Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The formation of the state


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Having won victories over the Tatars and Kereits, Temudzhin began to streamline his people — the army.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In the winter of 1203-1204, a number of reforms were prepared that laid the foundation for the Mongolian state.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The most important reform concerned the reorganization of the army, which was divided into thousands, hundreds and tens.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Thus, controllability and discipline were improved, and most importantly, the generic principle of organizing troops was eradicated.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Now promotion was determined by personal abilities and devotion to the khan, and not by proximity to the ancestral aristocracy.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Temuchin also learned lessons from the recent war, when he managed to seize Van Khan's unguarded headquarters almost unguarded.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

A special corps of Keshikten, a kind of personal guard of the khan, was created, which was divided into two parts: Turgauds — day guards, and Kebteuls — night guards (70 and 80 people, respectively).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In addition, an elite unit of thousands of bagatura was organized — the best warriors who received this honorary title for military merit.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The defeat of the Naimans and Merkits and the execution of Jamukha in the fall of 1205 drew a line under the long steppe war.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Temuchin had no rivals in the eastern part of the Great Steppe, and the Mongols were ready to appear on the arena of world history.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In March 1206, near the source of the Onon River, a kurultai gathered, where Temuchin was elected great khan with the title Genghis Khan.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The creation of the Great Mongolian State was proclaimed.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The principle of division applied not only to the army, but also to the entire people.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

A thousand, a hundred and a dozen was now called the number of people that was supposed to put up the appropriate number of soldiers.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

“Let them write Coco Defter-Bichik in the Blue Painting, then linking them into books, murals on the spread of all-language subjects” [5].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The entire structure of the state was subject to the main goal — war.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

As for innovations directly in the army, an even larger military unit, the tumen (ten thousand), stood out here.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Khan's personal guard increased to the size of a tumen, it included a thousand bagatures.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Private Keshikten was higher in rank than any commander of a conventional military unit, including a thousand.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The war with Jin


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The main foreign policy task of the Mongolian state was the war with the Jin Empire.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

This war was considered by the Mongols as a sacred one.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

From the point of view of Mongolian society, the war was necessary as an act of blood feud for the death of many of their fellow tribesmen, and especially for the shameful death of Ambagai Khan.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

It is also necessary to take into account Genghis Khan's desire to take revenge on the allies of the Tatars responsible for the death of his father Yesugei Bagatura.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In addition, the great khan of the Mongolian state was burdened by the position of a tributary and a vassal (albeit nominal) of the Jurchen.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The conflict with Jin was preceded by serious military and diplomatic training.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Campaigns were taken to eliminate interference in the conflict of potential allies of the Jins.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1207, two tumen were sent to the northern border under the command of Genghis Khan's eldest son Jochi and Subedei.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Oirats, who roamed on the border of the forest and steppe, voluntarily obeyed the Mongols and even gave them guides.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Following this, many forest tribes, including Buryats and Barguts, expressed obedience.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Yenisei Kyrgyz, who lived in the area of the Minusinsk depression, also did not dare to resist the Mongols.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

“They expressed obedience and beat the Tsar's brow with white gyrfalcons, shinhot, white gelding and white sables” [6].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Many Siberian tribes, who were tributaries of the Kyrgyz, thus also obeyed the great khan.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Without a struggle, having conquered many peoples and securing the northern border of the state, Jochi returned to his father's headquarters.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

“Genghis Khan deigned to say: 'You are the eldest of my sons. Before they had time to leave the house, he returned safely in good health, conquering the Forest Peoples with people and horses without loss. I sting them in your citizenship “” [6].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Immediately after the conquest of the forest peoples, Subedei was sent to the western border of the state, where the remnants of the Merkits led by the sons of Tohtoa-beki and the Naimans led by Kuchluk gathered with forces.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

At the beginning of 1208, there was a battle in the Irtysh valley at the confluence of Bukhtarma into it, in which the Mongols defeated their opponents.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Merkit princes fled west to the Kipchaks, and Kuchluk - to the south, to Semirechye, where he found shelter with the gurkhan kara-khitan Dzhulkhu.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In the south, the Mongolian state was bordered by the Tangut kingdom of Western Xia (Xi Xia).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The first campaign to the kingdom of Tangut was made in 1205 under the command of Yelyui Akhai.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1207, a large Mongolian army made a new campaign against the Tanguts.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Many cattle were captured, including camels, very valued by the Mongols; however, the main goal of the campaign — to bring the southern neighbors to obedience — was not achieved.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Mongols did not manage to occupy a single fortress.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In this regard, two years later, a new campaign was organized, for which Genghis Khan prepared much better.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Siege weapons, apparently first used by the Mongols, allowed them to capture the city of Urahai and block the Imen Fortress.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

After defeating the Tanguts twice in field battles, the Mongols besieged the capital Zhongxing.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Soon they had to lift the siege and retreat, as the waters of the river flooded the vicinity of the city.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

However, the ruler Xi Xia asked for peace and, as a sign of goodwill, gave Genghis Khan his daughter.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The results of the campaign: the potential enemy is greatly weakened, large booty has been captured; Mongolian troops have gained experience in capturing fortresses and acting against the Chinese-style army.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1209, the Uighur idicut (ruler) Baurchuk declared obedience to the Mongolian Khan.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Uighuria, which was located in the Western Territory (Xinjiang), had previously been subordinate to the Khan of the Kara Khitans as autonomy, who at the same time did not interfere in the internal affairs of the Uighur principalities, who have chosen the path of self-isolation [7].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In the capital of Uighuria, the Kara-Khitan governor Shukem was killed, and an embassy was sent to the Mongols expressing a desire to become vassal dependent on the Mongolian Khan.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Genghis Khan was pleased with this course of events; he proclaimed Baurchuk his fifth son and married his daughter to him.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1210, Arslan, the khan of the Karluks who lived in Semirechye, voluntarily recognized the rule of Genghis Khan.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The 30-thousandth Karluk cavalry army joined the Mongolian army.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Soon, Arslan's example was followed by Buzar, the ruler of Almalyk.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Mongolian government has successfully solved all tasks related to the preparation for war with the Jin Empire.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Possible adversaries were eliminated and allies were acquired, material resources were obtained to equip the army, which also gained invaluable experience in the fight against a large sedentary state [8].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

At the same time, the international situation was extremely unsuccessful for the Jins, who had to wage war on three fronts: in the south - with the Song Empire, in the west - with the Tanguts, and inside the country - with the popular movement of the “Krasnokaftannikov”.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

At this time, Emperor Jin died, and Wanyang Yongji was proclaimed the new sovereign.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Genghis Khan, who was still formally a Jin vassal, refused to bow when he received news of the accession to the throne of the new emperor, saying: “I consider the emperor in the Middle Plain who is marked by Heaven. But this one is ordinary and timid, how to bow to such a person!” The new Jin emperor initially wanted to declare war on the Mongols, but did not dare to do so.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Genghis Khan wanted to do the same, but came to the conclusion that it was necessary to first better train the troops, as it is written in Yuan-shi: “The Jin ambassador, when he returned, told everything. Yunji became angry, but wanted to wait for the Tsar to come again with offerings and then the time would come to destroy him. The Tsar learned about this and therefore broke with Jin, increased the rigor [discipline] in the troops in order to be ready” [9].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Since the spring of 1211, a detachment under the command of Noyon Jebe led by a detachment in the vicinity of Wu Sha-pu Outpost.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In autumn, the main forces of Genghis Khan pulled up.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

After taking several large cities, the Mongols gained control of the Jin possessions north of the Great Wall and blocked the western capital of the empire - Xijing (in present-day Shanxi province).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Jebe Corps, after the pogrom of the Eastern capital, Jin, joined the main army.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Mongol army overcame the Great Wall and defeated a large Jurchen army near the Yehulin mountain range.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Then the vanguard under the command of Jebe went through the Chabchiyal Pass and occupied the important fortress of Juyongguan.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Now the path to the Middle Capital of the Zhongdu Empire (in present-day Beijing) has been opened.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Mongols looted the outskirts of the city.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

However, realizing that he would not be able to take a well-fortified capital yet, Genghis Khan ordered the army to temporarily withdraw to the steppe.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

On the way back, the Khitans Yelu Ahaya and Yelu Tuhua captured the imperial herds, causing serious damage to the cavalry of the Jins.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

A new factor that contributed to the success of the Mongols was the transition to their side of Khitan commanders with numerous detachments.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Particular mention should be made of Yelu Liuge, who in early 1212 announced the restoration of the Khitan state on the reclaimed lands of the north-west and concluded an agreement with Genghis Khan.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1212, the Mongols again launched an offensive against Jin: their troops threatened the Western and Middle capitals.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Jin army under the command of Jiujin tried to break the blockade of capitals, but suffered a crushing defeat near the town of Huanerzui (Quang ell Zui).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In the fall, Genghis Khan besieged Xijing and defeated another Jin army, which was going to the rescue of the capital.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Mongols tried to storm the city, however, an accidental wound with an arrow forced the khan to lift the siege and withdraw.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

By the autumn of 1213, the Mongols had almost completely captured the provinces of Hebei and Shandong, as well as the Liaodong Peninsula in the east; the most important fortress of Juyongguan, which changed hands, was surrendered Khitan garrison Jebe Noyon.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Defeats finally demoralized the imperial government: two Jurchen commanders, together with their armies, defected to the enemy, and commander Hushahu killed the emperor and seized power, but soon he died himself.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Meanwhile, Mukhali reached the mouth of the Yellow River; all territories north of the Yellow River fell into the hands of the Mongols.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

There were only a dozen fortresses and the Middle Capital.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In the spring of 1214, after months of siege of Zhongdu, Mongolian commanders offered Genghis Khan to launch an assault, but the khan decided to conclude peace with the Jurchens.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Apparently, his decision was justified by the fatigue of the army, exhausted by battles and an epidemic of pestilence [10].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In addition, he received news that Kuchluk, who seized power in the Kara-Khitan Khanate, became more active in the West.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The new Emperor Jin followed the advice of his minister: “It is best to send a messenger to conclude peace, and when their troops leave, come up with new measures” [11].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Under the terms of the peace treaty, Genghis Khan married the Jin princess; the Jurchens paid a huge tribute with people, horses, gold and silk.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Mongolian army, loaded with prey, retreated to the north.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In the summer of the same year, the emperor fled from Zhongdu to the southern capital Kaifeng.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

After that, du troops rebelled against the Jins, consisting of the peoples of the steppe border of Jin (Onguts, Khitans and others), who received an order to withdraw from Zhongdu.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

This order of the Jin court to disarm them and transfer them to the border led to an uprising, in which the Mongols did not fail to intervene.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The middle capital was blocked by du troops and units of some Chinese feudal lords that joined them.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Genghis Khan sent a corps under the command of Samukhi to control the situation.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The heir to the throne of Jin managed to escape from Zhongdu to the south, and Wanyan Fuxing led the defense of the doomed city.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

By the summer of next year, the famine in the capital had reached such proportions that residents were forced to engage in cannibalism.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

On June 26, 1215, Wanyan Fuxing committed suicide, and Allied troops entered Zhongdu without hindrance [12].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The conquest of Central Asia


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

After conquering the main part of the Jin Empire, the Mongols began a war against the Kara-Khitan Khanate, defeating which they established the border with Khorezmshah Muhammad ibn Tekesh.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Khorezmshah of Urgench ruled the vast Muslim Khorezm state, stretching from North India to the Caspian and Aral Seas, as well as from modern Iran to Kashgar.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

While still at war with the Jin Empire, Genghis Khan sent ambassadors to Khorezmshah with a proposal for an alliance, but the latter decided not to stand on ceremony with the Mongolian representatives and ordered them to be executed.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

1219 — the beginning of the conquest of Central Asia.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

After passing Semirechye, the Mongolian army attacked the blooming cities of Central Asia.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Under the blows of Genghis Khan's troops, the cities of Otrar and Sygnak fell on Syr-Darya, Khodzhent and Kokand in the Fergana Valley, Jend and Urgench on the Amu Darya and finally Samarkand and Bukhara.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The state of Khorezm collapsed, Khorezmshah Muhammad fled, and a chase was organized under the leadership of Jebe and Subedei.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Jebe and Subedeya raid


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

After the death of Mohammed Jebe and Subedei, a new task was set.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

They ravaged Transcaucasia, then the Mongols managed to defeat the Alans, bribing their ally, the Polovtsian Khan Kotyan, who himself soon had to ask for help against the Mongols from the Russian princes.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Russian princes of Kiev, Chernigov and Galich united their efforts to jointly repel the aggression.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

On May 31, 1223, on the Kalka River, Subedei defeated the Russian-Polovtsian troops due to the inconsistency of the actions of the Russian squads.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Grand Duke of Kiev Mstislav Romanovich Old and Prince of Chernigov Mstislav Svyatoslavich died, and Prince of Galicia Mstislav Udatny, famous for his victories, returned home with nothing.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

During the return to the east, the Mongolian army was defeated by the Volga Bulgars in the Samarskaya Luka area (1223 or 1224).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

After a four-year campaign, Subedei's troops returned to join the main Mongolian troops.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The conquests and reforms under Ugedei (1229—1241)


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1229, after two years of mourning for Genghis Khan, a kurultai was convened to elect a new khan of the Mongolian state.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Despite the explicit desire of the founder of the state to see Ugedei as his heir shortly before his death, many Noyons were ready to proclaim his younger brother Tolui, the regent, Khan.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Tolui was very popular in the army and had undoubted talents of a ruler and commander.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

However, in the end, it was Ugedei who was proclaimed Khan, whose election, according to Yuan Shi, was played a significant role by the authority of Yelu Chucai, who convinced Tolui of the untimeliness of his accession [13].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Great Kurultai of 1235


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In the spring of 1235, a great kurultai was convened in the Talan-Daba area to sum up the results of the difficult wars with the Jin Empire and Khorezm.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

It was decided to launch a further offensive in four directions.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Directions: to the west — against the Polovtsy, Bulgars and Russians and to the east — against Goryeo (cf. Mongol invasions of Korea).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In addition, an offensive against the South Chinese Song Empire was planned, and significant reinforcements were sent to Noyon Chormagan operating in the Middle East.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Western campaign


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The lands that were to be conquered in the west were supposed to be included in the Ulus of Jochi, so Batu, the son of Jochi, was at the head of the campaign.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

An experienced Subedei, an expert in Eastern European conditions, was given to help Bath.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In addition to the troops received by the Jochiev ulus under the will of Genghis Khan, Batu received the authority to form new units from the conquered Central Asian Turks under the command of the Mongolian officers.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In addition, military contingents from all Mongolian uluses came under the supreme command of Batu: Baidar and Buri, the son and grandson of Chagatai, commanded the army of the Chagatai ulus, the sons of the great Khan Guyuk and Kadan, the army of Ugedei ulus; the son of Tolui Munke, by the army of Tolui Ulus (indigenous yurt).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Thus, the Western campaign became a general imperial event.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In the summer of 1236, the Mongol army approached the Volga.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Subedei defeated Volga Bulgaria, Batu fought a war against the Polovtsy, Burtas, Mordovians and Circassians for a year.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In December 1237, the Mongols invaded the Ryazan principality.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

On December 21, Ryazan was captured, after the battle with Vladimir troops - Kolomna, then - Moscow.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

On February 8, 1238, Vladimir was captured, on March 4, in the battle on the Sit River, the troops of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich, who died in battle, were defeated.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Then Torzhok and Tver were taken, and the seven-week siege of Kozelsk began.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1239, the main part of the Mongolian army was located in the steppe, near the lower Don.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Small military operations were conducted by Munke against the Alans and Circassians, Batu - against the Polovtsy.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

About forty thousand Polovtsy, led by Khan Kotyan, escaped from the Mongols by fleeing to Hungary.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The uprisings in the Mordovian land were suppressed, Murom, Pereyaslavl and Chernigov were taken.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1240, the Mongol army began its offensive to the south of Kievan Rus.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Kiev, Galich and Vladimir-Volynsky were taken.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Military Council decided to launch an offensive against Hungary, which gave shelter to the Polovtsy Kotyan.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

There was a quarrel between Batu and Guyuk and Buri, they returned to Mongolia.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1241, Baydar's corps operated in Silesia and Moravia.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Krakow was captured, the Polish-German army was defeated at Legnica (April 9).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Baidar moved through the Czech Republic to join the main forces.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

At the same time, Batu ravaged Hungary.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Croatian-Hungarian army of King Bela IV was defeated on the Shayo River.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The king fled to Dalmatia, and Kadan's detachment was sent to pursue him.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1242, the Mongols captured Zagreb and reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea near Split.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Nevertheless, attempts to attack the Holy Roman Empire ended in the failure of the Mongols.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Several of their detachments, trying to gain a foothold in the territory of present-day Germany, were defeated.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

At the same time, the Mongolian reconnaissance detachment reached almost Vienna, but when faced with a combined Czech-Austrian army, was defeated and fled beyond the Danube.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Due to constant clashes with unyielding Hungarians, fortified in numerous castles and fortresses and Czech militias, failed sieges (in particular, it was not possible to take the fortress near Split), bad weather conditions, the loss of most of his troops and famine in Hungary, Batu decided to stop the failed campaign.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In the spring, he received news from Mongolia about the death of the great Khan Ugedei (December 11, 1241) and decided to retreat back to the steppes through Northern Serbia and Bulgaria.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Interregnum period (1242—1251)


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Despite the fact that Ugedei appointed Shiramun's grandson as his heir before his death, Khan's widow Doregene and her sons decided to put Guyuk on the throne.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

By this time, he had not yet returned from the Western campaign, and Temuge-fatherfather, Chingis's younger brother, made an unsuccessful attempt to seize power.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

After Guyuk's return, for a long time it was not possible to gather all the Chingizid princes for the kurultai.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Batu, the eldest among the descendants of Genghis Khan, was in no hurry to come to Mongolia to enthrone his enemy Guyuk.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Doregene held power as regent for more than four years, a period of deep political crisis in the Mongolian state.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Khatun bought the devotion of princes and noyons with rich gifts.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Taking advantage of the weakness of the central government, ulus rulers and governors arbitrarily issued paizi and issued berats to receive money.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Doregene had a close associate named Fatima, captured in Mashhad during the conquest of Khorasan.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

She was a confidant of her mistress and many people arranged business with her help.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

On the advice of Fatima, Doregene ordered the arrest of Chinkai and Mahmud Yalavach, senior officials of the state, but they were able to find refuge with the son of Ugedei Godan, governor of Tangut.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

A ransom Abd al-Rahman was appointed to replace Yalavach.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Yelyui Chutsai was also suspended from business.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Mahmud Yalavach's son Masud-bey, the governor of Turkestan and Maverannahr, preferred to seek protection from Batu.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In August 1246, Doregene managed to assemble a kurultai near Karakorum, on which Guyuk was enthroned.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

He revoked all orders of the regency era, executed Abd al-Rahman and Fatima.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Chinkay and Mahmud Yalavach were reinstated.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Khan had to deal with his main enemy - Batu, and at the beginning of 1248, the army led by Guyuk moved to the Ulus of Jochi.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Batu, warned by the widow of Tolui Sorkhakhtani, went out to meet the army halfway.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

However, the first internecine war of the Genghis Zids did not take place.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Guyuk died suddenly, reaching Maverannahr only.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Khan's widow Ogul-Gaimysh became regent of the state after his death.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In the summer of 1251, in Karakorum [15] [16], Jochids and Toluids gathered kurultai to proclaim Munke great Khan.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

To support him, Batu sent his brothers Berke and Tuk-Timur with troops.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Some of the Chagataids and Ugedeids also leaned to Munke's side: Chagatai's grandson Hara-Hulagu, who was offended by Guyuk at one time, and Ugedei's son Kadan, a participant in the western campaign.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In addition, Munke was supported by the sons of the Genghis brothers Jochi-Hasar and Hachiun, as well as Uryanhatay, the son of Subedei, who had great authority in the army.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Shiramun's attempt to counter it failed.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Munke, kaan, and Batu, aka (the eldest of the family), were able to suppress the emerging dynastic turmoil.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Immediately after the victory, Munke conducted an investigation and trial, after which he ordered the execution of seventy-seven people from among his opponents, some princes of the Ugedei and Chagatai families and their noyons, primarily temniks and thousands of their troops.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

According to the decision of another court, Ogul-Gaimysh was also executed together with a number of her supporters [17].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The confiscated possessions from them were divided between Munke and Batu, as well as other Genghis Zids who recognized their authority.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Continuation of expansion (1252—1260)


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Middle East campaign


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

1256 — the beginning of Hulagu's campaign of conquest to the Middle East.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

1258 - capture of Baghdad by the Mongols; the collapse of the Abbasid dynasty.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

1260 — Battle of Ain Jalut, defeat of Kit-buk Noyon by the Egyptian Mamluks


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In parallel with the Middle East campaign, the conquest of South China began, however, Munke's death in 1259 delayed the fall of the Song state.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Decay (1260—1269)


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

During the empire, the Mongols faced many administrative problems.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

It was the largest empire, including the largest adjacent territory in world history.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

It stretched from present-day Poland in the west to Korea in the east, and from Siberia in the north to the Gulf of Oman and Vietnam in the south, covering about 33 million km


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

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Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

[18], (22% of the total Earth area) and 1/3 of the world's population (160 million people, while the world at that time lived about 480 million people).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The situation in the empire in the early 1260s was very tense.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

After the death of the great Khan Munke (1259), a struggle for supreme power unfolded between his brothers Kublai and Arig-Buga.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1260, Kublai was proclaimed great khan at the kurultai in Kaipin, Arig Buga - in Karakorum.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

According to one point of view, the kurultai in Shandu was illegitimate, since the great Khan Arig-Bug had already been elected in the empire according to the Mongolian custom of the Minorate.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

According to another point of view, both kurultays were illegitimate, since only a part of the Genghis Zids were present at each, and there were no such large figures as Berke and Hulagu.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Hulagu, who fought in the Middle East, declared support for Kublai; the ruler of the Ulus Jochi Berke supported Arig-Buga.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Coins with the name of Arig-Bugi were minted in Bulgar, but Berke did not provide practical assistance to him.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

At the same time, Chagataid Algu intensified, taking advantage of the turmoil, who defeated the troops of Ariq-Buga in 1262.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

He subdued Khorezm, expelling Berke's governors and officials from all cities.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The destruction of a Jochid detachment numbering 5,000 people in Bukhara is also associated with the actions of Algu.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Berke's military forces were occupied in the south and west, so he could not oppose Alga, who captured and destroyed the most important trading city of Otrar [19].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Haidu, who survived the executions of the Ugedeids of the early 1250s, also sided with Arig-Buga, hoping that the descendants of Toluy in discord would lead their family to death.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

When Ariq-Buga submitted to Kublai, Khaidu did not follow suit and decided on his own to defend his rights to Khan's power, which, as he believed, should belong to the house of Ugedei.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

He took advantage of the war between Algu and Berke.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

With the help of the Jochids, Khaidu captured the Emil Valley, Tarbagatay and the Black Irtysh basin, restoring part of the Ugedei ulus


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Alga sent one of his commanders against Khaidu, who was defeated and killed.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Then Alga sent one of the princes with a large army, who managed to defeat Khaidu.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

However, Algu's death (1266) helped him establish himself in the occupied territory.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Interulus wars


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Yuan Expansion


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

By the end of the 13th century, the Mongols had captured Central Asia, much of Eastern Europe, Persia, Iraq, Cambodia, Burma, Korea, and part of Vietnam.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

By 1279, Kublai Khan had managed to include all of China in his Yuan Empire.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In proclaiming the era of the Yuan in a Chinese manner, Kublai did not define the boundaries of its use.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Therefore, formally, this name referred to the entire Great Mongolian Empire, although later it was used only for the inheritance of Kublai.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Kublai also established a specific “mentor-patron” relationship between the Mongolian court and the Supreme Lama of the Sakya School in Tibet.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1281, an unsuccessful attempt was made by the Mongol invasion of Japan.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The typhoon, called “kamikaze”, that is, “divine wind” by the Japanese, scattered the Mongolian-Chinese fleet twice (cf. Mongol invasions of Japan).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1292, Mongol troops invaded Java to avenge Kublai's ambassadors, who were offended by Jayakatwang, the ruler of Singasari.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

They were opposed by Vijaya (a native of the former ruling Singasari dynasty), who helped protect Jayakatwang from the Mongols, and then opposed them and drove them off the island.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

With the death of Kublai in 1294, the era of Mongol conquests ended and the victorious march of the Mongolian armies stopped.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Second Empire


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1301, Haidu, who had fought the Yuan Empire for three decades, made a decisive attempt to seize Karakorum, but was defeated by the troops of Kaan Temur and soon died.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1303, Haidu's son Chapar and Chagataid Duva recognized Temur's supreme power and agreed to resolve differences not by military action, but by negotiations.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1304, Temur's ambassadors arrived in Iran to approve the new Ilkhan Aljeit and inform him about the establishment of peace between the Genghis Zids.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

At the same time, Ilkhan visited the embassies of Duva and Khaidu


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Khan of Ulus Jochi (Golden Horde) Tokhta also supported the agreement.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1304, at a specially convened congress in Pereyaslavl, Grand Duke Andrei Gorodetsky, Mikhail Tverskoy, Yuri Moskovsky and others were notified by Tokhta's envoys of the new political reality.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Mongolian Empire was recreated in a new capacity — as a federation of independent states under the nominal supremacy of the great khan, Emperor Yuan.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Falling


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1368, as a result of the Red Turban Uprising in China, the Mongolian Yuan Empire collapsed.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1380, the Battle of Kulikovo took place, which weakened the influence of the Golden Horde on the territory of the Moscow principality.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Standing on the Ugra River in 1480 led to the removal of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The period of feudal fragmentation and internecine wars in Central Asia led to the fall of the Chagatai ulus by the beginning of the 16th century.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Lev Gumilyov wrote that although the Huns, Turks and Mongols were very different from each other, all of them at one time turned out to be a barrier that kept the onslaught of China on the border of the steppes.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

“The general rejection of Chinese culture among all the peoples of Central Asia is noteworthy. Thus, the Turks had their own ideological system, which they clearly opposed to the Chinese one. After the fall of the Uighur Khaganate, the Uighurs converted to Manichaeism, the Karluks to Islam, the Basmals and Onguts to Nestorianism, Tibetans to Buddhism in its Indian form, while Chinese ideology never crossed The Great Wall”... “Returning to an earlier era and summing up some of the above, we note that although the Huns, Turks and Mongols were very different from each other, they all turned out to be a barrier at one time, who held the onslaught of China on the border of the steppes”


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Design and control


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Army


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Mongolian army was an armed organization of steppe nomads reformed by Genghis Khan, formed under the influence of their daily life, as well as military traditions of nomadic and sedentary peoples of the Central Asian region, in particular the Khitan and Jurchen.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In the first period of the empire's existence, the army served not only as an instrument of expansion, but also as the most important mechanism for governing the state.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Social structure


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Public administration in the Mongolian Empire was closely related to military needs and was based on the traditional hierarchy of nomadic society.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

It was based on the principles of tribal life — the leaders headed the family, several clans were united into a tribe, tribes into tribal unions, etc. As a result, the entire system of government was authoritarian aristocratic in nature and was inseparable from the military hierarchy built on the basis of the decimal system.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Clans and tribes, depending on their number, in the case of wars that were fought almost continuously, exhibited equestrian tens, hundreds, thousands, etc. Military territorial chiefs are khans, princes, beks, noyons, bagatura.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The army was divided into tens, hundreds and thousands, as well as darkness — ten thousand soldiers at the head of the prison.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The whole unit was punished for every offense.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Legislation


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Monetary system


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Postal service


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Religion


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Mongols adhered to shamanism (Tengrianism).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

During the Yuan Empire, the official religion was Sakya Tibetan Buddhism.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

After the collapse of the Yuan Empire, along with Buddhism, shamanism regained great importance.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

By the end of the 16th century, shamanism in Mongolia was replaced by Tibetan Buddhism of the Gelug tradition.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In the northern taiga regions of Mongolia, shamanism persists to this day, combined with Buddhism.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Genghis Khan's grandson Berke converted to Islam thanks to the efforts of Khorezm dervish Saifuddin Dervish and became one of the first Mongolian rulers to convert to Islam.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Other Mongolian khans converted to Islam under the influence of Muslim women.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Later, the Mamluk ruler Baybars strengthened ties with the Golden Horde and invited noble Mongols to Egypt.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

A trip to Egypt significantly increased the number of Mongols who converted to Islam.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

By the 1330s, three-quarters of the top of the Mongol Empire were Muslims.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The noble elite of the Keraites tribe adopted Nestorian Christianity at the beginning of the 11th century.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Buddhism and Christianity were also prevalent among the Naimans (one of the tribal unions).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Both of these religions were spread in Mongolia through the Uighurs.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Juwaini reports that “because Chingis did not belong to any religion and did not follow any faith, he avoided fanaticism and did not prefer one faith over the other or exalted one over the other. On the contrary, he maintained the prestige of beloved and respected sages and hermits of any tribe, as an act of love for God.”


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In Yasa's presentation from Makrizi, it is noted that “Genghis Khan ordered respect for all religions and not to show preference for any of them.”


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The first Mongolian rulers, many of whom married princesses from Central Asian tribes, such as the Keraites, who converted to Nestorian Christianity, favored their Christian subjects and even flirted with Western Europe and the Crusaders.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Less than a hundred years later, the rulers of the Hulaguid dynasty converted to Islam.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Heritage


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

See also: Pax Mongolica


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Mongolian Empire, being in its prime the largest empire in history, significantly influenced the unification of large regions, some of which (for example, the eastern and western parts of Russia and western regions of China) remain united to this day, albeit in other forms of government [24].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Mongols, in addition to the main population, were most likely assimilated by the local population after the fall of the empire and some of these descendants adopted local religions, for example, residents of the Eastern khanates in largely converted to Buddhism, and residents of the three western khanates converted to Islam, mainly Sufi [25].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

According to some reports, Genghis Khan's conquests caused severe destruction on an unprecedented scale in the controlled geographical regions, and, therefore, led to some changes in demographic situation in Asia, such as the mass migration of Iranian tribes of Central Asia in modern Iran.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The Islamic world was also the subject of massive changes as a result of the invasion of the Mongols.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The population of the Iranian Highlands suffered from widespread disease and famine, which killed up to three-quarters of the population in the range of 10 to 15 million people.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Historian Stephen Ward believes that the population of Iran could not restore the pre-Mongolian level until the middle of the 20th century [26]


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The non-military merits of the Mongol Empire include the introduction into writing systems of the Mongolian alphabet based on Uighur characters, which is still used in Inner Mongolia [27].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Some of the other long-term consequences of the Mongol Empire are:


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

During the Tatar-Mongolian yoke in Russia, Moscow was granted the status of a tax collector for the Mongols.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Thus, the princes of Moscow collected tribute and taxes for the Mongols, while the Mongols themselves rarely visited Russian lands.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Moscow eventually gained military power, and Grand Duke Ivan III completely overthrew the Mongols under the command of the Moscow principality.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Some studies suggest that the plague that devastated Europe in the late 1340s may have traveled from China to Europe along the trade routes of the Mongol Empire.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In 1347, the Republic of Genoa has the port of Kaffa (tech. Feodosia), a shopping center on the Crimean Peninsula, was besieged by the army of Mongolian soldiers under the command of Janibek.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

During a long siege, during which the Mongol army was reportedly suffering from the plague, they decided to use the infected corpses as biological weapons.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The bodies were ejected to the city walls, infecting residents [28].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Genoese merchants fled, carrying the plague on their ships to southern Europe, from where it spread rapidly.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

The total number of deaths worldwide from the pandemic is estimated at 75 million people, with an estimated 20 million deaths in Europe alone.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Before the Mongol invasion, the population of the Chinese dynasties was reported to be about 120 million; after the conquest in 1279, the 1300 census reported 60 million people.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Although it is tempting to explain this significant decline solely by Mongolian ferocity, scientists have different opinions on this issue.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Scientists like Frederick W. Mote, argue that the widespread decline in population reflects an administrative failure to comply with the obligation to register people, rather than a de facto decline.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Other historians, such as William McNeil and David Morgan, argue that bubonic plague was a major contributor to the demographic decline during this period.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

David Nicole, in The Mongolian Warlords, reported on “the terror and mass extermination of those who were against them, it was a well-tested Mongolian tactic” [29].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

About half of the population of Kievan Rus could have died during the invasion [30].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Nevertheless, Colin McAvedy (Atlas of World Population History, 1978) estimates the decline in the population of Kievan Rus from 7.5 million, before the invasion, to 7 million later [29].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Historians believe that up to half of Hungary's two million population were victims of the Mongol-Tatar invasion [31].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Historian Andrea Peto cites an eyewitness account that the Mongols killed everyone regardless of gender or age, and that they found special pleasure in humiliating women [32].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

One of the most successful tactics used by the Mongols was to destroy the population of cities that refused to surrender.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

During the Mongol invasion of Russia, almost all major cities were destroyed.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Also, for example, the city of Hamadan in present-day Iran was destroyed, and every man, woman, and child was killed if not suitable for military needs.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

A few days after the initial demolition of the city, Subadai sent troops back to the burning ruins and massacre site in order to kill residents of the city who were absent at the time of the original murders and went back to that time.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Mongolian troops used local peoples and soldiers, often including them in their troops.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Prisoners of war were sometimes given a choice between death and submission to the Mongol army to help in future conquests [33].


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

In addition to intimidation tactics, with the expansion, the empire contributed to the instillation of military endurance (especially in the frosty winter), military art, meritocracy, and discipline.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Rulers


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Genghis Khan (Temujin) (1206-27).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Ugedei (Oktay, Dalayin Khan), son (1227—41).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Tuluy, brother (fact. 1227—29).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Toregene (Turakina), widow (reg. 1241-46).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Guyuk, son 2 (1246—49).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Ogul-Gaimish, widow (reg. 1249—51) *.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Munke (Mengu), son of Tului (1251—60).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Kublai (Setsen Khan), brother (1260-94).


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

1260 — the collapse of the Mongol Empire; China and Mongolia were ruled by the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty until 1368.


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

See also


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Mongolian history


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Notes


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Bibliography


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Sources


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Carpini, Guillaume de Rubruk,


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

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Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

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Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

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Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

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Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

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Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

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Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

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Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

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Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Literature


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) (in trans.)


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

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Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

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Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

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Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

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Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

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Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

References


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Unknown parameter |description= ignored (help)


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

[www.lib.csu.ru/vch/177/028.pdf Sundueva E.B. Archaic vocabulary in the CCM language]


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Category:History of Central Asia


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Category:States in the history of Kazakhstan


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Category:States in the history of Kyrgyzstan


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Category:States in the history of Uzbekistan


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Category:History of Tajikistan


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Category:States in Chinese history


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

Category:Asian history


Question: Who was the leader of the Mongol Empire?

Mongol empire

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Mongol empire

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Mongol empire

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Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

DP-0 (with serial numbers from 01 to 08) is a series of diesel trains built in the years by the Hungarian plant (Hungarian: Ganz vállalatok), Budapest, for the railways of the USSR.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The design of these diesel trains was the development of the “” series, which the plant has been building since a year.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

From year to year, diesel trains operated as courier trains, and later as ambulances, on the Moscow-Oktyabrskaya — Leningrad route (Oktyabrskaya Railway) and were the fastest and most comfortable by trains of its time on the railways of the Soviet Union.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Since the year, diesel trains have been operated on the Leningrad-Narva-Tallinn line.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Some of the diesel trains were transferred to the fleet of the Lithuanian Railway, where since December 1960 [1] it has been operated, in particular, on the Vilnius-Riga-Tallinn route.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

By the second half of the 1960s, most diesel trains of the DP series were decommissioned.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Some of them worked for some time, providing transportation on departmental lines of a number of industrial enterprises.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

To date, none of the diesel trains of this series has survived.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The history of creation and operation


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Designing


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

In the year, work began at the Gantz plant on the design of six-car diesel trains, which were a further development of the “” series built by the plant for the Hungarian state railways.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The design of trains was interrupted by World War II.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

In the year, due to reparation supplies from Hungary, 10 already built three-car DP diesel trains of a similar design were delivered to the USSR [2].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The plant returned to the construction of trains in a year.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Initially, Machinoimport ordered 20 trains — eight were built [3].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The first diesel train in the series arrived in the Soviet Union in 1950; two more trains arrived in the same year.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

These three trains received the designations DP-01 - DP-03.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The zero in the train number became a sign that distinguished the series of six-car diesel trains from the three-car trains that received this designation.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

In total, from 1949 to 1952, 8 trains were built (48 cars, including 16 motor (head) and 32 trailed) [2].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Trials


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

On June 28, at 5:55am, the six-car diesel train DP-01 from the Leningradsky railway station went on a test flight.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The journey from Moscow to Leningrad was covered in 7.5 hours at an average speed of 93 km/h.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

In the summer of the same year, a test trip was made on the Moscow-Sochi route, for which the diesel train was allocated a high-speed line (the train was introduced into the network schedule at intervals “according to a special destination” and followed numbering No. 1/2) [4], the journey time was 37 hours. Fuel consumption per 1 km of mileage was 2.4-2.5 kg, which, with a fuel reserve of 4140 liters, ensured movement without equipment for a distance of more than 1000 km.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The efficiency of the power plant, attributed to the rim of the driving wheels, reached 28-30% at speeds of 30-104 km/h [2].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

At the same time, it was found that the features of the electric transmission make it possible to achieve the maximum power of the diesel engine only at speeds above 70 km/h, which predetermined the operation diesel trains at high speeds [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

After testing, the diesel trains were assigned to the Pererva depot of the Moscow-Kursk-Donbass Railway and began to be operated on the Moscow-Leningrad line.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Later, they were transferred to the park of the Oktyabrskaya Railway (in the year to the Leningrad-Baltiysky motor car depot) [2].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Operation


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

On April 12, the diesel train made its first trip with passengers on the Leningrad-Moscow route.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Diesel engine driver Tishchenko led the train on its maiden voyage [6].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Since May 10, 1951, the train was put into permanent circulation as courier No. 7/8 with stops only at Bologoye and Kalinin stations (10 minutes) and was 1 hour 55 minutes less on the way than the Krasnaya Strela is the fastest train in the country, due to the lack of long stops on the way to supply the locomotive with water and change the locomotive.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

By 1956, train No. 7/8 was excluded from the schedule with replacement by fast trains No. 9/10 and 13/14 [3], which followed stops at Chudovo, Malaya Vishera, Bologoye, Likhoslavl, Kalinin stations [7].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

These trains were allowed to reach a significant speed on the stretches by those standards - up to 120 km/h, which rightfully made them high-speed.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

For safety reasons, railway workers were instructed not to approach the train closer than 5 meters while it was traveling [3].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Among passengers, the expression “go to Moscow by diesel train” soon came into use, or even easier “on diesel”, since diesel trains had a high level of comfort, not inferior even to the Red Arrow ”.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Thanks to this, trains with numbers 9/10 and 13/14 were very popular [8].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Initially, the trains were painted in the dark blue color standard for branded trains of that time.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Under the windows there was a white stripe with thin red stripes along the edges, the roof slopes were painted white.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

In the year, the trains were repainted green according to the same pattern.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

In the year, the trains were repainted according to the red bottom scheme — a creamy yellow top, which became standard for branded trains.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

In the year, diesel trains were transferred to the Leningrad-Varshavsky locomotive depot and operated on the Leningrad-Narva-Tallinn line.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

After repairs in the road workshops of the Unecha or Vilnius stations, six-car diesel trains were transferred to the Vilnius-diesel train depot of the Lithuanian Railway (Nova Vilnia station) and December 1960 [1] were operated, in particular, on the Vilnius-Riga-Tallinn route [2].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Most of the six-car diesel trains finished their work in the year.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Some of them were later used to transport passengers at the Kuzbassugol and Tulaugol plants.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Four DP-06 cars from Riga were transferred to the Shchekinsky Loading and Transport Administration this year to organize local transportation along the departmental branch.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

According to its characteristic color and country of manufacture, the diesel train received the nickname “Blue Danube” [9].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The train worked in the Industrial Transport Administration until the early 1980s, then was dismissed from work and removed from the carts.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

In the year, the head car of the DP-06 diesel train was used as an outbuilding at the Shchekino station [3], where it stayed for up to a year, after which it was cut [10].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

General information


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Technical specifications


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Main parameters of DP series diesel train [11] [2]:


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Dimensions:


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Length along the axes of automatic couplers — 158700;


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Width — 3010 mm;


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Height — 3910 mm;


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Wheel diameter — 1050 mm;


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Weight:


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Empty trains — 354 t;


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Working trains — 375 t;


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Motor car — 85 tons;


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Trailed wagon — 55 t;


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The number of seats is 164;


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Traction characteristics:


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The hourly capacity of the main diesel engines is 2×600 hp. from. ;


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The tangential thrust force on the rims of the driving wheels is up to 18,700 kgf;


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Design speed — 105 km/h;


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Start-up acceleration — 0.3—0.39 m/s2;


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Fuel capacity — 4140 liters.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Constituency


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Diesel trains were formed from two motor head cars (Mg) and four intermediate trailed cars (Pp) according to the usual scheme: motor car — trailer cars — motor car.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The axial formula is (1—20+2) +4· (2—2) + (2+20—1) [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Design


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

bodywork


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The frames, walls, roof arcs of the diesel train were made of steel elements connected by welding; the outer skin of the sheet steel bodies was also attached to the side wall posts by welding.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The undercarriage equipment was closed with removable covers, the frontal parts of the cars had a streamlined shape.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Motor cars had a mass of 85 tons; at the same time, the load on the rails from the driving wheelsets was 18.7 tons; trailer cars weighed about 55 tons [2]


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The cars of the diesel train were connected by automatic couplers of the Gantz system without friction devices, the functions of the latter were partially performed by buffers.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

To allow the diesel train to move by a locomotive, motor cars from the control cabin side were equipped with screw coupling hooks designed for a traction force of 25 tons [2].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Undercarriage


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The bodies of motor cars rested on one three-axle and one two-axle bogie, trailer cars - on two two-axle bogies.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The frames of the welded bogies, made of sheet and shaped steel, had jaws for roller boxes.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The load from the body to the sidewalls of the frame of the three-axle bogie was transmitted through four sliders located around a circle, the center of which coincided with the theoretical center of rotation of the trolley, and from the frame to the axle boxes — through eight double coil springs and balancers.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The first wheelset from the head of the train was supporting, the second and third were driving and driven by traction motors with support-axial suspension.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Gears from electric motors to wheelsets were one-sided.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Two-axle bogies of motor and trailer cars had a cradle suspension with elliptical springs of the N. K. Galakhova.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The load from the body was transferred to the carrycot of the trolley through two Gantz-Ronan sliders, located at an angle of 38° to the axis of the carrycot.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The cradle was suspended from the frame of the trolley, which, through four sets of two coil springs and two longitudinal balancers, rested on the axle boxes.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The diameter of all wheels of the diesel train in the riding circle without wear was 1050 mm [2].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Propulsion


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

A feature of the DP diesel train is the division of the power plant into two parts: the main one is for driving driving wheelsets, the additional one is for auxiliary devices and the control system [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Thus, two diesel engines of the Gantz-Endrashik system (Hungarian: Ganz — Jendrassik) were located in the engine room of the engine car: type XVI-JV 170/240 with a rated power of 600 hp (440 kW) ) to drive the traction generator and diesel type VI-JST 170/240 with a rated power of 220 hp (160 kW) to drive the fans of the refrigerator, compressor and auxiliary three-phase current generator a frequency of 50 Hz.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Both diesel engines had the cylinder diameter and stroke of the pistons connected to the main connecting rods, as well as many parts, were the same as those of the VIII-jar 170/240 diesel engines of the DP three-car diesel train [2] [2].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The main diesel engine of the XVI-JV 170/240 type (main power plant) was a four-stroke pre-chamber and had sixteen cylinders arranged in two rows, placed V-shaped at an angle of 40° symmetrically vertical longitudinal plane; the stroke of the trailed pistons was 236 mm [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The operating speed range was 900—1150 per minute; at a shaft speed of 1100 rpm, the fuel consumption was 170 g/ (hp).


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The weight of the diesel engine together with the generator was 10,000 kg. The diesel engine was started by the main generator, which at that time operated in engine mode, receiving electricity from the battery [2] [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

All engine components were attached to the upper part of the crankcase.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Each cylinder row consisted of four blocks of two cylinders each.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The blocks had space for water cooling the cylinders [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

When starting the engine, the cylinders of the left row were first put into operation, then the right row cylinders.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The order of operation of the cylinders of each row is 1—5—7—3—8—4—2—6 (counting the cylinders on the side opposite to the flywheel) [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The power of the power plant, regardless of the track profile, was kept constant, which made it possible to operate it with high efficiency [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The full power of the diesel engine could only be achieved at speeds above 70 km/h, since at lower speeds there was a restriction on the maximum current of power transmission machines at their long mode.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The same reason determined the possible minimum speed.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

This feature of the diesel train predetermined its operation at high speeds [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The VI-JST 170/240 auxiliary diesel engine had six cylinders arranged vertically in one row; its nominal shaft speed was 1150 rpm [2].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The diesel engine was started from an auxiliary generator.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Specific fuel consumption is the same as that of the main diesel engines [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Power train


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The power train of a diesel train is electric direct current.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The main generator of each motor car was connected to two series traction motors connected in parallel.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Suspension of electric motors is support-axial.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The transmission to the axes is gear, one-sided [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Brake equipment


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The braking equipment used on the diesel train is the Knorr-Lambertsen pneumatic system.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The brake compressor of the diesel train was two-stage, had two low cylinders and one high-pressure cylinder.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Its capacity was 1500 l/min.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The brake pads were pressed against the driving wheels on both sides by two brake cylinders, each of which was connected to the pads of only one side of the trolley [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Electrical equipment


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The main generator of the EVSS 41/200 type was designed for a continuous power of 400 kW (current 870 A, continuous voltage 460 V, maximum voltage 620 V) [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

It powered two traction motors connected in parallel.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The generator had a starting winding and three mixed excitation windings, one of which was connected to the generator armature terminals, the second to the battery circuit, and the third (anti-compound) to a chain of traction motors, which, with an increase in the current of traction motors, reduced the generator voltage.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

This made it possible to leave the driver to control only the speed of rotation of the shafts of the main diesel engines [2].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

An auxiliary three-phase current generator (continuous power 155 kW, maximum current 223 A, rated voltage 380 V, rated speed 1000 rpm) fed various three-phase electric motors located on the cars of the diesel train.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Some of these electric motors were used to drive DC generators, which were used to charge batteries, power control circuits and illuminate cars [2].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

TC 31.32/14 traction motors with series excitation had a maximum speed of 1820 rpm, in continuous mode - 1130 rpm (power 180 kW, current 435 A, voltage long mode 460 V, maximum 620 V) [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Each trailer car had a lighting generator with a capacity of 3.3 kW (current 51 A, voltage 65 V, speed 1480 per minute), powered by a three-phase motor with a capacity of 5.5 hp. The lighting generators of motor cars had a power of 5.2 kW, a voltage of 65 V, a current of 60 A, and a speed of 1490 per minute [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

KO-20-5 alkaline batteries with a capacity of 200 Ah and a voltage of 60—65 V were installed on motor cars, and batteries with a capacity of 90 Ah, including 40 cells each, were installed on trailer cars [2].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Other equipment


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The climate control system of the diesel train was designed to maintain the air temperature in an acceptable range for passengers.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The devices of the climate system were located partially in the body of the car, partly on the auxiliary frame attached to the frame of the car.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The climate control system included: a freon compressor, freon condensers (with a total surface area of about 200 m2), a dehydrator, filters.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

An evaporator (a heat exchanger with a total surface area of 120 m2) was placed on the ceilings of the cars, with which a heating radiator with an area of 60 m2 was connected.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The operation of the climate control system was regulated by means of valves installed in cabinets located in the luggage compartment of one and the post office of another motor cars.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Difluorodichloromethane in the amount of 45-50 kg was used as freon, which, evaporating, cooled the air of the cars.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The climate control system also included a drinking water cooling system [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The operation of the climate control system was carried out according to the following principle: freon gas was sucked in by a compressor, where it was compressed to 8-15 atm, and liquefied in condensers.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

Liquid freon entered the evaporators, through which the air of cars mixed with a small amount of outside air was driven by double fans.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

To absorb moisture that entered the freon, a dehydrator was used (absorber — activated aluminum).


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

DP (01-08)

The unit was turned off by turning off the compressor, after which the cooling system ceased to operate.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The installation was switched on by a friction clutch controlled by an electropneumatic valve [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The heating radiator was designed to heat the air in the cars.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The radiator was included in the water cooling system of diesel engines and received heat from running engines.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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At low ambient temperatures, the climate control system was dismantled, and additional heating radiators were installed in its place [5].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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Interior


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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In the motor cars (head) behind the control cabin there were an engine room, a luggage room, a compartment for passengers with soft seats (three four-seater and one double), a service room with two soft places, a boiler, a toilet, and opposite them is a heating boiler.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The control cabin was separated from the engine room by a soundproof partition.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The cars were equipped with condensed climate units that operated automatically.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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Each car housed semi-automatic furnaces that burned diesel fuel, providing water heating for the cars [6].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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Passenger saloon


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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Three trailer cars had nine four-seater and one two-seater compartments for passengers, a service room for two seats; the fourth trailer car housed a kitchen, a buffet, five four-seater, one double compartment for passengers and a service room for four seats.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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All trailer cars, as well as motor cars, had toilets and heating boilers.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The total number of seats on the train for passengers was 164, for service personnel — 14 [2].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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Polished walnut plywood was used for interior decoration.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The walls of the kitchen, engine room and driver's cabin are lined with aluminum sheet.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The shelves in the compartment are soft spring.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The windows consisted of two frames: the inner (winter) frame was removable, had a window leaf that tilted inward, the outer frame lowered entirely, opening the window half.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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In case of severe frosts, special woolen blankets were provided, which were attached to the window using buttons [3].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The trains were characterized by high comfort and were popular with passengers.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The expression to go “diesel” meant a journey that was not inferior in comfort to the Red Arrow [3].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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All cars of the diesel train had the category “soft” (M) [7].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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Driver's cab


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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In the front part of the head motor cars there was a driver's cab with a control station.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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During normal operation, the train could be controlled from any of the two posts.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The driver's controller, reversible handle, brake valve, handbrake, main engine speed tachometer, handle were located on the driver's control panel located at the wheelhouse changes in the speed of the diesel engine, oil pressure gauges in the diesel lubrication system and pressure in the brake line, remote thermometer, ammeter, voltmeter, speed gauge, which also allowed recording speed to the tape.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The set of instruments located on the remote control was the same as on a three-car diesel train, but their mutual arrangement underwent significant changes.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The train was maintained and serviced by an engineer and two assistants.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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For communication between control posts, a telephone and a light alarm were provided [6] [12].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The diesel train control system is electro-pneumatic [13].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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Design changes


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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Diesel trains No. 04-08 structurally differed slightly from diesel trains No. 01-03.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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For trains from No. 04, the height of the bodies was increased, in accordance with the dimensions adopted for Soviet railways; the layout of the cars also changed.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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For trains from No. 06, the electrical circuit has been improved, the design of spring suspension, axle boxes and the diesel engine cooling system has been improved [2].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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Gantz diesel trains of similar design


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The DP diesel train was a representative of the family of diesel trains of the Gantz plant, which had been built since the late 1930s, in particular, the same family belongs to the same family that previously entered the Sovetsky railways Soyuz three-car diesel train DP.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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However, all of them had noticeable design differences [11].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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In the year, 4 diesel trains of this type arrived on German railways, where they received the designation VT 12.14 (according to a later classification - BR 181.0) and were used on the route for several years Berlin-Hamburg.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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Subsequently, these trains ran on the Berlin-Prague-Vienna route, and since the mid-1960s on routes from Berlin to Frankfurt an der Oder, Neubrandenburg, Eisenhuttenstadt.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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In the 1970s, they were retired from work [14].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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VT series diesel train 14.12, 1954


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Berlin—Hamburg, 1959


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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Hargita diesel train preserved at the Budapest Railway Museum


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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After the war, the Czechoslovak government purchased three- and four-car trains of the same type.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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According to the classification adopted on the railways of Czechoslovakia, they received the designation M 495.0 (according to the later classification - M 295.0).


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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Diesel trains were used for both domestic and external traffic.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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During operation, a number of problems were identified: for example, a four-car train with a rise of 16 ‰ could reach a speed of no higher than 46 km/h, and rolling stock was allowed to derail several times.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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In the year, the last diesel trains of this series were put off work [14].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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As of 2017, the train of two head cars of the Hargita diesel train has been preserved, which is exhibited at the Budapest Railway Museum.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The series was further developed, becoming the basis for the creation of diesel trains for a number of countries.


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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The experience of building three-car and six-car diesel trains of the DP series was used in the design of three-car diesel trains for the railways of the Soviet Union in the year, initially also which received the designation DP (later simply D) and slightly differed from the last four-car diesel trains of the D1 series [15].


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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Culture


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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It is assumed that in the play “Nameless Star” by Romanian writer Mikhail Sebastian (on the basis of which the Soviet film of the same name was staged), under the “Bucharest-Sinai diesel electric train” could have in reference to the diesel train of the DP series (or “Harghita”).


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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Notes


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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Literature


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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References


Question: When was the first DP-S released?

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Category:USSR diesel trains


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Category:Gantz-Mawag diesel trains


Question: How deep is Lake Peipsi?

Lake Peipus

Lake Peipus (obsolete. Gdov Lake; in Estonia it is called Peipsi Estonian: Peipsi järv) [1] [2] is a large freshwater lake that is the northern part of the so-called Peipsi Lake Complex.


Question: How deep is Lake Peipsi?

Lake Peipus

The lake's area is 2,613 km² (73% of the lake complex).


Question: How deep is Lake Peipsi?

Lake Peipus


Question: How deep is Lake Peipsi?

Lake Peipus

The northern and western shores belong to the Republic of Estonia, the east to the Russian Federation (Pskov Oblast and a small section at the source of the Narva River belong to the Slantsevsky District of the Leningrad Region) .