Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

In 2010, the Julia Louis-Dreyfus Star (English: Julia Louis-Dreyfus) was laid with the inscription “Julia Luis Dreyfus”.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

According to some sources, the actress was surprised by this and the bug was corrected.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

A similar mistake was made in 1992, on the Star of Dick Van Dyke (English: Dick Van Dyke), which read “Vandyke”, and it was also corrected.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

The star of television and film actor Don Haggerty (English: Don Haggerty) was originally established with the name “Dan”.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

The bug was discovered a few years later by television actor Dan Haggerty (film), who also received a Star.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

This mistake eventually grew into a little legend that Dan Haggerty was the only celebrity whose Star was extracted from the Alley.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

For 28 years, the Star of Moritz Stiller (English: Mauritz Stiller), who discovered Greta Garbo America, had “Maurice Diller” written, probably due to a defect in transcription and oral pronunciation.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

In 1988, the bug was finally corrected to the correct name.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

For 2010, two Stars remain misspelled: The name of opera diva Lotte Lehmann is written “Lottie”.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

The name of Cinerama co-author, creator of King Kong Merian K. Cooper (English: Merian C. Cooper) is written “Meriam”.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Monty Woolley, known for the films “The Man Who Came to Dinner” (1942) and the classic film “Time Flies When You Have Fun”.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

His achievements are officially credited for his contribution to the film industry, but his Star on the Walk of Fame has a television emblem.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Woolley appeared on television later, but his film work was overshadowed by his contributions to television and radio.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Two Stars can never be found.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

The Los Angeles Times, who documented and photographed every Star on the Alley as part of an ongoing Hollywood Mall project, has never been able to locate Richard Crooks Stars and Geraldine Farrar for her contribution to the film industry (another Star for her contribution to the development of the music industry, found and is located on Vine Street, number 1700).


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

It remains unclear whether these Stars were removed from the Alley at some point, or were never installed, or were moved to an unknown location, or missed by the team that repaired the Alley.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Appointment process


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Each year, an average of about 200 Walk of Fame appointments are submitted to the Chamber of Commerce and the Selection Committee.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Anyone, including fans, can nominate any celebrity active in a particular entertainment category as long as the candidate or his or her management agrees with the appointment (Letter of Agreement the appointment of a celebrity or representative must accompany the application).


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Candidates must have been working in a certain category for at least five years.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Candidates who receive the Star posthumously should have died at least five years ago.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Each June, the Committee selects approximately 20 celebrities to receive Stars on the Walk of Fame during the following year.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

One posthumous Star is also given every year.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Appointments not selected are “returned” next year for reconsideration.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Not selected for two consecutive years are “downgraded” and must be reappointed for further review.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Live recipients of the Star must give their consent and attend the opening ceremony in person, within five years of appointment (the date of the ceremony is set by the celebrity herself).


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

The opening ceremony of the posthumous Star must be attended by a relative of the deceased.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

These ceremonies are open to the public.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

The fee (currently $30,000) payable at the time of selection is collected to pay for the creation and installation of the Star.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

The fee is usually paid by the Nomination Organization, which may be a fan club, film studio, recording studio, journalists, or other sponsor associated with an ongoing or ongoing project destination.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Starz, for example, paid for Star Dennis Hopper as an incentive for his role in the series Collision.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

The star was laid in March 2010 shortly before Hopper's death.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Traditionally, the stars of the Selection Committee members, except for its chairman, are not laid on the Alley so as not to abuse their official position and prevent lobbying of celebrities and their representatives (the main problem during the original elections in the late 1950s).


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

However, in 1999, in response to the growing accusations of the Back Room of Politicians, in the selection process, the House revealed the names of the members: They were Johnny Grant, a longtime member of the House and a representative of the category television, Earl Lesz, Chairman of Paramount Pictures, Stan Spero, Remote Manager of KMPC and KABC, Kate Nelson, owner of Avalon Hollywood, and Mary Lou Dadace, Vice President of A&M Records.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Subsequently, the House made a statement that Lesz (who received the Star in 2004) did not become chairman until 2008.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Their current official position is that “each of the five categories of the entertainment industry is represented by an expert in that field.”


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

In June 2010, Lesz was replaced by John Pavlik, former director of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

At the time, no public statements were made on this matter, he became chairman of the House's press release announcing the new owners of the Star.


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

See also


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

List of winners for their contribution to the development of the film industry


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

List of winners for their contribution to the recording industry


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

List of winners for their contribution to the development of the theater


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

List of laureates for their contribution to the development of television


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

List of winners for their contribution to the radio industry


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

“Walk of Fame”


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

“Alleys of Stars”


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Notes


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

References


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Media related to Hollywood Walk of Fame at Wikimedia Commons


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

on google maps


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Category:American cinema


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Category:Los Angeles Attractions


Question: Who is funding the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Category:Alleys and squares of memory, glory and stars


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua - New Guinea [1], Papua New Guinea [2] [3] (full name - Independent State of Papua New Guinea [4]; English: Papua New Guinea [4]; English: Papua New Guinea [ˈpæpuæːə njuˈạni] (tj. ˈpːpuːə, ˈpæpjuːə), Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini, Hiri Motu: Papua Niu Gini) is a state in Oceania, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, occupies the eastern part of the island of New Guinea, the Bismarck archipelago, the northern part of the Solomon Islands (Bougainville, Buka), D'Entrecasteaux, etc.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The area is 462,840 km².


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The population is 7,275,324 people [5] [6] [7] (2011), mainly Papuans and Melanesians.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The urban population is 15.2% (1991).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The official languages are English, Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Most of the population are Christians, the rest adhere to local traditional beliefs.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Administrative division: 20 provinces.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The capital is Port Moresby.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

It is part of the Commonwealth of Nations.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The head of state is the British Queen, represented by the Governor-General.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The legislative body is the National Parliament.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Name


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The name “Papua” comes from the Malay word “papuva”, which means “curly” in Russian (according to another version from “orang papua” - “curly black-headed man” [8]).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

This name was given to the island of New Guinea by Portuguese Jorge de Menezes in 1526, noting the shape of the hair of the locals [9].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In 1545, Inigo Ortiz de Retes visited the island and gave it the name “New Guinea”, as, in his opinion, the locals looked like the aborigines of Guinea in Africa [9] (he may have seen similarities the outlines of the shores of the new island and the territory of African Guinea [8]).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

From the beginning of European colonization until independence, the country changed its official name several times.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The southeastern part was called British New Guinea in 1884—1906 [10], and in 1906—1949 - Papua [9] [10] (under Australian control).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The northeastern part was first a colony of Germany and in 1884—1920 was called German New Guinea (from 1914 under Australian control) [9] [11], and in 1920—1949, according to the decision of the League of Nations, was renamed the Territory of New Guinea under the Mandate of Australia [9] [12].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In 1949, the two Australian colonies were merged into one, the Territory of Papua and New Guinea [9] [13].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In 1972, the province was named Papua New Guinea Territory [14].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Since 1975, the name Papua New Guinea has become official for the newly independent state [9].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Physical and geographical characteristics


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Geographical location and topography


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The state of Papua New Guinea is located in the western Pacific Ocean, north of Australia and near the equator.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The country occupies the eastern part of the island of New Guinea, located northeast of it the Bismarck Archipelago (which includes the large islands of New Britain, New Ireland, as well as the islands Admiralty, Tabar, Lihir, Tanga, Feni, St. Matthias and others), located east of the northern part of the Solomon Islands (with the largest islands of Bougainville and Buka), located southeast of the main island of D'Entrecasteaux, Murua (Woodlark), Trobriand, the Louisiana Archipelago, as well as other nearby islands and reefs (more than 600 in total [15]).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea is washed by the Arafura, Coral, Solomon and New Guinea Seas, as well as the Pacific Ocean.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The country is separated from Australia by the Torres Strait, about 160 km wide.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The state has a land border only with Indonesia (in the west), which is drawn along 141 meridians and only in a small section deviates to the west along with the Fly River.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

By sea, it borders Australia (south), Solomon Islands (southeast), Nauru (east) and Federated States of Micronesia (north).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The island of New Guinea and most of the country's other islands have mountainous terrain.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

A large part of the territory is more than 1000 m above sea level, and some peaks of New Guinea reach 4,500 m, that is, a belt of eternal snow.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Many of the mountain ranges are chains of volcanoes.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea has 18 active volcanoes.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Most of them are located in the north of the country.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Strong, sometimes catastrophic earthquakes are also associated with volcanic activity.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The main ridges of the eastern part of the island of New Guinea begin in a strip of 50 km directly from the border with Indonesia (the Star Mountains, which are an extension of the Snow Mountains), gradually expanding to 250 km central part (Central Range Range, Bismarck Ridge with the highest point of the country - Mount Wilhelm - 4509 m high, Schroeder Ridge, Muller Ridge and others).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Further to the southeast, the mountains become narrower and lower (they pass into the Owen Stanley Range, with a maximum height of 4072 - Mount Victoria) and sink under water at the southeastern tip of the island.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Some peaks rise above the water forming the Louisiana Archipelago [16].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The northern slopes of these mountains are steep, while the southern slopes are gentle.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The southern foothill zone of the Central Range is commonly referred to as the Papua Plateau.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The closer to the sea, the lower this plateau, and gradually turns into a swampy lowland.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Parallel to the central mountains, the low spurs of the Northern Coastal Mountains enter the territory of Papua New Guinea from Indonesia: partially the Bevani Mountains (up to 1960 m high), the Torricelli Mountains (the highest point is Mount Sulen, 1650 m high), Prince Alexander Mountains (the highest point is Mount Turu, 1240 m high) [17].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The coastal mountains end in a lowland (the valleys of the Sepik and Ramu rivers).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

As part of these mountains, the Adelbert Mountains (the highest point is Mount Mengam, 1718 m high), lying on the right bank of the Ramu River near the mouth, as well as Mountains Finistere and Saruvaged, located on the Huon Peninsula, with the highest height of 4,121 m (Mount Bangueta).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In addition to the main island, there are significant ridges on the islands of New Britain (the Whiteman Ridge, the Nakani and Baining Mountains, with the highest height of 2334 m - the Ulawun volcano) and New Ireland (the Sheinitz and Vorron ridges, with heights up to 2340 m).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Geology


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea is located in a geologically active region at the junction of the Australian (moving north at a speed of 7 cm/year) and the Pacific (moving westward at a speed of 10 cm/year) lithospheric slabs [18].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The island of New Guinea is located at the northern tip of the Australian Plate and is part of the prehistoric supercontinent Sahul (Meganesia).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Geologically, the country is divided into two main geological provinces: the Fly Platform, located on the Australian Plate, and the orogenic zone of New Guinea, located at the junction of the plates [19].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The Fly platform is a lowland composed of sediments that accumulated from the Mesozoic era to the Quaternary period.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The orogenic zone of New Guinea consists of various deformed sedimentary, metamorphic and volcanic rocks (including intrusive).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

This zone includes folding areas (Papuan, New Guinea thrust belt, Oeun-Stanley thrust belt), island arcs (Melanesian arcs) and internal small sea basins [19].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The Papuan folded region with the Central Range ridges and the Papua plateau is formed by horizontal compression of rocks and is covered with a thick layer of sedimentary carbonate deposits of the Miocene period.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The New Guinea thrust belt is located north of the Papuan folding and is represented in relief by the Coastal Mountains.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

It is composed mainly of gneiss formed at medium pressures during metamorphism of sedimentary and volcanic rocks.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Gneiss formed at high pressures are less common.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The thrust belt was formed in two stages: in the southern part, activity was noted in the late Cretaceous period, and in the northern part - the Eocene - Oligocene (with the formation of intrusive minerals gabbro and basalt in Torricelli Mountains) [19].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The Owen Stanley thrust belt was formed south-west of the Papuan folded area as a result of a shift that is not noticeable in modern relief.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The belt is composed of sedimentary rocks that accumulated from the Cretaceous period to the Miocene, with inclusions of high-pressure metamorphic rocks [19].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The islands of the Melanesian Arc (New Britain, New Ireland, the Admiralty Islands and other smaller ones) are composed mainly of intrusive volcanic rocks of the Eocene Oligocene period with small inclusions of remnants of older rocks.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

During the Miocene and Early Pliocene, volcanic processes in this area weakened and the surface of the islands was covered with a series of carbonate deposits.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

From the Pliocene period to the present, volcanic activity has been observed only in New Britain and the Umbi-Manam chain of islands.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Lavas have a predominantly carbonate composition [19].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Minerals


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The country has industrially significant reserves of some minerals.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The first mineral deposit (gold) was discovered back in 1888 on Vanatinai Island, but it was soon exhausted [20].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

As of 2008, industrial production of copper, gold, molybdenum, silver, tellurium, nickel, cobalt, natural gas, oil and cement raw materials is carried out.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Four large copper deposits are known: Nena (Sandown province, reserves are estimated at 32 million tons of ore with a copper content of 2.3%), Ok Tedi (Western Province, reserves are estimated at 510 million tons of ore with a content of copper 0.69%), Panguna (Autonomous Region of Bougainville, reserves are estimated at 710 million tons of ore with a copper content of 0.4%), Wafi (Morobe Province, reserves are estimated at 19 million tons of ore with a copper content of 1.4%) [21].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Commercial production is carried out only at the Ok-Tedi field, where mining is carried out by open pit mining.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In 2008, 187,000 tons of copper were mined at this deposit [20].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The Panguna field has not been developed since May 1989 due to civil conflicts on the island.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

It is planned to resume production [22].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In 2008, 65 tons of gold were mined in the country [23].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

According to the US Geological Survey [23] Papua New Guinea ranks 11th in gold mining in the world, and the total gold reserves are estimated at 2,300 tons. The largest deposits are: Lihir (New Ireland province, reserves are estimated at 188 million tons of ore with a gold content of 3.6 g/t; in 2008, 24 tons of gold were mined), Ok-Tedi (reserves are estimated at 510 million tons of ore with a gold content of 0.63 g/t; 16 tons of gold were mined in 2008), Panguna (reserves are estimated at 710 million tons of ore with a gold content of 0.49 g/t), Porgera (Enga province, reserves estimated at 65.4 million tons of ore with a gold content of 4.6 g/t; 19 tons of gold were mined in 2008), Tolucuma (Central Province, reserves are estimated at 700 thousand tons of ore with a gold content of 13.3 g/t; in 2008, 2 tons of gold were mined) and others [20] [21].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Mining is carried out both in open pits and in mines.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Based on the results of geological exploration, new deposits are being discovered, many of which may be of industrial importance [20].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The largest silver deposit in the country was the Mishima mine, located on the island of the same name in Milne Bay province.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In 1991, it produced 100 tons of silver.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The deposit had reserves of 35.7 million tons of ore with a silver content of 11.0 g/t [21].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Due to the depletion of reserves, the mine was closed in 2001 [24].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In 2008, 52 tons of silver were mined at two mines: in the Ok-Tedi deposit (48 tons of silver) and in the Porgera deposit (4 tons of silver).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The large Panguna deposit remains mothballed (reserves are estimated at 530 million tons of ore with a silver content of 1.18 g/t) [20].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Industrially significant deposits of molybdenum (reserves are estimated at 21,300 tons), tellurium, nickel and cobalt are also known (it is reported that they are ready to extract 31,500 tons of nickel and 3,300 tons of cobalt annually for 20 years), which are not being developed yet [20].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea also has significant hydrocarbon reserves.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

There is one natural gas field (Heides Gasfield, Southern Highlands) — 135 million m³ of gas were produced here in 2008; and several oil fields, mainly in the area of Lake Kutubu ( as of 2008, reserves are estimated at 12.1 million tons [25].; crude oil production - 12.400 million barrels) [20].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Soils


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Hydrology


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The islands that make up Papua New Guinea have a fairly dense river network.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Rivers originate in the mountains and flow into the ocean.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

During periods of heavy rains, rivers overflow and flood large areas, turning many areas into swamps.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

There are especially many swamps on the island of New Guinea.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The spread of malaria is also associated with the widespread spread of wetlands.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Climate


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The country's climate is tropical, in most of the territory it is humid.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The temperature changes during the year are negligible.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The average daily temperature is about 26°.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The seasons differ only in terms of rainfall — the dry season and the rainy season.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In different places, these seasons fall on different months.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

However, the climate of only coastal regions can be considered hot.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Mountain regions differ significantly in their climate from the plains.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The temperature there is lower, there is more precipitation.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Above 2500-3000 m, the average daily air temperature is not more than 10° C.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

It rains almost all the time, drizzling, and sometimes hail falls.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

These areas are not populated.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Flora and fauna


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea's flora and fauna are rich and varied.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

More than 20,000 plant species grow there.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Along the coast of the island of New Guinea, there is a wide strip of mangrove vegetation (in places up to 35 km).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

This marshy zone is completely impassable and can only be crossed by swimming along rivers.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Wild sugarcane thickets grow along the rivers, and groves of sago palms grow in wetlands.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Dense tropical rainforests, formed by hundreds of tree species, rise up the slopes of the mountains.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

However, now there are also plantations and vegetable gardens.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Coconut palms, bananas, sugar cane, melon tree, tubers such as taro, yam, sweet potato, cassava and other crops grow.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Vegetable gardens alternate with forests.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Plots of land are cultivated only for 2-3 years, then they are overgrown with forest for 10-12 years.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Thus, fertility is restored.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Above 1000-2000 m, forests become more monotonous in composition, and conifers, especially araucaria, begin to predominate in them.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

These trees are of economic importance: their wood is a valuable building material.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

However, the delivery of cut timber is difficult due to the small number of good roads.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The highlands of New Guinea are covered with shrubs and meadows.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In intermountain basins, where the climate is drier, herbaceous vegetation is widespread, which has arisen on the site of forests mainly as a result of fires.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The fauna of the country is represented by reptiles, insects and especially numerous birds.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The fauna of mammals, as in neighboring Australia, is characterized only by representatives of marsupials - bandicoot (marsupial badger), wallaby (tree kangaroo), couscous, etc.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

There are many snakes, including poisonous ones, and lizards in the forests and on the coast.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Crocodiles and turtles are found near the seashore and in large rivers.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Birds are characterized by cassowaries, birds of paradise, crowned pigeons, parrots, weed chickens.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Europeans brought domestic chickens, dogs and pigs to the island.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Wild pigs, as well as rats, field mice and some other animals, have spread widely throughout the country.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

History


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

By the time of European colonization, the territory of present-day Papua New Guinea was inhabited by Papuans and Melanesians.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

They lived in Stone Age conditions, hunting, fishing and gathering.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

New Guinea was discovered in 1526 by the Portuguese navigator Jorge de Menezes.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The name of the island was given by the Spanish navigator Inigo Ortiz de Retes in 1545, seeing the similarity of the population with the population of African Guinea.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The exploration of the island and the penetration of Europeans there began only in the XIX century.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Thus, Russian researcher N. Miklouho-Maclay lived among the Papuans for a total of almost four years (in the 1870s and early 1880s).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In the 19th century, Papua New Guinea was visited by other Europeans — merchants, whalers, missionaries.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Europeans brought the first iron guns to Papua New Guinea.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Since 1884, the south-eastern part of Fr. New Guinea (Papua) was dominated by the British Empire, which ceded it to Australia in the early 20th century.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The north-eastern part with adjacent islands is the Bismarck Archipelago, etc.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

(this territory later became known as New Guinea) was captured by Germany in the 1880s, after World War I, and in 1920 it was transferred to Australia as a mandated territory of the League of Nations ( later — the UN Trust Territory).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In 1949, both parts (Papua and New Guinea) were administratively merged by Australian authorities.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In 1973, Papua New Guinea became self-governing internally.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

It became an independent state in September 1975.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

From 1988 to 1997, there was a guerrilla war on the island of Bougainville, as the Bougainville Revolutionary Army fought for the separation of the island from Papua New Guinea.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

To fight the guerrillas, the government of Papua New Guinea used almost the entire armed forces of the country (about 2,000 soldiers and officers), and also asked for help from Australia, which sent a small military contingent, and hired a group of professional mercenaries.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

About 20,000 people died during this war.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In 2012, the cannibal sect disrupted the elections by terrorizing the local population [26].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Chronological table


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Administrative divisions


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea is divided into 4 regions, and those into 22 provinces.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Regions


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

provinces


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

New provinces


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

On May 17, 2012, two new provinces of Hela and Jiwaka were created.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

They are separated from Southern Highlands and Western Highlands, respectively [28].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

population


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The population is 6.1 million (July 2010 estimate).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Population growth is 2.0% (fertility is 3.5 births per woman).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Density — 13 people


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The birth rate is 27 per 1,000 people.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Mortality rate is 6.6 per 1,000 people.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Infant mortality is 44.6 per 1,000 infants.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Male life expectancy is 63.8 years.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Women's life expectancy is 68.3 years.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Infection with the immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is 1.5% (2007 estimate).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Literacy: 63 per cent for men, 51 per cent for women (2000 census).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The share of the urban population is 12%.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The share of the population over 65 years of age is 3.5%.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The share of the population under 15 years of age is 36.9%.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The last population census was conducted in 2000 (5,190,783 people).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

According to the average forecast, the population of the country will be 13 million people by 2100.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The ethno-racial composition is Melanesians, Papuans, Negrito, Micronesians, Polynesians.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Official languages: Tok Pisin (the most common), English (1%), Hiri Motu (2%).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

There are over 800 Aboriginal languages available.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The country with the largest number of languages (about 10% of the total number of languages in the world).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

One of the explanations is the lack of communication between nationalities living in valleys fenced off by mountains.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Religions: Protestants - about 70%, Catholics - 27%, largest Protestant denominations: Lutherans - 19.5%, United Church of Papua New Guinea - 11.5%, Adventists - 10%, Pentecostals from Assemblies of God 8.6%, Evangelists 5.2%, Anglicans 3.2%, Baptists 2.5%, Other Protestants 8.9%, Baha'is 0.3%, Aboriginal and Other Beliefs 3.3% (2000 Census) [30].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Cities


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Political system


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Constitutional monarchy.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, represented by the Governor-General (since February 25, 2011 — Michael Ogio).


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The Governor General is appointed by the Queen at the choice of the Parliament of Papua New Guinea.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The parliament is unicameral, with 109 seats, of which 89 deputies are elected by the population for 5 years, and another 20 are appointed from the provinces.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The following are represented in Parliament:


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

National Alliance — 30 seats;


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea Party — 8 seats;


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

People's Action — 6 seats;


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Pangu — 5 seats;


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

People's Democratic Movement — 5 seats;


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

United Resources Party — 5 seats;


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

People's Progress Party — 5 seats;


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The People's National Congress — 5 seats.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In addition, another 12 parties have from 4 to 1 seats in parliament, and 16 deputies are non-partisan.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The composition of party factions often changes, as deputies change party affiliation.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

A total of 45 political parties were officially registered in Papua New Guinea prior to the parliamentary elections in July 2007.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Foreign policy


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea's foreign policy is based on close ties with Australia and other traditional allies, as well as cooperative relations with neighboring countries.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Her views on international political and economic issues are generally moderate.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea has diplomatic relations with 56 countries.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea belongs to a number of regional organizations, including:


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC);


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Asian Development Bank


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) ASEAN+2 (Australia and New Zealand) — Papua New Guinea is an observer member of ASEAN;


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

East Asia Summit (EAS) — Papua New Guinea is a potential candidate


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

(EAC) Papua New Guinea candidate


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

the Secretariat of the Pacific Community or the South Pacific Commission (SPC);


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Pacific Islands Forum (PHOTO);


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Colombo plan;


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Commonwealth of Nations;


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Secretariat of the Pacific Community;


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

(ATSSB);


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

South Pacific Regional Environmental Protection Program, etc.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Relations with countries


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Australia


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Relations with Australia deteriorated in 2006, when Prime Minister Michael Somare was accused of aiding Julian Moti's escape to the Solomon Islands.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Moti was wanted in Australia on serious charges of alleged sexual offences against children.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In retaliation, the Australian government banned Somare from entering Australia; all negotiations between Canberra and Port Moresby were suspended.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In September 2007, there was a thaw in relations, and in December 2007, Australia's new Prime Minister Kevin Rudd met Sir Michael in Bali.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Rudd announced: “This relationship has been through a very difficult period lately. In fact, contacts between the governments at the ministerial level of the two countries have been frozen. I don't believe this is an acceptable option for future relationships.”


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Cuba


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In the late 2000s, Papua New Guinea began to strengthen its relations with Cuba.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Cuba provides medical care to the country.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In September 2008, the Government of Papua New Guinea hosted the first Cuban-Pacific Islands Ministerial Meeting in Havana aimed at “strengthening cooperation” between Cuba and Pacific island countries, in particular in combating the effects of climate change.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Fiji


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Relationship start date: 1976.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

As of November 2005, relations with Fiji's Pacific neighbor were tense, as a number of mercenaries from Fiji were operating illegally on Bougainville Island, arming and preparing the militia.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

France


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Official diplomatic relations were established in 1976.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea is a member of the UN Special Committee on Decolonization.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The French Government noted that it found Port Moresby's “moderate” attitude regarding the decolonization of New Caledonia — which, like Papua New Guinea, is in Melanesia.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The French National Assembly maintains friendly relations with Papua New Guinea.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Indonesia


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Indonesia shares a 760-kilometer land border with Papua New Guinea, which has kept diplomatic relations tense for decades.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Indonesia is represented in Papua New Guinea by the Embassy in Port Moresby and the Consulate in Vanimo.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

People's Republic of China


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The Independent State of Papua New Guinea and the People's Republic of China (PRC) established official diplomatic relations in 1976, shortly after Papua New Guinea gained independence.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

These two countries currently maintain diplomatic, economic and, to a lesser extent, military relations.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Relations between the two countries are quite warm, China is a major investor, and also provides assistance in the development of Papua New Guinea.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Philippines


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In March 2009, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) that will strengthen cooperation between the two countries in the field of fisheries development.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The memorandum will facilitate the transfer of technologies in the development of aquaculture, the promotion of shipping enterprises, investments, technical training, joint research, and a “strategic addition” of each country's plans in the Coral Triangle.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In the same year, Papua New Guinea asked the Philippines for assistance in facilitating its accession to ASEAN.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

GB


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea and Great Britain were under the reign of Queen Elizabeth II.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Diplomatic relations with England were established in 1975, when Papua New Guinea gained independence from Australia.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

USA


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The US and Papua New Guinea sign the “U.S.-Pacific Islands Multilateral Tuna Fisheries Treaty”, according to which the US pays $63 million a year to the islands, and they provide U.S. access to their fishing vessels.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The US also supports Papua New Guinea's efforts to protect biodiversity; the International Coral Reef Initiative, which aims to protect reefs in tropical countries such as Papua New Guinea.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea and the Commonwealth of Nations


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea has been a member of the Commonwealth of Nations since 1975, when it gained independence from Australia.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea is a member of the British Commonwealth, and its embassies in other member States of the organization are headed by “high commissioners” with the rank of ambassador.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

armed forces


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The Papua New Guinea Armed Forces are recruited on a voluntary contract basis by males aged 16 and over (with parental consent and after completing grade 12 of school), forced the call is not carried out.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Economics


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea is very rich in natural resources, but their use is difficult due to local conditions and high infrastructure costs.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Nevertheless, the development of copper ore, gold and oil deposits accounts for almost two-thirds of foreign exchange earnings.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

GDP per capita in 2017 was $2,782 thousand (158th in the world) [31].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Industry (37% of GDP) — oil extraction and refining, extraction of gold, silver, copper ore, copra processing, palm oil production, wood processing, construction.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Agriculture (33% of GDP, 85% of employees) — coffee, cocoa, copra, coconuts, tea, sugar, rubber, sweet potatoes, fruits, vegetables, vanilla; seafood, poultry, pigs.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The service sector accounts for 30% of GDP.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Foreign trade


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Exports — $8.522 billion [32] in 2017 — liquefied natural gas, oil, gold, copper ore, nickel, cobalt, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, copra, spices (turmeric, vanilla, ginger and cardamom), seafood.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The main buyers of exports are Australia - 18.9%, Singapore - 17.5%, Japan - 13.8%, China - 12.7%, the Philippines - 4.7%, the Netherlands - 4.2%, India - 4.2%.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Imports — $1.878 billion in 2017 — machinery, equipment and vehicles, manufactured goods, food, fuel, chemicals.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The main suppliers of imports are Australia — 30.1%, China — 17.3%, Singapore — 10.2%, Malaysia — 8.2%, Indonesia — 4%.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

It is a member of the international organization of African, Caribbean and Pacific countries.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Social sphere


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Human rights violations


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Claims of world human rights defenders are caused by cases of police use of force against children, abuse of children and sexual violence against them in police stations.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Children who have suffered police injuries are often not provided with medical care.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The practice of ritual murders of women suspected of witchcraft persists.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

According to statistics, two-thirds of women in Papua New Guinea are constantly subjected to domestic violence, half of women, according to surveys, have experienced forced sex.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Witchcraft is prosecuted by law, usually cases of witchcraft are tried by village courts, which are deliberately biased against defendants.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Local human rights activists and the Catholic Church oppose this practice.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

33] There have been cases of missing and murdered human rights activists, including those who advocate for women's rights. [33]


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Criminality


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

According to the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the crime rate in the whole country is quite high, which “is one of the most serious problems affecting urban development and governance in Papua. New Guinea.”


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Large cities (for example, Port Moresby, Lae) are especially criminogenic, which is largely due to the presence in these cities of such a socio-criminal phenomenon as rescolism.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The death penalty


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The death penalty was banned in the country from 1954 to 1991, in 1991, the parliament introduced the death penalty for premeditated murder, but in fact there is a moratorium, not a single death penalty during this period has been carried out.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

However, the murder of four of her children by a mother in 2009 raised the issue of lifting the moratorium in society [33].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Witchcraft Act


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

The Witchcraft Act was passed in Papua New Guinea in 1971.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Although he does not claim that sorcerers and witchcraft actually exist, the text of this act establishes that people who consider themselves “bewitched” are not responsible for their actions.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

This provision is used as a mitigating circumstance in court in cases where an alleged sorcerer is killed.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Women who came from other tribes who did not have relatives were often lynched in connection with accusations of witchcraft.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In February 2013, a 20-year-old girl was lynched in Mount Hagen.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

She was accused of killing the boy by witchcraft, after which the child's relatives burned the suspect alive in front of the crowd.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

UN representatives condemned the crime.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In 2012, a sect of witch hunters operated in the country, who killed sorcerers of both sexes and ate fragments of their bodies. According to members of the gang, spirits helped them distinguish a sorcerer from an ordinary person.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Due to the actions of cannibals, the authorities even had to extend the elections held in the country, as many residents were afraid to go to the polls.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In April 2013, the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, Peter O'Neill, promised to repeal the witchcraft law in force in the country. [


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

In May of the same year, it was reported that this legal act had been abolished in the state [36] [37]; in addition, the authorities decided to resume the death penalty after a break of 60 years in an attempt to stop the wave violent crime [36] [37].


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

See also


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Cook's Ancient Agricultural Settlement


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Notes


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

References


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

at Curlie


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

Nikolaev V. P. Papua New Guinea.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

— M.: Knowledge, 1989.


Question: What is the area of Papua New Guinea?

Papua New Guinea

— (Series “At the Political Map of the World”, No. 11) — 64 p. — ISBN 5-07-001175-8


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitri II, also the Tushino Thief or Kaluga Tsarik (date and place of birth are unknown - died of the year, Kaluga) is an impostor posing as the son of Ivan IV the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry Uglitsky and, respectively, for the seemingly miraculous surviving year of Tsar False Dmitry I.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

There are many versions of the real name and origin of False Dmitry II.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Before announcing his royal name in the Russian city of Starodub, the impostor briefly pretended to be Andrei Nagoy, a never-existent relative of Tsar Dmitry.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

At the peak of his influence, the impostor controlled a significant part of the Russian kingdom, although he failed to take Moscow, which remained under the control of the administration of the official Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In Russian historiography (unlike False Dmitry I), False Dmitry II is usually not considered tsar, since he did not control the Kremlin, although a significant part of Russia swore allegiance to him.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Hopes and rumors


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Rumors about “miraculous salvation” and the imminent return of the tsar began to circulate immediately after the death of False Dmitry I.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The reason for this was the fact that the body of the impostor was severely mutilated, and soon after being put to shame, it was covered with dirt and sewage.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Muscovites were essentially divided into two camps - those who rejoiced at the fall of the impostor recalled, among other things, his marriage to a “filthy Polish woman”, and behavior that did not correspond to the status of the Russian tsar.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In the depths of this group, rumors were born that a cross was found in the victim's boot, which the “cut” blasphemously stepped on at every step [1], that animals and birds disdain the bodies, the earth does not accept it and rejects fire.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Such views met the interests of the boyar elite who overthrew the impostor, and therefore, among other things, for the sake of adherents of ancient splendor, the corpse of False Dmitry was taken to the village of Kotly and burned there; the ashes of the former king, mixed with gunpowder, were shot in the direction of Poland, from where he came.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

On the same day, “hell”, a funny fortress built by an impostor, was burned to the ground.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

But there were more than enough adherents of the deposed tsar in Moscow, and stories immediately began to circulate among them that he had managed to escape from the “dashing boyars”.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

A nobleman glanced at the body and shouted that Dmitry was not in front of him, and whipping his horse immediately rushed away.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

It was recalled that the mask did not allow you to see the face, and the corpse's hair and nails were too long, despite the fact that the king had cut his hair short shortly before the wedding.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

They claimed that his double was killed instead of the tsar, and later even the name Pyotr Borkovsky was named.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Konrad Bussov believed that some of these rumors were spread by the Poles, in particular, the former tsarist secretary Buchinsky openly claimed that there was no noticeable sign on his body under his left chest, which he, supposedly looked at it well when I bathed with the king in the bathhouse.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

A week after the death of the “stripping”, “sweeping certificates” appeared in Moscow at night, written by the allegedly escaped tsar.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Many sheets were even nailed to the gates of the boyar houses, in which “Tsar Dmitry” announced that he “left the murder and God himself saved him from traitors.”


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The circumstances of appearance


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Konrad Bussov describes the origins of the appearance of False Dmitry II as follows:


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The commander under the Trinity Sergius Monastery Ivan-Pyotr-Pavel Sapega, once sitting at a table with his officers, exalted the courage of the Poles, quod Romanis non essential minores, imo maiores (that they are not lower , and even taller than the Romans) and, among many other things, he also said the following: “We, the Poles, three years ago put on the throne of the Moscow sovereign, who was to be called Dimitri, the son of a tyrant, even though he wasn't.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Now we have brought the Tsar here for the second time and conquered almost half of the country, and he should and will be called Dimitri, even if the Russians go crazy about it: Nostris viribus, nostraque armata manu id facimus (With our forces and our armed hand, we will do it).


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Immediately after the death of False Dmitry I, Moscow nobleman Mikhail Molchanov (one of the murderers of Fedor Godunov), who fled Moscow towards the western border, began to spread rumors that instead of “Dmitry” he another man was killed, and the king himself was saved.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Many social forces, both associated with the old and simply dissatisfied with the authorities of Vasily Shuisky, were interested in the emergence of a new impostor.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Molchanov, posing as “Dmitry”, settled in the castle of Mnishekov Sambor, after which the certificates of the “miraculously escaped tsar” poured into Russia in a stream.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

However, Molchanov could not continue to play his role outside the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

They knew him too well in Moscow.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Only at the beginning of 1607, on the instructions of the Russian rebels, the conspirators found a man in Belarus who resembled False Dmitry I as a figure, and already in Vitebsk presented him to the people.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitry II compiled his first manifesto to Vasily Shuisky.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

But soon the impostor was afraid of the offer made to him and fled.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Only a few months later he was found in Propoisk and thrown into prison under the guise of a “Russian spy”, offering to think at leisure — punishment or the role of the Moscow tsar; the impostor agreed to the latter.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Meanwhile, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was on the verge of civil war and King Sigismund III demanded to do everything possible to maintain peace with Russia.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Under these conditions, it was decided to transport False Dmitry II to Russia not under the name of Tsar Dmitry, but under the name of his relative Andrei Nagoy.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In May 1607, Pseudogoy crossed the Russian-Polish border, appeared in Starodub and began to spread rumors that his relative “Tsar Dmitry” was alive and would soon appear.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Soon, Starodubtsy and a delegation from Putivl demanded an answer from him where Dmitry was hiding.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The pseudonyagoy did not say this, but when the townspeople threatened him with torture, the impostor attacked the Putivans and Starodubtsy with square abuse, accusing them of myopia and unwillingness to recognize the true The Tsar.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

His accomplices confirmed that the Starodubsky “thief” is really “Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich”, and soon many southern cities swore allegiance to False Dmitry II.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Provenance Assumptions


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The personality of False Dmitry II is even more mysterious than the personality of False Dmitry I.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Different documents and different authors give different names.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Having learned nothing about the origin of the impostor, the Shuisky government gave him the nicknames “thief” and “king”.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The impostor knew the Russian letter and the entire church circle well, spoke and wrote Polish.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Some sources also claim that the impostor also spoke the Hebrew language.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

According to some sources, it was Popovsky's son Matvey Verevkin from the Severskaya side, according to others - the son of the Starodubsky archer.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Still others recognized him as a boyar son.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The fourth spoke Lithuanian clerk Bogdan Sutupov.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The fifth believed that he was not Lithuanian, but a royal clerk and served under False Dmitry I.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The sixth confused him with Sambor False Dmitry Mikhail Molchanov.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The seventh called him Ivan and he was supposedly a schoolteacher from the city of Sokol.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Eighths claimed that it was Dmitry Popovich, the son of a priest in the Moscow church.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Some even thought that he was the son of Lithuanian prince Kurbsky.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

There is also a version that False Dmitry II was a baptized Jew from the city of Shklov.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

And others, like R. G. Skrynnikov, claimed that he was not a Jew baptized.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

“I understood, according to one foreign historian, and the Jewish language, read the Talmud, the books of the Rabbis”, “Sigismund sent a Jid, who called himself Dimitri Tsarevich”


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

According to the CEE:


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

“Jews were part of the impostor's retinue and suffered during his deposition. According to some reports... False Dmitry II was a cross from Jews and served in the retinue of False Dmitry I” [2]


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Starodubsky camp


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Starodub swore allegiance to False Dmitry.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Novgorod-Seversky, Pochep, Chernigov, Putivl, Sevsk and other Seversky cities also recognized the power of the impostor.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Residents of several Ryazan suburbs, Tula, Kaluga and Astrakhan also recognized the Starodubsky “thief”.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Nevertheless, the situation in the controlled territory was quite difficult - the tsarist troops stormed Kozelsk and Tula, and also occupied Belev, and Epifan, Dedilov and Krapivna also deposited from False Dmitry II.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In Starodub, a boyar Duma began to form [1], as well as a rebel army to gather, to which Polish rebels, members of the Rokosh, who rebelled against King Sigismund III and forced to seek salvation outside their native land, and South Russian nobles, Tatars, Cossacks and the remnants of the defeated army of Bolotnikov.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Pan Mekhovetsky took the post of hetman - commander-in-chief of the impostor's army.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

It is noted that False Dmitry II was very dependent on the help of the Polish-Lithuanian lords, who derogatory called him a “tsarik” in their correspondence [3].


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

However, at the initial period, the number of Polish mercenaries in the army of False Dmitry II was small and barely exceeded 1 thousand people.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was on the eve of a decisive battle between supporters of Sigismund III and the rebellious gentry, and at that moment the Poles had no time for the impostor.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Trying to attract as many service people as possible to his side, False Dmitry II confirmed all the previous awards and benefits of False Dmitry I to the Northern destinies.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Tula campaign, siege of Bryansk


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

the rebel army of 3 thousand people led by Hetman Mekhovetsky left Starodub.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Her first stop was Pochep, who met the impostor with bread and salt.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The purpose of the campaign was Tula, where the tsarist troops besieged the remnants of the army of Bolotnikov, Prince Shakhovsky and False Peter.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitry's rebel army entered Bryansk.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Hetman Mekhovetsky defeated the tsarist troops of the voivode Litvinov-Mosalsky near Kozelsk, and took Belev.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The advanced detachments of the hetman, meanwhile, occupied Epifan, Dedilov and Krapivna, reaching the nearest approaches to Tula.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

However, the fall of Tula confused the cards of False Dmitry, and he retreated to Karachev to connect with the Zaporozhians.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In fulfillment of the contract, Vasily Shuisky forgave the Bolotnikov residents and sent them to besiege Kaluga.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

However, soon their 4,000 detachment rebelled and went under the banner of the impostor.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

the army of False Dmitry II, in the amount of about 7 thousand people, where Russian rebels still played a significant role (there were no more than 2.5 thousand Polish mercenaries), again besieged Bryansk, which was occupied by the tsarist troops.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The Don Cossacks also arrived here with another impostor — the “Tsarevich” Fedor, the “son” of Tsar Fedor I Ioannovich, who in fact, apparently, was a tramp or a fugitive peasant.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

He led a detachment of 3,000 Cossacks, apparently came from the Don, fighting his way to the Bryansk camp.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitry II came to the Cossacks, and ordered his “nephew” to hang.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

At this time, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, King Sigismund III won a decisive victory over the rebels.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Military operations in the country have practically ceased.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Many Polish soldiers were left out of work and were ready to seek happiness in a foreign land.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Thus, the army of False Dmitry II was replenished with new detachments of Poles and amounted to about 4 thousand mercenaries.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

there was a battle with the tsarist troops, but the rebels failed to take the stubbornly defending city.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Concerned about the state of affairs in the Severshchina, Vasily Shuisky sent troops under the command of Litvinov-Mossalsky to help Bryansk.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The voivode, with the support of the garrison of the city, hit the impostor's camp and broke into Bryansk to help the besieged.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Then False Dmitry II moved to Orel, which became the residence of the impostor during the winter.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Oryol camp


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Lithuanian Prince Roman Rozhinsky, who personally knew False Dmitry I, arrived in Orel to serve the impostor and showed the greatest activity in recruiting soldiers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into the army of False Dmitry II.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Thus, the army of the Oryol “king” was significantly replenished with new detachments of Poles and Lithuanians and amounted to about 9.6 thousand mercenaries.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The appearance under his banners of princes Adam Vishnevetsky, Alexander Lisovsky, Roman Rozhinsky and his people supported the impostor, who, however, became a puppet in their hands.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Ivan Zarutsky brought large troops of Zaporizhzhya and Don Cossacks.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In 1607—1608, False Dmitry II issued a decree on slaves [1], giving them the lands of the “traitors” of the boyars and even allowing them to forcibly marry boyar daughters.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Thus, many serfs, having sworn allegiance to the impostor, received not only freedom, but also became nobles, while their masters in Moscow had to starve.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Due to non-payment of salaries to Polish mercenaries, a coup took place in the military leadership of the rebel army, led by Lithuanian Prince Roman Rozhinsky.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Hetman Mekhowiecki was removed and expelled from the camp, with him left about 4 thousand Polish mercenaries.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Prince Roman Rozhinsky was proclaimed the new hetman of the impostor.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The number of the army of False Dmitry II in the Oryol camp amounted to about 27 thousand people, of which there were about 5.6 thousand Polish mercenaries, 3 thousand Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, 5 thousand Don Cossacks, the rest of the mass apparently they were archers, nobles, boyar children, military slaves and Tatars.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The first Moscow campaign


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In the spring, the rebel army moved from Orel to Moscow.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In the Battle of Zaraiska, Mr. Alexander Lisovsky's detachment defeated the tsarist army.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

After that, Lisovsky's army occupied Mikhailov and Kolomna.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In the two-day battle of Bolkhov - Hetman Rozhinsky defeated Shuisky's army (led by the tsar's brothers, Dmitry and Ivan).


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The warriors who fled the battlefield spread terrible rumors that “Tsar Dmitry” had an innumerable army.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

There were rumors in Moscow that Shuisky allegedly intended to surrender the capital due to numerous failures.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The cities of Kozelsk, Kaluga and Zvenigorod solemnly opened their gates to False Dmitry II.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Tula also swore allegiance to the impostor, who until recently kissed the cross to Tsar Vasily.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Local nobles, fearing the decree on the slaves of False Dmitry II, together with their families left the cities and went to Moscow or Smolensk.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Konrad Bussov, an eyewitness and writer of the time of troubles, noted that if False Dmitry II had not hesitated to approach the capital after the Battle of Bolkhov, the horrified Muscovites would have surrendered to him without a fight.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

However, the impostor hesitated, and this gave Vasily Shuisky a chance to strengthen his positions in Moscow, as well as prepare a new army, which was led by his nephew Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Prince Skopin hoped to defeat False Dmitry II on the nearest approaches to Moscow, but treason was found in his army - Princes Ivan Katyrev, Yuri Trubetskoy and Ivan Troyekurov plotted in favor an impostor.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Mikhail was forced to return to the capital and arrest the conspirators there.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Meanwhile, the impostor's army captured Borisov and Mozhaisk.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The tsarist governors, who guarded False Dmitry II on the Tverskaya road, lost the battle to him, and in early June the impostor appeared near Moscow.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

a clash between the detachments of False Dmitry and the tsarist troops took place on Khodynka, the rebels won the battle, but failed to take Moscow.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Tushino camp


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In the summer of 1608, Tushino became the residence of False Dmitry, just 19 versts from the Moscow Kremlin.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Hetman Rozhinsky and his captains hoped to starve the capital.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Their detachments tried to block all roads to Moscow and completely isolate the capital.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Nevertheless, they failed to intercept all roads, and for years in a fierce battle with Mr. Lisovsky, government troops were able to recapture Kolomna.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

False Dmitry II actually ruled Russia — he distributed land to the nobles, considered complaints, met foreign ambassadors.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The official Tsar Vasily Shuisky was locked in Moscow and lost control of the country.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

To fight the Tushino “tsar” Shuisky concluded an agreement with the ambassadors of King Sigismund III, according to which Poland had to recall all Poles supporting False Dmitry, and oblige Marina Mnishek not recognize False Dmitry II as his husband, and not call yourself a Russian sovereign.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The Mnisheks promised that they would immediately leave Russia and promised to take all measures to end the civil war.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Vasily IV equipped a detachment to escort them to the line.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

However, Hetman Rozhinsky and others refused to leave the business they had begun, moreover, the army of False Dmitry continued to be replenished with Poles, and in the fall Jan Sapieha came with his people, rebelling against Sigismund III due to non-payment of wages.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In addition, the Tushino residents twice tried to besiege Kolomna in order to completely block Moscow, but the tsarist detachment under the command of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky inflicted a brutal defeat on the detachments of the impostor.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Having learned that the Mnisheki had been released from Yaroslavl to Poland in pursuance of the contract, False Dmitry decided to recapture them from the accompanying tsarist army.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

This was done, but Marina did not want to join the camp of False Dmitry for a long time, staying with Sapieha, and Yuri Mnishek agreed to recognize him as his son-in-law, only having received a record that the impostor, having received power, will give Yuri 30 thousand rubles and the Seversk principality with 14 cities.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Finally, the Mnisheki recognized the Tushino “thief”.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Hetman Sapieha brought them to Tushino, where Marina Mnishek “recognized” her late husband False Dmitry I in the new impostor and secretly married him.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

For them, a palace staff was created, on the model of Moscow.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Jan Sapieha was recognized as the second hetman of False Dmitry II along with Rozhinsky.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

A division of spheres of influence was made between them.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Hetman Rozhinsky remained in the Tushino camp and controlled the southern and western lands, and Hetman Sapiega, together with Mr. Lisovsky, became a camp near the Trinity Sergius Monastery and began to spread power” Tsar Dmitry” in Zamoskovye, Pomorie and Novgorod land.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Thus, a vast territory was under the rule of the Tushino tsar.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In the north-west, Pskov and its suburbs, Velikiye Luki, Ivangorod, Koporye, Gdov, Oreshek swore allegiance to the impostor.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Severshchina and the south with Astrakhan still remained under the rule of False Dmitry II.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In the east, the power of the Tushino “thief” was recognized by Murom, Kasimov, Temnikov, Arzamas, Alatyr, Sviyazhsk, as well as many north-eastern cities.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In the central part of the impostor was supported by Suzdal, Uglich, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vladimir and many others.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Of the major centers, only Smolensk, Veliky Novgorod, Pereslavl-Ryazansky, Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan remained loyal to Vasily Shuisky.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In Kostroma, Polish detachments, which forced them to swear allegiance to False Dmitry, first ruined the Epiphany Anastasiin Monastery, and then occupied the Ipatiev Monastery that supported them, but were captured as a result successful storming of this monastery (it was necessary to blow up the walls, which was carried out by two suicide bombers).


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Metropolitan Filaret (Romanov) was brought from Rostov to the impostor, whom False Dmitry II elevated to patriarch.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The state had two tsars, two Boyar Duma, as well as two patriarchs and two administrations, in addition, the government of False Dmitry II minted its own coin, which differed from Moscow in increased weight.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The catastrophe was not only political, but also moral: the words “flights,” “flip-flops,” appeared, denoting those who easily and without remorse moved from one camp to another and back.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

New impostors also came here - the false princes Augustus and Lawrence, who voluntarily came to join the troops of False Dmitry II, and even at first were hospitably welcomed in Tushino.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

But soon the “tsar” ordered to hang these “relatives” for the massacres of the boyars.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

At this time, one after another, new Cossack “princes” appeared, posing as the grandchildren of Ivan the Terrible, who robbed the south of Russia.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In his manifestos, False Dmitry II was extremely stunned by so many “relatives” and ordered them all to be executed.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Thus, the Tushino “thief” executed seven more “nephews”.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Trying to introduce free Cossacks to tsarist service, the government of False Dmitry II created a Cossack order headed by ataman and “Tushino boyar” Ivan Zarutsky.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The ataman completely subordinated the Cossack freestyle to “Tsar Dmitry” and Hetman Rozhinsky.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In September 1608, the siege of the Trinity Sergius Monastery began.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Moscow, however, did not give up, and a whole city with a “royal” tower had to be built in Tushino.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

At the same time, the impostor was increasingly losing real power, and in December 1608, the camp was headed by a “Decemvir commission”, consisting of 10 Polish nobles.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

They established strict control over the income and expenses of the Tushino “thief”, and also sharply limited the rights of the “thieves'” Duma, orders and district Tushino governors.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

On the territory subject to False Dmitry II, natural and monetary requisition was carried out in favor of his troops, the distribution of lands and serfs to his adherents, which contributed to the fall of the authority of the impostor.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

years, hoping to reverse the situation in his favor, Vasily Shuisky concluded the Vyborg Treaty with Sweden, according to which, in exchange for the territory of the modern Leningrad Region, he receives assistance from a 15 - of Jacob De La Gardie's thousandth Expeditionary Force.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The Russian-Swedish army of Mikhail Skopin Shuisky and De la Gardie in the battle of Toropets defeated an insurgent detachment led by nobleman Jan Kernozitsky.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

This was followed by a number of victories over the Tushino team: near Torzhk, near Tver, near Kalyazin, near Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda and near Dmitrov.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Many northern cities have withdrawn from the impostor.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In January 1610, the siege of the Trinity Sergius Monastery was lifted.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

However, the entry into the conflict of regular Swedish troops caused indignation of the Polish crown, which in the summer of 1609 openly declared war on Vasily Shuisky.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

In September 1609, King Sigismund III besieged Smolensk.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

The Polish king began to urge the Tushino people to go to serve him near Smolensk, offering them an extensive reward, both from the Moscow treasury and in Poland.


Question: When did False Dmitri II make his first campaign to Moscow?

False Dmitry II

Due to constant failures, the Tushino camp began to collapse: Polish mercenaries and some Russian Tushins entered into negotiations with the king.