Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Over the next two centuries (VI and VII, the so-called “Dark Ages” in the history of Europe) it was the Visigoths who controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula, except for the southeast (Betica province), where the colonies of Byzantium were located.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Visigothic state was quite unstable - the Visigothic kings constantly waged grueling wars with external enemies (Franks, Basques, Byzantines), in addition, the population of the country suffered from plague epidemics.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

It was as a result of the decentralization of power that the first documented uprising took place on the territory of modern Catalonia with the aim of its state separation - the uprising of Duke Paul in 672 g. This year, in Narbonne, he proclaimed himself king, taking the name Flavius Paulus.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The new king was supported by the nobility of the provinces of Septimania and the east of the province of Roman Spain (that is, modern Catalonia).


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

However, in the following 673, the rightful King Wamba returned power in the territory seeking to break away from the Visigothic kingdom.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

All Paulus's estates were confiscated.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Since the middle of the 7th century, the Damascus Caliphate began to strengthen, which began to seize the Iberian Peninsula.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

On July 19, 711, the Battle of Guadaleta took place between Christian Visigoths and Muslim Arabs, which marked the invasion of Europe by Muslims.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

After that, Arab troops quickly advance deep into the Iberian Peninsula and soon capture the capital of the Visigothic kingdom, Toledo.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The entire territory of Catalonia was captured by the Arab-Berber invaders in 720.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The last Visigothic ruler was King Ardo, who ruled only Septimania until 720—721, and Musa ibn Nusair became the first ruler of the Muslim state of Al-Andalus, which, under different names, within different borders and statuses existed in the Pyrenees until 1492.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Almost simultaneously with the Arab-Berber conquests, the Reconquista begins, the struggle for the liberation of the Pyrenees from Muslims.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

If a significant part of Spain has been under Muslim rule for a long time (e.g. Granada until 1492), the Catalan lands during the Reconquista were mainly liberated by the end of the VIII century, although some territories of the so-called Catalan lands (Valencia and the Mediterranean Islands) , as well as of modern Catalonia itself, remained under Muslim rule.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The liberation of Tarragona was carried out only in the middle of the 12th century, which affected both the culture of the local population and the appearance of Tarragona cities.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The struggle against the Arab invaders, the independence of Catalonia (988) and the alliance with Aragon (1137) (VIII—XII centuries)


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

After conquering almost the entire Iberian Peninsula, Muslims invaded the domain of the Frankish Kingdom, where they were stopped in 732 at the Battle of Poitiers by Karl Martel.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

With the growing weight of the Carolingian dynasty, the Franks begin to displace Muslims south of the Pyrenees.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

On the territory of modern Catalonia and along all the Pyrenees, the Franks win significant victories, winning one by one territory and distributing them to vassals.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

This new territory was divided into separate counties, formally independent political units that were under the influence of the state of the Franks - all together they were called the “Spanish brand”.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The first county of the Spanish Mark in the Catalan lands was Roussillon, conquered approx.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

760 g. In 785, the Girona County and Besalu County were created.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In 798, the counties of Cerdany and Urgel were liberated and created, and in the next year 799 Osona.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Until 820, all three counties, representing a significant part of the modern Catalan provinces of Lleida and Barcelona, were under the control of Burel Uzonsky.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In 801, Count of Toulouse Guillaume Gelon captured Barcelona, which is considered the date of the creation of the County of Barcelona (801—1154), which stood out among its neighbors for trying to conduct a strong independent and centralization policy since the reign of the first Count of Barcelona, Beer (ruled 801—820), who managed to unite the counties of Barcelona, Kunflin, Girona and Bazal under his command.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

At the end of the 9th century, an attempt was made to unite the disparate Catalan counties.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Carolingian king Charles the Bald appointed Wilfried, son of the former Count of Barcelona Sunifred I, Count of Cerdani and Urgel (870).


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

After the death of Charles the Bald (877), Wilfried became Count of Barcelona and Girona (878).


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Thus, a significant part of the modern territory of Catalonia was under the rule of one person.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

After his death, the Catalan lands were again divided between different counties.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Catalonia's liberation from Frankish dependence


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Since 987, when Count Borrell II refused to swear allegiance to the first monarch of the Capetian dynasty, Hugo Capet, the Catalan counties have become increasingly free from the Carolingian dynasty.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Currently, the Catalans consider 988 to be the founding date of Catalonia.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

It was from this time that the population, for the first time since the Muslim invasion, began to increase.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

During the 9th—10th centuries. Catalonia was increasingly becoming a society of allods (from Catalan: Alou), small family farms that produced more agricultural products than was necessary for personal consumption.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Such farms did not have feudal duty.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The 11th century was characterized by the development of feudal society: previously independent peasant farms became vassals of the local aristocracy.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In the middle of the 11th century, a real class war began, where feudal lords began to use a new military force in the fight against peasants — well-armed mounted mercenaries.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

At the end of the century, most of the allods were already in vassal dependence.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

This process coincided with the weakening of the count's power and the beginning of the division of the “Spanish Mark” into smaller counties, which gradually became a single feudal state founded on a complex system of subordination of a vassal to his feudal lord.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Since the rise of Ramon Berenguer I above other Catalan counts, the counts of Barcelona have become associated with the supreme power in Catalonia - they connected the system of vassal dependence other Catalan territories.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Ramon Berenguer I is known for expanding his possessions in St. Barbastro in Aragon, imposed heavy taxes on Muslim settlements in the Iberian Peninsula, which led to the first known period of economic prosperity in Catalonia.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

It first conquered territories north of present-day Northern Catalonia (that is, the French department of the Pyrénées-Orientales), namely Razes and Carcassonne in the present-day Aude department in France (territory historical Occitania).


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The reign of Ramon Berenguer I also dates back to the beginning of the codification of Catalan law.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Usatici or Lex usuaria Code (Catalan: Usatges, Customs), compiled in 1058, was the first set of feudal laws in Western Europe by which Ramon Berenguer I was able to manage the process feudalization that began under his father.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Also, for the first time in Catalonia (and for the first time in Western Europe) in 1027, he forced local feudal lords to limit their internecine wars to the system of the so-called “Peace of God”.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The word “Catalonia” was first documented at the beginning of the 12th century in the oath to the Count of Barcelona Ramon Berenguer III, where it was named catalanicus heroes, rector catalanicus and dux catalanensis.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

This document also includes the word Catalania.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

It is interesting that the population of Catalonia is called catalanenses (that is, “Catalans”).


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

By the middle of the 12th century, the Counts of Barcelona tried to expand their territory both south and west and north.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Besalu County, part of Ampurias County, the entire county of Cerdanya and for some time even Provence were annexed to the territory subordinate to Barcelona.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Catalan Church became independent of the Diocese of Narbonne, and in 1118 it became its center again. Tarragona.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Kingdom of Aragon


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

During the reign of Ramon Berenguer IV (1131—1162), several important events for the future of Catalonia took place: his marriage to Petronila of Aragon in 1137, which formed the union of the Barcelona County with Frankish kingdom.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

This union will be confirmed by Pedro IV in the 14th century.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Ramon Berenguer IV used the word “Aragon” to denote his title, since being King of Aragon was more prestigious than the Count of Barcelona.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

That is why, since 1150, the Barcelona Count Line officially ceases to exist.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The count's son was already called King of Aragon, not Catalonia.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Despite this, Catalonia and Aragon retained all their traditional rights.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In particular, one of the first parliaments in Europe, the Corts Catalanas, continued to function in Catalonia.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

For the first time, it met as a representative body of the nobility, clergy and citizens in 1289.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Catalan Parliament was recognized as an official body in 1359.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In addition, during the reign of Ramon Berenguer IV, Lleida and Tortosa were conquered, that is, the unification of the entire territory covering modern Catalonia (without Valencia and the Balearic Islands) was completed.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

This area included land south of the historic “Spanish Mark”, which became known as New Catalonia.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Catalans settled these new lands by the end of the 12th century.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Over the next few centuries, Catalonia became one of the most important regions in Europe, a great maritime empire dominated mainly in the Western Mediterranean, including captured Valencia, the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, and Sicily, which was ruled by the Aragonese kings through a dynastic union.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

At the end of the 12th century, several agreements were concluded with the Kingdom of Castile, which divided Muslim lands between these states, which it was decided to return to Christendom (Reconquista).


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In addition, the Kingdom of Aragon pursued a policy of strengthening its power in Provence, but in 1213 King Pedro II was killed at the Battle of Mure, and this “political project” was forgotten.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

His successor, Jaime I, completed the unification of his inherited kingdom in 1227 and began new conquests.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Over the next 25 years, he was the one who conquered Mallorca and Valencia.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Catalonia in modern times (1469 — con. XVIII century)


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Catalan lands in the 2nd floor.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

15th—16th centuries


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Union of the Kingdoms of Aragon and Castile


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In 1469, King Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile, thus creating a dynastic union between Aragon and Castile.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

After the peasant uprisings of 1462 −1472 and 1484 −1486, Ferdinand's decree abolished the feudal dependence of peasants in Catalonia.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In 1516, both kingdoms were formally united into a single Kingdom of Spain, but each of them retained its own political institutions, legal proceedings, laws, and also issued own money.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Christopher Columbus's discovery of America during an expedition, which was equipped with Spanish money, led to the relocation of the center of the European economy from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

This has significantly reduced the economic and political importance of Catalonia.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Catalonia in the 16th century


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In the 16th century, the population of Catalonia increased again, and the economic situation also improved.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

As the economic center of Spain as a maritime power moved from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic, the Kingdom of Valencia became the main (economically) part of the former Aragon kingdom, that is, the confederation of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The reign of King Philip II of Spain marked the beginning of a gradual decline in the Catalan economy, culture and the Catalan language.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Among the most negative developments of that period were the increase in pirate attacks on the coast of Catalonia and banditry on land.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The attack on the autonomous rights of Catalonia — from the “War of the Reapers” (1640—1652) to the abolition of autonomy (1714)


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Harvester War (1640—1652) began as a peasant uprising in Barcelona.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

General Pedro Fajardo was entrusted with the suppression of the uprising.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Conflicts between Catalonia and the monarchy have arisen more than once during the time of Philip II.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Having depleted the economic resources of Castile, Philip wanted to take advantage of the wealth of Catalonia, but Catalan government agencies and privileges were well protected by the terms of the Union of Aragon and The kingdoms of Castile, which was taken care of by the Catalan aristocracy.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In the 1630s, after France entered the Thirty Years' War, a large Spanish military contingent was stationed in Roussillon.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Local farmers were ordered to feed the soldiers and provide them with housing.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

On June 7, 1640, an uprising known as the Blood Corps began.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

At the same time, many royal officials of different ethnic backgrounds, not only Castilians, suffered.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

However, first of all, the peasant uprising was directed against the dominance of the Castilians and for the independence of Catalonia.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Prime Minister Pau Claris (Catalan: Pau Claris) proclaimed the Catalan Republic under the protectorate of Louis XIII, King of France.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

This allowed the French troops to take new positions on the territory of the Iberian Peninsula, closer to its central part.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The republic was proclaimed on September 10, 1640, a request for a protectorate was sent to Louis XIII on January 23, 1641, and a positive response from the King of France came on December 30, 1641.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In 1652, Catalonia was again occupied by Spanish troops.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The war with France lasted until 1659, when, in accordance with the articles of the Iberian Peace Treaty, France ceded the Catalan territories of Roussillon, Conflans, Vallespir, Capsir, as well as northern part of Cerdanyi County.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

To this day, this territory is part of the French Republic and is administratively part of the Pyrénées-Orientales department.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

War of the Spanish Succession (1705−1714)


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The War of the Spanish Succession (1705—1714) led to the abolition of Catalan autonomy and privileges.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In the future, the rulers of Spain tried to destroy the national identity of the Catalans.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Over the next two and a half centuries, the Catalan language was banned, and its scope of distribution was significantly limited.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In 1705, after constant conflicts, Duke Philip of Anjou entered Barcelona, which recognized him as King of Spain in 1706.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The war of 1705—1714, which began after that, was a real disaster for Catalonia and other lands of the former Kingdom of Aragon.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In 1710, the political and administrative structures of Valencia and Aragon were destroyed and their privileges abolished.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The last period of the war and the Treaty of Utrecht (1713-1714) were marked by the capture of Barcelona on September 11, 1714, which was the decisive battle of the War of the Spanish Succession, while for the Catalans it became national defeat, however, this day is currently the National Day of Catalonia.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

After the fall of Barcelona, the Catalan constitution was repealed, Catalan universities were closed and the use of the Catalan language in office work was prohibited.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

It was also forbidden to teach the language even in primary and secondary schools.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The economic situation of Catalonia in the 18th century


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Despite the difficult internal situation, the economy of Catalonia developed during the XVIII century.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Population, agricultural production and trade grew, especially thanks to profits from the American colonies (after 1778, Catalonia, already an inseparable part of Spain, was allowed to trade with Spanish colonies in America).


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Industrialization began with the production of cotton and other fabrics, and a layer of enterprise owners and, accordingly, people engaged exclusively in production appeared.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Catalonia in Modern Times (con. XVIII—XIX centuries)


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Napoleonic and Carlist Wars


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Napoleonic Wars


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars, Catalonia was occupied by soldiers of General Guillaume Philibert Duham.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Spanish army dissipated, but popular resistance against the French occupation quickly gained strength in Catalonia, as well as in other parts of Spain.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

This went into the Spanish War of Independence.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Among the events of this war, mention should be made of the three sieges of Girona, which was surrounded by the French army and which was defended under the leadership of a general and military governor.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The French finally took over the city on December 10, 1809, after many people died of hunger, epidemics and cold.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Álvarez de Castro died in prison a month later.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

On January 26, 1812, Catalonia was annexed by France and created on its territory.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The French dominion in Catalonia existed until 1814, when the departments were officially abolished on March 10, 1814.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

British General A. Wellington signed a truce under which the French left Barcelona and their other strongholds, which by that time were still under French control.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Carlist Wars


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

During the reign of Ferdinand VII (1808-1833), several uprisings took place in Catalonia.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

After his death, the conflict between the Carlists (supporters of Infanta Carlos) and the liberal supporters of Isabella II led to the First Carlist War, which lasted until 1840 and was the most destructive war on the territory of Catalonia.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Like the Basques, many Catalans fought on the side of the Carlists, not because they supported an absolute monarchy, but because they hoped that the restoration of the Old Regime meant returning them privileges and regional autonomy.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The victory of the liberals over the absolutists led to a bourgeois revolution during the reign of Isabella II.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

It was marked by corruption, inefficient administration, deepening centralization, as well as political and social tensions.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Liberals soon split into “moderates” and “progressive”.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In Catalonia, the republican movement began to be approved, in addition, the Catalans began to advocate for federative Spain.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In September 1868, the Spanish economic crisis led to the September Revolution (La Gloriosa), which marked the beginning of the so-called, which lasted from 1868 to 1873. Among the most notable events of this period, mention should be made of the reign of the government of General Juan Prim and his assassination, the federalist uprisings of 1869, the proclamation of the First Spanish Republic, The Third Carlist War and the spread of the ideas of the First International.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Catalan national movement against the background of economic growth (2nd half. 19th century)


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Economic and cultural elevation


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In the second third of the 19th century Catalonia has become the center of Spanish industrialization.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Simultaneously with the development of capitalism, signs of a Catalan cultural renaissance appeared in Catalonia — a movement for the revival of the Catalan language and culture after a long period of decline.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The birth and development of Catalan nationalism


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Against the background of economic and cultural successes in Catalonia, centrifugal sentiment has intensified.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In 1871, Catalonia even tried to secede from Spain, but after negotiations with the central government, it remained part of the Spanish Kingdom.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In 1874, the rebellion of General Martinez led to the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty in the person of King Alphonse XII.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

It was a period of repression against the labor movement, as well as the slow crystallization of Catalan national identity, and lasted until the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Over the next decades, the political implication of Catalonia's identity as a separate country becomes clear.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

For the first time, the modern theory of Catalan national identity was formulated by Valenti Almiral.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In 1901, it was formed, which became an integral part of the coalition.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Catalonia in the 20th and 21st centuries


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

First half of the 20th century


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Early 20th century


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Catalan labor movement at the beginning of the 20th century had three components: syndicalism, socialism and anarchism, as popularized by Alejandro Lerrus.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Together with Asturias, Catalonia in general and Barcelona in particular were the centers of a radical labor movement, marked by numerous general strikes, terrorist acts (especially at the end 1910s) and the spread of the anarchist National Confederation of Labor.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Growing tensions between Catalan workers and the bourgeoisie led the bourgeoisie to support Miguel Prim de Rivera's dictatorship, despite his centralization policy.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Republic and the Civil War


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

After the fall of the Prima de Rivera regime, the left forces of Catalonia made great efforts to create a united front led by Francesc Macia.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Republican Left of Catalonia was supported by many Catalan workers, who previously mostly did not vote.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In defending Catalonia's socialism and independence, the left achieved an impressive victory in the municipal elections of April 12, 1931, which preceded the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic on April 14.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Catalan Generalitat was restored, and in September 1932 Catalonia received a new autonomous status.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Basque Country also received a similar status.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

When two presidents of the Generalitat, Francesc Macia (1931—1933) and Lewis Companis (1934—1939), the republican self-government bodies of Catalonia carried out significant reforms, despite serious economic crisis and its social consequences and political changes during this period, such as the Barcelona uprising of October 1934, the National Confederation of Labour was in crisis, which led in the 1930s to its division into the Workers' Party of Marxist Unity and the United Socialist Party of Catalonia.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

After the left won the 1936 elections, in July 1936, nationalist forces led by Francisco Franco opposed the government of the country, which led to the Civil War in Spain.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The defeat of the military uprising in Catalonia at the very beginning led to the fact that Catalonia sided with the Republicans.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Generalitat gradually became the only center of power in Catalonia, although along with it there were military units created by working parties.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The military units of the Generalitat were concentrated on two fronts: Aragon and Mallorca.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Aragonese front resisted until 1937, when Franco's troops occupied Lleida and Balaguer.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In the end, Franco's troops divided the Republican territory into two parts, occupying Vinaros, thereby isolating Catalonia from the rest of the territory controlled by the Republican government of Spain.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The defeat of the Republican armies at the Battle of Ebro led to the capture of Catalonia in 1938 and 1939 by anti-government forces.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The political regime established by Franco immediately abolished Catalan autonomy, took strict measures against the Catalan national movement, and began to oppress the Catalan intelligentsia and culture.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Only forty years after the death of the dictator in 1975 and the adoption of Spain's new democratic Constitution in 1978, did Catalonia regain its own autonomy and recreated in 1979 Generalitat.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

George Orwell fought in Catalonia from December 1936 to June 1937.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

His memoirs of this period under the title were first published in 1938.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

This book is one of the most famous books about the Spanish Civil War.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Franco's dictatorship (1939—1975)


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

As in other parts of Spain, Franco's rule in Catalonia from 1939 to 1975 led to the suppression of democratic freedoms, the dissolution and persecution of parties, total censorship, and the prohibition of everything that was related to left-wing ideas.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

For Catalonia, this also meant the destruction of autonomy, the abolition of special Catalan institutions and the complete closure of the Catalan-language press.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

During the first years of the regime, any resistance was destroyed, thousands of people were imprisoned for political reasons, and many Catalans were forced to emigrate.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In addition, 4,000 Catalans were executed between 1938 and 1953, including former President of the Generalitat Lewis Companis.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In the 1960s, modernization of agriculture began, the industrialization of the country increased and mass tourism began.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Many migrants from other regions of Spain came to Catalonia, which especially accelerated the growth of Barcelona and the agglomeration around it.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The opposition of the working class to Franco began to manifest itself in the form of “”, the return of trade unions.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In the 1970s, democratic forces united in the Assembly of Catalonia.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Restoring Democracy


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

With the end of Franco's dictatorship, a period known as the transition to democracy, or Catalan: La transició for short, began, which lasted from 1975 to 1982, during which democratic freedoms in Spain as a whole have been restored.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Thus, in 1978, a new democratic Spanish Constitution was adopted.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

This Constitution recognized the existence of numerous national communities within the Spanish State.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

According to the Constitution, the country was divided into autonomous regions.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

For Catalonia, this meant the gradual return of its autonomist rights.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Provisional Generalitat of Catalonia was revived in the first general election in 1977.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

It was headed by Josep Tarradellas (Catalan: Josep Tarradellas).


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In 1979, the charter of the autonomy was finally approved.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

This charter delegated more rights to the local government in education and culture than the charter of 1932, but less in the field of justice and supervision of legality.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

According to this charter, Catalonia was defined as a “nation”, and Catalan became the official language on its territory, along with Spanish.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

For Catalonia itself, the period of the 1980s and 1990s was a time of significant economic recovery and the development of autonomous institutions.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In the economic sphere, Spain's entry into the EEC on January 1, 1981 (the 2nd wave of European integration) was a big growth factor.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

This was also not least facilitated by internal political stability — for almost a quarter of a century (1980-2003), the Catalan Autonomous Government was headed by the 126th President of the Generalitat Jordi Pujol i Soley, head of the center-right Catalan nationalist electoral coalition Convergence and Union, which consisted of his own the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (Catalan: Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya) and the smaller and more conservative Democratic Union of Catalonia (Catalan: Unió Democràtica de Catalunya, UDC).


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In addition, due to the constant crises of the central government and the lack of an absolute majority in the Spanish Parliament during the 1990s, the Spanish government became dependent on the support provided by the nationalist parties of the autonomies (Catalan, Basque, Canary Islands, etc.), which significantly contributed to the strengthening of Catalan autonomy, in particular, Felipe Gonzalez's last term (1993—1996) and José Maria Aznar's first term (1996—2000).


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The economic situation in the 1990s


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Much has been done to separate the Catalan autonomy — an autonomous police, county administrations and a supreme court have been created in the form of the Catalan: Tribunal Superior de Justícia de Catalunya).


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Catalan-language media were supported by the Catalan Law on Linguistic Normalization.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The Catalan government has begun to directly provide subsidies for the promotion of Catalan culture, in particular the creation of Catalan films and the placement of subtitles in Catalan in foreign-made films.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In 1992, Barcelona hosted the Summer Olympics, which drew international attention to Catalonia and its capital.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In the 1990s, due to the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the USSR and the associated political and economic turmoil in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the immigration movement to Catalonia, which, on the one hand, had a negative impact on the social sphere, and on the other hand, gave an influx of relatively cheap and/or often unaccounted (unregistered) labor, which was an additional factor in economic growth.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The political split of the 2000s


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Mini|230pcs|1.5 Million People Demonstrate for Catalan Independence (September 11, 2012)


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

At the beginning of the 2000s, political contradictions in the Catalan establishment came to the surface.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

In November 2003, the elections to the Generalitat gave more votes (but not an absolute majority) to the Convergence and Union coalition.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Three other parties (PSC-PSOE, ERC and ICV) merged to form Pascual Maragal's Cabinet (PSC-PSOE), which became the new head of the Generalitat.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

This government turned out to be unstable, especially with regard to the problem of reforming the Charter of the Autonomy of Catalonia, so new early elections were called, which were held in the fall of 2006 g. As a result of these elections, the Convergence and Union again won more votes than other parties, but the PSC-PSOE, ERC and ICV formed a government coalition again.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

On November 28, 2006, José Montilla Aguilera became the 128th President of the Generalitat of Catalonia


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Current situation


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

At the beginning of the 21st century, the Catalan elite and society were divided into those who demand greater independence from Madrid up to state self-determination, and supporters of the existing autonomy.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

It should be noted that among Catalans, the attitude towards the independence of Catalonia is ambiguous.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

A very significant part of the Catalans who have not decided on their attitude to the independence of Catalonia, and their number is constantly changing; about 40% of Catalonians express negative attitude.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The share of those who support secession from Spain is about a third of the population (this number remains stable).


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

It should be borne in mind that among the supporters of Catalonia's independence there are those who would prefer to see the so-called Catalan lands as part of the newly created Catalan state.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

On June 18, 2006, a referendum was held in Catalonia, as a result of which 74% of its participants voted for greater independence of their autonomy and for the recognition of Catalans as a separate people.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

As a result, the community received greater rights in regulating internal life, in particular, in the tax system, justice and migration policy.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

November 9, 2015 The Parliament of Catalonia approved a resolution on the creation of an independent republic


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Within 18 months, various state structures should be formed and the text of the new constitution should be drawn up.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

72 deputies voted for the document and 63 voted.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

However, on December 2, the Constitutional Court, after reviewing the lawsuit of the Spanish government on the illegitimacy of the resolution as an act of a separatist movement, annulled the resolution, declaring it illegal [1].


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Literature


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Altamira y Crevea R. History of Spain.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

T 1-2., M.: Publishing house of foreign literature, 1951


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Altamira y Crevea R. The history of medieval Spain.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

, SPb.: “Eurasia”, 2003


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Spain and Portugal.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Encyclopedic reference book of M.: “Soviet Encyclopedia”, 1947


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Korsunsky A. R. History of Spain of the 9th—13th centuries.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

, M.: “Higher School”, 1976


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Milskaya L. T. Essays on the history of the village in Catalonia of the 10th—12th centuries M: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

(in Russian)


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Spain — Catalonia.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Empire and reality.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Anthology, M.: Regnum, 2007


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Kudryavtsev A. E.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Spain in the Middle Ages.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

(Academy of Basic Research: History series), LKI, 2007


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Notes


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

References


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Media related to Category:History of Catalonia at Wikimedia Commons


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Fonseca Nely de Jesus//Tomsk State University Journal.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Tom.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

state un-ta.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Philosophy.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Sociology.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Political science.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Godlevskaya Valentina Yuryevna//Tomsk State University Journal.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Tom.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

state un-ta.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

The story.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

No. 5 (25).


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

Sorokina Svetlana V.//Izvestiya RSPU im.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia

A. AND. Herzen.


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia


Question: When did Catalonia become part of Spain?

History of Catalonia


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Scabies (Latin: scabies) is a contagious skin disease, acariasis from the acarodermatitis group, caused by a microscopic parasite - scabies mite or itchy itch (Latin: Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The name of the pathogen comes from Ancient Greek: srh (meat, pulp), (gnaw, torment, cut) and Latin: scabere (comb).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Characteristic signs of the disease are itching and papulosicular rash, often with the addition of secondary pustular elements due to infection during scratching.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The word “scabies” itself is the same root as the verb “itch” [1].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The high degree of infectiousness of scabies in humans is explained by the short period of time for the introduction of scabies mite into human skin.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

This interval is only 15-20 minutes.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Disease study history


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The first descriptions of scabies were made more than 2500 years ago [2].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Scabies are described in the Old Testament and in the writings of Aristotle.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In ancient Greece, scabies were classified as a group of skin diseases united by the term “psora”.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In ancient Rome, scabies were called “scabies”, this name has survived to this day.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In medieval treatises, assumptions were put forward about the parasitic nature of scabies.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Reliable evidence of the role of scabies mites in the development of the disease appears only after the creation of an optical microscope.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In 1687, Italian physician Giovan Cosimo Bonomo and pharmacist Diacinto Cestoni first described the relationship between scabies mites and typical skin symptoms that develop after infection.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

It was they who first established that the disease can be caused by a microscopic organism [3].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

A complete and reliable description of the etiology and pathogenesis was given in 1844 by the German dermatologist Ferdinand Gebra.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

This manual was translated into Russian in 1876 by A. G. Polotebnev [1].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

epidemiology


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

There is no accurate information on the global epidemiological picture of scabies [4] [5].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Two relatively reliable statistical reports are known for Edinburgh (for 1815—2000) and for Denmark (1900—1970).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

According to these data, approximately 5% of patients with skin diseases had scabies during the entire observation period.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Sharp jumps in the incidence were observed in wartime, when scabies affected up to 30% of the population.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

There are theories about the wavy nature of the incidence of scabies at intervals of 7-30 years.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

However, these theories are heavily criticized [6].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

There is evidence of a cyclic increase in the aggressiveness of the scabies mite due to the development of its resistance to a number of scabicides.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

There are also spikes in morbidity during wars, natural disasters, famine and other social phenomena leading to a deterioration in living conditions, nutrition and hygiene, and crowding of people.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The incidence of scabies is characterized by seasonality.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In Russia, this is autumn-winter.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The same data were obtained from the results of 20 years of observation in the Israeli army [7].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The seasonality of the disease is partly due to the biological characteristics of the ticks themselves, whose fertility reaches a maximum in September-December, as well as the fact that cool conditions contribute to better survival of itching in the external environment.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In addition, cold contributes to crowding of people and reducing sweating (then antimicrobial peptides are released, to which scabies mites are partly sensitive).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

[8] In West Africa, peak incidence also occurred during the cold and dry seasons.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Where there is no pronounced climatic seasonality, the incidence of scabies is evenly distributed throughout the year (Bangladesh, Gambia, Brazil) [9] [10] [11] [12].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Scabies can occur both epidemically and endemically.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Sporadic outbreaks are typical for industrialized countries, where the disease is localized mainly in organized groups united by common bedrooms (military barracks, boarding schools, children's houses, dormitories, prisons, medical institutions, etc.) or in antisocial strata of society.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Teams whose members unite only during the daytime (groups in preschool institutions, classes in secondary and higher educational institutions, labor collectives), epidemiological danger, as usually do not represent.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The overall incidence rate in such countries is low.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

According to England and Wells for 1994—2003, the incidence was 351 cases per 100,000 people per year for men and 437 for women [13].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In Russia, the annual incidence, judging by the sale of scabicides in the pharmacy chain, exceeds a million cases.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

However, in a number of countries, the incidence is much higher and can reach 40-80%.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

There are especially many patients among the peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa and the aborigines of Australia and New Zealand [14] [15], which is probably due to the peculiarities of their immunity and the structure of the stratum corneum of the skin.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In general, at the end of the 20th century, about 300 million people (5% of the world's population) suffered from scabies [8].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Young children are more affected by scabies in the world, which is due to their lack of immunity to the pathogen and more frequent direct contact with the skin of patients [8].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The situation in Russia is somewhat different.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The main risk is the adolescent age group, which, forming only a tenth of the population, takes up to 25% of the total incidence.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The second place is traditionally occupied by school age, third by preschool, and fourth by mature age.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

It is significant that in case of scabies, the distribution of morbidity by social groups is consistent with age.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The highest incidence is among students, lower in schoolchildren and preschoolers.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

This situation is explained by the peculiarities of sexual activity and the development of antipruritic immunity in different age groups.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Transmission paths


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Scabies infection almost always occurs with prolonged direct skin-skin contact [16].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The sexual route of transmission prevails.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

It is not uncommon for children to become infected when they sleep in the same bed with sick parents.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In crowded teams, other direct skin contacts are also implemented (contact sports, children's fuss, frequent and strong handshakes, etc.).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Although a number of manuals continue to reproduce outdated information about the transmission of scabies through household items (household items, bedding, etc.), experts agree that such the route of infection is extremely unlikely.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

[8] The exception is Norwegian scabies, when up to several million ticks live on the patient's body (in typical cases it is 10-20 ticks).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

A key experiment that proved that direct contact with the patient's skin plays a dominant role in the transmission of scabies was performed in 1940 in the UK under the leadership of Mellanby.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Of the 272 attempts to infect volunteers by putting them in bed, from which patients with severe scabies had just risen, only 4 attempts led to the disease [17].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Such features of parasitosis transmission are explained by the following data on its biology:


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

scabies mite is inactive during the day; females are selected to the surface only in the late evening and at night;


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

the tick needs about 30 minutes to penetrate the host's skin;


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

in the external environment, the tick dies quickly (at 21° C and humidity 40-80%, the parasite dies after 24-36 hours), the warmer and drier, the faster; the tick loses its activity even earlier [18] [19].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Currently, more guidelines and medical reviews include scabies along with phthyriasis in the list of sexually transmitted diseases [20] [21], although it is important for the transmission of these parasites not so much the coitus itself, but prolonged contact with bodies in bed.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Biology and life cycle of scabies


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The causative agent of scabies is the scabies mite, an obligate human parasite.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The parasite is characterized by sexual dimorphism: females are twice as large as males, reaching 0.3-0.5 mm.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The oral organs protrude somewhat forward, on the sides there are 2 pairs of front legs with suction cups, 2 hind pairs of legs are located on the abdominal surface, in females they are equipped with long bristles, in males 4 a pair of legs instead of sucker bristles.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The tick eggs are oval in shape, the larva that has emerged from the egg has an ovoid shape and 3 pairs of legs (4 pairs are missing), its size does not exceed 0.15 by 0.1 mm [22].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Mating mites occur on the surface of the skin.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Immediately after mating, the males die.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The fertilized female forms an scabies passage in the stratum corneum of the skin, in which she lays 2-4 eggs per night.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Ticks dissolve skin keratin with the help of special proteolytic enzymes contained in their saliva (they feed on the resulting lysate).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Males form short lateral branches in the female's scabies.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Female life expectancy does not exceed 4-6 weeks.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The larvae hatch after 2 to 4 days and immediately begin to form passages in the uppermost layer of the skin.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

After another 3-4 days, the larvae shed and turn into protonymphs, which in turn shed in 2-5 days into a teleonymph.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The teleonymph develops into an adult male or female in 5-6 days.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In total, the formation of an adult tick occurs in 10-14 days.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

A contagious tick can be at any stage of development, but more often scabies are transmitted from person to person with fertilized adult females.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Ticks are not active during the day.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The female begins to “dig” the course (2-3 mm per day) in the evening; at the same time, itching increases in patients with typical forms of scabies.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

At night, females go to the surface of the skin to mate and move to other parts of the body (on the surface of warm skin, mites move at a speed of 2.5 cm per minute [23].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

At the same time, the most favorable situation for infection arises.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Pathogenesis


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The clinical picture of scabies is due to the immune-allergic reaction of the host body to the waste products of the tick, so all symptoms develop only after the patient is sensitized.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

This explains the long asymptomatic period (up to 4 weeks) preceding the appearance of the first signs of the disease during the initial infection.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In cases of re-infection, a reaction to the pathogen may develop within 24 hours [24].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The development of protective immunity also explains the difficulty of re-infection in the experiment, as well as the fact that when re-infected, a significantly smaller amount is found on the patient's body ticks [25].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Itching in scabies is mainly due to an allergic reaction of type IV (delayed-type hypersensitivity) to saliva, eggs and tick excrement.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Scratching caused by itching often leads to the addition of bacterial flora (staphylococci and streptococci) with the development of pustules (pyoderma).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Thus, the rash with scabies acquires polymorphism.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Interestingly, the same allergens are found in household dust inhabited by microscopic household mites, which also feed on the human epithelium, which forms the basis of house dust [26] [27].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

With severe tick damage, the level of interleukin-4 increases [28].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Patients also have a Th2 type of immune response, which is associated with an increase in serum IgE and IgG in combination with eosinophilia.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

However, this pronounced humoral immune response does not have a significant protective effect [29].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

With scabies, the cellular immune response is more significant, which has been studied at the histological level: ticks are surrounded by an inflammatory infiltrate consisting of eosionophils, lymphocytes, histiocytes and a small number of neutrophils.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In the Norwegian form of scabies, severe hyperkeratosis is observed, and a large number of ticks are found in areas of inflammatory infiltrate (up to several million on the body of one patient).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Norwegian scabies occur in patients who do not feel severe itching, or are unable to perform scratching.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Such conditions occur in immunodeficiencies, when the immune response to ticks is sluggish (AIDS, regular intake of glucocorticosteroid and other immunosuppressive drugs), with impaired peripheral sensitivity (leprosy, syringomyelia, paralysis, dorsal dryness), constitutional anomalies of keratinization, as well as in infirm patients (senile dementia, malemia, limited mobility, etc.).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

With the prolonged existence of the infiltrate, so-called scabiotic lymphoplasia in the form of nodules (nodular scabies) is formed, when the infiltrates become very dense and are distributed around subcutaneous vessels and fatty tissue, resembling elements in lymphoma or pseudolymphoma.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Clinic


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

A characteristic, but not mandatory, clinical symptom of scabies is itchy skin, which increases in the evening.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

An erythematous papulosicular rash forms on the skin, pustular elements join when combing and crusts form with the formation of polymorphic rashes.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

A pathognomonic sign is the presence of scabies.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

As soon as the female tick hits human skin, she immediately begins to “dig” the passage in the stratum corneum of the skin at a speed of 0.5-5 mm per day.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

As a result, on closer examination, you can find whitish-gray lines slightly rising above the skin surface, ranging in size from 1 mm to 1 cm. The front blind end of the stroke is distinguishable by the presence of a tick in it, which is visible through the epidermis as a dark dot [1].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Scabies become visible after a few days when the host's peritunneling reaction is formed.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

More often, scabies can be found in the interdigital spaces, on the inside of the wrists and on the skin of the penis.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Sometimes scabies can not be detected (scabies without moves).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The primary rash is represented by small erythematous papules, which can be scattered or multiple, draining.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Over time, papules can transform into vesicular (vesicles), rarely bullous (pemphigoid) rash.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The severity of the rash does not correlate with the number of parasites, but is due to an allergic reaction to their waste products.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The rash is distributed most often (in descending order) in the interdigital spaces of the hands, on the flexor side of the wrists, in men quickly passes from the hands to the penis and scrotum.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Then the elbows, feet, armpits, areas under the breast in women, the umbilical region, the belt line, the buttocks are affected.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

As a result, the whole body can be involved, except for the face and scalp (although children under 3 years of age also affect these areas).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The presence of itching, primary rash and scabies is the main clinical symptom complex of a typical form of scabies.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Papules and vesicles often develop into secondary scabies: excoriations (scratching), eczematous elements, secondary pustular rashes and crusts.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

At the same time, primary and secondary elements coexist on the same patient.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In domestic dermatology, it is customary to identify characteristic eponymic symptoms that facilitate diagnosis:


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Ardi's symptom is pustules and purulent crusts on the elbows and in their circumference;


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Gorchakov's symptom - there are also bloody crusts;


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Michaelis's symptom is bloody crusts and impetiginous rashes in the intergluteal fold with a transition to the sacrum;


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Cesary's symptom is the detection of scabies in the form of a slight elevation on palpation.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Scratching often leads to severe bacterial infection of primary elements with the development of pyoderma, which in rare cases can lead to post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis and possibly rheumatic heart disease [30] [31] [32] [33].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Sometimes pyoderma in scabies is accompanied by the appearance of boils, ectima and abscesses accompanied by lymphadenitis and lymphangitis.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

A number of patients develop microbial eczema or allergic dermatitis, which, along with pyoderma, are classified as complicated forms of scabies in domestic dermatology.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Complications of scabies in the form of dermatitis and pyoderma occur in about 50% of patients [1].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

With scabies, other complications are also described: impetigo, pyogenic pneumonia, septicemia, panaritium, erysipelas, orchiepididymitis, internal abscesses, regional lymphadenitis.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In children, especially infants, along with papulosicles and scabies, there is a vesicular rash, wetness develops, paronychia and onychia occur.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In infants in the first 6 months


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

life, the clinical picture of scabies often resembles urticaria and is characterized by a large number of blisters combed and covered in the center with a bloody crust, localized on the skin of the face, back, buttocks .


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Later, a small vesicular rash prevails, sometimes blisters (pemphigoid form).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In some cases, scabies in children resembles acute eczema, accompanied by intense itching not only in places where ticks are localized, but also in remote areas of the skin.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In this regard, sleep disorders are often noted, complications in the form of allergic dermatitis, pyoderma of the impetigo type are more common.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Lymphadenitis and lymphangitis may occur, leukocytosis and lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, ESR acceleration, albuminuria are observed.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Infants may develop sepsis.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In recent years, children have seen an increase in cases of atypical scabies with erased forms.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Approximately 7% of patients develop nodular (nodular) scabies [34], in which bluish-purple or brownish rounded skin seals are formed 2-20 mm in diameter.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

, which can last for several weeks even if they are free of parasites.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In fact, these seals are a special variant of scabies in the form of a lenticular papule [35].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The reason for the appearance of such elements is a special predisposition of the skin to respond to the stimulus by reactive hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue in the places where it accumulates most.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

It predominates on the scrotum, penis, buttocks, elbows, anterior-axillary region, sometimes nodules form in the perianal region.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Nodular scabies are also called scabiotic lymphoplasia.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Since there are no live mites in the nodules, their formation is explained by the pronounced immuno-allergic reaction of the host body to their waste products.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In cases of re-invasion, there is a relapse of scabiotic lymphoplasia in the old places without a stroke.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Nodules are accompanied by severe itching and in some cases corticosteroid injections are used to treat them [34].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Atypical forms of scabies also include Norwegian scabies, scabies “clean” (scabies “incognito”) and pseudosarcoptosis.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Norwegian (cortical, crusty) scabies was first described by Norwegian doctors Beck and Danielssen (S. W. Boeck, D.S. Danielssen) in 1848 [36].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Norwegian scabies develop more often in people with predisposing disorders of immunity or skin sensitivity (see Fig. Pathogenesis), but in about 40% of cases it is observed in people who are not at risk, which suggests a possible genetic predisposition in such patients.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Eosinophilia is observed in 58% of patients with Norwegian scabies, an increase in IgE levels (an average of 17 times) is detected in 96% of cases.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Clinically, Norwegian scabies look like psoriasoform dermatitis with acral distribution and the presence of variable whitish scales.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Usually, subungual zones are also involved with the development of severe hyperkeratosis, leading to thickening and dystrophy of the nail plate.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In some cases, Norwegian scabies mainly affect the scalp, face, neck and buttocks.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

About half of patients with Norwegian scabies do not feel itchy at all [38].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Due to the fact that with Norwegian scabies, more than a million live parasites can exist on the patient's body (in typical forms, the average number of ticks is 15 individuals), this form of the disease is highly contagious [39].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Scabies “clean” or “incognito” scabies are detected in people who often wash themselves in everyday life or by the nature of their production activities.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

At the same time, most of the scabies mite population is mechanically removed from the patient's body.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The clinic of the disease corresponds to typical scabies with minimal severity of manifestations.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Complications often mask the true clinical picture of scabies.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Pyoderma and dermatitis are the most common, and microbial eczema and urticaria are less common.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Pseudosarcoptosis is a disease that occurs in humans when infected with scabies mites (S. scabiei other than var. homonis) from other mammals (more often dogs).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The disease is characterized by a short incubation period, the absence of scabies (ticks do not multiply on an unusual host), urticaria papules in open areas of the skin.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The disease is not transmitted from person to person (see Fig. Pseudosarcoptosis).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Diagnostics


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The diagnosis of scabies is made on the basis of clinical manifestations, epidemiological data, data from laboratory examination methods.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis is especially important when the clinical picture is erased.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

There are the following methods for laboratory confirmation of the disease [40]:


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Traditional extraction of the tick with a needle from the blind end of the scabies, followed by microscopy of the pathogen.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

This method is ineffective in the study of old dilapidated papules.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The method of thin sections of the stratum corneum of the epidermis in the area of scabies during microscopy makes it possible to identify not only the tick, but also its eggs.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The method of layer-by-layer scraping from the blind end of the scabies until blood appears.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

With subsequent microscopy of the material.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The method of alkaline skin preparation, with the application of an alkaline solution to the skin, followed by aspiration of macerated skin and microscopy.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In each case, when a patient complains of itchy skin, scabies should be ruled out first, especially if itching occurs in other family members or an organized team.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Detection of scabies reliably confirms the diagnosis.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

To fully confirm the diagnosis, it is recommended to open the scabies with a scalpel covered with an oily substance, gently scratching the stratum corneum of the skin with a blade along the scabies.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The obtained scrapings are placed on a slide and microscoped.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The best results are obtained by scraping “fresh”, uncombed scabies at the interdigital spaces of the hands.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Although this method has 100% specificity, its sensitivity is not high.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Potassium chloride makes it possible to dissolve keratin, contributing to better detection of ticks and eggs, but it dissolves tick excrement, which also has diagnostic value.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Scabies are easier to detect if you paint the skin with iodine tincture - the passages are visualized in the form of brown stripes against a background of light brown healthy skin.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Abroad, ink is used for this purpose.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The video dermatoscope with a magnification of 600 times makes it possible to detect scabies in almost all cases [41].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Due to the fact that ticks are not always detected, a number of authors propose the following practical approach for diagnosis: the diagnosis of scabies is established in the presence of a papulosicular rash, pustular elements and itchy skin (especially worse at night), as well as with a positive family history [10].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Treatments


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Treatment of patients with scabies is aimed at destroying the pathogen with acaricidal drugs (scabicides).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Experience shows that there are no relapses with scabies, the reasons for the resumption of the disease are re-invasion from untreated contact persons in or outside the focus, the patient's insufficiency of treatment due to non-compliance with treatment regimens, partial treatment of the skin, reduction in the duration of the course of therapy.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Treatment should be done exclusively under the guidance of a doctor.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

All patients living together should be treated at the same time.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

It is necessary to strictly adhere to the treatment scheme described in the instructions for the drug or as the doctor prescribes.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The drug is applied to the whole body, except for the face and scalp, and in children under 3 years of age, these areas must also be treated.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

It is important to cut your nails briefly and apply the drug thickly under them (when combing under the nails, itchy eggs accumulate).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Rubbing any drug is carried out by hand, which is due to the high number of scabies on the hands.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

If the perineum and groin are densely covered with hair, it is better to rub the drug with a brush.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Treatment should be carried out in the evening, which is due to the nocturnal activity of the pathogen.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

It is recommended to wash the patient before and at the end of the course of treatment, if necessary, the patient can wash off the drug every morning, while its exposure to the skin should be at least 12 hours, including the whole night period.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The change of underwear and bed linen is carried out at the end of the course of therapy.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

A 10-day quarantine is desirable for children, schoolchildren, soldiers, etc.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

After 2 weeks, a second examination of the doctor is recommended to resolve the issue of a second course of treatment.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In the Russian Federation, in accordance with SanPiN 3.2.1333-03, all family members of a person with scabies and persons living with patients in the same room are subject to preventive treatment.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

If more than three cases of scabies are registered in an organized team at the same time, preventive treatment is carried out to the whole team.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Children and schoolchildren are not allowed to enter organized children's groups and schools for the period of treatment [42].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Currently, there are few evidence-based clinical trials on the comparative efficacy of scabicides.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Therefore, drug preferences vary from country to country [43].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Thus, in the USA, Great Britain and Australia, in most cases, a cream with 5% permethrin is used.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In developing countries and in Russia, the main agent is an inexpensive water-soap suspension or ointment of benzyl benzoate (10% or 25%, in the Russian Federation 20%) [44].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

To a much lesser extent, monosulfiram (25%), malathion (5%), lindane (0.3-1%), crotamion (10%) [45] [46] are used in the world.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In recent years, the French drug Spregal has been very popular in Russia [47].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In the poorest countries, sulfuric ointment is still used.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

[46] [48] Ivermectin has become a revolutionary new drug for the treatment of ectoparasites (especially Norwegian forms of scabies) [49] [50].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Brief description of individual drugs:


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

1) Benzyl benzoate first appeared in medical practice as part of Peruvian balm.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Today it is used in the form of various dosage forms prepared ex tempore or industrially.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In Russia, this is a water-soap suspension and emulsion ointment, abroad - soap-alcohol solutions, oil suspensions, aqueous solutions with the addition of DDT and anesthesin.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

It has been experimentally proven that after a single treatment with benzyl benzoate, all active stages of the tick die.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Eggs, however, survive.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Taking into account the maximum period of stay of larvae in the egg (58 hours), an etiologically justified treatment regimen with benzyl benzoate is proposed: a water-soap suspension or ointment is thoroughly rubbed with hands once a day to night on the first and fourth days of the course.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Washing and changing underwear and bed linen is recommended on the 5th day.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The second and third days of the course are successfully used to treat complications associated with scabies.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

For the death of the active stages of ticks and embryos, an 8-10-hour exposure of the drug is sufficient.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In this regard, patients can wash themselves in the morning.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The overall efficacy (cure) under the standard scheme does not exceed 50%, so courses often have to be repeated after 10 days.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Common side effects include local skin irritation with a burning sensation [51].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

2) Pyrethrins and pyrethroids.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Pyrethrins are the active ingredient here.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

It is they who enter the plates, spirals and fumigators against midges, into insecticidal sprays.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

They are also effective as scabicides.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In most developed countries, pyrethroid permethrin is the preferred drug for the treatment of scabies due to its low toxicity and high scabicidal activity [52] [53].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In the US, permethrin has been used to treat scabies since 1989. According to Cochran data, permethrin is the most effective anti-scabies agent for external use [43].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

It kills both active forms of ticks and eggs, so it is often enough to use it once (more than 95% of the cure [54]).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

In Russia, permethrin is registered under the name Medifox (5% and 20%), but its quality is significantly inferior to foreign permethrin (5%).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Therefore, the treatment protocol (Order of the Ministry of Health No. 162 of April 24, 2003) is different.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Medifox is applied to the skin of the entire body on days 1, 2 and 3 of treatment.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

A constant concentration and dose of permethrin is used: 0.4% aqueous emulsion prepared ex tempore by adding 8 ml of 5% permethrin concentrate to 100 ml of boiled water at room temperature.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The drug is canceled at the end of the course of treatment, as well as in the event of an allergic reaction, contact dermatitis.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The synthetic pyrethroid is also part of Spregal.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Spregal is a combined French drug.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The active principle is esdepaletrin, a neurotoxic poison that disrupts the cationic metabolism of arthropod nerve cell membranes.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The second component, piperonyl butoxide, enhances the effect of esdepaletrin.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The preparation is sprayed overnight on the entire surface of the body, except for the face and scalp, from a distance of 20-30 cm from the skin surface.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Spregal is rubbed especially carefully into places of favorite localization of scabies (hands, wrists, feet, elbows).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

When localizing rashes on the face, they are treated with a cotton swab moistened with the preparation.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Avoid getting the drug on the mucous membranes.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

When treating children, a napkin covers the mouth and nose.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

After 12 hours, wash thoroughly with soap and water.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

3) Lindane is registered in the Russian Federation as Yakutin (Merck, Germany), and is almost not on sale [55].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

It is widely used in the world because the drug is inexpensive.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

However, since the 1970s, a lot of data has accumulated on its neurotoxic side effects (therefore, it has been banned for use as a pesticide in the EU since 2001), so lindane should be prescribed with caution, in the absence of alternatives [8].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Safety measures for Lindane:


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

do not apply immediately after taking a bath/shower;


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

is applied for no more than 6 hours. ;


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

do not reapply the drug at short intervals;


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

it is necessary to ensure that children do not suck on their fingers;


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

it is used with extreme caution in newborns, pregnant women, with severe scratching and excoriative skin changes (as in eczema, ichthyosis, psoriasis), in patients with convulsive disorders and other neurological diseases.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

4) Crotamion is registered in the Russian Federation as Eurax (Bristol-Myers Squibb, USA), which is also unpopular [55].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

According to randomized clinical trials, it is much less effective than Permethrin [56].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Of the side effects, short erythema and conjunctivitis are possible.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

5) Sulfur ointment (5-10%).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Currently, in developed countries, it is no longer used due to unpleasant odors, dyeing clothes, irritating effects on the skin and mucous membranes, percutaneous absorption with potential effects on kidneys.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

However, in Africa and the poorest countries in South Africa.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

America's sulfuric ointment is still used due to its cheapness [8].


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Until now, sulfur ointment is prescribed in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Application regimen: adults 20% concentration, children 10%, ointment rubbed all over the skin daily at night for 5-7 days.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

On the sixth or eighth day, the patient washes and changes his underwear and bed linen.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

6) Ivermectin is a complex of active substances from a relatively new antiparasitic group of avermectins, used in various preparations as an anti-scabies.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Preparations are produced in the form of ointments for external use, as well as 1% solution for injection (injected subcutaneously.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

For many years, it has been used for the successful treatment of helminthiases (especially filariasis).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

It also kills many external parasites (itching, demodex, lice, etc.).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

The side effects are minor and rare.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

No teratogenic and genotoxic effects were noted.


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

Ivermectin is a synthetic derivative of avermectin (macrolytic lactone).


Question: How long does an itch mite live?

scabies

It paralyzes the parasite by binding to its specific neurotransmitter receptor, which disrupts the functioning of peripheral motor synapses.


Question: How long does an scabies mite live?

scabies

At the biochemical level, glutamate-dependent anion channels and GABA-dependent chloride channels are blocked).


Question: How long does an scabies mite live?

scabies

The drug is extremely effective: with a single use, 70% of patients are cured, and with a second dose after 2 weeks - more than 95%.


Question: How long does an scabies mite live?

scabies

Comparative clinical studies show that ivermectin is as effective as or superior to lindane [57] [58], benzyl benzoate [59] [60] and permethrin [54].


Question: How long does an scabies mite live?

scabies

However, it has so far been approved for the treatment of human scabies only in France, Brazil and several other countries.


Question: How long does an scabies mite live?

scabies

At the same time, it is recommended almost everywhere, including the United States, as the drug of choice for the treatment of Norwegian scabies (200 μg/kg twice) [61] [62] [63].


Question: How long does an scabies mite live?

scabies

In many countries, ivermectin is kept in reserve for the treatment of the most complex forms of scabies to avoid the development of mass resistance of ticks to the drug.


Question: How long does an scabies mite live?

scabies

Cases of resistance have been described in many countries where the drug is widely and uncontrollably used, including in agriculture.