Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Since the mid-2000s, registration in preschool children's institutions in Ryazan has been carried out via the Internet, avoiding queues.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In the city center there are so-called “microgardens” located in the buildings of office centers and on the first line of multi-storey buildings.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

This approach makes it possible to create additional groups without the construction of large complexes, for which there are fewer and fewer places in the central part of Ryazan every year.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Children's temporary stay groups allow parents to keep their child in the kindergarten for a certain period of time, paying only for a monthly subscription and not registering for years in advance.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Science


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The scientific sphere has traditionally been one of the main fundamental spheres of the city's economy.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The strategic directions of scientific work in Ryazan are medicine, electronics and the agro-industrial complex.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Educational complexes operate in each of their three areas — associations of research institutes, universities, colleges, technical schools and colleges, which makes it possible to prepare all the necessary range of qualified personnel.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In addition, Ryazan is one of the scientific centers of the defense industry.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Design bureaus that carry out state orders for the Ministry of Defense of Russia are concentrated in the city.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Military training centers and training grounds located near Ryazan provide an opportunity to see the practical application of new military technologies.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Culture and art


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Museums


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The main museum complex of the city, and at the same time one of the oldest historical museums in the country, is the Ryazan Kremlin Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

This federal complex includes not only the protected area of the Kremlin Hill, but also the settlement in Staraya Ryazan, the remains of the fortress in Novy Olgov and the historical territory of Glebov Gorodishche, located outside the city.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Ryazan's rich historical and cultural heritage is also represented by many other museums.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Among them is the State Art Museum named after A.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Galostin, the museum-estate of Academician Pavlov, museums of the history of the youth movement, the ancient repository, the memorial house-museum of Ivan Zhalostin and others.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Many schools and universities in the city have their own museums, and the building of the City Administration houses the Museum of the City Administration of the city of Ryazan.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The city also has military complexes that demonstrate the history of the development of the country's defense capability.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Among them is the only state museum in the country of the history of airborne troops and military vehicles.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Near Ryazan is the S. A. Yesenin, museums of horse breeding and beekeeping at relevant experienced institutes.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In 2015, a gingerbread museum was opened in Ryazan [33].


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Theaters


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The first theater in Ryazan was built in 1787 with the assistance of Gavriil Derzhavin and was originally called the Opera House.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The theatrical life of the city took place at the forefront of the cultural life of the whole country — premieres in Ryazan theaters even before the revolution took place at the same time as the capital's theaters.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Today, the oldest theater in the city is called the Ryazan State Drama Theater and is located on the square of the same name.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In addition to it, the city has the Theater on Sobornaya, the State Puppet Theater, the Concert Hall.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

S. Yesenin, musical theater and circus.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Ryazan is represented at international competitions not only by troupes of state theaters, but also by small student and experimental groups.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Every year, the city holds several theater festivals, the largest of which are Ryazan Screenings, On the Threshold of Youth, and Theatrical Syndrome.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Library


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The oldest and largest library in the city is the State Universal Library named after A.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Gorky is one of the leading libraries in the country, a member of the UNESCO Association.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The institution's fund has more than a million book copies, which are duplicated in electronic format.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Recording and catalogs of the institution are available via the Internet.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The city also has a central city library named after M.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

S. Yesenin, the children's and youth library named after A.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

K. G. Paustovsky, scientific libraries of higher educational institutions, a specialized library for the blind and a branch network in the districts of the city.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Every week, a mobile library is sent from the city to the region, allowing residents of small villages and villages to access modern books.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Ryazan libraries hold their own promotions, excursions and conferences, clubs and foreign cultural centers operate at institutions.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Since 2010, the Presidential Library has also been operating in the city.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Cinemas


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The theatrical life of Ryazan, as well as around the world, began at the beginning of the 20th century, when the city received two cinemas at once, located in the city's noble assembly and gymnasium No. 2.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Among the first films released in Ryazan was the legendary film “The Arrival of the Train”.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In 1904, the first Electric Theater was opened on Pravolybedskaya Street, followed by several “illusions”.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Thus, at the dawn of the film era, several film complexes operated in Ryazan at once.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

One of these places is the famous Daryaly cinema, which Sergey Yesenin often liked to visit.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Today, the city has a dozen cinemas, most of which belong to the class of multiplexes that support 3D format.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

An IMAX hall has been built in the Kinomax cinema.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Rental networks are represented by KinoLux, Kronverk-Cinema, 5 Stars, Kinomax.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In addition to them, there are also multiplex cinemas “Malina” and “Oktyabr”.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The city also has a network of full-immersive movie attractions (the so-called 7D cinemas).


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In addition, there is an arthouse cinema and several city film clubs.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Since the early 1990s, Ryazan has been holding its own film festival “Okraina”, which shows author's films, as well as documentaries and historical films.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Galleries and exhibition centers


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Exhibition activities in the city are carried out not only in stationary galleries and exhibition centers — many shopping and entertainment complexes have their own cultural and exhibition points.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Every month, new exhibitions are opened at more than a dozen venues.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The largest of them are the exhibition center of the library.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Gorky, art gallery “Viktor Ivanov and Ryazanskaya Land”, gallery of the Ryazan Union of Artists, gallery-club “42”, gallery without a sign.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Art and photo clubs have been operating in the city since the 80s of the XX century.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In one of these training centers, the Meshchera photo studio, it is planned to open the Ryazan House of Photography in memory of researcher photographer E.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

N. Kashirin, Honored Worker of Culture of Russia and Honorary Citizen of Ryazan.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Clubs


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Club activity in its modern sense began to open in Ryazan at the very beginning of the 1990s.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

One of the historical representatives is the Planetarium art club, which presents its stage mainly to groups of heavy and alternative directions.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In 2016, the art club was closed due to financial problems.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Today, the club and entertainment life of the city is represented by many establishments of various sizes: from huge clubs to small themed apartments.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Ryazan has a number of its own dance schools.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

They make it possible to hold the Black Cat All-Russian Contemporary Dance Festival annually, for 31 years in a row, which brings together many participants from all over Russia and neighboring countries.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The city also houses the headquarters of the Interregional Ryazan League of the International KVN Union.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

City festivals


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The Department of Culture and Art of the city of Ryazan pays special attention to festivals and events held both in concert halls and in open air format all year round.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The theme of the event varies from festivities to music and history festivals.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Military personnel representing airborne troops often take part in the events.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Also, in addition to cultural ones, sports festivals and relay races are held annually.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Prefectures of urban districts hold street and yard holidays.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

One of the streets of the city, Moskovskoye Shosse, holds the holiday on the same day as Ryazansky Prospekt in Moscow.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

From May 2 to May 7, 2005, Ryazan hosted the Fourth Youth Delphic Games of Russia, in which 1,496 people from 58 constituent entities of the Russian Federation took part.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In total, more than 800,000 people competed in the qualifying rounds.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Applications for participation in the Games were submitted by official delegations from 79 regions of Russia, with a total number of more than 10,000 applicants.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

For more than 20 years, Ryazan has been hosting the interregional competition-festival of children's creativity “Beginning”, which is held with the support of the Ryazan City Palace of Children's Creativity (Palace pioneers).


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Architecture and landmarks


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The Ryazan Kremlin is the central core of the city, the architectural dominant of its historical part and the central pearl of the Ryazan region.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Founded in 1095 on a high hill at the confluence of the Trubezh and Lybid rivers, the Kremlin acquired its modern appearance by the beginning of the 20th century, when the last construction on its territory was completed.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Next to it is the Cathedral Park, the complex of the Transfiguration Monastery, and the Prioksky Forest Park.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Sightseeing river buses depart from the Kremlin Wharf every day during the navigation period.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

There is a network of monasteries in the city and next to it, some of which — Holy Trinity, Solotchinsky and Poschupovsky Monasteries — are among the oldest in Russia.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Architectural appearance


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The architectural appearance of modern Ryazan is due to its historical past.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Ryazan belongs to the segmental-radial type of cities.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Unlike Old Ryazan and Moscow, the city did not form a ring structure, this was prevented by the Oka floodplain, which annually floods the suburban territory for kilometers.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

This also explains the fact that the Ryazan Kremlin is still located not in the central, but in the north-eastern part of the city.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Born on a hill between rivers, the city has acquired a fortified prison and settlements outside the city walls.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The main direction of growth was southern and western — it was in these areas that the main transport arteries of Ryazan were subsequently formed.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Until the middle of the 20th century, the city developed on the right bank of the Oka River, but then, with the laying of the Prioksky Forest Park and the inclusion of the resort village of Solotcha within the city limits, Ryazan crossed the Oka River and settled on its left bank.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The historical center of Ryazan during the era of Catherine II underwent a complete redevelopment and received European urban planning features of that time — regular parallel streets with squares in the endings and a clear positioning to the cardinal points.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The squares were dominated by churches, cathedrals or other city institutions.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In the 19th century, the city outgrew the borders established by Catherine II — its formation continued again in the southern and western directions.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Soviet urban planning plans only strengthened these vectors.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The entire central part of the city (part of the Soviet District) is built up mainly with historical buildings, but recently there has been a tendency to reduce historical sites and monuments architecture [34].


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In the district grid of streets, you can still see the old Catherine plan.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Saltykov-Shchedrin, Uritsky, Sadovaya streets are a rare example of Russian urban wooden architecture, but under the pressure of multi-storey buildings, wooden architecture is gradually being lost [35 ] [36].


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In the Zheleznodorozhny District, you can trace the features of Soviet architecture with the transition from Stalinist pseudo-classicism to Khrushchev's buildings.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Moskovsky and Oktyabrsky districts mainly consist of modern districts.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

As of December 2017, the average number of storeys of apartment buildings under construction reached 19.7 floors in the Ryazan Region, according to this indicator, the region is second only to Moscow [37].


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Monuments


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Main article: List of monuments in Ryazan


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Development plans


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Modern construction is carried out both en masse on the outskirts and point-by-point in the center.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The city is growing in the east, southeast, west and south-west directions.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The southern direction is occupied by large industrial enterprises, so the construction of housing in it is carried out at a sufficient distance from the city.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In the north-west, Ryazan is gradually absorbing Rybnoye, from the north there is construction of low-rise and individual houses.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Mass construction is prohibited in Solotcha.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In the eastern direction of the city, a vast Novoposadsky District is being built, and a satellite city Vyshgorod is being designed.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The modern urban planning and strategic plan involves the development of not only the urban, but also the suburban territory of Ryazan.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The city will develop as the central point of the Ryazan agglomeration, creating conditions for the mass construction of residential buildings in the Ryazan District.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

These new microdistricts will be connected to each other by transport arteries, and the territories between them will be filled with agricultural and recreational land.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The implementation of the first stage of the new urban development plan is expected to begin in 2013, when the socio-economic justification and plan will be discussed by the Ryazan Regional Duma and the Regional Government expanding the boundaries of the city [38].


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

According to Vitaly Artyomov, Mayor of Ryazan, it is planned to annex the Ryazan District and Rybnoye to Ryazan [39].


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Healthcare


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

There are 32 municipal healthcare institutions in Ryazan.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

One of the largest medical universities in Russia, Ryazan State University named after Academician Pavlov, has departments and representative offices in all highly specialized medical hospitals and dispensaries of the city.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Thanks to this, university students have the opportunity to undergo pre-qualification training in practice, and patients of medical institutions receive modern medical care thanks to the scientific achievements of the university.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Since 2010, the Ryazan Region has adopted a programme for the construction of specially equipped sites for air ambulance, primarily medical helicopters of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the Center for Disaster Medicine.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The total number of such sites in the Ryazan Region should reach 16.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In Ryazan, they will be located in the largest city hospital complexes, thus minimizing the delivery of patients in critical situations to highly qualified specialist care.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

For the same purpose, class “A” medical posts are being built on federal highways, which make it possible to provide medical assistance to those involved in traffic accidents in the shortest possible time, and, if necessary, deliver patients by air to Ryazan.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Near the city there is a network of sanatoriums and children's camps that conduct medical wellness procedures for the population.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Many of them are located in the resort area of Solotcha.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In 2011, under the project for the construction of high-tech medical centers, as part of the priority national project “Health”, the regional clinical perinatal center was commissioned [40].


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

From March 1, 2011 to December 1, 2014, 10,766 children were born at the center.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Physical education and sports


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

There are many sports facilities in Ryazan.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The largest of them are the Central Sports Complex, the Olympic Ice Palace, the Olympiets, Lokomotiv, Khimik and Sokol stadiums, the Chaika, Burevestnik, Spartak, Aquamed, Radiovolna pools, Yunost, Rodnost Krai, Kometa, NITI Arena sports complexes and many other facilities.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

There are several horse bases with racetracks, karting, racing and ski tracks near the city.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The construction of an archery and crossbow stadium, a federal center for rhythmic gymnastics, and a yacht club is underway.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The city has several indoor water parks.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Since 2010, Ryazan has adopted a programme to install outdoor exercise equipment.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

These new generation sports grounds allow you to practice physical education for free with the support of professional trainers.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Ryazan is the center for many sports clubs.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Among them are Ryazan Football Club, Ryazan-VDV women's football club, Eleks-Favorit futsal club, Ryazan basketball, hockey and volleyball clubs; karate sports federations, aikido, sambo, archery and crossbow shooting, figure skating.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Mass media


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Tv


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The city has been broadcasting regularly since the 1950s.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Ryazan became the first city in the Soviet Union to receive a signal from Central Television from Moscow.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Today, the Ryazan Television and Radio Broadcasting Center provides confident reception of the main TV channels throughout the city and the region.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The first and main Ryazan television company remains the state television and radio company Oka, which competed with the Ekho TV and Radio Company in the 1990s.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Since the beginning of the 21st century, a number of new companies have begun broadcasting in the city: Krai Ryazansky, the Gorodskoy TV channel and the cable channel network of the Gorod TV company.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Since December 19, 2013, the first digital multiplex has begun broadcasting in Ryazan.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

On December 30, the second multiplex was launched.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Press


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The press in Ryazan is represented by many regional and federal publications.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The largest of them [41] are: Komsomolskaya Pravda. Ryazan”, “Arguments and Facts. Ryazan”, “Argumenty Nedeli”, “Novaya Gazeta”, “Meshcherskaya Storona”, “Moskovsky Komsomolets”, “Molodyozhnaya Sreda”, “Vechernyaya Ryazan”, “Oblastnaya Ryazanskaya Gazeta” (since 2012), “Ryazanskiye Vedomosti”, “Yarmarka”,” City Panorama”, “Pro City”, “Hometown” (2008 [42] —2012), “Priokskaya Pravda” and others.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Connectivity


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

phone


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The main share of the local telephone market belongs to Rostelecom, which, in addition to fixed telephone services, also provides Internet access services under the Domolink trademark.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Other companies MTS, MTT and Sotcom also provide Internet access services in addition to telephony.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Internet


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

More than a dozen companies provide access to the worldwide network.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Among them are Rostelecom, Transtelecom, MTS, Enlink, WestCall, Dom.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

ru, ER-Telecom, Yota and others.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Ryazan was one of the first cities fully covered by WiMAX technology, built on the basis of cooperation with Siemens in 2004.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

At the moment, the city also has wireless access using CDMA, EVDO, UMTS (3G) and LTE (4G) technologies.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Free Wi-Fi hotspots are available in many shopping centers, educational institutions, squares and public transport salons.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

TTK also provides Internet access through an electrical outlet.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Mobile connection


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In the city, mobile communication is provided by all federal operators: MTS, Beeline, MegaFon and Tele2.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Yota has also been operating since the end of 2015.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Famous people


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Many famous people were natives of Ryazan.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Among them are Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina, mother of Peter the Great, the first Russian Nobel laureate I. P. Pavlov, founder of cosmonautics Tsiolkovsky, biologist and breeder Michurin, mathematician A. A. Markov, the creators of the strategic nuclear shield of Russia, brothers Vladimir and Alexey Utkin, poets Sergey Yesenin and Yakov Polonsky, actors Vladimir Balashov, Nikolai Vekov, Erast Garin, Alexander Fatyushin, Lyubov Tolkalina, and many others.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Alexander Solzhenitsyn lived and worked in Ryazan for more than 12 years, from June 1957 to mid-November 1969.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Solzhenitsyn was a teacher of physics and astronomy at Ryazan Secondary School No. 2 named after Krupskaya on Revolyutsii Street, 7 (now Sobornaya Street).


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

On September 1, 1994, a memorial plaque was unveiled on the facade of the school with the text: “From 1957 to 1962, Russian writer and Nobel Prize winner Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn taught in this building.”


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The School History Museum has a stand dedicated to the writer [43].


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The first Russian Nobel laureate Ivan PavlovosCosmonautics founder Konstantin TsiolkovskyPoet of the silver age of Russian literature - Sergei YeseninPeople's Artist Erast GarinSoviet writer Konstantin Paustovsky


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Honorary citizens of Ryazan


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Honorary Citizen of Ryazan is the highest municipal award of the city awarded by the Ryazan City Duma to citizens of the Russian Federation and other states in order to recognize outstanding services to Ryazan , encouraging personal activities aimed at the benefit of the city, ensuring its well - being and prosperity.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Currently, 57 citizens of Ryazan hold the honorary title.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

They include public figures, doctors and teachers, design engineers and teachers, home front workers and artists, scientists and artists, builders, writers, athletes and cosmonauts.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Some of them have twice the honorary title, while at the same time being an honorary citizen of Ryazan and the Ryazan Region.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Some, for example, Nadezhda Nikolaevna Chumakova, have been awarded multiple times with the highest municipal awards of cities in Russia and foreign countries.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

External relations


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Ryazan officially has 8 sister cities, and several cities with which permanent partnerships have been established.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

The first cities with which Ryazan established friendly relations were Bulgarian Lovech and Slovak Bratislava.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

A hotel was named after Lovech, and a street in the center of Ryazan was named after Bratislava.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

In memory of the twinned relations, a series of commemorative monuments have been installed in Ryazan, the main of which is a sign on Pochtovaya Street, on the plates of which are engraved with the names of cities and distances to new streets have been named after them, as well as in honor of partner cities.


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Sister cities


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Lovech, Bulgaria, since 1964


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Munster, Germany, since 1989


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Bressuire, France, since 1997


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Xuzhou, China, since 1998


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Alessandria, Italy, since 2006


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Ostrow Mazowiecka, Poland, since 2008


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

New Athos, Abkhazia, since 2008 [44]


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Brest, Belorussia, since 2014 [45]


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Partner cities


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Krusevac, Serbia, since 2000


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Omis, Croatia


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Yerevan, Armenia, since 2015


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Genoa, Italy, since 2016


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Notes


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

References


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Category:Cities in Ryazan Oblast


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Category:Cities on the Oka


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Category:Renamed settlements in Russia


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Category:Populated places in Russia that minted coins


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Category:Cities of Ancient Rus


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Category:District centers of Ryazan Oblast


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Category:Cities established in the 11th century


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Category:Regional centers of Russia


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Category:Capitals of historical states


Question: Where did the name Ryazan come from?

Ryazan

Category:Cities from the List of Russian Cities Far and Near


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

Grapes (Latin: Vítis) are a genus of plants in the Grape family.


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

The most important type in economic terms — cultivated grapes — produces grape berries, which serve as raw materials for wine production.


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

Botanical description


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

Grape shoots are called grapevines [1].


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

The grape seed produces a small shoot in the first year after germination.


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

From the buds in the axil of its leaves, elongated, well-developed shoots grow the next year, and then, next year, each bud of this shoot produces weaker shoots, which by autumn freeze to the lower its bud, so there is only one lower internode left from such a shoot - a shortened shoot.


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

The only bud of the shortened shoot develops powerful elongated shoots in the next growing season, which, in turn, then bring shortened shoots.


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

The elongated shoots bloom and bear fruit, but the shortened ones do not.


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

In culture, due to the short pruning of the grapes, this alternation of shortened and elongated shoots is imperceptible, and the plant blooms and bears fruit every year.


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

The flowers are small, collected in inflorescences (complex brush or broom).


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

Depending on the presence of male and female parts in the flower and the degree of their development, the following types of flowers are distinguished: true female, male, bisexual, functionally male, functionally female.


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

The last three types are the main ones for grapes.


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

The bisexual flower is characteristic of the vast majority of cultivated varieties.


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

Grape fruits are spherical or ovoid berries collected in more or less loose (rarely dense) clusters.


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

The color of the berries varies greatly depending on the variety (yellow, greenish, dark blue, purple, black, etc.).


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

Botanical classification


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

The genus Vitis is represented by 78 species and is divided into two subgenuses: EuvitisPlanch and MuscadiniaPlanch.


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

The Euvitis subgenus includes 75 species, which, taking into account the areas of their origin and distribution, as well as the totality of botanical and morphological and anatomical features and properties, are divided into 3 groups:


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

European-Asian;


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

North American;


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

East Asian.


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

N. AND. Vavilov identified the following main centers of origin of grapes and their introduction into culture:


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

Central Asia, covering North-West India, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Western Tien Shan;


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

Central Asian, covering inner Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Iran and the mountainous part of Turkmenistan.


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

In this region, grapes are represented by a huge variety of cultivated and wild forms.


Question: What are grape shoots called?

Grapes

The European-Asian group includes one species: Vitis vinifera L., which includes subspecies


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

More than 300 out of 700 mud volcanoes operate in the Republic of Azerbaijan [1] [2].


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Mud volcanoes are associated with oil and gas fields by origin.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Rich deposits of gas condensate and oil have been discovered in areas of mud volcanoes [3].


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The most famous and visited mud volcanoes are located near the city of Gobustan [4].


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Protection of mud volcanoes


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

In 2007, according to the decree of Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev dated August 15, 2007, the State Nature Reserve of a group of mud volcanoes in Baku and the Absheron Peninsula was created.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

According to the order of the head of state, it was instructed to determine the boundaries of the reserve and develop a regulation on it.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

In addition, the order also ordered to take urgent measures to prevent construction work on the territory of the mud volcanoes of Baku and Absheron.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

According to Adyl Aliyeva, Head of the Mud Volcanism Department of the Institute of Geology of ANAS, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, for the creation of mud volcanoes reserves, those that have been selected stood out sharply in the terrain, were located at altitudes up to 400 m, were active and were located on the coast of the Caspian Sea, as well as near main roads and settlements.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

District administrations and environmental committees located near volcanoes were involved to protect natural volcanoes.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Security inscriptions have already been installed on the approaches to volcanoes, informing that these natural monuments are protected by the state and that they should pollute, destroy, carry out construction and other work next to it is strictly prohibited [5].


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Natural monuments


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

In 1982, by decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan No. 167, Boyuk Kenizdag, Airanteken and Dashgil volcanoes, which are located in Gobustan and Lokbatan volcano in Lokbatan, were granted the status of a natural monument.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Established in 2007, the State Nature Reserve of the Mud Volcanoes Group of Baku and the Absheron Peninsula granted 52 mud volcanoes the status of a state reserve.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Perekishgul


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Dashgil


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

“Kanizadag”


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

“Kanizadag”


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Garadag


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

On September 15, 2004, the largest mud volcano in the world, located on the territory of Azerbaijan, entered the Guinness Book of Records [6].


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

In 2009, mud volcanoes claimed a place in the list of “Seven Natural Wonders of the World” [5].


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Underwater mud volcanoes


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

There are also sea mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan — there are more than 140 such volcanoes on the Caspian Sea.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Eight islands in the Baku archipelago appeared as a result of the activity of mud volcanoes.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Origins


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Mud volcanoes appeared on the territory of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan 25 million years ago.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Rich deposits of gas condensate and oil (Lokbatan, Garadag, Neftyanyye Kamni, Mishovdag, etc.) have been discovered in areas of mud volcanoes.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

In addition, mud and liquid that mud volcanoes erupt are used as raw materials for the chemical and construction industries, as well as for pharmacology.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Popular names


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Along with the geographical term “mud volcanoes”, they are popularly called “yanardag” (burning mountain), “pilpilya” (terrace), “gainacha” (boiling water), “bozdag” (gray mountain).


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Mud volcanoes erupt


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

From 1810 to the present, approximately 200 large eruptions have occurred on the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan out of 50 volcanoes.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The eruption of mud volcanoes is accompanied by strong explosions and underground rumble.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Gases come out of the deep layers of the earth and immediately ignite.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The height of the flame above the volcano reaches 1000 meters (Garasu volcano).


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Toragay volcano erupted 6 times from 1841 to 1950 [7].


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

On January 26, 2017, Akhtarma-Pashaly volcano, which is considered one of the largest in Azerbaijan, erupted in Hajigabul district.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

It is located 35 km south-east of Shirvan town.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The eruption continued until morning, and a jet of flame 30-35 meters high was chosen into the sky [8].


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Airanteken


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

This is a periodically erupting mud volcano, many of whose eruptions were accompanied by underground explosions, a flame that sometimes reached 500 m in height.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Airanteken volcano, which has a plateau-shaped shape, is located 65 km south-west of the capital, on a hill with a height of 190 m. The first eruptions occurred in 1964-1990, as a result of which mud volcanic flows poured out along the southern slope.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Four groups of mud volcanic manifestations are distinguished here.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The first is located in the south-western part of the hill and is characterized by oil-releasing griffins.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The second, larger group, is located to the north-west of the modern volcanic eruption and is characterized by many active microforms, the height of which reaches 5-10 meters.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

There are several cracks around the volcanic field, the length of which reaches 700—800 m, and the depth is 2-3 m. The total volume of breccia is approximately 500 million m3, and the breccia cover is about 805 hectares.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Many oil-bearing rocks could be found in mud volcanic eruptions.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Bahar


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

This volcano, which has an oval shape, is located 55 km south-west of Baku, in the Alat zone.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

It rises 45 m above the terrain. Here, the first eruption occurred in 1853, and the most recent in 1993.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

There have been a total of 8 eruptions.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

About 30 active microforms were recorded on the volcanic field.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Gothurdag


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The volcano is located 70 km south-west of the capital and only 3 km from Airanteken volcano.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The diameter of the volcano is more than 150 m, and the depth reaches 15-20 m. The average eruption power of this volcano is 130 m. Goturdag differs in its manifestation from other volcanoes in Azerbaijan.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The mud is squeezed out of the field like paste from a tube up, and then breaks, slides down the slope of the volcano.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

For the first time, such a spectacle was observed here in 1926.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

This process continued until 1966.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

This was followed by normal eruptions in October 1966 and spring 1970.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The area of breccia cover is 408 hectares, and the total volume of breccia removed by the volcano reaches 530 million hectares.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Delyangez


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

This volcano is located 65 km south-west of the city of Baku, not far from another mud volcano, Dashgil.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The area of distribution of the breccia of Delyangyaz volcano is 550 hectares, and the average thickness of the cover is 30 m. The volcano is represented by two groups of microforms.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The first is located in the eastern part of the crater shaft, where low hills and griffins emit gas, water, mud with oil particles.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The second group is located 500 m from the first and has a relatively large height (more than 10 m) of hills and griffins.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The second group is currently active.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Lokbatan


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

This volcano is located 15 km from the capital, on the territory of the village of the same name.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The first eruption of the volcano occurred in 1828 and since then it has erupted 17 times.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

In 2001, another eruption also occurred [9] [10].


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Moose


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The volcano is located on the Baku archipelago and is one of the largest.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The first eruption of the volcano occurred from February 17 to March 9, 1876, and the second on February 8, 1923.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The next eruption occurred on March 28, 1977.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The third eruption was accompanied by an underground rumble, a column of flame 1000 meters high, which residents noticed even at a distance of 70 km.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

A local shaking of the earth's crust was also recorded.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

After the eruption of the volcano, “underground burning” continued for a long time [11].


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Othman-Bozdag


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The eruption of the volcano occurred on the morning of September 23, 2018.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

The height of the flame was 200-300 meters.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Many cracks up to 40 meters deep have formed on the site [12].


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

See also


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Geography of Azerbaijan


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Notes


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

References


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Professor V. N. Kholodov said.


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Geological Institute RAS, Moscow


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Category:Mud volcanoes


Question: How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?

Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan

Category:Relief of Azerbaijan


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

Potin (Irish: Poitín, English: Poteen) is an Irish national strong alcoholic beverage with a strength of 40-90%, obtained by distilling in a cube of braga made from barley, potatoes, molasses, beets and other ingredients.


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

Potin is an Irish variety of moonshine, which until recently was produced illegally in artisanal conditions.


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

Legal status


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

From 1661 to 1989, the production and sale of potin was prohibited in Ireland, and the ban is still in place in Northern Ireland.


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

Since 1989, potin has been legally produced in Ireland, but only for export sale.


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

Since 1997, sales of potin have been allowed in the Republic of Ireland.


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

There are now several legally produced potin brands called “poitín”, “poteen” or “potcheen”.


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

In 2008, potin received the status of a drink controlled by geographical origin.


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

History


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

The name poitín comes from the Irish word “pota” (small copper cube), because it is usually chased at home.


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

The recipe is based on barley and sometimes potatoes.


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

Potin was driven in remote areas and in inclement weather, so that the wind dispersed smoke, which could attract the attention of law enforcement officers.


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

With the advent of gas burners, it became possible to produce potin in any weather.


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

Literature


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

Gavin D. Smith, A-Z of Whisky.


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

ISBN 9781906476199


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

John McGuffin “In Praise Of Poteen”.


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

ISBN 9780862817688


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

References


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

Category:Irish drinks


Question: Can I make whiskey at home?

Potin (drink)

Category:Spirits


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Spiritualism (from Latin: spiritus “soul, spirit”) is a religious and philosophical doctrine developed in France in the middle of the 19th century by Allan Kardek.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

In Russia, the term “spiritualism” has taken on a more general meaning, becoming synonymous, on the one hand, with the religious philosophy of spiritualism, on the other hand, with the so-called “table spinning”, automatic writing and spiritual practice (seances) in the broadest sense of the word.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Kardek, in his introduction to the Book of Spirits, stated that he was introducing a new term “spiritualism” to refer to his doctrine, since “new concepts require new names” [1].


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

However, the word immediately acquired numerous meanings (usually derogatory) and was applied to many religious and occult movements, including: candomblé, umbande, kaodai, santeria, as well as African traditions of animism.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

In the future, followers of spiritualism repeatedly tried to distinguish between the spheres of the two concepts.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

A. Conan Doyle in The History of Spiritualism clarifies: “spiritualism is part of spiritualism, but not vice versa” [2].


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Creation history


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Allan Cardek (born Hippolyte-Leon-Denizar Revail) began studying paranormal phenomena that occurred during seances in 1850.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

With the help of his friend's daughters who acted as mediums, he learned about his “mission”, which was to convey to humanity some new ideas about the structure of the world and life in it.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Kardek, believing in his own selectivity, undertook to form his own “holy scriptures” through spiritual dialogues, asking “spirits” questions and writing down answers.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

The latter were formulated by knocking or clapping (using a conditional code) or letter by letter, on a tablet.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Two years later, Kardek decided that he had received enough information to formulate (in his own words) “a completely new theory of the existence of mankind, its fate, and destiny.”


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

He outlined the main provisions of this theory in “” (French: “Le Livre des Esprits”, 1856), followed by the Book of Mediums (1861), “The Gospel in the Interpretation of Spirits” (1864) and others [2].


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Anne Blackwell, who translated all of Kardek's works into English, gave them the following brief characteristics:


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

The main idea of spiritualism


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

The main idea of Cardek spiritualism was that the spiritual development of mankind is driven by the wheel of reincarnations (“reincarnations”).


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

By “plunging” into the earthly flesh, spirits are perfected and purified, returning to experience new and new trials.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

The spirit that has gone through all reincarnations becomes “pure” and passes into eternal life, enjoying its bliss.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Everything acquired by the spirit in earthly existence by him (according to Kardek) is not lost.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Reborn spirits (according to spiritualism) inhabit different planets of the universe.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Kardek claimed that this concept was derived from the messages of the “spirits” themselves.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

One of them is to the question: “What is the purpose of reincarnation?” - answered:


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Spiritualist reaction


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Almost without exception, spiritualists of the Anglo-American school (to which Russian researchers also belonged) rejected Kardek's “spiritualism”.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Emma Harding-Britten stated that many mediums received reports in which “spirits” either refuted the theory of “reincarnation” or claimed that they had never heard of it.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

William Howith, one of the theorists of early English spiritualism, wrote:


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

A. N. Aksakov published an article in 1875 [3] in which he accused Kardek of oppressing opponents who disagreed with his theory, being a universally recognized leader of French spiritualism; the latter has always been presented as an undeniable dogma.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Kardek recognized only writing mediums who (according to Aksakov) “... as everyone knows well, are psychologically influenced by dubious ideas”, completely rejecting “physical” mediums.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Meanwhile, it was from the latter that, as a rule, reports were received that refuted the ideas of Kardek spiritualism.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Kardek (according to Aksakov's article) “hatched a plan for universal condemnation of physical mediums, referring to their allegedly low moral qualities.”


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Aksakov concludes:


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Daniel Danglas Hume, in a comment to Aksakov's article, also ridiculed the theory of reincarnations:


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Arthur Conan Doyle proposed a compromise view of the problem in his History of Spiritualism (1920).


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

noting the connection of Cardek spiritualism with theosophy and some Eastern philosophies, he suggested that “the reincarnation of spirits exists, but this phenomenon has not acquired universal significance”, and expressed the opinion that some evidence of the theory of reincarnations was still obtained under hypnosis (in particular, in Desroches's experiments) [2].


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Interesting facts


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Kardek's spiritualism was popular in the highest spheres of French society.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

A. Conan Doyle.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

“History of Spiritualism”: “It is no secret that Emperor Napoleon III was fond of Spiritualism and repeatedly invited Kardek to the Tuileries, where he talked with him for a long time, discussing the Book of Spirits.”


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

For the first time, from September 8 to September 11, 1888, the first congress of spiritualists from 10 countries from Cuba to Russia was held at the World Exhibition in Barcelona [4].


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Representatives planned to demonstrate the scientific nature of their lesson, see the support of famous spiritualists astronomer Camille Flammarion, William Crookes, but they were not present.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Spiritualism and science


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

In the 70s of the XIX century, on the initiative of Dmitry Mendeleev, the Commission for the Study of Mediumistic Phenomena was created, which included a number of authoritative scientists.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

The conclusion of the commission was as follows: “Spiritual phenomena come from unconscious movements or conscious deception, and spiritual teaching is superstition.”


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Mendeleev then summarized this conclusion in a brochure entitled “Materials for Judgment on Spiritualism”.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Christian attitude to spiritualism


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Some Christian figures define spiritualism as a grave sin, believing that man thus turns away from God and turns to the devil and unclean spirits, referring to Deuteronomy 18:9-13:


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

9 When thou shalt enter into the land which the Lord thy God gives thee, then learn not to do the abominations that these nations did:


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

10 He who guides his son or his daughter through the fire shall not be with you, a soothsayer, a fortuneteller, a sorcerer, a magician;


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

11 a charm who summons spirits, a magician, and questioning the dead;


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

12 For whoever does this is disgusting to the Lord, and because of these abominations the LORD your God drives them out from before you.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

13 Be blameless before the Lord thy God


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

From the point of view of Christianity, spiritualism is inspired by evil spirits, and spiritualism itself can lead a person to possess demons.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

The most terrible thing, according to the church, is that a person thinks that he is turning to the souls of the dead, but in fact communicates with demons who can appear to a person in various images, including human beings.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

In some church circles, there is an opinion that a person engaged in spiritualism may eventually fall ill with incurable terrible diseases [6].


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Meanwhile, since the 30s of the XX century, there has been a rapprochement between spiritualism and the Christian Church in the West, as a result of which the World Association of Spiritualist Christians (GWSCA) was created in 1931.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

In the United States, the so-called “White Dove Lodge” (English: White Dove Lodge) has emerged, whose members urge not to focus on communication with the other world, but to lead a righteous life in accordance with the fundamental principles of both Christianity and spiritualism.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

The rapprochement of spiritualism with Christianity led to the fact that in 1937 the Church of England formed a commission to conduct new research on the spiritual phenomenon, which in 1939 made public a report published in many newspapers around the world (including), where spiritualism in general was spoken with restraint and respect.


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

One of the activists of spiritualism, who constantly pointed out the relationship of this teaching to Christian dogma, was A. Conan Doyle [7].


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

See also


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Spiritual photography


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

“Spiritualism”


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Medium


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Chaud


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Jiaguwen


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Dejiao


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

References


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Literature


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Notes


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Category:Occultism


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Category:new age


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Category:Spiritualism


Question: When did you start getting involved in seances in Russia?

Spiritualism

Category:Afterlife


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Picnic at Hanging Rock is an Australian film, a mystical drama released in 1975, directed by Peter Weir based on the novel of the same name by Joan Lindsay (1967).


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The film tells the story of the mysterious disappearance on Hanging Rock in Victoria of three girls and their math teacher.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The mysterious events that allegedly took place on the last Valentine's day of the XIX century are left in the film without explanation; they gave rise to many guesses and interpretations.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Picnic by the Hanging Rock premiered in Adelaide on August 8, 1975.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

This is the first Australian film to have a resounding success abroad [1].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

After its release, experts started talking about the emergence of the “Australian new wave”.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

To create a special psychological atmosphere, Peter Weir demanded that actors not blink in the frame, experimented with the sounds and angles from which the shooting was carried out, and also accelerated the personnel from 24 to 32 and even 43 frames per second [2].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Russell Boyd's cinematography was widely recognized.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

According to Andrey Plakhov, nature “is shown to him with the highest art that film painting can do” [3].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The blurred focus of the lens gives the images something dreamlike, as if hinting that what is visible on the screen does not always correspond to reality [4].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The film is preceded by the famous lines of Edgar Poe — “What we see and what we see in us is only a dream and a dream inside another dream.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The plot


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Valentine's Day begins at Melbourne's Girls' College, the last of the 19th century.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

It's 1900 in the yard.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The hostess of the school, the widow of Mrs. Appleyard from Bournemouth, England, keeps her students in an iron gauntlet.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The girls are tightly tightened in corsets, all their behavior is strictly subject to the code of public decency of the Victorian era.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

They secretly fall in love with each other and with their teachers.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In the absence of the opposite sex nearby, girls give each other valentines with poems of their own composition (“I love you for your proud look and for the elevation of your soul...”)


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

On Valentine's Day, girls are allowed to go on a picnic to the Hanging Rock, a geological miracle, a hundred-meter protrusion of volcanic rock that is one million years old.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

On the way, they are accompanied by mentors - a young Frenchwoman Mademoiselle Poitier (who teaches girls dance) and a prim elderly mathematics teacher, Miss McGraw.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Mrs. Appleyard forbids one of the pupils, Sarah, to go on a picnic.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

She leaves her orphan with her in college, insisting that the girl memorize a poem by “the best poet of our time”, Felicia Hemans.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Sarah is experiencing a surge of vague anxiety: her closest friend, Miranda, warned her in the morning that they would soon have to part forever: “I will soon be gone.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Arriving at their destination, the girls are located on the slope of an ancient rock.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Miranda cuts a heart-shaped birthday cake.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The rest, basking in the southern sun surrounded by blooming vegetation, recite Shakespeare's sonnets and look at Botticelli's reproductions.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

At noon sharp, Miss McGraw and the coachman stop their clocks.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The teacher blames this on the influence of natural magnetism.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

While the rest of the vacationers are taken over by a nap, three girls - Miranda, Irma and Marion - go for a walk on the rock.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

They are followed by a full, ugly and short-lived Edith, who is several years younger than them.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Two young men watch the girls jump over the stream with interest.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

This is gentleman Michael and coachman Albert, serving his uncle, Colonel Fitzgubert.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The latter, together with his wife, also got out into nature and dozes at some distance.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Intrigued by the girls, Michael jumps to his feet and follows them, supposedly for a walk around the neighborhood.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Meanwhile, schoolgirls rise to a considerable height, from where the fixed Fitzguberts seem to them like ants.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

“There are so many idle people in the world! “One of them thinks aloud. “Perhaps they perform a function that they do not know.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Strange things start to happen to girls.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

They then take off their stockings, then fall their whole body to the rocky rock.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Edith is suddenly tired and unwilling to follow the others.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Miranda utters mysterious words: “It all starts and ends at a specific time.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Girlfriends disappear into the crevice of the rock, and Edith, making a wild scream, rushes back.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

As she later tells the policeman, she met Miss McGraw on the way, who was following in the same direction as the three girls.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

She wasn't wearing a skirt.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Edith later talks about this detail in Mademoiselle Poitier's ear: “This is very indecent! Miss McGraw only wore knickers!”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In Mrs. Appleyard's office, the clock beats eight o'clock in the evening, which is dinner time.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The pupils should have been back a long time ago, but they are still gone.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The self-confident hostess of the educational institution is noticeably nervous.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Finally, a wagon with crying girls emerges from the darkness of the night.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

As we can understand from the inconsistent story of the coachman, Miranda, Irma and Marion, as well as Miss McGraw, disappeared without a trace during the picnic.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In the following days, the rock was carefully combed, but the search for the missing was unsuccessful.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The local police officer, like everyone else around, suspects that there was a kidnapping and rape.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Mrs. Appleyard fears for the reputation of her establishment, anticipating its imminent collapse.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Young Michael never stops thinking of Miranda, who from time to time sees him as a swan in the garden.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

He goes to the cliff to continue his search.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In the midday heat, he is attacked by the same mysterious fatigue as the girls.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

He crawls across the cliff.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Luckily, the immobilized young man is saved by Albert who followed him.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

By a piece of white cloth clenched in Mike's hand, it is possible to find the exhausted Irma.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

She's being sent to the Fitzgubert house to recover.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

That's where he and Mike get close and spend a lot of time together.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

According to Irma, she does not remember what happened to her and her friends on the rock, but few people believe in it.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Following Irma, other students leave school with bad fame.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Financial difficulties lead to the fact that teachers also begin to quit.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The school, which was cheerful and bright before, plunges into darkness.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Mrs. Appleyard finds no place for herself: during the day she disperses reporters besieging the college, and floods adversity with wine in the evenings.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

She decides to exclude from school those girls whose guardians are delaying fees.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The victim of this decision is Sarah, who after the disappearance of Miranda withers away in anguish and loneliness.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Sometimes she thinks of another person close to her, a brother named Bertie, with whom she lived in an orphanage.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

One night Albert had a dream in which his sister Sarah came to say goodbye to him.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The next morning, her body was found in a school greenhouse.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

She either fell out of the college window, committing suicide, or was pushed out of it by the headmistress who was drunk unconscious.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

(The second version is more likely, as Mrs. Appleyard assures others that she saw Sarah being taken away from school early in the morning by a guardian.)


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In a black dress, with her black veil down and her lips between her lips, she stands at her desk when the camera freezes on her face.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The voice-over reports that Mrs. Appleyard died on March 27 after falling off the Hanging Rock, probably while trying to climb it.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The missing girls were never found.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Their fate remained a mystery to everyone.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Literary source


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The film is based on the novel of the same name by Australian Joan Lindsay (1896—1984), which was published in 1967 and remains the only widely known work of the writer to this day [5].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

It is written in a viscous old-fashioned language that scared off some readers [~1].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The book was accused of being protracted, banal and snobbery [1] [~2].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

It does not provide a clue to the disappearances on the Hanging Rock (allegedly because Lindsay chose to remove the last chapter from the printed version of the novel), but the text hints that the rock is a portal to another dimension, a kind of time machine [6].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Perhaps to draw attention to Picnic, Lindsay claimed that the plot of the book was based on the real events of her youth, which she spent at a girls' school near Melbourne [5].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

However, the book was not a big success [5].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The novel was freely rewritten by Cliff Green, and by transferring the events to the screen, Peter Weir considered it possible not to follow the instructions of the screenwriter in everything [~ 3] Only after the release of the film Weir's book found a second life and became a bestseller [5].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Crowds of tourists rushed to the Hanging Rock, becoming a source of considerable profit for local residents [7] [~ 4].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Possible clues


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The release of the film aroused everyone's interest in the Hanging Rock incidents so much that Yvonne Russo published the book English: The Murders of Hanging Rock in 1980, in who listed nine possible clues - from the banal escape of girls from a disgraced college to their abduction by aliens [8].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In particular, the possibility that the girls were ambushed by a sexual maniac or maniacs was discussed.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

This is the most obvious explanation that comes to mind first of all Mrs. Appleyard [~ 5] In a later interview, Wear gives another rational interpretation of events on the rock: the girls fell into one of the caves is so deep that, with the means of salvation available at the beginning of the century, it was not possible to find them there [9].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Attempts to rationalize events are refuted by what happened on the rock with Mike [10].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In the same interview, Wear describes the rock as “something like the Bermuda Triangle”, where another dimension invades familiar reality [9].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The red cloud Edith saw above the rock, according to Weir, is typical for manifestations of geomagnetic anomalies “in Peru and elsewhere.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Sometimes its appearance is accompanied by a “rain of stones”.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

As a source of information, he refers to a compilation of reports of such incidents compiled by one Charles Ford [11].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

According to Weir, any explanation of events on the rock, whether rational or mystical, is more likely to impoverish the effect of the story, because it rests on something banal: “As a child, I loved Sherlock Holmes, how I was disappointed by the elementary explanations of complex mysteries. I am always more fascinated by the mystery itself than the possible explanations it can explain” [9] [~ 6] He warned Lindsay against publishing the last chapter of the novel: “Don't reveal your secret. It's not the answer” [11].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Only 20 years after the book was published (and after the writer's death), the missing chapter was published under the title “The Secret of Hanging Rock” [12].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The disappearance of girls in it was explained by paranormal activity.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

With the help of Miss McGraw, they fell into a “hole in space” (English: a hole in space) or “time warp” (English: time warp), and the corsets they dropped remained hanging in the air.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[12] At the same time, Miranda, Marion and McGraw underwent a metamorphosis: they turned into lizards.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Irma could not move off the cliff, as the portal slammed shut right in front of her.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

A riddle without a clue


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In the film, the mystery of the Hanging Rock has no resolution, and almost all critics see this as its virtue.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Newsweek writes that the film consists entirely of guiding threads, which excites the audience's imagination.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[13] For J.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Berardinelli is not a film about what really happened to girls, but about the multivariance of what could have happened to them.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

He refers Picnic to those rare cases when the absence of catharsis complements and enhances the artistic effect.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[14] “If the key to a clue was given here, an ordinary detective story would come out of the film,” Roger Ebert echoes colleagues.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The connections between events and characters hinted at in the course of the action (such as the hope for Sarah's reunion with Bertie) are left hanging in the air (the “Zeigarnik effect”).


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

As Murray concludes, the plot part of the film gives the viewer only “shards of meaning”: any attempt to assemble this puzzle is doomed to failure due to the lack of certain elements.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[10] No reading of the events shown guarantees a 100% explanation of all the riddles.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The tightness of the riddle makes you look for a clue in the very atmosphere that has developed in the college:


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The criminal, if he ever was here, is society.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

For Weir, it does not matter whether a sexual maniac was hiding among the rocks or the girls' own suppressed impulses led to an act of hysterical self-destruction.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The important thing is that psychological oppression did exist and that it was not invented by the victims themselves.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

According to Weir, any explanation of events on the rock, whether rational or mystical, is more likely to impoverish the effect of the story, because it rests on something banal: “As a child, I loved Sherlock Holmes, how I was disappointed by the elementary explanations of complex mysteries. I am always more fascinated by the mystery itself than the possible explanations it can explain” [9] [~ 6] He warned Lindsay against publishing the last chapter of the novel: “Don't reveal your secret. It's not the answer” [11].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Only 20 years after the book was published (and after the writer's death), the missing chapter was published under the title “The Secret of Hanging Rock” [12].


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The disappearance of girls in it was explained by paranormal activity.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

With the help of Miss McGraw, they fell into a “hole in space” (English: a hole in space) or “time warp” (English: time warp), and the corsets they dropped remained hanging in the air.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[12] At the same time, Miranda, Marion and McGraw underwent a metamorphosis: they turned into lizards.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Irma could not move off the cliff, as the portal slammed shut right in front of her.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The artistic world of film


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The European side


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The imaginative structure of the film is based on the opposition of two leitmotifs — the eternal Australian nature and the stronghold of European civilization in the middle of the Australian landscape — Mrs. Appleyard's College.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[1] [~ 7] The strangeness of a British college in this environment is revealed by a panoramic shot at the beginning of the film, representing a solid building of traditional European architecture surrounded by exotic trees that look like palm trees.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[1] In the novel, the school is called an “architectural anachronism”, and the script describes it as “a solid stone island of a landscape park in the middle of Bush, dreaming of Europe (hopelessly)”.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The Fitzgubert estate, where young Michael and coachman Albert live from the younger generation, is also painted in similar colors in the film.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] The elderly Fitzgubert couple, surrounded by Yorkshire Terriers, stands out sharply against the background of Australian nature with their frozen poses, ceremonious behavior and impeccable dress, especially during picnic by the cliff.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] While scenes from school life are accompanied by a Beethoven concert, during the Governor's reception with the Fitzguberts, we hear old chords of Mozart music and even the hymn “God Save the Queen.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Both the Fitzgubert House and Appleyard College are filmed with a fixed camera without any technical tricks, except for the influx installation technique.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The spirit of the college, all its values and flaws, is embodied by its owner and head, Mrs. Appleyard of the popular Victorian resort of Bournemouth on the English Channel.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Even with her hair, she resembles Queen Victoria.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[~ 8] Behind the facade of benevolent decency, this woman has “unsatisfied lesbian tendencies”; [13] Berardinelli calls her “a sexually ambiguous lady.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[14] Hidden needs of a deep personal nature are believed to motivate her attempts to impose strict discipline among girls and teachers.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock