Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In 1882, the Kargel couple and a group of believers from the Odessa German Baptist Church, led by Presbyter Liebig, organized a humanitarian mission for the victims of a large-scale bloody Jewish pogrom in the Russian border town of Balta.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

For five days, they distributed provisions to those in need [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Meanwhile, internal problems arose in the St. Petersburg German Baptist community and Pashkov, who largely financed Kargel's work in Bulgaria, repeatedly invited him to return to the capital.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Despite protests from Bulgarian believers, the Kargel family left Ruschuk in March 1884.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Kargel later visited this community and was greeted with joy [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Second Saint Petersburg Period


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In 1884, Ivan Kargel participated in two historical evangelical congresses.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

First, at the Congress of Evangelical Christians, Baptists and Stundists in St. Petersburg, convened by Vasily Pashkov and Modest Korf [13] [lower-alpha 8].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

And then as deputy chairman — in the first congress of Russian, Ukrainian and German Baptists in the village of Novovasilevka, Taurida Province [14] [lower-alpha 9].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

After the expulsion of Vasily Pashkov and Modest Korf from Russia by the tsarist authorities [15] (May-June 1884) [10], Kargel did not restore his position in the German Baptist community of St. Petersburg, but became to take care of the “orphaned” community of Evangelical Pashkov Christians [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

He was helped by St. Petersburg aristocrats Chertkov, Gagarina and Lieven.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

The community did not have a formal leader, an ordained minister [lower-alpha 10].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Due to the constant intervention of the police, evangelical Christian gatherings were held in various parts of the city [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Despite the protests of St. Petersburg evangelical Christians who wanted Kargel to stay in the city permanently, he still often made long trips — for missionary work, helping other communities or participating in conferences of believers [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Probably, since 1885, Kargel traveled to Russia with preacher Friedrich Baedeker, translating, if necessary, his sermons [16] [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Baedeker received permission from the government to visit prisons and places of exile to preach.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

On joint trips, Kargel and Baedeker visited many such places in various parts of the country, from the Caucasus to Sakhalin.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

More than 40,000 prisoners heard their sermons, and 12,000 Gospels were distributed [17] [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Petersburg journalist N. Zhivotov described Kargel as a person of “middle-aged, beautiful representative appearance.”


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Zhivotov wrote that he was very amazed by Kargel's well-read, his “extensive knowledge and brilliant oratorical skills” [18] [lower-alpha 11].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In 1903, Ivan Kargel participated in the First European Baptist Congress in Berlin, and in 1905 he participated in the First Baptist World Congress in London, where the Baptist World alliance [20].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In 1908, he published the first of his books, Light from the Shadow of Future Goods, based on his lectures [21].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In 1913, in connection with the emergence of the Pentecostal movement in Russia, which brought with it division into evangelical churches, Kargel wrote the book “What Do You Have to the Holy Spirit”, in which he expressed the creed of evangelical Christians [22].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Soviet period


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Ivan Kargel and his daughters, at the invitation of Princess Gagarina, spent the hungry 1919-1921 years in the village of Sergievsky, Tula Province (now the city of Plavsk), where the ancestral estate was located before the confiscation Gagarins and where the princess was well known for her large-scale charitable activities [23] [24].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Later he served as a preacher for a community of evangelical Christians in Kursk province, then in Sumy [24].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Along with his literary and preaching activities, Kargel taught Bible courses in Leningrad for five years, from 1924 to 1928, for which he made short trips there.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In 1929, he was arrested during the course and deported from Leningrad [2].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Until 1936, he lived in the village of Tokari (Berezhki) near the city of Lebedyn, Sumy region of Ukraine (where there was a community of evangelical Christians).


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In 1937, he was arrested and imprisoned, but soon released home to die.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

He has been living alone lately as his daughters have been arrested.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Before his death, he asked a neighbor to tell his daughters when they learned of his death that “I am more alive than ever” [2].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

He died on November 23, 1937 [12].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

family


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In 1880, Kargel married Anna Alexandrovna Semenova [25], whom he met at meetings of Pashkov residents.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Anna was born on October 11, 1852 in St. Petersburg, studied at the Catherine Institute and had a home teacher diploma [26].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Anna was friends with the Pashkovs, but no evidence of her aristocratic origin was found [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Johann and Anna were married in a German Baptist church in Tulcea, Romania.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Probably, they were forced to marry outside the Russian Empire, because they could not get married in the Orthodox Church [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In the same year, the young couple began missionary service in Bulgaria [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

They had four daughters in marriage [3].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Anna was born in 1882 [lower-alpha 12], Elena was born in Bulgaria in 1883 (Kargel served as a pastor there at that time), Maria was born in 1886 in Estonia, Elizaveta in St. Petersburg in 1887 [2] [12 ] [27].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Wife Anna, according to Sophia Lieven, was “an active sister full of love and good deeds” [25].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Anna died on May 17, 1907 of diphtheria, after just two or three days of illness [lower-alpha 13].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Kargel never remarried.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Daughters became believers from an early age.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

They helped their father: they worked on books, participated in missionary activities.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

They did not marry for the sake of Christian service [9] [2].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

The eldest daughter Anna died in 1921 or a little later [lower-alpha 14].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

The rest of the daughters were arrested during the years of Stalinist persecution.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Elena was shot on January 16, 1938 [12], and Elizabeth and Maria served sentences in the Baimsky branch of Siblag.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Elizaveta Ivanovna was released on June 23, 1943 and died in 1956 of pneumonia, and Maria Ivanovna was released on August 23, 1946.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

After their release, the sisters lived in the Yashkinsky District of the Kemerovo Region [12] [29] [30].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Spiritual heritage


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Historian Wilhelm Calais noted that Kargel was not an organizer, like co-religionist pastors Prokhanov and Vetler, but an outstanding preacher and interpreter of the Holy Scriptures [24].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Some researchers have emphasized that Kargel's fame among believers is disproportionately low compared to his contribution to the history and theology of evangelical Baptist Christians.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Lev Mitrokhin wrote: “The diverse practical, and most importantly, spiritual activity of this greatest theologian is still waiting for its thoughtful researcher” [15].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Marina Karetnikova, a Baptist historian and biographer of Kargel, said: “A. IN. Karev called him a great theologian. And this is so. He actually developed and formulated the evangelical-Baptist doctrine adopted by our Brotherhood” [9].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Comparisons with Prokhanov


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Kargel is sometimes compared to another leader of evangelical Christians, Ivan Prokhanov.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

According to historian Tatyana Nikolskaya, Kargel is a person less famous than Prokhanov, although no less significant.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

“In a sense, they can even be called antagonists,” Nikolskaya believes [29].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Sophia Lieven, noting the difference between the St. Petersburg communities of evangelical Christians headed by Kargel and Prokhanov, wrote: “Brother Kargel sought mainly to deepen believers in the knowledge of the Lord and His Words, and Brother Prokhanov called on his members to actively participate in community life: he organized a youth union, a choir, and so on” [11].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Philosopher and religious scholar Lev Mitrokhin, comparing Kargel's theology with the ideas of Prokhanov, noted the latter's “lightness”, susceptibility to the “trends of the times” and the desire to please the followers of “convenient Christianity.”


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

“If in the reasoning of I. S. Prokhanov about the “new life” feels a polemical mood against Mazaev's Baptist model, then Kargel feels, surprisingly, a desire to distance himself from the cheerful and fictional views of the first,” Mitrokhin wrote [15].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Theology


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

During Kargel's studies at the missionary school (the future Hamburg Baptist Seminary), systematic theology was not taught there at all, the emphasis was placed on exegetics of the Bible.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

According to Cargel's biographer Gregory Nichols, the consequence of this approach was Cargel's further upholding of biblical, rather than systematic understanding of faith [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In his theological works, Ivan Kargel paid great attention to the impact of the Holy Spirit on believers, birth again, sanctification, sin, and the second coming of Christ.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Kargel's views were influenced by the Holiness Movement and, focusing on theology and practice of consecration [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

These ideas were reflected in his theology, “but in a very peculiar way, in Russian,” Karetnikova said [9].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Gregory Nichols considered Kargel's views on consecration similar to Orthodox theology of deification, but argued that the Orthodox ethos in which the theologian lived did not have a significant impact on him [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

“Kargel's theological works are focused on the needs of communities, he did not deal with pure science, abstract, philosophical issues or topics far from life,” says researcher Ivan Makarenko [31].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Thus, Kargel responded to the emergence of Pentecostalism in Russia and the introduction of divisions by Pentecostals into evangelical communities with a series of lectures on this movement [31].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Kargel was very concerned about cooling faith, pacifying the Church, and merging it with the world.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In one of his main works, Christ is Our Sanctification, he focused on the fact that churches that spend a lot of time on missionary activities often do not pay enough attention counseling work among those already converted, which causes them to lose the freshness of gaining faith and gradually merge more and more with the “world” (non-Christian society) [32].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Seeing the advent of “modernism” in Christianity, Ivan Kargel tried to present the true Evangelical-Baptist confession as he saw it, without any simplification or “relief” [15].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

According to Kargel, the enthusiasm of Christians who have just converted for their own salvation is premature.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Christ's atoning sacrifice only gave man an opportunity for salvation.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

A person must realize himself not just a sinner, but a lost sinner, placing the hope of salvation on the Lord.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

He must “die for the world”.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

According to Kargel's theology, turning to Christ is not a reason for complacency, but only the beginning of the path of salvation, which is the way to sanctify the believer, the way to fight sin.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

[15] [32].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

The influence of Russian Protestants on theology


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Mitrokhin wrote that Ivan Kargel's views became an integral part of the ideological development of Russian Baptist.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Thus, the program document of the “initiators” of the 1960s “On Holiness and Sanctification” almost literally repeated his views, and it was Kargel's interpretation of the decisive role of the Holy Spirit that became theological the foundation for their break with VSEHB.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

The call of the “initiators” to appear for a “silent examination of Jesus” is also based on Kargel's ideas [15].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Ivan Makarenko, a historian and researcher of Kargel theology, noted that, on the one hand, Kargel's works played a very important role in the formation of Russian Protestantism, on the other hand, they did not the basis for a special theological school.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

At the same time, a few Russian evangelical theologians treat the text of the Holy Scriptures in the same way as Kargel — “as a sacred, religious, moral text”, and not a historical rarity.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Makarenko believes that in this aspect Kargel has a connection and continuation in modern Baptist theology.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

According to Makarenko, comparing Kargel's attitude to the Holy Scriptures with modern perceptions of the Bible by gospel theologians is a promising topic for research [33].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

According to Gregory Nichols [lower-alpha 15], Kargel's ministry helped shape the Russian evangelical movement and the manifestation of evangelical spirituality in Russian Baptist.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

As Nichols emphasized, his influence was not limited to the territory of the Russian Empire, but also spread to neighboring countries: Kargel's contribution as the main, fundamental, is determined in its formation ALL, Russian-speaking Baptist and Pentecostal unions; Baptists in Germany, Bulgaria and Estonia, Russian-speaking evangelical Christians in Finland [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Bibliography


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

See also


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Kargel's creed


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Ivan Prokhanov


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

comments


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Notes


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Literature


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Cite journal requires |journal= (help); More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Category:Russian theologians


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Category:Baptists


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Category:Russian Baptists


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Category:Evangelical Christians


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Category:Protestant theologians


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Category:Pastors


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Category: 19th-century church leaders


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Category: 20th-century church leaders


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Category:Repressed in the USSR


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The Mississippi alligator, [1] or pike alligator (Latin: Alligator mississippiensis), is one of two known types of alligators.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

It is found in North America and is considered endemic to the southeastern part of the United States.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

This animal is a large crocodile-like reptile that lives in freshwater bodies, such as lakes, rivers, and cypress swamps from Texas to North Carolina.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

It differs from the sympatrical sharp-nosed crocodile in its wider muzzle, darker color and less tolerance for salt water, compensated by the ability to be in colder water.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Compared to the second member of the genus, the Chinese alligator, the Mississippi alligator is much larger.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alligators are predators that eat fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and small mammals.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Newborn individuals feed mainly on invertebrates.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

They play an important role in the wetland ecosystem, digging special holes that become home to other organisms during the dry season.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Throughout the year, but especially during the breeding season, alligators make sounds to mark the area and find suitable partners.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Males use infrasound to attract females.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Eggs are laid in a nest made of fallen vegetation, sticks and dirt in a protected place near the reservoir.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Young alligators are born with yellow stripes around their bodies and fall under the protection of their mother for up to one year.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Historically, unregulated hunting had a strong impact on their numbers, and the American alligator was once listed as an endangered species.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

But subsequent conservation efforts have allowed their number to increase dramatically, and now the Mississippi alligator has a protected status with minimal risk, largely due to its fertility.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alligators are now being raised on farms for their skin and meat.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

This animal is the official state reptile of three American states: Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Systematics and phylogeny


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The American alligator was first classified by French zoologist François Marie Daudin as Crocodilus mississippiensis in 1801.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

In 1807, Georges Cuvier designated the genus Alligator and attributed the American alligator to it along with the Chinese alligator [2].


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

They are grouped into the alligator family along with the caimans.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The alligator family includes all extinct and modern members of the crocodile order, which are more closely related to the American alligator than to the Nile crocodile or gavial.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Members of this family first appeared at the end of the Cretaceous period.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alberta's Leidyosuchus is the earliest known genus.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Fossil alligatorides have been found throughout Eurasia, suggesting that they once used the North Atlantic and Bering Strait land bridges connecting North America and Eurasia during the Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene periods.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alligators and caimans split in North America at the end of the Cretaceous, the latter reached South America throughout the Paleogene, until the formation of the Isthmus of Panama during the Neogene period.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The Chinese alligator probably comes from alligators that crossed the Bering Bridge during the Neogene.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The modern American alligator is well represented in the Pleistocene paleontological chronicle [4].


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Mississippi alligator was sequenced in the 1990s, he said that alligators evolved at a rate similar to mammals and greater than birds and cold-blooded vertebrates.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[5] However, the complete genome, described in 2014, suggests that alligators developed much more slowly than mammals and birds.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Description


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The legs of the Mississippi alligator are characterized by short, but strong enough to support the body above the ground.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Unlike most other terrestrial vertebrates, alligators increase their speed using the distal rather than the proximal ends of their limbs.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[7] There are five toes on the front feet, and only four on the hind legs.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

In the water, alligators swim like fish, moving their pelvic area and tail from side to side.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[8] The alligator's abdominal muscles can change the position of the lungs inside the trunk, thereby transferring the buoyancy center that allows the alligator to sink, rise and roll over in the water.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The head is visibly separated from the neck.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Wild and especially captive alligators vary in appearance from long and thin to short and massive, possibly due to differences in factors such as genetic data specific individuals, their diet and the surrounding climate.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alligators have broad snouts, especially individuals kept in captivity.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The nostrils at the tip of the muzzle are arranged in such a way that they allow the alligator to breathe when the rest of the head is completely submerged.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

During hibernation, alligators hold their nostrils above the surface of the water, while the upper body may be frozen in ice.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The large fourth tooth on the lower jaw is not visible from the outside when the mouth is compressed, as it enters the recess of the upper jaw.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Teeth are dull and relatively small.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The total number of teeth is 74-80. [10]


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

In both females and males, the back is covered with “armored” bone shields.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The tail is flattened and muscular, which allows it to control movement in the water.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The upper part of the body in adult alligators is colored olive or black, the belly is creamy white.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Young alligators have bright yellow stripes on their tails.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The eyes of American alligators are gray.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[10] [11]


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Some alligators lack melanin pigment, which makes them albinos.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Such alligators are extremely rare and almost impossible to find in the wild, as they are very vulnerable to the sun and predators.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Dimensions [12]


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The Mississippi alligator is a fairly large animal.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Males are known to be at least 4.54 m long, while females reach a maximum length of 3 m. However, there were also individuals with a length of more than 5 or even 6.3 m, weighing half a ton.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

In exceptional cases, male alligators may be even larger.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[13] [14] Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, alligators longer than 5 meters were reported, although none of these reports are considered reliable.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[10] So, the biggest alligator ever reported was a male shot in 1890 on Marsh Island, Louisiana.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

It was said to be as much as 5.8 m in length, but as there were no means of transportation, the alligator was left on the muddy shore after taking measurements.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[14] If the size of this animal was correct, it would weigh about 1,000 kg. [15] Unofficially, the largest alligator ever killed in Florida was 5.31 m in length.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[16] [17] However, in general, such dimensions are very unlikely for this species.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

According to scientifically confirmed data, the largest alligator killed in Florida between 1977 and 1993 was only 4.23 m in length and weighed 473 kg. Although another specimen, the size of which is estimated by the largest known skull, could be 4.54 m in length during lifetime.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[18] The largest alligator caught in Alabama reached 4.5 m in length and weighed 459 kg. [19] A very massive alligator was killed in Arkansas, which reached 4.04 m in length and reportedly weighed as much as 626 kg. [20]


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

However, Mississippi alligators do not usually reach this large size.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Most males only grow to 3.4 m and weigh about 200 kg [21] [22], while the normal size of a fully grown female is only 2.6 m, with a weight of about 50 kg [22].


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

In Newnans Lake, Florida, adult males on average weigh only 73.2 kg, while adult females weigh 55.1 kg. [23] At Lake Griffin State Park, Florida, adults of both sexes weighed on average 57.9 kg [24] The average weight of individuals that reached puberty in one study was approximately 30 kg, while the mass of fully grown individuals was 160 kg [25] Although Mississippi males alligators are noticeably larger than females, sexual dimorphism in this species is considered less pronounced than in some other members of the crocodile order.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[26] The weight of alligators varies greatly depending on length, age, health status, season, and available food sources.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Large adult alligators tend to be relatively bulkier than juveniles.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

As with other reptiles, American alligators are usually smaller in size in the northern parts of their range — southern Arkansas, Alabama, and North Carolina.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Bite power


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Mississippi alligators once held a record for laboratory-measured bite strength, compressing the meter with a force of up to 9,452 newtons.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

It should be noted that at the time of these studies, the bite strength of other members of the crocodile order had not yet been measured.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Later it turned out that the bite strength of crocodiles directly depends on the size of the animal, and the only exception to this rule is short-faced fish-eating forms.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Thus, in the future, larger combed and Nile crocodiles produced significantly higher numbers when measured than alligators [27] [28].


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Despite the very high compression force of the jaws, the muscles responsible for opening the jaws in alligators are quite weak, and their jaws can be covered with hands or duct tape if the animal does not resists, moving his head away.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Distribution


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The natural range of Mississippi alligators includes North America - the southeastern states of the United States along the Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico: North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Texas and Louisiana.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

They live in freshwater bodies: rivers, lakes, ponds and wetlands, preferring stagnant water.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

If their habitat dries up, alligators move to another location, sometimes using swimming pools as refuge.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[10] [11] In one study of alligator lifestyles in northcentral Florida, it was found that males preferred open lake waters during spring, while females used both swampy and open water bodies.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

In summer, males still prefer open water, while females stick to marshes to build their nests and lay eggs.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alligators of both sexes sometimes dig holes as a shelter or wintering place, or simply occupy space between tree roots.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Such shelters also help them survive very hot or very cold weather.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Sometimes alligators can be found in brackish water, although they are less tolerant of it than real crocodiles and ghavials, as alligators are far from well developed glands to remove from the body excess salt and even no instinctive avoidance of drinking salt water (although alligators can learn the latter).


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

American alligators are less vulnerable to the cold than American crocodiles.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Unlike crocodiles, which can be immobilized at a water temperature of 7.2° C, alligators can experience such temperatures for some time without showing any signs of discomfort.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

This adaptation is believed to be the only reason why American alligators are spread further north than sharp-nosed crocodiles. [30]


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

In Cevepnoy Kapoline, alligatopy pepepelive poxolodanie, zipping into the led and taking out his nad povepxnosttyu only noc.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alligatopy are in the vode nepodvizhno, poka voda zamepzaet vokrug them nocov.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

They feel how to feel, when they go naxoditsya “in the same zamepzaniya”, and pull out noc nad povepxnosttyu in the most podxnost.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

After this alligatopy go into the nekoe podobie of the winter spike, poka voda does not begin to say.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Takje alligatopy do not peak, when they are free in a zamopozhennom cocktail.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Conduct


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Young alligators stay in the same area where they hatched and stay mostly together, allowing them to better protect themselves from predators.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Adults do not maintain such close ties, but they also seek to unite into social groups.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alligators are considered the most social representatives of the crocodile order and even large males do not show territorial behavior outside the breeding season.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[31] If alligators are forced to live together in very large groups as a result of drought, they tend to ignore each other.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

However, fierce fights between males are still exceptional.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alligators clear the bottom of shallow reservoirs from algae and dirt, prevent the reservoir from overgrowing with silt, creating places that serve in the heat as a watering place for terrestrial animals and a place for ambush during hunting for alligator [33].


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Meals


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alligators are opportunistic predators and feed on anything they can catch.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Cubs feed mainly on invertebrates, such as insects, insect larvae, snails, spiders and worms.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

As they grow, they become able to eat proportionally larger prey.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

However, unlike most crocodiles, alligators rarely attack large animals and most of the victims captured by even large male alligators are significantly smaller than themselves.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The diet of adults is based on fish, turtles, birds, snakes and small mammals.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

A study of the contents of the stomach shows that muskrats and raccoons are the most common prey among mammals.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[34] In Louisiana, where introduced nutrias are common, they are perhaps the main component of the diet of large male alligators.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[35] Other mammals can also be eaten by alligators, even deer or wild boars, but they are not a regular part of the diet — in one study, the remains of a deer were found in the stomach of only one out of 314 alligators studied [36].


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

From time to time, pets, including dogs, cats and calves, can also be captured by alligators.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The studied diet of adult alligators from the central lakes of Florida was dominated by fish.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

At Lake Griffin, fish accounted for 54% of the alligator diet, with catfish as the most commonly consumed victim.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

In Apopka Lake, fish accounted for 90% of the alligator diet and was mainly herring.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

In Woodruff Lake, fish accounted for 84% of the alligator diet and were eaten mainly by perch.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Reptiles and amphibians in these regions were the main non-fish prey, and turtles and water snakes prevailed among them.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[37] In southern Louisiana, crustaceans (mostly crayfish and crabs) are present in the southeastern alligator diet, but almost absent in the diet of southwestern alligators that consume relatively more reptiles and especially fish, and adult males consume a large number of mammals.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[38] In East Texas, the diet was varied and adult alligators ate mainly mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and large invertebrates (such as snails) as often as fish.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Fish and other aquatic or semi-aquatic organisms that form the basis of the diet of most alligators are suddenly captured by them underwater or near the surface of the water and swallowed whole.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Adult alligators can hunt on land, up to 50 m from the water and ambush small land animals along forest trails.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

As a rule, land hunting takes place on warm nights [40].


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

When hunting relatively large animals, alligators, as well as crocodiles, grab them from the water's edge and drag them into the water.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alligator teeth are well suited for gripping and crushing, but they are significantly smaller and duller than the teeth of real crocodiles, and for this reason are completely unsuitable for deep penetration into the flesh (this a flat muzzle also interferes).


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

However, the strength of the alligator's bite is enough to crush bones, and its powerful neck allows you to successfully rip out suitable pieces of meat from prey.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Like crocodiles, alligators can rotate around their axis, grabbing the victim with their teeth in order to kill and dismember them [41].


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Unusual food objects


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alligators often eat prey that may seem unusual to them.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Although they usually do not consider large animals as suitable prey, adult Mississippi alligators will certainly attack ungulates that come to the watering place unless others are available to them food sources.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

A seasoned alligator is quite capable of coping with an adult cow, horse or more than 227-kilogram wild boar, even if the victim is overweight.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Mississippi alligators have sometimes been observed when hunting red lynxes, but such events are rare and most likely have little effect on the number of these cats.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[43] [44] Alligator attacks on Florida panthers are even more exceptional, but have been documented that the American alligator is the only known natural enemy of adults florida cougars.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[45] Alligator predation against black bears has also been recorded, although it is not reported whether the killed bears were healthy adults.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[46] [47] [48] Three incidents have been recorded in South Carolina when Mississippi alligators successfully hunted red wolves.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

49] In the 2000s, when invasive Burmese pythons (and some other pythons) occupied the Everglades, adult alligators included them in their daily diet.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alligators in brackish waters feed mainly on crustaceans, fish, seabirds and small mammals, but in some cases can attack larger prey.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Their predation was recorded against 2 species of turtles (green sea turtle and loggerhead) and 4 species of rays and sharks (small-headed hammerfish, lemon shark, nurse shark and Dasyatis sabina stingray) .


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[50] Although alligators have been listed as natural enemies of manatees, there is very little evidence that alligators attack even calves, except for a occasional demonstration anti-predatory behavior in manatees and the rare detection of corresponding scars on their bodies.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

It is common to see alligators and manatees floating carelessly next to each other.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

American alligators and marsh crocodiles have been seen using lures while hunting nesting birds.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

This means that they are one of the first reptiles to be seen using tools.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

By placing sticks and branches on their heads, alligators lure birds looking for suitable materials for building nests [52].


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

In 2013, Mississippi alligators were seen eating fruit.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[53] This behavior has been reliably evidenced and also documented by studying the contents of the stomach.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alligators eat fruits such as wild grapes, elderberries and citrus fruits directly from the trees.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The discovery of this unexpected part of the alligator diet shows that alligators may be responsible for spreading seeds from digested fruits in their habitats.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Natural enemies


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Florida cougars sometimes hunt alligators and kill adults up to at least 2.7 m long. Although usually the size of alligators killed by cougars does not exceed 1.5 meters.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

In general, Mississippi alligators, due to the large number of cubs and adolescents, are the third most common element of cougar production in the wetlands, accounting for up to 11.1% of their diet nutrition.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[55] Female alligators often attack black bears to protect their nests from them, however, adult bears are usually strong enough to successfully fend off an attack by a female alligator and can sometimes seriously injure her, discouraging her from protecting the egg-laying next time.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

In one anecdotal observation, a bear attacked a 3.6 m alligator on land, eventually almost killing it.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[56] Small Mississippi alligators up to 1.85 m long can be prey to large invasive pythons.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[57] [58] [59] In places where Mississippi alligators coexist with sharp-nosed crocodiles, crocodiles that are more aggressive in nature behaviorally dominate alligators and can at times even attack them.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[31] [57] Cannibalism is also quite normal in alligators, especially with high population densities.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[57] Low-grade evidence of the late 19th century describes aggressive interactions between alligators and large sharks in brackish water.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[60] [61]


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Breeding


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The mating season begins in spring, when the water warms up enough.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Mating takes place at night, in shallow water.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Females usually initiate communication during the peak of the mating season.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Although alligators do not have vocal cords, males, when calling females, roar loudly or make sounds beyond auditory perception, which is noticeable on the surface of the water by bubbles or ripples.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Marriage rituals are accompanied by rubbing against each other and blowing bubbles.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Males often stick their heads out of the water, thus expressing their desire for mating.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

It happens that the male and female push underwater, fight to check the physical shape of the partner.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[11] [62] In 2005 Vladimir Dinets opened the so-called. “alligator dances” are night gatherings where dozens of alligators swim together, take care of each other, form pairs and sometimes fight [32] [63].


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alligators are polygamous — one male can have up to 10 females on its territory, although he also has preferred partners among them.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

During the mating season, males stick to their territory and protect it from other males by shoving them off with their open mouths.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[11] [31] [62]


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Both males and females reach puberty with a body length of more than 180 cm, lasts 10-12 years; males gain the required length faster.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Courtship begins in April, mating usually takes place in early May.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

After mating, the female builds a nest from vegetation and in late June and early July lays 35-50 (the observed maximum is 88) eggs.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The eggs are then covered with grass until they hatch, which takes place after 65 days.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[10] [62]


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

At the end of August, the young begin to make shrill sounds inside the eggs.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

This becomes a signal to the female, she removes the covering litter, and hatches.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The offspring are born 18—20 cm long. Newly hatched alligators live in small groups.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

About 8% of the total brood falls victim to birds or raccoons.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Other predators include red lynx, otter, cougar, black bear, sharp-eyed crocodile, snakes, large perch and other alligators.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Females actively protect their offspring during the first months (and sometimes years).


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

[10] [62]


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alligators are the record holders for life expectancy in captivity among all members of the crocodile order.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The maximum recorded life expectancy of a Mississippi alligator in captivity as of 2014 is 77 years, and the individual considered in the study (an alligator named Saturn) is alive this day [64].


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Interacting with people


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Attacks


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Adult alligators are quite capable of attacking people, but, as a rule, do not see them as a source of potential food.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Most often, an attack is caused by erroneous identification, especially on cloudy days or near water, when a fairly large alligator takes a person for a medium-sized animal that has approached the water, like deer or wild pig.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Alligator bites can be fraught with serious injuries and infection.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Even with medical treatment, an alligator bite can be fatal [65].


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

As the population increases, houses are built, fishing and hunting near the water become more popular, incidents of alligator attacks are becoming more common as alligators often try to develop this kind of habitat rather than leave built-up areas.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

In general, alligators are much less aggressive than most crocodiles, and rarely attack a person being full and without provocation.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Since 1948, there have been 275 alligator attacks on people in Florida (about five incidents per year), of which at least 17 have led to death.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

It is believed that in the United States, alligators killed more people than sharks.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Only nine deadly attacks occurred in the United States during the 1970s and 1990s, but 12 people died between 2001 and 2007.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

In May 2006, alligators killed three Florida residents in less than a week.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

The fight against alligators


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Since the late 1880s, the fight against alligators has been relatively popular in the United States.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Captive and even wild alligators are often calm enough to tolerate various manipulations on the part of humans.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Invented and developed by the Seminole tribes before the arrival of Europeans, this tradition is still preserved, despite criticism from animal rights activists [67].


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Farming


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Today, alligator farming is common in Georgia, Florida, Texas and Louisiana.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Trading alligator skins makes good money — selling one animal skin with a length of 1.8 to 2 meters earns an average of $300.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

In addition, the demand for alligator meat is also growing — about 140,000 kg of alligator meat is produced annually [68].


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Notes


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

References


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Pajerski, L., B. Schechter and R. Street.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Animal Diversity Web.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Accessed November 24, 2006 at.


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

(in English)


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Error: no |id= number specifiedwhen using {{IUCN}}


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Category:Alligator


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Category:Reptiles of North America


Question: How many years does the Mississippi alligator live in natural conditions?

Mississippi alligator

Category:Animals described in 1802


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

The history of passenger steam locomotives in Russia

Already in the 1880s of the XIX century, the absence of passenger steam locomotives that met all needs, especially in terms of traction strength, began to be felt.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

It was necessary to get out of the situation by clinging two steam locomotives to the train.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

But the frequent use of double traction or, as they said then, “double tracks”, is economically unprofitable, if only because one train is served by two locomotive crews, it is also unprofitable and purely technically.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

A classic example is the famous crash of the tsar's train in 1888, one of the reasons for which was double traction, and various steam locomotives — passenger and freight.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

In the XIX century, the main type of passenger locomotives in Russia was successively 1-2-0 and 2-2-0.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

The latter include, for example, common steam locomotives of the P series of various modifications, which, with trains up to 300 tons in horizontal sections, developed speeds of up to 70 km/h, or the D series, speed which reached up to 90 km/h.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

But by the end of the XIX century, they no longer met the needs of individual lines, especially the Nikolaev railway.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

The straightness of this road was a favorable condition for high speeds.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

Imperial trains, salon-cars of officials and other special trains often ran along this road.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

It already required a steam locomotive capable of carrying a 400-ton train with a single traction at a speed of 80 km/h.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

To meet these requirements in the 1890s, a well-known engineer and scientist at that time, as well as a major railway administrator, Professor N. L. Shchukin creates a steam locomotive according to the then unusual axial formula 1-3-0.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

The locomotive had a two-cylinder double steam expansion machine (“compound”), which were then widely used, although they had a significant drawback - when starting off, the car could get to a dead center , which made it impossible to move.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

To solve this problem, additional devices were used to bypass steam between the cylinders.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

Another drawback was the braking of the locomotive by the car during “paired” driving (by inertia), which required constant maintenance of traction and, accordingly, led to fuel overconsumption.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

The Shchukin steam locomotive received the H series (on the Nikolaev railway) and was produced from 1892 to 1914 in the amount of about 1000 pieces, becoming one of the most popular passenger locomotives in our country.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

During production, steam locomotives of the H series underwent 14 modifications, the most common of which was HB.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

Since 1896, Nevsky Shipbuilding and Mechanical Plant began to produce another 1-3-0 type steam locomotive for suburban passenger traffic, which received the Ya series.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

Since suburban traffic is characterized by frequent stops, the Ya series steam locomotives were built with a simple car, and not a compound, for which this mode of operation is extremely unprofitable due to the above deficiencies.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

Simultaneously with the development of steam locomotives of the axial formula 1-3-0, steam locomotives of the 2-3-0 type — “Ten Wheels” were created.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

A two-axle supporting bogie rotating around a vertical axis fits the locomotive better into the curve and reduces the axle load, which was very important for Russian railways, which had light rails.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

At high speed, the two-axle runner trolley increases stability and safety of movement.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

The first steam locomotives built according to this scheme were steam locomotives of series A and J. Like the H series, they had two-cylinder compound machines, but were somewhat weaker.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

From 1890 to 1909, about 500 steam locomotives of these series were built.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

Later, the improvement of the A series gave the G series, more powerful and faster.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

On the basis of the G series, in 1907, a powerful passenger steam locomotive of the K series was created at the Kolomna Machine-Building Plant. In it, for the first time, the boiler was raised above a large height above the rails, and the furnace was taken out of the frame.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

It also used the most revolutionary technical solution of that time — a superheater — a device that significantly increases the efficiency of a steam locomotive, which was first used in 1901 on steam locomotives series Z.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

In 1909-1911, the plant also built a small number of steam locomotives of type 1-4-0 of the I series, which, with such a large number of axles, had wheels of small diameter (1500 mm) and reached speeds of up to 80 km/h.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

By this time, a new problem had emerged — high-quality coal was becoming more and more expensive, and the transition to another fuel — firewood and low-calorie coals — required a significant increase in the area of the grate grilles.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

In steam locomotives of the early 20th century, it was 2.2-2.8 m² and was limited in width by the distance inside the frame, and in length - by the possibility of manual throwing fuel.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

The solution to this problem was to move the furnace back out of the driving wheels, which made it necessary to introduce a supporting axle.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

In Western Europe, this solution was used in steam locomotives of type 2-3-1, but in our country such locomotives did not fit on turntables, and their operation was difficult.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

Therefore, in Russia and then in the USSR, the most popular were passenger steam locomotives of the axial formula 1-3-1 Prairie series C and SU, of which more than 3,000 were built in total.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

In fairness, it should be noted that there was another approach to solving the problem — the creation of multi-cylinder machines, which at the same time had a smoother ride and less destroyed the rails.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

However, they did not become widespread due to the excessive complexity of the design.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

In Russia, American steam locomotives of formula 2-3-0 of the B series and domestic U of the same type were not used for long.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

In 1912, a reform of the designations of steam locomotives was carried out, eliminating the discrepancy that reigned on different roads, when one series of steam locomotives were assigned different designations, depending on the local conditions (for example, the employment of the letter by steam locomotives of other issues).


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

During the Civil War, the production of domestic steam locomotives was practically stopped, with the exception of cargo steam locomotives of the E and Sch series.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

In the mid-1920s, several dozen pre-revolutionary LP series steam locomotives were built, but due to their excessive complexity, they were not launched into production.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

After lengthy experiments and the study of the multiplication of structures, the new passenger locomotive was based on the C series, or rather its improved version of the CB, which, due to the war, is not mass-produced was produced.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

The new steam locomotive received the SU series and became the most popular domestic steam locomotive — a total of 2,680 of them were produced.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

from 1925 to 1951.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

By the 1930s, old-series steam locomotives met the needs of the country less and less, so in 1932, under the auspices of the OGPU, more powerful steam locomotives were developed based on the American TB series - the cargo series FD (Felix Dzerzhinsky) and its passenger modification of the formula 1-4-2 of the IS series (Joseph Stalin).


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

The IS could carry trains weighing up to 1000 tons, its design speed was up to 115 km/h.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

The last serial passenger locomotive was the P36, the first copy of which left the Kolomna Plant in 1950, and the last was shipped in 1956.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

In later years, there were attempts to improve the aerodynamics of steam locomotives by making them a special streamlined skin.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

Photos and drawings of steam locomotives of the IS series with such a skin, similar in shape to a rocket, have been preserved.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

Since the early 1950s, the production of steam locomotives was gradually curtailed, and was completely discontinued in 1956. Currently, steam locomotives are used to a limited extent in third world countries.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

In Europe and the USA — on private lines, in Russia — on state lines, for the entertainment of tourists.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

See also


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

Locomotive alphabet


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

The history of freight steam locomotives in Russia


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

Steam locomotive device


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

Steam engine


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

The axial formula of the locomotive


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

Literature


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

Nikolsky A. S., Steam locomotives of the C series, ed.


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

Viktoriya, 1997


Question: Who was the engineer of the first Russian passenger locomotive of the C series?

Category:Steam locomotive history


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

“Roadside Picnic” is a fantastic story by the Strugatsky brothers, first published in 1972.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The story is the leader among other works of authors in terms of the number of translations into foreign languages and publications outside the former USSR.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

As of 2003, Boris Strugatsky counted 55 editions of Picnic in 22 countries [1].


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The story is published in English in translation.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The preface to the first American edition (MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1977) was written by Theodore Sturgeon.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The afterword to the German edition of 1977 was written by Stanislav Lem, who highly appreciated this work [2].


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Based on the story, director Andrei Tarkovsky shot the film Stalker in 1979, and the Strugatsky brothers wrote the script.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The term “stalker” has steadily entered the Russian language and, according to the authors, has become the most popular neologisms they created.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

In the context of the book, a stalker is a person who, violating prohibitions, enters the Zone and removes various artifacts from it, which he usually sells later and thereby makes a living.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

In Russian, after Tarkovsky's film, this term acquired the meaning of a guide who navigates various forbidden and little-known places and territories, and later stalkers were also called stalkers industrial tourism enthusiasts, especially those visiting abandoned sites and ghost towns.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Creating and publishing


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The work was written by the Strugatsky brothers in 1971 (the first sketches were made from January 18 to January 27 in Leningrad, the final version was completed from October 28 to November 3 in Komarovo) [3].


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

It was first published with a continuation in 1972 in the Leningrad magazine Aurora [4].


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

For the first time, an excerpt (a fragment of the prologue and the beginning of the first part) was published as part of the 25th volume of the Library of Modern Fiction (1973) [


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The story was also published in the newspaper Youth of Estonia (Tallinn) from December 1977 to February 1978.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Roadside Picnic could not be published as a book publication in the Soviet Union (the first English-language edition was published in the United States in 1977 [7]) for eight years — the first contract to publish it as part of the collection was concluded by the authors with the Molodaya Gvardiya publishing house in 1972, the finished manuscript was approved and first edited in 1973, but due to subsequent numerous delays and outright sabotage of the new editorial staff [3], the collection called “Unassigned Meetings” was published only in 1980 [8] in a changed composition and with numerous corrections to the text of “Picnic”, often unreasonable (for example, the name of the city “Harmont” was changed to “Marmont”, the name of the stalker group “Warr” to “Fan”, etc.), and in other cases reflecting aesthetic and ideological attitudes editors (“rough” remarks of the characters have been removed, “materialistic” explanations have been added for some phenomena generated by the Zone, etc.) [9].


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

A significant part of the documentary materials related to the history of this publication (including the authors' correspondence with the editors discussing the claims and the proposed amendment) was published as part of the project” Unknown Strugatsky” [9].


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Then the story was published in 1984 in the collection “A Billion Years Before the End of the World” (: “Soviet Writer”, the collection was also reprinted in 1985) [10] according to the text of a magazine publication and in 1988 in “Tales” collection (: “Lenizdat”) [11].


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

In 1989, the Yuridicheskaya Literatura publishing house published two publications under different covers [12] [13] an author's collection with “Roadside Picnic”, the text of which was significantly different from all before and subsequently published versions — this was due to the fact that Arkady Strugatsky (probably by mistake) submitted one of the draft versions to the publishing house [9].


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Subsequently, the work was regularly reprinted.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The fully restored and closest to the author's idea was published in the complete collection of works published by the Moscow publishing house Text in 1991 — the so-called “white” edition — volume 7, in book series Worlds of the Strugatsky Brothers (1997), and is also included (with some corrections) in the so-called “black” collection of works by the Strugatsky, published in 2000-2003.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

This text has been used in all subsequent editions of recent years.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The plot


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The story takes place on Earth presumably in the 1970s in the town of Harmont, in a fictional English-speaking country [14].


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Approximately 13 years [15] before the events described in the book begin, six “zones” appear in several places on the globe — areas in which strange phenomena begin to occur that violate known laws of physics.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The zones are located along a smooth line on the Earth's surface, a projection of the so-called Pilman radiant, a point lying on a straight line connecting Earth and Deneb.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

It quickly became clear that people and animals could not live in the Zones, and the entire population was urgently evacuated from them.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The territories of the Zones were fenced, taken under strict protection and officially became the subject of careful scientific study.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

It is also very quickly discovered that there are many artifacts of unknown purpose in the Zones.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Some of them are very useful — for example, they can treat diseases, some are just strange toys, and some are extremely dangerous.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

It is assumed that the Zones were created by representatives of extraterrestrial civilization, and many hypotheses are being built that explain in different ways what they are and how aliens need to contact inhabitants of the Earth.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

One of the characters in the book, Nobel Prize winner Dr. Valentin Pilman, figuratively assumes that all artifacts — “dummies”, “such”, “bracelets” — are just space debris left by aliens on planet Earth during an accidental visit, akin to empty cans and bottles forgotten after a human picnic on the side of the road.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

One of the main topics is the moral choice of those in whose hands the artifacts of the Zone fall, how they will be used by humanity, which, strictly speaking, does not understand the purpose of these dangerous things, it is not known why they were abandoned by aliens.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

One of the Zones is located within the city of Harmont.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The main character of the book Radrick Shewhart, a resident of Harmont, becomes a stalker, that is, he makes a living by removing artifacts from the Zone that have unusual properties and are sold for a lot of money.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The plot of the work is built as a description of episodes of Shewhart's life from 23 years to 31 years.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

For most of his life, he was an illegal stalker, a criminal, was in prison, and in his youth was an official employee of the Institute of Extraterrestrial Cultures.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Stalkers, as a rule, give birth to children with numerous physical and biological deviations from the norm, and medicine cannot find the reasons for this (in particular, radiation and chemical impurities in atmosphere there is no Zone).


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Shewhart's only daughter, Maria (Monkey), suffered the same fate.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Radrick loves his wife and daughter, but periodically loses contact with his family due to prison terms.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

However, he cannot refuse to go to the Zone, which destroyed his life, partly because of his desire to receive a lot of money and not count it, but mainly because of the magnetic attraction of the Zone, understandable only to a real stalker.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

In the Zone, he feels in his place and can no longer be without it.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

At the end of the book, Shewhart plans and carries out his final mission in the Zone: he decides to find the Golden Ball, an artifact that, according to legend, can fulfill the deepest desire of his will find out.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Shewhart goes to Shar, completely disappointed in his life and in people as a last hope.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The challenge of the mission lies not only in the fact that the road to the Ball is deadly, but also that the last trap on the way to it requires sacrifice — one human life.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

And Shewhart makes this sacrifice in the form of his companion, a young man who asked to be his disciple - Arthur Barbridge.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Arthur's father is the oldest stalker nicknamed Vulture, known for the fact that those who went with him to the Zone often did not return.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Barbridge has two normal healthy children, an exception among stalkers.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Barbridge secretly told Shewhart that he begged his children from the Golden Ball.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

He can no longer reach the place where the artifact is located, losing both legs in the Zone — then Radrick pulled him out on himself.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The vulture revealed to Shewhart the whereabouts of Shar and the traps set on the way to him, one of which requires a “sacrifice” (“meat grinder”), not only out of gratitude - he hopes that Shewhart will be able to get his legs back.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Barbridge doesn't know Radrick took Arthur with him.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The finale of the book remains open — Arthur dies in a “meat grinder”, Radrick crawls up to the Ball, trying in vain to formulate his deepest desire.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

He remembers his whole crippled life, tries to remember something bright, but he does not succeed.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

As a result, he can think of nothing but what Arthur exclaimed a few seconds before his death: “HAPPINESS FOR EVERYONE, FOR FREE, AND LET NO ONE LEAVE OFFENDED!”


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Zona


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The “Zone” is a section of terrain on Earth, the result of the so-called Visit.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

There are six Zones on Earth.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Zones are uninhabited, people and animals cannot live in them.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Many of those who did not have time to evacuate from the Zones in time suffered — went blind, suffered diseases unknown to mankind.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

There is a legend that people who survived mutations remained in one of the areas of the Zone.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The Zone, which originated near the city of Harmont, includes urban ruins, a factory building, a quarry, desert plains and mountains.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

Its area is estimated to be hundreds of square kilometers.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The zone contains a large number of anomalies, including various “traps” that pose a danger to humans.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The location of anomalies in the zone is constantly changing, despite the fact that the area seems “static” in the presence of people.


Question: Where does Roadside Picnic take place?

Roadside picnic

The Zone has its own well-defined boundary, that is, no anomalies (for example, “burning fluff” carried by the wind), which at first glance move randomly through the Zone, never cross its boundaries .