Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Typical rituals in the coven (or lone wiccanin) take place inside a ritually purified and built magic circle; the “Guardians” of the north, east, south and west are summoned, prayers are heard to the Goddess and God, and sometimes spells are cast.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Usually there is an altar in the circle, on which magical instruments are placed: atam, rod, pentacle, bowl, other famous items: a broom, a cauldron, candles, incense, a knife with a white handle — bolin.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Symbols representing God and Goddess can be placed on the altar in a circle.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Before entering the circle, some traditions fast during the day and/or take a ritual bath.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

After the ritual is completed, gratitude is paid to the Goddess and God, as well as the Keepers, and the circle is “destroyed”.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The most unexpected aspect of Vicca, especially Gardnerian, is the traditional practice of nude witchcraft, also known as “heavenly garments”.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

This practice appears to be derived from the Aradia tradition, an Italian tradition that Charles Leland supposedly described.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The work in “heavenly robes” takes place mainly by dedicated Wiccans, who are outnumbered by less strictly observing the traditions of eclecticism.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

When Wiccans work dressed, they can wear ritual robes, belts, medieval clothes, or just street clothes.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Every full moon and sometimes a new moon is celebrated by a ritual called esbat.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wheel of the Year


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wiccans also celebrate eight holidays of the Wheel of the Year, otherwise known as sabbats [17].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Among them, four great holidays, marking the change of seasons, coincide with the ancient Celtic fire festivals.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The other four smaller festivals, the summer and winter solstices, and the spring and autumn equinox, were first adopted in 1958 at Bricket Wood Coven.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The names of these holidays are mainly borrowed from German pagan and Celtic polytheistic holidays.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The Wiccan Wheel of the Year holidays are not reconstruction and often differ from their historical counterparts, but are universal.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wiccan ritual celebrations may reflect the cultural influence of the holidays they are called, as well as the influence of other cultures that are not directly related to them.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Eight sabbats, starting with Samhein, which has long been seen as Celtic New Year, are as follows:


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Samhain is a great sabbat of honoring the dead;


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Yol is a small sabbat, winter solstice;


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Imbolk is a big sabbat, the approach of spring;


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Ostara — small sabbat, vernal equinox;


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Beltane, or May Eve — the big sabbat, the symbolic beginning of summer;


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Midsummer or Lita — small sabbat, summer solstice;


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Lugnasad, or Lammas, is a big sabbat dedicated to the harvest;


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Mabon is a small sabbat, autumn equinox.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Conducting rituals


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Dedication


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

A person who studies a craft and seeks to join the coven usually must undergo an initiation rite [18].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

All members of British Traditional Vickie (BTV) can trace their spiritual continuity to the recognized founder, Gerald Gardner and, accordingly, the New Forest Coven.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Gardner himself insisted on the existence of a special rule according to which a candidate must spend a year and a day studying the tradition before receiving initiation (although he was repeatedly convicted of neglecting this by prescription).


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

There are three degrees of initiation in British Wicca.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

A beginner always starts his promotion on them from the first one.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

To receive the second one, a separate ceremony is held, during which the candidate must show his knowledge of special ritual accessories, as well as the rules and features of their application.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

At this stage, the Wiccan receives a new, “magical” name, he is given official permission to initiate other candidates and create semi-autonomous covens.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The third degree is the highest, and in addition to the ability to create your own, completely independent covens, the initiator is explained and transmitted knowledge of special, sexual and magical practices - the so-called A great ritual, as well as forms of ceremonial use of Flagellation.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In the tradition founded by Robert Cochrane, there are only two degrees: novice and initiated.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Some single Wiccans perform self-initiation ceremonies in order to ritually testify to their entry into the spiritual path.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Such rituals have been repeatedly published, for example in Scott Cunningham's book “Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner”.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

There is another form of initiation for those Wiccans who, for some reason, do not consider themselves coven and are so-called “solitarians” (from English: solitary).


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

These Wiccans who practice Wicca on their own are not part of the coven, but can join the coven during celebrations or Sabbaths, learn from a coven teacher, and exchange practices and knowledge with the coven.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

As a rule, such Wiccans draw their knowledge from various literature and simply do not have a coven in their immediate environment due to the lack of it.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

For such Wiccans, there are various forms of self-initiation, but not all Vicca traditions accept self-initiation; from time to time, solitarians can be ordained in the coven without joining it.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Handfasting


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Another important Vickie ceremony is Handfasting (English: handfasting, “Plexus of Hands”), which is the term most often referred to as a Wiccan wedding.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

It should be said that some representatives of this religion consider it right to conclude preliminary marriages that last a year and one day.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Usually, such ceremonies are held during the celebration of Lammas (Lugnasad) due to the fact that in ancient times it was at this time that the so-called “Telltown Marriages” were concluded in Ireland, which times were considered test cases.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

When concluding a permanent marriage, the main vow is “To be together as long as love lives in hearts,” as opposed to the Christian “Until death do us part.”


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The first known Wiccan wedding ritual took place in 1960 at Brikit Wood Coven, between Frederick Lamond and his first wife Gillian.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wiccaning


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wiccaning is a special rite performed for newborns and young children, in a sense, an analogue of baptism.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wiccaning does not oblige the child to accept faith in the future, thereby observing an important postulate for every Wiccan about the sanctity and inviolability of free will.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

It is designed to introduce the baby to God and Goddess, as well as to ensure their protection and patronage.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Book Of Shadows


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In addition to the practitioner's personal diary, the Book of Shadows is a special text similar to ancient grimoirs.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In the initiative traditions of Vicca, such as Garderian, it is customary to protect him especially zealously from all the uninitiated.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Despite this strict rule, some versions of the Book of Shadows have been published several times.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

This has enabled eclectic Wiccans to adapt many key chapters and paragraphs for their own practice.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Often, those who do not have the initiation of eclecticism try to create their own Books of Shadows, the information in which can be adequately understood only by themselves.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Traditions


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

“Tradition” in Wicca usually implies initiation into a certain tradition.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

There are many such traditions, but there are also single or eclectic Wiccans that are not associated with any particular tradition, some of whom work alone (solitarians), and others join the coven.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

There are also other forms of witchcraft that are not related to Wicca.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

American traditions are beautifully described in Margot Adler's Lowering the Moon, Starhawk's Spiral Dance, and Her Secret Children: The Awakening of Vicca and Paganism in America by Chaz S. Clifton.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The lack of consistency in establishing a defining category in Wiccan communities has often led to confusion between traditional Wiccans and eclectic traditions.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

This can be seen in the usual description of many eclectic traditions, as well as in traditional ones.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In the United States, where confusion usually occurs, Wiccans of various traditions that come from the Gardnerian tradition may call themselves Wiccans of the British tradition.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Single Covens and Wiccan


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Traditional Wicca presupposes covens led by a dedicated high priestess and high priest.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The Covens are autonomous, often the high priestess and high priest work in pairs, as a couple, where both of them have been ordained first, second, and third degree.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Occasionally, Coven leaders have only completed the second degree of initiation, in this case they are under the guidance of the parent coven.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The initiation and training of a new priestess or priest often takes place in the environment of a coven, but this is not a mandatory rule, and some dedicated Wiccan do not maintain a relationship with any coven.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

It is believed that the ideal number of coven members is 13, although this is also not an unshakable rule.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In fact, many covens in the US are smaller, although situational membership may increase due to the participation of Wiccan solitarians in “open” rituals.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

If the coven grows more than an ideal number of participants, there is a division (also called “swarming”) into two or more covens, which often remain connected as a group.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In many traditions, a close-knit group of several covens is known as the “grove”.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Traditionally, initiation into the coven is preceded by a period of at least a year and one day.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Training can continue during this period.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In some covens, the ritual of preliminary “initiation” may be performed during this period, some time before the direct initiation, allowing the coven candidate to participate in an exemplary ritual.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Single Wiccans also sometimes choose a study period of “year and day” before initiating themselves into religion.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Unlike traditional ones, eclectic wiccans are most often practiced alone.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

However, some of these “loners” can attend meetings and other social events, but conduct their spiritual practices (sabbats, esbats, spells, worship of the Goddess and God, magical work, and etc.) alone.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Eclectic Wiccans now far outnumber traditional Wiccans, and their beliefs and practices may differ widely.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

History


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Origins


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Vickie's story is controversial.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Gardner claimed that Wicca was one of the surviving matriarchal pagan religions of ancient Europe, taught to him by members of the New Forest Coven; their rituals were sketchy and were mostly rewritten them.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Most, if not all, elements of Gardner's version of history have been significantly challenged, including the very existence of the New Forest Coven.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Authors such as Aidan Kelly and Francis King claimed that Gardner redesigned them completely, adding elements from Margaret Murray's works, spells from Aradia, and the practice of ceremonial magic.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Heselton concludes that, despite the fact that Gardner may have been wrong about the ancient origin of religion, his arguments about it are mostly made in good faith.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Gardner's story is this: after refusing to travel around the world, he joined the New Forest Coven.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Later, fearing that the Craft would end its existence, he worked on his book Witchcraft Today, published in 1954, followed by The Meaning of Witchcraft in 1959.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

It is from these books that the main part of modern Vicca came out.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Many of Gardner's rituals and principles can be considered borrowed from the works of earlier occultists and other surviving sources; the remaining primary sources do not form a holistic material and are mainly used as substitutions and additions among other information.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Roger Dinely describes the phenomenon of mosaic/patchwork.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Some of Gardner's statements were relevant at the beginning of the 20th century, but are refuted by subsequent scientific works.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The idea of the supreme Mother of the Goddess, for example, was common in Victorian and Edwardian literature: the concept of the Horned God — especially with regard to Pan and Fine — was less general, but still significant [19].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Both of these ideas were widely accepted in academic literature and the popular press at the time.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Isaac Bonewitz and others argued that Valiente and Heselton's arguments point to a revival of the early 20th century, which Gardner dated earlier, rather than the remaining intact ancient pagan religion.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

This argument refers to Gardner's historical statements, which were consistent with the science of the time, contradicted later science.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Bonewitz wrote: “Around 1920 and 1925, several folklorists teamed up with the Rosicrucians of the Golden Dawn and members of the Family Tradition to create the first modern coven in England, using information from various directions in an attempt to collect fragments of their pagan past.”


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wicca is sometimes described as “the only religion England has ever given to the world” [20], but many Wiccans disagree and consider their religion to be a legacy of very ancient practices, since even the word “wicca” comes from the Indo-European root “weik”, which is related to magic and/or religion.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

From this common root, “wikk”, meaning magic or magic, appeared in Germanic languages.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Subsequent development


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The Gardnerian Wicca was a mystical religion that presupposed initiation, access to which was limited to those who were initiated into the pre-existing coven.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wicca was introduced to North America by Raymond Buckland, an emigrated Englishman who visited the Gardnerian Cove of the Isle of Man for initiation.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Interest in it quickly spread in the United States: many were initiated and many, without initiation, created their own rituals based on published information or their own imagination.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In the UK, followers of the Gardnerian tradition began to undergo their own initiation, and their number increased significantly.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

One of them (although it is actually claimed that this tradition originated from a traditional, non-Gardnerian source) gave rise to a branch known as the Wicca of Alexandria.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The growing popularity on both sides of the Atlantic and in other countries, along with the increase in print runs designed to allow many people to start practicing Wicca without being a member of the coven or not being initiated in order to be able to do so.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In response, traditionally dedicated Wiccans in North America began to describe their tradition as the British Vicca tradition.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Another significant result of the development of religion was the creation by feminists in the late 1960s and 70s of an eclectic movement known as the Dianic Wicca or feminist Dianic Witchcraft.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The Dianic Wicca has no connection with the line/heredity of traditional Vicca and creatively interprets published materials about Wicca as the basis for the structure of her rituals.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

This definitely feminist, Goddess-oriented faith does not show interest in the Horned God and does not accept the hierarchy and need for initiation inherent in the Gardnerian tradition.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Rituals are created for self-initiation to give people the opportunity to identify with religion or join it without the help of the coven.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

This contrasts with Gardnerian's belief that only a witch of the opposite sex can dedicate another witch.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Demographics


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Isaac Bonewits points out several reasons that make it difficult to fix the number of any neo-pagan group.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Nevertheless, attempts at such fixation have been made.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The American Religious Identity Survey in 2001 found that at least 134,000 adults identified as a Wiccan in the United States of America, compared to 8,000 in 1990.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

These numbers are doubling every thirty months.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In the UK, the census format did not accurately identify traditions within paganism, as the Pagan Federation called Wiccan, Gentiles, Druids and others before the 2001 census neo-pagans subscribe to the definition of “Pagan” in order to increase the number of their own adherents.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Thus, 42262 people from England, Scotland and Wales declared themselves pagans.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Adherents.com, an independent website that specializes in assessing adherents of world religions, cites more than thirty sources from which it is possible to estimate the number of Wiccans (mainly from the United States and Great Britain) [21].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

According to a rough estimate by Adherents.com itself, there are about 1 million Wiccan worldwide.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wicca is one of the fastest growing religions in the world.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

etymology


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The term Wica first appeared in the works of Gerald Gardner (Witchcraft Today, 1954, and The Meaning of Witchcraft, 1959).


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

He used the word as an innumerable noun referring to adherents of his witchcraft tradition ('the Wica'), and not to religion itself.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

He called religion witchcraft, not Wica.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

It is likely that the word comes from the Old English word wicca (pronounced /ˈwiː/) - “wizard”; at the same time, wicca and its feminine version wicce (“witch”), (wiccian - “cast a spell” ) are the predecessors of the modern English word witch (witch).


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

There are several assumptions about the farther roots of the word witch.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In 1891, Charles Godfrey Leland wrote in a footnote: “Witch. In medieval England, wicche, referring to men and women, is a magician, a witch. Anglo-Saxon wicca — male version, wice — female version.. Wicca is a distortion of the word wítga, widely used as an acronym for wítega, fortuneteller, seer, prophet, magician, magician, magician, sorcerer”; and in 1921 etymologist Ernest Vikley noted a possible link between witch, Gothic weihs (“saint”) and German weihan (“dedicate”), and that the probable reason for the connection was that “... the priests of the defeated religion naturally became magicians in the eyes of their successors or opponents...”


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Gardner himself claimed to have learned about the term from members of an existing group that introduced him to witchcraft in 1939: “I realized I had stumbled upon something interesting; but I had half the initiation before the word Wica they used struck me like lightning, and I knew where I was and that Ancient Religion still existed.”


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The pronunciation of Wicca was not used by Gardner, and the term Wiccan (both adjective and noun) was used much later, but it is now the most commonly used term for designations for Vickie followers.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wicca and paganism


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wicca is a neo-pagan religion with certain types of rituals, seasonal rituals and religious, magical and ethical rules.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wiccans practice the form of witchcraft, but not all witches are Wiccanes—there are other forms of witchcraft, folk magic, and sorcery within many cultures with very diverse practices.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Most Wiccans consider themselves pagans, although the general term paganism covers many faiths that are not related to Wicca and witchcraft.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wicca is usually described as a neo-pagan religion, although Isaac Bonevich, a famous neo-druid, believes that early Wicca (then called “witchcraft”) was essentially Mesogangian direction.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Since there is no centralized Wiccan organization and generally accepted dogmas, Wiccan beliefs and practices can differ significantly among both solitarians and coven traditions.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

As a rule, the main religious principles, ethics and structure of rituals are shared by everyone, as they are the key point of traditional teachings and published works on this topic.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wicca is a variation of witchcraft based on religious and magical concepts.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

This was practically carried out during the initiation into the tradition of Gerald Gardner; in fact, it differs from other forms of witchcraft and paganism not by one creed, but by the practice of magic, ethical philosophy, initiation system, organizational structure and secrecy.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Some traditional beliefs and practices have been adopted by Wiccan movements outside the original tradition, such as the eclectic Wiccans, who generally neglect the system of initiation, secrecy and hierarchies, and very different beliefs, sometimes never use magic or call themselves witches.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Within traditional Vicca teachings, there are three degrees of initiation.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Initiates in the first stage receive coven membership; those who wish to teach others may eventually complete the second and third initiation levels and become “high priest” or “high priestess” which allows them to found new covens.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

During initiation, some Wiccans receive a magical name that symbolizes their spiritual “revival”.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The magic name is used as a magical alter ego, or simply provides anonymity if the witch shows up in society.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

(see Vickie's Confession below).


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Vickie's recognition


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In the US, amendments to the country's legislation have improved and legalized the status of the Wiccan, especially the Dettmer v.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Landon in 1985.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

However, there is still hostility from some politicians and Christian organizations.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

However, the Wiccan symbol is included, for example, in the tombstones of soldiers and veterans of the US Army.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

According to the history of the tradition proposed by Gardner, Wicca is a surviving European witch cult that was persecuted during witch trials (sometimes called Campfire Time).


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

After Gardner, the theory of organized pan-European witch cult was greatly discredited, but still common to the Wiccans is the expression of solidarity with the victims of witch trials [22].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

It is believed that Wicca is a form of Satanism, despite the difference between these religions and the absence of a Satan-like figure in Wiccan theology.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Due to existing negative associations associated with witchcraft, many Wiccans secretly continue traditional practices, hiding their faith on pain of persecution.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Disclosing yourself as a Wiccan to family, friends, or colleagues is often referred to as “coming out of the broom-closet”.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Sometimes the Wicca is accused of anti-Christianity, but this opinion is refuted by the Wiccans themselves, such as Dorin Valiente, who claimed that although she knows many Wiccans who admire Jesus, “witches have little respect for the doctrines of churches, which they see as many artificial dogmas” [23].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Some consider Wicca to be a simple offshoot of the New Age movement, but this opinion is persistently denied by Wiccans and historians, including Ronald Hutton, who noted that Wicca is not only preceded the new age, but also differs from it in the basis of worldview [24].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wicca in Russia


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

On April 30, 2011, the first Wiccan coven “Coven of Willow” was officially registered in Russia in St. Izhevsk of the Udmurt Republic.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The Wiccan Union of Russia [26] and the Russian branch of the International Pagan Federation operate in Russia, and there are many different Wiccan Covens and communities.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The ideology of these groups is very different even within Vickie.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Notes


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Literature


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Scientific


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

in Russian


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

in other languages


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wiccan


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

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in Russian


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Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

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Scott Cunningham.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

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A guide to self-guided magic practice.


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SPb., 2009.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

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Timothy Roderick.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

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Wicca.


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A year and one day.


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366 days of spiritual practice in the Art of the Wise.


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SPb., 2008.


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Raven Grimassey.


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Wicca.


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The ancient roots of witchcraft.


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M., 1999


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Tammy Sullivan.


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Elemental magic.


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Fire, air, water, earth.


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Define your element.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

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SPb., 2008.


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Lori Cabot.


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The power of witches.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

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Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

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in other languages


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Gardner, Gerald B (1999) [1954].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Witchcraft Today.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

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Lake Toxaway, NC: Mercury Publishing.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Raymond Buckland, The Witch Book: The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft, Wicca, and Neo-paganism (Detroit: Visible Ink Press, 2002).


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James Aten, The Truth About Wicca And Witchcraft-Finding Your True Power.


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(Aten Publishing, 2008).


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Category:Neo-paganism


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Category:Magic


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Category:Rites and rituals


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

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Question: Can I drink water from the Colorado River?

Did you know

In order to introduce the euro, this country may have to abandon the euro.


Question: Can I drink water from the Colorado River?

Did you know

Stefan Maly, an impostor posing as the Russian Emperor Peter III, successfully ruled Montenegro for six years.


Question: Can I drink water from the Colorado River?

Did you know

In 1904, Montenegro declared war on Japan, thereby thanking the Russian Empire


Question: Can I drink water from the Colorado River?

Did you know

It is home to the largest fjord in the Mediterranean, the most famous nudist center in Europe and the only Orthodox church in the world to which representatives of different faiths make pilgrimages.


Question: Can I drink water from the Colorado River?

Did you know

Montenegro is the most actively developing tourist country in Europe, with an annual growth of 10.2% in the tourism sector.


Question: Can I drink water from the Colorado River?

Did you know

The coast of Montenegro has the cleanest sea water.


Question: Can I drink water from the Colorado River?

Did you know

The length of the beaches is 73 km, of which 56 km are sandy beaches (there are 117 beaches in total).


Question: Can I drink water from the Colorado River?

Did you know

Many people call Montenegro a country of canyons.


Question: Can I drink water from the Colorado River?

Did you know

Nowhere in Europe is there as many canyons as here.


Question: Can I drink water from the Colorado River?

Did you know

The Tara River Canyon is not only the most popular but also the largest in Europe.


Question: Can I drink water from the Colorado River?

Did you know

This unique natural complex is included in the UNESCO World Natural Heritage List.


Question: Can I drink water from the Colorado River?

Did you know

In terms of its size, it is second only to the Colorado River Canyon in the United States, which is recognized as the largest in the world.


Question: Can I drink water from the Colorado River?

Did you know

The Tara River itself is no less unique: it is the largest reservoir of drinking water in Europe.


Question: Can I drink water from the Colorado River?

Did you know

In addition, the water is so clean that it can be drunk without additional purification.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery [1] (also Kirillov Monastery) is a monastery of the Vologda Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church, located on the shore of Lake Siverskoye within the city of Kirillov Vologda Oblast, which grew out of a settlement at the monastery.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In the 15th—17th centuries, it was one of the largest and richest monasteries in Russia, the center of the spiritual life of the Russian North.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Since 1924, it has been a historical, architectural and art museum-reserve.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

History


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The monastery was founded in the wake of the founding of new monasteries in the late 14th and early 15th centuries by followers of Sergius of Radonezh.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In 1397, monk Kirill Belozersky dug a cave on the shore of Lake Siverskoye, from which the history of the future monastery began.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

His companion Ferapont Belozersky later founded the Ferapontov Monastery nearby.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The charter of Belozersk monasteries was particularly strict.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Over time, the Kirillov Monastery was in the center of a whole network of monastic monasteries: Ferapontov, Goritsky Resurrection Monastery (7 km from Kirillov), the Nilo-Sorskaya Pustyn (15 km), etc.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

These sparsely populated lands have recently become part of the Principality of Moscow, which was interested in their speedy economic development.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The princes of Moscow traditionally maintained close ties with the Belozersk monastery; St. Kirill's messages to the sons of Dmitry Donskoy have been preserved [2].


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In 1447, the monastery was visited by Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich, who had previously been in exile in Vologda.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Kirillov's abbot Trifon freed him from the kiss of the cross not to claim the throne of Moscow again.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Subsequently, the Grand Duke generously thanked the monastery for this service.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In the context of competition between Moscow and independent Novgorod, the Kirillov Monastery became not only the most important stronghold for consolidation in Zavolochye, but also a major economic center: it ran through it trade route further north to the White Sea, where multidirectional trade flows crossed.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Until Peter the Great's time, the monastery conducted extensive trade, especially salt and fish.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Early on, the monastery became one of the most important book centers in Russia.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

By the end of the 15th century, 210 manuscripts were kept here [3].


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Six handwritten collections have been preserved by Belozersk monk Efrosin alone, who owns, among other things, the final version (and title) of the poem “Zadonshchina” [4].


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

At the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, the Kirillov Monastery, where Nil Sorsky labored, was one of the main centers of the non-owners movement.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Belozersky lands originally belonged to the Rostov eparchy.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The first stone building of the monastery was the Assumption Cathedral erected in 1497 by an artel of Rostov craftsmen (it has survived to this day).


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In the 16th century, the small Ivanovsky Monastery appeared next to the Bolshoy Assumption Monastery.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Many of the surviving churches were built in stone at the end of the reign of Vasily III.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In 1528, this ruler came to the Kirillov Monastery with Princess Elena Glinskaya to pray for the gift of an heir.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The subsequent birth of his son, the future Tsar Ivan the Terrible, was associated in the eyes of his contemporaries with the intercession of St. Kirill Belozersky.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Throughout his life, Ivan Vasilyevich had a special passion for the Kirillov Monastery, considering himself obliged to him for his birth.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Before his death, accepting the schema, the first Russian tsar, like his father, became the tonsure of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The monastery grew rich, grew and, despite a big fire in 1557, became the largest focus of stone buildings in the north of the Russian state and the largest church landowner after Troitsky monastery.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

There were 607 villages alone in the monastic possessions.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Kirillov's rectors occupied a prominent place in the church hierarchy and, as a rule, over time moved to significant hierarchal chairs [5].


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Like other northern monasteries, Kirillov served as a place of imprisonment for persons from the secular and ecclesiastical feudal nobility.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

At various times, disgraced Vassian Kosoy, boyars Mikhail Vorotynsky, Ivan Shuisky, Ivan Mstislavsky, Boris Morozov, Grand Duke Simeon Bekbulatovich, Metropolitan Joasaph (Skripitsyn) of Moscow stayed here, Patriarch Nikon et al.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In 1600, the first stone fortress fence with eight towers was built.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Inside the walls there were nine stone churches and a bell tower.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Cells and other non-religious buildings were made of wood.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In 1604, Anisim Samsonov, a priest of Vologda St. Sophia Cathedral, painted 20 images of the Mother of God and 20 images of St. Kirill Belozersky for the Kirillov Belozersky Monastery [6].


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

During the Time of Troubles, the monastery withstood the siege in 1612-1613 and repulsed (until 1616) several attacks by the troops of Polish and Lithuanian invaders.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

During the assault, Polish Colonel Pesotsky, who commanded the besieging, was killed.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

After these events, the Russian government realized the important fortification importance of the monastery.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In 1654-1680, new stone walls of the monastery were built, which have survived to this day, and the monastery became one of the largest and most powerful fortresses in Russia.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Nikon, the former Patriarch of Moscow, was exiled here in 1676 after the death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and spent the last 5 years of his life here.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

He died on his way from here to Moscow.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In 1722, Peter I visited the monastery.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

By that time, the monastery was the owner of 21,000 peasants living in 16 counties, but with the advent of Baltic ports in Russia and the decline of northern trade through Arkhangelsk, the economic the importance of the monastery began to fall


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The gradual decline of the monastery continued under the following rulers.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In 1764, by decree of Catherine II, the monastery was deprived of peasants and land.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Twelve years later, the city of Kirillov was formed from the monastery settlement, and a city and district prison was placed in the fortress wall.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In September 1918, the Bolsheviks shot the rector of the Varsonofy (Lebedev) Monastery, Bishop of Kirillovsky.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

hegumen


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Cyril (1397 — June 9, 1427)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Christopher (1427—1433) [7]


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Trifon (1433—1447) [7]


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Cassian (1448—1465) [7]


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Philotheos (1465—1466) [7]


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Cassian (secondary) (1466—1471) [7]


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Nifont (1476—1482)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Serapion (1482—1484)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Gury (Tushin) (1484—1485)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

John (July 14, 1506-1514)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Alexy (mention 1520—1525)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Dositheos (1533 — March 1539)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Athanasius (Paletsky) (1539 — June 18, 1551)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Pimen (Black) (? — November 20, 1552)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Simeon (1552—1555)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Cosmas (1572—1581)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Sylvester (until 1593)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Joasaph (1600—1603)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Matthew (1606—1615)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

archimandrites (from the middle of the 17th century)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Irinarkh (1705—1732)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Theophylakt (Gubanov) (July 14, 1732 — December 15, 1733)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Simon (Lagov) (August 1761 — October 28, 1764)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Jacinthos (Karpinsky) (1774—1792)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Arseny (Todorsky) (1792—1796)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Callistus (Zvenigorodsky) (1796—1800)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Veniamin (Zhukov) (1802-1809)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Gideon (Moshatin) (1818—1829 [8])


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Innocent (1829—1840)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Varlaam (Denisov) (January 31, 1852 — March 22, 1857)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Jacob (Pospelov) (1866 — January 16, 1896)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Nicodemus (January 29/February 6, 1896 — January 22, 1900)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Theodosius (January 22, 1900 — September 7/12, 1907)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Bishops of Kirillov (since 1907)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Ioanniky (Dyachkov) (1907—1916)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Varsonofy (Lebedev) (January 8, 1917 — September 15, 1918)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Tikhon (Tikhomirov) (1920—1924)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Governors


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Anastasy (? — 1924)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Ignaty (Molchanov)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Monastery farmsteads


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Moscow


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

One of the oldest and most famous farmsteads of the monastery was the Kremlin Kirillov Metochion, the metochion of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery in the Moscow Kremlin.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The courtyard was located not far from the Frolovsky Gate (now the Spasskaya Tower) at the Afanasyevsky Monastery.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In 1770, on the occasion of the Bazhenov Palace project proposed for construction, the Kirillov Metochion in the Kremlin was abolished, and then in 1776 it was completely dismantled.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

On the site of the courtyard and other courtyards cleared, a vast area was formed [9].


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Vologda


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In the XVII-XVIII centuries, when the monastery belonged to the Vologda Diocese, its metochion also existed in Vologda.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The stone church of Kirill Belozersky at the Salt Yard was built in 1650-1653 (demolished in 1963) [10].


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Museum


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

After the monastery was abolished, the sacristy was looted; the most valuable icons and other works of art were taken to museums in Moscow and Leningrad.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The same fate befell the monastery library.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Among the book treasures taken out of the Belozersk monastery are the most ancient copies of Zadonshchina and Daniel the Pilgrim's walk to the Holy Land.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In 1924, the Kirillo-Belozersky Museum-Reserve was opened on the basis of the monastery ravaged by expropriations, which made it possible to avoid the usual destruction and demolition of historical monuments in the 1930s.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In the post-war period, the museum-reserve launched restoration activities, which were supervised, among others, by Sergei Podyapolsky.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Monuments of wooden architecture from the surroundings were brought to the museum: the wooden church of the Deposition of the Deposition from the village of Borodavy (1486); a 19th century mill from the village of Shchyolkovo.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The Museum of Icons, which has a large collection, operates in the refectory of the Church of the Introduction (1519).


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Since 1997, the Kirillo-Belozersky Museum-Reserve has been included in the State Code of Particularly Valuable Objects of Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of the Russian Federation.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

It is located in the architectural complex of the former Kirillo-Belozersky and Ferapontov monasteries.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In 1998, the Maly Ivanovsky Monastery was transferred for unlimited free use to the Russian Orthodox Church.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In mid-June 2018, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia visited the Kirillo-Belozersky and Ferapontov monasteries.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

He expressed hope that “through joint efforts, the issues of interaction between cultural institutions and the Church will be resolved in the context of a full revival of monastic life in these places.”


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In September 2018, the Vologda eparchy re-submitted applications to the Federal Agency for State Property Management to transfer to it for use the building of the Brotherly Cells of the Kirillo-Belozersky Museum for the full revival of monastic life in it (the first application was rejected for technical reasons — due to an incomplete set of documents).


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The museum-reserve proposed to provide the Church with the building of a theological school (Priestly cells) instead of the Brotherly Cells [11].


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Modernity


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In 1997, in the year of the celebration of the 600th anniversary of the monastery, part of the monastery territory was transferred to the Vologda Diocesan Administration.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In 1998, the Orthodox Religious Organization Kirillo-Belozersky Male Diocesan Monastery in St. Kirillov of the Vologda Oblast of the Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate).


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

By the decision of the Holy Synod of October 10, 2009, Hieromonk Ignatius (Molchanov) was confirmed as governor of the monastery.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

By the decision of the Holy Synod of October 22, 2015, Abbot Ignatiy (Molchanov) was relieved of his post as governor of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery and appointed governor of the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in Vologda [12].


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

By decree of Metropolitan Ignatius of Vologda and Kirillov, Hieromonk Anastasy (Dodarchuk) was appointed acting governor of the monastery from December 14, 2015 [13].


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The iconostasis of the Assumption Cathedral, its modern construction, has almost completely survived to this day, which is a unique fact in the history of Russian art.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The ancient icons of this iconostasis have been scattered for a long time.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Of the 60 surviving icons, 33 were in Kirillov, and the rest were in the Russian Museum, the Tretyakov Gallery and the Andrey Rublev Museum.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In early April 2009, some of the icons were returned to Kirillov.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In the Church of Cyril, under the roof are the relics of St.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Kirill Belozersky is the main church shrine of the monastery.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The architectural ensemble of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The complex of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery includes the ensembles of the Bolshoy Uspensky and Ivanovsky monasteries (“Old Town”), the “New Town” and the territory of the unpreserved Ostrog fortress between them.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The monastery is surrounded by fortress walls with monumental towers decorated with brick patterns.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The main building of the ensemble is the Assumption Cathedral (1497).


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

See the monastery.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Churches


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

ImageElement of the complexPart of the monasteryConstruction dateWooden Church of the Deposition of the Deposition from the village of BorodavyNew City1485 Water gate with the gate church of the Transfiguration of the State Upgraded Bolshoy Uspensky monastery1595 year Bell towerBig Assumption Monastery1757-1761. Holy Gate with the gate church of John ClimacGreat Assumption Monastery1523 and 1572, respectively, the Assumption Cathedral with chapels of Grand Duke Vladimir Equal-to-the-Apostles, Bishop Epiphany of Cyprus, Abbot Kirill Belozersky, Grand Assumption Monastery1497, 1554, 1645, 1785 (1585), respectively.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Church of Archangel Gabriel.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Built with the contribution of Grand Duke Vasily III of Moscow, the Grand Assumption Monastery1531—34. Church of the Entry of the Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple with a refectory chamberGrand Assumption Monastery1519 Church of Euthymius the Great Great Assumption Monastery1646 Church of John the Baptist.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Built with the contribution of Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily III Ivanovsky Monastery1531—34. The Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh, with a refectory chamberIvanovo Monastery1560 and 1594


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Walls and towers


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

ImageElement of the complexPart of the monasterConstruction dateNew CityNew CityXVII century100pxBelozerskaya (Ozernaya, Bolshaya Merezhnaya) TowerNew City1660s Vologda TowerNew City1656 YearKazan tower with entrance gateNew city1659 yearKosaya (Karaulnaya) towerNew City1662 yearKuznechnaya towerNew City1670s yg.Moscow (Ferapontovskaya) TowerNew City1660 yearGranovitaya ( Smolyanaya, Carpentry, Clock) tower (fragment) Bolshoy Assumption Monaster16th century100pxSmall Merezhnaya Tower (fragment) Bolshoy Assumption Monaster16th centuryNaugolnaya Tower (Fishing Tent) Bolshoy Assumption MonasterCookery TowerBig Assumption MonasterXVII centuryBig Assumption MonasteryXVI centuryBig Assumption MonasteryBig Assumption MonasterXVII centuryWall of the Uspensky fence MonasteryBolshoy Assumption Monastery16th centuryGlukhaya (Boiler house, Voskoboynaya) TowerIvanovsky Monastery16th centuryWall of the fence of the Ivanovo Gorny (small) monasteryIvanovsky monastery16th century


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Other rooms


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

ImageElement of the complexPart of the monasteryConstruction dateWindmill from the village of Shchelkovonovy GorodXIX centurySolodeshnaya Chamber (fragment) New Town, Ostrog1570s. Celi (celar's house) Bolshoy Uspensky MonasteryXVII centuryChemandrich cellsBig Assumption Monastery1647-48 yg.100pxMonastic cells (Brotherly Corps) Bolshoy Assumption Monasterylate 17th — early 18th centuries.Cookery (Vinegar) cellsBig Assumption Monastery1680s. Priestly cellsBig Assumption Monastery17th centuryCells (Theological School) Bolshoy Assumption MonasteryXVII centuryMonastery ArchiveBolshoy Assumption Monasterlate XVII — beginning of the 18th centuries.Large hospital wardsGrand Assumption Monastery1643—44. State ChamberGrand Assumption MonasteryXVI centuryCooker with cellarsBig Assumption Monastery16th centuryBig Assumption Monastery16th centuryHospital PalataiIvanovo Monastery1730s. Stone canopy above the cross marking the place of the first cell of the predetailed Abbot Kirill and Ferapont Beloezersky Khivanovsky Monastery19th centuryStone canopy above the chapel Reverend Abbot KirillaIvanovo Monaster19th century


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

The monastery in the movies


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

1971 — “The Property of the Republic”


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

1975 — “Peasant Son”


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

1997 — Sinful Love


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

2007 — Apostol


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

2010 — “Schism”


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

2010 — “Student Romance”


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

2016 — The Monk and the Demon


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

In 1975, a feature film about the eagle hero of the Civil War Kostya Baikov “Peasant Son” was shot inside the monastery.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

According to one of the participants in the filming [14], residents of local villages were baptized at the sight of riding cavalry dressed in White Guard uniforms, and in 2007, guests of the city and local residents were shocked Nazi swastika seen during the filming of the series “The Apostle” over the stable gate to the prison courtyard of the monastery.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Notes


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Bibliography


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Alekseev A. //Herald of Church History.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

— 2010.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

— № 3—4 (19—20).


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

— PP. 17—117.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Kisterev S. N. Labyrinths of Efrosin Belozersky.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

— 2012.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

— 406 p. —1 ISBN 978-5-98874-078-3.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Nikolsky N. K. Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery and its construction until the second quarter of the 17th century.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

— 1910.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Shibaev M. A.//Drevnyaya Rus.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Medieval studies issues.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

— 2011.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

— No. 1 (43).


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

— PP. 31—35.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Shibaev M. A. Manuscripts of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery of the 15th century.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

Historical and codicological research.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

— 2013.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

— 560 p. — ISBN 978-5-98874-092-6.


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

References


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery

on the Russian Orthodoxy website


Question: How many monks lived in the Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery in 2018?

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City of London (English: City of London) is an administrative and territorial entity with the status of “city”, a ceremonial county in the center of the Greater London region, the historical core of London, formed on the basis of the ancient Roman city of Londinium.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The area within the London Wall (English) of Roman origin is 2.9 km², hence the nickname “square mile” (English: Square mile).


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

To the east of the City stretches the “proletarian” London - East End, and to the west - the more respectable West End.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City's motto is Domine dirige nos (“Guide us, Lord”).


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

It has the rights of a ceremonial county and an urban district with special historical privileges: the City has its own police, the monarch can enter the City only with the permission of the Lord Mayor.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Since 1695, the city has been vested with the rights of a separate city, and it has its own government (12 governors).


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City is a major business and financial center, along with New York it is considered a global financial center [1]; throughout the 19th century, the City was the main business center in the world and continues to be one of the capitals of global business to this day [2].


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

London tops the ranking of global financial centers published in 2008.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

About 8,800 people live permanently in the City (2015 data), and approximately 316,700 people work there, mainly in the financial services sector [3].


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Representatives from the legal industries work mainly on the north and west sides of the City — especially in Temple and Chancery Lane, where the Court Inns are located.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Insurance companies occupy the eastern part of the City.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

History


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Londinium


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

It is believed that Londinium was founded as a trading port around 47 AD.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The new settlement and port were located in the Walbrook River Valley.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Around 60 or 61, Londinium was destroyed by the Icena, led by their Queen Boudicca.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

However, Londinium was quickly restored.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The new city became prosperous and began to grow rapidly, so that by the end of the 1st century it became the largest settlement in Roman Britain, and by the beginning of the 2nd century, replacing Camulodun, became its capital.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

During the development of the Roman city, 45,000-60,000 people lived in it.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Between 190 and 225, the Romans built the London Wall.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The boundaries of the modern City are largely determined by the old Roman borders, although Londinium did not extend west of the Ludgate Gate and the Fleet River, especially since the Thames was wider at the time, and therefore the coastal the border of the Roman city was to the north than the modern one.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The bridge over the river was built around 50 AD.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

It was located next to the modern London Bridge.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

By the time the Roman Wall was being built, London was in decline.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Fires and plague epidemics caused him great damage.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

A long period of instability and destruction began in the Roman Empire, and Karauziy rebelled against Roman power in Britain itself.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In the 3rd and 4th centuries, London was often attacked by the Picts, Scotts and Saxons.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In 410 A.D.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The Romans left Britain.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Many Roman public buildings in Londinium were already in decline and were poorly used, and after that they were probably abandoned.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The center of life and trade has moved west of Londinium to Lundenvik.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Anglo-Saxon period


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Alfred the Great, King of Wessex and the first king of the 'English', occupied and began to populate the area inside the Roman walls.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In 886, he appointed his vassal King Ethelred II of Mercia to rule over him.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Residents moved from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Lundenburg (“Port of London”) to the Roman walls.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The “reconstruction” under Alfred included the restoration of Roman fortresses, the construction of an embankment along the Thames and the construction of new streets.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In the 10th century, Ethelstan allowed eight royal mints to exist in London, while in Winchester, the capital of England, there were only six of them, which suggests this.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

that London meant a lot.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The London Bridge, which fell into disrepair and collapsed after the departure of the Romans, was rebuilt by the Saxons, but was periodically destroyed during Viking raids [7].


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

High Middle Ages and the Beginning of Modern Times


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

After the Battle of Hastings, William I the Conqueror moved to London from Southwark, but he failed to capture London Bridge or break the spirit of the Londoners.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

He eventually crossed the Thames in Wallingward and looted the surrounding land.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Not wanting to continue the war, Edgar Eteling, Edwin of Mercia and Morcar Northumbria surrendered to William in Berkhamstead.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[8] In 1075, William issued a special charter for the residents of London; the City of London remained a city not fully subordinate to the new government.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The territory of the City is not included in the Last Judgment Book.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In 1130, Henry I introduced the post of sheriff who controlled the residents of London together with Middlesex County; this did not mean that the City was dependent on the county, but only that these two units administratively considered as one - until the adoption in 1888 of the law on local self-government.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[9] Since 1,141 citizens of the City form a single community.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

This “commune” has become a London city corporation.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Citizens received the right to elect a mayor with the consent of the king in 1189 — and independently in 1215.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The city is still divided into 25 old administrative districts, each of which was managed by an alderman.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The ting was also formally held.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Many of the medieval traditions continue to exist to this day, demonstrating the uniqueness of the City and its corporation.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The city suffered terrible fires several times, some of the worst in 1123 and again in 1666, when the Great Fire of London broke out.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

After the fire of 1666, several plans were drawn up to redevelop the streets of the city and rebuild it in the Renaissance style with squares and boulevards.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

These plans were not brought to life, and the medieval layout of the city has been preserved almost in its original form.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

By the end of the 16th century, London had become a major center for banking, international trade and commerce.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In 1565, Sir Thomas Gresham founded the Royal Stock Exchange, which became the center of trade for London businessmen and received royal patronage in 1571.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[10] Although it has lost its original significance, the intersection of Cornhill and Treadneedle continues to be considered the geographical center of banking and financial services in the City, along with the Bank England, which has been in front of the stock exchange since 1734.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

London's growth


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The 18th century was a period of rapid growth in London, reflecting an increase in population, the early shoots of the Industrial Revolution, and London's role as the capital of the British Empire.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Urban areas expanded beyond the City, especially into the West End and Westminster.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In 1708, on Christopher Wren's birthday, the construction of his masterpiece, St. Paul's Cathedral, was completed.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

However, the first service in the cathedral took place on December 2, 1697, more than 10 years before the completion of construction.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

This structure replaced the original St.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Paul, destroyed during the great fire of 1666. It is considered one of the best examples of Baroque architecture in Great Britain.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In the 19th century, London's expansion continued.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In the port of East London, docks were built for a century, which the city needed, as the old port could no longer cope with the volume of trade.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The advent of railways and the subway has increased London's ability to expand.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[12] By the middle of the 19th century, the City was only a small part of the growing metropolis.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

20th century


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In 1894, an attempt to unite the City and the surrounding county of London was unsuccessful.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City of London has survived and still exists today, despite London's growth and numerous local government reforms.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In terms of parliamentary representation, City residents elected four members of the unreformed House of Commons even after the passage of the Electoral Act of 1832 and throughout the 20th century.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[13] Today, the City is in the same constituency as Westminster, and members of Parliament are elected jointly.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The population of London fell in the 19th century and continued to decline in the 20th century as people moved from London to the suburbs and many houses were demolished to build modern office buildings.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The largest residential part of the City, the Barbican, was built between 1965 and 1976.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[14] The majority of the City's population lives there.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City, like many other parts of London and other British cities, was subjected to large-scale and highly destructive aerial bombardment during the Second World War.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

This is now known as the London Blitz.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[15] St. Paul's Cathedral remained intact, but many parts of the City were destroyed.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Particularly heavy raids at the end of December 1940 led to a firestorm called the “Second Great Fire of London”.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The first decade after the war was dedicated to rebuilding the City.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In some areas (such as Barbican), the urban landscape has changed dramatically.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Large-scale, modern offices were built instead of destroyed historical buildings.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

However, in the part of the City, which was not badly damaged by the bombing, many historical buildings have been preserved.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The street layout, which has largely retained its medieval character, has not changed much, although there are definitely post-war modernist changes made, for example, to Paternoster Square.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In the 1970s, the construction of tall office buildings began, for example, the 183-meter, 47-storey Tower 42, the first skyscraper in the UK.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[16] The construction of office space is developing in the central, northern and eastern parts of the City, where buildings such as the Mary X Skyscraper and Aaron Tower are located.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Coat of arms, motto and flag


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Main article: City Coat of Arms (London)


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City of London Corporation has a full coat of arms, consisting of a shield on which there are stripes, a crest, shield holders in the form of dragons on each side and a motto located under the shield.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[17] [18] [19]


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City's coat of arms appeared in “time immemorial” in the Heraldic Chamber.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

It was already in use in 1381, as it became part of the new design of the City Hall, established on April 17 of that year.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

This coat of arms was a white shield with a red cross and a straight red sword in the first quarter.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The design combined the symbols of two patron saints of London and England: the cross of St. George and the sword, a symbol of the martyrdom of St. Paul.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The coat of arms of 1381 replaced an earlier one found in the charter of 1319, which depicted St.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Paul holding a sword.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[18] [19] There is a misconception that the sword may be a symbol of the murder by Lord Mayor of London William Walworth of the leader of the peasant rebellion, Wat Tyler.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

However, the coat of arms was introduced a few months before this event, and the sword cannot be identified with Walworth's dagger.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[18] [20] [21] [22]


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The crest and shield holders appeared in the XVII century, but were used unofficially until April 30, 1957, until they were confirmed by the Heraldic Chamber.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[17] [18] [19]


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The crest is a crown from which the dragon's wing emerges, carrying the cross of St.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

George.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

It means the power of the peers of the kingdom.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The first version of the crest appeared in 1539 on the new seal of the authorities.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

It was a strange object with a cross.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Over time, it turned into a dragon wing, and this is how it was depicted on the coat of arms on the front of the fourth edition of John Stowe's Review of London in 1633.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Officially, the use of the crest was confirmed in 1957.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[17] However, there are earlier coats of arms on which the crest is already represented, dating back to the Stuart time or the Gregorian period.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

On the seal of 1381, the shield is supported by two lions.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

But by 1609, these were two real shield holders, two white dragons with red crosses on their wings.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[19] [21] The dragons probably appeared under the influence of the legend of St.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

George and the dragon.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[18] [20]


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

City's motto is written in Latin and sounds like “Domine dirige nos”, which can be translated as “Lord, guide us.”


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

It was adopted in the 17th century, and its earliest mention dates back to 1633.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[19] [21]


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The shield pattern is also a flag pattern.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Government


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City of London has a unique political status that can be traced back to the days of the Anglo-Saxons and reflects its special relationship with the crown.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Historically, the City's system of government is not unusual, but it has not been changed by the Municipal Reform Act of 1835, nor has it changed much by later reforms.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

It is managed by the City of London Municipal Corporation, led by the Lord Mayor of London (not to be confused with the newly created position of Mayor of London), who is considered the head of the City and represents interests of residents beyond its borders.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Unlike other modern English local governments, the corporation is divided into two councils: the (mostly ceremonial) Alderman Council and the City Council.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The Council of Aldermen is elected from districts, and Alderman is elected from each district (regardless of size).


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City is a ceremonial county, although instead of a Lord Governor, there is a governor commission headed by the Lord Mayor.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City also has two sheriffs [24].


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The Lord Mayor, Sheriffs and some other officials are elected by a special electoral body — the General Hall.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

It includes the oldest members of the so-called livery companies (heirs of medieval professional workshops).


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Administrative districts


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The city consists of 25 counties, the current boundaries of which were established in 2003, although their number and names remain the same.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

These are remnants of the old state system, which allows small districts to exist separately within a larger city [25].


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

They exist separately in electoral and political matters, as well as ceremonial, geographical and administrative units.