Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

This led to the redefinition of existing phenotypic categories and the emergence of new subspecies based on one or another genetic mutation.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The following is a modern classification of albinism.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

GCA is characterized by the absence or decrease in the amount of melanin in the skin, hair, and visual system (including the optic nerve).


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The lack of pigment in the skin not only affects its color, but also increases the risk of skin cancer.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Discrimination against albinos


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In some countries, albinos are often the targets of ridicule, harassment and discrimination.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In Tanzania, in recent years, more than 20 albinos have fallen victim to beliefs and superstitions that the skin, meat and bones of albinos can be successfully used to treat all kinds of diseases.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

These rumors are sometimes deliberately spread by local healers.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

As a result of these superstitions, the lives of many Tanzanian albino people are in danger on a daily basis.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Rumors about the healing properties of albinos began to gradually spread in neighboring Kenya [8].


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

In Israel, there was a case of asylum granted to a refugee family from Côte d'Ivoire in which an albino girl was born [9].


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Albinism in film and literature


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Fictional albino characters:


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Griffin is the protagonist of H.G. Wells's novel The Invisible Man.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Powder is the main character of the film “Powder”.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Marie is a character in “Blindness” (2007) directed by Tamar van den Dop.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Monsieur Zenith is the robber from the stories of Henry Blythe


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Silas is an albino monk from Dan Brown's novel The Da Vinci Code.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Mark Parcezzi III is an albino clone, an assassin from the computer game Hitman: Blood Money.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Mr. Dragon is a minor character in Trevagnan's novel The Sanction of Iger.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Knight Iron is a cyborg albino, the main character of Michael Drau's novel “Genmu”.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Elric of Melnibone — The Eternal Warrior


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Brinden Rivers (also known as the Blood Raven) is a character in George Martin's short story series The Tale of Dunk and Egg, the illegitimate son of King Aegon IV the Unworthy and his sixth favorite Milessa Blackwood.


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Grey-haired and Rabbit are secondary characters in Mariam Petrosyan's book “The House Where...”


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Prussia is the hero from the anime “Hetalia and the Axis Countries”


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Firefly is the hero of the film “Colors of the Mountain” (2010) directed by Carlos Cesar Arbelaes


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Kaoru Nagisa is a character in the anime “Evangelion”


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Gintoki Sakata is the protagonist of the Gintama manga and anime


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Irisfil von Einzbern — Fate/Zero anime character


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Iliasfil von Einzbern is a character in the anime and visual novel by Fate/Stay Night


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Zarxis Break, Levi Baskerville and Will of the Abyss (White Alice) - Pandora Hearts anime and manga characters


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Tobirama Senju is a character in the Naruto universe


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

The White Rabbit (English: The White Rabbit) is a character in Lewis Carroll's book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Snow White is a character in the Snow White and Alice manga


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

See also


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Leukism


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Melanism


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Xanthism


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Erythrism


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Heterochromia


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Plant chlorosis


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Notes


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Literature


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

References


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Category:Pigmentation disorders


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Category:Metabolic diseases


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Category: Developmental anomalies


Question: Which animal's genes are closest to the human genotype?

Albinism

Category:Mutations


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Figure skating is a speed skating [1] sport that belongs to complex coordination sports.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The main idea is to move an athlete or a couple of skaters on ice with changes in the direction of sliding and performing additional elements (spins, jumps, combinations of steps, supports, etc.) to music.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

In 1908 and 1920, figure skating competitions were held at the Summer Olympics; figure skating was the first winter sport to be included in the Olympic program.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Since 1924, figure skating has always been included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

From 1886 to the present, official international figure skating competitions, such as the World Championships, the European Championships, the Four Continents Championship and others, are held under the auspices of International Skating Union (ISU, from English. International Skating Union, ISU).


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Group synchronized skating is not yet included in the program of official competitions, and a separate World Synchronised Skating Championship is being held for this type of figure skating.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Since 2014, figure skating team competitions have been included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

History


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

General history


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The origins of figure skating lie in the distant past and go back to the Bronze Age (late 4th — early 1st millennium BC), as evidenced by the findings of archaeologists - bone skates made from the phalanges of the limbs of large animals.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Similar findings are found in many European countries, and the oldest “skates” were discovered on the banks of the Southern Bug near Odessa [2].


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

(Main article Figure skates)


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

However, the birth of figure skating as a sport is associated with the moment when skates began to be made of iron, and not bone, as before.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

According to research, this first happened in Holland, in the 12th-14th centuries.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Initially, figure skating was a competition in the skill of drawing a variety of figures on the ice, while maintaining a beautiful pose.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The first figure skating clubs appeared in the 18th century in the British Empire, in Edinburgh (1742).


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

A list of mandatory figures for performance in competitions and the first official rules of the competition were also developed there.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Artillery Lieutenant Robert Jones published A Treatise on Ice Skating (1772), in which he described all the main figures known at the time [2].


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

From Europe, figure skating came to the United States and Canada, where it has received a huge development.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Numerous figure skating clubs were created here, new models of skates were developed, and its own school of technology was created.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

When Jackson Haynes, a figure skater from the United States, came to Europe on tour in the 1860s, it turned out that even the most experienced European figure skaters had a lot to learn from him.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Nikolai Alexandrovich Panin-Kolomenkin wrote [3]:


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

... he (Jackson Heinz) showed astonished Europeans completely unexpected opportunities to perform coherent sequences, fast-paced figures and elegant rhythmic dances in the most beautiful productions and graceful body movements.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The influence of his art was enormous.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

It served as the impetus that caused a huge qualitative leap forward and subsequently led to the formation of a new form of art manifestation.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

After 100 years (since 1742), almost all modern mandatory figures and the main techniques for their performance were already known in figure skating, as evidenced by the books “Art skating” by D. Anderson, President of the Glasgow City Skating Club, and the work of X. Maxwell Whitman from London.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

These books contain descriptions of all eights, triples, hooks and other elements that underlie modern figure skating.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

At the First Skating Congress in 1871, figure skating was recognized as a sport.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

In 1882, Europe's first official figure skating competition took place in Vienna.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

However, initially, as noted by Alexey Mishin, “it was a kind of behind-the-scenes competition”, [3] as only a few athletes took part in them.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

But the approach to the competition changed after the best figure skaters from all over the world were invited to St. Petersburg in 1890 for competitions dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the skating rink in the Yusupov Garden.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

US Champion L. Ruben-Stein, German champion F. Kaiser, the best figure skaters in Austria, Finland, England, Holland, Sweden, Norway.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The competition acquired the status of an “unofficial world championship”, and Alexey Lebedev, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Society of Ice Skating Fans, became the winner of these competitions in all types of the program.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The following year, in 1891, Hamburg hosted the first European Championships in men's singles (won by German figure skater Oscar Uhlig).


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

But the demonstration of the international scale and potential of figure skating, shown at the competitions in St. Petersburg, haunted me.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Therefore, in 1892, the International Skating Union (ISU) was created, which was supposed to lead the organization of international competitions.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Four years later, in 1896, the first World Figure Skating Championships took place in St. Petersburg (winner — Gilbert Fuchs, German Empire).


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

In 1903, in honor of the 200th anniversary of St. Petersburg, the St. Petersburg Society of Ice Skating Fans was granted the right to host the 8th World Championship (1st place — Swede Ulrich Salkhov, 2nd place — Nikolai Panin-Kolomenkin).


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

History of disciplines


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The first figure skating competitions were held only among men singles, and women figure skaters were able to participate in the world championships only 10 years later.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

However, in 1901, under public pressure, ICS, as an exception, allowed an Englishwoman Mege Sayers to participate in men's competitions.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Officially, the first Women's Singles World Championship was held at the end of January 1906 in Davos, Switzerland.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The obligatory figures for women and men were similar, but the free skating of women immediately attracted attention with the high artistry, plasticity and musicality of movements.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

We can say that pair figure skating appeared immediately after the popularization of this sport.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

But officially, the first competitions were held only in 1908 in St. Petersburg.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

German figure skaters Anna Hübler and Heinrich Burger went down in history as the first Olympic champions in pair skating.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

This type of figure skating, ice dancing, originated in the late 1940s in the UK, and then spread around the world.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

In 1952, dance sports were included in the program of the World and European Championships.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

During the first 10 years, British figure skaters won all major international competitions.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Ice dancing has been included in the program of the Winter Olympics since 1976.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Lyudmila Pakhomova and Alexander Gorshkov became the first Olympic champions in ice dancing.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Synchronized figure skating is the newest figure skating discipline.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

In its modern form, synchronized skating appeared in the 1960s in the United States, but the idea of group skating appeared much earlier.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

For example, in Russia, group skating competitions (pairs, fours, eights) were held back in the mid-1920s [4], but then this type of ice skating did not gain popularity.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

In the United States, this sport began to develop as an entertainment for spectators during breaks in hockey matches.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

It turned out that synchronized skating is a very bright and interesting sport.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The first official synchronised figure skating competition was held in 1976 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

In 1994, ISU officially recognized synchronized figure skating as the fifth discipline of figure skating.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

In 1996, Boston (USA) hosted the first Synchronised Figure Skating World Cup.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The first World Cup under the auspices of ISU was held in 2000 in Minneapolis.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Since the beginning of the competition, the teams of Sweden and Finland have held the leading positions [5].


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

This sport is most popular in Canada, the USA, Sweden, Finland, Great Britain, and France.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Types of figure skating


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Men's and women's singles


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

A figure skater in single skating must demonstrate mastery of all groups of elements — steps, spirals, spins, jumps.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The higher the quality and complexity of the elements performed, the higher the level of the athlete.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Important criteria are also the connection of the athlete's movements with music, plasticity, aesthetics and artistry.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Singles competitions are held in 2 stages: the first stage is the short program, the second stage is the free program.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Pair skating


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The task of athletes in pair skating is to demonstrate mastery of the elements so as to create the impression of unity of action.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

In pair skating, along with traditional elements (steps, spirals, jumps), there are elements that are performed only in this type of figure skating: supports, spins, throws, todes, joint and parallel rotations.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

An important criterion for paired athletes is the synchronicity of the performance of elements.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

In pair skating, as well as in singles, competitions are held in two stages — short and free programs.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Sports dances


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

In ice dance sports, from a technical point of view, the main attention is paid to the joint performance of dance steps in standard and non-standard dance positions, and are not allowed long-term separations of partners.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Unlike pair figure skating, there are no jumps, emissions, etc.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

distinctive elements of pair figure skating.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

In sports dancing, an important component of success is the smooth movements and attractive appearance of the couple, so much attention is paid to musical accompaniment and careful selection of costumes for of every competition program.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Thanks to this, sports dance is one of the most spectacular areas in figure skating.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The modern program of official competitions includes 2 dances: rhythm dance and free dance.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Synchronized skating


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The synchronised skating team consists of 16 to 20 figure skaters.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The team can include women and men.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

According to the rules of the ICS (ISU), teams are divided into the following age groups: novelties (compliance with the first and second sports categories) — up to 15 years; juniors (candidates for master of sports) — 12-18 years old; seniors ( Masters of Sports) — 14 years and older [6].


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Neither technique, nor sliding, nor the performance of individual elements in synchronized skating differ from classical figure skating.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

But there is a certain specificity of skating in a team that makes its own adjustments to the performance of the elements.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The goal is to present the team as a whole.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Synchronized skating has its own special mandatory elements, such as: circle, line, wheel, intersections, blocks.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Prohibited movements: any support, jumps more than 1 turn, crossings that include spirals back, etc.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Synchronised skating competitions consist of a short and free program.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Rules and equipment


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

All program requirements (general rules, special rules and technical rules) are stipulated and fixed in the regulations of the ICS for each season of figure skating competitions.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The main elements of figure skating


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

In figure skating, there are 4 main, basic elements: steps, spirals, spins and jumps.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

There are also a number of specific elements performed in one type of figure skating, for example, support, spin, emissions, todes in pair skating.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Steps


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Steps are combinations of jerks and basic elements of skating — arcs, triples, braces, brackets, hooks, hooks and loops, with which the skater moves around the site.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The steps are used to connect items in the program.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

In addition, footpaths are a must-have element of the program.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

According to the current judging system, there are 4 levels of difficulty of tracks.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Spirals


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

A spiral is a position with one skate on ice and a free leg (including knee and boot) above hip level.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The positions of the spirals differ from each other by the sliding leg (right, left), the edge (outer, inner), the direction of sliding (forward, backward) and the position of the free leg (back, forward, to the side).


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

In order for the spiral to count, you need to be in position for at least 7 seconds.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

They, as well as footpaths, are rated at four levels of difficulty.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Rotations


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The curvature of the runner caused the appearance of a large number of different spins on the blade of one or two skates in figure skating.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

There are standing rotations (for example, “bend”), squat rotation (“top”) and rotation in the “swallow” position (Libela).


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Changing the leg when performing spins and changing the position allows you to perform a combination of spins.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Jumping


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Jumps are divided into two groups — rib and toe (tooth).


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Repulsion from ice in rib jumps occurs from the edge of the skate, in sock jumps - by pushing the toe of the skate.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Currently, figure skaters perform 6 main types of jumps — toe loop, salchow, rittberger, flip, lutz and axel.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Salchow, Rittberger and Axel refer to edge jumps; toe loop, flip and Lutz refer to tooth jumps.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Figure skating as a physical education


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

We are used to seeing “sports of the highest achievements” on TV, in which children are often preschoolers, and a 30-year-old athlete is considered a veteran.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

However, skates are good physical education for older ages.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

As M. Khvostov in 1926, who got used to ice skating, but did not want to “wind circles” aimlessly, does not have such a large choice: speed running, hockey and practicing figure skating techniques.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

[7] Running and hockey are not interesting for everyone, so there are a lot of people who are fond of figure skating (often hockey skates).


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Someone Dan Perceval promotes Extreme Ice Skating, a type of figure skating adapted specifically for men's plastic and hockey skates.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

There are non-qualifying competitions for former athletes and people who have mastered skating in adulthood.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

If there are few participants, men and women can have a common standings (the division is based on the level of skating — for example, pre-bronze jumps up to one turn are allowed, except Lutz [8]), if there are a lot of participants, addition to the level is divided by age.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Singles are usually divided into four to five groups, pairs into two or three.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Singles and couples roll back one shortened program, dancers — two dances.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

At such competitions, there are unusual disciplines — for example, dancing alone, improvisation (participants listen to music, after which they are given half an hour to create a program) or mandatory figures.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Figure skating in culture


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Anime series “Yuri!!! on Ice” (yap. !! on Ice Yuri he Aisu, letters. Yuri on Ice) (Japan, 2016)


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The film “Attainment” (letters. Achievement; directed by Michael Boroda, starring Roman Sadovsky) (Canada, 2018) [9]


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The film “Ice” (directed by Oleg Trofim, starring Aglaya Tarasova and Alexander Petrov) (Russia, 2018)


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

The story “Black Gold” (author Ivan Samokhin) (Novaya Literatura magazine, 2018) [10]


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

See also


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Olympic medalists in figure skating


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

World Figure Skating Championships medalists


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

European Figure Skating Championships medalists


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Medalists of individual national championships


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Notes


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

References


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

, approved by Order No. 1299 of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2010.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Literature


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Medvedeva I. M. Figure skating.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

—: Olympic literature, 1997.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

Chaykovskaya E.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

A. Figure skating.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating

—: Physical Education and Sports, 2003.


Question: When did women get the right to practice karate in Russia?

Figure skating


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Potsdam Conference (also known as the Berlin Conference) was the third and last official meeting of the leaders of the Big Three, the three largest powers of the anti-Hitler coalition in World War II: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and Chairman IN. Stalin, US President G. Truman and British Prime Minister W. Churchill, which took place after the victory over Hitler's Germany and on the eve of the entry of the USSR into the war with Japan to develop a post-war program of peace and security in Europe and the world as a whole.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Potsdam Conference was held from July 17 to August 2, 1945 in the immediate vicinity of Berlin, the destroyed capital of defeated Germany, in Potsdam at the Cecilienhof Palace.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The agenda of the Potsdam Conference primarily included issues related to defeated Germany: the reconstruction of the political life of the Germans on a peaceful and democratic basis, economic disarmament of the country and at least partial compensation for material damage caused to other countries, as well as punishment of Nazi criminals, whose activities turned out to be innumerable scourge and suffering of humankind.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The conference in Potsdam also discussed issues of peaceful settlement of relations with countries that fought on the side of Germany — Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Finland.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The conference participants also exchanged views on the restoration of Austria's state independence, as well as assistance in the revival and development of the allied countries of Poland and Yugoslavia [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Preparatory phase


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The first two meetings of the “big three” took place at the end of 1943 in Tehran and at the beginning of 1945 in Yalta.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The question of the need for a new meeting of the heads of government of the USSR, the United States and Great Britain, which received the code name “Terminal” [2], began to be discussed shortly after the surrender of Hitler's Germany.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

At the suggestion of I. IN. Stalin decided to hold a meeting in the vicinity of Berlin, in his opinion, it was convenient and politically correct.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The fully preserved Cecilienhof Palace, the former residence of Crown Prince Wilhelm, was chosen for the conference of the heads of government of the three powers.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In Cecilienhof, 36 rooms and a conference hall with three separate entrances have been completely renovated.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

A round meeting table manufactured by the Moscow Lux factory for meetings in the large hall of the palace was specially delivered from the USSR [3].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Crown Prince's salon was allocated as a service room for the American delegation, and a service room of the Soviet delegation was located in the Crown Prince's office.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

For the high-level conference, many flower beds were laid out in the New Garden, where Cecilienhof is located, and hundreds of ornamental trees were planted.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Numerous villas that could accommodate all delegations also remained unharmed near the Cecilienhof Palace in Neubabelsberg.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

AND. IN. Stalin lived in Potsdam in the villa of fur merchant Paul Herpich, designed by Swedish architect Alfred Grenander [4].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Nevertheless, according to the memoirs of G. K. Zhukova, and I. IN. Upon arrival at the allotted villa, Stalin was informed that it previously belonged to General Ludendorf [5].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The leadership of the American delegation was placed in Potsdam in the mansion of publisher Karl Muller-Grothe, now known as the Truman Villa and the headquarters of the Friedrich Nauman Foundation.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Y. Churchill is located in the villa of Berlin banker Franz Urbig overlooking Lake Gribnitzsee, designed by architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe on modern Virchowstrasse [4].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Y. Churchill was worried about the timing of the meeting.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

He wanted to personally take part in this meeting, but he was not sure of the victory of the Conservative Party in the upcoming parliamentary elections in Great Britain on July 5, 1945, so I. IN. Stalin and G. Truman will meet in mid-June.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In a telegram dated May 12, 1945, he called on US President G. Truman to hold a meeting while US troops occupy part of the Soviet zone of occupation of Germany and Anglo-American forces in Europe are not weakened by the transfer of contingents to the Far East.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In turn, G. Truman delayed the meeting until an atomic bomb was tested in the United States in order to use “atomic diplomacy” in negotiations with the Soviet side.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The final date for convening the Potsdam Conference, July 15, was agreed during negotiations with G. Hopkins in Moscow at the end of May 1945, and W. Churchill was forced to agree.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In case of defeat in the elections, for the sake of continuity, he even arrived at the Potsdam Conference together with the leader of the Labor Party K. Attlee, who on July 28 replaced W. Churchill at the head of the British delegation [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The delegations of the United States and Great Britain arrived in Germany on July 15 at the Gatov airfield.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The British delegation arrived in Germany by plane, and the US delegation traveled to the coast of France on the cruiser Quincy, from there flew to Berlin on the US President's Holy Cow plane.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Before the conference, U. Churchill and G. Truman separately visited Berlin and saw the destroyed city.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

AND. IN. Stalin V. M. Molotov and their entourage arrived in Berlin by special train at noon on July 16, they were met at the station by the commander-in-chief of the group of Soviet occupation forces in Germany, Marshal G. K. Zhukov, accompanied by A. ME.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Vyshinsky and several military leaders.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

As is known from the recording of the conversation between the leaders of the USSR and the United States on July 17 IN. Stalin explained the delay in arriving at the conference by negotiations with the Chinese.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Negotiation progress


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Potsdam Conference opened at the Cecilienhof Palace at 5 pm on July 17, 1945.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

According to U. Churchill, about 180 correspondents arrived in Berlin to cover the summit.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The first minutes of the meeting in Potsdam were completely devoted to photographers who captured the solemn moment.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

According to a pre-developed protocol, the delegations simultaneously entered the negotiating hall from three sides and took seats at a round table decorated with the flags of the three powers.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In addition to the heads of government of the three countries, the delegations to the Potsdam Conference included foreign ministers: the USSR — V. M. Molotov, USA — J.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

F. Byrnes, UK — until July 25, E.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Eden, then on July 28, E.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Bevin and their deputies.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Potsdam Conference was also attended by the ambassadors of the USSR to the United States (A. A. Gromyko) and in the UK (F. T. Gusev), US Ambassador to the USSR (U. A. Harriman), British Ambassador to the USSR (A. K. Kerr), representatives of diplomatic institutions, as well as heads of military departments who accompanied the heads of government of the three countries, chiefs of staff and their assistants [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The conference in Potsdam took place in a different atmosphere than in Yalta.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The heads of government of the United States and Great Britain were less friendly.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Tension in the negotiations arose from the very beginning, the Soviet delegation faced a united front and a previously agreed position of the United States and Great Britain.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

According to G. K. Zhukov, the most aggressive was U. Churchill, however, I. IN. Stalin managed to quickly convince him in a calm manner [6].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

According to some Western historians, American President G. Truman was defiant [7].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

At the suggestion of I. IN. Stalin, it was Truman who was appointed chairman of the conference meetings.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In his speech at the opening of the conference, he immediately focused on issues of interest to the United States, and only then did he say the relevant protocol phrases.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Later, in his memoirs, Truman justified this diplomatic awkwardness by not expecting to preside over the conference and could not immediately express his feelings.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

He was impressed by the atomic bomb explosion in Alamogordo on July 16, 1945.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The first report about the tests of the new bomb was handed over to the President of the United States in conditional form on July 16, 1945.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Detailed information by G. Truman received from a detailed telegram on July 18 and then from a written report delivered by courier on July 21 by General L. Groves.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Under the strictest secret, the successful test of the bomb was reported to W. Churchill, who was indescribable delighted that the US and Great Britain “have a means in their hands that will restore the balance of power with Russia” and incited the American delegation to use information about the atomic bomb test as an argument in negotiations and take the toughest possible position.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

G. Truman informed I. IN. Stalin about testing new weapons after the plenary session on July 24, without even saying the words “atomic weapons” or “nuclear weapons”, and was disappointed with the calm reaction of the Soviet leader, who did not I didn't ask a single question.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

According to G. K. Zhukov, discussing this information from G. Truman, and I. IN. Stalin and V. M. Molotov laughed that the Americans are “filling their price” [1] [8].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

As part of the Potsdam Conference, only thirteen plenary sessions were held with a break of two days due to the parliamentary elections in the UK: nine meetings with the participation of W. Churchill and four more meetings with K. Attlee.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

According to US Secretary of State J.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Byrnes, replacing W. Churchill and E.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Eden K. Attlee and E.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Bevin did not make the slightest change in the British position on controversial issues compared to the beginning of the Potsdam Conference [2].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Potsdam Conference Decisions


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Establishment of the Council of Foreign Ministers


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The agenda of the Potsdam Conference primarily included issues of the peaceful post-war order of Europe, in particular, on the procedure for preparing peace treaties with former enemy states.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

To resolve these issues, the Potsdam Conference, taking into account some amendments by the USSR delegation, approved the project of the American delegation on the establishment of the Council of Foreign Ministers (CFM).


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

This body included the foreign ministers of the USSR, Great Britain, the United States, France and China — permanent members of the UN Security Council.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The primary task set for the Foreign Ministers was the drafting of peace treaties for Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Finland.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In addition, the Council was entrusted with the preparation of peace documents for Germany, which will be adopted by the German government after its formation [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Solutions to the German problem


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Demilitarization, democratization and denazification of Germany


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The German question occupied a key place on the agenda of the Potsdam Conference.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Based on the provisions of the Yalta Conference and the agreements of the European Consultative Commission, the American delegation presented a draft document on guiding political and economic principles in treatment of Germany.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

During the Potsdam Conference, the European Advisory Commission prepared an Agreement on Certain Additional Requirements for Germany.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The basic principles regarding Germany provided for the most important measures for the demilitarization, democratization and denazification of Germany.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In Germany, it was necessary to completely disarm and eliminate all industry that could be used for military production, prepare for the final reconstruction of political life in Germany on a democratic basis and peaceful cooperation of the country in international life.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

After the destruction of military potential and the liquidation of monopolistic associations, Germany had to focus on the development of agriculture and peaceful industry for domestic consumption.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In order to prevent any Nazi and militaristic activities and propaganda, the NSDAP, its branches and controlled organizations were subject to destruction, controlled organizations were to be disbanded so that they did not revived in no form whatsoever.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Three-Power Report on the Conference said that the Allies, in agreement with each other, would take measures to ensure that Germany never again threatens its neighbors or the preservation of peace in the world [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Control mechanism in Germany


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In accordance with the Agreement on the Control Mechanism in Germany, the Potsdam Conference confirmed that supreme power in Germany will be exercised by the commanders of the armed forces of the USSR, Britain and France, each in its own zone of occupation, on instructions from their respective Governments, as well as jointly on issues affecting Germany as a whole, acting as members of the Supervisory Board.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Soviet delegation proposed a project on the organization of a central German administration, which, under the leadership of the Control Council, would coordinate activities for the management of the provinces.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

As a result of the discussion, the Soviet project to create a central German government was rejected, but it was considered expedient to establish some of the main administrative departments in the areas of finance, transport, communications, foreign trade and industry, headed by Secretaries of State and under the supervision of the Supervisory Board.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Potsdam Conference considered Germany as a single economic whole and planned to develop, under Union control, a common policy regarding the production and distribution of mining and manufacturing, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, transport and communications, import and export program, reparations and elimination of military industrial potential for Germany in as a whole [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

At a meeting on July 30, 1945, the Soviet delegation made a proposal on the management of the Ruhr region, the eternal military-industrial base of German militarism.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The USSR proposed to transfer the Ruhr industrial region under the joint administrative control of the USSR, the United States, Great Britain and France so that the region was managed by the Union Council from representatives of the four named powers.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Great Britain and the United States did not agree with this proposal of the USSR, the issue was submitted to the Foreign Ministers for consideration.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Later, the Western powers refused to establish quadripartite control over the Ruhr [1] [2].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Reparations


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Within the framework of the Yalta Conference, an agreement was reached that Germany is obliged to compensate in kind for the damage caused during the war to the allied nations.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

At the suggestion of the Soviet government, the total amount of reparations in the amount of 20 billion US dollars was adopted as a basis for discussion in the inter-union commission on reparations, and 50% of this amount was supposed to be the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

At the Potsdam Conference, the American delegation changed its position on the issue of reparations and opposed the determination of their specific amount for each state.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Americans proposed to adopt the principle of collecting reparations by zone so that each of the four states that occupied Germany satisfies its reparation claims only from its own zone.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The UK at the Potsdam Conference refrained from any proposals on the issue of reparations, but actually supported the United States.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Among the allies, the war caused the greatest economic damage to the economy of the USSR, and the main powerful economic regions of Germany were in the west.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

On the one hand, the United States and Great Britain did not want to strengthen the USSR economy, and on the other hand, they did not want to weaken the military-industrial potential of the western zones of German occupation [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Soviet delegation agreed with the proposal that reparations are collected by each government primarily in its zone of occupation, but demanded the supply of equipment from Western Germany.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Soviet side at the Potsdam Conference pointed out that the Americans and the British, temporarily staying in the territory of the Soviet zone of occupation before its occupation by Soviet troops, took out a lot of equipment, and handed over lists of this equipment to representatives of the United States and Great Britain.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In addition, the Soviet side demanded the transfer of shares of industrial and transport enterprises located in the western zones in the amount of 500 million US dollars, as well as 30% of foreign investments Germany and 30% of German gold at the disposal of the Allies.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

After heated debates, as a result of a compromise at the Potsdam Conference, a special agreement on reparations was signed, developing the provisions adopted on this issue within the framework of the Yalta Conference.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

According to this document, the reparation claims of the USSR against Germany were satisfied by exemptions from the Soviet zone of occupation and from the corresponding investments of Germany abroad - in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Finland and Eastern Austria.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

From the western zones of occupation, the USSR received 15% of the industrial capital equipment seized in them in exchange for the equivalent value in food, coal and other products from the Soviet zone, and 10% such equipment was provided to the USSR free of charge [1] [2].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Division of the German Navy and Merchant Fleets


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Soviet delegation introduced to the discussion of the conference the issue of the division of the German fleet, which was at the disposal of Great Britain.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The parties agreed on the division in equal shares, but postponed its implementation in the interests of the war against Japan.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

At the suggestion of U. Churchill submarines of Germany were to be destroyed, with the exception of the latest models.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

A triple naval commission was established to develop recommendations on the distribution of German merchant ships [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Transfer of Königsberg District to the USSR


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The agreement in principle to the transfer to the Soviet Union of the city of Koenigsberg and the adjacent area to ensure the security of the USSR and European security, expressed by F. Roosevelt and W. Churchill at the Tehran Conference, G. Truman and W. Churchill was confirmed once again in Potsdam [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

List of top war criminals


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Soviet delegation expressed support for the British project on the issue of the main war criminals, which provided for their speedy trial, but demanded to list their names: G. Goering, R. Hess and I. Ribbentrop, A. Rosenberg V. Keitel and others.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

According to I. IN. Stalin, the silence of the allies on this issue could be regarded as an intention to save the main criminals by recouping on the small ones.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

At the suggestion of the USSR, the Potsdam Conference decided to publish the first list of war criminals no later than September 1, 1945 [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

2] The International Military Tribunal was established on August 8, 1945. [


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Decisions on Poland


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Polish government


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The draft of the Soviet delegation on the Polish issue was announced at the second meeting of the Potsdam Conference.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Based on the decisions of the Yalta Conference, an interim Polish government of national unity was formed, which received diplomatic recognition from the United States and Great Britain.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In this regard, the Soviet side called on the allies to break off all relations with the Polish emigrant government of T. Artsishevsky.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Soviet project on Poland obliged the United States and Great Britain to provide the interim government of Poland with the necessary assistance in the immediate transfer of all funds, valuables and other property located in disposal and control of the Polish government in exile, as well as to reassign the Polish military forces, including the naval and merchant fleets, to the provisional Polish government of the People's unity [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The American and British delegations insisted on the speedy holding of general elections in Poland and granting free access to Poland to representatives of the Western media.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Western delegations also sought to impose on the interim government of Poland the financial obligations of the emigrant government to the United States and Great Britain.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In response to the latter demand, the Soviet representative noted that the Polish people had redeemed this debt with their blood.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

After a detailed discussion of the Polish issue, taking into account the opinion of representatives of the Provisional Government of National Unity invited to Potsdam, the conference decided to dissolve the Polish government in exile and protecting the interests of the provisional Polish government in relation to the property of the Polish state in the United States and Great Britain.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The debts of the Polish government in exile to the United States and Great Britain were no longer mentioned in the decisions of the Potsdam Conference on Poland [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Western border of Poland


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Within the meaning of the agreements on the Polish issue adopted at the Yalta Conference, Poland was supposed to receive a significant increase in territory in the north and west, and on the issue of these increments, the opinion of the new Polish government was requested.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Provisional Government of National Unity expressed its opinion on the issue of Polish borders in a letter sent to the three victorious powers.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Supporting the Polish Government, the Soviet delegation submitted for consideration a draft agreement establishing the western border of Poland along the line running from the Baltic Sea through Swinemünde to the Oder, including Stettin into Poland, upstream the Oder to the mouth of the Neisse and then along the West Neisse River to the Czechoslovak border.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

At first, the United States and Great Britain tried to evade the resolution of the issue of the western border of Poland at the Potsdam Conference and postpone it until a peace conference, deciding in Potsdam only on some timeline.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

G. Truman tried to link the issue of Poland's western border with reparations and with the supply of food and coal to the entire German population from eastern Germany as of 1937.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Y. Churchill rejected the proposal of the Soviet delegation on the western border of Poland, putting forward his “theory of compensation”: in his opinion, in Potsdam Poland demanded much more for itself than it gave in the east .


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Under the influence of the arguments of the Soviet delegation and taking into account the actual situation after a conversation with the Polish delegation, G. Truman and W. Churchill agreed to make a final decision on the western border of Poland at the Potsdam Conference, however, conditioned their consent to this by the consent of the USSR to the proposal for reparations from Germany and on the admission to the UN of countries that fought on the side of Germany.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

This decision of the Potsdam Conference was implemented in the Zgorzheletsky (Goerlitz) Treaty on the designation of the established and existing border between the GDR and Poland of July 6, 1950.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The 1970 Warsaw Pact between the People's Republic of Poland and Germany confirmed the inviolability of the western border of Poland [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Conclusion of peace treaties and admission to the UN


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

At the Potsdam Conference, the Allies discussed policies towards European countries that fought on the side of Germany, but then broke with it and contributed to the defeat of fascism.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The US delegation, with the support of British representatives, launched a diplomatic attack on the people's democratic system in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, whose interests were defended by the USSR.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The American delegation presented a memorandum on the implementation in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Finland of the provisions of the Yalta Declaration on a Liberated Europe, demanding immediate reorganization the Governments of Bulgaria and Romania because they did not include representatives of “all significant democratic groups”.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Diplomatic recognition of Bulgaria and Romania, according to the Americans, could follow only after the formation of provisional governments in these countries, which was to be followed by free and fair elections.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

At the same time, the Americans submitted for approval by the conference a document of the opposite content regarding Italy, which was under the control of the United States and Great Britain, which proposed to stop the conditions for Italy's surrender, grant it an intermediate status between the terms of surrender and the future peace treaty, recognize Italy's contribution to Germany's defeat and support its entry at the UN.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Soviet delegation pointed to the policy of double standards towards liberated countries on the part of Western allies.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

AND. IN. Stalin agreed to Italy's accession to the UN, but at the same time establish diplomatic relations with other countries mentioned in the discussion.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In an agreement adopted on this issue, the Council of Foreign Ministers was entrusted with the preparation of peace treaties with the liberated countries, after which they will be supported in joining the UN.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

At the suggestion of the British delegation, it was decided to support requests for the admission to the UN of states that remained neutral during the war.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

At the suggestion of the Soviet delegation, the parties to the conference did not support the request to admit Franco Spain, a state created with the support of the Axis powers, to the UN [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Decisions on other issues related to liberated peoples


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Austria


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In Austria, the USSR proposed to restore an independent state, extending the competence of the interim government of Karl Renner formed at the end of April 1945 to its entire territory.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Western delegations refused to make such a decision, linking the recognition of the Renner government with the need to familiarize themselves with the situation in the country after the introduction of its troops into it.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Under the Allied agreement of 9 August 1945, prepared by the European Consultative Commission, an allied control mechanism and four occupation zones were formed, and Vienna was divided into four sectors [1] [2].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Syria and Lebanon


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Soviet government sought to support Syria and Lebanon in the speedy liberation of their territories from occupation by British and French troops who had entered there to expel Vichy's troops.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

At the request of the Syrian government to the USSR with a request to I. IN. Stalin at the Potsdam Conference requested relevant information on the timing of the withdrawal of troops from the area after completing the military task.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Y. Churchill was forced to say that the UK has “neither the intention nor the desire to gain any advantages in these countries.”


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Soviet delegation did not insist on further discussion of this issue in Potsdam, however, later, at the request of Syria and Lebanon, the issue of withdrawing from their territories the occupation troops of France and Britain was brought before the UN Security Council, and foreign troops were forced to end the occupation [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Guardianship territories


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Soviet delegation proposed to discuss the issue of some territories that, according to the UN Charter, fell under international guardianship — Italian colonies and mandated territories.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The head of the USSR government announced the desire of the USSR, which played a decisive role in the defeat of fascist states, to participate in the management of these territories.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The United States and Great Britain, which used the trusteeship system to maintain the colonial dependence of the Trust Territories, did not accept the Soviet proposal and referred the issue to the Foreign Ministers for consideration [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Yugoslavia, Trieste and Istria, Greece


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The British delegation submitted to the conference a document pointing out to the Yugoslav government of Tito that it had not implemented the decisions of the Yalta Conference on Yugoslavia, the so-called “Tito Agreement —Shubashich”.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Y. Churchill accused the Yugoslav government of undemocratic methods of governing the country.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The head of the Soviet delegation proposed to invite both Tito and Subasic to Potsdam and hear Yugoslav representatives at the conference, but Western delegations did not agree with this proposal.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

At the same time, the Soviet delegation submitted a document condemning the failure of the United States and Great Britain to comply with the agreement with Yugoslavia of June 9, 1945 on the establishment of a temporary military administration in Trieste and Istria, where, according to the Yugoslav Government, Italo - fascist laws and administration continued to apply.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In addition, the Soviet delegation submitted a document on the need to eliminate the abnormal situation in Greece, created as a result of the intervention of Great Britain.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

As a result of these diplomatic actions, British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin proposed not considering all three controversial proposals at the Potsdam Conference [1] [2].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Navigation on inland waterways in Europe and unhindered passage through the Black Sea straits


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The American delegation proposed a project for free and unrestricted navigation on all international inland waterways regulated by international bodies, in which all interested States.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

This proposal concerned primarily the Danube countries, where people's democracy was established.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Soviet delegation considered such a proposal another attempt by the West to interfere in the internal affairs of the liberated peoples of Europe and refused to consider this proposal, since it was not was originally included in the conference agenda [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The American delegation, with the support of the British, also put forward a proposal to revise the provisions of the Montreux Convention of 1936 so that the Black Sea Straits become a free waterway open to all over the world under the guarantees of the great powers.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

On July 22, 1945, the Soviet delegation made a proposal in which it also spoke in favor of revising the Montreux international convention on the regime of the straits, as not meeting modern conditions, but the establishment of the straits regime, in the opinion of the USSR, should be within the competence of the two most interested states — the USSR and Turkey.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The USSR also raised the issue of creating Soviet military bases in the Black Sea straits along with the Turkish ones.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Y. Churchill linked this proposal of the USSR with the territorial claims of the USSR to Turkey in the negotiations on the conclusion of a union treaty and accused the USSR of threatening Turkey.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

With regard to the Black Sea Straits, the Potsdam Conference decided on the need to revise the Montreux Convention and refer this issue for discussion within the framework of bilateral negotiations of each of the three powers with Turkey [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In 1956, N. S. Khrushchev recognized the inappropriateness and fallacy of the USSR's statements about military bases and territorial claims that overshadowed Soviet-Turkish relations [2].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Potsdam Declaration on Japan


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

At the Potsdam Conference, issues of the upcoming war with Japan were discussed.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

It was extremely important for the heads of government of the United States and Great Britain to obtain personal confirmation from IN. Stalin, that the USSR would enter the war with Japan, and they received it: Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army, Army General A. AND. Antonov notified the conference that Soviet troops are concentrating in the Far East, but the opening of hostilities against Japan in Northeast China to reach the Liaodong Peninsula depends on which began on the eve of the Soviet-Chinese talks.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The head of the Soviet government also said at the conference that the USSR, faithful to its allied obligations, would refuse Japan's new proposals for mediation.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

G. Truman and W. Churchill tried in every possible way to persuade Japan to surrender in order to eliminate the USSR from resolving post - war issues related to Japan, and on July 26, 1945 published the Potsdam Declaration of the United States, Britain and China, which called on the Japanese government to immediately declare an unconditional surrender on the conditions presented.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In an effort to bring closer the desired peace in the Far East, the Soviet government joined the declaration on August 8 [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Results and significance of the Potsdam Conference


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

As a result of the Potsdam Conference on August 1, 1945, the heads of government of the USSR, the United States and Great Britain signed the Protocol and the Communication on the Berlin Conference of the Three Powers


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

In early August, the documents of the Potsdam Conference were sent to France with an invitation to join.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

France agreed in principle.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The decisions of the Potsdam Conference after their publication were supported by other countries of the world.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Potsdam recognized the democratic principles of establishing peace and security in Europe: The main condition for security on the European continent is to prevent the revival of German militarism, and relations between States should be based on the principles of sovereignty and national independence, equality and non - interference in internal affairs.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Potsdam Conference was a convincing example of cooperation between great powers, which helped defeat fascism and was supposed to be a guarantee of post-war peace and security.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Potsdam Conference demonstrated that despite ideological differences, controversial issues can and should be resolved through negotiations.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Despite the “tough course” towards the USSR on the part of the United States and Great Britain, Soviet diplomacy withstood a stubborn struggle in Potsdam for the interests of the peoples of Europe.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

The Potsdam Conference recognized the new balance of power in Europe and around the world and the growing role of socialism in solving international problems and at the same time outlined the contradictions between allies World War II, which soon resulted in the Cold War [1].


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Notes


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Literature


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

/Comp.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

: SH.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

P. Sanakoev, B.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

L. Tsybulevsky.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

— 2nd ed.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

— Moscow: Publishing House “International Relations”, 1970.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

— 416 p.


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

References


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

on the website of the Ministry of Defense


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

on victory.rusarchives.ru


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

on YouTube


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Category:July 17 events


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Category: July 1945


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference

Category:1945 in the USSR


Question: When did the Potsdam Conference take place?

Potsdam conference


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Second Punic War (also called the “war against Hannibal” and the Hannibal War [1], 218—201 BC) was a military conflict between two coalitions led by Rome and Carthage. for hegemony in the Mediterranean.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

At various times, Syracuse, Numidia, the Aetolian Alliance and Pergamon fought on the side of Rome, Macedonia, Numidia, Syracuse and the Achaean Alliance on the side of Carthage.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The official reason for the wars was the siege and capture of the Spanish city of Sagunta (an ally of Rome) by Carthaginian commander Hannibal.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

After that, the Romans declared war on Carthage.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

At first, the Carthaginian army led by Hannibal defeated the Roman troops.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The most significant of the victories of the Carthaginians was the Battle of Cannes, after which Macedonia entered the war on the side of Carthage.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

However, the Romans were soon able to seize the initiative and went on the offensive.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The last battle of the war was the Battle of Zama, after which Carthage asked for peace.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

As a result of the war, Carthage lost all its possessions outside Africa, while Rome became the strongest state in the western Mediterranean.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Sources


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The main source about the Second Punic War is the work of the Roman author Titus Livia “History from the Foundation of the City”, books 21-30.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Another Roman, Dion Cassius, wrote the book “Roman History”, which describes the events of the war.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Greek sources are also important to us.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Polybius in the 2nd century BC


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

wrote a historical book called “General History”, which includes the events of 264—146 BC. e.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

At the beginning of the 2nd century, Plutarch wrote the work “Comparative Biographies”, which tells the biographies of famous Greeks and Romans.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

He tells about the Second Punic War in the biographies of Fabius Maxim and Marcellus, Roman commanders in this war.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Alexandrian Appian wrote in the 160s [2] a book called Roman History, which describes the history of Rome from its foundation (753 BC) to the reign of Trajan (98-117).


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Second Punic War is described in his VII book of his work, which is called “Hannibalova”.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

It is also possible that Diodorus of Sicily described this war in his Historical Library, but, unfortunately, these books have not survived


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Background


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

242 BC World


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

was bought at a high price.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The Romans passed not only all the income that the Carthaginians received from Sicily, but the almost monopoly trade dominance of Carthage in the West was significantly weakened.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Rome's behavior during the mercenary uprising clearly showed the hostility of its position — it became clear that peaceful coexistence was absolutely impossible.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Having again received the post of commander-in-chief after the suppression of the uprisings, Hamilcar Barca began the war in Spain.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Even in ancient times, at the end of the 2nd millennium, this country was the object of intensive colonization and trade activities of the Phoenicians.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

At the end of the 2nd and early 1st millennium, they founded a number of large cities in the south of the peninsula, including such large trade and craft centers as Hades, Malaka, Sexy and some others.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Uniting in a fierce struggle against Tartesse and the Greek colonization of the Iberian Peninsula, they were forced to recognize the supremacy of Carthage relatively early on.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

It is clear that with such ties, dating back to ancient times, it was Spain that was the most convenient springboard for organizing a campaign to Italy.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hamilcar and his son-in-law Hasdrubal expanded the possessions of Carthage for 9 years, until the former fell in the battle of the siege of Heliki, and the second was killed in New Carthage by an Iber barbarian [3].


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Initially, the siege was favorable for the Punians, and their commander decided to send most of his army and elephants to spend the winter on the main base of the Punians - Acra Levke.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

But at that moment, the leader of the Orissa tribe, seemingly bound by friendly relations with Hamilcar, suddenly came to the aid of Helik, and the Punians, unable to withstand his blow, fled.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

There was an immediate danger to Hamilcar's sons who were in battle formations, and in order to eliminate it, Hamilcar took the brunt of the blow - pursued by opponents, he drowned in the river, while the children were taken to Acra Levka.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hamilcar's policy was continued by his son-in-law Hasdrubal, elected by the army as the new commander-in-chief.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hasdrubal's most important political act, by which he continued Hamilcar's undertakings even more than his other actions, was the founding of New Carthage on the Iberian coast of the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

This city, located on the shores of a convenient bay and surrounded by a chain of impregnable hills, was luckier than Acra Levke: if the latter, as far as can be judged, has always remained freelance the city and was not able to compete with Gades, New Carthage immediately turned into the administrative center of the Punic possessions in Spain and one of the most important shopping centers of the entire Western The Mediterranean.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Through the work of these people, Carthage not only fully compensated for the losses during the First Punic War, but also acquired new markets, and silver mines brought such income that political opponents of Hamilcar and Hasdrubal were completely deprived of the opportunity to oppose them.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Barca's actions caused natural concern to the Greek colonies on the Iberian Peninsula.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

They felt threatened by their independence and turned to Rome for protection, which received a welcome reason to interfere in Spanish affairs.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Already during Hamilcar's lifetime, negotiations took place between Rome and Carthage, and spheres of influence were divided between them (southern - Punian, northern - Roman), and their border was recognized as the Iber River.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

At the time of his father's death, Hannibal was seventeen years old.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Judging by further events, he, together with his brothers Magon and Hasdrubal, left Spain and returned to Carthage.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The situation of the military camp, participation in campaigns, observation of the diplomatic activities of his father and son-in-law undoubtedly had a decisive impact on its formation as a commander and state figure.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

It was to his father that Hannibal owed his outstanding education, including knowledge of the Greek language and literature, and the ability to write Greek.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

How fundamental this step by Hamilcar Barca (introducing children to Hellenic culture) was can be seen from the fact that it was taken contrary to the ancient law prohibiting the study of the Greek language.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Crossing a long-standing establishment that was supposed to isolate the Punians from their original enemy, Syracuse, and actually isolated them from the outside world, Hamilcar not only sought to prepare his children, especially Hannibal, to active political activity in the future.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

He wanted to emphasize his desire to introduce Carthage into the Hellenistic world — and not as an alien phenomenon, but as an organic part — and to provide him with the support and sympathy of the Greeks in the upcoming fight against Roman “barbarians”.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, Rome is becoming interested in affairs in the west of the Mediterranean basin and enters into an alliance with Sagunt, directed directly against Carthage and aimed at stopping the latter's advance on north.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

And Hannibal returned to Spain, where, due to his personal qualities, he became very popular in the army — after Hasdrubal's death, the soldiers elected him commander-in-chief [4].


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

When Hannibal came to power, he was twenty-five years old.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

The dominance of the Carthaginians in Spain was firmly established and the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula seemed like a reliable springboard for the attack on Rome.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal himself acquired strong ties with the Iberian world, already traditional for the Barkids: he was married to an Iberian woman from the allied city of Castulon to Carthage.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

He immediately acted as if the war with Rome had already been resolved and entrusted to him, and Italy was appointed his sphere of activity.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal, apparently, did not hide his intention to attack Sagunt, allied to the Romans and thereby involve Rome in a direct conflict, but sought to pretend that the attack on Sagunt would take place by itself, as a result of the natural development of events.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

To this end, he won a number of victories over the Spanish tribes living on the border of the northern possessions of Carthage and went directly to the borders of the Sagunta region.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Despite the fact that Sagunt was a Roman ally, Hannibal could count on the non-intervention of Rome, which was busy fighting the Gauls and Illyrian pirates.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

After provoking conflicts between Sagunt and the Iberian tribes under Punian rule, he intervened in the conflict and declared war under a minor pretext.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

After a rather heavy 7-month siege, the city was taken, and Rome did not dare to provide Sagunta with military assistance, only the embassy sent to Carthage directly announced the beginning of war after the capture of the city.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Before going to Italy, Hannibal gave the army a rest for the whole winter.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

He paid serious attention to the defense of Africa and Spain.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In Africa, Hannibal left 13,750 infantry and 1,200 horsemen [5] recruited in Spain, and 870 Balearic slingers were sent there.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Carthage itself was further strengthened by a 4-thousandth garrison.


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

Hannibal appointed his brother Hasdrubal to command the Puni troops in Spain and handed over significant military forces to him: infantrymen - 11,850 Libyans, 300 Ligurs, 500 Balearics, and horsemen — 450 Libyophinians and Libyans, 300 Ilergets, 800 Numidians [6].


Question: How many years did the Second Punic War last?

Second Punic War

In addition, Hasdrubal had 21 elephants and to defend the coast from a Roman invasion from the sea, a fleet of 50 penters, 2 tetreres and 5 triers [6].