Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He then received income from the Afyonkarahisar sanjak as a gift [43].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Grand Vizier Koprulu Mehmed Pasha ordered the confiscation of sheep, many mules and camels from the estate of Ahmed Pasha on the pretext that it was the property of Hasan Pasha.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha tried to argue that Hasan Pasha gave him only sheep as an official gift, and was adamant to Koprul.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha and his wife left Istanbul for a country palace in Beykoz to be out of sight and not to provoke the Grand Vizier [44].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ismihan Kaya-Sultan died in 1659.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Twenty days after her death, Melek Ahmed Pasha was assigned to Bosnia [2] [45] [18].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Grand Vizier ordered the seizure of all the property in the Kai Sultan Palace, including the belongings of Melek Ahmed Pasha.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In addition, Koprulu demanded that Melek Ahmed Pasha return the money that Kaya Sultan gave to her husband when he left for the provinces [45].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When leaving for Bosnia, Melek Ahmed Pasha refused Koprul's request to take his man as deputy.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Grand Vizier said that then he would appoint this person as a vizier and send him to Bosnia instead of Melek Ahmed Pasha [46].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In November 1661, two news came to Bosnia: first, Koprulu died and his son, Fazil Ahmed Pasha, was appointed to his place; secondly, Melek Ahmed Pasha was summoned to Istanbul.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He was forced to marry Ahmed I's daughter Fatma Sultan, who was the aunt of Ahmed Pasha's first wife [47].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

On September 1, 1662, Melek Ahmed Pasha died of plague [2] [48] in Eyup.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

It is believed that he was buried at the Sultan Eyup Mosque [49], the grave is located at the feet of the grave of a certain Kechi Mohammed Efendi [48] [49].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Two stones were installed on the unmarked grave according to Pasha's will [48]:


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Do not erect domes or other buildings above the grave, only grass and stone in the legs and headboard


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Personality


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Melek Ahmed Pasha patronized Evlia, gave wallets with money.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha was lucky — Evlia turned out to be a loving and grateful biographer.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Thanks to Evlia Celebi, Melek Ahmed Pasha is described by researchers more often as “cultured, worthy, gentle, free from flaws, compassionate” [2] [50], “a tried and reliable warrior” [51].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

family


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

First marriage


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ismihan Kaya-Sultan, daughter of Ottoman Sultan Murad IV, was born in Istanbul in 1633 [52].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1644, [3] Kai Sultan and Ahmed Pasha were married, who was almost forty years older than his young bride.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The marriage was initiated by the bride's grandmother, Valide Kösem Sultan [53].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Kaya was so afraid of marriage that for seven years the couple did not live under the same roof.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

On her wedding night, she hit Ahmed Pasha with a dagger [1] [54], another time cut off part of his beard, and he could not visit the sofa for a while.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The fears were related to the prediction that she would die in childbirth [55].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The intervention of Kösem, who advised Pasha to kill the fortunetellers, maids and companions of his wife and locked the couple in the room, led to Kai's pregnancy.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In gratitude for the help, Melek Pasha showered Kösem with gifts.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Nine months later, Kaya gave birth to a daughter safely.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

She fell in love with her husband and spent all the time with him.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Over the next ten years, their marriage was happy; in addition, Kaya supported her husband both morally and financially [54].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

According to Evlia, Kaya was one of the richest princesses; she was given the city of Denizli as a hass [56].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In the autumn of 1654, when Kaya was pregnant for the second time and was in her seventh month, Ahmed Pasha was summoned from a country estate to Istanbul, where he was assigned to Van, equivalent to exile.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Grand Vizier demanded that Ahmed be immediately sent to the duty station.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

I don't know why, but Kaya decided they wanted to kill her husband.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

She rushed to meet her husband in Istanbul, first in a wagon, then on her ship across the strait; the boats on which the couple were sailing met, but Kaya was shaken, she got nervous, and she started premature birth.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When the couple got home, Ahmed Pasha distributed the akche to their families so that everyone could read al-Ihlas (112 suras of the Koran) a thousand times for the safe resolution of his wife from the burden [57].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Grand Vizier's men sent to Ahmed Pasha continued to insist on leaving for Van immediately, but Ahmed Pasha refused to leave his wife during childbirth.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Kaya gave birth to a stillborn son.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

According to Evlia Celebi, Ahmed Pasha, holding him and crying, said: “Look how beautiful a child would be.”


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Without waiting for the child's funeral, the Grand Vizier sent his men to Pasha again, but this time Ahmed Pasha drove them away using force against them [57].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1659, Kaya became pregnant for the third time and gave birth to a daughter named Fatma [53].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

A few months before pregnancy, Kaya and Ahmed Pasha began to have dreams that predicted the imminent death of the Sultana from blood loss [58].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After the birth of his daughter, Melek Pasha once again gave out a huge amount of money as alms.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

However, the birth took place with complications, the afterbirth did not come out.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Midwives pulled it out with their hands and injured the uterus; on the fourth day after giving birth, Kaya died of a lot of blood loss [59].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Despite the presence of a daughter and widower, the Sultan's property, according to tradition, was transferred to the state treasury [17], while Grand Vizier Koprulu Mehmed Pasha ordered to take everything in the Kai Palace -sultan, including valuables, clothes and weapons of Ahmed Pasha [60].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

According to contemporaries, Ahmed Pasha, who loved his wife fervently, rushed to her coffin with tears, which caused condemnation of others [1].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Second marriage


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When Ahmed Pasha cried publicly at the funeral of his first wife, fell on her coffin and could not calm down, the Grand Vizier said, “Aren't you ashamed to kill yourself so much because of a woman? I'll give you another princess.”


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

“It's not a shame to say that. May Allah punish you.” Ahmed Pasha answered.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

And so it happened — the Grand Vizier arranged the wedding of Ahmed Pasha and Fatma Sultan, but did not live to see it [61] [62].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In 1662, Ahmed, who was on a military campaign in Transylvania, was summoned to marry in Istanbul [61].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Fatma Sultan was the daughter of Ahmed I and the aunt of the ruling Sultan Mehmed IV and Kai, the first wife of Ahmed Pasha.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

By the time she married Ahmed Pasha in 1662, Fatma Sultan was fifty-seven years old (born 1605 [63]), her fourth marriage.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Two of her three previous husbands were executed.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

After the death of Ahmed Pasha, she will marry twice more [63].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

According to Evlia, Melek Ahmed was unhappy about this marriage and secretly revealed that the wedding night with Fatma is worse than torture [64].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

He blamed his misfortune for the hostility of the late Grand Vizier Koprulu Mehmed Pasha towards himself.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

It is said that he said: “I gave Melek an elephant, let him try to feed her” [1].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The marriage of Melek Ahmed Pasha to Fatma Sultan was radically different from marriage with Kaya.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

On the wedding night, the princess presented her husband with an unconditional demand for the support she expected from him for her large family.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha asked her to lower the requirements:


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

I just got back from the Transylvania campaign.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

I'm a vizier fighting for a holy war.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

In this campaign, I had 7,000 people under my command to support.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

I spent 170,000 gold items and 600 coin purses.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

I even had to sell quite a lot of uniforms, weapons, armor and helmets, as well as borrow money from the Janissary corps.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

I am not a tyrant to unfairly make money in the posts to which I am appointed in order to satisfy you [61] [64]


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

However, Fatma was relentless.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha told her that the requests of his former wife, Kai, were five times less.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

“Do not equate me with Kaya, Pasha, I am the daughter of Sultan Ahmed, and Kaya was only my niece! Ha! He thinks I look like Kaya's girl!” And then Ahmed Pasha could not restrain himself: Allah will not let me think that they are similar!


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

You are the daughter of Sultan Ahmed, you are seventy-seven years old, you have seen the faces of many men and have gone through a dozen husbands!


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When I married Kaya, she was a thirteen-year-old virgin who saw no man but her father.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

She lived a chaste life and died as my wife.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

She was Kaya Ismihan, an incomparable girl, a shining moon.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

You're an old, wrinkled, old woman [65].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Fatma Sultan replied that divorce was the only solution then and he must prepare to pay her dowry, equal to annual tax revenues from Egypt.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

When the Pasha died soon after, Fatma Sultan immediately sealed his home, demanding his treasury and all his possessions as a dowry.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

The Grand Vizier was forced to give in [1].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

kids


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

It is known from Evlia Celebi's description that Ismihan Kaya-Sultan gave birth three times:


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Afife (1650/52), died in infancy.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

stillborn premature son (1654) [57]


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Fatma Khanim Sultan (1659 — until December 20, 1727), after giving birth to her, Kaya died [53].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

On December 20, 1727, the records of the Treasury noted the receipt of the return of the property allocated to Fatma.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Fatma lived and died in Istanbul.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

There is no information about marriage or children.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

She was buried in the cemetery of the complex [66].


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ahmed Pasha had no children in his second marriage.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

His will mentions another child:


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Ibrahim, date of birth is unknown, he was born either before 1643, or between 1659 and 1662.


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

comments


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Notes


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Literature


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

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Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link) (in English)


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link) (in French)


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

(in English)


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

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Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

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Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

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Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

References


Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

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Question: In what country did Melek Ahmed Pasha rule?

Melek Ahmed Pasha

Category:History of Kurdistan


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Coordinates:


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The Nuremberg Process is an international trial of former leaders of Hitler's Germany.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

It took place from 10 am on November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946 at the International Military Tribunal, located in Hall 600 of the Nuremberg Palace of Justice.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

As early as the 1950s, attempts were made to create a permanent international criminal court that would try war crimes and crimes against humanity in but such a body (the International Criminal Court) did not become operational until 2002.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Organization of the Tribunal


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

On November 1, 1943, the Secret Protocol of the Moscow Conference of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, the United States and Great Britain was signed, the 18th paragraph of which was the “Declaration on the Responsibility of the Nazis for atrocities being committed.”


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

On November 2, the Declaration... was published in the Pravda newspaper signed by Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

In the final paragraph of the “Declaration...” it was stated:


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

This declaration does not address the issue of the main criminals whose crimes are not related to a particular geographical location and who will be punished by joint decision of the Allied governments.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

During the Crimean Conference of the Leaders of the Three Allied Powers — the USSR, the United States and Great Britain (February 4—11, 1945), British Prime Minister Churchill said that “it would be best to shoot the main criminals as soon as they are caught.”


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

During the conversation, Stalin insisted “that before execution, the main criminals must be tried.”


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

To Churchill's question, “what should be the procedure of the court: legal or political?” , Roosevelt states that the procedure should not be too legal.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Under all conditions, correspondents and photographers should not be admitted to court.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Churchill says that, in his opinion, the trial of the main criminals should be a political act, not a legal act.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Churchill would like the three powers to have clarity in their views on this issue.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

However, nothing on this topic should be published so that the main criminals do not take revenge on the allied prisoners of war in advance [2].


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The requirement for the establishment of an International Military Tribunal was contained in a statement by the Soviet government dated October 14, 1942. “On the responsibility of Hitler's invaders and their accomplices for the atrocities they commit in the occupied countries of Europe.”


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The agreement on the establishment of the International Military Tribunal and its statute was worked out by the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and France during the London Conference, held from June 26 to August 8, 1945.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The jointly developed document reflected the agreed position of all 23 countries participating in the conference, the principles of the charter were approved by the UN General Assembly as universally recognized in the fight against crimes against humanity.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

On August 29, even before the trial, the first list of the main war criminals was published, consisting of 24 Nazi politicians, military personnel, and ideologists of Nazism.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Preparing for the process


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The outbreak of an aggressive war by Germany, the genocide used as a state ideology, the technology of mass extermination of people in “death factories” developed and put on stream, inhuman treatment of prisoners of war and their murder became widely known to the world community and required appropriate legal qualification and conviction.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

All this determined the unprecedented nature of the court in terms of scale and procedure.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

This can also explain specific features previously unknown to the practice of legal proceedings.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Thus, paragraphs 6 and 9 of the statute of the tribunal established that certain groups and organizations may also become indictees.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Article 13 recognized the court as having the power to determine the course of the trial itself.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

One of the charges brought in Nuremberg was the trial of war crimes (“Kriegsverbrechen”).


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

This term has already been used in the trial in Leipzig against Wilhelm II and his commanders, and therefore there was a legal precedent (despite the fact that the trial in Leipzig did not take place international).


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

A significant innovation was the provision that both the accusing party and the defense were able to question the competence of the court, which was recognized by the court of final instance.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

A fundamental, but not detailed decision on the unconditional guilt of the German side was agreed between the allies and made public after a meeting in Moscow in October 1943. In this regard, in relation to her as a subject of legal proceedings, it seemed unnecessary to refer to the principle of presumption of innocence (Latin praesumptio innocentiae).


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The fact that the trial would end with the admission of guilt of the accused was beyond doubt, and not only the international community, but also the majority of the German population agreed with this even before the trial consideration of the actions of the accused party.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The question was to specify and qualify the degree of guilt of the accused.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

As a result, the trial was named the main war criminals trial (Hauptkriegsverbrecher), and the court was given the status of a military tribunal.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The first list of accused was agreed at a conference in London on August 8, 1945.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

It did not include Hitler or his closest subordinates Himmler and Goebbels, whose deaths were firmly established, but Bormann, who was allegedly killed on the streets of Berlin, was accused in absentia (Latin in contumaciam).


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The rules of conduct for Soviet representatives at the trial were established by the “Commission for the Management of the Work of Soviet Representatives in the International Tribunal in Nuremberg”.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

It was headed by Andrei Vyshinsky, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

A delegation from Moscow brought a list of undesirable questions approved in November 1945 to London, where the winners were preparing the charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

It had nine points.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The first point was the secret protocol to the Soviet-German non-aggression pact and everything related to it.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The last point concerned Western Ukraine and Western Belarus and the problem of Soviet-Polish relations.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

As a result, representatives of the USSR and the allies reached an agreement in advance on issues to be discussed, and a list of topics that should not have been touched upon during trial [4] [5].


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

As it is now documented (materials on this issue are in the TsSAOR and were discovered by N. S. Lebedeva and Yu. N. Zoria), at the time of the constitution of the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg, a special list of issues was compiled, the discussion of which was considered unacceptable.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Justice requires noting that the initiative to compile the list did not belong to the Soviet side, but it was immediately picked up by Molotov and Vyshinsky (of course, with the approval of Stalin).


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

One of the points was the Soviet-German non-aggression pact.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Also, the clause on the removal of the civilian population of the occupied territories into slavery and for other purposes was not compared in any way with the use of forced labor of the German civilian population in the USSR.


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The basis for the Nuremberg trial was set out in paragraph VI of the protocol drawn up in Potsdam on August 2, 1945 [6]


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One of the initiators of the trial and its key figure was US prosecutor Robert Jackson.


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He drew up a scenario for the process, on the course of which he had a significant impact.


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He considered himself a representative of the new legal thinking and tried in every possible way to establish it.


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Members of the Tribunal


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The International Military Tribunal was formed on a parity basis from representatives of the four great powers in accordance with the London Agreement.


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In accordance with Art.


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2 of the Statute of the International Military Tribunal for the trial and punishment of the main war criminals of European countries axis the tribunal consists of 4 members and their alternates.


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Each of the Signatories shall appoint one member and one alternate [8].


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Tribunal members and alternates:


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from the USSR: Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union, Major General of Justice I. T. Nikitchenko;


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Colonel of Justice A. F. Volchkov;


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From the United States: former Attorney General F. Biddle;


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4th Circuit of Appeals Judge John Parker. );


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From the UK: Jeffrey Lawrence, Judge of the Court of Appeal for England and Wales. );


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England High Court Judge Norman Birket (eng. );


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France: Henri Donnedier de Vabre, Professor of Criminal Law (eng. );


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Robert Falco, former judge of the Paris Court of Appeal.


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8] Under Title III of the Nuremberg Tribunal Statute, each of the Signatories will appoint a Chief Prosecutor to investigate and prosecute major war criminals. [


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Chief Prosecutors, their Deputies and Assistants:


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from UK: Hartley Shawcross (Deputy David Maxwell-Fife. ));


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from the USSR: Prosecutor of the Ukrainian SSR R. A. Rudenko [9] (Deputy: Yu. IN. Pokrovsky [10], assistants: N. D. Zorya, D. S. Karev [11], L. N. Smirnov L. R. Sheinin);


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United States: U.S. Supreme Court Justice Robert Jackson (alternates: Thomas Dodd, Telford Taylor);


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From France: Francois de Menton, who was absent in the early days of the trial and was replaced by Charles Dubost (Fr.), and then de Menton was replaced by Champétier de Rib (eng.) (alternate: Edgar Faure).


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Charges


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The plans of the Nazi Party:


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The use of Nazi control for aggression against foreign countries.


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Aggressive actions against Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland


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The war of aggression against the whole world (1939—1945).


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German invasion of the territory of the USSR in violation of the non-aggression pact of August 23, 1939.


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Cooperation with Italy and Japan and the war of aggression against the United States (November 1936 — December 1941).


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Crimes against peace:


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“All the accused and various other persons, for a number of years until May 8, 1945, participated in the planning, preparation, initiation and conduct of aggressive wars, which were also wars in violation international treaties, agreements and obligations”.


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War crimes:


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Killings and ill - treatment of civilians in the occupied territories and on the high seas.


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Taking the civilian population of the occupied territories into slavery for other purposes as well.


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Killing and ill-treatment of prisoners of war and military personnel from countries with which Germany was at war, as well as persons sailing on the high seas.


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Aimless destruction of large and small towns and villages, devastation not justified by military necessity.


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Germanization of the occupied territories.


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Crimes against humanity:


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The accused pursued a policy of persecution, repression and extermination of opponents of the Nazi government.


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The Nazis imprisoned people without trial, persecuted, humiliated, enslaved, tortured, and killed them.


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Hitler didn't take all responsibility with him to his grave.


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All the wine is not wrapped in Himmler's shroud.


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These living have chosen these dead as accomplices in this grand brotherhood of conspirators, and each of them must pay for the crimes they committed together.


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It can be said that Hitler committed his last crime against the country he ruled.


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He was an insane messiah who started the war for no reason and continued it senselessly.


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If he couldn't rule anymore, he didn't care what would happen to Germany...


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They face this trial as Gloucester, stained with blood, stood in front of the body of his murdered king.


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He begged the widow as they beg you, “Tell me I didn't kill them.”


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And the Queen said, “Then tell me they're not killed. But they're dead.”


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If you say these people are innocent, it's like saying that there was no war, no dead, no crime.


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Gentlemen Judge


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To carry out the atrocities they planned, the leaders of the fascist conspiracy created a system of criminal organizations to which my speech was devoted.


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Now those who have set the goal of establishing domination over the world and the extermination of peoples are awaiting with awe the upcoming verdict of the court.


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This sentence should overtake not only the authors of bloody fascist “ideas” imprisoned in the dock, the main organizers of the crimes of Hitlerism.


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Your verdict should condemn the entire criminal system of German fascism, the complex, widely branched network of party, government, SS, military organizations that directly put into practice the villainous destinies of the main conspirators.


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On the battlefields, humanity has already sentenced criminal German fascism.


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In the fire of the greatest battles in the history of mankind, the heroic Soviet Army and the valiant Allied troops not only defeated Hitler's hordes, but affirmed high and noble principles international cooperation, human morality, humane rules of human coexistence.


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The prosecution has fulfilled its duty before the high court, to the bright memory of the innocent victims, to the conscience of peoples, to its own conscience.


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May the people be judged by the fascist executioners — just and severe.


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Progress of the process


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A total of 403 [12] court hearings were held, and the chairman of the court was the representative of Great Britain J.


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Lawrence.


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Various proofs were presented, among which the so-called “n. “secret protocols” to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (represented by Rudolf Hess's lawyer A. Seidl).


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Due to the post-war aggravation of relations between the USSR and the West, the process was tense, which gave the accused hope for the collapse of the trial.


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The situation was especially tense after Churchill's Fulton speech.


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Therefore, the accused behaved boldly, skillfully stalled for time, hoping that the coming war would put an end to the trial (Goering contributed most of all to this).


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At the end of the trial, the prosecution of the USSR provided a film about the concentration camps Majdanek, Sachsenhausen, Auschwitz, shot by front-line cameramen of the Red Army.


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Photo gallery


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The defendants are in their box.


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First row, from left to right: Hermann Goering, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Wilhelm Keitel; second row, from left to right: Karl Dönitz, Erich Roeder, Baldur von Schirach, Fritz SaukelCabin synchronous TranslationThe inner hall of the prison.


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Around the clock, the guards closely monitored the behavior of the defendants in the cells.


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In the foreground, Assistant Chief Prosecutor from the USSR L. R. ScheinFriedrich Paulus testifies at the Nuremberg trials.


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Verdict


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On 1 October 1946, the International Military Tribunal handed down a verdict:


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Sentenced to death by hanging:


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Hermann Goering,


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Martin Borman (in absentia)


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Ernst Kaltenbrunner


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Joachim von Ribbentrop


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Wilhelm Keitel,


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Alfred Rosenberg


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Hans Frank


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Wilhelm Frick,


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Julius Streicher,


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Fritz Saukel,


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Arthur Seiss Inquart,


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Alfred Yodel.


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Life imprisonment: Rudolf Hess, Walter Funk and Erich Roeder.


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To 20 years in prison: Baldur von Schirach and Albert Speer.


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To 15 years in prison: Konstantin von Neurath.


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To 10 years in prison: Karl Dönitz.


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Acquitted: Hans Fritsche, Franz von Papen and Yalmar Schacht.


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The Tribunal found criminal the organizations of the SS, SD, the Gestapo [13] and the leadership of the Nazi Party.


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The Nazi Cabinet, the Wehrmacht General Staff and the High Command (OKW) were not recognized as criminal organizations.


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Soviet judge I. T. Nikitchenko filed a dissenting opinion, where he objected to the acquittal of Fritsche, Papin and Schacht, the non-recognition of the German Cabinet of Ministers, the General Staff and OKV as criminal organizations, as well as life imprisonment ( not the death penalty) for Rudolph Hess.


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Jodl was posthumously fully acquitted [14] [15] when the case was reviewed by a Munich court in 1953, but later, under pressure from the United States, this decision was annulled [16].


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A number of convicts filed petitions with the Allied Control Commission for Germany: Goering, Hess, Ribbentrop, Saukel, Jodl, Keitel, Seiss Inquart, Funk, Doenitz and Neurath for pardon; Roeder for replacement life imprisonment with the death penalty; Goering, Yodel and Keitel - to replace hanging with execution if the request for pardon is not granted.


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All these applications were rejected.


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On August 15, 1946, the US Information Administration published a review of surveys conducted, according to which the overwhelming majority of Germans (about 80%) considered the Nuremberg trials fair, and the guilt of the defendants is undeniable; about half of the respondents said that the defendants should be sentenced to death; only 4% spoke negatively about the trial [17].


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Execution and cremation of bodies of persons sentenced to death


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The death sentences were carried out on the night of October 16, 1946 in the gym of Nuremberg Prison.


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Goering was poisoned in prison shortly before his execution (there are several assumptions about how he received the poison capsule, including that it was handed over by his wife on the last date when kissing).


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The sentence was carried out by American soldiers, professional executioner John Woods and volunteer Joseph Malta.


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One of the witnesses of the execution, writer Boris Polevoy, published his memories of the execution.


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When walking to the gallows, most of them remained in their presence of spirit.


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Some were defiant, others resigned to their destiny, but there were also some who cried out for God's mercy.


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Everyone except Rosenberg made short last-minute statements.


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And only Julius Streicher mentioned Hitler.


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In the gym, where American guards played basketball three days ago, there were three black gallows, of which two were used.


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They hung one at a time, but in order to finish as soon as possible, another Nazi was brought into the hall when the previous one was still hanging out on the gallows.


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Convicts climbed 13 wooden steps to an 8-foot-high platform.


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The ropes hung from beams supported by two pillars.


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The hanged man fell into the inside of the gallows, the bottom of which was covered with dark curtains on one side and was filled with wood on three sides so that no one could see the dying torment of the hanged.


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After the execution of the last convict (Zeiss Inquart), a stretcher with Goering's body was brought into the hall to take a symbolic place under the gallows, as well as for journalists to see his death.


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After the execution, the bodies of the hanged and the corpse of Goering's suicide were placed in a row.


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“Representatives of all the Allied Powers,” wrote one of the Soviet journalists, “examined them and signed death certificates.


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Photographs were taken of every body, dressed and naked.


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Then each corpse was wrapped in a mattress along with the last clothes it was wearing and the rope on which it was hanged, and placed in a coffin.


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All the coffins were sealed.


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While the rest of the bodies were being handled, Goering's body, covered with an army blanket, was also brought on a stretcher... At 4 o'clock in the morning, the coffins were loaded into 2.5-ton trucks waiting in the prison yard, covered waterproof tarpaulin and were taken with a military escort.


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An American captain was driving in the front car, followed by French and American generals.


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This was followed by trucks and a jeep guarding them with specially selected soldiers and a machine gun.


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The convoy drove through Nuremberg and, after leaving the city, took the direction south.


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At dawn, they drove up to Munich and immediately went to the outskirts of the city to the crematorium, the owner of which was warned of the arrival of the corpses of “fourteen American soldiers”.


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In fact, there were only eleven corpses, but this was said to put to sleep the possible suspicions of the crematorium staff.


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The crematorium was surrounded, and radio communication was established with the soldiers and tankers of the cordon in case of any alarm.


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Anyone who went into the crematorium was not allowed to go back for the rest of the day.


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The coffins were unsealed, the bodies checked by American, British, French and Soviet officers present at the execution to ensure that they were not replaced on the way.


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After that, cremation immediately began, which lasted all day.


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When this case was finished, a car drove up to the crematorium and a container of ashes was placed in it [18]


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According to B.


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Polevoy, the ashes were scattered from the plane downwind.


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According to other, more reliable information, on the night of October 18, the ashes of executed fascist criminals were poured into the Isar River from the Marienklausen Bridge in Munich [19].


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The fate of other convicts


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Roeder, Funk, von Schirach, Speer, Dönitz, Hess and von Neurath, who were sentenced to various prison terms, served their sentences in Berlin's Spandau prison.


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After Speer and von Schirach were released in 1966, Hess was left in prison alone.


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Until 1987, Hess served his sentence alone and was the only prisoner in prison.


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On August 17, 1987, Hess was found hanged in a gazebo in the courtyard of the prison.


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The investigation into the circumstances of the death of Rudolph Hess was carried out by the Bureau of Special Investigations of the British Royal Military Police.


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In 2013, the results of the investigation were declassified and published on the Internet on the website of the British government.


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However, an analysis of the published materials shows that some of them are falsified, and the so-called “suicide note” is not the note that was removed from the pockets of the prisoner after his death [20].


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Other Nuremberg trials


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The main trial (Main War Criminal Trial) was followed by a number of more private trials with a different composition of prosecutors and judges [21]:


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Meaning


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After convicting the main Nazi criminals, the International Military Tribunal recognized aggression as the gravest crime of an international nature.


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The Nuremberg trials are sometimes called the “Court of History” because it had a significant impact on the final defeat of Nazism.


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At the Nuremberg trial, I said, “If Hitler had friends, I would be his friend. I owe him the inspiration and glory of my youth, as much as I later owe it to horror and guilt.”


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In the image of Hitler, as he was in relation to me and others, you can catch some pretty features.


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It also gives the impression of a person who is gifted and selfless in many respects.


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But the longer I wrote, the more I felt that it was about superficial qualities.


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Because such impressions are countered by an unforgettable lesson: the Nuremberg trials.


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I will never forget one photo document of a Jewish family going to their death: a man with his wife and his children on their way to death.


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I still have it in front of my eyes today.


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In Nuremberg, I was sentenced to twenty years in prison.


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The verdict of the military tribunal, no matter how imperfect the story was portrayed, tried to formulate guilt.


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A punishment that is always not suitable for measuring historical responsibility has put an end to my civic existence.


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And that photo took my life from the foundation.


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It turned out to be more durable than the sentence.


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The main Nuremberg trials are devoted to:


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the American feature film Nuremberg (2000);


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Polish feature film “Nuremberg Epilogue” (1971)


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Russian documentary “Nuremberg. The Last Fight” [22].


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Russian feature film “Countrigra” (2011)


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German documentary “The Nuremberg Trials” (Michael Kloft, 1997)


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Trials of war criminals of lesser importance continued in Nuremberg until the 1950s (see para. Subsequent Nuremberg trials), but not before the International Tribunal, but in an American court.


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One of them is dedicated to the American feature film Nuremberg Trials (1961).


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Criticism


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The German press expressed doubts about the moral right of a number of prosecutors and judges to accuse and try the Nazis, as these prosecutors and judges themselves were involved in political repression.


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Thus, Soviet prosecutor Rudenko was involved in the mass Stalinist repressions in Ukraine, his British counterpart Dean was known for his participation in the extradition to the USSR of Soviet citizens accused of collaborationism, US judges Clark and Beadle organized concentration camps for Japanese residents of the United States [23].


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Soviet judge I. T. Nikitchenko participated in the passing of hundreds of sentences to innocent people during the Great Terror.


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German lawyers criticized the following features of the process [24]:


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The legal proceedings were conducted on behalf of the allies, that is, the injured party, which did not correspond to the centuries-old legal practice, according to which the mandatory requirement of the legality of the of the verdict was the independence and neutrality of judges, who should in no way be interested in passing a decision.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Two new, previously unknown traditions of the judicial procedure of the paragraph were introduced into the wording of the trial, namely “Preparation of a military attack” (Vorbereitung des Angriffskrieges) and “Crimes against Peace” ” (Verschwörung gegen den Frieden).


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

This did not apply the principle of Nulla poena sine lege, according to which no one can be charged without an earlier definition of the elements of crime and corresponding to his degree of punishment.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The most controversial, according to German lawyers, was the item “Crimes against humanity” (Verbrechen gegen Menschlichkeit), since it could equally, within the framework of the legislation known to the court be applied to both the accused (the bombing of Coventry, Rotterdam, etc.) and prosecutors (the bombing of Dresden, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, etc.)


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The lawfulness of using such a clause would be justified in two cases: either on the assumption that they are possible in a military situation and were also committed by the accusing party, thus become legally null and void, either when it is recognized that the commission of crimes similar to those of the Third Reich is condemned in any case, even if they have been committed and the winning countries.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The Catholic Church expressed its regrets for the insufficiently manifested humanism of the court.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Representatives of the Catholic clergy who gathered in Fulda for the conference, without objecting to the need for trial and conviction, noted that the “special form of law” used during the trial led to to multiple injustices in the process of denazification that followed and had a negative impact on the morality of the nation.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

This opinion was communicated to the representative of the US military administration by Cardinal Joseph Frings of Cologne on August 26, 1948.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Yuri Zhukov, a leading researcher at the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, claimed that during the trial, the Soviet delegation concluded a gentleman's agreement with delegations to forget the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the Munich Collusion [26].


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The Katyn case in Nuremberg


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Participants in the trial from neutral countries — Sweden and Switzerland — raised the issue of taking into account mutual guilt in violating the human right to life, including during mass killings.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

This issue became particularly acute in connection with the presentation of materials on Katyn to the court, since at that time the Soviet government categorically excluded its responsibility for the murder of prisoners 4143 Polish officers and the disappearance of another 10,000 officers on its territory.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

On February 14, in the morning, unexpectedly for everyone, one of the Soviet prosecutors (Pokrovsky) began to talk about the crime in the context of accusations of crimes against Czechoslovak, Polish and Yugoslav prisoners Germans in Katyn, having read out the conclusions from the report of the Soviet Commission Burdenko.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

As the documents show, the Soviet prosecution firmly believed that, in accordance with Article 21 of the Statute of the Tribunal, the court would accept the conclusions of the official commission of the ally country as a proven fact.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

However, to the indignation of the Soviet delegation, the court agreed to the demand of Goering's lawyer Dr. Stammer to hold special hearings on this issue, however, limiting the number of witnesses (3 for each parties).


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Hearings on the Katyn case took place on July 1-2, 1946.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The prosecution was witnessed by the former deputy chief burgomaster of Smolensk, Professor Astronomer B.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

IN. Bazilevsky, Professor V. AND. Prozorovsky (as a medical expert) and Bulgarian expert M. A. Markov said.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

After his arrest, Markov radically changed his views on Katyn; his role in the trial was to compromise the conclusions of the international commission.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

At the trial, Bazilevsky repeated the testimony given to the NKVD-NKGB commission and then to foreign journalists in the Burdenko commission; in particular, saying that the burgomaster had informed him about the shooting of Poles by the Germans B.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

G. Menshagin; Menshagin himself calls it a lie in his memoirs [27].


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The main witness of the defense was the former commander of the 537th communications regiment Colonel Friedrich Ahrens, who was declared by the commissions of the “bodies” and Burdenko the main organizer of the executions as an oberst lieutenant ( Lieutenant Colonel) Ahrens, commander of the “537th Construction Battalion”.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Lawyers easily proved to the court that he appeared in Katyn only in November 1941 and by occupation (connection) could not have anything to do with the mass shootings, after which Arens turned as a witness for the defense, along with his colleagues Lieutenant R. von Eichborn and General E.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Oberhäuser.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Dr. Francois Navil (Switzerland), a member of the international commission, also volunteered to testify for the defense, but he was not summoned by the court.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

On July 1-3, 1946, the court heard witnesses.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

As a result, the Katyn episode did not appear in the verdict [28] [29] [30] [31] [32].


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Soviet propaganda tried to pass off Katyn as a confession of German guilt by the tribunal the fact that this episode was present in the “trial materials” (that is, in the prosecution materials), [33], but outside The USSR unequivocally perceived the outcome of the hearings on Katyn as proof of the innocence of the German side and, consequently, the guilt of the Soviet side [34].


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The strange death of Nikolai Zoria


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

First, it was decided that the prosecutor from the Soviet side would be 38-year-old Nikolai Zorya, who was appointed Deputy Prosecutor of the USSR [35].


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

On February 11, 1946, he interrogated Field Marshal Paulus.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

All the newspapers wrote about the interrogation the next day, but at the moment when Zoria said that now “materials and testimonies of people who have reliable information about how in fact an attack on the Soviet Union was being prepared”, the booths of Soviet interpreters were turned off.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Stalin ordered Paulus to be interrogated further by the chief Soviet prosecutor Roman Rudenko [35].


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Zoria received an order to prevent Ribbentrop's testimony about the existence of a secret protocol to the Soviet-German non-aggression pact.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Ribbentrop and his deputy Weizsacker disclosed its contents under oath.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

This happened on May 22, 1946.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The next day, Zoria was found dead, at 22 Guntermüllerstraße in Nuremberg in her bed with a gun neatly lying next to him.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

It was announced in the Soviet press and on the radio that he was careless with personal weapons, although relatives were informed of suicide [35] [36].


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Zoria's son Yuri, who later devoted himself to the study of the Katyn case, linked the death of his father with this case.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

According to him, Zorya, who was preparing for the Katyn meetings, came to the conclusion that the Soviet accusation was false and he could not support it.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

On the eve of his death, Zoria asked his immediate supervisor, Prosecutor General Gorshenin, to urgently organize a trip to Moscow for him to report to Vyshinsky about the doubts he had during his study Katyn documents, since he cannot issue these documents.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Zorya was found dead the next morning.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

There were rumors among the Soviet delegation that Stalin said: “bury like a dog!” [37] [38].


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

In culture


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The Nuremberg Trials is a feature film by Stanley Kramer (1961).


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Nuremberg is an American television film of 2000.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

“Countrigra” is a Russian television series of 2011.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Nuremberg Alarm is a two-part documentary in 2008 based on the book by Alexander Zvyagintsev.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The Nuremberg Epilog (Nirnberski epilog) is a Yugoslav film, 1971.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The Nuremberg Epilog (Epilog norymberski) is a Polish film, 1971.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

“The Process” is a performance by the Leningrad State Theater n.a.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Lenin Komsomol based on a script by Abbey Mann for the feature film “The Nuremberg Trials” directed by Gennady Egorov (USSR, 1985).


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

On December 12, 2018, at a meeting of the Victory Organizing Committee, Minister of Culture Vladimir Medinsky proposed making a film about the Nuremberg trials.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The team of Konstantin Khabensky's film Sobibor will work on the film [39].


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Museum


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

In 2010, the Museum of the History of the Nuremberg Trials was opened in the premises where the court hearings took place.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

More than 4 million euros were spent on the creation of the museum [40].


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

See also


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

List of accused and defendants at the Nuremberg trials


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The Nuremberg Principles


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Subsequent Nuremberg Trials


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Tokyo process


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Khabarovsk process


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

International Criminal Court


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Notes


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Literature


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Lebedeva N. S. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1975.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

The Soviet Union at international conferences during the Great Patriotic War, 1941—1945: Collection of documents.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

VOL. 1.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

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Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain (October 19—30, 1943) /Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR.


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Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1984.


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— 384 p.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

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Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

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VOL. 4.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

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Crimean Conference of the Leaders of the Three Allied Powers — the USSR, the USA and Great Britain (February 4—11, 1945) /Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1984.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

— 302 p., ill.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

References


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

In Russian


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Roman Carmen's documentary “The Court of Peoples” (1946).


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

— Moscow: Gosurizdat, 1954.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Nuremberg trials.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

A collection of materials in 8 volumes.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

— M.: Legal literature, 1987—1999.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

— ISBN 5-7260-0015-3


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

T. A. Ruza


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

A. Poltorak.


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

(Official website of the Russian Ministry of Defense)


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

In English


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

film on IMDB


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

film on IMDB


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Category:Military law


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Category:International Criminal Law


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Category:Aftermath of World War II


Question: Who was the judge at the Nuremberg Process?

Nuremberg trials

Category:Holocaust Events


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Arrow (English: Arrow) is an American superhero adventure television series with elements of drama created by Greg Berlanti, Mark Guggenheim and Andrew Chrisberg and based on comics about DC Comics superhero Green Arrow.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

The plot mainly revolves around former billionaire playboy Oliver Queen, who, after five years on the island, returned to become a masked avenger fighting crime in his hometown at help bow and arrow.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

On May 11, 2012, The CW commissioned a pilot episode [1], which premiered on October 10, 2012 [2].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Filming took place in Vancouver.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

The series is a completely new look at the Green Arrow character, as well as other characters from DC Comics comics.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Despite the fact that the main cast of another series by The CW, Smallville, already had a similar character, the creators decided to restart the story from scratch, so they invited the lead role of another actor (Stephen Amell).


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

They also focused on how life on the island affected Oliver's personality.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Almost every episode has flashbacks that tell about the events of the five years that the main character was considered dead [3].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

On October 22, the channel extended Strela for a full season consisting of 23 episodes [4].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

On February 11, 2013, The CW renewed the series for a second season [5].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

On February 13, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season [6].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

On January 11, 2015, the channel renewed the series for a fourth season [7], which premiered on October 7, 2015.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

On March 11, 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth season [9].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

On January 8, 2017, the series was renewed for a sixth season [10].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

On April 2, 2018, the series was renewed for a seventh season [11].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

On February 1, 2019, the series was renewed for an eighth season.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

The series received mostly positive reviews from critics.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

The first season attracted 3.68 million viewers and many times became a nominee and winner of various television awards.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

In order to promote Arrow, several comic book episodes and a mini-series containing product placement of Bose products were subsequently released.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

The first two seasons were released on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4, and the soundtrack for these seasons was also released.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

In October 2014, the series acquired its first spin-off - the events of the TV series “The Flash” take place in the same fictional universe, crossovers are periodically filmed with the participation of characters from both projects [12].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Subsequently, the universe included such shows as the animated web series Vixen and the series Legends of Tomorrow and Supergirl.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

In addition, a crossover was released featuring another DC Comics character, John Constantine, played by actor Matt Ryan, who previously played the same role in the NBS closed series Constantine.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

The plot


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Billionaire playboy Oliver Queen, who was believed dead for five years, was found on Lian Yu, a deserted island in the Pacific Ocean, where he was shipwrecked.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Queen returned to his family and friends in his native Starling City, who could not imagine that during his absence he had become a completely different person.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

During the day, he had fun and spent his family's fortune, and at night he put on a mask, took a bow and arrows, and began hunting corrupt officials whose names were collected on a mysterious list he received Oliver from his deceased father, and who became part of the Enterprise, a plan by Malcolm Merlin, the father of his best friend Tommy, to destroy the Glades.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

He became known as the Hood and attracted the attention of the police, in particular Detective Quentin Lance.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Oliver's memories often recap the events of the first year after the shipwreck, when he had to deal with Edward Fiers and his men, who used the island as a base.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

After the partial destruction of the Glades and the death of Tommy, Oliver decided to change his strategy in the fight against crime.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

He swore to himself not to kill unnecessarily, took the pseudonym Strela and began to confront all violators of law and order in his hometown.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

His former driver and bodyguard John Diggle and computer technology specialist Felicity Smoke continued to assist him in this.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Also in the city suddenly appeared Sarah Lance, the daughter of Quentin Lance, who was believed to have died in the same shipwreck as Oliver, for which Lances partly blamed Queen.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

As it turned out, Sarah Lance also came to the island thanks to Dr. Ivo, who intended to find there a super soldier serum called Mirakuru, developed by the Japanese during World War II.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Slade Wilson, who had previously helped Oliver survive, was wounded and received his dose of Mirakuru, after which he became a villain and arrived in Starling City five years later to create an army of super soldiers and take revenge on Oliver.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

However, an antidote was found for Mirakuru and Slade was defeated and imprisoned on the same island.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

In parallel with the fight with Slade, Oliver also begins to train an assistant in the person of Roy Harper, who also received a dose of Mirakuru, so he had to learn to control his emotions and strength.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Queen also met Central City forensic examiner Barry Allen and STAR Lab employees Cisco Ramon and Caitlin Snow, who helped find Mirakuru's andidote.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

After defeating Slade, Oliver faced a new problem — someone killed Sarah Lance, as a result of which he and his team had a conflict with the League of Assassins, which Sarah was a member and studied, and her leader Ra's al Ghul.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Subsequently, it turned out that Malcolm Merlin was behind this, but Oliver could not report this to Ra's al-Ghul, as his sister Thea was involved.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

As a result, the Arrow enters into battle with the leader of the League of Assassins and is fatally wounded.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

He is saved from death by old acquaintances - Tatsu and Maceo Yamashiro, with whom Oliver worked for ARGUS in Hong Kong two years after the shipwreck.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Subsequently, Ra's learns that Oliver survived and offers him the place of his heir.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

At first, Oliver refused him, so the League of Assassins cut off the whole city against him, exposing him as a murderer, and Quentin Lance found out that Queen had been the Arrow all this time.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

To save his teacher and partner from prison, Roy Harper, who has already become a full member of the Arrow team as Arsenal, took over the identity of the Arrow, faked his death and left the city, later handing over the Arsenal suit to Tea.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Since Ra's wounded Thea, Oliver decided to take revenge on him by destroying the League from the inside.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

He cured his sister with the help of the Lazarus Pit, which extended the life of the head of the League, and pretended to accept the offer to become an heir.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

In fact, he conspired with Malcolm Merlin, who taught him the secrets of the League and sword fighting.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Queen eventually killed al-Ghul, and then left his hometown with Felicity, with whom he began a romantic relationship.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Also after Sarah's death, her sister Laurel began studying martial arts with former avenger Ted Grant and gradually became a superhero known as the Black Canary.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

In addition, Ray Palmer came to the city, who bought shares in Oliver's company after the ruin of the Queens, and began to promote a project to improve the city.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Among other things, he created a high-tech ATOM costume for himself and also began to learn to be a superhero.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Oliver also met Barry Allen several times again, who gained super speed and became the Flash.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

After leaving, Oliver tried to live a normal life in a quiet town.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

However, the problems of his native city forced me to return there again.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

He learned that a lot had changed: Ray Palmer was considered dead after the explosion, the city was renamed Star City and was terrorized by the criminal organization W. L. E.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

TH.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

led by Damien Dark, who had magical powers.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Queen had previously met people with similar abilities: in the fourth year after the shipwreck, he returned to Lian Yu Island on behalf of Argus, where he met members of the Shadow Spear looking for a magic artifact, met exorcist John Constantine, and Oliver was also familiar with Vixen, a superheroine who uses the magical properties of Totem Tantu to mimic the abilities of animals.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Oliver decided to fight Dark and his army of “ghosts” (as the press called ordinary soldiers of the organization W. L. E. J.) both at night and during the day.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Since the Arrow was considered Roy Harper, who was considered dead, Oliver began to act like the Green Arrow, his sister wore an Arsenal suit and became Speedy.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Queen also put forward his candidacy for the post of mayor, competing with him was the wife of Damien Dark.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Meanwhile, Diggle revealed that his brother, whom he believed died at the hands of a sniper nicknamed Deadshot, did not actually die, but became one of the “ghosts”.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Laurel learned about the Lazarus Pit and went to Nanda Parbat with Sarah's body, where Malcolm Merlin, who became the new Ra's al Ghul, resurrected her.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Malcolm subsequently lost power, which was partly Oliver's fault, so Merlin joined forces with Dark.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

However, the villains lost to the Green Arrow and his team, and Oliver killed Dark, but Laurel died.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

At the same time, Diggle tried to revive his brother, but when he once again trapped the superheroes, Diggle had to kill him.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

In addition, the superheroes also visited Central City, where Oliver and his team helped Barry Allen fight back against the immortal Vandal Savage, and also learned that he has a son, William.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

After Dark's death, Oliver became mayor of Star City, Diggle could not accept that he had to kill his brother, and returned to the army.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Thea also left the team.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Oliver tried to save the city alone, but then, with the help of Felicity, realized that he needed assistants.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

He recruited a team of young superheroes, whom he began to train.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

He also ran into Prometheus, a vigilante who acted in the same way as the Hood did at the time.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Oliver is forced to tell his disciples that he was the Arrow, and therefore the Hood, which is why one of the disciples betrayed him and joined Prometheus.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

In addition, the team was haunted by other troubles.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

So, Oliver accidentally killed a detective who was Felicity's new boyfriend, mistaking him for Prometheus.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Diggle was in a squad, almost all members of which framed him in the theft and sale of weapons.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Diggle was rescued from prison with the help of Adrian Chase, the district attorney Oliver became friends with as mayor.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

However, it soon became clear that Chase was Prometheus.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

He avenged the father that the Hood killed.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

He kidnapped Oliver's friends, family and relatives and transferred them to Lian Yu.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

In the battle with the Green Arrow, Prometheus lost and shot himself with a pistol, thereby activating explosive devices that he himself planted throughout the island.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

In addition, in the fifth year after the shipwreck, Oliver visited Russia, where he was ordained to the Bratva (Russian mafia), and he also came into conflict with Konstantin Kovar.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

With the development of this conflict, Oliver returned to Lian Yu, where he was later found.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Also, the Green Arrow and his team, after learning that Dominator aliens had invaded Earth, visited Central City, where they met Kara Danvers/Supergirl, an alien superhero from parallel universe.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Actors and characters


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

List of characters in “Arrow”


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

casting


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Stephen Amell was one of the first actors to audition for the lead role and, according to Chrisberg, “he hit the nail on the head from the very beginning”, and “everyone else was needed only for comparison” [3].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

The pilot episode script was Amell's first audition with, while the actor also received scripts for pilots of other series this year [13].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Amell was partly taken because the creators wanted to lead a new actor and avoid any direct connection with Smallville [3].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Amell, dressed in his uniform from the series “The Coffee Shop”, began physical training at the Liberal Arts Academy in Reseda, California.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

There he received archery lessons, including watching excerpts from films that show this archery incorrectly or inaccurately [3].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

For Amell, creating Queen's image also consisted of watching many of his previous incarnations on screen: “There's Oliver as a casual playboy, Oliver as a traumatized hero, Oliver as brooding Hamlet, Oliver as a lover, Oliver as a man of action, etc.” [3].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

On February 15, 2012, actress Katie Cassidy was cast for the role of Dina Laurel Lance, also known as the second Black Canary in the comics.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

The actress admitted that she was invited to the show Berlanti, Chrysberg, Nutter, and Guggenheim, whom she called smart, creative and witty [15].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

According to the script, Laurel Lance worked as a lawyer and was Oliver's ex-girlfriend, and she “may or may not eventually become the Black Canary.”


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

In the third season, Sarah's death sent Laurel on a path “she had never taken before” [16].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Heartbroken and burning with revenge, Laurel makes her first and very inept attempt to be an avenger.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

Oliver refused to train her, so she enlists the help of former boxer/avenger Ted Grant in her training.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

She also wears a Canary jacket.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

a gift from Sarah, and eventually becomes the Black Canary.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

In March 2017, it became known that Katie Cassidy was again a first-team actress in season six, already as Black Siren [18] [19].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

On January 21, 2012, Colin Donnell was cast for the role of Tommy Merlin, whose last name is a reference to the Green Arrow's archenemy in the comics, archer Merlin.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

He was described as “Oliver's best friend, a trustful playboy who believes that once Oliver is back, the good old days will return, but finds out that he has changed” [20].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Arrow?

Arrow (tv series)

After the first season, he left the first team due to the death of his character [21], but later appeared in the away role in the second [22] and third [23] seasons.