Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Due to negative feedback from the comparator to the counter, the code on the meter is constantly changing so that the signal from the auxiliary DAC differs as little as possible from the input signal.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

After some time, the signal difference becomes smaller than the MZR, and the counter code is read as the output digital signal of the ADC.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This type of ADC has a very large input range and high resolution, but the conversion time depends on the input signal, although it is limited from above.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In the worst case, the conversion time is Tmax= (2q) /fs, where q is the bit depth of the ADC, fs is the frequency of the counter clock generator.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Differential encoded ADCs are usually a good choice for digitizing real-world signals, as most signals in physical systems are not prone to jumps.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Some ADCs use a combined approach: differential coding and sequential approximation; this works especially well in cases where it is known that high-frequency components in the signal is relatively small.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Sawtooth Comparison ADC


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The sawtooth comparison ADC (some ADCs of this type are called Integrating ADCs, also include serial counting ADCs) contain a sawtooth voltage generator (in ADC sequential counting step voltage generator consisting of a meter and a DAC), a comparator and a time counter.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The sawtooth rises linearly from the lower level to the upper level, then quickly drops to the lower level.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

When the rise starts, the time counter starts.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

When the sawtooth reaches the input signal level, the comparator triggers and stops the counter; the value is read from the counter and fed to the ADC output.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This type of ADC is the simplest in structure and contains the minimum number of elements.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

At the same time, the simplest ADCs of this type have rather low accuracy and are sensitive to temperature and other external parameters.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

To increase accuracy, the sawtooth generator can be built on the basis of a counter and an auxiliary DAC, but this structure has no other advantages compared to an ADC sequential approximation and differential coding ADC.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Charge-balancing ADC


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Charge-balancing ADCs (these include ADC with two-stage integration, ADC with multi-stage integration and some others) contain a stable current generator, a comparator, a current integrator , clock generator and pulse counter.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The transformation takes place in two stages (two-stage integration).


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

At the first stage, the input voltage value is converted to a current (proportional to the input voltage), which is supplied to the current integrator, the charge of which is initially zero.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This process lasts for time TN, where T is the period of the clock generator, N is a constant (a large integer that determines the time of charge accumulation).


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

After this time, the integrator input is disconnected from the ADC input and connected to the stable current generator.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The polarity of the generator is such that it reduces the charge accumulated in the integrator.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The discharge process lasts until the charge in the integrator decreases to zero.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The discharge time is measured by counting the clock pulses from the moment the discharge begins to reach zero charge on the integrator.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The calculated number of clock pulses will be the output code of the ADC.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

It can be shown that the number of pulses n calculated during the discharge time is: N = UBxN (RI0) −1, where Ubx is the input voltage of the ADC, N is the number of pulses of the accumulation stage (defined above), R is the resistance a resistor that converts the input voltage into current, I0 is the current value from the stable current generator that discharges the integrator at the second stage.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Thus, potentially unstable parameters of the system (primarily the capacitance of the integrator capacitor) are not included in the final expression.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

This is a consequence of the two-stage process: the errors introduced at the first and second stages are mutually subtracted.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

There are no strict requirements even for the long-term stability of the clock generator and the bias voltage of the comparator: these parameters should be stable only for a short time, that is, for of each conversion (no more than 2TN).


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In fact, the principle of two-stage integration makes it possible to directly convert the ratio of two analog values (input and reference current) into the ratio of numerical codes (n and N in terms of defined above) with little or no additional errors.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The typical bit depth of this type of ADC is from 10 to 18 binary bits.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

An additional advantage is the ability to build converters that are insensitive to periodic interference (for example, interference from the mains supply) due to the accurate integration of the input signal for a fixed time interval.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The disadvantage of this type of ADC is the low conversion speed.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Charge balancing ADCs are used in measuring instruments of high accuracy.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Intermediate conversion to pulse repetition rate ADC


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADC with intermediate conversion to pulse repetition rate.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The signal from the sensor passes through a level converter and then through a voltage-frequency converter.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Thus, the input of the logic circuit directly receives a signal, the characteristic of which is only the pulse frequency.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The logic counter receives these pulses for input during the sampling time, thus issuing by its end a code combination numerically equal to the number of pulses that came to the converter for sampling time.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

These ADCs are quite slow and not very accurate, but nevertheless very easy to perform and therefore have a low cost.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Sigma delta ADC


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

A sigma-delta ADC (also called delta-sigma ADC) performs analog-to-digital conversion with a sample rate many times higher than the required one, and by filtering it leaves only the desired spectral band.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Non-electronic ADCs are usually built on the same principles.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Optical ADCs


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

There are optical methods for converting an electrical signal into a code.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

They are based on the ability of some substances to change the refractive index under the influence of an electric field.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In this case, the light beam passing through the substance changes its speed or angle of deviation at the boundary of this substance in accordance with the change in the refractive index.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

There are several ways to record these changes.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example, a line of photodetectors records the deflection of the beam, translating it into a discrete code.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Various interference schemes involving a delayed beam make it possible to evaluate signal changes or build comparators of electrical quantities.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Optical ADCs can be very fast.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADC chips


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

For most ADCs, the bit depth is from 6 to 24 bits, the sampling rate is up to 1 MHz.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Megahertz and Gigahertz ADCs are also available (12-bit 2-channel 1 GSPS ADC cost $238 as of December 2015).


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Megahertz ADCs are required in digital video cameras, video capture devices, and digital TV tuners to digitize the full video signal.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Commercial ADCs typically have an output error of ±0.5 to ±1.5 MMR.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

One of the factors that increase the cost of chips is the number of pins, as they force the chip body to be made larger, and each pin must be attached to the chip.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

To reduce the number of pins, ADCs operating at low sample rates often have a serial interface.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The use of a serial ADC often makes it possible to increase the mounting density and create a board with a smaller footprint.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Often, ADC chips have several analog inputs connected inside the chip to a single ADC via an analog multiplexer.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Various ADC models may include sample-hold devices, instrumentation amplifiers or a high-voltage differential input, and other similar circuits.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The use of ADC in sound recording


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADCs are built into most modern recording equipment, as audio processing is usually done on computers; even when using analog recording, the ADC is necessary for translation signal to a PCM stream that will be recorded on an information medium.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Modern ADCs used in sound recording can operate at sampling rates up to 192 kHz.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Many people engaged in this field believe that this indicator is excessive and is used for purely marketing reasons (this is evidenced by the Kotelnikov-Shannon theorem).


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

It can be said that an analog audio signal does not contain as much information as can be stored in a digital signal at such a high sampling rate, and often for Hi-Fi audio equipment uses a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz (typical for CDs) or 48 kHz (typical for computer audio).


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

However, a wide band is useful for the following, and the wider (larger than the minimum required) band, the stronger the corresponding effect:


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

simplifies and reduces the cost of implementing anti-aliasing filters, allowing them to be made with fewer links or with less steepness in the barrier band, which has a positive effect on the phase characteristic a filter in the passband;


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

simplifies the requirements for accuracy and especially for parasitic parameters of passive electronic components that make up the anti-aliasing filter, for example, less influence of the Q-factor of inductors;


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

makes it possible to reduce the amplitude distortions that inevitably occur due to the presence of a sampling and storage scheme.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Such distortions (nonlinearity of frequency response) have the form sin (x) /x and relate to the entire bandwidth, so the smaller part of the bandwidth (in frequency) is used (occupied by the payload signal), the less distortion data.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Analog-to-digital converters for sound recording have a wide range of prices — from $5 to $10,000 and more for a dual-channel ADC.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Recording ADCs used in computers can be internal and external.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

There is also a free PulseAudio software package for Linux, which allows you to use auxiliary computers as external DAC/ADC for the main computer with a guaranteed time delays.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Other applications


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Analog-to-digital conversion is used wherever you need to receive an analog signal and process it digitally.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The ADC is an integral part of a digital voltmeter and a multimeter.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Special video ADCs are used in computer TV tuners, video input boards, video cameras to digitize the video signal.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

The microphone and line audio inputs of computers are connected to the Audio-ADC.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADCs are an integral part of data acquisition systems.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

A sequential approximation ADC with a bit depth of 8-12 bits and a Sigma-delta ADC with a bit depth of 16-24 bits are built into single-chip microcontrollers.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Very fast ADCs are required in digital oscilloscopes (parallel and pipelined ADCs are used)


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Modern scales use ADCs with a bit depth of up to 24 bits, which convert the signal directly from the strain gauge sensor (Sigma-delta ADC).


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADCs are part of radio modems and other radio data transmission devices, where they are used in conjunction with the DSP processor as a demodulator.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Ultrafast ADCs are used in digital antenna arrays (SMART antennas) in cellular base stations and radars.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

See also


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Digital to analog converter


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Quantization (signal processing)


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Discretization


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Delta modulation


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Kotelnikov theorem


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Switched capacitor circuits


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Audio encoding


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Notes


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Literature


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Horowitz P., Hill W. The art of circuitry.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

In 3 t: vol. 2.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Translated from English.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

— 4th ed.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Rev.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

and add.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

— M.: Mir, 1993.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

— 371 p. ISBN 5-03-002338-0.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

S. Norsworthy, R. Schreier, G. Temes.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Delta-Sigma Data Converters.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ISBN 0-7803-1045-4.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Mingliang Liu.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Demystifying Switched-Capacitor Circuits'.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ISBN 0-7506-7907-7.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Behzad Razavi.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Principles of Data Conversion System Design.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ISBN 0-7803-1093-4.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

David Johns, Ken Martin.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Analog Integrated Circuit Design.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ISBN 0-471-14448-7.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Phillip E. Allen, Douglas R. Holberg.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

CMOS Analog Circuit Design.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

ISBN 0-19-511644-5.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Hanzel G. E.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Filter calculation guide.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

USA, 1969.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

/Trans. from English.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

, ed.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

A. E.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Znamensky.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

M.: Sov.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

radio, 1974.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

— 288 p. UDK 621.372.541.061


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

References


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Wolfgang Rice.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

WBC GmbH Components and Technologies Magazine No. 3 2005


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

A simulation showing the effects of sampling frequency and ADC resolution.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

article by Len Staller 2005-02-24.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Tutorial on how flash analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) work.


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Category:Interfacing digital and analog systems


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Category:Pulse technology


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Category:Radio measuring instruments


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Category:Converters


Question: What is the simplest single-bit binary analog-to-digital converter?

Analog-to-digital converter

Category:Digital signal processing


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Kelt languages are a group of related languages that are part of the Indo-European language family.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Celtic languages were once spoken in vast areas of Western and Central Europe; now they are preserved only in the far west: Ireland, Wales, Brittany, Scotland.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

History


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Celtic languages are one of the Western groups of the Indo-European family, close, in particular, to the Italian and Germanic languages.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

However, Celtic languages, apparently, did not form a specific unity with other groups, as was sometimes thought before.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The hypothesis of Celto-Italian unity put forward by A. Meie, has quite a few critics.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The spread of Celtic languages, as well as Celtic peoples, in Europe is associated with the spread of Hallstatt (6th-5th centuries BC), and then Laten (2nd half of the 1st millennium BC) archaeological cultures.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The ancestral home of the Celts is probably located in Central Europe, between the Rhine and the Danube, but they settled very widely: in the first half of the 1st millennium BC.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

they entered the British Isles around the 7th century BC.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

— to Gaul, in the 6th century BC


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

— to the Iberian Peninsula, in the 5th century BC


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

they spread to the south, cross the Alps and come to Northern Italy; finally, by the 3rd century BC.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

they reach Greece and Asia Minor.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

We know relatively little about the ancient stages of development of Celtic languages: monuments of that era are very scarce and not always easy to interpret; however, the data of Celtic languages (in features of ancient Irish) play an important role in the reconstruction of the Indo-European proto-language.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Languages


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Britons


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Welsh language


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Old Welsh language (6th—10th centuries)


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Middle Welsh language (10th—12th centuries)


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Welsh language (from the 13th century)


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Breton language


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Ancient Breton language (6th—11th centuries)


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Middle Breton language (12th—17th centuries)


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Breton language


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Cornish language


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Ancient Cornish language (6th—11th centuries)


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Middle Korn language (12th—16th centuries)


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Novokorn language (17th—19th centuries)


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The Corn language (since the 20th century)


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Goydel


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Scottish language


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Manx language


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Irish language


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Ogham Irish language (2nd-4th centuries)


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Old Irish language (5th—9th centuries)


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Middle Irish language (10th—11th centuries)


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Irish language (from the 12th century)


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Continental


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

All these languages treat the dead and are very poorly documented.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Lepontian language †


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Celtiber † (the only written Spanish-Celtic language; the attribution of Lusitan to them is controversial).


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Gallic † [1]


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Grading


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Celtic languages are usually divided into ancient and New Celtic languages: the latter include the now living or, at least not so long ago, extinct (Cornish and Manx) Celtic languages.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

This division makes sense not only chronologically, but also linguistically: around the middle of the 5th century AD.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

a number of processes have taken place that dramatically changed the linguistic characteristics of Celtic languages, and it is from this period that we have more or less reliable sources.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

There are two main hypotheses regarding the internal genealogical classification of Celtic languages: island and Gallo-British.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Island hypothesis


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

This hypothesis suggests that the main division within the Celtic group is into island (British and Goydel) and continental languages.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Indeed, these languages differ from continental languages in a number of features, many of which are unique not only within Celtic languages, but also within the entire Indo-European family.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Early falling off (apocope) of finite*-i.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The word order in the VSO sentence (verb-subject-direct object).


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The opposition between absolute (most often in the absolute beginning of the sentence) and opportunistic (after unions, preverbs, etc.) inflections.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The lamentation of many consonants — in particular, between vowels.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Conjugated prepositions (as in Welsh: iddo “him”, iddi “her”).


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Opponents of this theory point out that many of these traits can be explained as areal or substrate, and the data of continental Celtic languages do not allow us to make too confident about them conclusions.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The position of continental languages


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

There are relatively few monuments of continental languages, with the exception of Gallic: for Lepontian it is mainly epigraphy, and for Celtiber it is an inscription from Botorrita.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Only for Gallic, the material is relatively extensive, but, in general, it also does not allow us to draw too definite conclusions.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The main difficulty in interpreting the material of continental languages is that the label “Gallic language” can hide very different dialects; probably the same applies to Lepontian.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The status of the “Galata language” in Asia Minor, which has been preserved mainly in onomastics and ethnonymy, has not been defined either.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The data available indicate its proximity to Gallic, but the scale of the differences cannot be assessed.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Gallo-British hypothesis


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Supporters of this hypothesis rely mainly on the results of the development of Prakelt *kw, as well as on the evidence of ancient and medieval authors that the Celts of Great Britain and Gaul could understand each other.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

This hypothesis suggests that Pragoidel was the first to separate from the Celtic languages, then the Celtiber, Lepontian and Gallo-British subgroups.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The Gallo-British hypothesis is also subject to well-founded criticism.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Q-Celtic and P-Celtic languages


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Within the Celtic family, it is customary to distinguish several “diagnostic signs” that distinguish some languages from others.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Thus, the Prakeltic sound *kw in British languages, in Lepontian and partly in Gallic gave *p, and in Celtiber and Goydel it has been preserved: cf.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

lepontiysk.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

-pe, Celtiber.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

-kue “and” (Latin: -que “and”); etc.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

-irl.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

éne <b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[7130,7138,3,3]}'>ch, Welsh: wyne <b>b “face”.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Linguistic characteristics


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Ancient Celtic languages (primarily continental) in their linguistic characteristics are very close to other ancient Indo-European languages, such as Latin and ancient Greek.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

New Celtic (island), on the contrary, show a number of features that are uncharacteristic not only for the languages of Europe, but also for Indo-European languages in general.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Among these signs are the following:


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

VSO basic word order;


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Development of complex systems of initial alternations of consonants (mutations);


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The appearance of conjugated prepositions;


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The opposition of opportunistic and absolute inflection in the verb (well developed in ancient Irish, traces in early Welsh monuments; to a small extent preserved in modern Irish and Scottish);


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

In the field of phonology, it should be noted the development of a softness opposition similar to that observed in Slavic languages, in Goydel and partly in Breton; a rich system of smooth in Scottish ( up to five phonemes in dialects); development of deafness/sonority opposition in Welsh sonants.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

For more information, see articles about individual languages.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Contact other languages


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Since ancient times, Celtic languages have come into contact with other languages in Europe.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Thus, toponymy testifies to the very wide distribution of the Celts, up to the Balkans and western Ukraine.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The Celts were among the first in Europe to begin processing iron: for example, the Germans borrowed the word “iron” (English: iron, German: Eisen) from the Celts (etc. -Irish iarann).


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Traces of Celtic influence can also be traced in the Basque language: for example, the Basque.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

hartz “bear” comes from the Celtic art “bear”; the word kai “port, pier” is also a Celtic borrowing [2].


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The Celtic substrate seems to have played an important role in the development of many Romance languages, such as French and Italian.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

There is also an opinion that the Celtic substrate was of great importance for the development of the English language: for example, Celtic influence is attributed to the appearance in English of continued times like I am reading, cf.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Welsh: Rydw i'n darllen, literally: “I am in reading”.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

On the other hand, it is sometimes believed that the distinctive features of the island Celtic languages, in turn, arose under the conditions of substrate influence from the language of the Doceltic population of British islands.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Particularly popular is the “Hamitic hypothesis”, according to which these were languages related to the Afrasian languages spoken in North Africa and the Middle East: it is supported by the fact that these languages many of the features inherent in Celtic languages (VSO order, conjugated prepositions) are observed.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

This hypothesis was popular in the early 20th century; it was defended by Hugo Schuhardt and John Morris-Jones, and recently defended by Orin Gensler.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Latin had a strong influence on Celtic languages: first as the language of the Roman Empire (in areas under Roman rule: Spain, Gaul, Britain), then as the language of the Catholic Church, when it Ireland was also influenced through British Latin.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

According to some estimates, up to a third of modern Welsh words are of Latin origin.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Since the Middle Ages, Celtic languages have been influenced by the languages of surrounding peoples, as well as “prestigious” languages: for example, Welsh and Irish were influenced not only by English and Scandinavian , but also Old French.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Scandinavian influence is very strong in Scotland and the Isle of Man.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

In Brittany, French dominates, and Breton is not even an official language there [3].


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

On the other hand, the rise in interest in Celtic culture has led to the fact that many words from Celtic languages that refer to purely Celtic concepts (for example, druid, keighley, clan) have entered many other languages .


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Current status


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Learn more about individual languages


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Currently, most speakers of Celtic languages live in the marginal (westernmost) regions of the British Isles and France.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

There are also small colonies in America: for example, a number of Welsh speakers live in Argentina (Patagonia), and Scottish speakers live in Canada.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Mostly, native speakers are concentrated in rural areas and live compactly (areas where Irish and Scottish languages are spoken are called Galtachts).


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The total number of speakers of Celtic languages is estimated at more than three million, but for the vast majority of them, the language of everyday communication is different (English or French).


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Ireland is the only official Celtic-speaking country, but with a nominal number of speakers of 1.8 million.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

and compulsory teaching Irish in schools in everyday life is used by only a few tens of thousands of people, mainly in remote rural areas.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Celtic languages have official status in Scotland and Wales, but in Scotland the situation with the distribution and actual use of the language is about the same as in Ireland, while in Wales Welsh is actively owned by a sixth of the population, although mainly in areas remote from economic centers.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The situation is also relatively good in Brittany, where a significant number of Breton speakers are active native speakers who use it at home.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The Manx and Cornish languages, despite attempts to revive them, remain in a rather disadvantaged situation: the number of their active speakers does not exceed several hundred people.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

The reasons for the difficult situation of Celtic languages are similar to other threatened and endangered languages: bilingualism inevitable in our time; the pressure of more common and high-status languages of interethnic communication with a living literary tradition — English and French; prolonged outflow of population from rural areas; globalization processes.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

In particular, there are more people living in Ireland who use foreign languages (for example, Lithuanian) than Irish.


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Notes


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Literature


Question: What language did the Celtic pelemen speak?

Celtic languages

Category:Celtic languages


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha (died September 1, 1662) - Ottoman statesman of Abkhazian origin.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Murad IV's trustee.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Beylerbey Van, Diyarbakir, Damascus, Aleppo.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from November 1650 to August 1651, he returned the seal during unrest over fraud to pay the salaries of the Janissaries.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha refused to be reappointed Grand Vizier in the fall of 1653, but was the “master of the seal of the Sultan” three more times, acting as Grand Vizier instead of others.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He punished the rebellious khans Abdal Khan and Yusuf Khan and defeated the Yazidis in 1640.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He suppressed the Kurdish uprising in 1655 by capturing the Bitlis fortress.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Son-in-law of Sultans Murad IV and Ahmed I.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He is known for patronizing his nephew Evlia Celebi.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Biography


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Origins


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The year of birth of Ahmed Pasha is not listed anywhere.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

According to him, in 1644 he was between 50 and 60 years old (mid fifties), in 1662 - from 70 to 80 (mid seventies) [1], that is, he was born after 1582, but before 1594.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha was Abkhaz by birth [2].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He was born in the village of Fyndykli (Galata, Istanbul) [3], to a Muslim family of immigrants from the Caucasus.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed's father was a guard commander for Ozdemiroglu Osman Pasha [4].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Children from such families were allowed to study in Enderun and pursue a career only at the end of the 16th century.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Prior to that, for many years, only Christian children recruited by Devshirma, Albanians and Bosniaks had such an opportunity.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Abkhazians who lived in the Tophane district of Istanbul had a practice in which children were sent to the Caucasus at the age of one or two.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

As a teenager, they were returned to Istanbul and given or sold to high-ranking officials [5].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Thus, these children had the opportunity to enter Enderun.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha, at the age of three, was sent home to his father's homeland for primary education and returned to Istanbul at the age of about 15 [3] [4].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

It was presented together with his cousin Ahmed I, who gave him a lacab (nickname) “Melek” (Turkish: Melek is an angel) [3].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He received his second nickname because he was fat, “Matak” (Turkish: Matak - buffalo); the third, less commonly used nickname was “Tyrnakchi” (Turkish: Tırnakçı) [3].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed's sister was married by the Sultan to a court jeweler, her son Evlia Celebi [3].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Relatives of Melek Ahmed Pasha and Evlia were Grand Vizier Ipshir Mustafa Pasha and Bashdefterdar (State Treasurer) Defterdarzade Mehmed Pasha.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Since 1650, Evlia Celebi was constantly in the service of Melek Ahmed Pasha for twelve years, lived with the family of Melek Pasha and accompanied him to his destinations [6].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The exception was the short period when he served Koprul Mehmed Pasha.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

According to Evlia, the reason for the transition was a conflict with other subordinates of Melek Ahmed Pasha, who envied Evlia's exceptional position and the attitude of the patron towards him [6].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Evlia Celebi made almost all trips accompanying his patrons, or on their instructions.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He served them as a secretary, imam, muezzin, secret courier, storyteller and companion and described his travels [7].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Career start.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Victory over the Yazidis on Mount Sinjar.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

First contacts with Abdul-Khan


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After graduating from Enderun, Ahmed received the position of servant of the Sultan [2] [3].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha served in the Sultan's dressing room in 1617 and 1622 during the enthronement of Mustafa I, and also participated in the Khotyn campaign of Sultan Osman II in 1621 [8] [9].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1623, he accompanied Murad IV to Edirne and Bursa, at which time his position was “holder of the Sultan's stirrup” [8].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

At the same time, when Sultan Murad needed a reader of the Koran, Melek Pasha introduced him to Evlia Celebi [8].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1635-1636, Melek Ahmed Pasha was in the Sultan's retinue during the Yerevan campaign.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Evlia Celebi mentions a story that happened at the beginning of this expedition, when Murad was in Van.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

A fire broke out in the Sultan's room and Melek Ahmed Pasha saved the gentleman by personally coping with the fire [10].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The fire broke out due to a spark that fell on the clothes while they were fumigated with incense [9].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Sultan was angry with the chief squire on duty that day because it was his fault that broke out the fire; the squire was fired and Melek Ahmed was put in his place.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Sultan personally appointed it, presenting him with a precious dish and a fur-trimmed robe [11].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Sultan fell ill and, returning to, drove through Bitlis, where he stayed in the palace of Bitlis Khan.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Abdal Khan's ancestors owned Bitlis even before the Ottoman conquest for several centuries.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After the conquest of Bitlis under Suleiman, the family temporarily moved to Persia, but returned to Bitlis under Murad III, and Abdal Khan's grandfather, Sharaf Khan Bidlisi, received Bitlis in hereditary possession.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In addition to Evlia Celebi, the meeting was described by Sheikh al-Islam.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Sultan presented Abdal Khan with 100 wallets with gold, seventeen sons of Abdal Khan were given zeamets, in addition, Abdal Khan was given the income of Mush [12].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed served as chief squire for three years and participated in the Baghdad expedition of 1638—1639 [3].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When Murad was returning from Baghdad while in Diyarbakir, he summoned Abdal Khan and Yusuf Khan, the leader of the Muzuri tribe.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

They disobeyed the order, making the Sultan angry.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When he left for Istanbul, Murad appointed Ahmed governor of Diyarbakir and ordered him to punish the rebellious khans.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Diyarbakir was a strategically important city for border control, and the turbulent situation in its vicinity hindered trade.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha also received the position of vizier, which made his powers more significant [2] [3] [4].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In addition to the rebellious khans, trouble was caused by the Yazidis, who controlled trade routes through Sinjar, refused to pay taxes and attacked Ottoman caravans.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Nasuh Pasha was sent to suppress their rebellion.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha captured Yusuf Khan and killed 700 of his men.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Yusuf Khan was forgiven, and the heads of the killed Melek Ahmed Pasha sent to Murad [13].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Having finished one rebel, Ahmed Pasha at the head of the army left Diyarbakir in the direction of Bitlis, but when he met the mediators of Abdal Khan, he reached an agreement with them, accepting the proposals of the Bitlis Khan and 70 wallets with gold.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Having dealt with both khans, Melek Ahmed turned around and headed towards Sinjar [14], where Nasuh Pasha could not cope with the rebellious Yazidis.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Before the arrival of Melek Ahmed Pasha, the Yazidis managed to defeat the troops of Nasuh Pasha and kill about 7,000 Ottoman soldiers [15].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha and an army of soldiers besieged Mount Sinjar and offered the Yazidis to pay taxes, but they refused, went to the mountains and organized resistance.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

700 Ottoman soldiers were killed, but much more Yazidis were killed — 3,060 people.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In one night, 800 Yazidis died, 75 taken alive were decapitated.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Houses were burned down, as well as fields and vineyards, people took refuge in underground caves.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

During the storming of caves, the Yazidis killed their wives and children, stabbed themselves.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The bloody battle lasted ten days, Ottoman troops obtained 9,000 heads and prisoners [16].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

At the beginning of 1640, Murad IV died.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After Murad's death, another son of Kösem Sultan, Ibrahim I.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

At this time, Ahmed Pasha was the governor (mutazarrifi) of Aleppo [3], from March to April 1641 he was Beylerbey of Baghdad [2], and in 1641/1642 he was appointed Beylerbey Sham [2] [3].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1643/1644, Ahmed Pasha was returned to Istanbul, where he married Ismihan Kae-Sultan, daughter of Murad IV [2].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The marriage was initiated by Valide Kösem Sultan [3], who actively attracted high-ranking officials and military leaders to her side through marriages with her daughters and granddaughters.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Kai's mother had her own plans and wanted her daughter to marry another groom, but Kösem Sultan insisted on her own [17].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1644, Ahmed Pasha was Beylerbey [3].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Bitlis ruler Abdal Khan captured sheep from summer pastures in the Bingol area.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He believed that the owners of the flocks did not pay him tax.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The owners of the captured sheep came to Governor Melek Ahmed and he sent a letter to Abdul-Khan demanding the return of the flocks.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Abdal Khan tore the letter and ordered the murder of the messenger with the words: “I am not in his province or under his jurisdiction. I'm a noble khan.”


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The envoy was saved by Abdal Khan's adviser [14].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1645, Ahmed Pasha was the governor of Diyarbakir for the second time, dismissed in the same year, but in 1646 he was sent to Diyarbakir again (for the third time) [2] [18].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In August 1648, Sultan Ibrahim was overthrown and soon killed, and Mehmed IV, who was 6 years old, became Sultan.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

His grandmother, Kösem Sultan, who was located to Melek Ahmed Pasha, ruled for him.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

From late 1648 to November 1649, Melek Ahmed was Baghdad's beylerbey for the second time [18].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Istanbul and Rumelia


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In November 1650, Ahmed Pasha was again waiting for his appointment to Baghdad, but instead was appointed Grand Vizier [2] [18].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In the summer of 1651, when it was time to pay salaries to the Janissaries, the Basdefterdar (state treasurer) and the heads of the Janissary corps agreed on fraud.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The idea was to collect all the fake and incomplete money that would come out.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After that, merchants in Istanbul were forced to exchange this inferior money for real full-fledged gold coins at a loss of 30 percent at the official rate.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The received gold coins were exchanged, in turn, for silver from the changers, and also at the rate that made a loss last.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Thus, it was possible to raise money for salaries, and the officers of the Janissaries also made a profit.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When representatives of the merchants guild complained to Melek Ahmed Pasha, he drove them away and insulted them, calling them “unfaithful dogs” [19].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

On August 1, riots broke out.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

First, in the bazaar, soon near Hagia Sophia, a crowd (about people) gathered, demanding the resignation of the Grand Vizier and the execution of sixteen people - the main culprits of fraud with counterfeit money.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The fact that the rebels elected Sheikh al-Islam Karachelebizade Abdulaziz, whom Kösem considered an enemy, as a mediator, did not contribute to defusing tensions either.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed was sent from the palace three times, but he did not come because he was afraid of the crowd.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Finally, he was given an order to either appear or return the seal.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha sent the seal to the palace [20].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The new Grand Vizier, Siyavush Pasha, and Kösem Sultan agreed with the Janissaries, and the next day they managed to disperse the rebels with their help [19].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Against the background of the riot, there was a struggle between two groups.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The first supported Kösem Sultan, who wanted to enthrone her other grandson, Suleiman II, instead of Mehmed IV, whose mother was more compliant than Turkhan Sultan.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The second wanted to get rid of Kösem.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

On the night of September 2, 1651, Kösem Sultan was strangled in the palace [19].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

All power passed to supporters of Turkhan Sultan.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Even before his death, Kösem Sultan Melek Ahmed was appointed to Silistra [21] and served as Sandzak bey of Silistra from August 1651 to September 1652 [2].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

During his governorship, Varna was attacked by Cossacks.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha defeated their flotilla, capturing twenty ships.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed surrounded the land detachments of the Cossacks.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

As a result, about 700 people were captured, 1,000 were hacked in battle and about 1,000 drowned [22].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

At the end of 1652, Melek Ahmed Pasha became Rumelia's beylerbey.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Sources indicate the appointment time in different ways: September 12 [2] [18] or December [23].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In July 1653, Melek Ahmed Pasha was appointed second vizier and returned to Istanbul.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Grand Vizier was, with whom Melek Ahmed had friendly relations.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed was assigned to Karahisar, but did not go there, but sent his assistants.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

At that time, he himself “enjoyed with friends on his twelve estates” near Istanbul [24].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Soon Dervish Mehmed Pasha suffered a blow and was bedridden, instead of him was appointed to serve as Grand Vizier in the couch of Melek Ahmed Pasha (May-October 1653).


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When Mehmed Pasha died in the fall, the Sultan wanted to appoint Melek Ahmed Pasha to the post of Grand Vizier for the second time, but he asked not to do so and appoint Ipshir Mustafa Pasha, Aleppo's beylerbey and a relative [25].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

However, Ipshir Pasha was in no hurry to return to Istanbul, and until his arrival, Melek Ahmed continued to serve as Grand Vizier for seven months (October 1653—April 1654), being his deputy.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ipshir Pasha suppressed the Jalali uprising; in addition, along with the seal of the Grand Vizier, he was ordered to marry Aisha Sultan, widowed for the fifth time, which he apparently did not seek [21].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Appointment to Van.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Relations with IPSHIRE Pasha


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Upon Ipshir Pasha's arrival in Istanbul in the spring of 1654, the brothers met.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed informed Ipshir Pasha about the situation in the capital.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

26] The Grand Vizier awarded him an honorary robe [26].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

However, soon disagreements arose between them.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In November 1654, Ahmed Pasha was summoned to Istanbul and appointed beylerbey to Van [18] [27], an appointment tantamount to exile, as the region was turbulent and his governor risked great.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

For family reasons, he was able to go to Van only in early 1655 [28].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After Ahmed Pasha's departure, several people from his entourage were arrested, including Catgudu, Defterdar (Treasurer) and Chief of Staff.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Evlia Celebi, when he came to Ipshir Pasha on call, heard their screams.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He was shown the unfortunate, naked and put in a pool (it was winter) in chains.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He was supposed to persuade them to give away the money allegedly embezzled or embezzled.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Evlia Celebi did his best by talking to them.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

They agreed to give everything they could, but a day later, Kaya Sultan told Evlia that they had allegedly been taken into exile, but were killed on the way [29].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Kaya Sultan provided Evlia with money and sent Ahmed Pasha to Melek, telling her husband that he should get to Kurdistan faster.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

According to her, Ipshir Pasha asked Sultan Firman for the execution of Melek Ahmed Pasha, but both Sultan Mehmed IV and Valide Sultan Turhan were against it.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

“This Ipshire Pasha is a relative to my wife (akraba), but he is also a scorpion ('akraba) to him.”


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In March 1654, Evlia Celebi followed Melek Ahmed Pasha, avoiding large roads and inns [30].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In May, Ipshir Pasha was beheaded during the Janissary rebellion [31].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Abdal Khan's rebellion


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

At the beginning of 1655, Ahmed Pasha arrived in Van to Abdal Khan [32].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The ruler of Bitlis was very rich, the position of Bitlis, through which trade routes to Persia passed, allowed him to collect large taxes; he sent only a part to Istanbul [33].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He was married to the granddaughter of Sultan Selim II (daughter of Shah Sultan) [34].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Shortly before that, the famous merchant and traveler Tavernier passed through Bitlis, who left a description of his travels.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He was struck by the wealth of the city and the ruler, the power of the fortress, and Tavernier was so misled by them that he considered the city independent of the Ottomans and Safavids [35].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

“Beat Bitlis is powerful,” he said [36].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Arriving in Bitlis, Melek Ahmed Pasha gave a speech in which he reminded him of the events of 1640 (when Abdal Khan did not obey Murad's call) and 1644 (when he stole flocks of sheep).


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha said that he was ready to attribute Abdal Khan's previous actions to his young age in those years, but stressed that he has now come as Beylerbey Van and Bitlis is under him jurisdiction.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha warned Abdal Khan that he would not tolerate violation of the orders of the Sultan from now on.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

“Stay quiet and stay on the right track.”


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

“This is fatherly advice,” Abdal Khan assessed the warning and accepted Beylerbey royally [37].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

However, after a short time, the situation of previous years repeated: Emir Malazgerda came to Melek Ahmed Pasha and complained that Abdal Khan attacked his territory, killed three hundred people and took away the sheep.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed wrote a letter to Khan accusing him of disloyalty [38].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In addition, he accused the ruler of Bitlis of being a Yazidi [38] [39].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Abdal Khan gathered his army into a man and rebelled.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha and his army advanced from Van, camping at the Tatvan fortress on the shore of Lake Van and the foot of Mount Nemrut, 20 kilometers from Bitlis.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He was joined by Emir Malazgerda and some other emirs, offended by the arrogant Abdal Khan.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The stone redoubts built by Abdal Khan around Bitlis, as well as the old walls of the city, were defended by Kurdish infantry armed with muskets.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha attacked the outer defensive perimeter and broke into the city.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ottoman troops captured Bitlis and ravaged the surroundings, but Abdal Khan managed to escape.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After the victory of the Ottoman army, the soldiers of Abdal Khan made an unsuccessful attempt on Melek Ahmed Pasha.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

A detachment of 200 Kurds broke into the camp, and one Kurdish horseman armed with a spear rode to the tent of Yusuf Kethuda, deputy Beylerbey [40].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

However, they were defused, and only a few of the attackers survived.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After the fall of Bidlis, the Kurds led by Kara Ali continued to resist in the old citadel.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After they surrendered, Kara Ali was taken to Melek Ahmed Pasha.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed, after talking to him, ordered him to be released, awarding him with an “honorary robe”.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

700 people were captured in the fortress.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

70 prisoners had already been killed by the executioner, and another 630 were awaiting their fate.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Despite the fact that Melek Ahmed Pasha wanted to execute everyone, Evlia Celebi begged him and 150 people were executed, 550 remained slaves [41].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Abdal Khan's treasures were seized and sold to cover debts to the treasury and the owners of the flocks.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Among the seized treasures were many chests, in which they found inside a jewelry box.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When Melek Ahmed Pasha found out that it was a dowry of Khanim Sultan, Abdal Khan's wife, he sent everything back to her.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When someone said that the rest might not be enough to pay the debts, Melek Ahmed Pasha replied that in this case he would pay everything he needed himself.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Evliya Celebi writes that Khanim Sultan's joy and gratitude knew no bounds.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After that, Abdal Khan's wife sent Kae-Sultan, the wife of Melek Ahmed Pasha, expensive gifts: dozens of precious stones and a crown decorated with fifty diamonds [33] [42].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Recent years


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1656-58, Melek Ahmed Pasha was twice (with a short interval) Beylerbey Ozu.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After being recalled to Istanbul in the spring of 1658, he again served as Grand Vizier as his deputy from May 13 to May 23.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He then received income from the Afyonkarahisar sanjak as a gift [43].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Grand Vizier Koprulu Mehmed Pasha ordered the confiscation of sheep, many mules and camels from the estate of Ahmed Pasha on the pretext that it was the property of Hasan Pasha.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha tried to argue that Hasan Pasha gave him only sheep as an official gift, and was adamant to Koprul.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha and his wife left Istanbul for a country palace in Beykoz to be out of sight and not to provoke the Grand Vizier [44].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ismihan Kaya-Sultan died in 1659.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Twenty days after her death, Melek Ahmed Pasha was assigned to Bosnia [2] [45] [18].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Grand Vizier ordered the seizure of all the property in the Kai Sultan Palace, including the belongings of Melek Ahmed Pasha.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In addition, Koprulu demanded that Melek Ahmed Pasha return the money that Kaya Sultan gave to her husband when he left for the provinces [45].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When leaving for Bosnia, Melek Ahmed Pasha refused Koprul's request to take his man as deputy.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Grand Vizier said that then he would appoint this person as a vizier and send him to Bosnia instead of Melek Ahmed Pasha [46].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In November 1661, two news came to Bosnia: first, Koprulu died and his son, Fazil Ahmed Pasha, was appointed to his place; secondly, Melek Ahmed Pasha was summoned to Istanbul.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He was forced to marry Ahmed I's daughter Fatma Sultan, who was the aunt of Ahmed Pasha's first wife [47].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

On September 1, 1662, Melek Ahmed Pasha died of plague [2] [48] in Eyup.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

It is believed that he was buried at the Sultan Eyup Mosque [49], the grave is located at the feet of the grave of a certain Kechi Mohammed Efendi [48] [49].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Two stones were installed on the unmarked grave according to Pasha's will [48]:


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Do not erect domes or other buildings above the grave, only grass and stone in the legs and headboard


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Personality


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha patronized Evlia, gave wallets with money.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha was lucky — Evlia turned out to be a loving and grateful biographer.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Thanks to Evlia Celebi, Melek Ahmed Pasha is described by researchers more often as “cultured, worthy, gentle, free from flaws, compassionate” [2] [50], “a tried and reliable warrior” [51].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

family


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

First marriage


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ismihan Kaya-Sultan, daughter of Ottoman Sultan Murad IV, was born in Istanbul in 1633 [52].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1644, [3] Kai Sultan and Ahmed Pasha were married, who was almost forty years older than his young bride.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The marriage was initiated by the bride's grandmother, Valide Kösem Sultan [53].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Kaya was so afraid of marriage that for seven years the couple did not live under the same roof.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

On her wedding night, she hit Ahmed Pasha with a dagger [1] [54], another time cut off part of his beard, and he could not visit the sofa for a while.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The fears were related to the prediction that she would die in childbirth [55].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The intervention of Kösem, who advised Pasha to kill the fortunetellers, maids and companions of his wife and locked the couple in the room, led to Kai's pregnancy.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In gratitude for the help, Melek Pasha showered Kösem with gifts.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Nine months later, Kaya gave birth to a daughter safely.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

She fell in love with her husband and spent all the time with him.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Over the next ten years, their marriage was happy; in addition, Kaya supported her husband both morally and financially [54].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

According to Evlia, Kaya was one of the richest princesses; she was given the city of Denizli as a hass [56].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In the autumn of 1654, when Kaya was pregnant for the second time and was in her seventh month, Ahmed Pasha was summoned from a country estate to Istanbul, where he was assigned to Van, equivalent to exile.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Grand Vizier demanded that Ahmed be immediately sent to the duty station.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

I don't know why, but Kaya decided they wanted to kill her husband.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

She rushed to meet her husband in Istanbul, first in a wagon, then on her ship across the strait; the boats on which the couple were sailing met, but Kaya was shaken, she got nervous, and she began to premature birth.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When the couple got home, Ahmed Pasha distributed the akche to their families so that everyone could read al-Ihlas (112 suras of the Koran) a thousand times for the safe resolution of his wife from the burden [57].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Grand Vizier's men sent to Ahmed Pasha continued to insist on leaving for Van immediately, but Ahmed Pasha refused to leave his wife during childbirth.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Kaya gave birth to a stillborn son.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

According to Evlia Celebi, Ahmed Pasha, holding him and crying, said: “Look how beautiful a child would be.”


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Without waiting for the child's funeral, the Grand Vizier sent his men to Pasha again, but this time Ahmed Pasha drove them away using force against them [57].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1659, Kaya became pregnant for the third time and gave birth to a daughter named Fatma [53].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

A few months before pregnancy, Kaya and Ahmed Pasha began to have dreams that predicted the imminent death of the Sultana from blood loss [58].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After the birth of his daughter, Melek Pasha once again gave out a huge amount of money as alms.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

However, the birth took place with complications, the afterbirth did not come out.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Midwives pulled it out with their hands and injured the uterus; on the fourth day after giving birth, Kaya died of a lot of blood loss [59].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Despite the presence of a daughter and widower, the Sultan's property, according to tradition, was transferred to the state treasury [17], while Grand Vizier Koprulu Mehmed Pasha ordered to take everything in the Kai Palace -sultan, including valuables, clothes and weapons of Ahmed Pasha [60].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

According to contemporaries, Ahmed Pasha, who loved his wife fervently, rushed to her coffin with tears, which caused condemnation of others [1].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Second marriage


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When Ahmed Pasha cried publicly at the funeral of his first wife, fell on her coffin and could not calm down, the Grand Vizier said, “Aren't you ashamed to kill yourself so much because of a woman? I'll give you another princess.”


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

“It's not a shame to say that. May Allah punish you.” Ahmed Pasha answered.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

And so it happened — the Grand Vizier arranged the wedding of Ahmed Pasha and Fatma Sultan, but did not live to see it [61] [62].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1662, Ahmed, who was on a military campaign in Transylvania, was summoned to marry in Istanbul [61].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Fatma Sultan was the daughter of Ahmed I and the aunt of the ruling Sultan Mehmed IV and Kai, the first wife of Ahmed Pasha.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

By the time she married Ahmed Pasha in 1662, Fatma Sultan was fifty-seven years old (born 1605 [63]), her fourth marriage.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Two of her three previous husbands were executed.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After the death of Ahmed Pasha, she will marry twice more [63].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

According to Evlia, Melek Ahmed was unhappy about this marriage and secretly revealed that the wedding night with Fatma is worse than torture [64].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He blamed his misfortune for the hostility of the late Grand Vizier Koprulu Mehmed Pasha towards himself.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

It is said that he said: “I gave Melek an elephant, let him try to feed her” [1].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The marriage of Melek Ahmed Pasha to Fatma Sultan was radically different from marriage with Kaya.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

On the wedding night, the princess presented her husband with an unconditional demand for the support she expected from him for her large family.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha asked her to lower the requirements:


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

I just got back from the Transylvania campaign.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

I'm a vizier fighting for a holy war.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In this campaign, I had 7,000 people under my command to support.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

I spent 170,000 gold items and 600 coin purses.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

I even had to sell quite a lot of uniforms, weapons, armor and helmets, as well as borrow money from the Janissary corps.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

I am not a tyrant to unfairly make money in the posts to which I am appointed in order to satisfy you [61] [64]


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

However, Fatma was relentless.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha told her that the requests of his former wife, Kai, were five times less.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

“Do not equate me with Kaya, Pasha, I am the daughter of Sultan Ahmed, and Kaya was only my niece! Ha! He thinks I look like Kaya's girl!” And then Ahmed Pasha could not restrain himself: Allah will not let me think that they are similar!


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

You are the daughter of Sultan Ahmed, you are seventy-seven years old, you have seen the faces of many men and have gone through a dozen husbands!


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When I married Kaya, she was a thirteen-year-old virgin who saw no man but her father.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

She lived a chaste life and died as my wife.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

She was Kaya Ismihan, an incomparable girl, a shining moon.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

You're an old, wrinkled, old woman [65].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Fatma Sultan replied that divorce was the only solution then and he must prepare to pay her dowry, equal to annual tax revenues from Egypt.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When the Pasha died soon after, Fatma Sultan immediately sealed his home, demanding his treasury and all his possessions as a dowry.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Grand Vizier was forced to give in [1].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

kids


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

From the description of Evlia Celebi, it is known that Ismihan Kaya-Sultan gave birth three times:


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Afife (1650/52), died in infancy.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

stillborn premature son (1654) [57]


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Fatma Khanim Sultan (1659 — until December 20, 1727), after giving birth to her, Kaya died [53].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

On December 20, 1727, the records of the Treasury noted the receipt of the return of the property allocated to Fatma.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Fatma lived and died in Istanbul.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

There is no information about marriage or children.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

She was buried in the cemetery of the complex [66].


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha had no children in his second marriage.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

His will mentions another child:


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ibrahim, date of birth is unknown, he was born either before 1643, or between 1659 and 1662.


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

comments


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Notes


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Literature


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link) Template:Ref-TR


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link) (in English)


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link) (in French)


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Template:ref-TR


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Template:ref-TR


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Template:ref-TR


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

References


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Unknown parameter |subtitle= ignored (help)


Question: When was Melek Ahmed Pasha born?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Category:History of Kurdistan


Question: Who was the architect of Bolshoy Prospekt on the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side (abbreviated as Bolshoy Prospekt P. S. to distinguish it from Bolshoy Prospekt V. O.), one of the main highways of the Petrogradsky District, connects the south-western part of the district with its central and northern territories.


Question: Who was the architect of Bolshoy Prospekt on the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

History and sights


Question: Who was the architect of Bolshoy Prospekt on the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

The emergence of Bolshoy Prospekt dates back to the 1730s.


Question: Who was the architect of Bolshoy Prospekt on the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

It was the main road that crossed the settlements of the garrison regiments: Yamburgsky, Koporsky, Petersburg and Belozersky.


Question: Who was the architect of Bolshoy Prospekt on the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

First it was called the Big Garrison Road, then Bolshaya Ofitserskaya Street, and its modern name was established in 1806 (in 1918, the avenue was named after Karl Liebknecht, but on January 13 In 1944 [1] the name “Bolshoy Prospekt” was restored).


Question: Who was the architect of Bolshoy Prospekt on the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

The main straight part of the avenue begins [1] at the Tuchkov Bridge across the Malaya Neva [2] and ends with the semicircular Lev Tolstoy Square at the intersection with Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt.


Question: Who was the architect of Bolshoy Prospekt on the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

Behind the square there is a short, smoothly curved section of the avenue, laid in 1910 and ending at the Petropavlovsky Bridge over the Karpovka River.


Question: Who was the architect of Bolshoy Prospekt on the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

General characteristics of the development


Question: Who was the architect of Bolshoy Prospekt on the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

From the middle of the 18th century to 1861, there was a ban on the construction of stone houses on the Petrogradskaya side by individuals (this was due to considerations of the defense efficiency of Petropavlovskaya fortresses).


Question: Who was the architect of Bolshoy Prospekt on the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

This is partly why the buildings were mostly wooden.


Question: Who was the architect of Bolshoy Prospekt on the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

In the last third of the 19th century, stone buildings were developed, initially with low mansions (an example is the surviving house No. 42).


Question: Who was the architect of Bolshoy Prospekt on the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

Finally, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, large-scale development of the Petrogradskaya Side is underway, during which Bolshoy Prospekt turns into a respectable shopping street with large apartment buildings and shops.


Question: Who was the architect of Bolshoy Prospekt on the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

It was during this period that the modern architectural appearance of the avenue was mainly formed.


Question: Who was the architect of Bolshoy Prospekt on the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

The buildings are built in a variety of styles; Art Nouveau, Northern Art Nouveau, Eclecticism and Neoclassicism predominate.


Question: Who was the architect of Bolshoy Prospekt on the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

After the revolution and until now, due to the lack of vacant plots, development takes place occasionally and locally, no longer having a significant impact on the overall appearance of the avenue.