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Despite the fact that he had no military education, his experience as a landowner allowed him to understand horses.


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Cromwell knew that well-trained pickers, armed with 5-meter peaks, could give a strong rebuff to the “gentlemen”.


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He also noted that Rupert's cavalry did not maintain discipline well and each rider acted individually when attacking.


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Cromwell then taught his horsemen not to crumble when attacking and stick together.


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His cavalry took part in the Battle of Marston Moore in Yorkshire in July 1644.


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As a result of the victory at Marston Moore, the entire north of England was in the power of Parliament.


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The Army of Parliament won a complete victory at the Battle of Nesby in Northamptonshire on June 14, 1645, capturing the most experienced enemies and seizing the weapons and equipment of the Royal Army.


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This battle was the final defeat of the royalist forces.


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After that, Karl was no longer able to assemble a new army that would be able to repel the parliamentary army in any way.


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In 1646, Karl surrendered.


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Parliament's Conflict with the Army


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After the victory in the first civil war, contradictions were discovered in the victors' camp.


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The Presbyterians dominated Parliament.


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In July 1646, they began negotiations with the king, who was now held captive by the Scots in the north of England.


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According to the proposed Agreement (English: Covenant), there should be a single Presbyterian Church of England and Scotland; Parliament controlled the army for twenty years (which, in their opinion, was the king's life expectancy); and fifty-seven supporters of the king should have been excluded from pardon on the grounds that they committed various crimes during the war [2].


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In February 1647, Parliament paid a ransom to the Scots for the king.


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The Scots handed over the king to the British and the king was taken south to the English: Holmby House, in Northamptonshire, northwest of London, where Parliament continued with him negotiations.


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The Presbyterians hoped to get rid of the revolutionary army by sending it to conquer Ireland.


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The new-style army, which was stationed in East Anglia near Cambridge, was ordered to either disband or volunteer for service in Ireland, where the Irish Confederation was still in control.


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This demand provoked the army, which was already concerned about the prospect of a settlement under the terms of the Presbyterian Parliament [3].


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In April and May 1647, the cavalry regiments of the Army of a new type elected their representatives.


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They were called “agitators”.


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It was formed, consisting of senior officers, regiment commanders and representatives of soldiers from various regiments.


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Then on June 4, a junior officer, a cornet, went to Holmby House, captured the king and brought him into the army.


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When Joyce arrived at Holmby House, the guard asked him where his warrant for the transfer of the king was, and he grabbed his gun and said, “Here's my warrant!” [4] [pr 1].


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On June 14, 1647, the army issued and published the Army Statement.


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It said that they were “not just a mercenary army”, but an army designed to protect “our own and just people's rights and freedoms.”


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She advocates the cleansing of the Long Parliament of its enemies, for a clear definition of the duration of the activities of parliaments, the frequency of elections, confirmation of the right to petition and for freedom religion.


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Then, at the end of July 1647, demonstrations in London on behalf of the Presbyterians and against the actions of the army led independent (Independents) members of parliament to flee the city.


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They fled to the army and asked for its protection.


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On August 6, the army marched south and occupied London, returning those who fled to Parliament, from which some of their Presbyterian opponents have now fled [5].


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Army leaders began to draw up their own conditions, “” (English: Heads of the Proposals), for negotiations with the king, who was now in their hands.


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The army insisted that the future parliament should be elected every two years and that the parliament would be controlled by the armed forces, but only ten years, not twenty years.


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They ruled out pardons for only seven royalists.


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They even wanted to allow the re-establishment of the Church of England with bishops and an old prayer book, but ruled out coercive authority over those who preferred other forms of faith — restoration Anglican Church, but with freedom of conscience.


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Charles I's adviser in the negotiations called on the king to accept these proposals.


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He said that never would a lost kingdom be restored as easily as under such conditions (English: “never was a Crown so near lost, so cheaply recover'd, as his Majesty's would be, if they agreed upon such terms “[6], but the king hesitated. Charles I talked to the army giants arrogantly. He said, “You don't mean anything without me. You'll go to dust if I stop supporting you.”


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Berkeley later recorded in his memoirs that, in his opinion, the king disagreed because he did not trust Cromwell and Ayrton, and the reason he didn't trust them was because they didn't trust anything asked for themselves [3].


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The king simply dragged on time and secretly began negotiations with the Scots, who were increasingly worried about what was happening in England and about the prospects of the independents in power.


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Meanwhile, a number of proposals were received from agitators and some of the officers in the Army Council: they were deeply influenced by the views of London's radical movement, the Levellers [3].


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Levellers and the Putney Debate


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The Levellers, led by John Lilburn, William Walvin, and first acted as pamphletists on behalf of freedom of conscience.


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But their experience in the hands of an intolerant Presbyterian parliament led them to question the entire basis of state power.


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They stated in their pamphlets that they spoke on behalf of what they called “middle and poor people”, “worn shoes, soldiers, leather and wool aprons and all the working and hardworking people the people of England.”


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They put forward a demand “that all power is initially and essentially within the entire people”: a declaration of popular sovereignty.


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Including a unicameral parliament: they would abolish the House of Lords; redistribution of seats in Parliament to make them fairer; elections are held every two years with much more broad suffrage; how widely the opinions of Levellers differed at different times.


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It seems that some of them advocated universal suffrage, others for a more limited, but, most importantly, radical reform of the legal system, laws that should be simplified and printed in English [3].


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In October 1647, most of the Leveller program was drafted into the English: Agreement of the People, which was discussed and then printed and proposed to the Army Council in during a series of debates that took place at Putney Church.


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They're known as the Putney Debate.


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Putney, a small town at the time, was the headquarters of the army.


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[br 2] Many of the statements made are the most unusual, extraordinary declarations for their time.


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Henry Ayrton, who led most of the debate on behalf of officers, thought that everyone should enjoy freedom under the laws of the state, but he, as a member of his class, believed that voting should only be owned by property persons with a “constant and fixed interest in the kingdom” (English: a permanent and fixed interest in the kingdom).


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In contrast to this view, Colonel Thomas Rainsborough replied: “The very last poor man in England should be able to live the same life as the most powerful man, and therefore, sir, I I really think that every person living under the government must first agree to such a government.”


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Ayrton referred to the importance of constitutional tradition in resolving the conflict, to which Soldier Sexby called for consideration of “reasonableness of a settlement” rather than a constitutional precedent [8] [etc. 3].


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The meetings of the Army Council, which were in the nature of a conference, began on October 28 and lasted until November 11, 1647 and ended suddenly due to a new crisis — the king escaped arrest [3].


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The Second Civil War


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On November 11, 1647, Charles I escaped custody, went south and took refuge on the Isle of Wight off the south coast of England.


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There he was in the honorary custody of the Governor of Parliament, but was allowed to receive visitors, including representatives from Scotland [9].


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On November 15, faced with this situation, Fairfax and Cromwell called the army to a rendezvous and discipline was restored.


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Cromwell drove along the rows, ripping copies of the People's Agreement from the hats of soldiers who came with copies of the agreement in their hats.


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One of the soldiers was shot.


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In December 1647, the king entered into an agreement with Scottish representatives, the English: Engagers.


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In the agreement, he pledged to recognize the Presbyterian Church in exchange for military assistance; and he also began negotiations with the Irish Confederation.


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Shortly thereafter, in the spring of 1648, concerted royalist uprisings began: in Wales, South Wales, Kent, Essex, and north in Yorkshire.


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Meanwhile, Charles's supporters in Scotland began to assemble an army to invade England [3].


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After so much hope for a settlement, the generosity of the Heads of Proposals that were offered to the king, the resumption of the war hardened the leaders of the army.


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On April 29, 1648, they called the entire army to a general meeting in Windsor west of London for a prayer meeting before splitting into parts that were to take on the suppression royalist uprisings in different parts of the kingdom [2].


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The mood in Windsor was very different from that of Putney.


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The mood was one of the religious anxiety, anger and expectation among soldiers who did not want to fight again.


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They saw the resumption of war as a judgment from God on their previous actions and a test of their determination, and they decided that Charles was “the man against whom the Lord had witnessed” — a declaration who ended the meeting, and therefore “that it is our duty, if ever the Lord brings us back to peace, to call Karl Stewart, this bloody man, to account for the blood he spilled, and he did everything possible against the work of the Lord and the people of the unfortunate country” [2].


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And in this mood, the army marched: Fairfax to the east, Cromwell first to Wales and then north.


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On August 17-19, 1648, he met and completely crushed a much larger Scottish army of royalists at the Battle of Preston.


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Cromwell saw this victory as divine ordination.


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In the dispatch he sent to London, he saw it as “nothing but the hand of God” [2].


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The army returned to London in a mood of religious glee, stopping in Yorkshire to crush the last royalist resistance at Pontefract Castle before heading south.


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During the siege of Pontefract, Thomas Rainsborough, a Leveller, was killed [10].


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After winning the second civil war, the giants and levellers united to expel the conciliators from parliament (Pride Purge) and bring the king to justice.


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On January 30, 1649, after a short trial, Charles I was executed as “an enemy of all good people of this nation.”


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The monarchy was declared “superfluous, burdensome and dangerous for the freedom, security and public interests of the people” and abolished.


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The House of Lords, also recognized as “useless and dangerous”, was also abolished.


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On May 19, 1649, a republic was proclaimed.


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This was the peak of the English Revolution.


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The role of army


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The success of the parliament's army was based on the wealth and administrative abilities of the bourgeoisie, the initiative and resourcefulness of the common people, and the democracy of the organization.


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The anti-royalist Puritan army was divided into independents and presbyterians.


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The Independents sought to win the war with the king, and the Presbyterians were in favor of a compromise with him.


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Presbyterians in the war relied on a professional Scottish army, which was expensive, but operated little.


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In 1645, Cromwell managed to democratize the army: under the Bill of Self-Denial, all members of parliament resigned from command.


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Peers lost their traditional right to command the armed forces, and a 22,000-strong “Army of a New Model” was created, relying on democratic elements in the army.


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General Thomas Fairfax became its commander-in-chief, while Oliver Cromwell became commander of the cavalry.


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Cromwell's Yeoman cavalry, whose discipline was based on voluntary submission, became the striking force of the army.


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The army openly discussed any problems, including political ones, and its soldiers were more politically conscious and disciplined than soldiers of ordinary armies.


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Yeoman cavalry became the center of organization of fragmented peasants and artisans.


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Among ordinary soldiers and lower officers in 1647, the Leveller movement arose.


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They organized the Soviets of Soldiers' Agitators and the Army Council, at their disposal they had a party cash register, a printing press, ties with London, with other armies and garrisons, and with the fleet.


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The Levellers advocated radical democratization of the army and authorities and the protection of the interests of small owners.


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Their political manifesto, entitled “The Case of the Armie Truly Stated”, was discussed at an expanded meeting of the Army Council in Putney, which resulted in a decision to develop a declaration that would be approved at a general meeting of the army and would become the basis for any future constitutional agreement.


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In 1649, after the victory of the army in the second civil war, the Pride Purge of Parliament, the execution of Charles I and the proclamation of the republic, the Levellers were suppressed by the giants, the leaders of this movement were shot.


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The unstable class position of small leveller owners, among whom there was an active property stratification, doomed the movement to defeat.


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The suppression of the Levellers meant the rupture of the large bourgeoisie and the nobility with the popular forces.


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But the army was still needed as a tool for the bourgeois transformations that took place in the 1650s:


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The conquest of Ireland, the expropriation of local landowners and peasants.


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The conquest of Scotland, necessary to prevent the restoration of feudalism that could come from there.


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The demolition of fortresses, the disarmament of the cavaliers and the imposition of devastating taxes on them, which prevented the restoration of the old order.


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Implementation of the Navigational Act, which was provided by the commanders of warships.


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The creation of a strong fleet necessary for imperialist politics.


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Selling church land, crown and many prominent royalists to speculators to finance all these activities.


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protectorate


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By the 1650s, independent leaders became increasingly conservative as their interests were met.


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Their rapprochement with the Presbyterians has resumed.


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By 1654, the sale of land was completed.


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There was a new class of landowners who wanted peace and order to increase their property.


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On September 17, 1656, the second parliament of the protectorate opened.


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On March 25, 1657, a Humble Petition was adopted inviting Cromwell to accept the title of king and restore the House of Lords.


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But the army still had a strong Leveller and democratic tradition, despite repeated purges of politically suspicious elements.


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Under pressure from the officer elite, who did not want to part with his influence in the state, Cromwell was forced to renounce the royal title.


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This did not prevent Parliament from giving its power a de facto royal character.


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The protectorate, which was essentially a military dictatorship, was declared hereditary.


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On June 26, 1657, a new parliamentary constitution was adopted.


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The executive power passed to the council of army giants, which was under parliamentary control.


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The army was placed under the financial control of Parliament.


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Restoration


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Oliver Cromwell died in September 1658 before the new constitution began to operate satisfactorily.


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Richard Cromwell's successor did not have as much influence in the army as his father.


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This led to the fact that the giants carried out a palace coup and seized power.


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Richard Cromwell was forced to abdicate on May 25, 1659.


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On May 7, 1659, the giants reconvened Parliament.


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After five months in power, he was in conflict with the army again.


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In October 1659, Major General John Lambert violently dispersed Parliament and introduced a military dictatorship in England.


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The new hope of the conservative classes of the state, frightened by the radicalism of the British army, was the former royalist General George Monk, who commanded the English occupation army in Scotland.


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In January 1660, Monk and his army marched out of Scotland against Lambert.


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Lambert's army deserted.


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Lambert fled to London, followed by Monk.


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A parliament was proclaimed, formed on the basis of the old suffrage law.


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This meant the restoration of monarchy and the domination of landowning classes.


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In May 1660, the new parliament called on Charles II to take the throne of the three kingdoms.


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Results of the revolution


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The revolutionary transformations of 1642—1652 destroyed the social system of feudalism and created conditions for the free development of capitalism.


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As a result of the sale of land, a new class of landowners appeared — the independent nobility.


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Land has become a commodity, bourgeois relations have been established.


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Representatives of the old regime who returned later were also forced to join them.


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The defeat of the democratic movement and the lawlessness of small holders opened up the opportunity for ruthless increase in rents, fences and removal of peasants from the land, which led to the formation of a landless class proletariat.


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The king was deprived of financial independence and became the first official of the state on the salary of Parliament.


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The Church lost its power and monopoly on the formation of public opinion, and also became completely dependent on the parliament.


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Monarchal monopolies and royal control have disappeared forever from industry and trade, with the exception of the necessary bourgeoisie of the East India Company.


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Workshops and apprenticeship laws were destroyed.


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The revolution proclaimed freedom of trade and entrepreneurship.


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Of exceptional importance was the adoption in 1651 of the Act of Navigation, according to which foreign trade could only be carried out on English ships or on ships of a country that produced this item.


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The law undermined the intermediary trade and shipping of England's strongest rival, Holland.


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The liberation of science and the impetus given by the revolution of free thought and experience were of great importance for the development of technology that ensured the industrial and agrarian upheavals of the 18th century.


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The ideas of the republican structure, democracy, equality of all before the law, which were brought by the revolution, had an impact on the history of other European countries.


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Timeline


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1640, November 3 — After an eleven-year hiatus, Parliament is convened, soon beyond the control of the crown and later nicknamed English: Long Parliament, as it operated until 1653.


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1641 — Parliament refused to finance the suppression of the rebellion in Ireland and passed legislation prohibiting the dissolution of Parliament without its consent.


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In August 1641, Parliament adopted the Great Repair, a collection of articles listing the crimes of the crown.


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After that, state power was actually concentrated in the hands of parliament.


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1642 — King Charles I's attempts to dissolve Parliament lead to confrontation between supporters of Parliament (English: Roundheads) and supporters of the king (“royalists”).


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On January 10, the king leaves London.


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On July 4, the Defense Committee was established, which headed the military activities of the parliament.


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On July 6, Parliament decided to recruit a 10,000 army, appointing the Earl of Essex as commander-in-chief.


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On August 22, the king announces the beginning of an operation to suppress the rebellion of the Earl of Essex, which effectively means declaring war


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Oxford became the residence of the “cavaliers”.


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October 23 — The Battle of Edgegill is the first major battle of the parliamentary forces of the “round-headed” and “cavaliers”, the second - November 13 at Turn Green.


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1643, September 20 — First Battle of Newbury.


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A military alliance with the Scots.


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1644 — Scottish intervention.


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Battle of Marston Moore.


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The Cavaliers suffered a crushing defeat in the north of England.


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1645, June 14 — Battle of Naasby: the defeat of the Cavaliers.


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1646, June 24 — The capture of Oxford: the King's flight to Scotland.


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1647 - The Scots gave the king to round heads for a substantial fee.


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Parliament's attempt to dissolve the army met with resistance from the Levellers.


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Cromwell was forced to make partial concessions to the rebels.


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The cavaliers took advantage of the split in the army and tried to take revenge by entering into an alliance with the Scots.


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1648, August 17-19 — Battle of Preston: The defeat of the Scots.


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On October 4, Cromwell's cavalry entered Edinburgh.


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1648 — Pride purge.


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1649, January 30 — The execution of King Charles I and the establishment of an independent republic (English: Commonwealth of England).


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Cromwell's campaign to Ireland.


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1650, September 3 — Battle of Dunbar: Roundheads conquer Edinburgh.


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1651 — Battle of Worcester: The army of Republican General Cromwell conquers Scotland.


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1653 - Protectorate (English: Protectorate) of Oliver Cromwell, who declares himself Lord Protector (in England this is the title of Regent).


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The old parliament has been dispersed on charges of corruption.


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The country is divided into 11 military districts led by major generals.


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1658 — Lord Protector's death.


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Power passes to his son Richard, who is trying to rely on parliament in the confrontation with the army that has begun.


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1659 — Richard Cromwell resigns from the post of Lord Protector under pressure from the army, General Lambert disperses Parliament and establishes a military dictatorship.


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1660 — London is occupied by parts of General Monk, Parliament decides to restore the monarchy and invite Charles II, son of Charles I, to an empty throne.


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Under him, the Church of England (equal to other religions under Cromwell) again became the dominant church.


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The end of the English Revolution.


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1685 — accession of James II, brother of childless Charles II.


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1688 — “Glorious Revolution”: Parliament decided to expel James II from the country, and invite William of Orange, the ruler of Protestant Holland, to the throne (he was both the grandson of Charles I and son-in-law Yakov).


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William accepted this offer and became king (his wife Mary shares the burden of royal title with him).


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In 1689, he was coronated, at which he confirmed his loyalty to two parliamentary documents recently adopted, the Habeas Corpus act and the Bill of Rights.


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The end of revolution.


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See also


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English Revolution

English Republic


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English Revolution

Three Kingdoms Wars


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Carl I Stewart


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Oliver Cromwell


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Stuart Restoration


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Glorious revolution


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

In culture


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

In fiction


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Alexandre Dumas.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

The novel “Twenty Years Later” (1844).


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Thomas Mayne Reid.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Novel “The White Glove” (1864).


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

In music


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Puritans — opera by Vincenzo Bellini


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

At the movies


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Twenty Years Later (Vingt ans après) is directed by Henri Diamand-Berger (France, 1922).


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

The Scarlet Blade is directed by John Gilling (UK, 1964).


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Witchfinder General is directed by Michael Reeves (UK, 1968).


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Cromwell is directed by Ken Hughes (UK, 1970).


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Winstanley is directed by Andrew Mollo and Kevin Brownlow (UK, 1976).


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

By the Sword Divided — directed by Brian Farnham, Henry Herbert and others.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

(UK, 1983—1985), television series.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

The Lady And The Highwayman is directed by John Hough (UK, 1988).


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

The Return Of The Musketeers is directed by Richard Leicester (UK-USA, 1989).


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Musketeers Twenty Years Later is directed by Georgy Yungvald-Khilkevich (Russia, France, 1992), mini-series.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

To Kill a King is directed by Mike Barker (UK, Germany, 2003).


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

The Devil's Whore is directed by Mark Munden (UK-USA, 2008).


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

A Field in England is directed by Ben Wheatley (UK, 2013).


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

comments


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Notes


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Literature


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

in Russian


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Template:Book:The English Bourgeois Revolution of the 17th Century


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Barg M. A., Chernyak E.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

B.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Great social revolutions of the 17th—18th centuries.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— M.: Nauka, 1990.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— 258 p. — ISBN 5-02-008946-X.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Barg M. A. The Great English Revolution in portraits of its figures.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— M.: Thought, 1991.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— 400 p. — ISBN 5-244-00418-2.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Barg M. A. People's lower classes in the English bourgeois revolution of the 17th century.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

The movement and ideology of true levellers.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1967.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— 354 p.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Volsky St.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Cromwell.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— Moscow: GPIB Publ., 2002.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— 244 p.: Il.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

James M.//Hill K. The English Revolution.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— Moscow: Foreign Literature, 1947.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— PP. 114—139


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Coward B.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Oliver Cromwell/Transl. from English.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

O. A. Gunkova.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— Rostov n/D: Phoenix 1997.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— 320 p. — (Trace in history).


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— ISBN 5-222-00005-2.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Lavrovsky V. M. Collection of documents on the history of the English bourgeois revolution of the 17th century — M.: Higher School, 1973.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— 342 p.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Lavrovsky V. M., Barg M. A. The English bourgeois revolution.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Some problems of the English bourgeois revolution of the 40s of the XVII century.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— M.: Sotsekgiz, 1958.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— 368 p.: Il.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Pavlova T. A. Second English Republic (1659—1660).


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1974.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— 224 p.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Savin A. N. Lectures on the history of the English Revolution


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— Novosibirsk: Siberian Chronograph Research Center, 2013.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— 536 p.: Il.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— ISBN 978-5-87550-148-7


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Tomsinov V. A. Legal aspects of the English Revolution of 1640—1660.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

The period of constitutional struggle: November 1640 — August 1642.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— Moscow: Zertsalo-M, 2010.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— 264 p. — ISBN 978-5-94373-176-1.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Hill K. The English Bible and the 17th century revolution.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— MOSCOW: IVI RAN, 1998.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

— 490 p.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

in other languages


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

References


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Sokolov A. B.


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

2003 ISBN 5-87555-439-8


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Category:English history


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Category:Revolutions in Great Britain


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Category:Civil wars


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution


Question: When did the English Revolution end?

English Revolution

Category:Conflicts of 1642


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Bashkir writing (Bashkir: Bashkir yayuy) is a writing system of the Bashkir language.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

During its existence, it has changed its graphic basis several times.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Currently, the Bashkir script operates in Cyrillic.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

There are 4 stages in the history of Bashkir writing:


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

19th — early 20th centuries — early experiments in the creation of Arabic and Cyrillic scripts


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

1923—1930 — Writing based on Arabic script


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

1930—1940 — Latin script


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

since 1940 — Cyrillic script


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

History


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Early period


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Until the middle of the 19th century, the written language of the Bashkirs was the Old Turkic written and literary language (Turks) and its local version - the Ural-Volga Turks.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Many works of Bashkir literature were written in the Turks — Bashkir Shezher, Batyrsha's Letter to Tsarina Catherine II, appeals and orders of Salavat Yulaev, works by poets of the XIX century A. Kargaly, T. Yalsygulova, Kh.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Salikhova, G. Sokoroy, Akmulla, M. Umetbaeva et al.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

The Arabic alphabet was used to write the Turkic alphabet.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

In the literary works of a number of authors of the 19th century written in Turks, features of the spoken Bashkir language are widespread [1] [2].


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

By the middle of the XIX century, the first attempts to create a Bashkir national writing system capable of conveying the phonetic features of the language date back to the first


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Thus, in 1869, Mirsalikh Bekchurin published the first Bashkir grammar in the book “Initial Guide to the Study of Arabic, Persian and Tatar Languages with Adverbs of Bukharans, Bashkirs, Kyrgyz and Residents Turkestan”.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

In this book, he published the fairy tale “Batyr batsha əkiəte” in the southern dialect of the Bashkir language based on Arabic graphics [3].


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

In the 1860s, missionary educator N. AND. Ilminsky, in his work “Introductory Reading to the Turkish-Tatar Language Course”, proposed using the Cyrillic alphabet to write the Bashkir language.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

On the basis of this work, a number of Bashkir primers were published in the late 19th and early 20th centuries [4].


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

The first of these primers was published by V. IN. Katarinsky in Orenburg in 1892 (reprinted in 1898 and 1906).


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

The alphabet of this edition included all the letters of the then Russian alphabet (except e, th,,), as well as additional signs ä, gī, ö, ö,.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Published in 1907 in Kazan by A. G. Bessonov “Primer for Bashkirs” also had all the letters of the then Russian alphabet (except e, th), as well as additional signs ä, g, d, ö, c,.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Another ABC book was prepared at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries by N. F. Katanov — in it, to display specific Bashkir sounds, the author used the umlaut diacritic sign (— /a/, — /o/, k —//, k —//, — /u/, etc.).


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

This ABC book remained in the manuscript and was not published [3].


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

In 1912, M. A. Kulaev published the book “Fundamentals of Onomatopoeia and the Alphabet for Bashkirs” (reprinted in 1919), which also used the Cyrillic alphabet.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

To reflect the specific sounds of the Bashkir language, the author used unique letters of his own invention [5].


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

However, all these alphabets are not widely used [6].


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Arabic script


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

In July 1921, the 2nd Vsebashkir Congress of Soviets decided to take measures to create a writing system for the Bashkir language as the state language of the Bashkir ASSR.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

In December 1922, a commission was created at the Academic Center of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Bashkir ASSR to develop the alphabet and spelling.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

The Commission was headed by Saifi Ufaly, and its members were G. Shonasi, S. Ramiev and others.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

The new writing system was based on the Tatar “middle alphabet” on an Arabic graphic basis, proposed by G. Ibragimov in 1911.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

The Commission adapted this alphabet to the needs of Bashkir phonetics: letters used only in Arabic borrowings were excluded, and the spelling of vowels was improved.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

At the beginning of the word, vowels were written with hamza () on top.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

The front and back vowels in the letter did not differ (for example, the meant both /y/ and /u/; — /o/ and /o/, etc.), but for semantic distinguishing purposes, a hardness sign could be placed under the letters — vertical line (Ul — st (he), Ul — ul (die)) [6].


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

The alphabet contained the following letters:


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

From December 1923 to January 1924, this alphabet was officially approved.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

In March 1924, minor changes were made to it regarding the writing of the sounds /y/ and /e/ at the beginning of a word.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

The Arabic-based alphabet functioned until 1930 [6] [5].


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Latin alphabet


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

In parallel with the adoption of the Arabic alphabet, the movement for the Latin alphabet was unfolding.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

For the first time, the issue of romanization of Bashkir writing was raised at the Academic Center in June 1924, and in October the first project was created [6] (a little earlier, in July, Tatar specialists proposed a single Tatar-Bashkir Latinized alphabet [7]).


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

This project was followed by others.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

They proposed the following sound designations: /h/ — h, /x/ —, /y/ —, /n/ — n, /w/ —, /w/ — t', /y/ — î, /w/ — î, /w/ —, /w/ —, /w/ —, j [5].


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

In June 1927, the All-Union Committee of the New Turkic Alphabet approved a single alphabet for the Turkic peoples of the USSR — Yanalif.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

On its basis, the Bashkir Latinized alphabet was revised again.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

On July 6, 1930, the CEC of the Bashkir ASSR officially approved this alphabet; in the same year, spelling rules based on it were issued.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Later, minor changes were made to it - in May 1933, at a conference of the Bashkir Research Institute of Language and Literature, the letter Ç ç was abolished, and in 1938, the digraph bj was abolished.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

On March 3, 1939, new rules for the spelling of the Bashkir language in the Latin alphabet were issued, but at that time there was already a question of translating the Bashkir script into Cyrillic [6].


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

After the reform of 1938—1939, the Bashkir Latinized alphabet looked like this [6]:


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

A aB ʙC Cd d Đe eə əF fG G H Hi iJ JK kL m mN O O O P pQ qR Rs sş Şt Tu uV vX XY YZ z'


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Cyrillic alphabet


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Mini|sign with the name of the street in Cyrillic.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

City of Agidel


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

In August 1938, the bureau of the Bashkir Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b) raised the question of switching to the Cyrillic alphabet.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

The development of a new writing system has begun.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

The greatest disagreements were caused by the writing of sound combinations /yy/, /ye/; /ya/, /ya/; /yo/ /yo/ — it was proposed to designate them with the letters e, i and e, respectively.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

As a result, this offer was rejected.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

The discussion was also caused by the display of specific sounds of the Bashkir language.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

The following suggestions were made [6] [5]:


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

On November 23, 1939, the new alphabet was approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Bashkir ASSR, and in 1940 it was introduced into use.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

In 1950, at the suggestion of the Bashkir Research Institute of Language, Literature and History, the letter E e was introduced into the alphabet, and it took on a modern look [6].


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

In 1981, new rules for the spelling of the Bashkir language were introduced, which did not affect the composition of the alphabet, but introduced a noticeable change in the use of letters - if earlier the letter Yu Yu in the original Bashkir the words indicated the letter combinations /yu/ and /yu/, then with the adoption of the new rules - only /yu/.


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

The sound combination /yu/ began to be transmitted by the letters y[ 8].


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Modern alphabet


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

The modern Bashkir alphabet looks like this [9]:


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Letterfaculetramfaa a (a) [], [ä] B b (be) [b], [β] C c (ve) [w~], [v] [comment 1] G (ge) [], [g] [comment 2] (gy) [] D d (de) [d] (e) [ð] E e (e) [j] [comment 3]


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

[], [je], [e] [comm. 4] Yo (yo) [jo] [comment 5] F (je) [], [] [comm. 6] Z z (ze) [z] And (i) [i] y y (ya i) [j] K (ka) [c], [k] [comment 7] (y) [q] L l (el) [], [l] M m (em) [m] N n (en) [n] N n (en) [] O o (o) [] [o] [comm. 8] () [ø] P p (pe) [p] R r (er) [r] C s (es) [s] (e) [θ] T t (te) [t] U y (y) [u] () [y] f f (ef) [f] [comment 9] X x (ha) [η] (y) [h] C c (ce) [] [comm. 10] H h (che) [] [comment 11] W w (sha) [], [] [comm. 12] U u (scha) [] [comm. 13] b (alyn


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

aiyryu buildahe) [], [] [comment 14] S s (s) [] b (naek


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

aiyryu bildahe) [], [] [comment 15] E (e) [e] () [æ] Yu yu (yu) [ju] I am (ya) [ja]


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Alphabet matching table


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Done by: [6] [5]


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

comments


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Notes


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Category:Cyrillic alphabets


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Category:Written language of Turkic peoples


Question: When was the Bashkir fairy tale first translated into Russian?

Bashkir script

Category:Bashkir language


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Wales national rugby union team (English: Wales national rugby union team, Welsh: Tîm rygbi'r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru) is the national team that represents Wales in international rugby competitions level.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Wales competed in all eight Rugby World Cups.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In addition, the Welsh play annually in the Six Nations Cup, Europe's most prestigious national rugby competition.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The last victory in this tournament was won in 2013.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The national team is managed by the Welsh Rugby Union and is considered one of the strongest in the world.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The International Rugby Board classifies Wales as a first-tier team.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

As of October 3, 2016, the Welsh occupy the 5th place in the World Rugby ranking.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Welsh Rugby Union was founded in 1881, shortly after the first match against England, which lost 0-8.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Wales subsequently began competing in the Home Nations Cup, competing with other teams from the British Isles.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Rugby is a national sport in Wales that is of great importance to Welsh culture, as it is where Welsh people have achieved the highest success.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Wales competed in the very first Rugby World Cup in New Zealand and Australia, where they won bronze medals, which remains the main achievement of the national team in the history of tournament.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Wales hosted the 1999 Rugby World Cup, as well as some matches of the 1991 and 2007 World Cups.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Welsh traditionally play red rugby players.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The home stadium of Welsh rugby players is the Millennium (the largest stadium in Wales in terms of capacity).


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The most popular nickname for the national team players is “[red] dragons”.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Ten Welsh have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame, three of whom are also members.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

History


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Early years (1850—1919)


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Rugby in Wales dates back to 1850, when it was played at St.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

David's in Lampeter.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The first Welsh club, “” was organized in 1871 (there is a version that this happened seven years earlier) [1].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

On February 19, 1881, the first game against England against England was played in Glamorganshire, losing 0-8.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In March of the same year, the Welsh Rugby Union was formed [2].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The first victory was won on 28 January 1882 against Ireland.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In 1883, the first Home Nations Cup was held, in which Wales lost all matches and finished last [3].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Despite this, rugby grew rapidly in Wales.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In the 1890s, the Valians came up with a new formation of players with four three-quarters.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

This scheme revolutionized the world of rugby, and later became widely used at the level of clubs and national teams.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Largely due to this new tactic, Wales won the Home Nations Cup for the first time in 1893, beating all its rivals [3].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

At the beginning of the 20th century, Welsh rugby began its first heyday [4].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

From 1900 to 1911, Wales celebrated success in the Home Nations Cup seven times (the Five Nations Cup since 1910), and never fell below 2nd place [3].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In December 1905, the Welsh met for the first time with the then invincible New Zealanders (later nicknamed “Original All Blacks” English: Original All Blacks), who were touring Europe.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Prior to that, New Zealand defeated all its rivals in 27 matches, including Scotland, Ireland and England with a total score of 42:7 [5].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The game took place at the stadium, in the presence of 47,000 spectators.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Before the match, All Blacks performed their famous Maori combat dance, haka.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The crowd greeted the spectacle with silence and then applauded.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

However, after that, the stands led by the Welsh rugby player sang the Welsh anthem [5].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

This was the first time that a national anthem had been played before a sporting event in history.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Teddy Morgan scored the first points due to the fact that in a difficult combination he got the ball, ran 25 meters with it to the in-goal line and scored an attempt.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The score was 3:0 in favor of the hosts (the Welsh fullback could not break through the conversion).


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Some time later, the New Zealander seemed to make a retaliatory attempt, but the referee did not count it.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The score remained the same until the end of the match.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Dragons won 3:0 [6].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

This defeat remained the only one for New Zealand in that European tour.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

A year later, Wales played South Africa for the first time [7] [8].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Although the Welsh were considered the favorites in the match after defeating the All Blacks last year [9] [10], the South Africans were stronger and won 11-0.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Two years later, the Red Dragons defeated Australia 9:6 [11].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Welsh won the Five Nations Cup for the first time (after France started participating in this tournament), beating all their rivals and winning.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Dragons will be able to repeat this tremendous success only in almost 40 years [3].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

As part of England interrupted Wales's home unbeaten run, defeating Wales 12-0 in Cardiff [12].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In 1914, the First World War broke out and rugby was left until better times.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Post-war years (1920—1968)


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The post-war years were marked by a sharp deterioration in Welsh rugby.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The worst period was the 1920s.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

This was largely due to the recession in the industrial sector, especially in South Wales.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Due to the crisis, almost half a million people left Wales in search of work.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

There were also many rugby players who gradually moved to rugby league [13], where they could get paid for playing, unlike rugby 15.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Of the 42 matches, only 17 were won and three were drawn [14].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

From 1923 to 1928, the Dragons managed to win only seven matches, five of them against France, which was losing to almost all rivals at the time.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

But despite this, even the French were able to defeat the Welsh in 1928 [15], achieving victory over Wales for the first time in their history.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The system for selecting players for the national team reflected all the upheavals of Welsh rugby of those years.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In 1924, 35 different players participated in four matches, each time led by a new captain [14].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The revival of the economy and rugby in Wales took place in the 1930s.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In 1931, the Welsh won for the first time in nine years [16].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In 1935, the Dragons defeated New Zealand 13:12 [17].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In this match, for the first time, the famous Scrum Hough played for the national team [18].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

During World War II, the Five Nations Cup was not played.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Despite this, Wales played a charity match with England in 1940 in Cardiff, which the Welsh lost 9:18 [19].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In the first Five Nations Cup, the Dragons shared the victory with the British.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Welsh won the Grand Slam for the first time since 1911.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In the Red Dragons, they managed to repeat their success by winning another Grand Slam.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

After that, the Welsh defeated New Zealand for the third and so far last time, 13:8 in 1953 [20].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In 1954, it hosted its last international match in history and became the new stadium of the national team [21].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The victory was the last for the Welsh in the 1950s.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Wales went on an overseas tour to Africa and New Zealand for the first time in 1964, during which the Dragons lost 3:24 to South Africa, the biggest defeat in 40 years [22] [23].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

At the next annual meeting of the VRS, it was decided to appoint the first coach in the history of the national team


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

He became one, but he resigned the following year [24].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Second Golden Age (1969—1979)


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Welsh National Team of this period was and is still considered to be one of the greatest teams of all time.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

With first-class players such as,,,, and under the guidance of coaches like, Wales has achieved unprecedented results, losing only five matches in ten Five Cups nations.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The second golden era began with a 30:9 victory over England, which made the Dragons the winners of that draw.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In the year, Wales shared the victory in the Five Nations with the French [25], but did not win a Grand Slam for the first time since 1952.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

At the same time, Welsh coach Cleve Rowlands involved only 16 players.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

And it was that year and that team that are considered one of the greatest in the history of the Red Dragons [26].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The most famous victory in that tournament was won over Scotland [27].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Gerald Davis, having made a skid in the last minute, reduced the gap from the Scots to one point (17:18).


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

And then Wales flanker John Taylor struck a conversion that was later called “the greatest conversion since St. Paul” [28].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

As a result, the Welsh won by one point.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Dragons provided the most players to the British Isles team, which toured New Zealand that year.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

It was these British Lions who beat the All Blacks for the first and so far last time in the series [29].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

was not played due to the conflict in Northern Ireland [30].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The next victory came to the Welsh only after all five teams were divided into the trophy [31], as well as after Wales's unsuccessful performance in.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Dragons managed to win another Grand Slam.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

And, just like in 1971, Wales used only 16 players.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Welsh took second place, losing to the French, but in the next draw they got another Grand Slam.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The last match of the tournament against France was the final for the sports career of Gareth Edwards and Phil Bennett.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In the same year, Wales played a friendly against New Zealand, lost 12-13 after a controversial free kick taken by the All Blacks fullback at the very end of the match [32].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Dragons won again, also winning the triple crown [comment 1], and the following year the VRS celebrated its anniversary with a match against New Zealand, which the Welsh ingloriously lost 3-23, not making no attempt against four at the All Blacks [33].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Years of stagnation (1980—2003)


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

From 1980 to 1987, the Dragons never managed to win more than two games in the Five Nations Cup [3], which led to the fact that the Welsh could not rise above third place during this time.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In 1983, Wales almost lost at home to Japan — 29:24 [34].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Despite the fact that the last time victory in the Five Nations came to the Welsh in, on the eve of the first Rugby World Cup, they were considered one of the favorites of the tournament.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

After finishing first in their group, Wales defeated England in the quarterfinals.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Although the Welsh were defeated 49:6 by one of the two hosts of the tournament, the New Zealanders, in the semifinals, the Red Dragons gathered their strength and defeated another country in a tense match for third place the organizer of the championship is Australia [35].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Wales won the triple crown the following year, but several heavy defeats during the tour of New Zealand marked the end of the careers of many players, some of whom moved to rugby league [33].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Welsh lost all their matches for the first time in the history of the Five Nations Cup, and in Wales they managed to earn only one point thanks to a draw with Ireland.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

At the next Rugby World Cup, the Dragons failed to qualify from the group due to two defeats to Samoa and future champions, the Australians [36].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Once again, Wales won the Five Nations Cup in [3].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In the first match of the 1995 Rugby World Cup, Wales completely defeated the Japanese, but then lost to New Zealand.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

All this meant that the last match between the Welsh and Ireland would decide who would take second place in the group and advance to the playoffs (the New Zealanders had already secured the first place).


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Dragons lost 23:24 to rugby players from the Emerald Island [37] in a very stubborn struggle.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The quality of Welsh rugby players improved after the appointment of the New Zealander as head coach in 1998 [38] and the return of some players from rugby league, due to the fact that rugby 15 became professional sport since 1995.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Under Henry's leadership, Wales won ten games in a row, including against South Africa 29:19, which was the first Welsh victory over the reigning world champion [39].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In 1999, Wales hosted the Rugby World Cup and reached the quarterfinals for the first time since 1987, where it lost to the future champion, Australia [40].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

After several unsuccessful performances in various tournaments, Henry was fired as coach [38].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Under the guidance of their new coach, Steve Hansen [38], the Dragons reached the quarterfinals at the 2003 World Cup, as in the last draw, and lost again to future champions, but this time to the British ( 17:28) [41].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Revival (2004—)


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Under the guidance of the new coach, Wales won the Six Nations for the first time, and with it the Grand Slam in.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Welsh started the tournament by defeating England at the Millennium 11:9, thanks to a long-range penalty taken at the very end of the match.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

After a confident victory over the Italians with a score of 38:8, the Dragons faced a meeting with the French national team.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

By the break, Wales was losing by nine points (15:6), but in the second half, the match was broken, and the Welsh won 24:18.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

This game was one of the most memorable and exciting encounters of the year.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Wales then defeated Scotland (46:22) and finally defeated Ireland in the last match at home [42].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

However, 2005 is not a completely successful year for the Dragons.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The 41-3 defeat to the All Blacks at the Millennium was the biggest loss to the Welsh team at home in history [43].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

On February 14, 2006, during the event, Ruddock announced that he was retiring as head coach of the Welsh national team for family reasons. [44]


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Soon he was appointed acting.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

As a result, Wales finished fifth in the Six Nations Cup.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In April, a famous former player was appointed as the new head coach [45].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In May 2007, Wales and Australia decided to celebrate the centenary of the first match between themselves by establishing.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The tournament was named after a Welsh rugby player who was born in Australia and was the first Welsh captain in history.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Australians won the trophy by winning both matches [46].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Despite the general rise in Welsh rugby, the Dragons failed at the 2007 World Cup.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

After suffering two defeats to the Australians and Fiji, Wales did not make it to the quarterfinals [47], as a result of which Gareth Jenkins was dismissed [48].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

A former New Zealand international has been appointed as the new head coach [49].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Welsh rugby players played their first match under the leadership of the new specialist against England in London as part of the next one.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The British, the finalists of the last World Cup at that time, looked like the absolute favorites and led to the end of the first half by 13 points, but the Dragons turned the tide of the match and won with with a score of 26:19.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

After that, Wales beat Italy and Scotland at home, and Ireland away.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In the last match, the Welsh beat the French, not allowing themselves to score a single attempt and won a Grand Slam for the second time.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Welsh rugby players also managed to set a new record: they missed only two attempts in the entire tournament [50].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Wales's main star, Shane Williams, who scored the most attempts in the championship, was named Six Nations Player of the Year [51] and then Player of the Year [52].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

However, the following year, the Dragons failed to defend their title, despite the fact that they had a good chance of winning the tournament until the last match.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

But in the final match, they lost 15:17 to the Irish, who eventually became the winners.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The next two Six Nations Cups were also not the most successful; the Welsh finished fourth both times.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

At the 2011 World Cup, the Welsh almost managed to repeat their highest result of 1987.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Reaching the quarterfinals, the Red Dragons defeated Ireland 22:10, despite the fact that the score was even by the break [53].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

However, Wales was defeated by the French in the semifinals [54].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In their last match for 3rd place, the Welsh lost to Australia in a dramatic and interesting match — 18:21 [55].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

This game was the last in the national team for Shane Williams, who scored his last, 58th attempt at the very end of the match [56].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In 2012, the Welsh once again won the Grand Slam [57].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In the last match, the Dragons took revenge for the World Cup defeat over the French, winning 16:9.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Prior to that, Wales beat all its rivals, including Ireland in Dublin [58] and England at Twickenham [59].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

A fullback of the Welsh national team, Lee Halfpenny scored the most points in the tournament — 66 [60].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

A year later, the Welsh won the Six Nations for the second time in a row, which they have not done since 1979 [61].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Over the next three years, Wales finished third and second twice, but the rugby players could not repeat their successes in 2012 and 2013.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Welsh qualified automatically for the 2015 World Cup.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Among the 13 stadiums where the championship matches were held was the Welsh Millennium in Cardiff, but according to the decision of World Rugby, England remained the only host country of the tournament [62].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The draw sent Wales to Group A, which also included the national teams of Australia, England, Fiji and Uruguay.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In the first match of the group stage, the Welsh met Uruguay on the Millennium pitch, which they defeated 54:9, with Cory Allen scoring a hat-trick.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

A major victory in the first match was overshadowed by injuries to several of the main players of the team [63].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In the next match, the Dragons met at Twickenham with the hosts of the tournament and one of their most important rivals, England.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

After the first half, the hosts won 16:9, but the 100% accuracy of Dan Biggar, who scored 7 free throws and made one conversion, allowed the Welsh to win a tough victory with the score 28:25 [64].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The third match took place again in Cardiff, where they defeated the Fijians 23:13.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Two days later, the British lost their match to the Australians, which meant Wales and Wallabis reached the playoffs [65].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In the quarterfinals, the Dragons met with the South African team, which lost 23:19.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Welsh won by a narrow advantage until the 74th minute, when Fury du Prez's attempt put an end to their performance in this championship [66].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Form


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Wales team traditionally plays in red rugby players with a stylized image of the coat of arms of the Prince of Wales — three feathers — white shorts and red leggings.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In 2005, the VRS celebrated its 125th anniversary: on this occasion, a special anniversary uniform in black was presented.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

It was first used against Fiji and then against Australia.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The second meeting was the first in history when Wales played against their traditional rivals not in their famous red rugby players.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Prior to that, the Welsh used green T-shirts with red collars and cuffs and white shorts as spare uniforms.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The manufacturer of the Wales national team uniform is currently the American company Under Armour [67].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The sponsor with its logo on the Welsh rugby team is Cardiff Insurance Company [67], the only Welsh firm in Wales to be part of the FTSE 100.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

But at World Championships, only the emblems of the national federation, the World Cup and the manufacturer's logo are allowed to be applied to the uniform


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The Prince of Wales feathers were chosen by the Welsh Rugby Union as its symbol in the 19th century, as a sign of its loyalty to Britain [68].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In 1991, in order to organize the trademark, it was decided to change the original image of the symbol to a more stylized one.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The fans


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Rugby, and with it the national team, plays a big role in Welsh culture and society.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Sports historian John Bale noted:


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Rugby is a Welsh sport [69].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

And David Andrew wrote:


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In the popular consciousness, rugby is as Welsh as coal mining, men's choral songs, “How Green My Valley Was”, Dylan Thomas and Tom Jones [69].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The first golden era of Welsh rugby at the beginning of the 20th century coincided with the heyday of the country and its economy [70] and had a great impact on the development of Welsh identity [71].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The 2004/05 season showed record attendance at matches of the Welsh national team.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

For the match against Scotland in Edinburgh, their favorite team was followed by 40,000 Welsh fans [72].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

The record for home attendance was broken the following year, when more than 500,000 fans attended seven Wales matches [73].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Stadiums


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Wales played their first match in Swansea in 1882.


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

Until the beginning of the 20th century, the Welsh used fields in Cardiff, Newport, Llanelli and Swansea as home arenas [75].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

In 1954, the Dragons had a new main home arena, “” [76] [77].


Question: What is the color of the Welsh rugby team's main uniform?

Welsh rugby union team

This stadium, built in 1882 and previously hosted Wales rugby matches.