Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Larion Valevsky is the founder of the noble families Velavsky, Levkovsky, Geevsky-Nevmerzhitsky, Geevsky-Lovdykovsky, Bulgakovsky-Verpovsky, Shishek-Stavetsky (Soltanov);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Davyd Velavsky is the founder of the gentry families Valevsky-Levkovsky, Geevsky-Nevmerzhitsky, Bulgakovsky-Verpovsky, Geevsky-Lovdykovsky, Dorotichy-Pavlovich (Malkevich-Khodakovsky, Malevich), Pokalevskikh;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Leo (Lev, Levko) - Ovruch boyar, mentioned in 1474, “stepfather” with. Levkovichi, Ovruch district;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Jacek (Yacko) Levkovsky - General of the Voivodeship of Kiev (pack. 1602-1614);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Michal Levkovsky — Vozny Hrodsk Ovruch (1628);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Kupriyan (Supreyan) Levkovsky in 1632, among 30 Kiev nobles, signed the “Act of the Kiev Brotherhood given to the Kievopechersk Archimandrite Peter Mohyla with a statement of the conditions on which the connection of the Lavra Mohyla school with the fraternal Bogoyavlenskaya school of 1631 on December 30 followed”;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Yan Levkovsky — vice-regent of Grodno Lviv (1666);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Krishtof-Stanislav Levkovsky — governor of Belsky (1666);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Mateusz Levkovsky — Lieutenant of the Crown Troops (1668);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Theodor Levkovsky — Ovruch subhead (1682), Ovruch governor (1683);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Daniil Levkovsky — regent Ovruch Grodno (1696), Ovruch scarbnik (1710);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Simon Andreevich Valevsky-Levkovsky - military Zhitomir and Komornik (1716), regent Grodno Kiev (1717), army Ovruch (1735);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Yan Valevsky-Levkovsky — governor and vice-regent of Grodno Kiev (1721);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Lavrenty (Vavrzhinets) Valevsky-Levkovsky - governor of the Kiev subvoivodeship (1735);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Stefan Levkovsky-Valevsky — burgrave and vice-regent of Grodno (1749);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Antony Levkovsky — Ovruch scarbnik (1750);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Vasily Levkovsky — Mstislavl scarbnik (d. 1762);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Dmitry Levkovsky (1759—1821) was a popular poet, Basilian monk, author of songs of a spiritual nature;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Joseph Iosifovich Levkovsky (1820-1881), served in a company of palace grenadiers, came from the nobles of the village of Leschintsy (Pogrebishchensky district);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Joseph Onufrievich Levkovsky (born in 1833) - staff captain, holder of the Order of St. Stanislav of the 3rd degree with swords and a bow, a participant in the Crimean War and defender of Sevastopol;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Lev Iosifovich Levkovsky, son of Joseph Onufrievich, staff captain of the 2nd East Siberian Sapper Battalion, was awarded the Order of St.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Anna of the 4th degree with the inscription “for courage”, in 1910 Lev Iosifovich - captain of the 15th sapper battalion (Warsaw), died in the First World War (1916);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Konstantin Ignatievich Levkovsky (born in 1819) served as a company commander with the rank of captain as an educator officer at the Nizhny Novgorod Count Arakcheev Military Gymnasium in 1852—1866, rose to Colonel and was buried at the Vyborg Roman Catholic Cemetery (St. Petersburg) on February 16, 1895;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Kazimir Lyudvigovich Levkovsky (born in 1878) graduated from the Konstantinovsky Artillery School in St. Petersburg in 1898 and was sent as an officer to artillery, staff captain of the 30th Artillery Brigade (Minsk) ), in the 1920s he was arrested and imprisoned in Moscow in the hospital of Butyrskaya prison, on the exchange of political prisoners between Poland and the USSR in the interwar period, he was exchanged for a Polish communist for list “B” No. 8 and sent to Poland;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Levkovsky Albrecht Lyudvigovich (born in 1867), Kazimir's brother, even earlier, in 1889 graduated from the same military school in St. Petersburg (then called the 2nd Konstantinovsky School) and was sent as an officer to infantry, retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel, Bialystok;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Levkovsky Vitaly Albrekhtovich, son of Albrecht Lyudvigovich, was born in 1900, in the Volunteer Army, a participant in the 1st Kuban (“Ice Campaign”), was awarded the Badge of the 1st Kuban (Ice) Campaign, in the Supreme Council of Ukraine and the Russian Army in the Kornilov Division before the evacuation of the Crimea, second lieutenant of the L.-Guards.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Jaeger Regiment, Gallipoli, expelled from the regimental association and the regiment frame in 1921, in the fall of 1925 as part of the Kornilov Regiment in Bulgaria, in exile there, served in the Russian Corps, after 1945 died on December 11-12, 1962 in New York, and was buried in the cemetery of Novoe Diveevo Monastery, New York, USA;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Vitold Lyudvigovich Levkovsky (born in 1875), another brother of Kazimir and Albrecht, a graduate of the Moscow Infantry Cadet School, in 1910, he was already a staff captain of the 141st Mozhaisk Infantry Regiment ( Orel) of the 1st Brigade of the 36th Infantry Division, in Soviet times - a teacher at the Frunze Tank School, a resident of Orel, repressed (arrest: 1930 sentence: 3 years of exile to the Urals);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Levkovskaya P. In exile in Germany, on February 6, 1921, a member of the Union of Russian Students;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Viktor Levkovsky.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Warrant officer (second lieutenant, lieutenant).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

In the Volunteer Army and the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the 9th Company of the 1st Officer (Markovsky) Regiment.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

He was wounded on September 14, 1918 and October 2, 1918 near Armavir.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Sergey Levkovsky was born on October 14, 1898 in Kiev.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

He graduated from Kiev Gymnasium in 1916, Kiev University (did not graduate) in 1918.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

In exile in France, in 1922 in Marseille;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Levkovsky Fedor.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Colonel, in 1918 in the hetman army; since September 10, 1918, junior assistant to the commander of the 48th regiment, since September 30, 1918 - the 36th regiment;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Levkovsky Aristarkh Mikhailovich (14.04.1865, p. Vasilyevka, Buzuluksky Uyezd, Samara Province — 09.03.1922, Saratov), psychiatrist, doctor of medicine, state councilor, professor of Saratov University, from a spiritual rank, graduated from the Samara Spiritual Seminary, Medical Faculty of the Imperial Tomsk University, from 1902 to 1903 he was in clinics in France, Belgium, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and since 1913 — Professor of the Department of Nervous and Mental diseases of the Imperial Nicholas University in Saratov, in 1915 he was awarded the Order of St. Anne of the second degree;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Levkovsky, Alexander Yevmenyevich (1887—1931) - archpriest, one of the ideologists of the Russian True Orthodox (Catacomb) Church;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Fedor Iosifovich Levkovsky, a hero of the First World War, Lieutenant Colonel of the 310th Shatsky Infantry Regiment, was awarded the Order of St. George, according to the Supreme Order of December 2, 1916;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Levkovsky Ivan (nicknamed “Sailor”) and Levkovsky Fedor (nickname “Sailor”) from the village of Levkovichi in 1905 served as sailors on the battleship Potemkin, shortly before the Potemkin uprising they were transferred to barbet battleship Georgy Pobedonosets;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Levkovsky Maxim Ivanovich (1888 — March 19, 1978, Voznichi) - participant of the First World War, holder of the Cross of St. George, participant in the battle of the 8 Army of General Brusilov with the 12 Austrian Corps on the river Rotten Lipa during the Galich-Lviv operation (end of August 1914);


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Levkovsky Ivan Nikolaevich (1892-1950, Voznichi) - participant of the First World War, holder of two St. George crosses of the 1st and 2nd degree, backup officer of the 11th Russian army of General Selivanov A. N. ;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Levkovsky Ivan Stepanovich (1876—1958) (Pashinets) from the village of Levkovichi showed courage and bravery on the fronts of the First World War, for which he was awarded the title of Knight of St. George's Crosses;


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Levkovsky, Alexey Ivanovich (1924-1985) - Soviet economist and orientalist, professor.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Genealogy


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Larion Velavsky (Ivan Kozarin Rezanovich?) traveler in Galicia (1403), boyar Prince Olelka Vladimirovich (1420),


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

in the “watchman of Chernobyl” he served his own coat of arms (Syrokoml rev. one and a half kr., later called “Soltan”), participant


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Congress of the Russian gentry in Galich, as a boyar from Olesko, where he put his seal “sigillum Kozarzin de Olesko” (1427),


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Marshal of Volyn Land (1430), founded the Blazhenitsky Monastery in Volodimir Povet (1451) and


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

took monastic vows under the name “Hilarion”, ∞ N. Kozarinova, sister of Yushka Kamka (Kamaletdinovich)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

├─Gritsko Ivanovich (Velavsk, 1494)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ─Ganna ∞ Semyon Kostyushkovich (1523) ─ (x)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

├─Stetsko Shishka (1471, 1480) yard.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

gosp.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

∞ Matrukhna Vokhnovna (2nd m. Mitko Lipsky—>Vasko, Gritsko—>Stavetsky)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ├─Ivan (Kudin) Stetskovich (p. Drivin) —>Fedya Kudinovna ∞ Lukash Sosnovsky; Evdokia ″ ∞ Vasko Fedorovich


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ├─Soltan (Fedor) ″, nobleman gosp.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

, Velavsk (1523), deg.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Chernob.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

castle (1549—1550) ∞ Bogdana Surinovna


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ │ ├─Stret Soltan, nobleman


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

(1541) ─ (x)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ │ ├─Fedor ″, pis.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

zemsk.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

volynsk.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

(1576) ∞ Ganna Makarovna Kustitskaya—>Soltany (Rev. -vol.)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ │ ├─Bogdan ″, judge Rechitsa Zemsky [118], ″


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ │ ├─Paul, ″ pis.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

zemsk.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

kievsk.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

(“pisarz deputacki”, 1587)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ │ ├─Peter, ″ bought a part in Levkovichi ∞ Bogdan Ivanovna “burgrabyanka” (1577)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ │ ─Ivan, ″ clerk (1581), judge (1591) Grodno Kiev (Knyazhychi, Solovyevka, m. Soltanovka) [119]


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ├─Gritsko Stetskovich, nobleman


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

″—>Ivan and Gnevosh Grinkovichi (Velavsk, 1552) —>Stavetsky Cones


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ │ ─Anna, base.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Surd.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

mon.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

(1550) ∞ 1) AND. Zaretsky; 2) N.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Gorodensky-Billevich


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ─Bogdan Stetskovich, ″ captain (1559) [120] ∞ Svetokhna—>Roman (1564), Onyky ∞ G. AND. Klyuska (1577) —>Stavetsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

─Davyd Velavsky, Ovruch and Volyn Pan († after 1474)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

├─Yakov Pokalevsky, Ovruch boyar (Pokalev, Davydkovichi) —>Pokalevsky─ (x) [121]


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

├─Andrey Glushko Velavsky, ″ (Pokalev) ─ (x)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

├─Volnyanets, ″ (Gorlovichi) —>Mikhail─ (x)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

├─Pavel Velavsky, ″ (Lithuanian Island) ∞ Dorota


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ├─Peter Dorotich (1496) —>Dorotici


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ├─Anton ″


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ├─Andrew ″, 1510


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ │ ─Vasko Andreevich Velavsky, boyar of Kiev (p. Bulgaks in Zaushie, 1542)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ├─Malko, ″


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ │ ─Yatsko Malkovich (1530) —>Vasily Malkovich-Khodakovsky (1570) —>Malkevich-Khodakovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ │ ─Kondrat Malevich (pack 1566—1569) —>Artemy Dorotich-Malevich (pack 1604—1631)... —>Kazimir Malevich [122]


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ─N.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Pavlovna Velavskaya ∞ Fedko Lozhchich, 1524 (1st w. Maria Eve. Yuhn. Olekhnovich) —>Lozki


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

─Bulgak (Vasily?) “Belavsky” (Velavsky), Zemyanin Ovruch († after 1486, Smolchanskaya land)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

├─"Lion” (Lev, Levko), Kiev zemyanin (1474)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ├─Nelepa (Velichko, 1489?) Levkovich


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ │ ├─Gridko (1571) —>Ivan, Yatsko (1586); Martin, Dmitry (1604) —>Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ │ ├─Tomilo (″) —>Ilya (1603), Yatsko (1614), Maxim—>Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ │ ├─Sezin (″) —>Klim Zinevich Nelipovich (1592) ─ (x)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ │ ├─Hven (Fedor) (″) —>Timofey, Fedor, Oniky (1614) —>Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ │ ─Vstin (Ustim) (″) —>Olekhno-Oleshko (1576, 1578), Pashko (1614) ─ (x)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ─N.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Levkovich (Ivan, 1489?) [123]


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ├─Andrey Levkovsky (1575) [76] —>Levkovsky (Belaya Tserkov)?


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ─Pavel Levkovsky (Kovel, 1572)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ─John Levkovsky (Rivne, 1609) —>Levkovsky (Volyn, clergy)?


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

├─Senyuta (Verpa)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ├─Grishko Senyutych (1524) ─ (x)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ─Ivan Bulgakovsky (1510)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ─—>Pavel and Semyon (1574) —>Bulgakovsky-Verpovsky—>Verpovskiye


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

├─Nester Geevich (1510), Nesterovshchina in Levkovichi (until 1525)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

│ ─Makar Geevich—>Ivan, Rodivon, Okhrim, Grigory ∞ Agapia Ivanovna [125] —>Lisichi, Geevichi-Lovdykovsky—>Gaevsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

├─Yashuta Geevich (1524), Yashutev region in Levkovichi (until 1525) ─ (x)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

─Sidor Levkovich (1530)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

├─Fedor Sidorovich (p. Nevmirichi) 1544─ (x)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

├─Soluyan Sidorovich (p. Nevmirichi) 1552—>Dmitry and Yatsko Dyakonovichi—>Nevmerzhitsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

─Zinovy Sidorovich (p. Levkovichi) 1576─ (x) [126]


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Notes


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Literature


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

References


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Operation Urgent Fury was an operation by the US armed forces to invade Grenada in 1983, undertaken to protect American citizens and restore stability in the country by request from the Organization of American States.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The operation ended with the victory of US troops.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The purpose of the operation was to eliminate the consequences of an earlier armed coup, which overthrew the government of the country and executed its leader Maurice Bishop.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Prerequisites


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Grenada gained independence from Great Britain in 1974 with the active participation of Eric Gairy, leader of the United Labor Party, who had been Prime Minister since 1967.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The party adhered to a social democratic ideology, but populist and right-wing radical ideas were strongly influenced.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Since 1970, the Gairy regime has been openly authoritarian, and the opposition has been suppressed with the use of police and illegal armed groups (the “mongoose gang”).


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On March 13, 1979, Grenada overthrew the government of Eric Gairy in a coup d'état, and the left-wing New Jewel Movement led by Maurice Bishop came to power.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

At that moment, the Prime Minister was in New York to speak at the UN session.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The new leadership of the country has taken a course towards active cooperation with socialist countries, primarily with Cuba and the USSR.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

At the same time, Grenada remained the Kingdom of the Commonwealth and the Governor-General previously appointed by the monarch was not removed.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

With foreign assistance, Grenada's army was rearmed and by 1983 was the most combat-ready armed force in the eastern Caribbean [1], surpassing all neighboring States of the Lesser Antilles combined [2] [3].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

In four years, Grenada concluded three agreements with the USSR on military supplies, the first of which was estimated at 58 million dollars [4].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Weapons were also purchased from a number of other countries; in particular, the agreement with the DPRK, concluded in the spring of 1983, provided for military supplies worth $12 million [5].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Grenada's new foreign policy has caused considerable concern on the part of the United States, whose political dominance in the Central American region has already been questioned by the coming to power in Nicaragua Sandinista and the actions of left-wing guerrillas in El Salvador.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

In April 1982, Reagan, at a meeting with the leadership of the Eastern Caribbean states, openly accused the government of Grenada of spreading the “Marxism virus” to other countries [6].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

In March 1983, Reagan boycotted Grenada and urged American tourists not to visit the island.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

At the same time, the US Navy conducted exercises near Grenadian territorial waters.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Eastern Caribbean island governments were wary of what was happening in Grenada.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The prime ministers of Jamaica, Barbados, Dominica — Edward Siaga, Tom Adams, Eugenia Charles — followed a pro-American course and were hostile to Bishop's Marxist regime.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

In May 1983, Francis Alexis, Keith Mitchell, and other anti-communist emigrants established the Grenada Democratic Movement in Barbados to overthrow the Bishop government.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On March 26, Grenada brought its army on alert and mobilized police units numbering 3,000 people.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

However, Bishop understood the danger of this situation and sought to avoid an escalation of the conflict.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

In July, he flew to Washington and met with William Clark, Assistant to the President for National Security.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Maurice Bishop probed opportunities for improving relations with the United States and promised to reconsider his ties with Cuba.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The pragmatic position of the Prime Minister of Grenada did not like the radical left members of the government.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Airport


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

In May 1982, the Government of Grenada signed an agreement with the British firm Plessy Airports for the construction of a new international airport at Point Salinas with a runway of 2,700 meters, which was to be completed by early 1984. [7]


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The construction contract was signed with a British company, and the construction itself was carried out by Cuban workers.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On March 17, 1983, US Deputy Secretary of Defense F. Ikle showed photographs of the airfield under construction, taken by an American spy plane, at a meeting of the Senate Commission for Western Hemisphere Affairs, after which he said that the island was construction of a “Cuban military base” [8].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The government of Grenada made a statement that the new airport is not a military facility and is designed to develop tourism in the country.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Derrick Collier, CEO of the British company Plessy Airports, which designed the airport, said at a press conference that the airport is designed for civil aircraft, it does not have military and underground installations, fuel tanks are located openly, and the runway is being built in accordance with ICAO requirements and even shorter than airports in other Caribbean countries archipelago (the length of the runway of Trinidad and Tobago Airport was 3220 m, Barbados Airport - 3300 m) [9].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

However, representatives of the US government said that, given the cooperation between the Grenadian, Cuban and Soviet governments, it would be used as an air base capable of even accept Soviet strategic bombers.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

US President Ronald Reagan has also repeatedly stated that “under the guise of an international airport in Grenada, a strategic Soviet-Cuban military base is being built, which poses a threat to US security ” [10].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

After the capture of the island, the construction of the airport was completed, but the United States no longer had any complaints about its operation [11].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

October 13—14 coup


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Meanwhile, by mid-1983, the New Jewel Movement had split.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Radical communists — supporters of Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Kord and Grenadian army commander General Hudson Austin — were dissatisfied with Maurice Bishop's moderation and plans for normalization relations with the United States.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On October 13, the Kord-Austin group staged a coup.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Maurice Bishop has been arrested.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On October 19, 1983, armed supporters released Bishop from arrest in Mount Royal.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The crowd moved to Fort Rupert's army headquarters and captured it.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The authorities decided to suppress the protests by force.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The guards opened fire, killing dozens of civilians [12].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Fort Rupert was taken by government forces.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Bishop surrendered to avoid further bloodshed.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Soldiers of the army unit under the command of Lieutenant Callistus Bernard immediately shot Bishop and seven of his closest associates (among those killed was a woman - Education Minister Jacqueline Kreft, Bishop's illegitimate wife).


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Governor General Paul Skun was placed under house arrest.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

A new military government, the Revolutionary Military Council (RMC), was urgently formed under the chairmanship of General Austin.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The RMC imposed a 24-hour curfew for four days and made a number of arrests.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Preparing surgery


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

After the tragedy in Fort Rupert on October 21, an extraordinary meeting of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States was held to discuss ways to end anarchy and violence in Grenada.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Acting under Article 8 of the OECS Collective Security Treaty of 1981, members voted to ask Barbados, Jamaica and the United States to join them in sending multinational peacekeeping forces to Grenada.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Six of the seven members of the organization, except Dominica, feared that in the future Fidel Castro would be able to use the island to expand its influence to other parts of the archipelago.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

At that time, there were about 630 students from the United States in Grenada (at the University of St. George's, as well as on the True Blue and Grand Anse student campuses near Pearls Airport) [15], the possibility of threatening them security became the official reason for the US government to conduct a military operation.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

According to another version, immediately after the coup, Reagan ordered a squadron of the US Navy, carrying a new shift of marines to Lebanon, to enter Grenada and, if necessary, evacuate American students.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The key problem of the “Outbreak of Fury” was the almost complete lack of up-to-date intelligence information about the location of the forces of the Grenadian army and the Cubans.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Due to the haste in which the operation was being prepared, there were many overlaps during the invasion.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Thus, American soldiers did not have maps of Grenada and were forced to navigate tourist guides.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The source of information was images taken by the SR-71 reconnaissance aircraft and data from American tourists.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On the eve of the invasion, several reconnaissance groups of American special forces landed on the island, reporting new data that questioned the entire operation.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

In particular, scouts reported that the unfinished airport in Point Salinas, where it was planned to land units of the 75th Ranger Regiment and the 82nd Airborne Division, was blocked construction equipment, and is also covered by several anti-aircraft 23-mm automatic guns and 12.7 mm machine guns.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

When this information became available to the US command, the aircraft with paratroopers were already in the air.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Operation plan


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The plan of Operation Outburst of Fury provided for the sudden landing of both sea and air assault in order to capture the most important military and administrative facilities of Grenada.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The basis of the invasion forces was made up of units of rangers and marines, and their strengthening was to be carried out by the 82nd Airborne Division of the United States.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Grenada was divided into two zones — northern and southern.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The border between them was along the road connecting St. George's and Granville.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The northern group was a amphibious assault, which was planned to land in the north-east of the island, near the Perls-Aprat airfield.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The southern group was represented by an airborne assault, the landing site of which at the south-western tip of the island was chosen as the Point Salinas airport under construction.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

This choice of landing sites was determined by the fact that there were few areas available for landing on the island.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On the eve of the operation, the activity of US reconnaissance aircraft increased.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On the night of October 23-24, several reconnaissance and sabotage groups totaling up to 50 people by helicopter were transferred to Grenada in order to further reconnaissance of the places of the upcoming landing of troops.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The disembarkation time was scheduled for 05:00 on October 25, 1983.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Invasion forces


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

U.S. Forces


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The general command of the US Armed Forces group for the invasion of Grenada was carried out by the commander of the 2nd PF (US Navy Forces in the Atlantic), Vice Admiral D. Metcalf.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The Invasion Task Force was designated Joint Task Force 120 (Joint Task Force 120).


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The invasion of Grenada was attended by the forces of the US Navy (from among the 2nd PF in the Atlantic), airborne, artillery and engineering units of the US Army and aviation units of the US Air Force.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

From the ships of the 2nd PF of the Navy, aircraft carrier and amphibious operational ship groups were formed, consisting of 12 warships.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

USA NAVY


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

AUG NAVY


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The carrier group included the Independence aircraft carrier and six escort ships: the URO cruiser [16] Richmond K. Turner”, the destroyer URO “Kuntz”, the destroyers “Musbragger” and “Caron”, the frigate of the URO “Clifton Sprag” and the floating ammunition depot “Suribachi”.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

AUG of the 2nd PF of the US Navy (Operational Group of the 2nd PF of the US Navy No. 20.5, Task Group 20.5)


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Naval Airborne Forces


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The naval amphibious group of the US Navy (operational-tactical ship group of the Navy No. 124, Task Force 124) included five ships:


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

amphibious helicopter carrier No. 9 (“Guam”) (“Iwo Jima” type)


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Dock Landing Ship (DKD) No. 14 (Trenton) (Austin type)


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

DKD No. 30 (Fort Snelling) (Thomaston type)


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

tank landing ships (TDK) No. 1180 (Manitovok) and No. 1197 (Barnstable County)


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

U.S. Marine Corps


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On the ships of the landing group were:


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

22nd Expeditionary Regiment of the US Marine Corps (as part of the 2nd Battalion of the 8th Marine Regiment, the 261st and 167th Air Squadrons of the US Marine Corps Air Force (AA), units heavy weapons and sapper units) with an attached battery of light howitzers and a platoon of M60 tanks.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Special purpose reconnaissance and sabotage groups (SPN) from the 4th Regiment of the Special Forces of the Navy and a group of fighters of a separate regiment of the Navy to combat terrorism at sea.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

U.S. Army


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Airborne units and formations of the US land


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The total number of airborne troops was about 5,000 people.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The airborne forces were commanded by the First Deputy Commander of the Operational Group, Major General N. Schwarzkopf.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Brigade groups of the 82nd VDD (SV operational-tactical group No. 123, Task Force 123):


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

2nd VDBR (325th PSD with reinforcement units)


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

3rd VDBR (1st and 2nd PDB of the 505th PSD with reinforcement units)


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

75th PDP (two-battalion composition in 1983) (SV operational-tactical group No. 121, Task Force 121)


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

units of the 1st Special Purpose Operational Regiment of the Ground Forces (1st OP Special Forces of the Army) (“Delta”)


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Army Air Force (AA) units of the US Army


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

160th AP SPN SV


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

AA Company 18 from AA SV 269th AE (Battalion)


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Engineering and demining units


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

engineering and sapper companies from the 60th PP and 9th PD


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

27th Sapper Battalion of the 20th Sapper Brigade of the US Army


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

U.S. Army 548th Sapper Battalion


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Support and rear parts


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

U.S. Army 3rd Army Support and Logistics Corps Headquarters


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The 50th PDB of communication from the 35th USS SV communications PBR


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

9th Battalion of Psychological Warfare (PV) of the Special Forces from the 4th Regiment of the Special Forces of the Special Forces


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

7th Automobile Battalion


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

546th Automobile Company


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

U.S. 44th Army Medical Brigade


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

82nd company of the financial service


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

military police units (VP)


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

2 VP companies from the 18th Airborne Corps of the US Army


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

1 VP company from the 3rd Infantry Corps of the U.S. Army


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

USA AIR FORCE


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Air force units


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The 33rd Fighter Air Wing ensured the achievement of air superiority and air defense of the ground group by F-15A interceptors


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The 552nd AWACS AP provided airspace control and guidance with the help of AWACS aircraft of the Air Force E-3A


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The 23rd SAP provided direct support to the advancing Army units with A-10 Thunderbolt attack aircraft


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The 16th AP of the Air Force Special Forces provided direct support to the advancing units of the Army with AC-130H fire support aircraft


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The 43rd and 317th VTAP provided the group with the help of BTA C-141 and C-130 aircraft


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The 317th AP of refuellers provided refueling in the air of aircraft participating in the operation


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Units of the National Guard of the Air Force provided the group with a number of A-7 Corsair II attack aircraft


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Air Force Controllers


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Groups of aircraft controllers from the 507th AP and the 21st AE were attached to the brigade groups of the 82nd VDD


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Air Force Auxiliary Units


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The 60th, 63rd and 443rd VTAP separated from their composition the 60th, 63rd and 443rd VTAP companies for the protection of airfields in Grenada and Barbados (60th VTAP)


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The 62nd consolidated security group of the Air Force provided the maintenance and dispatch of prisoners of war for units and units of the 82nd VDD


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Meteorological groups from the 5th Regiment of the Air Force Meteorological Service were assigned to brigade groups of the 82nd VDD


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Eastern Caribbean States contingent


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

In total, the Caribbean Peace Force included about 350 military and police personnel from five island states (the wording “five Eastern Caribbean Democracies”) — Jamaica, Barbados, Dominica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The most prominent were Jamaican and Barbadian contingents:


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Jamaica - a rifle company, a department of mortars and doctors - a total of 150 people;


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Barbados is a rifle unit of about 50 people.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Eastern Caribbean units did not take part in the fighting.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

However, Barbadian troops played a role in establishing the occupation regime and, according to some testimonies — including Bernard Kord [18] — were particularly tough.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Grenada Armed Forces


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Grenada's armed forces consisted of about 1,000 people, in one infantry battalion of constant readiness and five incomplete infantry battalions.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

There were about 800 Cuban “builders” on the island who took part in hostilities on the side of the Grenada armed forces.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The People's Revolutionary Army of Grenada did not have any heavy weapons (warships, aircraft, tanks, heavy artillery), with the exception of 10 Soviet BTR-60 and 2 BRDM-2.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Several 12.7 mm machine guns and 23 mm anti-aircraft guns were installed in the area of the airport under construction and on a hill near Pearls Airport.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Subsequently, the Americans arranged an exhibition of all seized weapons: one BRDM-2, two BTR-60PB, 12 ZU-23 anti-aircraft guns, 65 mortars, 68 grenade launchers [19], 6322 or 6330 rifles, 291 pistols a machine gun and 5.6 million rounds of ammunition [20], and even single-shot rifles mod.1870 were among the weapons [21]


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Invasion


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The invasion of Grenada began at 6 am (according to other sources, at 5:40am or 5:25am) on October 25, 1983.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

After the start of the operation, the only channel of communication with the outside world for the Government of Grenada remained the transmitter at the Cuban embassy, as shortly before the start of the operation (or shortly after it began) communication systems suddenly failed (or were) disabled on the island [22].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The Grenada Radio announcer managed to go on the air and reported the invasion, but 45 minutes later, the Americans began broadcasting on this wave [23].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

At a press conference in Havana, Deputy Foreign Minister of Cuba R. Alarnon reported that, according to a radio report from the Cuban Embassy in St. George's, on the morning of October 25, 1983, Cubans near the airport were attacked by six US combat helicopters, as a result of which Cuban volunteers were forced to return fire.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

According to the Cuban embassy, at 6:55am, the building in which the Cubans who were defending near the airport were defending was destroyed by enemy artillery and mortar fire, in a clash in the area six Cuban citizens were killed [24] and two more Cubans were seriously injured [25].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Answering journalists' questions, R. Alarnon reported that the Cubans on the island had lawfully used small arms that had previously been handed over to them by the Government of Grenada for self-defence. [


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The invasion was accompanied by information and propaganda: since the invasion, Spice Island Radio began broadcasting, calling on the people of Grenada to “remain calm” and the military Grenadian army to “not resist”.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

After the landing of US forces on the island, residents were given a free newspaper, The Voice of Grenada, which contained a theoretical justification for the invasion. [26]


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

According to some reports, former members of the Mongoose Gang released from prison were involved in auxiliary functions with the US military.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Despite anti-aircraft fire, the landing at Point Salinas was successful.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Then the rangers, with the support of aviation, repelled a counterattack launched by three BTR-60 motorized companies of the Grenadian army - as a result, two BTR-60s were hit by shots from anti-tank LAW grenade launchers and 90-mm recoilless guns, and the third by fire from an AC-130 aircraft.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The Grenadians retreated, leaving two dead [27].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On the evening of October 26, 1983, the United States was forced to send additional forces to Grenada - two battalions.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

An A-7 carrier-based attack aircraft of the US Navy mistakenly attacked a psychiatric hospital, where at least 12 patients were killed [28] (according to other sources, US aircraft began bombing the headquarters of the Grenadian armies and soldier barracks, but the command removed the flag from the headquarters building and hung it on the roof of a nearby psychiatric clinic. Therefore, bombs fell on the hospital, and the military remained intact [29]).


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Despite the chaos of the first hours of the operation, complete American superiority in firepower did its job.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On October 27, the fighting was largely over.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The last American students were released from protection on October 28, more than three days after the landing.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The question of the Cuban military presence in Grenada


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

A total of 784 Cubans were in Grenada at the time of the invasion, including 636 construction workers, 44 doctors and teachers, and 43 military personnel [30].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Indirectly, the Americans themselves confirm that Cubans in Grenada were not soldiers, [31] but under Cuban law, all Cuban citizens undergo military training and know how to handle weapons.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

According to some reports, [32] Cuban builders in Grenada were armed with assault rifles and machine guns.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Fidel Castro dissociated himself from the coup immediately after it took place, the Cuban contingent on the island had only small arms and sat in their barracks. [


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

According to another version, before the landing, the CIA reported that only 200 workers from Cuba were engaged in the construction of the airfield, but this information was inaccurate.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The Marines faced well-organized resistance from more than 700 Cubans.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Losses of parties


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

United States: According to official US government data announced on December 17, 1983, 19 US soldiers were killed and 116 injured during the operation [34] [35].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Several helicopters were shot down from the ground, including one CH-46E, one MH-6, two AH-1T Cobra and three UH-60A.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

In just three days, nine American helicopters were shot down and an unknown number was damaged, while the Grenadians did not have anti-aircraft missiles and used only anti-aircraft machine guns.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Grenada: According to official US government data announced on December 17, 1983, 45 Grenadans were killed and 337 injured during the operation [34].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

At least two civil aircraft (An-2 and An-26) were hijacked on the ground [35] [37].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Grenada's armed forces have been disarmed and disbanded.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

As a result of the invasion, significant material damage was caused to the infrastructure and economy of the island.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Cubans: The numbers of casualties among Cuban builders, Grenadian soldiers and civilians differ from one source to another, but they were small.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

According to official data from the US government, announced on December 17, 1983, 24 Cubans were killed, 49 were injured [34], and more than 600 people were captured during the operation.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Twice, American forces mistakenly fired at the Soviet embassy.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

One of the officers was seriously injured.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Public reaction


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Reactions to Grenada


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On November 3, 1983, the American television company CBS conducted a survey among Grenadians: under the occupation of the country by US troops, 91% of respondents said they were happy with the arrival of the US army on the island [38] , but two months later, the number of Grenadians who supported the intervention fell to 84%, and 12% opposed it [39].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

At the same time, 59% of Grenadians supported an increase in the US military presence on the island, 9% - for its reduction, 8% - for its complete elimination [39].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The reaction in the US


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

In the United States, the invasion was supported by the majority of citizens (according to various estimates, 51% [40] or about 60% [41]).


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The Speaker of the House of Representatives condemned the operation and called it “a continuation of the “gunboat policy” [42] [43].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On November 18, 1983, eleven US congressmen (R. Dellams, J. Conyers, W. Clay, J. Crocket, M. Dimely, D. Edwards, W. Fontroy, P. Mitchell, G. Savage L. Stokes and T. Weiss) filed a lawsuit in the Washington District Court against US President R. Reagan, Secretary of Defense Weinberger, Secretary of State Schultz and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Vessey for gross violation of American laws in the preparation and implementation of invasion of Grenada [44].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

International response


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

At the international level, the actions of the United States have been condemned [45].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The operation in Grenada was met with widespread international condemnation, even from countries that were allies of the United States.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

France, Sweden and other countries condemned the invasion.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Protests took place near the US embassies in Amsterdam, London and Bonn.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Mexico assessed the invasion as a source of additional threats to peace in Central America and the Caribbean archipelago and called on the UN Security Council to take measures to withdraw foreign troops from the island. [46]


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The UK opposed the operation [47].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The operation was condemned by the USSR, China and other socialist countries.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

A number of Latin American countries condemned and protested against the invasion, incl.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Cuba, Guyana, Nicaragua, Trinidad and Tobago.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On October 28, 1983, the United States used its veto to prevent the adoption of a draft UN Security Council resolution on the events in Grenada (which was voted by 11 out of 12 all members of the UN Security Council, with the exception of the United States) [48].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On November 2, 1983, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution No. 38/7, which assessed the invasion of Grenada as a gross violation of international law and an encroachment on the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of this state and contained a demand for an immediate cessation of armed intervention in this country and the withdrawal of foreign troops from there. [49]


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

108 countries voted in support of the resolution, the United States and 8 other countries voted against [50].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The consequences


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Shortly after the start of the operation, the Cuban embassy was surrounded by a unit of American troops who did not allow anyone to enter or leave the embassy.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

At the same time, the Americans detained two representatives of the Cuban State Committee for Economic Cooperation, who were sent to a prisoner of war camp (despite their belonging to diplomatic staff) and held there for several hours.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On November 1, 1983, Governor-General P. Skun sent a note to the Cuban embassy demanding that he leave the island within 24 hours.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

In response, the Cuban Government sent a note to Washington stating that the diplomatic staff would not leave the country until all Cuban on the island had been evacuated civilian personnel, including wounded, captured and killed [51].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

As the duty commandant of the Soviet Embassy in Grenada N. ME.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Ushakov, shortly after the start of the operation, the building of the Soviet embassy was blocked by the US Marine Corps, which prevented anyone from entering or leaving the embassy.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

During their departure to the airport, each of the Soviet citizens was interrogated and searched [52].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On October 29, the United States lifted all economic sanctions imposed on Grenada and provided the island with $110 million in compensation for damage caused during the actions of the US army [29].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

American troops were withdrawn from the island by December 15, 1983.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Grenada has 300 US troops [53] (including one military police company and military intelligence unit), as well as representatives of the military contingent of the Eastern Caribbean states.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The official purpose of their stay (as part of Operation Island Breeze) was “to ensure the safety and assistance of the police” [29].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Former Prime Minister Eric Gairy, who was overthrown by Bishop in 1979, claimed to return to power.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The prospect of restoring geyrism did not suit most of Grenadian society and the US administration [54].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Francis Alexis expressed claims to the premiership.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

However, the transitional government, the Provisional Advisory Council of Grenada, was headed by educator Nicholas Brathwaite, who was considered a politically unbiased figure.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

A coalition of center-right forces was created against Gairy, united in the conservative New National Party led by Herbert Blaze. [55]


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

On December 3, 1984, elections were held in the country, which was won by the New National Party, which received more than 58% of the vote.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The United Labor Party of Eric Gairy collected 36%, the Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement collected only 5%.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

As of 7 February 1985, 250 United States troops and 450 Eastern Caribbean military and police personnel remained on the island, who “at the request of the Government of Grenada” were to stay in the country until September 30, 1985 [56].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

In 1986, a trial took place under the name Grenada 17.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Eighteen people who participated in the overthrow of Bishop and the murder in Fort Rupert appeared before the court.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Bernard Cord, his wife Phyllis Kord, General Austin, Lieutenant Bernard and 10 other defendants were sentenced to death, which was commuted to life in 1991 and then to 30 years conclusion.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Three privates received sentences ranging from 30 to 45 years, one was acquitted [57].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The convicts were released between 2000 and 2009.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Phyllis Cord was the first to come out, and Bernard Cord was one of the last.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The invasion of Grenada was the first major operation by the US armed forces since the end of the war in Southeast Asia.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Despite a number of local failures, the overall outcome of the invasion was successful.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The operation played a role in restoring the prestige of the US Army after Vietnam.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

The lessons learned from it were taken into account in preparing for a much larger invasion of Panama in 1989.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Reagan later wrote in his memoirs:


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

“The specter of Vietnam should not have been allowed to hang over the country forever and prevent us from defending legitimate national security interests. I suspected that even if we reported the upcoming action to the leaders of Congress under the strictest secret, there would always be someone among them who would report it to the media. We did not ask anyone for permission, but did what we saw fit” [14].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

After the end of the military operation, the new government of Grenada established a public holiday, Thanksgiving Day, which is celebrated annually on October 25 to the present day [59].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

In 2009, Port Salinas International Airport was named after Maurice Bishop International Airport.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Reflection in culture and art


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

“The Pass of Broken Hearts” (USA, 1986)


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Alexander Soprovsky's ironic poem “Ode to the capture of St. Georges on October 25, 1983”, stylized as Derzhavin:


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

<... >The dawn is burning over the Potomac.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Under the Stars and Stripes


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

McDonold's victorious fleet


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Flies like a kite over a ravine


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Like a predatory fish, it swims -


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

And behold!


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Marxism has fallen <... > [60].


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Notes


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

See also


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Project:History/Lists/List of wars of the 20th century


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

References


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Sergey Kozlov.


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

//“Bratishka” magazine, No. 2, 2003


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

(in English)


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

(in English)


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

(in English)


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Category:20th Century Wars


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Category:Cold War U.S. Armed Forces Overseas Operations


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Category:Cold War


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Category:October 25 events


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Category:History of grenada


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Category: October 1983


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Category: 1983 in United States


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Category:1983 in Grenada


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Category:1983 Conflicts


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Category:US military history


Question: How did Operation Urgent Fury end?

US invasion of Grenada

Category:Ronald Reagan Presidency


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Lightning is a throwing weapon of the peoples of Africa, which is a variety of versions of an iron multi-blade knife or a blade of bizarre shape.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

It was used in war and hunting.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

It also served as a symbol of power and human status, as well as a magical object and the equivalent of money.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

In the latter case, it could be, for example, small bronze objects of appropriate shapes that do not have sharpening, with carrying holes.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Different peoples had their own names for it: gangata (Central Africa), pinga (pinga), kpinga (azande), kipinga, kuchil, hunga munga (hunga munga), trumbash, danisco, goleyo, ngalio ( Sarah people, east of Fr. Chad), kulbeda, njiga, mambele, trombash, sai and muder (ingesana, Sudan).


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

History


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

It is believed that lightning appeared on the territory of Sudan around 1000 AD. e.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Although there are similar images in Libya dating back to 1350 BC. e.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

It is believed that it comes from a throwing stick (boomerang) slightly curved at one end, which was usually worn on the shoulder.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

At the same time, sticks with one side process were the most effective and convenient for carrying on the shoulder.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Then additional protrusions and prongs were added.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Such wooden throwing blades served as military weapons in the kingdom of Bornu.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Iron variants were not massively used anywhere.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Combat use


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

“Winged” South African types of lightning were used en masse to “fire” the opposing enemy group (about ten meters).


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

She rushed horizontally.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

At the same time, the large surface area of the blades provided the rotating weapon with a gliding flight (like a non-returning boomerang).


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

The most effective way to resist the horizontally flying lightning was to dodge and jump, because once it hit the shield, it could hit the owner of the shield by catching on the edge of the shield, or bouncing get into a nearby warrior.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Such lightning was not cut in close combat.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

When thrown vertically or in rod-shaped (F-shaped) varieties from North Africa, there was no planning effect.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

But there are almost no facts of using F-shaped lightning as a throwing weapon (only ngalio at sarah).


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

European travelers (Georg Schweinfurt, Dybowski) left conflicting opinions about the effectiveness of this weapon.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

There is also a report that although lightning was carried with them (rather as a ceremonial weapon), they tried to use it only as a last resort to avoid losing an expensive object.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

There is an indication that only the Ngapu tribe (in the area between Huelle and Lake Chad) used them after using up all the spears and arrows.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

To do this, each of the warriors had from three to six zippers attached to the handle of the shield (Dybovsky).


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

[2] 2-3 zippers hung azande on the central disc of the shield, and Chadian and more Western tribes wore them in special covers.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Collecting and other aspects


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

There are many lightning collections in the West.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

But such collections suffer from a lack of accurate scientific documentation of the origin of the exhibits.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Until recently, little was known about these weapons in Russia.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Although still a Russian traveler of the XIX century, V. IN. Juncker, in his rather famous book “Journey to Africa” sketches of several similar objects, which he called “gangata.”


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

He mentions it in the novel “On the Edge of Oecumena” by I. A. Efremov said.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

There are also several copies in the exposition of the St. Petersburg Kunstkamera.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

The absence of a corresponding term in Russian gave Dmitry Samoilov a reason to propose the name “lightning” in his article, which is a translation of a term adopted by a number of tribes.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Although the word “pinga” is also somewhat established, as it was given in the encyclopedic reference book “Africa”.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Weapons experts also use the term “throwing iron” or Gooi Yster.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

European herbats and some halberd tomahawks can be considered distant analogues of lightning.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Notes


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Literature


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Africa.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Encyclopedic reference book (in 2 volumes) /Ch.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

ed.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

A. A. Gromyko.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1986—1987.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Richard F. Burton The book of swords.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Melee weapons through millennia.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 2006.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— P. 70—72.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— ISBN 5-9524-1243-2.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Harry K. McEvoy Throwing knives and tomahawks: the art of craftsmen.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— M.: Astrel, AST, 2006.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— P. 150, 151.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— ISBN 5-17-028733-X, ISBN 5-271-10877-5, ISBN 985-13-3200-3, ISBN 0-8048-1542-9 (eng.).


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Illustrated history of weapons from antiquity to the present day/Trans. from English.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— Minsk: Poppuri, 1999.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— P. 80, 81.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— ISBN 985 438 324 5, ISBN 0-312-03950-6.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Popenko V. N. Cold weapons.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Encyclopedic dictionary.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— Moscow: Boguchar, 1996.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— P. 166.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— ISBN S-88276-023X.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Samoilov D. Lightning Strike//Prorez, 2007, — No. 5.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— P. 16—23.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Stone J.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

K. A large encyclopedia of weapons and armor.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Weapons and armor of all times and nations.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— M.: Astrel, AST, 2008.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— P. 447, 450, 451, 691.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— ISBN 978-5-17-052742-7, ISBN 978-5-271-21108-9, ISBN 978-5-17-052752-6, ISBN 978-5-271-21109-6, ISBN 0-486-40726-8.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Yugrinov P. Small encyclopedia of edged weapons.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 2010.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— P. 257.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— ISBN 978-5-9524-4613-7.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Agthe Johanna, Karin Strauß (Texte) Waffen aus Zentral-Afrika//Museum für Völkerkunde, Frankfurt am Main, 1985, Seiten 22-24.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— ISBN 3-88270-354-7.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Agthe Johanna [u.a.] Ehe die Gewehre kamen//Traditionelle Waffen aus Afrika.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Museum für Völkerkunde Frankfurt am Main, 1985.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— ISBN 3-88270-353-9.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Bastide Tristan Arbousse Traditional weapons of Africa.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Billhooks, Sickles and Scythes//A regional approach with technical, morphological, and aesthetic classifications.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— Oxford u.a.: Archaeopress, 2010.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— (British archaeological reports. International series. 2149).


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

—ISBN 978-1-4073-0690-2.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Burton Richard Francis The Book of the Sword.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— London: Chattoo and Wingus, 1884.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— S. —37.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Cowper Henry Swainson The Art of Attack.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Being a Study in the Development of Weapons and Appliances of Offence, from the Earliest Times to the Age of Gunpowder.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— Holmes, Ulverston, 1906.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

(Auch Reprint: 2008).


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— S., 154.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— ISBN 978-1-4097-8313-8.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Elsen Jan De fer et de fierté//Armes blanches d'Afrique noire du musée Barbier-Mueller.


Question: Did you use a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

5 Continents Editions, Milan, 2003.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— ISBN 88-7439-085-8.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Frobenius Leo Afrikanische Messer//Prometheus.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Illustrirte Wochenschrift über die Fortschritte in Gewerbe, Industrie und Wissenschaft.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— Berlin: Mückenberger, 1901, Jg.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

12, — Nr.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— S. 753-759.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Felix Marc Leopold Kipinga.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Throwing-Blades of Central Africa.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Wurfklingen aus Zentralafrika//Galerie Fred Jahn, München, 1991.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Fischer Werner, Zirngibl Manfred A., Peda Gregor, Miller David Afrikanische Waffen.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Messer, Dolche, Schwerter, Beile, Wurfwaffen.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Prinz, Passau, 1978.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— ISBN 3-9800212-0-3.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

German Paul Afrikanische Wurfeisen und Wurfhölzer im Völkerkundemuseum zu Leipzig//Jahrbuch des Städtischen Museums für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig, Bd.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

8, 1918/21 (1922).


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— S. 41-50.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Schmidt A.M., Westerdijk Peter The Cutting Edge//West Central African 19th century throwing knives in the National Museum of Ethnology Leiden.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— Leiden, 2006.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— ISBN 978-90-5450-007-0.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Schurtz Heinrich.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

//Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Trap, Leiden u.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

a.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

, Band 2, 1889.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— S. 9—31.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

(Die Tafel mit 60 Zeichnungen befindet sich zwischen den Seiten 80 und 81).


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Spring Christopher African Arms and Armour//British Museum Press.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— London, 1993.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— ISBN 0-7141-2508-3.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Westerdijk H. IJzerwerk van Centraal-Afrika//Museum voor Land- en Volkenkunde Rotterdam, De Tijdstroom.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— Lochem, 1975.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— ISBN 90-6087-939-2.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Westerdijk Peter The African Throwing Knife.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

A Style Analysis//Utrecht, Univ.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

, Diss.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— Utrecht, 1988.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— ISBN 90-900-2355-0.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Zirngibl Manfred A., Kubetz Alexander Panga na visu.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Kurzwaffen, geschmiedete Kultgegenstände und Schilde aus Afrika.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— Hepelo-verlag, Riedlhütte, 2009.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

— ISBN 978-3-9811254-2-9.


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

References


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

(in English)


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

(in English)


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

(in English)


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

(in English)


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

(in English)


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

(in English)


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

(in English)


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Christian Warnke (Vortrag, Herbsttagung des Vereins der Freunde Afrikanischer Kultur, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen): (in English)


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Category:History of weapons


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Category:Throwing weapons


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Category:Throwing weapons alphabetically


Question: Used a 72-K gun in Africa?

Lightning (weapon)

Category:Strike weapons


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

HMS Temeraire (His Majesty's Ship Timirer) is a 98-gun battleship of the second rank.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The second ship of the Royal Navy,


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

named HMS Temeraire.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The second Neptune class battleship.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

It was founded in July 1793.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

It was launched on September 11, 1798 at the royal shipyard in Chatham.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

He served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, mainly serving as blockade or escorting convoys.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

He took part in only one major naval battle, the Battle of Trafalgar, but became widely known for his actions and their subsequent reflection in art and literature.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Built at the royal shipyard in Chatham, the Timirer became part of the Canal fleet, which at that time was occupied by the blockade of Brest.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The French fleet did not take any action, and therefore the ships of the squadron did not have the opportunity to prove themselves.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

However, when the crew of the Timirer heard rumors that the ship was going to be sent to the West Indies, while peace with France seemed inevitable, some crew members refused to obey orders.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

This rebellion eventually failed, and the leaders of the rebellion were brought to justice and executed.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

After the conclusion of the Peace of Amiens, the Timirer was sent to reserve, but returned to service after the resumption of war with France.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Once again part of the Canal fleet, he joined Horatio Nelson's squadron, which blockaded the Franco-Spanish fleet in Cadiz in 1805.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

At the Battle of Trafalgar on October 21, the ship entered battle just after Nelson's flagship, the Victory.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

In the midst of the battle, the Timirer came to the aid of the besieged Victory and captured two French ships, thereby earning wide fame in the UK.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

After a major overhaul, Timirer continued to participate in the blockade of French fleets and support British


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

operations off the Spanish coast.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

He was sent to the Baltic Sea in 1809, protecting convoys from attacks by Danish gunboats, and by 1810 he was back off the coast of Spain, helping protect Cadiz from the French army.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

His last operation against the French was the blockade of Toulon, when he came under fire from coastal batteries.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The ship returned to Great Britain in 1813 for repairs, but was sent to reserve.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

In 1819, it was transformed into a floating prison and moored in the Tamar River.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

He then continued his service at Sheerness as a receiving ship, then as a floating warehouse, and finally as a patrol ship.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The Admiralty decided to scrap the ship in 1838, and it was towed to the Thames, where it was to be dismantled.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

This last voyage was depicted in William Turner's painting “The Last Voyage of the Ship Brave”.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

This painting is still very popular and was even recognized as a favorite painting in the UK in 2005.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Start of service


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Channel fleet


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The Timirer was commissioned on March 21, 1799 under the command of Captain Peter Puget, who was in office


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

until July 26, 1799, leading the process of preparing the ship for going to sea.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

He was replaced by Captain Thomas Eiles on July 27


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

1799, while the ship was anchored in St. Helens, Isle of Wight [1].


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Under the command of Eiles, the Timirer finally sailed at the end of July under the flag of Rear Admiral Sir John Borlas Warren, and joined the Canal fleet under the command of Admiral Alexander Hood [1].


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

At that time, the canal's fleet was busy with the blockade of the French port of Brest and Timirer spent several months patrolling the area.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

On October 14, 1799, Eiles was replaced by the first captain of the Timirer, Peter Puget, and the following month, the Timirer became the flagship of Rear Admiral James Whitshed [2].


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Alexander Hood left his post as Commander-in-Chief of the Canal Fleet and was replaced by Admiral Earl Saint Vincent in mid-1799 and the blockade of French ports continued throughout the winter and all next year.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

On April 20, 1800, Puget was replaced by Captain Edward Marsh [1].


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Marsh led the Timirer for the rest of this year and throughout the first half of 1801, until he was replaced by Captain Thomas Eiles, who arrived on board on August 31, 1801 [2].


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

At that time, Rear Admiral Whitshed also carried his flag, and the Timirer became the flagship of Rear Admiral George Campbell [2].


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

By this time, the Second Coalition, created for the war with France, ceased to exist, and peace negotiations began.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The Earl of St. Vincent was promoted to First Lord of the Admiralty, and command of the Canal Fleet was transferred to Admiral Sir William Cornwallis.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Since the end of the war was imminent, the Timirer interrupted its siege service and was sent to Bantry Bay to wait for the arrival of the convoy it was supposed to escort to the West Indies.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Many of the ship's crew had served in the Navy since the beginning of the French Wars in 1793, and were looking forward to returning to England after the conclusion of peace.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Upon learning that they would instead have to go to the West Indies, about a dozen sailors began to persuade the rest of the crew to refuse to sail anywhere except England [1] [3].


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Mutiny


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The first open conflict between rebels and officers occurred on the morning of December 3, when a small group of sailors


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

gathered on the tank, and when they were ordered to disperse, she began to argue with the officers.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

When Captain Eiles asked what they wanted,


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

the sailors replied that they needed guarantees that the Timirer would not go to the West Indies, but would instead return to England.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

TO


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

In the end, Rear Admiral Campbell himself came out to talk to the people, who told them that the officers did not know where the ship would be ordered to go, and ordered the sailors to disperse.


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

They obeyed his order and the uprising that had begun seemed to be over [3].


Question: How many people were in the crew of the 98-gun second-rank battleship HMS Temeraire?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

However, the leaders of the rebellion did not abandon their intentions, and continued cautious questioning among the rest of the crew.