Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

Describing in a concise form the main views of the moral systems they represent, moral codes are easy to compare, the results of which can be considered as an argument in favor of metaethical the position of moral universalism, according to which an ethical system is possible that effectively regulates the behavior of members of any community, regardless of culture, race, sex, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, or any other characteristics.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

This is confirmed by the observation that there is a common core among all known moral codes that have proven their viability: respect for life, health, property and personal dignity person.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

As noted by the representative of this direction, linguist and political publicist Noam Chomsky [55]:


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

“In fact, one of the principles probably the simplest is the principle of universality, namely, if something is good for me, it is good for you, and if something is bad for you, it is bad for me. Any moral code worthy of note contains this in one form or another.”


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

Religious moral codes can be directly formulated by revealed laws, like the laws of Moses, or determined by commentaries to the text of revelation, as in the laws of Islam, and tend to be transformed over time into codes of law that systematize legal practice, but the difference between the two persists.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

Despite these differences, systems of secular laws or judicial law, in particular civil law based on accumulated traditions, judicial decisions and legislation of political power, often appeals to the authority of moral laws.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

Another related concept is the moral core of a person, which is considered innate.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

In some religious systems and views (for example, in Gnosticism), it is considered the basis of aesthetic and moral choice.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

With this view, moral codes are considered as a coercive phenomenon, part of human policy.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

See also


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

Universal human values


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

Moral Code of the Builder of Communism


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

Notes


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

a. Barna Group's study on divorce in the United States shows that atheists and agnostics have lower divorce rates than the average for religious groups (although some groups of believers have this rate see below).


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

[56] [57] At the same time, the study shows that atheists and agnostics are less likely to marry than believers.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

b. Some studies have noted a positive relationship between religiosity and moral behavior [58] [59] [60] —for example, reviews exploring the relationship between faith and altruism.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

[61] Modern research on criminology also notes feedback between religion and crime, [62] [63] According to a meta-analysis of 60 studies on religiosity and crime, “religiosity and faith have a deterrent effect on people with criminal tendencies.”


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

c. Zuckerman notes that the Scandinavians have “a relatively low rate of petty offenses and robberies”, but “their rates of violent crime — murder, assault, rape — are among the most the highest in the world” (Zuckerman 2008, pp. 5-6).


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

d. The authors also note that “A few centuries ago, the murder rate in Christian Europe and the American colonies was astronomical,” [65] and “least devout secular democracies such as France and Scandinavia were the safest in this regard.” [66] They prove a positive relationship between the level of public religiosity and a certain dysfunction of public life, [67] a study conducted later in the same journal revealed certain methodological errors that were hidden behind the authors' conclusions.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

e. Blackburn cites examples, such as the phrase from Exodus 22:18, which he says “served as the basis for the burning alive of thousands of women in Europe and America”: “Don't leave sorcerers alive,” and notes that in the Old Testament, God apparently “sees no problem in slavery,” considers birth control a crime that should be punished with death, and is “delighted with child abuse ”.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

[69] Others interpret these lines in other words, in particular, that Jewish laws demonstrate the evolution of moral standards in society: that Jews actually threatened the death penalty to those who forcibly enslaved people, treated slaves as human beings rather than property, and protected them in various ways.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

[43] [44]


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

Notes


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

Literature


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) containing articles by Paterson Brown:


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

, (from Mind, 1963),


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

, (from Mind, 1964)


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

, (from Religious studies, 1967)


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

(Reviewed in)


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

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Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

Lunn, Arnold, and Garth Lean (1964).


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

The New Morality.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

London: Blandford Press.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

March 4, 2012


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

John Newton, Ph.D.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

Complete Conduct Principles for the 21st Century, 2000.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

ISBN 0-9673705-7-4.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

Weber, Eric Thomas.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

(London: Continuum).


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

Drobnitsky O. G. The concept of morality: A historical and critical essay.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

M., 1974


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

Weber, Max.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

— MOSCOW, 2003.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

Ossovskaya, Maria.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

The Knight and the Bourgeois: A Study on the History of Morality: Transl. from Polish.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

/LS


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

ed.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

A. A. Huseynova; Vstup.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

art.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

A. A. Huseynova and K. A. Shvartsman.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

— M.: Progress, 1987.


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

References


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals

, en: chabad.org


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals


Question: What discipline studies morality?

Morals


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Jules Henri Poincaré (French: Jules Henri Poincaré; April 29, 1854 — July 17, 1912) was a French,,,, and.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Head of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1906), member of the French Academy (1908) [1] and more than 30 academies around the world, including a foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1895).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Historians rank Henri Poincaré among the greatest mathematicians of all time [2].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He is considered, along with Hilbert, the last universal mathematician, scientist able to cover all the mathematical results of his time [3].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He wrote more than 500 articles and books [4].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

“It is no exaggeration to say that it is not


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

there was an area of modern mathematics, “pure” or “applied”, which he would not enrich with remarkable methods and results” [5].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

His biggest achievements include:


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Creating a topology.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Qualitative theory of differential equations.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The theory of automorphic functions.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Development of new, extremely effective methods of celestial mechanics.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Creating the mathematical foundations of the theory of relativity, as well as generalizing the principle of relativity for all physical phenomena.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

A visual model of Lobachevsky's geometry.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Biography


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Early years and training (1854—1879)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Henri Poincare was born on April 29, 1854 in Nancy, Lorraine, France.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

His father, Leon Poincare (1828—1892), was Professor of Medicine at the School of Medicine (from 1878 at the University of Nancy).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Henri's mother, Eugénie Launois, devoted all her free time to raising her children, Henri's son and youngest daughter Alina.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

There are other celebrities among Poincaré's relatives: cousin Raymond became President of France (from 1913 to 1920), another cousin, a famous physicist, was the Inspector General of Public Education France, and from 1917 to 1920 he was Rector of the University of Paris [6].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Since childhood, Henri has gained a reputation as an absent-minded person, which he has preserved for life [2].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

As a child, he suffered diphtheria, which was complicated by temporary paralysis of his legs and soft palate.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The disease lasted for several months, during which he could neither walk nor talk.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

During this time, he developed a lot of auditory perception and, in particular, developed an unusual ability — color perception of sounds, which he had left for the rest of his life [2].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Good home preparation allowed Henri, at the age of eight and a half, to enter the second year of study at the lyceum.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

There he was noted as a diligent and inquisitive student with extensive erudition.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

At this stage, his interest in mathematics was moderate — after a while he moved to the Department of Literature, where he mastered Latin, German and English perfectly; later this helped Poincaré communicate actively with colleagues.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

On August 5, 1871, Poincaré received a bachelor's degree in literature with a grade of “good”.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

A few days later, Henri expressed a desire to participate in the exams for the degree of bachelor of science (natural), which he managed to pass, but only with a grade of “satisfactory”, since in written In the math exam, he answered the wrong question out of absent-mindedness [2].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In subsequent years, Poincaré's mathematical talents were more and more pronounced.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In October 1873, he became a student at the prestigious Polytechnic School in Paris, where he won first place in the entrance exams.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Charles Hermite was his math mentor.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The following year, Poincare published his first scientific paper on differential geometry in the Annals of Mathematics.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

After two years of study (1875), Poincaré was admitted to the Mining School, the most authoritative special higher education institution at that time.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

There, a few years later (1879), under the guidance of Hermite, he defended his doctoral dissertation, about which Gaston Darboux, who was a member of the commission, said: “At first glance, it became clear to me that the work goes beyond the ordinary and more than deserves to be accepted. It contained quite enough results to provide a lot of good dissertations with material.”


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The first scientific achievements (1879—1882)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

After receiving his degree, Poincare began teaching at the University of Caen in Normandy (December 1879).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

At the same time, he published his first serious articles — they are devoted to the class of automorphic functions he introduced.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

There, in Caen, he met his future wife Louise Poulain d'Andecy.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

On April 20, 1881, their wedding took place.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

They had a son and three daughters [7].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The originality, breadth and high scientific level of Poincaré's works immediately put him among the greatest mathematicians in Europe and attracted the attention of other prominent mathematicians.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In 1881, Poincaré was invited to take the position of lecturer at the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Paris and accepted the invitation.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

At the same time, from 1883 to 1897, he taught mathematical analysis at the Higher Polytechnic School.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In 1881-1882, Poincaré created a new branch of mathematics — the qualitative theory of differential equations.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He showed how it is possible to obtain practically important information about the behavior of a family of solutions without solving equations (as this is not always possible).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He successfully applied this approach to solving problems of celestial mechanics and mathematical physics.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Leader of French mathematicians (1882—1899)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

A decade after completing the study of automorphic functions (1885—1895), Poincaré devoted himself to solving several of the most complex problems of astronomy and mathematical physics.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He studied the stability of planetary figures formed in the liquid (molten) phase, and discovered, in addition to ellipsoidal ones, several other possible equilibrium figures.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In 1885, King Oscar II of Sweden organized a math competition and offered participants a choice of four topics.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The first was the most difficult: to calculate the motion of the gravitating bodies of the solar system


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare showed that this problem (the so-called three-body problem) does not have a complete mathematical solution.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Nevertheless, Poincare soon proposed effective methods for its approximate solution.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In 1889, Poincare won an award at the Swedish Competition (together with his friend and future biographer Paul Appel, who studied another topic).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

One of the two judges, Mittag-Leffler, wrote about Poincaré's work: “The awarded memoir will be among the most significant mathematical discoveries of the century.”


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The second judge, Weierstrass, said that Poincare's work “will begin a new era in the history of celestial mechanics” [2].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

For this success, the French government awarded Poincaré the Order of the Legion of Honor.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In the autumn of 1886, Poincaré, 32, headed the Department of Mathematical Physics and Probability Theory at the University of Paris.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincaré's recognition as a leading mathematician of France was his election as president of the French Mathematical Society (1886) and a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1887).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In 1887, Poincaré summarized the Cauchy theorem for the case of several complex variables and laid the foundation for the theory of deductions in a multidimensional complex space.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In 1889, Poincaré's fundamental Course in Mathematical Physics was published in 10 volumes, and in 1892-1893, two volumes of the monograph “New Methods of Celestial Mechanics” were published (the third volume was published in 1899).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Since 1893, Poincaré was a member of the prestigious Longitude Bureau (elected its president in 1899).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Since 1896, he moved to the University Department of Celestial Mechanics, which he held until the end of his life.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

During the same period, continuing his work on astronomy, he simultaneously implemented a long-thought-out idea of creating high-quality geometry, or topology: since 1894, he began publishing articles on building a new, exceptionally promising science.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Recent years


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In August 1900, Poincaré led the logic section of the First World Congress of Philosophy, held in Paris.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

There he made a keynote speech “On the Principles of Mechanics”, where he outlined his conventionalist philosophy: the principles of science are temporary conditional agreements adapted to experience, but do not direct analogues in reality.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He later substantiated this platform in detail in the books “Science and Hypothesis” (1902), “The Value of Science” (1905) and “Science and Method” (1908).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In them, he also described his vision of the essence of mathematical creativity, in which intuition plays a major role, and logic is assigned the role of a strict justification for intuitive insights.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The clear style and depth of thought provided these books with significant popularity, they were immediately translated into many languages.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

At the same time, the Second International Congress of Mathematicians was held in Paris, where Poincaré was elected chairman (all congresses were timed to coincide with the World Exhibition of 1900).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In 1903, Poincaré was included in a group of three experts who considered evidence in the Dreyfus case.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

On the basis of a unanimously adopted expert opinion, the Court of Cassation found Dreyfus not guilty.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The main area of interest of Poincare in the 20th century is physics (especially electromagnetism) and the philosophy of science.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare shows a deep understanding of electromagnetic theory, his insightful remarks are highly appreciated and taken into account by Lorenz and other leading physicists.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

From 1890, Poincare published a series of articles on Maxwell's theory, and in 1902 began lecturing on electromagnetism and radio communications.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In his articles of 1904-1905, Poincaré was far ahead of Lorenz in understanding the situation, actually creating the mathematical foundations of the theory of relativity (the physical foundation of this theory was developed by Einstein in 1905 year).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In 1906, Poincaré was elected President of the Paris Academy of Sciences.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In 1908, he fell seriously ill and was unable to read his report “The Future of Mathematics” himself at the Fourth Mathematical Congress.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The first operation was successful, but after 4 years, Poincaré's condition deteriorated again.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He died in Paris after embolism surgery on July 17, 1912 at the age of 58.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He was buried in the family crypt at Montparnasse Cemetery.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare probably foresaw his unexpected death, as in his last article he described an unsolved problem (“the last Poincare theorem”), which he had never done before.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

A few months later, this theorem was proved by George Birkhoff.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Later, with the assistance of Birkhoff, the Poincare Institute for Theoretical Physics was established in France [2].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Contribution to science


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

mini|left|bust of A. Poincare at the Polytechnic


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincaré's mathematical activity was interdisciplinary in nature, so that in a little over thirty years of his intense creative activity, he left fundamental works almost in all areas of mathematics [5].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincaré's works, published by the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1916—1956, consist of 11 volumes.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

These are works on the topology he created, automorphic functions, the theory of differential equations, multidimensional complex analysis, integral equations, non-Euclidean geometry, probability theory, theory numbers, celestial mechanics, physics, philosophy of mathematics and philosophy of science [8].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In all the various fields of his work, Poincaré has received important and profound results.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Although his scientific heritage includes many major works on “pure mathematics” (general algebra, algebraic geometry, number theory, etc.), still significantly predominate works, the results of which have direct application.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

This is especially evident in his works over the past 15—20 years.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Nevertheless, Poincare's discoveries, as a rule, were of a general nature and were later successfully applied in other fields of science.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare's creative method was based on creating an intuitive model of the problem: he always solved the problems completely in his head first, and then wrote down the solution.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincaré had a phenomenal memory and could quote books read and conversations word for word (Henri Poincaré's memory, intuition and imagination even became the subject of a real psychological studies).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In addition, he has never worked on one task for a long time, believing that the subconscious has already received the task and continues to work even when he is thinking about other things [6].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincaré described his creative method in detail in the report “Mathematical Creativity” (Psychological Society of Paris, 1908).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Paul Painleve assessed the importance of Poincare for science as follows [6]:


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He has grasped it, deepened it all.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

With an extraordinarily inventive mind, he knew no limits to his inspiration, tirelessly paving new paths, and in the abstract world of mathematics he repeatedly discovered unexplored areas.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Wherever the human mind penetrated, no matter how difficult and thorny its path was — be it problems of wireless telegraphy, X-rays, or the origin of the Earth — Henri Poincaré walked next to us... Together with the great French mathematician, the only person left us whose mind could embrace everything that was created by the mind of other people, penetrate the very essence of everything that has befallen today human thought, and to see something new in it.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Automorphic functions


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Throughout the 19th century, almost all prominent mathematicians in Europe participated in the development of the theory of elliptic functions, which turned out to be extremely useful in solving differential equations.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

However, these functions did not fully live up to expectations, and many mathematicians began to wonder whether it was possible to expand the class of elliptical functions so that the new functions were applicable and for equations where elliptic functions are useless.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare first found this idea in an article by Lazarus Fuchs, the most prominent specialist in linear differential equations at that time (1880).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

For several years, Poincare developed Fuchs's idea far, creating a theory of a new class of functions, which he, with Poincare's usual indifference to priority issues, proposed to name Fuchs functions ( French: les fonctions fuchsiennes) — although he had every reason to give this class its name.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

It ended with Felix Klein proposing the name “automorphic functions”, which was entrenched in science [9].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare brought the decomposition of these functions into series, proved the addition theorem and the theorem on the possibility of uniforming algebraic curves (that is, representing them through automorphic functions; this is the 22nd problem Hilbert, solved by Poincare in 1907).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

These discoveries “can rightly be considered the pinnacle of the entire development of the theory of analytical functions of a complex variable in the XIX century” [10].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

When developing the theory of automorphic functions, Poincare discovered their connection with Lobachevsky's geometry, which allowed him to present many questions of the theory of these functions in geometric language [11].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He published a visual model of Lobachevsky's geometry, with the help of which he illustrated the material on the theory of functions.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

After Poincare's work, elliptical functions turned from a priority direction of science into a limited special case of a more powerful general theory.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Automorphic functions discovered by Poincare make it possible to solve any linear differential equation with algebraic coefficients and are widely used in many areas of exact sciences [12].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Differential equations and mathematical physics


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

After defending his doctoral dissertation on the study of special points of a system of differential equations, Poincaré wrote a number of memoirs under the general title “On curves determined by differential equations” (1881-1882 for equations of the 1st order, supplemented in 1885—1886 for equations of the 2nd order).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In these articles, he built a new branch of mathematics, which was called the “qualitative theory of differential equations”.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare showed that even if the differential equation is not solved through known functions, nevertheless, extensive information about properties and features can be obtained from the very type of equation the behavior of its decision family.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In particular, Poincare studied the nature of the course of integral curves on the plane, gave a classification of special points (saddle, focus, center, node), introduced the concepts of the limit cycle and the cycle index, and proved that the number of limit cycles is always of course, except for a few special cases [13].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare also developed a general theory of integral invariants and solutions of equations in variations.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

For equations in finite differences, he created a new direction — asymptotic analysis of solutions [14].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He applied all these achievements to study practical problems of mathematical physics and celestial mechanics, and the methods used became the basis of his topological work.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Special points of integral curves


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

saddle


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Focus


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Center


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Node


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare also worked extensively on partial differential equations, mainly in the study of problems of mathematical physics.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He significantly supplemented the methods of mathematical physics, in particular, made a significant contribution to the theory of potential [15], the theory of thermal conductivity, studied oscillations of three-dimensional bodies, and a number of problems in the theory electromagnetism.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He also wrote works on the substantiation of the Dirichlet principle, for which he developed the so-called sweeping method (French: méthode de balayage) in his article “On Partial Differential Equations” [6].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Algebra and number theory


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Already in his first works, Poincaré successfully applied the group-theoretic approach, which became the most important tool for him in many further studies, from topology to the theory of relativity [2].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare was the first to introduce group theory into physics; in particular, he was the first to study the Lorentz transformation group.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He also made a great contribution to the theory of discrete groups and their representations.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In the early period of his work, Poincaré studied cubic ternary and quaternary forms [16].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Topology


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The subject of topology was clearly defined by Felix Klein in his Erlangen Program (1872): it is the geometry of invariants of arbitrary continuous transformations, a kind of qualitative geometry.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The term “topology” itself (instead of the previously used Analysis situs) was previously proposed by Johann Benedict Listing.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Some important concepts were introduced by Enrico Betty and Bernhard Riemann.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

However, the foundation of this science, and developed in sufficient detail for a space of any number of dimensions, was created by Poincare.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

His first article on this topic appeared in 1894 [7], it aroused general interest, and Poincaré published five additions to this pioneer work from 1899 to 1902.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The last of these supplements contained the famous Poincare hypothesis.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Research in geometry led Poincare to an abstract topological definition of homotopy and homology.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He also introduced the basic concepts and invariants of combinatorial topology for the first time, such as Betty numbers, a fundamental group, and proved a formula connecting the number of edges, vertices and faces of an n-dimensional polyhedron (Euler-Poincare formula), gave the first accurate formulation of the intuitive concept of dimension [17].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Multivariate complex analysis


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare generalized the Cauchy theorem for the case of several complex variables, founded the theory of deductions for a multidimensional case, and laid the foundation for studies of bigolomorphic mappings of regions of a complex spaces.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Astronomy and celestial mechanics


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare published two classical monographs: “New Methods of Celestial Mechanics” (1892—1899) and “Lectures


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

on celestial mechanics” (1905—1910).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In them, he successfully applied the results of his research to the problem of the motion of three bodies, studying in detail the behavior of the solution (periodicity, stability, asymptoticism, etc.).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He introduced methods of a small parameter (Poincare's theorem on the expansion of integrals by a small parameter), fixed points, integral invariants, equations in variations, studied the convergence of asymptotic decompositions [18].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Summarizing Bruns's theorem (1887), Poincare proved that the three-body problem is fundamentally not integrable [19].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In other words, the general solution of the three-body problem cannot be expressed in terms of algebraic or unambiguous transcendental functions of coordinates and velocities of bodies [20].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

His work in this area is considered the greatest achievements in celestial mechanics since Newton [7].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

These works by Poincare contain ideas that later became the basis for the mathematical “theory of chaos” (see, in particular, Poincare's return theorem) and the general theory of dynamical systems.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare wrote important works for astronomy on the equilibrium figures of a gravitating rotating liquid.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He introduced an important concept of bifurcation points, proved the existence of equilibrium figures different from the ellipsoid, including ring-shaped and pear-shaped figures, and studied their stability [21].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

For this discovery, Poincare received a gold medal from the Royal Astronomical Society of London (1900).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Physics and other works


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

As a member of the Longitude Bureau, Poincare participated in the measurement work of this institution and published several substantive works on geodesy, gravimetry and tidal theory [2].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

From the late 1880s until the end of his life, Poincaré devoted a lot of effort to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory and its supplemented version by Lorenz.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He actively corresponded with Heinrich Hertz and Lorenz, often giving them the right ideas [2].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In particular, Poincare wrote Lorenz's transformations in their modern form, while Lorenz had previously proposed an approximate version of them.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

[22] However, it was Poincare who named these transformations after Lorenz.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

For Poincaré's contribution to the development of relativity, see below.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

It was at the initiative of Poincaré that young Antoine Henri Becquerel began to study the relationship between phosphorescence and X-rays (1896), and during these experiments, the radioactivity of uranium compounds was discovered [2].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare was the first to derive the law of attenuation of radio waves.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In the last two years of his life, Poincare was keenly interested in quantum theory.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In a detailed article “On the Theory of Quantum” (1911), he proved that it is impossible to obtain Planck's law of radiation without the quantum hypothesis, thereby burying all hopes to somehow preserve the classical theory [23].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Scientific terms related to the name Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare hypothesis


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare Group


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare duality


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare Cartana integral


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare lemma


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare metric


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare model of Lobachevsky space


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare Dulac Normal Form


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare display


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare's last theorem


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare Sphere


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Cauchy—Poincare theorem


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare—Bendixon theorem


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare—Birkhoff—Witt theorem


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare—Volterra theorem


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare vector field theorem


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare's return theorem


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare theorem on classification of circle homeomorphisms


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare theorem on the decomposition of integrals by a small parameter


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare theorem on the growth rate of an entire function


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

and many others.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare's role in the creation of relativity


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare's works in the field of relativistic dynamics


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The name Poincare is directly related to the success of relativity.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He was actively involved in the development of Lorentz's theory.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

This theory assumed that there is a fixed ether, and the speed of light relative to the ether does not depend on the speed of the source.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

When moving to a moving reference frame, Lorentz transformations are performed instead of Galilean transformations (Lorenz considered these transformations to be a real change in the size of bodies) [24].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

It was Poincare who gave the correct mathematical formulation of these transformations (Lorenz himself proposed only their first-order approximation) and showed that they form a group of transformations [22].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Back in 1898, long before Einstein, Poincaré, in his work Measurement of Time, formulated a general (not only for mechanics) principle of relativity, and then even introduced a four-dimensional space-time, the theory of which was later developed by German Minkowski [24].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

However, Poincare continued to use the concept of ether, although he was of the opinion that it would never be detected — see Poincare's report at the Physical Congress, 1900 [25].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In the same report, Poincaré for the first time suggested that the simultaneous events were not absolute, but constituted a conditional agreement (“convention”).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

It has also been suggested that the speed of light is the limit.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Under the influence of criticism of Poincare, Lorenz proposed a new version of his theory in 1904.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In it, he suggested that at high speeds, Newton's mechanic needs to be corrected.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In 1905, Poincare developed these ideas far in his article “On the Dynamics of the Electron”.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

A preliminary version of the article appeared on June 5, 1905 in Comptes Rendus, the expanded one was completed in July 1905, published in January 1906, for some reason in a little-known Italian mathematical magazine.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

This final article again and clearly formulates the universal principle of relativity for all physical phenomena (in particular, electromagnetic, mechanical and also gravitational), with transformations Lorentz, as the only possible coordinate transformations that maintain the same record of physical equations for all reference systems.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare found an expression for the four-dimensional interval as an invariant of Lorentz transformations:


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

r


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

i


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

c


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

t


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

{\ displaystyle r^ {2} + {(ict)} ^ {2}}


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

, a four-dimensional formulation of the principle of least action.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In this article, he also proposed a first sketch of a relativistic theory of gravity; in his model, gravity spread on the air at the speed of light, and the theory itself was non-trivial enough to remove the restriction obtained by Laplace from below on the speed of propagation of the gravitational field.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

[24] The preliminary summary was published before Einstein's work was submitted to the journal, the last, large article also arrived before Einstein's, but by the time it was published Einstein's first article on relativity has already been published.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare and Einstein: similarities and differences


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Einstein, in his first works on the theory of relativity, used essentially the same mathematical model as Poincare: Lorentz transformations, relativistic formula for adding velocities, etc.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

However, unlike Poincare, Einstein made a strong conclusion: it is ridiculous to involve the concept of ether only to prove the impossibility of observing it.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He completely abolished both the concept of ether, which Poincaré continued to use [26], and the concepts of absolute motion and absolute time based on the ether hypothesis.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

It was this theory, at the suggestion of Max Planck, that was called the theory of relativity (Poincaré preferred to talk about subjectivity or convention, see below).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

All new effects that Lorenz and Poincare considered dynamic properties of ether in Einstein's theory of relativity stem from the objective properties of space and time, that is, transferred by Einstein from dynamics to kinematics [27].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

This is the main difference between the approaches of Poincare and Einstein, disguised by the external similarity of their mathematical models: they understood the deep physical (and not just the mathematical) essence of these models.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The transfer to kinematics allowed Einstein to create a holistic and universal theory of space and time, as well as solve previously unyielding problems within its framework — for example, the intricate question of different types mass, the dependence of mass on energy, the ratio of local and “absolute” time, etc.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

[27] Now this theory is called the “special theory of relativity” (SRT).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Another significant difference between the positions of Poincare and Einstein was that the Lorentz reduction in length, the increase in inertia with speed, etc.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare understood relativistic conclusions as absolute effects [25], and Einstein understood relativistic conclusions as relative effects that did not have physical consequences in his own reference frame [28].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

What for Einstein was real physical time in a moving reference frame, Poincare called time “apparent”, “visible” (French: temps apparent) and clearly distinguished it from “true time” ( French: le temps vrai) [29].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Probably, the lack of depth analysis of the physical essence of the SRT in Poincaré's works [30] was the reason that physicists did not pay the attention they deserved to these works; accordingly, the wide resonance of Einstein's first article was caused by a clear and in-depth analysis of the foundations of the physical picture under study.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In the subsequent discussion of relativity, Poincaré was not mentioned (even in France); when Poincaré was nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1910, his list of merits did not say anything about relativity theory [31].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The rationale for the new mechanic was also different.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In Einstein's articles of 1905, the principle of relativity from the very beginning is not affirmed as a conclusion for dynamic considerations and experiments, but is based on physics as a kinematic axiom (also for all phenomena without exception).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

From this axiom and from the constancy of the speed of light, the Lorenz-Poincare mathematical apparatus is obtained automatically.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The rejection of ether made it possible to emphasize that the “resting” and “moving” coordinate systems are completely equal, and when moving to a moving coordinate system, the same effects are found already in the resting one.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Einstein, by his later admission, was not familiar with Poincare's latest publications at the time he began working on relativity (probably only with his 1900 work, at least not with the works of 1904), nor with the last article by Lorenz (1904).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

“Poincare's Silence”


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Shortly after Einstein's work on relativity appeared (1905), Poincaré stopped publishing on the topic.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In none of the works of the last seven years of his life did he mention either the name of Einstein or the theory of relativity (except for one case when he referred to Einstein's theory of the photoelectric effect).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare continued to discuss the properties of the ether and mentioned absolute movement regarding the ether [32].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The meeting and conversation between the two great scientists took place only once — in 1911 at the First Solvey Congress.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In a letter to his Zurich friend Dr. Zangger dated November 16, 1911, Einstein wrote sadly [33]:


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare [in relation to relativistic theory] rejected everything completely and showed, for all his subtlety of thought, a poor understanding of the situation.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

(Paise may have the insertion in parentheses).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Despite his rejection of the theory of relativity, Poincaré personally treated Einstein with great respect.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The characteristic of Einstein, which Poincaré gave at the end of 1911, has been preserved [2].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The description was requested by the administration of the Zurich Higher Polytechnic School in connection with the invitation of Einstein to the post of professor at the school.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Mr. Einstein is one of the most original minds I have known; despite his youth, he has already taken pride of place among the most prominent scientists of his time.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Most of all, he admires the ease with which he adapts [] to new concepts and knows how to extract all the consequences from them.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He does not hold on to classical principles and, when he faces a physical problem, is ready to consider any possibility.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Thanks to this, his mind anticipates new phenomena that can be experimentally tested over time.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

I do not want to say that all these foresights will stand the test the day it becomes possible; on the contrary, since it searches in all directions, one should expect that most paths, but at the same time, it must be hoped that one of the directions he has indicated will be the right one, and that is enough.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

This is exactly what we should do.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The role of mathematical physics is to ask questions correctly; only experience can solve them.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The future will show more clearly what Mr. Einstein's significance is, and a university that can bind a young master to it will learn a lot of honors from this.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In April 1909, Poincare, at Hilbert's invitation, came to Göttingen and gave a number of lectures there, including on the principle of relativity.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare never mentioned in these lectures not only Einstein, but also Göttingen Minkowski.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Many hypotheses have been expressed about the reasons for the “silence of Poincare”.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Some historians of science have suggested that Poincare's resentment against the German school of physicists was to blame, which underestimated his merits in creating relativistic theory [25].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Others consider this explanation implausible, since Poincaré has never been seen in resentment about priority disputes in his life, and Einstein's theory was preferred not only in Germany, but also in Great Britain and even in France itself (for example, Langevin) [28].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Even Lorenz, whose theory Poincare sought to develop, preferred to talk about the “Einstein principle of relativity” after 1905 [2].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The following hypothesis was also put forward: Kaufman's experiments conducted during these years questioned the principle of relativity and the formula for the dependence of inertia on speed, so it is possible that Poincare decided to simply wait with conclusions until these issues are clarified [2].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In Göttingen, Poincaré made an important prediction: relativistic amendments to the theory of gravity should explain the centuries-old shift in the perihelion of Mercury.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The prediction soon came true (1915), when Einstein completed the development of general relativity.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare's position is slightly clarified by his lecture “Space and Time”, which he gave in May 1912 at the University of London.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare considers the principle of relativity and new laws of mechanics to be primary in the restructuring of physics.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The properties of space and time, according to Poincaré, should be derived from these principles or established conventionally.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Einstein did the opposite — he deduced dynamics from the new properties of space and time.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare still considers the transition of physicists to a new mathematical formulation of the principle of relativity (Lorentz transformation instead of Galilean ones) a matter of agreement [25]:


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

What will be our attitude to these new [relativistic] ideas?


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Will they force us to change our conclusions?


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Not at all; we accepted the well-known conditional agreement because it seemed convenient to us... Now some physicists want to accept a new conditional agreement.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

This does not mean that they were forced to do so; they find this new agreement more convenient, that's all.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

And those who do not hold their opinion and do not want to give up their old habits can rightfully maintain the old agreement.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Between us, I think they're going to do this for a long time to come.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

From these words, one can understand why Poincaré not only did not complete his journey to the theory of relativity, but even refused to accept the theory already created.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

This is also evident from a comparison of Poincare's and Einstein's approaches.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare understands what Einstein understands as relative, but objective, as purely subjective, conditional (conventional).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The difference in the positions of Poincare and Einstein and its possible philosophical roots have been studied in detail by historians of science [34].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Louis de Broglie, the founder of quantum mechanics, and the first winner of the Poincare Medal (1929) [35], blames his positivist views [36]:


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

A little more, and Henri Poincaré, not Albert Einstein, would be the first to build the theory of relativity in all its commonality, thereby honoring French science with the honor of this discovery... However, Poincaré never took a decisive step, and gave Einstein the honor to discern all the consequences from the principle of relativity and, in particular, by analyzing the measurements of length and time in depth to find out the true physical the nature of the relationship established by the principle of relativity between space and time.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Why didn't Poincare reach the end of his conclusions?


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

... Poincare, as a scientist, was primarily a pure mathematician... Poincare took a somewhat skeptical position in relation to physical theories, believing that in general there is infinitely much logically equivalent points of view and pictures of reality, from which the scientist, guided solely by considerations of convenience, chooses one.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Probably, this nominalism sometimes prevented him from admitting the fact that among the logically possible theories there are those that are closer to physical reality, at least better consistent with intuition physics, and thus can help him more... The philosophical propensity of his mind for “nominalistic convenience” prevented Poincaré from understanding the meaning of the idea of relativity in all its grandeur.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

French historian of science Jean Ulmo came to the same conclusions: Poincaré was unable to find a physical interpretation of relativity, “because he adhered to a false philosophy — philosophy of recipe, convention, arbitrary representation, into which phenomena can always be squeezed, as a last resort, with a stretch” [37].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Evaluation of Poincare's contribution to special relativity


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare's contribution to the creation of a special theory of relativity (STO) by contemporary physicists and later historians of science is assessed in different ways.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Their range of views ranges from neglecting this contribution to claiming that Poincaré's understanding was no less complete and profound than that of other founders, including Einstein.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

However, the vast majority of historians adhere to a fairly balanced point of view, assigning both (as well as Lorenz and who later joined the development of the theory of Planck and Minkowski) a significant role in the successful development of relativistic ideas.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

P. S. Kudryavtsev, aware of the history of physics [38], highly appreciates the role of Poincare.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He quotes D. D. Ivanenko and V. K. Fredericks that “Poincaré's article, from a formal point of view, contains not only a parallel work by Einstein, but in some parts and much later — almost three years — Minkowski's article, and in part even surpasses the latter.”


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Einstein's contribution, according to P. S. Kudryavtsev, was that it was he who managed to create a holistic theory of maximum generality and clarify its physical essence.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

A. A. Tyapkin in the epilogue to the collection “The Principle of Relativity” writes [39]:


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

So which of the scientists should we consider to be the creators of the SRT?


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

... Of course, the Lorentz transformations discovered before Einstein include the entire content of the SRT.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

But Einstein's contribution to their explanation, to the construction of a holistic physical theory and to the interpretation of the main consequences of this theory is so significant and fundamental that Einstein rightfully considers the creator of the service station.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

However, the high appreciation of Einstein's work does not give any reason to consider him the sole creator of the SRT and to neglect the contribution of other scientists.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Einstein himself wrote in a welcoming letter in 1953 to the organizing committee of the conference dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the theory of relativity (held in 1955): “I hope that the merits will be duly noted G. A. Lorenz and A. Poincare” [40].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Personality and beliefs


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Reviews of Poincare as a person are most often enthusiastic.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In any situation, he always chose a noble position.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In scientific disputes, he was firm, but correct.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He has never been involved in scandals, priority disputes, insults.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Indifferent to fame: he repeatedly voluntarily gave up scientific priority, even if he had serious rights to it; for example, he introduced the terms “Fuchs functions,” “Klein group,” “Poisson stability,” “Betty numbers” — although he had every reason to call these objects by his own name.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

As noted above, he was the first to write out the Lorentz transformation in its modern form (along with Larmor), but named them after Lorentz, who had previously given their incomplete approximation [41].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare's friends note his modesty, wit, tolerance, sincerity and goodwill.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Outwardly, he could give the impression of a closed and unsociable person, but in reality this behavior was the result of his shyness and constant concentration [2].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Despite his absent-mindedness, Poincaré punctually observed the once established regime of the day: breakfast at 8 o'clock, lunch at 12 pm, dinner at 7 pm.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

I never smoked and did not like it when others smoked.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He did not play sports, although he liked walking.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He was indifferent to religion [42].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

At that time of general rampant nationalism, he condemned chauvinistic actions.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincaré believed that the greatness of France should be achieved due to the moral dignity of its sons, the fame of its literature and art, and thanks to the discoveries of its scientists [2]:


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The homeland is not just a syndicate of interests, but a combination of noble ideas and even noble passions for which our fathers fought and suffered, and France, full of hatred, would no longer be France.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

philosophy


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare wrote in Science and Hypothesis that “there is no reality that is completely independent of the mind that comprehends it” [25].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He believed that the basic principles of any scientific theory are neither a priori speculative truths (as, for example, Kant believed), nor an idealized reflection of objective reality (point of view Einstein).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

They, in his opinion, are conditional agreements, the only absolute condition of which is consistency.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The choice of certain scientific principles from a variety of possible, generally speaking, is arbitrary, but in reality the scientist is guided, on the one hand, by the desire for maximum simplicity of the theory, on the other hand, the need for its successful practical use.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

But even when these requirements are met, there is some freedom of choice due to the relative nature of the requirements themselves.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

This philosophical doctrine was later called conventionalism.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

It corresponds well to the practice of choosing mathematical models in natural science [43], but its applicability to physics, where it is important to choose not only models, but also concepts correlated with reality, caused controversy [25].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

During Poincaré's time, the third wave of positivism was gaining momentum, in which, in particular, mathematics was proclaimed part of logic (an idea preached by outstanding scientists such as Russell and Frege) or an empty set of axiomatic theories (Gilbert and his school) [44].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare was categorically against such formalistic views [25].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He believed that the mathematician's activity is based on intuition, and science itself does not allow full analytical justification [45].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Logic is necessary only insofar as without strict logical justification, intuitively obtained statements cannot be considered credible.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In accordance with these principles, Poincare rejected not only Russell's logicism and Hilbert's formalism, but also Cantor's set theory [46] — although before the discovery of paradoxes he showed interest in it and tried to use.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

He strongly stated that he rejects the concept of actual infinity (that is, the infinite set as a mathematical object) and recognizes only potential infinity [25].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

In order to avoid paradoxes, Poincaré demanded that all mathematical definitions be strictly predicative, that is, they should not contain references not only to the concept to be defined, but also to the set containing it — otherwise the definition, including the new element, changes the composition of this set, and a vicious circle arises [25].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Many of Poincare's thoughts were later adopted by Brower and other intuitionists.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Honors and awards


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Awards and titles received by Poincare:


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1885: Poncelet Prize, Academy of Sciences of Paris


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1886: Elected President of the French Mathematical Society


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1887: Elected a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1889: Math Competition Winning Award, King Oscar II of Sweden


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1889: Legion of Honor


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1893: Elected a member of the Bureau of Longitude (this is the historical name of the Paris Institute of Celestial Mechanics)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1894: Elected a foreign member of the Royal Society of London


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1895: Elected a foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1896: Jean Reynaud Prize, Paris Academy of Sciences


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1896: Elected President of the French Astronomical Society


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1899: Award, American Philosophical Society


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1900: Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, London


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1901: Sylvester Medal, Royal Society, London


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1903: Gold Medal of the A.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

N. AND. Lobachevsky (Physical and Mathematical Society of Kazan) as a reviewer of David Gilbert


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1905: Boyaya Prize, Hungarian Academy of Sciences


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1905: Matteucci Medal, Italian Scientific Society


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1905: Order of the North Star (Sweden) [47]


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1906: Elected President of the Paris Academy of Sciences


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1908: Elected a member of the French Academy (not to be confused with the Paris Academy of Sciences)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1909: Gold Medal, French Association for the Advancement of Science


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1911: Catherine Bruce Medal, Pacific Astronomical Society


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1912: Elected Director of the French Academy


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare is named after:


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

A crater on the far side of the Moon.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Asteroid 2021 Poincare.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

International Poincare Prize for works in mathematical physics.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Institute for Mathematics and Theoretical Physics in Paris ().


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

University and street in Nancy [48].


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

A street in Paris (20th arrondissement).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Works


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Main works (see also):


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Cours de physique mathématique, 1889—1892 (Mathematical Physics course in 12 volumes based on his lectures at the Sorbonne)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Les methods nouvelles de la mécanique céleste, t.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

R., 1892—97 (New methods of celestial mechanics)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Analysis situs, 1895 (as topology was originally called); 1899—1902 Poincare published 5 substantive additions to this pioneering work


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Calcull des probabilités, 1896 (Calculation of probabilities, reprinted 1912 and 1923)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

La Science et l'hypothèse, 1902 (Science and Hypothesis)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Valeur de la science, 1905 (The Value of Science)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Leçons de mécanique céleste, t.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

P., 1905—1906 (Lectures on Celestial Mechanics)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Théorie de Maxwell et les oscillations hertziennes, 1907 (Maxwell and Hertz Wave Theory)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Science et méthode, 1908 (Science and Method)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Dernières Pensées, 1913 (Last Thoughts, Posthumously)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Uvres, t.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

1—11, 1916—1956 (Writings, posthumously)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Translations into Russian


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare A.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Moscow: Nauka, 1971.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

NEW METHODS OF CELESTIAL MECHANICS, parts 1, 2 of 3.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare A.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Moscow: Nauka, 1972.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

NEW METHODS OF CELESTIAL MECHANICS, part 3 of 3.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

TOPOLOGY: Analysis situs (457); Supplement to Analysis situs (549); Second Supplement to Analysis situs (594); On some algebraic surfaces (Third Supplement to Analysis situs) (623); O cycles of algebraic surfaces (Fourth Supplement to Analysis situs) (641); Fifth Supplement to Analysis situs (676); On geodetic lines on convex surfaces (735); On one geometric theorem (775); P. S. Aleksandrov said.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare and topology (808).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

NUMBER THEORY: On ternary and quaternary cubic forms (819).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

On the arithmetic properties of algebraic curves (901).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare A.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Moscow: Nauka, 1974.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

MATH: Fuchs group theory (9).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

On fuchs functions (63).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

On groups of linear equations (145).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Fuchs functions and the equation ∆u=eu (235).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

On curves on algebraic surfaces (310).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

On curves on an algebraic surface (351).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

THEORETICAL PHYSICS: Notes on the kinetic theory of gases (385).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Electricity and optics (introduction) (413).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Measuring time (419).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

On the dynamics of an electron (429).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

On the dynamics of an electron (433).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Electron dynamics (487).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

On quantum theory (516).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

On quantum theory (521).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Quantum hypothesis (546).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

The Present and Future of Mathematical Physics (559).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

ANALYSIS OF MATHEMATICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCE WORKS BY HENRI POINCARÉ: Analytical summary (579).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

G. Julia.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Henri Poincaré, his life and work (664).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

WELL. Hadamar.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Henri Poincare and Mathematician (674).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

A. Weil.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare and arithmetic (682).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

G. Freidental.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Poincare and the theory of automorphic functions (687).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

L. Schwartz.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Henri Poincare and differential equations of physics (697).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Louis de Broglie.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Henri Poincare and physical theories (703).


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

— reprint ed.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

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Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

— reprint ed.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

— reprint ed.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

A few articles by Poincare in the collection:


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

in the “Bulletin of Experimental Physics and Elementary Mathematics”.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

(1908, Issue No. 474, p. 405—410; No. 475—476, p. 425—429; No. 477, pp. 473—483)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

(1912, Issue 566, pp. 46—57)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

(1905, Issue No. 393, pp. 200—207; No. 394, pp. 217—222)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

(1905, Issue No. 406, pp. 211—215; No. 407—408, pp. 236—246)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

(1909, Issue No. 483, pp. 57—63; No. 484, pp. 79—85)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

(1892, Issue No. 143, pp. 229—236; No. 144, pp.249—255)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

(1910, Issue No. 505, pp. 1—8)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

(1903, Issue No. 342, pp. 121—127; No. 343, pp.145—151)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

(1894, Issue No. 185, pp. 106—110; No. 186, pp.131—135)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

(1900, Issue No. 277, pp. 2—10)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

(1893, Issue No. 160, pp. 76—80; No. 168, pp. 256—262)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

(1911, Issue No. 544, pp. 81—89; No. 545, pp. 105—112)


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

See also


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

History of relativity


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Notes


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Literature


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

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Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

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Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


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Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Template:Book:Khramov Yu.


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

A. :Physicists


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

References


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

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Henri Poincare


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Category:Topologists


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Category:Graduates of the Polytechnic School


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Category:Members of the French Academy


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society of London


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Category:Foreign Members of the US National Academy of Sciences


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Category:Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Category:Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Category: Kathryn Bruce Medal winners


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Category: Recipients of the Matteucci Medal


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Category: Royal Astronomical Society Gold Medal recipients


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Category: Poncelet Prize winners


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Category: Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery


Question: How many medals did Jules Henri Poincare win?

Henri Poincare

Category:Presidents of the French Astronomical Society


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Kiss (“KISS” (in Turkish)) is an American rock band founded in New York in January 1973, playing in the genres of glam rock and hard rock.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

She is widely known for the development of shock rock, stage makeup of its participants, as well as concert shows accompanied by various pyrotechnic effects.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Kiss's most famous songs are “Strutter” (1974), “Deuce” (1974), “Black Diamond” (1974), “Rock and Roll All Nite” (1975), “Detroit Rock City” (1976), “Beth” (1976), “Calling Dr. Love” (1976),” Christine Sixteen” (1977), “Love Gun” (1977), “I Was Made for Lovin' You” (1979), “I Love It Loud” (1982), “Lick It Up” (1983), “Heaven's on Fire” (1984), “Forever” (1990), “Unholy” (1992), “God Gave Rock 'N' Roll to You II” (1992), “Psycho Circus” (1998).


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

As of 2016, they have more than forty-five gold and platinum albums [1] [2] and have sold more than 100 million records [3] [4].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In September 2018, Kiss announced that after 45 years of recording and performing, they would go on their last tour in 2019 [5].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

History


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

1971—1975: Early Years


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Kiss takes its roots from Wicked Lester, a New York rock and roll and glam rock band formed by Gene Simmons (born Haifa, Israel, real name Chaim Witz) and Paul Stanley (born Stanley Harvey Eisen in Queens, New York on January 20, 1952).


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Wicked Lester, who mixed different musical styles, did not succeed.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

They recorded one album that was put on the shelf of Epic Records and performed live performances.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Feeling the need for a new direction for their musical career, Simmons and Stanley left Wicked Lester in 1972 and began to form a new band [6] [7] [8].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In late 1972, Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley found an ad in Rolling Stone magazine written by Peter Criss (born December 20, 1945 in Brooklyn, New York), an experienced drummer in the New York club scene, who came from Chelsea.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Criss was listened to and accepted into the new Wicked Lester roster.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The trio focused on a tougher rock style than the one played by Wicked Lester.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Inspired by the theatricality of New York Dolls, they also began to experiment with the image, wearing makeup and various costumes [9].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In November 1972, the band participated in an audition hosted by Epic Records director Don Alice, in the hope of concluding a collaboration agreement.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Although the production went well, Alice did not like the image of the band and the style of their music.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

He actually hated them, and when he was about to leave, he was burped by Criss's brother [10] [11].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In December 1972, guitarist Ace Freiley joined the band.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

According to a book by Kiss & Tell, written by Freiley's best friends Gordon G.G. Gebert and Bob McAdams (who accompanied Ace in the audition), Freiley's eccentric impressed the band on the first audition, although he came wearing two different shoes (one red, the other orange) and only started warming up on the guitar, while the band listened to some other guitarist.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

A couple of weeks later, Freiley joined Wicked Lester, and later the band was renamed Kiss.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Stanley came up with the name when he and Simmons and Chris were traveling to New York by train.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Criss mentioned that he used to be in Lips, and Stanley asked, “What about KISS?” (Gene Simmons recalls this in the Exposed video).


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Freiley created a text logo (where he made the letters “SS” look like lightning bolts) when he went to draw the word Kiss over a Wicked Lester poster near the club they were going to play at [12].