Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On April 18, the issue of Nadezhda Savchenko was discussed in a telephone conversation between Russian President Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko [163].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On April 27, Savchenko received the documents necessary for her extradition to Ukraine to continue serving her sentence there.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

According to the lawyer, the extradition process could take up to two months [164].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Lawyer Mark Feygin said that if Savchenko is extradited to Ukraine, she will not serve her sentence there, as she has the immunity of a PACE delegate [165].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On May 25, 2016, she was pardoned by decree of the President of Russia at the request of relatives of journalists Igor Kornelyuk and Anton Voloshin, who, according to the court, died as a result of Savchenko's actions [166] [167].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On the same day, Petro Poroshenko's presidential plane took Savchenko from Rostov-on-Don to Boryspil Airport (Kiev) [11] [168] [169] [170].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

At the same time, the President of Ukraine pardoned [171] Russian citizens Alexander Alexandrov and Yevgeny Erofeev, convicted in Ukraine for “waging an aggressive war by prior agreement by a group of persons, facilitating the activities of a terrorist organization by prior agreement of a group of persons [...] carrying out a terrorist attack [...] the use of weapons to provoke a military conflict by prior agreement by a group of persons” [172].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On the same day, they arrived from Antonov Airport (Kiev) to the special terminal of Vnukovo Airport (Moscow) [173].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Deputy of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of VIII convocation


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On September 14, 2014, the congress of the Batkivshchyna party unanimously admitted Savchenko to the party and nominated her to the Verkhovna Rada, giving the first place in the election list in the upcoming elections [174] [175] .


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On November 7, Savchenko's lawyer said that she had written a letter of resignation from the Armed Forces of Ukraine due to the fact that she became a deputy of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine [176].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On November 19, the CEC registered Savchenko as a People's Deputy [177], and on November 25 she received a certificate of a People's Deputy of Ukraine [178].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

During the taking of the oath by the new Verkhovna Rada on November 27, 2014, the text of the oath signed by Nadiya Savchenko was shown on the screen [179].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

According to Part 3 of Article 14 of the Law of Ukraine “On the Rules of Procedure of the Verkhovna Rada”, at a meeting of the Verkhovna Rada, an oath is read out as a candidate for deputy, which is then signed by him personally.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On December 25, 2014, the Verkhovna Rada included Savchenko in the permanent delegation of Ukraine to PACE [7].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On February 24, 2015, the Batkivshchyna party compiled and published the Savchenko List, a list of persons involved in the kidnapping and detention of the pilot (similar to the Magnitsky List) [180].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On April 22, this list was approved by the Verkhovna Rada; Ukrainian parliamentarians recommended that the National Security and Defense Council impose personal sanctions against persons from the list [181] [182].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

After release


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

[[File:U.S. Independence Day Reception, Kyiv, Ukraine, July 1, 2016 (27644148523) .jpg|270px|mini|right| {{center|Nadezhda Savchenko at a meeting with foreign politicians, Kyiv, July 1, 2016]]


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On May 27, 2016, she announced her readiness to become President of Ukraine [183] [184] [185] [186].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On June 7, 2016, she announced her plan for the return of Donbass [187].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On June 22, 2016, she said that she was confident in her 100% victory in the presidential election if they took place today [188], and also considers the Ukrainian government and army that did not repel Russia in Crimea, guilty of the war in Donbass [189].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On July 23, 2016, she announced that she had to become President of Ukraine.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

At the same time, she did not rule out the transition period of the dictatorship “in order to return this power to the people and make sure that power is never taken away from the people again” [190].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

In August 2016, she announced her plan for a new state structure of Ukraine [187].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On November 25, 2016, she announced the beginning of an independent political career.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

“I'm not going to join the party. I'm becoming an independent politician. I'm starting my own fund,” she said [191].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On December 13, Savchenko met in Minsk with the leaders of the self-proclaimed DPR and LPR Alexander Zakharchenko and Igor Plotnitsky.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

They discussed the implementation of the Minsk Agreements and the exchange of prisoners in the “all for all” format.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

This gave rise to a storm of indignation on the part of the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko and a number of Ukrainian politicians [192].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Savchenko was invited to the Security Service of Ukraine to testify in criminal proceedings that are being conducted on the fact of the activities of the LPR and the DPR as terrorist organizations [193].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On December 15, Savchenko was expelled from the Batkivshchyna party for conducting independent, uncoordinated activities with anyone [194] [195].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On December 21, 2016, she was expelled from the Ukrainian delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe [196].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On December 22, 2016, Nadiya Savchenko was expelled from the permanent delegation of Ukraine to PACE.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On December 24, 2016, she announced her intention to create an opposition party called RUNA.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On February 7, 2017, representatives of the Runa party announced that their party was terminating cooperation with MP Savchenko.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

The reason for the rupture is disagreements in the vision of the basic ideological and structural and organizational foundations [198] [199].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On February 16, 2017, Savchenko, as a deputy of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, wrote an application with a request to remove her parliamentary immunity [200].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On February 24, 2017, she again visited the Donetsk People's Republic on a humanitarian mission — she checked the conditions of detention of Ukrainian prisoners of war and handed them parcels from relatives [201] [202].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On April 14, 2017, the political party “Nastup” changed its name to the “Public Platform of Nadiya Savchenko” and elected the deputy of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Nadiya Savchenko (non-factional deputy) as its Chairman [203].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

In July 2017, Savchenko made a statement that she would participate in the presidential elections in Ukraine in 2019 [204].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On January 26, 2019, she was nominated as a presidential candidate of Ukraine at the congress of the Nadiya Savchenko Socio-Political Platform party [205].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Criminal prosecution in Ukraine


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On March 15, 2018, on the air of 112 Ukraine TV channel, People's Deputy of Ukraine from the People's Front, Advisor to the Minister of Internal Affairs Anton Gerashchenko said [206] that Nadiya Savchenko was suspected of organization of the preparation of a coup d'etat in Ukraine and that it may be related to the “Ruban case”.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

According to Anton Gerashchenko, if suspicions about her are confirmed, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko will decide to deprive her of the title of Hero of Ukraine [207].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On the same day, during the morning plenary session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Prosecutor General of Ukraine Yuriy Lutsenko said that Nadezhda Savchenko was suspected of organizing the preparation of a terrorist attack in Verkhovna Rada.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

According to the Prosecutor General, during the terrorist attack, it was planned to destroy two lodges with combat grenades, bring down the dome of the Verkhovna Rada and finish off those who survive with assault rifles [208] [209].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On March 15, 2018, the Verkhovna Rada expelled Nadiya Savchenko from the Verkhovna Rada Committee on National Security of Ukraine “in order to prevent the disclosure of information related to the state secret” [210].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

After her expulsion, Savchenko said that the Verkhovna Rada had once again violated the law of Ukraine, and accused the current Ukrainian authorities of crimes against Ukraine [211].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On March 15, 2018, during a briefing before interrogation at the SBU, where she was summoned for questioning in the “Ruban case”, Savchenko announced [212] that she was ready to publicly answer all available questions, moreover, she herself suggested that the SBU and the Prosecutor General's Office interrogate her on a polygraph [213].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Savchenko denied the accusations of plotting a coup d'etat, but made a statement that the majority of Ukrainians have such thoughts [214]: “Who did not think to blow up the Bank or the Verkhovna Rada? Are we living in 1937, in Stalin's times, when this [discussion] is a crime? Can't you talk about this on the street? Only lazy people don't talk about this here. If we want to survive in this country, we need a total change in the political system” [215].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Savchenko also called absurd the version that she acts in the interests of Russia.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

In response to accusations of involvement in the case of Ruban, Savchenko suggested that such accusations appear in connection with the war of the Ukrainian special services and therefore “the country is being drained from within” [216].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On March 22, 2018, the Verkhovna Rada deprived Nadiya Savchenko of parliamentary immunity, after which she was detained by the SBU in the Verkhovna Rada building [217].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On March 23, 2018, the Shevchenkivskyi District Court of Kyiv chose a preventive measure for Savchenko in the form of detention for 59 days until May 20.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

The prosecutor of the Chief Military Prosecutor's Office Oleksandr Bannik in his petition said that Savchenko planned attempts on the top leaders of Ukraine, in particular, President Petro Poroshenko, the Minister Internal Affairs Arsen Avakov, Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council Alexander Turchinov and others.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Savchenko went on a hunger strike.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On April 16, the SBU reported that Nadezhda Savchenko and Volodymyr Ruban refused to testify in the case of preparing a terrorist attack.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

[219] [220]


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

The pre-trial investigation was extended to 6 months [221].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On May 14, 2018, Nadezhda said that she had written a letter to Vladimir Putin.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

According to her, the letter contains a request to unblock the exchange of prisoners.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On August 2, 2018, it was announced that the pre-trial investigation was completed.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

At a press conference dedicated to this, Prosecutor General of Ukraine Yuriy Lutsenko noted that “it is very difficult to explain, especially to foreign observers, how the person for whom half the world fought, a person , awarded the highest state distinction became an enemy of the country” [223].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

2019 Presidential Election


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

On January 26, 2019, Nadiya Savchenko was nominated as a presidential candidate of Ukraine at the congress of the Nadiya Savchenko Socio-Political Platform party [224].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Honors


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

The title Hero of Ukraine with the award of the Order of the Gold Star (March 2, 2015) — for invincibility of will, civic courage, sacrificial service to the Ukrainian people [225] [226]


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Order “For Courage” III degree (August 21, 2014 [227]) — for personal courage and heroism shown in protecting the state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, loyalty to the military oath, highly professional performance of official duty [228] [229]


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Church Order of St. George the Victorious Great Martyr (Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kiev Patriarchate, March 1, 2015) [230] — for the Fight against Evil [231]


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

US Atlantic Council Freedom Award (2015) [232] [233]


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Nomination for the Andrei Sakharov Prize of the European Parliament “For Freedom of Thought” (2015) [234]


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Svitlo Justice Award (2015) [235]


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Honorary Citizen of Chervonograd (August 27, 2015) [236].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Freedom Awards International (2015) [237].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Laureate of the Polish Eagle Prize by Jan Karski (2016) — for his hardened spirit in the struggle for human dignity and pride [238].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Special award “I'm free!” All-Ukrainian Award “Woman of the III Millennium” (2015) [239] [240].


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Bibliography


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

comments


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Notes


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

References


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

//YouTube, 19.06.2014. ‹See Tfd› (in Russian)


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

//Meduza, 10.02.2015


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

//“Ekho Moskvy”, 20.02.2015


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

on YouTube Dir.


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Inna Zvantseva


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Category:Ukrainian military


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Category:People's Deputies of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the VIII con


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Category: Participants of the Iraq War


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Category:Participants in the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Category: Ukrainian pilots


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Category:Ukrainian women politicians


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Category: Prisoners of war of Ukraine


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Category:Honorary Citizens of Chervonograd


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Category:Captains (Ukraine)


Question: When was Nadezhda Viktorovna Savchenko born?

Nadezhda Savchenko

Category:Russian criminals


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Catalonia (Catalan: Catalunya, Spanish: Cataluña, Occitan: Catalonha) is a historical region and autonomous community (Catalan: Comunitat Autònoma) in Spain, in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula between the Mediterranean coast and the Pyrenees.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

From the time of Charlemagne until the middle of the 17th century, it retained its integrity, but under the Treaty of Iberian in 1659 it was divided between the Spanish and French kingdoms.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Currently, Catalonia has an autonomous status within Spain.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Geography and stages of history


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Historical Catalonia consists of the autonomous region of Catalonia in Spain and Northern Catalonia in France (Pyrénées-Orientales department).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The history of Catalonia, since the middle of the 17th century, that is, the division of the historical region, concerns mainly the lands of the modern autonomous region of Catalonia in Spain.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Catalonia is the ethnic territory of the Catalans - the Western Romanesque people, the formation of which scientists attribute to the medieval period of the Spanish mark.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Stages of Catalan history


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The chronological periodization of Catalan history as a whole coincides with the generally accepted in world, in particular, European history.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The following main historical periods are distinguished in the history of Catalonia:


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Prehistoric era - characterized by archaeological finds on the territory of Catalonia of the remains of a primitive man, in particular the predecessor of the Neanderthal, remains of the Paleolithic era (Middle and late), Mesolithic; Neolithic sites of primitive people; continues until the onset of the Bronze Age (1200s BC).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Ancient history — covers the Iberian period of the history of Catalonia (2−1 thousand BC), Phoenician, ancient Greek and Carthaginian colonization (from the end of 2 thousand to the II century BC) and Roman domination on Catalan lands from the 2nd century BC


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

before the Visigothic invasion in the early 5th century AD


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Catalan Middle Ages — the period of Visigothic domination (5th — early. VII centuries), the fight against the Muslim invasion, the formation and independence of the County of Barcelona as the center for the formation of Catalan identity (ser. VII — ser. XII centuries), the entry into Aragon (1137—1469).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Modern times — Catalonia as part of the centralized Spanish Maritime Empire (ser. XV — con. XVIII centuries); loss of autonomy as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession (1714).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Modern times — Catalonia under French rule as a result of the Napoleonic Wars (1808-1814); capitalist transformations in Spain (Carlist wars, revolution, multi-party system and working movement) of 1830—1890 The birth and development of Catalan nationalism.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

20th century — present — Franco dictatorship (1939−1975); restoration of Catalan autonomy (1977); the current political and economic situation of Catalonia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Prehistoric era


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The first settlements of prehistoric man in present-day Catalonia date back to the beginning of the Middle Paleolithic.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The oldest remains of a Neanderthal predecessor man, who lived about 200 thousand years ago, were discovered in the vicinity of the town of Banyoles (Pla de la Estany district), although there is no unity among scientists in determining the age of these bones.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The first items made of copper date back to the period from 2500 to 1800 BC.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Bronze Age dates from the 1800s to 700s BC.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Bronze Age coincides with the arrival of the Indo-European population in several waves, dating back to the 1200s BC.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

, and the emergence of the first urban settlements.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

From about the middle of the 7th century BC


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

the Iron Age began on the lands of Catalonia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The ancient history of Catalonia (2000 BC — beginning of the 5th century AD)


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

From Iberians to Carthaginians


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The first inhabitants of modern Catalonia were the Iberians, who came from North Africa and settled on the coast near today's Barcelona and Mataró.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

From the 6th century BC


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

testimonies about the Iberians are provided by ancient authors — Hecateus of Miletus, Ruf Fest Avien, Herodotus, Strabo.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Since 1100 BC


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula is beginning to be inhabited by Phoenician settlers.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

From the 8th century BC


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

in Catalonia, as well as throughout the Iberian coast, Greek colonies appear, in particular, Rhodes (now Rosas) and c.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

580 BC


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Emporion (Greek. Emporion, lat. Emporiae, now the municipality of L'Escala 35 km south of the French border).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

These colonies were founded mainly by immigrants from the Greek kingdom of Ionia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The emergence of Greek colonies on the Mediterranean coast contributed to the development of the region, stimulated the spread of agriculture and the revival of trade, both maritime and domestic.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Greek colonists brought with them the skills of some crafts and economic activities.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Among the artifacts of this period found by archaeologists are beautiful Greek mosaics, pottery, in particular amphorae, silver coins, which were minted both in Rhodes and Emporion.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In the following centuries, Catalonia was invaded by the Carthaginians, who for some time held control of this part of the Mediterranean.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Roman colonization


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In 269 BC


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Ebro River was the first military border between Carthage and Rome.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

One of two Roman provinces created in 197 BC.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

, which included the territory of present-day Catalonia, became the province of Near Spain (Latin: Hispania Citerior), and to the south was the province of Far Spain (Latin: Hispania Ulterior).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

After Augustus proclaimed the Roman Empire, which in 27 BC. e.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

replaced the Republic, and administrative reform was carried out.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

As a result, both Spanish provinces were transformed into one - Tarracona Spain, which included the lands of modern Catalonia, Lusitania and Betica.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In the 3rd century. For internal reasons, the Roman Empire is experiencing a significant crisis, which has had a strong impact on the Roman provinces, in particular, located on the Iberian Peninsula.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

But it was the external factor that led to the subsequent weakening and final decline of the empire.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

However, the constant raids of barbarians (Huns and Visigoths) into the 2nd half.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The 4th century led to a significant weakening of the empire.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Visigoths quickly moved through the territory of the weakened empire, meeting virtually no resistance.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Rome fell in 410, and Barcino (Barcelona) fell in 415.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The invasion of Germanic tribes marked the imminent end of the Roman Empire - in 476, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, Romulus Augustus, abdicated the throne.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Roman domination, which lasted on the lands of present-day Catalonia for almost 6 centuries (from the 2nd century BC to the beginning of the century BC. V century AD), had a significant positive impact on the region, leading to its comprehensive development.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

One of the main factors in Roman government is romanization.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

It should be considered as a comprehensive phenomenon — the Romans influenced both the economy of the Catalan lands and the culture, primarily speech, of the local population.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Spanish provinces were among the richest in the empire, in fact, its “breadbasket”.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The merit of Rome is the widespread use of agriculture in the Pyrenees, in particular, the cultivation of cereals, olives, viticulture, etc., the application of the achievements of engineering at that time in rural farm (construction of irrigation system and aqueducts).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Urbanization has become another important factor.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

It was during the Roman period that most of the significant Catalan cities were founded and developed — Barcino (Latin: Barcino, future Barcelona), Tarraco (Latin: Tarraco, the future of Tarragona), Gerunda ( Latin: Gerunda, future Girona), etc. As elsewhere, the Roman administration in the Spanish provinces was engaged in collecting taxes and developing infrastructure — construction, roads, bridges, etc. The introduction of Roman administrative institutions led to the assimilation of Roman law by the local population.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In the cultural sphere, the main consequence of Roman rule was the Romanization of the inhabitants of today's Catalonia (and the Iberian Peninsula as a whole).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The first evidence of Christianity in the Catalan lands (2nd-3rd centuries AD) also dates back to the Roman era.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

During the decline of the empire, Catalan cities were fortified with fortresses and protective ramparts, which, however, did not prevent the rapid conquest of the Visigoths.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Middle Ages (5th—15th centuries)


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Visigoths and the Arab Invasion (Beg. V — Beginning VII centuries)


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In 418, the Visigoths settled a significant part of some Roman provinces: Tarracona Spain, as well as Narbonne and Aquitaine in Gaul (the lands of present-day Catalonia were then part of Tarracona Spain and partly Narbonne).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Over the next two centuries (VI and VII, the so-called. “Dark Ages” in the history of Europe) it was the Visigoths who controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula, except for the southeast (Betica province), where the colonies of Byzantium were located.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Visigothic state was quite unstable - the Visigothic kings constantly waged grueling wars with external enemies (Franks, Basques, Byzantines), in addition, the population of the country suffered from plague epidemics.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

It was as a result of the decentralization of power that the first documented uprising took place on the territory of modern Catalonia with the aim of its state separation - the uprising of Duke Paul in 672 g. This year, in Narbonne, he proclaimed himself king, taking the name Flavius Paulus.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The new king was supported by the nobility of the provinces of Septimania and the east of the province of Roman Spain (that is, modern Catalonia).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

However, in the following 673, the rightful King Wamba returned power in the territory seeking to break away from the Visigothic kingdom.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

All Paulus's estates were confiscated.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Since the middle of the 7th century, the Damascus Caliphate began to strengthen, which began to seize the Iberian Peninsula.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

On July 19, 711, the Battle of Guadaleta took place between Christian Visigoths and Muslim Arabs, which marked the invasion of Europe by Muslims.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

After that, Arab troops quickly advance deep into the Iberian Peninsula and soon capture the capital of the Visigothic kingdom, Toledo.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The entire territory of Catalonia was captured by the Arab-Berber invaders in 720.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The last Visigothic ruler was King Ardo, who ruled only Septimania until 720—721, and Musa ibn Nusair became the first ruler of the Muslim state of Al-Andalus, which, under different names, within different borders and statuses existed in the Pyrenees until 1492.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Almost simultaneously with the Arab-Berber conquests, the Reconquista begins, the struggle for the liberation of the Pyrenees from Muslims.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

If a significant part of Spain has been under Muslim rule for a long time (e.g. Granada until 1492), the Catalan lands during the Reconquista were mainly liberated by the end of the VIII century, although some territories of the so-called Catalan lands (Valencia and the Mediterranean Islands) , as well as of modern Catalonia itself, remained under Muslim rule.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The liberation of Tarragona was carried out only in the middle of the 12th century, which affected both the culture of the local population and the appearance of Tarragona cities.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The struggle against the Arab invaders, the independence of Catalonia (988) and the alliance with Aragon (1137) (VIII—XII centuries)


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

After conquering almost the entire Iberian Peninsula, the Muslims invaded the Frankish Kingdom, where they were stopped in 732 at the Battle of Poitiers by Karl Martel.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

With the growing weight of the Carolingian dynasty, the Franks begin to displace Muslims south of the Pyrenees.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

On the territory of modern Catalonia and along all the Pyrenees, the Franks win significant victories, winning one by one territory and distributing them to vassals.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

This new territory was divided into separate counties, formally independent political units that were under the influence of the state of the Franks - all together they were called the “Spanish brand”.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The first county of the Spanish Mark in the Catalan lands was Roussillon, conquered approx.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

760 g. In 785, the Girona County and Besalu County were created.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In 798, the counties of Cerdany and Urgel were liberated and created, and in the next year 799 Osona.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Until 820, all three counties, representing a significant part of the modern Catalan provinces of Lleida and Barcelona, were under the control of Burel Uzonsky.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In 801, Count of Toulouse Guillaume Gelon captured Barcelona, which is considered the date of the creation of the County of Barcelona (801—1154), which stood out among its neighbors for trying to conduct a strong independent and centralization policy since the reign of the first Count of Barcelona, Beer (ruled 801—820), who managed to unite the counties of Barcelona, Kunflin, Girona and Bazal under his command.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

At the end of the 9th century, an attempt was made to unite the disparate Catalan counties.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Carolingian king Charles the Bald appointed Wilfried, son of the former Count of Barcelona Sunifred I, Count of Cerdani and Urgel (870).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

After the death of Charles the Bald (877), Wilfried became Count of Barcelona and Girona (878).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Thus, a significant part of the modern territory of Catalonia was under the rule of one person.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

After his death, the Catalan lands were again divided between different counties.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Catalonia's liberation from Frankish dependence


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Since 987, when Count Borrell II refused to swear allegiance to the first monarch of the Capetian dynasty, Hugo Capet, the Catalan counties have become increasingly free from the Carolingian dynasty.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Currently, the Catalans consider 988 to be the founding date of Catalonia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

It was from this time that the population, for the first time since the Muslim invasion, began to increase.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

During the 9th—10th centuries. Catalonia was increasingly becoming a society of allods (from Catalan: Alou), small family farms that produced more agricultural products than was necessary for personal consumption.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Such farms had no feudal duty.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The 11th century was characterized by the development of feudal society: previously independent peasant farms became vassals of the local aristocracy.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In the middle of the 11th century, a real class war began, where feudal lords began to use a new military force in the fight against peasants — well-armed mounted mercenaries.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

At the end of the century, most allods were already in vassal dependence.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

This process coincided with the weakening of the count's power and with the beginning of the division of the “Spanish Mark” into smaller counties, which gradually became a single feudal state founded on a complex system of subordination of a vassal to his feudal lord.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Since the rise of Ramon Berenguer I above other Catalan counts, the counts of Barcelona have become associated with the highest power in Catalonia - they connected the system of vassal dependence all other Catalan territories.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Ramon Berenguer I is known for expanding his possessions in St. Barbastro in Aragon, imposed heavy taxes on Muslim settlements in the Iberian Peninsula, which led to the first known period of economic prosperity in Catalonia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

It first conquered territories north of present-day Northern Catalonia (that is, the French department of the Pyrénées-Orientales), namely Razes and Carcassonne in the present-day Aude department in France (territory historical Occitania).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The reign of Ramon Berenguer I also dates back to the beginning of the codification of Catalan law.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Usatici or Lex usuaria Code (Catalan: Usatges, Customs), compiled in 1058, was the first set of feudal laws in Western Europe by which Ramon Berenguer I was able to manage the process feudalization that began under his father.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Also, for the first time in Catalonia (and for the first time in Western Europe) in 1027, he forced local feudal lords to limit their internecine wars to the system of the so-called “Peace of God”.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The word “Catalonia” was first documented at the beginning of the 12th century in the oath to the Count of Barcelona Ramon Berenguer III, where it was named catalanicus heroes, rector catalanicus and dux catalanensis.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

This document also includes the word Catalania.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

It is interesting that the population of Catalonia is called catalanenses (that is, “Catalans”).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

By the middle of the 12th century, the Counts of Barcelona tried to expand their territory both south and west and north.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Besalu County, part of Ampurias County, the entire county of Cerdanya and for some time even Provence were annexed to the territory subordinate to Barcelona.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Catalan Church became independent of the Diocese of Narbonne, and in 1118 it became its center again. Tarragona.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Kingdom of Aragon


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

During the reign of Ramon Berenguer IV (1131—1162), several important events for the future of Catalonia took place: his marriage to Petronila of Aragon in 1137, which formed the union of the Barcelona County with Frankish kingdom.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

This union will be confirmed by Pedro IV in the 14th century.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Ramon Berenguer IV used the word “Aragon” to denote his title, since being King of Aragon was more prestigious than the Count of Barcelona.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

That is why, since 1150, the Barcelona Count Line officially ceases to exist.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The count's son was already called King of Aragon, not Catalonia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Despite this, Catalonia and Aragon retained all their traditional rights.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In particular, one of the first parliaments in Europe, the Corts Catalanas, continued to function in Catalonia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

For the first time, it met as a representative body of the nobility, clergy and citizens in 1289.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Catalan Parliament was recognized as an official body in 1359.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In addition, during the reign of Ramon Berenguer IV, Lleida and Tortosa were conquered, that is, the unification of the entire territory covering modern Catalonia (without Valencia and the Balearic Islands) was completed.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

This area included land south of the historic “Spanish Mark”, which became known as New Catalonia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Catalans settled these new lands by the end of the 12th century.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Over the next few centuries, Catalonia became one of the most important regions in Europe, a great maritime empire dominated mainly in the Western Mediterranean, including captured Valencia, the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, and Sicily, which was ruled by the Aragonese kings through a dynastic union.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

At the end of the 12th century, several agreements were concluded with the Kingdom of Castile, which divided Muslim lands between these states, which it was decided to return to Christendom (Reconquista).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In addition, the Kingdom of Aragon pursued a policy of strengthening its power in Provence, but in 1213 King Pedro II was killed at the Battle of Mure, and this “political project” was forgotten.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

His successor, Jaime I, completed the unification of his inherited kingdom in 1227 and began new conquests.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Over the next 25 years, he was the one who conquered Mallorca and Valencia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Catalonia in modern times (1469 — con. XVIII century)


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Catalan lands in the 2nd floor.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

15th—16th centuries


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Union of Aragon and Castile Kingdoms


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In 1469, King Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile, thus creating a dynastic union between Aragon and Castile.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

After the peasant uprisings of 1462 −1472 and 1484 −1486, Ferdinand's decree abolished the feudal dependence of peasants in Catalonia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In 1516, both kingdoms were formally united into a single Kingdom of Spain, but each of them retained its own political institutions, legal proceedings, laws, and also issued own money.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Christopher Columbus's discovery of America during an expedition, which was equipped with Spanish money, led to the relocation of the center of the European economy from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

This has significantly reduced the economic and political importance of Catalonia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Catalonia in the 16th century


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In the 16th century, the population of Catalonia increased again, and the economic situation also improved.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

As the economic center of Spain as a maritime power moved from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic, the Kingdom of Valencia became the main (economically) part of the former Aragon kingdom, that is, the confederation of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The reign of King Philip II of Spain marked the beginning of a gradual decline in the Catalan economy, culture and the Catalan language.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Among the most negative developments of that period were the increase in pirate attacks on the coast of Catalonia and banditry on land.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The attack on the autonomous rights of Catalonia — from the “War of the Reapers” (1640—1652) to the abolition of autonomy (1714)


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Reaper War (1640—1652) began as a peasant uprising in Barcelona.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

General Pedro Fajardo was entrusted with the suppression of the uprising.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Conflicts between Catalonia and the monarchy have arisen more than once during the time of Philip II.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Having depleted the economic resources of Castile, Philip wanted to take advantage of the wealth of Catalonia, but Catalan government agencies and privileges were well protected by the terms of the Union of Aragon and The kingdoms of Castile, which was taken care of by the Catalan aristocracy.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In the 1630s, after France entered the Thirty Years' War, a large Spanish military contingent was stationed in Roussillon.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Local peasants were ordered to feed the soldiers and provide them with housing.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

On June 7, 1640, an uprising known as the Blood Corps began.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

At the same time, many royal officials of different ethnic backgrounds, not only Castilians, suffered.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

However, first of all, the peasant uprising was directed against the dominance of the Castilians and for the independence of Catalonia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Prime Minister Pau Claris (Catalan: Pau Claris) proclaimed the Catalan Republic under the protectorate of Louis XIII, King of France.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

This allowed the French troops to take new positions on the territory of the Iberian Peninsula, closer to its central part.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The republic was proclaimed on September 10, 1640, a request for a protectorate was sent to Louis XIII on January 23, 1641, and a positive response from the King of France came on December 30, 1641.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In 1652, Catalonia was again occupied by Spanish troops.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The war with France lasted until 1659, when, in accordance with the articles of the Iberian Peace Treaty, France ceded the Catalan territories of Roussillon, Conflans, Vallespir, Capsir, as well as northern part of Cerdanyi County.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

To this day, this territory is part of the French Republic and is administratively part of the Pyrénées-Orientales department.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

War of the Spanish Succession (1705−1714)


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The War of the Spanish Succession (1705—1714) led to the abolition of Catalan autonomy and privileges.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In the future, the rulers of Spain tried to destroy the national identity of the Catalans.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Over the next two and a half centuries, the Catalan language was banned, and its scope of distribution was significantly limited.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In 1705, after constant conflicts, Duke Philip of Anjou entered Barcelona, which recognized him as King of Spain in 1706.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The war of 1705—1714, which began after that, was a real disaster for Catalonia and other lands of the former Kingdom of Aragon.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In 1710, the political and administrative structures of Valencia and Aragon were destroyed and their privileges abolished.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The last period of the war and the Treaty of Utrecht (1713-1714) were marked by the capture of Barcelona on September 11, 1714, which was the decisive battle of the War of the Spanish Succession, while for the Catalans it became national defeat, however, this day is currently the National Day of Catalonia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

After the fall of Barcelona, the Catalan constitution was repealed, Catalan universities were closed and the use of the Catalan language in office work was prohibited.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

It was also forbidden to teach the language even in primary and secondary schools.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The economic situation of Catalonia in the 18th century


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Despite the difficult internal situation, the economy of Catalonia developed during the XVIII century.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Population, agricultural production and trade grew, especially thanks to profits from the American colonies (after 1778, Catalonia, already an inseparable part of Spain, was allowed to trade with Spanish colonies in America).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Industrialization began with the production of cotton and other fabrics, and a layer of enterprise owners and, accordingly, people engaged exclusively in production appeared.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Catalonia in Modern Times (con. XVIII—XIX centuries)


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Napoleonic and Carlist Wars


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Napoleonic Wars


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars, Catalonia was occupied by soldiers of General Guillaume Philibert Duham.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Spanish army dissipated, but popular resistance against the French occupation quickly gained strength in Catalonia, as well as in other parts of Spain.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

This went into the Spanish War of Independence.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Among the events of this war, mention should be made of the three sieges of Girona, which was surrounded by the French army and which was defended under the leadership of a general and military governor.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The French finally took over the city on December 10, 1809, after many people died of hunger, epidemics and cold.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Álvarez de Castro died in prison a month later.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

On January 26, 1812, Catalonia was annexed by France and created on its territory.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The French dominion in Catalonia existed until 1814, when the departments were officially abolished on March 10, 1814.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

British General A. Wellington signed a truce under which the French left Barcelona and their other strongholds, which by that time were still under French control.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Carlist Wars


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

During the reign of Ferdinand VII (1808-1833), several uprisings took place in Catalonia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

After his death, the conflict between the Carlists (supporters of Infanta Carlos) and the liberal supporters of Isabella II led to the First Carlist War, which lasted until 1840 and was the most destructive war on the territory of Catalonia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Like the Basques, many Catalans fought on the side of the Carlists, not because they supported an absolute monarchy, but because they hoped that the restoration of the Old Regime meant returning them privileges and regional autonomy.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The victory of the liberals over the absolutists led to a bourgeois revolution during the reign of Isabella II.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

It was marked by corruption, inefficient administration, deepening centralization, as well as political and social tensions.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Liberals soon split into “moderates” and “progressive”.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In Catalonia, the republican movement began to be approved, in addition, the Catalans began to advocate for federative Spain.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In September 1868, the Spanish economic crisis led to the September Revolution (La Gloriosa), which marked the beginning of the so-called, which lasted from 1868 to 1873. Among the most notable events of this period, mention should be made of the reign of the government of General Juan Prim and his assassination, the federalist uprisings of 1869, the proclamation of the First Spanish Republic, The Third Carlist War and the spread of the ideas of the First International.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Catalan national movement against the background of economic growth (2nd half. 19th century)


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Economic and cultural elevation


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In the second third of the 19th century Catalonia has become the center of Spanish industrialization.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Simultaneously with the development of capitalism, signs of a Catalan cultural renaissance appeared in Catalonia — a movement for the revival of the Catalan language and culture after a long period of decline.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The birth and development of Catalan nationalism


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Against the background of economic and cultural successes in Catalonia, centrifugal sentiment has intensified.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In 1871, Catalonia even tried to secede from Spain, but after negotiations with the central government, it remained part of the Spanish Kingdom.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In 1874, the rebellion of General Martinez led to the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty in the person of King Alphonse XII.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

It was a period of repression against the labor movement, as well as the slow crystallization of Catalan national identity, and lasted until the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Over the next decades, the political implication of Catalonia's identity as a separate country becomes clear.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

For the first time, the modern theory of Catalan national identity was formulated by Valenti Almiral.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In 1901, it was formed, which became an integral part of the coalition.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Catalonia in the 20th and 21st centuries


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

First half of the 20th century


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Early 20th century


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Catalan labor movement at the beginning of the 20th century had three components: syndicalism, socialism and anarchism, as popularized by Alejandro Lerrus.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Together with Asturias, Catalonia in general and Barcelona in particular were the centers of a radical labor movement, marked by numerous general strikes, terrorist acts (especially at the end of 1910s) and the spread of the anarchist National Confederation of Labor.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Growing tensions between Catalan workers and the bourgeoisie led the bourgeoisie to support Miguel Prim de Rivera's dictatorship, despite his centralization policy.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Republic and the Civil War


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

After the fall of the Prima de Rivera regime, the left forces of Catalonia made great efforts to create a united front led by Francesc Macia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Republican Left of Catalonia was supported by many Catalan workers, who previously mostly did not vote.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In defending Catalonia's socialism and independence, the left achieved an impressive victory in the municipal elections of April 12, 1931, which preceded the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic on April 14.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Catalan Generalitat was restored, and in September 1932 Catalonia received a new autonomous status.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Basque Country also received a similar status.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

When two presidents of the Generalitat, Francesc Macia (1931—1933) and Lewis Companis (1934—1939), the republican self-government bodies of Catalonia carried out significant reforms, despite serious economic crisis and its social consequences and political changes during this period, such as the Barcelona uprising of October 1934, the National Confederation of Labour was in crisis, which led in the 1930s to its division into the Workers' Party of Marxist Unity and the United Socialist Party of Catalonia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

After the left won the 1936 elections, in July 1936, nationalist forces led by Francisco Franco opposed the government of the country, which led to the Civil War in Spain.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The defeat of the military uprising in Catalonia at the very beginning led to the fact that Catalonia sided with the Republicans.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Generalitat gradually became the only center of power in Catalonia, although along with it there were military units created by working parties.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The military units of the Generalitat were concentrated on two fronts: Aragon and Mallorca.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Aragonese front resisted until 1937, when Franco's troops occupied Lleida and Balaguer.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In the end, Franco's troops divided the Republican territory into two parts, occupying Vinaros, thereby isolating Catalonia from the rest of the territory controlled by the Republican government of Spain.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The defeat of the Republican armies at the Battle of Ebro led to the capture of Catalonia in 1938 and 1939 by anti-government forces.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The political regime established by Franco immediately abolished Catalan autonomy, took strict measures against the Catalan national movement, and began to oppress the Catalan intelligentsia and culture.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Only forty years after the death of the dictator in 1975 and the adoption of Spain's new democratic Constitution in 1978, did Catalonia regain its own autonomy and recreated in 1979 Generalitat.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

George Orwell fought in Catalonia from December 1936 to June 1937.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

His memoirs of this period under the title were first published in 1938.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

This book is one of the most famous books about the Spanish Civil War.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Franco's dictatorship (1939—1975)


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

As in other parts of Spain, Franco's rule in Catalonia from 1939 to 1975 led to the suppression of democratic freedoms, the dissolution and persecution of parties, total censorship, and the prohibition of everything that was related to left-wing ideas.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

For Catalonia, this also meant the destruction of autonomy, the abolition of special Catalan institutions and the complete closure of the Catalan-language press.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

During the first years of the regime, any resistance was destroyed, thousands of people were imprisoned for political reasons, and many Catalans were forced to emigrate.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In addition, 4,000 Catalans were executed between 1938 and 1953, including former President of the Generalitat Lewis Companis.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In the 1960s, modernization of agriculture began, the industrialization of the country increased and mass tourism began.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Many migrants from other regions of Spain came to Catalonia, which especially accelerated the growth of Barcelona and the agglomeration around it.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The opposition of the working class to Franco began to manifest itself in the form of “”, the return of trade unions.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In the 1970s, democratic forces united in the Assembly of Catalonia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Restoring Democracy


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

With the end of Franco's dictatorship, a period known as the transition to democracy, or Catalan: La transició for short, began, which lasted from 1975 to 1982, during which democratic freedoms in Spain as a whole have been restored.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Thus, in 1978, a new democratic Spanish Constitution was adopted.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

This Constitution recognized the existence of numerous national communities within the Spanish State.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

According to the Constitution, the country was divided into autonomous regions.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

For Catalonia, this meant the gradual return of its autonomist rights.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Provisional Generalitat of Catalonia was revived in the first general election in 1977.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

It was headed by Josep Tarradellas (Catalan: Josep Tarradellas).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In 1979, the charter of the autonomy was finally approved.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

This charter delegated more rights to the local government in education and culture than the charter of 1932, but less in the field of justice and supervision of legality.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

According to this charter, Catalonia was defined as a “nation”, and Catalan became the official language on its territory, along with Spanish.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

For Catalonia itself, the period of the 1980s and 1990s was a time of significant economic recovery and the development of autonomous institutions.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In the economic sphere, a big growth factor was the entry of Spain into the EEC on January 1, 1981 (the 2nd wave of European integration).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

This was also not least facilitated by internal political stability — for almost a quarter of a century (1980-2003), the Catalan Autonomous Government was headed by the 126th President of the Generalitat Jordi Pujol i Soley, head of the center-right Catalan nationalist electoral coalition Convergence and Union, which consisted of his own the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (Catalan: Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya) and the smaller and more conservative Democratic Union of Catalonia (Catalan: Unió Democràtica de Catalunya, UDC).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In addition, due to the constant crises of the central government and the lack of an absolute majority in the Spanish Parliament during the 1990s, the Spanish government became dependent on support provided by nationalist parties of autonomies (Catalan, Basque, Canary Islands, etc.), which significantly contributed to the strengthening of Catalan autonomy, in particular, in Felipe Gonzalez's last term (1993—1996) and José Maria Aznar's first term (1996—2000).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The economic situation in the 1990s


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Much has been done to separate the Catalan autonomy — an autonomous police, county administrations and a supreme court have been created in the form of the Catalan: Tribunal Superior de Justícia de Catalunya).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Catalan-language media were supported by the Catalan Law on Linguistic Normalization.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The Catalan government has begun to directly provide subsidies for the promotion of Catalan culture, in particular the creation of Catalan films and the placement of subtitles in Catalan in foreign-made films.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In 1992, Barcelona hosted the Summer Olympics, which drew international attention to Catalonia and its capital.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In the 1990s, due to the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the USSR and the associated political and economic turmoil in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the immigration movement to Catalonia, which, on the one hand, had a negative impact on the social sphere, and on the other hand, gave an influx of relatively cheap and/or often unaccounted (unregistered) labor, which was an additional factor in economic growth.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The political split of the 2000s


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Mini|230pcs|1.5 Million People Demonstrate for Catalan Independence (September 11, 2012)


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

At the beginning of the 2000s, political contradictions in the Catalan establishment came to the surface.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

In November 2003, the elections to the Generalitat gave more votes (but not an absolute majority) to the Convergence and Union coalition.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Three other parties (PSC-PSOE, ERC and ICV) merged to form Pascual Maragal's Cabinet (PSC-PSOE), which became the new head of the Generalitat.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

This government turned out to be unstable, especially with regard to the problem of reforming the Charter of the Autonomy of Catalonia, so new early elections were called, which were held in the fall of 2006 g. As a result of these elections, the Convergence and Union again won more votes than other parties, but the PSC-PSOE, ERC and ICV formed a government coalition again.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

José Montilla Aguilera became the 128th President of the Generalitat of Catalonia on November 28, 2006


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Current situation


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

At the beginning of the 21st century, the Catalan elite and society were divided into those who demand greater independence from Madrid up to state self-determination, and supporters of the existing autonomy.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

It should be noted that among Catalans, the attitude towards the independence of Catalonia is ambiguous.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

A very significant part of the Catalans who have not decided on their attitude to the independence of Catalonia, and their number is constantly changing; about 40% of Catalonians express negative attitude.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The share of those who support secession from Spain is about a third of the population (this number remains stable).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

It should be borne in mind that among the supporters of Catalonia's independence there are those who would prefer to see the so-called Catalan lands as part of the newly created Catalan state.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

On June 18, 2006, a referendum was held in Catalonia, as a result of which 74% of its participants voted for greater independence of their autonomy and for the recognition of Catalans as a separate people.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

As a result, the community received greater rights in regulating internal life, in particular, in the tax system, justice and migration policy.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

November 9, 2015 The Parliament of Catalonia approved a resolution on the creation of an independent republic


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Within 18 months, various state structures should be formed and the text of the new constitution should be drawn up.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

72 deputies voted for the document and 63 voted.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

However, on December 2, the Constitutional Court, after reviewing the lawsuit of the Spanish government on the illegitimacy of the resolution as an act of a separatist movement, annulled the resolution, declaring it illegal [1].


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Literature


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Altamira y Crevea R. History of Spain.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

T 1-2., M.: Publishing house of foreign literature, 1951


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Altamira y Crevea R. The history of medieval Spain.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

, SPb.: “Eurasia”, 2003


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Spain and Portugal.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Encyclopedic reference book of M.: “Soviet Encyclopedia”, 1947


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Korsunsky A. R. History of Spain of the 9th—13th centuries.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

, M.: “Higher School”, 1976


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Milskaya L. T. Essays on the history of the village in Catalonia of the 10th—12th centuries M: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

(in Russian)


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Spain — Catalonia.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Empire and reality.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Anthology, M.: Regnum, 2007


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Kudryavtsev A. E.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Spain in the Middle Ages.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

(Academy of Basic Research: History series), LKI, 2007


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Notes


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

References


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Media related to Category:History of Catalonia at Wikimedia Commons


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Fonseca Nely de Jesus//Tomsk State University Journal.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Tom.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

state un-ta.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Philosophy.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Sociology.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Political science.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Godlevskaya Valentina Yuryevna//Tomsk State University Journal.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Tom.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

state un-ta.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

The story.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

No. 5 (25).


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

Sorokina Svetlana Valentinovna//Izvestiya RSPU im.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia

A. AND. Herzen.


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia


Question: Until what year did the Principality of Catalonia exist?

History of Catalonia


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The Gunns (Greek: Oonoi, Latin: Hunni) were a nomadic people who invaded Eastern Europe from Asia in the 370s.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The hypothesis about the origin of the Huns from the Central Asian Hunnu people, mentioned in previous times in Chinese sources, is accepted by most scientists [1].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The origin of the Hun language is unknown, scientific theories suggest that it could be Turkic, Altai, Mongolian, Ural or Yenisei.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The invasion of the Huns, which, like the migration of the Sarmatians in the previous period, was due to ethnic shifts in central Eurasia, had far-reaching historical consequences for the further development of both Western Eurasia and, in fact, Europe.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The invasion of the Huns marked the beginning of the “Great Migration of Peoples”.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

During the reign of Attila (434-453), the Hun association with the center in Pannonia reached its maximum expansion, covering the territory from the Volga and the Caucasus to the Rhine.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

After the death of Attila, the Hun Empire collapsed, and the Huns were absorbed by new groups of nomads arriving from the east.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The Alans were the first to experience the consequences of the onslaught of the Huns, and they were soon followed by Geruls, Burgundians, Goths, etc.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The retreat of these peoples before the advancing Huns resulted, in turn, in the movement of other Germanic tribes from their own places, and since all of them at one time or another reached the borders of the Roman empires, the latter were pushed back or even broken in several places.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Some Germanic tribes were admitted to the Roman Empire peacefully on the condition that they helped protect imperial borders from other “barbarian” tribes approaching from the east or north.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In other cases, the Germans forcibly made their way to the Roman provinces.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Both those who came as allies of the emperor and those who came as his enemy equally proclaimed control of the provinces they occupied.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

For a while, each Germanic tribe seemed to be in constant motion, moving further and further south and west.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Thus, vandals and Alans, moving to the Danube border, invaded first southern Gaul and then Spain, from where the vandals eventually penetrated into Africa and settled near ancient Carthage.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Following in the footsteps of the Germans, the Huns settled in Pannonia on the Middle Danube.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Attila's campaigns hit both Rome and the Germans.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In this whirlpool, most of the western provinces of the Roman Empire were gradually absorbed by various Germanic tribes, and eventually the Hun Odoacer [2] captured Rome itself.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

It should be noted that ancient sources did not use the phonetic form “Huns” to designate this people.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The name in the form of “Huns” was introduced into scientific circulation in 1926 by historian K. A. Foreigners to distinguish European Huns from Asian Huns [3].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In the works of Prisk Paniysky, a Byzantine diplomat, historian and writer of the 5th century, who participated in the Embassy of Byzantium to the leader of the Huns Attila at his headquarters, the Huns are mentioned under the name “Unna” [4].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Presumably, Prisca's texts were used by Jordan [5].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Latin (Roman) sources, on the other hand, used the phonetic form “Hunni”.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The name of the Huns served as an eponym for the asteroid (1452) Gunnius [6].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Influence on people's history


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The international significance of the Hun invasion was partly determined by far-reaching changes in the position of the Anto-Sklaven tribes.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Having destroyed the power of the Ostrogoths, the Huns prevented the possibility of Germanization of the anto-claven in Europe.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In addition, the remnants of Iranian tribes in Eastern Europe have also been weakened.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

A significant part of the Alans moved westward, following the Goths exodus.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

As a result, the role of the Iranian element in the lives of the Antic tribes decreased, while Sklaven and Turkic influence increased.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The era of the Hun invasion is thus, in a sense, a period of liberation of the Eastern Proto-Slavs not only from Gothic, but also from Iranian control.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The Huns attracted Anto-Sklaven units to their army and used them as auxiliary units during their campaigns [7].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

During the reign of Attila (434-453), the Hun association with the center in Pannonia reached its maximum expansion, covering the territory from the Volga and the Caucasus to the Rhine.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

After Attila's death, the Hun Empire collapsed.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In medieval sources, “Huns” called a number of nomadic associations in other parts of Eurasia, in particular the Hephthalites (“white Huns”), Kidarites (“black Huns”), chionites in Central Asia and India and replaced each other nomadic groups in Caspian Dagestan (“khons”, in modern literature are called “Caucasian Huns”).


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Their relationship to the European Huns is unproven.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In Byzantine and Latin sources, the ethnonym “Huns” turned into a common noun for nomads and, in addition to the Huns themselves, was later applied to other peoples living in the Black Sea region (Savirs, Avaram, Hungarians, etc.).


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Origins


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

One of the main hypotheses connects the Huns with the Huns (Xiongnu), a people who lived in northern China, in the bend of the Yellow River.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

It has been mentioned in Chinese sources since the 3rd century BC.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

[8], and it was the first people to create a vast nomadic empire in Central Asia.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In 48 A.D.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

The Huns were divided into two branches, north and south.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

After being defeated by Xiangbi and China, the unification of the northern Huns collapsed and its remnants migrated westward.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In addition to the consonance of names, a number of categories of material culture indicate the genetic relationship between the Huns and the Huns of Central Asia [9], especially in the field of military affairs, a characteristic feature of which was use of composite onions [10].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In historiography of the XVIII — 1st floor.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

In the 19th century, the Huns were considered Mongols.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

This view was first expressed by Pallas, and then supported by Bergman and Thierry.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Joseph de Guigne was the first to express the opinion that the Huns could be Turks or Proto-Turks by origin [11].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

English scientist Peter Heather considers the Huns of the so-called. “the first group of Turks” to invade Europe [12].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Turkish researcher Kemal Cemal sees confirmation of this version in the facts of similarity of names and names in the Turkic and Hun languages.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

This version is also accepted by Hungarian researcher Gyula Nemeth [13].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

According to Turkologist I. L. Kyzlasov, the archaeological material culture of the Huns sharply distinguishes them from the Turkic peoples and, on the contrary, brings them closer to the Mongol-Manchu peoples.


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Thus, in particular, all Turkic peoples are characterized by a dwelling called the common Turkic term “ib”, originally stationary, but served as a prototype for the construction of the yurt; on the contrary, the Huns are characteristic dugouts with an L-shaped couch [14].


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

Paleogenetics


Question: Who are the Huns?

Huns

DNA study of the skeleton of an elite Hun from the Natural History Museum (St. Budapest, Hungary), dated the middle third of the 5th century, showed that it had a Y chromosomal haplogroup L [15].