Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The Z number also determines the total positive electric charge (Ze) of the atomic nucleus and the number of electrons in the neutral atom, which determines its size [5].


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Atoms of various types in different quantities, bound by interatomic bonds, form molecules.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

History of the formation of the concept


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The concept of the atom as the smallest indivisible part of matter was first formulated by ancient Indian and ancient Greek philosophers (see: atomism).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

In the 17th and 18th centuries, chemists were able to experimentally confirm this idea, showing that some substances can not be further broken down into constituent elements by chemical methods.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

However, at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, physicists discovered subatomic particles and the composite structure of the atom, and it became clear that the real particle, which was given the name of the atom, in fact, did not is indivisible.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

At the International Congress of Chemists in Karlsruhe (Germany) in 1860, definitions of the concepts of molecule and atom were adopted.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

An atom is the smallest particle of a chemical element that is part of simple and complex substances.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Atomic models


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Pieces of matter.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Democritus believed that the properties of a substance are determined by the shape, mass, and other characteristics of the atoms that form it.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

So, let's say, fire's atoms are sharp, so fire can burn, solids have rough atoms, so they adhere firmly to each other, water is smooth, so it can flow.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Even the human soul, according to Democritus, is made up of atoms.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Thomson Atom Model 1904 (“Raisin Pudding” model).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

J.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

J.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Thomson proposed to consider an atom as some positively charged body with electrons inside it.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

It was finally refuted by Rutherford after his famous experiment in scattering alpha particles.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

An early planetary model of the Nagaoka atom.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

In 1904, Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka proposed a model of the atom, built by analogy with the planet Saturn.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

In this model, electrons orbiting a small positive nucleus, combined into rings, rotated around a small positive nucleus.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The model turned out to be wrong.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The planetary model of the Bohr-Rutherford atom.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

In 1911 [7] Ernest Rutherford, after conducting a series of experiments, came to the conclusion that an atom is like a planetary system in which electrons orbit around a centrally located an atom of a heavy positively charged nucleus (“Rutherford atom model”).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

However, this description of the atom came into conflict with classical electrodynamics.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The fact is that, according to classical electrodynamics, an electron, when moving with centripetal acceleration, must emit electromagnetic waves, and, consequently, lose energy.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Calculations showed that the time it takes for an electron in such an atom to fall on the nucleus is completely negligible.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

To explain the stability of atoms, Niels Bohr had to introduce postulates that were that an electron in an atom, being in some special energy states, does not radiate energy (” Bohr-Rutherford atom model”).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The need to introduce Bohr's postulates was the result of the realization that classical mechanics are not applicable to describe the atom.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Further study of the radiation of the atom led to the creation of quantum mechanics, which made it possible to explain the vast majority of the observed facts.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Quantum-mechanical model of an atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The modern model of the atom is a development of the Bohr-Rutherford planetary model.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

According to the modern model, the nucleus of an atom consists of positively charged protons and non-charged neutrons and is surrounded by negatively charged electrons.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

However, ideas of quantum mechanics do not allow us to assume that electrons move around the nucleus along any specific trajectories (the uncertainty of the electron coordinate in the atom can be comparable to the size of the atom itself).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The chemical properties of atoms are determined by the configuration of the electron shell and are described by quantum mechanics.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The position of an atom in the periodic table is determined by the electrical charge of its nucleus (that is, the number of protons), while the number of neutrons does not fundamentally affect chemical properties; As a rule, there are more neutrons in the nucleus than protons (see: atomic nucleus).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

If an atom is in a neutral state, then the number of electrons in it is equal to the number of protons.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The bulk of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus, and the mass fraction of electrons in the total mass of the atom is insignificant (several hundredths of a percent of the mass of the nucleus).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The mass of the atom is usually measured in atomic units of mass equal to the mass of the atom of the stable carbon isotope 12C.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The structure of the atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Subatomic particles


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Although the word atom in its original meaning meant a particle that does not divide into smaller parts, according to scientific understanding, it consists of smaller particles called subatomic particles.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

An atom consists of electrons, protons, and all atoms, except hydrogen-1, also contain neutrons.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The electron is the lightest particle that makes up the atom with a mass of 9.11×10−31 kg, a negative charge and a size that is too small to be measured by modern methods.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

[8] Experiments on ultra-accurate determination of the magnetic moment of an electron (Nobel Prize in 1989) show that the size of the electron does not exceed 10−18 m [9] [10].


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Protons have a positive charge and are 1836 times heavier than an electron (1.6726 × 10-27 kg).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Neutrons do not have an electric charge and are 1839 times heavier than an electron (1.6749 × 10-27 kg).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The mass of the nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of its constituent protons and neutrons due to the phenomenon of mass defect.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Neutrons and protons have a comparable size, about 2.5 × 10-15 m, although the sizes of these particles are poorly determined.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

In the standard model of elementary particles, both protons and neutrons are made up of elementary particles called quarks.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Along with leptons, quarks are one of the main components of matter.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Both the former and the latter are fermions.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

There are six types of quarks, each of which has a fractional electric charge equal to + or (−) elementary.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Protons consist of two u-quarks and one d-quark, and a neutron consists of one u-quark and two d-quarks.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

This difference explains the difference in the masses and charges of the proton and neutron.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Quarks are linked together by strong nuclear interactions that are transmitted by gluons.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

[13] [14]


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Electrons in an atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

When describing electrons in an atom within the framework of quantum mechanics, the probability distribution in 3n-dimensional space for a system of n electrons is usually considered.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Electrons in the atom are attracted to the nucleus, and there is also a Coulomb interaction between the electrons.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

These same forces keep electrons inside the potential barrier surrounding the nucleus.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

In order for an electron to overcome the attraction of the nucleus, it needs to receive energy from an external source.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The closer the electron is to the nucleus, the more energy it takes.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Electrons, like other particles, are characterized by corpuscular-wave dualism.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Sometimes it is said that an electron is moving along the orbital, which is not true.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The state of electrons is described by a wave function, the square of the modulus of which characterizes the probability density of particles finding at a given point in space at a given time, density operator.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

There is a discrete set of atomic orbitals, which correspond to the stationary pure states of electrons in an atom.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Each orbital has its own energy level.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

An electron in an atom can move to a level with greater energy when a given atom collides with another atom, electron, ion, or by absorbing a photon of the corresponding energy.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

When moving to a lower level, the electron gives energy by emitting a photon, or by transferring energy to another electron (radiation-free transition, impacts of the second kind).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

As in the case of absorption, during the radiative transition, the energy of the photon is equal to the difference in the energies of the electron at these levels (see: Bohr's postulates).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The frequency of the emitted radiation ν is related to the energy of the photon E by the ratio E = hν, where h is the Planck constant.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Atom properties


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

By definition, any two atoms with the same number of protons in their nuclei belong to the same chemical element.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes of this element.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

For example, hydrogen atoms always contain one proton, but there are isotopes without neutrons (hydrogen-1, sometimes also called protium, the most common form), with one neutron (deuterium), and two neutrons (tritium).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

[15] Known elements make up a continuous natural series in terms of the number of protons in the nucleus, starting with a hydrogen atom with one proton and ending with an Oganeson atom, in the nucleus of which 118 protons.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

[16] All isotopes of elements of the periodic table, starting with number 83 (bismuth), are radioactive.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

[17] [18]


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Weight


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Since protons and neutrons make the greatest contribution to the mass of an atom, the total number of these particles is called the mass number.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The rest mass of an atom is often expressed in atomic units of mass (a.e. m.), which is also called daltons (Yes).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

This unit is defined as part of the rest mass of the neutral carbon-12 atom, which is approximately 1.66×10−24 g. [19] Hydrogen-1, the lightest isotope of hydrogen and the atom with the lowest mass, has atomic weight about 1.007825 AU


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

m. [20] The mass of the atom is approximately equal to the product of the mass number by the atomic unit of mass [21] The heaviest stable isotope is lead-208 [17] with a mass of 207.9766521 AU. e.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

m. [22]


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Since the masses of even the heaviest atoms in ordinary units (for example, in grams) are very small, moles are used in chemistry to measure these masses.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

One mole of any substance, by definition, contains the same number of atoms (approximately 6.022 × 1023).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

This number (Avogadro's number) is chosen in such a way that if the mass of the element is 1 AU.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

m., the mole of atoms of this element will have a mass of 1 g. For example, carbon has a mass of 12 AU.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

m., so 1 mole of carbon weighs 12 g [19]


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Size


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Atoms do not have a clearly defined outer limit, so their dimensions are determined by the distance between the nuclei of the same atoms that have formed a chemical bond (covalent radius) or by distance to the farthest of the stable electron orbits in the electron shell of this atom (the radius of the atom).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The radius depends on the position of the atom in the periodic table, the type of chemical bond, the number of nearest atoms (coordination number) and the quantum-mechanical property known as spin.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

[23] In the periodic table of elements, the size of the atom increases as it moves from top to bottom along the column and decreases as it moves along the row from left to right.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

[24] Accordingly, the smallest atom is a helium atom with a radius of 32 pm, and the largest is a cesium atom (225pm).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

[25] These dimensions are thousands of times smaller than the wavelength of visible light (400—700 nm), so atoms cannot be seen through an optical microscope.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

However, individual atoms can be observed using a scanning tunneling microscope.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The following examples demonstrate a small number of atoms.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

A human hair is a million times as thick as a carbon atom.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

[26] One drop of water contains 2 sextillion (2×1021) oxygen atoms, and twice as many hydrogen atoms.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

[27] One carat of 0.2 g diamond consists of 10 sextillion carbon atoms.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

[28] If an apple could be enlarged to the size of the Earth, the atoms would reach the original size of an apple.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Scientists from the Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology presented the first images of the atom in the history of science.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

To obtain images, scientists used an electron microscope that captures radiation and fields (field-emission electron microscope (FEEM).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Physicists sequentially placed dozens of carbon atoms in a vacuum chamber and passed an electrical discharge of 425 volts through them.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The radiation of the last atom in the chain on the phosphorus screen made it possible to obtain an image of an electron cloud around the nucleus.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Radioactive decay


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Each chemical element has one or more isotopes with unstable nuclei that are susceptible to radioactive decay, causing atoms to emit particles or electromagnetic radiation.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Radioactivity occurs when the radius of the nucleus is greater than the range of strong interactions (distances of the order of 1 fm [31]).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

There are three main forms of radioactive decay [32] [33]:


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Alpha decay occurs when the nucleus emits an alpha particle, the nucleus of a helium atom, consisting of two protons and two neutrons.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

As a result of the emission of this particle, an element with a smaller atomic number by two appears.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Beta decay occurs due to weak interactions, and as a result, the neutron turns into a proton or vice versa.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

In the first case, an electron and antineutrino are emitted, in the second case, a positron and neutrino are emitted.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

An electron and a positron are called beta particles.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Beta decay increases or decreases atomic number by one.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Beta decay also includes the reverse process - electron capture, when one of the protons of the atomic nucleus captures an orbital electron and turns into a neutron, emitting an electron neutrino.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Gamma radiation occurs due to the transition of the nucleus to a lower energy state with the emission of electromagnetic radiation.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Gamma radiation can occur after the release of an alpha or beta particle after radioactive decay.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Each radioactive isotope is characterized by a half-life, that is, the time it takes for half of the nuclei of the sample to decay.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

This is an exponential decay that halves the number of nuclei remaining for each half-life.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

For example, after two half-lives, only 25% of the nuclei of the original isotope will remain in the sample.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Magnetic moment


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Elementary particles have an internal quantum-mechanical property known as spin.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

It is similar to the angular momentum of an object rotating around its own center of mass, although strictly speaking, these particles are point particles and it is impossible to talk about their rotation.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The spin is measured in units of the reduced Planck constant (


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

{\ displaystyle\ hbar}


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

), then electrons, protons and neutrons have a spin equal to ½


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

{\ displaystyle\ hbar}


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

In an atom, electrons orbit the nucleus and have an orbital angular momentum in addition to spin, while the nucleus itself has an angular momentum due to its nuclear back.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The magnetic field created by the magnetic moment of an atom is determined by these different forms of angular momentum, as in classical physics, rotating charged objects create a magnetic field.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

However, the most significant contribution comes from the back.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Due to the property of an electron, like all fermions, to obey the Pauli prohibition rule, according to which two electrons cannot be in the same quantum state, bound electrons mate with each other, and one of the electrons is in a state with a spin up, and the other with the opposite projection of the spin is in a state with a spin down.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Thus, the magnetic moments of electrons are reduced, reducing the total magnetic dipole moment of the system to zero in some atoms with an even number of electrons.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

In ferromagnetic elements, such as iron, an odd number of electrons leads to the appearance of an unpaired electron and a non-zero total magnetic moment.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The orbitals of adjacent atoms overlap, and the lowest energy state is achieved when all spins of unpaired electrons assume the same orientation, a process known as exchange interaction.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

When the magnetic moments of ferromagnetic atoms are aligned, the material can produce a measurable macroscopic magnetic field.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Paramagnetic materials consist of atoms whose magnetic moments are disoriented in the absence of a magnetic field, but the magnetic moments of individual atoms are equalized when a magnetic field is applied.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

[35] [36]


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The nucleus of an atom can also have a non-zero full spin.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Usually, at thermodynamic equilibrium, the backs of the nuclei are oriented randomly.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

However, for some elements (such as xenon-129), it is possible to polarize a significant part of the nuclear spins to create a state with co-directed spins, a state called hyperpolarization.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

This condition is of great practical importance in magnetic resonance imaging.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

[37] [38]


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Energy levels


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The electron in the atom is in a bound state; when at an excited level, it has potential energy that is proportional to its distance from the nucleus.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

This energy is usually measured in electron volts (eV), and its maximum value is equal to the energy that must be transferred to the electron to make it free (tear it away from the atom).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

As the electron (in the atom) moves to lower levels, the potential energy decreases, but turns not into kinetic, but into the energy of the emitted photons.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

According to the quantum-mechanical model of an atom, a bound electron can occupy only a discrete set of permitted energy levels — states with a certain energy.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The lowest of the permitted energy states is called the main one (the potential energy is zero — the electron can no longer fall deeper), and all the rest are excited.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

To move an electron from one energy level to another, it is necessary to transfer energy to it or take away from it.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

This energy can be communicated to an atom by hitting another particle, or by absorbing or, accordingly, emitting a photon, and the energy of this photon is equal to the absolute value of the energy difference of the initial and finite electron levels.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The frequency of the emitted radiation is proportional to the energy of the photon, so transitions between different energy levels are manifested in different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

[40] Each chemical element has a unique emission spectrum, which depends on the charge of the nucleus, the filling of the electronic subshells, the interaction of electrons, and other factors.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

When radiation with a continuous spectrum passes through a substance (for example, a gas or plasma), some photons are absorbed by atoms or ions, causing electronic transitions between energy states, whose energy difference is equal to the energy of the absorbed photon.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

These excited electrons then spontaneously return to a level lower on the energy scale, emitting photons again.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The emitted photons are emitted not in the direction in which the absorbed fell, but arbitrarily in the solid angle of 4 pi steradian.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

As a result, areas with very low levels of radiation appear in the continuous spectrum, that is, dark absorption lines.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Thus, the substance behaves like a filter, turning the original continuous spectrum into an absorption spectrum that has a series of dark lines and bands.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

When observed from angles where the original radiation is not directed, one can notice radiation with an emission spectrum emitted by atoms.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Spectroscopic measurements of the energy, amplitude and width of spectral radiation lines make it possible to determine the type of radiating substance and the physical conditions in it.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

A more detailed analysis of spectral lines showed that some of them have a fine structure, that is, they are split into several close lines.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

In a narrow sense, the “thin structure” of spectral lines is usually called their splitting, which occurs due to the spin-orbit interaction between the spin and the rotational motion of the electron.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The interaction of the magnetic moments of the electron and the nucleus leads to an ultra-thin splitting of spectral lines, which, as a rule, is smaller than the thin one.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

If you place an atom in an external magnetic field, you can also see the splitting of spectral lines into two, three or more components — a phenomenon called the Zeeman effect.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

It is caused by the interaction of an external magnetic field with the magnetic moment of the atom, and depending on the mutual orientation of the moment of the atom and the magnetic field, the energy of this level may increase or shrink.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

When an atom passes from one split state to another, a photon will be emitted at a frequency different from the frequency of the photon during the same transition in the absence of a magnetic field.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

If the spectral line splits into three lines when an atom is placed in a magnetic field, then this Zeeman effect is called normal (simple).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Much more often, in a weak magnetic field, an anomalous (complex) Zeeman effect is observed, when splitting into 2, 4 or more lines occurs (the anomalous effect occurs due to the presence of spin in electrons).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

With an increase in the magnetic field, the type of splitting becomes simpler, and the anomalous Zeeman effect becomes normal (the Paschen-Buck effect).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

[44] The presence of an electric field can also cause a comparable shift in spectral lines caused by changes in energy levels.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

This phenomenon is known as the Stark effect.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

If the electron is in an excited state, then interaction with a photon of a certain energy can cause stimulated radiation of an additional photon with the same energy — for this purpose it must there is a lower level to which the transition is possible, and the difference in energy levels should be equal to the energy of the photon.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

With forced radiation, these two photons will move in the same direction and have the same phase.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

This property is used in lasers that can emit a coherent beam of light in a narrow frequency range.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Valence


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The outer electron shell of an atom, if it is not completely filled, is called the valence shell, and the electrons of this shell are called valence electrons.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The number of valence electrons determines how an atom binds to other atoms through a chemical bond.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

By forming chemical bonds, atoms tend to fill their outer valence shells.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

To show the repetitive chemical properties of chemical elements, they are ordered in the form of a periodic table.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Elements with the same number of valence electrons form a group, which is shown in the table as a column (movement along the horizontal row corresponds to the filling of the valence shell with electrons).


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The elements in the rightmost column of the table have a completely electron-filled outer shell, so they have extremely low chemical activity and are called inert or noble gases.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

[48] [49]


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Dispersion attraction


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

An important property of an atom is its tendency to dispersive attraction.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The origin of dispersion forces was explained in 1930 by F. London.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Interatomic interaction occurs as a result of charge fluctuations in two atoms that are close to each other.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

As electrons move, each atom has an instantaneous dipole moment other than zero.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

If electron density fluctuations in two atoms were inconsistent, there would be no resulting attraction between atoms.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

However, an instantaneous dipole on one atom induces an oppositely directed dipole in an adjacent atom.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

These dipoles are attracted to each other by creating a force of attraction called the dispersion force, or the force of London.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The energy of such interaction is directly proportional to the square of the electron polarizability of the atom α and inversely proportional to r6, where r is the distance between the two atoms.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Deformation polarization of an atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Deformation polarization is manifested in the inherent ability of atoms to elastic deformation of their electronic shells under the action of electromagnetic fields.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Today's understanding of the phenomenon of deformation polarization is based on ideas about the finite elasticity of the electron shells of atoms under the action of an electric field [51].


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Removal of the external electric field leads to the restoration of the electron shell of the atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The deformation of the electron shell of the atom leads to a shift in the electron density in the atom, which is accompanied by the formation of an induced electric dipole moment μ.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The dipole moment is equal to the product of the value of the positive charge q by the distance between the charges L and is directed from the negative charge to the positive μ=QL.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

In relatively weak electric fields, the induced dipole moment is proportional to the electric field strength E. μ =αEE, where αe is the electron polarizability of the atom.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The highest value of electron polarizability is observed in alkali metal atoms, and the minimum value for atoms of noble gases.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Atomic ionization


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

At high values of the strength of the applied electric field, irreversible deformation of the atom is observed, accompanied by the separation of the electron.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The atom is ionized, the atom gives off an electron and turns into a positively charged ion — a cation.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The separation of an electron from an atom requires an expenditure of energy called ionization potential or ionization energy.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The ionization energy of an atom is highly dependent on its electronic configuration.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The change in the separation energy of the first electron depending on the sequence number of the element is shown in the figure.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Atoms of alkali metals have the lowest ionization energy, and atoms of noble gases have the highest ionization energy.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

For polyelectron atoms, the ionization energy I1, I2, I3... corresponds to the separation of the first, second, third, etc. electrons.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Atom-electron interaction


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Atoms can, to one degree or another, attach an additional electron and turn into a negative ion — an anion.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The energy effect of the process of attachment to a neutral atom (E) is commonly called the electron affinity energy.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

E+ e- → Uh-


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The figure shows the dependence of the electron affinity energy of atoms on the serial number of the element.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Halogen atoms (3-4 eV) have the greatest affinity for an electron:


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Electronegativity of an atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The electronegativity of an atom (η) is a fundamental property of an atom to shift common electron pairs in a molecule to itself.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The ability of the atom of this element to pull the electron density on itself in comparison with other elements of the compound depends on the ionization energy of the atom and its affinity for the electron.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

According to one of the definitions (according to Mulliken), the electronegativity of an atom (η) can be expressed as half the sum of its ionization energy (i) and electron affinity (F):


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

η


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

i


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

F


Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

{\ displaystyle\ chi = {\ frac {1} {2}} (I+F)}


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

There are about twenty scales of electronegativity of an atom, the calculation of the values of which is based on various properties of substances.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

The obtained values of different scales differ, but the relative arrangement of elements in the series of electronegativities is approximately the same.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

A detailed search for the relationship between electronegativity scales made it possible to formulate a new approach to choosing a practical scale of electronegativity of atoms [53].


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

See also


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Physics of atoms and molecules


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

molecule


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Electron


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Notes


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Literature


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Bader R. Atoms in molecules.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Quantum theory.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Moscow, Mir Publ., 2001.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

— 532 p.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Sommerfeld A. — MOSCOW: GITTLE, 1956.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Sommerfeld A. — MOSCOW: GITTLE, 1956.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Shpolsky E.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

V. 4-e izd.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

— Moscow: Nauka, 1974.


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

In English


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

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Question: What is an atom?

Atom

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Question: What is an atom?

Atom

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Question: What is an atom?

Atom


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

CS1 maint: Extra text (link)


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

References


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

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Question: What is an atom?

Atom

in the Physical Encyclopedia


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

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Question: What is an atom?

Atom

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Question: What is an atom?

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Question: What is an atom?

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Question: What is an atom?

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Question: What is an atom?

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Question: What is an atom?

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Question: What is an atom?

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Category:Atomic physics


Question: What is an atom?

Atom

Category:Main provisions and definitions in chemistry


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Construction (Sibstrin) is a federal state budgetary educational institution of higher education licensed by the Ministry education of the Russian Federation dated April 18, 2016, accounting series 90L01 No. 009124 for the right to conduct educational activities, Certificate of state accreditation valid until November 29, 2023 [1].


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Founded in 1930, NSUAE (Sibstrin) was the first and for a long time the only construction university in the vast territory of Siberia and the Far East.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Today, the university is a recognized leader in training personnel for the construction complex of the region.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Over 85 years of its work, it has graduated more than 45,000 highly qualified specialists.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Effective integration of education, science and production allows the university to train personnel that meet the needs of the modern economy, and conduct developments for government agencies and major enterprises and companies construction industry.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

History


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The university was established in accordance with the order of the Supreme Council of the USSR No. 1381 of May 18, 1930 and the Resolution of the CEC and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 40/237 of June 23, 1930.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

It was opened on the basis of the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Siberian Technological Institute (St. Tomsk).


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Sibstrin, which moved from Tomsk to Novosibirsk in 1933, became not only the first construction university in the city, but also the only scientific and educational center from the Urals to the Far East that conducts training personnel for the construction sector of the country.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Timeline


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Since May 18, 1930, the Siberian Construction Institute (SibStrin) was founded on the basis of the Siberian Technological Institute.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Ivan Nikitich Artemyev was appointed the first director of the new educational institution.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Classes began on September 1, 1930 in Tomsk.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The Institute trained architects, engineers in industrial and civil construction, water supply and sewerage.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Sibstrin consisted of seven departments: higher mathematics, architecture, structural mechanics, engineering structures, construction production, building materials, water supply and sewerage, had 15 staff and 227 students.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1931 — Afanasy Prokopyevich Strakhov became the director of the institute [2], who headed Sibstrin until April 1936.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1933 — relocation of the Institute to Novosibirsk.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

In total, the university already has 13 departments.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The construction of the first stage of the academic building and professorial buildings has been completed.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The buildings of the new buildings were designed by a team of architects of the Sibstrin Department of Architecture under the leadership of N. S. Kuzmina.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The project was consulted by A. D. Kryachkov said.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Few people know that the most active participants in the construction of the institute's buildings were its students.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1935 — the Institute was renamed the Novosibirsk Civil Engineering Institute (NISI) named after V.I.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

IN. IN. Kuibyshev.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1936—1938 — in 1936, Anatoly Georgievich Pristinsky headed the staff of the institute.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

In October 1937, the university was headed by Vasily Fedorovich Artemyev, who headed the institute until October 1940.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The first collection of scientific papers of the Institute was published, the first scientific conference was held.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Student dormitory No. 3 for 515 places has been built.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1939 — the Novosibirsk Institute of Engineers of Geodesy, Aerial Photography and Cartography (now the Siberian State Geodetic Academy) was established on the basis of the Engineering and Geodetic Faculty of NISS.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Postgraduate studies were founded.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1940-1944 — Luka Olimpievich Maslyukov, who headed the university until February 1944, took the place of director.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

In total, 400 people were drafted into the army from the walls of NISI: 245 students, 36 teachers, 3 graduate students, 116 other employees and workers.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

All of them heroically defended their Motherland, and 106 of them died in the fight against the fascist invaders, died of injuries in hospitals.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Scientists of the Institute made a great contribution to the development of the construction industry in wartime conditions.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The Faculty of Construction and Technology was created.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

In 1944, Grigory Borisovich Pronchenko was appointed director of the NISS.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

He headed the university until April 1949.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1949 — Daniil Kuleshov headed NISS.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

D. A. Kuleshov was at the head of the institute for almost 30 years, turning it into a training center for construction personnel in Siberia.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1955—1956 — evening and correspondence faculties were organized (merged in 1991).


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Dormitory No. 2 for 450 people was put into operation.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1957 — Dormitory No. 1 for 450 places was commissioned.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1969—1970 — the faculty of advanced training of teachers of higher educational institutions was organized and a preparatory department was opened for applicants to the institute.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

A dispensary for students, teachers and staff has been opened in dormitory No. 2.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1975 — On the 30th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, a monument was unveiled on May 9, which bears the glorious names of 39 Sibstrinovtsy who died in the Second World War.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The NISS Museum of Military and Labor Glory was opened.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1978 — training of specialists for foreign countries began.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The university was headed by Ilya Ilyich Koshin.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1980 — For its services in training qualified specialists for the national economy and success in the development of scientific research, the university was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1981 — The Faculty for Work with Foreign Students (now FRIS) was established.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1987—1989 — Novosibirsk Architectural Institute (now Novosibirsk State Academy of Architecture and Art) was founded on the basis of the NISI Faculty of Architecture.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, organized for architectural training of students of engineering and technical specialties, began its work at NISS.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

A 9-storey dormitory No. 5 for 537 places has been built.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

In 1989, the university was headed by Arkady Petrovich Yanenko, who remained in this post until 2007.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1990 — the Faculty of Pre-University Training was organized, which combined the preparatory department and preparatory courses (now the Center for Pre-University Training and Career Guidance Work), and general technical Faculty of Construction.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1993 — by order of the Higher Education Committee of the Ministry of Science of Russia dated June 21, the Novosibirsk Civil Engineering Institute was renamed the Novosibirsk State Academy of Construction (NGAS).


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1994 — Computing Center was established.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

NGAS became an associate member of RAACS and since then has been constantly providing organizational, personnel and financial support to the Academy's department.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

1998 — by order of the Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation dated January 22, NGAS was renamed Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (NSUAE).


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

2002 — the university is accredited by the International Institute of Builders (ICE, St. London) in the field of “construction”.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

A department for the organization of extracurricular and educational work (now the CVVR) has been established.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

2003 — NSUAE received a new official name “Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin)”.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

On the basis of the practice department, the Department of Employment, Employment and Industrial Practices was organized.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

A completely reconstructed memorial monument has been opened in honor of Sibstrinovtsy who died on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

2004 — the university was awarded the American Gold Certificate of International Prestige and the Gold Medal of the Association for the Promotion of Industry (France) for success in the field of training and development social sphere.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

2005 — NSUAE (Sibstrin) was awarded the gold medal of the Grand Prix of European Quality (Switzerland).


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

2007 — in March 2007, Stanislav Viktorovich Linovsky headed the university.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

2012 — from March 2012 to the present, the university is headed by Corresponding Member of RAACS Yuri Leonidovich Skolubovich.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning has been established.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The Faculty of Construction and Technology was renamed the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies (FIIT).


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

As a result of the merger of the Faculty of Humanities Education and the Faculty of Economics and Management, the Faculty of Economics, Management and Humanitarian Education (FEMGO)


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

2014 — the “Program for Strategic Development of the University” was adopted, providing for the creation of the Siberian Center for Science and Education in the Field of Architecture, Construction, Housing and Communal Services which is designed to unite production enterprises, universities, scientists not only from Russia but also from abroad.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

2015 — October 15, the UNESCO International Chair “Environmentally Friendly Technologies of Environmental Engineering and Water Use” was established as part of NSUAE (Sibstrin).


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

2017 — Yury Leonidovich Skolubovich was re-elected to the post of rector.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

University today


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The University includes 7 faculties, 30 departments and conducts multi-level training in 10 areas and 16 profiles of higher professional education training — construction, architecture and humanities.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Approximately 6,000 students are currently studying at the university.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The total number of professors and teachers is about 460 people.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

More than half of them have academic degrees of professors and doctors of science, associate professors and candidates of science.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

NSUAE (Sibstrin) has doctoral and postgraduate studies in 13 scientific specialties.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The university has 1 dissertation council.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The university is accredited by the International Institute of Builders (ICE, St. London) in the direction of “Construction”.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

He is certified by the International Education Community (IES, St. London) in the field of Management.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

NSUAE (Sibstrin) is a developed university complex compactly located in the center of Novosibirsk with a total area of 66.5 thousand m².


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The educational and laboratory base includes 4 buildings that provide all types of training sessions.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The unified information and computing network of the university unites more than a thousand computers, there are 28 modern computer classes, an Internet connection at a speed of up to 33 Mbit/s, Wi-Fi zones with free access.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The sports and recreation base of the university includes one of the best sports and recreation complexes in the city with an area of 6.3 thousand m², a stadium, a ski base, a shooting range, a sanatorium, a health center , recreation center “Sosnovka”.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

There are sections in 17 sports.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

There are 4 student dormitories on the territory of the university complex.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The NSUAE campus (Sibstrin) is the winner of the All-Russian competition for educational work among universities.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

NSUAE (Sibstrin) is traditionally famous for the high employment rate of its graduates.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Almost all graduates find work in their specialty or are already working by the time they graduate.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The employers of Sibstrin graduates are leading companies in the construction industry and housing and communal services in the region.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Well-known teachers


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Ashchepkov, Evgeny Andreevich (1907-1983) — architect, doctor of art history (1949), member of A.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

-cor.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Academy of Architecture (later the Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture) of the USSR (1950), Honored Architect of the RSFSR (1969), architectural historian, painter.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Balandin, Sergey Nikolaevich (1930-2004) - Soviet, Russian architect, Honored Architect of the Russian Federation (1994).


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

He is the author of 107 scientific publications, including 9 monographs, on the history of architecture in Siberia, Novosibirsk Oblast and Novosibirsk.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Biryulyov, Vladimir Vladimirovich (1928-1995) - Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR, full member of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Founder of a scientific school in the field of development and research of prestressed and lightweight metal structures.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Volovik, Anatoly Afanasyevich (1929-1999) - famous Soviet architect, member of the Academy of Architecture, member of the Academy of Arts, for many years headed the Novosibirsk branch of the Academy architecture and the Novosibirsk Union of Architects.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

He led the work on the detailed planning of the city center of Novosibirsk.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Guseynov, Rifat Mirakhmedovich (1946-2012) — Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Economic Theory of NSUAE (Sibstrin) in 1990-2012, Honored Economist of Russia, Honorary Worker of Higher Education professional education of the Russian Federation.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

He graduated from Azerbaijan State University, postgraduate studies at Moscow State University


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

At one time, he headed the Department of Science, Economic and Social Programs of the Office of the Plenipotentiary Envoy to the Siberian Federal District


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Pyotr Dmitriev


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Evdokimov-Rokotovsky, Mikhail Ilyich (1867-1967) - Russian Soviet civil engineer, specialist in the creation of railway tunnels, bridges and structures.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Professor at a number of Soviet universities, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Order Bearer.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Zabilin, Mikhail Ivanovich (1930-1992) - Soviet and Russian scientist in the field of dynamics of foundations and foundations, geotechnics and foundation engineering, the founder of the Siberian School of Dynamics of Foundations and foundations


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Krivorotov, Aleksandr Petrovich (1925-2014)


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Kryachkov, Andrey Dmitrievich (1876-1950) - an outstanding architect, scientist, doctor of technical sciences, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR (1942).


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

According to his projects, more than 30 important buildings and structures in various architectural styles have been erected in Novosibirsk.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

He is the founder of architectural education in Siberia.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Knigina, Galina Ivanovna — Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

She made a significant contribution to the development of theoretical and technological foundations for obtaining building materials from burnt rocks, gave a scientific justification for the use of the microcalorimetry method for studying mineral raw materials and phase composition of silicate building materials.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

She has prepared 46 candidates of science, author of more than 300 scientific papers, including 14 monographs, 20 inventions.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Luzganov, Vasily Mitrofanovich (1940-2001) - Honorary and Honored Builder of the Russian Federation, Head of Large Enterprises.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Maslennikov, Vitaly Semyonovich (1880-1959) - Russian and Soviet architect, one of the masters of Moscow Art Nouveau.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

In 1934, he participated in the development of the reconstruction of the facades of the Novosibirsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

He is the author of a number of Novosibirsk buildings, of which his most famous works are the Stokvartirny House (in collaboration with A. D. Kryachkov) and the educational building of SGUPS.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Mikhailov, Mikhail Nikolaevich — Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture of the USSR (1957).


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

The main works are devoted to the use of gypsum and marbles in Siberia.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

During the Great Patriotic War, he rebuilt the work of the building materials laboratory of the NISS Department for Defense Needs.


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Nikolay Panteleev


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Nikolay Strebeiko


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

See also


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Moscow State University of Civil Engineering


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Penza State University of Architecture and Construction


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

Notes


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?

References


Question: Which institute was Nikolai Nikolaevich Yanenko the director?


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Richard Stoddert Ewell (English: Richard Stoddert Ewell, sometimes incorrectly transliterated as Ewell; February 8, 1817 — January 25, 1872) was a career officer in the United States Army and a general in the Confederate Army Civil war.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell, a former West Point graduate, fought in the Mexican War, served in New Mexico and Arizona, became a brigade commander, then division commander after the outbreak of the Civil War, and became famous during the campaign in the Shenandoah Valley, where he served under Jackson's command Stone Wall.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He was wounded on the first day of the Second Battle of Bull Run and returned to service only in May 1863, when he took command of the Second Corps to replace the deceased Jackson.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He managed to defeat the federal division under Winchester, gaining fame as the “new Jackson”, but his actions during the Battle of Gettysburg caused contradictory assessments; some historians believe Ewell's indecision is one of the reasons for the failure of the battle.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell commanded the corps in unsuccessful campaigns in the fall of 1863, which again damaged his reputation.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

His success in the Battle of Wilderness went unnoticed, and after the Battle of Spotsylvania, General Lee removed Ewell from command of the corps; Ewell became commander of the Richmond garrison.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

After the evacuation of Richmond, he retreated with two divisions to the west, but his army was defeated at Silers Creek, Ewell was captured and spent some time in prison at Fort Warren.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

After his release, he spent the last years managing his plantation.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Early years


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The Ewell family was of English origin.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

It was believed that this surname came from the name of an ancient Saxon village in the English county of Surrey.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

James Ewell was the first to leave England during the English Revolution.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He settled on the Virginia coast, married a woman named Anna, and had seven children in their family.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

One of James Ewell's sons named Charles became a brick maker and then a planter in Lancaster County.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He married Mary-Anne Burtrend and had seven children, including Charles, Bertrand, and Solomon.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Solomon founded the Lancaster Ewells line, and the brothers Bartrend and Charles moved to Prince William County and founded the Prince William branch of the family there [1] [2].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Charles Jr. built the Bel Air plantation in 1740.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He married Sarah Ball, a relative of Mary Ball, George Washington's mother.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

His daughter Mariemn married surgeon Craik, a friend of Washington, who was present at his death.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Jess, Charles's eldest son, married Charlotte Ewell in 1767 and inherited Bel-Air.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He became a close friend of Thomas Jefferson, who was often hosted at his home, and died in 1805.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

During the Revolutionary War, Jess was a militia colonel, but did not have time to take part in the battles.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

His rapier was later worn for some time by Richard Ewell [3] [4].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Jess and Charlotte had 17 children.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The 14th was Thomas Ewell, who was born in 1785.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He became a physician and author of books on medicine.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On March 3, 1807, he married Elizabeth Stoddert of Georgetown, daughter of a major wounded at the Battle of Brandywine [5].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Elizabeth Stoddert had a sister, Harriet, who married George Campbell and became the mother of Leasinka Campbell Brown, Ewell's future wife [6].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Thomas and Elizabeth were born to Rebecca (1808), (1810), Paul Hamilton (1812) and Elizabeth Stoddert (1813).


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On February 8, 1817, his third son, Richard Stoddert, was born.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Richard Ewell was born in, D.C., in a house known as the Halcyon House, which was built by his maternal grandfather in 1785.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Just a year after Richard was born, the family moved to Philadelphia, and in 1819 settled in Washington.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Their home was next to the house of Stephen Decator, who died before their eyes in 1820 after being wounded in a duel.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In the same year, the family moved to Centerville, where they purchased a house known as Stony Lance, and then a second, Four Chimney House.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Richard's younger siblings, Thomas and William, Virginia, were born here.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Thomas Sr. died in 1826 after years of poverty and alcoholism.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The family was left in a difficult situation on the verge of hunger.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In 1828, his mother sent Benjamin Ewell to West Point Academy and Paul to college, but Paul died in 1831, probably of typhus.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Richard was 14 years old at the time and remained the oldest man in the family.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Working on the farm did not leave him time for education, so he was taught by relatives and attended school for only one year.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

From 1834, his mother began to look for a way to accommodate Richard in West Point.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

She managed to enlist the help of George Campbell, who brought Richard together with President Andrew Jackson, who recommended him to the Secretary of War.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The secretary demanded a recommendation from Congressman Joseph Chinn, and it was also received in 1835, but the vacancies were already closed and Richard was not accepted until 1836 [7] [8].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

During these years, Richard became close to Elizabeth (Leasing) Campbell Brown, daughter of George Campbell.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

She was born in 1820 in St. Petersburg, when her father was the US Ambassador to Russia, and was named after Empress Elizabeth, who was a close friend of the Campbell family.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The Leasinki family lived in Washington since 1832, she often visited Stony Lance, and she and Richard began a romantic relationship.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

They, however, broke off in 1836, when Richard entered West Point [9] (Leasing married James Percy Brown in 1839, and Ewell no longer had a serious relationship with other women [10]).


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell arrived at West Point in June 1836 and was in the same class as George Getty, Bashrod Johnson, Paul Gebert, Israel Richardson, George Thomas, and William Sherman, the latter he became especially close friends.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

His brother Benjamin was teaching mathematics at West Point at this time.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At that time, the cadets were brought together in a battalion of four companies, 70 people each.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell joined Company A, which also included Joseph Hooker, John Sedgwick, Pierre Beauregard and Henry Halek.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Sherman and Thomas were also later transferred to this company.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Over the years, Ewell received relatively few disciplinary sanctions: 56 in the first year, 70 in the second, 41 in the third, and 46 in the fourth.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Meanwhile, discipline as a whole at the academy deteriorated due to the fault of Superintendent De Russi, and eventually, on September 1, 1838, the War Department removed him, appointing Major Richard Delafield as Superintendent.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Delafield immediately introduced iron discipline at the academy [11].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In his last year of study, Ewell was promoted to lieutenant in Company A (under commander).


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

James Longstreet was the corporal of this company at the time.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He was engaged in marching training newcomers, including Ulysses Grant that year.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

That same year, Ewell began to think about lifestyle choices.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

His mother advised him to leave the army and become a teacher.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell replied that with his education, he was not suitable for anything but a military career.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He wrote that a person in his position, if he did not have money, had to stay in the army so as not to starve to death.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In another letter, he said that he was not interested in staying in the army at all, but did not want to starve.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell was not interested in artillery, and his academic performance did not give him a chance to become an engineer.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The career of a dragoon, infantryman or sailor remained.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

It was believed that dragoons had better conditions and more competent officers, but they mainly stood on the frontier, far from civilization and social life.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

After much hesitation, Ewell chose a career as a dragoon.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On July 1, 1840, he graduated from the academy (13th in academic performance out of 42 cadets of 1840) and received the temporary rank of second lieutenant of the 1st Dragoon Regiment [12] [13].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Frontier Service


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

After graduating from the academy, Ewell went home and was sent to serve in Pennsylvania at the end of the summer.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

These barracks at that time served as a dragoon training camp.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In 1840, the U.S. Army had two Dragoons with 750 men each.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The barracks were commanded by Captain Edwin Sumner, a veteran of the Black Hawk War.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On November 20, Ewell was ordered to report to Company A, 1st Dragoon Regiment B.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

By the time of arrival, the company had already relocated to Fort Wayne, and Ewell arrived there shortly after Christmas.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The fort was not yet completed and consisted of several houses in the deserted steppe, 25 miles from Bentonville, Arkansas.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

To cook and care for horses, Ewell bought a 14-year-old slave named Arthur for $600, on the condition that in 2 years his former owner would buy Arthur back for the same amount [14] [15].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

During his service in the fort, Ewell's religiosity, instilled in him by his mother, began to gradually fade away.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The reason was youthful skepticism, the rude way of life in the fort and the lack of organized religious life on the frontier.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

An even more powerful factor was the impression of watching the missionaries.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell was disgusted with them and was very surprised when his brother William decided to choose this occupation.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

“I am shocked to think that William would become a missionary,” he wrote, “I saw how much harm they did to the Indians here, and I am rather skeptical about the benefits of them. Missionaries are one of our main bastards” [16].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In 1842, Fort Wayne was abandoned, and the dragoon was transferred to New Fort Scott, 100 kilometers from Fort Leavenworth.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In the summer of 1843, Ewell took part in Captain St. George Cook's expedition to Santa Fe.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The company accompanying the trade caravan left Fort Leavenworth on August 31, reached Santa Fe in six weeks and returned, covering a total of 700 miles in severe weather conditions.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Captain Cook recognized Ewell in his report.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Wanting to be closer to civilization, Ewell asked to be transferred to Missouri at the Jefferson Barracks, and the request was granted.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

One day, when he was a senior officer at the barracks, Lieutenant Ulysses Grant arrived at his disposal.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Grant remembered this meeting many years later and mentioned it in his memoirs [17].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In May 1845, Ewell returned to Fort Leavenworth, just as Colonel Philip Carney was preparing a military expedition along the Oregon Trail to impress Indian tribes and prevent them from attacking trade caravans.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Four cavalry companies from Fort Leavenworth and Ewell's company from Fort Scott participated in the expedition.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The expedition began on May 18 and arrived at Fort Laramie on June 14.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Here, Ewell's company was left to protect the property, and on July 13, Kearney returned to the fort, took the company and went to Fort Leavenworth on the Santa Fe road.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On August 24, the expedition ended, and its participants traveled 2,066 miles in 99 days.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell's health deteriorated, he took a vacation and went on vacation to Virginia.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He returned to the west on May 1, 1846 and learned that he had been promoted to first lieutenant on September 18 [18] [13] [19].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Mexican War


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell served in the Topographic Coast Guard when the Mexican War broke out.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In May, he was sent to recruiting in Ohio.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

When he learned that Philip Carney, who by that time had become a general, was going to lead Company F on the Rio Grande, he asked to temporarily join the company and received consent.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At the end of August, he arrived at the company headquarters in the Jefferson Barracks and helped Carney train the dragoon for five weeks.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On October 5, an order was received to go to Texas.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The company took a steamer down the Mississippi, stopped in New Orleans, and then landed at Point Isabel, at the mouth of the Rio Grande.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The company arrived at General Taylor's army, but Taylor soon sent Worth's division to strengthen Scott's army, and Company F went with it.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In Scott's army, the company became an escort company at the headquarters of the commander-in-chief.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

After the capture of Veracruz, the army marched to Mexico City.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At the Battle of Cerro Gordo, the company was kept in reserve, but after the retreat of the Mexicans, it was abandoned to pursue the enemy.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At this time, Thomas Ewell was wounded — he died that night in Richard's arms and was buried at the place of death, according to his will [20] [21].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The Mexican army retreated to San Antonio.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Captain Robert Lee found a way to the rear of the Mexicans, through which the Pillow and Twiggs divisions reached the town of Contreras, defeated the Mexican detachment at Contreras, and reached Churubusco.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Captain Carney was wounded in a redoubt attack near Churubusco, and Ewell, who narrowly escaped injury himself, took command of Company F.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Chapultepec soon fell, and General Scott entered Mexico City with the F escort company. The Mexican War ended, Ewell remained with the occupation army in Mexico City.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Until December 22, he commanded Company F, then took command of Company K. Shortly thereafter, he learned that he had received a temporary rank of captain for bravery under Contreras and Churubusco [22].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell's health deteriorated, malaria attacks increased, and he was even offered a vacation, but he refused.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Mexico lacked dragoon officers, so Ewell had the opportunity to hold positions higher than his rank allowed.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On February 2, 1848, he signed a peace treaty with Mexico, and the dragoon was returned to the Jefferson Barracks.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

By this time, Ewell was feeling so bad that he requested a vacation.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He even thought of retiring from the army and becoming a farmer, but he was dissuaded from doing so.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In August, he took a vacation, left Missouri and went to Virginia [23].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

New Mexico Service


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In October, Ewell's vacation ended and he was sent to the Carlisle Barracks.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At this time, the government decided to return to the army Lieutenant James Scomberg, who was once fired for bad behavior.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

That would prevent Ewell from being promoted to captain.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He began negotiations with the government on this issue, and as a result, Skomberg's reinstatement in rank was canceled.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In April, the War Department undeservedly (according to Ewell) awarded the rank of captain Lucius Northrop.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

This decision was eventually approved under the influence of Senator Jefferson Davis, and Ewell, according to him, never completely forgave Davis for this.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

But at the same time, Captain William Austis resigned from the regiment, and on August 4, 1849, Ewell took the place of captain of Company G [24].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On June 1, 1850, Ewell was sent to Richmond, and two months later he was ordered to go to his company in New Mexico.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He went to Fort Leavenworth, took command of a detachment of 160 recruits, and marched with them on August 15 in Santa Fe.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Dragoon Captain, Dragoon Lieutenant Alfred Plazonton and Infantry Lieutenant Henry Heth participated in this transition.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell fell almost immediately ill with dysentery and surrendered command to Beauford.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In New Mexico, the detachment met Keith Carson, whom Ewell helped capture a bandit who was plotting an attack on a wagon train on the Santa Fe trail.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

This event began a friendship between Ewell and Keith Carson, which lasted for many years.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On October 23, Ewell arrived in Santa Fe [25].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In 1850, about 40,000 Indians lived in New Mexico, half of whom were hostile Navajo and Apache tribes.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The government maintained 21 companies in the region to protect the local population, headquartered in Santa Fe.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

By order of command, Ewell arrived in Rayado on October 30, at the disposal of Major William Greer, who commanded Companies G and I.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In July 1851, Colonel Edwin Sumner took command of the department, who organized the redeployment of posts and was also authorized to conduct punitive raids against hostile tribes.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In August, Sumner launched a raid against the Navajo, which did not work.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The army returned to Santa Fe, leaving Ewell's company at Fort Defiance.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The company stood in the fort for three months, after which it went to Las Lunas.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In July and August 1853, Ewell again participated in a raid against the Navajo.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In November 1853, the dragoons received new Sharpes carbines, and in January 1854, the Indian uprising began, and Ewell led a raid to suppress the Mescalero Apaches.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He did not meet the Indians again in the entire 30 days of the raid [26].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Soon he took command of the department, and the raids resumed.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell's task was to pacify the Mescalero tribe, which numbered only 900 people led by Chief Santa Anna, but feared the entire region.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On January 17, 1855, the Mescalero attacked Ewell's camp on the Panasco River.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

After the shootout, Ewell pursued the Indians for several days and only turned back on January 20.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On February 8, he returned to Los Lunas.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Seven Indians, including Santa Anna, were killed in the Panasco shootout, and this drew the attention of Ewell to the command.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell's raid eventually forced the Indians to seek peace, and a peace treaty was concluded in June.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

A month later, Ewell accompanied Governor Meriweather to negotiate peace with the Navajo tribe.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

After making peace with all hostile tribes, Ewell escorted the governor to Fort Leavenworth.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

He expected to receive the rank of major, but there were too many applicants [27].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Arizona Service


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

In July 1856, the 1st Dragoon Regiment was divided into two parts: three companies were sent to the west coast and four, under the command of Major Enoch Steen, to Arizona Territory.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Company G was in the second group and left Las Lunas on September 22.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Steen led his company to Fort Thorne on the Rio Grande, from where he went to Tuscon on October 19.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Since there were no camp facilities in Tuscon, Steen began to look for another place, and on his orders, Ewell explored a suitable site in Ojos Calientes, from where he could effectively control the Apache tribes.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The foundation of the post did not stop the Apache Chirikahua raids, so in April 1857, Stin was ordered to raid the Chirikahua tribe.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Due to his illness, Steen's raid was headed by Ewell.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

On May 12, he led the dragoon to the Chirikahua Mountains, from where he made two raids on Indian territory.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

At this time, Ewell was ordered to join Bonneville's detachment, and on June 8 he joined him on the Gila River.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Bonneville divided the company into two columns, entrusting one and the other to Dixon Miles.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Miles led half of the column himself, half entrusted to Ewell.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

As he moved deep into the Apache territory, Bonneville increasingly lost confidence in success.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

“Captain Ewell is my only hope right now,” wrote one of the lieutenants.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

During the raid, Ewell's detachment attacked the Apaches on the Gila River, killing about twenty soldiers at the cost of losing ten people wounded.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The defeat forced the Apaches to seek peace, but the negotiations failed.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Bonneville curtailed the campaign, Ewell received numerous positive reviews in reports and earned a good reputation [28].


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

While Ewell was on the campaign, Major Steele founded a new post, which he named Buchanan, in honor of the new president.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Ewell was summoned to Fort Buchanan, but left for Santa Fe in August to participate in the tribunal and returned only after Christmas.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Major Edward Fitzgerald succeeded Major Steen in the spring of 1858.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

Four months later, he left the fort for health reasons, and Ewell took command of Buchanan.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

The Apache raids were the main problem at the time.


Question: How many battles did James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stewart take part in?

Richard Ewell

There were too few people in the fort to interfere with the Apaches in any way.