Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

There are letters franked with a 10-kopeck stamp and half of the standard series stamp, or half a stamp from the series of the 25th anniversary of the 1905 revolution with departure stamps: Ust-Kara, Sretensk, Shakhtoma , Kopunskoye p. o. [19]


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Releases of whole and whole items


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Marked envelopes


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

The first Soviet stamped envelope, with the inscription “Closed Letter” in six languages, was put into circulation in 1927 [1].


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

In 1931, the first illustrated envelopes with advertisements for “Intourist” were issued.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

In 1932-1935, political and propaganda illustrated envelopes were issued.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

In total, about 300 of them came out [1].


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Since November 1953, the Ministry of Communications of the USSR began the regular production of artistic stamped envelopes (KhMK).


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

At the first KhMK, artist S. Pomansky depicted sports yachts.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

The issue of KhMK with postage signs of the USSR continued until April 1992.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

There are various variants of CMC, which differ in drawing color, output data, paper, etc. [1] [21] [22]


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Examples of artistic stamped envelopes (KhMK) of the USSR in the 1950s


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

1953: the first KhMK of the USSR


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

1954: KhMK in honor of the 300th anniversary of the reunification of Ukraine with Russia, which depicts the monument to T. G. Shevchenko in Kharkiv.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

A registered letter was sent from Moscow to Zurich and additionally franked with two USSR stamps dedicated to the same event, one of which depicts the same monument


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

1958: Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Grozny, Avgustovskaya Street (now Vladimir Putin Avenue)


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

First day covers


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

The Soviet Post began the regular production of first-day envelopes (FDC) in 1968.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Since that time, she began to systematically use first-day cancellations.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

The first FDC was issued for the New Year stamp, which entered circulation on December 1, 1968, for the upcoming 1969 year.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Initially, efficiency was produced only for some series, then their number began to increase.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Since 1981, they have been produced for all new brands.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

By January 1981, more than 500 first-day covers had been issued [1].


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Examples of USSR first day envelopes of the 1980s


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Sports.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Football (1981)


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

275th Anniversary - Battle of Gangut (1989)


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Philately development


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

In the early period, from 1923 to June 1941, the philatelic movement in the USSR was built and developed within the framework of the All-Russian Society of Philatelists (later the All-Union Society of Collectors).


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

In the next 15 years, there was no all-Union philatelic organization, only in some cities the work of circles and clubs was supported [23].


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

In 1957, the Moscow City Society of Collectors (now the Union of Moscow Philatelists) was established in Moscow.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Finally, in March 1966, the All-Union Society of Philatelists (VOF; later the Union of Philatelists of the USSR) was organized, which existed until 1992.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

The press organ of the VOF was the magazine “Philately of the USSR”, and the yearbook “Soviet Collector” was published [23].


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

In Soviet times, there was further development of the Central Museum of Communications named after A. S. Popov, which stored and multiplied the State Collection of Postage Marks, including postage stamps and solid items of pre-revolutionary Russia, the USSR and all countries of the world [23].


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

See also


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Notes


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Literature


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Aksenova S. V., Pakalina E.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

N. Philatelist's handbook.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Russian and USSR stamps.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

—: Vladis, 2009.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— 400 p. — (Ser. Popular encyclopedia).


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— ISBN 978-5-9567-0809-5.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Aksenova S. V., Pakalina E.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

N. A popular encyclopedia of Russian and USSR stamps.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

—: Vladis, 2009.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— 399 p. — ISBN 978-5-9567-0810-1.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Bovin Ya.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

M. Handbook on the examination of Soviet postage stamps.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— M.: VOF, Svyaz Publ., 1972.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

v [The history of issues of the most famous USSR stamps until 1941 is revealed.]


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Karlinsky V. Soviet postage stamps 1917—1941//Philately of the USSR.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— 1968.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— No. 1—9.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

/Ed.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

IN. B.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Zagorsky.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— 4th ed.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

—: Standard Collection, 2010.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— 520 p. — ISBN 978-5-902275-43-5.v


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

/Comp.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

IN. IN. Gitin.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

—: Standard-Collection, 2002.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— 196 p. — 600 copies


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— ISBN 5-87170-091-8.v


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

/Ed.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

IN. B.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Zagorsky.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

—: Standard Collection, 2010.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— 64 p. — ISBN 978-5-902275-41-1.v


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Rayevsky V. Essay on USSR stamps//Soviet philatelist.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— 1925.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— No. 18.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Rayevsky B.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

USSR commemorative stamps//Soviet Collector.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— 1925.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— No. 22.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

/Ed.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

IN. B.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

Zagorsky.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

—: Standard Collection, 1999.


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— 288 p. — 3000 copies


Question: How many stamps were issued in the USSR in 1938?

Soviet postage stamps

— ISBN 5-7502-0014-7.v


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

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Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

uk, Slovak: Rusíni, Polish: Rusini, Serbian: Rusini, Rusini) is an East Slavic people living compactly in western Ukraine, eastern Slovakia, Serbian Vojvodina, southeastern Poland, north - eastern Hungary and northwestern Romania.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In modern encyclopedic publications, Rusyns are referred to both Ukrainians [1] [2] [3] and as an independent ethnic group [4] [5] [6] [7].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Some of the Ruthenians themselves and a number of Ruthenian organizations consider themselves a separate people [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16], some — Ukrainians [17] [18].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In the USSR, Rusyns were considered as an ethnographic group of Ukrainians (see Status disputes).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Serbia and Croatia, Ruthenians are recognized as an ethnic minority [19].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Recently, they have been recognized as a minority in the Russian Federation.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In the report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review of the Human Rights Council to the UN General Assembly at its session held on 5—16 May 2008, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination recommended that Ukraine consider recognizing Ruthenians as a national minority.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Pursuant to the concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Ukraine provided additional information on the Ruthenian minority. [


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Historical review


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Ethnically, Rusyns come from the East Slavic tribes of Tivertsy, streets and white Croats, who inhabited the territory of the Eastern Carpathians in the 6th-7th centuries AD [21] :91.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

There is also a point of view that the ancestors of the Ruthenians should include black Croats [21] :91.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Rusyns are also known by the names: “Rusnaks”, “Ruski”, “Ruski”, “Ugrorusins”, “Ugrorus”, “Karpatoross” (as [22] Rusyns of Russophile direction called themselves), “Ruthenes”, “Russians”.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

At the dawn of the formation of the statehood of the Western Slavs — Great Moravia, the lands of modern Rusyns were inhabited by Slavs: white and black Croats.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

White Croats inhabited eastern Galicia (Western Ukraine), while black Croats inhabited the central and western territories of Great Moravia (Czech Republic and Slovakia) and southern Poland.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Hungarian King Solomon, grandson of Grand Duke of Kiev Yaroslav the Wise, who was the son of the eldest daughter of the Grand Duke of Kiev - Anastasia Yaroslavna, Queen of Hungary, in 1068 gives his Lampert's cousin lands in modern Transcarpathia.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Lampert founded the town of Berehove.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Since its first inhabitants were colonists from Saxony (Sasa), the city was named Lampertsas, or Luprechtsas, in honor of the prince and its historical homeland.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The first documentary information about Lampertsas is recorded in the Latin text in 1247.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1284, for the first time, the Slavic name “Beregsas” was recorded (from the Slavic “berek” - a small forest, gai).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In the middle of the 12th century, at the invitation of the Hungarian king Geza II, immigrants from Saxony arrived in Transcarpathia - Luzhitans, who in the Carpathian region became known as the “Saxons” [23] [24] [25].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In the X-XIV centuries, part of Transcarpathia was periodically part of Kievan Rus and the Galicia-Volyn principality.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The first documented fact of service with the Old Russian prince was the arrival in 1236 of a detachment of knights led by Prince Guid from Maramarosh to help the squad of the great Galicia-Volyn Prince Daniel Galitsky.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

For the military merits of the voivode, Guid received a large land inheritance in Russia and later married Ramuna [26], the widow of the Grand Duke of Lithuania - Schwarno, daughter of Mindovg and sister Voyshelk.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Immigrants from Transcarpathia are repeatedly recorded in the “Galicia-Volyn chronicle”, and Rusyns from the Galicia-Volyn state are repeatedly recorded in the act documents of the Kingdom of Hungary.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Since then, the Eastern Slavs of Western Russia and, in particular, immigrants from Galicia to Vojvodina and Pannonia have almost continuously used and use their ethnonym “Rusyns/Rusyns”, despite everything vicissitudes of history.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In Poland, in the XVI-XVIII centuries, the Latin ethnonym “rutheni” (Latin: rutheni, rhuteni) was used, a derivative of “Rus” either to identify Ukrainians and Belarusians as opposed to Russians (Latin: russen) from The Russian kingdom (empire), or in relation only to Ukrainians to separate them from the Orthodox of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Litvins).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

[27] The legal inclusion of Transcarpathia into the Kingdom of Hungary occurred in the XIII-XIV centuries during dynastic marriages and wars for the Galicia-Volyn throne.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Certificates issued to the Rus-Voloshsky voivods of the Sas coat of arms recorded an extensive category of East Slavic settlement names, indicating the residence of Slavs there at the time in question [28].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

By that time, Kievan Rus had already ceased to exist, and most of the specific Old Russian principalities were in vassal dependence on the Golden Horde.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Galicia-Volyn state, the Kingdom of Russia, retained its independence for several centuries.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Due to the extinction of the Romanovich dynasty and the wars for the Galicia-Volyn inheritance, it ceased to exist at the end of the XIV century and was divided between representatives of related monarchies: Piast — Kingdom of Poland, the Gediminids' - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, including their branch of the Jagiellons, and the Anjou dynasty - the Kingdom of Hungary.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1372-1387, almost all Slavic lands of the Galicia-Volyn state were part of the Kingdom of Hungary.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Transcarpathia remained part of the Hungarian Kingdom until the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The lands of modern Belarus and most of the lands of modern Ukraine became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Russian.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Chervona Rus became part of the Kingdom of Poland.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Vladimir-Suzdal principality was under the rule of the Golden Horde.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Later, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania merged with the Kingdom of Poland into a dual federation — the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (“Common Cause”) of both Peoples.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Later, the southern part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was transferred to the control of the Kingdom of Poland, and the lands of the future Belarus, together with the Lithuanian lands proper, remained under the control of Vilna, which and served as an impetus for the division of Western Russian lands and the separation of the Belarusian and Ukrainian peoples.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Settlement, subgroups and numbers


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Modern Rusyns inhabit the western part of the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine, northeastern Slovakia (northeast of Presov Krai) and in the pre-war period southeast of Poland (Operation Vistula), these areas have a common historical name — Lemkivshchyna) [29]; some modern Rusyns live in countries where they moved from the modern territory of Ukraine over the past few centuries — Hungary, Serbia (in Vojvodina, where their language is recognized as one of the official languages of the region), Croatia, the USA, Canada, Australia, and Russia.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In addition to the self-names “Rusyns”, “Rusyns” and “Rusnaks”, other peoples also call Rusyns as Ugro-Rusins, Ugroruses, Karpatoross, Ruthenes [16].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The All-Ukrainian Population Census of 2001 registered 10,183 Rusyns [30], the 2002 census in Poland - 62 Rusyns [31], the 2002 census in Vojvodina - 15,626 Rusyns, the 2001 census in Hungary - 2,079 people.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Rusyns in the Ukrainian part of Lemkivshchyna


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Transcarpathian eparchy of the Galician Metropolis of Lemkivshchyna, Boykivshchyna and Hutsul region entered into union with Rome, forming the Greek Catholic Church (in Russian historiography - the Uniate Church) after registration April 24, 1646 Uzhgorod Union.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Since then, belonging to Uniatism has become an ethnic signal of belonging to the Slavic ethnic group — “Rusyns”.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

As before, Rusyns were assimilated.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

As a result of the assimilation of the Rusyns and the loss of Rusynicism by them, their number decreased.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In the 17th century, Uniates appeared among Romanians, Hungarians and Slovaks.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The ethnic territory of Rusyns in Transcarpathia gradually decreased and by the middle of the XIX century it slightly exceeded 50 thousand km².


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1910, the share of the Russyn-speaking population in the multinational Kingdom of Hungary decreased to 2.6% as a result of the assimilation of Ruthenians, and the share of Uniates from 5.4% decreased slightly to 5.2%.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The descendants of the Rusyns, losing their language, tried to preserve their belonging to Uniatism.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1910, the number of Ruthenians was as follows: 472,000 Uniates, 3,000 Catholics, and only 7,000 Orthodox survived.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The adoption of Uniatism protected the Ruthenians from faster rates of assimilation.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The number of Uniates among other ethnic groups in the region as a result of the assimilation of Rusyns in 1910 became as follows: Hungarian-speaking Uniates 247 thousand, Romanian-speaking Uniates 121 thousand, and Slovak-speaking Uniates amounted to 102 thousands.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In the relationship between the Ruthenians of Lemkivshchyna and the Slovaks, there was a process of not assimilation, but rather consolidation of the Slavs of the Kingdom of Hungary, whose languages are very similar.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

As a result, a transitional subethnos of the “Slovak-Ruthenians” was formed: Greek Catholics by rite, and by language — speaking a transitional dialect from Slovak to Ruthenian.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The number of Slovak-Rusyns in 1830 was 12,000, and by 1910 it had already reached 110,000 people.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

As a result of the assimilator policy of the Austro-Hungarian authorities in Transcarpathia, there was an intensive process of reducing the number of Russyn-speaking villages, similar to the same processes in Germany (a decrease in the number Slavic-speaking villages near the Luzhitans in Polabian Serbia and Kashubian Pomorians in Baltic Pomorie (Pomerania).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1810, there were 776 Rusin-speaking villages in Transcarpathia, in 1830-756, and in 1880 there were already 517 of them.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Despite the assimilation of Rusyns and their emigration overseas, the fall in the share of Rusyns in the population of the Transcarpathian Territory, their number still increased.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1810, there were 430,000 Ruthenians Uniates, in 1910 there were 482,000 Rusyns, in 1930 their number reached 570,000, and in 1979 - 978,000 people.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

On the territory of the Slovak Lemkivshchyna, the number of Lemk Ruthenians decreased, in 1810 there were 153,000, in 1900 — 83,000, and in 1980 there were 47,000 of them.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Romania now has 32,000 people of the Russynian-speaking population, which is concentrated mainly on the Ruskova River.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In Hungary, the Ruthenian language has fallen out of use.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Ukrainians in Bukovina and Lipovan also live in Romania — Russians in the Danube Delta and the city of Tulcea.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In Kosice, Slovakia, Rusyns of Lemkivshchyna hold national assemblies.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Hungarian monarchs and feudal lords back in the 12th-14th centuries invited Rusyns (Ukrainians) from Galicia to Transcarpathian Rus to settle, and during the time of Daniel Galitsky, Transcarpathian gained wide fame in Russia Voivode Guid from Maromorosh, who came to the aid of the Grand Duke of Kiev and Galicia-Volyn in Drokhichin [32].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The area of the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine is 12.8 thousand km².


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Rusyns in the Slovak part of Lemkivshchyna


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In the east, Rusyns predominate in villages, while in the west there are only a few Ruthenian villages.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The westernmost points are the villages of Litmanov (49.3693°, 20.6227°) near Staraya Lubovna and Osturnya (Coordinates: Parameter: “scale=” should be “scale:”


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The dynamics of the number of Rusyns in Slovakia after 1989 indicates an increase in their share.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

According to the 1991 census, 17,197 Ruthenians and 13,284 Ukrainians were recorded in Slovakia, and according to the May 2001 census, 24,201 Ruthenians [33] and 10,814 Ukrainians were recorded in Slovakia.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

At the same time, 54,907 people indicated Ruthenian as their native language, which is more than twice the number of those who indicated Ruthenian nationality.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Thus, the number of persons identifying themselves as Ruthenians in the period from 1991 to 2001 increased by 41%, while the number of identifying themselves as Ukrainians decreased by 18% [34].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The highest concentration of the Ruthenian and Ukrainian population (according to the nationalities selected during the census) is observed in the districts of Medzilaborce and Svidnik [35].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Rusyn population of Slovakia is concentrated mainly in villages in the mountain ranges of Spisska Magura, Levochske Vrhi, Chergov, Low Beskids, Slanske Vrhi, Vigorlat, Bukovske Vrhi.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

2001 Census data in Slovakia, Ruthenian and Ukrainian population as a percentage


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

District%Medzilabortse45, 4 District Svidnik13,0 Snina11,6 District Stropkov 6,1Gumenne Rayon5,0 Bardejov District4.2 Stara Lubovna District4,5District Presov1,4


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The processes of assimilation take place among the Carpathian Ruthenians.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

A more accurate picture of the past state of settlement of the region by Ruthenians can be given by the percentage of Orthodox and Greek Catholics:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

2001 Census data in Slovakia, Orthodox and Greek Catholic population in percentages


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

District%Medzilaborce district84,5District Svidnik56.3 Stropkov district48,3District Sobrantse43.9 District Snina43.2 District Stara Lubovnya33,0 Mikhalovtsevray25,6District Bardejov 24.5District Vranov nad Toplou24,4district Trebisov24.2Humenne21,2Sabinov district11,3Gelnitsa10.6District Presov8,8


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Rusyns in the Polish part of Lemkivshchyna


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In interwar Poland, Lemkowschina was almost entirely within the Krakow Voivodeship.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

It consisted of five counties, centered in Nowy Sacz (20.72 km²), Grybow (585 km²), Gorlice (916 km²), Jaslo (820 km²) and Krosno (727 km²), total area of an area of 4,310 km².


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The southern borders of the Polish part of Lemkivshchyna ran along the Polish-Czechoslovak border.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Polish part of Lemkivshchyna was located on the northern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, on the slopes of the lower Beskids from the Poprad River to the Dukelsky Pass.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Its westernmost point was the village of Koroleva Russkaya (now Polish: Królowa Górna), the northern border passed through the villages of Bincharovo (Polish: Binczarowa), Belyanka (Polish: Bielanka), Ropitsa Russkaya (now Polish: Ropica Polska), Razdolye (Polish: Rozdziele), Pilgrimka (Polish: Pielgrzymka), Mystsovo (Polish: Myscowa) and Girovo (Polish: Hyrowa).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Russian People's Republic of Lemkov (West Lemkovo Republic, Lemko-Ruthenian Republic) was proclaimed on the territory of the Northern Carpathians - the political formation of the Lemks, which existed in 1918-1920 and the Comancha Republic (East Lemkovo Republic), which existed in 1918-1919.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Both of these public entities were conquered by Poland.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

After the Second World War, the northern part of Lemkivshchyna again became part of the Polish People's Republic.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1944-1946, many Rusyns of the Polish Lemkivshchyna were resettled to the Ukrainian SSR.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1947, as a result of the “Operation Vistula”, the remaining Ruthenian population of Lemkivshchyna was deported to the north-western Polish voivodeships, and the liberated territories were settled by Poles.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Rusyns in Serbia and Croatia


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Ruthenians in Serbia and Croatia are a Slavic minority living in the Serbian province of Vojvodina and Croatia.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Of the 20,000 Rusyns of Pannonia, 15,000 are descendants of immigrants from Galicia and the Zaporizhzhya Army, the rest are descendants of Transcarpathians [37].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

One part self-identifies itself as Ukrainians, the other as a separate people (Ruthenians).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In Serbia and Croatia, they are officially considered a separate people, the South Ruthenian language is one of the six official (official) languages of the region.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

And the Institute of Philosophy of Novi Sad has a department of the Ruthenian language [38].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

According to the 2002 census, 15,626 Ruthenians lived in Vojvodina (in 1981 there were about 23 thousand).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Rusyns cultural center is Ruski Kerestur in Kula district.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

A school was opened in this village back in 1753 (transformed into a state school in the 19th century) [38].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Currently, the village has a gymnasium with the Ruthenian language of instruction, as well as a Uniate Church (founded in 1784), which is a cathedral (nourishes the Uniates of Serbia) [38].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Festivals are regularly held in the village.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Other villages with a Ruthenian majority are Kotsur (Serbian: Kutsura, Verbas District) and Bikic Dol (Sheed District).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Rusyns also live in eastern Slavonia (part of Croatia), where they form the majority in the village of Petrovci (Bogdanovci district).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Ethnonym and identity


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Kozma Prazhsky's Czech Chronicle (early 12th century) tells about the arrival in Bohemia of a Slavic tribe led by the “forefather Cech”.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Then Lech appeared in the Czech version of the legend, and Rus [39] [40] [41] also appeared in the Polish version of the legend.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The legend is known from the Wielkopolska Chronicle:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

It was in the Wielkopolska Chronicle that the legend appeared in its complete form in the XIV century, since in the manuscript written in 1295—1296. (from Jan Godiyovsky's library), there is no fragment about the brothers.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

It is believed that the author of the version about the 3 brothers added Rusa to the legend of a leh named Cech from the land of white Croats, known from the Czech poetic chronicle by Dalimil Meziricsky, created in 1308—1314 [42]


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Czech and Lech appear in the Czech Chronicle by Jan Przybik from Pulkawa (XIV century), all 3 brothers are from the Polish historian Jan Dlugosz (XV century).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The epic founder of the Russ (Ruthenians) - “forefather Rus” is also known from the Persian “Collection of Stories” at the beginning of the XII century.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

According to one version, Rusyns are descendants of the Old Russian nationality, from which Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians stood out [43].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Rusyn is the self-name of the population of Ancient Rus.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

As an ethnonym, the word Rusyn is a derivative of the word Rus.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In written sources, it is first found in the Tale of Bygone Years and is used only in the singular.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The plural form was either Russian Russia, Russian people [44] - this is the name of Russian people belonging to Russia; it is also found in Oleg's treaties with the Greeks of 911 (mentioned 7 times) and Igor 945 years (mentioned 6 times), treaties of Smolensk with the Germans, [45] and later used as an ethnonym in the Galicia-Volyn principality, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the name of West Russian people in Polish texts XIII—XX centuries.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The ethnonym “Rusyn” was also used in the Russian kingdom.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The earliest example of the use of the ethnonym “Rusyn <b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[34742,34749,3,3]}'>y” in the plural was noted in 1501 in the charter of the Belz Voivodeship of the Kingdom of Poland ( Volyn) [46].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

This plural form originated under the influence of the Polish language.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

By the middle of the 19th century, the ethnonym “Rusyns” remained widespread as a self-name for the population of Carpathian Rus (Galicia, Bukovina, Ugric Rus), whose lands were under the possession of Austria-Hungary , as well as the population of the north of Bessarabia of Volyn and the Kholm region of the


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Until the beginning of the XIX century, the problem of national identification was not raised, and the population of the region was threatened with a complete loss of independence - polonization and Magyarization were carried out in the places where the Ruthenians lived.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

But in 1848, during the Hungarian Revolution, national identity rose among the Subcarpathian intelligentsia, and “Russophile” sentiments began to spread in society.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

“Buditeli” stated that the Ruthenians are the same people as the population of Little Russia, and therefore part of the united Russian people.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Austro-Hungarian authorities, concerned about the Hungarian and Polish anti-government protests, decided to enlist the support of the Ruthenians and supported their self-organization.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

But the Austrians saw the danger in the revival of the all-Russian national consciousness, and the Rusyns were officially assigned the term “Ruthenen” (ruthenes), which was used in European practice for designations of the inhabitants of Kievan Rus, Galicia-Volyn state and subsequently the Ruthenian voivodeships of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth since the 11th century.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

[47], unlike “Russen” — Russian (Russian subjects) [48].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The governor of Galicia, Count Stadion von Warthausen, told the Ruthausen that they should renounce national unity with the rest of Russia and develop their culture as an independent one [49].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Rusyns themselves called themselves in the singular Rusyns, and in the plural - Russian (with spelling variants - Russian, Russian), their faith - Russian, their people and language - Russian.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In turn, the Rusyns were divided into a number of ethno-cultural groups: boyks, lemks, Podolyans, Hutsuls, Pokutyans, Verkhovyntsy, Dolynyans and others.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The second ethnonym of the Carpathian Rus population is Rusnak


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The population of Carpathian Rus has long lived in the neighborhood of Polish Catholics.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The word “rusnak” itself arose as an opposition to the ethnonym “Pole” [43].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In the 1860s, in Galicia, the national movement split into “Russophiles” and “Ukrainophiles”.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

At first, the disagreements were insignificant and were not systemic in nature.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Russophiles continued to defend the idea of unity of the Rusyns with the rest of the Russian people, used “paganism”, and later - the literary Russian language [49], and Ukrainophiles advocated the creation/adoption Ukrainian literary language on a folk basis, that is, “to accept our written language from Ukraine” (at that time part of the Russian Empire).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

[50] But later these two areas turned into warring camps.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

At the end of the XIX century, the Austrian government supported Ukrainophiles [49], and a struggle was unleashed against the Russian movement.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Russophiles were prosecuted, which began with the “Trial of Olga Grabar”, their organizations, schools and printing houses were closed, and they themselves were imprisoned and expelled from the country.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In May 1910, the Austrian authorities closed all Ruthenian organizations of Bukovina, as well as Russian Bursa (dormitories for students) in Chernivtsi and Sereta.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The property of the organizations was confiscated.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The reason for the ban on the activities of Russian organizations was unfounded accusations of espionage and high treason [52].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

During the First World War, many (at least 20 thousand) Rusyns were imprisoned by the Austrian authorities in the Talerhof and Terezin concentration camps [53].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

After the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the opportunity to legalize the Russian movement in December 1918, the Russian Executive Committee was created in Lviv, which stood on anti-Bolshevik positions and contributed to the creation of a military unit from Russian Galicians as part of the Denikin Volunteer Army [54].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

A significant part of the population of Bukovina Verkhovyna during the Romanian census of 1930 chose the ethnonym Hutsul, and not Ukrainian or Rusyn.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

After the territorial division of 1940, a significant part of the Hutsuls appeared on the territory of Romania, now, according to various estimates, about a third or slightly more of the total Ukrainian population of South Bukovina.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Contacts between the two groups have been significantly hampered for various reasons.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

As a result, Ukrainians living in mountainous and hard-to-reach areas were largely excluded from the all-Ukrainian context altogether [55].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The 2001 census in Slovakia showed a rather complex picture of the acceptance of different identities among the formerly homogeneous Ruthenian population: 24,201 Slovak citizens considered themselves Ruthenian (including 1,178 with their native language Slovak and 83 with their native language Ukrainian), 10,814 Ukrainians (of which 2,996 have their native language Ruthenian), 28,885 are Slovaks with their native language Ruthenian, 1,342 are Slovaks with their native language Ukrainian.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Based on this, some Ruthenian organizations in Slovakia collected signatures in 2001 for combining the columns “Rusin” and “Ukrainian” in one column in the census bulletins [56], but this proposal was rejected.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Currently, the process of assimilation of Slovak Ruthenians is proceeding rapidly, the reason is the outflow of population to prosperous western Slovakia due to the high unemployment rate in the Ruthenian regions ( which can go up to 80% in some places).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

[57] A sad “record” is the village of Prikra u Svidnik, which has only 5 residents left and thus became the smallest settlement in Slovakia.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Until 1918, the ethnonym “Ukrainian, Ukrainian” was rarely used in relation to the indigenous population of Galicia, Bukovina and the Carpathian region, although there were many different names.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

After 40 years of Ukrainization, only a part of the Ruthenian residents of eastern Slovakia acquired Ukrainian identity.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

[17] Today, the original Ruthenian ethnos is divided into two components, instead of one — there are two nationalities with the same origin and past, since during the population census in 1991 g. 16,937 people considered themselves to be Ruthenians, and 13,847 by origin Ruthenians were Ukrainians.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The heterogeneity of Rusynism


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Due to historical and economic reasons, the Ruthenian political movement is initially heterogeneous.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

At least four people can now be talked about: [58]:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Pro-Slovak trend, based on the fact that the Ruthenians are a special East Slavic people along with Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians and have a historical and political tradition independent of Ukraine Subcarpathian Rus.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In particular, it is guided by the positive experience of the autonomy of Carpathian Ukraine as part of Czechoslovakia in 1920—1938.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Slovakia supports the Ruthenic-Lemko movement, recognizing the Ruthenians in its part of Lemkivshchyna as a national minority, and contributes to its development at the state level.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The large foreign (American and Western European) Ruthenian diaspora is mainly in these positions.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

An active figure in this movement is Canadian scientist Paul Robert Magochy, a researcher of the history of Ukraine and Subcarpathian Rus, ethnic groups of modern Canada (Slovak by mother).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

A pro-Ukrainian movement that recognizes Ruthenians as an ethnic group within the Ukrainian nation, but defends the need for a more pronounced preservation of the Ruthenian culture, dialect, and identity.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

This trend actively cooperates with Ukrainian organizations and government agencies.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Representatives of this trend consider the word “Rusyns” as an ancient, original self-name of Ukrainians (cf.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

article by Rusina (ethnonym of the past)).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

A pro-Russian movement that has a similar theoretical basis to the pro-Slovak one, but is focused on closer ties with Russia following the example of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, etc.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

[59] It absorbed many Russophile elements of the XIX century as an awareness of its belonging to the single Russian people “from the Carpathians to Kamchatka”.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Magyarophile (pro-Hungarian) movement, promoting the concept of the origin of the Ruthenians as a result of the Slavonization of Hungarians.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

According to this version, Hungarians found a new homeland in Transcarpathia.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Religion


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The ancestors of the Ruthenians converted to Christianity, most likely, during the missionary trip of the Solun Brothers Cyril and Methodius to the Great Moravian principality.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

One way or another, Cyril and Methodius are considered not only “apostles of the Slavs”, but also patron saints of Transcarpathian Rus - many local churches are dedicated to them, and the Hrushevsky Monastery near Mukachevo considers them to be its founders.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Rusyns were originally Orthodox (of the Serbian and Constantinople Patriarchates), but, being in centuries-old isolation, under the influence of the Union of Florence and Brest, they also converted to Greek Catholicism.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In order to preserve the Byzantine liturgical rite, the Orthodox Church of Transcarpathian Rus entered into union with Rome, forming the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church after registration on April 24, 1646 Uzhgorod Union.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Since then, belonging to Greek Catholicism, as well as to Orthodoxy, has become an ethnic signal that the Ruthenians belong to the Slavic ethnic group.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

As before, the Rusyns were assimilated, but their descendants, losing their native language, preserved the “faith of their fathers” — many Rusyns, especially in mountainous regions, remained Orthodox.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In the conditions of a democratic Czechoslovak state, some Rusyn believers belonging to Greek Catholics began to return to the Orthodox religion.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The ban imposed on the Greek Catholic Church in the USSR in 1946 accelerated this process.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Today, more than 60% of Rusyns in Transcarpathia are Orthodox, and 35% are Greek Catholics.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Greek Catholic Uzhgorod-Mukachevo eparchy, which unites Transcarpathian parishes, is not part of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, but part of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church and is located in direct submission to the Holy See.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

A number of leading hierarchs of this eparchy occupy the positions of political Rusynism, that is, they support the movement for autonomy and even the separation of Transcarpathia.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In Slovakia, there was a reverse process - after the liberalization of 1968, when the Slovak Greek Catholic Church was again allowed, most Ruthenians returned to Greek Catholicism.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Nevertheless, it was after 1968 that the process of Slovakization of the liturgical rite of Greek Catholics began.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The liturgical Church Slavonic language was replaced by modern Slovak.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

There was a regularity: Slovak priests were given parishes in Ruthenian villages, and Ruthenians in Slovak villages.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The basic course of the Slovak Greek Catholic Church has not been changed so far [61].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Currently, Church Slavonic remains in use in the Russian, Polish, Serbian Orthodox Churches, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, and part of the Orthodox Church Slovakia, Carpathian-Ruthenian dioceses in the USA and Canada, some Greek Catholic parishes of Transcarpathia and Slovakia.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The rest of the Greek Catholics (in Galicia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Poland) translated the service into national languages, which accelerated the assimilation of Ruthenians by titular nationalities.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Assimilation processes are taking place in Slovakia (at least 500 thousand Rusyns have settled [16]), Hungary, Poland and partly in Transcarpathia (Podkarpattia).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

However, even in this case, the Ruthenians try to preserve the identity of their traditions, language and culture.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Rusyns status


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Rusyns in Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Serbia are officially recognized as a national minority [62].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In August 2006, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination recommended that the Government of Ukraine consider recognizing Ruthenians as a national minority [13], as there are” significant differences between Rusyns and Ukrainians” [63].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1992 and 2002, the Transcarpathian Regional Council appealed to the central authorities of Ukraine with a request to recognize the Ruthenians as a separate nationality [64].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

On March 7, 2007, the Transcarpathian Regional Council decided to recognize the Ruthenians as the indigenous nationality of Transcarpathia [65] [66].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Ukrainian nationalist organizations, including the Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Prosvita Society, demanded that Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko repeal this resolution as illegal [67 ].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Currently, the Ukrainian authorities consider Ruthenians as an ethnographic group of Ukrainians [68] [69].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Disputes over the status of people and language


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

See also: The problem of “language or dialect”, Ausbau-paradigm


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The only country whose constitution mentions the Ruthenian people is Croatia [70].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Discussions about whether the Ruthenian language is a separate language or dialect of the Russian or Ukrainian language are still ongoing [71] [72].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

According to Ukrainian ethnographers, linguists and philologists, the Ruthenian language is one of the Western dialects of the Ukrainian language, Ruthenians are subethnos of Ukrainians [73] [74]


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In the second half of the 19th century, the Ruthenian revival began in Austria-Hungary.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

It was perceived by the Ruthenians, figures of the Galician-Russian revival, as a return to all-Russian culture, an awareness of their belonging to the single Russian people [75].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In Ukrainian historiography, the Ruthenian revival was called “Moskvophile” [76].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Columbia Encyclopedia adheres to the point of view that Rusyns English: Rusyns, Carpatho-Rusyns are an East Slavic ethnos separate from Russians and Ukrainians.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

It is believed that in Soviet times, Rusyns were forcibly classified as Ukrainians, and their national identity was suppressed [77].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Some, however, write that Rusyns living in Ukraine for the most part consider themselves as a subgroup of the Ukrainian people, but not abroad [78].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

They consider the names “Ruthena”, “Ruteni” (Latin: Rutheni, Ruteni, Ruthenian, Ruthene) to be the historical name of Ukrainians — subjects of Poland and Austria-Hungary [79] [80] [81], and then Czechoslovakia [82] [ 83] [84].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The idea of the existence of a separate Ruthenian people and language has found many [85] supporters since the end of the 19th and throughout the 20th century among Ruthenians living in exile in the United States, Canada, who left Transcarpathia and Galicia in the XIX century, before the emergence of the Ukrainophile movement and before the ban of Ruthenian organizations by the Soviet authorities, as well as among residents of Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Vojvodina [77] [86].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Great support for the issue of Ruthenians is also provided by representatives of the UOC of the Moscow Patriarchate in Transcarpathia and the leadership of the Uzhgorod-Mukachevo eparchy of the Greek Catholic Church, which reports directly The Vatican, and not the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, which since the time of Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky has taken a pronounced Ukrainophile position.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Chairman of the Soim of the Subcarpathian Rusins Fr. Dmitry Sidor, a representative of the UOC, openly declares the need to create the Transcarpathian National Ruthenian Autonomy.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

According to his opponents, such statements contradict the Constitution of Ukraine and call into question the territorial integrity of Ukraine, do not correspond to the interests of the residents of Transcarpathia [87], and politicians by such statements act in the interests of Russia [88] [89].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Language


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The spoken language used in Transcarpathia is close to each other dialects of valley Transcarpathia, in Slovakia and Poland, local codified Lemko languages are used as the official Ruthenian language dialects, Vojvodina uses its own version of the Ruthenian language, which, due to the powerful Slovak influence it experienced, some linguists consider West Slavic [90] [91].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Church Slavonic was used as a literary language for a long time (even in the XIX century), which greatly influenced spoken vocabulary.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Alexander Dukhnovich laid the foundations of the Ruthenian literary language, he published an ABC book and grammar, for which he was persecuted and arrested by the Hungarian government [92].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

From the middle of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century, three trends pursued by the Ruthenian intelligentsia collided: some began to introduce Russian as a literary language, others Ukrainian, and others tried to form a literary Ruthenian language on a folk basis [93].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Currently, there are different versions of the literary Ruthenian language [94].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

There are four variants of the Ruthenian language, which are conventionally called Lemko (in Poland), Pryashevsky (in Slovakia), Uzhgorod (in Ukraine) and Vojvodina (in Serbia).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Each of the variants is strongly influenced by the language of the neighboring Slavic majority [95].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Among the non-Slavic lexical elements, the share of borrowings from the Hungarian language is especially large [93].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Genetic structure studies


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

By haplogroup of the Y chromosome of human DNA


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

To date, at least two genetic studies of Rusyns have been carried out on the human Y-DNA haplogroup (along the straight male line).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Y-STR haplotype database contains 200 Y-haplotypes of Vojvodina Rusyns of Novi Sad from Veselinovic et al.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

, 2008 [96] and 81 Ukrainian haplotypes of Uzhgorod from a joint study by Kravchenko S., Livshits L. A. (Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kyiv) and Limborskaya S. A. (Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Vojvodina Rusyns of Novi Sad:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup R1a1 — 43.5%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup E1b1b1a2 — 26.1%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup G2a3b — 13%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup N1 — 8.7%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup I1 — 8.7%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Rusyns of Uzhgorod:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup R1a1 — 30%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup E1b1b1a — 25%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup I2a2 — 20%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup R1b1b2 — 15%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup T — 5%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup I1 — 5%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Geographic Y-DNA projects are also sources that give an indicative idea.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

One such project is the Carpatho-Rusyn Heritage DNA Project of a DNA genealogical company.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

As of November 1, 2010, the Carpatho-Ruthenian project collected 60 Y-DNA of haplotypes of people who consider themselves Ruthenians.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Based on this sample [98], it is possible to draw an approximate conclusion about possible Y-haplogroups of Rusyns.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup E1b1b1 — 35%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup R1a1 — 35%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup I2a2 — 13.3%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup R1b1b2 — 6.7%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup J2b2 — 3.3%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup I2*-B — 3.3%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup N1c1 — 1.7%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

haplogroup R2 — 1.7%


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

All studies indicate that according to the human Y-DNA haplogroup (along the straight male line), the vast majority of Ruthenians belong to haplogroups R1a1 and E1b1b1a2.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

By haplogroup of human mitochondrial DNA


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

To date, two studies of the origin of some ethnic groups of Ruthenians have been conducted by a haplogroup of human mitochondrial DNA (along the straight female line): “Study of the Human Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism “Catherine Willis, 2006 and “Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation in the Boyko, Hutsul, and Lemko Populations of the Carpathian Highlands” Alexey Nikitin et al.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

, 2009.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

It is important to note that these population-genetic studies affected only residents of mountainous areas and did not concern the valleys.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

It was revealed that mtDNA haplogroups predominate among the strikers: H, T and J.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Lemks are distinguished by high frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups M* and I.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

[99] Among the Hutsuls, a high frequency and a wide variety of mitoDNA haplogroup H1 were noted. [99]


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Traditional culture


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Traditional housing of Rusyns of TranscarpathiaPerechyn districtVelikobereznyansky districtIrshavsky district


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Traditional household itemsInterior of a traditional Ruthenian dwelling, Khust districtTerrier huts, Mezhgorsky districtPeasant tableware


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In the late Middle Ages, the wooden architecture of Transcarpathia was influenced by stone architecture in the Gothic and Baroque styles.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

However, the use of wood in construction also required architects to use the skills of folk wooden architecture.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Most of the wooden religious buildings preserved in Transcarpathia date back to the 17th—19th centuries. The oldest are churches in the villages of Srednee Vodyanoye of Rakhovsky, Kolodnoye Tyachevsky, Krainikovo Khust, Novoselitsa, Tyachevsky districts.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Wooden temples are monuments of folk art, they contain ancient painting, wood carving, embroidery, art products, monuments of writing and printing.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

According to its external architectural features, the wooden cult architecture of Transcarpathia can be attributed to four groups: three-log tent structures, structures with baroque elements, structures with Gothic elements and five-log single-domed structures.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Interestingly, some Ruthenian churches in the 1920s, when Transcarpathia was part of Czechoslovakia, were dismantled and transported to the Czech Republic.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Today, wooden Transcarpathian churches can be found in Dobrzykov, Hradec Kralove, Nova Pak and Prague [100].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Ruthenian churchesChurch in Krempna, PolandChurch in Svidnik, SlovakiaChurch from Zakarpattia Kopan (now moved to the museum in Dobříkov), Czech Republic


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The clothes of the Ruthenians of Galicia in the XIX century consisted of a Hungarian burka, a white shirt, ports and a wide leather belt with copper plaques [101].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

During the First World War, N. ME.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Myaskovsky, while part of the army in Galicia, recorded a Ruthenian “carol”, which was included in his Fifth Symphony [102].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

History


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The oldest Slavic population


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Slavic tribes from the Ukrainian Pre-Carpathian region (a population belonging to the archaeological culture of the Carpathian mounds) began to seep beyond the Carpathian passes in the Bronze Age, in the II century AD, in the V century, the next tide of population from Predkarpattia brought Prague-Korchak culture, which since the 7th century gave rise to a culture close to the culture of Luka-Raikovetskaya.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

[103] However, the influence of the Western Slavs was also strong.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The pre-Slavic population of this territory was made up of North Thracian tribes, whose defeat during the Daco-Roman wars with the subsequent creation in 107 AD.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Roman province of Dacia, marked the beginning of the Slavic settlement of Transcarpathia.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Dhaka population made a significant contribution to the formation of early Slavic culture.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Further cultural influence on the Slavs of Transcarpathia was exerted by neighboring peoples, since this territory was affected by the Great Migration of Peoples; during the V century, the Slavs here were in contact with the Huns, gepids, vandals, geruls, Ostrogoths, Lombards.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

At the beginning of the VI century, Slavs were widely involved in the resettlement, who came in a new wave to the Carpathian Basin from the west under the onslaught of the Avars.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

At the end of the 7th century, part of Upper Potisya became part of the Avar Khaganate.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The bulk of the population of the entire Upper Potisya in the 6th-9th centuries were Slavs, but among them the Avars settled in masses, which in the 7th-8th centuries mixed with the Slavs, and then completely dissolved among them .


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

After the fall of the Avar Khaganate, the cultural and political influence of the first Western Slavic state, Great Moravia (790—910 AD), spread to this territory.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

At the end of the 8th and early 9th centuries, Slavic settlements appeared on the territory of Verkhny Potisya near the modern settlements of Sharishki-Sokolovtsy, Smyzhany, Zemplin, Brekov, Vary, Solotvino, Uzhgorod.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

According to the Hungarian chronicler Anonymous (who lived at the beginning of the 12th century), in 903 Hungarians who came to Pannonia captured the Slavic cities of Uzhgorod and Vary (Borzhava), and before that, the entire territory of Upper Potisya was under the rule of Uzhgorod prince Laborts, who was a vassal of the Bulgarian prince Salan.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

On the territory of Transcarpathia in the last quarter of the 1st millennium AD, apparently, lived white Croats, who also inhabited the Ukrainian Pre-Carpathian region.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

[104] In the future, the territory of settlement of Transcarpathian Rusyns was part of the Great Moravian state, and, according to Ukrainian historians (Motsya O. P., Penyak S. I.), as well as Kievan Rus.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Slavic population of Transcarpathia only at certain periods was part of the Galicia-Volyn principality, but maintained constant and diverse contacts with it.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

[105] There is no historical data about the constant long-term spread of the judicial power of the Galicia-Volyn princes in this region, or about their collection of taxes from the local population.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Also, no material evidence of the stay in this territory of the administration of the Galicia-Volyn princes has been revealed.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Joining Hungary


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

During the 11th-13th centuries (starting with the reign of Saint Stephen I), Hungarian feudal lords gradually seized the lands of the Slavs, gradually advancing the border across Transcarpathia to the foot of the mountains [107].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The inclusion of the Slavic lands of the Carpathians in the Kingdom of Hungary occurred in the XIII-XIV centuries, these lands were transferred to the Hungarian crown as a dowry for the daughter of Lev Danilovich Galitsky.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Hungarian royal house was in very close kinship with the rulers of the Galicia-Volyn state - the house of Romanovich (Rurikovich).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The sons of King Andros II of Hungary Koloman and Andrew were the first kings of Galicia and Vladimir region, they occupied the Galician royal throne at a time when Daniel and Vasilko Romanovichi were on upbringing under King Andros II of Hungary.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The daughter of Bela IV Constantia, was the wife of Lev Danilovich Galitsky.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The certificates recorded an extensive category of East Slavic names of settlements, indicating the residence of the Eastern Slavs there at the time in question.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In the XIII-XVI centuries, on the territory of Slovak and Ukrainian Transcarpathia, which was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, the following magnate clans had their feud: Drugets, Esensky, Zapolyai, Karoyi, Rakoczi, Bathory , Hunyadi, Rybotitsky and others.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Since the 16th century, these territories have been part of the East Hungarian Kingdom, which for some time was in vassal dependence on the Ottoman Empire.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

During this period, until the end of the XVII century, Ukrainian Transcarpathia was part of the lands of the East Hungarian Kingdom, in the lands of which were called Partium.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Slovak Transcarpathia and the west of the Ukrainian part of Transcarpathia were in the possession of the Habsburgs - Royal Hungary.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Before the First World War, most of the lands inhabited by Ruthenians became part of Austria-Hungary (Eastern Galicia - since 1772, Bukovina - since 1774, Ugric (Subcarpathian) Rus - as part of Kingdom of Hungary from the 13th century).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Researchers determine the number of Rusyns on the territory of Austria-Hungary by the beginning of the 20th century from 3.1 to 4.5 million people.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1699, the first books for Transcarpathian Ruthenians appeared, in 1830 the first grammar of the Carpathian-Ruthenian language was published, in 1847 — the first alphabet, in 1867 — the first Ruthenian newspaper [108].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1745, Transcarpathian Rusyns began to move to Vojvodina, and in 1880 - to the United States.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1810, the number of Ruthenians belonging to Uniatism was 430 thousand people, their share in the multinational Kingdom of Hungary was 5.4%.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1910, the share of the Russyan-speaking population decreased to 2.6% as a result of assimilation, and the share of Uniates decreased slightly from 5.4%, to 5.2%.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The descendants of the Ruthenians, losing their language, tried to preserve their belonging to their religion.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1910, the number of Ruthenians was as follows: 472,000 Greek Catholics, 3,000 Catholics, 7,000 Orthodox Christians.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The adoption of Uniatism, apparently, protected the Ruthenians from faster rates of assimilation.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The number of Greek Catholics among other ethnic groups in the region as a result of the assimilation of the Ruthenians in 1910 became as follows: Hungarian-speaking Uniates — 247 thousand, Romanian-speaking Uniates — 121 thousand, and Slovak-speaking amounted to 102 thousand.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In the relationship between the Ruthenians and the Slovaks, there was rather a process of consolidation of the Slavs of Hungary, whose languages were quite similar, rather than assimilation.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

A transitional subethnos of the Slovak-Ruthenes was formed — according to the faith of the Greek-Catholics, and by language — a transitional dialect of the Slovak language.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

[90], [91]


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The number of Slovak-Ruthenes in 1830 was 12,000, and by 1910 it had already reached 110,000.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

As a result of the assimilatory policy of the Austro-Hungarian authorities in Transcarpathian Rus, there was an intensive process of reducing the number of Russyn-speaking villages, similar to the same processes in Germany, where the number of Slavic-speaking villages among the Lužians in Polabian Serbia and the Kashubian Pomorians in Pomerania decreased.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1810, there were 776 Rusin-speaking villages in Transcarpathia, in 1830 — 756, and in 1880 there were already 517 of them.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Despite the assimilation of Rusyns and their emigration overseas, the fall in the share of Rusyns in the population of the region, their number still increased.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1810, there were 430,000 Uniate Rusyns, 482,000 in 1910, and 570,000 in 1930. During the First World War, many (at least 20 thousand) Ruthenians were imprisoned by the Austrian authorities in the concentration camps Talerhof and Terezin.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

On the territory of present-day Slovakia, the number of Rusyns decreased: in 1810 there were 153,000, in 1900 — 83,000, and in 2001 there were 24,000 of them.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In Hungary, the Ruthenian language has fallen out of use.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

According to some estimates, the Austro-Hungarian authorities killed at least 60,000 Ruthenians, subjects of Austria-Hungary during the First World War: the elderly, men, women, children [110].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The ethnic territory of the Ruthenians gradually decreased, and by the middle of the XIX century it slightly exceeded 50 thousand km².


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Forced assimilation of Rusyns in Slovakia is still observed today.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

An example of this is the new law on the use of languages, which was due to enter into force on September 1, 2009. In particular, it provides for a fine of up to 5,000 euros for the use of languages of national minorities in state structures.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The problem of Subcarpathian Rus after the First World War


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

On January 8, 1918, American President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the well-known 14 points of conditions for the beginning of a truce with opponents of the Entente (primarily Germany and Austria-Hungary).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Paragraph 10 stated that the peoples of the Habsburg Empire should be given the opportunity to gain full independence.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Already in June 1918, Ruthenian emigrants in America established the Rada of American Ugro-Rusins and put forward, by analogy with other peoples, the demand for the creation of an independent Ruthenian state.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

September 18, 1918 T. G. Masaryk on behalf of the Czechoslovak government proclaimed in Washington the Declaration of Independence of Czechoslovakia as a Democratic Republic.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

On October 23, 1918, the Rusyns were admitted to the Central European Union of Enslaved Peoples and by its decision were recognized as a separate people with the right to self-determination.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In November 1918, Rusyns also spoke about their accession to Czechoslovakia as a people with the right to self-determination.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The final word in this decision belonged to the People's Assembly of the Three Subcarpathian Russian People's Rada, held on May 8, 1918 in Uzhgorod, where the Central Russian People's Rada was established.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

It adopted the following resolution:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

“The Assembly of All Subcarpathian Russian People's Rada publicly declares that on behalf of the entire people it fully supports the decision of the American Ugro-Russians Glad to join the Czechoslovak peoples on the basis of full national autonomy”.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Hungary, in turn, in 1920, when the Treaty of Trianon was concluded in Art.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

48 stated:


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

“Hungary recognizes, for its part, as the union states and those that have joined them have already done, the complete independence of the Czechoslovak state, which will have an autonomous the territory of the Rusins to the south of the Carpathians”.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Thus, Subcarpathian Rus (this name of the land was introduced by the resolution of the General Charter of November 16, 1919, and then included in the Constitution of Czechoslovakia, adopted in 1920) became part of Czechoslovakia as a people with the right to self-determination.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Some part of the region inhabited by Ruthenians was part of another region of the same state, Slovakia.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The southern part of Transcarpathia came under the rule of Romania and formed part of the Krishana-Maramures region (Maramures and Satu Mare counties).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Some part of the Ruthenian population remained on the territory of Hungary.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The accession of the main part of Subcarpathian Rus to Czechoslovakia contradicted the decision of the “Council of All Ruthenians Living in Hungary” held on January 21, 1919 in Khust on the accession of Transcarpathian Ukraine to Ukrainian People's Republic.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Part of Czechoslovakia


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In Scranton, at a meeting of the UgroRussian People's Rada on November 12, 1918, it was decided to annex Subcarpathia to Czechoslovakia and hold a plebiscite among Ruthenian societies on this occasion (on At the turn of the century, almost half of the indigenous population of the region emigrated to the American continent - about 430 thousand people).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The referendum held showed the following results: [112]


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

67% of respondents spoke in favor of the region's entry into Czechoslovakia;


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

almost 28% are in favor of joining Ukraine;


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

2% — for full independence;


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

1% — for connection with Galichina;


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

the rest wished to remain part of Hungary or join Russia.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

According to the “Government Statistics of 1921”, the population of Subcarpathian Rus at that time was 600,697 people, of which 373,234 were Ruthenians and 102,998 were Magyars (Hungarians), which was 53% and 17% of of the total number, respectively, and, according to the same statistics, Czechoslovakia accounted for 46%, Germans 28% and Slovaks only 13% of the total population [16].


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

It should also be noted that in 1919 in Subcarpathian Rus there were 70% illiterate, while in 1938 it was only 20%.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

If before 1919 there were only about 100 schools in the region, then during the first Republic 160 new schools were built, and about 60 newspapers and magazines in Russian and Ukrainian were published annually.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Since the times of Austria-Hungary, Transcarpathia has been under the jurisdiction of the Serbian Church.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Due to the persecution of Orthodoxy in Russia, the Congress of Rusyns decided to remain in Serbian jurisdiction, moreover, the Serbian Church was closest to the Russian Church, and Serbia also housed the center of the Russian church emigration.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

One of its leaders, Metropolitan Anthony (Khrapovitsky), seriously helped the Ruthenians: the famous missionary Archimandrite Vitaly (Maximenko), who was governor before the revolution, was sent to Pryashevskaya Rus Pochaev Lavra.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

Extensive missionary (and partly human rights) activities in Carpathian Rus were launched in 1923-1924 by Bishop Veniamin (Fedchenkov), who at that time was vicar of the Archbishop of Prague and All Czechoslovakia Savvatia (Vrabetsa) (Patriarchate of Constantinople).


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

In 1919, at a peace conference, the Land of Rusyn, called Carpathian Rus, according to the Treaty of Saint-Germain, on autonomous rights, was annexed to the Czechoslovak Republic.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The name of the land inhabited by Ruthenians, south of the Carpathians, was introduced by the Resolution of the General Charter of Czechoslovakia of November 16, 1919. The official name was: “Subcarpathian Rus”.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

It should be noted that this resolution allowed the use of the term “Rusinia” (Rusinsko), but this name was not recognized in practice, apparently due to the continuity of the previous of the generally accepted name “Ugric Rus”.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The Constitution of Czechoslovakia, adopted on February 29, 1920, introduced the name “Subcarpathian Rus” and, since that time, this name has been used in all official relations and is well has established itself as a political concept in international practice.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

After the transfer of powers of the autonomous government of Subcarpathian Rus to the second cabinet under the leadership of Monsignor A. Voloshin on October 26, 1938, democratic national transformations took place in the region, and the use of the Ukrainian language was allowed.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

On December 30, 1938, the local “Government Bulletin” (“Uryadovy Visnik”) published the decision of the autonomous government (under the same date) on the new name of the region.


Question: On the territory of which country did the first Rusyns live?

Rusyns

The decision stated that until the final official adoption of the name of the region, the Autonomous Sejm is allowed to use the name “Carpathian Ukraine”.