Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

There is a story by Mikhail Romm about how Eisenstein, when he met him, asked which scenario he would choose.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Romm replied that, of course, Minin and Pozharsky: after all, the 17th century, it is known what people looked like and what was happening there.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

And what do we know about the Nevsky era?!


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

“That's why,” said Eisenstein, “that's why I should take Alexander Nevsky. As I do, it will be so.”


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In addition, it is believed that he knew about Nevsky's personality since childhood, since the Konetsky, his maternal relatives, were from Novgorod region.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

As a young boy, he spent a lot of time in St. Petersburg with his very religious grandmother Iraida Matveyevna, who lived near the Alexander Nevsky Lavra (where her husband and grandfather were buried director — merchant of the first guild I. AND. Konetsky) [11].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The main theme of the film was to be a patriotic theme, which Eisenstein himself wrote about as follows:


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— “Patriotism is my theme — this is how it appears on the first piece of paper on which the first thoughts about the upcoming film were recorded, when I was instructed to recreate the 13th century on the screen... We want our film has not only mobilized even more those who are in the midst of the struggle against fascism on a global scale, but to instill cheerfulness, courage and confidence in those parts of the world who think that fascism is... indestructible...” [12].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

According to him, “the bloody horror that the knightly orders of the conquerors sowed in the 13th century” is almost indistinguishable “from what is being done now in Europe” [13].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Preparatory work


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Apparently, on the advice of writer A. A. Fadeev Eisenstein, with whom he was supposed to collaborate on the project of the film “Moscow”, he began working with another writer and screenwriter close to the authorities P. A. Pavlenko [14], who completed the first version of the script called “Rus” at the end of July 1937 (originally it was called “Mr. Veliky Novgorod”) [15].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Since mid-August, together with the director, they worked together on the second version of the script, in the preface to the text, which was mentioned in connection with the name of the prince by both Peter the Great and Dmitry Donskoy.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The third version of the literary script was submitted for review by the Main Directorate of the Film Industry on November 13, 1937.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The approved work plan for the film included 198 shooting days and provided for the film to be completed by the end of February 1939 [16].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Thus, Eisenstein wrote the script and directed the film on a state order.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The author has put together a first-class cast.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

First of all, this is, of course, Nikolai Cherkasov, who continued to work with the director in Ivan the Terrible.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The invitation to the role of prince was unexpected for Cherkasov, caught him by surprise, as he himself said, as he considered himself more an acutely characteristic actor, but was convinced and agreed with the role proposed.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Explaining the image of Nevsky, the director told him: “Fire restrained by wisdom, synthesis, merger of both are the main things in Alexander's character. That's a challenge for the actor!” [17].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Without any trial, Eisenstein approved Nikolai Okhlopkov and Andrei Abrikosov as associates of Prince Vasily Buslaev and Gavrila Aleksic.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Sergei Blinnikov played Pskov voivode traitor Tverdila.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The director invited Vladimir Ershov, an outstanding actor of the Moscow Art Theater, to play the role of Master of the Order.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Fedor Odinokov played his first film role.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film's consultants were professional scientists A. IN. Artsikhovsky, Yu.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

IN. Gautier, N. P. Gratsiansky, A. A. Savich M. N. Tikhomirov, Ye.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

E.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Syroechkovsky.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Filming


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Filming of the film “Alexander Nevsky” began on June 5, 1938.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film begins with a scene of fishing on Lake Pleshcheevo and a dialogue between Alexander Nevsky and Tatar Baskaks.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Eisenstein shot this scene in Alexander Nevsky's homeland — near the village of Gorodishche near Pereslavl-Zalessky — the hill and rampart of the settlement, where the princely chambers stood at that time, have survived to this day.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

According to local historians and the memoirs of old-timers, in August 1938, the shooting of individual scenes continued near the village of Protopotovo on the high bank of the Oka River in the city of Kolomna for which special decorations.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

This can be seen from the film footage.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The shooting of the central scene of the film, the Battle of the Ice, took place in the summer due to tight deadlines.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

For this purpose, a scenery was built in the courtyard of Mosfilm on Potylikha.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The asphalt was sprinkled with chalk and salt and filled with liquid glass.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Wooden “ice floes” painted white were also used [18].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In an episode of the duel between Alexander Nevsky and the Master of the Livonian Order, Nikolai Cherkasov's understudy was Senior Lieutenant N. AND. Buchilev, and Surkov was the understudy of the master, and in the future he was a general of tank troops [18].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

As the director himself noted, the style of the film was influenced by the operas “A Life for the Tsar” by M. AND. Glinka and “Sadko” by N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In many places, the influence of the epic “The Word of Igor's Regiment” is also obvious to film, which the director offered Mosfilm before that.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Viktor Shklovsky points out the influence on the scheme of the battle of the screenwriter Pavlenko of the novel “Crusaders” Henryk Sienkevich.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The events of the film in Russian scenes were carefully furnished with ancient attributes, interior items and appropriate decorations.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Eisenstein took out genuine weapons from the 13th century from the Hermitage and closely watched the manufacture of Nevsky's armor.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

An exact copy of a medieval portable organ was made especially for the film.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

It is played by a Catholic monk dressed in black during battle (gleaned by the authors from The Chronicle of Livonia).


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Instead of the planned 198 shooting days, the director needed only 115 days, and for the early end of filming, the band was awarded a passing red banner [19].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Script and plot


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Scenario options


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The cinematic version of the script differs from the original versions proposed by Pavlenko and Eisenstein.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The first version of the script called “Rus” was sharply criticized by historians.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

M. N. Tikhomirov in his review “The Story on History” (1938) noted:


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The writers of the script... made a lot of factual mistakes that were unforgivable for people who were at least somehow familiar with Russian history, and gave a completely distorted idea of Russia in the 13th century [20]


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Already in this scenario, Pavlenko develops two storylines in nine scenes that will be the main ones for the future film — the struggle against the Teutonic Order and the competition between two Novgorod heroes, Vasily Buslay and Gavrila Oleksic, for the love of beautiful Olga.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Criticism of historians was mainly aimed at numerous historical inaccuracies and errors in the script, which was largely influenced by literary texts, such as Novgorod epics or operas.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

S. M. Eisenstein and P. A. Pavlenko took into account criticism and revised the script twice.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Thus, according to the German Slavist Bernd Uhlenbruch, who largely noted the compromise nature of the director's work on the film, the literary scripts of the film are “... the result of a forced dialogue between the artist and censorship, the result of collective creativity [1]”.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In November 1937, the writers handed over their “literary script” to the General Directorate of Cinematography, from where he returned in December with the following directive remarks:


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— “To show the people more clearly, mainly the peasantry, to emphasize the heroism and fearlessness of the people, and not just the princes and the voivode, to more clearly work out the entire line of Alexander Nevsky, his leading role commander, to free the script from excessive piles of “horrors” and “cruelties”, to correctly show the Novgorod Veche.”


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The director himself conceived at the end of the film a big episode that was not included, where the prince would appear not only as a warrior, but also in the guise of a diplomat in the Golden Horde, where he was summoned through the khan's envoy Khubibulai Nevsky, and after negotiations he was poisoned.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

According to the director, the prince's activity also had an eastern vector, after his death historical continuity would be preserved, and the Battle of the Ice in the film historically and thematically preceded Battle of Kulikovo [21]:


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Thus, in the editorial office of the script Eisenstein worked on, Nevsky appears both as a diplomat for the Mongols, and as a caring husband and father of the family.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

At the same time, the director admitted that he was sometimes forced to retreat “from historical facts in favor of artistic and ideological considerations.”


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

However, the attempt to insist on his tragic ending ended with a direct indication from above about what he wrote as follows: “It was not my hand that drew a red line with a pencil after the scene the defeat of the German hordes.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

“The script ends here,” the words were told to me. “Such a good prince cannot die!” [22] [23] [24].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Pavlenko and Eisenstein write in Literaturnaya Gazeta of April 24, 1938 that they agreed with the criticism of historians and changed the script in accordance with it [25].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The end of the discussion is evidenced by the new and final title of the film, Alexander Nevsky.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

After the rejection of the final proposed in the second version of the scenario of “Russia”, the script of “Alexander Nevsky”, in fact, coincided with the original version of Pavlenko.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Subsequently, the director regretted that he could not insist on the second edition (the third version of the literary script was almost the same as the second).


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In February 1940, he even publicly stated that due to various interventions and the reduction of the original finale, “Shakespeare's turn in character... Alexander Nevsky disappeared.”


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Also, some changes were made during the filming and editing (there is no whole scene of a fist fight on the bridge in Novgorod, in some episodes the wife was originally shown prince, all these scenes were removed during editing.)


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Despite the fact that the painting refers to the history of the 13th century, it had an acutely modern character, which contained references and parallels to the time of its creation and the topical outwardly political setting.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

One of the director's recordings shows that the director even wanted to start the film with a quote (title) from the book “My Struggle” by A. Hitler, who called for “getting land... at the expense of Russia,” for which it would be necessary,” explained the Fuhrer, “to move along the same road that the knights of our orders once walked,” and after that, had to go the inscription: “Let us remember and recall how it happened.”


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In addition, Eisenstein, noting the continuity in the similarity of the drawings of the ancient Russian helmet in shape resembling a budyonovka, accompanies them with the note: “Do not forget. To play hard on this in the Novgorod Army.”


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The plot


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film includes twelve episodes united by two interrelated storylines: the rivalry between two heroes, Vasily Buslay and Gavrila Oleksic, for the love of Olga Danilovna and the struggle of Novgorod residents (” Russian people”) led by their leader Alexander Nevsky with the Teutonic Order.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film is based on historical events of the XIII century, the struggle of the Novgorod principality against the expansion of knightly orders.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The action takes place in 1242, after the battle with the Swedes on the Neva in 1240 (which made it possible to expand the “German” theme in the film).


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

However, Eisenstein did not set the task of literally filming the events.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In the scenario, there are deviations from reality, romanticization and polarization of the parties to the conflict, and along with historical characters and events, fictional ones also act.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The troops of the Teutonic Order are advancing on the western borders of Russia.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

They capture Pskov, torture and kill local residents.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Knights divide Russian lands that have not yet been conquered in advance, appropriating the titles of princes and hoping for the support of the Pope.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Voivode Pavsha, who resisted the invaders and, by order of the traitor posadnik Tverdila, was hanged on the facade of the church, ordering his daughter Vasilisa to flee the city and take revenge, calls on Pskov residents to call Prince Alexander for the liberation of the city.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

At the assembly, the Novgorod people decide to gather a squad and call an experienced commander Prince Alexander, nicknamed Nevsky, to command it.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Two heroes — Gavrila Aleksic and Vaska Buslay (real personalities [26]) — marry one girl Olga Danilovna, and she decides that she will choose the one who will show himself better in the upcoming battle.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The troops converge to the shores of frozen Lake Peipsi.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Before the battle, chain mail master Ignat, in the presence of the prince, tells the soldiers a fable about a fox stuck in a fork in a tree, where it was lured by a hare who dishonored the fox.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Alexander acts in a similar way: he builds his troops with ticks, while the “boar” of the Teutons comes right in the center.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Rusichi surround the enemy, clamp him in a “vice” and break him.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The fleeing Germans are drowning, breaking through the ice with heavy armor.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The leaders of the aggressors are captured.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

After the battle, Russian women gather the wounded.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Two heroic heroes are taken barely alive to Pskov, where Vasily publicly gives the championship to a friend.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

He himself marries the daughter of a Pskov voivode executed by the Crusaders, who fought in battle on a par with men.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The prince and the Pskov people judge the Teutons.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Ordinary bollards are released, knights are left for ransom.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

A traitor posadnik and a Catholic monk who blessed the burning of children at the stake, the crowd lynches on the spot.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

After that, Pskov and Novgorod residents vigorously celebrate the victory.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Alexander, paraphrasing the released bollards, paraphrases the Gospel of Matthew: “Go and tell everyone in foreign lands that Russia is alive! Let them come to visit us without fear, but if someone comes in with a sword, he will die by the sword! Russkaya Zemlya stands on this and will stand!” [27].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Subtext of the film


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film contains an easy-to-read allegory: knighted dogs mean Nazi Germany, and Novgorod Rus means the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

This allegory was used as anti-fascist propaganda [28].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Rhetoric similar to Alexander's statements in the film was characteristic of the era of the film's creation.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Thus, Stalin uttered a phrase with a similar message on January 26, 1934 at the XVII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (B), where in his reporting report he spoke about Germany and Japan [29]:


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

music


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The music for the film (in close collaboration with Eisenstein) was written by S. S. Prokofiev said.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

When creating the musical accompaniment, the composer listened to all the noise instruments available at the film studio and inscribed some of them into the orchestral score.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On its basis, Prokofiev wrote a cantata in 1939, which premiered on May 17, 1939 at the BZK.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The cantata Alexander Nevsky has become one of Prokofiev's most famous and popular works.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Passionate about the problem of the synthesis of music and plastic (German. Gesamtkunstwerk), Eisenstein understood and admitted that this problem was successfully solved in the film.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Eisenstein later called collaboration with the famous composer and work on visual and sound effects in combining music and film images as the most interesting aspects of creating a film.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

When working on this film, a principle took shape that they followed in the future, about which the director wrote as follows [30]:


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The musical series of the film, consisting of symphonic and choral music, is a full-fledged classical work.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

According to Eisenstein himself, some episodes of the film were edited according to the recorded musical phonogram [31].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Prokofiev combined all the musical fragments in the cantata Alexander Nevsky, which consists of seven parts:


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

1) “Russia under the yoke of Mongol”


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

2) “The Song of Alexander Nevsky”


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

3) “The Crusaders in Pskov”


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

4) “Get up, Russian people!” (audio recording)


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

5) Battle of the Ice


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

6) Field of the Dead


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

7) “Alexander's Entry into Pskov”


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film was released with a poorly recorded audio track.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The poor quality of the recording is due to the fact that a draft version was inserted into the film, which had yet to be re-dubbed.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

But even before this was done, Stalin watched the film with a draft sound and approved it in this form.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Eisenstein did not dare to change anything in the film, which successfully passed such a high censorship.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The themes “Crusaders” and “Battle of the Ice” are still used in various feature films and documentaries.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In his book Making Movies (1996), American director Sidney Lumet wrote the following about the musical accompaniment of the film [32]:


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Film distribution and reception


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On November 7, 1938, the film was shown to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (B) and members of the government, after which it was approved by Stalin, on November 9, an official film show was held at the Committee on Cinematography Affairs, a public screening was held at the Cinema House, and on December 1, 1938, it premiered in Soviet cinemas.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The Leningrad Copy Factory produced 800 copies of the film [33].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On the very first day of its release in Moscow alone, 45,000 people watched it in seven cinemas [34].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film was accompanied by a broad historical and cultural educational campaign.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The first articles about the film appeared at the end of July 1938 in various regional newspapers.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

During the release period, numerous positive reviews were published in the press, thematic exhibitions, lectures and readings were held, collective visits, sessions were accompanied by enthusiastic applause viewers.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

It is noted that even children on the streets played “Battle of the Ice”.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The popularity of the film is evidenced by the following fact: on New Year's Eve in 1939, you could meet people dressed in fancy dresses by Alexander Nevsky in the capital.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film was shown throughout the USSR.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On February 1, 1939, Eisenstein and leading actor Nikolai Cherkasov received the highest state award of the USSR for the film - the Order of Lenin.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On March 15, 1941, director and actors N. Cherkasov and A. Abrikosov received the Stalin Prize of the first degree.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The director also received a doctorate in art history without defending his thesis.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On March 22, 1939, the film was released in the United States.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On June 29, the newspaper “Kino” reported on the screening of the film at the White House in Washington.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

According to the publication, US President F. D. Roosevelt was very touched by the movie.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In 1939, the film was shown in cinemas in Belgium, Switzerland and Great Britain.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

After the conclusion of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in connection with the cessation of anti-German and anti-fascist propaganda in the USSR, Alexander Nevsky and other films for reasons of political correctness were withdrawn from cinemas (in some regions of the USSR, the film could still be watched at the end of 1939).


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

It should be noted that so far not a single document has been found proving the official ban on the film.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In 1941, after the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the screening of a film glorifying the heroism of the Russian people resumed with great success and contributed to strengthening the morale of the population.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The Soviet Order of Alexander Nevsky, established in 1942, depicts not the face of Alexander Nevsky himself, whose lifetime portraits do not exist, but Nikolai Cherkasov, who played the main role in this movie [35].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Until 1966, Alexander Nevsky was banned in Germany and could not be publicly demonstrated, as it was considered an “anti-German” special government commission.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Criticism and perception


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Despite the undoubted success and approval of the country's top leadership, the film caused lively discussions.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Thus, extracurricular references to the past of Russia, anti-German orientation and appeal to the topic of Russian patriotism in the film were perceived by some, including ideological communists, as oblivion ideals of internationalism and cosmopolitanism, the resurrection of Russian pre-revolutionary nationalism, which distorted the nature of “socialist patriotism”.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Eisenstein justified his patriotic film by pointing to A. S. Pushkin and his “Sincere and Deep Love for His People”.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

During the creation of the film and after that, a debate broke out between cultural figures, party representatives and historians about the “Genuine” and “true” image of Alexander Nevsky.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film was also criticized for historical inconsistencies, for its obmodernity and separation from reality, subjectivity, schematic, simplification, patriarchal, “pseudo-epic style” and “popular battle scenes”, excessive pathos, the use of cinematographic and opera cliches.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Critical statements met with sympathy and approval at meetings of art and public organizations, and some editorial offices of magazines published texts that were opposed to the official doctrine [16].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

A well-known literary critic and dissident L. H. Kopelev wrote in 1990:


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

According to Jacques Loursel, this is a patriotic film with a message to the near future and using a “distant historical metaphor” that was used in the cinema of fascist Italy and Germany: “Speech it is no longer about expressing Marxist ideology, but about nationalist propaganda, figurative to such an extent that Bardesh and Brasillac admired Alexander Nevsky, seeing him as “the most exciting example fascist cinema “” [36].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The same R. Brasiyak, a nationalist critic, wrote: “In the depths, for all its political resonance, with its cult of hero and symbols of the past, Alexander Nevsky, in reality it is more beautiful than” fascist “movies. Nothing reminds of Marxism in this war song of the Slavic people, and the blond hero of the film will take a place in our memory not next to Lenin or Peter the Great, but next to Roland, Siegfried, Parsifal. This film should have been created in Nazi Germany if it had a film genius” [37].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Film critic Leon Mussinac, a critic in the communist Humanit, wrote: “No film has made such a strong impression on me. “Alexander Nevsky” for sound films is the same as “Battleship Potemkin” for the silent. It is a masterpiece with absolute completeness of content and form. A real monument that needs to be analyzed” [37].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

American film critic Jay Leida, a student and friend of Eisenstein, who was his assistant intern in the film “Bezhin Meadow”, called the film “his least personal work” [38].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Numerous references, images and symbolism from religious texts and mythology led Slavist Uhlenbruch to the assumption that the film should be interpreted in the spirit of the director's opposition to to the Stalinist regime, as a subversive commentary on the Soviet “new mythology”, which found expression in the cult of Stalin's personality [1].


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Cast


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Nikolay Cherkasov — Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Nikolay Okhlopkov: Vasily Buslay


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Andrey Abrikosov — Gavrilo Oleksic


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Dmitry Orlov — Ignat, chain mail master


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Vasily Novikov — Pavsha, Pskov Voivode


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Nikolai Arsky — Domash Tverdislavich, Novgorod boyar


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Varvara Massalitinova — Amelfa Timofeyevna, Buslay's mother


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Valentina Ivasheva — Olga, Novgorod girl


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Alexandra Danilova — Vasilisa, Pskov


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Vladimir Ershov — Master of the Teutonic Order (Andreas von Felfen)


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Sergey Blinnikov — Tverdilo (Tverdila), Pskov voivode, traitor


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Ivan Lagutin — Ananius, monk, assistant of Tverdila


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Lev Fenin — bishop


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Naum Rogozhin — “black monk”


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In cameo roles (not credited):


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Nikolay Aparin — Mikhalka


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Leonid Iudov — Savka


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Fedor Odinokov


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Ivan Klyukvin is a Pskov warrior


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Nikolay Vitovtov — Knight Hubertus, “Prince of Pskov”


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Nikolay Tarasov — Knight Dietlib, “Prince Novogorodsky”


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Pavel Pashkov — Mikula


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Nikita Lian-Kun [39] — Kublai


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Film crew


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Scriptwriters: Pyotr Pavlenko, Sergei Eisenstein


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Production by Sergei Eisenstein, Dmitry Vasiliev


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Chief cameraman — Eduard Tisse


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Composer: Sergey Prokofiev


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Lyrics by Vladimir Lugovskoy


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Chief Artist — Iosif Shpinel


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Artist: Nikolay Solovyov


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Costume and props designer — Konstantin Eliseev


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Co-Director: Boris Ivanov


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Cameraman — Sergey Uralov


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Sound Designer — Boris Volsky


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Sound engineer: Vladimir Bogdankevich


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Noise design — Valery Popov


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Make-up artist L. Porozov


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Assistants:


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Directed by Nikolay Maslov


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

installation — Esfir Tobak [40]


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

operator — A. Nikolay Bolshakov Astafiev


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Assistant Director: Valentina Kuznetsova, Yakov Kocharyan


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Administrators — E.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Soluyanov, M. Khavkin V. Gordon


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Actors consultant — Elizaveta Teleshova


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Historical consultation — Professor A. IN. Artsikhovsky


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Military Consultant — Brigade Commander K. G. Kalmykov


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Costume models by Nadezhda Lamanova [41], N. Makarova


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Director of the film — Igor Vakar


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

1986 refurbished version


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Restoration Director: Maria Filimonova


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Cameraman — Avetis Zenyan


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Sound engineer — Leonid Voskalchuk


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Recording music — Viktor Babushkin


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Editor: Eleonora Praksina


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Music editor — Arseny Lapisov


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Director — Vitaly Krivonoshchenko


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

State Symphony Orchestra of Cinematography


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Conductor: Emin Khachaturyan


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Technical data


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Country-manufacturer: USSR


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Movie length: 112 minutes.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The languages of the film are Russian.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Color: Black and white.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Sound: Mono.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Shooting type: 35 mm film.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Miscellaneous


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In Conan the Barbarian (USA, 1982), the armor of the villains is based on the armor of the knights from Alexander Nevsky.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Footage of the Battle of the Ice served as the background for one of the scenes of the Soviet-American film “The Blue Bird” (1976), where soldiers are depicted in the images of soldiers of all countries and eras.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The Teutonic figures from the film were used for the animated film “The Wizards” by Ralph Bakshi.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In Yuri Mamin's film Neptune's Holiday (1986), the scene of locals waiting for buses with foreign tourists repeats the moment before the battle — the approach of a knightly army.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Stills from the film were used in the propaganda film “Why We Fight. Battle for Russia” (USA, 1943).


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In episode 1 of the 2000 American television series Witchblade (directed by Ralph Hemeker), the main character (played by Yancy Butler) dreams of the story of the bracelet, while partially using a cut from footage of the Battle of Lake Peipus.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Excerpts from the film are used in the documentary “Behind The Iron Curtain” by British heavy metal band Iron Maiden as a video for “Hallowed Be Thy Name”.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In 1986, the film was restored.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The film was cleaned, the studio logo was added, the titles were replaced (only the font, not the content), and the music in the phonogram was rerecorded.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Both versions of the film are found on modern DVD editions — both before restoration and after (2005 release by Soyuz-Video CJSC — before restoration, 2008 release “Master tape” — after restoration).


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In 2015, the highest quality restoration was carried out on the technical basis of the Mosfilm cinema concern, with the release of the final version in HD quality (producer K. Shakhnazarov).


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The video sequence of the film was used in the video of the band “Alice” for the song “Sky of the Slavs”.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Video edition


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In the 1980s, the black and white film began to be released on videotapes by the Video Program of the State Film Agency of the USSR, and since 1990 it has been released on video cassettes by the Krupy Plan film association.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

It was also released on video cassettes by Vostok V, later in the early 2000s by Master Tap and VideoImpulse.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In the 2000s, the film was released on DVD by Master Tap and Vostok V.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

On February 24, 2005, the film was released by Soyuz Video studio with the addition “Before and After Restoration” on DVD.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

In 2007, it was released by Videobaza, Magnat and Monopoly Studio on DVD.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Notes


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Literature


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Pavlenko P. (together with director S. M. Eisenstein).


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Rus.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Literary script.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— “Znamya”, 1937, No. 12.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Soviet historical film.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

A collection of articles.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Moscow, Goskinoizdat Publ., 1939.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Yurenev R. N. A sense of homeland.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

The idea and production of the film “Alexander Nevsky”//Iskusstvo kino.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

P. 56-78.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Krivosheev Yu.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

V., Sokolov R. A. Alexander Nevsky: Creating a Movie Masterpiece: Ist.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

research.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— SPb.: Faces of Russia, 2012.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— 400 p., 300 copies


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

, ISBN 978-5-87417-405-7


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Lurie YA.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

S. On the Problem of the “Historical Genre” in Cinema//In memoriam.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— SPb., 1997.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Maksimenkov L. Mess instead of music.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Stalin's Cultural Revolution of 1936—1938 — M., 1997.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Rogozhina N. AND. Kantata S. Prokofiev's “Alexander Nevsky”.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

M., 1958


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Schenk F. B.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Alexander Nevsky in Russian Cultural Memory: Saint, Ruler, National Hero (1263—2000) /Authorized Translation with Him.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Elena Zemskova and Maya Lavrinovich.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— M.: New Literary Review, 2007.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— 592 p.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Freilikh S. AND. Cinema theory: From Eisenstein to Tarkovsky/S. AND. Freilikh.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— M.: Academic project; Mir Foundation, 2009.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— 512 p.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Shklovsky V. Eisenstein.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

— M.: Iskusstvo, 1973.


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

References


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

RIA Novosti, December 1, 2008


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

(in Russian) free online viewing of Mosfilm's Golden Collection on the website


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

(in Russian)


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

(in Russian)


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

(in Russian)


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

on IMDb


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Soviet films of 1938


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category: Films directed by Sergei Eisenstein


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category:Black and white films of the USSR


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category: Epics of the USSR


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category: Soviet historical films


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category:Soviet drama films


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category:Biographical films of the USSR


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category:Mosfilm films


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category:Alexander Nevsky


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category: Historical films about the 13th century


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category:Public domain movies


Question: Who was the director of Alexander Nevsky?

Alexander Nevsky (film)

Category:Medieval films


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Ivatsevichi (Belarusian: Ivatsevichi) is a city in the Brest region of Belarus, the center of the Ivatsevichi district.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

As of January 1, 2016, the population of the city was 23,280 people [1].


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Coat of arms


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

The coat of arms of the city of Ivatsevichi is a shield beveled to the left on green and gold.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

In the greenery, the Gozdawa coat of arms is a silver double lily with a gold ring.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

The coat of arms was officially approved by Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 659 dated December 2, 2008 [2].


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

History


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

The Ivatsevichi estate has been known since 1519 [3], from 1795 until the collapse of the Russian Empire it was part of it.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

In 1871, in connection with the construction of a railway from Moscow through Brest and the construction of a station near the Ivatsevichi estate, a settlement arose.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

From 1921 to 1939, Ivatsevichi was a place in the Kossovo district of the Polish Polesie Voivodeship.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

In 1935, about 1.5 thousand inhabitants lived here.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Since 1939 it has been part of the BSSR.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

From June 24, 1941 to July 12, 1944, Ivatsevichi were occupied by Nazi invaders.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

In 1947, the Ivatsevichi workers' settlement was renamed an urban settlement, and on May 28, 1966 it became a city [4].


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

In 1992, in St. Ivatsevichi, a church was founded in honor of the Reigning Icon of the Mother of God.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

It was solemnly consecrated in 2006.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Farm


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Ivatsevichy is based on two branches of manufacturing industry, such as mechanical engineering and metalworking and forestry and woodworking industries.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

There is also an area for the distribution of orchards (apple, pear), as well as sugar beet.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Meat, dairy and dairy cattle breeding (cattle, pigs) is also developed here.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

There is correctional colony No. 5 (for men) in the city.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Population dynamics


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Radio


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

1.Radio Grodno-102.5 (Slonim)


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

2.Radio BA-101.5 (Slonim)


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

3.Radius Fm-104.0 (Slonim)


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

4. Belarusian radio-106.5 (Slonim)


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

5. Culture channel Belarusian radio 97.3 (Slonim)


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

6.Radio Brest-104.2 (Drogichin)


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

7.Radio Stalitsa-93.8 (Slonim)


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Gallery


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

City view


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

City view at night


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Yundilov Manor Yard in Ivatsevichi.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Yundils' Palace.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Notable natives


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Bilińska, Zofia (b. 1942) is a Polish sculptor, graphic artist.


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

See also


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Ivatsevichy Ghetto


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Notes


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

References


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Category:Populated places in Ivatsevichi District


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Category:District centers of Brest region


Question: How many people lived in Vichy in 2018?

Ivatsevichi

Category:Holocaust Locations in Belarus


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The Ainu (Ainu, Kuril) are national minorities living in the Sakhalin Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai and Kamchatka.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Subgroups


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Russian Ainu can be divided into six groups, of which three are completely extinct.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

1. Kamchatka Ainu — in Russian-language texts are found as the Kamchatka Kuriles.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

They ceased to exist as a separate people.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Some representatives were assimilated by the Kuril peoples and Kamchadals.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Last seen by Russian researchers in the 18th century [1].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

2. Severokuril Ainu.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Until 1875, they existed under the rule of Russians.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

For the first time they came under the control of the Japanese after the St. Petersburg Treaty


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

They mainly lived on Shumshu Island and partially on Paramushir.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The total number in 1860 was 221 people.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

They had Russian names, they spoke Russian fluently and were Orthodox.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

When the islands were given to Japan, more than a hundred Ainu fled to Kamchatka and assimilated by the Kamchadals [2] [3].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Those who remained under Japanese rule died out after World War II.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

About 100 people currently live in the territory of the Ust-Bolsheretsky District.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

3. South Kuril Ainu - until the XVIII century there were almost 2000 people, mainly on Kunashir, Iturup and Urup.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

In 1884, their number fell to 500.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

About 50 individuals (mostly mestizos) who remained on the islands by 1941 were evacuated to Hokkaido by the Japanese shortly after World War II [2].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The last Japanese member of the tribe, Tanaka Kinu, died in Hokkaido in 1973 [4].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Only 6 people survived in Russia (all from the Nakamura family).


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

4. Amur Ainu are individual representatives who married ethnic Russian and ethnic Ulchanka women.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

They were noted by Bronislaw Pilsudski at the beginning of the 20th century [5].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

During the census of 1926, only 26 purebred representatives were registered (on the territory of the Nikolaev District (now the Nikolaevsky District of the Khabarovsk Territory) [6].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Most likely, they are assimilated by the Russians.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Despite the fact that at the moment no one in the Khabarovsk Territory calls themselves Ainu, a large number of ulchas of partially Ainu origin live there [7] [8].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

5. Severosakhalinsk Ainu — only five purebred representatives were registered during the 1926 census.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Most Sakhalin Ainu (mostly from the coast) were relocated to Hokkaido in 1875 by the Japanese.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Several people (mostly in remote areas) married ethnic Russians, judging by Bronislaw Pilsudski's records [9].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

How the tribe died out, although you can still find individuals with Ainu roots.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

6. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Ainu — After World War II, Japan evacuated almost all Ainu to Hokkaido.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Some isolated representatives remained on Sakhalin [10].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

In 1949, there were about 100 Ainu living on Soviet Sakhalin [2].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The last three purebred specimens died in the 1980s.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Now there are only representatives with mixed origin (Russian-Ainu, Japanese Ainu and Niwhi-Ainu).


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

There are several hundred of them, but few of them consider themselves Ainu.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

History


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

For the first time, Kamchatka Ainu came into contact with Russian merchants at the end of the 17th century.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Relations with the Amur and North Kuril Ainu were established in the XVIII century.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The Ainu considered Russians, who differed in race from their Japanese enemies, friends, and by the middle of the 18th century, more than one and a half thousand Ainu had taken Russian citizenship.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Even the Japanese could not distinguish the Ainu from the Russians because of their external similarity (white skin and australoid facial features, which in some ways are similar to Caucasian ones).


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

When the Japanese first came into contact with the Russians, they named them Red Ainu (Ainu with blond hair).


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

It was only at the beginning of the 19th century that the Japanese realized that Russians and the Ainu were two different peoples.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Nevertheless, for Russians, the Ainu were “hairy”, “dark”, “dark-eyed” and “dark-haired”.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The first Russian researchers described the Ainu as similar to Russian peasants with dark skin or more like gypsies.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The Ainu were on the side of the Russians during the Russian-Japanese wars of the 19th century.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

However, after their defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, the Russians abandoned them to their fate.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Hundreds of Ainu were killed and their families were forcibly transferred to Hokkaido by the Japanese.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

As a result, the Russians failed to recapture the Ainu during the Second World War.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Only a few Ainu representatives decided to stay in Russia after the war.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

More than 90% went to Japan.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Relocation to Kamchatka


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Under the terms of the St. Petersburg Treaty of 1875, the Kuril Islands ceded to Japan, together with the Ainu living on them.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

83 North Kuril Ainu arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on September 18, 1877, deciding to remain under the control of Russia.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

They refused to move to reservations on the Commander Islands, as offered by the Russian government.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

After that, from March 1881, they walked for four months to the village of Yavino, where they later settled.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Later, the village of Golygino was founded.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Nine more Ainu came from Japan in 1884.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The 1897 census indicates 57 people of the population of Golygino (all Ainu) and 39 people in Yavino (33 Ainu and 6 Russians) [11].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Both villages were destroyed by the Soviet authorities, and residents were relocated to Zaporozhye in the Ust-Bolsheretsky district [12].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

As a result, three ethnic groups assimilated with Kamchadals.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

During the tsarist regime, the Ainu were forbidden to identify themselves as such, while the Japanese claimed that all regions inhabited or inhabited by the Ainu were part of Japan.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The terms “Kuril”, “Kamchatka Kuril Islands”, etc. were used to refer to ethnic groups.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

In Soviet times, people with Ainu surnames were sent to the Gulags and labor camps, as they were considered Japanese.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

As a result, a large number of Ainu people changed their surnames to Slavic ones.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

On February 7, 1953, the head of the Department of the Authorized Council of Ministers of the USSR for the Protection of Military and State Secrets in K. Omelchenko forbade the press to publish any information about the residence of the Ainu on the territory of the USSR.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Twenty years later, the order was revoked [13].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Modern history


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The North Kuril Ainu are currently the largest Ainu subgroup in Russia.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The Nakamura family (South Kuril on the paternal side) is the smallest and has only 6 people living in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

There are several people on Sakhalin who define themselves as Ainu, but much more Ainu do not recognize themselves as such.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Most of the 888 Japanese living in Russia (2010 census) are of Ainu origin, although they do not recognize this (purebred Japanese are allowed to enter Japan without a visa) [14].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The situation is similar with the Amur Ainu living in Khabarovsk.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

And it is believed that no one from the Kamchatka Ainu survived.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

In 1979, the USSR deleted the ethnonym “Ainu” from the list of “living” ethnic groups in Russia, thereby proclaiming that this people died out on the territory of the USSR.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Judging by the 2002 census, no one entered the ethnonym “Ainu” in fields 7 or 9.2 of the K-1 census form [15] [16] [17].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

In 2004, a small Ainu community of the Kamchatka Territory sent a letter to Vladimir Putin urging him to reconsider the possibility of transferring the Kuril Islands to Japan.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

They also asked for recognition of the Japanese Ainu genocide [18].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The community argued that their tragedy could only be comparable in scale to the genocide of the indigenous population of America.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

During the 2010 census, about 100 people tried to register themselves as Ainu, but the Kamchatka Krai government rejected their claims and recorded them as Kamchadals [19].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

In 2011, the head of the Ainu community of Kamchatka, Alexey Vladimirovich Nakamura, sent a letter to the Governor of Kamchatka Vladimir Ilyukhin and the chairman of the local Duma Boris Nevzorov with a request to include the Ainu in List of small indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The request was also rejected [20].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Ethnic Ainu of Sakhalin Oblast and Khabarovsk Krai are not politically organized.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Alexey Nakamura reports that 205 Ainu were recorded in Russia in 2012 (compare with 12 people who registered in 2008), and they, like the Kuril Kamchadals, are fighting for official recognition [21] [22].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Until the Ainu are recognized, they are marked as people without nationality, as ethnic Russians or Kamchadals [23].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Therefore, in 2012, both the Kuril Ainu and the Kuril Kamchadals were deprived of the rights to hunt and fish, which the small peoples of the Far North have [24] [25].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Sakhalin Ainu


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

During the tsarist regime, the Ainu were forbidden to identify themselves as such, while the Japanese claimed that all regions inhabited or inhabited by the Ainu were part of Japan.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The terms “Kuril Islands”, “Kamchatka Kuriles” and others were used to refer to ethnic groups.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

In Soviet times, people with Ainu surnames were sent to the Gulags and labor camps, as they were considered Japanese.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

As a result, a large number of Ainu people changed their surnames to Slavic ones.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The authorities of the USSR removed the term “Ainu” from the list of nationalities that can be indicated in passports.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Because of this, it was impossible for children born after 1945 to consider themselves Ainu.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

After World War II, most of the Ainu living in Sakhalin were deported to Japan — 1,159 or more, and only about 100 remained in Russia.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Of those who stayed, only the oldest were purebred Ainu.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The rest mixed their blood with the Russians.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The last Ainu, Yamanaka Kitaro, died in the 60s after committing suicide after the death of his wife.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The couple were childless.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Ust-Bolsheretsky Ainu


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Of the 826 Ainu living in Zaporizhia, more than 100 recognized themselves as such during the 2010 census.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

They are former residents of the destroyed villages of Golygino and Yavino.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

In fact, their number is much higher, but there is some reluctance on the part of representatives of the people themselves and census takers to register the nationality of “Ainu”.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Most register themselves as Kamchadals or Russians.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Among the families who are descendants of the Kuril Ainu are Butins, Storozhevs, Ignatievs, Merlins, Konevs, Lukashevsky and Novograblenny.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Nakamura Family Ainu


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

There is some uncertainty as to which subgroup the Ainu of this family should be attributed to - the North Kuril, South Kuril or Kamchatka Ainu.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The fact is that the family moved to Kamchatka from Kunashir in 1789.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Kunashir Ainu are South Kuril.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

They settled near the Kurilskoye Lake, which was inhabited by the Kamchatka and North Kuril Ainu.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

In 1929, after an armed conflict, the Ainu of Lake Kuril fled to Paramushir.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

At that time, Paramushir was under Japanese rule.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

During the Kuril amphibious operation, Akira Nakamura (b. 1897) was captured by the Soviet army, and his eldest son Takeshi Nakamura (1925—1945) was killed in battle.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The only surviving son, Keizo (born in 1927), was imprisoned and later joined the Soviet army.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

After the war, Keizo moved to Korsakov and got a job at the local port.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

In 1963, he married Tamara Pykhteeva, a representative of the Sakhalin Ainu tribe.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Their only son, Alexey (Asira), was born in 1964.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The descendants of the family now live in Kamchatka and Sakhalin.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The last Ainu deportation to Japan occurred in 1982, when Keizo Nakamura, a purebred South Kuril ain, was deported to Hokkaido after 15 years in Magadan.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

His wife, Tamara Timofeyevna Pykhteyeva, was a descendant of the Ainu and Nivkh.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

After Keizo's arrest in 1967, she and her son Alexey (Ashira) were deported from Kamchatka and sent to the city of Tomari on Sakhalin.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Ainu Commander Islands


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

In 1877, the Badaev family separated from the North Kuril Ainu and decided to settle on the Commander Islands, together with the Aleuts.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

They assimilated into the Aleuts and after a while defined themselves as Aleuts.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Two families on the Commander Islands are considered descendants of the Ainu — the Badaev and Kuznetsovs [26].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The Commander Islands were originally planned to be used as shelters for the Aleuts (from the islands of Atka, Attu, Fox, Andreanov, etc.), who had to flee Alaska after it was bought by the United States.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

In 1827, 110 people lived on the Bering Islands (of which 93 are Aleuts or Aleutian-Russian Creoles).


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Since the North Kuril Ainu had similar problems, the government was going to relocate them near the Aleuts.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

But the Ainu rejected the offer, deciding to stay in Kamchatka.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Only one Ainu family moved to the island.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Later they were joined by Russians, Kamchadals, Itelmen, Kodiak, Creoles and Gypsies.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

By 1879, the island was home to 168 Aleuts and 332 Creoles, plus about 50 or 60 members of other nationalities, including Russians and Ainu.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

All Creoles spoke Aleutian.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The Ainu people assimilated with the Aleuts several decades later.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Language


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The Ainu language died out in Russia many decades ago.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

The Bolsheretsk Kuril Islands stopped speaking their language at the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

In 1979, only three people on Sakhalin could speak Ainu fluently, and there the language was completely extinct by the 1980s.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Although Keizo Nakamura was fluent in Sakhalin-Aine and even translated several documents into Russian for the NKVD, he did not pass the language to his son.


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Take Asai, the last person to know Sakhalin Ainu, died in Japan in 1994 [27].


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Notes


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Category:Ainu


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Category:Peoples of Russia


Question: Where do the majority of the Ainu live in Russia (according to the 2010 census)?

Ainu in Russia

Category:People of Sakhalin Oblast


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Goto Predestination (macaroni name with the meaning “God's Foresight”, from German: Gott and Latin: praedestinatio [note 1]) is a Russian 58-gun sailing battleship launched by a at the Voronezh shipyard of the Voronezh Admiralty [1].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

It was built according to the project of the Russian Tsar Peter I [2] under the direction of the future famous shipmaster Fedosey Moiseevich Sklyaev.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Peter I also took part in shipbuilding work; he also led the groundbreaking ceremony for the Goto Predestination hull and participated in the launch of the ship.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Goto Predestination became the first Russian battleship and the first rank IV ship according to the British rank classification of 1706, created in Russia without the participation of foreign specialists.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

During its service, the battleship was part of the Azov Fleet.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

After the unsuccessful Prut campaign and the loss of Azov, the ship was sold to the Ottoman Empire [1].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In 2014, a historical copy of the ship was discovered.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Construction history


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

At the end of the 17th century, in connection with the preparation of Peter the Great for military operations against the Ottoman Empire, it became necessary to build a regular Russian navy [3].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

At this time, preparations for the war of the Spanish succession began in Europe [4].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The union of the Russian state with Austria and Venice, concluded against the Ottoman Empire, collapsed [5].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In such conditions, the Russian state chose the fight against Sweden as a strategic direction [6].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Therefore, the strengthening of the Azov Fleet with multi-gun ships continued in order to prevent a military conflict with the Ottoman Empire and thereby prevent a war on two fronts.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The organization of Kumpansts in the Voronezh Territory in 1696—1697 and the assistance of foreign craftsmen were not effective enough measures for the speedy construction of the Azov Fleet, so the fleet was decided build at the expense of only the state and only with the help of domestic specialists [7] [8].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The main shortcomings of the construction of ships by the Kumpanists became clear to Peter I back in 1698.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

For example, in a letter dated November 28 (December 8), 1698, Holy Roman Ambassador Gvarient reported to Vienna [8] [9]:


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

... The heat and delight with which they prepared for the coming war have almost cooled down; the Tsar is exclusively busy with the alteration and construction of ships.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Expensively built ships are bad and more suitable for merchant cargo than for military operations


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Another problem was the imminent completion of the contract of foreign shipmasters [10], who could take advantage of this and leave before completing the construction of the ships they had begun.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

This forced Peter I to order Voronezh and the adjacent shipyards to be cordoned off with outposts.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

His decree, on pain of the death penalty, prohibited residents from giving horses to any of the shipbuilders and workers or giving them a ride on carts without special permission.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

At the end of 1698, Peter I was in Voronezh together with Vice Admiral Cornelius Crews [8], who, by order of the tsar, supervised the construction and repair of ships at the shipyards of Voronezh Admiralty [11].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Crews was instructed first of all to compile two lists of all items necessary for the construction of ships.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In the first list, he was supposed to specify the items necessary to arm ships, and in the second list, items needed to supply them.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

During the preparatory work, an untouched timber warehouse was discovered, prepared for the construction of state ships [12].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Taking into account the available forest reserves, under the leadership of Peter I, the 58-gun ship Goto Predestination (“God's Foresight”) was laid down [12] [13].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

During its construction, most likely, an English drawing brought by the king from England was used [12] [14].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Proof of this version is the presence of a round spiegel, which at that time only British ships had [15].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Since the Goto Predestination ship was intended to sail in shallow water, Peter I made changes to the English drawing.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The ship's draft has been reduced.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The keel of the Goto Predestination had a unique design for that time, which prevented leaks in the ship's hull when it hit the ground [note 2].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In the journal of the chancellery of Peter I for 1698, an entry was made: “... on November 19, a ship called “God's Foresight” was laid down in memory of the Holy Martyr Obadiah. The keel was laid 130 feet long, 33 feet wide.” [13] [16].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Almost simultaneously, two more ships were laid down: the Turtle and the Great Galleas.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The construction of the Turtle was led by the English master Osip Nye, and the construction of the second ship was led by the Venetian Yakov Moreau.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The construction of Goto Predestination was initially led by Peter I.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Thus, thanks to the simultaneous construction of three ships, a kind of competition was launched between Russian, English and Venetian shipmasters [17].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Subsequently, Peter I appointed Fedosey Moiseevich Sklyaev, a ship apprentice, as the head of the construction of the Goto Predestination [12].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In order for F. M. Sklyaev could fulfill his duties, Peter I had to recall him from Venice, where he had been sent by the tsar a month earlier together with Lukian Alekseevich Vereshchagin to study shipyards of the Venetian Admiralty [note 3].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

The second apprentice, L. A. Vereshchagin.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On the way to Voronezh in Moscow, F. M. Sklyaev and L. ME.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Vereshchagin got into a fight drunk with soldiers of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, in which two people were beaten [12].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

For this, both perpetrators of the fight were detained and carved by order of Prince F. YU.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Romodanovsky.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

However, this delay in travel did not have any serious consequences for F. M. Sklyaeva.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Moreover, Peter I personally petitioned for their release.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In a letter to Romodanovsky, he writes [18]:


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

... What do our comrades Sklyaev and Lukyan keep in?!


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

... I'm so sad!


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

I waited the most for Sklyaev, because he is the best in this skill, and you deigned to detain them.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

God is judging you!


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Truly, there is no one here to help me.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Oh, tea, it's not a state business.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

For God release (and what is the matter with them, I am responsible for them) and come here.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In mid-December 1698, Peter I left Voronezh.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

He left F. M. Sklyaeva, and L. ME.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

Vereshchagin was ordered to monitor the finish of the ship [17].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

According to Englishman John Perry [note 4] F. M. Sklyaev was ordered to seek advice on the construction of the ship from English craftsmen.


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

In February 1699, Peter I again arrived in Voronezh, from that moment Goto Predestination was built under his personal leadership [19].


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

On March 13 [O.S. 1700], Peter I wrote to F. A. Golovin [20] [21]: “To finish the ship, tea with God's help and I want to lower it (if anything does not hurt) for the first...”


Question: When was Goto Predestination built?

Goto Predestination

At this time, according to Peter I, there were severe frosts in Voronezh, due to which work on the construction of the ship was postponed [note 5].