Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

— probably Milograd, Yukhnov and other cultures (apparently with the influence of Zarubinets), then there is no decline and sharp changes in lifestyle, level of technical development, etc. in Prague-Korczaska and Penkovo cultures are not observed.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The basis of the economy was agriculture, among cultivated crops in different regions or millet, and barley, rye, and oats were also grown.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The second main occupation of the Slavs was the breeding of cattle, pigs, sheep, chickens and ducks.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The settlements were mostly unfortified, consisting of 8-20 houses (up to 92), in some regions they were located in nests at a distance of 300-400 m. The nests were several kilometers apart.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Dwellings are semi-dugouts, with an area of 8-20 m², recessed into the ground by 0.5—1 m, with a boardwalk or clay-coated floor.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Walls are either log cabins or pillar structures.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The roofs are gable with a wooden frame covered with thatched.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

An integral part of the house was a hearth in the west of the Slavic lands and a stove in the east.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In the north, in the area of the spread of Slavic Sukov-Dzedzin culture, log buildings completely aboveground prevailed.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Early expansion destinations


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In the 5th century, in the south of its range, Przewore culture was replaced by the Prague-Korczak culture, which was initially limited to the upper reaches of the Oder (Oder), Vistula and Dniester.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Another Slavic archaeological culture - Sukovsko-Dziedzica - occupied the middle reaches of the Odra (Oder).


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Since the 6th century, a third culture, Penkovo, has appeared — from the middle reaches of the Dniester to the middle reaches of the Dnieper and even the Seversky Donets.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

IN. IN. Sedov attributes it to the Antes, but it should be noted that many researchers do not consider it Slavic.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In the 6th century, Prague-Korczak culture moved on the right bank of the middle Dnieper.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Since that time, we can confidently consider these lands inhabited by Slavs.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In the 530s, the Slavs began to displace the remnants of the German population from the territory of modern Bohemia and the upper reaches of the Elbe, finally settling these places after the departure of 568 Lombards from Moravia to Italy.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Having bypassed the Carpathians from the south, large masses of the Slavic population - carriers of the Prague-Korchak (Sklavin) and Penkov (Anta) cultures - penetrate in the VI century into the lower Danube and the interfluve of the Danube and the Dniester .


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Having mingled with the local Daco-Romanesque population, they formed a mortgage-Kindesht culture.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Here the Slavs faced the Byzantine Empire and since that time have been continuously appearing in the texts of Byzantine historians.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Relations with Byzantium


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

One of the first clashes between the Slavs and Byzantium occurred, perhaps, in 493, when the commander Julian was defeated in a night battle by the “Scythian iron” [8].


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Byzantine historians and chroniclers called the Goths, Huns, Slavs, Bulgarians and, in general, all peoples who lived north of the empire “Scythians” [9].


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Even earlier, in the 450-460s, the commander of the army in Thrace was the “Scythian” Anagast.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

This is a typical Antic name with the ending -gast, that is, Byzantium even then hired the Ants for service.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

It is curious that Anagast played an important role in the expulsion of the Huns from Dacia and Bessarabia, which opened the way for the Slavic movement to the Danube.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Subsequently, the involvement of Slavs in the imperial army only expanded - Byzantium preferred to bribe the barbarians, rather than fight them.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Describing Belisarius's campaign in Italy, Procopius of Caesarea reports on the Antic and Sklavin cavalry detachments (537), Sklavin warriors skillful in camouflage and capture “tongues” [10], Agathius - about the ante the military tribune of Dabragaste, who commanded a small fleet in the Black Sea and participated in the Persian campaign, during which a warrior from the Slavs of Svarun distinguished himself.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

By the beginning of the reign of Justinian I (527), the Slavs had already settled on the northern bank of the Danube and began constant raids on the Byzantine lands.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Already about 531, Procopius of Caesarea writes in the History of Wars that “the Huns, Ants and Sklavens have already crossed [the Danube] many times and caused irreparable damage to the Romans.”


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In response, Justinian appointed the talented commander Hilbudia (possibly also anta) commander-in-chief in Thrace with instructions not to allow the Slavs to cross the Danube.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

He even organized several punitive expeditions outside the empire, but died in 534.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Justinian tried to push the Ants and Sklavins together, made the Ants allies, placed their soldiers in Tiras about 544 and even added the epithet “Anta” to his title.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Sklavins, however, in 547-552 make incessant raids on Thrace, reaching Dalmatia and Illyria.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

At the same time, they stay within the empire for the first time for the winter.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In 558-559, a huge horde of Bulgarians and Sklavins under the command of Khan Zabergan ravaged Thrace and Macedonia, broke through the Long Walls of Constantinople and was thrown back only by Belizarius.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

It is noteworthy that the Slavs then attempted to attack the capital of Byzantium from the sea on rafts.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Relations with the Avars and Byzantium in the Late 6th — Early 7th Centuries


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Avar invasion, moving part of the Antes to the west


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In 558-560, the North Caucasus and the eastern Azov Sea were invaded by the Avars under the command of Bayan (Bayan), who took the title of Khagan.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Zabergan recognized himself as his vassal.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Byzantium decided to use them against Bulgarians and Slavs and entered into an alliance with Bayan.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

By 561, the Avars had reached the country of the Ants, ravaging their lands and driving the Anta nobles into despair.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Ants entered into negotiations and sent the son of Idarisi and brother Kelagast Mezamir as ambassador to the Khagan.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Mezamir had great authority among the Ants and did not feel his people defeated, behaved proudly and arrogantly.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

On the advice of one of the Bulgarians, the Khagan violated diplomatic rules and ordered the murder of the ambassador.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Overcoming the resistance of the Slavs, the Avars broke into Dobrogea.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Khagan's relations with Byzantium became tense, threatened from the rear by rebellious Antes, which forced him to move on to Pannonia.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Under the rule of the created Khaganate, among other things, many tribes of the Slavs were.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Memories of this time have been preserved in people's memory for centuries, and it is mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years (XII century).


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Slavic component in the population of the Avar Khaganate was so great that Konstantin Bagryanorodny, John of Ephesus, Monemvasia Chronicle, etc.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Early medieval sources directly identify Avars and Slavs.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Archaeological evidence indicates that along with the Avar migration wave, a large number of Ants moved to Pannonia.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

This position is confirmed by ethnonymics materials: the ethnonym Croats, according to a common hypothesis, is of Iranian origin and, therefore, could only originate in the Anta, but not Sklavin, environment.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

White Croats in the Eastern Carpathians, Croats in the Czech Republic near the Krkonose Mountains, Croats in Silesia and the Upper Vistula and, finally, the Croats of the Balkan Peninsula mark the path that the ancient Ants Croats traveled along with the Avars.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

According to the same hypothesis, the ethnonym Serbs also has Iranian roots, O. N. Trubachev builds them to the Serbs known to Ptolemy, living north of the Caucasus and west of the Volga, who later weakened and fascinated by the Avars to the west.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

There is an opinion that the settlement of the Slavs cannot be explained by the need for living space alone.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

An exorbitant demographic explosion is put forward as a necessary hypothesis.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

However, there is no explanation for this wave of increasing fertility or falling mortality.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Avaroslavic offensive against Byzantium


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Slavs entered the army of the Avar Khaganate, in addition, numerous Slavic tribes continued to operate autonomously.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Shipbuilding was also an important role of the Slavs in the Khaganate.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In 602, King of the Lombards Aguilulf, by agreement with the Khagan, sent experienced Italian shipbuilders to Dalmatia, founding Slavic maritime affairs, the center of which will be Dubrovnik.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Slavic one-tree ships (monoxils) were used by the Khagan when crossing rivers, during the siege of Constantinople in 626, etc.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

operations.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Relations between Byzantium, Sklavins and Khaganate were unstable.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

According to Menander in 578, Tiberius II asked the Khagan to start a war with the sklavins.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Even before that, Kagan had sent an embassy to Prince Davrit with a demand to obey.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Davrit and his elders answered:


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

After the scandal that followed, the Avar ambassadors were killed.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Therefore, when Davrit went on a campaign against Byzantium, the Khagan opposed him.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

However, already in 580, the Khagan, together with the Slavs, attacked the Byzantine city of Sirmium and took it in 582.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In 584 or 585, supported and directed by the Avars (they themselves had made peace with the empire by that time), Ardagast attacked Byzantium, reached Constantinople, but during the retreat was defeated at Adrianople and lost part of its production.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In 584, the Slavs besieged Thessalonica for the first time.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

At this time, it is reported about the resettlement of hundreds of thousands of Slavs to ruined and depopulated Thrace.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

According to archeology, Prague-Korcak ceramics began to penetrate Croatia at the same time, and even earlier into the Serbian Danube.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In 590, Mauritius agreed to a humiliating peace with the Avars, a year later it ended the war with Persia and was able to settle things in the Balkans.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

By 592, he ousted the Slavic detachments beyond the Danube and deployed a strong army of Prisk in Dorostol.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

He crossed the Danube, invaded the lands of Ardagast and defeated it in a night battle.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Soon Prisk received news from his agents about the approach of a strong army of the Slavic prince Musokia.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Byzantines, knowing about the routes of movement of the enemy, attacked his camp at night, and Musokia was captured.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

After this event, the Avar Khagan protested against the invasion of the Slavic lands, Prisk was forced to compromise and give the Khagan part of the prisoners and trophies, for which he was removed by the emperor and replaced by Peter, brother of Mauritius.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In 597 he attacked the Slavs, whose ruler was Piragast, defeated him, but was defeated by the Gelibakiy River.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

After that, Peter was replaced by Priska again.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Slavic movement to the east


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In eastern sources, there are references to the fact that already in the VI century the Slavs were active in the Caucasian direction.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In particular, there is information that the Persian Prince Jamasb, brother of Khosrov I, fled through Derbent to the lands of the Khazars and Slavs.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In the VII century, archaeologists note the penetration of Anta culture into the Crimea, which, apparently, is connected with trade.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

At the end of the VII century, part of the East Slavic tribes were part of the Khazar Khaganate, and in 737, 20 thousand Slavic families were captured by the Arab commander Mervan II, who advanced deep Khazar Khaganate to the Slavic River, and moved to the Caucasus.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Slavic movement to the north


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Slavs of Sukov-Dzedzin culture occupied the mouth of the Elbe at the turn of the VI and VII centuries.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In the 5th and early 6th centuries, the Masurian Lake District (northeast Poland) and more eastern regions (the basin of the Neman, Western Dvina, the upper Volga region and the upper Oka) were inhabited by Baltic tribes and remnants of the German population, preserved from Roman times.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

About 550-600 of the Masurian Lake District is reached by a wave of immigrants from the middle Danube.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In 575-675 the region reaches the second, more powerful wave of Slavs and Avars.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

However, many of the IDPs were soon assimilated by local residents.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The end of the Ants story


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The decline in the history of the Ants must be associated with the collapse of the tribal alliance and the emergence of new alliances and tribes.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The promotion of the Avars became a catalyst for contradictions between the chiefs.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

According to the chronicle, the Duleb tribe, in the western part of the Ant lands, underwent the greatest ruin of the tribes.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Historians argue which of the famous Duleb tribes we are talking about, but the chronicler confidently places them on the land of Volynians.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The claims of the Idarovich to the supreme power failed, Mezamir, called the “bragger”, was killed by the Khagan, at the same time there is an elevation on the Lower Danube of such leaders as Davrit and Musoky.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The so-called “Volyn State” is emerging.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Theophylact Simocatta reports that at the end of the reign of Emperor Mauritius (582-602), the Avars sent a strong army led by Apsikh to the Ants with the order to exterminate the entire tribe, because the Ants were at that time by the allies of the Romans, his message is almost verbatim repeated by Theophanes under 602.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The sources are silent about how this campaign ended.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Some historians believe that the Antes were completely defeated, others point to the fact that soon the Avars began to cross the Danube, and give the victory to the Antam.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

This mention of the Ants is considered the last, but Penkovo culture existed throughout the VII century.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

There is reason to believe that the Antes sided with the Avars in 626 during the siege of Constantinople.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The “Tale of Bygone Years” tells that after the death of the legendary Prince Kiy and his brothers, strife began between the East Slavic tribes and the power of the Khazars was established.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Kievans voluntarily paid tribute to the Khazars with swords.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

It is with these events that the final collapse of the Ante community should be linked.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The collapse of Avar power, the apogee of Slavic pressure on Byzantium


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In 626, the Avars, having enlisted the union of the Persians, stayed under the walls of Constantinople for a month, but began the siege only on July 29, when the Slavs, who arrived with their families on boats, one-trees.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

These Slavs were dressed in armor, and their dead were burned.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Greek original Russian and Georgian texts that have survived to us spoke of the “princes of the Tavroscythians” or simply “Scythians”, and the Georgian translator called them Russians.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Historians tend to believe that these Slavs came from the banks of the Dnieper.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The siege was unsuccessful and such actions did not happen again later.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

As reported in Fredegar's chronicle, in 623-627 Samo led the uprising of the Slavs (Latin: Sclavos, known, as the chronicle specifies, under the name of the Veneda (Latin: Winidos)) of Moravia against the Avar dominion.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In the same year, the Slavs broke through to Crete.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The unsuccessful siege of Constantinople (626) finally undermined the forces of the Khaganate.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In 630-640, the Slavs of Macedonia refused to recognize the power of the Khagan (as well as the emperor), at the same time, perhaps, the Croats achieved independence.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In the “Tale of Bygone Years”, the following characteristic of the Avars (obrov) has been preserved:


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

By 658, Slavs living on the shores of Vardar had established control over part of the coast of the Aegean Sea and engaged in piracy, intercepting Byzantine ships sailing from Thessaloniki to Constantinople.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

If in the 6th century only territories beyond the Danube were called Slavic land, in the 7th century this name extended to the central parts of the Balkan Peninsula.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Patriarch Nicholas III (1084—1111) noted that


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Slavs in Asia Minor and the Middle East


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The wave of Slavic migration in the south reached Asia Minor.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In 668, Slavs from Solun (Sagudata and Proud Serb) settled in the area of Nicomedia and Nicaea.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Slavic population was recorded in the second half of the VII century in the area of Antioch - it was about 5,000 soldiers who served Byzantium, but defected to the Arabs in 665.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In 688, Emperor Justinian II decided to restore his power over Slavic Macedonia and made a campaign in the vicinity of Soluni, conquering part of the local Slavic tribes.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

To weaken the Slavs in the Balkans, he moved 30,000 Slavic families to Bithynia.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

He was opposed by the Bulgarian Khan Asparukh, the Bulgarians become defenders of the Slavs in the Balkans [12].


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

On the way back, Asparuch attacked the army of Justinian in one of the mountain gorges of Thrace, defeated him and thereby stopped further attempts to resettle the Slavs [13].


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Slavs were to expose the empire auxiliary cavalry (about 30,000 soldiers), assigned to the Opsikion fema.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Slavs enjoyed autonomy, and they were headed by the Slavic prince Nebulos.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

However, 7,000 warriors and Nebulos soon defected to the Arabs, probably inclined to do so by the Slavs of Syria.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The families of deserters were destroyed, autonomy was cut: the Byzantine proconsul took the place of the prince.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Slavs in Bithynia lived at least until the 10th century, and they are also mentioned by Konstantin Bagryanorodny.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Later, Justinian already has to use Slavic help when, under the leadership of Tervel, a combined army of Bulgarians and Slavs helps him regain the throne of Byzantium [13].


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The First Bulgarian Kingdom, the Ethnogenesis of Bulgarians


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Around 681, the First Bulgarian Kingdom arose, which included many lands inhabited by Slavs, which led to an active mutual assimilation of subcultures.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

This process can be traced to the formation in the 8th-9th centuries of a single archaeological culture on the site of the previous two.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

It can be considered finally completed by the reign of Krum (803—814), who no longer made any distinctions in his laws on ethnic grounds among subjects, at the same time in Byzantium with the term Bulgarians began to name the entire population of Bulgaria, without highlighting the Turkic component in it — the original Bulgarians.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Under Omurtag (814-831), an administrative reform was carried out: instead of the old units duplicating tribal areas, comitates with completely new boundaries were introduced.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

This step completed the formation of a single Bulgarian ethnic community.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Slavs in the 8th century


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The situation of the Slavs in the Balkans is at a turning point.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In 783, Byzantium conducted the victorious campaign of Stavrokia to Hellas and the environs of Thessalonica, at the beginning of the 9th century the whole of Morea will be captured, but only in 940 the milings and Ezerites living there were finally conquered.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In Greece, the Slavs assimilate, but to the north they retain national characteristics as part of the empire.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The promotion of Slavs to the east


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

At the beginning of the 8th century, the Romny culture was developing on the left bank of the Dnieper, which is associated with the movement of large masses of the Slavic population here from the lower Danube region.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In 750-775, a culture of Smolensk long burial mounds was formed in the upper Dnieper region.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In Priilmenya and the Volga region, Slavs appeared in 750-800, in Ladoga their presence can be traced since 770 (the time of the II construction tier along Kuzmin-Machinskaya).


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Slavs, who occupied territories from the Danube to the Baltic in the 8th century, created a single linguistic and cultural space, which was a prerequisite for the formation of a trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, which played an important role in economic development of the region and the formation of the Russian state.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Already in the second half of the century, trade between the Slavs in the meridional direction was archaeologically proven.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Al-Fazari in 772-773 mentions the territory of the Slavic possessions, the area of which was 3,500 per 700 Farsangs.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

At the beginning of the 9th century, trade relations between the Slavs and neighboring countries were established, and later the route was included in the pan-European transport system.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In the 9th-13th centuries, the Slavs colonized North-Eastern Russia.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

See also


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The culture of the ancient Slavs


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Notes


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Primary sources


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

: the ideas of the Byzantines of the 6th century about the Venedians, Ants and Sklavins are considered in detail.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Literature


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

//Petrukhin V. ME.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

, Rayevsky D. S. Essays on the history of the peoples of Russia in ancient times and early Middle Ages.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

: Znak, 2004.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Vernadsky G. IN.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Tver—M.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

, 1996.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Kobychev V. P. [after Doctor of Historical Sciences V. D. Korolyuk].


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1973.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

— 167 p. (Popular science series).


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Malingudis F.//Byzantine time.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Tom 48 (73).


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Moscow, Indrik Publ., 1996.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Pigulevskaya N. IN.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Category:Old Slavic personalities


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Caitlin Osmond (English: Kaetlyn Osmond) is a Canadian figure skater, Olympic champion (team tournament, 2018), world champion (2018) and world championship silver medalist (2017), silver 2014 Olympic medalist in team competitions, Olympic bronze medalist (singles, 2018), winner of Skate Canada 2012, Nebelhorn Trophy 2012 and 2015.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Three-time Canadian champion (2013, 2014 and 2017).


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

As of May 2, 2018, it took first place in the ranking of the International Skating Union (ISU) [1].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Career


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Short biography and early years


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Caitlin Osmond was born in Marystone, Newfoundland and Labrador.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

She has an older sister Natasha [2] and a brother Gary [3].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

She later moved to Alberta, where she currently lives [2].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

In her hometown, an ice rink was named after the figure skater [4].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

From 2011 to 2013


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

In the 2011/12 season, Osmond made her first senior debut, competing in the Canadian Championship, where she won bronze.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

At the beginning of the following season, she won the Nebelhorn Trophy in Germany.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

A month later, she won gold at the Grand Prix in Canada with a total of 176.45 points, thereby setting her personal best result.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

In January 2013, Caitlin became the Canadian Senior Champion.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Moreover, this victory was the first among non-Quebec representatives [3].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

At the Four Continents Championships in February, Osmond finished seventh, and a month later, at the “home” World Championships, the figure skater finished eighth.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Sochi Olympics


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

At the beginning of the Olympic season, the Canadian was recovering from a stress fracture [5].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

After finishing fifth in the short program at the home Grand Prix, Osmond was unable to continue competing the next day due to a hamstring injury [6].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

She also could not perform at the stage in Russia, where she was announced.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

She recovered only for the Canadian Championship, which she won and “got a ticket” to the Olympics in Sochi.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

In the team tournament, she performed both programs and helped Canada become silver medalists, but the gap before the gold medal was huge — 10 points.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

In the individual tournament, Osmond managed to take only 13th place [7].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

2014-2016: Injuries and Failures


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Caitlin was nominated for stages in Canada and France [8] and planned to perform a triple Rittberger in her programs that she had not previously performed in competitions [9].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

However, her injury on September 11 [10] did not allow these plans to be implemented, and she missed the rest of the season [11].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

The next season was just a little better than the previous one: she could not rise above sixth place at the Grand Prix stages (NHK Trophy 2015), although the figure skater performed a triple Rittberger, which I spoke in my programs a year before [12].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

At the 2016 Canada Championship, Caitlin finished first after the short program, but lost to Alain Chartrand and Gabriel Daleman and finished third [13].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Season 2016/17: Return to the Elite


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

At the end of October 2016, the Canadian figure skater started the pre-Olympic season at the home stage of the Grand Prix in Mississauga, where she finished second at the stage in Canada and improved her previous achievement in the short program [14].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

In mid-November, she competed in her second Grand Prix in Beijing, where she finished second at the China Cup [15].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

This allowed her to confidently reach the Grand Prix final in Marseille.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

In the final competitions in France, she performed successfully, surpassing all her previous achievements.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

However, after the free program, she failed to stay in the medalists, eventually finishing in fourth place [16].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

In January in Ottawa, at the national championship, she was able to compete with leading Canadian figure skaters and won a gold medal [17].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

In February 2017, the figure skater competed in Gangneung at the continental championship, where she finished fourth [18].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

After the short program, she took second place.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

At the end of March, at the World Championships in Helsinki, she won her first medal (silver) [19].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

At the same time, she managed to help her country win three places for the Olympics in South Korea and improved all her previous sporting achievements.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Season 2017/2018: Olympic and World Championship gold medals


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

The Canadian figure skater started her new Olympic season in Montreal, where she finished first at the Autumn Classic International tournament [20], while improving her previous achievement in the free program.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

A month later, the figure skater started the Grand Prix series at home, where she confidently finished victorious [21].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

At the same time, she managed to slightly surpass her previous achievement in the short program.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

In mid-November, she competed at the French Grand Prix, where she took third place [22].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

As it turned out later, this allowed her to reach the Grand Prix Final.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

At the Final in Nagoya, the athlete performed successfully and took third place [23].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

She managed to slightly improve her previous achievement in the short program, after which she led.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

In January 2018, she won silver at the Canadian Championship [24], and a month later she went to the Pyeongchang Olympics.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

On February 11, as part of the team tournament, she performed in the short program, losing only to Italian Carolina Costner and Russian Evgenia Medvedeva.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Thus, she brought the most important eight points out of ten possible for her team [25].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Her teammates (Gabriel Daleman, Patrick Chan, Tessa Vertue and Scott Moir, Megan Duhamel and Eric Radford, who replaced her in the free program) also performed well, finishing at least third [ 26], and with a huge advantage of seven points beat the closest pursuers — Olympic athletes from Russia.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Caitlin and her teammates became an Olympic champion for the first time.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

A week later, the figure skater brilliantly performed her programs in the individual championship, managing to avoid the mistakes [27] that were made in the short program of the team tournament and won a bronze medal, losing only to Russians Evgenia Medvedeva and Alina Zagitova [28].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

At the same time, the figure skater scored a huge amount of points: only Russians received more points than the Canadian, to whom she lost [29].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Less than a month later, Osmond won gold at the World Championships in Milan, beating her strongest rivals Zagitova of Russia and Costner of Italy [30].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

In the short program at the World Championships, she made a number of mistakes and took fourth place [31] [32].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

In the free program, the figure skater skated first in the last group of participants and, avoiding serious mistakes, scored more than 150 points [33], after which no one could score even 140 points (however, Japanese Wakaba Higuchi scored 145 points in the penultimate warm-up and thus rose from eighth place to second place).


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Finishing fourth after the short program, the Canadian became the world champion, while beating her closest competitor by more than 12 points [34].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Season 2018/2019


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

In the offseason, Osmond announced that she would miss the first part of the new season due to moral fatigue [35], and thus would not compete in the Grand Prix stages [36].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Caitlin also said that she wanted to think about how long she plans to compete [37].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Skating technique


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Unlike most other figure skaters, he performs clockwise jumps [38].


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

At competitions, he performs such elements as a triple flip — double toe loop, as well as a triple rittberger [9] — triple toe loop and double axel — triple toe loop.


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Programmes


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Competition results


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Notes


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

References


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

at the International Skating Union


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Category: Canadian figure skaters


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Category: Silver medalists of the 2014 Winter Olympics


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Category: Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Category: Canadian Figure Skating Champions


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Category: Champions of the 2018 Winter Olympics


Question: At what age did Caitlin Osmond start figure skating?

Caitlin Osmond

Category: Olympic gold medalists for Canada


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Levkovsky (Polish: Lewkowski, Ukrainian: Levkivsky), as well as their ancestors Velavsky, then Valevsky-Levkovsky (Polish: Walewski-Lewkowski, Ukrainian: Velavski or Valevsky) - an ancient noble family Ovruch boyars (“they served horses and in armor, sent to the boyars by the Vrutsky”), and later zemyan and gentry (“izh they are the essence of the zemyane gentry to the povet of Kiev”).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Levkovsky with the coat of arms of Truba (Polish: Trąby) were included in the Armorial Books of Adam Bonetsky [1], and Severin Urussky [2], under the letter “L” in the VI part of the multi-volume Genealogy Book of the nobles of the Volyn province and its printed version List of nobles of Volyn province [3].


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

But, from the manuscripts of E.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Rulikovsky knows that the Levkovskys, before approval in the Russian nobility, used the coat of arms of Nemirichi, Klymra: “Valevsky-Levkovsky coat of arms of Klymra. The genus is unknown to our heraldry, I saw the signature and seal of Shimon Valevsky-Levkovsky - the army of Zhytomyr, Komornik, general of the voivodeship of Kiev in 1721. Vavrzhinets Valevsky-Levkovsky is the governor of Grodno and Zemstvo Kiev in 1735.”


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The surname Valewski (Valevskie-Levkovsky) is a derivative of the toponymic nickname Velawski and has nothing to do with the Polish family of Walewski [5] [6].


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Versions of origin


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Natalia Yakovenko puts forward a thesis about the Turkic origin of the Nemirich family, perhaps even from among the autochthonous Turkic vassals of the princes of Kievan Rus.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

She notes that it is difficult to establish even with full certainty where the ancestral land, which constituted the primary “fatherland and grandfather” of Nemirich, was located.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

After all, the huge land complexes that later, during the 16th century, fall into their hands are either length of service, or estates that entered for daughters-in-law or purchased land.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

According to A. Yablonovsky, the land nest of the genus, most likely, was the village of Pribortsy (later Priborsk) in the upper reaches of Teterev, which is mentioned in the audit in Chernobyl in 1552, as the property of Joseph Nemirich.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[7] Priborsk was interspersed with Trudenovskaya volost (now Ivankov), which was part of the possessions of Princes Polovtsev from Skvir.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

But since N. Yakovenko relies on a large number of hypothetical considerations, and a number of questions arise that cast doubt on him.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

After all, Trudenovichi on the Polovtsy Rozhinovsky switched to Ivashka Nemirich only in 1536 [8].


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Prior to that, Trudenovichi is the grandfather's estate of Yukhnovich, which Olekhno Yukhnovich received along with other estates, as well as Michal Yuryevich from Skvira Polovets, also from Prince Olelka Vladimirovich of Kiev.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[9] Finally, despite the fact that the main manor complex of Nemyrychi is located in the Kiev Polesie, their possessions in Volyn have also been recorded.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Hence, it is not surprising that some researchers identify Nemirichi with a branch of the Volyn Zemyanin family - Nemiri Rezanovich, Lutsk elder in 1445-1452, an active supporter and Court Prince Svidrigail [10].


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The same N. Yakovenko also considered this version, but, having no arguments in its favor at that time, abandoned it.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[11] But later O. Zadorozhnaya discovered that K. Nesetsky in the middle of the XVIII century connected Kiev Nemirich with the Volyn family of Nemir Rezanovich.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[12] This is what the heraldic wrote in an article about Nemirichi of the coat of arms of Klymra: “War or Nemirich, his sister Maria, who was married to Prince Mikhail Chartoryisky in 1458, wrote down those good things: Zhitan, Chesny Khrest, Bubnov, Gorychov, Tyshkovichi, Shchutyaty, Litovizh, Krechov, Gorki and Oleshko with lies, as authentic documents prove to the house of the Czartorysky reigns” [13].


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

In this case, K. Nesetsky relied, among other things, on the well-known five documents from the archive of Princes Chartoryisky (privileges to Nemir Rezanovich and his nephew Mitka, as well as the test of his son Yakov War Nemirovich, obviously later falsification in favor of Princes Czartoryski).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[14] [15]


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Severin Urussky in Nemirich's description of the coat of arms of Klymra, disagreeing either with Okolsky about the Lithuanian ancestor of Nemirich Andrey, the son of Trotsky voivode Mikolai Grzhimal [16] [17], nor with Nesetsky about his ancestor Grigory Vorona from Podillya, puts forward his version about the origin of Kiev Nemirich from Nemir Rezanovich: “... najprawdopodobniej przeciez pochodza od ktoregos z Niemirow, nadanych juz przez Witolda na Wolyniu i Podolu, tak naprzyklad Niemira z przydoomkiem Rezanowicz”.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The famous Polish historian Vladislav Semkovich also considered Nemirich Polessia-Kiev and Volyn Nemir Rezanovicz as one genus: “Protoplastą tej rodziny był Niemira Rezanowicz (Razanowicz), bojar wołyński, sprawujący w latach 1445 do 1452 urząd starosty łuckiego. Bratem jego był Kozaryn Rezanowicz, występujący w połowie XV w., a dalszym krewnym (plemiennikiem) niejaki Mitko, obdarzony w 1450 szeregiem nadań królewskich na Wołynininik u. Ów Niemira Rezanowicz miał z żony Anny syna Jakuba Wojnę Niemirowicza i córkę Marię, która wyszła za kniazia Michała Wasilewicza Czartoryjskiego... Otoz przypuszam, ze to japuszam estto rodzina Niemirowiczow ( Niemiryczow), ktora rozrodzona na Woluniu i w Kijowszczyzni, uzywala pozniej herbu Klamath”.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Ivan Levkovsky is of the opinion that not only Mr. Nemirichi of the coat of arms of Klymra, but also the boyars Levkovsky, Nevmerzhitsky, Mozharovsky, Geevsky, Verpovsky, Soltans Stetskovichi, Shishki Stavetsky, Dorotichi, Pokalevsky, Khodakovsky, Rusinovichi, Drivinsky, Litinsky, Tolpyzhensky, Khrennitsky, Shibensky and their other brethren - all together are representatives of the huge “Russian” Nemirich family (the same, with which Nemira Rezanovich came out) and come from a common ancestor of the second half of the XIV century.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[20] In his opinion, taking into account the data of Gerbovnikov B.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Paprotsky and K. Nesetsky, Grigory Voronovich could be this legendary ancestor.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Thus, in an article about Yeltsy Leliv's coat of arms, K. Nesetsky calls Gregor Voronovich from Podillya the ancestor of many clans, including Nemirich, who moved to the service of King Jagiello, Gregory had a son Alexander, who served Prince Svidrigail from his homeland in Podillya and became the head of Vinnitsa, this Alexander had seven sons, one of whom Gridka also had seven sons.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The first was Peter, he left two sons Nemira and Chereshnya.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Nemira was the ancestor of Nemirich coat of arms of Klymra in the Kiev voivodeship, and Chereshnya - the ancestor of Cherlenkovsky (Kmit).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The same sons were awarded by the king of the Polish boyars Kotchyszcze, as the length of service of Pyotr Gridkevich [21].


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

But the old heraldic Paprotsky, speaks only about seven sons of Alexander and from one of them, Matvey Kmita, leads the ancestral of Kmit Chernobylsky: Gregor Voronovich —> Alexander (Kmita) Gregorovich —> Matvey Kmita —> Krishtof Kmita, Semyon Kmita —> Philon Kmita Chernobyl (son of Semyon) [22].


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The answer to the question of how Velavskaya land in Ovruch Polesie, including Smolchanskaya land, that is, Levkovskaya-Nevmiritsky and Verpovskaya lands (according to the Mozharovsky Case, Velavskaya land and Kamenschizna were part of Smolchanskaya or Smolnyana land), was in the hands of Nemir Rezanovich from Volyn, is in the words of heraldry K. Nesecki in an article about Nemirichi of the coat of arms of Klymra: “Piotr, jeden z synów siedmiu Hrydzka i najstarszy, zostawił dwóch synów, Niemirę i Czeresnią, od Czeresni poszli Czerlińscy, czyli Czerlinkowscy, od Niemiry Niemirzycowie: na dowód tego, dekretem się jakimsiś świadczy, którym Bojarów Kotczysca, jako wysługę Piotra Hryckiewicza przysądza obiema braci”.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[23] The actual existence of this document was confirmed: among the manuscripts of the Lipovets archive of the Yunosha-Rostsishevsky in the list of documents of the Turbov Family Archive of Mr. Yeltsov (DOCUMENTA FASCICULO PRIMO COMPREHENSA PER COLLEGIUM OWRUCIENSIS SOCIETATIS IESUS TERMINO COINDESCENSION ANO 1740 IN BONIS TURBOWKA COMPOSTATA ET COMMUNICATA SUCCESSORIBUS OTIM PHILIPPI THEODORI JELCOW”), researchers learned its name (querenda): “List ksiaza Alexandra Litewskiego dany Niemirze y Czereszni Rydkiewiczom na Kodczyce” (No date. “Prince Alexander Litovsky's Leaf Given to Nemira and Chereshna [G] Ridkevich on Kotchishche”).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[24] It is no secret that in the Diploma of Sigismund I, Ovruch elder Krishtof Kmitich (uncle of the famous Philon Kmita Chernobyl), dated June 10, 1544, the elder was named Krishtof four times Nemirich, obviously, in his Velednikov possessions (“Matveyevskoye lands, Mr. Krishtofovs”), which before Matvey Aleksandrovich Kmita (Kmita Alexandrovich) belonged to Mr. Nemira for his reign Grand Duke Vytautas (Mikula O [s] Tashkovich Nevmiritsky kept Nevmiritsky's homeland “along his Nevmir for Grand Duke Vitovut” [25]), as a povet estate Kamenets (Kamenschizna) or in another way, Nemirichizna: “... od nayiaśnieyszego króla jego mości, Zygmunta, w sprawie antecessorom offerentis do wielmożnego niegdy Krzysztofa Niemirycza, starosty Owruckiego” [26].


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Other sources indirectly confirm that the father of the brothers Nemiri, Kazarin and Mitka Rezanovich was Pyotr, the great-grandfather of the boyars Vaska and Ivashka Senkovich Rusinovich, [27] whose homeland, like Davyd Velavsky, there was Velava land adjacent to Nemirichizna (Kotchishchi and Lithuanian Island).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] Given this, it turns out that Mr. Ivan Petrovich, one of the most found governors of Lutsk, became the Lutsk head in 1443 (no later than from 23 IX 1442), according to the memorable a note made in the fall of 1538 or the summer of 1540, [35] [36] [37] a supporter of Svidrigail (Nemiri's brother Ivan Kozarin Rezanovich?) , [38] but, as it was commonly believed, [39] not Prince Vasily Fedorovich Ostrozhsky or his protege (from Casimir).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[40] [41]


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

In this regard, it is not at all surprising that the homeland estates of the Chernyakhovsko-Olevsky Nemirichi: Kuzmichi, Dobryn and Medvednoye, by tradition, were considered an integral part of the good of those very Kotchishch.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[42] Kotchishche is a place convenient for installing kotz, that is, ezov [43], and ez (yaz) is a place in the river, blocked by a bandaged palisade for fishing.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Grinko Sokoletsky was the prototype of the legendary Gregor Voronovich (Gregor of Voronovitsa [45]).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

It is known that in 1391 Fedor Koriatovich Voronovytsya attached Grinka to Sokolets volost: “And our old man|sha brother and we... Voronovytsya gave toi to Sokoletsky volost” [46] At the same time, some descendants of Gregor Voronovich were called Voronovitsky: Byk Alexandrovich was named Bull (according to Paprotsky and Koyalovich, Yuri) Voronovitsky, and elsewhere - Kmitin brother, who received 10 kopecks with Vrutsky's crap [47].


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Sokoletskaya volost with the center in the city of Sokolets, given to Mr. Grinka, is probably a modern Sokolets in the Nemirovsky district of Vinnytsia region.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[48] The city of Nemirov may have been founded by Nemirichi (most likely “pan Nemir Bakotsky” [49]).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Ivan Levkovsky assumes that from the village of Rosnova (Roznova) - now the village of Rusnov, is located in the Vladimir-Volynsky district of the Volyn region (Rosnov, Biskupichi, Volitsa and Zhashkovichi belonged to the same “key” and belonged to Nemirich and princes Kozeks), Nemirichi received their rehouse “Rezanovichi”, since in one of the documents the surname “Rusanovichi” (from the village of Rusnova) and “Rezanovichi” (from the same village of Rosnova) act as synonyms when Kozarin is named Rusanovich, and his brother Nemira - Rozanovich: “a pan Kozaryn Rusanowicz, a pan Niemira Rożanowicz, starosta Łucki”.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[50] He also drew attention to the documents of the Lublin Tribunal (Book No. 2:26 June 1604, Sheet 1715, [51] of 11 May 1607, Sheet 151 [52] and 14 May 1607, Sheet 153 [53]) [54], of which it can be seen that the Zbarazhsky princes seize Ostapovsky (dedich Ostap Vasilyevich Voina) and Sosnovsky (grandfather Mikhail Sosnovsky from Volyn Sosnov-Biskupich) in Levkovichi and part Vaskovsky's soil (grandfather Vasily Onikievich Nevmiritsky).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

As it turned out, after the purchase of Ostapovschizna in Bogdana Soltanova (Sumariusz z dokumentów dotyczących Sołtanów, Szyszka-Staweckich i Trypolskich ułożony przez Wojciecha Różyckiego 1808. About 1602, Prince Stefan Zbarazhsky changed with Martin Levkovsky and his wife Elena Nevmiritskaya to a part of Nevmiritsky's soil - Vaskovschizna in the settlement of the newly settled Dyakonovskaya.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[55] But, later Prince Zbarazhsky refused to testify to this deal on the horns of the Zemsky Zhitomir, and his widow Katarina Sulimyanka forcibly occupied these lands.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

In the course of research and study of the genealogy of Princes Zbarazhsky, it was found that Princess Maria of Zbarazhskaya is also Princess Rovenskaya and congenital Princess Stepanskaya (daughter of Prince Mikhail Stepansky and Fedka Yurshanka), her first husband Yakov Voina Nemirich, whose father Nemirya Rezanovich was the Lutsk head in the Grand Duchy of Russia in Volyn Svidrigail Olgerdovich.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[56] In addition, according to an extract from the Books of the capitular archive in Vilna, Vytautas's letter of 1415, the authenticity of which caused great doubts not only when considering the Mozharovsky case in the Senate, but also in independent experts [57], owned the district or district of Kamenschizna (including Mozharovskaya and Gorodetskaya lands), lying in the Kiev district, and transferred to the chapter of Vilenskaya by Prince Alexander Vitovt Princess Stepanskaya: “districtum sive territory nostrum Camyenyecz dictum in terra nostra Kyowyensi iacentem, quem ducissa Stepanska habuit et possedit” (“district or district Kamenshchina lying in The Kiev povet, and Prince Alexander Vitovt transferred to the chapter of Vilna, was owned by Princess Stepanskaya”).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[58] Taking into account the fact that the Kamenets district was never part of the Stepansky principality (the historical border between the Stepansky and Ovrutch-Drevlyansky principality passed between the rivers Sluch and Goryn [59]), it is obvious that Jacob Voina Nemirich copied to his wife, Princess Maria Stepanskaya part of the patrimonial land in Levkovichi.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[60] Princess Maria, after the death of Jacob War Nemirich in 1461, married Prince Semyon Vasilyevich Zbarazhsky for the second time.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Maria Rovenskaya died around 1517.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[61] It turns out that she could not physically own Kamenschizna in 1415, which means that at least the year of issuance of this certificate was certainly forged by the canons.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Nevertheless, all this still implied that the Vilna canons knew for certain the previous owner of Kamenschizna before them, Princess Stepanskaya, who later became Princess of Rovenskaya, which received Kamenschizna in the vein, as well as soils in the Levkovsky land (“Levkovschizna”) according to her first husband Yakov War Nemirich, and therefore the descendants of the Zbarazhsky princes claimed the lands of Levkovsky and Nevmerzhitsky.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

It is only known for sure that a copy of the certificate of 1430, which allegedly confirmed the previous certificate of Vytautas of 1415, was included in the Crown Metric as early as 1459/1460 (Kop.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Metr.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Kor.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

(w Arch. Glownem w Warszawie)


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

T. XI str.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Kopja ta wciagneta jest w ksiege z lat 1459/1460), [62] and this copy from the surrender archive, mistaken for genuine, was transferred to his chronicle by Dlugosz in the 1470s.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[63] It is obvious that this false copy, entered into the Crown Metric in 1460, became the legal basis on which the canons took possession of Kamenschizna at that time.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

After all, it was exactly the period when the real Princess Maria Stepanskaya, just before her second marriage to Prince Semyon Vasilyevich Zbarazhsky (around 1460), and losing her first husband Yakov Nemirich's war was also lost by the vein recorded by him - the Kamenets estate in the Kiev Voivodeship, as this was a kind of payment for Vilnius for the participation of her husband (Yakov Nemirich), father-in-law (Nemiri) Rezanovich) and stepfather (Olizar Shilovich) in the failed Volyn conspiracy of 1453.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

As a result, Maria Rovenskaya, nee Princess Stepanskaya, as the wife in the first marriage of Yakov War Nemirich, the son of Nemiri Rezanovich, could have rights to Kamenschizna, including the part of Levkovich-Nevmirich only in one case: if Nemira is the ancestor of the Nevmerzhitsky, the grandfather of these lands for Prince Vytautas and Nemir Rezanovich, the elder Lutsky, was the same person who bequeathed her husband, that is, his son Yakov Nemirich's war, the homeland near Ovruch, which he wrote down in the vein of his wife Maria, nee Princess Stepanskaya.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

According to many researchers, the founder of the Levkovsky was Larion Valevsky, father of Davyd Velavsky and grandfather of Bulgak Belavsky (Velavsky), servant, later boyar of the prince of Kiev from the village of Valeva (Velavsk) ) — the present village of Valavsk (Yelsky District) of the Gomel Region [64].


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

On February 19, indicta of the 13th [65], the specific prince of Kiev Olelko Vladimirovich from the Lithuanian Gediminovich dynasty, the son of Prince Vladimir Olgerdovich of Kiev, presented a certificate to Larion in Ovruch Castle Valevsky (“We granted Alexandro Volodimerovich esmo to our servant Larivon Velavsky: we do not need to serve with the servants of the service, but pay fees and any other duties, they did not order him to serve with the servants of the service do not erase the carts, serve him with the boyars. And for that they gave him our sheet with our seal, confirming it to the boyars. And it was written at Vovruch on February of the ninth gonadtsyat of the day of indicata tretegonadtsyat”), according to which Larion Valevsky passed to the category of Lithuanian service boyars - zemyan, and was supposed to serve as “ruler, military, zemstvo service with a horse”, “equestrian and weapons” at the call of Prince “Winnie, go to the servant of the master under the governor of Kiev, yak will send them around them, and under the head of Ovrutsky, do not blame them, except for your goodwill.”


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

In addition to this duty, the Zemyans did not bear any other duty, did not obey the court of the princely castles and their powers, but were sued either in the face of the prince himself, or his governor, or by commissions, appointed by the prince on a case-by-case basis.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Ivan Levkovsky supports the opinion that not only Nemiri, the founder of the Nevmerzhitsky, is identical with the Lutsk elder Nemira Rezanovich [66], but also Larion Velavsky, the founder of the Levkovsky, with his native brother of Nemiri Rezanovich, member of the Rada and Marshal of Prince Svidrigail, Marshal of the Volyn land - Kozarin Ivan Rezanovich.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

For the first time, P. Klepatsky, that this Larion, obviously, received his nickname from the Velavsk estate, and gradually shaking between relatives, Velavsk in the middle of the 16th century already belonged to several owners, immigrants from Volyn: Soltan and Bogdan Stetskovich, their nephews Grinkovich and “brother” Soltan and Bogdan, Matvey Ugrinovsky.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[67] [68] It turned out that the real (secular) name of his ancestor Levkovsky was not known, at least at the time of compiling the genealogy in the XIX century, both in act records and in scientific the turnover featured a very rare, more reminiscent of a monastic than a real name, “Larion Valevsky”.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Kozarin Rezanovich, obviously, having gone to the monastery, which he himself founded before 1451 (“and he made a monastery to Verboi on the Pushcha”) [69], following the example of numerous schemers, abandoned all his worldly property (“distribute your entire estate...”) in favor of his brother Lutsk elder Nemiri Rezanovich, nephews Yakov (Gorki and Olesko), Yatsk (Kneginin) and Tishka (Somino) [70], since at that time his son his Davyd and his five sons will be deprived of Ovruch possessions and gentry rights, no earlier than 1471, and the youngest sons Gritsko and Stetsko Ivanovich [71] will probably not reach adulthood .


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Written mention of privileged Larion Valevsky in “Confirmed by the Zeman of Kiev Povet Pavel, Semyon Bolgakovsky, Gridka Nelepovich, Radivon and Okhrem Geevich in the names of their land Smolchanskaya and on sheets Casimer King of His Jr. and Volodimer of Kiev” dated March 18, 1574, indicates that this sheet was not submitted to the crown chancellery then, but a falsification or, most likely, Gastold's original privilege from 1474, in which he was inscribed, since they did not show the very “glorious pameti leaf of Prince Alexander Volodimerovich of Kiev”, but pointed out, that is, pointed to it's on some other sheet.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Back in 1530, the Velavskys, allegedly quoting this document, at the same time admit that the letter to Larion Valavsky died (“lower, day, that sheet was in them zginul”) and in the announcement of the Levkovsky nobles from 18 December 1649, in the list of documents destroyed by the Cossacks, it was not mentioned on the parchment written, but other sheets were mentioned: “... old different privileges on parchments written with veiled seals royal odes of the most obvious queens of their graces Kgashtolt, Casimir and Alexander, so on the nobility, as well as for the good Levkovsky employees, nadan...”, which in the originals were in the arms of the Levkovsky not only in 1574, and also in 1648.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Under Semyon Olelkovich, according to P. Klepatsky, Velavskys for some “ledge” were deprived of all their estates; but this did not turn them into a primitive state.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Upon the death of their persecutor, with the help of Ovruch old-timers, they derive their nobility, get back the maety and continue to be called zemyans.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[72] This is evidenced by Ovruch pan Nemira Gritskevich around 1509 that “Prince Semyon, his [Dorotich] [73] grandfather Davyd and his father Paul and his uncles were angry, and took them away from them their grandfather and homeland” (Velavsk).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

But P. Klepatsky did not know for what “ledge” the Velavsky boyars were deprived of all their estates for the reign of Prince Semyon Olelkovich of Kiev.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

In fact, they were involved in a little-known, so-called Volyn conspiracy of 1453, led by the Lutsk head Nemira Rezanovich.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Later, obviously fearing negative consequences on the part of the royal power in the process of confirming them in the nobility, wanting to hide this episode, the Levkovskys, in our opinion, did not give their real name its ancestor, but only the monastic Hilarion or Larion, as a derivative of the secular Ivan.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Because of the failure of this rebellion [75] Davyd Velavsky and his sons did not accidentally leave their Ovruch homeland and grandfather and “went to Volyn, with jons and children and with all their statki”, and only between 1492-1506 Velavsk and the rest of the lands still passed to the Velavsky's “crevny” from Volyn - presumably the son of Ivan Kazarin Rezanovich and David Velavsky's brother - Gritsk Ivanovich and Mr. Kazarin's grandson, that is, their nephew, Gritsk Stetskovich, and later their descendants - boyars Soltan Stetskovich (Butyatitsky) and Shishki Stavetsky.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

In an extract from the Grodno books of the Kiev Lord's Castle dated July 4, 1576, Pyotr Soltan, the son of Soltan Stetskovich, is shown by a pan who had possessions in the village of Levkovichi, although officially the purchase of part of Levkovich Mr. Levkovsky was registered by Mr. Soltan in the Kiev Zemstvo Court as early as four months later - November 4, 1576 (Book of the Kiev Zemstvo Court for 1576), and a year later, a “oblyata” was issued there to his wife Bogdan Ivanovna, Burkgrabian of Kiev (Book of Zemstvo Kiev of 1577).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Moreover, on July 5, 1571, Mr. Soltan manifested against Philo Kmita in the Kiev Zemstvo Court about the enjoyment of his people in the good of Levkovichi and Nevmirichi (Zemstvo Kiev Book of 1571).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[76] On the other hand, we meet Levkovskys in Volyn.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Thus, among theologians in Milyanovichi near Kovel, who were part of the circle and scriptorium of Prince Andrei Kurbsky [77], which existed from the late 1560s to 1583, a number of researchers [78] [79], referring to German historian Inga Auerbach [80], mention clergyman cleric Pavel Levkovsky from Kovel, who for some reason escapes from A. Kurbsky, taking with him at least 11 books and other church property.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Paul's probable son, “Ioann Levkovsky”, is mentioned in Peter Mohyla's handwritten Notes in 1609 as a noble Rivne citizen among those who read the “prophetic” letter of Elijah Hermit to Princess Anna Kostchanka Ostrozhskaya (“writing in the Lyatsky language and pismen”).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[81] [82] [83]


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Among the gentry of Ovruch eldership


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

After the return of the Velavskys from Volyn, their Smolchansky lands were confirmed by Martin Gastold, and then by the sheet of Grand Duke Kazimir Yagailovich in 1486, and the island of Lithuania by the king's sheet Alexander in 1496.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Smolchansky, Levkovsky, Lovdykovsky lands and Litovsky Island were confirmed for Levkovsky, Geevsky and Bulgakov since 1574 by the Diploma of King Henry III and “inscribed to the grod of Kiev in 1597 ” [84] [85] [86].


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The family nest of the Levkovsky was the village of Levkovichi on the territory of the Ovruch eldership, which, as a homeland, like Smolchanskaya land, Ovruch zemyanin Bulgak Belavsky [87] (Velavsky), confirmed in 1486 year at King Casimir's.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

It is not known for certain whether the village of Levkovichi existed before the appearance of the Velavsky boyars, although according to the results of the Ovruch archaeological expedition 1996—2009, Verpa, Kobylin, Levkovichi [88], Mozhara, Gaevichi belong to the settlements of the Old Russian period (10th—13th centuries), but full-fledged archaeological excavations were not carried out there, [89] unlike the neighboring village of Zbranki, where a period site was discovered Paleolithic.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[90] But it is quite obvious that the name of the village “Levkovichi” and the boyars “Levkovsky” comes from the name of the eldest son of the same Bulgak Belavsky - “Lion” (Lev, Levka), who is mentioned next to his ancestor Gridkovich and Sidkovich Nevmerzhitsky — Mikula (Ostashkovich Nevmiritsky) in the Act of Delimitation of Land between the Possessions of the Bishop of Vilna (Ivan Lozovich) and the canons of the Vilna Church of St.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Stanislav along the Loknitsa (Lokhnitsa) and Plotnitsa rivers of September 21, 1474: “... from the ka [nonik] of the Vilna Church of St. Stanislav Pan Mitka Petrovich and Mr. Mitka Bardich and Mr. Fedor Bardich, Oleksandr Maksimovich and Danil Belotsky, Mikula and Lev, and other husbands, who were gathered in appearance, were arranged, confirmed [whether] it was forever and the border was made by a river in the name of Loknitsa, and sold to Solony Babiy prince's island biskupov people with the right of the land and in the sides...” [91].


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Despite the fact that Bogdan Khmelnitsky's mother married a distant relative of the Velavsky boyars for the second time, the royal “Zhelnyr” of the Petrikovsky povet Vasily Stavetsky, [92] Levkovsky, like everyone else the gentry in the service of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth suffered certain losses from the Cossack army in connection with the liberation war of Bogdan Khmelnitsky.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

So, on December 18, 1649, in the Vladimir Grodno Castle, Mr. Stefan Levkovsky complained that “... in rock, the past 1648 was fresh in the past 1648, the offering of rebeles of the army of his royal mercy Zaporozhye, vespol with the horde Tatar evil, contrary to all the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Crown Polskoe, where not only to Ukraine, Podolya, Volyn, Alezh and Polesye invading, not only good nobles, from which yakis meti's belongings could , but from which they did not mayuchi's belongings, the yards fired, the right in the zakopaneh future, found and odkopayuchi shabbled, fired and turned into nivech, coffins where the bodies of the dead rest, shukayuchi sobe chogo do the belongings were opened, the nobility where they could drop by and kill someone; well, Mr. Stefanova Levkovsky, the protester and his brothers made his horn... where the changed Zaporizkoye army went in the local region and chat Kanevsky's regiment in the tamty lands, being, hiding the changed Mr. Stefan Levkovsky, I'll bury the future in Morovin Island, digging it up, I've dug up it, good and groaning different, and they all got on the right and wrapped them in singing.”


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[93] But some Levkovskys took part in the liberation movement during the Ruins period already on the side of the Cossacks.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

They created a Cossack detachment led by “panom: Michałowi, ojcowi, Piotrowi i Remianowi, synom, Lewkowskim”, which for many years attacked neighboring noble yards, killed landowners, robbed them property, ruined estates.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

So, in 1679, Levkovsky's neighbor, landowner Francis Pototsky, complained that they “seduced by willfulness and staying in it constantly, gathered a crowd of people of all ranks, beating and torturing passing nobles, devastated his estates, appropriated his sides and did not allow fairs to gather in his Veledniki estate.”


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Among the personalities in the sources there are Martin, Cossack ataman, Fedor, Daniel, Grigory and Pyotr Levkovsky in 1663.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The conflict with the Chernobyl governor Filon Kmita, which arose due to contradictory sheets published by the office of the Grand Duke, began on March 29, 1566, when Jikgimont Augustus gave “Privilege to Filon Kmita on the name of Chornobyl, I will replace this for eternity.”


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The privilege said that the lord “... taking Podolsk land to his hands and to his table, gave Filon Kmita a retribution, as a reward for his services, the Chornobyli castle lying in the Kiev land with a place and the bourgeois there and the boyars, the servants are good and their kgrunts and selichbs and settlements we will do everything, as this itself is in the soba, within the boundaries and everyday life of their zdavna, with all that and with all income, that Chornobyl castle has been held by the lord on us until this hour, and barter from two villages near Ovruch, there in the lands of Kiev in the name of Kubelin and Levkovtsy, boyars, servants good and their subcourts with their selichdbs and zo all the grunts with arable and onboard...” An extract from the Grodno books of the Kiev Lord's Castle in the summer of the Nativity of Christ in 1576, July 4 days says that “... izh dei roku is now walking the seventy-second month of May of the twentieth day a week at the meeting, his mercy Mr. Filon Semenovich Kmita the head of Orshansky, recalling the fear of God and the timing of the right of the Commonwealth and the statute, polbishchi of angry dei can be kgwalt on the estates of our Levkovtsy and Nevmirichi on the house, our gentry of the enemies of their Velednikovsky Vasil Odnooky, Vaska Moskvitin, Bogdanovsky's enemy Grishka Iakovlevich, Ivan clerk Chornobylsky, and Sidor Ostapovich, and before them there are many servants, boyars and subjects of Chornobyl and Velednitsky, a hundred people equestrian, heavenly in armor with horns, armor, yakozhe against the enemy, the servants of the dei and our subjects and servants beat the court, frowned, and the inshih, who caught them with them, led them and planted them to luck, beat off locks at the yards near the cages, doors, windows half-drunk, Our maety was taken, and horses, cattle, oxen, sheep, pigs and the entire tabon were driven to the streets between our yards, haystacks fell across the field and through the forest...” Zinovy is mentioned among the victims Sidorovich and Grigory Nelipovich Levkovsky, Pyotr Soltan, Panas Sidkevich, Tit Sevastyanovich and Andrey Nevmiritsky.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

A document dated September 4, 1578 is also known in this process: “King Stephen's postponement of the analysis of the case between Mr. Kmita, the State of Chernobyl, and Kubylintsy, Levkovtsy, Nevmirintsy and Verpkovtsy, who wanted to prove that they were boyars, and not good servants.”


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[96] The Lithuanian Metrica also preserves many documents on this case, which was later continued to no avail by the descendants of Philo Kmita, and the correspondence of the head of Orsha with many dignitaries of that time on the same occasion, where he repeatedly asks “about Kobylintsy and Levkivtsi, who still jumped with them the end.”


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Relations between the near-local nobles and the administration of Ovruch eldership were extremely difficult (Derzhavtsy and elders: Abram Myshka Varkovsky, Mikhail Vishnevetsky, Pavel Rutsky, Francis Pototsky, Joseph Brzhukhovsky, Stanislav Olshansky, Franciszk Zagursky, Jan Stetsky and others).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

This acute confrontation lasted more than 200 years, the roots of which, according to some researchers, were in the imperfection of the state and political structure of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[98] Thus, in 1614, five decrees of the royal court were issued in Warsaw, issued at the suit of the head of Ovrutsk Prince Mikhail Koribut Vyshnevetsky against various groups of owners of royal villages in eldership that these holders, owning the lands overlaid by the service of the boyar putnaya and Polyanitskaya, evade its fulfillment and pull them with their lands to the zemstvo.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Among other boyars, many descendants of Davyd Velavsky are named: “... you Pashka Istimovich, Martin Gridkovich, Yatsk Tumilovich, Oniky Khynevich Levkovets, Tishka Diakonovich, Stepan and Ivan Nevmiritsky, our boyar, also the inshoy gentry and the sovereign and shoulder guard of the village of Levkovtsov, to our eldership and award the Ovrutsky castle to the recumbent,... you Zakharka, Yatsk and Semenovi Verpovitsy, our boyar, also the gentry of the sovereign and shoulder guard in your village Verpov;... you Ivan, Vaska and Bogdan Geevich Lovdikovtsy, Logmin, Artem Dorotich and Rosmetk, our boyar, also the gentry of the sovereign a shoulder pad in the village of Geevich, to our eldership and award Ovrutsky to the recumbent...” [99]


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Also, Levkovsky's disagreements with the Polish-Lithuanian administration were clearly manifested in the constant clashes between the nobles and the banners of the Polish-Lithuanian army.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

In 1685, the Tatar banner of Starodubovsky Marshal Krishtof Litava, which belonged to the Lithuanian army, was released from the camp for winter apartments.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Her path ran through the adjacent gentry villages of Nevmeritskoye and Levkovichi.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Before the notch, they were met as parliamentarians by Pyotr and Roman Levkovsky.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

They announced to Senkevich, the commander of the banner, that his detachment had no right to enter the village without sending clerks to notify the residents of their arrival; in conclusion, the Levkovsky showed the hetman station wagons that freed them from military standing.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Instead of answering, Senkevich exposed his sword, poked his point at the station wagon and pierced it along with Pyotr Levkovsky's hand; after that, he addressed his team with the words: “Beat such a son to death!” “If I hadn't been saved by a zhupan made of thick moose skin, I would probably have been sparkled into pieces,” Pyotr Levkovsky later complained.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

At this time, the alarm was sounded in the Levkovsky Monastery: women and children fled to the monastery, men armed themselves with anything and went out into the street.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The Zholners dismounted and went on the attack.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

As a result, Andrei Nevmeritsky, Pavel Levkovsky, Praskovya Levkovskaya, Vasily Levkovsky, Alexander Nevmeritsky, Andrey Nevmeritsky, Elena Levkovskaya, Ivan-Vilimont Nevmeritsky were seriously injured, Samuil Nevmeritsky, Stepan Kobylinsky, Stanislav Pozharnitsky.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Meanwhile, the number of zholners decreased significantly, because many of them remained on the way, carried away by robbery: they broke into houses and storerooms, grabbed clothes, broke boxes, tore the documents they came across took bread and honey from the apiaries.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

At the same time, the number of defenders increased.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Shots were heard from the monastery, from neighboring houses, gardens and vegetable gardens, people armed with peaks, axes, clubs began to crowd the zholners from all sides: several comrades and privates fell down.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The Zholners were forced to retreat to the yard of Andrei Nevmeritsky and began to shoot back.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Nobles and peasants came to help the besiegers from neighboring villages.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

At night, the zholners secretly fled to the village of Velavsk, leaving their spare horses, carts, prisoners captured during the day and prey.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The above contradictions especially worsened in the 1670-1690s, when most of the lands in Levkovichi were owned by Mikhail Levkovsky and his sons Pyotr and Roman (younger) Levkovsky.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The difficult relationship between the Levkovsky and the Ovruch elder Francis Pototsky is evidenced by the complaint of the nobles: Roman, Mikhail, Peter and Prokop Levkovsky against the nobleman Francis Pototsky of July 7, 1682.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The complaint says that by inviting Roman Levkovsky to his house, Francis Pototsky ordered his servants to cut him down, and threatened to do to all the Levkovsky what his father did to Anthony Nevmiritsky, whom he killed, dragged the corpse, tied to the tail of a horse, burned his house and appropriated the estate for himself (“że‚ jako niebozczyk rodzic mój kazał zabić i końmi włoczyć przed tym Antoniego Niewmiryckiego, i iego substantie, zabrać, i mieszkanie spalić, tak i ja teraźniejszym protestantom uczynię”).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Then Pototsky unfairly accused the Levkovsky of harboring fugitive peasants, and finally allowed his manager, Khmelevsky, to kidnap Prokop Levkovsky's wife, refused to extradite her to her husband and when Prokop Levkovsky came with a demand to the estate of Potocki Veledniki, then by order of Khmelevsky he was put in prison, and then beaten half to death.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[101] [102] Although there have been other cases.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Thus, in a spiritual testament of January 24, 1659, Severin Pototsky unsubscribes to his son Francis Velednitsky and Khluplyanskaya volosts, Berdychev Carmelites outposts Prejov and Karpilovka, and in favor different persons sums of money, including 200 zlotys for one of the Levkovsky and 50 zlotys to Nevmiritsky [103], and in 1712, during the marriage of Daniel Levkovsky, the regent and governor of Grodno Ovruch, Ovruch scarbnik with Barbara Břestcianskaya in the Velednitsa Church, the witness was the widow Katarina z Silnitsa Pototskaya, the head of Ovruch.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Indicative in terms of Levkovsky's struggle with Ovruch elder Jan Stetsky is the document - “The response of the nobles of Ovrutsky district to the evidence given in a difficult case with them, by the Ovrutsky elder, Stetsky (1766)”, published in Warsaw.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

In this case, the Seimas Commission was appointed in 1775 [105] [106].


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Finally, the king, Stanislav August Ponyatovsky, with a special sheet of September 22, 1775, freed the Levkovsky and other nobles from persecution of the Ovruch head Jan Stetsky and ordered it to be restored their property and nobility rights.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The center of religious life of the noble outskirts in XVII—ser.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The 18th century was the Levkovsky Basilian Monastery (Reguly swietego Bazylego wielkiego — Charter of St. Vasily the Great) [107] [108], founded in the village of Nevmeritsky (now the village of Levkovichi, Ovruch district) “the cat of the Levkovsky, Nevmeritsky and their brethren”.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Recently, the exact date of the “foundation” of the monastery from the will of the nobleman Andrei Malyushitsky, to whom he gave the monastery “Shepelevsky Island in the Kobylinsky soils”, became known - January 28, 1628.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

[109], and his first abbot was Eremia Gdyshinsky [110].


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Levkovsky Monastery enjoyed special respect from the nobles around.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

On holidays, especially on the temple holiday of the monastery church, St.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Nicholas, all the nobles converged from nearby villages to the village of Levkovichi.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

In the spiritual testaments of Pelageya Fedorovna Nevmerzhitskaya (1647 — “My body is a sinful land from which it was created, I entrust, according to the Christian call, to my son-in-law Ilya Maksimovich Levkovsky lust and burial will have to be carried out at the Church of St. Nicholas in the Levkovsky Nevmiritsky Monastery”) [111], Semyon Martynovich Levkovsky (1680), Nikolai Duminsky (1689), Mariana Nevmerzhitskaya (1713) placed demands that their body be buried in the Levkovsky Monastery, and that their heirs serve as a sorokoust in it for the repose of the testator's soul [112].


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Many people from among the nobility made contributions to the monastery, joined the monastery brethren, others, having grown old, went to live in the monastery for repose.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The decision to close the Levkovsky Monastery and transfer its property to the Ovruch Abbey Monastery was made on October 19, 1745 (cf. Act on the Case of the Polish Basilian Province with the Province of Lithuania on 12 Monasteries No. 44, 60).


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

But then the Levkovsky Monastery was not closed: at the request of the Basilian Protoarchimandrite and Consultants General, the Pope allowed the Basilians not to close these monasteries for another 10 years, where the founders ensured the maintenance of at least 5 Basilian monks.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

And on October 13, 1748, the monastery with the church received a new fundush from the Levkovsky-Nevmiritsky.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Basilian monks left the Levkovsky Monastery only during the time of Ksondz Josaphat Sedletsky, the opat (“opata”) of Ovruch (after 1753) [113], since because of the “feeble fundush”, it is not possible to survive in the “western land could.”


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Today, in the village of Levkovichi, there is an Orthodox St. Nicholas Church (wooden), built in 1815, instead of the burnt down wooden old church in 1810.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

The church cemetery has preserved the grave of a certain Nechaeva, who, according to legend, donated land for the construction of the church.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Obviously, Nechaeva was the wife of Mr. Stefan Nechaya: indeed, on January 25, 1627, Anna Petrovna Nechaeva Nevmiritskaya, subscribed to the church “an island on which the church with plebania” and the eighth part of her land in Vaskovschizn-Nevmirichi, [115] bought by her on March 16, 1612 in Martin Gridkovich Levkovsky for 1000 Polish zlotys.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Her husband, Stefan Nechay, together with Anton Timofeevich Nevmiritsky, was listed as the owner of a part of the village of Nevmiritsky (Nechaevshchina) [116] in the collection register of 1628.


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky


Question: When was the Levkovsky family founded?

Levkovsky

Notable representatives