Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The official reason for the dissolution is the impossibility of carrying out state educational activities by departmental security (commercial enterprise), the leadership of the Federal State Enterprise HE of the Ministry of Railways of Russia considered it is burdensome to finance an educational institution.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Departmental (paramilitary) security of railway transport

In 2004, it was planned to create an interdepartmental canine center on the basis of the SHURS, but the work was stopped.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

As a result of ineffective activities, as well as the inactivity of specific officials, the “forge of senior personnel” was destroyed, which adversely affects the level of professional competence specialists, especially units of departmental fire protection of railway transport.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

School Chiefs: Leonov (1926-1930), Lazarev (1930-1937), Nikitin (1937-1940), I.I.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Kobelyatsky (1940-1941), N.G.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Stepanov (1941-1946), G.A.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Krestov (1946-1949), M.P.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Zakharov (1950-1963), N.Z.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Korolev (1964-1966), S.A.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Savoskin (1967-1970), F.P.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Vasyutin (1971-1972), L.M.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Cherkashin (1973-1990), B.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

IN.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Troynin (1990-1992), Y.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

IN.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Nevolin (1993-2006).


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In 1938, M.A.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Anshukov - Head of the SHUKS (rehabilitated in 1957) [138]


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

School of Advanced Training of the Command and Technical Staff of the Paramilitary Guard of the NKPS of the USSR (SHUKTS) (1932 - 1940)


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The School for Advanced Training of the Command and Technical Staff of the Paramilitary Guard of the NKPS of the USSR (SHUKTS) was organized in Leningrad in 1932 to train the command staff of fire brigades.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In 1935, it was redeployed to Kharkov, merged with other schools for the training of junior commanders and became part of the school for training, retraining of higher, senior, middle and junior command and technical staff, junior command staff and senior shooters of external order protection [139]


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Exemplary Brass Band (NKPS of the USSR — LPS of the USSR — IPU of Russia)


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

USSR


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

On April 29, 1926, a brass band of the Special Armed Detachment of the NKPS of the USSR was created in Moscow, staffed by shooters of the Detachment who have their own instruments.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In order to reduce maintenance costs, it was allowed to use the orchestra for games for a fee in their free time [140] [35].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Vladislav Blazhevich, professor at the Moscow State Conservatory, was its organizer and first head [141].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

From the first days of its formation, the orchestra performed for railway workers and residents of St. Moscow.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

During the Great Patriotic War, some musicians went to the front, others served to protect railway junctions, train stations, and repair shops.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

After the war, the orchestra went to give concerts in cities and performed for railway workers who were restoring the destroyed railway economy.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The band's performances were broadcast on All-Union Radio and Television [142].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The orchestra toured many cities of the USSR, also performed in Poland, Germany and Czechoslovakia.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The orchestra was part of a separate Moscow paramilitary security detachment of the Moscow Railway, the Central Paramilitary Security Detachment of the Ministry of Railways of the USSR.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In 1974, the orchestra was awarded the title “Exemplary”.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In the same year, he escorted soldiers of the first All-Union Komsomol Shock Detachment to the BAM, who went to build the highway directly from the Kremlin Palace of Congresses.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Since then, the musicians have visited BAM more than once, performed for builders and railway workers.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Over the years, the team was led by Mikhail Fedyunin (for 30 years), Stanislav Rybnikov.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Russia


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

During the reorganization of the paramilitary security system of the USSR, the orchestra remained part of the paramilitary security of the Ministry of Railways of Russia and continued its activities as a concert professional creative group, designed to promote the aesthetic and cultural education of railway transport workers by means of musical art [143].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

After the liquidation of the Ministry of Railways of Russia in 2003, the orchestra was transferred to OJSC Russian Railways and is currently called the Concert Model Orchestra of OJSC Russian Railways [144 ].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Insignia


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

On July 7, 1962, the badge “Excellence in the paramilitary security of the Ministry of Railways of the USSR” was approved for the personnel of the paramilitary security of the USSR


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Order of the Ministry of Railways of Russia dated December 9, 2003 No. 75 approved the badge “Excellence in Departmental Security of the Ministry of Railways of Russia” [145]


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Badge “Excellence in the paramilitary security of the Ministry of Railways”


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Badge “70 years of paramilitary protection of LPS” (1991)


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Reflection in culture and art


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Stanislav Govorukhin's documentary “The Great Criminal Revolution”, 1994 (a story about the theft of goods at the station. Zabaikalsk)


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The novel by Ilya Ilf and Yevgeny Petrov “Twelve Chairs” mentions the post of shooters of the Special Armed Detachment of the NKPS Railway Protection (PSB NKPS), because of which Ostap Bender could not penetrate the club the first section of the traction service and take away the chair with diamonds to Madame Petukhova:


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

... The last messenger brought sad news.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

At first everything was fine, but then it got bad.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The buyer entered the commodity yard of the Oktyabrsky railway station with a chair, and it was impossible to crawl behind him - the arrows of the NKPS PSB stood at the gate.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

“I must have left,” the homeless man finished his report.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

This alarmed Ostap very much...


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Ostap entrusted the execution of stencil plates on Vorobyaninov, and for almost a month, since his arrival in Moscow, he circled near the Oktyabrsky railway station, looking for traces with incomprehensible passion the last chair, which certainly conceals Madame Petukhova's diamonds...


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

... - Yes, Kisa, there is, and if you like, I can show it right away.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

He's at the railroad club, the new club...


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

At the Inskaya station, the first monument in the USSR to a service dog named “Antey” was erected, who served with his guide I. Litvinov in the paramilitary protection of the USSR Ministry of Railways.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Famous veterans (Heroes of the Soviet Union and full holders of the Order of Glory)


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Heroes of the Soviet Union


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Nikolai Alekseevich Vasilyev was a Soviet military leader, lieutenant general (1944), served in the Railway Defense from 1923 to 1932. A graduate of SHUKS (first graduation).


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Joseph Borisovich Markin was a front-line intelligence officer, served in the Railway Station before the war.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Anatoly Georgievich Vavilov — after the war he worked as a senior instructor in fire prevention.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

He was awarded the Honorary Railwayman badge (1970).


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Evgeny Aleksandrovich Klyushnikov - after the war he served as the head of the rifle team of the paramilitary security of the Ministry of Railways of the USSR at the Chernyakhovsk railway station of the Lithuanian Railway, then led paramilitary security units of a number of railways (including Kuibyshev (1956—1970), Far Eastern (1970-1976).


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

He was awarded the Honorary Railwayman badge.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Georgy Ivanovich Surnin - after the war he worked as the head of the team of the paramilitary security detachment of the Trans-Baikal Railway.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Alexander Dmitrievich Yurkov — after the war he worked at the station.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Kaluga.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Full Cavaliers of the Order of Glory:


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Boris Nikolaevich Plotnikov - after the war he worked in the paramilitary security unit of the Ministry of Railways of the USSR at the Kazan railway station of the Gorky Railway.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Serafim Georgievich Safonov - after the war he worked for 20 years as a shooter of the Michurinsky paramilitary security detachment of the Ministry of Railways of the USSR.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Mykola Andreevich Bogun - after the war he worked in the rifle and fire brigade of the paramilitary security of the Donetsk railway.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Famous people


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Alexander Antonovich Sagaidak (12.02.1928—20.12.2017) worked in VO ZDT for 56 years (62 years in railway transport), who made a significant contribution to the development of fire and rifle protection of railways, including while serving as Deputy Head of the Paramilitary Security Department of the Ministry of Railways of the USSR, as well as head of the Network Regulatory and Research Station for Labor of the Central Administrative Department of the Ministry of Railways of Russia (SNIST).


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Under the guidance of A. A. Sagaidak was developing and approving the regulatory legal framework for the paramilitary and then departmental security of the Ministry of Railways of Russia and the newly created federal enterprise.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

He was directly involved in the development of the draft Federal Law “On Departmental Security”.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Russian statesman and politician Dmitry Medvedev, while studying at the university, was in a student brigade that was engaged in the protection and escort of goods on the railway [146].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Recognition of merit


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The first award of the medal “For Distinction in the Protection of Public Order” was made on June 28, 1994 on the basis of a decree of the President of Russia Boris Yeltsin.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

For active participation in the fight against crime in railway transport, the award was awarded to employees of the paramilitary security units of the Ministry of Railways of Russia on the South Ural Railway: dogs of the Chelyabinsk paramilitary security detachment Alexey Mikhailovich Efimov, senior shooter of the Orenburg paramilitary security detachment Sergei Borisovich Zaretsky and the head of the Orsk rifle team paramilitary security detachment Alexey Ivanovich Matveev [147].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

See also


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Departmental security


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Departmental fire brigade


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Private security


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Paramilitary security


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Railway terminology


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Rail transport in Russia


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Rail transport in Kazakhstan


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Fire train


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

People's Commissariat for Railways of the RSFSR


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

People's Commissariat for Railways of the USSR


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Ministry of Railways


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Coordination Council for Trans-Siberian Transportation


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Monument to the dog Antey


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Marksman (guard)


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Day of departmental (paramilitary) protection of railway transport


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Notes


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Literature


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Collection-directory of official orders on the armed protection of railways issued during 1925 - March 1927/People's Commissariat of Railways, Central Directorate of Railway compiled by the Office of the Chief of Railway Protection.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

- Moscow: NKPS Transpechat, 1925-1927./ Russian State Library


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Departmental security in the service of the Ministry of Railways (essays on history and modernity).


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

— M.: Publication of VO of the Ministry of Railways of Russia, 2001. — 256 p.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

75 years of the School for Advanced Training of the Leadership of Departmental Security of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation (SHURS VO MPS of Russia)


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

— M.: Publication of SHURS VO of the Ministry of Railways of Russia, 2001.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

“90 years guarding steel lines.”


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

— M.: Publication of the Federal State Enterprise HE Railway of Russia, 2011.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Under the general editorship of V. N. Vetrova.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

References


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Official websites:


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Video:


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

, video of the Voronezh detachment of the branch of the Federal State Enterprise HE Railway of Russia at the South-Eastern Railway


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

, video of the branch of the Federal State Enterprise HE Railway of Russia at the Moscow Railways


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

, video of the Samara detachment of the branch of the Federal State Enterprise HE Railway of Russia at the KBShZhD


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Category:Rail transport


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Category:Transport security


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Category:Paramilitary organizations


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Fleita (Latin: flauta, from flatus - whiff [1]) is a labial wind musical instrument in which the primary source of oscillations is an air jet that cuts against the edge of the instrument wall [1], called labium (German: labium - lip).


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The oscillation source drives the air column in the flute channel and produces a sound of a certain height.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

One of the oldest musical instruments [2].


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

It belongs to the woodwinds group.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

According to the method of holding, the flutes are divided into longitudinal, transverse and semi-transverse (diagonal).


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Longitudinal flutes come with a whistle device (mouthpiece) [1] and without it.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

A flute with a closed end of the barrel opposite to the performer (closed flute) sounds an octave higher than the same size flute with an open end (open flute).


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

History


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The oldest form of the flute is the whistle.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Gradually, finger holes began to be cut through the whistle tubes, turning a simple whistle into a whistle flute, on which musical works could already be performed.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The first archaeological findings of the flute date back to 35,000 to 40,000 BC, so the flute is one of the oldest musical instruments [3].


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The longitudinal flute was known in Egypt five thousand years ago, and it remains the main wind instrument throughout the Middle East.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

It was widely distributed in Europe in the 15th—17th centuries.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The longitudinal flute, which has 5-6 finger holes and is capable of octave blowing, provides a complete musical scale, individual intervals inside which can change, forming different modes by crossing fingers, closing the holes by half, and changing the direction and strength of breathing.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Now it is rarely used in the performance of early music.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The transverse flute with 5-6 finger holes was known in China at least 3,000 years ago, and in India and Japan more than two thousand years ago.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

In Europe, during the Middle Ages, mainly simple whistle-type instruments (predecessors of block flute and flageolet) were common, as well as a transverse flute that penetrated into the Central Europe from the East through the Balkans, where it is still the most common folk instrument.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

By the end of the 17th century, the transverse flute was improved by French craftsmen, among whom Otteter stands out, who, in particular, added valves to the six finger holes for performance full chromatic scale.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

With a more expressive sound and high technical capabilities, the transverse flute soon replaced the longitudinal (block flute) and by the end of the XVIII century took a strong place in the symphony orchestra and instrumental ensembles.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Between 1832 and 1847, Theobald Boehm improved the instrument, which has changed relatively little since then.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

It has introduced the following most important innovations:


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

1) placed the large finger holes in accordance with acoustic principles, and not the convenience of performance;


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

2) equipped the tool with a system of valves and rings that helps to close 15-17 holes or even more with 9 fingers, depending on the so-called options and tool system (German, which is the original Boehm system, or French, which is a hybrid of the Boehm system and the Old French system);


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

3) used a cylindrical channel of the barrel section with a conical-parabolic head instead of the reverse conical one that took place until 1847, which improved intonation and leveled the sound in different registers;


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

4) switched to the use of metal for the manufacture of the instrument, which, compared to a wooden instrument, increased the brilliance of the sound.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

(Previously, wooden flutes were most often used, as well as, less often, glass and ivory. As a result of numerous experiments with different materials, Boehm came to the conclusion that silver contributes to the purest sound, so today it is part of both alloys for more cheap student models, and is an addition to gold and platinum in the most expensive professional models.) But Boehm's greatest merit is that thanks to the ingenious valve mechanism, it became possible to perform chromatic scales and works on the flute in all keys without exception.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Modern orchestras use the usual large flute (its timbre is diverse, but somewhat cold, and the sound strength is low), a small flute with a sharp sound (octave higher), less often an alto flute in the Sol formation (its timbre is slightly warmer), extremely rare bass flute (octave lower).


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Longitudinal


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

No whistle


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Longitudinal flute muzzle


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Kena


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Shakuhachi


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Xiao


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

In flutes without a whistle device [1], an air jet is formed and directed to the pointed edge by the performer's lips and his ear pad.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Kalyuka


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Kalyuka (from prickly [4]), also forcing [5], thorn [6], overtone flute [4], grass pipe [7] is a wind musical instrument that is a kind of longitudinal overtone flute, since natural overtones are blown out during the performance of playing this musical instrument [7].


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

It is a hollow cylinder with special holes made of a thorny tartar stalk or some other plants.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Experts became aware of the use of the instrument in Russian traditional culture only in 1980, after which it was widely used in Russian folklore ensembles.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

In folk culture, it is considered exclusively masculine.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Tools similar to Kalyuk are found among many peoples of the world.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Playing the kalyuk is carried out by opening and closing the lower hole of the tube with your finger, as well as changing the strength of the air jet supplied by the mouth to the instrument.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

During the game, the musical instrument is held vertically down with both hands so that the lower hole can be opened or closed with the index finger pad.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The size of a musical instrument may vary, depending on the height and length of the hands of the player playing it.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

For children, this is from 25 cm to 30 cm, and for adults it is from 72 cm to 86 cm. The length of the tube is also adjusted to the owner's height.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The length is considered acceptable if the lower hole on the pipe could be covered with the palm of the hand or fingers.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Therefore, the length of the flute should not exceed the size of the outstretched arm from the shoulder to the fingertips.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The body of the kaluka has a conical passage that tapers slightly from top to bottom.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The inner diameter of the tubes is from 15 to 25 mm.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The diameter of the outlet does not exceed 12-14 mm, and the upper hole is 19-23 mm.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Dudka was discovered in 1980 by students of the Moscow and Leningrad Conservatories in the villages of Bolshebykovo and Podserednee, located halfway from Belgorod to Voronezh.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Kena


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Quechua: qina, Spanish: quena is a longitudinal flute used in music in the Andean region of Latin America.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

It is usually made from cane.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

It has six upper and one lower finger holes.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Usually made in G formation. The kenacho flute (Quechua: qinachu, Spanish: quenacho) is a variant of the ken with a lower sound, in line D.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

In the 1960s and 1970s, kena was actively used by some musicians working in the nueva canción direction.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

In most cases, the instrument was used in specific song compositions, but individual groups, such as Illapu, resorted to its capabilities regularly.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Subsequently, in the 1980s and 1990s, Kena was also involved in rock bands, such as Soda Stereo or Enanitos Verdes.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The instrument is also found in ethnic music.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

With whistle device


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

See also the Flute with Whistling Device category.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

In flutes with a whistling device [1] (whistling flutes), an air stream is formed and directed to the pointed edge through a special channel in the mouthpiece of the instrument.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Recorder


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Recorder (German: Blockflöte - flute with block) is a type of longitudinal flute.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

This is a brass wooden musical instrument from the whistle family.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

An insert (block) is used in the design of the head part.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Related tools: pipe, saddle, whistle.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The recorder differs from other similar instruments by the presence of 7 finger holes on the front side and one on the back - the so-called octave valve.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The two lower holes are often made double.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

8 fingers are used to close the holes during the game.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Fork fingering is often used to take notes (when the holes are closed not in turn, but in a complex combination).


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Among the varieties of the longitudinal flute, the recorder is defined as the most important.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

In Europe, it has been widespread since the 11th century; later the popularity of this instrument increased, as a result of which in the period from the 16th to the 18th century the recorder was the most an actively used and common type of flute.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The instrument is characterized by a soft, warm, cantiled (that is, melodious) timbre, but at the same time it has limited capabilities in terms of dynamics.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The recorder is often used in musical works by composers such as I. S. Bach, A. Vivaldi G. F. Handel et al.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Due to the fact that the sound of the recorder is quite weak, its popularity gradually decreased due to the spread of the transverse flute.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

However, this variety is currently enjoying some interest for some reasons, including the trend towards the revival of early music and the possibility of using a recorder as an educational tool (since the technique of playing it is relatively simple) [8].


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Whistle


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Whistle (from English: tin whistle, literally translated “tin whistle, pipe”, pronunciation options (Russian): whistle, vistle, the first is more common) is a folk longitudinal flute with six holes on the front, widely used in folk music from Ireland, Scotland, England and some other countries.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The most popular are small whistles in key D. They are tuned an octave higher than other wind instruments (a regular flute, for example, or bagpipes), and the notes for them are respectively recorded an octave lower .


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

However, the popularity of the so-called low whistle, a longer modification of the instrument, which sounds approximately in the same range as a regular flute, is also increasing.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

There are also whistles in other keys; they are defined as transposable (that is, all whistles are considered instruments in key D, even if they actually sound higher or lower) [9].


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Pipe


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The pipe is a Russian folk wind musical instrument, a kind of longitudinal flute.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Sometimes it can be double-barreled, while one of the trunks is usually 300-350 mm long, the second is 450-470 mm.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

At the upper end of the barrel there is a whistling device, in the lower part there are 3 side holes for changing the pitch of sounds.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The trunks are tuned together in a quart and give a generally diatonic scale in the septima volume.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

In addition, a pipe can also be understood as an outdated wind instrument, which was characterized by a double tongue inserted into a special cup; later on its base, by some simplifying the design (in particular, eliminating the use of the cup) was developed by the oboe.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

In this sense, the pipe correlates with the bombard, the woodwind instrument that was the predecessor of the bassoon.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The pipe was historically its first and smallest type [10].


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Pyzhatka


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Pyzhatka is a Russian folk wind musical instrument, a wooden flute, traditional for the Kursk region of Russia


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

It is a wooden tube with a diameter of 15-25 mm and a length of 40-70 cm, at one end of which a wooden cork (“wad”) is inserted with an oblique cut that directs the blown air to the pointed edge a small square hole (“whistles”).


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The term “pyzhatka” can also be considered as a synonym for the concept of a nozzle - a type of longitudinal whistle flute, which is also a traditional Russian folk wind instrument, the most the oldest among those who were in circulation among the Eastern Slavs.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

This variety was characterized by a diatonic scale and a range of up to two octaves; when changing the strength of the air flow and using special fingering, chromatic scale.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

It is actively used by amateur groups both as a solo and as an ensemble instrument< [12].


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Double


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Main article: Double flute.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Whistling flute made of two tubes.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Multi-stem


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Main article: Multi-barrel flute.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Multi-barrel flutes consist of several tubes of different lengths fastened or unfastened together, each of which emits one fundamental tone.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The upper ends of the tubes are located at the same level next to each other.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The lower end of the tube is open or closed with a stopper.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The tubes are brought to the lips in an upright position and blow on their upper cut.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Siringa


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Siringa (Greek) is an ancient Greek musical instrument, a kind of longitudinal flute.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The term first appears in Homer's Iliad (X,13).


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Single-barreled siring (srigmonokalamos) and multi-barreled siring (srigi poluklamos) differed; the latter was later given the name of Pan's flute.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Russian translators traditionally convey the word “pipe” with a somewhat vague word [13].


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The Greek word served as the anatomical name for the vocal organ of birds (see syrinx).


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Siringa is known as a traditional wind instrument of shepherds and peasants in antiquity.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

This variety often appears in ancient Greek poetry; it was also used for musical accompaniment of stage performances, including in ancient Rome.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Subsequently, the instrument also penetrated into later European folk music [14].


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Pan's Flute


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Fleita Pana is a class of woodwind instruments, a multi-barreled flute consisting of several (2 or more) hollow tubes of various lengths.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The lower ends of the tubes are closed, the upper ones are open.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The name is due to the fact that in antiquity, the invention of this type of flute was mythologically attributed to the deity of forests and fields Pan.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

When playing, the musician directs the flow of air from one end of the tubes to the other, as a result of which the air columns enclosed inside begin to oscillate, and the instrument whistles of a certain height; each of the tubes produces one basic sound, the acoustic characteristics of which depend on its length and diameter.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Accordingly, the number and size of the tubes determine the panflute range.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The tool can have a movable or fixed plug; depending on this, different ways of fine-tuning it are used [15].


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Kugikli


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Kugikly (kuvikli, tsevnitsa) is a Russian folk wind musical instrument, which is a kind of multi-barreled flute.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The tool is a set of hollow tubes of various lengths and diameters.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Pipes are made from stems of kugi (marsh reeds), reeds, bamboo, tree branches and shrubs that have a core.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The upper open ends are located at the same level, the lower one is closed by the barrel assembly.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The flute is usually made up of 3-5 tubes of the same diameter, but different lengths (from 100 to 160 mm).


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The tool tubes are not fastened together, which allows them to be changed depending on the required structure.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Bringing the upper ends of the tubes to the mouth and moving them (or head) from side to side, they blow on the edges of the sections, extracting, as a rule, short, jerky sounds.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

A set of five pipes in the hands of one performer is called a “pair”.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Transverse


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

See also the Cross Flute category.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Modern flute


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Modern orchestral flute (often simply “flute”; Italian: flauto from Latin: flatus — “wind, whiff”; French: flûte, English: flute, German: Flöte) is a woodwind musical instrument soprano register.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The pitch of the sound on the flute changes by blowing (extracting harmonic consonances with the lips), as well as by opening and closing the holes with valves.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Modern flutes are usually made of metal (nickel, silver, gold, platinum), less often wood, sometimes glass, plastic and other composite materials.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The name is due to the fact that during the game, the musician holds the instrument not in a vertical, but in a horizontal position; the mouthpiece, respectively, is located on the side.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Flutes of this design appeared a long time ago, in late antiquity and in ancient China (IX century BC) [16].


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The modern stage of development of the flute begins in 1832, when the German master T. Boehm improved it; over time, this variety replaced the previously popular longitudinal flute.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The modern flute is characterized by a range from the first to the fourth octave; the lower register is soft and deaf, the highest sounds, on the contrary, are piercing and whistling, and the middle and partly upper registers have a timbre that is described as gentle and melodious [17].


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Piccolo flute


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Fleita Piccolo (often called simply piccolo or small flute; Italian: flauto piccolo or, French: petite flûte, German: kleine Flöte) is a woodwind musical instrument, a variety modern flute, the highest sounding instrument among wind instruments.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

It has a brilliant, piercing and whistling timbre in the fort.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The small flute is twice as short as the ordinary flute and sounds an octave higher, and a number of low sounds cannot be extracted on it.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The piccolo range is from d² to c5 (pe of the second octave to the fifth octave), and there are also instruments that have the ability to take c² and cis².


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Notes are written an octave lower for readability.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Mechanically, the small flute is arranged equivalent to the usual flute (not counting the absence of “D flat” and “before” the first octave) and therefore is characterized by generally the same performing features.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Initially, within the framework of the orchestra (starting from the second half of the 18th century), the small flute was intended to strengthen and extend upwards the extreme octaves of the large flute, and it was recommended to use it more in opera or ballet than in symphonic works.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

This was due to the fact that in the early stages of its existence, due to insufficient improvement, the small flute was characterized by a rather sharp and somewhat rough sound, as well as a small degree of flexibility.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

It should also be noted that this type of flute is quite well combined with ringing percussion instruments and drums; in addition, the small flute can be combined in an octave with an oboe, which is also generates an expressive sound [18].


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Irish flute


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The Irish flute (English: Irish flute) is a transverse flute used to perform Irish (as well as Scottish, Breton, etc.) folk music.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

It is a transverse flute of the so-called simple system - its main 6 holes are not closed by valves, when playing, they are closed directly by the fingers of the performer.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

The Irish flute is found in versions with valves (from one to ten), and without.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Despite its name, the Irish flute is not directly related to Ireland by its origin [19].


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

In fact, it is an English version of a transverse wooden flute, which for quite a long period of time was known as the “German flute”; the British subjected it certain modifications, and the most significant of them were made by the English inventor and performer Ch. Nicholson Jr. [20] [21].


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Many classical and some modern variations on this flute include the use of metal flaps and additional tone holes, which makes it possible to achieve partial or full chromatic scale.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Dee


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Di (, from Old Chinese hengchui, handy - transverse flute) - ancient Chinese wind instrument, transverse flute with 6 playing holes.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

In most cases, the di trunk is made of bamboo or reeds, but there are di made of other types of wood and even stone, most often jade.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Dee is one of the most common wind instruments in China.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

It is assumed that this type of flute penetrated the country from Central Asia in the 2nd-1st centuries BC. e.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Its air injection hole is located near the closed end of the barrel; in the immediate vicinity of the latter there is another hole, which is covered with a thin film of reeds or cane (there is, however, an option without film, which is called “mendi”).


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

For adjustment, the remaining four holes are used, which are located at the open end of the barrel.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

This instrument is played in the same way as a transverse flute.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Depending on its use in works of certain genres, two types of di are distinguished: quidi and baidi [22].


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Vascular


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Main article: Vascular flute.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

These are flutes with a body shape that differs from most other flutes.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

In Russia, a traditional similar flute is a children's toy whistle.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

European ocarina flutes and English ocarina have the largest musical range.


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Notes


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Literature


Question: Which country is the birthplace of the flute?

flute

Category:Musical instruments alphabetically


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Magnit is a Russian retail company and a chain of grocery stores of the same name (most of them have the format of a “convenience store”).


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

As of June 30, 2018, the company's chain included 16,960 stores, including 12,503 convenience stores, 244 hypermarkets, 213 Magnit Semeyny supermarkets and 4,000 Magnit Cosmetic stores .


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Retail outlets are located in 2,808 settlements of the Russian Federation.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

The company has its own fleet of about 6,000 cars.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Today, the total number of employees of the company is more than 270,000 people.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

It is headquartered in Krasnodar [1].


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

History


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

The company dates back to March 5, 1994 [2], when its former owner Sergey Galitsky founded a household chemicals company [3].


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

The first Magnit store was opened in 1998 in Krasnodar.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

The retail chain grew rapidly, reaching 1,500 stores by the end of 2005.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Since 2006, the development of a hypermarket chain has begun [3], and in 2007, the first hypermarket was opened in Krasnodar.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

The brand was deciphered as follows: “Low Tariff Store”.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

At the end of December 2008, Magnit was included in the list of companies that were entitled to state support during the crisis.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

In 2010, the company began to develop the Magnit Cosmetic chain of stores [4].


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

In 2012, the company created its own energy sales company MagnetEnergo, which is planned to serve the chain's stores [5].


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

On February 16, 2018, at the investment forum in Sochi, an agreement was signed on the purchase by VTB Bank of 29.1% of the company's shares from Sergey Galitsky for 138 billion rubles, which retained 3%.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

The transaction took place without an offer to buy back securities to minority shareholders, as this is required when buying more than 30% of the shares.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

On the same day, the entrepreneur left the post of CEO, and in return, the board of directors planned to approve Khachatur Pombukhchan to this post [6] [7].


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

On June 22, 2018, Olga Naumova was appointed CEO of Magnit [8].


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

In early June 2018, Magnit announced the beginning of negotiations with SIA Group on the purchase of a pharmaceutical distributor.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

In October of the same year, the decision to acquire was made at a meeting of the company's board of directors.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

It was noted that the transaction amount, no more than 5.7 billion rubles, will be paid in the form of Magnit securities.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Also, under the agreement, SIA Group undertakes not to sell Magnit shares for at least 3 years after the completion of the transaction.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

The acquisition was part of the strategy for the development of the Magnit Cosmetics and Pharmacy business areas [9] [10] [11].


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

In June 2018, Magnit, together with Russian Post, began selling at test points based on post offices in Moscow, Krasnodar Krai and Ryazan Region [12].


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

In January 2019, Magnit's Board of Directors approved the appointment of Jan Dunning, former head of Lenta, to the post of President of the company, and elected him to the Management Board [13] [14].


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Activities


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

The company has 37 distribution centers [15].


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Magnit has more than 5.9 thousand MAN, Mercedes-Benz and Renault trucks at its disposal.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Performance indicators


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

According to the results of audited operating results for 2017 in accordance with standard IFRS, the company's revenue in 2017 amounted to 1,143.31 billion rubles, net profit amounted to 35.54 billion rubles.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Gross profit increased from 295.76 billion.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

rubles. to 304.64 billion.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

rub. The gross margin for 2017 was 26.65%.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

During 2017, Magnit opened 2,291 stores.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

The total number of stores of the chain as of December 31, 2017 amounted to 16,350 (12,125 convenience stores, 243 hypermarkets, 208 Magnit Semeyny stores and 3,774 drogerie stores).


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Retail space increased by 13.56% from 5.07 million.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

square meters at the end of 2016 to 5.75 million square meters.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

sq. m. at the end of 2017.


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Gallery


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Magnit Semeyny Hypermarket in Armavir


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Supermarket in Severodvinsk


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Supermarket in Togliatti


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Magnit Semeyny Hypermarket (Mikhailovka) (2013)


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Notes


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

References


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Category:Retail chains in Russia


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Category:Companies in Krasnodar


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Category:Grocery store chains


Question: How many pharmacies were there in Moscow in 2018?

Magnit (chain store)

Category:VTB Group


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

mini|full albinism in avocado seedling


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Albinism (Latin: albus - white) is a congenital recessive-inherited absence of melanin pigment (in animals) or chlorophyll (in plants), phenotypically manifested by the absence inherent in this species color of the skin, hair, coat, iris and pigment membranes of the eyes, green parts of plants [1] [2] [3].


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

A distinction is made between full and partial albinism.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Complete albinism for plants is lethal at an early age [4] [3].


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Causes of occurrence


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Currently, it is believed that the cause of albinism is the absence (or blockade) of the tyrosinase enzyme, which is necessary for the normal synthesis of melanin, a special substance on which color depends fabrics.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

A variety of disorders can occur in the genes responsible for the formation of tyrosinase.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The degree of pigment deficiency in people with albinism depends on the nature of the disorder.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In some people with this disorder, the formation of tyrosinase is doing well, and scientists suggest that in such cases, there may be a mutation in the genes that regulate formation of another enzyme important for melanin metabolism.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Skin color is determined by the melanin content in keratinocytes, which are receptor cells for melanin-containing organelles (melanosomes) formed by melanocytes.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Normally, skin color is determined by genetic or constitutional factors and remains in some parts of the body (buttocks area), since the skin is not exposed to external influences, or its color changes under the influence of sunlight (sunburn), as a result of increased pigmentation under the influence of hormones that stimulate melanocytes.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The melanocyte system consists of melanocytes themselves (process cells functionally associated with some keratinocytes in a ratio of 1:36), localized at the border of the dermis and epidermis, in the hair bulbs, uveal tract, retinal pigment epithelium, inner ear and pia mater.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

This system is similar to the chromaffin system, whose cells are also derivatives of the nerve crest and have biochemical mechanisms for hydroxylation of tyrosine to DOPA.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

However, in the chromaffin system, the enzyme is not tyrosinase, but tyrosine hydroxylase, and DOPA is converted to adrenochrome, and not to tyrosinomelanine.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In humans, tyrosinase (copper-containing oxidase) activates the process of hydroxylation of tyrosine to DOPA and dophquinone.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Zinc ions activate the conversion of dophachrome to 5,6-hydroxindole, and melanosomes contain zinc in high concentration.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Pigmentation depends on four factors: the formation of melanosomes, their melanization and secretion, unstable aggregation and destruction of melanosomes during their transition to keratinocytes.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In the uveal tract and retinal pigment epithelium, melanin protects the eye from visible and long-wave radiant energy, while ultraviolet radiation is retained by the cornea.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In humans, the system of protection against ultraviolet radiation is highly developed, the effect of this part of the electromagnetic spectrum leads to the activation of a complex mechanism (tan) of the formation of dense, containing organelle chromoprotein (melanosomes) and their delivery to epidermal cells, inside which ultraviolet rays are scattered and absorbed, free radicals that have a damaging effect are removed, formed in the skin as a result of exposure to ultraviolet radiation.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Types of albinism


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Ocular albinism 1


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

HCA is a disorder that occurs as a result of a mutation in the tyrosinase gene, which is located on chromosome 11 (band 11q14-21).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Several different types of tyrosinase gene mutations (missense, nonsense, and read-frame shift) are responsible for the appearance of two types of HCA (HCA 1A and HCA 1B).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The mutation can lead to the fact that tyrosinase will be absent at all or a reduced level of tyrosinase will be produced.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In the first case it would be HCA 1A and in the second case it would be HCA 1B.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

An important feature of HCA 1 is the presence of visible hypopigmentation at birth.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Most people with HCA 1 (especially HCA 1A) have white hair, milky white skin, and blue iris at birth.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The iris can be blue and very light, it transmits light and can turn pink and red in ambient light or in bright light.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

However, as we age, the iris usually darker and its ability to transmit light may decrease.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Ocular albinism 1A


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

HCA 1A (classic tyrosinase-negative GCA) is the most severe form of oculocutaneous albinism.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

It appears as a result of mutations such as nonsense, reading frame error, and missense of the tyrosinase gene on chromosome 11 (band 11q24).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

These nulmutations produce a completely inactive enzyme tyrosinase, which leads to a complete absence of melanin pigment production throughout the patient's life.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

A typical phenotype is white hair and skin, and a blue translucent iris.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

There are no pigmentation changes on the skin, but there may be pigment-free nevi.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Due to the lack of pigmentation, the skin of such albinos is not able to sunbathe.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

There is also an increased risk of sunburn and skin cancer.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

This phenotype occurs equally in all ethnic and age groups.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Visual acuity is usually reduced and is about 20/400 (0.05 in decimal used in Russia, which corresponds to 5% of the norm).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In this subtype, photophobia and nystagmus are most pronounced.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Hair follicle tests for tyrosinase are usually negative.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

1V oculmonary albinism


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

HCA 1B (yellow mutant OCA, Amish albinism, xanthous albinism) is a mutation product of the tyrosinase gene, which leads to a decrease in the activity of the tyrosinase enzyme.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

To date, 55 mutations in the tyrosinase gene have been found that cause HCA 1B.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

These different mutations lead to different decreases in tyrosinase activity and are the main cause of pigmentation differences in albinos with HCA 1B.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Pigmentation differences can range from very weak skin pigmentation to near normal.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

It happens that the skin of a person with albinism may approach normal in terms of pigmentation intensity and this can lead to an erroneous diagnosis of ocular albinism (HA).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In these patients, pigment is completely absent at birth, which may prevent the distinction between HCA 1B and HCA 1A.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

However, since some tyrazinase activity is still present, some people may experience increased pigmentation in their hair, skin and eyes as they age, and their skin may begin to sunbathe.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Patients quickly accumulate yellow pigment in their hair in the first few years of life, then the pigment continues to accumulate slowly, mainly yellow-red pheomelanin in the hair, eyes and skin.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Interestingly, patients with HCA 1B tend to darken their eyelashes, and eyelashes often become darker than scalp hair.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Light or dark brown pigmentation appears on the iris, sometimes limited to the pupillary margin.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Visual acuity ranges from 20/90 to 20/400 and may increase with age.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Pigmented nevi may appear, but most nevi are pigment-free.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Tyrosinase analysis of hair follicles shows a greatly reduced tyrosinase activity, but it is present.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Temperature-sensitive albinism.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Temperature-sensitive (heat-dependent) albinism is a subtype of HCA 1B.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

It is caused by a mutation in the tyrosinase gene, which leads to the appearance of a temperature-sensitive tyrosinase enzyme.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The activity of heat-dependent tyrosinase at 37°C is approximately 25% of the activity of normal tyrosinase.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

At lower temperatures, its activity increases.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The enzyme is inactive in places where body temperature is high (axillary region and head) and is active in cooler parts of the body (arms and legs).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Since melanin is synthesized only in “cold” areas of the body, the hair on the arms and legs is usually dark, and in the armpit and head remains white (sometimes yellowish over time).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

People suspected of having HCA 1A during their first few years of life have white hair and skin and blue eyes.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

This may be because the baby's temperature is higher on the entire surface of the body, which leads to a decrease in tyrosinase activity and to the absence of pigment.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

However, as a person grows, the skin becomes colder and pigment appears in it over time.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

At the same time, the eyes remain blue, and the skin is white and incapable of tanning.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The eyes are warmer than the skin and therefore pigmentation does not appear in them.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Ocular albinism 2


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

HCA 2 (tyrosine positive HCA) is the most common type of albinism in all races.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

This disease is also autosomal recessive, but is located on a different chromosome, unlike GCA 1 (band 15q11-13).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The mutating region is also absent in Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) and Angelman Syndrome (AS), explaining the close relationship between GKA2 and these syndromes.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In HCA 1, the mutation affects the gene encoding the enzyme tyrosinase, while HCA 2 affects the gene encoding the P protein, and the synthesis of tyrosinase remains normal.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The human P-gene is localized on the band 15q11.2-q12 line and is identical to the mouse p-locus (the mutation causes a reduction in eumelanin, a black pigment in mice, leading to red eye color).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

It is believed that the human P-gene encodes the protein of the melanosome membrane involved in the transfer of tyrosine.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

There are various variations in the phenotype in HCA 2, ranging from complete absence of pigmentation to almost normal levels of pigmentation.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Even if the gene encoding the enzyme tyrosinase is normal, most type 2 albinos do not have a black pigment (eumelanin) in the skin, hair, or eyes at birth.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

As a result of this lack of pigment at birth, diagnosis error and confusion with GCA 1 can sometimes occur. Be that as it may, pigmentation gradually appears with age.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The exact mechanism behind this delay in pigmentation is unknown.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The intensity of the appearance of pigmentation depends on the patient's race.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

As a result of the growth of the child and the development of pigmentation, visual acuity also increases (from about 0.25 to 0.5).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In Europeans with HCA 2, the amount of pigment at birth can vary significantly.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The hair may be pale yellow, or it may be darker with a red tint.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Normal delayed maturation of the pigment system may be the reason why it is difficult to distinguish between HCA 2 and HCA 1. The skin is white and does not tan.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The color of the iris is gray-blue, and the degree of light transmittance depends on the saturation of the pigment.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

With age, pigmentation increases and age spots and freckles appear in places exposed to the sun.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Hair can also darken with age.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In representatives of the Negroid race, the phenotype in HCA 2 is different.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

At birth, hair is usually yellow and remains so for life, but some darkening is possible.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The skin is white and is not capable of tanning.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The iris is gray-blue and some patients may develop age spots.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Brown HCA is a subspecies of HCA 2 that appears exclusively in the black race.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

It is assumed that this syndrome may occur due to mutations in the P gene, leading to reduced activity of the P protein.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The skin and hair are light brown, the iris is gray.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Over time, hair and iris may darken, while skin color remains mostly the same.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The visual system is characteristic, with point and radial transparency of the iris and hypopigmentation of the retina.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Visual acuity ranges from 20/60 to 20/150.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Ocular albinism 3


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

HCA 3, formerly known as red or red HCA, is caused by a mutation in the human gene responsible for TRP-1.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

This protein is a product of the brown locus in mice.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

This mutation causes the mouse's coat to turn brown rather than black.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In humans, TRP-1 education is not fully known.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

However, it is known to be a regulating protein in the production of black melanin (eumelanin).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Its mutation leads to a subsequent disruption in the production of tyrosinase and, as a result, the pigment is synthesized brown, not black.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

HCA 3 is autosomal recessive.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The clinical phenotype in African patients is light brown or reddish-brown skin and hair, and brown-blue iris.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The visual system does not fully meet the diagnosis of HCA, as some patients lack iris transparency, nystagmus, strabismus, or foveal hypoplasia.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Abnormalities in the functioning of the optical nerves have not been noticed, meaning one of two things: either this is not a real type of albinism, or hypipigmentation is not enough to consistently change the development of the optical nerve.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The phenotype among Europeans and Asians is currently unknown.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Ocular albinism


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Ocular albinism 1


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Ocular albinism (X-linked recessive HA/Nettelshop Falls type) affects only the eyes.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

HA 1 patients have normal skin, but may be slightly paler than their immediate family members.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Ocular manifestations of HA 1 are similar to HCA: reduced visual acuity, refractive errors, hazelnut hypopigmentation, missing foveal reflex, strabismus, iris transparency and posterior embryotoxon in 30 % of patients (implies anterior segment dysgenesis).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The presence of nystagmus sometimes leads to an incorrect diagnosis of congenital motor nystagmus.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

HA 1 locus is Xp22.3.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Because this disorder is recessively X-related, only men get sick while women are carriers.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Therefore, in men, the phenotype manifests itself completely, and female carriers may have an eye fundus with dirty spots and hypopigmented lines on the periphery and a clear iris.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

A protein in the HA 1 gene, called GA1 (also identified as GPR143 in the Gene Bank), is a specific protein in the pigment cell membrane that represents a receptor for G protein.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

(G protein-coupled receptors — GPCR).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

However, unlike the previously described GPCR, HA 1 is not localized on the plasma membrane, but is located on intracellular organels: lysosomes and melanosomes.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

These unique properties suggest that HA 1 represents the 1st example of exclusive intracellular GPCR described so far and regulates the biogenesis of melanosomes by translating signals from the organelle cavity into the cytoplasm.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

A skin biopsy of carriers and patients with HA 1 usually shows the presence of macromelanosomes, which help in the diagnosis of HA 1. It is believed that the HA 1 gene encodes the glycoprotein necessary for melanosomes to mature, since macromelanosomes form when premelanosomes fail to separate from the endoplasmic reticulum ( EPR) (Golgi).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Autosomal recessive ocular albinism (ARGA)


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

ARGA was first described in the 1970s, based on several families in which children in normally pigmented parents had all the signs of HA but did not have normal skin pigmentation


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

ARGA was classified as autosomal recessive due to the fact that both sexes were affected by the disease.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

However, it has been proven that ARGA is not a separate disease.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In fact, genetic analysis showed that some patients diagnosed with ARGA also had tyrosinase or P-gene disorders.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Of all patients diagnosed with ARGA, 14% had a tyrosinase gene mutation on chromosome 11, converting the disease to GCA 1. The other 36% had violations of the P gene on chromosome 15, converting the disease into HCA 2. 50% had no disturbances in either the tyrosinase gene or the P gene.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Other diseases closely related to albinism.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

A strong link to HCA 2.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and Angelman syndrome (AS) are caused by the deletion of part 15q11-13 of the chromosome, the very site responsible for the P-protein gene.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In HCA 2, the P gene mutation is close to the PWS or AS gene region.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

About one percent of patients with PWS and AS have GCA 2. Both PWS and AS are caused by the same chromosomal deletion, but each has its own separate phenotype due to genomic imprinting.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

If the deletion occurs in the paternal band 15q11-13, it results in PWS.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

However, if the same mutation occurs on a chromosome inherited from the maternal line, it leads to AS.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The reason for this is unknown.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

AS is a developmental disorder that manifests itself in developmental delay, mental retardation, inadequate laughter, hyperactivity, protruding tongue, rarely spaced teeth, microcephaly, hypotension, and ataxia.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

PWS is a systemic disorder that manifests itself in obesity, hypotension, hypogonadism, short stature, curved facial features, and mental retardation.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Close connection to GA 1


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

X-linked ichthyosis, Kallmann syndrome, X-linked recessive punctata chondrodysplasia, late sensory deafness, microphthalmia, and linear skin disorders (microphthalmia and linear skin disorders skin defects (MLS) — all of them are closely related to the HA 1 gene. All of these contiguous gene syndromes include disorders in the Xp22.3 region.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

When the affected region includes the HA 1 gene, an albino phenotype appears.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Symptoms associated with albinism are not due to a close relationship


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) includes oculocutaneous albinism, platelet deficiency, and impaired lysosomal-ceroid accumulation leading to the accumulation of seroid in body tissues.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

This automon-recessive hereditary disorder was first described in Czechoslovakia by Germansky and Pudlak.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

This syndrome is common in Puerto Rico.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The HPS gene was localized in band 10q23.1-23.3.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Skin pigmentation can range from complete absence to almost normal skin combined with nystagmus, strabismus, foveal hypoplasia, retinal hypopigmentation, and reduced visual acuity .


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Late complications of HPS include interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, kidney failure, and cardiomyopathy caused by ceroid deposits.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) is an autosomal recessive disorder accompanied by albinism, increased susceptibility to infections, and a lack of activity by natural killers.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

This rare disease is caused by a mutation in band 1q42.1-q42.2, but the exact gene responsible for CHS is unknown.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

CHS reduces hair, skin and eye pigment, but the patient usually does not look like a typical albino.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Hair color is white or light brown.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The skin color ranges from creamy white to slate gray.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The iris is pigmented, and nystagmus and photophobia are sometimes present and sometimes not.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Partial albinism


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Ocular features common to all types of albinism include:


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Refractive errors and astigmatism.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Nystagmus (can be compensated by tilting the head, which improves vision).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Absence of pigmentation of the iris (usually gray-blue or light brown) and its transparency.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Strabismus


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Foveolar hypoplasia


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Binocular vision impairment


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

A positive kappa angle in patients with congenital nystagmus is associated with albinism.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The pathological physiology of the positive angle of the kappa may be associated with an abnormal crossing of optical axons, which are characteristic of the eye system in albinos.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Heterochromia


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The prevalence of albinism in humans


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The global average is 1 albino for every 20,000 newborns.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

But for some ethnic groups, this figure is much higher.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Albinos are more likely to be born in sub-Saharan Africa.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

So, in Tanzania, about one in 1400 people is an albino.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

This is associated with the founder effect (the corresponding mutation originated in this territory and has the highest frequency there).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

And the Kuna Indian people have one albino for every 145 people [5] [6] [7].


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Forms of treatment


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The treatment is unsuccessful.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

It is impossible to make up for the lack of melanin or prevent visual impairment associated with albinism.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The patient should be advised to avoid sun exposure and use light-shielding means when going outside: filters, sunglasses or darkened lenses.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Usually, melanin performs similar functions.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Sometimes surgery is necessary, in particular for the correction of the oculomotor muscles in strabismus.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Developing pathological changes in the retina and nerves of the eye usually cannot be eliminated.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In order to prevent the transmission of the anomaly by inheritance, medical genetic consultations are necessary.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Classification of albinism


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Traditionally, albinism is classified into two broad categories depending on phenotypic manifestations.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Oculocutaneous Albinism (GCA) and Ocular Albinism (GA)


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

As a result of recent molecular genetic studies, the classification of albinism has undergone some changes.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Now, along with the phenotype, the genotype has also been taken