strack Abhandlung über die Kunst zu brauen, oder Anweisung Porter, Braun-Stout, Ale, Tischbier... zu brauen, Hamm 1821; French translation by Riffault Manual théorique et pratique du brasseur, Paris 1825, later reprinted by A.D. Vergnaud


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Guide to the Chalybeate Spring of Thetford, London 1819 [65]


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

A Treatment on the Art of Making Wine, London 1820, followed by many edition, the last being 1860; French Nouveau Manuel complet de la Fabrication des Vins de Fruits, 1827, later translation by Guilloud and Ollivier as Nouveau Manuel complet de la fabrication des vins de fruits, du cidre, du poiré, des boissons rafraîchissantes, des bières économiques et de ménage..., Paris 1851 [66]


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Treatment on the Art of Making Good and Wholesale Bread, London 1821


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Cultural Chemistry, exhibiting the scientific principles of Cookery, with concise instructions for preparing good and wholesale Pickles, Vinegar, Conserves, Fruit Jellies with observations on the chemical constitution and nutritive qualities of different kinds of food, London 1821


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Physische und chemische Beschaffenheit der Baumaterialien, deren Wahl, Verhalten und zweckmässige Anwendung, 2 volumes, Berlin 1826


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Notes


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

References


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Media related to Friedrich Accum at Wikimedia Commons


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

See also


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Arthur Gassal


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Category:German chemists


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Category:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences


Question: How many children did Friedrich Christian Accum have?

Friedrich Accum

Category: Burials at Dorotheenstadt Cemetery


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Moskovsky Prospekt is the second longest highway in St. Petersburg [1], connecting Sennaya Square in the city center with Victory Square on its southern outskirts.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

According to the distance between the centers of these squares, the length of the avenue is 9.3 kilometers.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

General topographical information


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Moskovsky Prospekt and Pulkovskoye Shosse, which continues it to the south, are an almost straight single line that visually connects the spire of the Peter and Paul Fortress and the rotunda of the main building Pulkovo Observatory, where the longitude of the Pulkovo meridian is recorded, the reference point of the coordinate system on Russian maps from 1844 to the early 1920s.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The total length of both sections is 16.5 km, but even without Pulkovskoye Shosse, Moskovsky Prospekt remains the leader among absolutely straight highways of the city, without significant kinks.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

At its beginning, the avenue adjoins Sadovaya Street through Sennaya Square, which crosses it at an angle; at the end, through Victory Square on Srednyaya Rogatka, to Krasnoputilovskaya Street and continuing it Moskovskoye Shosse, also at an angle of about 45°.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Among the largest through intersections of the avenue when driving south are Fontanka, Zagorodny Prospekt and the 1st Krasnoarmeyskaya Street that continues it, Obvodny Canal, Ligovsky Prospekt and Blagodatnaya Street.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

On Moskovskaya Square, segments of the Central Arc Highway adjoin the avenue at right angles - Leninsky Prospekt, leading to the west (to the bay), and Tipanova Street, leading to the Neva.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Counting the stations located on Sennaya Square, ten metro stations belonging to four lines exit Moskovsky Prospekt — a record for St. Petersburg.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Administratively, 2 km of the even (to the Obvodny Canal) and 2.8 km of the odd side of the avenue belong to the Admiralteysky District, and the rest, most of it to the Moskovsky District, the administration which is located exactly in the middle of the avenue, 4.6 km from its beginning and end.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

History


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The current Moskovsky Prospekt was born at the end of the 18th century as a road leading to Tsarskoye Selo.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

In the 1770s, milestones were installed along the road, some of which have survived to this day.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Before the February Revolution, the southern part of the administrative border of Petersburg-Petrograd ran along the Putilovskaya branch, crossing the then Zabalkansky Prospekt near Roschinskaya Street [2].


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The continuation of the highway in the direction of the Pulkovo Observatory was called Moskovskoye Shosse and administratively belonged to the Aleksandrovsky suburban section (Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It is at the junction of urban and suburban sections, without changing the general direction along the line laid along the Pulkovsky meridian, that the avenue makes a small break, shifting its axis by approximately 40-50 meters to the west [3].


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

By the time the working suburbs of the Moskovsko-Narva District were included in the city limits, 5-6 storey residential apartment buildings had already appeared in the northern part of Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, in addition to barracks (blocks near Electrosila plant).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

In the first five-year plans, Leningrad began to actively develop in the southern direction, and an even side was actively built up in urban construction plans, in 1925, permanent development extended to modern Aviatsionnaya Street [4].


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Once the largest industrial enterprise in the city in terms of area and number of employees, the Elektrosila plant, is located on Moskovsky Prospekt.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

This plant, which dates back to the workshops of the joint-stock company of electrical plants Siemens and Galske, after the revolution produced power units for power plants built within the framework of the GOELRO plan.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The tram line has been extended to Aviatsionnaya, and a reverse ring has been arranged near the plant [5].


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

This ring was dismantled in 1940, and in its place there was a “pocket” on the odd side of the avenue from the railway bridge to the Elektrosila metro station.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Until 1926, the avenue was crossed by the Ligovsky Canal.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The eastern side of the canal was filled up in 1926, and in 1965-1969, the western side was filled up.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The development of the southern part of the avenue from the overpass of the Putilovskaya branch to Srednyaya Rogatka, which began before the war in accordance with the Master Plan, was mainly completed up to the 1st Yuzhnaya (since 1955 Altayskaya Street), which forms the southern border of Moscow Square.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The buildings of this time are made in the style of Stalinist neoclassicism.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

A significant contribution to the design of this part of the highway was made by architect S. B.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Speransky.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Title timeline


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Tsarskoye Selo Road (from Fontanka to Srednyaya Rogatka) (until the 1800s)


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Moskovskoye Shosse (from Moscow Gate to Srednyaya Rogatka) (1830s — 1939)


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Obukhovskaya Street (from Sennaya to Fontanka) (1776—1800s)


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Obukhovsky Prospekt (from Sennaya to Fontanka) (1804—1878)


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Zabalkansky Prospekt (from Sennaya Square to Moscow Gates) (1878—1900s)


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Zabalkansky Prospekt (from Sennaya Square to Roschinskaya Street) (1900s — 1918)


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Mezhdunarodny Prospekt (from Sennaya Square to Roschinskaya Street) (1918—1950s)


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Stalin Avenue (1950—1956)


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Moskovsky Prospekt (since 1956)


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

sights


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Architecture


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Moskovsky Prospekt, 4, 6.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Revenue houses of M. IN. Vyazemskaya.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

1910—1911 — architect Khrenov A. S., 1914 extension, architect Pogonkin V. BUT..


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Moskovsky Prospect, Building No. 9 — Institute of Railway Engineers.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

In the courtyard of this house in 1876, D. D. Sokolov built a chemical laboratory building belonging to the university.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Moskovsky Prospect, 22 is the house of court councilor Fedor Sirazhin, built in 1831 according to the project of architect V. A. Glinka.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Since 1948, Polyclinic No. 2, whose patients were party workers, pensioners of union significance, the diplomatic elite and members of their families.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Since 2011, it has been owned by Polyclinic Complex CJSC.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Moskovsky prospect, 32 — apartment house of A. S. Deryugina [6].


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The two-story building in the eclectic style was built in 1908, architects: civil engineers V. AND. Radivanovsky, L. IN. Kotov.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

In 1913 extension, architect: technician Lupenko N. Since 1913 it has been the Cinema Building.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

At various times, the house housed: Book Department Store No. 19, Ideal Cinema (1924), Selkor Cinema (1940), Znamya Cinema (exit from the cinema was organized into the courtyard).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Moskovsky Prospect, 41 — 6th Krasnoarmeyskaya Street, № 1 — apartment building.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Reconstruction and expansion of 1880 by architect F. AND. Winterhalter.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

42 Moskovsky Prospect — 27x Klinsky prospect.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

— apartment building, built in 1898, by architect V. R. Kurzanov said.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Moskovsky prospect, 54 — apartment building.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It was built in 1840 according to the project of V. E.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Morgan.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Moskovsky Prospect, 65 is a complex of buildings of the Cattle House (St. Petersburg slaughterhouses), a monument of architecture of classicism, an example of an unrestrained utilitarian building.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It was built in 1823-1826 according to the project of I. AND. Charlemagne 1st.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

An architectural monument of Federal significance.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Moskovsky, 74 — apartment building, 1913—1914, architect G. P. Khrzhonstovsky.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

In 1936, at 80 Moskovsky Prospect, designed by architect A. L. Lishnevsky, the school building was built.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The building is located near the Frunzenskaya metro station.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Now it houses the Faculty of the Institute of Childhood of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after A. AND. Herzen.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Buildings 81 and 83 were built between 1913 and 1915 according to the project of A. A. Lamagina


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Moskovsky Prospect, 98 — building for Soyuzpushnina 1937—1939, architect D. F. Friedman.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

99 Moskovsky Prospect is a complex of buildings of the former Bacteriological Laboratory of the Veterinary Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (with a fence).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The date of the buildings is 1905.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The author is a citizen.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Ing.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Aleksandr Karlovich Montag.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The style is modern.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The complex includes: the main building (corner building), residential building (building on Tashkentskaya Street),


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

a building for experimental animals (yard building).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

By order of the chairman, the Order of the Chairman of the KGIOP No. 15 of February 20, 2001, the house was included in the “List of newly identified objects of historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural value” [7]


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The complex owes its appearance to the report of the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire Goremykin on January 21


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

“It is impossible not to express the desire that the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which is in charge of the veterinary and sanitary unit in the Empire, will be able to carry out a special development of scientific and practical issues, which are constantly occurring in the implementation of all veterinary and sanitary measures in general, and in particular vaccination, in order to facilitate the speedy and most correct formulation of this last measure.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The Ministry does not have such a special institution that could perform this task, while the need for such an institution has not only become clear, but has also become urgent.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

In order to meet this urgent need, a special veterinary laboratory should be opened under the Veterinary Administration, entrusting it with:


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

development and distribution of the best anthrax vaccines according to the requirements of various veterinarians;


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

familiarization of veterinarians of the Ministry of Internal Affairs seconded to the Laboratory of the Ministry of Internal Affairs with the latest methods of research and diagnosis of infectious diseases in pets and the latest methods to combat these diseases;


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

other special duties at the discretion of the Minister of Internal Affairs.”


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Currently, the complex houses educational departments of biological chemistry and animal physiology, the St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine [8]


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

On Moskovsky Prospect, 100 is the Resurrection Novodevichy Convent, and near it is the Novodevichy Cemetery, where many scientists and cultural figures are buried.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The tomb church in the Resurrection Novodevichy Convent was built in 1908—1915 by architect Vasily Kosyakov.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

House 104 is the former building of St. Vladimir's Women's Church Teacher School, a pedagogical educational institution for training teachers of parochial schools.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The initiator of its creation, and then its trustee was K. P. Pobedonostsev.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The opening took place on October 31, 1889 and was timed to coincide with the 900th anniversary of Christianity in Russia [9].


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The building, originally two-story, was designed in the pseudo-Russian style by architect V. R. Kurzanov said.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

By decree separating the school from the church, this educational institution was closed, and the vacated premises were given to expand the hospital, which was located in the school back in the First World War.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Since 1920, the hospital received the status of a city hospital, and it was named after I. G. Konyashina.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

In the 1930s, instead of a hipped belfry, 3 more floors were built above the central part of the facade [9] In the hospital.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Konyashin, a city center for the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding was organized.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Currently, the top three floors are occupied by a private dental clinic, and in the lower floors there is the Orthodox Center of the Novodevichy Convent.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

On the square where Ligovsky Prospekt ends at Moskovsky Prospekt, there is the Moscow Triumphal Gate, built in honor of the victorious end of the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829 ( Architect V. P. Stasov, sculptor B. AND. Orlovsky).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The Moskovsky District Council at 129 Moskovsky Prospekt is an example of constructivism with elements of Art Deco.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It was built in 1930-1935 by architects I. AND. Fomin, V. G. Daugul, B.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

M. Serebrovsky.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Another example of the Leningrad avant-garde is the Ilyich House of Culture (now the Moskovsky Cultural and Leisure Center — 152), 1929—1931, architect N. F. Demkov said.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

These two objects are located at the place where the avenue intersected with Korpusnoye Shosse, now called Roschinskaya Street.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

In the same place, Moskovsky Prospekt narrows and passes under the low railway bridge of the cargo Putilovskaya line (the modern bridge was built in 1955, architect V. D. Kirkhoglani).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

On the west side of the avenue, the line passes into the territory of the Korpusny Post station, from the east to the Tsvetochnaya station, from where on March 10, 1918, the Lenin administration secretly went to Moscow, carrying out transfer of the Russian capital from Petrograd to Moscow.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Opposite the park on Chernyshevsky Square is the Rossiya Hotel (architect B. N. Zhuravlev).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

In 1998, student halls of the National Library of Russia were opened opposite the Park Pobedy metro station.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The entrance to the building is decorated with sculptures “Justice”, “Religion”, “Theater”, “Architecture”, “Mechanics”, “Medicine”, “Aeronautics”, “Winemaking”, “Philosophy”, “Music”, made by sculptors B.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

A. Svinin and A. Murzin (a student of Pork).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

In the 1970s and 80s, it housed a tent circus, which has now moved to Avtovo.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

At the corner with Basseynaya there is the “General's House” — a tower with a spire (190/41).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The building was planned to be built in 1940-1941 according to the project of architects B.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

R. Rubanenko G. A. Simonova O. AND. Guryeva, S. IN. Vasilkovsky and L. M. Hidkel and before the war, the main building from Moskovsky Prospekt was completed.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The tower at the corner of Basseynaya was built after the war.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Musician Viktor Tsoi [12] and philosopher Mikhail Popov spent his childhood in this house.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Before the war, a round nameless square was created at the intersection of Moskovsky Prospekt, Pobedy and Frunze Streets, decorated with “Stalinists”.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

In 2014, it was named Strugatsky Brothers Square.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Further along the avenue is the ensemble of Moscow Square with the House of Soviets (house 212, architect N. A. Trotsky).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The avenue ends with Victory Square (Srednyaya Rogatka district).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The Monument to the Heroic Defenders of Leningrad is located on this square.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Monuments


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Monument to G. IN. Plekhanov — in front of the Technological Institute building (sculptors I. ME. Ginzburg, M. ME. Kharlamov, architect Y. G. Gevirts).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It was opened on May 3, 1925.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Monument to D. AND. Mendeleev in the courtyard of the Technological Institute.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The sculptor M. G. Manizer.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It was opened on November 28, 1928.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Monument to D. AND. Mendeleev.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Sculptor I. ME.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Ginzburg.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It was opened on February 2, 1932.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Betancourt bust.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The sculptor V. E.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Gorevoy, architects Nikitin and Popov.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It was opened on June 24, 2003 in the park in front of the main facade of the St. Petersburg Transport University.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Monument to N. G. Chernyshevsky, Moskovsky Ave., 163.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The sculptor V. IN. Lishev Architect V. AND. Yakovlev.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It was opened on February 2, 1947.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The monument to V. AND. Lenin on Moskovskaya Square in front of the House of Soviets.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The sculptor M. K. Anikushin, 1970.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Monument to the heroic defenders of Leningrad on Victory Square.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The sculptor M. K. Anikushin, architects S. B.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Speransky, V. A. Kamensky


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Green spaces


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Although the “compaction development” and cutting down alleys along tram tracks in recent years have caused noticeable damage to the “green lungs” of Moskovsky Prospekt, from the height of the 22-storey “skyscrapers” on Victory Square it still pleases the eye with the abundance of trees along the roadway and in the courtyards.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

There is practically no greenery only in the oldest part of the avenue: behind Sennaya, on which it rests, begins Dostoevsky's Petersburg with its gloomy apartment buildings crowded on narrow streets.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Squares, and then parks, begin on Moskovsky Prospekt south of Fontanka.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

At the same time, the avenue itself is gradually expanding, and a new, specific element of landscaping for Petersburg-Leningrad appears — alleys around tram tracks with three-level landscaping: lawn, bushes, trees .


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Until recently, such an alley began behind the Obvodny Canal, but now, for the sake of private transport, not only the tram tracks, but also the plantations that framed them have been demolished.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Now this element of former luxury comes across in the southern part of the avenue only “dotted”.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The third element of landscaping, tree alleys along the sidewalks, appears only abroad of pre-revolutionary St. Petersburg, where it unfolded on the site of the former dirty working outskirts in the 1930-1950s construction of new comfortable housing, which is now called “Stalinists”.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

In the course of further movement along the avenue to the south, such squares come across more and more often.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Victory Park


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Victory Park is the largest attraction of Moskovsky Prospekt from all points of view from a number of objects of landscape culture.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Its prehistory dates back to the beginning of the 20th century, when pre-revolutionary maps of the city began to indicate a garden or park with ponds south of Kuznetsovskaya Street.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The expansion of this green zone with its transformation into the Moscow Park of Culture and Recreation, designed by architect Tatyana Dubyago, began back in 1939—1940 [13].


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

However, the founding date of the park is October 7, 1945, when it was officially re-founded again in honor of the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Compared to its predecessors, the park has been significantly expanded (up to Basseynaya Street to the south, and Gagarin Avenue to the east), and now its area is 68 hectares [14].


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

On the side of the avenue, the “living fence” of the park for about 750 meters is formed by three-tier plantings of greenery.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Their line is divided into two unequal parts of the propylaea, denoting the central entrance to the park.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The unique cast-iron fence with a length of about 850 meters, originally installed along Kuznetsovskaya Street, was lost in the 1990s and replaced by an expressionless structure.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Olympia Garden


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Olympia Garden with an area of 2.7 hectares ([15]) is the second largest on the avenue.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It is located on the even side of the avenue between Klinsky and Malodetskoselsky Prospekt; from the east it is bounded by Bataysky Lane.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The garden is almost the same age as Victory Park; it was founded in 1946.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Large public gardens


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Marshal Govorov Garden


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The nameless square with a vase is the courdonier of house No. 79, designed by architect Fomin.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Smolensky public garden


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Moscow Garden is the name recently given to the square at the junction of Ligovsky Prospekt and Chernigovskaya Street


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Strugatsky Brothers Square is essentially a four-segment park at the intersection with Frunze and Pobedy streets


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The nameless square that surrounded the now destroyed Zenit cinema


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The squares “Severnaya Roscha” and “Yuzhnaya Roscha” are the names recently assigned to the northern and southern parts of Moscow Square.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Cemeteries


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The demolition of old cemeteries that “grew” into the city as its borders expanded was a common practice in the metropolises of Europe and America during the industrial boom, accompanied by the increase in the cost of urban lands.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Only in the 1970s, largely due to the movements of the “green”, began to understand that cemeteries are part of the “green lungs”, a natural filter and air regenerator that anyone needs industrial city.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Modern Moskovsky Prospekt crosses the southern “cemetery belt” of St. Petersburg almost in the middle.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

This belt was formed during the XIX century since the southern border of the city moved from Zagorodny Prospekt to the Obvodny Canal.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Without going directly to the red line of the avenue, its buildings are adjacent to:


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Novodevichy Cemetery — behind the Novodevichy Convent (house No. 100), on the east side of the avenue


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Mitrofanievskoye Cemetery — from the side of the avenue opposite to the Novodevichy Cemetery with a shift to the south, to the Moscow Gate;


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Gromovskoye Cemetery is the largest Old Believer cemetery in St. Petersburg (an analogue of the Rogozhsky Cemetery in Moscow) - south of the Mitrofanyevsky Cemetery.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

We can also mention the Chesmenskoye Military Cemetery in the southern part of the avenue, although it is located at a great distance (behind the former Chesmensky Palace), and tree planting on it is insignificant.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Artistic and historic buildings demolished


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Moskovsky Prospect, 97.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The Kapranov House of Culture is a monument of constructivism built by architect M. S. Reisman in 1929-1931.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It was demolished in 2006 [16] and recreated in 2008.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Moskovsky Prospect, 137.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Five-storey apartment building of the 1900s (modern).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Partly demolished, partially rebuilt in 2007 [16].


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

156 Moskovsky Prospect.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

A two-story office with the apartment of the manager of the Boiler Plant (since 1911 — Siemens-Galske).


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Late 19th — early 20th century.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Eclectic.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The building was demolished in 2006 [16].


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Educational institutions


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The main buildings of three civil universities are located on Moskovsky Prospekt:


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

9 — Institute of Railway Engineers.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It was opened in 1809; it is one of the first higher technical universities in the country.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

In Soviet times, it was called LIIZHT (Institute of Railway Engineers), now PSTU University of Railways


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

house number 26 — Technological Institute.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It was opened in 1828.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Building No. 21-D is an alternative numbering along Moskovsky Prospekt, assigned to the building on 1st Krasnoarmeyskaya Street, Building No. 1 — the legal address of Voenmeha.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The university was opened as the Military Mechanical Institute of the NKTP in 1932 on the basis of the vocational school of Tsarevich Nikolai [17].


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

All of these buildings were built specifically to accommodate the relevant educational institutions.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

In addition, the building on 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya Street, Building 4, directly adjacent to the residential building on Moskovsky Prospekt, Building No. 25, houses the former Civil Engineering Institute (LISI), now University of Architecture and Civil Engineering.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The university is the successor to the School of Civil Engineers, an open year and equated to universities in 1877.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

On the odd side of the avenue there are two higher military educational institutions:


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

house No. 17 near the Obukhov Bridge, which belonged to Count Vorontsov, was transferred to the Imperial Military Orphanage in 1798 [18], transformed into the Pavlovsky Cadet Corps in 1829.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

After its dissolution in 1863, the building housed the Konstantinovsky Artillery School, formed in 1855 as a cadet corps.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

House No. 149 was built in 1940 for the Fire and Technical School, opened in 1918 on the basis of courses for fire technicians that have been operating since 1909.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

In 1986, the school was transformed into the Leningrad Higher Fire and Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR; the modern name is St. Petersburg University of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Konstantinovsky Artillery School


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

MES University


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Transportation


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The first cars and the first air harbor


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

On the eve of the First World War, Zabalkansky Prospekt acquires a new role — as a route for the front entrance and solemn exit from the capital of Russia for participants in numerous motor rallies, the fashion for which appears simultaneously with the beginning of the development of the automotive industry.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Straight as an arrow, Moskovsky Prospekt is the first highway of the city, which everyone who lands at Pulkovo Airport can see from the portholes from a low altitude.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

All three airport complexes under this name, successively built in the postwar years, are located in the immediate vicinity of the highway that continues the avenue.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Thanks to this, Leningrad, and then St. Petersburg, is one of the few largest cities in the country where you can get to the metro from the airport, including the international one, by regular city bus in 30 minutes, and at the lowest price.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Historically, the city's first air harbor for regular civil flights was located even closer to the city and to the avenue — the Korpusny airfield.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

It was built in 1910 and used for demonstration flights of airplanes and airships, and later for military purposes.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

From here, among other things, aircraft assembled in the boathouses of the Russian-Baltic Wagon Plant departed on their first flight.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The entrances to all these elements of the “aerocomplex” overlooked Zabalkansky (since 1918 Mezhdunarodny) Avenue, the route of which ran parallel to the runway of the Corps Aerodrome.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Since 1928, flights of the Soviet-German company Deruluft began from here on the Leningrad-Riga-Koenigsberg-Berlin line.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Passengers were delivered to the airfield by cars from the Astoria Hotel.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Their journey was short (about 6 kilometers) and almost straight: turning into Grivtsov Lane, facing Sennaya Square, the cars immediately found themselves in the alignment of Mezhdunarodny Prospekt.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

After 1932, their journey was extended by 20 km: the Shosseynaya airport, the current Pulkovo, was built.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Tram


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

Regular tram service in St. Petersburg began only on September 29 [O.S. 1907] [19] — later than in all major cities of Russia.


Question: What is the length of Moskovsky Prospekt?

Moskovsky Prospekt (Saint Petersburg)

The reason for this was the monopolists - horse owners, who stubbornly did not want to close their business until the end of the privileges granted to them.