Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Also in 1910, she refused the Order of the Legion of Honor offered to her by the government [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

From 1911 until her death, Marie Sklodowska-Curie was a regular participant in the Solvey Congresses on Physics [6] [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1910-1911, four years after her husband's death, Curie had an affair with her old acquaintance, a former student of Pierre Curie, physicist Paul Langevin [4] [57] [42].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

He was 5 years younger than Maria, married and had four children.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

During the romance, Paul's wife Jeanne received part of Maria's letters to her husband, and she began to blackmail both.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Paul's wife's brother-in-law, editor of a Parisian newspaper, published these letters.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

When the scandal broke out, Maria was at a conference in Belgium.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Upon returning in front of her house, Curie found an angry crowd, so she and her daughters had to urgently hide with her friend, writer Camilla Marbeau.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The newspaper persecution of Curie began.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Some newspapers wrote that she was Jewish, others that she was Russian or German, and she was accused of atheism.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Langevin summoned one of the journalists to a duel, which took place on November 25, 1911 and ended in nothing (both refused to shoot) [57] [58].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Eva Curie hid these facts of her mother's biography in her book, which is why she was criticized by reviewers [49].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

At this time, Albert Einstein wrote Curie a letter of encouragement:


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

If this mob bothers you, just stop reading this nonsense.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Leave it to the vipers for whom this story was fabricated.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

—A.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Einstein [4]


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1911, Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for outstanding services in the development of chemistry: the discovery of the elements of radium and polonium, the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this wonderful element” [59].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Marie Curie became the first — and today the only woman in the world — to win twice the Nobel Prize.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In her report in Stockholm, she stressed that the discovery of new elements was made by her together with her husband:


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

First, I would like to remind you that the discovery of radium was made by Pierre Curie together with me.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

We also owe Pierre Curie for his fundamental experiments in radioactivity.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

My own work was chemical research on the release of radium.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Marie Curie contributed to raising the authority of the Nobel Prize as a whole.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Prior to the awarding of the Curie and Becquerel spouses in 1903, the press covered the merits of only Nobel Peace Prizes and Prizes in the Field of Medicine.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In the difficult living conditions in which the Curie couple worked and made their discoveries, and in Marie's novel with Langevin, the press saw a sharp plot, which added to the fame of the scientist.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The press was also attracted by the unusual properties of radium discovered by the spouses, which was considered a potential cure for cancer [11].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

However, even Maria's second Nobel Prize in the fall did not stop the discussion in the press of her personal life.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Moreover, the famous Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius wrote two letters to Maria, in the first of which he persuaded her to come, and in the second, changing her mind, assured that her appearance at the ceremony was undesirable [4 ].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Despite this, Maria went to the ceremony accompanied by her daughter Irene and made a report on her works, which she dedicated to the memory of her husband, believing that the prize belongs to him [60].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

After being awarded in December 1911, Maria suffered from kidney disease and another severe depression.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She underwent surgery and was treated in a private clinic under a false name [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Not wanting to return to France, Maria accepted the invitation of physicist Hertha Ayrton to live for some time in England, where she arrived under the name Sklodowska.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Hertha was almost the only scientist who helped her [60].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Langevin eventually reconciled with his wife, but maintained scientific and friendly relations with Maria until her death [45].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Radium institutes


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Shortly before the outbreak of World War I, in 1909, the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute established the Radium Institute in Paris to study radioactivity [61].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The initiative to create the institute came from Emile Roux, who then headed the Pasteur Institute [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The Radium Institute was divided into two departments — basic research on radioactivity and research on the use of radiation for the treatment of diseases [62].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Organizational work was completed in July 1914, and Marie Curie was appointed Director of the Department for Basic Research on Radioactivity [9] [6].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

After the war, she returned to the institute [59], which became one of the four largest laboratories in the world for the study of radioactivity, along with the Cavendish Laboratory led by Ernest Rutherford, led by and led by Otto Gan and Lisa Meitner [63].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Much later, in 1925, Marie Curie visited Poland to participate in a groundbreaking ceremony for the Warsaw Radium Institute, which began to be built before the war and opened in 1932.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Bronislava, Maria's sister [64] [65] [33], took the position of director, and Curie herself became Honorary Director [59].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Public events distracted Maria from her scientific work and caused her discomfort, but provided resources for her work [65].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Similar institutes for the study of radioactivity (radium institutes) were opened in Leningrad.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

World War I


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

On August 1, 1914, France announced a general mobilization, and on September 2, two bombs fell on Paris.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Realizing the approach of the German army to the capital, Maria took the valuable radium in a lead case to Bordeaux, where the French government had moved, and returned to Paris [60] [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Immediately after the outbreak of active hostilities on the fronts of the First World War, Maria Sklodowska-Curie, appointed Director of the Radiology Service of the Red Cross [55], took up equipment and maintenance X-ray portable machines to scan the wounded, attracting government support, donations from manufacturers and wealthy acquaintances, and training and guiding the work of numerous volunteers [ 2].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Marie Curie also invested almost all of her personal funds from both Nobel Prizes in military loans.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Mobile X-ray stations, powered by a dynamo attached to a car engine, traveled around hospitals, helping surgeons perform operations; at the front, these points were nicknamed” little Curie.”


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The first installations were ready by the end of October, and they traveled on November 1, 1914.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria trained military doctors in the use of radiology, for example, the detection of shrapnel bullets in the body of a wounded person using X-rays.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

During the war, Maria and Irene and the people they trained took more than a million X-rays of wounded soldiers [4] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria did not receive any official recognition from the French state authorities, which did not forgive her for “tarnishing” her husband's name [65] [55].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

At the Curie Institute, training was organized for radiologist assistants, for whom Maria taught courses since the beginning of 1916 [66].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In the frontline zone, Curie helped create radiological units and supply first aid points with portable X-ray machines.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

By the end of the war, there were about 200 stationary posts and 20 mobile X-ray units [9] [17] (according to other sources, 18 units [67]).


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She summarized the accumulated experience in the monograph “Radiology and War” in 1920 [6] [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Post-war years


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1920, the French government established a scholarship for Marie Curie, the previous recipient of which was Louis Pasteur [64].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She continued to teach at the Radium Institute, where she supervised the work of students and actively promoted the use of radiology in medicine, and wrote a biography of Pierre Curie, published in 1923 [68] .


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

From time to time, Sklodowska-Curie traveled to Poland, which gained independence at the end of the war.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

There she consulted Polish researchers [6].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In the spring of 1920, in a Paris laboratory, an American journalist arranged with Marie Curie for her first visit to the United States to give lectures [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria's interest in this trip was the possibility of obtaining additional radium for her works.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The cost of 1 gram of radium at that time was $100,000 [69].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maloney promised Mary to raise the necessary funds through the Marie Curie Radium Foundation she created in less than 1 year [70].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In May 1921, she and her daughters Sklodowska-Curie visited the United States, crossing the Atlantic for the first time by steamer.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

On May 20, she received 1 gram of radium as a gift from President Harding on behalf of American women to continue her experiments [6] [70] [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

At the ceremony, not the radium sample itself was presented, but the container key and the quality certificate [71] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

A sample of radium was made in a laboratory in Pittsburgh, which Maria visited during her visit [70].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

During the trip, her hand was injured by numerous strong handshakes, so Irene won some of the awards without the participation of her mother [17] [65] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

During her first trip to the United States, Maria visited New York, Washington, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, Buffalo, Boston, visited the Grand Canyon and Niagara Falls.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She has received honorary degrees from Columbia University, University of Pennsylvania, University of Pittsburgh, Yale University, Wellesley College, Northwestern University and College Smith [69].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

During her second visit to the United States (1929), she received a donation for which she purchased another gram of radium for therapeutic use in a hospital in Warsaw.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

On October 30, 1929, President Herbert Hoover presented her with a check for $50,000 at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The halving of the cost of 1 gram of radium in 8 years was due to the start of its commercial production at the fields in Katanga in the Belgian Congo [72].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Before the meeting, Hoover was embarrassed that Maria did not have official awards from France.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The French government, having learned that the award would be presented by the President of the United States, offered to award her the Order of the Legion of Honor for the second time, but Maria refused [16] [65] [73].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1922, the first woman, she was elected a member of the Paris Medical Academy for her contribution to the development of medical radiology [64] [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In the same year, the French government awarded Maria an annual prize of 40,000 francs [69].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

At the same time, she traveled to other countries, published and lectured in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia [74].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In August 1922, on the advice of Einstein, Marie Curie became a member of the newly created International Committee for Intellectual Cooperation at the League of Nations [6] [75] [76].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She sat on the Committee until 1934 along with such well-known researchers as Albert Einstein, Hendrik Lorenz and Henri Bergson, and contributed to the coordination of scientific research, the unification of scientific terminology and the creation of a single format for scientific publications [17] [77] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1930, she was elected to where she worked until her death [78].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Recent years


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

As a result of many years of work with radium, Marie Curie's health began to deteriorate markedly.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She developed cataracts and developed kidney problems again [45].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In the spring of 1934, Maria made a car trip with her sister Bronislava, during which she caught a bad cold.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The temperature lasted an unusually long time, doctors thought it was the flu, and sent her for treatment to a sanatorium in Passy, Haute-Savoie.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

On the way, Maria lost consciousness several times.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The tests performed showed negative changes in blood composition over time, indicating a deterioration in health [69] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Marie Curie died on July 4, 1934 near Sansellmoz [6] [33] [69].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

On July 6, 1934, she was buried in the cemetery in Sault in the grave of her husband Pierre Curie [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She just over a year did not live to see the Nobel Prize awarded to her daughter Irene and son-in-law Frederic Joliot for their discovery of artificial radioactivity [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1934, Einstein wrote in an obituary published in the New York Times:


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

To my great happiness, for twenty years we have been associated with Madame Curie with a sublime and cloudless friendship.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

My admiration for her human greatness was constantly growing.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The strength of her character, purity of thoughts, self-demand, objectivity, integrity of judgments — all these qualities are rarely combined in one person.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

At any moment, she felt that she was serving society, and her great modesty left no room for narcissism.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She was constantly depressed by society's sense of cruelty and injustice.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

This is what gave it the appearance of an external rigor, so easily misunderstood by those who were not close to it—a strange rigor that was not mitigated by any artificial effort.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The most outstanding feat of her life — proof of the existence of radioactive elements and their receipt — owes its fulfillment not only to bold intuition, but also to dedication, perseverance in doing work under the most incredible difficulties, which is not often found in the history of experimental science.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

—A.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Einstein [79]


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

On April 20, 1995, by decision of French President Francois Mitterrand, the ashes of Pierre and Marie Curie were transferred to the Paris Pantheon during a solemn ceremony in the presence of Polish President Lech Walesa [76] [33].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Scientific activity


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Discovery of radioactivity


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

At the end of 1897, Marie Curie completed her research on magnetism and began looking for a topic for her dissertation.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

At this time, the Curie couple met physicist Henri Becquerel, who discovered that uranium compounds emit deeply penetrating radiation.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

According to Becquerel, it was an internal property of uranium, in contrast to X-rays generated by external influences [10].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria became interested in the topic and began working on her doctoral dissertation on the study of this phenomenon [6].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

By the end of the 19th century, researchers working with uranium salts knew that photographic plates placed near them were exposed for some unknown reason.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Henri Becquerel set out to study this phenomenon, considering it a kind of phosphorescence, which he was well acquainted with from the works of his father [80] [46].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

To support this assumption, Becquerel used the sun as a natural light source to excite phosphorescence and a photographic plate to record it.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

At the end of February 1896, he prepared uranium salts on a substrate in the form of a silver emulsion covered with black paper to prevent the plates from being exposed to sunlight.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

But on February 26 and 27, it was cloudy in Paris, and Becquerel left a record with salts in the box.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Despite the fact that there was no sun on the following days, on March 1, he decided to develop a record that had been lying for several days without exposure to sunlight.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

It turned out that, contrary to expectations, the image on the photographic plate was clear [10].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The scientist repeated the experiment and made sure that the radiation did not depend on external irradiation, and found that the uranyl potassium sulfate salt continued to emit even after lying in the dark for several days, which seemed contrary to the first law of thermodynamics [80].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

On March 23, 1896, Becquerel demonstrated the results of experiments at a meeting of the Paris Academy of Sciences, suggesting that he had discovered a type of phosphorescence, but not ordinary, but “invisible and long-term” [ 46] [81].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Becquerel then found out that all uranium compounds available to researchers have this property, and the radiation intensity does not depend on temperature [81].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In addition, it turned out that the radiation he called “uranium rays” at a meeting of the Paris Academy of Sciences on November 23 [46], like X-rays, leads to ionization of air [80] [46].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In the same year, Becquerel was convinced that the radiation he discovered was not phosphorescence, but did not want to accept this fact for a long time [46] [17] [44].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1897, he made only one report, in which he summarized the results of his work, in particular, announced the discharge of the electroscope with uranium rays.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

After that, Becquerel returned to the study of phosphorescence, leaving the theory of “uranium rays” in its infancy [46] [45].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Becquerel's research became the foundation for the work of Pierre and Marie Curie [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Marie Curie prompted Pierre to compare uranium compounds obtained from different deposits by the intensity of their radiation: uranium salts (for example, uranium tar ore, or nasturane) at that time were used to produce colored glass.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Charles Gariel, the new director of the School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry, allowed Maria to work in the school building.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

For the experiments, a glazed wooden shed was used, which previously served as a warehouse and engine room [47].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Later, in the introduction to her dissertation, Maria thanked the school leaders for the opportunity to conduct research [59].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

From 1898 to 1902, the Curie couple processed eight tons of nasturan [82].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

To quantify the ionization effect, Maria, with the help of Pierre, invented and designed a device consisting of piezoelectric scales developed by Pierre and his brother Jacques [4] [6] [83], a quadrant electrometer and an ionization chamber connected to the battery.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The radioactive substance was placed in an ionization chamber, where the rays emitted by it ionized the air.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Ions, moving to the poles of the battery, generated current, which led to a deviation of the electrometer needle.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Then the charge of the electrometer was compensated by an equal charge that the quartz piezoelectric element gave when deformed under the weight of weights on the scales [84] [80] [10].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

It turned out that natural chalcolite (a mineral consisting of copper and uranium phosphate) is 2 times more active than uranium, and the artificially prepared mixture of these salts is half as active as compared to uranium.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

This indicated the presence of a very active component in the composition of natural chalcolite, which was different from uranium and thorium and which was isolated [84] [10] [44].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The Curie couple tried to establish the effect of the chemical composition of the test substance on the radiation intensity.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Their method consisted in determining the activity of the test drug, chemical separation and determining the activities of the products obtained in order to determine where the radioactive substance had passed [10].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

This experiment in 1898 suggested that in addition to uranium, the samples contain another radioactive substance.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Studying the fractions of uranium ore isolated by various chemical methods (dissolution in acids, precipitation, sublimation), Curie identified one that had 400 times stronger radioactivity than pure uranium.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

This led the couple to think about the presence in uranium tar of an unknown element that gives intense radiation [84] [84] [85] [86].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In April 1898, Gabriel Lippman presented the preliminary results of the experiments on behalf of Maria at a meeting of the Paris Academy of Sciences [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Marie Curie began to measure the activity of all pure elements known at that time, as well as alloys that were in the laboratory of the School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry [46].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

One of the first elements was phosphorus, followed by pure uranium provided by Henri Moissant, rare and rare earth metals provided by Eugène Demarcé, finally all the minerals of the Museum of Natural stories of France, provided by geologist Alfred Lacroix, who was responsible for the collection [46].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The values of the ionization currents obtained were as follows [84] [10]:


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

As a result of the study, it was possible to discover the radioactivity of a number of substances,


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Marie Curie also noted that rays were a property inherent in a certain element, regardless of temperature, purity of its composition and external irradiation [6] [86].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

A report at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences on these discoveries with a proposal to call the new phenomenon “radiation” was made on July 18, 1898 on behalf of the couple Henri Becquerel, since Curie were not members of the Academy [ 10].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Since the isolated substance contained a large amount of bismuth, the properties of which were very similar to the properties of the new element, Maria and Pierre suggested that the new element is in the same group of the periodic table [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

However, bismuth was not radioactive, so the Curie couple suggested the existence of a new element, which they proposed to call polonium [84] [86] in honor of Poland (Polish: Polōnia), Mary's birthplace Sklodowska [87] [88].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In November 1898, the Curie couple returned to experiments with nasturan and discovered a radioactive substance that was completely different in chemical properties from polonium, but also more active than uranium.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Curie suggested the existence of another new element, which is also found in the ore in very small quantities and is more similar in chemical properties to barium [86] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

To isolate the new element, the couple again used a procedure that consisted in dissolving solid samples with acids and precipitating the resulting salts.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Curie obtained a mixture of barium chlorides and a new element that was 2—3 million times more active than uranium [88].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

For more accurate confirmation, the researchers sent several samples to Demarcé, who recorded the spectra of their radiation and noticed new spectral lines in the ultraviolet region that were cannot be attributed to any of the known elements.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Since the intensity of these lines increased with the radioactivity of the substance, he attributed them to a new element.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Marie and Pierre Curie, together with December 19, 1898, sent a new message to the Paris Academy of Sciences, in which they called the new element “radium” [87] [84].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

On December 26, 1898, Becquerel again announced this discovery on behalf of the spouses Curie and Beaumont [10].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

On January 30, 1899, Marie Curie published an article in Becquerel's Rays and Polonium, in which she coined the term “radioactivity” and “radioactive element” [46] [44].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Since the concentration of radium in the tar was 4000 times lower than the concentration of polonium, it was necessary to process huge amounts of ore to isolate the former.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

With the personal assistance of Eduard Suess, President of the Vienna Academy of Sciences, and the Government of Austria-Hungary, Maria received a ton of slag from Joachimstal free of charge [89] [10] [86].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The Curie couple paid only for the transportation of waste contaminated with garbage and needles due to outdoor storage [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Marie Curie processed the ore in batches of 20 kilograms, which were heated in huge boilers moved manually with the help of bulky devices.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

For each ton of nasturan waste, Maria received from 10 to 20 kg of alkaline earth sulfates, which contained a little radium sulfate.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Barium chloride containing a small amount of radium chloride was then obtained, which was separated by fractional crystallization.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Curies processed tons of ore in a poorly equipped, unventilated shed with a leaking roof, which was difficult to warm up in winter.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In September 1902, they managed to isolate 0.1 grams of radium chloride and determine its atomic mass [6] [32] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The couple spent 4 years on this job.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Later, Maria wrote that if they had the appropriate means and equipment, they would have done it in a year [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

It was a cross between a stable and a potato cellar, and if I hadn't seen desks with chemical appliances, I would think I was just joking about.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

—Wilhelm Ostwald on the Curie couple laboratory, [17]


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The Curie couple faced the question of patenting their discovery, but they decided to transfer it free of charge for the benefit of mankind [32] [47].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The Curie couple was not the only one who worked on the phenomenon of radioactivity.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Thus, in January 1902, Ernest Rutherford wrote:


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The best runners on the research launch track are Becquerel and the Curie couple in Paris, who have done a lot of work over the past few years and achieved very important results in studying radioactive substances.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

—E.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Rutherford [41]


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The following year, Rutherford and Frederick Soddy put forward the theory that radioactive radiation is the result of the transformation of one chemical element into another [6].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In their work, the Curie couple concluded that at that time they had studied only the practical side of the phenomenon, but they could not propose a theory of radioactivity [84].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In the public defense of her dissertation and in the first version of the work, Maria did not focus on any of the known theories for explaining radioactivity, but in a reissue of 1904 she added Rutherford's theory and Soddy on radioactive transformations [45].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1906, Marie Curie finally accepted this theory and introduced into scientific circulation the terms “decay” and “transmutation” [6].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1910, Marie Curie, in collaboration with Andre Debierne, managed to isolate pure metallic radium by electrolysis of a solution of radium chloride and subsequent distillation of the resulting mercury cathode amalgams [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Thus, a 12-year cycle of research was completed, as a result of which it was undeniably proved that radium is an independent chemical element [9] [6] [59].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In September of the same year, Rutherford chaired the International Congress on Radioactivity and Electricity in Brussels, one of the issues of which was to determine the standard of radium.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Marie Curie produced the standard in August 1911.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

On March 25—28, 1912, in Paris, an international commission compared its standard and the sample obtained from, and established rules for their use [41].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The discovery of radium and polonium marked the beginning of a series of discoveries of new radioactive elements and the creation of a new science that studies radioactivity [90].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Discovery of the effects of radiation on living tissues


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1900, German dentist Otto Walkhof noticed that if you apply a cloth soaked in radium solution to the skin twice for 20 minutes, inflammation occurs that lasts two weeks.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

German chemist Friedrich Oscar Gisel noted that if you put your closed eye to a closed box containing radium salts, you can see light on the retina.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

He also held 270 mg of radium salt in his hand for two hours, after which he developed burns that healed for two weeks [15] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Becquerel and the Curie couple also suffered burns and noted the effects of radioactive materials on living tissue.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Becquerel noticed the effect of radiation when he received a burn from a radium tube [46].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Pierre Curie deliberately irradiated his hand to record the changes that were taking place [86] [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The skin peeled off and peeled off on the hands, and pains were felt that prevented him from writing freely [43].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Maria suffered from anemia and lost weight during studies, Pierre felt pain in her legs and back, which doctors classified as rheumatism and later as neurasthenia [48].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

It was concluded that the degree of damage depends on radiation activity and the time of exposure to the tissue [84] [16].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

After the war, Maria suffered from cataracts, which could be an early symptom of radiation sickness [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She underwent surgery, but kept it a secret from others [91].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Experiments on the effects of radiation on living tissues, conducted by doctors in 1900-1906, marked the beginning of radiotherapy, which in France was called curitherapy, after the discoverer [17].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Radium radiation began to treat lupus and ringworm [86], and research began on the treatment of cancer [88] [92].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The Curie couple for a long time did not think about the possible negative effects of radiation.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Pierre discovered the deadly effect only after experiments on mice that were implanted with capsules with radium salts [15].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

When relatives decided to transfer the entire archive of the Curie couple — articles, books, diaries, letters — to the National Library of France in the late 1960s, it was found that the archive of scientists still had dangerous radioactivity for humans [93].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In this regard, each document was placed in a special case, and the most radioactive ones were taken to the University in Orsay for their rehabilitation [94].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

The discovery of radiotherapy led to the fact that radium quickly became a marketable product produced on an industrial scale [86], and its price increased to 750,000 francs in 1904 [15].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Awards and titles


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In addition to two Nobel Prizes, Marie Sklodowska-Curie was awarded:


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Berthlot Medal of the French Academy of Sciences (1902)


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Davy Medal of Royal Society of London (1903)


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Matteucci Medals, National Academy of Sciences of Italy (1904)


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Elliot Cresson Medal (1909)


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts (1910)


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Willard Gibbs Award (1921)


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

John Scott Medal (1921).


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

She was a member of 106 scientific societies around the world, including the French Medical Academy, and received 20 honorary degrees.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

From 1911 until her death, Sklodowska-Curie took part in the prestigious Solvey Congresses on Physics, and for 12 years she was an employee of the International Commission for Intellectual Cooperation of the League United Nations [6] [16] [7].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Since 1926, she was an honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences [50].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

M. Sklodowska-Curie participates in Solvejevo Congresses


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

1911, bottom row second from right


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

1913, seventh in the upper row from the left


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

1921, bottom row second from right


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

1924, bottom row second from left


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Bibliography in Russian


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

memento


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Sklodowska-Curie is the second woman to be buried in the Paris Pantheon with her husband in 1995 and the first to be honored for her own merits.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

(The first is Sophie Berthelot with her husband Marcelin Berthelot) [7] [95].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In science


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In honor of Pierre and Marie Curie, a chemical element is named - Curium, Cm), a curie unit of measurement (Russian designation: Ki; international: Ci) [96] [97], radioactive minerals [98] and [99] [100].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 1961, the International Astronomical Union named Marie Sklodowska-Curie a crater on the far side of the Moon [101].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

An asteroid discovered in 1939 [103] [104] is also named after Marie Curie on Mars [102].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Numismatics, Bonistics, Philately


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Postage stamps dedicated to Curie [105] [106] were issued in the USSR, Poland, the GDR and Moldova and other countries.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In Poland, the portrait of Curie is placed on a commemorative banknote of 20 zlotys and coins of various denominations, in France it was placed on banknotes of 500 francs [107] [108] [100].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Geography, institutions


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In Warsaw, across the Vistula River, it is named after Marie Curie [109].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In Warsaw, the Sklodowska-Curie Museum was organized in the house at Freta 16, where Sklodowska was born [50].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In Poland, Marie Curie is named after the Oncology Center - Marie Sklodowska-Curie Institute in Warsaw, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Warsaw, many schools of different levels throughout the country and the research nuclear reactor in Otwock [110] [50].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In France, Pierre and Marie Curie University, the Curie Institute and one of the Paris metro stations, one of the streets of Paris [50] [100] are named after her.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Streets, museums, hotels in various cities around the world are named after Marie Curie [100].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Public opinion polls


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

According to a 2009 survey by New Scientist, Maria Sklodowska-Curie is the most inspiring woman in science (she won a quarter of the vote, ahead of runner-up Rosalind Franklin by almost two times) [111] [112].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Another survey conducted in 2018 also ranked Marie Curie first in the ranking of the most influential women in history, followed by Rosa Parks [113].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In 2017, Maria Sklodowska-Curie was included in the list of the 8 most famous women in Poland according to polsha24.com [114].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

In culture


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Marie Curie's biography was reflected in the films Madame Curie (1943, dir. Mervyn Leroy) [115], “” (2016, dir.) [116].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Another


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Marie Curie's name is on the Radiology Memorial, a monument in honor of those killed by exposure to X-rays, in Hamburg [117].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

A copy of the KLM McDonnell Douglas MD-11 aircraft (PH-KCC number) was also named in her honor [118].


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

On a postage stamp of the USSR, 1987


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

On a postage stamp of Moldova, 1996


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Monument in Warsaw


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Monument near Curie University in Lublin, Poland


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Notes


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Literature


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Books


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Template:Book:Khramov Yu.


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

A. :Physicists


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

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Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Articles


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

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Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

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Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

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Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

References


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

(in English)


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Immigrated to France from Poland


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Nobel Prize Winners in Physics


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Nobel Prize winners in chemistry


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Nobel laureates from France


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Multiple Nobel Prize winners


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category: Knights of the Legion of Honor


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Personalies:Radiobiology


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Corresponding Members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917—1925)


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category: Recipients of the Matteucci Medal


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Deaths from leukemia


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Burials at the Pantheon in Paris


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category: Davy Medal winners


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Discoverers of chemical elements


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Women physicists


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Women chemists


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Scientists after whom physical units of measure are named


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Honorary Citizens of Warsaw


Question: Where was Marie Curie born?

Marie Sklodowska-Curie

Category:Women Nobel Laureates


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In Russia, the minimum wage or minimum wage is a legally established minimum used to regulate wages, as well as to determine the amount of temporary benefits incapacity for work [1].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The minimum wage is also used to determine the amount of taxes, fees, fines and other payments that are calculated in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, depending on the minimum amount wages.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Employers do not have the right to pay employees a monthly salary in an amount less than the minimum wage.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

However, if an employee works part-time or part-time, he can receive an amount less than the minimum wage per month, and there are no legislative obstacles here [2].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Minimum wage


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

It is used only for remuneration of labor, temporary disability benefits, as well as assessing the pension rights of insured persons (since 2002) and making insurance contributions by the self-employed population ( individual entrepreneurs, lawyers, notaries) (in fact, it began to be used in 2007, before that, a payment was made in the established minimum amount of 1,800 rubles).


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In 2014 The Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation promised that the minimum wage will be brought to the level of the officially established subsistence minimum by October 1, 2017 [4] From October 1, 2015, it was planned to abolish the federal minimum wage and replace it to a regional one, which would be established for each constituent entity of the federation separately and depended on the subsistence minimum [5].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

However, it was decided to abandon these plans [6].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

On April 19, 2017, Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, speaking in the State Duma with a report on the work of the government for the year, said that the minimum wage will be raised to the level of the subsistence minimum of a working person in the next few years [7].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

On May 2, Medvedev instructed to prepare a bill by May 20 to increase the minimum wage to 10,466 rubles [8].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

From January 1, 2018, according to Art.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

421-FZ dated December 28, 2017, the minimum wage is 9,489 rubles per month.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Since May 1, 2018, according to Art.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

82-FZ of June 19, 2000 (as amended on March 7, 2018) “On the Minimum Wage”, the minimum wage is 11,163 rubles per month.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Additional ways to regulate


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In addition to the federal minimum wage, we use:


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

District coefficient for persons working in the Far North and equivalent areas (Article 316 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

It takes a value from 1.15 to 2.1, respectively increasing the minimum temporary disability benefit;


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Regional minimum wage (Article 133.1 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

It is mandatory for all employers, except those financed from the federal budget, working in the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The regional minimum wage cannot be lower than the federal one and about half of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have their own values.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

For example, since November 1, 2015, the minimum wage in Moscow has been set at 17,300 rubles [17].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The minimum wage in Moscow since January 1, 2016 is 18,742 rubles.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Since January 1, 2019, the minimum wage in Moscow is 18,781 rubles.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

[18] [19]


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Minimum wage for fines and share capital until 2009


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

For fines


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Validity periodMinimum wage [20] 01/07/2000—31/12/200083.49 rubles.01/01/2001—22/06/2007100 rubles 22/06/2007—canceled


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Federal Law No. 116-FZ of June 22, 2007 replaced the calculation of fines depending on the minimum wage by fixed amounts [21].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

For share capital


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

To calculate the minimum amount of the authorized capital (fund):


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

for a limited liability company is 100 minimum wage (= 10 thousand rubles) [22]


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

for a closed joint-stock company is 100 minimum wage (= 10 thousand rubles)


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

for an open joint-stock company is 1,000 minimum wage (= 100 thousand rubles)


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

for a national enterprise is 1000 minimum wage (= 100 thousand rubles)


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

for the statutory fund of a state-owned enterprise must be at least 5,000 minimum wage (= 500 thousand rubles)


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

for the insurer is determined on the basis of the basic amount of its authorized capital equal to 120 million rubles, and the coefficients established by Art.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

4015-I of the Law of the Russian Federation dated November 27, 1992 “On the Organization of Insurance Business in the Russian Federation”


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In accordance with Art.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

14 of the Federal Law “On Limited Liability Companies” dated July 19, 2009, the authorized capital of the company must be at least 10,000 rubles.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Without reference to the minimum wage.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Dependent maintenance


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Due to the fact that earlier all regulations indicated amounts in the minimum wage instead of fixed amounts, in some cases there are misunderstandings in law enforcement.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Thus, it is not clear how the cost of maintenance with dependents under a life annuity agreement with dependents should be calculated (Article 602 of the Civil Code).


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated November 27, 2008 No. 11-P recognized that the payment of maintenance in the amount of 200 rubles does not comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Minimum wage and subsistence level


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In Russia, for many years, the employer had the right to pay an employee a salary below the amount necessary for survival.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In accordance with the Labor Code, since 2002, the minimum wage could not be lower than the subsistence minimum [24].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

But this provision has never worked, because the Labor Code contains a reservation that the regulations for raising the minimum wage should be established by a separate federal law, which has just appeared in at the end of 2017.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Until 2017, representatives of the authorities for 15 years made statements about plans to raise the minimum wage to the subsistence minimum.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In 2003, the State Duma adopted a law on a phased increase in the minimum wage to the subsistence minimum by 2007 [25].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In 2004, the Russian authorities hope to bring the minimum wage to the subsistence minimum by 2008.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

For this purpose, a special working group of Parliament and Government is being organized [26].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In 2005, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation tried to submit to a referendum the issue of the minimum wage.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In 2006, the Moscow trilateral agreement between the government, trade unions and employers includes in its standard cooperation agreement the intention “to consider a set of measures for bringing the city minimum wage to the subsistence minimum” [27].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In 2007, the Government sets medium-term objectives: to raise the minimum wage to the subsistence minimum during 2008 - 2010.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Zhukov observes “very positive results” in this area [28].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In its election program, United Russia promises to finally bring the minimum wage to the subsistence minimum if it passes to the State Duma.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

2009, the FNPR demands to increase the minimum wage to the subsistence minimum [29].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In 2010, Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov took the initiative to bring the minimum wage to the subsistence minimum [30].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In 2011, the agenda of the spring session of the State Duma includes the issue of bringing the minimum wage to the subsistence minimum [31].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Andrey Isaev, Chairman of the Committee on Labor and Social Policy, is sure that it's in the hat [32].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

2012 year.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The Ministry of Labor is preparing a mechanism for increasing the minimum wage [33].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

United Russia is going to present a roadmap for bringing the minimum wage to the subsistence minimum by March 2013 [34].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In 2013, United Russia continues to insist on the need to raise the minimum wage [35].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The government started talking about linking the minimum wage to the subsistence minimum no earlier than 2018 [36].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In 2016, the government plans to bring the minimum wage to the subsistence minimum in 3 years [37].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In February 2017, the Minister of Labor claimed that it would take 3 to 5 years to increase the minimum wage [38].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

And only on December 28, 2017, a law was adopted to raise the minimum wage to the subsistence minimum [39].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

According to this law, from January 1, 2019, the minimum wage will be annually set at the level of the subsistence minimum for the able-bodied population on average in Russia for the second quarter of the previous year.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Minimum wage and the Russian economy


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In September 2007, the Law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the Minimum Wage”...” came into force.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Its goal was to decentralize decisions on the minimum wage.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

As a result, the regions began to set their own minimum wage.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The federal minimum wage was sharply increased from 1,100 to 2,300 rubles.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

By the end of 2007, 27% of the regions had introduced a minimum wage, which exceeds the federal level.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Alexander Muravyov and Alexey Oshchepkov from the Higher School of Economics tried to find a correlation between the unemployment rate and the share of employees whose salaries were affected by the change in the minimum wage.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The analysis for all regions as a whole did not show any significant relationship between the increase in the minimum wage and changes in employment.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

A statistically significant relationship was found only in a number of regions where the minimum wage increased above the federal level.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

According to the authors, one of the reasons could be that the regional increase in the minimum wage was less expected by employers: they did not have time to adapt to the new conditions in advance [40].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Economists from the Korean Development Institute Ki-Kang Ten and Shun Wang also used data from Russia to study the effect of a significant increase in the minimum wage.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

For the analysis, they used a simple model linking the unemployment rate, inflation and the minimum wage.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

They also did not find the impact of the minimum wage on unemployment in general.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

But the assessment revealed an effect among young people and people with low levels of education.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The increase in the minimum wage did not affect unemployment among people with higher education in any way.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

According to their model, a change in the minimum wage by 1 percentage point increases unemployment among 15-19 year olds by 0.046 percentage points, among 20-29 year olds by 0.056, among those who do not have higher education, by 0.072 percentage points.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Also, a change in the minimum wage by 1 percentage point increases employment in the shadow sector by 0.137 percentage points [41].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

According to the Federal State Statistics Service, in the first half of the 2000s, only 1-2.5% of Russians received salaries at the federal minimum level.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

A sharp increase in the minimum wage in the late 2000s raised this share to 3% in Russia as a whole.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In 2011, their share fell again to 1.8%.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

This figure is significantly lower than in OECD countries, where the Keitz index (the ratio of the minimum wage to average wage) is significantly higher, and the share of employees receiving the minimum wage ranges from 5% to 15% [42].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

By industry, the largest share of employees receiving salaries close to the minimum wage in Russia according to data for 2012 is observed in the state and social service (4.3%), education (3.8%), telecommunications (3.6 per cent) and health care (2.3 per cent).


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The majority of low-paid workers (73% in 2012) are concentrated in the public sector of the economy [3].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The peculiarity of Russia is that the state is the main holder of low-paid jobs.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Discussion of the minimum wage in Russia


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In 2002, RAS Academician R. AND. Nigmatulin wrote:


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The minimum wage, according to UN standards, must be at least $3 per hour ($5.5 in the US), which, in terms of purchasing power, provides payment for 10,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity or 600 kilograms of bread a month.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

And according to our prices (60 kopecks per kilowatt-hour and 10 rubles per kilogram of bread), the minimum wage should be 6,000 rubles a month, not 600 rubles.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

According to the estimates of deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation from United Russia in 2013, in order to bring the minimum wage to the official subsistence minimum, it will be necessary to allocate at least 33 billion annually from the state budget rubles, which will be too expensive for the state.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Some of the major employer enterprises sent their objections to the State Duma, having learned that the possibility of raising the minimum wage to the subsistence minimum is being discussed there.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

According to Vyacheslav Bobkov, director of VTsZH, underestimating the minimum wage in Russia is a conscious policy of the government related to slowing down wage growth [43].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In October 2016, a bill was introduced from the Just Russia faction to establish an hourly minimum wage of 100 rubles per hour and, in addition, to fix increasing coefficients for territorial, sectoral and professional principles.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Thus, with a 40-hour working week and paying 100 rubles per hour, an employee could count on about 16,000 rubles per month, which is significantly more than the minimum wage established today (11163 rubles).


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

However, the initiative did not find support among other parliamentary factions, and the bill did not pass the first reading [44].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Equating MROT to the subsistence minimum, and keeping it at this damage, is a purposeful policy of curbing growth and underestimating the real market MROT.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

In the EU countries and in Ukraine, the MPOT is at least twice as high as the subsistence minimum, that is, the Keitz index is 40% and higher.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Back in late 2016, Alexey Navalny, who applied for participation in the presidential election, published his election program, one of the points of which was to increase the minimum wage to 25,000 rubles.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Among critics of Navalny's proposal on the minimum wage, the most cited were journalist Pyotr Orekhin, who criticized Gazeta.ru [45] and director of the Economic Policy program at the Carnegie Moscow Center Andrey Movchan [46].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Navalny's side was Maxim Mironov, a professor at IE Business School, and Vladimir Milov, an economist.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The minimum wage of 25,000 rubles with an average salary of 38,900 rubles. (in 2017, according to the Federal State Statistics Service) corresponds to the Keitz index (the ratio of the minimum wage to the average salary) of about 65%.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

High Keitz index is found both among poor and rich countries, such as France (Keitz index 50%, average salary €2998 [47], minimum wage €1498.47 [48] [49] [50]), Slovenia (Keitz index — 54%, average salary — €1,633 [51], minimum wage — €842.79 [48] [49] [50]), Portugal (Keitz index — 60%, average salary — €1148.29 [52], minimum wage — €676.67 [48] [49] [50]), Greece (Keitz index — 64%, average salary — €1060.45 [53], minimum wage — €683.76 [48] [49] [50]).


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The increase in the minimum wage to 25,000 rubles should affect about 45% of the population of Russia in accordance with the data of the Federal State Statistics Service.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Vladimir Putin came up with an initiative to raise the minimum wage in September 2017.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The subsequent increase in the minimum wage to 11,163 rubles brought the Keitz index on average in Russia to 29%.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

This is slightly above the peak in 2009.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

It was obvious from the experience of changes in 2007 that such an increase would not have a significant impact on the economy and would not greatly improve the social situation of people [54].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

This minimum wage is still low when compared, for example, with OECD countries, where, on average, the Keitz index did not fall below 40% [55].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The low size of the MPOT slows down the growth of the already very low (42,000 rubles — €552.01) average salary in the country.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

So that in the near future the Russian economy does not find itself in a unique position in the world, between the rock and hard place of a rapidly aging society with low labor productivity, a high Gini coefficient , without purposeful integration of pensioners into the labor market, with low birth rate, high mortality, high emigration, low immigration, low average salary and low mortality in the country, it is necessary to carry out reforms that radically change the economy.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Increasing MROT, benefits, increasing labor productivity, increasing the production of goods with high added value, investing in people, allocating money for retraining personnel, especially over 40 years of age, investing in technology, involving and integrating all groups of the population into the labor market, accelerating job creation, eliminating all types of discrimination and corruption in hiring at work, in the workplace and in society at large.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Neighboring countries of Russia (Japan, Finland, Norway, Estonia, etc.) and many countries of the world, both developed and developing, also face the almost unsolvable problem of aging society, but with a radically different level of average wages and minimum wages, living standards, labor productivity, purchasing power, corruption, the Gini coefficient, the involvement of pensioners in the labor market, life expectancy, production of goods with high added value, etc. Without reforms, the economy of Russia and its society as a whole will remain and will be even more uncompetitive, both at the regional and international levels.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

[56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68]


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

According to a member of the FNPR, it can be extremely difficult to live at the minimum wage (summer 2017).


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

After a month of experiment, in the absence of payment for heating in an apartment (Arkhangelsk), the author lost 5 kg [69].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

A similar result was obtained in the Far East [70].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

From 2018, it will amount to 11,163 rubles per month, or about $170, (€147), which is lower than in most Latin American countries [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] and lower than some countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, such as such as Gabon ($270) [78] [79] and Equatorial Guinea ($224), [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] not to mention the North African Arab countries Libya ($325) [88] [89] [90] and Morocco ($265 to $310) [91] [92] [ 93].


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

At the beginning of 2019, the proposal of Mikhail Shmakov, Chairman of the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia, to increase the minimum wage to 25,000, which was outlined by Alexey Navalny back in 2016, was supported by the chairman State Duma Committee on Labor and Social Policy Yaroslav Nilov.


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Notes


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

References


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

(ILO Convention No. 131)


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

See also


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The subsistence minimum in Russia


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

The average salary in Russia


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Economic inequality in Russia


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Consumer basket


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Unconditional basic income


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Source


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Federal Law No. 82-FZ of June 19, 2000 “On the Minimum Wage”


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Federal Law No. 91-FZ of June 24, 2008 on Amendments to Article 1 of the Federal Law “On the Minimum Wage”


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Federal Law dated June 2, 2016 “On Amendments to Article 1 of the Federal Law “On the Minimum Wage”


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Federal Law No. 421-FZ dated December 28, 2017 “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation Regarding Increasing the Minimum Wage to the Subsistence Minimum of the able-bodied population”


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Category:Labor law


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Category:Economic indicators


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Category:Income of Russian population


Question: What is the minimum wage in Russia for 2019?

The minimum wage in Russia

Russia


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Ariana Grande [1] (English: Ariana Grande; born June 26, 1993 in Boca Raton, Florida, USA [2] [3]) is an American actress and singer.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Ariana Grande began her professional career in show business in 2008 in the Broadway musical 13.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In 2009, she landed the role of Kat Valentine in the Nickelodeon television series Victoria the Winner, and then continued to play it in the 2013-2014 television series Sam & Cat.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Ariana also took part in the recording of soundtracks and voicing cartoons (in particular, the animated series Winx Club).


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In 2015, she returned to TV with a cameo role as Sonya Herfman in Scream Queens.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Ariana's musical career began in 2011 with the recording of the soundtrack for the series Victoria the Winner.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In the same year, she signed a contract with Republic Records.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In 2013, she released her debut album Yours Truly, which debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The song “The Way” from this album reached a strong position in the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and was well received by music critics.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Ariana Grande's next album, My Everything (2014), also debuted at number one on the US chart.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The album was a worldwide success with the hits “Problem”, “Break Free”, “Bang Bang” and “Love Me Harder”.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

With several songs from it, the singer was continuously in the top ten on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for 34 weeks.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In 2015, she embarked on a world tour in support of this album, entitled The Honeymoon Tour.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Since then, Grande has released two more albums, Dangerous Woman (2016, number 2 in the US) and Sweetener (2018, number 1 in the US) and more than ten singles.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Career


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

1993—2008: Early years and career start-ups


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Grande's mother moved from New York to Florida when she was pregnant with Ariana.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Grande was born in Boca Raton, Florida, to Joan Grande, who served as CEO of Hose-McCann Communications and Edward Booter, who was the owner graphic design firms.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

It was named after Princess Oriana from the animated series Felix the Cat [4].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

She has an older brother Frankie Grande, who works as an actor, dancer and producer [5].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Ariana's parents divorced when she was 8-9 years old [6].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

As a child, Ariana performed in Fort Lauderdale, where she played her first role in the musical Annie [7].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

She has also performed in The Wizard of Oz and Beauty and the Beast.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

At the age of eight, she sang karaoke as well as symphony orchestras.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

She made her television debut singing the US anthem when she was 8 years old [8].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

At the age of thirteen, Ariana began to seriously think about starting a musical career [9].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

At the age of 14, she flew to Los Angeles to meet with managers, telling them, “I want to record an R&B album.”


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In response, the managers were surprised: “This is a good idea, but who will start buying an R&B album of a 14-year-old girl?!” [6].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In 2008, Ariana landed the role of cheerleader Charlotte in the Broadway musical 13.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

At the beginning of her career, Grande left high school, but continued to study with tutors [11].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

2009—2012: Career breakthrough at Nickelodeon


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In 2009, Ariana was cast on Nickelodeon for her new project Victoria the Winner and landed the role of Kat Valentine.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

For the role, Ariana had to periodically dye her hair purple.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

According to Dan Schneider, not all characters were supposed to be dark haired, and this color will make Kat stand out from the rest.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Filming began in 2009 and premiered on March 27, 2010 on Nickelodeon, attracting an audience of 5.7 million people.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Participation in the television series helped Grande acquire the status of an idol of teenagers, but she was more interested in her musical career: “It's fun to act, but music has always been and will be the main thing for me.”


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Her character was compared to Brittany Murphy, and her character is described as “sometimes eccentric”, but overall “very sweet”.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The second season premiered on April 2, 2011, attracting an even larger audience of 6.2 million people.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Thus, this rating was the highest for the series.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

After the first season was filmed, Ariana began working on her debut studio album in August 2010.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Grande demonstrated her musical undertakings in August 2011, when the Victorious: Music from the Hit TV Show soundtrack collection was released.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

During the filming, Ariana performed covers of songs by Adele and Whitney Houston, and later posted them on YouTube.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On December 12, 2011, Ariana Grande's debut single “” was released, modeled on the song “” by American rock band 4 Non Blondes (Ariana later called the song and video for it “the worst moment of her life” [12]).


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In June 2012, the second Victorious 2.0: More Music from the Hit TV Show soundtrack was released, where one of the songs was recorded with her participation.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The last Victorious 3.0 soundtrack was released in November 2012, and Ariana released the single “Popular Song” in December.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Victoria the Winner was not renewed for a fourth season and was officially closed.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

2013: Yours Truly


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Ariana recorded her debut album for three years, from August 2010 to June 2013.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The original name was Daydreamin.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The album was released on August 30, 2013.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

It sold 138,000 copies in its first week.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In September, the album peaked at number one on the Billboard 200, making Ariana the second artist after Kesha, whose debut album peaked at number one on the chart.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The album also peaked in the top ten in a number of other countries: sixth in Australia, seventh in the UK, sixth in Ireland and fifth in the Netherlands.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Yours Truly peaked at number seven on the New Zealand “top 40” album chart.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The lead single “The Way”, recorded with Mac Miller, began its ascent at number 10 in April 2013 and later peaked at number nine.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

after spending 26 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Referring to the release date of the album, Billboard listed Ariana as number four on the 2013 Hottest Breakthroughs list.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The second single, “Baby I”, debuted at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it the second song to reach the top 40.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The song peaked at number six on Hot Digital Songs in the United States.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Ariana became the only singer in 2013 to have two songs in the top ten of the chart.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The third single, “Right There”, recorded with Big Sean, debuted at number 84 on the Billboard Hot 100.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In 2013, Ariana took part in the film “Cheating”, where her partner was Jennette McCurdy.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

It premiered in August on Nickelodeon.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Grande later joined Justin Bieber for three concerts as part of the Believe Tour, and later began her own, The Listening Sessions.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In November, Ariana won the Artist of the Year nomination at the American Music Awards.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In December, Christmas Kisses was released.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

2014—2015: My Everything


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In January 2014, Ariana began recording her second studio album with composer Ryan Tedder, as well as producers Benny Blanco and Max Martin.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In the same month, she won the People Choice Awards for Favorite Rising Star.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In March, Ariana spoke at the White House to the President and his wife.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The following month, Barack Obama and Michelle invited her to speak at the White House again, but this time at the Egg Rolling with Big Sean.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On March 24, the song “Don't Be Gone Too Long” was due to be released with Chris Brown, but was postponed due to legal problems from Chris.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Grande won the Breakthrough of the Year award from the Music Business Association, recognizing her achievements throughout 2013, including her album at the top of the Billboard 200 and her top 10 singles Hot 100.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Ariana released her second album, My Everything, on August 25, 2014.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Rolling Stone magazine described it as “the growth of a 21-year-old starlet from Nickelodeon”.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

It sold more than 169,000 copies in its first week, making it number one on the Billboard 200.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The album was Ariana's second career to reach the top of the chart in the United States.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The lead single “Problem”, recorded with Iggy Azalia, was Grande's first song to chart number one in the UK [13].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The second single, “Break Free”, produced by Zedd, peaked on the dance chart.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Ariana collaborated with Jesse Jay and Nicki Minaj for their joint track “Bang Bang”.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The song peaked at number three in the US.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In early 2015, Ariana began a world tour The Honeymoon World Tour in support of the album My Everything [14].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Referring to the success of the tour, the organizers extended the period of performances until October 15 [15].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In her first 25 concerts, Ariana earned more than $14 million and sold 290,699 tickets.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In April, Grande filmed the new television series Scream Queens, which premiered in the fall of 2015, along with Leah Michelle, Emma Roberts and Nick Jonas [16].