Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Thanks to the success of the brochure, his name became known and he was elected first among the twenty-four electors of Artois, and then, in April 1789, one of twelve deputies to the States General.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

He is also entrusted with drawing up an order (French: Cahier de doléances) from Arra voters.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

States General and Constituent Assembly


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

At first, no one pays much attention to the newly arrived provincial deputy with his sharp northern dialect and old-fashioned manners.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Newspaper reports on meetings of the States General constantly distort his name — Robertpier, Robertz, Robert-Pierre.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But gradually, it is getting more and more attention through its participation in debates.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Only in 1789 he gave 69 speeches, in 1790 — one hundred and twenty-five, in 1791 — three hundred and twenty-eight speeches [9] and indifference gives way to attention.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It is at this time that Mirabeau's remark about Robespierre refers: “He will go far because he believes what he says” [3] [10].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On June 20, 1789, as a result of opposition from the court, the deputies deprived of premises gathered in the ball hall, where they took an oath not to disperse until a constitution was developed.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

One of the authors of the text of the oath was Robespierre.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre speaks out against the introduction of martial law after the events of July 14, 1789, against the royal veto, against the division of citizens into active and passive, for the admission of Jews, Huguenots and members of the Actors Guild for public office.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The capture of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 was a confirmation of Rousseau's “Common Will” for him and he fully supports it.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

From November 1790 to September 1791, he played a leading role in the debate on the organization of the National Guard [Ave. 4].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

He participated in the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the first French Constitution in 1791.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

He is known to advocate the abolition of the death penalty and the abolition of slavery in the French colonies.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

At the same time, the first disagreements and divisions among the deputies emerged.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Conservative MPs and “Royalist Democrats”, later known as “constitutionalists” or “monarchists” (French: Monarchiens), satisfied with what has been achieved, hoped after the adoption of the Constitution form a government.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre's proposal that members of the Constituent Assembly could not be elected to the Legislative Assembly was partly aimed at preventing this.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Constituent Assembly destroyed the class division of the monarchy and proclaimed social equality.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But it did not determine the type of government that complies with the new principles — a problem that will not be solved for the next hundred years before the founding of the Third Republic [12].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On 30 September, the Constituent Assembly dispersed, announcing that its members could not be elected to the Legislative Assembly.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Jacobin Club


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The beginning of the revolution marked the emergence of many different clubs.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

In the first months of the Constituent Assembly, Robespierre was one of the first to join the Breton Club with Mirabeau, Petion, Abbot Gregoire and brothers Alexander and Karl Lamet, which took place at the Amaury Cafe of Versailles.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

After the Assembly moved to Paris in October 1789, he joined the Society of Friends of the Constitution, known as the Jacobin Club, located near the Tuileries, in the Jacobin Monastery, on Rue Saint-Honoré (French: rue Saint-Honoré).


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Following the previous tradition of parliaments in France, linked by a single network throughout the kingdom, Jacobin clubs began to appear everywhere as branches of subsidiaries of the main Paris center of clubs; disseminate their views, debated ideas through correspondence with each other, forming public opinion, submitting petitions and putting pressure on the National Assembly and later the Convention.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Thus, the direction of the policy of the whole country began to be debated first in the Club, and then discussed in the national representation.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Varenna crisis


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The attempt to escape the king is one of the most important events of the revolution [13] [14] [15] [1].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Since July 14, 1789, the emigration of the aristocracy began.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The emigration center was located in Koblenz, not far from the French border.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On June 20, 1791, the king tried to escape, but was recognized at the border in Varenne as a postal employee and returned to Paris, where he was actually detained in his own palace.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The country took the news of the escape as a shock, as a declaration of war in which its king is in the camp of the enemy.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

From this moment on, the radicalization of the revolution begins.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Who then can you trust if the king himself is a traitor?


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

From this moment on, the division into “patriots” and “enemies of the people” begins.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

From this moment on, the base of the revolution begins to narrow.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The king will be followed by Mirabeau, Barnave, Brissot, Danton, and Robespierre himself.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But contrary to the obvious fact and proclaimed principles of democracy, the country was not ready to abolish the monarchy.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Almost no one shared the concept of the Republic, even among radical revolutionaries [16].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre's views, speeches, and behavior fully reflected this confusion.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

For him, brought up on the classics, republicanism was associated with the republic of ancient Rome, with its bloody struggle of elites, civil conflicts and military dictators [1].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

In addition, as a supporter of universal suffrage, he saw the republic as an inevitable oligarchy in these circumstances.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“I do a lot of credit when I am accused of republicanism: I am not a Republican. But if someone declared that I am a monarchist, it would be an insult: I am not a monarchist either... The word republic does not mean any particular form of government. It applies to any form of government in which people can enjoy freedom in their homeland. You can be free both under the king and under the Senate. What is the French Constitution at the moment? This is a republic with a monarch. It is neither a monarchy nor a republic: it is both.”


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But the issue of the Republic is on the agenda.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

A wave of violence against the aristocracy, similar to the summer of 1789, swept across the country.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

At this time, the first supporters of republican reforms appeared.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre is on the side of the constitutional solution of the issue, although he denounces the Assembly and the government of indulging in the court.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But this movement was suppressed on July 17, 1791 during the shooting on the Champ de Mars.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

By this time, the composition of the Jacobin Club had changed quite a lot with the entry of radical Parisians.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

In addition, a “competition” of ideas and cooperation with the even more radical Cordeliers club began.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But after the shooting on the Champ de Mars, the club split for the first time.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The left side of the Jacobin Club supported the petition of the Cordeliers Club to depose the king addressed to the Assembly.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The right side, which consisted mostly of monarchists (Barnave, Duport, Alexandre Lamet and their supporters), withdrew from the club, soon founding a new political club Felians.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Most of the members left with them, as well as branches of the club throughout the country.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre stayed.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

In the next few months, along with the radicalization of the country, campaigning and clarification, many returned.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was at this time that Robespierre became the most famous and influential member of the Jacobin Club.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Opposition to the war with Austria


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

With the end of the parliamentary session of the Constituent Assembly, Robespierre returned to civilian life in the fall of 1791.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

After the first session of the Legislative Assembly, he went to Artois, where he was enthusiastically received by his countrymen.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Returning to Paris on November 28, he found that politics was dominated by the issue of emigrants (French: emigres) and propaganda for war against Austria and its German allies.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The most ardent supporter of the war was Brissot, one of the leaders of the future Girondins.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Initially undecided, Robespierre then joined the few opponents of the war, condemned the belligerent calls of revolutionary propaganda against Austria on the rostrum of the Jacobins: speeches on December 11, 1791, and December 18, January 2, 1792, January 11 and January 25.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

He felt that there was a game of the court and Louis XVI behind it.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

In his eyes, the French army was not ready to wage a war that, if won, could strengthen the position of the king and ministers hostile to the revolution, he believes that the real threat was not among Koblenz emigrants, but in France itself.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“The strangest idea that can arise in the head of a politician is the belief that it is enough to invade a foreign country in order to impose your own laws and your own constitution. No one likes armed missionaries... The Declaration of Rights... is not the lightning that strikes every throne at any moment... I am far from saying that our revolution will not ultimately affect the fate of the world... But I'm saying it won't be today.”


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But the belligerent sentiments of revolutionary idealism and messiahism grew and many critics, Demoulin, Danton, and even Marat, gradually fell silent.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But Robespierre remained adamant, which even cost him a fall in popularity.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Although Robespierre did not make a direct link between the Girondins and the court in his speeches, constant comparisons of the desire for war suggested that this led to mutual accusations, both political, both personal and personal.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The confrontation between Gironde and Mount began [14].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

In the Legislative Assembly vote on the war, only 7 votes against the war out of 745 were cast.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On April 20, 1792, war was declared against the King of Bohemia and Hungary.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On April 25, Rouget de Lisle performed Marseillaise for the first time in Strasbourg.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

France has embarked on a journey to Valmy and Waterloo [1].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

No one could even imagine that the war would last 25 years and would lead to the opposite consequences for those who wanted it: Louis XVI and Brissot and his friends [12] [14].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The fall of monarchy


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The war began with humiliating defeats.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Only at the sight of the enemy did the troops flee.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Several royalist regiments went over to the side of the enemy.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The generals were hesitant and accused the troops of lack of discipline.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

By this time, the army was in the process of disintegration.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

More than half of the officers have already emigrated and, with the outbreak of hostilities, many officers have begun to leave their posts.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Royalist uprisings broke out in several provinces.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Religious and royalist unrest began in Vendée.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

When news of the defeat is received, an explosion of indignation occurs.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Once again there is a threat of a “royalist conspiracy”, the threads of which lead to the Tuileries and Marie Antoinette's “Austrian Committee”.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre advocates the removal of generals and their replacement by patriotic ones, accuses the conservative Legislature of indulging the court and Lafayette, whom he suspects of wanting use the army to suppress the revolution.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The duel continues with the Brissotines, who compromised themselves by joining the government without full power to implement their ideas.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

He welcomes the federates arriving in Paris in response to the declaration of the Fatherland in Danger (French: La Patrie en Danger) and urges them not to leave Paris as long as the revolution needs their protection.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The presence of the federates in the capital turns the struggle into a national movement.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The king, in turn, plays the political game of removing the Girondins cabinet and appointing feuillans, and again the Girondins, hoping for the speedy arrival of the troops of European monarchs.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On July 29, Robespierre gives a keynote speech at the Jacobin Club on the loss of confidence in the Legislative Assembly with proposals to convene a National Convention on the basis of universal suffrage.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It demands the removal of the executive branch, the removal of military and administrative officials, and the renewal of the composition of the courts [17].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

He no longer believes that the Legislative Assembly is able to resolve the crisis through constitutional means [18].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The situation reaches intensity when the Duke of Brunswick's Manifesto was published on August 3 with the threat of “military execution” of Paris in case of violence against the king.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Paris sections announce the continuity of meetings and the admission of “passive” citizens to their meetings and to the National Guard.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The mayor of Paris, Petion, on behalf of 47 sections, submitted an ultimatum petition to the Legislative Assembly demanding the deposition of the king and the convening of the Convention.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But the Legislative Assembly on August 8, after two days of debate, refuses to consider any charges.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On August 9, the alarm sounded over the city.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Kens-Ven section of the Saint-Antoine suburb invited the rest of Paris sections to send representatives to form the central committee of the uprising.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

28 sections responded to the call and on the night of August 10, the Rebel Commune was formed.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The day after the fall of the monarchy, the General Council of the Commune was increased to 288 members, and Robespierre was elected from his section of Place Vendôme/section des Piques [1]).


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

He immediately takes the lead and all his proposals are accepted: the movement must not be demobilized, demand the convening of the National Assembly, Lafayette must be declared a traitor, Commune must send commissioners to all departments of the country to clarify the situation, sections must destroy the distinction between “active” and “passive” citizens and create permanent revolutionary committees.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

At that time, only 285 deputies out of 745 were present in the Legislative Assembly.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The entire right and royalist part of the Assembly was absent [19].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

After the king was imprisoned in Temple, under pressure from the Commune, the Assembly adopted decrees to eliminate the division into active and passive citizens, reduce the age for the right to participate in elections from 25 years to 21 years and convening the National Convention [20] [17].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Convent


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

For the next 6 weeks, the Commune was actually the executive branch, and after the uprising on August 10, the demands for punishing the defenders of the monarchy were supplemented by demands for punishing royalists and unencroaching priests.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The royalist press was banned and the Felians club was closed.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On August 26, news came about the capture of Longwy by Prussian troops, and on September 2 about the fall of Verdun.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

There were no more fortresses in front of the troops of the Duke of Brunswick and Paris.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Rumors spread about a “conspiracy in prisons” and demands “to put the conspirators to death before citizens leave for the army”.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On September 2-6, massacres of prisoners take place in Paris, Lyon, Versailles and other cities called the September Massacres (French: Massacres de Septembre).


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Elections to the National Convention were the first experience of universal suffrage in French history; elections were held from September 2 to 6, 1792.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The turnout was very low — 11.9% of voters, against 10.2% in 1791, while the number of voters almost doubled [21].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But this was a reflection of extraordinary circumstances.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The convention was chosen by a small and most determined minority.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But in the sense that the direction of the revolution was determined under pressure from the Sankulots and the organized minority of Republicans, the revolution did receive an egalitarian impetus.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

And in this sense, the revolution has entered a democratic and nationwide period [12].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre was elected the first deputy from the capital in the first round by 338 votes out of 525.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On September 2, he was also elected for Pas-de-Calais in the first round with 412 votes out of 721 voters, but he chose to represent Paris [1] [18].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Fight against girondins


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The National Convention began its meetings on September 20, 1792.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On September 21, decrees abolishing the monarchy are adopted and the French Republic is declared single and indivisible [20].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

News comes of the victory of French troops, consisting of volunteers, Paris Sanculots and Federates, near Valmy.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

For the next few months, three issues dominate the Assembly: attitudes towards revolutionary violence, the role of Paris and the departments, and the trial of the king.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Quantitatively, the Convention consisted of 160 Girondins, 200 Montagnards and 389 deputies of the Plaine (French: La Plaine ou le Marais), a total of 749 deputies.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

A third of the deputies participated in previous meetings and brought with them all previous disagreements and conflicts.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Girondins, who were supported by the majority at that time, immediately went on the offensive, accusing the Montagnards of striving for dictatorship, using violence and the September massacre as an example.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre responded to these accusations on November 5.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

He presents the September massacre as a continuation of August 10 and reduces the issue of popular violence to a problem of revolutionary legality, referring to the legitimacy of the Revolution itself:


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“Did you really want a revolution without revolution?


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Where does this desire for bullying come from, with which they are trying to reconsider, so to speak, the revolution that broke your shackles?


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But how can one judge the consequences that these great upheavals can entail?


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Who is able to point out the exact boundary against which the waves of popular uprising must break after events have already begun to unfold?


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Under these conditions, what people could ever throw off the yoke of despotism?


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

... The French, supporters of freedom, gathered in August this year, acted on this basis on behalf of all departments.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Their actions should either be fully approved or rejected in their entirety.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

To criminalize them with some imaginary or actual riots, inseparable from such a strong shock, is to punish them for their dedication...


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

... Mourn even the guilty who were supposed to be punished by the law and who fell by the sword of popular justice; but let your sorrow, like all human things, have its limit.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The sensitivity that mourns almost exclusively the enemies of freedom seems suspicious to me.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Stop waving the bloody tyrant clothes before my eyes...”


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

After this speech in defense of the Revolution, Le Moniteur universel, a semi-official newspaper of the revolution, began publishing regular reports of the Jacobin Club debates, understanding its national significance [22].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On the fate of King, Robespierre gave a speech on December 3, in which he rejected the legal point of view, becoming political.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“Louis is not a defendant, and you are not judges,” he said, “you are statesmen, representatives of the nation... Your job is not to pronounce a court verdict, but to take measures in the forms of public good” (Speech in National Convention on December 3, 1792) [23].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

For him, the August 10 uprising has already sentenced Louis XVI to death:


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“When a king is overthrown from the throne by a revolution that is far from being strengthened by just laws, when his name alone brings the scourge of war on a rebellious nation, then neither prison nor exile can make the king's existence indifferent to the public good. And this brutal exception to ordinary laws, which is recognized by justice, can only be explained by the very nature of his crimes. I regret to say this fatal truth, but Louis must die, because the fatherland must live” (Speech at the National Convention on December 7, 1792) [23].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

According to Robespierre, the appeal to the people (French: appel au peuple), which was demanded by the moderate part of the meeting, threatened the proclaimed republic: the referendum gave the opportunity for revenge for the defeated royalists, “monarchists” (French: Monarchiens) and constitutionalists in voting on the fate of the king.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On January 20, Louis was sentenced to death.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On January 21, 1793, Louis XVI was executed in Paris, on Revolution Square [Ave. 6].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

By this time, Girondins are beginning to lose the support of the majority in the Convention.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Constant attacks, accusations, personal hostility antagonized most of the meeting and paralyzed the executive branch.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

In addition, defending the king since August and obstructing his trial, they opened themselves to accusations of royalism [12].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The financial crisis inherited from the monarchy has not been resolved.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Due to the continuous issue, bank notes began to fall in price, which in turn led to a rise in price, including food.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Sankulots unrest began in large cities.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

There were the first requirements to introduce a “maximum” on bread.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Both parties, Girondins and Jacobins, including Robespierre and Marat, resisted all economic control and the demands of the “mad” (French: Enragés) did not find support in the Convention.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

After the victory at Valmy, the leaders of the Gironde returned to revolutionary propaganda, declaring “peace to huts, war on palaces” (French: paix aux chaumières, guerre aux châteaux), not having enough funds for achieving even immediate goals at that time.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Europe responded by creating the first coalition.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The fall of the bank note led to inevitable discontent in the “liberated” territories and undermined the position of French troops in Belgium.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Valmy's patriotic impulse could not last long; moreover, volunteers, having fulfilled their duty and defending their fatherland, began to return home.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

After the unsuccessful offensive and defeat at Neervinden, France again, like a year ago, faced a foreign invasion.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Accusations of betrayal began again, this time the Girondins, especially after the betrayal of Dumurier.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Convention takes urgent measures: a call of 300 .000, the establishment of a revolutionary tribunal, a law against emigrants.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Vendée uprising begins and the Republicans massacre in the western regions of the country begin.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The crisis forces both parties to rely on their base and allies.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Jacobins are increasingly closer to the sections of Paris, and the Girondins to the provinces, emphasizing the excessive dominance of Paris.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On April 10, Robespierre gives a speech at the Convention directly accusing the Girondins, and Camille Demoulin publishes a pamphlet “The Story of Brissotines”.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

As an indicator of this renewed alliance between the Jacobins and the Sankulots, on May 4, the Convention passes the first maximum law, despite the resistance of the Gironde.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

In turn, the Girondins, taking advantage of the absence of 82 Montagnards sent to the departments on conscription missions, impeached Marat and arrested several members of the Commune .


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Girondins Isnar threatens the “anarchists of the Commune” in the Convention: “I tell you, on behalf of the whole of France, Paris will be destroyed.”


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The crisis culminates on April 15, when 35 out of 48 sections in Paris file a petition to the Convention containing a list of 22 “corrupt deputies guilty of committing serious crimes against a sovereign people.”


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On May 26, speaking at the Jacobin Club, Robespierre said: “When all laws are broken, when despotism has reached its limit, when honesty is trampled on, then the people must rebel. This moment has come” [23].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On May 29, he repeats again at the Jacobin Club: “I say that if all the people do not rise, freedom will perish” [23].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was during these days that Robespierre sketched out the following words in his notebook:


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“We need a single will (une volonte une). It must be either Republican or royalist. If it is republican, then we should have republican ministers, republican press, republican representatives, and a republican government. Internal dangers come from the bourgeoisie — in order to defeat the bourgeoisie, it is necessary to unite the people... A real uprising must continue until the necessary ones to save the Republic are taken measures. It is necessary for the people to join the Convention, and the Convention to use the help of the people...”


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On May 31, 1793, an uprising began in Paris.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Jacobin Convention


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The May 31 uprising overthrew Gironde for the same reasons as the monarchy on August 10: as an obstacle to revolutionary defense [25].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Gironde's 29 deputies, placed under house arrest, were able to move freely and many of them fled to raise departments against the rebellious Paris [Ave 7].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The federalist uprising, which began before May 31, began to grow, covering Lyon, Marseille, Bordeaux, Toulon, not to mention the unhealed wound of Vendée.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

About 60 departments out of 82 were in some state of uprising.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Republican armies retreated on the borders under the onslaught of European monarchies.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The rebellious sections defeated Gironde in the Convention; the Montagnards came to power.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Now they were able to implement their program.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On June 3, June 10 and July 17, they decreed the abolition of the last remnants of senior privileges in the country [20] [Ave. 8].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On June 24, the Constitution of 1793 was adopted, which was to become a symbol of democracy throughout the 19th century [12] [27].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On August 23, the Convention adopted “Levée en Masse” (“From now on, until its enemies are expelled from the territory of the Republic, all French are in a state of constant requisition for the needs of the army” [20]).


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Despite the fact that the Montagnards were against the regulation of the economy, after journées on September 4-5, under pressure from the Paris sections, a “general maximum” (French: Loi du maximum général) is adopted [20].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Revolutionary defense is beginning to turn into what in the 20th century will be called “total war”.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But to guide and coordinate these efforts, a strong executive power is needed, which enjoys the trust of the Sankulots and relies on the authority of the National Convention.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Revolutionary Government


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“The provisional government of France will be revolutionary until peace is concluded” (Decree of the Convention of 19 Vendémiere II/October 10, 1793) [20].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The essence of the executive power of the Convention was in its committees.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Two of them were of the most significant importance — the Committee for Public Safety and the Committee for Public Safety.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The second had significant legal and police functions (the Revolutionary Tribunal and the direction of terror) and is less known than the first, which was the actual executive power and had large prerogatives.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was formed in April, but its composition was completely changed in the summer of 1793 [12].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was not yet the committee it became six months later.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

There was a lack of consistency in composition, authority and support, both inside and outside the Convention.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On 10 July, the Convention renewed the Committee and Danton was not elected to its new membership.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Nevertheless, it took another two months for the Great Committee of Public Salvation of the Second Year of the Republic to take a certain form.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Couton, Saint-Just, Jeanbon Saint-André and Prieur of Marne formed a core of determined Montagnards, joined by Barere and Linde.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

After Robespierre began to successfully advocate in the Convention for the need to support the decisions taken in the Committee, he was invited to its meetings and joined it on July 27.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On August 4, it included those with army experience, Carnot and Prieur from Côte D'Or, and on September 6, Collo d'Herbois and Billaux-Varenne as representatives of the sections.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

They were quite different personalities: temperament, experience, and social inclinations.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Linda did not like terror, Biyau-Varenne and Collo D'Herbois were closer to the Sanculots and, although they all belonged to the same social group, Carnot and Linda were more conservative, and Robespierre and Saint-Just were more democratic in social matters [26] [27].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

People are authoritarian, with strong convictions, honest and temperamental: their goal was to run the government, fight and win.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

And yet it will be a while when personal differences turn into hatred.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

In the meantime, the dangers that threatened the Revolution have postponed for many months the inevitable split, which will eventually destroy them [26].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Public Safety Committee was a collegial body [29] [etc. 10] and its composition was approved by the Convention every month.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Laws, decrees, policy directions were presented in the form of reports and, after debates in the Assembly, were adopted in the Convention.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Particularly important decrees, such as on the arrest of dantonists, were adopted at joint meetings of both committees: Salvation and Security [27].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was Robespierre, with the assistance of Barere, Saint-Just and Billaux-Varennes, who ensured the continuity of the Committee's composition, determining and defending the Government's course before the Convention.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre, having great influence and authority, seemed to be a link between the Convention, the Jacobin Club and the sections of Paris.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“The theory of revolutionary government is as new as the revolution that gave rise to it.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It should not be found either in the books of political writers who did not foresee this revolution, nor in the laws of tyrants who, content with abuse of their power, care little about its legality; therefore, for the aristocracy, the words “revolutionary government” are only a subject of horror or slander, for tyrants it is only a shame, for many people it is only a mystery.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

These words should be explained to everyone in order to bring at least good citizens closer to the principles of public benefit.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The function of government is to direct the moral and physical strength of the nation towards its goal.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The goal of the constitutional government is to preserve the Republic; the goal of the revolutionary government is to establish it.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Revolution is a war of freedom against its enemies; the Constitution is a regime of victorious and peaceful freedom.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

A significant part of their method was still missing in the summer of 1793.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was largely imposed on them during the summer of 1793 by the explosion of popular passions caused by the political, military and economic crisis [26].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Terror


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Any part of the Convention, be it Montagnards or defeated Girondins, like the Convention itself, was a reflection of France's minority.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It inevitably followed that it was only possible to stay in power and cope with seemingly insurmountable dangers with the help of Terror.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

This understanding did not come immediately, as did the mechanism itself: step by step, partly from awareness of the need, partly under the pressure of circumstances.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Treason, desertion and defeat in the spring of 1793, along with sedition and civil war; France was on the verge of disaster.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The situation became even worse in the summer during the Austrian invasion of France; the victories won one by one by the Vendées; and the uprisings of major commercial and maritime cities of Lyon, Marseille, Toulon, and Bordeaux.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

To save France from dismemberment and the Revolution from destruction, the leaders of the Mountain took violent measures and created a dictatorship of national defense or, according to Marat, “the tyranny of freedom” [19].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It struck the enemies of the Republic everywhere indiscriminately and was not socially selective.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Its victims were anyone who opposed or hated the Revolution or lived in areas where the possibility of rebellion was most serious.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

25] The brutality of repressive measures in the provinces was directly dependent on the threat of rebellion [25].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Under pressure from the Sanculots, the Convention was forced to adopt a policy of terror.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Although under pressure, the Montagnards, followed by the deputies of the Plains, forced them to accept the demands of terrorism due to chronic food shortages and rising prices, which in turn depended on war, blockades and inflation.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The demands of the rabid were accepted; not all at once, of course, but one after another, partly in the form of indulging the Sankulots to attract them to the side of the Montagnards, partly under the threat of violence.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“Democracy is a state where a sovereign people, led by their own laws, do everything that is possible, and with the help of their representatives — everything they cannot do yourself... From the outside you are surrounded by all tyrants; and inside the country, all friends of tyranny are conspiracies; they will plot as long as the crime can hope to succeed. It is necessary to suppress the internal and external enemies of the Republic or die with it; and in this provision, the first rule of your policy should be to manage the people with the help of reason and the enemies of the people — aid terror.”


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Paris Revolutionary Tribunal was established on March 9-10.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The first maximum and laws against speculators are May 5.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

And the main terrorist attacks in September are the law against the suspicious, the creation of the Revolutionary Army, the reorganization of the Revolutionary Tribunal, the forced requisition and the Universal Maximum under pressure sections that threatened to overthrow the Government.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Requisitions and maximum led to the alienation of the peasantry, not to mention the discontent of the middle classes [30].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Sankulots will support the Revolutionary Government as long as it maintains minimum living conditions for them.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

How could all this be achieved?


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

For the Jacobins of the II year of the Republic, the answer was to use terrorist measures: [26] [Ave 11].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“If in peacetime the instrument of people's government is virtue, then during the revolution its instrument is both virtue and terror at the same time: virtue, without which terror is fatal, terror, without whose virtue is powerless.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Terror is nothing but quick, strict, unyielding justice; therefore, it is a manifestation of virtue, it is not so much a special principle as a conclusion from the general principle of democracy, used by the fatherland in extreme need.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Proclaiming the need for terror, Robespierre was negative about the arbitrariness of many representatives of the Convention on the ground [Ave 12].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

With the centralization of executive power represented by the Revolutionary Government, many ultra-terrorists — such as Carrier, Foucher, Tallien — were recalled.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Foucher, for example, was expelled from the Jacobin Club, which at that time led to charges before the Revolutionary Tribunal.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was these excesses and the campaign of de-Christianization of the Ebertists that were the basis for the temporary rapprochement with Danton in the winter of 1794.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

In turn, the Ebertists accused the Committee of easing terror (“dormant”, French: Endormeurs).


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Crisis of the Jacobin Dic


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“The goal of the constitutional government is to preserve the Republic; the goal of the revolutionary government is to found it.” What does it mean to “found it?


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

First of all, to protect the Republic from external enemies, but also from internal enemies: revolutionaries and Robespierre believed that the greater threat came from internal groups trying to usurp power, in pursuit of their own interests.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

This was the rationalization of the struggle against factions in the winter of 1794 [12].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Fight against factions


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

By the end of 1793, the majority in the Convention continued to support the Committee of Public Salvation.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The first military victories were won, but the struggle for power between revolutionaries intensified in the context of the economic crisis and under the aggravating circumstances of the controlled economy.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Those who believed that the use of terror went too far grouped around Danton and Demoulin and were nicknamed the moderates (French: d'Indulgents ou citra-révolutionnaires).


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Radical members of the French: Cordeliers Club, Hebert, editor of Father Duchenne (French: Père Duchesne), Sanculot magazine, Vincent, Secretary General of the Ministry of War, Ronsen, the leader of the Revolutionary Army, with some support from the Commune, was called ultra-revolutionaries (French: ultra-révolutionnaires) or cordeliers (they entered historiography under the name Ebertists).


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Initially, the committees and Robespierre tried to take on the role of arbitrator or mediator and warn the warring factions about the danger of continuing the struggle between the factions:


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“The internal enemies of the French people are divided into two factions, as if into two units of the army.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

They go under the banners of different colors and in different ways, but they go towards the same goal: the goal of disorganizing the people's government, the fall of the Convention, that is, the triumph of tyranny.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

One of these two factions pushes us to weakness, the other to all extremes.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

One wants to turn freedom into a bacchae, the other a prostitute...


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

... It is much more convenient to wear the guise of patriotism in order to distort the majestic drama of the revolution with arrogant parodies and compromise the cause of freedom with hypocritical moderation or sham extravagance...


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

... The common task of moderate and false revolutionaries is to constantly plunge us to one extreme or the other...”


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre was sharply negative about the de-Christianization campaign conducted by the Ebertists, and in December-January it seemed that he and Danton would form a common platform against the excesses of the Ebertists.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

With Robespierre's tacit approval, a campaign against Ebertist leaders was launched.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

This offensive was supported by articles in Camille Demoulin's new magazine, French: Le vieux Cordelier, which was initially a great success.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But then, on December 15, criticism of the policy of the Committee of Public Salvation began on its pages.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

And this already threatened the position of the Revolutionary Government.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The two factions fought against each other for two months.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

At the end of winter, due to the difficult economic situation and hoping for the support of the sections, in early March 1794, the Ebertists attempted an uprising, which was not supported by most sections or Paris Commune.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The committee arrested the leaders of the Cordeliers [Ave 13].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Hebert, Ronsen, Vincent, Momoro and other Ebertists with foreigners Kloots, and were presented as accomplices in a “foreign conspiracy” and executed on March 24.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The day after the arrest of the Ebertists, inspired by Danton and his friends resumed the offensive.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On March 30, the Committee ordered the arrest of Danton, Demoulin and Filippo.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The hearings began on April 2.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was a political process and the verdict was predetermined.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Danton and his friends were guillotined on April 5.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Committee played the role of an intermediary between the Assembly and the sections.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

After destroying the section leaders, the committees broke with the Sankulots, the source of government power, whose pressure the Convention had so feared since the May 31 uprising.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

By destroying the Dantonists, it sowed fear among the members of the Assembly, which could easily turn into rebellion.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The government felt that it had the support of a majority of the Assembly.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was wrong.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Having freed the Convention from the pressure of the sections, it remained at the mercy of the Assembly.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The only thing left was the internal split of the government to destroy it [26] [12].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Supreme Being Cult


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

One of the aspirations of the Enlightenment was to find, through the activity of the human mind, the natural principles of human life (natural religion, natural law, etc.).


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

From the point of view of such reasonable and natural principles, all historically established and actually existing forms and relationships (positive religion, positive law, etc.) were criticized.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Under the influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment, reforms were undertaken that were supposed to restructure the entire public life [item 14].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Most of the figures of the French Revolution shared these views, as can be seen in the fundamental documents for the entire period of the Revolution:


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

References to the Supreme Being in documents of the French Revolution


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

(French: Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen) [33]


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Declaration of Human and Citizen's Rights (August 26, 1789)


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

... Accordingly, the National Assembly recognizes and proclaims before and under the protection of the Supreme Being the following human and civil rights...


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Declaration of Human and Citizen's Rights (June 24, 1793)


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

... As a result, he proclaims before the Supreme Being the following declaration of human and civil rights...


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Declaration of Human and Citizen's Rights (5 Früktidor II/22 August 1795)


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

... The French people proclaim before the Supreme Being the following declaration of the rights and duties of man and citizen...


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“The French people recognize the existence of the Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul” (Decree on the Supreme Being 18 floreal II/May 7, 1794) [20].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The feast of the Supreme Being (French: La fête de l'être suprême) on the 20th prairie (June 8, 1794) was the happiest day in Robespierre's life [10] [18] [31].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre, wearing a blue tailcoat and a tricolor republican scarf, with a large bouquet of flowers, fruits and ears of ears, walked ahead of the members of the Convention, of which he was elected president four days before the celebration.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

This was followed by representatives of all 48 sections of Paris and the National Guard.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The procession moved to a specially created “Sacred Mountain” (an allegory of the Mountain in the Convention), at the top of which was the Tree of Freedom, a symbol of unity and loyalty to the revolution.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre gave a speech about the importance of this day for the unification of all of France, after which he held a torch to the models of statues that symbolized Atheism, Ambition, Selfishness and Ignorance, from the ashes of which a statue of Wisdom appeared.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The festival was organized by David, the artist of the revolution.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

According to contemporaries, more than 400,000 participants, more than 400,000 participants gathered to celebrate the festival in Paris, where 600,000 souls lived at that time [Ave 15].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was a sunny Sunday and participants wore a festive weekend dress; flowers and wreaths were hung all over the city.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Such festivities took place throughout France and many, especially Catholics, enthusiastically perceived the holiday as the “return of religion”, especially after the excesses of de-Christianization and anarchy of previous years.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The impression was so strong that the royalist in exile wrote: “We really thought Robespierre would finally overcome the abyss of schism caused by the revolution” [15].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Thermidor


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Jacobins were never a homogeneous or unified party.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The destruction of the factions drove the remaining “rabble” (as they said then) underground and transferred the open struggle into a field of intrigue and conspiracies.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But such a rapid and unexpected fall would not have happened if there were no deeper reasons [16].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Most agreed to follow the policy of the committees as long as there was a real threat to the Republic.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Nobody liked the maximum and was constantly violated, although it was a logical application in a country waging a war with European monarchies [26].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The basis of the Jacobins in power, which consists in external pressure by the Paris sections, after the suppression of the Ebertists, lost its activity, and in turn was dissatisfied with economic policy committees [15].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“The revolution froze, all its principles have weakened, leaving only a red cap on the heads of intrigue,” Saint-Just wrote at this time.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The conservatism of the sections was also explained by the fact that the most patriotic and young went to the front, sectional activists filled the government committees, becoming a nomenclature, felt fatigue from the constant tension of the last four years of the revolution [34].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It is not surprising that it was at this time, when the first victories were won (Fleurus, June 26) and it seemed that no one was opposing the authorities of the committees, personal differences of the members surfaced Revolutionary Government.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

If the committees were united, the thermidor could at least be avoided.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But it was these disagreements, suspicions and accusations that led to the events that marked the fall of the Robespierists, and then with them the degradation of the Revolutionary Government, the fall of the Mountain in the Convention and the entire Jacobin party [16] [35] [25] [15].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

After the fall of the factions and the celebration of the Supreme Being, Robespierre's figure became more prominent, he lost his role as mediator, and as a permanent defender of the policies of the committees in the Convention and the Jacobin Club, became considered the head of government and any discontent was transferred to him as a desire for sole power [10].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

In fact, he did not have special authority in the Public Salvation Committee [Ave. 16].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

He was one of the last to join it, could not and did not elect its members, and did not even chair the meetings.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

All actions of the members of the committee depended on the consent of the others [26].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Thus, the quarrel in the committee after the adoption of Prairie Law 22 was not about the essence of the law, but about its provision in the Convention without the consent of the entire composition of the Committees.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Of the 12 members of the Public Salvation Committee, he could only count on the support of Saint-Just and Couton.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Collo d'Herbois and Billaux-Varenne were more inclined to ebertism, Robert Lende to dantonists.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Lazare Carnot and Claude-Antoine Prieur were closer to moderates.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

In addition, there were disagreements between the Public Salvation Committee and the Public Security Committee — both about the government's course and, of course, personal ones.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

All kinds of rumors spread about Robespierre [Ave 17], turned to his detriment the prophecy of the crazy old woman Catherine Theo, who called herself the Theotokos, and Robespierre her son [37].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Two attempts on Robespierre's life only contributed to his importance.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Three prairies wanted to kill him Henri Admire.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The next day, a young girl Cecile Renault was found in his apartment with two knives.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

After another verbal altercation, the relationship reached such an intensity that from July 1 Robespierre ceased to appear in the Committee of Public Salvation.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Realizing that disagreements in the government lead to a split, 5 thermidor made an attempt to reconcile under the pretext of discussing the Vantoz decrees.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Saint Just and Couton reacted positively to this reconciliation, but Robespierre doubted the sincerity of his opponents [38].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

In his last speech at the Convention, Thermidor 8, he accused his opponents of intriguing and brought the issue of the split to the court of the Convention.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It is necessary, he said, to renew the composition of the Public Salvation Committee, cleanse the Public Security Committee, and create government unity under the supreme authority of the Convention.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre was required to name the accused Charlier: “When someone is proud of the courage of virtue, he must have the courage to proclaim the truth. Name the ones you're accusing!” [34].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But Robespierre refused to do so.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Everyone at the Convention felt threatened by proscription and the congregation assumed that he was demanding carte blanche.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

On the night of 9 thermidor, ultra-revolutionary terrorists, remnants of dantonists and leaders of the Plain or “swamp” (French: La Plaine ou le Marais) reached an agreement against Robespierre.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

At the center of the conspiracy were members of the Convention who were directly in danger, Tallien, Foucher, Career and others, who were recalled to Paris in connection with excesses of mass executions: Tallien in Bordeaux, Foucher in Lyon Carrier in Nantes.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

They reached an agreement with members of the Public Rescue Committee Collo d'Herbois, Billau-Varenne and Carnot.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Now, after Robespierre's speech, members of both Committees, the Public Rescue Committee and the Public Safety Committee, felt threatened by proscription.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The leaders of Plains Ciyes, Cambaceres, Don and Boissy d'Anglas believed that after military victories, there was no need for emergency measures, terror and a controlled economy (French “maximum”: Loi du maximum général); and in view of the reduction of danger from the Commune and the radical sections of Paris, the Convention can and must regain full supremacy of government of the Republic.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

An action plan for the next day was developed.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Arrest


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

9 Thermidor (July 27), Saint-Just was to read the committees' report to the Convention.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Before he had time to say a few words, he was interrupted by Tallien by agreement of the conspirators to prevent Saint-Just and Robespierre from speaking.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was followed by a series of speakers: Billau-Varenne, Barere, Vadier, then Tallien again.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Moreover, one accused Robespierre of excessive leniency towards the enemies of the revolution, the other of excessive terror.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre tried to object, but was drowned out by shouting “Down with the tyrant!” from the benches of the Mountain.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was decided to arrest Henriot, Commander of the National Guard, and President of the Revolutionary Tribunal.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

In the ensuing confusion, a little-known Montagnard and Dantonist submitted a proposal to arrest Robespierre.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

To the shouts of “Long live the Republic!” , the proposal to arrest Robespierre, Saint Just and Couton was unanimously adopted.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“The Republic? The republic is dead — the kingdom of robbers has come!” Robespierre said his last words in the Convention.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Loeba and Robespierre Jr. demanded arrest for themselves.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The arrested were taken to prison.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre was sent to Luxembourg prison, but the warden refused to accept the well-known arrested person.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

News of the incident reached the City Hall (French: Hôtel de Ville de Paris) at about 5 pm.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The commune of Paris is declared in a state of uprising.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The mayor of Paris, Fleurio-Lescaut, orders to close the barriers of the city, sound the alarm and calls on the sections of Paris to join the uprising.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The armed units of the sections are at the disposal of the Commune and are obliged to gather in front of the town hall.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The commander of the National Guard of Paris Henriot with several gendarmes tries to release the arrested, but is arrested himself.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Sections and the Jacobin Club announce continuity of meetings.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Commune and Convention proclamations, orders and counter-orders are sent throughout the city.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Of the 48 sections of Paris, 27 requested instructions from the Commune, but only 13 sent the National Guard.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Dissatisfaction with the policies of the committees and the Commune played its part.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Now the Robespierists could see what the destruction and suppression of activists of the sections who participated in the previous uprisings on August 10 and May 31 led to.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But at first, the situation is in favor of the rebels.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Coffingal, Vice-President of the Revolutionary Tribunal, frees Henrio, at the head of troops loyal to the Commune.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

One after another, the arrested deputies gather in the City Hall.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Commune has more troops.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

At the same time, the Convention recovered from the confusion in which it was plunged by the surprise of the uprising.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Deputations are sent to the central and western sections with a call to send the National Guard to protect the Convention.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Barras, who distinguished himself during the siege of Toulon, is appointed commander-in-chief of the Convention troops; at the suggestion of Barera, the rebels are outlawed, which means execution for anyone without trial or investigation, only determining the identity of the arrested person.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

In turn, the Commune decreed the arrest of the conspirators, members of the Convention, Collot, Amara, Bourdon, Freron, Tallien, Carnot,, Vadier,,,, Foucher,,,.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

But the sections fluctuate: the ambiguity of the situation, the lack of understanding of what is happening — knowledge of faces on both sides added to the general confusion.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Thus, Leonard Bourdon, sent to the Gravilliers section for the National Guard to help the Convention, was able to overcome the uncertainty only after he announced that Robespierre had secretly signed a prenuptial agreement with daughter of Louis XVI [39] [40].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

And one of the most revolutionary sections of the Saint-Antoine suburb, the Kenz-Ven section, which participated in all previous uprisings [Ave 18], sent a response to the call of the Commune:


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“Citizens of Antoine Suburb have not yet lost their characteristic republican energy, but in the current conditions of the Revolutionary Government, they need a governing council in order not to fall into traps, constantly placed for them by enemies of the Republic [18] [pr 19]”


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

At about 2 a.m., two columns of the Convention, one led by Barras and the National Guard of the western neighborhoods, and the other, Leonard Bourdon with the guards of the Gravillier section, find the square in front of the Town Hall empty.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The troops of the Convention, knowing the password from Adjutant Henrio, break into the courtroom without a fight.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Loeba commits suicide, Augustin Robespierre rushes out of the window and breaks his leg, Couton's paralytic in a wheelchair pushed down the stairs.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre's jaw is shattered by a pistol shot.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Execution


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre, bloody, is taken to the Committee of Public Salvation, where he lies on a table, presses his handkerchief against his wound until the surgeon bandages it.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

At 9 a.m., they were transferred to the Conciergerie and appeared before the Revolutionary Tribunal at noon.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The sentencing process had to be quick — the outlawed rebels only had to be identified.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Thermidor 10 (July 28), at 4:30pm, three carts carrying prisoners went to the place of execution.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

We drove past Duplet's house, where Robespierre lived, the shutters were tightly closed, the front door was stained with blood.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

At 18:15, the carts approached Revolution Square.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Couton was the first to be guillotined, then Robespierre Jr.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Then Saint Just.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The last was Mayor of Paris, Fleurio-Lescaut.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre was executed penultimate [13] [29].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

When the executioner's assistant tore off the bandage that supported his crushed jaw, Robespierre screamed in pain.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“A cry that came not only over Paris, but over the whole of France, over the whole of Europe; and reached us through all previous generations” [41].


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The blade fell off.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The heads of Robespierre, Couton and Mayor Flerio-Lescaut were shown to the people to the applause of those present.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The bodies of the executed were buried in the mass grave of the French: cimetière des Errancis cemetery and covered with lime so that Maximilian Robespierre would not leave any traces of Maximilian Robespierre.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

“But it exists, I assure you, sensitive and pure souls! It does exist. This tender, powerful, irresistible passion, torment and pleasure of noble hearts! A deep aversion to tyranny, zealous sympathy for the oppressed, this holy love for the fatherland, this most sublime and holy love for humanity, without which the great revolution is a clear crime, which destroys another crime; it exists — it is a noble ambitious desire to establish the first Republic in the world on earth!”


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Memory and culture


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre remains to this day one of the most controversial figures of the French Revolution and one of the few leaders of the revolution whose name was not named after the street of Paris.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The renaming mainly affected the “red belt” of the suburbs of the French capital, where Robespierre is named after a street in Montreuil (department of Saint-Saint-Denis), a station of the 9th metro line.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

The only statue of Robespierre in Paris is housed in the Pantheon.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

This work by sculptor François-Leon Sicard was originally supposed to be located in the Tuileries Garden, but then ended up in the Pantheon.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Other attempts to install a statue of Robespierre in the French capital have failed.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Essays


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Maximilian Robespierre, Selected Works.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

In three volumes.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

— Moscow: Nauka, 1965.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Maximilian Robespierre, Revolutionary Law and Justice.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

— M.: State Publishing House of Legal Literature, 1959.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Uvres complètes de Maximilien Robespierre, 10 volumes, Société des études robespierristes, 1912-1967.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Réimpression Société des études robespierristes, Phénix Éditions, 2000, 10 volumes.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Réédition avec une nouvelle introduction de Claude Mazauric, Édition du Centenaire de la Société des études robespierristes, Éditions du Miraval, Enghien-les-Bains, 2007, 10 volumes et 1 volume de Compléments.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Un onzième volume, paru en 2007, regroupe les texts omis lors de l'édition initiale.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 1: Robespierre à Arras: les œuvres littéraires en prose et en vers, recueillies et publiées par Eugène Desprez et Émile Lesueur, Paris, 1912, 288.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 2: Robespierre à Arras: les œuvres judiciaires (plaidoyers et mémoires), recueillies et publiées par Émile Lesueur, 1914, 416.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 3: Correcdance de Maximilien et Augustin Robespierre, recueillie et publiée par Georges Michon, Paris, 1926, 334.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

(Supplément à la correspondence, par Georges Michon, Paris, 1941).


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 4: Les journaux: “Le Défenseur de la Constitution” (1792), édition complète et criticism, avec une introduction, des comments et des notes par Gustave Laurent, Paris, 1939, XXXIII-454.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 5: Les journaux: “Lettres de Maximilien Robespierre, membre de la convention nationale, à ses commettans” (1792—1793), édition critique préparée par Gustave Laurent, Paris, 1961, 384.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 6: Discours, première partie (1789—1790), édition préparée sous la direction de Marc Bouloiseau, Georges Lefebvre et Albert Soboul, Paris, 1950, XXXII-740.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 7: Discours, deuxième party (janvier - septembre 1791), édition préparée sous la direction de Marc Bouloiseau, Georges Lefebvre et Albert Soboul, Paris, 1952, 771.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 8: Discours, troisième party (octobre 1791 - septembre 1792), édition préparée sous la direction de Marc Bouloiseau, Georges Lefebvre et Albert Soboul, Paris, 1954, XII-486.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 9: Discours, quatrième party (septembre 1792-27 juillet 1793), édition préparée sous la direction de Marc Bouloiseau, Georges Lefebvre, Jean Dautry et Albert Soboul, Paris, 1958, 646 pages ().


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 10: Discours, cinquième party (27 juillet 1793-27 juillet 1794), édition préparée sous la direction de Marc Bouloiseau et Albert Soboul, Paris, 1967, 660.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 11: Compléments (1784—1794), édition présentée et annotée par Florence Gauthier, Paris, 2007, 472.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre, texts choice, 3 vol, Paris, Éditions sociales, coll.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Les classiques du peuple, 1957.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Réimpression en 1973-1974, préface, comments et notes explicatives de Jean Poperen.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

tome premier (avril 1791-juillet 1792), 198.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

tome deuxième (août 1792-juillet 1793), 198.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

tome troisième (novembre 1793-juillet 1794), 194.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre, écrits présentés par Claude Mazauric, Paris, Messidor/Éditions Sociales, 1989, 370.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre, Pour le bonheur et pour la liberté, Discours, choix et présentation de texts par Yannick Bosc, Florence Gauthier et Sophie Wahnich, Éditions La Fabrique, 2000.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Discours sur la religion, la République et l'esclavage, Éditions de l'aube, 2006.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre, entre vertu et terreur (introduction de Slavoj Žižek), Éditions Stock, 2008.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Notes


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

comments


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

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Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

Literature


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

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Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

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Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

References


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

A. Mathiez.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

A. Sobul.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

A. Sobul.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

WELL. Zhores.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

A. Manfred.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

N. Lukin.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

ME.


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Maximilian Robespierre

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Maximilian Robespierre

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Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

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Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

A. Tevdoy-Burmuli.


Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

Maximilian Robespierre

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Maximilian Robespierre

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Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

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Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

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Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

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Question: What year did Maximilian Robespierre die?

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Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Mongolian Empire (Mongolian: Mongolyn ezent guren, romanized:Mongolianized:Mongolyn ezent guren


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Yeke Mongol ulus - “Great Mongolian State”) - a state that developed in the XIII century as a result of the conquests of Genghis Khan and his successors and included the largest in the world history adjacent territory from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan and from Novgorod to Southeast Asia (area approx. [1] [2] or [3]); Karakorum became the capital of the state.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

During its heyday, it included vast territories of Central Asia, Southern Siberia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, China and Tibet.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In the second half of the XIII century, the empire began to collapse into uluses, headed by the Genghisids.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The largest fragments of Great Mongolia were the Yuan Empire, the Ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde), the state of the Hulaguids and the Chagatai ulus.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Great Khan Kublai, who took the title of Emperor Yuan (1271) and moved the capital to Hanbalik, claimed supremacy over all uluses.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

By the beginning of the 14th century, the formal unity of the empire was restored in the form of a federation of virtually independent states.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In the last quarter of the 14th century, the Mongol Empire ceased to exist [4].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Background