Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In the 19th century, when Belarusian lands were part of the Russian Empire, with the development of the Russian-language education system, the ethnonym “Belarusians” spread among the local population.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The name “Belarus”, which has existed in the Russian language since the 18th century, became generally accepted at the end of the 19th century to refer to the entire territory of compact residence of the Belarusian ethnic group.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

At the beginning of the 20th century, during the formation of the Belarusian national movement, other variants of the name of the country were proposed, for example, Krivia due to the fact that the name “Belarus” was not known to the ordinary to the public.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

This is how ethnographer Yefim Karsky described the self-awareness of Belarusians in 1903:


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

At present, ordinary people in Belorussia do not know this name.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

To the question: who are you?


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

the commoner is Russian, and if he is a Catholic, he calls himself either a Catholic or a Pole; sometimes he will call his homeland Lithuania, or even simply say that he is “tutejszy” (tutejszy) - here, of course, opposing himself to a person who speaks Great Russian, as if he came to the western region.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

E.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Karsky.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

— Belorus.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

T. I, ch.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

V., p. 116.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

History


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Ancient history


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The Upper Paleolithic in Belarus includes the Yurovichi and Berdyzh sites.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The formation of the first political associations on Belarusian lands dates back to the 6th-9th centuries [5].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

This process is closely related to the settlement of the Slavs.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

As a result of the merger of cultures of visiting Slavs and local Balts, tribal alliances arose, including Krivichi, Dregovichi, Radimichi, Yotvingians, Lithuania and some others, which became the predecessors of the first state entities.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Old Russian state


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Mini|Kolozhskaya Church is the only surviving monument of Gorodensky architecture of the 12th century


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

By the end of the IX century, the emergence of the state of Rurikovich, known as the Old Russian state or Kievan Rus, is attributed.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

An important role in the formation of the state belongs to the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”, part of which passed through the territory of the modern Republic of Belarus.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The rulers of Russia waged a fierce struggle against local tribal princely dynasties, undertook repeated military campaigns that strengthened the international position of the state.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Around 988, Grand Duke Vladimir baptized Rus, already in 992 founded the diocese in Polotsk, and in 1005 - in Turov.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In the 11th century, the Principality of Polotsk came out of dependence on Kiev, the most famous ruler of which was Vseslav.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

By the middle of the XII century, Kievan Rus entered a state of fragmentation and actually broke up into a dozen separate Russian principalities.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

As a result of the Mongol invasion of 1237—1240, many Russian lands were completely ruined.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

It is assumed that it did not significantly affect modern Belarusian lands.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In the 40s of the XIII century, as a result of the subordination of a number of Lithuanian and Russian lands by Prince Mindovg, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania arose.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Its formation took place in difficult military-political conditions: from the east and south there was a threat from the Mongols, from the west - the crusaders.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1251, Mindovg was baptized, and two years later he was crowned.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

After the defeat of the Crusaders at the Battle of Durbe in 1260, Mindovg broke with the Christian faith, returning to paganism, and resumed his struggle against the Teutonic and Livonian Orders [6].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

At the beginning of the XIV century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a multi-ethnic multi-confessional state with its capital in Vilna, including Lithuania, part of Russia and Samogitia.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The Grand Dukes of Lithuania fought frequent wars against the Crusaders and Tatars.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The most successful of the princes were Gediminas, Algird and Vytautas, who significantly expanded the territory of the state through conquests and diplomacy.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The internal policy of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania was built on the principles of the “law of antiquity” [6].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1385, the Kreva Union was concluded, according to which Grand Duke of Lithuania Jagiello also became King of Poland, while pledging to baptize the Lithuanian lands that remained pagan.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Failing to retain power in Lithuania, Jagiello ceded it to his cousin Vytautas, during whose almost forty years of reign the Grand Duchy of Lithuania reached its highest power.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1529, the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was published — a set of laws that contained the legal basis of the state [7].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

New versions of the Statute were issued in 1566 and 1588.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Mini|Nesvizh Castle


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1569, during the Livonian War, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was forced to conclude the Union of Lublin with the Kingdom of Poland.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

As a result of the union, a federal state known as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was created.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

At the same time, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was not liquidated and retained a certain independence.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The processes of polonization of the local elite, which gradually adopted the Polish language and culture, intensified.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1697, Polish finally became the language of office work, replacing the previously officially used Western Russian (Old Belarusian) language.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Catholicism was the state religion of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, while the majority of the population of modern Belarusian territories remained Orthodox.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1596, the Brest Church Union was concluded, as a result of which the majority of the Orthodox hierarchs of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania recognized the power of the Pope and Catholic dogmas on the condition preservation of Orthodox rituals.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Although the union caused active resistance from many Orthodox Christians, by the end of the 18th century, most of the inhabitants of the modern territory of Belarus were Uniates, while representatives of the upper class for the most part were Catholic.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In the second half of the XVII-XVIII centuries, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth gradually weakened and became politically dependent on the Russian Empire, which eventually led to the division of the state between Russia, Prussia and Austria.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became part of the Russian Empire.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In the Russian Empire


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania entered the Russian Empire as several provinces, which received the common name North-Western Krai.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

During the war of 1812, the population of the region fought as part of both opposing armies, supporting mainly Napoleon.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

When comparing the results of two audits — pre-war 1811 and post-war 1815 — there was a decrease in the population on Belarusian lands by 6% [8].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In the early 1820s, there were often severe crop failures in the North-Western Territory, which led to mass famine.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Potatoes, which became one of the main field crops, largely saved peasants from the widespread death [9].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

After the Polish uprising of 1830, which also covered the western part of the North-Western Territory, the Russian authorities began to pursue a policy of Russification of the region in order to abolish Polish influence [10].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1839, the Uniate Church in the Russian Empire was liquidated.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1840, the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was repealed.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

After the uprising of 1863, the policy of Russification in the region was significantly strengthened.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In the middle of the 19th century, the Belarusian national movement began to form, and Belarusian literature was born.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

During the same period, the scientific study of the region, organized by the Russian authorities, begins.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

As a result of socio-economic modernization, industry began to develop, and demographic growth was observed.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1914, the First World War began, and the Russian Empire entered the war on the side of the Entente.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In August-September 1915, Germany occupied the western part of the North-West Territory, and the front in this section stabilized.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1917, as a result of the February Revolution, the Russian Empire ceased to exist, and power in Petrograd passed to the Provisional Government.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The Revolution of 1917 and the Soviet-Polish War


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In October-November 1917, as a result of the October Revolution, power in the unoccupied territories passed into the hands of the Soviets, in November congresses of Soviets were held in Minsk, and Soviet executive bodies of the Western region (Regional Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars).


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The First All-Belarusian Congress has begun.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The Congress, not recognizing the legitimacy of the created bodies, declared the transfer of power to the Executive Committee, after which the Bolsheviks refused to participate in it, and the congress was dispersed by them.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

On March 3, 1918, a peace treaty was signed in Brest-Litovsk, according to which, in addition to the already occupied territory of western Belarus, most of the the rest of the Belarusian ethnic territory.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Under these conditions, the figures of the Belarusian national movement proclaimed the independence of the Belarusian People's Republic on March 25, 1918, but it did not receive diplomatic recognition.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

After the withdrawal of German troops, the Red Army occupied most of the territory of Belarus.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The newly formed Poland also claimed these territories, which led to the formation of the Soviet-Polish front in the spring and summer of 1919.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

There was no consensus among the Communists on the advisability of creating a separate Belarusian Soviet republic.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Representatives of the Regional Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Western Region opposed its creation.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Their views were formed under the influence of the idea of a world socialist revolution, and in the self-determination of peoples and the formation of national states they saw an obstacle to it.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

They argued that Belarusians are not an independent nation, and therefore the principle of self-determination does not suit them.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Belarusian communist organizations (Belnetsky and Belarusian sections under the RCP (b)), later supported by the leadership of the RSDLP (b), supported.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In Smolensk, on the night of January 1-2, 1919, the Manifesto on the Formation of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus as part of the RSFSR was published.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

On January 8, the capital of the SSRB was moved to Minsk (occupied without a fight by the Red Army on December 10, 1918).


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

On January 31, 1919, the republic seceded from the RSFSR, and on February 2 and 3, 1919, the First All-Belarusian Congress of Soviets was held in Minsk, where the Constitution was adopted.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

On February 27, 1919, the SSRB was disbanded: Smolensk, Vitebsk and Mogilev provinces were included in the RSFSR, and the rest of the territories of Soviet Belarus merged with the Lithuanian Soviet Republic to the Lithuanian-Belarusian SSR (Litbel).


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In March 1919, the troops of Lithuanian Tariba, supported by German occupation garrisons, began hostilities in Lithuania.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

As a result of the Polish offensive in the spring and summer of 1919, Litbel was occupied by Polish troops and actually ceased to exist on July 19, 1919.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

After the Red Army occupied a significant part of the territory of Belarus on July 31, 1920, the Belarusian Socialist Soviet Republic was re-proclaimed in Minsk.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Under the terms of the Riga Treaty, which was concluded without the participation of the BSSR, Western Belarus was ceded to the Polish Republic.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The attempt to form Belarusian non-Soviet military units (the Slutsk Uprising), which took place under the slogans of restoring the BPR, ended in failure [11].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

1920s and 1930s


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1922, the BSSR became part of the Soviet Union.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In March 1924, the CEC of the USSR decided to transfer 15 districts and individual volosts of Vitebsk, Gomel and Smolensk provinces to the BSSR.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The territory of the BSSR increased to 110,584 km², the population to 4.2 million people.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Belarusians made up 70.4% of the population.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1926, it was decided to transfer Gomel and Rechitsa districts to the BSSR in Moscow [12].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The territory of the BSSR increased by 15,727 km², and the population by 649 thousand people.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In the 1920s and 1930s, Soviet Belarus was actively engaged in industrialization processes.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

By the beginning of industrialization, 3.4% of the population lived in the BSSR and only 1.6% of industrial products of the USSR were produced.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Mainly light, food, woodworking and chemical industries developed, and starting from the second five-year plan, mechanical engineering and the production of building materials.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Over the three five-year plans, industrial production in the BSSR has increased 23 times.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In the mid-1920s, Belarusization was actively carried out in the BSSR — a set of measures to expand the scope of application of the Belarusian language and develop Belarusian culture.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Until 1936, Polish and Yiddish were the official languages of the BSSR, along with Belarusian and Russian.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In the BSSR in 1932-1938, there was the Polish national autonomy of the Dzerzhinsky Polish National District.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In the 1930s, the policy of Belarusization was curtailed.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1933, in order to bring the Belarusian language closer to Russian, a language reform was carried out.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The policy of development of farms in the 1920s was replaced by active collectivization of the 1930s [13].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

During the Stalinist repressions, many intellectuals and wealthy peasants were shot and exiled to Siberia and Central Asia.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Of the 540-570 writers published in Belarus in the 1920s and 1930s, at least 440-460 (80%) were repressed [14].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The number of people who passed through the camps is estimated at about 600—700 thousand people [15], and at least 300 thousand people were shot [16].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

A certain part of the repressed were Poles from the Polish National District, which was liquidated in 1938, deported to Kazakhstan and Siberia.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The territory of Western Belarus and the adjacent Ukrainian, Lithuanian and Polish territories became part of the four voivodeships of Poland.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

After the elections of 1922, 11 deputies and 3 senators from the West Belarusian lands formed the “Belarusian Deputy Club”, the purpose of which was to protect the interests of the Belarusian population of Poland.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In October 1923, the Communist Party of Western Belarus (KPZB) was organized as an autonomous organization within the Communist Party of Poland (CPP).


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1925, the Belarusian peasant workers' community was formed and soon acquired a massive character.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1926, an authoritarian rehabilitation regime was established in Poland, after which the leaders of the BKRG, who were deputies of the Polish Sejm, were arrested, and in March the BKRG was banned.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1928, 10 Belarusian deputies and 2 senators were elected to the Seimas from the Belarusian lands, in 1930 — only one Belarusian deputy, and in 1935 and 1938 — none [17].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1934, a Polish concentration camp operated in the city of Beryoza-Kartuzskaya as a place of extrajudicial internment for up to 3 months of opponents of the ruling regime.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1928, by the decision of the Comintern, the CPP and the KPZB were dissolved, later many of the former leaders of the KPZB were repressed by the Soviet authorities.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The Polish government did not comply with the provisions of the Riga Treaty on the equality of all ethnic groups.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

By March 1923, 37 out of 400 existing Belarusian schools remained, while the number of Polish schools was growing.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1938-1939, only 5 general education Belarusian schools remained.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

1,300 Orthodox churches were transformed into Catholic churches, often with the use of violence.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In the mid-1930s, 43 percent of Western Belarusians were still illiterate, and there were not even 200 Belarusian students in all of Poland.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The global economic crisis has had a severe impact on Western Belarus, and many tens of thousands of residents of Western Belarus emigrated to Western Europe and America [18].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

World War II in Belarus


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

After the attack of Nazi Germany on Poland on September 1, 1939, according to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, on September 17, the USSR sent its troops into Poland, after which the Western Belarus (including Bialystok Oblast).


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

After the annexation, the Soviet authorities repressed 130,000 residents in these territories, of which about 30,000 were shot [19].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

On June 22, 1941, Germany attacked the Soviet Union.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The first blows were the territory of the BSSR, which was already under occupation in the first months of the war.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

During the occupation, the largest partisan movement in Europe was deployed on Belarusian territory.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In June-August 1944, as a result of Operation Bagration, the territory of the BSSR was liberated by the Red Army.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1945, the BSSR became one of the founding countries of the United Nations, while the Belarusian delegation coordinated decisions on all issues with all-Union representatives.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1945, the Bialystok region was returned to Poland.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Within the borders of 1939, taking into account indirect losses during the Great Patriotic War, from 2.5 to 3 million residents of Belarus died, and about 715 thousand were destroyed within the modern borders of Belarus during this time. Jews [20].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Post-war Byelorussia


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

After the war, anti-Soviet partisan groups, both Polish (Craiova Army) and a few Belarusian [21] [22], operated on the territory of Belarus for several more years, with some of them Western intelligence agencies tried to establish contact.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The NKVD units organized punitive operations against the anti-Soviet underground.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The post-war years were marked by a rapid economic recovery.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The population, especially urban, grew rapidly.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1986, the Chernobyl disaster occurred on the border of the Belarusian and Ukrainian SSR, and radiation contamination spread to a significant part of the territory of the BSSR.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

On July 27, 1990, the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the Byelorussian SSR was adopted, on August 25, 1991 it was given the status of a constitutional law, and on September 19, the BSSR was renamed The Republic of Belarus [23].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In December, the USSR finally ceased to exist.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The Republic of Belarus


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

After the collapse of the USSR and the acquisition of independence, Belarus became a parliamentary republic.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Legislative power was held by the Supreme Council, the first chairman of which was the Social Democrat Stanislau Shushkevich [24].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The use of power, including control over law enforcement agencies, was in the hands of the Council of Ministers, which was headed by Vyacheslav Kebich, who retained his post since 1990.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1992, the Belarusian ruble was introduced, and the formation of its own armed forces began.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1993, Belarus ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1994, the Constitution was adopted, and the first presidential elections took place.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Alexander Lukashenko was elected President, and Belarus was transformed from parliamentary to parliamentary-presidential.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1995, he initiated a referendum, as a result of which the Russian language received the status of the state language on a par with the Belarusian language, changed the coat of arms and flag, and the President received the right to dissolve parliament in a case of systematic or flagrant violation of the Constitution.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The President pursued a course aimed at economic integration with Russia [25].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

By 1996, contradictions between the president and parliament had intensified in Belarus, and the country entered a period of political crisis.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

At the initiative of the President, a second referendum was held, as a result of which amendments were made to the Constitution that significantly expanded the rights of the President and turned the republic from a parliamentary - presidential to presidential.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The President was able to issue decrees that have the force of law, the right to early dissolution of parliament, the opportunity to form the main composition of the Constitutional Court and other powers.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The Supreme Council was dissolved, and a bicameral National Assembly was formed from deputies loyal and neutral to the President.


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Some states and international bodies, such as the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the European Union, did not officially recognize the results of the referendum, arguing that the referendum was held with serious procedural irregularities.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1997, Belarus completed the export from its territory of 72 SS-25 intercontinental missiles with nuclear warheads [26].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Belarus has received the status of a nuclear-free state.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

After the 1996 referendum, the five-year term of the presidency began anew, so that the next election took place only in 2001.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Alexander Lukashenko won the first round.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Before and after the elections, strikes and rallies in memory of missing politicians were held in the country.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 2004, a new referendum was held, as a result of which restrictions on the number of presidential terms were removed from the Constitution and thus Alexander Lukashenko received the right to participate in subsequent presidential elections.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

On March 19, 2006, he was elected President of the Republic of Belarus for the third time.


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Belorussia

After that, the opposition organized mass protests.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

On December 19, 2010, the fourth presidential election was held, as a result of which Alexander Lukashenko was re-elected for a fourth term.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Meanwhile, these elections, as well as the elections of 2001 and 2006, were not recognized by the OSCE, the United States and the European Union, and were also accompanied by a protest action.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 2011, the country began a financial crisis.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

This led to new protests.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 2014, a monetary and financial crisis broke out in Belarus.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In October 2015, the fifth presidential election was held.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

During the elections, Alexander Lukashenko once again won, gaining a record 83.49%.


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Belorussia

Due to the absence of mass demonstrations, EU sanctions imposed after the 2010 elections were suspended.


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Belorussia

27] The EU's decision was also influenced by the release of political prisoners in the summer of 2015 [27].


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Belorussia

State structure


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

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Fundamentals of state system


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Belarus is a presidential unitary republic.


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The basic law of the State is the Constitution adopted in 1994.


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The Constitution is currently in force with a significant number of amendments adopted as a result of the abstracts of 1995, 1996 and 2004.


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Belorussia

These amendments, which significantly expanded the powers of the President, received a significant international response.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In particular, they gave grounds to the international human rights organization Freedom House to classify Belarus as a “not free country” [28].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The main institutions of Belarusian statehood were formed in the first years of the country's independent development.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

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At the same time, the legal norms of their functioning have undergone significant changes during the transformations of the mid-1990s and early 2000s.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

These changes were carried out both by making these amendments to the Constitution and through the adoption of a package of laws.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The main result of the reforms was the concentration of power in the hands of President Alexander Lukashenko and his administration.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Parliament lost its key role by delegating the issuance of legislative acts to the President.


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Belorussia

Executive power


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mini|left|180pcs|residence of the President of the Republic of Belarus


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The head of state and the head of the executive branch of power is the President, currently Alexander Lukashenko.


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Belorussia

The President is elected for a term of five years by secret ballot in direct universal elections.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Constitutional provisions allowing the President to hold office for more than two consecutive terms were introduced in 2004.


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Belorussia

The President forms a government.


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The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus is headed by the Prime Minister, includes ministers (heads of ministries) and heads of departments who do not have a ministerial position, but are officially equated to ministers for status.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The quantitative composition and structure of the government are not regulated by law and are determined by the President.


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Belorussia

Legislature


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There is a bicameral parliament — the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus, which consists of the House of Representatives and the Council of


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There are 110 deputies in the House of Representatives.


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Deputies are elected according to the majority system by direct universal suffrage.


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The Council of the Republic is elected by local Councils — 8 members of the Council of the Republic are elected from each region and city of Minsk.


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Eight members of the Council are appointed by the President — 64 in total.


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The term of office of the National Assembly is 4 years.


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Belorussia

The Judiciary


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The Supreme Court has the highest judicial power.


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It is responsible for the criminal, civil, administrative, commercial and tax justice systems and is the highest appellate instance in relevant cases.


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The court is composed of:


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

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1) plenum,


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2) the presidium,


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3) collegiums for civil cases,


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4) collegiums for criminal cases,


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5) intellectual property board,


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6) military collegium.


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The President determines the number of judges and composition of the court


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Since January 4, 1997, Valentin Sukalo has held the post of chairman of the court.


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In 1994, the Constitutional Court was established in Belarus, to which issues related to the interpretation of the constitution and the determination of compliance were transferred from the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court legislative acts to constitutional norms.


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It consists of 12 judges, half of the judges, including the chairman, are appointed by the President (the chairman of the court is appointed with the consent of the Council of the Republic), the other half is elected by the Council of


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Belorussia

Currently, the chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Belarus is Pyotr Miklashevich, who took this position in February 2008 [29].


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Belorussia

State symbols


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The state symbols of Belarus are regulated by the Constitution and current legislation (the Law on the State Flag, State Language, State Emblem and National Anthem).


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Belorussia

The flag of Belarus is a rectangular cloth with proportions of 2:1, divided into two horizontal stripes — red at the top and green at the bottom.


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The ratio of the width of the red and green stripes is 2:1.


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At the flagpole, the Belarusian national ornament of red color is vertically located on a white field, which is 1/9 of the length of the flag, excluding the allowance for a pocket or stakorin for attaching to a shaft (flagpole).


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Belorussia

The current state emblem replaced the Pahonya coat of arms, which was used since September 19, 1991 and adopted at a meeting of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Public holidays


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Belorussia

March 15 is Constitution Day,


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Belorussia

April 2 is the Day of Unity of the Peoples of Belarus and Russia,


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Belorussia

May 9 is Victory Day (non-working day),


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Belorussia

The second Sunday of May is the Day of the State Emblem of the Republic of Belarus and the State Flag of


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Belorussia

July 3 is the Independence Day of the Republic of Belarus (Republic Day) (non-working day).


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National holidays


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January 1 — New Year's Day (non-working day),


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February 23 is the Day of Defenders of the Fatherland and the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus,


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Belorussia

March 8 is Women's Day (non-working day),


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Belorussia

May 1 — Labor Day (non-working day),


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Belorussia

November 7 is the Day of the October Revolution [30] (non-working day).


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Belorussia

Religious holidays


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Belorussia

January 7 — Christmas (Orthodox Christmas) (non-working day),


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Belorussia

according to the calendar of Orthodox and Catholic denominations — Easter,


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

according to the calendar of the Orthodox denomination — Radunitsa (non-working day),


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

November 2 is Memorial Day,


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Belorussia

December 25 is Christmas (Catholic Christmas) (non-working day).


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Belorussia

Foreign policy


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At the special invitation of the United Nations Conference in San Francisco, which began its work on June 25, 1945, the BSSR, the Ukrainian SSR, Denmark and Argentina were invited to become members of the UN, thus also entering the number of original founding members of the UN.


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Belorussia

After the collapse of the USSR, Belarus is a member of the following interstate entities:


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The Commonwealth of Independent States,


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The Union State of Russia and Belarus,


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Belorussia

The Collective Security Treaty Organization,


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Belorussia

The Eurasian Economic Community,


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Belorussia

The Common Economic Space,


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Belorussia

The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe,


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Belorussia

NATO's Partnership for Peace program,


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Belorussia

The International Monetary Fund,


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Belorussia

The World Bank.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

During an official visit to China in December 2005, President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko said that the Republic of Belarus could soon be admitted to the Shanghai Organization collaboration.


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Belorussia

According to the President, all SCO countries expressed support for such a step.


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Belorussia

In December 1991, independent Belarus was recognized by European states, and at first, the sustainable development of relations between Belarus and the EU was noted.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1995, the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement was signed in the political, economic and trade spheres.


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Belorussia

Belarus received significant assistance under the TACIS program and through other channels.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The development of relations between Belarus and the EU was prevented, however, by some measures of the leadership of Belarus, which were perceived in the West as an infringement of democracy.


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Belorussia

The European Union refused to recognize the amendments to the Constitution of Belarus in 1994, made in 1996.


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Belorussia

In 1997, the EU Council of Ministers refused to extend the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement and support Belarus's accession to the Council of Europe; bilateral relations at the ministerial level and EU technical assistance programs have been frozen.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Belarus has lost its status as a specially invited member in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

This decision was due to the fact that PACE recognized the elections held in Belarus in 1997 as undemocratic, and the pressure on the opposition was illegal.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In 1998, there was an incident in Drazdy, when diplomatic missions were evicted from their residences, which also played a role in the deterioration of relations with Europe.


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Belorussia

In March 2005, the European Union announced its intention to directly finance the “formation of civil society” in Belarus.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

On March 10, the European Parliament called for “condemning the existing Belarusian regime as a dictatorship”.


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Belorussia

The resolution of the European Parliament proposes to identify and freeze the personal assets of President Alexander Lukashenko and senior government officials, as well as expand the list of representatives of the Belarusian authorities, who are banned from entering European countries.


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Belorussia

The decision of the European Parliament provides for the creation of television and radio stations for broadcasting to Belarus, and in the same year European Radio for Belarus will begin broadcasting.


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Belorussia

This resolution is similar to the documents adopted by the US authorities in 2004, but may cause more serious damage to Belarus, since European countries include its largest trading partners.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

On January 26, 2006, the PACE session adopted a resolution condemning the situation in Belarus on the eve of the presidential elections [31].


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Belorussia

Despite the active support of the Russian delegation, Belarus again did not receive the status of a specially invited to the Council of Europe (which it was deprived of in 1997), since four conditions were not met The Council of Europe — expanding the powers of Parliament, introducing the institution of the Commissioner for Human Rights, revising the Electoral Code and the Law on the Press.


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Belorussia

PACE called for the introduction of an international isolation regime against Belarus, which consists in refusing to grant visas to high-ranking Belarusian government officials and at the same time to facilitate the issuance of visas ordinary citizens.


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Belorussia

It is also proposed to freeze all bank accounts and other financial assets of President Alexander Lukashenko and members of his entourage.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Criminality


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In 2015, 96,982 crimes were registered in Belarus [32].


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The highest crime rate among the regions of Belarus is observed in the Minsk region (1,216 crimes per 100,000 people [33]).


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The second place is occupied by the city of Minsk (1,049 crimes per 100,000 people).


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Of all registered crimes, thefts account for the most, the share of which is 41.6% [32].


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Belorussia

The number of serious and especially serious crimes in 2015 increased by 15.2% compared to the previous year [34] [35].


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Belorussia

A total of 8,372 serious and 4,018 especially serious crimes were registered in 2015 [35].


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The most criminogenic place in terms of crime rate is Bobruisk district, and the quietest is the resort Braslav district [36].


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Belorussia

At the same time, the number of crimes committed by foreigners [37] and previously convicted [38] (47.2% [39]) has increased.


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Belorussia

Belarus is characterized by a worldwide predominance of men among perpetrators of crimes.


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Belorussia

However, in 1990-2010, the share of women among criminals in the country increased from 13.7% to 15.3% [40].


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Belorussia

Among the crimes committed by women in 2010, 54.5% were theft and evasion of payment of alimony [41].


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Belorussia

Murders of women are extremely rare and in the vast majority of cases (79.2%) while intoxicated [42].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

There are almost no murders of a newborn by a mother in Belarus — in 2007-2010, no convictions for such crimes were recorded [42].


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Belorussia

The average crime detection rate is 40.1% [43], including burglaries — 13% [44], murders — 92% (data for Minsk) [45].


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Belorussia

The number of registered corruption crimes is small — in 2007 2,235 crimes (1,100 people were involved), in 2013 — 1,805 crimes (1,175 people were involved) [46].


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Belorussia

In total, over 5 years (2007-2012), 13,871 corruption crimes (7,615 involved and 990 victims) were registered in the republic, which caused damage totaling 109.6 billion Belarusian rubles [46].


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Belorussia

Penitentiary system


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On the eve of independence, the number of prisoners in correctional labor institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic was small — 21,000 in 1991 [47].


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Belorussia

armed forces


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Belorussia

The Ministry of Defense and the Belarusian Army were established in January 1992.


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Belorussia

They were created on the basis of former Soviet troops stationed on the territory of Belarus, with the involvement of Belarusians who served in other regions of the Soviet Union [48].


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Currently, the Armed Forces have two types of troops — the Ground Forces, the Air Force and the Air Defense Forces.


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Also, the branch of the armed forces - the Special Operations Forces of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus (SSO of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus)


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Belorussia

There are also special troops (services), rear bodies.


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The mixed principle of manning the Armed Forces.


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About 60% are officers, warrant officers, soldiers and sergeants serving under contract, and 40% are conscripts and sergeants [49].


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Belorussia

As of February 2014, the number of the armed forces amounted to 59,000 people (in October 2011 about 73,000 people): more than 46,000 servicemen and 13,000 civilian personnel [50].


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Belorussia

At the end of 2006, 23.1% of military personnel served on a contract basis.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The Belarusian Air Force and Air Defense Forces are completing the creation of a comprehensive automated control system, which has already increased efficiency by 40% [51].


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Belorussia

Administrative divisions


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Belarus is divided into 6 regions, which, in turn, are divided into districts and cities of regional subordination.


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The total number of districts in all oblasts is 118, and cities of regional subordination — 10.


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The city of Minsk is an independent administrative unit that does not belong to any region and is divided into internal districts, as well as a number of cities of regional subordination.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

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Physico-geographical characteristics


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Geographical location


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The territory of Belarus is 207,600 km² (86th in terms of area among the countries of the world) [54].


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It is located in Eastern Europe.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

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Belarus is the largest European state in terms of territory (entirely located in Europe) that does not have an outlet to the sea [55] [56].


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Belorussia

Belarus borders (starting from the northeast, clockwise) with Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia.


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Relief


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The territory is mostly flat with rare hills located mainly in the central part of Belarus, which make up the Belarusian Ridge.


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Minerals


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On the territory of the country, large Starobinskoye and Petrikovskoye deposits of potassium salt with reserves of raw materials of several billion tons and deposits of rock salt with reserves of raw materials of several billion tons have been explored tens of billions of tons.


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Belorussia

There are several dozen small oil fields in the Gomel region, which annually produce a little more than 1.5 million tons of oil and a small amount of natural gas.


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Belorussia

Brown coal and oil shale deposits are known in the Pripyat Valley.


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Belorussia

The prospects for shale gas production are still unclear.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Rich peat deposits are located throughout the republic — about 7,000 peatlands are known.


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There are two significant but deep deposits of iron ore and several small deposits (ore occurrences) of native copper, copper pyrite, rare earth metals, beryllium and uranium ores.


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Many deposits of raw materials are being developed for the production of building materials and sources of fresh and mineral water [57] [58].


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Belorussia

Soils


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Approximately 60% of the territory of Belarus is dominated by soddy-podzolic soils of various mechanical composition and degrees of podzolization, in the western part soils close to brown forest soils and gleev - podzolic soils, along the lowlands (especially in Polesie) - soddy-marsh and marsh (22.7%) and sandy soddy-podzolic.


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Belorussia

In the valleys of large rivers, alluvial-meadow soils are common [59].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

More than 1/3 of the territory of Belarus is occupied by swamps and excessively moistened lands, especially common in the Polesskaya, Pridneprovskaya and other lowlands [59].


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Climate


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The climate of Belarus is moderately continental, in the west it is transitional from sea to continental, formed under the influence of the air masses of the Atlantic.


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Belorussia

Thaws are not uncommon in winter [60].


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Belorussia

The average summer temperature ranges from +17° C in the north (July) to +18° C to 19° C in the south, and winter temperatures range from -4.5° C in the south-west to -8° C in the northeast (January).


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Precipitation falls evenly, increasing from south to north — from 500 mm in the south to 800 mm in the north-west.


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Belorussia

The maximum amount of precipitation usually falls in the autumn-winter period.


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Belorussia

In forest areas, the thickness of the snow cover can be 1-1.2 m [60].


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Water resources


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The main rivers of Belarus are the Dnieper and its tributaries - Pripyat, Sozh and Berezina, as well as the Western Dvina, Neman and Western Bug.


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These rivers are united by a number of canals, including outdated Dnieper-Bug, Dnieper-Neman, Berezinsky, etc.


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Belorussia

There are more than 10,000 lakes in Belarus, the largest of which are Naroch (80 square kilometers) and Lake Osveyskoye (53 square kilometers).


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Polesie (southern Belarus) is the largest area of swamps and wetlands in Europe - the Pripyat swamps alone occupy an area of about.


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39 thousand square kilometers [48].


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Flora and fauna


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Forests cover about 38.8% of the country's territory — 8,064 thousand hectares are covered with them (2010) [61].


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The forests are home to 28 tree species and about 70 species of shrubs.


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The most common are birch, pine, spruce, oak, aspen, and pine forests are found in the swampy low-lying areas in the south.


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Meadows and pastures occupy 20% of the country's territory.


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About one third of the territory, mainly the central and southeastern plains, is plowed.


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About 76 species of mammals can be found in the forests, rivers and lakes of the country, among which the most common are elk, deer, wild boar, wolf, beaver, fox, hare, and about 300 species of birds.


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Lakes and wetlands are home to many species of birds, including cranes and storks.


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63 species of fish (including 16 non-native species) were reliably identified in water bodies [62], among which cyprinids predominate.


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17 species of mammals, 72 species of birds, 4 species of amphibians, 10 species of fish, 72 species of insects are included in the Red Book of the country.


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To protect them, state reserves and reserves have been created in their habitats, the most famous is Belovezhskaya Pushcha, where the last relic of the European ancient forest and bison (European bison) are protected [63 ].


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Protected areas


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Two nature reserves and 4 national parks have been created in Belarus:


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Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve,


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Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park,


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Braslav Lakes National Park,


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Naroch National Park,


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Pripyat National Park,


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Polessky State Radiation Ecological Reserve.


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Environmental situation


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Belarus suffered more than other countries from the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.


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The direction of the wind in the first days and weeks after the accident led to the fact that of the total volume of cesium-137 that fell on the European continent, about 70% fell on the territory of Belarus [64].


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Given the severity and scale of the country's defeat as a result of the accident, in July 1991, the territory of Belarus was declared an environmental disaster zone.


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Gomel and Mogilev regions were particularly affected.


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The environmental situation is aggravated by the strong development of the chemical and petrochemical industries, as well as the widespread construction of large livestock complexes without proper technologies for processing of organic waste [63].


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At the same time, the damage to the environment of the republic from the consequences of the disaster by the beginning of the 2010s was largely overcome: the number of settlements in the pollution zone and the population in them.


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In 2014, there were 2,393 settlements in the pollution zone, in which 1,142.6 thousand people lived, in 1992 — 3,513 and 1,852.9 thousand, respectively [65].


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By the beginning of the 2010s, the number of settlements with a high (more than 1 mSv) level of average effective annual radiation dose had also sharply decreased: in 1992 there were 1,022, in 2004 — 725, in 2010 — 191 [66].


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population


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Number, resettlement


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According to the results of the national census conducted in October 2009, the population of Belarus amounted to 9,503,807 people [67], and according to estimates derived from the calculation of the existing population growth rates, By July 2015, its number had decreased to 9,485,300 people, and by October 2016 it had increased to 9,505,200 people, but by January 2018, it had again decreased to 9,491,823 people [2].


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Thus, Belarus ranks 93rd in the world in terms of the number of inhabitants [68].


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The average population density (based on the 2009 census) is about 46 people per km², while the population is extremely unevenly distributed: 28% of Belarusians live in the Minsk agglomeration .


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The share of the urban population is 77% [68].


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As of 2009, two cities have a population of more than 500 thousand people: the largest of them is the capital of the country Minsk with a population of 1,938,280 people, and Gomel with a population of 516,976 people [69].


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Growth rates, age and gender structure


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The population reached an all-time high (10,243,500) in 1994 and has been steadily declining since then.


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The main factor affecting the situation remains the excess of the number of deaths over the number of births.


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According to estimates for 2015, the population growth rate was -0.2% (213th place in the world), with a birth rate of 10.7 (179th place in the world) and mortality at the level of 13.36 (16th place in the world) [68].


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According to forecasts of relevant UN experts, in the coming decades, the rate of decline in the population in Belarus will gradually decrease and, having reached its minimum in 2100 (5.7 million people), the population Belarus will start to grow [70].


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The age structure of the population is typical for developed countries: the main feature is the high proportion of elderly people.


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15.51% of Belarusians are younger than 15 years old, 70.04% are aged 15-65 years and 14.44% are over 65 years old [68].


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The gender composition of the population is relatively uniform, the sex ratio is 0.87 men per woman.


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Changes in this indicator in different age groups generally correspond to the global trend: 1.06 at birth, 1.06 for people under 15 years of age, 1.06 - from 15 to 24 years, 0.96 - from 25 to 54 years, 0.79 - from 55 to 64 years old and 0.46 — over 65 years old [68].


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National composition


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According to the 2009 census, representatives of more than 130 ethnic groups lived on the territory of Belarus.


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Among them, the most represented are Belarusians (7,957,252% or 83.7%), Russians (785,084% or 8.3%), Poles (294,549 or 3.1%), Ukrainians (158,723 or 1.7%), Jews (12,926), Armenians (8512), Tatars (7316), Roma (7079), Azerbaijanis (5567), Lithuanians (5087).


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From 1 to 3.5 thousand Moldovans, Turkmens, Germans, Georgians, Chinese, Uzbeks, Latvians, Kazakhs, Arabs and Chuvash also live in Belarus [71].


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Throughout Belarusian history, the main population of rural areas was Belarusians, Jews in cities and towns, many Poles lived in the north-west of the country, and in the east — Russians, including Old Believers.


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A large nobility — the gentry — was heavily polonized.


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Currently, cities and villages have a diverse ethnic composition, although the majority of the population (more than 80%) consider themselves representatives of the Belarusian nation [72].


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Languages


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The official languages of Belarus are Belarusian and Russian.


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Their status is regulated by the Constitution and current legislation.


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The writing system is based on the Cyrillic alphabet.


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The Russian language is compulsory for study in all secondary education institutions of the country.


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To one degree or another, it is owned by almost the entire population of Belarus.


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Religious composition


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As of January 1, 2011, 3,321 religious organizations were registered in the republic (768 in 1989), including 41 monasteries, 15 brotherhoods, 10 sisterhoods, 14 theological educational institutions [73].


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According to a study by the US State Department in 2015, about 68% of the population in Belarus belonged to the Russian Orthodox Church (Belarusian Exarchate), 14% to the Roman Catholic churches and 3% to other religious groups [74].


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In Belarus, there are adherents of the Greek Catholic Church (Uniates) and Orthodox groups that are not members of the Russian Orthodox Church.


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Other officially registered religious communities: Old Believers, Jews, Reformed Church, Lutherans, Evangelical Baptist Christians, Johan Church, New Apostolic Church, Presbyterian church, evangelical Christians, full gospel Christians, apostolic Christians, Christ's Church, Messianic communities, Seventh Day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons, Baha'is, Krishnas, Armenian Apostolic Church.


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According to the Catholic Church itself in Belarus, it includes about 1.48 million believers (more than 15% of the country's population).


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There were 666,000 Catholics in the Minsk-Mogilev Archdiocese (14.1% of the population of the diocese) [75], in the Vitebsk Diocese — 170 thousand (13.2%) [76], in the Grodno Diocese there were 591 thousand Catholics (60.7% of the population of the diocese) [77] and in the Diocese of Pinsk — 50 thousand (1.6%) [78].


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There are sources that give a much higher estimate of the number of believers of all Protestant denominations — 515,024 [79], Seventh Day Adventists — 4,633 [79] people, according to other sources — 4,828 [79], and the number of Jehovah's Witnesses is 3,872 [79].


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Jewish communities believe that the number of Jews is 30-40 thousand [80].


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The number of Jews according to the censuses is rapidly declining, from 135,000 in 1979 to 112,000 in 1989; the number of Jews fell especially rapidly during the period of independence of the country: by 1999, their number decreased fourfold (to 28,000) [81], and in the period up to 2009 by more than half to 13,000 [82].


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The number of ethnic groups traditionally attributed to Muslims, according to the 2009 census, was about 22 thousand people [82].


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In 2014, the number of Muslims is estimated at 19,000 (0.2% of the population) [79].


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Representatives of the Islamic clergy themselves estimate the number of their followers at 100,000 people [83].


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Economics


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The economy in Belarus is built on the principles of a socially oriented market model.


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The structure of the Belarusian economy is characterized by the dominance of state ownership in production, energy, transport, mining, construction, agricultural and banking spheres, and a small share of the private sector.


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There is no centralized distribution and planning, except for macroeconomic indicators [84].


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The state regulates prices for socially important groups of goods.


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The country has developed energy, mechanical engineering, agriculture, chemical, forestry and mining industries, construction and production of building materials.


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The problem of Belarus is the lack of open sources of hydrocarbons (for example, oil production in 2012 amounted to 1.66 million tons [85]), as a result of which a significant part of oil and gas accounts for import.


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The republic also has an impressive and ever-growing external public debt ($13.6 billion at the beginning of 2014 [86]) and quite high inflation by European standards [87]).


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Belarus spends significant funds on servicing its public debt — 8.6% of the republican budget (in 2015) [88].


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The foreign trade balance is negative; at the end of 2013, the excess of imports over exports amounted to 5.8 billion US dollars [89].


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GDP growth in 2000-2008 ranged from 4% to 11% annually, but later slowed down.


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In 2012, GDP growth amounted to 1.7%, in 2013 — 0.9% [90].


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The average annual inflation for 2000-2013 was 31%, including in 2000 and 2011 it exceeded 100%.


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In 2012, inflation amounted to 21.8%, in 2013 — 16.5% [91].


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As of July 1, 2014, the gross external debt amounted to 23.3 billion US dollars, of which 13.9 billion was the external debt of the public sector [92].


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Small businesses (organizations with up to 100 employees and individual entrepreneurs) account for 15.1% of GDP and 18.4% of employees (both indicators for 2012) [93].


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The share of small enterprises in foreign trade of the republic is small — 8% of exports and 24% of imports (as of 2008) [94].


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In retail and wholesale trade, in the service sector, the private sector predominates.


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A feature of Belarus is the significant role of cooperative trade, although it has weakened compared to the Soviet period: in 2011, consumer cooperation served 3,574.4 thousand people (37.9% of the population, in 1990 — 41.6%), cooperative trade accounted for 12.0% of retail trade turnover (33.5% in 1990), and its services are used by the entire rural population of the country [95].


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In 1991-1995, cooperative trade reoriented itself to sales of mainly food products, which in 2011 amounted to 79.9% of retail trade turnover of cooperative trade (in In 1991 — 50.1%, in 1995 — 80.9%) [96].


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The average number of employees of the Belcoopsoyuz is gradually decreasing and in 2011 amounted to 41,451 people (in 2001 — 55,458 people, in 1991 — 78,473 people) [97].


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Belarus has also recently been characterized by a global trend of increasing the share of non-cash payments: if in 2009 non-cash money turnover in the republic's retail trade turnover amounted to 5.5 %, and in the volume of paid services to the population 8.7%, then in 2013 16.0% and 14.4%, respectively [98].


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The labor force (population of working age) as of 2012 amounted to 6,030 thousand people, including 4,577.1 thousand employed under employment contracts and 1452.9 thousand unemployed under labor contracts treaties [99].


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The latter figure included 239.6 thousand unemployed according to the ILO methodology, 272.5 thousand who received benefits on parental leave, maternity leave, 497.4 thousand students and full-time students forms of education, 58.3 thousand recipients of benefits for the care of the disabled and the elderly, as well as 16.2 thousand prisoners [100].


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In March-September 2011, Belarus experienced a currency and financial crisis.


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As a result of the crisis, the devaluation of the Belarusian ruble against the dollar since the beginning of the year amounted to 189% [101], inflation in January-October reached 88.7% (including food prices increased by 103.6%) [102], wages fell from the equivalent of 527 US dollars to 220-260 US dollars [103] [104].


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But in general, from 2010 to 2012, according to the list of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita, gross domestic product per capita by PPP increased from $13,864 to $17,700 [105].


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Industry


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In 2014, the share of industrial production in the GDP structure was 37%, with manufacturing industries accounting for more than two-thirds of this volume.


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The number of people employed in industry is about 32.7% of the able-bodied population.


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The growth rate is noticeably lower than for the economy as a whole — about 1.9% in 2014 [68].


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The main export items are petroleum products, potash fertilizers, engineering products, chemical and food industries [106].


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Agriculture


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250pcs|mini|Cow grazing in Shumilinsky district


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Agriculture is a historically important branch of the local economy, accounting for more than 7% of national GDP, provides employment for more than 9% of the population [68].


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The main agricultural sector is agriculture and dairy farming [107].


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The main food crops are potatoes (6.9 million tons), sugar beets (4.8 million tons), wheat (2.5 million tons) [107].


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In the past, the traditional forest industry for the republic plays an insignificant role in foreign trade — timber products and services were exported in 2013 for 144.8 million US dollars (0.39% of the country's exports) [108].


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As of January 1, 2010, there were 8.8 million hectares of agricultural land in the republic, including 5.5 million hectares of arable land (its fertility score was 31.2) [109].


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Belarus has four agroclimatic zones [110].


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Housing stock


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At the beginning of 2013, the housing stock of the republic is 237 million m², including 161.5 million m² in the city [111].


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The level of improvement (at the beginning of 2013) in cities is almost complete: 97% of housing has running water, 97% — sewerage, 94% — bath, 92% — hot water supply, 96% — central heating [112].


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The situation in the rural housing stock (early 2013) is much worse: while gasification is generally completed (93% of the total rural housing stock), this is not the case with other types of improvement good (only 76% have running water; 72% — sewerage, 64% — central heating, 48% — hot water supply, 65% — baths) [112].


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Despite the high rate of annual housing delivery (356 square meters in 2013) [112], the housing problem is very acute: as of January 1, 2012, 849 thousand were on the waiting list of people in need of improvement of their living conditions. families (as of January 1, 2006 — 565,000 families) [113].


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Transport, infrastructure, communications


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Mini|track near Orsha


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Railways and road transport are the main types of transport links in the country.


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The railway network is focused on the main highway passing through Orsha, Minsk and Brest, which connects Belarus with Moscow in the east and Warsaw in the west.


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The operational length of the tracks is 5512 km [114].


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In total, Belarus has more than 83,000 km of public roads and about 200,000 km of departmental (agricultural, industrial enterprises, forestry, etc.), including 10,000 km in cities and populated points.


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At the same time, the density of paved country roads is still quite low — 337 km per 1000 km² of territory.


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There are 261 cars per thousand inhabitants in Belarus [115].


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The river fleet transports 1,500 km of navigable waterways (mainly in the Dnieper basin).


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Air transport is relatively poorly developed; the country's largest airport is located near Minsk.


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There are seven international airports in the country.


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Healthcare


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In 2012, there were 48,831 specialist doctors in Belarus (excluding those employed in training, retraining and advanced training institutions, as well as in administrative positions), or 51.6 doctors per 10,000 people.


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The number of nurses was 125,079 people, or 132.2 specialists per 10,000 people [116].


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From 2000 to 2008, the number of hospital organizations decreased from 830 to 773, and from 2009 to 2012 — from 661 (the new calculation method was used) to 657.


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The number of hospital beds fell from 2000 to 2012 from 126,209 (126.8 beds per 10,000 people) to 106,640 (112.7 per 10,000 people).


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The number of outpatient clinics increased from 1,843 to 2,263 [116].


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In 2012, the population of Belarus visited doctors at outpatient appointments and received doctors at home a total of 122 million times (12.9 visits per person per year) [116].


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There are 7 emergency hospitals and 153 stations or departments in the country [117].


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In general, one doctor accounts for 254 people of the population, one hospital bed for 88 people [68].


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There are also 2,879 pharmacies in the country (as of January 1, 2013), more than half of which (1,672) are state-owned [118].


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Public spending on health in 2013 amounted to about 6.1% of GDP (143rd in the world).


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According to calculations in 2015, the average life expectancy of Belarusians reaches 72.48 years [68].


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Belarus belongs to countries with a low level of infectious morbidity.


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The situation with the spread of HIV infection is relatively good [68].


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Education


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The structure of the national education system is based on the Constitution and other normative legal acts.


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The equality of all citizens in obtaining education, the unity of educational systems and the continuity of all forms of education are guaranteed.


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In 2012, state allocations for education amounted to 17.5% of expenditures of the consolidated budget of the republic (5.2% of GDP) [119].


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Preschool education was represented in 2012 by 4,087 institutions, where 367.7 thousand children were located [119].


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Secondary education as of 2012 was 3,821 general education schools (in 2010 there were 4,063), where 1,083.2 thousand people studied (1,179.3 thousand in 2010) [119].