Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

You can build wonders of the world in cities: only one of them can be built in the game, and after that, the wonder of the world gives the corresponding bonus to the entire civilization (for example, the presence of the Lighthouse of Alexandria gives +1 move to all ships before anyone invents magnetism) [12].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The “colonist” unit can establish new cities and equip the cells of the game world: build roads, irrigate, clean up pollution, etc.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Thus, the player can transform neighboring cells of the city and thereby determine its capabilities and resources.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The “caravan” unit allows you to create trade routes and increase the “units of trade” of cities between which a trade route is laid [13] [11].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Simulation


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Game mechanics are based on simulating several simple systems that are transparent to the player, such as economic, diplomatic, military, scientific, etc. At the same time, the player controls them in conditions of limited resources that can be directed through various game mechanics to build buildings in cities, research new technologies, improve welfare of the population, etc.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

[14] [11].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Economically, each city, depending on its condition (see above), produces a number of “units of trade”, and it, according to the tax levels set by the player, is distributed between luxury ( increasing the satisfaction of the population), science and the treasury.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

All three values can be increased by buildings in the city, and then the amount from all cities forms a contribution to science and income to the treasury on this turn.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The treasury has its own expenses (for example, for the maintenance of buildings in cities), and at the end of the calculation, it can either be emptied or replenished.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

If there is a certain amount in the treasury, the player can dispose of it — speed up construction in the city, use it diplomatically, etc.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Each city has a level of citizen satisfaction, determined by the population of the city, the number of employees, the presence of buildings that affect the mood, etc. Low satisfaction can lead to a riot and shutdown of production in the city, and high satisfaction accelerates population growth [15] [11].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The scientific level of development is a set of technologies that civilization possesses.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

New technologies can be obtained after the contribution of a certain number of resources to science, provided access to the technology tree, when exchanging technology with another civilization, through espionage and others ways.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

With the acquisition of technology, the game mechanics change — more advanced units and new types of buildings can be built, it becomes possible to change the state system, etc. [16] [11].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Initially, diplomatically, civilizations do not have contact with each other and cannot interact.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

After the first meeting, civilizations are always at war or at peace with each other.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

During war, hostilities are possible, and during peace, civilizations can exchange technologies, demand money for preserving peace, etc.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

For diplomatic relations, there is a “diplomat” unit, with the help of which you can open an embassy, sabotage production, etc.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

[17] [11].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The combat system is built on units, each of which has three parameters (non-negative integers) — attack, defense, and the number of movements per turn.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

If one unit attacks another, one of them dies after the battle, and the probability of winning is calculated based on the attacker's attack and defense parameters, as well as additional factors — For example, additional terrain defense or defense in a walled city increases the chances of the attacker winning.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The third parameter determines the number of cells to move around the map in one turn, but at the same time it is faster on the road, rather than on the plain, it is slower.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

There are other elements in the combat system - control zones, taking on board a land unit at sea with subsequent landing, etc.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Random events can occur in the game: disasters and civil wars.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Catastrophes (mass famine, earthquakes, fires, etc.) are characterized by the fact that they have a certain impact on only one city, have their own conditions of occurrence and can be prevented by the player .


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

For example, flooding occurs only for cities that border a river, and a disaster reduces the population by one and is prevented if walls are built around the city.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

If there is a civil war, it divides civilization into two parts, and thus the number of civilizations in the game increases by one [19].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilopedia


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilopedia (English: Civilopedia) is an interactive and illustrated encyclopedia located inside the game itself.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

As a reference guide, it has become a mandatory element in all subsequent versions of the Civilization series.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilopedia contains comprehensive information about all the elements, stages of the gameplay and the player's capabilities.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Along with the performance of the functional task of the traditional leadership, it contained recommendations for adjusting the civilizational course of development through a combinatorial search of scientific knowledge.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Thanks to the exemplary simplicity of the interface and the richness of the visual range, a poorly trained player was able to plan the progress of scientific knowledge.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Subsequently, the principle of Civilopedia as a structure-forming knowledge base for the game began to be used in other games, for example, NLOpedia in X-COM: UFO Defense [20], Datalinks in Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri [21]


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Creating a game


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Concept formation


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Describing the period when Civilization was born, the developers note that they had just finished Sid Meier's Railroad Tycoon and were in a state of search for ideas.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Both game designers liked the story as a topic, and it was noticed, as it had many similar processes to those found in Railroad Tycoon.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The main idea came up with Sid Meyer during a train trip to New York, and was like “packing human history into one game” while making it diverse so that it was not the same scenario [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Meyer reports that SimCity, Populous and Empire had the greatest impact on the creation of Civilization [22] [23].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

According to Bruce Shelley, they played a board game during development, and, together with Empire, SimCity and Railroad Tycoon experience, he defines it as the four main components that influenced the creation Civilization.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In addition to those mentioned, another source of ideas is the Risk board game [3].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

When Sid Meyer showed Bruce Shelley the Civilization prototype, the first question was, “What would you change 10 things in Empire to get a new game?” , to which Bruce responded with 12 changes, and this was the beginning of his workflow creating the game [5] [24].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilizaton board game was released in the UK in 1980 and was published in the United States by Avalon Hill.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

According to Sid Meyer, he did not see the board game before starting work on Civilization, but was later introduced to it by Bruce Shelley, who previously worked at Avalon Hill [24].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Sid Meyer reports that he played Civilization board game and was familiar with its concept, but it had little impact [14].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Despite the similar concept and general idea, the game mechanics of a computer and board game are different.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

According to Sid Meyer, board Civilization had a number of limitations that are inherent in board games.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

At the same time, it contained good ideas, but it had completely different game mechanics — discovering new areas, the simultaneous existence of several subsystems, and other elements are very difficult to implementations for board games [14].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In addition, Sid Meyer notes that the board game did not cover such a period of time (only the Ancient World) and was limited to a separate fixed region of the Earth (the Mediterranean) [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Initially, the game was not supposed to be called Civilization, as there was already a board game with this name.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The creators tried to come up with something alternative — Call to Power, Rise of Nations, Age of Empires — but came to the conclusion that the most appropriate name is Civilization [5], and this is the name by the developer liked it [14].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Sid Meyer considers this aspect as one of the important in the subsequent popularity of the game, as this name (as in previous games by Sid Meyer, such as Pirates! and Railroad Tycoon) immediately creates a picture that tells you what the game is about [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

To eliminate possible legal risks with copyright, MicroProse acquired the rights to release the project of the same name from Avalon Hill [23] [25].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The boxes of the early versions of the game even included a leaflet with information on purchasing the desktop version.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

It was only in 2002 that Civilization: The Boardgame was released, based on a computer game [26].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilization's game mechanics are largely based on Sid Meyer's previous experience, and were also formed as a result of the influence of other games.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Thus, the creation of simple simulation systems that the player understands and the competition between them was based on the experience of Railroad Tycoon, which, in turn, was developed under the influence of the god mode Populous and SimCity simulations.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Empire took ideas for exploring new and unknown areas and procedural generation of the game world.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The lack of detail in battles and the principles of wargame are formed based on the Covert Action rule and experience in developing board games [27].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Sid Meier's Covert Action influenced the creation of a variety of possible historical scenarios [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

At the same time, there were significant differences and the development of new game mechanics.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

For example, cities in Empire had concepts of supplies, farms, and the like, while Civilization focused more on elements of civilization when the player had to invest in cities [27].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Gameplay design


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

To cover the entire history of mankind is a difficult task for a game designer, and to solve it, the developers have chosen the option when the player controls something small and simple: finding a place to base cities and then moves on to something else, getting the opportunity to build units, explore, discover new unknown territories, and more.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

At the same time, human history sounded “frightening” in scale, and to avoid this, developers added elements with humor.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilization was added to Civilpedia, which made the game deeper, more important and social [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Bruce Shelley calls the first solution the “inverted pyramid decision making” (English: inverted pyramid decision making), when the player has a small number of decisions at the beginning, but they determine where he will go next, in the game has more cities and units, and when you move up the inverted pyramid, the number of decisions made increases.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

At the same time, it was necessary to combine with the principle of fifteen minutes, when the player had to be lured during this time to make him like the game.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

And to continue to support the player's motivation, Civilization added events that established positive feedback and said that the player was performing his role well (for example, message about the celebration of “King's Day” if the population has a high level of approval) [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilization was originally supposed to be a real-time game, and this was one of the first prototypes during development, and one of its features was that the territory of civilization was divided into zones, and work units collected resources in real time.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

However, Meyer felt that it would eventually become too similar to the real-time strategy of those years, so he moved on to an option in which each step takes some allotted time, after which automatically completes.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

This option was discarded after general rejection among developers.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Thus, Civilization has become completely step-by-step [28] [3].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

At GDC 2010, Sid reported [29] that one of the reasons for the transition from real time to turn-based strategy was that in the first case, the player turned into an observer.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Sociologically, this harmed the gameplay, as in the step-by-step version, the player feels better like a king, on whom all decisions depend.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

An additional factor is that turn-based play allows the player to think about the move as much as necessary, as well as the fact that it allows you to better think ahead and plan a strategy, which together increased playability [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

While working on the game, a version with the Civilization hexagonal map was developed in parallel, but it was decided to abandon it because “the world was not ready [for such a map] yet... it would be too bizarre” [27].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

One of the potential problems of the game being created was the possibility of overloading the player with historical facts, and it was solved in various ways.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

One of them, the developers correlate the introduction of the concept of a “great leader”, which personifies a particular civilization.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Game designers came up with this idea while working with materials in the children's library, and this approach allowed the player to feel more comfortable: learn what he knows in the game, communicate with others civilizations as one on one; the player also understood that he was taking on a similar role, and this automatically formed a feeling of being in the game [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Initially, Civilization introduced a much higher level of randomness of events.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In particular, technologies were discovered by chance, as mystical and incomprehensible events for a civilization that discovered something new.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Accidental natural disasters were also introduced that disrupted the development of civilization.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

However, observations of players during testing showed that people prefer to control the gameplay (choose technology to study), and the possibility of accidental disasters caused paranoia among the players.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

As a result, changes have been made to the game accordingly [29].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

When designing diplomacy, work was carried out to simplify it, as this aspect was considered difficult for the player.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The simplification was carried out to a level where the player could formulate what was happening within the board game board and at the same time control the situation and make clear decisions.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

This led to the fact that the decisions were binary (for example, peace or war) and were made in such a way that the player understood the reasons for certain events [27].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The idea of the technology tree came to Sid Meyer when he looked at a historical book in which events were lined up, which gives rise to the idea that one event depends on another, and this fits very well into the concept that everything starts from small and gradually develops, and allows you to first operate with simple things, and then more complex and interesting ones.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Bruce Shelley notes that they were familiar with the fact that there are a number of events in history that fundamentally changed weapons and tactics of use in a short period of time, and this played a role in concept formation [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

When designing the gameplay, the ancient era was first chosen, and according to Sid Meyer, they could have stayed in it.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

But as the work progressed, civilizations of different eras were studied, and appropriate game mechanics were built on their examples.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

For example, the Roman Empire became the prototype of the civilization of the Ancient World, and when searching for game mechanics, world wars and weapons and tactics used at that time were analyzed, from where combat units and how to use them [27].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The idea of the wonders of the world was born during Sid Meyer's acquaintance with historical literature and projecting it onto possible game mechanics.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

For example, the very fact of building a wonder of the world means that it is unique (two identical wonders of the world cannot be built, and the first one who builds gains an advantage).


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

At first, there were seven ancient wonders of the world, and then this idea was continued for other eras [27].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

At the same time, the wonders of the world were well known to players in the real world, and thus formed a connection between players and history and other cultures [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

To improve the fun, game designers widely applied the rule of a series of interesting solutions.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The gameplay for the user was seen as a stream of events during which it was necessary to make decisions that were not too complicated and not too simple, but understandable.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Difficult ones put the player in a stupor and slow down the gameplay, simple ones are obvious and uninteresting, and at the same time, decisions depend on the situation.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

For example, a player may see three technologies to discover in the future, one of which provides a combat unit and the other allows for better exploration.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

If a player wants to win the war with a neighboring civilization, he chooses the former, if he is interested in exploring at this stage, then the second.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In addition, for fun, a stream of simultaneously expected events was created - scientists are discovering technology, the city is building a combat unit, on an unknown continent, the expedition opens up new areas and different.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

As a result, there was never a stop, and usually the player expected two or three events, which created the phenomenon of “you can never stop playing the game” [14].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

One of the ideas during development was the concept of “rise and fall” (English: Rise and Fall).


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilization had great risks during its development, because of which it could die (barbarians, other civilizations, catastrophes, etc.).


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Later, after death, civilization was revived after a while.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

However, after implementing this concept, it turned out that players do not like to die.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Instead of reviving, they took a recent shipment and overplayed.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In this regard, it was decided that from the point of view of playability, it is better to make the player constantly grow and develop [29].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

But at the same time, the game still has echoes of this concept.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

For example, after losing, you can see the inscription “Lenin will return again!” , and during a single-player game, in case of death, civilization is given a chance to revive.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The combat system in Civilization was taken from wargames, and Sid Meyer calls the introduction of control zones the worst design decision, which was based on the game designer's vision of the game when the war takes place on the borders with the control of territories (as in World War II).


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

But the players behaved differently — battles took place locally for cities in large groups of units in the same cell.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

On the one hand, this simplified the war and allowed the player to do other things more, but at that time, the developers did not figure out how to solve the problem.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

At the same time, each unit was described by three simple parameters (attack, defense, speed), and this allowed the player to quickly understand how individual units work and focus strategically on them interaction and more widespread use [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Development


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

During development, Sid and Bruce worked closely together: every day Sid would program and almost every afternoon bring Bruce floppy disks with a new version saying, “Play this and we'll we'll talk tomorrow.”


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Bruce worked on his tasks and tested what he had brought for an hour the next morning, and then at 10 o'clock in the morning they discussed the results.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Thus, the iterations continued, which made up the daily workflow [24].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

According to Bruce Shelley, Sid Meyer was constantly working with many different game prototypes, and during the period when a possible game about the entire history of mankind was discussed, in May 1990, Bruce Shelley suddenly found a floppy disk with the first Civilization prototype in my office [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Both game elements and prototypes of simple games were tested for the potential for inclusion in Civilization, and colleagues further discussed this regarding game design.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Bruce Shelley was the first game designer and tester for Sid Meyer, as the latter did not like the noise of a lot of opinions; close work also allowed Bruce Shelley to present the game and replace if required by Sid Meyer.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

According to Bruce Shelley, it was difficult to single out how certain things appeared, but, for example, the ideas for building a palace and a spacecraft were voiced by him in discussions, and after a couple of weeks they appeared in the game [24].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Regarding management, the game was developed in difficult conditions: the president of the company had more weight, accelerated the development of flight simulators and did not care about what happened to the strategic games.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The start of Civilization work was interrupted after two months and the employees involved switched to Sid Meier's Covert Action.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The successful completion of the project gave the green light to Civilization, but, nevertheless, the allocation of resources and deadlines were kept on the authority of Sid Meyer, and the game was set with tight development deadlines.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilization was released a month later than originally planned, while the developers did not have time to test and implement many of the planned things, and the creators of the game were late in the project lost a number of bonuses.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

According to Bruce Shelley, the game was actually made by three people in 11 months, and it was a part-time job [24].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Sid Meyer notes that at the beginning of the project, only two people worked on the game (Bruce and Sid), and at the end there were ten people on the project [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Bruce Shelley once calculated based on salaries and time on the project to estimate how much the development of Railroad Tycoon cost, and it turned out to be 167,000 US dollars.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

According to Sid Meyer's comment, Civilization took about the same amount [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The first version of Civilization was developed for the DOS platform in the late 1980s, when systems began to move from a 16-color EGA to a more advanced 256-color VGA.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The desire to support the outdated format and thus reach a wider audience of players became the main limitation in the number of civilizations available: EGA allowed to display no more than 16 colors and therefore, only 14 civilizations were available in the game (15th color is reserved for barbarians) [30]


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Game Exit


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

By the release of the next game in the series, Civilization II, in 1996, Civilization had sold more than 850,000 copies.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

After release


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

CIVnet


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In the original Civilization, only one game mode was available — single-player, against several computer opponents, it was not possible to play the game in hot-seat mode.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

This was due to the fact that the Internet was not so popular by the time the game was released in 1991.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

There are at least two custom modifications that allow implementing the hot-seat mode [32] [33] [3].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

For the next few years, with the growing popularity of the Internet, MicroProse developed a multi-user version released in 1995 under the name Sid Meier's CivNet.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

CIVnet made it possible to create a multiplayer game for up to 8 players who could connect via modem, LAN, serial port.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In multiplayer, all players went at the same time.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

After each player confirmed the end of their turn (or by timeout), the move was considered complete.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The hot-seat mode has also become available.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The package also included an SDK that allowed you to create and edit world maps and new nations [34].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

According to the game designer who led the development of Civilization II at the time, MicroProse considered CIVNet a higher priority product than the second part of the series.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Thanks to this, Reynolds and Jeff Briggs were able to bring several new ideas to the gameplay of the game in development [35].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

As a result, MicroProse's predictions did not come true — against the background of Civilization II, released next year, CivNet could not gain popularity among players.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Retrospective gameplay


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

One of the unresolved problems of the combat system was the fact that more modern units could lose to older ones, for example, a spearman was somewhat likely to defeat a battleship.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Some players complained that this was impossible in reality.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

On the one hand, this is mathematically correct, and as Bruce Shelley says, “in chess, a pawn can also knock down a queen under certain conditions, because these are the rules of the game.”


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

But at the same time, this problem was already solved in subsequent parts of Civilization, where, for example, the health points parameter for each unit was introduced and the chances of winning became more similar to real [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

One of the main miscalculations, the developers call the lack of support for modifications, as players had a large number of requests to create their own scenarios, and the period between releases of parts the series is 5-6 years old, and without modifications, interest in the game fades away [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Russified versions


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In 1993, two unrelated unofficial Russifications appeared, which later enjoyed popularity on the territory of the former USSR [36].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The first translation was made in early 1993 by Vladimir Pisarenko and Vasily Misovets from Biysk (judging by the screensaver when launching the game).


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The second, more popular translation was “localized” — for example, the Manhattan Project was renamed the Kurchatov Project, the Apollo Program was renamed the East Program, the Zulu were called Blacks, and their leader Shaka is Lumumba.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The technology part of Civilopedia in this version was translated by the STYLUS machine translation program, which made it difficult to read.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In the version of Pisarenko and Misovets, Latin letters with redrawn fonts were used for the Russian text, and the second version used Russian text in DOS encoding.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The original Civilization had only single-player mode, and they went to tricks for several players to play.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

For example, if a civilization started with two units of colonists, then the players divided them and everything that was built and appeared from them, and so the game went on at the same computer.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Subsequently, Russian amateurs Timofeev and Popov wrote a modification that allows you to play Civilization for different nations in hot seat mode [3].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Grades and rewards


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Reception


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

ACE welcomed the game enthusiastically, noting the phenomenal level of gameplay depth, which at the same time turned out to be achievable and quite simple.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The journalist said that the game can be difficult to start, but as the player develops, it becomes more and more involved, and the fun is that if “you buy the game, you will lose it.”


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The publication says that this is probably “the deepest and most engaging strategy ever created.”


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The scale of the game, the openness of the world and the non-linearity of the gameplay were highlighted separately.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The review compared Civilization with other games, but it was not easy for critics to do so [2]:


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In addition, it was said that Civilization cannot be attributed to any genre, no matter how much you want it to be.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

According to the critic, it is obvious that strategy is the core, but the game combines social simulation, planetary scale and wargame.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The columnist said that the game is well presented - it has a clean interface with drop-down windows, a lot of help and advice, there is no unnecessary information, and this factor is against the background of other strategic Civilization games is a “brilliant example”.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

ACE concludes that the game represents a tangible step forward in the development of the strategy game genre and shows how deep this type of game can be [2].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

At Computer and Video Games, the review was conducted by two critics.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The first of them said that the graphics are sufficient for the strategy, the sound is “so-so” and it is not necessary, but the excitement is such that if you start the game, “the mouse does not let you go”, and Civilization is suitable for smart players who love the game challenge and the role of a global leader.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The second critic noted that “the opportunity to build your empire” may sound trivial at first, but “you start small, gradually the game gives you more and more, you focus on it and suddenly you find that it's 20 minutes past three in the morning and you've lost six hours!”


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The columnist said that Civilization is an “incredibly irresistible” game that captivates more than anything else, and the scale, variety and depth are such that “the playability is enough for the player literally for months” [37].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Computer Gaming World (CGW) in a review of modern wargames reported that the fascination of Civilization is such that a warning mark should be placed on the game box.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

According to the critic, the saturation is such that there is not enough game documentation, and to solve the problem, he advised to purchase an additional book from CGW on Civilization [38].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In retrospect


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In 2010, a review of games in the series of the magazine “Land of Games” noted that the key feature of Sid Meier's game compared to the board game of the same name is the variety of playthroughs, and the “magic of Civilization” consists in a well-thought-out gameplay and almost endless “replayability”.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The high saturation of Civilization was explained by the presence of a large number of important and interesting events at every turn, taking place in various areas of civilization's activity — building the wonders of the world, opening new technologies, the founding of a new city, reaching the enemy continent by sent combat units, and at the same time the increasing difficulty further involves the player [3].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Honors


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilization has received numerous awards from various publications.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilization placed Civilization in the category “Best Military or Strategy Computer Game of 1991” [39].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

CGW chose Civilization for Game of the Year for its “fresh and new style” [40].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The game was inducted into the CGW Hall of Fame in 1993.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

During the ceremony, it was said that the design of the game is “fascinating”, combining elements of construction and combat system into one fusion, and Civilization itself has overcome the “gender barrier” in the wargame genre for players female, which was considered difficult for them.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

According to the comment, Sid Meyer tried to get away from wargame from the very beginning in the description of the game, but the content of Civilization and its combat system definitely records the game in this genre.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

It was also noted that the excellent and seamless gameplay was achieved as a result of a combination of economics, diplomacy, research, science, management, resource management and military strategy, which determined the variety of player decisions, creating an endless and open world [41].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In 1996, CGW named Civilization the best game of all time.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The comment drew attention to the fun of the gameplay created by mixing several models: [42]


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In December 1999, Game.EXE magazine ranked third in the Top 10 of the 1990s, Best Computer Games of the Decade by the Best Developers [43].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In 2000, GameSpot named Civilization one of the most influential games of all time.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In the same year, IGN awarded the game the fourth place on the list of PC games of all time.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The publication classified Civilization as one of the most important issues in the history of computer games.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

It was noted that Civilization has brought many new elements to the industry, the most significant of which are the deep and complex tree of technologies, the improvement of cities and the emergence of new opportunities for them, Wonders of the World system.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In addition, for the first time, a simulation of the entire history of mankind was provided [45].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In 2001, Game Country magazine ranked Civilization 8th in the ranking of games of all time [46].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In 2012, Time magazine named the game one of the 100 best games of all time.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Impact


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilization was the game that actually founded the turn-based strategy genre with a simulation of politics and economics [48], as well as the first strategy game to make the 4X genre popular [49].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilization is the first game that was able to cover processes on a global scale and the entire history of human development as a civilization [24].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

According to Bruce Shelley, fifty strategy games similar to and based on Civilization were under development in the mid-1990s [24].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

According to IGN in 2000, almost every strategy game since 1991 has been influenced by Civilization, and Civilization II, Colonization, Alpha fell directly into this category Centauri, Age of Empires, Age of Empires II, Caesar Series, Pharaoh, Master of Orion and Master of Magic [45].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Sid Meier's Civilization introduced the concept of a “technology tree” for the first time among computer games, where the player could discover technology and access more advanced elements of the game (including to new technologies).


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The advent of the technology tree as an entity is usually attributed to the 1980 board game,


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

and the widespread use of the concept began only after the release of Sid Meier's Civilization, in which the technological tree was implemented as a full-fledged game mechanics and part of the game process [50] [51] [52].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Notes


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

comments


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Sources


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Literature


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

References


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

(in English) on the Kultboy website.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

— Troy Goodfellow's large-scale material on the formation and development of the Civilization series


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

- An article by Benge Edwards on the origins and development process of Sid Meier's Civilization


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

— a story by the authors of the Civilization game about the history and mechanics of the project at the GDC-2017 conference.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:DOS games


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:Games for Mac OS


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:Windows games


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:Games for SNES


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:Games for Amiga


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:Games for N-Gage


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:Global Strategies


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:PC games with free clones


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:Turn-based strategies


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:Video games developed by MicroProse


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:Computer games published by MicroProse


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:1991 video games


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:Video games only with single-player mode


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:Computer games with procedural generation of the game world


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:Open world video games


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:4X games


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:Video games developed in the USA


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:Games for Amiga 1200


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Category:Video games with 2D graphics


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The Civil War in Somalia (since 1988) is a multilateral armed conflict that began with the struggle against the regime of Mohamed Siad Barre and led to the collapse of the state and an inter-clan war.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

At the same time, the US armed forces and UN peacekeepers were involved in the conflict.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Since 2006, a civil war has unfolded between the central Somali government and Islamists from the Union of Islamic Courts.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The strengthening of Islamic courts and the defeat of government troops forced Ethiopia to send troops to the neighboring country.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

After the Ethiopian army invaded Somalia, the Islamists were overthrown, after which the conflict entered the stage of guerrilla warfare.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In 2011-2012, at the initiative of Kenya, the AMISOM peacekeeping contingent (with the support of the Ethiopian army) carried out a fairly successful operation against the Islamists.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The fall of Siad Barre


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Armed opposition to Siad Barre's regime


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

After the defeat of the Somali army in the war with Ethiopia in 1978, the rule of Somali President Mohamed Siad Barre became more authoritarian and arbitrary, which led to an increase in opposition to its regime [1].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In April 1978, a group of disgruntled officers under the command of Colonel Muhammad Sheikh Usmaan of the Majertin clan attempted an unsuccessful military coup attempt.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

All 17 alleged conspirators, including Usmaan, were executed.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

One of the conspirators, Lieutenant Colonel Abdillaahi Yusuf Ahmad, fled to Ethiopia, founding the Somali Salvation Front (SSF) in exile, directed against the Siad Barre regime [2].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In October 1982, SSF merged with the radical left Somali Workers' Party and the Somali Democratic Liberation Front to form the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SDFS) [3].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In April 1981, a group of Isaag immigrants living in London formed the Somali National Movement (SNM) to overthrow the Siad Barre regime.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Later, the SNM moved its headquarters from London to Ethiopia, from where it launched its armed struggle against the Somali government.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 2 January 1982, SNM troops launched their first military operation from Ethiopian territory against the Somali regime, attacking Mandera prison near Berber and freeing several dissidents from the north.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The Somali authorities responded by declaring a state of emergency, banned traffic to or from northern Somalia, and closed the border with Djibouti on January 8 to prevent rebels from trying to flee the country [ 4].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In mid-July, Somali rebels, supported by Ethiopian aircraft, invaded Central Somalia, threatening to split the country into two parts.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

They managed to capture the Somali border towns of Balumbale and Galdogob.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The Somali leadership declared a state of emergency in the war zone and called for help from the West to repel the invasion [5].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The United States and Italy have begun supplying military equipment to the Somali regime [6].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

According to the SNM, between June 1985 and February 1986, it carried out thirty operations against government forces. [


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

By February 1988, SNM rebels had captured three villages around Togochale, a refugee camp near the Ethiopian-Somali border. [4]


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

During this period, there was an improvement in Ethiopian-Somali relations.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On April 4, Siad Barre and Ethiopian leader Mengistu Haile Mariam signed a joint communiqué in which they agreed to restore diplomatic relations, exchange prisoners of war, start mutual withdrawal of troops from border areas, as well as the cessation of subversive activities and hostile propaganda against each other. [4]


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Somali revolution


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Faced with the cessation of Ethiopian military assistance, SNM launched an offensive in northern Somalia.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On May 27, SNM troops attacked Burao and Hargeisa [7], taking control of them.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Government forces under the command of President Mohammed Siad Hersi's son-in-law “Morgan” subjected Hargeisa to massive heavy gun fire and intensive aerial bombardment.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

As a result of fierce fighting, the second largest city in the country was destroyed by more than 70%, and more than 300,000 Isaags of the city's residents had to flee to Ethiopia [4] [8].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Faced with falling popularity, as well as armed and organized internal resistance, Siad Barre unleashed terror against the Majirtin, Hawiye, and Isaag clans [5].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

According to some reports, about 5,000 isaags were killed between May 27 and the end of December 1988, of which 4,000 died in battle, and the rest, including women and children, were allegedly stabbed with bayonets [9].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 14 July 1989, on the day of the Muslim holiday of Eid al-Adha, government forces arrested six prominent imams after morning prayers.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Red berets killed 450 Muslims protesting against the arrest of their spiritual leaders, and more than 2,000 people were injured.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The next day, 47 people, mostly from the Isaag clan, were taken to Jasiira Beach west of the city and executed [10] [11].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

It is estimated that by early 1990, between 50,000 and 60,000 people had died in Somalia, and about half a million more had fled the country, most of them to neighboring Ethiopia [12].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Since August 1990, the United Somali Congress (UCS) intensified their actions, attacking Mogadishu several times, and by the end of the year were reported to be 50 km from the capital.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

It was believed that the main obstacle deterring the USC was the clan's council of elders — which believed that the USC attack on Mogadishu would unleash massive government repression against civilians [12].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

From the end of November until the end of the year, more than 150 people died in Mogadishu, mainly as a result of fighting between the Abgal and Galgalo clans.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Abgal accused Galgalo of attacking them, which were incited by the government.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In addition, many civilians were killed by shots from passing cars belonging to the army and security services. [12]


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

From December 1990 to January 1991, as the USC and the Somali Patriotic Movement (SPD) were approaching the capital, Siad Barre provoked fighting in the city.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Violent clashes broke out on 30 December between members of the Darod clan (many of whom were armed by Siad Barre) and Mogadishu's largest clan, the Hawiye, belonging mainly to the Hawiye, died [6].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On January 19, 1991, USC troops under the command of General Mohammed Farah Aidid entered the capital [6] [7].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On the evening of 26 January, Siad Barre was forced to leave Mogadishu, [13] retreating with the remaining forces to Kismayo.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In the countryside, Barre's retreating forces looted and devastated villages.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Only the northern parts of the country were saved from looting and fighting [14].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

This ended Siad Barre's 22-year reign.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Along with him, in January 1991, the Government, Parliament, the judiciary, the army, the police, industry, hospitals, television and the press ceased to exist.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The country was on the verge of collapse and inter-clan strife.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Inter-clan warfare


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The beginning of armed clashes


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

After the rebels overthrew the Siad Barre regime, the United Somali Congress appointed Ali Mahdi Mohammed as interim president of the country on January 29, 1991 and appealed to other groups with a proposal to form a new government.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, other groups did not recognize the legitimacy of Ali Mahdi Mohammed's government.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

At the same time, the USC itself split into supporters of Ali Mahdi Muhammad and General Aidid.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The contradictions between the groups gradually grew into an armed confrontation.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 17 November, General Aidid's units, mainly staffed by members of the Habar Gedir sub-clan of the Hawiye clan, launched an offensive against Ali Mahdi Muhammad's positions, mainly staffed Abgal subclan.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Aidid's militants managed to capture most of the capital, but failed to oust Ali Mahdi Muhammad's forces from their strongholds in the north of the city [15].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

By the end of the year, Mogadishu was divided: Aidid's militants occupied the southern parts of the city, including the port and the international airport, while Ali Mahdi Muhammad's forces held the area around presidential palace in the center of the capital and the northern suburbs [5].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Africa Watch estimates that 14,000 people were killed and 27,000 injured in Mogadishu alone between November 17, 1991 and February 29, 1992. [


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In addition to fighting between the various warring factions, the situation in Somalia was aggravated by the humanitarian catastrophe that began.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

By 1992, almost 4.5 million people were at risk of hunger, chronic malnutrition and related diseases.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

It is estimated that a total of 300,000 people died in the country [17].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The fight against the Somali National Front


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Meanwhile, forces loyal to Siad Barra passed through Bay and Juba provinces after fleeing Mogadishu.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The troops led by Aidid pursued them [16].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The son-in-law of the ousted president, Mohammed Said Hersi “Morgan”, regrouped the remnants of the Somali National Army and, together with the son of the former Somali leader, Maslah, formed (SNF), which headed for struggle for the restoration of the former regime.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In March, forces loyal to Siad Barra launched an offensive to reclaim Mogadishu.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In September, they took Baidao [14].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In April and September 1991, the Marehan Somali National Front, under the command of General “Morgan”, twice tried to take Mogadishu, but both times were pushing back Aidid's troops.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

At the same time, fighting took place around Kismayo.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In the summer of 1991, Siad Barre's supporters captured Baidoa, the capital of the Rahanwein clan, and launched repression against the local Rahanwein clan, which they considered an enemy of Siad Barre and one of the obstacles on his way back to power in Somalia.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Throughout the first half of 1992, fierce battles between the troops of Barre and Aidid took place on the territory of the Rahanwein clan, which led to the economic collapse of the local population [18].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Taking advantage of fighting between USC factions, the SNF launched another offensive against Mogadishu in March 1992.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

During this operation, the SNF killed many civilians from outside the Darod clan, but mainly from the Rahanwein and Hawiye clans, who were perceived to be supporters of the USC .


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In April, USC units under the command of Aidid recaptured the enemy from Afgoi and moved to capture the city of Gabra Harre near the Kenyan border, where Siad Barre established his base [19].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

After launching a counteroffensive, General Aidid's troops entered the traditionally controlled SNF areas inhabited by the Marehan sub-clan, attacking Marehan and clan civilians Darod, as well as organizing raids across the Kenyan border [16].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

After being defeated, Mohammed Siad Barre fled to neighboring Kenya in May of the same year.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, with the help of the Kenyan military, SNF forces under the command of Said Hersey “Morgan” soon recaptured the Gedo region, and captured Bardera in October [16].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In February 1992, the SNF, under the command of General Morgan, captured the port of Kismayo and moved towards Mogadishu.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

By the end of April 1992, Morgan troops numbering several thousand were already 30 kilometers west of Mogadishu.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

There was a battle between General Aidid's Somali Liberation Army and the Somali National Front of supporters of former President Mohammed Siad Barre.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

General “Morgan” was defeated and fled northwest to Baidoa.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Baidoa soon fell to Aidid's troops, and General Morgan lost the city of Garbaharre, the residence of former President Siad Barre, on April 28.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

After losing his residence, Siad Barre fled Somalia and never returned to Somalia until his death in 1995.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Meanwhile, on 15 May 1992, the Somali Liberation Army, after an hour and a half battle, recaptured Kismayo from General “Morgan”. [


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 25 January 1993, General “Morgan” again attacked Kismayo, which was then controlled by troops of Aideed's ally, Colonel Omar Jess.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

UN peacekeepers attacked the detachments of General Morgan, who violated the peace agreements, and he was defeated.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, on the second attempt, Morgan's troops captured Kismayo and knocked out Omar Jess's troops. [21]


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

22] On 17 March 1993, with the support of American troops, Aidid's forces recaptured Kismayo from Morgan. [


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

According to some sources, Morgan was involved in an attack on the streets of Mogadishu on 28 July 1996 on General Aidid, during which he was seriously injured and died shortly thereafter. [


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In 2001, General “Morgan” joined the Somali Reconciliation and Reconstruction Council (SRRC), established in March of the same year. [24]


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In October 2004, General Morgan, during a peace conference on the establishment of the transitional authorities, tried to recapture Kismayo, but was defeated by IGAD (Juba Valley Alliance) and was forced to military pressure to join the negotiation process and recognize the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia. [25] [26]


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In 1991, when Morgan was Minister of Defense in the government of Siad Barre, he commanded 54,000 soldiers.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

After 14 years, only 1,000 soldiers remained under his command of this army [27].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

UN peacekeeping operation in Somalia


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In January 1992, the UN Security Council imposed an arms embargo on Somalia [17].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Against the backdrop of the humanitarian catastrophe in Somalia, the UN Security Council established UNOSOM I mission on April 24.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Soon, they talked about the deployment of four peacekeeping battalions in Somalia to protect humanitarian operations.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, the first of these battalions (Pakistani), deployed in Mogadishu in the fall of the same year, was met with open hostility by local groups.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On October 28, General Aidid announced a ban on the further stay of the Pakistani battalion UNOSOM in the capital.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Soon, his troops opened fire on UNOSOM forces controlling the airport, and Ali Mohamed Mahdi's troops fired at ships carrying food on board trying to enter the port of Mogadishu.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On November 13, Pakistani forces in control of Mogadishu airport clashed with units of General Aidid. [17]


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On December 3, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 794, which, on the basis of Chapter VII of the UN Charter, authorized international forces going to Somalia to use “all necessary means” to ensure unhindered delivery of humanitarian aid.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The operation was called “Revival of Hope” (English: Restore Hope).


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The United States led the creation of the UN Operational Group (UNITAF), consisting of contingents from more than 20 countries.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 9 December, the first units of the United Nations Joint Task Force (UNITAF) landed on the coast near Mogadishu.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On December 13, US troops took control of the Beledweyne airfield, and by December 16 they had captured Baidoa. [17]


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The operation was successful, but UN forces allowed themselves to be involved in the internal Somali conflict and began to be attacked by militants of one of the contenders for the post of president of the country, field commander Mohammed Aidid.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

After several clashes between peacekeepers and militants, and in the context of the escalation of the conflict, on October 3, 1993, 18 American soldiers were killed in battle and two helicopters were shot down (see para. Battle of Mogadishu).


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In the US, these events were perceived by the public as a sign of America's involvement in the Somali civil war, which forced President Clinton to withdraw American troops from Somalia.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In March 1995, UN units from other countries also left the country.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

After Aidid's death in 1996, his son Hussein Farah Aidid took over the role of leader, but his faction never played much importance in the life of the country.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The conflict entered a latent stage, and clashes occurred only for economic reasons, such as sharing revenues from the arms market or controlling the export of resources.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Somalia has become a pirate base in the Indian Ocean.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Ship and hostage-taking have become frequent.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Pirates use boats, weapons — assault rifles and grenade launchers.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In 2000, an attempt was made to unite the country, when representatives of field commanders, gathered in the city of Arta, Djibouti, elected Abdul-Kassim Salad, a graduate of the Soviet university, president Hassan.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, field commanders supported by Ethiopia refused to obey him.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In 2004, Ethiopia lobbied for the creation of an alternative interim government headed by Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Following the establishment of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004, the Transitional Parliament held its first meeting in Baidoa in early 2006.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

At that time, the TFG [28] controlled almost all territories, including the southern “micro-zones”.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The war against the Islamists.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The continuation of hostilities


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Main article: Operation Enduring Freedom


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In the spring of 2006, Mogadishu became the scene of battles between Islamists from the Union of Islamic Courts (ICU) and pro-American warlords from the Counter-Terrorism Alliance for World Revival.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

By May, an inter-factional struggle had begun in southern Somalia, much more serious than in the previous decade.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The Union of Islamic Courts has faced a union confederation of the TFG, supported by the United States.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On June 5, the Union of Islamic Courts established full control over the capital, the decisive role in this was played by the formation of the field commander “Indaad”.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On June 14, 2006, Islamists from the Union of Islamic Courts, supported by heavy equipment, entered the city of Jowhar from three directions, with little or no serious resistance [30], and the next day they took 31] Beledweyne, which brought under their control the entire south of Somalia. [


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 21 July, ICU leader Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys called on “the Somali people to start a holy war against Ethiopians in Somalia”. [32]


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 24 September, the Union of Islamic Courts took control of the strategic port of Kismayo without a fight.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

A few months later, Islamists from the Union of Islamic Courts already controlled seven of the ten regions in southern Somalia, including Mogadishu.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

They called this a period of “unprecedented stability” and “a huge success in the fight against crime” [33].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The removal of roadblocks, the clearance of garbage, the opening of airports and seaports, as well as the emphasis on a broad judicial system, have led to increased security and freedom.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The current regime received broad support for the first time since the collapse of Somalia in 1991 (95%). [34]


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

It was noted that ordinary citizens were again able to walk safely on the streets of Mogadishu.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In response to the growing influence of ICU, Ethiopia increased its military presence in Baidoa and partly in Bakula and Gedo in support of the losing influence of the TFG.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

ICU strongly objected and insisted that all foreign troops should leave the country.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Further negotiations facilitated some dialogue between the TFG and ICU, but failed in the second half of 2006.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

As a result, ICU and Ethiopia mobilized their troops.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

A UN report published in November 2006 expressed concern about the uncontrolled flow of weapons into the country, which involved dozens of states that violated the embargo on deliveries.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

At the same time, there were fears that Somalia could become the scene of hostilities between Ethiopia and Eritrea.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The presence of foreign fighters in ICU has been of concern to the West.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The US policy towards Somalia has acquired a certain character.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

US officials claimed that the ICU leadership was under the control of al-Qaeda, and this would be seen as a reason for the US to support Ethiopia's actions.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Ethiopian intervention


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On December 13, Islamists blocked Baidoa, the only city under the control of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, [35] and stormed the city on December 21 [36].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On December 24, the Ethiopian Air Force launched air strikes on the positions of Islamists.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Ethiopian Information Minister Berhan Hailu said: “The Ethiopian government has been patient for a long time, but now a decision has been made on self-defense measures. We intend to counterattack the aggressive extremist forces of the Union of Islamic Courts and international terrorist groups” [37].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Islamist positions in Beledweyne, Bandiradli, Dinsur and Buur-Hakab were subjected to air raids.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On the same day, the Ethiopian government announced the launch of an operation “against extremists from the United Islamic Courts and foreign terrorist groups”, thereby officially declaring war on the Union Islamic Courts” [38].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

After entering Somalia and taking the border town of Belet Wayne on 25 December, government forces, with the support of the Ethiopian army and aviation, launched an offensive against the positions of the Union of Islamic Courts.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In the morning, the Islamists left Burhakaba [39].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

This was followed by Ethiopian-Somali troops occupying the cities of Dinsor and Galkayo in the south, and the city of Bulobarde in the north, after which the offensive continued in the direction of Jowhar. [


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On December 27, the Allies occupied Jowhar [41].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

After the fall of Jowhar, Ethiopian-Somali troops moved to Mogadishu.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In 30 km from the capital, the troops stopped and began to prepare for the assault on the city.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On December 28, the Islamists left Mogadishu without a fight [42], after which combined forces of the Transitional Federal Government and Ethiopia entered the capital.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

After losing the capital, ICU troops retreated to Kismayo.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 1 January 2007, Ethiopian-Somali troops captured Kismayo and also occupied the city of Jilib. [43]


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

44] On 13 January, the Government of Somalia declared a state of emergency in Somalia for a period of three months.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On the same day, troops of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, with the support of Ethiopian troops, captured the last stronghold of Islamist resistance, the settlement of Ras Kamboni [45].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, the units of the Union of Islamic Courts, scattered in the forest on the border with Kenya, switched to guerrilla warfare.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Against the background of these events, the United States intervened in the events in Somalia for the first time since 1994.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Within a month, US aircraft carried out several air strikes on the locations of the alleged location of the leaders of ICU and al-Qaeda in southern Somalia. [46]


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 23 January, Ethiopia began withdrawing its troops from a country torn by civil war. [47]


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

From February to May 2007, about 400,000 people left the capital, of which 125,000 later returned.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, the endless armed clashes between Islamists on the one hand and the Transitional Government and Ethiopian troops on the other continued to cause a massive exodus of civilians .


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

According to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, 6,000 people fled Mogadishu in June of the same year, and the following month the number of people who fled the city was more than 21,000 people.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

This conflict ended with Ethiopia withdrawing its troops from Somalia.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

As of 2007, 225 Ethiopian soldiers were killed, and among the fighters of the Union of Islamic Courts, losses during this period amounted to about 8,000 people [49].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

In April 2008, the Autonomous Territory of Himan and Cheb, centered in Adado, led by Mohamed Ahmed Aden (Tiei), was proclaimed leaders of the Habar Gidir (Saleban, Air, Duduble) tribes [50].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The war in Somalia after the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 25 January 2009, the Ethiopian army withdrew from Somalia, leaving behind the Transitional Government and African Union troops.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

The next day, militants of the radical Islamist movement “Al-Shabab” captured Baidoa without resistance.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Against this background, the new president of the Somali Transitional Parliament was sworn in on January 31 in Djibouti.


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

It was a moderate Islamist Sharif Sheikh Ahmed [51].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, al-Qaeda leader Abu Yahya al-Libi soon called for jihad against the new president, accusing him of being a puppet of the United States [52] and overthrowing the new president a month later called on Al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden [53].


Question: Is there a civil war in Somalia as of May 2019?

Somali Civil War

Despite this, in February, Sharif Ahmed agreed to agree to a truce with the Islamists and even introduce Sharia law in Somalia.