Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

In 1933, racist geneticist Fischer stated that marriage and sexual relations between Jews and non-Jews living in Germany were scientifically undesirable, and demanded the adoption of a law [24] ( later in 1941 Fischer will approve a plan for the universal forced sterilization of those Germans whose grandfather or grandmother were Jews, but this plan was never implemented).


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

On October 15, 1934, party leader Rudolf Hess created an agency to study kinship under the National Socialist Party.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Later it was called the “Imperial Office for the Study of Relationship”.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The work of the department was led by the SS and the Ministry


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 introduced rules that determine belonging to the German or Jewish race: “purebred” Germans were Germans in four generations.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Descendants of three to four generations of Jews were considered Jews, and between them were “half-breeds” of the first or second degree.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

If the ancestors were Jews, the descendants were also Jews [25].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

First, discrimination was introduced against mestizos from marriages between Germans and Jews.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

On November 26, 1935, “gypsies, blacks and their bastards” were also officially included in the category of “racially inferior” by circulars of the Ministry of the Interior [26] (the logical result of this was sterilization after the annexation in 1936 of African soldiers of the French army born there from marriage and German mestizos, known as Rhineland bastards).


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Gypsies have been discriminated against and, accordingly, recognized as racially inferior.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Also, the category of “racially inferior” included everyone who did not meet the ideal (which was cultivated by the National Socialists), even despite the racial type, for example: representatives of sexual minorities, drug addicts, alcoholics, prostitutes, mentally ill, mentally retarded, disabled persons, persons with disabilities, as well as those who have been ill for more than 5 years.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Ideologists of eugenic politics considered such people to be regressive and undesirable elements, carriers of genetic load, prone to degeneration and degeneration, which pollute the Aryan blood with their a patient with heredity.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Since March 1936, Roma were also subject to the provisions of the Nuremberg Laws, which previously applied only to Jews: they were also prohibited from marrying Germans and participating in elections, and Roma were removed from citizenship of the Third Reich.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

At the same time, “racially pure gypsies” (chosen from among Sinti gypsies on the basis of a combination of appearance and behavior recognized as positive) had the same rights as Germans, with the exception of the right to marry with Germans, and “half-blood gypsies” (all Roma and most Sinti gypsies) were equated with Jews as “cultural destroyers”.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The SS General Directorate for Race and Settlement developed a methodology for racial selection in the SS, as well as the SS Marriage Code, which prohibited SS men from marrying non-purebred Aryans.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

In 1936, Richard Darre published Blood and Soil, the Main Idea of National Socialism, which promotes the unity of the German race and its living space (see also the Ost Plan).


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

On November 15, 1938, Jewish children were prohibited from attending German schools [27].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The presence of Jews in the pedigree was compromising material.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

All these facts were included in Himmler's dossier [28].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

A group of authors, on the instructions of Henry Ford, compiled and published under his name the book International Jewry, which was then used by Nazi propaganda.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Thus, the image of hostile world Jewry (German: Weltfeind of the world enemy) was gradually created, which was later replicated [29].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The racial theory of the Nazis included a section of genetics - eugenics (which took the name racial hygiene in Germany), according to which strict rules of reproduction were to lead to an improvement in German race and stop the growth of lower representatives, which multiplied much faster, according to supporters of eugenics.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The practice of the General Directorate of Imperial Security (RSHA) included sending any German woman accused of sexual relations with a Jew to a concentration camp to prevent “the danger that she will again will indulge in the desecration of a race, already with another man” [30].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The continuation of the development of eugenic concepts was the implementation by the German Nazis in 1940 of the T-4 program to sterilize and physically destroy “inferior elements” — mainly patients psychiatric hospitals, including children suffering from mental illnesses, as well as persons suffering from birth defects, including crippled children.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

As part of this program, 275,000 people were killed in Germany alone [31].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Then a network of death camps was built to destroy entire peoples that did not satisfy racial theory.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

First of all, the Nazis killed Jews and Gypsies.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The Nazis carried out mass executions on a national basis, and also sent people to death camps for physical destruction.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

There were tortured with extreme cruelty or killed in gas chambers, burned alive [32] millions of people.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

At the same time, it should be noted that in 1943, after heavy defeats on the Eastern Front, the Nazis officially recognized as Aryans all Slavic peoples except the Poles so that their representatives could serve in Waffen-SS (for more details, see Collaborationism in World War II) [33].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Poles as such were not considered racially inferior and the presence of Polish blood was not a compromising fact for the Germans, but the Nazis denied Polish national identity.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Russian national identity was also denied, and instead of the term “Russians”, Nazi propaganda consistently used the broader term “Eastern peoples” until the end of the war.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Hitler's political testament, written on April 29, 1945, a couple of days before his death, contains the following words:


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Programs caused by German eugenics, expressed in Nazi racial policy and carried out as part of preventing the “degeneration” of the German people (“Nordic race”):


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The T-4 euthanasia program is the destruction of mentally ill patients, and in general patients for more than 5 years, as disabled.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Homosexual repression


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Lebensborne is the birth and upbringing in orphanages of children from persons who have passed racial selection, that is, who are predominantly of Nordic origin and do not have non-European racial impurities.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

“The final solution to the Jewish question” (total extermination of Jews, see also the Holocaust, the Einsatzgruppen)


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

In works of art


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

To-DolistFor Main Page:


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

To-do list is empty: remove {{To do}} tag or click on edit to add an item.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The film “Shop on the Square” (Czechoslovakia, 1965)


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

See also


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Subhuman


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Gunther's racial theory


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Racial Hygiene


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Racial anti-Semitism


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Notes


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Literature


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Wilhelm Stuckart, Hans Globke.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Comments on racial legislation.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Munich; Berlin, 1936.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

F. Kaul.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Nazimordaktion, Vol. 4. Ein Bericht über die erste industriemäßig durchführte Mordaktion des Naziregimes.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Berlin, VEB Verlag Volk und Gesundheit, 1973


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Astel, Präsident, Prof.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Dr.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

H. W.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

: Rassendämmerung und ihre Meisterung durch Geist und Tat als Schicksalsfrage der weiß en Völker.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Aus: Schriftenreihe der NS.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

-Monatshefte, Heft 1. Zentralverlag der NSDAP.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Franz Eher Nachf.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

, München.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

References


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

(in English)


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

(in English)


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

— audio fragment


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Category:Nazism


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Category:Genocide


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Category:Nazi ideology


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Category:Holocaust


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Category:Anti-Slavicism


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Mikhail Yakovlevich Gerzenstein, a Russian politician and public figure, economist, publicist, member of the First State Duma, was killed on July 31 [O.S. 1906] on the shore of the Gulf of Finland in Terijoki ( Vyborg Province, 60 km from St. Petersburg, is now the city of Zelenogorsk as part of the Kurortny District of St. Petersburg).


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Background


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

In 1905, Gerzenstein was elected a member of the Moscow Provincial Zemstvo Assembly.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

In the City Duma, Gerzenstein immediately took a prominent position, becoming chairman of the financial and housing commissions.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

He also became a member of a special “executive commission” formed by the City Duma, and as part of it he negotiated with workers during their conflict with the city self-government.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

In the mayoral elections at the end of 1905, Herzenstein's candidacy was also planned, but he resolutely evaded it.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Gerzenstein participated in congresses of city and zemstvo figures since their inception.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

He also spoke in private collections held in Moscow in 1905, making presentations on the agrarian issue, defending against objections from right and left the principles that later formed the basis of the program constitutional-democratic party.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

In his party, he was chairman of the agrarian commission, participating in all meetings related to agrarian issues.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

In the elections to the First State Duma, the cadets nominated him among 4 candidates in the district of Moscow. Moscow.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

According to the results of electoral voting, M. ME.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Gerzenstein and M. F. Savelyev received 163 votes out of 169, F. F. Kokoshkin — 165 and S. A. Muromtsev — 166 votes [1].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Herzenstein's dossier contained a police certificate: “Currently... elected a member from Moscow to the State. The Duma, and his candidacy as an outstanding financier, seemed even more desirable from the point of view of party interests than the candidacy of one of the primary organizers and leaders to. -d. part — Prince Pavel Dolgoruky [2]” [3].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Close to the government and personally to Stolypin [4], the author of the book “The Truth About Cadets” I. ME.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Gurland (pseudonym N. P. Vasiliev) in 1907, after the death of Gerzenstein, commented on the personnel choice of cadets on the agrarian issue:


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Neither the late Herzenstein nor the safely living Mr. Kutler ever had the slightest reason to consider themselves the voice of the Russian land in the peasant business.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

They are typical citizens, one is a bank official, the other is a bureaucrat.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

But now it took the voice of the earth — please, it's ready!


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

In the Duma, Gerzenstein became chairman of the first (main) subcommittee of the agrarian commission, and a member of the financial and budget commissions, as well as the commission on the allocation of funds for food aid to the public.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Reflecting both the position of the cadets and his personal conviction on the agrarian issue, Gerzenstein in the Duma called for the forced seizure of land ownership from private owners.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The government declared this option for solving the land problem unacceptable, and on May 31 [O.S. 1906] Gerzenstein announced his objections from the Duma rostrum.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

At the end of his first speech in the Duma, he focused on the problem raised by the previous speaker, Professor L. A. Petrazhitsky — it was about fears for the future of culture in the event of Russia turning into a country of exclusively peasant economy.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The next day, June 1 [O.S.], cadets and his other associates in the Duma, including representatives of peasants, asked Gerzenstein to answer the chief manager of land management and agriculture A. S. Stishinsky and friend of the Minister of Internal Affairs V. AND. Gurko.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

His speech was more polemical than the first one:


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Compulsory alienation is introduced in the interests of the state benefit, and this is provided for by our basic laws.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

So what do you expect now?


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Do you want the glow to cover a number of provinces?


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Isn't it enough for you to experience the May illumination of last year, when 150 estates died in the Saratov province almost in one day?!


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

[6] [7]


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

This speech by Gerzenstein on June 1 [O.S. 1906], when he “warned the government against a spontaneous rebellion that could lead to the catastrophic state of the peasantry” [3], immediately caused a storm anger is already in the Duma meeting room.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

According to V. G. Korolenko, “it is difficult to imagine the storm of anger that broke out at these words on the right benches. There was literally a roar. Clenched fists rose above their heads, curses broke through, rushed to the speaker with threats...” [8].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

At the meeting on June 5 [O.S.], Gerzenstein continued the controversy with Gurko and Stishinsky.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The Black Hundreds interpreted the words about “illumination” as gloating over attacks by peasants on noble estates [9] and as incitement to continue such actions [3].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

It was after this speech that Gerzenstein began to receive death threats [3].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The only precaution he took in this regard was to insure his life for 50,000 rubles with the New York Insurance Company [10].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Despite the right-wing claims to Herzenstein's urban origin and anti-Semitic attacks, the peasants were well aware of whose interests he defended in the land issue.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Gerzenstein, according to Korolenko, stood “at the center of the development and protection of the cadet project.”


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

In particular, in the Duma, after the speech of right-wing deputies, peasants chanted “Gerzenstein! Gerzenstein!” And after the murder, one of the local residents near the Trinity-Sergius Lavra said:


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

They knew who they were killing, scoundrels.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The gift that he was a Jew was born, but this is how he tried about the Orthodox people. According to Korolenko, such reviews were not isolated.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Between June 15 and 20 (late June — early July) Nicholas II in the presence of V. N. Kokovtsova considered the list of the new Cabinet of Ministers submitted by the opposition.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

For the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers, S. A. Muromtsev, for the post of Minister of Finance — Gerzenstein [11].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The king rejected these proposals.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

On the night of July 22 [O.S. 1906], it became known about the dissolution of the Duma.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

At 6 o'clock in the morning, the decree was pasted around St. Petersburg, including at the gates of the Tauride Palace, which were locked [12].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

It was Sunday, and many deputies were in summer cottages located on the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland, along the Petersburg-Vyborg railway.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Beloostrov station was a border station, and beyond the river. Vyborg Province began as a sister - in 1811 Alexander I handed it over to the Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Terijoki, the largest settlement closest to the Russian border, which turned into resorts by the end of the 19th century, are located 17 km from Beloostrov and 89 km from Vyborg.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The strip between the beach and the railway was built up mainly with small wooden houses, rooms in which local residents rented out to Petersburgers for the summer.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

In 1908, there were 1,400 summer cottages and about a dozen small hotels in Terijoki [13].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The region between Kuokkala and Vyborg turned into an area of semi-conspiracy and illegal activities of many parties that opposed autocracy in 1905—1917: “Finnish autonomy lived according to special laws, and the Russian police did not have the opportunity to make arrests here at their discretion” [3].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

According to P. N. Milyukov, dating back to 1906:


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

For the summer, my family and I settled in a dacha near Teriok, outside Beloostrov.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Gerasimov, a member of the First Duma, also settled nearby.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The choice of location was made intentionally.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

It was impossible for party members to gather in St. Petersburg; Finland has since become the place of our political gatherings, more or less conspiracy.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

It was also impossible to convene a full congress; we convened a party meeting in Terijoki, to which members were supposed to come and come alone.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Gerzenstein and his family also settled in Terijoki in the summer of 1906.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The deputies who remained in St. Petersburg on the day of the closing of the Duma, after reading the decree pasted on the streets on its dissolution, “immediately hurriedly left.”


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

According to Kokovtsov's memoirs, “in the middle of the day there was an intensified departure of Duma members along the Finland Railway,” and by evening it became known that members of the dispersed Duma decided to gather in Vyborg [12].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

A total of 220 deputies gathered.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

S. A. Muromtsev opened the meeting with the phrase: “the meeting of the State Duma resumes.”


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The text of the collectively compiled appeal “From the Duma to the People” called, among other things, for passive resistance to the authorities before the convening of a new Duma: not to give recruits, not to pay taxes and not to pay loans, which the Government concluded without the consent of the Duma. [14] [15]


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

During the discussion, Gerzenstein objected to such calls for civil disobedience.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

However, at the end of the discussion of the document, the next day, July 23 [OS 1906], he aligned himself with the majority.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

After signing the appeal among 180 deputies (dated it the previous day), he returned to Terijoki, where two days later, on July 25 [O.S.], the cadets and labor workers began at the New Resort dacha inter-party meeting.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The Teriok meeting of workers and cadets on July 12-13 (25-26), 1906 considered options for their further joint actions.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

In particular, it was proposed to create an Executive Committee of the liquidated Duma [15].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The parties failed to agree on their positions, and the meeting ended with the final separation of both parties.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

In the photos taken during breaks between meetings, newspapers publishing and discussing the Vyborg Appeal are next to the deputies [16].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

A few days later, the tsarist government responded to it with repressive measures: on July 29 [O.S.], a case was opened against all those who signed this document [17].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Gerzenstein continued to meet with his party comrades, and a few days later he left for St. Petersburg.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

He spends the first half of the day of his death with his party member V. D. Nabokov, after which he returned to Terijoki by a six-hour evening train.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Murder Day


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Returning to Terijoki, at about 8 pm Herzenstein and his family left the dacha towards the Gulf of Finland to walk along the coast.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The end of July is a little more than a month away from the peak of the white nights, and at this time of day the sun is quite high, illuminating the beach from Vyborg.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

His wife Anna Vasilyevna was walking ahead of Gerzenstein, and he himself was walking behind next to his 17-year-old daughter Anna.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Hearing that someone was catching up with them, the daughter turned around and saw the man about 15 steps away.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

After 5 more steps, he stopped and threw up his gun.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

There were two shots fired.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Gerzenstein fell down.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The killer, covering his face with his left hand, ran away a little, and quickly climbed over the fence that fenced off the beach, and then disappeared into the coastal forest [18] [19].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

According to Larichkin's story, near Herzenstein “stood two women whom I had seen before together with Gerzenstein.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The younger one clenched her hands, saying that she was wounded, the older one cried:


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

- What did he get killed for?


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

she cried out, “he never did anything wrong to anyone!”


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

” [20].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

People came up to the shots and screams.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The body of the victim was taken to a nearby hotel and the police were called.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Herzenstein's wife remembered that some time before that she had noticed a suspicious subject in smoky glasses, who, as she thought, was watching her husband.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

She was so excited about it (and shortly before the murder, Gerzenstein received a threatening letter from the Society for Active Struggle against Revolution) that she even drew the attention of passers-by to the constantly following them to a person.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Some sources call the place of residence of the Herzenstein family in Terijoki the “Belvedere Hotel” [3].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Two photographs taken, according to the recording in the TsGAFKD, “near the house where M. ME. Gerzenstein” [21], show the entrance to Esa Mustonen's establishment (Finnish: Esa Mustonen).


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Another series of photographs attributed to the TsGAFKD by the same location [22] shows a typical wooden house with a minimum of amenities, rented for the summer to one or more families.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Finnish historian E.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Kesonen writes that the murder took place on a waterfront alley near the Riviera Hotel [23], where a corpse was brought from the beach.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

On maps of the early 20th century, the Riviera area is marked as a large Belle Vue Hotel.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The Finnish police took the usual measures in such incidents and established surveillance of the station.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Late in the evening, from the house of the captain of the Finnish station gendarmerie T. A. Zapolsky, a group of suspicious people proceeded to the platform.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

After getting into the car, they left for St. Petersburg by train at 23:15.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

As soon as they waited for the Russian border, they got off the train in Beloostrov and went to drink vodka and beer [20].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Neither the investigators, nor the victim himself and his family knew that day that an hour before the murder, at 7 pm, the issue of the black-hundredth newspaper Mayak was published in Moscow.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

On the front page there is a major announcement: “Gerzenstein is killed”, and on the fourth page there is an article “Rumor of Herzenstein's Death” [24].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Funerals


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Initially, Gerzenstein's family intended to bury him in Moscow, the city where he lived and taught before his election to the Duma.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

His comrades in the zemstvo bodies of Moscow, who wanted to nominate Herzenstein as mayor a few months ago, have already made all the necessary preparations for this.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Russkoe Slovo has already notified that “the body of M. ME. Gerzenstein will arrive in Moscow at the Nikolaevsky railway station on July 23, at 8.50 am” [25].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The Mayor told the organizers of the funeral, V. IN. Przhevalsky and I. M. Chuprov, which “gives them discretion the entire internal schedule of the march, but the external order is entrusted entirely to the police” [25].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

However, the St. Petersburg authorities feared riots that could arise with the arrival of the funeral procession.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Literally opposite Teriok, across the bay, on the same days, the Kronstadt rebellion of 1906 began [25], and in St. Petersburg, followed by a strike.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The authorities actually prevented the will of the family, and Herzenstein's widow and party members were forced to agree to bury his body in Terijoki themselves.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Several thousand people gathered for the funeral (Kähenen [26] gives estimates of 15-20 thousand).


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

All shops and craft establishments in the village were closed as a sign of mourning.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Every new train arriving from St. Petersburg to Terijoki was greeted by people singing [3].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Along the entire route of the hearse, there were people with bare heads in several rows, many cried.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Later, an obelisk monument was erected at the Teriok Cemetery, and at the scene of the murder, on the shore of the bay, a granite stone “with an inscription telling about a noble friend of Finland” [26].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Investigations


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The morning after the murder, on August 1 [O.S. 1906], Finnish police interrogated Tikhon Zapolsky.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

It turned out that on the night before Gerzenstein's murder, five people stayed in his house, one of them wearing smoky glasses, who spoke Polish and German.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The gendarme explained his hospitality by the fact that two of them presented the crusts of security agents allegedly signed by Colonel Gerasimov.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Subsequently, at the request of the court for this certificate, the head of the St. Petersburg security department A. M. Gerasimov replied that no such certificates with signature and seal were issued to any of the employees in the security department at all [27].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Although historians are skeptical about the authenticity of these certificates [28], the revolvers and “shells” (bulletproof vests), which were literally rattled by militants in Zapolsky's house, were real.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

According to him, in response to the demand to show him documents for weapons, Larichkin replied that it was issued to him by the police of Shlisselburg [29].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Zapolsky also admitted a letter of recommendation signed by the Russian co-head of the Finnish gendarmerie [30].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

After interrogation, Zapolsky tried to immediately go to St. Petersburg; this was considered suspicious, and he was arrested for a while.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Later, Zapolsky confirmed his testimony under oath at a court session [30].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

It took several months before it was possible to identify by name who spent the night at Zapolsky's place and prove that they were the ones who tracked down and eventually killed Gerzenstein.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The investigation was conducted by Assistant Sworn Attorney of the St. Petersburg Court Chamber G. F. Weber [31].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

In hot pursuit, it was possible to record a lot of facts.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Thus, a servant of the Teriok hotel “Severnaya” Yanovich found in one of the rooms a card with the image of a skull and two bones with the inscription “Komorra of the massacre”.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The same ones came in the mail to Gerzenstein, one on the day of his murder, the other on July 26, 1906.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Other witnesses reported that a few days before the murder, suspicious subjects were seen in Terijoki following Gerzenstein.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

They called themselves revolutionaries, they saw weapons and shells in their possession [3].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The investigation progressed at the end of November 1906.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The thread to the investigation was given by former members of the NRC I. A. Lavrov M. AND. Zorin and V.Romanov.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Lavrov and Zorin were removed from the NRC combat squad without surrendering the revolvers issued to them, for illegally carrying which they were arrested during their first acquaintance with Weber.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Both attributed the punishment that befell them to the intrigues of the Union of the Russian People.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Romanov also allegedly was a member of the same squad, but left the union, being offended by the head of the squad Yuskevich-Kraskovsky.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Embarrassed by this, Lavrov, Zorin and Romanov testified to Weber, who provided these witnesses with money to travel to Finland to testify and gave their families 30 rubles each [32].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The essence of the testimony was that they heard from accomplices in the murder of Gerzenstein that this crime was committed by G. S. Larichkin S. Alexandrov is a security guard at the Main Council of the NRC, foremen of the Putilov Plant A. IN. Polovnev and innkeeper L. A. Topolev, acting at the instigation of N. M. Yuskevich-Krasovsky, a candidate for membership in the Main Council of the Union of the Russian People.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

As new evidence became available, the Finnish authorities put suspects and witnesses wanted, who were in hiding for a long time - only by 1909 it was possible to recognize as a judicial fact some of significant details.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

New York Times correspondent Herman Bernstein, who was present at the trial, presented the following picture to readers of his newspaper on September 19, 1909 [20]:


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

According to Larichkin, at the end of June 1906, one of the co-founders of the Union of the Russian People and a close ally of its head, Dr. Dubrovin, a candidate for membership in the Main Council of the NRC N. M. Yuskevich-Kraskovsky gathered a special group of vigilantes led by Polovnev.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Larichkin, as well as Alexandrov, Belyaev and Kazantsev obeyed him.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

After announcing to them that they would have to “cut off” (which in the jargon of these criminals meant “kill”) people dangerous to the government, a week later Yuskevich distributed photos of Aladyin, Vinaver, Herzenstein, Petrunkevich and other prominent Duma members who remained in dachas in Finland after the dispersal of the Duma.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Yuskevich informed the militants about the usual movements of the targeted victims and gave instructions on how to reach their addresses.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The task to “cut off Herzenstein” fell to Polovnev and Kazantsev.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The next morning, at the headquarters of the NRC, Yuskevich gave Alexandrov, Belyaev, Rudzik, Pimenov and Larichkin revolvers, ordering him to immediately go to the scene.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

In the evening, the group met in Terijoki.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

“Although the case was not discussed at this meeting,” Larichkin stressed, Polovnev promised his accomplices: “Soon we will be rich and will drive a car” [20].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The next day in Terijoki, Polovnev, according to Larichkin, led him to a house, and pointing to a man sitting “next to two women and a child” (obviously with his wife and both daughters), said: Gerzenstein.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

After ordering to watch him, and if possible, shoot him, Polovnev left.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Larichkin waited for Gerzenstein to turn around, checked his face with the photo, and began surveillance.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Gerzenstein was soon killed [20].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The trials of 1907—1909


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Several members of the Union of the Russian People and their leaders were convicted in the case of the murder of Gerzenstein.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Alexandrov and Topolev appeared in court in 1907.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Topolev's sane complicity could not be proved.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Celebrating his release, he committed a new offense while drunk, after which he was again imprisoned.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Alexandrov was sentenced to 6 months in prison for failing to report the impending murder.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Polovnev was arrested in June 1908.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

In October 1909, he was sentenced to 6 years in prison for complicity in the crime. [33]


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Yuskevich-Kraskovsky was found in June 1909 in Tver, arrested and taken to Finland for trial.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Transferred to Finland on 12 August 1909


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Larichkin [31] [34].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Both of them were also sentenced to 6 years in prison as accomplices in the crime.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The direct perpetrator of the murder, Alexander Kazantsev, by that time, was killed by revolutionaries and could not be brought to justice.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

By the highest decree of December 30, 1909, Tsar Emperor Nicholas II pardoned criminals convicted in the case of the murder of Gerzenstein, including Polovnev and Yuskevich-Krasovsky [35].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

After his release, Larichkin committed a new murder, Mukhina, for which he was again brought to court in 1911 [35].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The highest-ranking functionary of the Union of the Russian People, whose guilt in the murder of Gerzenstein was established by the court, was the candidate for membership in the Main Council Yuskevich-Kraskovsky.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

At the trial, the name of the head of the Union, Dr. Dubrovin, was


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

In the testimony of the defendants, Yuskevich-Krasovsky acted only as the coordinator of the action, involved in the murder to the same extent as others who did not personally shoot Gerzenstein (the court determined all of them equal measure of responsibility, 6 years in prison).


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Having told the court about his appeal, already over Yuskevich's head, personally to Dubrovin, Larichkin thereby gave indirect testimony against him as the supreme organizer of the crime, who is aware of everyone cases, including the disposal of funds.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The head of the NRC Dubrovin did not appear at the hearing of the case, “hiding from the Finnish court at the resort” [36].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The mayor of Yalta “Dumbadze granted Dubrovin asylum”, in which “the chairman of the NRC met... the warmest welcome” [36].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

In the report of one of the members of the NRC to the Main Council of the Union, it was noted: “General Dumbadze protects him well and states that they could only be arrested together” [37].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The whole world knew where Dubrovin was, commenting on what was happening as follows:


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

But Dr. Dubrovin, the head of the criminal organization, enjoys the sea breezes of Crimea, where General Dumbadze covers him — at a short distance from Livadia, where the tsar is now spending his summer [20].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

A. IN. Gerasimov, who headed the Security Department in 1905-1909, in his memoirs first published in 1934 in German and French [38], the general (since 1909) spoke about the creation under the NRC a special combat squad led by Yuskevich-Kraskovsky, and confirmed that “it was this squad of the NRC that organized in July 1906 the murder of a member of the First State Duma, Cadet M. ME. Gerzenstein” [39].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Agent Yakovlev, who was introduced into this organization, kept informed of the current activities of the St. Petersburg department of the NRC Gerasimov.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Among the names that did not come to the attention of the investigation (killed 4 months after Gerzenstein), Gerasimov names V. F. von der Launitz.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

At the turn of 1905-06, three events converge in the biography of this general of His Imperial Majesty's retinue: Nicholas II's acceptance of the deputation of the Union of the Russian People, accession to this union and office Mayor of St. Petersburg.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

In his last post, this, according to Witte, protector (main patron) of the Union of the Russian People [40] — formally, an ordinary bearer of the NRC badge — took on the role of a link between the authorities and Black Hundreds of the capital.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

He helped them with everything from issuing “fake” (that is, issued bypassing the law) documents — for example, for the right to conduct searches — to transferring money from secret funds.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

But the perpetrators of the political murder planned at the top, Gerasimov complains, “were dark people, drunks.”


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

They were not averse to pocketing someone else's.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

As soon as Lawunitz began to transfer to the militants of the NRC a purely police function — the execution of search warrants in apartments — complaints of the searched about the “loss” of things fell down.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The then Minister of Internal Affairs, Stolypin himself, had to intervene in the matter: according to Gerasimov's report, he forbade the transfer of police functions to third parties from the Union of the Russian People.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

But this ban did not apply to secret financing.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

For organizing the murder of Herzenstein, Launitz transferred 2000 rubles to Yuskevich-Kraskovsky [41].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

As you move along the chain to direct performers, this amount begins to melt steadily.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Noting the murder by drinking beer with vodka in Beloostrov, according to Larichkin, he and the company came to the office of Yuskevich-Krasovsky.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

After a while, Kazantsev arrived there in time, and, “throwing his hat on the closet,” boastfully told his accomplices: Gerzenstein was over.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

But the money was not given to anyone that day.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The next morning, Larichkin went to the headquarters, and sat there useless for several hours: no one came there.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Then Larichkin wrote a note with a request to make a calculation and handed it over through Belyaev personally to Dubrovin himself.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Soon Belyaev left Dubrovin's office and stunned Larichkin with the answer: “The money has already been paid.”


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

By evening, Polovnev found out: “Instead of the 1000 rubles promised to us, they gave us 300 rubles. The other 700 were taken by someone else” [20].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

And these 300 rubles had to be divided at least between Larichkin and Polovnev.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

They did not have to become “rich and drive a car”, as Polovnev dreamed a few hours before the murder [20].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

It is not surprising that after that Larichkin was deprived of good motives to keep his mouth shut.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Through other militants, with whom Larichkin shared his sad experience, and who were also “offended” or left unprotected by their superiors in the NRC, the secret became clear.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

“The Union of the Russian People, which often recruited its personnel among the most garbage of society, was constantly shaken by internal conflicts and scandals and produced dissatisfied people,” sums up this story modern researcher [3].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Customers and sympathizers of the murder


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Historians [42] consider the murder of Herzenstein, as well as another Duma deputy, Grigory Iollos, in the context of an unprecedented wave of anti-Semitism in terms of the number of victims and territorial coverage.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Beginning in the 1880s, it literally swept Russia during the reign of Nicholas II, especially after the Chisinau pogrom of 1903 [43].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

A significant contribution to this was made by black-hundredth organizations, among which in the case of the murders of Gerzenstein and Iollos appears A. AND. Dubrovin “Union of the Russian People”.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The pogrom was a massive social phenomenon, says Iain Lauchlan.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

“The anti-Semitic police authorities have significantly deepened the crisis situation... The unpleasant truth here is that the Union of the Russian People turned out to be, in a very important sense [for the authorities], a 'party people'... The escalation of violence was the result of the transfer of power, in this sense, to this' people '” [28], concludes the scientist, and immediately moves on to the study of Herzenstein's murder in terms of a “honeymoon” police and Black Hundreds [28].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The fact established by the court of complicity in this terrorist attack of Dubrovin's assistant and candidate for membership in the Main Council of the NRC Yuskevich-Kraskovsky [44], recalled by Lauchlan, echoes the indirect recognition responsibility of the NRC for the murder of Gerzenstein and Iollos, which was done at one time by one of the leaders of the NRC N. E.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Markov: [43] [45]


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The Union of the Russian People resorted to sole terror in rare cases, and even then only in the first years of its activity.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The murders of Jews Gerzenstein in Finland, Iollos in Moscow and Karavaev in Kharkov are known.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

As rare as these cases were, they made a huge educational impression on the Jews at one time.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

There are other indications that the organizers of these political murders were the Black Hundreds [46] [47] [48].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The Black Hundreds continued to mock Herzenstein after his murder.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The Moskovskie Vesti newspaper of October 11 [O.S. 1906] reported:


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Black-hundredth organizations throw letters at the Duma about the alleged perpetuation of the memory of the late M. ME.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Gerzenstein.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The letters are quite monotonous in content.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

They end with threats: if a portrait of Herzenstein is placed anywhere, it will be torn, the monument will be destroyed, the scholarship will be established, windows will be knocked out in the institution where the scholarship will be held [49].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Three days later, the same newspaper added: “The Dorogomilovsky Congress of the Russian Monarchical Party decided to express indignation at the vowel of the Duma who started honoring the memory of the Jew Herzenstein” [50].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The obelisk of gray granite, installed on Gerzenstein's tombstone, has survived to this day.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The monument is desecrated: on a round bas-relief, the face of a bearded man, over whom a lady in a mourning cape bent, is knocked down.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

A cross is engraved at the top of the obelisk: M. ME.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Gerzenstein was baptized into the Orthodox Christian faith [51].


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

See also


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Union of the Russian People


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Bibliography


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Vinaver M. M. History of the Vyborg Appeal.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

— 1917.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Memories: from S. E.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Kryzhanovsky, the last State Secretary of the Russian Empire.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

SPb., 2009.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Vostorgov I. AND. Memories of the February Revolution in Moscow.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

//Notes of the Manuscripts Department of the Russian State Library.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Vol.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

—: 2000.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Kiryanov Yu.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

AND. Right-wing parties in Russia.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

— 2001.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Maklakov V. A. The First State Duma.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Memories of a contemporary.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

April 27—July 8, 1906.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

— 2006.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Reissued in: Wars of the Dark Forces, 2008.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Materials for characterizing the counter-revolution of 1905//Byloe.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

№ 21 1923.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Milyukov P. N.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

— VOL. 1.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

— 1990.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Milyukov P. N. In memory of M. ME.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Gerzenstein.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

//Past No. 2 (14) 1907.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The fall of the royal regime.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

VOL. 7.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

— —, 1927.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Prussakov A. AND. Who killed Gerzenstein.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

— 1909.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Testimony to the Finnish court of N. M. Yuskevich-Kraskovsky//Russian banner October 14-16, 1909 № 227—229


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Rodionov Yu.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

P.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

The investigation case of Dr. Dubrovin//Archive of Jewish History.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

— VOL. 1.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

— 2004.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Fleer M. Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

— 1906.


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Walter Laqueur: Black Hundred: The Rise Of The Russian Extreme Right (1993)


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Check date values in: |year=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

References


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Notes


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Category: Murders committed in 1906


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Category:Killed politicians


Question: In what year did Mikhail Yakovlevich Gertsenstein become a politician?

Gerzenstein assassination

Category:Victims of anti-Semitism


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Polish Uprising of 1830-1831, (in Polish historiography — the November Uprising (Polish: Powstanie listopadowe), the Russian-Polish War of 1830-1831 (Polish: Wojna polsko-rosyjska 1830 i 1831 [1])) — uprising against the power of the Russian Empire on the territory of the Kingdom of Poland, North-Western Krai and Right-Bank Ukraine.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

It took place simultaneously with the so-called “cholera riots” in central Russia.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

It began on November 29, 1830 and lasted until October 21, 1831, under the slogan of restoring the independent “historical Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth” within the borders of 1772, that is, not only on the Polish territories, but also in territories inhabited by Belarusians and Little Russians, as well as Lithuanians and Jews.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Background


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

After the Napoleonic Wars, by decision of the Congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie) was created, a state in the status of a kingdom that was in personal union with Russia.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

It was a constitutional monarchy ruled by a two-year Sejm and a king, who was represented in Warsaw by the governor.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Kingdom had its own army, staffed largely by veterans of the Polish legions who fought during the Napoleonic Wars on the side of France, but there were disproportionately many Greco - Catholics of the Kingdom of Poland.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Greek Catholics actively participated in the partisan movement against Napoleonic troops and their Roman Catholic allies during the Patriotic War of 1812, and in the manning of the Polish army it was their loyalty that the Russian government hoped for, especially since even the Roman Catholic Tadeusz Kosciuszko, whose mother and sisters were Greek Catholics, expressed sympathy during the Patriotic War of 1812 Russians.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The post of governor of Poland was taken by T. Kosciuszko, divisional general of the French imperial army Zayonchek, and the brother of the Russian emperor Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich became the commander-in-chief of the Polish army, after the death of Zayonchek (1826) who also became a viceroy.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Alexander I, who treated the Polish national movement with great sympathy, gave Poland a liberal constitution, which, however, he himself began to violate when the Poles, exercising their rights, became to resist his activities.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Thus, the Second Sejm in 1820 rejected a bill abolishing jury trials (introduced in Poland by Napoleon); Alexander stated that he, as the author of the constitution, had the right to be its only interpreter.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In 1819, preliminary censorship was introduced, which Poland still did not know.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The convening of the third Seimas was delayed for a long time: elected in 1822, it was convened only at the beginning of 1825.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

After Kalisz Voivodeship elected oppositionist Vincenta Nemojewski, elections were canceled there and new ones were called; when Kalisz re-elected Nemoevsky, he was deprived of the right to vote altogether, and Nemoevsky, who came to take his place in the Sejm, was arrested at the Warsaw outpost.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The tsarist decree abolished the publicity of the Seimas meetings (except for the first one).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In this situation, the Third Seimas unquestioningly adopted all the laws presented to him by the emperor.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The subsequent appointment to the post of Russian governor, Konstantin Pavlovich, alarmed the Poles, who feared a tightening of the regime.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On the other hand, violations of the constitution were not the only or even the main reason for the discontent of the Poles, especially since the Poles in other regions of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did not fall under its scope (although they retained full land and economic supremacy).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Violations of the constitution were superimposed on patriotic feelings protesting against foreign power over Poland; in addition, there were also Wielkopolska sentiments, since “congressional Poland” ( Polish: Kongresówka), so called by the Poles - the brainchild of Alexander I at the Congress of Vienna, the former Napoleonic “Duchy of Warsaw” without the Poznan region, occupied only part of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in borders of 1772, only part of ethnic Poland and the region with a population of Russian Roman Catholics.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Poles (mainly the Polish gentry), as well as the gentry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, for their part, continued to dream of a state within the borders of 1772 [2], including in the “eight voivodeships” on the territory of Lithuania, Ukraine and Belarus, hoping for Europe's help.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The rapprochement of the gentry with the people, as well as the transition to the side of the rebels of Greek Catholics and Russian Roman Catholics, was facilitated by the installation in Warsaw on the initiative of the late Stashitz of a monument to Nicholas Copernicus, whose works were included in the index of books banned by the Pope, and the parade at which soldiers — Roman Catholics and Greek Catholics — on the day of the opening of the monument, the governor Constantine forced to salute monument, which was perceived as a dirty insult by the imperial authorities of Russia to the religious feelings of the Polish and Russian peoples of the Kingdom of Poland.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Patriotic movement


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Secret student societies of patriotic youth operated at Vilna University: philomats (1817-1823) and filarets (1820-1823).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Secret societies were later exposed by the police, and the participants were persecuted.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In 1819, Major Valerian Lukasinsky, Prince Yablonovsky, Colonels Krzhizhanovsky and Prondzinsky founded the National Masonic Society, whose members were about 200 people, mostly officers; after the ban of Masonic lodges in 1820, it was transformed into a deeply covert Patriotic Society.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, there were secret societies outside congress Poland: patriots, friends, promenists (in Vilna), Templars (in Volyn), etc.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The movement among officers had a particularly wide support.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Catholic clergy also contributed to the movement; only the peasantry remained away from it.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The movement was heterogeneous in its social goals and was divided into hostile parties: aristocratic (with Prince Czartoryski at the head) and democratic, headed by Professor Lelevel, leader and idol of university youth; its military wing was later headed by Second Lieutenant of the Guards Grenadier Pyotr Vysotsky, instructor of the School of Podhorunzhikh (military school), who created a secret a military organization already within the national movement itself.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, they were shared only by plans for the future structure of Poland, and not for an uprising or its borders.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Twice (during the Kiev contracts), representatives of the Patriotic Society tried to enter into relations with the Decembrists, but the negotiations did not lead to anything.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

When the Decembrist conspiracy was opened and some Poles were found to be connected with them, the case of the latter was referred to the Administrative Council (government), which, after two months of meetings ordered the release of the accused.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The hopes of the Poles revived a lot after Russia declared war on Turkey (1828).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Plans for the speech were discussed, in view of the fact that the main forces of Russia were involved in the Balkans; the objection was that such a speech could prevent the liberation of Greece.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Pyotr Vysotsky, who was creating his own society at that time, entered into relations with members of other parties and set the end of March 1829 as the date for the uprising, when, according to rumors, the coronation was to take place Emperor Nicholas I with the crown of Poland.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

It was decided to kill Nikolai, and Vysotsky volunteered to personally carry out the action.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The coronation, however, took place safely (in May 1829); the plan was not implemented.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Preparing an uprising


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The July Revolution of 1830 in France excited Polish nationalists.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On August 12, a meeting was held to discuss the issue of immediate intervention; however, it was decided to postpone the speech, as it was necessary to win over someone from senior military officials.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In the end, the conspirators managed to win over Generals Khlopitsky, Stanislav Pototsky, Krukovetsky and Shembek to their side.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The movement covered almost all army officers, gentry, women, craft shops, students.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Vysotsky's plan was adopted, according to which the murder of Konstantin Pavlovich and the seizure of the barracks of Russian troops was to serve as a signal for the uprising.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The performance was scheduled for October 26.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In early October, proclamations were pasted on the streets; there was an announcement that the Belvedere Palace in Warsaw (the seat of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, former governor of Poland) of the new year is rented out.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

But the Grand Duke was warned of the danger by his Polish wife (Princess Lowicz) and did not leave the Belvedere.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The last straw for the Poles was Nicholas's manifesto on the Belgian revolution, after which the Poles saw that their army was intended to be the vanguard in the campaign against the rebels of the Belgians.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The uprising was finally scheduled for November 29.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The conspirators had 10,000 soldiers against about 7,000 Russians, of whom, however, many were natives of the former Polish regions.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

“November Night”


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

With the onset of the evening of November 29, armed students gathered in the Lazenkovsky forest, and regiments were armed in the barracks.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At 6 pm, Pyotr Vysotsky entered the Podhorunzhikh barracks and exclaimed: “Brothers, the hour of freedom has struck!” , he was told: “Long live Poland!”


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Vysotsky, at the head of one hundred and fifty podhorunzhy, attacked the barracks of the Guards lancers, while 14 conspirators moved to the Belvedere.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, when they broke into the palace, Chief of Police Lyubovitsky raised the alarm and Konstantin Pavlovich managed to escape and hide.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, this failure did not affect the further course of events, since Constantine, instead of organizing an energetic rebuff to the rebels with the help of available forces, showed complete passivity.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Vysotsky's attack on the lancer barracks also failed, but soon 2,000 students and a crowd of workers came to his aid.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The rebels killed six Polish generals who remained loyal to the tsar (including Minister of War Gauka).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

An arsenal was taken.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Russian regiments were surrounded in their barracks and, without receiving orders from anywhere, were demoralized.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Most Polish regiments hesitated, restrained by their commanders (the commander of the Guards Horse Rangers Zhimirski even managed to force his regiment to fight against the rebels in Krakow suburb, and then joined Constantine with the regiment, who left Warsaw at night).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Konstantin summoned the Russian regiments, and by two o'clock in the morning Warsaw was cleared of Russian troops.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

After that, the uprising spread all of Poland at once.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Konstantin, explaining his passivity, said: “I do not want to participate in this Polish fight,” referring to the fact that what is happening is a conflict exclusively between the Poles and their King Nikolai.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Subsequently, during the war, he even demonstratively showed pro-Polish sympathies.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Representatives of the Polish government (Administrative Council) began negotiations with him, as a result of which Konstantin undertook to release the Polish troops that were under him, not to call up troops Lithuanian Corps and go beyond the Vistula.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Poles, for their part, promised not to disturb him and supply him with supplies.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Constantine did not just go beyond the Vistula, but left the Kingdom of Poland altogether — the fortresses of Modlin and Zamosc were surrendered to the Poles, and the troops of the Russian Empire left the territory of the Kingdom of Poland.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Government organization


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The day after the outbreak of the uprising, on November 30, the Governing Body met, which was at a loss: in its appeal, it defined the coup as an event “as regrettable as it was unexpected “, and tried to pretend to run on behalf of Nikolai.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

“Nicholas, King of Poland, is at war with Nicholas, the Emperor of Russia,” Finance Minister F. Lyubetsky.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On the same day, the Patriotic Club was formed, which demanded the purge of the council.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

As a result, a number of ministers were expelled and replaced by new ones: Vladislav Ostrovsky, General K. Malakhovsky and Professor Lelevel.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

General Khlopitsky was appointed commander-in-chief.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

There were immediately sharp disagreements between the right and left wings of the movement.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The left tended to view the Polish movement as part of the pan-European liberation movement and was associated with the democratic circles in France that carried out the July Revolution; they dreamed of a nationwide uprising and war against all three monarchies that divided Poland, in alliance with revolutionary France.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The right was inclined to seek a compromise with Nikolai on the basis of the 1815 constitution.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, however, they also did not doubt the need to return the “eight voivodeships” (Lithuania and Russia).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The coup was organized by the left, but as the elite joined it, influence passed to the side of the right.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

General Khlopitsky, who was appointed commander-in-chief of the army, was also right.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, he enjoyed influence among the left, as an ally of Kosciuszko and Dombrovsky.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On December 4, a Provisional Government of 7 members was formed, including Lelevel and Yulian Nemtsevich.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The council was headed by Prince Adam Czartoryski - thus, power passed to the right.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Khlopitsky removed the most active left-wing leaders, Zalussky and Vysotsky, from Warsaw, the first - to organize an uprising in Lithuania, the second - as a captain in the army.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

He even tried to bring podhorunzhikh to trial.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On December 5, Khlopitsky accused the government of empty ranting and conniving violence of clubs, and proclaimed himself a dictator.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, he expressed his intention to “rule the name of the constitutional king”, who just then (December 17) issued a manifesto to the Poles, stigmatizing the rebels and their “vile betrayal”, and announced mobilizing the army.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Sejm, which consisted mostly of the left, took away Khlopitsky's dictatorship, but then, under pressure from public opinion (Khlopitsky was extremely popular and was seen as the savior of Poland), returned it, after which Khlopitsky achieved the suspension of the meetings of the Seimas.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Delegates were sent to St. Petersburg (deputies L. Lyubitsky and I. Yezersky) for negotiations with the Russian government.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Polish conditions were as follows: the return of the “eight voivodeships”; compliance with the Constitution; voting taxes by the Chambers; observance of guarantees of freedom and publicity; publicity of meetings of the Sejm; security kingdoms exclusively by their own troops.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

With the exception of the first, these requirements were within the framework of the Vienna Convention of 1815, which guaranteed the constitutional rights of Poland.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Mikalai, however, did not promise anything but amnesty.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

When on January 25, 1831, the returning Yezersky reported this to the Sejm, the latter immediately adopted an act on the deposition of Nicholas and prohibiting representatives of the Romanov dynasty from occupying the Polish throne.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Even earlier, under the impression of the first news of Russia's military preparations, the Seimas again took away the dictatorship from Khlopitsky (who, knowing full well that Europe would not support Poland and the uprising was doomed, categorically insisted on a compromise with Nikolai).


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Seimas was ready to leave him command, but Khlopitsky refused him, saying that he intended to serve only as an ordinary soldier.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On January 20, the command was entrusted to Prince Radziwill, who was completely devoid of military experience.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

From that moment on, the outcome of the Polish uprising was to be decided by the martial arts of Russian and Polish weapons.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Warsaw Mint fell into the hands of the rebels.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In 1831, it produced 164,000 Polish ducats, the so-called.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

“lobanchikov” (copies of Utrecht ducats), who went to purchase weapons.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The difference between Polish coins of 1831 and St. Petersburg coins lies in the presence of a one-headed eagle near the head of a knight instead of a caduceus [3].


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Military actions


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The beginning of hostilities.


Question: How did the Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 end?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Grokhov