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Nave

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Question: What is a nave?

Nave

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Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The siege of Kanpur was a key episode of the sepoy rebellion of 1857.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The British, besieged in Kanpur, were not ready for a long siege and surrendered the city to rebel forces under the command of Nan Sahib in exchange for a safe exit to Allahabad.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

However, due to dubious circumstances, their evacuation from Kanpur turned into a massacre, where most of the British died.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Those captured were later executed.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

When the forces of the British East India Company aimed at aid from Allahabad reached Kanpur, the circumstances of the massacre (called the Bibigar massacre) became known.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

120 British women and children captured by sepoys were hacked to death and dismembered with cleavers, the remains dumped into a nearby body of water to hide traces of the crime.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

During the capture of Kanpur by British forces and the discovery of the consequences of the massacre, the furious British subjected the captured Sepoi rebels and civilians to large-scale punitive measures.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

News of the massacre hardened the British lower ranks and gave rise to the battle cry “Remember Kanpur!” [1] [2].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

General Wheeler's Kanpur plan


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Kanpur was important for the troops of the East India Company as a garrison center.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

It was on the Great Wheel Track, on the outskirts of Sindh, Punjab and Aud.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

In June 1857, the Indian uprising spread to several areas near Kanpur (Merut, Agra, Muttra, and Lucknow).


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

However, Indian sepoys in Kanpur initially remained loyal.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

British general in Kanpur Hugo Wheeler spoke the local language, adhered to local customs and was married to an Indian woman [3] [4].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

He was sure that the sepoys in Kanpur would be loyal to him, and sent two British companies (from the 84th and 32nd Infantry Regiments) to help the British garrison besieged in Lucknow [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The British contingent in Kanpur numbered about 900 people, including about 300 military personnel, 300 women and children, and 150 merchants, entrepreneurs, traveling salesmen, engineers and others.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The rest are local servants who left the garrison after the siege began [6].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

In the event of a sepoy uprising in Kanpur, the artillery cellar located in the north of the city was the most suitable defensive position for the British.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

There were powerful walls, a sufficient amount of ammunition, warehouses, and the local treasury was also located there.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

However, General Wheeler decided to use as a shelter a fortification consisting of two barracks surrounded by an earthen wall [6].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

It was a military town in southern Kanpur, where nine barracks were built to house dragoons.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

This defensive position was unsuccessful for a variety of reasons.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

British soldiers found it difficult to dig trenches during the hot summer season.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Appropriate sanitary facilities were not enough.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

There was only one well in the fortification, open to enemy fire (in case of an attack).


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Several buildings dominated the fortification, providing shelter for the stormers and good shelling from the top down.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The reasons that led General Wheeler to choose this position in favor of safer and more easily defended positions in Kanpur continue to be debatable [6].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

There is an assumption that Wheeler expected reinforcements from the southern part of the city to approach.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Perhaps Wheeler assumed that in the event of an uprising, Indian troops would probably collect weapons, ammunition and money and therefore go to Delhi and therefore did not have to expect a long siege [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Another theory offers a simpler explanation: the position was not far from Wheeler's personal residence.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Fategarh uprising


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The first sign of an impending uprising in Kanpur was the uprising at Fategarh, a military base on the banks of the Ganges.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

To disperse Indian forces in Kanpur and reduce the likelihood of an uprising, Wheeler decided to send Indian units on various “missions”.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

To complete one of the missions, he sent the 2nd Aud Irregular Unit under the command of Fletcher Hayes and Lieutenant Barbour to Fategarh.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On their way to Fategarh, they met two Englishmen, Fayrer and Carrie.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On the night of May 31, 1857, Hayes and Carrie left for a nearby city to consult with the local magistrate.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

After their departure, Indian troops rebelled, Firera was beheaded, and Barbour was killed while trying to escape.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Hayes and Carrie drove back the next morning.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

As they approached the rebels, an elderly Indian officer galloped towards them and asked them to flee.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

But while the Indian officer explained the situation to them, several Indian sovars jumped to the conversation.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Hayes was killed while trying to ride away, Carrie was able to flee [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The outbreak of the Kanpur uprising


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

In Kanpur there were 4 regiments: the 1st, 53rd and 56th Indian infantry and the 2nd Bengali cavalry.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Although the Sepoys in Kanpur did not rebel, European families began to move to the fortification when they heard news of a rebellion in the surrounding areas.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The fortification has been fortified.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Indian sepoys were offered to receive payment one by one to avoid their appearance as a whole armed crowd [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Indian soldiers regarded the fortification and artillery pieces, the fuses of which were ready, as a threat.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On the night of June 2, 1857, a drunken British officer Lieutenant Cox shot an Indian sentry and missed him.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Cox spent the rest of the night in his cell.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The next day, a hastily assembled court acquitted him, which caused discontent among Indian soldiers.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

There were also rumors that Indian units would gather for a parade, where they would be cut out.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

All these factors provoked them to revolt against the rule of the East India Company [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The uprising began on June 5, 1857 at 1.30 am.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The signal was three pistol shots fired by rebellious soldiers of the 2nd Bengal Cavalry Regiment.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

An elderly loyal Risaldar Major Bhovani Singh refused to hand over the regimental banner and join the rebels, and was hacked to death by his subordinates.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The 53rd and 56th infantry regiments (the most loyal units in the entire region) woke up to the sound of shooting.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Some soldiers of the 53rd regiment were frightened and began to flee the city.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

European artillery mistook them for rebels and opened fire on them.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Soldiers of 53 also came under crossfire [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The 1st Indian Infantry Regiment rebelled and left the city in the early morning of June 6, 1857.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On the same day, the 53rd Indian Infantry Regiment left, seizing the regimental treasury and as much ammunition as they could carry.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

However, 150 sepoys remained loyal to General Wheeler [3].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

After receiving weapons, ammunition and money, the rebels marched to Delhi to obtain further orders from Bahadur Shah II, who was proclaimed Emperor of India (Badshan-e-Hind).


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

British officers decided that they should not expect a prolonged siege.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nan Sahib's intervention


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nana Sahib was the heir to Baji Rao II, the former Peshwa of the Maratha Confederation.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The East India Company decided that the benefits and honors would not be inherited by Nan Sahib, although he was a direct heir by blood.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nana Sahib sent Devan Azimullah Khan's envoy to the Queen in London with a petition challenging the company's decision, but the envoy failed to receive a favorable response.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

During the chaos in Kanpur in 1857, Nana Sahib entered the British warehouse with his contingent.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Soldiers of the 53rd Indian Regiment, guarding the warehouse, did not have complete information about what was happening in the city.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

They decided that Nana Sahib had come on behalf of the British to guard the warehouse, as he had previously claimed loyalty to Britain and even sent several volunteers at the disposal of General Wheeler [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

However, once inside the warehouse, he stated that he was participating in an uprising against the British and wanted to be a vassal of Bahadur Shah II.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

After taking control of the treasury, Nana Sahib walked along the Great Wheel Route.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

His goal was to restore the Maratha Confederation under the rule of the Peshv, and he decided to capture Kanpur.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On the way, Nana Sahib met rebel soldiers near Kalianpur.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The soldiers moved to Delhi to meet Bahadur Shah II, but Nana Sahib persuaded them to turn back to Kanpur and help him defeat the British.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The rebels did not agree at first, but decided to join Nan Sahib after he promised them a double payment and pay a reward in gold if they could destroy the British fortification.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Storming Wheeler's Fortification


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On June 5, 1857, Nana Sahib sent a courteous note to General Wheeler, informing him that he was going to attack the fortification the next morning at 10 o'clock.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On June 6, Nan Sahib's forces (including rebellious soldiers) stormed the British fortification at 10.30 am.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The British were not sufficiently prepared for the defense, but were able to defend for a long time, as the stormers were reluctant to attack the fortification.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nan Sahib's army mistakenly believed that the fortification was mined and would fly into the air if they came closer [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

When news of Nan Sahib's offensive spread among the British garrison, several rebellious sepoys joined them.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

By June 10, according to estimates by Nan Sahib, he commanded 12-15 thousand sepoys [6].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

More than a thousand British soldiers, their families and local sepoys spent three weeks (in June 1857) in the fortification of General Wheeler in Kanpur, periodically shelled by the artillery of the local prince, enlisted in the AIF Nan Sahib.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The British had little water and food.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Many died from sunstroke and dehydration.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The ground was too hard to dig graves, and the British had to pull the corpses of the dead out of buildings and dump them into a parched well at night.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Due to the lack of sanitation facilities, diseases (dysentery and cholera) broke out, increasingly weakening the besieged.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

There was also a small outbreak of smallpox, which was quickly contained [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

During the first week of the siege, Nan Sahib's forces surrounded the fortification, set up embrasures and firing positions in the buildings surrounding the fortification.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Captain John Moore of the 32nd Cornish Light Cavalry Regiment organized several night sorties.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nana Sahib moved his headquarters to Sawada House (or Sawada Kochi), two miles from the fortification.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

In response to Moore's raids, Nana Sahib decided to conduct a direct assault on the British fortification, but faced a lack of enthusiasm among the rebel soldiers [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On June 11, Nan Sahib's forces changed their tactics, starting to concentrate fire on individual buildings, firing endless volleys of fortification cannons.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The rebels managed to damage several small buildings of the barracks.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

They also tried to set buildings on fire with cannon fire.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On the evening of June 12, the forces of Nan Sahib launched the first large-scale assault on the fortification.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

However, the rebels were still sure that the British mined the trenches and did not go inside the walls of the fortification.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On June 13, the rebels managed to destroy a British hospital with medical equipment, the wounded and sick died in the opened fire hell.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The loss of the hospital was a big blow to the besieged.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nan Sahib's forces gathered to attack, but were repelled by buckshot artillery under the command of Lieutenant George Ash.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

By June 21, the British had lost about a third of their people [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Wheeler periodically sent messages to Henry Lawrence, the commander of the forces in Lucknow, but he could not respond to him, as his garrison was also under siege.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Assault on June 23


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Sniper fire and shelling continued until June 23, 1857, the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Plessi (which took place on June 23, 1757, and became one of the central battles that led to the expansion British power over India).


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

One of the reasons that prompted the Sepoys to revolt was the prophecy that the power of the British East India Company over India would fall a hundred years after the Battle of Plessy.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

This prompted the rebel soldiers Nan Sahib to launch a general assault on the British fortification on June 23, 1857 [7].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Soldiers of the rebellious 2nd Bengal Cavalry Regiment went in the forefront of the stormers, but were repelled by card shots 50 yards from the British fortification.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

After the cavalry assault, soldiers of the 1st Indian Infantry Regiment launched a new attack, hiding behind bales of cotton and a parapet.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Regiment commander Radhai Singh ordered a volley at the British, but was immediately hit by return fire.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The hopes of the rebels for bales of cotton did not materialize, the buckshot easily pierced them.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On the other side of the fortification, several rebels engaged in hand-to-hand combat with 17 Britons, led by Lieutenant Mowbray Thomson.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

By the end of the day, the stormers did not manage to enter the fortification.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

25 rebels were killed, the British escaped with minor losses.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The surrender of British forces


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The British garrison suffered heavy losses from shelling, sniper fire and fortification attacks.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

People suffered from diseases, lack of food, water and medical care.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

General Wheeler lost heart after the death of Gordon Wheeler's son, decapitated by a cannonball [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

With the consent of General Wheeler, an official named John Shepard slipped out of the fortification in disguise to agree on the terms of surrender with Nana Sahib and was immediately captured by rebel soldiers.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

At that time, Nan Sahib's soldiers were still afraid to enter the fortification, believing that it was mined by the British.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nana Sahib and his advisers have developed a plan to break the impasse.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On June 24, they sent Mrs. Rose Greenaway, a European prisoner, to the fortification with a message.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

In exchange for surrender, Nana Sahib promised the British safe passage to Satichaura Ghat (a pier on the Ganges River), from where they could sail to Allahabad [6].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

General Wheeler rejected the proposal because the message was not signed and it was not certain that the proposal was made by Nana Sahib himself.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The next day, June 25, Nana Sahib sent a second message, signed by him personally, along with another European prisoner, Mrs. Jacobi.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The British garrison was divided into two camps, some advocating the continuation of the defense, others inclined to believe Nan Sahib's promise.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Finally, General Wheeler decided to surrender in exchange for safe passage to Allahabad.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

After a day of preparations and funerals, the British decided to leave for Allahabad on the morning of June 27, 1857.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Satichaura Gat massacre


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On the morning of June 27, 1857, a large British column led by General Wheeler appeared at the exit from the fortification.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nana Sahib provided several wagons, palanquins and elephants to make it easier for women, children and the sick to get to the river bank.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

British officers and military personnel were allowed to seize their weapons and ammunition and were escorted by the rebel army almost entirely [6].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

At 8 a.m., the British reached Satichaur Gat.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nana Sahib provided about 40 boats belonging to a local boatman named Hardev Mallah to send the British to Allahabad [8].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The Ganges dried up badly at Satichaur Gat, and the British felt that it would be difficult for them to sail away in boats.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

General Wheeler and his company were the first to board the boat and tried to sail from the shore.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Indian boatmen heard the horn signal from the banks, jumped into the water and sailed to the shore, and there was confusion.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Some, jumping, overturned the lights in the boats, the flames engulfed several boats.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Discussions continue about what exactly happened to Satichaur Gat [6] and who shot first [8], but the British were attacked by the sepoys and were killed or captured by them.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Some British officers accuse the rebels of putting boats in “the most marshy places” to delay the shipment, and Nan Sahib himself of colluding with the rebels to open fire and slaughtered all the English.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Although the British East India Company later officially accused Nan Sahib of “betraying” and killing innocent people, there is no evidence that Nana Sahib actually planned in advance or gave an order to slaughter the British [9].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Some historians believe that the Satichaur Gat massacre was actually the result of confusion, and not a specially developed plan by Nan Sahib carried out by his associates [10].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Lieutenant Mowbray Thomson, one of the four men who survived the massacre, believed that the ordinary sepoys who spoke to him did not know that a massacre would take place [11].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

According to Tantia Topi, a general in the service of Nan Sahib, when the conflict broke out, the latter ordered a unit of the 2nd Bengal Cavalry Regiment and several artillery units to open fire on British [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The rebels cavalry sovars threw themselves into the water, killing the remaining men, and women and children were taken prisoner because Nana Sahib allegedly did not give permission to kill them [12].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

About 120 women and children were taken prisoner and escorted to Sawada House, where Nan Sahib's headquarters were located during the siege.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

At this time, two boats sailed: the boat of General Wheeler himself and the second, which got a hole at the waterline with a core launched from the shore.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The British in the second boat panicked and tried to reach Wheeler's boat, which was slowly drifting into safe waters.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

There were about 60 people in General Wheeler's boat, and rebel soldiers chased her along the banks of the river.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The boat periodically came across sandbanks.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

With one of the shoals, Lieutenant Thomson led the people to attack the sepoys and seized part of the ammunition.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The next morning, the boat ran aground again, Thomson and 11 soldiers launched another attack.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

After a fierce battle on the shore, Thomson and his men decided to return to the boat, but did not find it where they expected [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Meanwhile, the rebels attacked the boat from the other side.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

After the shootout, the British decided to raise a white flag.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

They were taken to Savada House.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The surviving British ran aground and Nan Sahib's soldiers were ready to open fire on them.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The women insisted that they would die with their husbands, but they were driven away.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nana Sahib allowed British Chaplain Moncrief to read prayers before his death [13].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The British were first shot and then killed with swords [6].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The women and children were taken to Savada House, where they were attached to prisoners previously captured from Bibigar.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Meanwhile, Thomson's company could not find the boat, and his men decided to walk, avoiding the rebel soldiers.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

They took refuge in a small temple...


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

At the sight of the rebels approaching, Thomson led the people on a final attack.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Six British soldiers were killed, the rest managed to break through to the river bank.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

They threw themselves into the water and swam across the river, but on the other side they were attacked by another group of rebels from the village and beat them with batons.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

One soldier was killed, the others, including Thomson, sailed to the center of the river and sailed downstream for several hours.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

They reached the shore, where they were found by several Rajput gunsmiths who worked for Raja Dirijihai Singh, a supporter of the British.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

They moved British soldiers to the Raja Palace.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

These four British soldiers were the only survivors of the massacre by men (except for John Shepard, captured by Nan Sahib before the British surrender).


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Their names were Private Murphy and Sullivan, Lieutenant Delafosse and Lieutenant (later Captain) Mowbray Thomson.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

For several weeks, the four survivors recuperated, and then headed back to Kanpur, which by that time had returned to British control.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Murphy and Sullivan soon died of cholera, Delafosse went to Lakhnau to join the forces besieging the city, and Thomson took part in the restoration of the fortification under the command of General Windham and As a result, he wrote a report called “The Story of Kanpur” (London, 1859).


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

17-year-old Anglo-Indian girl Emmy Horn also survived the Satichaur Gat massacre.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

She fell off the boat and went with the flow, avoiding the massacre.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

When she went ashore, she met Wheeler's youngest daughter Margaret.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The two girls hid in the forest for several hours until they were found by a group of rebels.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Margaret was taken away on a horse and no one else saw her.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Emmy was taken to a nearby village, where she was taken under the patronage of a Muslim rebel leader on the condition that she converted to Islam.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Six months later, she was rescued by a detachment of highlanders from Sir Colin Campbell's column, which was moving to the rescue of the besieged Lachnau garrison.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

It was rumored that General Wheeler's youngest daughter, Margaret, who disappeared, also survived the massacre and married a Muslim soldier.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Bibigar massacre


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The surviving British women and children were transferred from Savada House to Bibigar (“Lady's Home”), a villa in Kanpur.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Initially, 10 women and children were locked up in Kanpur.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

They were later joined by several women and children from General Wheeler's boat.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Another group of British women and children were sent from Fategarh, as were several other captured European women.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

As a result, about 200 women and children gathered in Bibigar [14].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nana Sahib placed them in the care of a prostitute named Husaini Hamun (also known as Husaini Begum).


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

She jailed captives for grinding chapati corn.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Due to poor sanitary conditions in Bibigar, people began to die from cholera and dysentery [3].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nana Sahib decided to use the captives as goods for a deal with the East India Company [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The company's forces, consisting of 1,000 Britons, 150 Sikhs and 30 irregular cavalrymen under the command of General Henry Havelock, left Allahabad to recapture Kanpur and Lucknow [13].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Havelock originally assembled reserve troops: the 64th Infantry Regiment and the 78th Highlanders Infantry Regiment (recalled from the Anglo-Persian War), the first units recalled from the Second Opium War: 5th Division Fusiliers, part of the 90th Light Infantry Regiment (seven companies), the 84th Infantry Regiment (York and Lancaster) from Burma and the Madras Fusiliers of the East India Company brought to Kolkata from Madras [15].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Havelock's forces were joined by Major Reno and Colonel James Neal, who arrived from Kolkata to Allahabad on June 11, 1857.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nana Sahib demanded that forces under the command of General Havelock and Colonel Neal retreat to Allahabad.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nevertheless, the company's strength went unyielding to Kanpur.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nana Sahib sent an army to stop their advance.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The two opposing armies met at Fategarh on July 12, and General Havelok's forces won and took the city.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nana Sahib sent another army under the command of his brother Bal Rao.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On July 15, British troops under the command of General Havelock defeated the army of Bal Rao at the Battle of Aong (almost outside the village of Aong) [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Hevelok managed to capture several rebel soldiers, who informed him that a detachment of 5,000 rebel soldiers with eight guns was walking along the way.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Havelock decided to take a flank maneuver, but the rebels noticed his movement and opened fire.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The ensuing battle led to heavy losses on both sides, but the British eventually managed to clear the road to Kanpur.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

By this time, it became clear that Nan Sahib's attempts to make a deal with the company had failed, and the company's forces were approaching Kanpur.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nana Sahib knew that forces under the command of Havelok and Neal were abusing residents of Indian villages [3].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Some historians (Pramod Nayar) suggest that the Bibigar massacre was a response to reports of violence committed by advancing British troops [10].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nana Sahib and his associates, including Tantia Topi and Azimullah Khan, argued among themselves what to do with the prisoners in Bibigar.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Some advisers to Nan Sahib have already decided to exterminate prisoners in Bibigar in response to the murders of Indians by the advancing British forces [3].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Women at Nan Sahib's court challenged this decision and even went on a hunger strike, but their efforts were wasted [3].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

As a result, on July 15, an order was issued to kill the women and children imprisoned in Bibigar.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The details of the incident, such as who specifically gave the order, are still unclear [14] [16].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

According to some sources, Azimullah Khan ordered the killing of women and children [17].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Rebel sepoys executed four male hostages held in Fategarh (one of them was a 14-year-old boy).


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

But the sepoys refused to obey orders to kill women and children [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Some sepoys agreed to take women and children out of the courtyard, while Tantia Topi threatened to execute the sepoys for “neglecting duty.”


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nana Sahib himself left the building because he did not want to be a participant in the unfolding massacre.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

British women and children were ordered to leave the rooms, but refused to obey the order and clung to each other.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

They barricaded themselves by tying the door handles with clothes.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

First, twelve soldiers opened fire on the walls of Bibigar, shooting through holes in the boarded up windows.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The soldiers of the squad, who were supposed to fire the next volleys, were embarrassed by what was happening and discharged their weapons into the air.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Hearing screams and moans coming from the building, the rebel soldiers announced that they were no longer going to kill women and children.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Enraged Husaini Khanum called this behavior of the sepoys “cowardice” and asked her lover Sarvur Khan to finish the work on the murder of prisoners [5].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Sarvur Khan sent butchers who killed the surviving women and children with cleavers.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The butchers left the scene when it seemed that all the prisoners had been killed.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

However, several women and children managed to survive pretending to be killed.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

By common agreement, the cleaners were supposed to dump the bodies of the victims into a dried well.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The next morning, the rebels came to remove the bodies and found that three women and three children aged four to seven were still alive [3].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The cleaners threw the surviving women into the well, and they were also required to undress the dead.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Then the cleaners threw the three boys into the well, starting with the youngest.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Several victims (including young children) were buried alive along with a pile of dismembered bodies [6].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The capture of the city and retaliation by the British


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On July 16, 1857, the company reached Kanpur and took over the city.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

A group of British officers and soldiers went to Bibigar to save the prisoners, thinking that the prisoners were still alive.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

However, when they reached Bibigar, the British found only the bodies of murdered women and children.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Brigadier General Neal, who took command of Kanpur, decided to sentence the arrested rebels to death immediately, except for those who could provide evidence of their innocence.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The arrested were ordered to clear the Bibigar building of blood.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Hindu prisoners were then forced to eat beef and Muslims were forced to eat pork, which they considered “wicked” food.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Some Muslim sepoys were sewn into pig skin before hanging.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The cleaners were forced to execute the upper-caste rebels, the brahmanas.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The main idea was to humiliate the executed and deprive them of hopes for reincarnation in subsequent lives.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

After that, the rebels were outhung and the bodies were buried in a roadside ditch.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The gallows were placed next to Bibigar so that the executed could see the place of the massacre.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Some rebels were tied to the barrels of guns to be torn by shots, a method of execution originally used by the rebels themselves and rulers (Marathas and Mughals) [14].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

After learning of the massacre, angry British soldiers engaged in sweeping violence everywhere, including looting and setting fire to houses [5] [18].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

They even hated the local authorities, who did nothing to stop the Bibigar massacre.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

“Remember Kanpur” was the battle cry of British soldiers who participated in the further suppression of the uprising [19].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

In one village, Highlander soldiers from Scottish regiments gathered 140 men, women and children.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The men were outweighed without any charges whatsoever.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Sixty people were forced to build gallows from logs, while the rest were flogged and beaten [3].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Another village, where approximately 2,000 residents went out to protest, was surrounded and set on fire by British troops, and residents who tried to escape were shot on the spot [3].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Follow-up events


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On July 19, General Havelock conducted an operation in Bitur.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

A detachment of Madras fusiliers (102nd Infantry Regiment) and Sikh soldiers under the command of Major Stevenson entered Bitur and captured the palace of Nan Sahib without firing a shot [20].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The British seized guns, elephants, camels and set fire to Nan Sahib's palace.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

In November 1857, Tantia Topi gathered an army of rebel soldiers from the Gvalur contingent to capture Kanpur back.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

On November 19, his 6,000 detachment took control of all roads from the west and north-west of Kanpur [21].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

However, during the second Battle of Kanpur, the company's forces led by Colin Campbell defeated Tantia Topi's detachment, and the uprising in the Kanpur area was finally suppressed [22].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Tantia Topi, who retreated with the remnants of his army, joined the Lakshmi-bai detachment.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Nana Sahib himself disappeared without a trace; according to some reports, he fled to Nepal in 1859 [23].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

His fate continues to be unknown.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Until 1888, there were rumors that he was captured and even “fled to Russia”.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The British colonial authorities received denunciations against various personalities who were allegedly “Nana Sahibs”.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

All these denunciations turned out to be false, and further attempts to find and arrest Nan Sahib were stopped.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

British official Ionah Shepard, rescued by Havelock's army, spent several years after the uprising compiling a list of those killed in the fortification of General Wheeler.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Shepard himself lost his entire family during the siege.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

In the late 1860s, he retired and settled on a small estate north of Kanpur.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Monument


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

After the suppression of the uprising, the British destroyed Bibigar and erected a monument on the site of a well, where the bodies of British women and children were thrown.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Residents of Kanpur were forced to pay £30,000 for the construction of the monument, which was part of the punishment for not coming to the aid of the women and children killed in Bibigar [24].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The remains of the round masonry of the well can still be seen in Nana Rao Park, built after India achieved independence.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The British also erected the All Souls Memorial Church (now Kanpur Memorial Church) in memory of the victims.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Around the church are the graves of 70 Britons captured and killed on July 1, 1857, four days after the Satichaura Gat massacre [25].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

After India gained independence in 1947, a Gothic marble plaque with a grieving seraphim was moved from the church to the courtyard, and the monument to the British victims was replaced by a bust of Tantia Topi, supposedly commanding the massacre.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

References in literature and press


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The massacre was later reflected in many novels and films.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Julian Rathbone describes the brutality of both British and Indian troops during the siege of Kanpur in his novel The Mutiny.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

According to the plot of the novel, Indian nurse Lavagna saves an English boy Stephen during the massacre in Satichaura Gat [26].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Writer V. And Stewart, in Massacre at Cawnpore (The Kanpur Massacre), describes the siege and defense of the British through the eyes of Sheridan's character and his wife Emmy [27].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Author George McDonnell Frazer in Flashman in the Great Game also contains scenes of being in a besieged fortification and massacre from a European and Indian point of view [28].


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

The British press, which opposed cruelty to animals, recalled the cruelty shown by the rebellious sepoys, protesting against the public feeding of reptiles in the London Zoological Garden .


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

In 1876, Animal World editor Dr. P. L. Scatler and the press of the Zoological Society of London drew attention to manifestations of cruelty, “conniving with the rudeness of the crowd”; one of the authors of the Whitehall Review of April 27, 1878, spoke a protest against the “Kanpur massacre that takes place every day” and called the article “Sipaism in the Zoo”.


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

Notes


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

References


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

via the Internet Archive


Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

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Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

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Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

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Question: What was the outcome of the Siege of Kanpur?

Siege of Kanpur

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Siege of Kanpur

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Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Marie Fredriksson (born Swedish: Gun-Marie Fredriksson (born May 30, 1958) is a Swedish singer, composer, songwriter, pianist, better known as a soloist pop-rock band Roxette (along with Per Gessle).


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

She took part in the recording of solo albums by Per Gessle and Swedish band Gyllene Tider.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

She is also engaged in a solo career.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

He currently lives in Jursholm, a suburb of Stockholm.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

She is married to Mikael Bolyos, with whom she has two children: daughter Yusefin (1993) and son Oscar (1996).


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

[1] [2]


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Biography


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Youth and Career Beginning


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Marie was born in Össjö and was the youngest of 5 children [3].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Her family later moved to the small town of Östra Ljungby.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Marie's parents were poor and worked all the time, often leaving their youngest daughter alone.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

At this time, she discovered a passion for performing, she loved to stand in front of the mirror and imagine herself as a star.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Together with her sisters and children in the neighborhood, Marie began playing music and singing.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Her mother often asked Marie to perform something in front of the guests of their house, who were delighted with her voice and singing manner, so reminiscent of Olivia Newton-John's style [4] [5].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

As a teenager, Marie discovered artists such as Johnny Mitchell, The Beatles, and Deep Purple, and her interest in music grew even more.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

At the age of 17, she entered a music college and performed there at the local theater [6].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

However, she soon got tired of acting.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Marie was determined to become a singer — “I want to be a singer. I'm a singer!” [7].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Her participation in theatrical productions helped her, and soon she moved to Halmstad, where she began performing on the city stage.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Together with her friend Stefan, she formed the band Strul, which played in Halmstad clubs and even recorded a single.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

After that, the band broke up, and Marie and her new friend Martin Sternhuvsvud began performing as Mamas Barn.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Together they recorded a full album, “Barn Som Barn”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

After the release of the album, Per Gessle, vocalist of the popular Swedish band Gyllene Tider, invited Marie to use his acoustic studio for work, so they became friends.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Per believed that Marie was too talented to hide behind the synthesizer of small bands that perform in pubs, and invited her to meet with influential and famous Swedish producer Lasse Lindbom ( Lasse Lindbom).


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

He was impressed by the singer's voice and offered her a contract [8].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Marie's family didn't support her, except for sisters Ulla-Britt and Tina.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Marie's mother believed that her daughter should get an education and get a serious job, that music would certainly lead to drugs and failure.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

With the support of her sisters and Pera, Marie decided to sign the proposed contract and start working as a backing vocalist [9].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Lasse Lindbom invited Marie to sing a duet with him and record the song “Så nära nu”, after which Marie could become a member of his project, “The Lasse Lindbom Band”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Per Gessle urged the singer to start a solo career, who hesitated for a long time, but eventually recorded her first solo album, “Het vind”, which Lindbohm produced [10].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

“Ännu doftar kärlek” became the first single and achieved great radio success [11].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The album itself received very different ratings.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

One newspaper wrote, “Is this the best you can do, Marie?”


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The singer was depressed, saying that the article in the newspaper was like a “knife in the heart” to her.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

She went on tour with Lasse Lindbohm's band, as she didn't feel confident enough to give a solo concert.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Lasse, Marie, Per Gessle and Mats MP Persson formed a new band called “Spännande Ostar” (Exciting Cheeses), which played in different clubs for several months.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

That same year, Marie and Lasse went to the Canary Islands to write songs for Marie's second solo album.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

They soon returned to Sweden to perform and record their compositions [2].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The album was released in 1986 under the title “Den Sjunde Vågen” (Ninth Wave).


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The singles were “Den bästa dagen” and “Silver i din hand”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The album received very good reviews from critics, and then Marie decided to go on tour on her own as a solo artist [1].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

For years, Per and Marie have talked about starting to work together.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Marie performed backing vocals on many of Per's Gyllene Tider songs, and they worked together for Spännande Ostar and other projects, including Gyllene Tider's attempt to release an English-language album in the United States.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Fredriksson's career was uphill in Sweden, while Per, the former vocalist of the boy band, had a solo career rolling down the mountain.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Friends and colleagues warned her against working with Gessle.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

His idea was to start a duet, sing in English and try to achieve success in Europe.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

At that time, it was not customary for Swedish musicians to sing in English, and this idea could have been a failure for Marie's successful career, but she took a risk that later was fully justified [10] .


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

In 1986, she teamed up with Per in a duet called Roxette, the name Gyllene Tider used to release the album “The Heartland Cafe” in the United States.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Their first single, “Neverending Love”, became popular in Sweden, and Roxette's debut album “Pearls of Passion” breathed life into Gessle's fading career and further confirmed Marie as a serious artist [ 1].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The new project was very successful in Sweden.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Nevertheless, Marie did not want to lose fans of her solo work.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

So immediately after her Rock Run Riket tour with Roxette, she decided to record a new solo album.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

And this time, Lassa Lindbom, producer and songwriter, helped her work.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The work took place in two sessions, in May and September 1987.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

“Efter Stormen”, the third solo album, became even more popular than the previous two.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The release of the record was followed by a promotional tour of Sweden, but this time the compositions were performed in a more acoustic version than before, thereby creating a new atmosphere at the performance [12].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

In February 1989, Marie recorded the song “Sparvöga” for a Swedish television series.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

This song, the main theme of the show, became one of her favorite and one of her most recognizable songs.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Since then, Marie has become one of the most popular singers in Sweden [13].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Global success with Roxette


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

In 1988, Roxette returned to the studio and recorded their second album, “Look Sharp!” , with whom the duo returned to the local charts.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

However, in the same year, the band unexpectedly hit No. 1 in the United States, “The Look”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Almost overnight, Fredriksson and Gessle became world celebrities touring the planet, selling albums in millions of pieces and winning various awards.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Album “Look Sharp!” became very popular, with two singles reaching number one on the US charts [1].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

In 1990, Touchstone Pictures invited Peru to write a song for the upcoming film Pretty Woman.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The musicians at the time were very busy working on another album, and Per only remade the lyrics of one of his Christmas songs and called it “It Must Have Been Love”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The song was featured in the film, became No. 1 in the United States and is still one of Roxette's most famous songs [10].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

In 1991, the album “Joyride” was released, and the band had another hit number 1.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The release of the album was followed by a long tour, “Join the Joyride”, during which they visited more than 100 cities between 1991 and 1992.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

During her years of active work with Per Gessle with Roxette, Marie found time for both her personal life and work on solo albums.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

In 1992, she recorded the CD “Den ständiga resan”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

This work became her musical self-portrait and was written as a diary containing very personal songs about her life, feelings and relationships.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

An extraordinary personal album also influenced a difficult period in her life.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

“The album reflects a period of four or five years ago in my life,” Marie said in an interview about the album.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

“I've had a crisis in my life with hellish side effects, but I'm glad it's over.”


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The song “Ett enda liv” was written about a good friend Marie who committed suicide.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The singer's mother did not approve of her daughter's creation, not understanding why she decided to share such frank and deeply personal feelings with the general public [15].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

During the Join the Joyride Tour world tour in Australia, Marie became friends with a friend of the band's musicians, Michael Boyosh.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Three days after they met, they had an engagement, and a year later Fredriksson was pregnant.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

While in position, she gave several concerts in Sweden in support of the album “Den ständiga Resan”, and also performed with Roxette on MTV Unplugged.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

On April 29, 1993, she had a daughter, Ines Yusefin [16].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

In 1996, Marie recorded an album of the best ballads in Spanish with Roxette and her new solo album, “I en tid som vår” (At a time like ours).


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

In the same year, her second child, son Oscar Mikael, was born [5].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

From 1998 to 1999, Roxette recorded the album “Have a Nice Day” in Spain.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

In 2000, Fredriksson released a compilation of her greatest hits called “Äntligen — Marie Fredrikssons bästa 1984—2000”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The release of the album was followed by a very successful summer tour of Sweden [17].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The concert in Stockholm was filmed and released the same year on DVD along with an audio CD in cardboard packaging “Äntligen — Sommarturné”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The album has a circulation of more than 350,000 copies.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Two singles were released from the album, “Äntligen” and “Det som var nu” [10].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Marie's mother, Ines, died in 1998, but only Swedish newspapers wrote about the event and many fans of the singer did not know about it for several years.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Later, Marie accidentally mentioned this fact in an interview and said that her mother suffered from Parkinson's disease for several years and the singer called her almost every day [18].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

In 2002, the gift edition (box set) “Kärlekens Guld” (Gold of Love) was released.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Five albums with improved sound quality were supplemented with previously unreleased songs, as well as new booklets and new artwork [19].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Illness and rehabilitation


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

On September 11, 2002, Marie returned home from a morning run and felt unwell while in the bathroom.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

She fainted when she hit her head against the sink.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

A few hours later, she was taken to Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm, where the singer was diagnosed with a brain tumor.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

A few weeks later, the operation to remove it was successful.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Marie was in rehab for several years.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

During treatment (doctors bet 1:2 that the tumor could be fatal) [12] she suffered certain brain damage and related restrictions, such as loss of ability to read and consider complete loss of vision in the right eye and partial loss of motor activity on the right side of the body.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Due to illness, the singer was unable to take part in the recording of Roxette's planned album “The Pop Hits”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Her colleague Per Gessle performed all the songs himself (written specifically for this collection), but Marie still found the strength to back the vocal part in the only single, “Opportunity Nox”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

All scheduled concerts in the Night of the Proms series, which were scheduled to take place in Belgium and the Netherlands in early 2003, were also canceled.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

At the end of January 2003, King Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden awarded Marie (and Per Gessle) the Royal Medal on the Blue Ribbon.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

At this ceremony, Marie first appeared in public after surgery.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Six months after surgery, while still in rehabilitation, she took part in the recording of Per Gessle's solo album “Mazarin” (2003).


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Marie recorded a backing vocal part for the song “På promenad genom stan” (Walking around the city) at Vinden Studio, at her home in Jursholm.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

From there, the material was sent to Peru to Halmstad, where the finished composition was mixed.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Around this time, work began on Marie's solo album, in which she first decided to perform and record songs in English.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The album was called “The Change”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The single “2:nd Chance” debuted on the Swedish charts at number one, and a year after its release, on November 26, 2004, according to IFPI, the album peaked at number one (20,000 copies sold in Sweden).


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

In connection with the release of the album, Marie and her husband Micke Boyos announced the creation of a new recording studio MaryJane Music, where, according to the official website, all solo albums will be recorded singers.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The site also says that the work of the musicians is “evolving”, so the releases of some musical projects by friends Marie and Mieke are not excluded.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

On October 21, 2005, it was officially announced that Marie had recovered and was no longer undergoing treatment.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Returning


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

In February 2006, Marie returned with a new album “Min bäste vän” (My Best Friend), on which she recorded covers of her childhood favorite songs.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Only two singles were released: “Sommaräng” (by Jon Holm) and “Ingen kommer undan politiken” (promotional single only).


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

While undergoing chemotherapy, Marie rediscovered her passion for drawing.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Since she could no longer read or write, drawing became the only thing she could do and what she really did with all her passion.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

All her previous graphic creations were never taken out of her home, but from October 21 to October 30, “After The Change” exhibition opened its doors to visitors — at the Doktor Glas Gallery in Kungsträdgården exhibited 24 charcoal drawings.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Later, a book of the same name was published with all 24 reproductions.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

On November 28, 2007, Marie's best ballads compilation album, “Tid för tystnad” (Time of Silence), was released.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The album features two new songs: “Ett bord i solen” (translated into Swedish song “A Table in the Sun”) and “Ordet är farväl”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

On February 8, 2008, the second exhibition of Marie's works, entitled “Ett bord i solen”, opened at the So Stockholm Gallery in Stockholm.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The exhibition also sold a book exclusively published in 300 copies.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The book contains 6 portraits of Marie, a description of all her works, as well as reproductions of 37 paintings from the vernissage.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

[28] The singer says that of all “art forms”, she currently prefers painting, both charcoal and pastel.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

In an interview dedicated to the opening of the vernissage, the singer admitted that as a result of brain surgery in 2002, she completely lost her eyesight in her right eye and it will never recover.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

In mid-2008, Marie recorded the song “Där du andas” (Where Do You Breathe) (by Niklas Strömstedt and Anders Glenmark) for the Swedish film Arn — Riket vid vägens slut ) [30].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

On August 28, for the first time in her career, [31], the single debuted on the official music charts [32] Sweden at number one.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

A week later, the single dropped to number three, losing first place to Katie Perry with the single “I kissed a girl”, and second to Ole Svensson with the single “Feelgood”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

From September 20 to October 5, 2008, another exhibition of Marie's paintings took place in Gothenburg.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

[33] [34] The Lilla Galleriet was open Tuesday to Sunday, from 12 pm to 4 pm.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

In May 2009, Marie took part in two Per Gessle concerts as part of the Party Crasher tour 2009, announcing her return to the stage [35] and continuing to collaborate with Per as part of the never officially the disbanded duo Roxette.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

On September 25, 2013, a new Swedish-language single, “Kom vila hos mig”, was released from the album “Nu!”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The B-side to the single was a demo version of the song.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

At the same time, Marie began work on Roxette's new studio album, “Good Karma”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Marie is also writing an autobiography and is going on tour in the near future.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

On April 18, 2016, it became known that doctors recommended the singer to stop concert activities for health reasons.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The singer followed their advice.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Twenty concerts scheduled for the summer of 2016 in Europe have been canceled.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

On social networks, Roxette thanked fans of the band for “a wonderful 30 years together”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

This, however, does not mean the end of Marie's singing career — her home in Stockholm has a recording studio and is likely to be able to record vocals for new Roxette songs or her solo albums without compromising health.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

On May 30, 2017, on his 59th birthday, Fredriksson released a new English-language single, “Alone Again”.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

This is a jazz composition performed in collaboration with Max Schultz and Magnus Lindgren.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

In an interview, the singer mentioned that she is determined to record a new jazz album and, most likely, this single could be his first single.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Reviews from critics and other musicians about Marie


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Many famous musicians have repeatedly assessed Marie's work in their interviews, especially since she is still one of the most famous and successful Swedish singers.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Frida from ABBA, who has collaborated with Marie more than once, notes her excellent musical taste.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Both singers, fans of Johnny Mitchell and Ella Fitzgerald, recorded several songs as a duet in the style of these musicians [10] [38].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Swedish blues singer Totta Neslund, who died in 2005, recorded the album “Duetterna” in 2001.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Two songs performed by the duo with Marie, “Ett minne bättre glömt” and “Sommarens sista servitris”, were included on the record about which Totta admitted in an interview that it was the most “unusual and interesting recording experience”, as he considered Marie a “world-class star” [10] [39].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Per Gessle, Marie's Roxette colleague, admitted in many interviews that Marie is “the best friend you can only dream of”, despite the fact that “she does not have the sweetest character” [40] [41].


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Discography


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Het vind (1984)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Den sjunde vågen (1985)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Efter stormen (1987)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Den ständiga resan (1992)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

I en tid som vår (1996)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Äntligen — Marie Fredrikssons bästa 1984—2000 (2000)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The Change (2004)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Min bäste vän (2006)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Tid för tystnad (November 28, 2007)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Nu!


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Singles


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Notes


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The first edition of the single “Där du andas” was released in a glossy cardboard sleeve (catalog number 334 24691, Bonnier Music), but the record company found that the barcode contained an error.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The release of the single was suspended, but 300 copies were made.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

The second edition of the single was released in a matte cardboard sleeve with the “correct” barcode.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Marie's music in movies


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Sånt är livet (1996, dir. Colin Nutle): “Ännu Doftar Kärlek”, “Tro” [42] [43]


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

“Arn — Riket vid vägens slut” (2008): “Där du andas” [30]


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Collaboration


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Marie is also the author of some songs that other artists have recorded and performed on their solo albums.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Some of the best known are:


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Anna Book (Annamma) - “Det Finns Myket Som Man Inte Kanner Till” (together with L. Lindbom)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Efva Attling — “Utan Dej” (together with Efva Attling)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Jenny Öhlund — “Nar Natten Blir Dag” (with L. Larsson)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Marie Fredriksson (Back Vocal) & Triad — “Ut Ur Skuggan — In I Solen” (together with L. Lindbom)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Unknown Artist — “Schmetterling” (“Sparvöga”)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Covers


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Marie's songs have been performed more than once by many Swedish artists.


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Among the many:


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Stefan Borsch — “Ännu doftar kärlek” (album “Stefan Borsch”, 2007)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Ingmar Nordström — “Ännu doftar kärlek” (album “Saxpartyfavor”, 2007)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Curt Haagers — “Ännu doftar kärlek” (album “20 Goa bitar”, 2007) [44]


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Erik Linder — “Tro”, “Ännu doftar kärlek” (album “Inifrån”, 2009) [45]


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Opeth — “Den Ständiga Resan” (album “Watershed” (Special Edition), 2008)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Nominations and awards


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Swedish Grammy nominations:


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Pop-rock singer of the year 1987 (“Efter stormen”)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Best Artist of the Year 1988 (for “Look Sharp!” as part of Roxette)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Best Artist of the Year 1991 (for the album “Joyride” with Roxette)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Pop Rock Singer of the Year 1992 (“Den ständiga resan”)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Author of the song of the year 1992 (“Den ständiga resan”)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Pop Rock Singer of the Year 1996 (“I en tid som vår”)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Swedish Grammy Awards:


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Pop-rock singer of the year 1988 (“Den flygande holländaren”)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Best Pop Group of the Year 1991 (for the album “Joyride” with Roxette)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Artist of the Year 1992 (“Den ständiga resan”) [46]


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Sources


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

See also


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Roxette


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Per Gessle


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Roxette musicians


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

References


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

(fan website)


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Category:Swedish rock musicians


Question: In what year was Roxette, a Swedish pop-rock band, formed?

Goon-Marie Fredriksson

Category:Roxette


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Russia is washed by 1 enclosed sea and 12 seas belonging to three oceans; in addition, the southern part of the eastern coast of Kamchatka, the eastern and southeastern shores of most of the Kuril Islands are washed by directly by the Pacific Ocean, the part of it that does not enter any sea.


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Three seas belong to the Atlantic Ocean, six to the Arctic Ocean, three to the Pacific Ocean and another enclosed sea that washes Russia.


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

The degree of control and economic development of various seas by Russia varies significantly.


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Russia shares the waters of many seas with many other countries.


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

The seas of the Atlantic Ocean that wash Russia


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Baltic Sea


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Black Sea


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Sea of Azov


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Seas of the Arctic Ocean that wash Russia


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Barents Sea


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

White Sea


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Kara Sea


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Laptev Sea


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

East Siberian Sea


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Chukchi Sea


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Pacific Ocean seas that wash Russia


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Bering Sea


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Sea of Japan


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Sea of Okhotsk


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

The enclosed seas that wash Russia


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth, which can be classified either as the largest drainless lake or as a full-fledged sea due to its size, that its bed is composed of an oceanic crust of the earth.


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Russian coastal cities


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

The coastal territories of Russia differ in varying degrees of development from the point of view of urbanization processes.


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

There are 5 coastal macrozones of urbanization in Russia [2].


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

In post-Soviet Russia, the cities of the climatically more favorable Azov-Black Sea and Baltic macrozones developed most dynamically: between 1989 and 2002, 32% of the demographic growth of the southeastern” was provided by Makhachkala, 13% by Sochi, 11% by Rostov-on-Don, 10% by Novorossiysk and 6% by Kaliningrad.


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

At the same time, there were exceptions among the climatically northern regions: Naryan-Mar and Salekhard [2].


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

At the same time, St. Petersburg remains the leading seaside urban center of Russia, where about half of the Primorsky urban population of Russia lived in 2017.


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Notes


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Literature


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Category:Lists: Geography of Russia


Question: How many countries do we wash the North Sea?

Seas of Russia

Category:Seas surrounding Russia