Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

One of the well-known French mosaics at one time was the mosaic of the Emaux de Briare company.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The factory for the production of Briar porcelain beads, and a few years later mosaics, was opened in 1837.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

There are many works of art created from Briar mosaics.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The famous artist Eugene Grasse, one of the most important figures of the French Art Nouveau movement, used it in the creation of many of his works.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

[1] This mosaic is still in production today and is one of the few remaining fully French productions.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Mosaics in Russia


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Old Russian mosaics


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

In Russia, mosaic appears with the adoption of Christianity, but does not become widespread due to the high cost of the material imported from Constantinople (in Byzantium, a state monopoly).


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Saint Sophia Cathedral (Kiev) — the interior of the cathedral has preserved the world's largest ensemble of original mosaics and frescoes of the first half of the 11th century [2]


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Mosaics in Russia in modern times


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Mikhail Lomonosov was engaged in the revival of mosaics in Russia.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

However, Lomonosov's mosaic case did not continue after the death of its creator.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The art of mosaic has been forgotten again.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

In the 1840s, the question arose about transferring the picturesque icons of St. Isaac's Cathedral, the largest in Russia, into mosaics [3].


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

In the humid climate of St. Petersburg, built on a swamp, the frescoes crumbled even before the end of the painting, and where the paint held, the image quickly turned black and dimmed, absorbing smoke from the censer, candles and lamps.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The Russian government had to send graduates of the Imperial Academy of Arts (V.E.Raev, E.G.Solntsev, I.S.Shapovalov, S.F.Fedorov) to Rome to study with the masters of the Vatican Mosaic Studio [3].


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

On the other hand, glassmakers were invited from Rome to St. Petersburg to organize the production of smalt.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

In 1851, Russian students returned to their homeland, by the same time the Italians had already organized smalt production for them here.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

This year is considered to be the opening date of the Mosaic Workshop of the Imperial Academy of Arts.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Although the workshop was organized specifically for the creation of St. Isaac's mosaics, which lasted 66 years and was never completed due to revolutionary events, it also carried out other orders: mosaics for the iconostasis The Cathedral of the Savior on Spilled Blood in St. Petersburg, the iconostasis of the Cathedral of the Savior on the Waters, ornamental mosaics of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow, mosaic portraits of members of the royal family and private orders.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The workshop practiced the so-called “direct method” of recruitment, which made it possible to achieve picturesque realism of the image, but was extremely time-consuming and, accordingly, expensive.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Therefore, the Academy tried to look for ways to solve this issue.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

To this end, in 1888, she sent its employees, including A. A. Frolov, to Venice, where Antonio Salviati created and successfully used another, more cost-effective method of mosaic set.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

With him, the mosaics were laid out in a mirror image with the front side on a temporary base, on which they were already transported to the place intended for them, where they were laid.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

This method is called “reverse” or “Venetian”.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Since this experience was not accepted by the Academy, A. A. Frolov opens his own studio, which, already under his brother V. A. Frolov, became the most successful mosaic studio in pre-revolutionary Russia, and later considers the foundations of Soviet mosaic art.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Mosaic and folk art


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Contemporary art


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Huichol Tribe Mosaic


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Currently, such a type of autochthonous art as the mosaic of the Huicholi tribe is developing.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

It is a rare type of mosaic according to the material used - beads are used in this technique for laying.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

There are examples of another bead laying - a hole up.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Technics


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Styling methods


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

When dialing directly, the mosaic elements are pressed into the ground.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

At the reverse set, the mosaic is collected on cardboard or fabric, then transferred to the primed surface.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Mosaic laying: The technique is similar to tile laying, glue and grout for mosaic joints are available in every hardware store.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The base is examined for strength, all defects are identified — cracks, cavities, gravel nests, reinforcement or other foreign objects not included in the project, as well as problem areas, for example, oil stains, loose or insufficiently strong base, voids.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The base must be strong, load-bearing, dry, as well as even and free of agents that reduce adhesion (for example, additives that reduce adhesion and facilitate the dismantling of the formwork), without traces of cement milk, dust, dirt, paint residues, rubbed rubber and the like.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

If necessary, carry out mechanical cleaning of the substrate, for example, by sandblasting.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Before laying the mosaic, the surface should be visually flat, without sagging, pits and cracks, as well as dry and primed.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Laying mosaics on paper


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Laying begins with applying glue to the prepared surface, after which it is evenly distributed over the entire surface.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

In most cases, it is recommended to use latex-based adhesives.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The mosaic is glued back to the paper.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The laying must be neat, so the distance between the sheets must correspond to the distance between the tiles, excessive pressure is unacceptable.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

At the end of laying, the sheets must be fixed with light blows to the platform with a rubber base.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

After a day, the paper can be removed - moistened with a damp sponge, it lags behind.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Before grouting the joints, the mosaic surface must be cleaned of paper and glue residues, after which the grout can be done with a rubber grater.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

For grouting joints, it is advisable to use a composition that is recommended by the mosaic manufacturer.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

When the grout is complete, you can clean the mosaic and polish the mosaic surface.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Laying mosaics on a grid


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Unlike mosaics on paper sheets, the mosaic glued to the grid is glued face up.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The technology of its laying is characterized by the fact that after the glue dries, you can immediately start grouting the joints.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Materials


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Traditional materials are used as mosaic materials - natural stone, smalt, ceramics and metal.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

This arsenal has recently been replenished with porcelain stoneware.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Nevertheless, smalt remains the main material when creating classic decorative panels of architecture, primarily interiors.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Glass and ceramics are the most popular due to their strength and a number of other technical characteristics, accessibility, and finally artistic potential: a variety of color solutions, comparative ease of processing, a wide range of modular parameters — in terms of dimensions and configurations.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Stone is used mainly to create floor compositions; metal — to expand the expressive means of mosaic works; porcelain stoneware — for facade works, in the formation of sidewalks, park paths and floors of public buildings.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Due to the sum of the functional and aesthetic properties of this material, resistance to various weather conditions, heat resistance and frost resistance, low water absorption coefficient, resistance to mechanical influences, aggressive and bio-media, light fastness, along with a variety of gamut and other advantages, it is widely used in various structures, operation and durability which are due to these factors: in various garden and park, water structures, in the design of fireplaces and stoves.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Mosaics made of smalt and other types of decorative glass, in addition to monumental forms and architectural elements; the panels already mentioned, various friezes and other inclusions, are also used in independent applied areas of fine arts, in ornamental and conceptual compositions.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Its artistic capabilities are great: it allows you to create a decor of a simple pattern in the form of a pattern, any arbitrary composition.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Gallery


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Greek and Roman


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

from Elena's Abduction House in Pella, Ancient Macedonia, late 4th century BC.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

A mosaic from Amphipolis depicting the abduction of Persephone by Pluto, 4th century BC.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

An epiphany on the mosaic of Dionysus, from Villa Dionysus (2nd century AD) in Dion, Greece.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Now at the Archaeological Museum of Dion.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Hellenistic Greek mosaic of a nymph riding a sea creature from the Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, Greece, 2nd century BC


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Ulysses Roman mosaic, from Carthage, 2nd century AD, now at the Bardo Museum, Tunis


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Mosaics were a popular motif for the rapids of Roman villas


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

A small part of the Great Sidewalk, Roman mosaics laid in 325 A.D.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

i, Gloucestershire, England


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

shows gladiators from the 2nd century A.D.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Roman mosaics found in (Silchester)


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Roman mosaic depicting the wedding of Dionysus and Ariadne, with Silene and Satyr, 2nd century AD, Tunis (city), Tunis


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The mosaic showing Medusa and representative figures from four seasons, from Palencia, Spain, was made between 167 and 200 AD.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Mosaic of female athletes playing ball at Villa del Casale from Piazza Armerina, 4th century AD


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Late Roman mosaics at Villa Romana, Spain, 4th-5th century A.D.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Detail of Princess Skyros (from the larger scene of the Iliad depicting her and currying Achilles to see Odysseus look), from Villa La Olmeda, Spain, 4-5 centuries AD


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Paris Court, marble, limestone and glass cubes, 115-150; from the dining room of the Atrium in Antioch na Oronte


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The triumph of Poseidon and Amphitrite showing a couple in procession, a mosaic detail from Cirta, Roman Africa, 315-325 AD


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

, Louvre


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Orpheus Mosaic from Caralis, present-day Cagliari (Italy), currently at the Archaeological Museum of Turin


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Christian and Byzantine


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Detail of a paleo-Christian mosaic from the Basilica of Santa Pudenziana in Rome, circa 410


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

n.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

e.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

, depicting Saint Pudentian


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Good Shepherd Mosaic at the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The mosaic of Justinian I at the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

5th century mosaic in the Triumphal Arch of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The so-called Gothic chief, from the Peristyle Mosaic of the Grand Palace of Constantinople


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

St. Peter's mosaic from the Monastery of Chora


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Byzantine mosaics above the entrance portal of the Euphrasian Basilica in Porec, Croatia (6th century)


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

The image (before the iconoclasm) of Saint Demetrios at the Basilica of Agios Demetrios in Thessaloniki.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Mosaic detail from Nea Moni Monastery


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Mosaic of Christ Pantocrator from Hagia Sophia from Deesis mosaic.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Mosaic of Hagia Sophia of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) depicting Mary and Jesus, surrounded by John II Komnenos (left) and his wife Irina of Hungary (right), circa 1118.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

e.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Mosaic by Theodore Metohites, offering the Church of Chora to Christ


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Arab


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Islamic mosaics inside the Dome of the Rock in Palestine (approximately 690)


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Umayyad mosaics closely follow classical traditions


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

See also


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Roman mosaics


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Marquetry


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Divisionism


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Pixel graphics


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Zevgme Mosaic Museum (Turkey)


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Mosaic Museum (Bulgaria)


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Notes


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Literature


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Ulyanov O. G.


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

References


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Category:Arts and crafts


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Category:Hobby


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Category:Crafts


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Category:Folk crafts


Question: Who is considered to be the inventor of the “red-figure vase-painting” technique?

Mosaic

Category:Monumental art


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The Treatise of Georgia (Georgian: Georgian) of 1783 - an agreement on the patronage and supreme power of the Russian Empire with the united Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (otherwise Kartli- Kakheti Kingdom, Eastern Georgia) on the transition of Georgia under the protectorate of Russia.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

It was concluded on July 24 (August 4), 1783 in the Georgievsk fortress (North Caucasus).


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Background


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Georgia was cut off from the entire Christendom, and a little later actually divided between Turkey and Iran, and survived maneuvering between these two states.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

It managed to achieve an acceptable and sometimes even privileged position within these States, but the religious barrier was an insurmountable obstacle to final integration.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

At this time, hope for Russia's help was gradually formed.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The first attempts at rapprochement took place in the 17th century, but without serious consequences.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The first real attempt at a long-term alliance with Russia took place during the era of Peter I.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Iran War of 1722


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In 1720, Astrakhan Governor was appointed A. Volynsky.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

He was instructed to persuade the Georgian king Vakhtang to the side of Russia.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Persia was going through a period of crisis and Peter was preparing his Persian campaign.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Already in 1721, negotiations on joint actions began.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

For Russia, the Georgian army was only an auxiliary force, but, apparently, Volynsky promised Vakhtang a lot, almost a permanent alliance and patronage, which Georgia so desired.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Impressed by these promises, Vakhtang decides to break off relations with Persia.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On March 8, 1722, the Persians were defeated by Afghans at Gulnabad, (Vakhtang's brother, who commanded the Shah's guard, died) the siege of Isfahan began.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The Shah asked Vakhtang for help.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Simultaneously with the messengers from the Shah, ambassadors from Peter I.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Vakhtang refused the Shah and in September the Georgian army joined the Russian army.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Vakhtang sincerely trusted Peter I and did not want to establish contacts with anyone else.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Before the start of a joint war with Russia against Persia, Vakhtang convened a council (darbazi), where the question of whether to take part in the war against Persia or not was to be decided.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Most members of the Darbazi opposed it, fearing that the country would be in an even worse situation.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Vakhtang did not share the majority opinion.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In August, with an army of 40,000, he stood near Ganja and waited for Peter I.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

But something happened that was not expected in Georgia — Peter canceled the campaign.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The consequences were tragic.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The Shah declared Vakhtang outlawed, Dagestan hoards ruined Tbilisi.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Taking advantage of this, the Turkish army occupied Kartli and Kakheti.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The Turkish occupation lasted until 1734.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On June 12, 1724, Russia concluded a treatise with Turkey on borders.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In this document, Peter actually recognized the occupation of Georgia by the Turks.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

“Turkey took possession of Kartli (Tiflis), Erivan Khanate, Azerbaijani lands (Shamakha, Tabriz) and northern Iranian lands (Qazvin).” [2]


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Turkish War of 1768—74


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In the 1920s, clergymen and entire estates sent a request for help to the Russian government, but without consequences.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

At one time, the idea arose to relocate Georgians to the North Caucasus (to Terek), but this proposal was not accepted.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Georgia could not understand Russia's pragmatic policy, and, despite everything, believed in its help.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

There was even a legend that Peter said in his will: “Georgia is unhappy, defend it for the sake of faith, send it an army...”, but the intrigues of the courtiers prevented his will from being fulfilled.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The situation changed when the Russian-Turkish war approached.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

At one of the meetings of the Council, it was decided to raise against Turkey the entire Christian population of the Balkans, Greece and Georgia.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The College of Foreign Affairs has compiled “a discussion about the ways in which Georgians can admire the perception of participation in the real Ottoman War with Port”.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Thus began the second attempt at rapprochement, which failed, but was the first step towards the St. George Treatise.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Sending Totleben's expeditionary force to Georgia, Panin explained to the general the essence of the upcoming war: “there would be a soul here, and the body would be Georgian” [3].


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

From the very beginning, the joint campaign project was doomed to failure: it was impossible to coordinate the actions of the regular Russian and irregular Georgian armies.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Despite a number of victories, Catherine II, in general, was dissatisfied with the results.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Georgia hoped that it would at least be mentioned during peace negotiations with Turkey — then it was called “included in the treatise”.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

But this was not done either.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The Kuchuk-Kainardzhiysky treatise concluded on July 20, 1774 did not mention a word about the Kakheti and Kartli kingdoms.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

(The words “Georgia” in paragraph 23 of the treatise means the Western, vassal part of Turkey) [4].


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Recognizing the vassal dependence of Zap. Georgia (Imereti) from the Ottoman Empire, thereby Russia prevented the reunification of Georgia into a single state, and the union agreement of the kings (kings) of Kartl-Kakheti Erekle (Irakli) II and Imereti Solomon I 1773 remained unfulfilled.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Even during the stay of Russian troops in Georgia, shortly before their recall, Tsar Irakli II sent Catherine a written submission on the conditions under which he wanted to come under the auspices of Russia.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

With this document, he sent his son Levan and his brother, Catholicos Anthony.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

He asked “to honor us now with such patronage so that everyone... can see that I am an exact subject to the Russian state, and my kingdom is added to the Russian Empire.”


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

[3] Irakli proposed the forms of dependence that previously had dependence on Iran.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

He offered to send one of his sons, several princes and nobles to the Russian court as a hostage.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The population pays the Empire 70 kopecks from the yard, sends 14 best horses, 2,000 buckets of wine annually, and also supplies soldiers to Russia.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

It was from this “performance” that the St. George treatise was later formed.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The offer was rejected.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On February 8, 1773, Panin reported this to Irakli (“strange and completely out of time proposals”, he wrote).


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In 1774, Ekaterina reported with a diploma that military assistance to Georgia is currently unprofitable, although she promised to demand from Turkey guarantees of Georgia's security.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Concluding an agreement


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

At the end of 1782, King Irakli II of Kartli-Kakheti appealed to Empress Catherine II of Russia with a request to accept Georgia under the auspices of Russia.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In an effort to strengthen Russia's position in Transcaucasia, Catherine II granted Pavel Potemkin broad powers to conclude an agreement with Tsar Irakli.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Princes Ivane Bagration-Mukhransky and Garsevan Chavchavadze were authorized from the Georgian side.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Under the agreement, Tsar Irakli II recognized the patronage of Russia and partially abandoned an independent foreign policy, pledging his troops to serve the Russian Empress.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Catherine II, for her part, acted as a guarantor of the independence and integrity of the territories of Kartli-Kakheti.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Georgia was granted full internal independence.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The parties exchanged envoys.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The agreement equalized the rights of Georgian and Russian nobles, clergy and merchants (respectively).


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Of particular importance were 4 secret articles of the agreement.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

According to them, Russia undertook to defend Georgia in the event of war, and during peace negotiations to insist on the return to the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti of possessions that had long belonged to it (but seized Turkey).


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Russia pledged to keep two infantry battalions with 4 guns in Georgia and, in the event of war, to increase the number of its troops.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

At the same time, Georgians were strongly advised to maintain unity and avoid internecine hatred, for which Irakli II had to reconcile with King Solomon I.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The main political significance of the St. George Treaty was the establishment of a protectorate of Russia against Eastern Georgia, sharply weakening the positions of Iran and Turkey in Transcaucasia, formally destroying them claims to Eastern Georgia.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In 1783, in connection with the conclusion of the St. George Treatise, the construction of the Georgian Military Highway between Georgia and Russia began, along which several fortifications were built, including Vladikavkaz Fortress (1784).


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Treatise 1783—1787


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Since its conclusion, the Treatise has been in effect for 3-4 years without interference.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

However, then Turkey began to strongly oppose.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Under its influence, the raids of Dagestanis and Akhaltsikhe Pasha became more frequent.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Russia protested, but they did not have the proper impact.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Moreover, Turkey demanded that Russia cancel the Treatise of St. George and disrupt the fortifications of Vladikavkaz.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

As a result, in 1787, Russian troops were withdrawn from Georgia, which was a gross violation of the terms of the treatise and thereby actually denounced it.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

There are two versions of the reasons for this conclusion.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Version #1


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

According to this version, Georgia was the first to violate the treatise by going to separate negotiations with the Turks.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In September 1786, Akhaltsi Suleiman Pasha sent a letter to King Irakli II of Georgia with a proposal to conclude a separate peace treaty.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

From Colonel Burnashev's report to Pavel Potemkin: His Highness... intends to send Suleiman Pasha Amanats (hostages) required in Akhaltsikhe, apologizing that he was forced to do this by his subjects and extreme the need to get rid of the ruin of their lands on the Turkish side.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

At this point, I had the honor to report to His Highness that after concluding the treatise of Article 4 with Georgia, in case of sending envoys or letters from neighbors, it is necessary to agree with the Chief Border Officer , and even more so in this circumstance that requires diligent consideration.”


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Thus, the king retreated from the treatise, starting negotiations with the Turkish authorities.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In December 1786, Irakli wrote to Pavel Potemkin: “... and so that we do not go to the present extreme, for this purpose we send two princes to Pasha to approve contracts” [5].


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Potemkin was extremely alarmed: “... it is extremely sad that Your Highness and the advice of your nobles are allowing themselves to be ready to fulfill the requirements of Soleyman Pasha Akhaltsikhe... I obediently ask Your Highness consider all the requirements of Soleiman Pasha's goal and all his relationships to you.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Ever since he began to have correspondence with Your Highness, his requirements have been as follows: 1.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Deceiving with various imaginary benefits to shake your loyalty to Russia; 2nd In order to withdraw Russian troops from Georgia and get rid of formidable defenders, renew it from defense; for our troops were not if they are formidable, he would not have the need to look for their withdrawal from Georgia... I advise you for your benefit, I kindly ask you not to give Pasha the Amanats, because by this you will offend the dependence you swore approved and You will cause harm to your own kingdom.”


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

But despite P. Potemkin, terms of article 4 of the St. George Treatise, Tsar Irakli concluded an agreement with Pasha, which was ratified by the Sultan in the summer of 1787 (just during the war between Russia and Turkey).


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

From that moment on, the Treatise of St. George lost its force.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Russian troops were supposed to leave Georgia, on October 26, 1787, Russian troops were already in Vladikavkaz.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

This point of view is voiced, in particular, in the article by A. Epifantsev [7].


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Version #2


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

According to the second version, Russia withdrew troops because it made concessions to Turkey.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Not wanting to bring the matter to war at that time, she withdrew the battalions, expelled the Georgian ambassador from St. Petersburg and agreed to disrupt the fortifications of Vladikavkaz.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

A. IN. Potto writes about the same thing:


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The two battalions left in Georgia could not bring significant benefits in the event of a new invasion of the enemy, but only themselves could easily fall victim to it.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

And since there was absolutely nothing to strengthen them, Colonel Burnashev was ordered to leave Tiflis and return to the Line.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

At the same time, all the fortifications built by Potemkin on the way to Georgia were destroyed.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Russia's first attempt to establish itself firmly in Georgia thus ended in failure.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

D. Zhukov adheres to the same version.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

[9] Z. D. Avalov writes that Russia considered it more reliable for Georgia to protect itself “by resuming its previous alliances, which were destroyed by the only stay of Russian troops in the country.”


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In other words, at that time, the Treatise of St. George turned out to be unprofitable for Russia.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

According to the first version, the Tsar of Georgia violated the Treatise of St. George and thus left Georgia without protection from the troops of Aga Magomed Khan.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In fact, the treatise was in force in the autumn of 1795.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On September 4, 1795, Catherine, after long delays, finally ordered “to reinforce Tsar Irakli, as a vassal of Russia against hostile attempts on him, laid down according to the treatise with them by two full infantry battalions.”


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Eight days later, Tbilisi was destroyed by the troops of Aga Magomed Khan.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

General Gudovich received the order of the Empress only on October 1.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

By 1795, Aga Mohammed Khan had just managed to unite Persia and defeat his rivals, and the question arose of returning Georgia to Persia, which actually separated from it upon signing St. George Treatise.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Aga-Muhammad offered Irakli to return to Iranian citizenship on favorable terms, but he refused.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

After the destruction of Tbilisi, Aga-Muhammad offered Irakli to obey, promising to return all prisoners in return and transfer the entire northern Iran to Irakli's power.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

At the repeated requests of Tsar Irakli, Russia sent in April 1796 the 13,000-strong Caspian Corps under the command of Lieutenant General V. A. Zubov from Kizlyar to the northern provinces of Persia.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

But the goal was not so much to save Georgia as to “liberate” Iran from the “rebel” Aga Mohammed Khan.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The campaign was inspired by Valerian Zubov.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The ruin of Tbilisi was one of the reasons for war.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On May 10, Derbent was stormed, and on June 15, Baku and Cuba were occupied without a fight.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In November, Russian troops reached the confluence of the Kura and Araks rivers.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

However, on November 6, 1796, Catherine died, and projects to conquer Persia were a thing of the past with her.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Only a small detachment of General Rimsky-Korsakov remained in Georgia, but he was recalled at the beginning of 1797.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

“Georgia was once again left to its own fate, and only the death of Aga Mohammed saved her from a new terrible invasion.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

According to the Iasi Peace Treaty, which ended the Russian-Turkish war of 1787—1792, Turkey abandoned its claims to Georgia and undertook not to take any hostile actions against Georgian lands.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In 1799, the Russian regiment of General Lazarev entered Kartl-Kakheti.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Kovalensky, the Russian official representative at the court of Giorgi (George) XII, arrived with him.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In 1799, the head of the Transcaucasian expedition organized by the Bergcollegium, Count Apollos Apollosovich Musin-Pushkin, with the permission of Emperor Paul I, entered into negotiations with the Georgian Tsar George XII, during which established “a sincere desire of both the king himself... (and) all classes of the Georgian people” to join Russia.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Letter from King George XII of Kartl-Kakheti to his ambassador Garsevan Chavchavadze dated September 7, 1799: “Grant them all my kingdom and my possession as a sincere and righteous sacrifice and offer it not only under the auspices of the highest Russian imperial throne, but also give them full power and care, so that from then on the kingdom of the Cartlosians is considered belonging to the Russian power with the rights enjoyed by other regions located in Russia” [10].


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On June 24, 1800, the Georgian Embassy in St. Petersburg handed over a draft document on citizenship to the College of Foreign Affairs.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The first paragraph read: Tsar George XII “diligently wishes with his offspring, clergy, nobles and all the people under his control one day forever to accept the citizenship of the Russian Empire, promising piously perform everything that Russians perform “[11].


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Paul I's Manifesto


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In the autumn of 1800, the Georgian delegation made an attempt to offer Russia a project of closer unity.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On November 17, Prince Chavchavadze submitted a note and “request points” on behalf of Tsar George.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

This proposal was considered by the College of Foreign Affairs and approved by the emperor on November 19 on all points.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In an audience, Count Rostopchin and S. L. Lashkarev announced to the Georgian ambassadors that Emperor Paul I accepts the tsar and the entire Georgian people into eternal citizenship and agrees to satisfy all requests of George, “but only when one of envoys will go back to Georgia to announce to the tsar and people there the consent of the Russian emperor, and when the Georgians again declare their desire to become Russian citizens with gramotos” [12].


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On November 23, 1800, the emperor gave a rescript addressed to George XII on the admission of his kingdom into Russian citizenship, then he wrote “what was expressed to us, we accepted with our high-royal favor and also awarded Our most merciful trial of your petitions for acceptance of you into Our citizenship” [13].


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

George was promised to leave him royal rights for the rest of his life.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

However, after his death, the Russian government intended to approve the heir to the throne David Georgievich as Governor-General with the title of tsar, and to rank Georgia among the Russian provinces under the name the kingdom of Georgia.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Everything was going to a bilateral agreement, which could be a legally flawless solution to the issue.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

However, two days before the audience, an imperial rescript to General Knorring followed.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

He was ordered to send troops to Georgia and, in the event of the death of Tsar George, not to appoint a successor until a special order.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

This order ran counter to the principles of the treatise of 1783, which left the issue of appointing an heir to the competence of the Tsar of Georgia.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On December 18, even before the ambassadors arrived in Georgia, a manifesto on Georgia's accession was signed.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Thus, the issue was resolved unilaterally, even before the death of Tsar George, which followed on December 28.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Ambassadors with “points” arrived in Georgia in early January, and on January 15, Tsarevich David published an appeal: “I am commanded by the highest to approach the throne of Georgia by inheritance, with the rank of ruler of it.”


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On January 18, Paul I's manifesto was published in St. Petersburg.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The text of the manifesto itself is somewhat vague and vague, without mentioning the fate of the Georgian dynasty.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Sim we declare in our imperial word that upon the annexation of the Kingdom of Georgia for eternal times, not only will our state be granted and will be intact\...\ all rights, advantages and property legally belonging to everyone, but that from now on every state of the people of the above regions has to enjoy the rights, liberties, benefits and advantages that ancient subjects Russians, by the mercy of our ancestors and Nasha, enjoy themselves under Our cover.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On February 16, 1801, a manifesto on the annexation of Georgia to Russia for eternity was read out in Russian and Georgian at the Zion Cathedral.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On February 17, this manifesto was solemnly announced to the residents of the city in the cathedral church in Tbilisi.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The question of accession under Alexander I


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In March 1801, Alexander I came to power, and he immediately had to resolve the issue related to accession.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

And if under Pavel this issue was looked at from the point of view of state interest, Alexander (and his Secret Committee) considered it from the point of view of law.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Being a supporter of an honest policy at that time, Alexander reacted extremely negatively to the act of accession, which had no legal basis.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

But the problem was that Paul's manifesto had already been read out and the accession had actually begun.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In view of his doubts, the issue of Georgia was brought to the discussion of the State Council, which at that time was called the Essential Council.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Opinion of the State Council


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

How complex the issue was can be seen from the fact that the issue was considered at a meeting of the Council of Emperor Paul, and then for another six months at the council of Alexander I.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On April 11, 1801, the first meeting on Georgia took place.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

But if Alexander's “young friends” were against joining, the Council was dominated by the “imperial” party, which thought in the spirit of Catherine's era.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In their opinion, it is necessary to keep Georgia because of the rich mines (reported by Musin-Pushkin), for the sake of peace of borders, as well as for the dignity of the empire.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

All problems would be resolved in case of a bilateral solution to the issue, and the Georgian ambassadors had been in Russia for a month, but the Council stubbornly did not want and did not discuss bilateral consideration.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

He continued to insist on the benefits of the project.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

At that first meeting, the issue was never resolved.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On April 15, 1801, a second meeting took place.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Prosecutor General Bekleshov later spoke “about the Tsar's extreme disgust for the admission of Georgia into Russian citizenship”, as he “considers the appropriation of someone else's land unfair” [3].


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

At this meeting, the Council presented the problem as a dilemma: in its view, either full accession or full independence is possible.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Since independence will be disastrous for Georgia, therefore, the Council concluded, only full accession is possible.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Having reached this conclusion, the Council decided to send Count Knorring to Georgia in order to find out whether Georgia can be an independent kingdom and whether the people really unanimously want to join.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Report by Vorontsov and Kochubey


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

If the “imperial” party prevailed in the Council, the Secret Committee of Alexander was mostly against the accession project.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The opinion of these people was expressed in the report of A. Vorontsov and V. Kochubey, which was presented to the emperor on July 24, 1801 (4 days before Knorring's report).


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The authors proceeded from the fact that the main principle of Alexander's policy at the moment is not the expansion of the empire, but internal improvement.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The question of conquering the Caspian Sea is no longer raised, and the accession of Georgia has always been only part of this plan.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Unanimity in the desire of the Georgian people is also doubtful, because how could the people express their unanimity?


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The wealth of Georgian mines is extremely doubtful, but Georgia also proposes to transfer them to Russia, so full accession does not make sense for the sake of mines.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The authors of the report “assessed the accession of Georgia from the point of view of the state interests of Russia and reacted negatively to this accession.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

As for the point of view of law, of course, they know very well that there can be no question of any law here.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Vorontsov and Kochubey proposed: to elect one of the princes to the kingdom by order of inheritance or on the basis of personal qualities, if necessary, to remove other applicants, leave a certain number in Georgia troops “on the food of the land”.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

It was also proposed to appoint a minister under the tsar.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Knorring's mission


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The mission was entrusted to Knorring by the Supreme Rescript on April 19, 1801.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On May 22, Knorring entered Tbilisi, where he stayed almost all the time.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The outcome of his mission was predetermined by raising the issue in the Council, he only solved the dilemma: complete submission or complete independence.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

And at that time, there could be no talk of complete independence.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

By the time of Knorring's arrival, Georgia had been without power for six months: Tsarevich David was not allowed by Russian generals in Tbilisi to proclaim himself tsar, but he was considered an approved heir.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

When Russian soldiers swore allegiance to Alexander, Georgians were not sworn in.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The country suffered from anarchy, raids by the highlanders of Dagestan and the consequences of the Persian invasion — General Tuchkov, who arrived in Tbilisi in those days, found the city still destroyed, with two whole streets.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Knorring told Tuchkov in secret that the accession of Georgia is not yet resolved.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

“And what about this word and the duty of the Russian rulers to protect Christians, especially those of the same faith, against the barbarism of the Mohammedans?


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

“I dared to argue.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

“It's a different system now,” he said.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

“General Knorring could find nothing but the confusion he reported in the report to the Tsar... he falls into the same mistake as other observer officers: their eye, accustomed to the order of the parade parade and chancellery, I saw chaos and disorder in Georgia.”


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

After spending 22 days in Georgia, Knorring returned to St. Petersburg and submitted his report to the emperor on June 28, 1801.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

He spoke negatively to the question whether Georgia can resist without help, and positively to the question whether Georgians unanimously want citizenship.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The final decision


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On August 8, 1801, a regular meeting of the Council on Georgia was held.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Time worked for the “imperial” party: according to reports by Russian envoys, during the year of anarchy, Georgia has already lost all semblance of a state.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In addition, the clumsy justification for the annexation was used by statements that “in the world” Georgia was already considered part of Russia and it was inconvenient from the point of view of the dignity of the empire to retreat from accession.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

At the meeting, a report by Knorring and a report by Vorontsov and Kochubey were heard.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The council sided with Knorring.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

They talked about the need to anticipate the Turks and Persians capable of capturing Georgia, and that accession will help “curb the predatory mountain peoples”.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Kochubey insisted on his opinion: in his closing remarks, he drew attention to the danger of expanding borders, the injustice of accession from the point of view of the monarchical and insisted on preserving vassal position of Georgia.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Nevertheless, the Council decided on accession in the affirmative.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Alexander was still hesitant.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On August 12, he received a note from V. Zubov and sent it to Novosiltsev for consideration.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On August 13, the issue was discussed at a meeting of the Secret Committee.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The members of the committee were still against it, but Alexander was gradually inclined to the decision of the Council.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Meanwhile, the Georgian commissioners were still trying to ensure that “Georgia's voluntary accession in essence was really so in form”.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

They sent notes to the emperor with their proposals and generally wanted the resolution of the issue on Georgia to be taken in their presence as representatives of the voluntarily annexed Georgian people.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

But no one was interested in their opinion.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On September 12, 1801, Alexander gave a manifesto on accession in Moscow.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The “imperial” policy of the Zubov brothers won, and even the manifesto itself was written by Platon Zubov himself.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

... not to increase strength, not for self-interest, not to spread the limits of the empire, which is already vast in the light of the empire, we accept the burden of governing the kingdom of Georgia.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Our common dignity, common honor and humanity impose on us a sacred duty, heeding the prayers of the suffering and averting their sorrows, to establish direct government in Georgia that could establish justice, personal and property security and give everyone the protection of the law. [15]


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

On April 12, 1802, the manifesto was officially read out at the Zion Cathedral in Tbilisi.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The princes, the Catholicos, were sworn in, and all the estates of Kartl-Kakheti, under pressure, took an oath of allegiance to the new order.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Tuchkov writes that “This ceremony ended without the slightest confusion.”


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

IN. A. Potto describes this process differently:


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Unfortunately, Knorring was not one of those people who have the gift of arousing the trust of the people, and immediately distorted the very meaning of Georgia's voluntary accession, giving it the appearance of some kind of violence .


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Arriving in Tiflis, he gathered all the residents of the city and, surrounding them with troops, ordered to swear allegiance to the new sovereign.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

This gross measure and precautions, not caused by anything on the part of the people, deeply offended Georgians, who did not want to swear allegiance under the threat of bayonets and went home.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The consequences


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

A day after the manifesto was announced, a new government was opened.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

A few days later, Knorring, appointed ruler of Georgia, sent Tuchkov to the Dowager Queen Mary to take away all the royal regalia from her.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The raids of the highlanders of Dagestan became more frequent, something like a civil war began: General Knorring himself was surrounded during his departure to Russia, and the Ossetians completely destroyed the Don Cossack regiment, the next in Tbilisi.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

[16] General Tuchkov writes that, standing with the army near Tbilisi, “he did not have a single night of rest”.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The Avars destroyed an entire infantry battalion together with General Gulyakov.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Knorring, as unable to cope with the situation, was recalled and replaced by Prince Tsitsianov.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The restless state of the region, together with Kovalensky's tactless and even selfish actions, finally hardened the Georgians.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The people, who had previously thought only about how to get rid of the members of the royal house, turned to their side again.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Emperor Alexander began to hear rumors from everywhere about the erratic management of the Transcaucasian Territory, and on September 8, 1802, by the Supreme Order, both Knorring and Kovalensky were withdrawn, and Lieutenant General Prince Tsitsianov has been appointed Commander-in-Chief of Georgia [8].


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Under the pretext of suppressing the riots, the command of the Russian army began to arrest members of the royal family.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

During the arrest of Queen Mary Dowager, General Lazarev was fatally wounded with a dagger.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Those arrested under a strong escort were sent to Vladikavkaz, local residents tried to prevent the movement of the convoy and the detachment fought its way through the Caucasus Range [16].


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

In general, the consequences of the treatise for Georgia were twofold: on the one hand, the country was spared raids from Turkey and Persia, which could be achieved by military and diplomatic means , on the other hand, contrary to the terms of the St. George Treatise, it unfairly lost its statehood (later, in 1811, even church independence).


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

The unrest in the country subsided for a while, as it was a protest mainly against the methods and form of accession, but not against accession as such.


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

See also


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Formation of the Russian Empire territory


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Notes


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Texts


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Literature


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Category:Treaties of Georgia


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Category:International treaties of the Russian Empire


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Category:International treaties of the 18th century


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Category:Russian-Georgian relations


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Category:History of the Caucasus


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise


Question: In which fortress was the Georgievsky Treatise concluded?

St. George Treatise

Category:Contracts alphabetically


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

As of 2010, the Azerbaijani economy ranked 76th in the world in terms of GDP (purchasing power parity) [1].


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

As of 2009, Azerbaijan was the leader among the CIS countries in terms of economic growth [2] [3] [4] [5].


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

During the period from 2003 to 2008, Azerbaijan's GDP grew 2.6 times; [6] the poverty rate in the state, since 2003, has decreased from 45% to 11% [7].


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

In 2011, however, Azerbaijan's economic growth rate was only 0.1%.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

The weaknesses of the Azerbaijani economy traditionally include the low level of official employment of the population, coupled with a high share (58.6% in 2013) of persons employed in the public sector [9].


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

History


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan as part of Russia


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Of great importance was the construction of a railway from Tbilisi to Baku in 1883 and the inclusion of the Transcaucasian railway in 1900 into the all-Russian railway network.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

An important role was also played by the expansion of merchant shipping in the Caspian Sea.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Since the end of the 19th century, Baku has become a major railway junction and a Caspian port.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Oil production is developing in the Baku region.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Until 1872, oil production here was insignificant.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Since 1872, the first large industrial enterprises have appeared here, primitive oil wells are replaced by boreholes, and steam engines have been used in drilling.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

High profits attract domestic and foreign capital to the oil industry of Baku District.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Oil production in the Baku region increased from 26,000 tons in 1872 to 11 million tons in 1901, accounting for about 50% of world oil production.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

During the First World War, the economy of the province experienced a decline.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Oil exploration and drilling operations were curtailed, and the acreage under crops, especially cotton, was sharply reduced.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan as part of the USSR


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Heydar Aliyev Presidency


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

With the return of Heydar Aliyev to power on June 15, 1993, the basis for reforms in the economic life of the country was laid.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Achieved the signing of the “Contract of the Century” with an international consortium consisting of 13 companies in September 1994 for the development of oil fields in Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Commissioning of the Baku-Novorossiysk export oil pipeline in 1996, Baku-Supsa in 1999 to deliver Azerbaijani oil to world markets, signing an agreement on the construction of the main Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan export pipeline.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Thanks to a well-thought-out economic policy, macroeconomic stability was achieved, the basis for sustainable economic growth was laid, and serious achievements were achieved in improving living standards of the population.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Ilham Aliyev's Presidency


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

During Ilham Aliyev's first presidential term, the main export pipelines were launched: the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline and the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum gas pipeline.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Over the course of five years, as a result of economic and energy projects, Azerbaijan has passed a long and successful path of socio-economic transformations.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

The country's economy grew 2.6 times, industrial production increased 2.5 times, about 770,000 new jobs were created, the poverty rate fell from 49% to 13.2%, and budget expenditures increased more than 12 times [10].


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Manat devaluation


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

The exchange rate of the Azerbaijani manat against the dollar did not change in 2014 and amounted to $1.27 per manat.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

In the first three quarters of the year, the Central Bank of Azerbaijan even bought currencies worth $1.2 billion to prevent the manat from strengthening too much.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Initially, the exchange rate was not affected by the fall in the price of Brent crude oil, which began in August 2014 [11].


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

In November 2014, during a budget hearing in the parliament, it was proposed to devalue the national currency in order to increase the competitiveness of the Azerbaijani economy, but this proposal was rejected President Ilham Aliyev [11].


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Back in December 2014, the authorities of Azerbaijan, whose well-being largely depends on oil exports, were optimistic in assessing the state of the Azerbaijani economy, which is primarily tied to Turkey, not to Russia.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

In addition, the stability of the national currency against the dollar was supported by the reserves of the State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan [12] [13] [14].


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Nevertheless, as early as February 21, 2015, Azerbaijan devalued the national currency by 24% to $0.96 per manat.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

The Central Bank said that this decision was made to strengthen the international competitiveness of the economy and export potential, and ensure the stability of the balance of payments.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

In addition, the Central Bank of the Republic reported that since February 16, the manat exchange rate has been tied not to the dollar, but to the dual-currency basket of the dollar and the euro (the share of the European currency is 20-30%) [11] [15] [16].


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

On December 21, 2015, the Central Bank devalued the manat for the second time in a year (by 48%).


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

As a result, the Azerbaijani currency has depreciated twice over the year [17].


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Employment structure


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

In 1990, 70.7% of workers were employed in the public sector of the republic, 56.1% in 1995, 33.8% in 2000, 31.9% in 2005 [18].


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

During the years of independence, the share of employed in industry first decreased from 12.7% in 1990 to 9.8% in 1995 and 5.7% in 2000, but then began to grow and in 2005 amounted to 7.0% [18].


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

On the other hand, the share of people employed in agriculture increased significantly (especially in the late 1990s), which amounted to 30.9% in 1990, 30.8% in 1995, 39.9% in 2000, and 39.2% in 2005 [18].


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

The share of persons employed in construction also decreased from 6.8% in 1990 to 5.1% in 2005 [18].


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Economic districts


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan can be divided into 10 large economic regions:


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Absheron


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Ganja-Gazakh


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Sheki-Zagatala


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Lankaran


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Guba-Khachmaz


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Aran


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Verkhne-Karabakhsky


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Kalbajar-Lachyn


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Shirvan Mountain


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Nakhchivan


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Agriculture


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Agriculture, using favorable climatic conditions (abundance of heat, light, length of the growing season), specializes in growing many valuable crops , however, like all mountainous countries, the republic is characterized by a lack of land.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Of the total land area (8.7 million hectares), agricultural land is 4.6 million hectares.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Of these, more than 1.8 million hectares are arable land, 2 million hectares are occupied by summer and winter pastures, and part of the agricultural land is occupied by perennial plantations.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Almost half of the arable land is concentrated in the country's granary — the Kura-Araksin lowland.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

The structure of agriculture in 2007 (in comparable prices, to the end):


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

crop production — 56.2%,


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

animal husbandry — 43.8%.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

In crop production, the country is famous for planting tomatoes, persimmons, grapes and pomegranates (about 60 varieties of the “king of fruits” are grown here) [19].


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Production (in 2007) ):


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

grain — about 2 million tons (652 thousand hectares),


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

cotton — about 100 thousand tons. ,


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

tobacco — 2.8 thousand tons. ,


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

sugar beet — 137 thousand tons ,


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

potatoes - 1036 thousand tons. ,


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

vegetables — 1219 thousand tons. ,


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

fruits — 675 thousand tons. ,


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

grapes — about 100 thousand tons. ,


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

The production of meat (including poultry) is 147 thousand tons, milk — 1330 thousand tons, eggs — 573 million pieces.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

All agricultural production amounted (in actual prices) to 2,318 million manats.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

(about 2.9 billion US dollars) is about 6% of GDP.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

[20] [21] [22]


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Industry


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Industry is one of the most developed sectors of the country's economy.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

This is an important industry, which mainly includes mechanical engineering, metallurgy, fuel and energy, chemical, food and other industries


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Oil and gas industry


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

At the end of 2006, Azerbaijan's proven oil reserves amounted to 7 billion barrels (1 billion tons), which is 0.6% of the world's recoverable reserves.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Oil production amounted to 1 million barrels per day.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

In 10 years (since 1996), the volume of oil production in Azerbaijan has quadrupled.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Oil consumption in Azerbaijan in 2006 amounted to 96,000 barrels per day.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

The largest oil field is currently the Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli field, where light oil is produced.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Shah Deniz, the largest gas condensate field, is located in the south-west of the Caspian Sea, 70 km south-west of Baku.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

The sea depth in the area of the deposit is about 600 m. The area of the gas-bearing area is about 860 km².


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

The total reserves of the field are estimated at 1.2 trillion m³ of natural gas and 240 million tons of gas condensate.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

The development of the field is carried out by a consortium that includes the following companies:


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

BP Amoco (25.5%) — operator


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Statoil Azerbaijan (25.5%)


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

SOCAR Azerbaijan (10%)


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Elf Petroleum Azerbaijan (10%)


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

LukaGip N.V. (subsidiary of Lukoil, 10%)


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Oil Industries Engineering & Construction (10%)


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Turkish Petroleum Overseas Company Limited (9%)


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Gas production in Azerbaijan in 2007 amounted to 10.4 billion cubic meters.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Metallurgy


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Chemical industry


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Today, there are more than 100 chemical enterprises in the republic, 70-80% of which are owned by the state.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

The growth rate of the chemical industry of Azerbaijan is declining, and according to the results of 2006 it amounted to 3.4% (for comparison: in 2005 — 3.7%, in 2004 — 4.7%, in 2003 — 3.9%).


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

At the same time, in January-September 2007, the production of chemical products in Azerbaijan decreased by 47.1%


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

To replace obsolete oil refining facilities in Baku, a refinery is being built in Sangachaly, and a refinery is also being built in the Turkish port of Ceyhan.


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

Production of construction materials


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

The production of building materials is based on rich reserves of natural stone, limestone and is represented by the production of cement, brick, facing slabs, window glass, etc. The building materials industry has enterprises for the production of cement — the Karadag plant, expanded clay (Masalli).


Question: How many large economic districts can Azerbaijan be divided into?

Economy of Azerbaijan

In 2007, 1,730 thousand tons of cement, 338 cubic meters, were produced.