Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

— 76 p.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

Yofa L. E.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

Lomonosov's contemporaries I. K. Kirilov and V. N. Tatishchev: Geographers of the First Half of the 18th Century —: Geographgiz, 1949.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

— 96 p. — Appendix: p. 88 — 92.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

(in translation) (1st edition — 1981).


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

Kusov V. S. On the cartographic heritage of V. N. Tatishchev//Geodesy and Cartography, 1988, No. 9.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

P. 38—41.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

Romanov S. //Russkaya Starina, 1879.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

— VOL. 26.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

— No. 11.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

— P. 540-543.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

Sarakaev M. O. Socio-economic views of V. N. Tatishchev.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

: MII.1997.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

— 82 p. - ISBN = 5-87919-030-3.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

— Bibliography.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

: pp. 316—327.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

//Bibliographic notes, 1858.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

— VOL. 1.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

— No. 7.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

— SPb. 198—200.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

References


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

Igor Gagin.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

Vsevolod Merkulov.


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

Category:Statesmen of the Russian Empire


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

Category:Associates of Peter I


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

Category: 18th-century historians


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

Category: Historians of the Russian Empire


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

Category:Geographers alphabetically


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

Category:Geographers of the Russian Empire


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

Category:City founders


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Vasily Tatishchev

Vasily Nikitich


Question: Is the mountain named after Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev?

Vasily Tatishchev

Category:Astrakhan Governors


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Vasily Tatishchev

Category:People from Togliatti


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Vasily Tatishchev

Category:Counterfeiters


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The Civil War in Somalia (since 1988) is a multilateral armed conflict that began with the struggle against the regime of Mohamed Siad Barre and led to the collapse of the state and an inter-clan war.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

At the same time, the US armed forces and UN peacekeepers were involved in the conflict.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Since 2006, a civil war has unfolded between the central Somali government and Islamists from the Union of Islamic Courts.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The strengthening of Islamic courts and the defeat of government troops forced Ethiopia to send troops to the neighboring country.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

After the Ethiopian army invaded Somalia, the Islamists were overthrown, after which the conflict entered the stage of guerrilla warfare.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In 2011-2012, at the initiative of Kenya, the AMISOM peacekeeping contingent (with the support of the Ethiopian army) carried out a fairly successful operation against the Islamists.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The fall of Siad Barre


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Armed opposition to Siad Barre's regime


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

After the defeat of the Somali army in the war with Ethiopia in 1978, the rule of Somali President Mohamed Siad Barre became more authoritarian and arbitrary, which led to an increase in opposition to its regime [1].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In April 1978, a group of disgruntled officers under the command of Colonel Muhammad Sheikh Usmaan of the Majertin clan attempted an unsuccessful military coup attempt.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

All 17 alleged conspirators, including Usmaan, were executed.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

One of the conspirators, Lieutenant Colonel Abdillaahi Yusuf Ahmad, fled to Ethiopia, founding the Somali Salvation Front (SSF) in exile, directed against the Siad Barre regime [2].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In October 1982, SSF merged with the radical left Somali Workers' Party and the Somali Democratic Liberation Front to form the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SDFS) [3].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In April 1981, a group of Isaag immigrants living in London formed the Somali National Movement (SNM) to overthrow the Siad Barre regime.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Later, the SNM moved its headquarters from London to Ethiopia, from where it launched its armed struggle against the Somali government.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 2 January 1982, SNM troops launched their first military operation from Ethiopian territory against the Somali regime, attacking Mandera prison near Berber and freeing several northern dissidents.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The Somali authorities responded by declaring a state of emergency, banned traffic to or from northern Somalia, and closed the border with Djibouti on January 8 to prevent rebels from trying to flee the country [ 4].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In mid-July, Somali rebels, supported by Ethiopian aircraft, invaded Central Somalia, threatening to split the country into two parts.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

They managed to capture the Somali border towns of Balumbale and Galdogob.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The Somali leadership declared a state of emergency in the war zone and called for help from the West to repel the invasion [5].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The United States and Italy have begun supplying military equipment to the Somali regime [6].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

According to the SNM, between June 1985 and February 1986, it carried out thirty operations against government forces. [


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

By February 1988, SNM rebels had captured three villages around Togochale, a refugee camp near the Ethiopian-Somali border [4].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

During this period, there was an improvement in Ethiopian-Somali relations.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On April 4, Siad Barre and Ethiopian leader Mengistu Haile Mariam signed a joint communiqué in which they agreed to restore diplomatic relations, exchange prisoners of war, start mutual withdrawal of troops from border areas, as well as the cessation of subversive activities and hostile propaganda against each other. [


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Somali revolution


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Faced with the cessation of Ethiopian military assistance, SNM launched an offensive in northern Somalia.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On May 27, SNM troops attacked Burao and Hargeisa [7], taking control of them.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Government forces under the command of President Mohammed Siad Hersi's son-in-law “Morgan” subjected Hargeisa to massive heavy gun fire and intensive aerial bombardment.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

As a result of fierce fighting, the second largest city in the country was destroyed by more than 70%, and more than 300,000 Isaags of the city's residents had to flee to Ethiopia [4] [8].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Faced with falling popularity, as well as armed and organized internal resistance, Siad Barre unleashed terror against the Majirtin, Hawiye, and Isaag clans [5].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

According to some reports, about 5,000 isaags were killed between May 27 and the end of December 1988, of which 4,000 died in battle, and the rest, including women and children, were allegedly stabbed with bayonets [9].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 14 July 1989, on the day of the Muslim holiday of Eid al-Adha, government forces arrested six prominent imams after morning prayers.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Red berets killed 450 Muslims protesting against the arrest of their spiritual leaders, and more than 2,000 people were injured.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The next day, 47 people, mostly from the Isaag clan, were taken to Jasiira Beach west of the city and executed [10] [11].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

It is estimated that by early 1990, between 50,000 and 60,000 people had died in Somalia, and about half a million more had fled the country, most of them to neighboring Ethiopia [12].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Since August 1990, the United Somali Congress (UCS) intensified their actions, attacking Mogadishu several times, and by the end of the year were reported to be 50 km from the capital.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

It was believed that the main obstacle deterring the USC was the clan's council of elders — which believed that the USC attack on Mogadishu would unleash massive government repression against civilians [12].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

From the end of November until the end of the year, more than 150 people died in Mogadishu, mainly as a result of fighting between the Abgal and Galgalo clans.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Abgal accused Galgalo of attacking them, which were incited by the government.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

12] In addition, many civilians were killed by shots from passing cars belonging to the army and security services. [


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

From December 1990 to January 1991, as the USC and the Somali Patriotic Movement (SPD) were approaching the capital, Siad Barre provoked fighting in the city.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Violent clashes broke out on 30 December between members of the Darod clan (many of whom were armed by Siad Barre) and Mogadishu's largest clan, the Hawiye, belonging mainly to the Hawiye, died [6].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On January 19, 1991, USC troops under the command of General Mohammed Farah Aidid entered the capital [6] [7].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On the evening of 26 January, Siad Barre was forced to leave Mogadishu, [13] retreating with the remaining forces to Kismayo.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In the countryside, Barre's retreating forces looted and devastated villages.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Only the northern parts of the country were saved from looting and fighting [14].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

This ended Siad Barre's 22-year reign.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Along with him, in January 1991, the Government, Parliament, the judiciary, the army, police, industry, hospitals, television and the press ceased to exist.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The country was on the verge of collapse and inter-clan strife.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Inter-clan warfare


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The beginning of armed clashes


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

After the rebels overthrew the Siad Barre regime, the United Somali Congress appointed Ali Mahdi Mohammed as interim president of the country on January 29, 1991 and appealed to other groups with a proposal to form a new government.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, other groups did not recognize the legitimacy of Ali Mahdi Mohammed's government.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

At the same time, the USC itself split into supporters of Ali Mahdi Muhammad and General Aidid.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The contradictions between the groups gradually grew into an armed confrontation.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 17 November, General Aidid's units, mainly staffed by members of the Habar Gedir sub-clan of the Hawiye clan, launched an offensive against Ali Mahdi Muhammad's positions, mainly staffed Abgal subclan.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Aidid's militants managed to capture most of the capital, but failed to oust Ali Mahdi Muhammad's forces from their strongholds in the north of the city [15].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

By the end of the year, Mogadishu was divided: Aidid's militants occupied the southern parts of the city, including the port and the international airport, while Ali Mahdi Muhammad's forces held the area around presidential palace in the center of the capital and the northern suburbs [5].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Africa Watch estimates that 14,000 people were killed and 27,000 injured in Mogadishu alone between November 17, 1991 and February 29, 1992. [


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In addition to fighting between the various warring factions, the situation in Somalia was aggravated by the humanitarian catastrophe that began.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

By 1992, almost 4.5 million people were at risk of hunger, chronic malnutrition and related diseases.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

It is estimated that a total of 300,000 people died in the country [17].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The fight against the Somali National Front


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Meanwhile, forces loyal to Siad Barra passed through Bay and Juba provinces after fleeing Mogadishu.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The troops led by Aidid pursued them [16].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The son-in-law of the ousted president, Mohammed Said Hersi “Morgan”, regrouped the remnants of the Somali National Army and, together with the son of the former Somali leader, Maslah, formed (SNF), which headed for struggle for the restoration of the former regime.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In March, forces loyal to Siad Barra launched an offensive to reclaim Mogadishu.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In September, they took Baidao [14].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In April and September 1991, the Marehan Somali National Front, under General Morgan, twice tried to take Mogadishu, but both times were pushing back Aidid's troops.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

At the same time, fighting took place around Kismayo.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In the summer of 1991, Siad Barre's supporters captured Baidoa, the capital of the Rahanwein clan, and launched repression against the local Rahanwein clan, which they considered an enemy of Siad Barre and one of the obstacles on his way back to power in Somalia.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Throughout the first half of 1992, fierce battles between the troops of Barre and Aidid took place on the territory of the Rahanwein clan, which led to the economic collapse of the local population [18].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Taking advantage of fighting between USC factions, the SNF launched another offensive against Mogadishu in March 1992.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

During this operation, the SNF killed many civilians from outside the Darod clan, but mainly from the Rahanwein and Hawiye clans, who were perceived to be supporters of the USC .


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In April, USC units under the command of Aidid recaptured the enemy from Afgoi and moved to capture the city of Gabra Harre near the Kenyan border, where Siad Barre established his base [19].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

After launching a counteroffensive, General Aidid's troops entered the traditionally controlled SNF areas inhabited by the Marehan sub-clan, attacking Marehan and clan civilians Darod, as well as organizing raids across the Kenyan border [16].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

After being defeated, Mohammed Siad Barre fled to neighboring Kenya in May of the same year.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, with the help of the Kenyan military, SNF forces under the command of Said Hersey “Morgan” soon recaptured the Gedo region, and captured Bardera in October [16].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In February 1992, the SNF, under the command of General Morgan, captured the port of Kismayo and moved towards Mogadishu.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

By the end of April 1992, Morgan troops numbering several thousand were already 30 kilometers west of Mogadishu.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

There was a battle between General Aidid's Somali Liberation Army and the Somali National Front of supporters of former President Mohammed Siad Barre.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

General “Morgan” was defeated and fled northwest to Baidoa.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Baidoa soon fell to Aidid's troops, and General Morgan lost the city of Garbaharre, the residence of former President Siad Barre, on April 28.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

After losing his residence, Siad Barre fled Somalia and never returned to Somalia until his death in 1995.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Meanwhile, on 15 May 1992, the Somali Liberation Army, after an hour and a half battle, recaptured Kismayo from General “Morgan”. [


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 25 January 1993, General “Morgan” again attacked Kismayo, which was then controlled by troops of Aideed's ally, Colonel Omar Jess.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

UN peacekeepers attacked the detachments of General Morgan, who violated the peace agreements, and he was defeated.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, on the second attempt, Morgan's troops captured Kismayo and knocked out Omar Jess's troops. [


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

22] On 17 March 1993, with the support of American troops, Aidid's forces recaptured Kismayo from Morgan. [


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

According to some sources, Morgan was involved in an attack on the streets of Mogadishu on 28 July 1996 on General Aidid, during which he was seriously injured and died shortly thereafter. [


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In 2001, General “Morgan” joined the Somali Reconciliation and Reconstruction Council (SRRC), established in March of the same year. [


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In October 2004, General Morgan, during a peace conference on the establishment of the transitional authorities, tried to recapture Kismayo, but was defeated by IGAD (Juba Valley Alliance) and was forced to military pressure to join the negotiation process and recognize the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia. [25] [26]


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In 1991, when Morgan was Minister of Defense in the government of Siad Barre, he commanded 54,000 soldiers.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

After 14 years, only 1,000 soldiers remained under his command of this army [27].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

UN peacekeeping operation in Somalia


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In January 1992, the UN Security Council imposed an arms embargo on Somalia [17].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Against the backdrop of the humanitarian catastrophe in Somalia, the UN Security Council established UNOSOM I mission on April 24.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Soon, they talked about the deployment of four peacekeeping battalions in Somalia to protect humanitarian operations.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, the first of these battalions (Pakistani), deployed in Mogadishu in the fall of the same year, was met with open hostility by local groups.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On October 28, General Aidid announced a ban on the further stay of the Pakistani battalion UNOSOM in the capital.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Soon, his troops opened fire on UNOSOM forces controlling the airport, and Ali Mohamed Mahdi's troops fired at ships carrying food on board trying to enter the port of Mogadishu.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On November 13, Pakistani forces in control of Mogadishu airport clashed with units of General Aidid. [17]


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On December 3, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 794, which, on the basis of Chapter VII of the UN Charter, authorized international forces going to Somalia to use “all necessary means” to ensure unhindered delivery of humanitarian aid.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The operation was called “Revival of Hope” (English: Restore Hope).


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The United States led the creation of the UN Operational Group (UNITAF), consisting of contingents from more than 20 countries.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 9 December, the first units of the United Nations Joint Task Force (UNITAF) landed on the coast near Mogadishu.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On December 13, US troops took control of the Beledweyne airfield, and by December 16 they had captured Baidoa. [17]


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The operation was successful, but UN forces allowed themselves to be involved in the internal Somali conflict and began to be attacked by militants of one of the contenders for the post of president of the country, field commander Mohammed Aidid.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

After several clashes between peacekeepers and militants, and in the context of the escalation of the conflict, on October 3, 1993, 18 American soldiers were killed in battle and two helicopters were shot down (see para. Battle of Mogadishu).


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In the US, these events were perceived by the public as a sign of America's involvement in the Somali civil war, which forced President Clinton to withdraw American troops from Somalia.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In March 1995, UN units from other countries also left the country.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

After Aidid's death in 1996, his son Hussein Farah Aidid took over the role of leader, but his faction never played much importance in the life of the country.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The conflict entered a latent stage, and clashes occurred only for economic reasons, such as sharing revenues from the arms market or controlling the export of resources.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Somalia has become a pirate base in the Indian Ocean.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Ship-taking and hostage-taking has become a frequent occurrence.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Pirates use boats, weapons — assault rifles and grenade launchers.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In 2000, an attempt was made to unite the country, when representatives of field commanders, gathered in the city of Arta, Djibouti, elected Abdul-Kassim Salad, a graduate of the Soviet university, president Hassan.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, field commanders supported by Ethiopia refused to obey him.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In 2004, Ethiopia lobbied for an alternative interim government headed by Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Following the establishment of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004, the Transitional Parliament held its first meeting in Baidoa in early 2006.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

At that time, the TFG [28] controlled almost all territories, including the southern “micro-zones”.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The war against the Islamists.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The continuation of hostilities


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Main article: Operation Enduring Freedom


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In the spring of 2006, Mogadishu became the scene of battles between Islamists from the Union of Islamic Courts (ICU) and pro-American warlords from the Counter-Terrorism Alliance for World Revival.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

By May, an inter-factional struggle had begun in southern Somalia, much more serious than in the previous decade.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The Union of Islamic Courts has faced a union confederation of the TFG, supported by the United States.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On June 5, the Union of Islamic Courts established full control over the capital, the decisive role in this was played by the formation of the field commander “Indaad”.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On June 14, 2006, Islamists from the Union of Islamic Courts, supported by heavy equipment, entered the city of Jowhar from three directions, with little or no serious resistance [30], and the next day they took 31] Beledweyne, which brought under their control the entire south of Somalia. [


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 21 July, ICU leader Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys called on “the Somali people to start a holy war against Ethiopians in Somalia”. [32]


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 24 September, the Union of Islamic Courts took control of the strategic port of Kismayo without a fight.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

A few months later, Islamists from the Union of Islamic Courts already controlled seven of the ten regions in southern Somalia, including Mogadishu.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

They called this a period of “unprecedented stability” and “a huge success in the fight against crime” [33].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The removal of roadblocks, the clearance of garbage, the opening of airports and seaports, as well as the emphasis on a broad judicial system, have led to increased security and freedom.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The current regime received broad support for the first time since the collapse of Somalia in 1991 (95%). [34]


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

It was noted that ordinary citizens were again able to walk safely on the streets of Mogadishu.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In response to the growing influence of ICU, Ethiopia increased its military presence in Baidoa and partly in Bakula and Gedo in support of the losing influence of the TFG.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

ICU strongly objected and insisted that all foreign troops should leave the country.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Further negotiations facilitated some dialogue between the TFG and ICU, but failed in the second half of 2006.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

As a result, ICU and Ethiopia mobilized their troops.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

A UN report published in November 2006 expressed concern about the uncontrolled flow of weapons into the country, which involved dozens of states that violated the embargo on deliveries.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

At the same time, there were fears that Somalia could become the scene of hostilities between Ethiopia and Eritrea.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The presence of foreign fighters in ICU has been of concern to the West.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The US policy towards Somalia has acquired a certain character.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

US officials claimed that the ICU leadership was under the control of al-Qaeda, and this would be seen as a reason for the US to support Ethiopia's actions.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Ethiopian intervention


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On December 13, Islamists blocked Baidoa, the only city under the control of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, [35] and stormed the city on December 21 [36].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On December 24, the Ethiopian Air Force launched air strikes on the positions of Islamists.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Ethiopian Information Minister Berhan Hailu said: “The Ethiopian government has been patient for a long time, but now a decision has been made on self-defense measures. We intend to counterattack the aggressive extremist forces of the Union of Islamic Courts and international terrorist groups” [37].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Islamist positions in Beledweyne, Bandiradli, Dinsur and Buur-Hakab were subjected to air raids.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On the same day, the Ethiopian government announced the launch of an operation “against extremists from the United Islamic Courts and foreign terrorist groups”, thereby officially declaring war on the Union Islamic Courts” [38].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

After entering Somalia and taking the border town of Belet Wayne on 25 December, government forces, with the support of the Ethiopian army and aviation, launched an offensive against the positions of the Union of Islamic Courts.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In the morning, the Islamists left Burhakaba [39].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

This was followed by Ethiopian-Somali troops occupying the cities of Dinsor and Galkayo in the south, and the city of Bulobarde in the north, after which the offensive continued in the direction of Jowhar. [


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On December 27, the Allies occupied Jowhar [41].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

After the fall of Jowhar, Ethiopian-Somali troops moved to Mogadishu.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In 30 km from the capital, the troops stopped and began to prepare for the assault on the city.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On December 28, the Islamists left Mogadishu without a fight [42], after which combined forces of the Transitional Federal Government and Ethiopia entered the capital.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

After losing the capital, ICU troops retreated to Kismayo.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 1 January 2007, Ethiopian-Somali troops captured Kismayo and also occupied the city of Jilib. [43]


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

44] On 13 January, the Government of Somalia declared a state of emergency in Somalia for a period of three months. [


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On the same day, troops of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, with the support of Ethiopian troops, captured the last stronghold of Islamist resistance, the settlement of Ras Kamboni. [45]


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, the units of the Union of Islamic Courts, scattered in the forest on the border with Kenya, switched to guerrilla warfare.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Against the background of these events, the United States intervened in the events in Somalia for the first time since 1994.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Within a month, US aircraft carried out several air strikes on the locations of the alleged location of the leaders of ICU and al-Qaeda in southern Somalia. [46]


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 23 January, Ethiopia began withdrawing its troops from a country torn by civil war. [47]


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

From February to May 2007, about 400,000 people left the capital, of which 125,000 later returned.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, the endless armed clashes between Islamists on the one hand and the Transitional Government and Ethiopian troops on the other continued to cause a massive exodus of civilians .


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

According to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, 6,000 people fled Mogadishu in June of the same year, and the following month the number of people who fled the city was more than 21,000 people.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

This conflict ended with Ethiopia withdrawing its troops from Somalia.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

As of 2007, 225 Ethiopian soldiers were killed, and among the fighters of the Union of Islamic Courts, losses during this period amounted to about 8,000 people [49].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In April 2008, the Autonomous Territory of Himan and Cheb, centered in Adado, led by Mohamed Ahmed Aden (Tiei), was proclaimed leaders of the Habar Gidir (Saleban, Air, Duduble) tribes [50].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The war in Somalia after the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 25 January 2009, the Ethiopian army withdrew from Somalia, leaving behind the Transitional Government and African Union troops.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The next day, militants of the radical Islamist movement “Al-Shabab” captured Baidoa without resistance.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Against this background, the new president of the Somali Transitional Parliament was sworn in on January 31 in Djibouti.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

It was a moderate Islamist Sharif Sheikh Ahmed [51].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, al-Qaeda leader Abu Yahya al-Libi soon called for jihad against the new president, accusing him of being a puppet of the United States [52] and overthrowing the new president a month later called on Al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden [53].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Despite this, in February, Sharif Ahmed agreed to agree to a truce with the Islamists and even introduce Sharia law in Somalia.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

54] On 10 March, the Government voted to introduce Sharia law in Somalia, [54] and on 18 April this decision was approved by the Transitional Parliament. [


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, the civil war in the country did not stop.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Following the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops, the southern part of the country soon came under the control of radical Islamists, who replaced local governments and introduced Sharia law everywhere on the controlled territories.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On May 7, 2009, Islamists attacked Mogadishu, occupied a large part of the city, but failed to overthrow the government, which remained on the few square kilometers left under its control.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In August 2010, the formation of a new autonomous region within Federal Somalia was officially announced.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Referred to as Awdaland or the State of Adal, the local administration does not recognize the claims of the separatist Somaliland government over sovereignty or its territory.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In the spring of 2011, another self-proclaimed state emerged on the territory of Somalia - on April 3, 2011, the independence of the state of Azania was declared in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, whose president was Mohamed Abdi Gandhi.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

As of July 2011, the Transitional Government controls 60 per cent of Mogadishu.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

However, the armed forces of the Transitional Government are very weak and unable to contain the offensive of Al Shabab troops.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Only the peacekeeping forces of the African Union (20,000 soldiers from Uganda, Burundi and some other countries) prevent Islamists from establishing full control over Mogadishu.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Recently, the situation on the fronts has stabilized.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Al-Shabab controls southern and central Somalia along with 40% of Mogadishu's territory.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The Transitional Government, together with African peacekeepers, controls 60% of Mogadishu's territory.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The rest of the country are occupied by independent states, or even are simply in a state of anarchy.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The situation of the transitional government is aggravated by internal political conflicts and the looting of government troops.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On August 6, Mogadishu was completely liberated from militants.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Meanwhile, the militants themselves called the retreat from the capital for at least 100 kilometers a “tactical maneuver”.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On October 4, 2011, a powerful explosion occurred in Mogadishu, killing more than 80 people.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

: A terrorist in a car bomb detonated an explosive device in a government quarter.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Among the dead and wounded are many military, security forces, as well as students.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The international community has strongly condemned the terrorist attack.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon described it as disgusting.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the explosion, the terrorists promised that the terrorist attacks would continue.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Kenyan intervention


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On 13 October 2011, two Spanish female employees of the non-governmental organization Médecins Sans Frontières, were abducted by Al-Shabaab in Kenya.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

They worked in a Somali refugee camp, where about 500,000 people currently live.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

[59] In response, Médecins Sans Frontières partially ceased operations in Kenya [60].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The death of one of the kidnapped, Maria Dedieu, became known on October 19 [61].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On October 16, 2011, the Kenyan army launched a military operation against Al-Shabaab in response to the kidnapping of foreigners.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Convoys of military equipment crossed the border into Somalia on Sunday.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

The purpose of the raid, according to the Kenyan authorities, is to oust the formations “Al-Shabab” from the border areas and prevent the penetration of militants into Kenyan territory.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

[62] Islamists have threatened to take revenge on Kenya on its territory if it does not withdraw its troops from Somalia.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Radicals declared “jihad” to the Kenyan military, who, together with the forces of the Somali government, are conducting an operation to destroy the militants “Al-Shabaab”.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On November 19, 2011, the Ethiopian army invaded Somalia to help Kenya with the offensive against Al-Shabab [64].


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In June 2012, Kenyan troops were formally subordinated to the AMISOM mission.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

On September 28, 2012, in a fierce battle, the city of Kismayo, the main citadel of Al-Shabab in southern Somalia, was captured.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

During the operation, Kenyan troops landed into the city from ships.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Operation Indian Ocean


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

In August 2014 began, organized by pro-government forces in Somalia.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

[67] On September 1, an American drone fired a shell that killed al-Shabab leader Godane.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

[68] This event was perceived as a great victory, and in anticipation of the dispersion of the main forces and the split of the factions, the Somali government announced a 45-day amnesty for moderate Al-Shabab militants.


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Notes


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Literature


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

References


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War

Media related to Somali Civil War at Wikimedia Commons


Question: Is the civil war in Somalia over in April 2019?

Somali Civil War


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The number of followers of major religions

Most of the inhabitants of the Earth are religious, professing one form or another of religion.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Christianity is the largest (in terms of the number of followers) religion in the world; during the 20th century, the share of Christians in the total population of the Earth practically did not change, remaining equal to 33%.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Islam is considered the second world religion (23% of the world's population).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The number of unbelievers and atheists is very controversial and is estimated by various studies in 11-16% of the world's population.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

A significant share of the world's population is made up of Hindus (14-15%), Buddhists (7%) and supporters of traditional religions.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Followers of Religions in 2010


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The table below shows the number of followers of the main religions.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The data are given for 2010 and are taken from three sources — the Encyclopedia “Religions of the World” by J.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Melton, Encyclopedia Britannica and a report from the American Research Center (PRC).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Major religions


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Christianity


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Followers of the world's largest religion have not preserved unity and are falling into tens of thousands of denominations.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Conventionally, all Christians can be divided into 4 main areas:


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Catholics unite more than half of the world's Christians (1.2 billion).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The vast majority of Catholics are members of the Roman Catholic Church.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Protestants are the second largest trend in Christianity in terms of the number of believers and number 800 million believers [4] [5].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The largest denomination within Protestantism is represented by Pentecostals (279 million) [6].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Other large Protestant groups, numbering tens of millions of followers each, are Anglicans, Baptists, Lutherans, Methodists, Presbyterians with Reforms, etc.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Orthodox Christians and believers of pre-Chalcedon churches are conditionally united in the third direction of Christianity.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

This direction includes believers of 15 autocephalous Orthodox churches (180-227 million), believers of pre-Chalcedonian (“ancient eastern”) churches (70 million) and supporters of churches not recognized by the world (canonical) Orthodoxy (17 million).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Marginal Christians have 33 million followers in their ranks.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In this direction, para-Christian groups that are not related to each other (Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses, etc.) are united.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Christians make up the majority of the population of Europe, North and Latin America, and Oceania.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In Africa, the proportion of Christians reached 47.9%; in Asia, followers of Christ account for only 8.5% of the population (278 million believers) [7].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Islam


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

There are no generally accepted classifications of movements in Islam.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Reports released by the Pew Research Center divide Muslims into Sunnis (87-90% of all Muslims in 2009) and Shiites (10—13%) [8].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

At the same time, the authors of the studies recognize that there are other groups in Islam, as well as the general Islamic movement of Sufism.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The World Christian Encyclopedia (WCE) divides Islam into the following 3 trends [9]:


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Sunnis (84.4% of all Muslims).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

According to the source, more than half of Sunnis (53%) adhere to the Hanafi law school; supporters of the Shafi'i and Malikite madhabs account for 24% and 22%, respectively.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The smallest madhab, the Hanbalites, has 2.3 million followers.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Among the Sunnis, the source separately singles out representatives of sectarian Sunni — the Wahhabis (7 million).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Shiites (14.3% Muslims).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The predominant direction within the framework of Shiite Islam is the Isnaasharites (more than 80%, the figure includes both Usulits and Akhbarites).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The Nizaris and Mustalites together represent the second largest movement in the Shiite branch of Islam — Ismailism (14% of all Shiites).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Zaidites (together with nuctavites) unite almost 5% of all Shiites.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The rest of the Shiite movements (Alawites, Sheikhites, Ahl-e Hakk, Bektashi, etc.) are extremely small in number.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Islamic schismatics (1.3% Muslims).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

This group includes various, unrelated Islamic sects.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The largest organization represented in this group is the Ahmadi (8 million in 2000).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Black Muslims (Nation of Islam, Moorish Scientific Temple, 5%, United Nation of Islam, American Muslim Society) numbered 1.65 million supporters in 2000.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The encyclopedia includes two more categories in the group of Islamic Schismatics: Kharijites (1.64 million, all of them Ibadites) and Druze (834,000).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

It should be noted that Russian-language sources usually define Kharijites as one of the three main movements in Islam (along with Sunnis and Shiites) [10] [11]; and Druze are usually considered Shiite sect [12] [10].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The rest of the Islamic sects unite 2.66 million supporters.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Muslims are not in the majority on any continent.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The largest share of Muslims is in Africa (40.5% or 334 million) and Asia (26% or 913 million).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The share of Muslims in Europe is 5.6% (39 million; together with the Asian part of Russia), in North America and Oceania - 1.6% each (5.7 million and 422 thousand, respectively), in Latin America only 0.3% (1.65 million) [7 ].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Hinduism


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Modern Hinduism falls into 5 main areas [10]:


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Vaishnavism is the largest trend of Hinduism in terms of the number of believers.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In 2000, 68% of all Hindus were Vaishnavs [9].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Shaivism is the second direction of Hinduism (in terms of the number of believers).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In 2000, 26% of Hindus adhered to the tradition of honoring Shiva [9].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Shaktism in 2000 brought together 3% of Hindus around the world.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Reformed Hinduism is represented by the Ramakrishna society, the Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj movements, etc.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The total number of supporters of reformed Hinduism in 2000 was 4 million people (0.5% Hindus) [9].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Neo-Hinduism is represented by various organizations such as Transcendental Meditation, Ananda Marga, Sri Chinmoy Center, Divine Life Society, Brahma Kumaris, International Society for Krishna Consciousness , Mission of Divine Light, etc.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Neo-Hinduism is the fastest growing trend in Hinduism.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In 2000, there were 15.2 million adherents of new religious movements of a neo-Hindu orientation in the world [9].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The majority of Hindus (814 million) live in Asia, where they make up 22.6% of the population.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In Oceania, Hindus (439 thousand) make up 1.5% of the population.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The share of Hindus in the population of the rest of the world does not exceed 1%.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

2.5 million Hindus live in Africa, 1.8 million in North America, 871,000 in Europe, and 747,000 in Latin America [7]


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Buddhism


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Buddhism is not a single religion and falls into hundreds of schools.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

It is customary to distinguish 3 main trends in Buddhism [9]:


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Mahayana is the largest branch of Buddhism in terms of the number of believers.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In 2000, 56% of the world's Buddhists were followers of the Great Chariot.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Theravada is the oldest branch of Buddhism.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In 2000, 38% of the world's Buddhists belonged to a Theravada school.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Tibetan Buddhism is practiced by 6% of Buddhists.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The majority of Buddhists (87% or 408 million) live in Asia.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Outside this part of the world, a significant number of Buddhists can be found in North America (3.7 million) and Europe (1.7 million).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In other parts of the world, the number of Buddhists is small: 672,000 in Latin America, 448,000 in Oceania, and 247,000 in Africa [7]


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Judaism


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Judaism breaks down into orthodox (traditional), reformist (progressive), conservative, reconstructivist.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Sometimes Hasidism is singled out separately, sometimes it is defined in Orthodox Judaism.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Sometimes Judaism distinguishes sectarian Judaism (Samaritans, Karaites) and marginal Judaism (black Judaism, etc.) [10].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The place of Messianic Jews, who occupy an intermediate position between Christianity and Judaism, in the confessional classification is controversial.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In the World Christian Encyclopedia, Jewish believers are divided into sub-ethnic groups.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

According to this method, groups within Judaism are [9]:


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Ashkenazi — 11 million


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Mizrahim — 2.4 million


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Sephardic — 1 million


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Karaites — 24 thousand.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Samaritans — 0.5 thousand


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Most Jewish believers live in two countries of the world — Israel (5.3 million) and the United States (5.22 million).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Accordingly, Asia (5.97 million) and North America (5.67 million) are leading in terms of the number of Jews among parts of the world.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

There are a lot of Jews in Europe — 1.9 million.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In Latin America, 907,000 people profess Judaism; in Africa — 125,000, in Oceania — 101,000 [7]


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Other religions


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Throughout the twentieth century, the share of followers of traditional religions and beliefs has been steadily declining.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

However, at the end of the 20th century, traditional beliefs attracted attention with the revival of European paganism (neo-paganism).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

It is obvious that this group includes thousands of different religious traditions that are very poorly related to each other.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

However, believers of traditional religions are sometimes divided into two main groups: animists (95%) and shamanists (5%) [9].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The majority of followers of ethnic religions live in Asia (133.7 million) and Africa (92 million), while in Africa they account for more than 10% of the continent's population.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In Latin America, supporters of these religions have 3.3 million followers, in North America — 1.6 million, in Europe — 1.2 million, and in Oceania — 293 thousand [7]


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Among traditional beliefs, supporters of the Chinese folk religion stand out separately.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The majority of believers of this religion live in China (435 million) [13].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In other Asian countries, the number of Chinese believers is 32 million.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

With the spread of the Chinese diaspora around the world, the number of supporters of the Chinese religion is growing on other continents; there are 762,000 in North America, 345,000 in Europe, and 167 in Latin America thousand, in Oceania — 85 thousand and in Africa — 61 thousand [7]


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

New religious movements (NRDs) and syncretic sects should be distinguished from traditional popular beliefs, despite the fact that most of them have an ethnic basis (for example, American, European, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese NSD, syncretic cults of Indians and Negroes of America, etc. [10]).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The classification of new religions, as well as the question of their boundaries, remains highly controversial.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Asia is the continent where the majority (58 million) adherents of new religions live.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

There are a lot of them in the Americas; in the North — 1.69 million, in Latin — 1.46 million.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

On other continents, their number is small: 353,000 in Europe, 107,000 in Africa and 85,000 in Oceania [7].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Spiritualists in this article are separated into a separate group, although some sources refer them to new religious movements [10].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

This group includes various African-American, Afro-Caribbean and Afro-Brazilian religions (voodoo, Paleria, Pokomania, Rastafarianism, Santeria, Umbanda, Shangoism, etc.).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The vast majority of spiritualists (87%) live in Latin America.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

It should be noted that the boundaries between spiritualism and other religions (primarily Christianity) are very vague.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Sikhism breaks down into orthodox Sikhism and sectarian Sikhism, which includes a dozen different reform groups and sects [10].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Most Sikhs live in India (22.9 million); in other Asian countries there are 400,000 Sikhs.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Thanks to emigration, prominent Sikh communities appeared in North America (680,000) and Europe (406,000).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

On other continents, the number of Sikhs is small: Africa — 58,000, Oceania — 35,000, Latin America — 6,000 [7]


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Despite their small number, the Baha'is are one of the most dispersed religions in the world.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The Asian Baha'i community has 3 million followers, and the African community has 1.7 million followers.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

On other continents, the number of Baha'is is insignificant: North America — 786,000, Latin America — 527,000, Europe — 134,000, Oceania — 87,000 [7]


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Jainism is divided into two main branches — digimbaru and vetambaru [10].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The vast majority of Jains (5.5 million) live in India; in other Asian countries there are only 13,000 Jainists.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Thanks to emigration, Jain communities appeared in North America (99,000), Africa (73,000) and Europe (16,000).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Oceania has ca.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

2 thousand Jains, in Latin America - 1 thousand [7]


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

It is extremely difficult to determine the number of Confucians, primarily due to the multi-confessionalism of the Chinese, who are Confucians and supporters of the Chinese folk religion at the same time.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

It is believed that 6.5 million Confucians live outside China (primarily in Korea).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Outside Asia (6.25 million), the number of confucians is insignificant.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

142,000 supporters of this religion live in North America, 40,000 in Oceania, 18,000 in Europe and Africa, and several hundred in Latin America [7].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Shinto is divided into two main trends — temple Shinto and sectarian Shinto [10].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The latter unites a dozen Shinto sects and communities.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

It is extremely difficult to estimate the number of Shinto due to the multi-confessionalism of the Japanese.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The vast majority of Shinto supporters live in Asia; outside Asia, large Shinto communities exist only in North and Latin America (62,000 and 7,000, respectively) [7].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The vast majority of Taoists also live in Asia, primarily in China and Vietnam.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Outside Asia, small Taoist communities exist in North America (12,000) and Oceania (4,000) [7]


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Supporters of Zoroastrianism are also concentrated mainly in Asia (156,000).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Outside its borders, Zoroastrian communities exist in North America (21,000), Europe (5,000), Oceania (2,000) and Africa (1,000) [7].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In 2000, the number of Yazidis was estimated at 226 thousand people (in 10 countries) [14].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Half of them live in Iraq, the rest in Iran, Turkey, Syria, Armenia and Georgia.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Small Yazidi communities can be found in the United States, Canada, Russia and Germany.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The number of Mandeans is estimated to range from 15,000 to 20,000 people [15]; until recently, all of them lived only in Iraq and Iran.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Thanks to emigration, small Mandean communities appeared in Syria, Jordan, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and some European countries (Great Britain, Sweden and the Netherlands).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Non-religious


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The category of non-religious people includes very different belief groups.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

A number of studies distinguish two groups in this category — non-religious people and atheists.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Atheists include people who are convinced of the absence of any deity, as well as skeptics, supporters of unbelief, and militant atheists.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Non-religious people include agnostics, supporters of freethinking, people who are not interested in religion or have no religious preferences.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

More than half of all non-religious people in the world live in one country — China (413 million agnostics and 98 million atheists).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

A significant number of non-religious people are concentrated in other Asian countries (100 million agnostics and 19 million atheists).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Thus, Asia is home to 80% of all agnostics and 85% of all staunch atheists on Earth.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

There are a significant number of unbelievers and atheists in Europe (98 million and 18 million) and North America (41 million and 2 million).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

A significant proportion of non-religious people are in the population of Oceania, where 3.8 million agnostics and 365 thousand atheists live.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Latin America is home to 15 million agnostics and 2.5 million staunch atheists.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The number of non-religious people in Africa is relatively small (5.5 million non-believers and 0.5 million atheists) [7].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The spread of religions


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Modern religions vary in their degree of distribution.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Christianity is the only religion represented in all countries of the world.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

It is believed that non-religious people (agnostics) can be found in almost all countries of the world, with the exception of the theocratic state of the Vatican.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In more than 100 countries around the world, you can find Baha'is, Muslims, Buddhists, Jews, Hindus, adherents of traditional beliefs, the Chinese religion and new religious movements.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The table below shows religions by number of countries of presence.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Data for 2000 are from the Christian World Encyclopedia, 2004 from Robert Ellwood's Encyclopedia of World Religions, and 2010 from Britannica Encyclopedia.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Population dynamics in the 20th century


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Of particular interest is the dynamics of the number of modern religions over the past century.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Christianity remained the fastest growing religion in the 20th century (in absolute figures).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

However, the increase in the number of Christians in the 20th century was equal to the average world population growth, so the total share of Christians in the population of the Earth practically did not change.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Throughout the twentieth century, the growth of Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs exceeded the global average; the share of adherents of these religions in the global population steadily increased.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

On the contrary, the share of Buddhists, Jews, supporters of traditional beliefs and the Chinese religion decreased in the twentieth century.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The dynamics of the number of non-believers and atheists during the 20th century underwent significant changes.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

<b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[30095,30102,3,3]}'>For most of the century, the proportion of religious people grew rapidly, reaching a peak by 1970.</b>


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

However, by the end of the 20th century, the share of religious people on the planet had significantly decreased.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The table below shows the evolution of the major religions in the 20th century.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Data for 1900 are taken from the World Christian Encyclopedia; data for 1970 and 2000 are taken from the Encyclopedia “Religions of the World” by J.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Melton and (first and second edition).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Predictions


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Various studies are trying to predict the number of supporters of major religions for the future.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Such projections take into account demographic trends and missionary efforts.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The table below gives projections for 2050 from three sources:


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The competition between Christianity and Islam


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Of great interest is the dynamics of the number of Christians and Muslims in the future.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Given that at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the growth of Muslims in percentage terms outstripped the growth of Christians, various futurologists made statements about the future numerical superiority of Muslims over Christians and the transformation of Islam into the world's largest religion.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Thus, the world-famous sociologist Samuel Huntington, in his work The Clash of Civilizations (1993), predicted that Islam would become the largest religion in the world in the first decade of the 21st century; according to According to this source, by 2025, the share of Muslims in the total population of the planet should reach 30%, and the share of Christians should fall to 25% [19].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The first part of this forecast can already be considered refuted, Huntington's forecast for 2025 is also refuted by most known studies.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

It is believed that Christianity will remain the dominant religion in 2050.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Opinions differ on longer-term forecasts.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

According to the PRC report, the number of Muslims and Christians will be equal by 2070, with each religion accounting for 32% of the world's population.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

According to the source, by 2100, Islam will become the largest world religion in terms of the number of followers (35% of the population), and Christianity will shift to second place (34%) [18] [20].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In their research, PRC analysts focused on demographic data.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

However, there are also opposing opinions.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Back in 1995, the Encyclopedia of the Future indicated that Christianity would remain the dominant religion in 2200.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

At the same time, the authors considered three possible scenarios (the general scenario, the scenario of the “Islamic revival” and the scenario of “growth of religiosity”), but in all cases by 2200 Christianity was ahead of Islam for more than 1.5 billion believers [21].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The World Christian Encyclopedia also mentions the dominance of Christianity until 2200 [14].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

David Barrett and Todd Johnson, exploring four possible scenarios, also conclude that Christianity dominated both in 2100 and 2200 in their World Christian Trends [22].


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Calculation methodology


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

When determining the number of believers in a particular confession, five main methods are combined [23]:


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Reports of religious organizations.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

When using such sources, it is taken into account that a number of organizations deliberately overestimate (less often underestimate) the number of their supporters.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

It is also taken into account that different religious groups define membership in them in different ways: in order to become a member of some faiths, it is necessary to go through a long process of initiation (sometimes available only at a conscious age).


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Population censuses.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Often, the question of religious preference is included in the columns of the population census.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

This source is recognized as a reliable way to determine religious identity.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

However, a significant number of countries do not conduct censuses or do not include a question on religion; moreover, censuses are infrequent and may become significantly outdated.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Some governments have been accused of falsifying census data, including data on religious identity.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Surveys.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The accuracy of such a source of information largely depends on the quality of the study, primarily on its representativeness.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Survey data are rarely able to identify the exact number of believers in small religious groups.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

In some countries, members of religious minorities may shy away from answering surveys or give the wrong answer.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Estimates based on proxy data.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Adherents of some tribal religions are sometimes counted by counting tribal members, implying that all members of the tribe adhere to the same religion.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Some Orthodox churches use this method.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Such estimates can be very unreliable.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Field research is often used to determine the number of small religious groups.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

This is often the only way to determine the number of small organizations, especially semi-closed sects.


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

See also


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

The number of Christians


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Demographics of atheism


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Notes


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Literature


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

in Russian


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

in other languages


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text (link)


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Category:Population


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Category:Demographics


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Category:Religion and Society


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Category:Religious studies


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Category:Atheism


Question: How many people in the world practice Buddhism in 2019?

Category:Islam and other religions


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

North Sea (formerly also the German Sea [1]; French: Mer du Nord, German: Nordsee, Dutch: Noordzee, West Frisian: Noardsee, English: North Sea, Norwegian: Nordsjøen, Danish: Nordsøen or Vesterhavet) — the shallow shelf sea of the Atlantic Ocean, washing the shores of northern Europe.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

It is located between the British Isles in the west, the Jutland and Scandinavian peninsulas in the east and continental Europe in the south.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

It washes the shores of Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Great Britain.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The area is 750 thousand km² [2].


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The greatest depth is 725 m [3].


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

More than 2/3 of the sea has a depth of less than 100 m; in the southern part there are shallows (Dogger Bank, etc.).


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Large rivers flow: Elbe, Weser, Rhine, Thames.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The main ports are Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Antwerp, London, Hamburg, Oslo, Bergen [3].


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The shallow coastal part to the south sometimes stands out under the name of the Wadden Sea.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Hydrography and hydrology


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The North Sea is located in the northeastern part of the Atlantic Ocean, being the marginal sea of the latter.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Stretching between Northwest Europe and Great Britain, Orkney and Shetland, it connects to the Norwegian Sea in the north, and through the Skagerrak, Kattegat and Danish Straits to the east the Straits (Great Belt, Little Belt and Oresund), as well as the Kiel Canal - with the Baltic, and in the south-west through the Straits of Pas-de-Calais and the English Channel communicates with the Atlantic.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

In very ancient times, this marine basin was part of the vast plains of Northern Europe, which at the end of the ice age was flooded by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Together with Skagerrak Bay, the area of the North Sea is 565,000 km² [3].


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Isobaths show that the North Sea is relatively shallow: its average depth is 95 m. [2] In the southern part of the sea, there are shallows, the water layer above which does not exceed 40 m; under the influence of winds and strong sea currents, they are constantly moving, which makes navigation very difficult.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The greatest depths (including the maximum — 725 [3]) are found in the deep-water Norwegian Trench, which stretches along the southern coast of Norway from the Skagerrak Strait to the Norwegian Sea; deep-water faults — more than 450 m — were also found in the western part of the sea, for example, east of Edinburgh.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

A characteristic feature of the bottom relief of the North Sea is a sharp change in depths and extensive shoals, called banks here.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Above the largest of them, Dogger off the eastern coast of England, the depth is only 15-30 m. Once there was a plateau rising above the plain, but now huge schools of fish accumulate in the waters well warmed by the sun and rich in food.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Another famous stranded is Goodwin Sand off the coast of Kent in southeastern England.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The surface water temperature in February (minimum) ranges from 2° C in the Skagerrak Strait to 7.5° C in the northwest, and in August (maximum) - from 12.5° C to 18° C, respectively; this, in particular, is due to the impact of the warm North Atlantic Current, which comes here from the Norwegian Sea.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

It is noticeably colder on the border with the Baltic.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The salinity of the water is 32—34.5 ppm in coastal waters and reaches 35 ‰ in the open sea [2].


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

In the east, the salinity of the North Sea is noticeably lower due to the influx of cold and less salty waters of the Baltic, as well as the confluence of such large rivers as the Rhine, Elbe, Weser, Scheldt and the Thames into it [4].


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Throughout the year, westerly, south-west and north-west sea winds prevail, bringing frequent fogs and rains, and then the waves raised by gusts of wind reach 6-7 m, and off the coast of Scotland - 11 meters, which greatly complicates navigation.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The tides range from 0.2 m off the coast of Norway to 7.6 m off the coast of England; sea currents are oriented counterclockwise and move at a speed of about 1 km/h.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Coasts


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

German coast


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The shores of Germany, the southern border of the North Sea, are swampy lowlands that hide under water during sea tides.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Along the coast stretches a chain of North Frisian Islands (the largest of them is Sylt) and East Frisian Islands, partially owned by Denmark.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Since Northern Germany is located in the westerly sea wind zone, winters in these places are most often mild, with an average January temperature of 1° C, and summers are quite cool at about 16° C (July).


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Due to the high content of fertile marine sedimentary rocks, huge areas of soil along the coast — the so-called marches — are very fertile.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The once deserted island of Heligoland, which belonged to Germany, is now a popular resort.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Netherlands coast


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The Netherlands, Germany's western neighbor, is a relatively small country; however, its coastline is 451 km long [5].


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

From century to century, protecting the shores from the destructive waves of the North Sea, the Dutch created a whole system of protective ramparts, dams, canals and locks.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The experience in draining lakes, bays and coastal sections in these parts has a long tradition, which today is multiplied by the most complex equipment used in the construction of new waterproof structures.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Windmills are an integral part of the Dutch landscape, which help pump water and turn salt swamps into fertile fields; this is how the Zuidersee Bay once arose the largest and most famous polder in the country.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

In 1958, the Netherlands launched the Delta Plan reclamation program, and in three decades, the country's territory increased from 32.4 thousand km² (1950) [6] to 36.9 thousand km² (1980).


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Over centuries of hard work, the Dutch have managed to reclaim significant areas from the sea, and today about 40% of the territory of this state is below sea level, and almost 35% protrudes above the sea no more less than 1 m. In the east of the country there are hilly moraine plains, protected from the sea by ridges that appeared here relatively recently — about a thousand years ago.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The Netherlands owns the West Frisian Islands.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

In the northeastern province of Groningen, a large gas field has been explored and a small oil field has been explored.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Belgian coast


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Belgium's coast is an almost continuous alluvial lowland that rises only 5 m above sea level; there are also many fertile polders, and some of them are below sea level.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Several ridges of sand dunes form a “protective belt” along the coast almost 4 km wide and up to 30-40 m above sea level.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

From the territory of Belgium, such deep rivers as Schelde and Meuse flow into the North Sea.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The mouths of the Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt and other rivers are reliably protected from the unexpected invasion of the North Sea waves by a system of dams equipped with locks.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

UK coast


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

To the west, the North Sea is limited to Great Britain, the largest of the British Isles.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

This neighborhood creates an additional temperature anomaly: in winter it is much warmer here than in other regions located at the same geographical latitude — the average monthly temperature in January here ranges from 4 to 7° C.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

At the same time, due to the proximity of the sea, it is cool off the coast of Great Britain in summer and the temperature does not rise above 13—17°C [7].


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The rainfall is moderate — 750 mm per year (for comparison: in western Norway it is 2000-3000 mm).


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Local rivers, as a rule, have long funnel-shaped estuaries — estuaries, from which river sediments are carried far into the sea.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Large seaports are located in estuaries protected from waves, artificially deepened for ease of navigation.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

One of them, Aberdeen, Scotland, used to serve fishing fleets in the North Atlantic and the North Sea, and today it is also a large industrial hub where oil and gas pipelines coming from the North Sea fields.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Proven offshore oil and gas reserves have become an important help for the economy, and today the UK is one of the main producers of hydrocarbons in Europe.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Located north of most Scotland, the Orkney Archipelago consists of almost seven dozen islands with an area of 975 km².


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

The main archaeological “highlight” of these places is the settlements of the late Neolithic and megaliths, built in 2.5-3 thousand years BC.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Locals, as in the old days, are engaged in fishing, as well as raising cattle and sheep.


Question: How old is the North Sea?

North Sea

Further north, on the border with the Norwegian Sea, are the Shetland Islands.