Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Due to his dislike for the humanities, Turing lost points on the exam and therefore entered King's College Cambridge after high school, although he intended to go to Trinity College.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

He studied at King's College Turing from 1931 to 1934 under the guidance of the famous mathematician Godfrey Harold Hardy.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In 1928, the German mathematician David Gilbert drew the attention of the world community to the problem of resolution (Entscheidungsproblem).


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In his work “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem”, published on November 12, 1936 [15] [16], Turing reformulated Godel's incompleteness theorem, replacing Godel's universal formal arithmetic language into simple hypothetical devices that later became known as Turing machines.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

He proved that such a machine would be able to perform any mathematical calculations represented in the form of an algorithm.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Turing went on to show that there is no solution to Entscheidungsproblem, first proving that the Stopping Problem for a Turing Machine is unsolvable: in general, it is impossible to determine algorithmically Will this Turing machine ever stop?


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Although Turing's evidence was released shortly after Alonzo Church's equivalent evidence, which used Lambda calculi, Turing himself was unfamiliar with him [8].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Alan Turing's approach is considered to be more accessible and intuitive.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The idea of a “Universal Machine” capable of performing the functions of any other machine, or in other words, calculating everything that can be calculated, was extremely original.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Von Neumann admitted that the concept of a modern computer is based on this work by Alan Turing [17].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Turing machines are still the main object of study of algorithm theory.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

From September 1936 to July 1938, Turing worked under Church at Princeton, where Turing entered as a visiting postgraduate student and stayed to complete his doctorate under Church's command.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In addition to studying mathematics, he studied cryptography, and also designed an electromechanical binary multiplier.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In June 1938, he defended his doctoral dissertation [18], which presented the idea of combining the Turing machine with the oracle.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

This makes it possible to investigate problems that cannot be solved with a Turing machine alone.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In Cambridge, Turing attended Ludwig Wittgenstein's lectures on the crisis of the foundations of mathematics [8].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Scientists argued a lot, as Turing defended formalism, while Wittgenstein believed that mathematics did not seek the absolute truth, but invented it [8].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Cryptanalysis


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

During World War II, Alan Turing was actively involved in hacking German ciphers in Bletchley Park.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Bletchley Park historian and veteran Aisa Briggs once said:


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Bletchley Park needed exceptional talent, exceptional genius, and Turing's genius was just that.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

From September 1938, Turing worked part-time at GCHQ, a British cipher cracking organization.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Together with Dilly Knox, he was engaged in cryptanalysis of the Enigma [19].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Shortly after a meeting in Warsaw in July 1939, at which the Polish Cipher Bureau provided Britain and France with detailed information on the compounds in and the method of decrypting messages, Turing and Knox began their work on a more thorough way to solve the problem [19].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The Polish method was based on the shortcomings of the indicator procedure, which the Germans corrected by May 1940.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Turing's approach was more general and was based on the source sequence search method, for which he developed the initial Bombe functional specification.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

On September 4, 1939, the day after Britain declared war on Germany, Turing returned to Bletchley Park, where the Government Communications Center was then located.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The Bomb specification was only the first of Turing's five major achievements in military cryptanalysis.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The scientist also defined the indicator procedure of the German Navy; developed a more effective way to use Bombe, based on statistical analysis and named; a method for determining the parameters of the wheels Lorentz machine, named; towards the end of the war, Turing developed the Delilah portable speech encoder.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The statistical approach to optimizing studies of various probabilities in the process of solving ciphers, which Turing used, was a new word in science.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Turing wrote two papers: “Report on the applicability of the probabilistic approach in cryptanalysis” [20] and “A document on statistics and repetitions” [21], which were presented for GCCS and later for GCHQ (English: Government Communications Headquarters) is of such value that they were not provided until April 2012, shortly before the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the scientist's birth.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

One of the GCHQ employees said that this fact indicates the unprecedented importance of this work [22].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

At Bletchley Park, Turing had a reputation for being an eccentric.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Among his colleagues, he was known as “Prof”, and his work dedicated to “Enigma” was called the “Book of Prof” [8].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Jack Good, a crypto analyst who worked with Turing, according to Ronald Levin, said about Turing: Every year in the first week of June, he developed hay fever and went to the office wearing a gas mask.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

His bike's chain flew off at regular intervals, but instead of giving it back for repair, he counted the pedal speed and got off the bike at the right time to fix it with his hands.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

His other strangeness was that he chained his mug to the battery because he was afraid that it would be stolen [23] [24].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In 1945, Turing was awarded the Order of the British Empire by King George VI for his military service, but this fact remained a secret for many years [25].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Turing—Welshman machine


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Within weeks of arriving at Blatchley Park, Turing wrote specifications for an electromechanical machine that could help hack the Enigma more effectively than the Polish one.” a crypto bomb.”


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The Turing machine, with improvements proposed by mathematician Gordon Welshman, has become an important tool for deciphering the messages of the Enigma.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The car was called Bombe [Note 1].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The machine searched for possible settings used to encrypt messages (order of rotors, rotor position, patch panel connections) based on known clear text.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

For each possible rotor setting (which had 1019 states or 1022 in the modification used on submarines), the machine made a number of logical assumptions based on the open text (its content and structure).


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Then the machine identified the contradiction, discarded the set of parameters and moved on to the next one.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Thus, most of the possible sets were eliminated and only a few options remained for careful analysis.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The first machine was put into operation on March 18, 1940.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The keys were searched by rotating mechanical drums, accompanied by a sound similar to the ticking of a clock.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In the fall of 1941, Alan Turing and his colleagues Gordon Welchman and Conel Hugh O'Donell Alexander were disappointed.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Based on the developments of the Polish cipher bureau, they were able to establish a system capable of effectively cracking the Enigma cipher, but they had few people and machines, so they had time to decrypt all there were not enough messages.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

However, thanks to the success of decoders, in the summer of 1941, cargo losses from German submarines fell to 100,000 tons per month, but this was still not enough.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The group needed resources to cope with the continuous improvement of the Germans.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Attempts to get more people and attract funding for the construction of new cars by official means did not lead to anything.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Finally, on October 28, breaking all the rules, they sent a letter to Churchill.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Turing and his colleagues especially stressed that their requests are negligible compared to the possible benefit [8].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The effect was not long in coming, Churchill sent lightning to General Ismay: FOR IMMEDIATE EXECUTION.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Make sure they have what they need and report back to me on completion.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

On November 18, the head of intelligence reported that all possible measures had been taken [8].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

By the end of the war, more than two hundred vehicles had been put into operation [26].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Cottage No. 8 and Navy Enigma


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Turing decided to take on a particularly difficult task of analysis because, according to him, “no one did it” and he “could keep the problem for himself” [27].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In December 1939, Turing dealt with the main part of the Navy's Enigma indicator system, which was more complex than that used by other branches of the armed forces [27] [4].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

“... I wasn't sure this would work in practice until a few days passed” —Alan Turing on Banburismus [27]


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

That night, Turing came up with the idea of Banburismus, a consistent statistical technique (which Abraham Wald later called statistical sequential analysis) to help decipher Navy Enigma messages.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

To do this, he introduced a new logarithmic (base 10) unit of measurement of information (entropy) — ban.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Banburismus could exclude certain sequences of Enigma rotors, significantly reducing the amount of time it took to check the settings on the Bomb.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In 1941, Turing proposed to his colleague in Cottage No. 8, Joan Clark, but the engagement did not last long.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

After admitting his homosexuality to his bride, who was rumored to be “indifferent” to him, Turing decided that he should not bring the matter to the wedding [4].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In November 1942, Turing traveled to the United States [8], where he worked with Navy crypto analysts to hack the Enigma and build Bombe machines in Washington.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

He visited Daytona, Ohio, and his reaction to the design of the American Bombs was not very encouraging [28].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

During his stay in America, Turing also assisted in the development of a speech encryption device at Bell Labs [8].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Alan returned to Bletchley Park in March 1943.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

During his absence, Alexander Hugh officially took the position of head of Cottage No. 8, although de facto by this time he had already performed these duties for some time, as Turing did not care about routine related to the daily work of the section.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The scientist took the position of a cryptanalysis consultant at Bletchley Park.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Alexander Hugh said of Turing's contribution: There can be no doubt that Turing's work was a critical factor in the success of Cottage No. 8.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In the beginning, he was not only the only crypto analyst confident that this is a solvable problem, the person responsible for the main theoretical work, he also provided Welshman and Keen the main developments for the further creation of Bombe.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

It's always hard to call someone irreplaceable, but if there was an irreplaceable person in Cottage No. 8, it was Alan Turing.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

A pioneer job always begins to be forgotten when experience and routine create a seemingly simple feeling, and many of us at Cottage No. 8 felt that the scale of Turing's contribution was never fully was understood by the rest of the world [29].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Colossus


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In July 1942, Turing took part in the decoding of the Lorenz code, which was used by the Germans to transmit messages to the high command [30] [Note 2].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

“Lorenz” was much more complicated than “Enigma” and could not be deciphered by existing methods.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Turing proposed to build a decoder based on electron tubes and brought T. Flowers is an experienced electronics engineer.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

As a result of the joint efforts of mathematicians and engineers, Colossus was developed, one of the first computers in the world [30].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

By 1944, with the help of the Colossus, the Lorenz code was hacked, allowing the Allies to read all the correspondence of the top German leadership.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Speech Encoder (Delilah)


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Alan Turing continued his work on the creation of an electronic device for encrypting speech in telephone networks, which he began at Bell Labs [8].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

He started collaborating with Hanslop Park.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Together with engineer Donald Bailey Turing, he developed the design of a portable speech encoder Delilah [8].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The device was not adapted to work with long-range radio systems and was completed too late to be used during the war years.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Despite Turing's successful demonstration (Churchill's speech was encrypted and deciphered), Delilah did not go into mass production [8].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The Turing encoder used fewer than 30 electron tubes, and other solutions were able to surpass it only after 15 years.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Early Computers and the Turing Test


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

From 1945 to 1947, Turing lived in Richmond and worked on ACE (English: Automatic Computing Engine) at the National Physics Laboratory.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

On February 19, 1946, he presented a work that can be called the first detailed description of a computer with a program stored in memory [30].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Von Neumann's unfinished work “The First Draft of the EDVAC Report” (1945) preceded it, but was much less detailed, and according to the head of the mathematics department of the National Physical John Wourmsley Laborators:It [Von Neumann's work] contains a number of ideas that belong to Dr. Turing [31].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Despite the fact that the construction of ACE was quite feasible, the secrecy surrounding Blatchley Park led to delays in the start of work, which disappointed Turing.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

By the end of 1947, he returned to Cambridge for a one-year vacation, during which he worked fruitfully on Intelligent Machinery, which was not published for his lifetime [30].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

While Alan Turing was in Cambridge, Pilot ACE was built in his absence.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

He completed his first program on May 10, 1950.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Although the full version of ACE was never built, some computers had a lot in common with it, such as DEUCE and


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

While working at the National Physics Laboratory, Alan Turing was actively involved in running and competed for the Walton Athletics Club.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Turing joined it at the end of 1945 and showed world-class results.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

His best marathon time was 2 hours 46 minutes and 3 seconds, which is only 11 minutes more than the 1948 Olympic winner earlier in the year in the cross-country race Alan finished before Tom Richards, Olympic silver medalist [32].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In 1948, Alan Turing was promoted to.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

There, in 1949, he became director of the computer lab, where the programming work of Manchester Mark I was concentrated.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

At the same time, Turing continued to work on more abstract mathematical problems [33], and in his work (Mind magazine, October 1950) he turned to the problem of artificial intelligence and proposed an experiment that later became known as the Turing Test.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

His idea was that a computer can be considered “thinking” if the person interacting with it cannot distinguish a computer from another person in the process of communication [34].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In this work, Turing suggested that instead of trying to create a program that simulates the mind of an adult, it would be much easier to start with the child's mind and then teach it.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

CAPTCHA, based on the reverse Turing test, is widely available on the Internet.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In 1948, Alan and his former colleague began writing a chess program for a computer that did not yet exist.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In 1952, without a suitable device to perform it, Turing played a game in which he simulated the actions of a machine, making one move every half hour.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The game was recorded [35] and as a result, the program lost to Turing's colleague Alec Glini, but won the game against Champernovna's wife.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In 1948, Turing also invented the Lu-decomposition method, which is now used to solve equations [36].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The first computer music


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In 1951, in the UK, specialists from the BBC visiting studio at the Manchester Computer Laboratory made the first recording of music generated by a computer.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The machine, created by Turing and occupying almost the entire first floor of the laboratory, could generate three melodies — “God Save the King” (English: God Save the King), “Be the Black Lamb” (English: Baa, Baa Black Sheep) and the swing classic “In the Mood” (English: In the Mood) by Glen Miller.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The music was recorded on a 12-inch (30.5 cm) acetate disc.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

At the same time, Turing's fundamental work of the late 1940s to turn a computer into a musical instrument went unnoticed.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The sound artifact that represents Turing as a musical innovator was restored in 2016 [37].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Morphogenesis


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In 1952, Turing published a work entitled “The Chemical Foundations of Morphogenesis”, which for the first time [38] mathematically describes the process of self-organization of matter.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

His main interest in this area was the Fibonacci leaf arrangement — the presence of Fibonacci numbers in plant structures.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

His later works were not published until 1992, when a collection of his works was published.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Turing's contribution to this area is considered fundamental [39].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The accusation of obscenity


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In January 1952, Alan Turing met nineteen-year-old worker Arnold Murray near a cinema in Manchester [40].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

After lunch together, Turing offered Murray to spend the weekend with him at his house, the latter accepted the offer, but did not appear.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The pair met again in Manchester the following Monday, and Murray agreed to escort Turing home.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

A few weeks later, the young man visited the scientist's house again and spent the night there [4].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

After Murray and his accomplice robbed the scientist's house, Turing reported this to the police and confessed to sexual relations with the accused during the investigation.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Any homosexual activity between men was illegal in the United Kingdom at the time [8] and both were charged with indecent conduct under the “Amendment Labouchere” [4].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Turing was offered a choice between imprisonment and hormone therapy designed to suppress libido.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The scientist preferred injections to be able to continue working on his projects — this “treatment” lasted one year, which led to impotence and gynecomastia [41].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The charges brought against Turing led to the loss of his trustworthiness status and the suspension of a cryptanalysis consultant at GCHQ.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

At that time, there were some concerns about the recruitment of homosexual spies by Soviet agents [4] related to the disclosure of the first two members of the Cambridge Five: Donald McLane and Guy Burgess.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Alan was never accused of espionage, but he was forbidden to discuss the details of his work at Blatchley Park according to [30].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Death and posthumous pardon


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

On June 8, 1954, Alan Turing was found dead in his apartment.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The autopsy showed that the cause of death was.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

A bitten apple was found on the bedside table, and although it has never been tested for cyanide [8], it is widely believed that it contained the poison.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The investigation found that the scientist had committed suicide.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The body was cremated on June 12, 1954 [8].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Hodges and David Levit suggest that Turing recreated a scene from the Walt Disney cartoon Snow White in 1937, the scientist's favorite fairy tale.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

According to Levit:He especially liked the scene in which the Evil Queen immerses an apple in a poisonous potion [4].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The same version is supported by Turing's friend Alan Garner, who wrote about this in 2011 in an article for The Guardian [42].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

However, more modern studies have questioned the version of suicide.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The Turing specialist, after a thorough study of the autopsy results, came to the conclusion that the poisoning was caused by inhalation of hydrocyanic acid vapors released by the galvanic acid apparatus gilding, which uses potassium cyanide.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Turing also used to eat an apple before going to bed, and it is not unusual that he did not finish it [43].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In addition, Turing treated hormone therapy (which ended a year before the incident) with a “bit of humor” and did not show signs of despondency, on the contrary, he compiled a list of tasks that he planned to do after the weekend [43].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The scientist's mother believed that the death of her son was an accident caused by careless storage of chemicals, but Hodges believes that Turing could have adjusted the experiment in such a way as not to upset her [8].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

On September 10, 2009, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown publicly apologized for the persecution to which Alan Turing was subjected:


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Alan and many thousands of other gay men convicted under homophobic laws have been treated horribly.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

And many millions of people who have not been convicted have lived for years in constant fear of being convicted for who they are.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

I am proud that those days are over and that our government has done a lot over the past 12 years to make life more just and equal for our LGBT community.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Recognizing Alan as one of the most notorious victims of homophobia in the UK is another step towards equality.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

On behalf of the British government and all those who live free thanks to Alan's contribution, I sincerely say: forgive us, you deserve much better.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In 2009, Alan Turing was recognized as “one of the most famous victims of homophobia in the UK” [44].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In 2013, Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain officially pardoned Turing for accusations of “obscenity” [45].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

According to Justice Minister Chris Grayling, the option was chosen because the legal rehabilitation of Turing is impossible, since a British court ruled in 1952 on the basis of the then legislation [46].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In British tradition, royal pardon is a purely political issue, not a legal issue [47].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

On January 31, 2017, the Turing Act came into force in the UK to posthumously pardon men who have been convicted of homosexual relations [48].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

memento


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

One of the most prestigious awards in computer science is named after Alan Turing, namely the annual award of the Computing Association is called the Turing Award.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The asteroid (10204) Turing is named after Alan Turing [49].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

A monument to Alan Turing was erected in Manchester in 2001.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In 2002, Alan Turing was recognized as “one of the 100 greatest Britons in history”.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The architecture of GeForce 20 graphics cards was called “Turing” - in honor of Alan Turing.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

At the movies


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In the historical drama The Imitation Game (2014), Alan Turing was played by Benedict Cumberbatch [50], a mathematician Turing, who hid his homosexuality, who led a group of cryptographers, almost cracking the code of the encryption machine alone.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

In this regard, the credits of the film show figures that in England in the period from 1885 to 1967, 49,000 homosexual men suffered due to their sexual identity.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

This storyline is the opposite of another artistic interpretation of those events, the film Enigma (2001), based on the novel of the same name by Robert Harris, where another mathematician Tom Jericho, who also directed a team of crackers and in love with his colleague Claire, with the help of friends solves the riddle of the code [51].


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Publications


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

BibNetWiki


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

on Microsoft Academic Search.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Turing, Alan (October 1950), “”, Mind LIX (236): 433-460, doi:, ISSN, retrieved 2008-08-18


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

— Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Minneapolis.


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Metropolis was the first director of computing services at Los Alamos National Laboratory; topics include the relationship between Alan Turing and John von Neumann


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

See also


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Computing machines and the mind


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Turing machine


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Turing test


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

The Turing Award


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Church—Turing thesis


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Turing completeness


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Notes


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

comments


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Used literature and sources


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Literature


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

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Alan Turing

References


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

G. Dalidovich Notes on Artificial Intelligence:,,


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

(in English)


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Category: Mathematicians alphabetically


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Category: British mathematicians


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Category:UK logicians


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Category:British cryptographers


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Category:Artificial intelligence researchers


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Category:British inventors


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Category:British computer scientists


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Category:20th-century philosophers


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Officers of the Order of the British Empire


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Category:Convicts under anti-homosexual law


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Category:Repressed


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Category:Suicides who took poison


Question: Where did Alan Mathison Turing work during World War II?

Alan Turing

Category:Personalies:Computer chess


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak (pronounced Tetra Pak) is a multinational company of Swedish origin.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The company produces packaging, packaging machines and equipment for processing liquid food products, as well as equipment for group packaging.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak was founded in 1951 by Swedish: Ruben Rausing in Lund, Sweden as a division of Åkerlund & Rausing, and was based on Eric's invention Wallenberg is a tetrahedral packaging, after which the company was named.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak achieved commercial success in the 1960s and 1970s, with the introduction of Tetra Brik packaging and aseptic technology.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

This has greatly simplified the system of delivery and storage of products.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

From the early 1950s to the mid-1990s, the company was led by Ruben Rausing's two sons, Hans and Gad, who, from a family business with six employees in 1954, created literally multinational corporation.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Currently, Tetra Pak is the world's largest food packaging manufacturer by sales, operating in more than 170 countries and with more than 22,000 employees (as of 2011).


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The company is part of the Swiss concern Tetra Laval, along with DeLaval, a supplier of equipment for dairy farms, and Sidel, a manufacturer of plastic bottles.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The company is headquartered in Lund (Sweden) and Lausanne (Switzerland).


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

History


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak was founded in 1951 as a division of Åkerlund & Rausing, founded in Malmö in 1929 by Ruben Rausing and Eric Okerlund, which produced cardboard packaging for products.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Ruben Rausing, who studied in New York in the early 1920s, first saw self-service grocery stores in America unknown at the time in Europe, and realized that the first packaging was the future retail trade in food products.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

It was a more hygienic and practical way of distributing staple foods than the sale accepted in Europe at the time because of the counter of goods wrapped in paper or spilled in bulky glass bottles.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In the late 1920s, together with industrialist Eric Okerlund, he bought a decayed packaging factory in Malmö.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Åkerlund & Rausing became the first packaging company in Scandinavia and later became the largest manufacturer of cardboard packaging for dry food products.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

However, Åkerlund & Rausing was not initially particularly profitable, and in 1933 Okerlund sold his stake to Rousing, who became the sole owner of the business.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Becoming


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Åkerlund & Rausing produced various types of paper packaging for dry foods, but Rausing also intended to find a way to pack liquids, such as milk and cream, and spent significant funds for the development of such packaging.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

It was necessary to ensure optimal safety of the product and its hygiene, as well as the efficiency of distribution, using a minimum amount of material — in accordance with the later the famous principle “packaging should save more than it costs”.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The new packaging had to be cheap enough to compete with draft milk, which meant a minimum of waste during production and maximum efficiency.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In 1943, Åkerlund & Rausing began developing milk cartons, and in 1944, Eric Wallenberg, then head of the research laboratory, I came up with the idea to design a package in the form of a tetrahedron from a paper cylinder.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The idea was simple but effective: the material was used optimally.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

After overcoming initial doubts, Rausing realized the potential of such packaging and applied for a patent on March 27, 1944.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Until the end of the decade, the company's employees were engaged in the development of packaging materials and solving technical problems, such as bottling, sealing and distribution.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

It is believed that the proposal to continuously seal packages during the filling of the cylinder with milk, as happens in the manufacture of sausages — in order to avoid oxygen entering the package — came from Rausing's wife Elizabeth.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In 1946, engineer Harry Irund presented a model of a packaging machine, and in cooperation with Swedish pulp and paper companies and foreign chemical companies, it was finally possible to develop suitable material for packaging: the cardboard was covered with polyethylene, which made the paper airtight and made it possible to seal the bags by heat sealing while they were filled...


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Activity history


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

AB Tetra Pak was founded in Lund, Sweden in 1951.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In May of the same year, a new packaging system was introduced to the press, and in 1952, the local Lundaortens dairy plant was supplied with the first packaging machine designed for filling cream in bags tetrahedral form with a capacity of 100 ml.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In subsequent years, tetrahedron packages were increasingly seen on the shelves of Swedish grocery stores, and in 1954 a dairy plant in Stockholm purchased the first line for packaging milk in 500 ml bags.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In the same year, the first car went to Hamburg (Germany), followed by France (1954), Italy (1956), Switzerland (1957), and later the Soviet Union (1959) and Japan (1962).


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Various projects — tetrahedron, aseptic packaging technology, Tetra Brik — all required huge investments, so the company's financial difficulties continued into the 1960s.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak's commercial breakthrough occurred only in the mid-1960s and was associated with the launch of the new Tetra Brik packaging in 1963, as well as the development of aseptic technology.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Additional funds were obtained from the sale of Åkerlund & Rausing in 1965; AB Tetra Pak remained in the same hands.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In the early 1960s, international expansion began: in 1960, Mexico built the first packaging material plant outside Sweden, and in 1962 a similar plant appeared in the US.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In 1962, the Tetra Classic Aseptic aseptic machine was first installed outside Europe, in Lebanon.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In the late 1960s and 1970s, the company expanded globally, largely due to the new Tetra Brik Aseptic aseptic packaging, which began selling in 1969.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

It allowed us to enter new markets in developing countries and became a powerful incentive for sales growth.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Mergers and acquisitions


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In 1981, Tetra Pak moved its headquarters to Lausanne, Switzerland, but all research and development continued to be carried out in Lund.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In 1991, Tetra Pak acquired the Swedish company Alfa-Laval AB, a world leader in the production of equipment for various industries, including food.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

This transaction was the largest takeover in Sweden at the time.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

By enabling Tetra Pak to use Alfa Laval technologies in food processing, the merger helped create comprehensive processing and packaging solutions for customers of the new combined companies.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The deal attracted the attention of the antitrust authority of the European Commission, but the takeover still took place after both companies made various concessions.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

After merging with Alfa Laval, Tetra Pak announced plans to return its headquarters to Sweden, and in 1993 Tetra Laval was created with joint headquarters in Lund and Lausanne.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Alfa Laval's liquid processing division was taken over by Tetra Pak, and the part of the company that specialized in the production of equipment for dairy farms was separated into a separate structure called Alfa Laval Agri.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Alfa Laval Agri was later renamed DeLaval, in honor of Alfa Laval founder Gustav de Laval; the company is still part of Tetra Laval.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Alfa Laval's division, which is not directly related to Tetra Pak's operations — which produced heat exchangers and separation equipment, among others — was sold to a Swedish financial group in 2000 Industri Kapital.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In 2001, Tetra Laval acquired the French plastic packaging group Sidel.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The merger was banned by the European Commission on the grounds that both Tetra Pak and Sidel were market leaders in their sector and operated in related areas.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In the end, the European Court of Justice ruled in favor of Tetra Laval.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Owners and management


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The Tetra Laval Group is controlled by Tetra Laval International, a holding company whose board of directors includes three children of Gad Rousing.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Gad Rousing's family has control over the company.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Activities


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak's interests around the world are represented by 40 companies that are divisions of Tetra Pak International SA.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The company operates in more than 170 countries.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Since the relative value of Tetra Pak's final products is low, developing countries have been an important market for the company from the very beginning.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In 2011, the company's annual turnover was 10.36 billion euros.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Laval's report for fiscal year 2010/11 reports that Tetra Pak has seen particularly strong growth in China, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, and Central and South America.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Higher incomes in these markets contribute to greater consumption of protein-rich foods, in particular dairy, and Tetra Pak announced increased investment in developing markets by 10% to more than 200 million euros (2009).


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

After investing almost 200 million euros for the creation of new packaging plants in Russia (2007) and China (2008), Tetra Pak announced the construction of similar plants in India and Pakistan in 2011 to meet the needs of the growing demand.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

It is assumed that new plants on the Indian Peninsula will also be able to provide products to the markets of the Middle East, where there is a similar growth.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

According to the Financial Times, the increase in milk consumption in emerging markets has particularly affected UHT milk, which is easier to transport and safer; this has a positive impact on Tetra Pak's business, which accounts for two-thirds of its sales in aseptic packaging.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak's most popular product is Tetra Brik Aseptic packaging, a bestseller since the 1970s.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In May 2011, Tetra Pak began producing the first aseptic milk carton bottle, Tetra Evero Aseptic.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Key figures (2012) [1]:


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Packaging plants: 42


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Number of countries where the company operates: 170


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Market companies: 38


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Sales offices: 79


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Staff headcount: 22,896


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Number of packages produced in 2011 (million): 167,002


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Revenue in 2011 (million euros): 10,360


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Products


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Aseptic technology


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Aseptic packaging technology is Tetra Pak's main invention.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

During aseptic treatment, the product and packaging are sterilized separately, after which the package is filled with the product and sealed under sterile conditions.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

When an aseptic package is filled with ultra-pasteurized contents (liquid like milk or juice, or processed products such as vegetables and fruits), it can be stored unrefrigerated until years old.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Packaging


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Classic [2] is the name of the first tetrahedron-shaped package.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

It was introduced by Tetra Pak in 1952, the aseptic version appeared in 1961 and is still used today, mainly for portioned cream, milk and baby juices.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The shape of Tetra Brik [3] was put into production in 1963, after a long and expensive development process.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

An aseptic version called Tetra Brik Aseptic [4] was released on the market in 1969.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

This is the most popular Tetra Pak package in terms of the number of copies sold.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Similar to the Tetra Fino Aseptic pillow [5], was introduced in 1997 and was designed to reduce production costs and create simpler packaging.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Gemina Aseptic [6], released in 2007, was announced as “the world's first pointed roll packaging that meets all aseptic requirements”.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Prisma Aseptic [7] appeared in 1997.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

It has an octagonal shape, which is designed to make it more ergonomic.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Rex [8] is a rectangular with a pointed top, first introduced to Swedish consumers in 1966.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Recart [9] was recently created as an alternative to canned packaging for products such as vegetables, fruits and pet food.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Top [10] was introduced to the market in 1986: it is a rectangular package with rounded ribs and an unscrewable plastic lid that is easy to open and close.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

When developing Tetra Wedge Aseptic [11], the need to minimize the amount of packaging material used was taken into account, while maintaining the rectangular base of the bag.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

This package was put into production in 1997.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Evero Aseptic [12] is the most recent development among Tetra Pak packages and was introduced in 2011 as the world's first aseptic cardboard milk bottle that can be stored with room temperature.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Misc


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In addition to various packaging solutions, Tetra Pak supplies process equipment, distribution equipment, including conveyors, packers in containers, film wrappers, boxes and containers wheels.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In addition, the company offers automated production solutions and maintenance.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The environment


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Principles of environmental protection


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak declares that it is committed to sustainable and responsible environmental management and claims that it is constantly working to improve efficiency in its interests and interests of the customer.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

How materials are used and what happens to packaging waste is, according to the Financial Times, a really “serious issue” for the company.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In 2011, Tetra Pak published its environmental goals, which include maintaining current levels of carbon dioxide emissions by 2020 and increasing utilization 100 per cent of waste over the same period.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak's previous targets (2005-2010) were met or even exceeded; the company's results were reported to the World Wildlife Fund, with which Tetra Pak has been collaborating for many years.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

According to them, Tetra Pak spent less energy in 2006 than in 2002, despite a 23% increase in production.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Maintaining the current level of carbon dioxide emissions until 2020 will mean a relative reduction in emissions by 40%, while the average growth rate is 5% per year, according to the Food resource Production Daily.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In addition, Tetra Pak says it will increase the use of Forest Stewardship Board certified paperboard to 100% by 2020, with an intermediate goal of 50% by 2012.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The new targets will affect all parts of the production chain, from suppliers to customers.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In the supply of raw materials for packaging material, the company cooperates with the World Wildlife Fund, the Global Network for Trade in Certified Forest Products and the Forest Stewardship Council.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In addition, the company is making efforts to obtain polyethylene produced from sugar cane from suppliers in Brazil.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In 2010, 40% of Tetra Pak paperboard used was certified by the Forest Stewardship Council.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Gradually, manufacturers of food products that have historically been packed in glass containers, such as wine, began to look closely at cardboard bags as an alternative packaging solutions.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

It is believed that the carbon footprint of a cardboard package is about ten times smaller than that of a glass bottle.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Waste recycling


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak began to deal with recycling in the mid-1980s, and in 1990, the company introduced a recycling program in Canada for its cardboard packaging.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In 2000, Tetra Pak invested 20 million baht (€500,000) in the first aseptic packaging recycling plant in Southeast Asia, located in Thailand.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In 2010, 30 billion used Tetra Pak packages were recycled, which is twice as much as in 2002.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

As of 2011, 20% of used Tetra Pak packages are being recycled worldwide, with countries such as Belgium, Germany, Spain and Norway recycling more than 50%.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

To increase the amount of recyclable waste and meet targets, Tetra Pak has taken a leading role in organizing the recycling process, including supporting the development of waste collection schemes, promotes the introduction of new recycling technologies and raises public awareness about waste management and the wise use of resources.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Social projects


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Food Development Bureau


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak has been involved in social projects for a long time: the company has supported the School Milk and School Meals programs for 45 years [13].


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In the late 1970s, Ruben Rausing personally participated in a joint project between the World Food Programme, the World Bank and Tetra Pak to provide Indian families with surplus milk produced in the West.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The Food Development Bureau program was created to improve the nutrition and health of people around the world and fight poverty.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The program focuses on school meals and milk for schoolchildren, but resources are also allocated to improving agricultural and processing methods dairy products, including training farmers to increase the efficiency of their work and the safety of their food products.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

This is also beneficial for Tetra Pak itself, as it helps build relationships and ensure supply in less developed markets.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak works closely with local governments and civil society organizations to monitor the implementation and development of such programs.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In St. Petersburg, in 2016, Tetra-Pack Rus abandoned its program to support the processing of its products.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

School milk


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The School Milk program is an international initiative to provide milk to children and adolescents in educational institutions.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The program has been implemented in 70 countries around the world for 80 years.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Since 1970, the program has been supported by Tetra Pak [14].


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Disaster relief


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak provided support to victims of earthquakes in Haiti and Japan in 2010 and 2011, wildfires in Russia in 2010, floods in Pakistan in 2010 and Thailand in 2011.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In China, Tetra Pak has contributed to improving food security, as well as introducing modern methods in dairy production after the melamine poisoning scandal in 2008.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Although Tetra Pak had nothing to do with the scandal, it had a detrimental effect on the packaged milk market in China.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

According to the Financial Times, there was not just a charitable initiative, but also an attempt to ensure the future of this market, which allowed the industry to become safer, more environmentally friendly and more effective.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

It was reported that the training program was very successful, as a result, the standards of work with dairy products increased significantly.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak in the Soviet Union and Modern Russia


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The company's products have been known in Russia for more than half a century


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In the late 1950s, the Soviet government signed the first contract with Tetra Pak for the supply of equipment for the dairy industry, and soon several Soviet enterprises were equipped with lines for packaging liquid products in Tetra Classic.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In the 1970s, with the help of Tetra Pak, the Chertanovsky (later Tsaritsynsky) dairy plant was built in Moscow, where the company installed 20 Tetra Brik packaging lines.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In the late 1980s, Tetra Pak was one of the first foreign companies to establish joint ventures in the Soviet Union.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In Lipetsk, the company participated in a joint venture for the production of juices, and opened equipment assembly facilities and a service center in Podolsk.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Joint ventures for the production of packaging material were established in Kiev and Timashevsk.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Currently, the company's interests in Russia are represented by a subsidiary of Tetra Pak JSC.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak in Russia has a packaging material plant in Lobnya (Moscow Region), the largest in Eastern Europe.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

In total, 520 Tetra Pak liquid food filling lines have been installed at Russian food enterprises.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak Russia is headquartered in Moscow and has a regional office in Krasnodar.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

The number of Tetra Pak employees in Russia exceeds 700 people.


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Notes


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

References


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Category:Companies in Sweden


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Category:Packaging manufacturers


Question: How much does a juice bag cost in Moscow in 2019?

Tetra Pak

Category:Machinery companies


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The Italian: Nazionale di calcio dell'Italia represents Italy in international football matches and tournaments.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The managing organization is the Italian Football Federation.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The Federation has been a member of FIFA since 1905 and a member of UEFA since 1954.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Italy is one of the strongest football teams in the world in terms of the number of world titles, second only to Brazil: the Italians have 4 victories at the World Cups (1934, 1938, 1982 and 2006).


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Italy is the first European team to win the World Cup and the first team to defend the title (later only Brazilians managed to repeat this in 1958 and 1962).


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The Italians also won two silver medals (1970 and 1994) and one bronze (1990) at the World Championships.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Between their first triumphant championships, Italy managed to win the Olympic football tournament in Berlin, and after their only victory at the European championship in 1968, the Italians became the first European team to win three of the most prestigious trophies for national teams (World Cup, Olympic Games and Continental Championship).


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The nickname of the Italian national team is “Squadra Azzurra” (which means “blue team” in Italian), which comes from the traditional color of the uniform of the Italian national team and everyone in general athletes representing Italy.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

And the blue color itself (“azzurri”) is traditionally associated with the House of Savoy, whose head became king of united Italy in 1861.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Gianluigi Buffon played the most appearances for the national team — 176; the national team's top scorer was Luigi Riva (35 goals) [1].


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

As of November 29, 2018, the national team is ranked 18th in the FIFA rankings [2], and 8th in the UEFA rankings as of October 11, 2017 [3].


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

History


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Foundation and first victories


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Since the advent of football in Italy in the 1880s, for a long time, exclusively club football has existed in the country.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Meanwhile, football competitions at the level of national teams were gaining more and more popularity in the world - already at the second Olympic Games of our time, an exhibition football tournament was held, and Eight years later, this sport was officially included in the program of the Summer Olympic Games.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

In 1910, the Italian Football Federation decided to establish the national team of the country, and on May 15 of the same year, the team's first official match in history took place.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

At the stadium in Milan, the Italians hosted the French national team and, despite the absence of representatives of the strongest Italian team at that time, Pro Vercelli, confidently won 6:2 [4].


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Two years later, the Italian national team took part in its first international tournament, which was football competitions at the Summer Olympics in Stockholm.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The team, led by 26-year-old football enthusiast Vittorio Pozzo, lost 2-3 to Finland and dropped out of the competition for awards at the first stage of the tournament.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Finland took the 4th place at that tournament.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The Italian national team won the first awards of the official international competition only 16 years later, winning bronze medals at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

In the same year, the Congress of the International Football Association decided to start a regular competition for national football teams — the World Cup.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The tournament was first played in 1930 and was hosted by Uruguay, the South American country whose national team won football tournaments in the last two at that time the Olympics.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

With an eye to the need for a long and financially burdensome transatlantic journey, Italy, like most European football teams, was forced to reject an offer to take part in the first world football championship.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Four years later, in 1934, participation in the second World Cup no longer required the Italians to travel long — by the decision of the FIFA Executive Committee, their homeland was chosen as the venue for the final tournament .


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

With the support of home stands, Italy passed the tournament distance not without difficulties and reached the final, where they defeated Czechoslovakia in a tense struggle thanks to a goal scored by Angelo Schiavio in extra time of the match, who scored 2-1 in favor of his team.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Thus, the debut of the Italians at the World Cups ended with their first title of the strongest football team in the world.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

In 1936, the Italian national team participated in the XI Olympic Games, which took place in Berlin.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Since at that time, an amateur status was a prerequisite for the athlete's participation in the Olympic Games, and in Italian football, the first forms of professional football began to appear in the second half of the 1920s, the Italian national team fielded a rather risky experimental roster at that tournament.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

It had almost no representatives of well-known Italian clubs, and most of the players of the national team, whose average age was 21 years, were university students and did not have any awards [5].


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The more valuable was the Olympic gold won by this team, the results of which are included in the statistics of performances and achievements of the main national team of Italy.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Italy began its performances at the 1938 World Championship, the final part of which took place in France, as the reigning world champion.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

But already at the 1/8 finals, the Italians faced quite stubborn resistance from the Norwegian national team, which they managed to break only in extra time.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

In the quarterfinal and semifinal matches, the hosts of the championship and the only representative of South America at the world forum, Brazil, were defeated, respectively.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Squadra Azzurra's opponents in the final match were the Hungarians, who defeated 4-2 (Silvio Piola and Gino Colaussi scored doubles for Italy).


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Thus, the Italians defended the title of the strongest team in the world and became the first two-time world champions in history.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Vittorio Pozzo, the long-term head of the coaching staff of the team, also won his second world championship trophy and is still the only coach who managed to win twice FIFA World Cup.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The Italian national team was also a regular participant in a regional football tournament that began in 1927, known as the Central European Football Cup, in which, in addition to the Italians, participation of national teams from Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Switzerland.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

In the pre-war period, three draws of this competition took place, each of which lasted several years, and the main struggle in them was between the teams of Italy and Austria.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

On two occasions (1927—1930 and 1933—1935), the Italians won the trophy, and in the 1931—1932 draw, they let the Austrians ahead and finished second.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The first post-war decades


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

In 1939, World War II broke out, which interrupted regular international football tournaments.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The first such competition of the post-war period was a football tournament at the 1948 Olympics in London, where an amateur team consisting of amateurs, which can only be nominally called the national national team, dropped out of the competition at the stage of the quarterfinals.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The first post-war World Cup in 1950 was preceded by a resonant tragedy - on May 4, 1949, in a plane crash in Superga, all the main players of the football club Torino, the base the team of the Italian national team, which at that time became the champion of Italy four times in a row.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Therefore, the colors of the Italian national team at the world championship were defended by players who had practically not played for the national team before.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

In the final part of the championship, the Italians were in a group of three teams, but the defeat in the first match of the tournament against the Swedes was fatal, and the current world champions resigned in the group championship stage.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The failure at the 1950 World Championship was only the beginning of a long decline in the tournament results of the Italian national team.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

She could not overcome the group stage at the 1954, 1962 and 1966 World Cups, and the final part of the 1958 World Cup passed without her participation at all, as the Italians could not pass qualification for it.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The history of the European Football Championships also began without the participation of the Italian national team.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The country's football federation refused to participate in the first draw of this tournament, which took place in 1960.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Four years later, Italy again did not participate in the final tournament of the continental championship, as they did not qualify and were not among the four final participants.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Ferruccio Valcareggi's victories and defeats (1966—1974)


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

However, the third European Championship, held in 1968, marked the return of Italy to the world football elite.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

After the team's unsuccessful performance at the 1966 World Championship, the football federation changed the coaching staff of the national team.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

It was to be headed by Ferruccio Valcareggi, a 47-year-old specialist who had already worked at the head of teams such as Atalanta and Fiorentina.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The new head coach did not make revolutionary changes in the national team, leaving unchanged its “backbone”, which was made up of still young, but already quite well-known players: Sandro Mazzola, Gianni Rivera and Giacinto Facchetti.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The team led by Valcareggi confidently passed the qualifying tournament for Euro 1968, losing only one point in six matches of the group stage and beating Bulgaria in the playoffs.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

It was decided to hold the final stage of the continental championship, in which four teams that passed the qualifying stage took part, in Italy.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Similarly to the 1934 World Cup, the Italians held their first final tournament of this international competition on their fields, and, as in 1934, they won the home tournament.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

In the semifinal matches against the USSR national team, no one was able to open an scoring either in regular or extra time.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

According to the regulations in force at that time, the finalist was determined by lot — throwing a coin.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Each of the captains of the national teams, Albert Shesternev and Giacinto Facchetti, guessed a certain side of the coin, and the referee threw it and determined the finalist.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

According to eyewitnesses, the coach of the USSR national team Mikhail Yakushin persistently shouted Shesternev to choose a “figure”, but he for unknown reasons (either because of uncertainty or because of fear that Facchetti I will guess) I never chose the side of the coin.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Facchetti was bolder, and after the draw, the judge announced that the Italians would reach the final [6].


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

In the final match, the Italians met with the Yugoslavs, and the first match ended in a draw 1:1.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

In the second match, the hosts of the tournament won 2-0 and became European champions for the first time in their history.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The triumph of the national team at the continental championship gave Italian football fans reason to be optimistic about the next world championship, which took place in 1970 in Mexico.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

And Valcareggi's team did not disappoint their fans.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The Italians easily qualified for the final part of the competition, beating rivals in the qualifying group from the GDR and Wales.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

However, on the football fields of Mexico, the start of the Italians was uncertain - Italy finished the first two matches in Group 2 with a score of 0:0 each and advanced to the next stage from the first place only thanks to a minimal 1-0 victory over Sweden.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

But starting from the quarterfinals, the Italians began to demonstrate much more effective attacking football.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

First, the hosts of the tournament were defeated 4-1 in the quarterfinals.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

This was followed by a semi-final match against Germany, which, due to its drama, was called the “match of the century” (Italian: Partita del Secolo; German: Jahrhundertspiel).


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

After an early goal at the beginning of the meeting, the Italians were in the lead, but already in the time added by the referee in the second half, the Germans managed to equalize and move the game into extra time.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

In these extra minutes, the teams scored five more goals — the Italians responded to Gerd Muller's brace with three goals, the last of which was the winner, scored by Gianni Rivera.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

For the first time in 32 years, Italy reached the final of the World Cup


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

However, in the final, physically and emotionally tired Italians were powerless against Brazil led by Pele.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The Brazilians, who did not suffer a single defeat in the tournament, won 4-1 and became three-time world champions.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Two years later, the silver medalists of the world championship could not overcome the qualification for the 1972 European Championship.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The last major tournament for this generation of Italian players was the 1974 World Cup.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

At this tournament, the team stopped playing after the group stage, losing to Poland and drawing with Argentina.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

This failure marked the end of his career in the national team not only for the players, but also for Ferruccio Valcareggi.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The era of Enzo Bearzot (1975—1986)


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The next decade in the history of the Italian football team was inextricably linked to the name of Enzo Bearzot, a coach who worked with the Italian under-21 team in the first half of the 1970s and was Ferruccio Valcareggi's assistant to the coaching staff of the national team, and in 1975 he was appointed its head coach.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The new coach began building a renewed national team, inviting new athletes to join its ranks.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The main bet was placed on the representatives of Juventus Turin, a team that during the 1970s practically did not fall below second place in the final standings of Serie A.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The Italians under Bearzot's leadership failed to qualify for the final part of the 1976 European Championship, but two years later they qualified for the final part of the 1978 World Cup, beating qualifying tournament on the goal difference of the British.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

In the first group stage of the World Cup, Squadra Azzurra defeated all three opponents, including Argentina, the host team and the future winner of the World Cup.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

According to the regulations, instead of the quarterfinals and semi-finals, a second group round was held, in which the Italians lost to the Netherlands and took second place in the group without reaching the final.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

And in the match for third place, Italy lost to their long-time opponents of the final eight years ago, Brazil, and took the final 4th place.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The Italians made it to the final part of the 1980 European Championship automatically, as the hosts of the tournament.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

In this continental championship, the number of participants in the final part expanded to eight teams, and the host country was chosen in advance.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

At the group stage, Italy defeated the British 1-0, and played goalless draws against Spain and Belgium.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

As a result, two teams — Italy and Belgium — scored the same number of points and had the same goal difference.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

As a result, Belgium advanced to the final due to more goals scored, and the Italians were forced to play for third place.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

In the match against Czechoslovakia, which took place in Naples, regular time ended in a 1-1 draw, and it took a penalty shootout to determine the winner.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Each team struck nine shots, but Fulvio Kollovati's shot was decisive — Jaroslav Netolicka took this shot and brought bronze medals to the Czechoslovaks, and the hosts of the tournament were left without awards.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

But two years later, at the 1982 World Cup in Spain, Bearzot's team fully rehabilitated themselves for unsuccessful performances on the home football fields of the European championship.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

The beginning of the tournament performance of the Italians was colorless, although the opponents were simple, the Italian national team played all the matches in the group (against Poland, Cameroon and Peru) in a draw, without showing a clear football.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Only the advantage in the number of goals scored allowed us to beat the debutants, Africans, and continue the fight.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

For the first time, the quarterfinals were held in the form of a group mini-tournament, and at this stage, the Italian national team faced the most serious opponents imaginable — the current world champions Argentines and three-time world champions are brilliantly performing Brazilians.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

No one believed that the Italians would be able to oppose them at all.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

But, a miracle happened — after a poorly played group stage, the Italian national team changed — a victory over the Argentines led by Maradona with a score of 2:1 (but in a viscous and rather rough struggle, which is not convinced the opponents) and, a brilliant victory over the Brazilians, with a score of 3-2, rehabilitated the Azure in the eyes of their fans, and in the match against the Brazilians, Juventus forward Paolo Rossi scored a hat- trick.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

Poland, strong enough at that time, could not stop the Italians in the semifinals (Rossi scored a brace and brought a 2-0 victory), and in the final Germany were defeated 3-1, and Bearzot together with his national team from the derogatory object of criticism of the Italian media and tiffosi instantly became heroes of the country.


Question: Who is the Italy football coach in 2019?

Italy national football team

After the triumph on the fields of Spain, there was a slight decline in the tournament performances of Squadra Azzurra - at first, the team did not make it to the 1984 European Championship, having managed to score only 5 points and take 4th a place of 5 teams.