Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

V., on whose behalf statements are distributed on the Internet [94] [95].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On April 22, 2014, Stomakhin was sentenced to 6.5 years in prison [2].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On July 15, 2014, the verdict, despite the expiration of the statute of limitations for a number of episodes, was confirmed by the Moscow City Court.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Third trial and verdict


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

On April 20, 2015, the Moscow District Military Court sentenced Stomakhin to 3 years in prison, and served his sentence in a maximum security penal colony.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Taking into account the previously imposed penalties in similar cases, his total term of imprisonment was 7 years.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Thus, Stomakhin received another six months in prison in addition to his previous term of serving his sentence.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The court also banned him from engaging in journalism for five years after serving his sentence.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The state prosecution asked to sentence Stomakhin to 7 years and 6 months of maximum security, but the court sentenced him to a shorter term.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Stomakhin, who is serving his second sentence for his journalism, was found guilty under Part 1 of Article 205.2 of the Criminal Code (public justification of terrorism).


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

He was accused of posting an article on January 18, 2014 on Stomakhin's blog hosted by LJ.Russia, “Or blow up a couple of train stations here!” , dedicated to the explosions in Volgograd in December 2013.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

The defense of the defendant pointed out that at the time of publication of the article on the Internet, Boris had an alibi, as at that time he was imprisoned in pre-trial detention center No. 4 (Moscow). Moscow) and did not have the technical ability to post anything on the Internet.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

A number of human rights defenders defended Stomakhin and criticized the verdict as excessively severe: Valentin Gefter, Director of the Institute of Human Rights, Chairman of the Board of the Human Rights Center Memorial Alexander Cherkasov [96], Director of the SOVA Information and Analytical Center Alexander Verkhovsky, General Director of the Grani.ru Internet Portal Yulia Berezovskaya [97].


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Notes


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

References


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

About his views and his prison term.


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Official documents


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

, as well


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Category:Russian publicists


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Category:Criminals of Russia


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Category:Moscow Printing University alumni


Question: What did Boris Vladimir Stomakhin graduate from?

Boris Stomakhin

Category:European Court of Human Rights cases involving Russia


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

A nuclear submarine (nuclear submarine, submarine) is a submarine with a nuclear power plant.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

History


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Initially, in submarine shipbuilding, one of the most important problems was the increase in the time spent under water and the increase in the speed of the underwater course, as the most important characteristics of submarines.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Progress in this area was hampered by the imperfection of power plants, and in particular, their low power and the dependence of the time spent under water on the oxygen content in the air inside the boat.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Initially, these problems were solved by increasing the power of electric motors, battery capacity, increasing the supply of liquefied oxygen, high-pressure air, and regenerative cartridges.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

During the Second World War, Germany for the first time began to mass-use a device for operating diesel engines under water - a snorkel (RDP device) and a combined cycle gas turbine power plant of the Walter system.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In the post-war period, nuclear power appeared in the United States and the USSR, and then in other countries, starting a new stage in the development of the submarine fleet.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

However, the creation of a mobile compact reactor took more than 10 years and required significant efforts.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

On June 14, 1952, the world's first nuclear submarine, the Nautilus (English: USS Nautilus), was laid down in the United States, and it was launched on January 21, 1954 [1] [2] [3].


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The creation of the first nuclear submarine marked the current stage in the development of the energy of navigation, making it possible to provide it with an almost unlimited range [4].


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In addition, the technical solution allowed the Nautilus both to become the fastest submarine (underwater) and the first ship to visit the North Pole [2].


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In the USSR, for the first time, the idea of creating a submarine with a nuclear power plant was presented by A. P. Alexandrov in a letter to I. IN. Kurchatov dated August 19, 1952. The project was completed on June 4, 1958, when the Soviet submarine K-3 launched under a nuclear power plant [1].


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Later, with active cooperation with the United States, Great Britain began the nuclear submarine shipbuilding program, and with the assistance of the USSR, submarines with nuclear power plants became produced in the PRC.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

However, there is another point of view on the program for the construction of nuclear submarines


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In the late 1950s, China requested technology and assistance from the USSR in the construction of nuclear submarines, but while negotiations were underway in China, the Cultural Revolution began and relations with the USSR deteriorated.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

China began the construction of the nuclear submarine on its own in 1964 (the date is not accurate) of Project 091 (NATO code - SSN Han-Class/Han), but the technical backwardness and chaos of the Cultural Revolution led to the fact that the nuclear submarine came into operation only in 1980 (the date is not accurate).


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The only difference between a ship whose name is unknown is the tail number 401.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

France stands apart, which began to build nuclear submarines around the same time, but having developed the entire shipbuilding program on its own.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

French nuclear reactors for submarines are compact and well protected.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

They have a shorter service life between maintenance - about 5 years, which is half the size of their American counterparts, but according to the plan, every five years French boats undergo an update of electronic equipment, and the change of nuclear fuel takes place during these repairs.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The first submarines with nuclear reactors on board appeared respectively in the United States in 1954 - USS Nautilus, and in the USSR in 1958 - K-3 Leninsky Komsomol.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In 1963, the first British nuclear submarine HMS Dreadnought (S101) entered service.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In 1969, the first French nuclear submarine Le Redoutable (S 611) began combat service, and it did not belong to torpedo submarines, but to the class of strategic submarines.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In 1974, China put its first nuclear submarine into service.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The K-407 Novomoskovsk is the last nuclear submarine built in the USSR.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Generations of nuclear submarines


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The first generation


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The boats of the first and partially second generations did not differ in the balance of tactical and technical elements.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The main focus was on characteristics such as speed and depth of immersion.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

But high noise and imperfect sonar systems made Soviet boats a deaf and convenient target.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

USSR: torpedo (PLAT, 13 submarines of projects 627 and 627A, 1 submarines of project 645, as well as converted from submarines of projects 658 and 659 after the removal of missile weapons from them); missile: with cruise missiles with surface start (5 submarines of Project 659, 29 submarines of Project 675 and 1 submarine of Project 651E, built by adding a modular nuclear power plant to the diesel-electric submarine of Project 651 located outside the solid hull); c ballistic missiles (8 submarines of project 658, later converted under projects 658M and 701).


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

USA: torpedo and multipurpose (Nautilus and USS Seawolf (SSN-575) are the first experimental with a water-water and liquid metal reactor, respectively (subsequently the LMT reactor was replaced by a water- water), 4 Skate submarines, 1 Triton submarine (the only submarine in the US Navy with two nuclear reactors), 6 Skipjack submarines, 1 Tulliby submarine (with full electric propulsion), 14 Thresher/Permit submarines (they are sometimes referred to as second generation or to the transition from the first to the second); submarine with cruise missiles (1 Khalibat submarine with five Regulus missiles is the only attempt in the US Navy to use “heavy” cruise missiles; in 1965 submarine converted into torpedo submarines); ballistic missile submarines (5 George Washington submarines, 5 Athan Allen submarines, 9 Lafayette submarines, 10 James Madison submarines, 12 Benjamin Franklin submarines)


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In total, from 1959—1967 The United States built 41 strategic nuclear submarines, and the Skipjack multipurpose submarine project was taken as the basis for the first series of strategic submarines.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Subsequent series were a further development of this project without significantly changing the design of the ship and its power plant.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The main attention was paid to the gradual reduction of noise and the improvement of the missile system.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Polaris missiles of modifications A1, A2, A3, Poseidon C3, Trident 1 C4 were consistently adopted for service.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

At the same time, all US strategic submarines carried 16 long-range ballistic missiles each: from 2,200 km for the A1 to 7,400 km for the C4.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

As a result, American 1st generation SSBNs were significantly superior to Soviet 1st generation SSBNs and were quite consistent with Soviet 2nd generation SSBNs.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In the USSR, in 1955-1962, only 8 nuclear submarines with 3 ballistic missiles each were built.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The firing range of R-13 missiles was 650 km, and after replacing them on 7 boats with R-21 missiles, it was 1,420 km.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In addition, diesel-electric submarines with ballistic missiles were built in the Soviet Union (1 submarine of the B611 project (experimental) and 5 submarines of the AV611 project each with 2 R-11FM BR with a range only 150 km, as well as 24 submarines (one of them for the Chinese Navy) of project 629 with 3 R-13 missiles each), which clearly did not correspond to the forces of a potential enemy.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Due to the obvious lag behind the United States in the field of naval strategic weapons, the USSR began to develop a second-generation nuclear submarine.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The second generation


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

USSR: In 1967-1974, 34 Project 667A Navaga nuclear submarines were built each with 16 R-27 ballistic missiles with a range of 2,400 km.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Further development of the project was 18 Project 667B Murena submarines with 12 R-29 missiles with a range of 7,800 km, 4 submarines of Project 667BD Murena-M with 16 R-29D missiles with a range of 9,100 km , 14 Project 667BDR Kalmar submarines with 16 R - 29R missiles with a range of 9,000 km with a monoblock head unit or 6,500 km with a split warhead (with 3 or 7 units), 7 submarines of Project 667 BDRM” Dolphin” with 16 R-29RM missiles and subsequent modifications with a range of 8300 km or more.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

During the development of the project, the design of the ship and its power plant did not undergo significant changes, the main attention was paid to improving the missile system, reducing noise, improving electronic weapons.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

As a result, the SSBN of project 667BDRM approached the third-generation nuclear submarine in many respects.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Project 667A nuclear submarines have undergone many modifications: one submarine was modernized according to the 667AM Navaga-M project and armed with a D-11 missile system with 12 solid-propellant ballistic missiles, the other submarines converted into multipurpose submarines, submarines with strategic cruise missiles, submarine carriers of ultra-small submarines, etc.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Submarines with cruise missiles were able to launch them from a submerged position.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

These are 11 Project 670 Skat submarines with 8 Amethyst missile systems with a range of 80 km, 1 Project 661 Anchar submarine with 10 Amethyst KR, 6 Project 670M Chaika (Skat-M) submarines with 8 Malakhit KR with a range of 120 km; 3 Project 667AT Grusha submarines and 1 Project 667M Andromeda submarine converted from Project 667A SSBNs.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Multipurpose submarines: 15 Project 671 Ersh submarines, 7 submarines of Project 671RT Salmon, 26 submarines of Project 671RTM (K) Shchuka, 7 submarines with a liquid metal reactor of projects 705 (4 units) and 705K Lira (3 units).


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The submarine hulls of projects 661, 705, 705K were made of titanium.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

USA:


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Third generation


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In the early 1980s, third-generation boats appeared.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

They were characterized by a significantly larger displacement and the availability of more advanced weapons.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

For the first time, electronic weapons were installed on these boats.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

To-DolistFor Main Page:


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

To-do list is empty: remove {{To do}} tag or click on edit to add an item.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The fourth generation


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

USSR: Plans to create fourth-generation boats were adopted in the late 1980s, but the first projects appeared only a decade later.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In 1993, Severodvinsk, the lead ship of Project 855 Yasen, was laid down (adopted for service in 2014), and in 1996, the Yuri Dolgoruky strategic missile carrier of Project 955 Borey (adopted at weapons in 2013).


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

USA: fourth-generation submarines are represented by projects of the Seawolf and Virginia multipurpose nuclear submarines, and the construction of a new SSBN project is not underway.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

To-DolistFor Main Page:


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Fifth generation


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Russia: The design of the fifth-generation Husky boat is being prepared [5] [6].


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

To-DolistFor Main Page:


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In August 2018, Rosatom Corporation announced tests of a nuclear reactor with a core resource for the entire life cycle of the submarine [7].


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Grading


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Nuclear submarines are divided into three main groups according to their intended purpose:


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In addition to these main groups, a group of special-purpose submarines is distinguished, which unites a few submarines, both specially built and converted from boats of the main groups (mainly missile), which were used to solve various tasks: radar patrol submarines, PL repeaters, research submarines, carriers of ultra-small submarines, submarines for conducting secret operations.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Design features


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Robust body


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

made of steel (alloy steel with high yield strength)


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

titanium (K-222 (the first in the world), Komsomolets, boats of projects 705 (K) Lira, 945 Barracuda, 945A Condor; titanium boats were not built in the West)


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Reactors


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Water-to-water nuclear reactor


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Reactor with a liquid metal coolant (project 645 “Kit”, project 705 “Lira”, USS Seawolf).


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In the USSR, a lead-bismuth alloy was chosen as a liquid metal coolant; the US choice in favor of sodium was erroneous due to fire and explosion hazard.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In the 651E project, a modular nuclear power plant was used to re-equip the diesel-electric submarines.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The submarine can have either one or two (Project 667A Navaga, Project 661 Anchar, Project 717, Project 941 Shark, USS Triton) reactors.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Motors


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In addition to the main engine of the YASU, the boat can be equipped with sneak up engines.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Diesel generators with snorkel can be installed for emergency cases and coastal maneuvering.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Arming


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Torpedoes (see Fig. BOARDS)


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Cruise missiles


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

MBR


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Operating countries


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The nuclear submarines are in service with the Navy of the following countries:


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Russia


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

USA


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

GB


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

France


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

China


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Two nuclear submarines are being built by India, one of them, named INS Arihant, launched on July 26, 2009.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The lead Indian nuclear submarine should become part of the Indian Navy by 2016.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Thus, India can become the sixth nuclear power to possess a nuclear submarine.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Work is underway in Brazil to build a nuclear submarine.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

It is planned to complete it around 2020.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In June 2012, it was announced that the creation of a nuclear submarine in Iran began [8].


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Sunken nuclear submarines


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

During the Cold War, the USSR lost 4 nuclear submarines [9].


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

All of them were part of the Northern Fleet of the USSR Navy.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

K-8 — April 8, 1970, during combat service,


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

K-27 is an experimental submarine, on May 24, 1968, an accident occurred in the LMT power plant, on September 10, 1981 it was flooded instead of disposal,


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

K-219 — October 3, 1986, during combat service,


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

K-278 Komsomolets — April 7, 1989, during combat service.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

In the post-Soviet period, two already Russian nuclear submarines sank:


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

K-141 Kursk — August 12, 2000, during naval exercises,


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

K-159 — August 30, 2003, decommissioned during towing for recycling.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The US lost two submarines:


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

USS Thresher (SSN-593) — April 10, 1963, during deep-sea tests,


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

USS Scorpion (SSN-589) - May 22, 1968, during a training trip.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

The radiation accident in Chazhma Bay (August 10, 1985) stands out, as a result of which two Soviet nuclear submarines of the Pacific Fleet were decommissioned at once: K-431 and K-42 Rostovsky Komsomolets.


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

See also


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Submarine ballistic missiles


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Submarine communication


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Submarine detection


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Types of nuclear submarines of the USSR and Russian Navy


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Disposal of nuclear submarines


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Notes


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Literature


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

References


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine

— there are inaccuracies and errors


Question: In what year was the first nuclear submarine built?

Nuclear submarine


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The de Havilland Comet crash near the Elbe was a plane crash that occurred on Sunday, January 10, 1954.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

BOAC's De Havilland DH-106 Comet 1 (Comet 1) operated flight BA781 on the Singapore—Karachi—Bahrain—Beirut—Rome—London route, but shortly after departure from Rome at an altitude of about 8.3 kilometers experienced explosive decompression, as a result of which it collapsed in the air.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The debris fell into the Mediterranean Sea south of the island of Elba.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

All 35 people on board were killed — 29 passengers and 6 crew members.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Airplane


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

De Havilland DH-106 Comet 1 (registration number G-ALYP, factory 06003) was released by early 1951 and made its first flight on January 9.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

On September 18, the airliner was registered with British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) under tail number G-ALYP and received the name Yoke Peter (call sign - George Yoke Peter).


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

On March 12, 1952, he received his flight certificate and joined the BOAC the next day.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

On May 2 of the same year, after a total of 339 flight hours in experimental, test and training flights, G-ALYP began operating regular flights with passengers, thus becoming the first in history of a jet airliner that performed passenger transportation.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

It is equipped with four turbojet engines that develop a thrust of 5,000 pounds each.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The pressurization system allowed up to 40,000 feet (12,200 meters) to maintain air pressure in the cabin at an altitude of 8,000 feet (2,400 meters).


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The maximum take-off weight of the aircraft was 49,000 kilograms.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

On the day of the crash, the liner flew 3,681 hours, including 40 hours since the last check (Check I) of January 7, 1954.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

According to this inspection, there were no significant comments on the aircraft [1] [2].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Crew


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The aircraft was operated by an experienced crew, whose composition was as follows:


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The commander of the aircraft (FAC) is 31-year-old Alan Gibson (English: Alan Gibson).


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

He was born in September 1922.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

He was also qualified as a flight engineer.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Prior to joining the BOAC, he served in the Royal Air Force, where he flew 1,348 hours, including 1,175 crew hours.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

With BOAC since 1946, he flew 4,062 hours during the day and 1,165 hours at night.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The flight time on the Comets was 163 hours during the day and 128 hours at night, including 79 hours during the day and 80 hours at night as the FAC.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

It was noted that Gibson had a positive reputation with the company, including due to the successful emergency landing of an aircraft once, that is, he had experience working in emergency situations [2].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The co-pilot is 33-year-old William John Bury (English: William John Bury).


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

He was born in February 1920.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

He was also qualified as a navigator.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Prior to joining the BOAC, he served in the Royal Air Force, where he flew exclusively piston aircraft and flew 1917 hours, including 1,735 hours as FAC.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

During his tenure with the BOAC, he flew 2,366 hours during the day and 644 hours at night, including 11 hours during the day and 1 hour at night as the FAC.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The flight time on the Comets was 153 hours during the day and 109 hours at night, all in the position of co-pilot [2].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The flight engineer is 27-year-old Francis Charles Macdonald (English: Francis Charles Macdonald).


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

He was born in January 1927.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

With BOAC since January 21, 1952, he flew 281 hours on airplanes and 225 hours on Comets, all as a flight engineer [2] [3].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Flight attendant - 32-year-old Luke Patrick McMahon (English: Luke Patrick McMahon).


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

He was born in October 1921.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Until October 3, 1952, during his work with the BOAC, he flew 2,946 hours on various aircraft, after which he flew 629 hours on the Comets [3].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Two flight attendants worked in the cabin:


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Frank Leonard Sanders (English: Frank Leonard Saunders)


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Gene Evelyn Clarke (English: Jean Evelyn Clarke) [3].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Preceding circumstances


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

On January 10, 1954, De Havilland DH-106 Comet 1 G-ALYP operated flight BA781 from Singapore to London [4].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The penultimate stop on the route was Rome, where there was a change of crew, and the previous three stops were made in Karachi, Bahrain and Beirut.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

During these flights to Karachi, an incident occurred during refueling the aircraft, when the fuel tank valve switch in the right plane of the wing was in the wrong position.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

In Bahrain, refueling took place without deviations, but in Beirut it turned out that the fuel valve remained in a semi-open position without automatically going to neutral.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Since it was not possible to replace the valve, it was rechecked and its operation was found to be satisfactory.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Also in Karachi, a malfunction of the indicator light of the hydraulic pump No. 1 and automatic temperature control was found.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The indicator light signaled the failure of the hydraulic pump, but the check showed that the hydraulic pump was operating normally.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

As for automatic temperature control, its failure meant that the crew now had to maintain the air temperature in the cockpit and passenger compartment manually.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The handing over crew in Rome told the host about these comments.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

According to the commission, these deviations in the operation of the aircraft's systems could not lead to a catastrophe [3] [5].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

There were thin stratus clouds in the sky over Rome at that time.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Slight icing was observed in the clouds.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

There is also a possibility of slight turbulence, but it could also be caused by a jet jet [5].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

catastrophe


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

In addition to 6 crew members, there were also 29 passengers on board, including 10 children returning to England after the Christmas holidays.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

A well-known British BBC journalist was also among the passengers [4].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The weight and alignment of the aircraft did not exceed the permissible limits [3].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At 09:31, the G-ALYP took off from Rome Ciampino Airport.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At 09:50, the crew reported to the control center in Ciampino about the passage of the Orbetello radio beacon.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Then the flight took place over the Tyrrhenian Sea.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

In parallel with the dispatcher, the Cometa crew conducted radio conversations with another BOAC aircraft, the Argonaut C-4, G-ALHJ (call sign - George How Jig), which took off from Ciampino earlier.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At about 09:51, the crew of the Argonaut heard the radio message that was the last from the Comet: George Howe Jig, this is George Yoke Peter.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Notify me... (George How Jig, frown George Yoke Peter. Did you get my...).


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The message was interrupted in the middle.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At about 10:00, the Ciampino control center heard a sound, which was later considered an unmodulated signal from the Comet [1].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Witnesses on the island of Elba indicated that they heard three consecutive explosions in the sky, after which they saw burning debris fall [4].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

I saw a shiny silvery object coming out of the clouds.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Smoke was coming out of it.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

It hit the water.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At about 09:51am, the plane suddenly crashed at an altitude that was estimated at about 27,000 feet (8,200m).


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At about 10:00, according to four witnesses, the burning wreckage of the airliner crashed into the water [1].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At 11:50, the military authorities of the port in the city of Portoferraio on the island of Elba received a report that south of Cape Calamita, approximately in the direction of Montecristo Island, exploded in the air and crashed an airplane.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The commander of the port of Portoferrairo, Lieutenant Colonel Lombardi (Italian: Lombardi), immediately sent all available ships to the crash site, as well as a doctor and a nurse.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Fifteen bodies were found, as well as postal bags, parts of the plane and some personal belongings.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Aviation also helped the ships.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Search operations continued over the next two days, but no more bodies were found, although several more debris was found [5].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Preliminary findings


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The Accident Investigation Unit of the British Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation investigated the causes of the disaster (English: Accidents Investigation Branch of the British Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation).


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The Italian side was represented by Mr. Roveri and Colonel Minero (Italian: Miniero) [5].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At the direction of Lieutenant Colonel Lombardi, the bodies of the dead were taken to the local cemetery in Porto Azzurro and placed in an adjacent church.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At the request of investigators, the examination of the bodies was carried out by Professor Antonio Fornari, under the direction of Dr. Folco Domenici, Director of the Institute of Judicial Medicine of the University of Pisa.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Based on the results of the survey, the following conclusions were made [5]:


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The death was due to an impact on a part of the aircraft;


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

There are serious damage caused by explosive decompression and overloads;


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The likely location of the impact of the bodies on the structure of the aircraft is in the front of the fuselage, probably in the part of the fuselage located above the engines;


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

All the bodies of the victims had burns, but according to their characteristics, it was established that the burns were obtained after death.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Abel Committee


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Immediately after the crash was reported, BOAC decided to temporarily suspend Kometa aircraft from passenger transportation in order to, together with the Ministry of Aircraft Registration and the manufacturer (de Havilland) to conduct a detailed examination of the fleet of these aircraft in operation.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The following day, 11 January, at London Airport, the BOAC Chairman convened a meeting attended by representatives of the BOAC, the Accident Investigation Unit of the British Ministry Transport and Civil Aviation, de Havilland, and the Ministry of Aircraft Registration.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

As a result, a committee was assembled, headed by K. Abel (English: C. Abell) is the airline's deputy chief of development.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The purpose of the committee was to study what upgrades to the design of Kometa aircraft need to be made in order for the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation to allow these aircraft for passenger operation [6 ].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The most likely causes of the disaster were the following:


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Failure to drive control planes (English: Flutter of control surfaces) — part of the mechanism connecting the control surface to the main hydraulic system that controls it in the air has failed , or to the development of malfunctions or backlash in the operation of the mechanism.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

It was decided to check all mechanisms of the control plane control system [6].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The primary destruction of the structure, similar to the Comet catastrophe near Kolkata that occurred a year earlier.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Strong turbulent flows, which caused exorbitant overloads, could lead to destruction.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

It was necessary to consider all parts of the structure that were under suspicion on the basis of data from the investigation of the disaster near Kolkata [6].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Loss of control — each hydraulic system that drives the control planes has an output circuit connected to the control sensor and an input circuit connected to the controls in the cockpit.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Possible causes of malfunctions in the operation of both hydraulic systems were considered [7].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Fatigue of the structural material — this assumption was caused by the fact that after the crash at Elbe, testing the prototype of this type of aircraft showed that after about 6,700 flight hours on the surface cracks appeared at the edge of the landing gear niche.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

One or two parts of the structure where fatigue cracks could presumably appear were also studied [7].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Explosive decompression due to pressure drop — unlike the version about the destruction of the structure, in this version the aircraft did not collapse in flight, but experienced explosive decompression.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The most likely cause in this case was window openings that could be pulled out of the fuselage.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

But de Havilland's tests did not reveal any defects that could cause such a weakening of the structure [7].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Engine failure — in this case, an engine fire was considered the most likely, so issues were considered to eliminate the probable cause of the fire and improve fire safety [7].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The checks and tests carried out have also improved the reliability of electrical systems.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

By the time the inspections of the aircraft were completed, the most likely cause was a fire on board.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At the same time, Abel assumed that turbulence in flights led to an increase in fatigue of the airliner's structural materials, especially in the wing planes, the separation of which led to the crash.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The version about the fatigue of the fuselage material at that time was still considered too unlikely, since, according to tests, the fuselage was designed for another 18,000 flights [7].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Raising the wreckage


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The wreckage of the plane sank at a depth of 70 to 100 sea fathoms (130-180 meters).


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

To search for them, 3 ships of the Royal Navy were involved: Barhill, Sea Salvor and Wakeful.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Barhill and Sea Salvor placed 200 tons of moving mechanisms, including cameras, televisions, a bucket with teeth and more.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Wakeful installed television equipment.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

All this was brought from England and installed on ships at a shipyard in Malta.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

All the conversion work took less than two weeks and by January 25, all three ships arrived at the Elbe.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

TV cameras were first used for the search on February 12.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

It should be noted that this is the first time in history that television equipment has been used to search for aircraft wreckage.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

By March 23, 1954, in addition to floating debris, various large parts had been removed from the water, in particular, engines were delivered on March 21.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

a pressurized frame and a tail of the fuselage were also found.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

In the course of further work, the center section was raised to the surface on April 5, and the nose of the fuselage with the cockpit on April 15.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Search operations were carried out until August 1954, and a total of 70% of the weight of the empty aircraft was recovered, including 70% of the airframe structure, 80% of electrical systems and 50% of the equipment [6] [8].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Naples disaster


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The cessation of the operation of the Comet jet and their downtime in the hangars led to significant daily losses for the BOAC.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

On February 17, Abel sent BOAC management reports and papers on all inspections, investigations, modifications and other work carried out on the Comets since their suspension from passenger operation.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

On February 19, these papers and reports were handed over to the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation, as well as a cover letter that no signs of the cause of the disaster had been found at that time.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The BOAC believed that it had taken all the necessary steps to return this type of aircraft back to service with passengers.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The Ministry of Aircraft Registration also agreed with this opinion and sent a letter to the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation on March 4 stating that they did not see obstacles to the resumption of passenger operation of the Comet.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

It is also worth noting that the flight certificate of these aircraft was not officially revoked and it continued to be valid.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Then the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation sent a letter to the Ministry of Registration of Aircraft, asking for an opinion on the resumption of the operation of the Comets with passengers [7].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

In response, on March 5, Air Chief Marshal Sir Frederick Bowhill (English: Frederick Bowhill) sent a protocol that the most likely cause of the disaster near Kolkata is considered to be caught in a strong storm, and the cause of the disaster near the Elbe is not yet known, but it is possible that it has a similar nature.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

In addition, the nature and scale of the modifications testified to the extensive work at BOAC.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Based on the above, Sir Frederick Bowhill recommended the resumption of passenger service.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

On March 23, 1954, the Comets returned to passenger lines [8].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

But just 16 days later, on April 8, another BOAC Comet crashed while flying from London to Johannesburg in the Mediterranean Sea south of Naples (flying on behalf of South African Airways) - G-ALYY (Yoke Yoke).


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

After this crash, the BOAC immediately stopped operating these jet airliners, and on April 12, the Comet was deprived of its flight certificate [8].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Investigations


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Both disasters occurred in a similar scenario - when taking off from Rome Ciampino Airport, where an intermediate stop was made, the plane climbed in good weather conditions, when after 20 —40 minutes, when approaching a given train, collapsed in the air.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

All this posed an unprecedented difficulty for investigators, especially given that earlier a large amount of work was carried out on aircraft to study the probable causes of the crash and carried out a large the number of modifications.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

But although there was still a version about the failure of the drive by the control planes, which required flight tests for verification, the study of the work carried out on the Komets during the suspension of flights made it possible eliminate many of the possible causes and increase attention to the version about fatigue failure of the aircraft structure [8].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Pool tests


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

On April 18, Arnold Hall (English: Arnold Hall) proposed repeated strength tests of the entire fuselage.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Considering the version of fatigue failure only one among a number of probable ones, Hall nevertheless believed that each of the probable causes should be studied in more detail.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

For the experiment, it was necessary to create a periodic pressure difference inside and outside the fuselage by an amount equivalent to the flight of the aircraft on the echelon.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

When experimenting on the ground, this can be done by creating increased air pressure inside the fuselage.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

But this method is dangerous because explosive decompression will cause a catastrophic situation, since the released energy of compressed air will create destruction equivalent to an explosion inside the aircraft of a bomb weighing 500 pounds.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

In addition, in this case it will not be possible to accurately determine the location and causes of the destruction.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Then it was decided to use water, which, unlike air, is practically not compressible, and therefore will not create explosive decompression.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The problem with immersing the fuselage in water could be solved by simultaneously filling the aircraft and the tank with water, after which periodically draining and re-filling the space outside the aircraft with water can be create a cyclic load on the fuselage [8].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

For such tests, a tank was built in Farnborough, together with de Havilland and the Ministry of Aircraft Registration, in which the G-ALYU (Yoke Uncle, made its first flight on June 23) was placed.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At the same time, both planes of the wing remained outside, while it was possible to create a cyclic load in the wing consoles due to their bending when the fuselage was filled with water.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

It was not possible to recreate such sources of vibration as load oscillations, turbulence, vibration from engines and the influence of the spinner jet in this case.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The tests were carried out by periodically creating an overpressure (11 psi) inside the fuselage at intervals of about 1,000 “flights” [9].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Before the tests, Yoke Uncle made 1230 flights, and made another 1830 cycles in the pool, that is, it had a total of 3,060 cycles, when a crack appeared in the lower corner of one of the portholes in the passenger compartment .


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Further experiments with tinting water with algae made it possible to clarify that the crack appeared at the edge of the skin in the corner of the window and suffered several excess pressure, after which it began to grow at a catastrophic rate.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

It is also worth noting that the vibration sources mentioned above, which could not be recreated during tests in the pool, reduce the service life of the fuselage, so 3060 cycles in the test are equivalent to about 2500 flights in practice.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At the same time, other versions of the disaster were checked, but almost all of them were discarded.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Tests with water brought the version of fatigue failure and explosive decompression of Yoke Peter to the fore [9].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At the beginning of the tests, the stress in the skin material was not measured, since not knowing the exact place where the destruction began, it would take a significant amount of time to install the sensors and the associated equipment throughout the fuselage.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The appearance of a crack in the corner of the window led to the opinion that the skin tension in the corners of the portholes is much higher than in other parts.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Load cells were installed on the trim in the corners of the same type of portholes, including a similar porthole, which had initial destruction, but on the opposite side of the cabin.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Measurements showed that at a pressure drop of 8.25 psi, a stress of 40,000 psi appeared in the skin near the corners of the window, which explained the fatigue failure after a relatively small number of cycles (about 3 thousand).


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Investigators could not accurately determine the average life of the Comet fuselage, since they had only one aircraft, not several.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

It is also worth noting that at the time of the crash, Yoke Peter made 1290 high-altitude flights, and Yoke Yoke - about 900 high-altitude flights.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Based on the results of tests with Yoke Uncle, Arnold Hall said that the fuselage of Yoke Peter reached the limit of its resource in the crash, the same happened with the fuselage of the Yoke Yoke Yoke.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The version, which was initially considered too unlikely, has now become the main version [10].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Wreckage survey


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

As the study of the wreckage of the aircraft showed, intense fire was observed only in the center section area, while the front and rear parts of the fuselage were intact.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

It was concluded that the plane fell into the sea in a small number of large units, while the fragments fell in a small area.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

This was consistent with the testimony of a farmer on the Elbe, who saw falling fragments, one of which was on fire.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Comet models were made of light wood, which were loaded with ballast, and then dropped from the balloon at an altitude proportional to the scale.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The models were made in such a way that they broke at the place of the alleged beginning of the destruction of the fuselage - in the area of the wing, while the end parts of the wing were separated from the central one.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The fall of the wreckage of the model was photographed, and then, based on the data obtained, conclusions about the manner of crash of the airliner were confirmed [9] [10].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

When tests for the strength of the fuselage confirmed the version of explosive decompression, more attention began to be paid to the examination of the debris found and the discovery of new ones [10].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

One of the Italian fishing boats found a fragment of the skin of the fuselage, which was located in the center at the top and above the front wing spar.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

This fragment contained two windows in which antennas were installed, which were elements of an automatic radio direction finding system.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Part of the aileron from the left plane of the wing and part of the aerodynamic ridge installed on the leading edge of the wing near the attachment point to the fuselage were also raised.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The study of these debris and checking the traces of paint at the beginning of the central section showed that the destruction of the structure began with a fragment found in the area of the front window (emergency exit) at normal flight conditions.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Probably, the crack began in the lower rear corner of the window with antennas and passed through the corners of the portholes from the bow to the stern, after which the fragment separated.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Then the fuselage broke in the area of the front wing spar [11].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Alternatively, the crack could have begun to grow in the front corner of the window and was caused by a 0.2 inch (5-6 mm) long microcrack that appeared during the construction of the aircraft.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

A microcrack could appear when a number of holes were punched at the end of the skin sheet, and it could be caused by a violation of production technology.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

High stresses in the corners of the portholes contributed to increased material fatigue.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Although no signs of microcracks in the skin could be found, nevertheless, the most likely version was named that the destruction was caused by a microcrack around the hole of the bolted connection of the skin in the lower the window corner on the starboard side [11].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Checking engines


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Separately, the company checked the engines of the airliner for their failure, including fire, structural destruction or sudden stop.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Part of the wing with the engines was removed from the water on March 15, and on March 21, the engines were delivered to the company for inspection.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

This work was led by Dr. Molt (English: Moult), chief engineer of the Havilland Engine Company.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Inspection of the engines showed that all engines at the time of the disaster were in good order, there were no failures in their operation.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Only when the aircraft was destroyed, there was a gradual decrease in the speed of the engine turbines.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

All damage to the engines was caused from the outside when it hit the water.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

As Molt later reported, there have been no cases of malfunctions in the operation of these engines before, and he considers the modifications made after the Elbe disaster a justified precaution [12].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Thus, one of the versions of the Abel committee that the crash could have been caused by engine failure was not confirmed [13].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Report of the Ministry of Aviation Industry


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

According to the report of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of Great Britain, the most likely cause of the crash in the area of Elba Island was the destruction of the structure of the sealed fuselage caused by fatigue material.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

This opinion was formed on the basis of the following results [13]:


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Tests revealed low fatigue resistance of the fuselage material, and the test results suggest that the resource of the crashed aircraft near the Elbe has reached the fatigue limit.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The plane crash began with the destruction of the fuselage.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The study of the wreckage showed that the catastrophe was of the same type as in fatigue tests.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

This explanation is consistent with all circumstantial evidence.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Some other defects found on the Kometa aircraft could not lead to a catastrophe.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The commission also noted that in the event of a disaster near Naples, it cannot name the exact cause due to the lack of debris.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

However, a medical examination of the bodies of the dead in both cases showed the same injuries, which suggests that the cause of the incident at Elbe applies to the incident near Naples [13].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

It should be noted that the commission attributed to “certain other defects” (paragraph 5) [13]:


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

relatively low wing fatigue resistance;


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

the probability of fuel from the ventilation system of the fuel tank entering the area of the rear edge of the wing near the nozzles of jet engines;


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

the likelihood of internal damage to the end wing fuel tanks during refueling under conditions that, however, have never happened in practice.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Commission Conclusion


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Report acceptance


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The version of the destruction of the fuselage due to fatigue was subsequently confirmed by evidence from Arnold Hall, Dr. Walker and Mr. Ripley.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

De Havilland and BOAC agreed with these findings.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Representatives of all parties involved in the investigation also accepted the theory that Yoke Peter crashed due to the destruction of the fuselage by explosive decompression caused by fatigue [13].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

An alternative version of Jablonski


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

B.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Jablonski (English: B. Jablonsky) was the main rival of the version about fatigue destruction of the fuselage.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

As a specialist in aeronautics in the field of structural integrity, he mainly studied propellers assembled from glued wood.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

In this regard, he was well aware of the various options for aviation glue and possible problems when using it.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Jablonski's version was based on the fact that de Havilland widely used glue to connect the metal-metal pair, including to connect the skin of the fuselage and wing to the power frame.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The frame of the fuselage of Comet 1 consisted of 40 frames, relatively evenly distributed along the length.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

De Havilland was a pioneer in the use of Redux and had quite a lot of experience with it, preferring it to conventional rivets [13].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Jablonski gave the following arguments [14]:


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The skin of the aircraft is exposed to a wide range of temperatures, including in the tropics, it can heat up to +80° C in the sun, and cool down to -55° C when rising to 40,000 feet.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Given the rate of climb of the Comet, these temperature changes could occur within about 30 minutes.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At the same time, the frames, despite contact with the skin, undergo less temperature fluctuations, as a result of which this difference can reach 60—70° C.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

As a result, there is a periodic longitudinal oscillation of the skin relative to the remaining elements of the fuselage power kit.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At some point, the shear stress could exceed the critical stress, which would lead to the destruction of the adhesive joint.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Even if there was no static destruction of the adhesive joint, periodic temperature and longitudinal fluctuations caused by them could lead to fatigue of the adhesive joint and also to destruction of this compound.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Although Jablonski admitted that the properties of Redux glue depending on temperature are quite well known, in his opinion, in this case, temperature fluctuations occurred much faster, which led to faster increase in joint fatigue.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

It is well known that the use of glue in the assembly of engineering structures, compared to riveting, requires a higher level of skill and verification process.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Although at de Havilland, the experience of using the adhesive was worked out taking into account many years of experience and was at a satisfactory level, Jablonski suggested that in this case the assembly process was carried out with violations, and therefore the connection was not reliable enough.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

As evidence of his version, Jablonski pointed out that when studying the debris, he found several cases of destruction of the adhesive seam.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

This led to the belief that the destruction of the fuselage was caused by the destruction of adhesive joints [14].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The following tests were carried out to verify this version [14]:


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

When flying on the Comet, G-ANAV measured the temperature difference between the skin and frames.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Its value did not exceed 10° C, which is why the shear stress in the adhesive joints of the skin with frames was insignificant and did not exceed the permissible limits.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Jablonski, however, appealed against such results, saying that on the basis of this experiment it was impossible to draw reliable conclusions about the temperature values during the climb.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

There is no evidence of the effect of fatigue damage in the Redux adhesive joint.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

De Havilland widely used this adhesive when assembling other aircraft (for example, Hornet and Dove), whose number of flights was already significantly higher than that of the crashed Comets.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

However, de Havilland conducted tests to study the strength of the adhesive joint after a series of temperature fluctuations from +60° C to -55° C.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

It has been found that these temperature fluctuations do not have a noticeable effect on the Redux adhesive joint.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At the request of the commission, de Havilland drew up a statement indicating the history and technologies of using Redux glue, especially focusing on its use in the manufacture of Comets .


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

According to the information provided, this company was fully aware of the importance of the reliability of the connections of the power kit elements, and the control applied over technological processes and verification samples excluded the possibility of technology violation.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

It is also worth noting that the Yoke Uncle provided for tests has already made 3,521 hours of flight time and has undergone temperature fluctuations pointed out by Jablonski.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

As the inspection of his adhesive seams showed, there were no signs of a violation of integrity in them.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Finally, a more thorough check of the debris showed that the destruction of the adhesive joints occurred during explosive decompression and when parts of the aircraft hit the water, and the quality of the adhesive joint was originally at a satisfactory level.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

These results gave grounds to discard this version about the reason for the destruction of the fuselage [15].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Ty's opinion


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Mr. Tye, Technical Director of the Ministry of Aircraft Registration, also expressed some doubts about the cause of the crash.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Like Jablonski, Ty agreed that the crash was due to the destruction of the fuselage, but also doubted that the reason for this was the fatigue of the material.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Ty noted that the destruction of Yoke Uncle occurred after 3000 cycles, while Yoke Peter and Yoke Yoke collapsed after about 1000 cycles.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

At the same time, he could not suggest another cause of the crash, as he had no evidence for such versions as, for example, overpressure in the cabin, or excessive stress in the structure of the fuselage due to external influences, such as gusts or control system failure.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

He also admitted that he does not have an alternative version that would not be considered during the investigation.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The position held by Ty led to the need to reckon with his opinion.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

But even with his comments, experts still came to the decision that the destruction of the aircraft began in the field of direction finder antennas and was caused by fatigue [15].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The version about the overcharge pressure was subsequently checked.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Checking the equipment found, including safety valves, showed that the cabin maintained normal operating air pressure.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The assistant chief designer de Havilland, who was responsible for this aspect, gave the necessary testimony.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Normalair Limited, which produced air boost control equipment, also provided complete information about the main elements.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that the version about the excess air pressure in the cabin can be excluded [15] [16].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Comments on the report


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The Accident Investigation Department made some comments on the report of the Ministry of Aviation Industry, namely, on other defects.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Thus, it was accurately established that the separation of the wings was not the direct cause of the disaster.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

In addition, despite the fact that the weakest point of the wing consoles was considered areas with niches for the chassis, the consoles separated from the center section at a greater distance from the fuselage.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Fuel leakage from the ventilation system of the fuel tank as a cause of the disaster was excluded, since a survey of the wreckage established that the fire began after the destruction of the aircraft began.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

As for the case of refueling, the examination showed that this is possible only if five conditions coincide at once, and therefore it is too unlikely.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

In addition, if this happened, the damage caused could not have caused the Yoke Peter disaster [16].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Probability of damage by jet jets


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

During the period of operation of the Comet, BOAC had isolated cases of minor damage to the fuselage skin.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

This damage was caused by impacts of jet jets coming out of the engines and was located partially in front of and partly behind the pressurized frame.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

When this was discovered, all Comets were systematically inspected and, if signs of such damage were found, repairs were carried out according to the scheme developed by de Havilland.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Also, an internal inspection revealed that the resulting chatter causes a weakening of the connection of the skin to the frame, and therefore these connections were reinforced with rivets.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

This place of possible weakness was under constant surveillance.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The steps taken to combat this phenomenon can be considered satisfactory, since no such defects were observed subsequently.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

De Havilland also made a change to the design of future Comets, due to which the jet jets were diverted away from the fuselage [16].


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Cultural aspects


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The crash of flight BOAC-781 along with the crash of flight SAA-201 (south of Naples) is shown in the documentary series Seconds Before Disaster (The Fall of the Comet series) and Air Crash Investigations (special issue Torn by the sky).


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

The crash of flight 781 is mentioned in the book by I. A. Muromov “100 great plane crashes” in the chapter The crash of the jet Cometa-1 near the island of Elba.


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Notes


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

References


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

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Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Literature


Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

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Question: How many people died in the de Havilland Comet disaster near the Elbe?

De Havilland Comet disaster near Elbe

Category:January 10 events