Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Anatoly Sonin expressed a similar opinion in the magazine “Country of Games”: “The hedgehog here is cheerful and desperate, but he does not behave like a fifteen-year-old boy, but like some Naruto” [80].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

GamesRadar staff complained about both “tainted Sonic Adventure characters” and human characters [81].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Martin expressed dislike for some human characters, but admitted that it was Yuji Naki's mistake to add them to the original games [79].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

In contrast, reviewer Hes Plant of Nintendo Life expressed the opinion that “one of the key successes” of the series was the inclusion of numerous characters from games, including little-used ones, such as Big and the Chaos team.


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Fans of the series were divided about the role of the Thorndike family [82].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

However, the series was well received as invariably following the format of games.


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

In 2003, the Japanese game magazine Famitsu published an unequivocally positive review before the broadcast of the first episode, in which it appreciated the masterful transmission in the anime of speed and style of play, the deep plot and expressed hope that the series would be more and more interesting [14].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Plant stated that “Sonic X really managed to retell the cult story” [82].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Regardless of the characters involved, GamesRadar appreciated the idea of following the “basic Sonic concept” [81].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

The original storylines were also well received.


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Among his critical reviews of most of the series, Jones praised the first episode as a whole, especially its comedy [2].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Plant recognized the development of characters based on the plot of the original games, especially on the relationship between Sonic and Amy and the newfound vitality of the Chaos as comic characters.


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

At the same time, he found out that the series was “surprisingly touching”, in particular its “emotional” final climax, and compared space travel in the third season to Star Trek [82].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Martin criticized the “tedious and stereotyped development of the plot”, but admitted that he “really has a twist that no series has” and praised the scene where Sonic records algebraic equations and chemical formulas on the wall of the prison cell [79].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Tony Favreau of Impulse Gamer gave the first DVD edition a rating of 6.8 out of 10, stating that despite having some “fluff”, there are “pretty funny moments in the series and often there is moral sense” [ 83].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

The first review of “Famitsu” noted the plot [14].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

The comments on the aesthetic component of the series were mostly positive.


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

GamesRadar admitted: “At least the song fits. I can't imagine Sonic can listen to music from Sonic Underground and sing to Mith Lowf's light rock, but that kind of music would definitely fit Sonic X” [81].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Jones praised rock music from Sonic Adventure and Sonic Adventure 2, as well as “beautiful piano music” and “soul-taking” music from Japanese screensavers [2].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Martin was impressed by the “jumping” animation, comparing it to the Digimon animation [79].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Jones noted that the background was “nice to look at”, but he did not like the use of computer graphics to convey Sonic's homing attack [2].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Without giving any further comment, Allgame gave the versions of the first four episodes for Game Boy Advance 2.5 out of 5, the same as it gave all videos for this console [32] [34].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Common Sense Media rated them 3 out of 5 for their quality, also assessing their suitability for children [84].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

The author of the second, later review of “The Surname” in 2003, called the anime an outstanding success and recommended it to readers [85].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Popularity and cultural influence


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

The series was quite popular in the United States and France and confidently took first places in the airtime of both countries [86] [87].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

By 2007, it was TMS Entertainment's most successful anime in the non-Japanese market, but was less popular in Japan, with a highest rating of 4.8% at the time of its premiere, and the lowest 1.9%, and the average is 3.2% [88].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

This prompted the TMS team to focus on products that are well requested outside Japan [89].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

In 2009, a 6-year-old Norwegian boy named Krister forced his parents to send a letter to King Harald V of Norway, in which he asked the monarch to approve his change of name to Sonic X.


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

His parents allowed Krister to write a letter with his own hands, but did not send it until he bothered them about it.


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

The king responded to a letter in which he wrote that he could not approve the change of name, since Krister had not yet reached the age of 18 [90] [91].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

For more than a decade after the release of the first episode, the phrase “gotta go fast” was used in the titles of articles in game magazines to refer to the Sonikov series [92] [93] [94] and other dynamic video games [95] [96] [97], and high-speed playthroughs in general [98].


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Notes


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Sources


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

References


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

on the Sonic Team website


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

on TV Tokyo website


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

(in English)


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

(in English) on the Sonic News Network


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

(in English) on Sonic Retro


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Category: 2003 anime


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Category:Disney XD TV programs


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Category:Sonic the Hedgehog series cartoons


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Category:TMS Entertainment


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Category:Anime series based on computer games


Question: How long does one episode of Sonic X last?

Sonic X

Category:TV series about parallel universes


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

The Byzantine coin is gold, silver and bronze coins of Byzantium, minted before the fall of Constantinople in 1453.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

History


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Since the end of the 3rd century, the coin in the east of the Roman Empire took on a special character


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

The chasing becomes rougher, the images of emperors lose their individual features, becoming similar to one another, and the neck is depicted so thick that sometimes it turns out to be comic and even an ugly species, as, for example, on Licinius solids (307—324).


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

In addition, since the time of Constantius Chlorine (305), the title of emperor “caesar” has changed to “flavius”; instead of “felix”, the coins contain the phrase “perpetuus Augustus”, and since the time of Constantine Great — and “victor”.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

But the Byzantine coin itself with its distinctive features appears no earlier than the reign of Anastasia (491—518).


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

The basic unit of coin weight in Byzantium was liters = 96 Attic drachmas.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

But depending on the sample and metal, the liter coin was assumed to be 72, 75, 96 and 128 drachmas.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

According to this calculation, the coin was minted: gold — from a liter of 72 drachmas, silver — 96 drachmas — and copper — 128 drachmas.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

A silver coin is generally rare.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

The purity of the metal in the coin was extremely high at first, but by the last years of the empire it is falling sharply.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

The gold coin was solid, which was often given the names of Byzantine, Besant, Zlatnitsa, etc.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

The coin was minted in 1/2 and 1/3 solid (semiss and tremissis).


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

The main silver coin was miliarisi and half of it was keratium.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

These coins were minted until 1204. In 615 Irakli I issued a large coin, hexagram, but soon it was out of circulation.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

The copper coin — nummia or follis — introduced by Anastasia in 498 had letters on the reverse side: A, B, Δ, E, I, K and M, which meant its value in nummies (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20 and 40).


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Under these letters is the mint abbreviation.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Under Basil I (867-886), the copper coin was redone, but there are no exact indications of the history of further minting of this coin.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Some local coinings differ from the imperial (Constantinople).


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Thus, the Alexandrian copper coin, minted from the time of Justinian to the capture of Alexandria by the Arabs (641), has the letters: IB and S (12 and 6 numias), and one sample of Justinian has ΛG (33); in addition, the weight of these coins have never decreased, which is not the case with the imperial one.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Carthage had a special double system, and its copper coin had Roman numerals: XLII; XXI; XX; X; XII; IIII, etc.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Since the 11th century, a concave coin has appeared in Byzantium.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

This form, originally given to solids, then extends to the rest of the coin, with the exception of the small copper coin.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Concave coins got their special name: nummi scyphati.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Examples of denominations on follises of the 5th—6th centuries


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

, ε = 5 nummies


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

, η = 8 nummies


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

, i = 10 nummies


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

, μ = 20 nummies


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

, μ = 40 nummies


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Byzantine coin type


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Turning to the type of Byzantine coin, we should first of all focus on the images of emperors.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Before Phocas (602), they are depicted without a beard, and since that time — with one.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

The image is a half-length, indeed (en face).


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

The emperor holds in his hand either a piece of canvas that marked the beginning of the circus games, or a scroll of parchment.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Roman laurel wreaths and radiant crowns are replaced by a diadem.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Until the beginning of the 10th century, emperors were depicted alone on the coin, but since that time they have placed on the reverse side an image of the Victory (Victoria) with a cross in hand, in turn replaced later images of saints, the Mother of God and the Savior, sometimes on the front side of the coin.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

A bust depiction of Jesus Christ is found on the coins of John Tzimiskes (975).


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

The Mother of God is mostly depicted crowning the emperor, although sometimes Her images are given a symbolic shade.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Thus, the Mother of God is sometimes depicted supporting the walls of Constantinople.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Saints are most often found on coins from the 13th and early 14th centuries: St.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Michael and St.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Dimitri — on the coins of (Nicene) Theodore I Laskaris (1204—1222); St.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

George — John IV (Nicaea, 1259—1260); St.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Eugene — Manuel I Komnenos (Trebizond, 1238—1263); St.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Dimitrius — Andronikos II Palaeologus (1282—1328), etc.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Coin of John I Tzimiskes.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

On the reverse there is an emperor blessed by the Mother of God, on the obverse there is an image of Christ


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Michael VIII kneels before Christ on this coin issued to celebrate the liberation of the Empire's Capital from the Crusaders.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Coin Andronikos II Paleologos


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Irakli and his sons Constantine III and Iraklon


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Byzantine solid of Basil II and Constantine VIII, which served as a model for Vladimir Zlatnikov


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Novel III (968 — April 11, 1034), Byzantine coin


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Coin inscriptions


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

The inscriptions on the coins until the 7th century are exclusively Latin.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Since the time of Heraclius I, Greek coins have been found on the lower types of coins.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Since the 8th century, Greek letters have been mixed with Latin letters; since the 9th century, Greek inscriptions have prevailed, and since the time of Alexei Komnen (1081—1118), Latin has completely disappeared.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Since the 10th century, the coin has usually had two legends: one related to the depicted saint, and the other consisting of the name and title of the emperor, in which in the 7th and 9th centuries the epithet “pious ” (pistos).


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Since the time of Alexy I, there is often no second inscription.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

The place of minting is always indicated by the initial letters: CON, CONS, KONSTAN = Constantinople; ALE = Alexandria; CAR, CAR, KART = Carthage, etc. There is no year on the coin until Justinian I, and since 538 it is mostly put, and the chronology goes according to the years of reign: ANNO I, II, III, etc. In addition, solids have an abbreviation CONOB or SOM, which for a long time could not be explained.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

It was read as an abbreviation: Constantinopoli moneta obsignata; Conflata moneta obryzo, etc. Finally, in 1851, the German scientist Pinder proved that the syllable OB means 72 and corresponds to the number of solids from one liter.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Nicene, Trebizond and coins of other small states formed after the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204 should also be added to the Byzantine coins. Trebizond coins are minted of extremely pure metal and are small silver coins, called Komnenov's aspres (Spra Komnata).


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

The coins of other states are perfectly suitable for Byzantine types.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Byzantine coinage coins


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Literature


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Sabatier, “Description gé nérale des monnaies byzantines” (Paris, 1862)


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Monrad, “Numi antiqui et Byzantinici ex auro, argento et aere” (Havniae, 1840)


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Saulcy, “Essai de classification des suites monétaires Byzantines” (Metz, 1836)


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Pinder, “Beiträ ge zur altern Münzkunde” (Berl., 1851)


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Köhne, “Die Komnenischen Silbermünzen mit dem heiligen Eugenius” (St. Petersburg, 1848)


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Pfaffenhoffen, “Essai sur les Aspres Comné nats ou blancs d'argent de Trébisonde” (Paris, 1847).


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Karyshkovsky, Pyotr Osipovich Finds of Ancient and Byzantine Coins in Odessa District [Finds of Antique and Byzantine Coins in Odessa District] //Archaeological and Archaeographic Research on the territory of Southern Ukraine.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

— Kyiv, Odessa: High School.


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

— P. 172 — 177


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

See also


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

List of Byzantine mints


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Ancient Greek coins


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Byzantine emperors


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

Ancient Roman coin system


Question: What was the currency in Constantinople?

Byzantine coins

References


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

The state border of the Republic of Belarus is a line and a vertical surface passing along this line that defines the boundaries of the Republic of Belarus — land, waters, subsoil and airspace [1].


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

The length of the Belarusian border is 3,969 km [2].


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

Borders


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

BelarusCountryLength, km Latvia172.912 Lithuania678,819 Poland398.624 Russia1283 Ukraine1084


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

The border with Russia has the longest length (1,283 km), the shortest - with Latvia (172,912 km) [3].


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

The passage of the state border of Belarus with neighboring states is currently determined by the following agreements:


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

with the Republic of Poland — the agreement between the USSR and the People's Republic of Poland on the Soviet-Polish state border of August 16, 1945 (by way of succession)


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

with the Republic of Latvia — an agreement on the establishment of the state border between the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Latvia dated February 21, 1994 [4]


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

with the Republic of Lithuania — the agreement on the Belarusian-Lithuanian state border dated February 6, 1995 [5].


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

The status of the state border with Ukraine [6] and the Russian Federation was given by the decree of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus of June 11, 1993, but there are international agreements between Belarus and Ukraine, and between Belarus and Russia, in which they mutually recognize territorial integrity within existing borders.


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

Joints with neighboring states


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

The Republic of Belarus has five junctions of the state border with neighboring states:


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

junction with Latvia and Lithuania — delimitation and demarcation were completed in 2001, and the Lyudvinovo border sign was installed.


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

junction with Lithuania and Poland — delimitation was completed on September 16, 2009, demarcation — May 30, 2012, Marykha border sign was installed; The junction of the state borders of Belarus, Lithuania and Poland is located in the middle of the Marykha River and is marked on the ground by a border sign with the same name - “Marykha”.


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

The border sign consists of the border pillar of Belarus, the border pillar of Lithuania and the border pillar of Poland, installed on the territory of the relevant state.


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

Each border pillar has the state emblem of the state on whose territory it is installed, and a plaque with the name of the border sign.


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

junction with Latvia and Russia — delimitation was completed on January 28, 2010.


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

The junction point of their borders is located at the confluence of the Neveritsa and Sinyukha (Zilupe) rivers, which is located near the place known as the “Friendship Kurgan”.


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

The Joint Commission organizes work on marking the junction of state borders with a special border sign “Neveritsa” [7].


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

joint with Russia and Ukraine — trilateral negotiations on border demarcation are underway [8].


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

junction with Poland and Ukraine — consultations are underway on the conclusion of relevant international treaties on their establishment [9].


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

Notes


Question: How many neighbors does Belarus have?

State border of Belarus

References


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

A history of Mexico (Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko]; by Nahuatl languages: mexica) [Note 1], which dates back several millennia and is a chronicle of great cultural achievements and geographical discoveries, is at the same time filled with tragic events related to the military and political struggle.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Since the arrival of the first settlers, Mexico has been a habitat for hunter-gatherers.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

About 9,000 years ago, there was an agricultural revolution that led to the emergence of large cities, and then ancient states, such as the Aztec Empire and the Mayan states.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In the 16th century, Mexico was colonized by the Spanish.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Colonial rule, which lasted 300 years, ended in a war of liberation and the establishment of a Mexican monarchy, and then a republic.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Mexico's history goes back to periods of civil wars, interventions and dictatorships.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Recent history is marked by economic recovery and several crises, as well as the political hegemony of one party.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At the end of the 20th century, there was a trend towards democratization, and in the 21st century the country moved to a truly multi-party system [1].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Early period


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Prehistoric Mexico


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

According to the modern point of view, the migration of people to America (following plants and animals) occurred presumably 40—12 thousand years ago through the then existing Bering Isthmus (Beringia) between Siberia and Alaska [2] [Note 2].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The first reliably dated traces of human presence in Mexico date back to the period 12—15,000 years ago.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

One of the oldest sites is Weyatlaco, however, the age of the artifacts available there is not exactly established and is currently the subject of lively discussions [3] [4].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It is also worth mentioning Tequixquiaca (about 12—15 thousand years ago), where roughly processed stone and bone tools (scrapers, blades, knives) were found along with the bones of animals of the Pleistocene period — mammoths, mastodons, American horse, bison, American camel, etc. [5]


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The skeleton of a 15-year-old girl (Naia), found in the flooded cave of Oyo Negro on the Yucatan Peninsula, is estimated to be 13 thousand years ago.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Geneticists identified Naya's mitochondrial haplogroup D (subclade D1) [6].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

A man from the flooded Chan Hol Cave on the eastern shore of the Yucatan Peninsula near the ancient city of Tulum also lived about 13 thousand years ago.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It was not possible to extract DNA from his bones [7].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The most famous of the prehistoric cultures in Mexico are the Clovis culture (10—9 thousand years BC) [8] and the Folsom tradition (9—8 thousand years BC) [9], discovered at the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

During excavations at the site of these sites, stone and bone tips, stone knives and blades, as well as a large number of animal remains were found.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

People of these cultures were engaged in hunting and gathering and roamed in small family groups in North and Central America, following the seasonal migration of local animals.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

These groups gathered together when they hunted a large animal, a bison or a mammoth, which was killed, in particular, by driving into a swamp.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, it should be noted that the main food of people of this period was more often plants and small animals (rabbits, foxes, skunks, lizards, turtles, etc.), as evidenced by the cave and the site Sierra de Tamaulipas, located 240 km from present-day Mexico City [10].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Between 11,000 and 4,500 years ago, the cold and humid climate characteristic of the Pleistocene period gradually became hotter and drier, the process of desertification of the savannah began, drying out lakes, the gradual disappearance of forest cover, which, in turn, caused the extinction of large Pleistocene fauna [11].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Forced to adapt to the new conditions, the inhabitants belonging to the so-called “desert cultures” switched to a greater extent to plant food, as evidenced by the caves of the Oaxaca Valley (9-7 thousand years ago), where plants belonging to more than a hundred species have been preserved among the waste (wild maize, foxtail, wild onions, acorns, avocados, pumpkin, prickly pear, etc.).


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The population at this time, by necessity, switched to a semi-nomadic lifestyle, gathering in large groups to harvest wild vegetables and cereals during the rainy season (May-September) and breaking into smaller groups for hunting in the rest of the months [12].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

For example, the Plano culture in southwestern Mexico dates back to this time.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It is characterized by some types of projectiles that could also be used as knives.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

We can judge the appearance of the Paleonindians by the well-preserved remains of a Tepespan man (about 10—9 thousand years ago), a thirty-year-old woman who probably died during hunting [5].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The end of the “Paleo-Indian period” usually dates back to 7000 BC [13].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In the next period, called the archaic period (ca. 7000—2500 years ago) [14], the tradition of cultural cultivation of plants was born in the mountainous regions of Mexico.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Self-domestication and hybridization, apparently, took place in mountainous areas, where plants belonging to many species were combined on small plots of land.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

They also found fertile ground for growth in waste dumps near human habitats and around sites, where ash from burned trees generously fertilized the soil.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Presumably, at this time, called the archaic period of pre - Columbian chronology, semi - nomadic tribes began to take rhizomes and plant grains with them to grow them in new territories and, it is possible to exchange them with each other, extracting plants from remote places for cultivation [15].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At the same time, spontaneous and then directed hybridization and cultivation of crops characteristic of Mesoamerica [Note 3] such as corn, pumpkin, beans, etc. begins, as evidenced by the findings in Tehuacane and Tamaulipas.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

About 5500-4,500 years ago, the population of the Tehuacán Valley quadrupled, which indicates the increasing role of crop production in people's lives.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

About 3500-2500 years ago, the first elements of settlement appeared: along with hunting camps, villages appeared consisting of 5-10 dugouts, located, as a rule, in river valleys and represented temporary housing for semi-nomadic populations.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At the same time, the emergence of homemade corn, which became the main culture of Mesoamerican civilizations, dates back to.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

About 3,000 years ago, weaving from agave and cotton fibers appeared.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Evidence of the existence of religion during this period is the numerous findings of female figurines, probably depicting the ancestors of the family or goddesses of fertility, as well as statuettes of warriors and priests in ritual masks [16].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

About 2500-1500 years ago, in the pre-classical era, the nomadic lifestyle was finally replaced by sedentary life, permanent villages already have several hundred inhabitants, primitive ceramics appeared, which replaced earlier stone products [17].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Slash-and-burn agriculture is developing, fields are irrigated with the help of primitive systems consisting of small canals and wells [18], while agriculture is still complemented by gathering and hunting, and during the dry season, residents leave the villages, almost all of them moving to temporary hunting camps.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It should be noted that, unlike the Old World, domestication of mounts was almost unknown.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Pre-classical era


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The pre-classical era in Mexican history covers the period from 1500 BC.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

before 150 A.D.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It seems to begin with the emergence of social division among the Indians.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The reasons for its occurrence were the overabundance of the population with limited material resources, the need to divide labor and organize society to perform complex work.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Around this time, the construction of the first temples, the appearance of settlements of artisans, as well as the ornamented burials of Indian nobility date back to.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

One of the first Indian cultures, the “mother culture” of Mexico [19], was the civilization of the Olmec, who lived on the Gulf Coast since the 2nd millennium BC.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

to 400 A.D.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The word “Olmecs” is of Aztec origin, and means “people from the country of rubber trees”, from olli - rubber.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

San Lorenzo was the first center of Olmec urban culture in time.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The cult center of this civilization, which flourished in the 8th-4th centuries BC.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

, was located in what is now the State of Tabasco.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Several pyramids (up to 35 m high), religious sites paved with valuable rocks of stone, crypts, ceremonial caches, altars and steles, as well as 5 giant sculptural human basalt heads.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The last in time was Tres Zapotes [20].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The influence of Olmec civilization on the history of Mesoamerica cannot be overestimated: the Olmecs, apparently, were the first to invent ideographic writing, which then passed to the great civilizations of the later period, learned to build fundamental structures, they, thanks to astronomical observations, were able to develop a solar calendar, which then passed unchanged to the Aztecs and Mayans, etc. the “long score” system as well as the k'atun or twenties account, the start date of which is 4 Ahau 8 Kumhu, also formed the basis of all Indian historiography [Note 4].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Olmecs introduced the surrounding tribes to the sacred ball game that the Spaniards found among later civilizations [19].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Much worse than Olmec is known the ancient civilization of the Zapotec, which arose around 500-450 BC. e.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

, which had its center in Monte Albana.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

There is the famous “Temple of the Dancers”, the walls of which are dotted with writings that have not been deciphered until now.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Finally, the culture of Isapa, created by an unknown people, relies on a transition to the classical era.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It reflects features characteristic of both the Olme type and civilizations of a later time.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Classical era


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The classical era in Mexico began around 150-400 (and its beginning varied depending on the degree of development of the local culture) and lasted until 900.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In Mexico, it is primarily characterized by the heyday of Teotihuacan, which has become the sixth largest city on the globe.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Remaining a people living in the new Stone Age, the Teotihuacans managed to build a truly huge ensemble of houses and temples, among which the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon stand out, persisting to this day.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The question of which people became the founder of this city remains open to this day.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Spanish sources considered Totonac Indians to be such, while local tribes unanimously declared divine powers to be its creators.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It is proved that the city experienced Zapotec influence, and the deities of this people were revered in the poor part of the city.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It is possible that the diverse population of Teotihuacan was made up of other nationalities [21].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Maya


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The history of Mayan civilization can be traced back to the early pre-classical period (c. 2nd millennium BC —I millennium BC), in the middle pre-classical period (I millennium BC — 400 BC), the first state formations appeared [22].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Mayan Indians extended their influence to the Yucatan Peninsula and the territories of present-day Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, and several states in Mexico.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Several tribes lived on these lands that inherited the same culture, but had regional differences.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The most numerous of them were Maya, Quiche, Wasteki, Kakchikeli, Chontal, Lacandone, Itza.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Mayans reached their greatest prosperity in the 7th—8th centuries AD [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

3—4 thousand years ago, Mayspeaking peoples already inhabited the southwestern part of Guatemala [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In the history of the Maya, two periods can be distinguished: the classical, or the Ancient Kingdom (turn of AD — the 9th century), the heyday, and the post-classical, or New Kingdom (10th — mid-16th centuries), the Maya-Toltec period [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

An important place in the life of the Mayans was occupied by urban centers, the oldest of which are Tikal, Uashaktun, Balakbal, and the most famous are Copan, Chichen Itza, Mayapan.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Mayanist Yu.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

IN. Knorozov believed that at first there were a number of Mayan city-states with a small controlled territory.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Later, they united in military and political alliances, which quickly disintegrated.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

These unions, in addition to the need to repel the threat of invasion of other tribes, were united by a common religious belief.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Due to the great importance of these two factors, power in Mayan society belonged to priests and noble warriors [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The class of free community members was divided into wealthy and impoverished groups.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Maya had slaves, most of whom belonged to the nobility [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Maya used slash-and-burn agriculture resembling chinamp agriculture, grew corn, tomatoes, sweet potatoes.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Weaving was developed at a high level, pottery occupied a special place, and the work of architects, stone cutters, sculptors, artists was appreciated [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Pantheon was made up of benevolent and evil gods.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Among the heavenly deities, the Lord of the World, the god of day and night, Itsamna, was the main one.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Maya revered the rain god Chuck, the sun god Kinich-Ahau, the goddess of the moon Ish-Chel, the wind god Quetzalcoatl [23], the god of corn Ah-Moon [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The exceptional intellectual achievements of pre-Columbian America were the Mayan systems of writing and counting time.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Also of interest is the Mayan invention of the numeral zero [Note 5].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

End of 1st millennium AD


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

was a period of decline in Mayan culture, the most likely cause of which is considered to be the invasion of the Pipil and Toltec tribes from Central Mexico.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Many cities have been abandoned, but a mixed Maya-Toltec culture has emerged on the Yucatan Peninsula.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In the 11th century, there was a triumvirate of the city-states of northern Yucatan - Chichen Itza, Uxmal, Mayapan - Mayapan League [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Around 900, Mayan lands are believed to have experienced a catastrophe, the causes of which are still unclear.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It is only well known that the Mayan cities were abandoned by the population for some reason, sacred monuments were partly burned, partly overthrown from pedestals, while no traces of foreign conquest were found it was.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The “mystery of abandoned cities” in modern science is most often explained by soil erosion as a result of predatory exploitation.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The ensuing famine forced the population to leave the territories.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Mayan state suffered a blow from which it was unable to recover [25].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

From the 10th to the 13th century, the Maya-Toltec capital was Chichen Itza [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

It is known for several architectural structures: the Temple of Kukulkan, the Caracol Tower, the largest ball stadium in Mesoamerica, the Temple of Warriors, the Wall of Skulls and the Sacred Well [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At the end of the 12th century, the political situation on the peninsula became more complicated.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The rulers of Chichen Itza increased the amount of tribute received from controlled cities and villages.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Coupled with the need to make human sacrifices [Note 6] in the Sacred Well, this caused indignation among local residents.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

According to the Mayan book of prophecy Chilam-Balam, the ruler of Mayapan Ah Mesh Kuk sent his commander Hunak Keel to Chichen Itza as a victim.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, Hunak Keel emerged from the well, announcing that he had spoken to the gods, and they appointed him ruler of Mayapan.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After reigning in Mayapan, Hunak Keel devastated Chichen Itza in 1178.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Thus, power in Mayapan passed to the Maya-Toltec Kokom dynasty, who ruled until 1461, when the Shivas of Uxmal seized rule.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By the end of the XIV century, Chichen Itza, having fallen into decline, was depopulated, and by the middle of the 16th century, the city lay in ruins [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In the 15th century, more than ten warring small city-states were formed in the Yucatan, and at the end of the same century, the Mayans were threatened with conquest by the Aztec state [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Spaniards who invaded Mexico discovered only the remnants of a once powerful civilization.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Post-classical era


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The post-classical era in the history of Mexico is the period from 900 to the Spanish conquest.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

This time marked the beginning of the era of metals for Central America, the first of which, like in the Old World, was copper.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Archaeological finds of that time are forged and cast products obtained by investment casting.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Jewelry, tools and weapons were made of copper, and later from other metals (including gold).


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At the same time, the war, which previously broke out only sporadically, is becoming perhaps the main occupation of later civilizations, its purpose is both territorial expansion and the capture of prisoners, necessary for bloody sacrifices, which at the same time became widespread unprecedented [26].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Toltec-Chichimeci


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The post-classical era begins with the invasion of northern barbarians, called chichimecas in Indian manuscripts, that is, “dog children” [27].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In pre-Columbian America, this name was not considered shameful, moreover, many later rulers considered Chichime's origin honorable [28].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In modern historical works, the prevailing idea is that the Chichimecs were a colorful mixture of tribes, descendants of early “desert civilizations”, who gathered and hunted small game.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

This second wave of settlers was forced to move southward by drought and the famine it caused.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Toltecs (whose name supposedly means “builders” or “strategists”) quickly emerged from the early tribal union, whose ancestral home was supposedly the lands west of the Sierra Madre [29].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

They founded a powerful state, the capital of which was Tula.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Toltecs (or Toltec-Chichimecs) took over the obsidian trade, even at the beginning of the metal era, a highly valued raw material used to make tools and weapons.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Tula has become a center for the production and trade of obsidian, which has spread to the entire territory of present-day Mexico [28].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The semi-legendary Topiltsin [Note 7], a “tall white and blackbearded” outstanding organizer and ruler, was overthrown from the throne and lost in an internecine war to his rival Tezcatlipoca, after which well-organized government gave way to anarchy and turmoil.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, Topiltsin managed to regain the throne, which he retained until the end of his life.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Legend says that in old age, he sacrificed himself by throwing himself into the fire in a royal dress and a feather mask, promising to return in advance [28].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Later, Topiltsin was identified with the god Quetzalcoatl, and the legend of his return played a fatal role for the later Indian kingdoms.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The glory of the Toltec state was so great that even after its final death, later civilizations raised their origin to the Toltecs, seeing their rulers as successors of the sacred traditions [28] [30].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Aztecs


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Aztecs, who created one of the powerful states of pre-Columbian America, conquered many tribes of Central Mexico.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Their ancestral home, which they called Aztlan Island, was most likely located on the coast and islands adjacent to the northern part of the Gulf of California.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Aztec civilization at the initial stage was the creation of seven tribes: Acolua, Tecpaneca, Tlaxcalteca, Tlahuica, Xochimilca, Chalka and Aztec hunting tribes, which turned out to be the most warlike [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The highest position in Aztec society was occupied by the emperor, the tlacatecutli [Note 8], and his entourage.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Formally, the emperor was elected, but in practice this position began to be inherited.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The next place in the hierarchy was occupied by priests who rose above the nobility, merchants, free members of society associated with hard physical labor, and slaves [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Each tribe was usually divided into twenty territorial communities.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Part of the land (altepetlaglia) was cultivated collectively, and the other (tlalmilla) individually, these plots were given to the head of the family for life use, and after his death they were returned to the community fund.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Aztecs used drainage works, artificial irrigation, canals.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In shallow lakes, gardens and vegetable gardens — chinampas — were created with the help of silted reed rafts tied to piles.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The capital of the Aztec Empire, Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City), built in the middle of the lake, was connected to the shore by bridges and dams and had canals instead of streets.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The remains of aqueducts that supplied drinking water have been preserved.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Stone and wood processing, weaving were developed, polychrome ceramics were made, and sculpture was developed [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The beliefs of the Aztecs compared to other tribes were quite original.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The main place in the pantheon was occupied by the god of war Huitzilopochtli.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Among the most important gods were Tezcatlipoca, Tlaloc, Tonatiu, Matchtly, Quetzalcoatl, Syntheotl, Mictlantekutli and Mictlancihuatl [31] [32].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Human sacrifices were practiced to feed the Sun with blood [31].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Aztecs came to the valley of Mexico City in the second half of the 12th century.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

They could not compete with the strongest city-states - Azcapotzalco and Colhuacan, so from 1250 to 1298, the Aztecs were in the service of the former, and then came under the patronage second [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Wars were almost a daily activity of the Aztecs, they made it possible to capture prisoners and sacrifice them to the gods.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Aztec weapons consisted of a bow, a sling, a spear, a club and a flint cleaver [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1323, the ruler of Colhuacan married his daughter to the Aztec leader for military success, but the Aztecs sacrificed her to Huitzilopochtli, after which they were expelled from the possession of Colhuacan [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Aztec tradition says that they were supposed to settle in a place indicated by an eagle sitting on a cactus and eating a snake [Note 9].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

This destiny came true on one of the Texcoco islands on July 18, 1325, where Tenochtitlan arose [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Some of the Aztecs separated and founded the rival city of Tlatelolco.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1367, the Aztecs again joined the service of the Tepanek city of Azcapotzalco [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The official year of the creation of the empire is 1376 [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1428, the strengthened Aztecs led by Itzcoatl attacked the Tepaneks, defeating them and ruining Azcapotzalco.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1434, the Triple League (Alliance) was created, the triumvirate of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tepanek Tlacopan, and local wars are a thing of the past.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

From 1440 to 1469, the Aztecs were ruled by Itzcoatl's nephew Montezuma I.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Through brutal wars, he expanded Tenochtitlan's sphere of influence.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After Montezuma's death, his grandson, Ashayacatl, came to power, and perhaps the real power between 1469 and 1477 was with Ashayacatl's mother, Atotozzli.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Azhayacatl made from 14 to 37 military campaigns, in 1473 Tenochtitlan conquered Tlatelolco and the Toluca Valley, but failed in the fight against Taraska.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The eighth ruler of Tenochtitlan was Auizotl, under which military expansion reached the greatest scale [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By the end of the 15th century, the Aztecs had conquered almost all of Central Mexico [24], and their state reached its largest size under Auizotl's nephew Montezuma II [23].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By the time of the Spanish conquest, the Aztecs he led played a major role in the Triple League, and probably during the same period the formation of a single empire was completed [24] [33].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Other tribes


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Few were able to resist the Aztec onslaught.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, the Tarasca Indians, whose lands bordered the Aztec state in the south and west, were able to defend their independence until the Spanish conquest.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The population of their capital, Michoacán (“City of Fish Lords”), was a colorful mixture of tribes, in which, in addition to the Taraskas themselves, many small ethnic groups that spoke languages were represented Nahuatl.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The head of state of the Taraski was the king or “kasonsi”, in whose hands both military and priestly power was concentrated.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The society was divided on a professional basis, into masons, doctors, manufacturers of musical instruments, etc., whose representatives had the right to be present at the court.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In addition, Taraskas had hired spies under enemy monarchs [34].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Mixtecs occupied a mountainous region in the north and west of the present-day province of Oaxaca, gradually expanding their zone of influence through skillful diplomacy and dynastic marriages, by 1350 they managed establish its influence throughout present-day Oaxaca.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The richness and splendor of the Mixtec capital Monte Albán is evidenced by the fantastic decoration of the “grave number seven” found in this city even by modern standards [35].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Relatively little is known about the Huastec Indians, except that their strength and influence were enough not only to spread, but also to hold the territory from the Sierra Madre Mountains to the Mexican bay [36].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Finally, the Zapotec state of the post-classical era continued to exist in Mitla [37].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The development of all these civilizations was interrupted by the Spanish conquest.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Conquest of Mexico


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After the first two reconnaissance expeditions of Francisco Hernández de Cordoba (1517) and Juan de Grijalva (1518), the Spaniards learned about the rich golden land of the Aztecs.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

To conquer it, Cuban Governor Diego Velazquez de Cuellar decided to organize a new campaign, commanded by Hernán Cortes [31].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Spaniards had 11 ships, Cortez's army included 553 soldiers, 110 sailors, 200 Indian porters and a cavalry of 16 horses [Note 10].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The artillery consisted of 10 heavy cannons and 4 falconets, 32 crossbows and 13 arquebuses were in service [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In February 1519, the expedition took the already known route to the coast of Yucatan [31].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On the island of Cozumel, the conquistadors first contacted the Mayan Indians [38].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

A detachment of Spaniards led by Pedro de Alvarado, who arrived earlier than others, looted the local temple and Aboriginal homes.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Cortez punished Alvarado, and ordered the loot to be returned, which deserved the favor of the Indians [31].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Then the expedition went along the coast, on March 14, it reached the mouth of the Tabasco River, where, after military clashes [39] with Tabasques, Cortes received gifts from local rulers: a lot of gold and 20 women ( see Malinche) [40].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Having made peace with the tabasques, the conquistadors boarded ships and on April 21, 1519 set up a camp on the site of present-day Veracruz [39].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Most of Cortez's army was now made up of allied Totonac tribes [38], conquered by the Aztecs, but wanted to free themselves from their oppression [39].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On August 16, 1519, the Spaniards competed in Tenochtitlan.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Cortez had 400 infantrymen, 15 horses and 6 guns [24], accompanied by 1,500 Totonak soldiers [39].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The conquistadors found a strong ally in Tlaxcala, an independent mountainous principality waging wars with the Aztec Confederation.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In October 1519, Cortez's army reached Cholula.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Having learned that they were being ambushed, the Spaniards massacred the local population and partially burned the city [31] [39].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Spaniards entered Tenochtitlan on November 8, 1519, and were kindly welcomed by the Aztec Tlatoani, Montezuma II.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Montezuma awarded the conquistadors with many gifts, they were placed in one of the imperial residences.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Cortés claimed in his reports that the locals mistook his soldiers and himself for messengers of the god Quetzalcoatl, so at first they did not resist [Note 11].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, after the attack of the Indians on the garrison of Veracruz, Cortez decided to take the Aztec ruler hostage.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Montezuma was persuaded to take an oath of allegiance to Charles V [31].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Governor Velázquez soon sent a fleet of 18 caravels to capture Cortez and take him to Cuba.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The detachment he sent consisted of 900 people, including 80 horsemen [Note 12], and was armed with cannons and matchlocks.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

He commanded Panfilo de Narvaez's detachment.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Cortez moved to meet him halfway, leaving most of his forces under Alvarado's control in Tenochtitlan.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

With the help of bribing Narvaez soldiers, Cortes won and replenished his army.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But in his absence, an Indian uprising broke out in Tenochtitlan [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On May 20, 1520, [31], during a feast in honor of Huitzilopochtli, Pedro de Alvarado ordered the killing of the Indian nobility gathered in the main temple.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Between 600 and 1,000 people died in the massacre [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

As a result of the rebellion, the Spaniards were besieged in the palace where Montezuma was located [31].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On June 24, Cortes returned to Tenochtitlan, who was freely allowed to enter the palace [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On June 27, the conquistadors resorted to the help of the emperor, forcing him to appeal to his people to stop the struggle.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Montezuma was wounded by a stone thrown from an indignant crowd and died a few days later.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On July 1, 1520, the Spaniards were forced to flee [31].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

They attacked the city again in early June 1521 [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On August 13, Tenochtitlan fell [24].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The last Aztec emperor, Cuauhtémoc, was captured, and the city was destroyed.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Many Aztecs died from smallpox imported by Europeans [39].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The conqueror of the city, Hernan Cortez, declared it the possession of the king


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Along with Tenochtitlan, the Aztec Empire fell.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Colonial period


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The fall of the Aztec Empire marked a new era in Mexico's history, a period of 300 years of Spanish rule, known as New Spain.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

New Spain included modern territories of Mexico, the southwestern states of the United States (as well as Florida), Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Cuba.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In addition, it was subordinate to the Philippines and various islands in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The capital was located in Mexico City, the appointed viceroy reported directly to the monarch of Spain.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Viceroy had an advisory body — an audience, which had both administrative and judicial powers [41].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The jurisdiction of the Mexico City Audience extended to the southern part of the country, and the jurisdiction of the Guadalajara Audience to the northern part of the country [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The population of New Spain, according to Alexander von Humboldt, was 5.8 million people in 1803 [43].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, modern researchers believe that its number did not reach this figure by 1810, when it was 5-5.5 million people [44].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The bulk of the population of the colony during this period consisted of its natives, most of whom were Indians [43].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The first century after the conquista was marked by a sharp decline in the number of indigenous people, which forced colonizers in need of labor and taxpayers to move from outright robbery and extermination of Indians to their organized exploitation, which took on a feudalized form.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

As a result of these changes, a slow increase in the aboriginal population began in the second half of the 17th century, and by the beginning of the 19th century its number had already reached 2.3 to 2.4 million people.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Spanish law recognized Indian communities (“ejido”) the right to own land, prohibiting its alienation without the approval of the authorities.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, there was also a seizure by the Spaniards of communal lands with subsequent legal registration.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Indians were also considered personally free.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In accordance with the legislation, their work was payable and should not have been excessively heavy, although in practice this was not always observed [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Since the beginning of the XVII century, Indians were forced to labor (repartimiento, or cuatequil) in the form of work in mines, industrial enterprises and plantations, construction.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

For this purpose, the authorities allocated a certain number of men aged 15 to 60 years.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Indians were charged a poll filing, a tributo that at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries was paid once a year in the amount of two pesos by all married men between 18 and 50 years of age, with the exception of hereditary elders Kasiks, village chiefs and other officials.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Bachelors and single women were taxed half as much.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Indians driven from their lands had to be hired by laborers, while others had to give part of the harvest for the use of the land.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In both cases, the Indians eventually became hereditary debt slaves — peons [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Blacks, mostly slaves, also worked on plantations and industrial enterprises and as domestic servants, who had been imported to New Spain from Africa since the middle of the 16th century.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But due to the high mortality rate and the gradual decrease and then complete cessation of their import as a result of the beginning of the increase in the Indian population, the number of blacks by the beginning of the XIX century did not exceed 10 thousand people [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The privileged layer was the gachupins — natives of the metropolis — from 15 thousand [42] to 70 thousand [43] at the beginning of the XIX century.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

They held all senior administrative, military and ecclesiastical posts.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Creole population also played an important role in the life of the colony.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The number of Creoles by 1803 was approximately 1 million people [43] [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Most of the landowners came out of their midst, they joined the ranks of the colonial intelligentsia, held positions of the middle and lower levels of the administrative apparatus, church and army [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The mestizo population [Note 13] was deprived of civil rights: mestizos and mulattos could not become officials and hold officer positions, could not participate in the elections of self-government bodies.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

They were engaged in crafts, retail trade, served as managers and clerks, and made up the majority of small landowners - rancheros [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

One of the main institutions of the Viceroyalty was the Catholic Church.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The whole spiritual life was under its influence.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The Church was in charge of educational institutions, censored through the Inquisition, and by the end of the 18th century it owned more than half of the total real estate of the colony [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The new religion easily merged with the paganism of the Indians, and old customs and legends were adapted for missionary purposes that could be reconciled with Christianity [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The economic life of New Spain was subordinate to the interests of the metropolis, for which it was primarily a source of precious metals, so their extraction became the most important sector of the economy [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The mines were the property of the king, but in practice, the person who discovered the deposit received it in permanent possession and had to give only a fifth of the production in favor of the crown.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Mine production increased from 2 million pesos in the middle of the 16th century to 13 million in the middle of the 18th century [45].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The manufacturing industry, on the other hand, developed slowly [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

To avoid competition from colonial products, the Spanish authorities banned the cultivation of grapes, olives, hemp, flax in New Spain - only those crops that did not grew in Spain.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

These restrictions hindered the development of agricultural production [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Throughout most of the colonial period, New Spain's economic ties were mainly limited to trade relations with the metropolis, which were carried out only through Veracruz and one The Spanish port is Seville, and since 1717 - Cadiz, while direct trade with foreign countries and with other Spanish colonies (except the Philippines) was prohibited.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

All goods were subject to high customs duties.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In addition, a special tax, alcabala, was levied on their sale and resale.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Until the last quarter of the 18th century, goods from the metropolis and back were transported only by special flotillas, and from the Philippines to the port of Acapulco - by the so-called Manila galleon [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1536, the first college of Santa Cruz was established at the Franciscan monastery in Tlatelolco, where only Indians studied.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On June 3, 1553, a university opened in Mexico City, teaching students of theology, law, Latin, arithmetic and geometry, astrology, medicine, and music.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1538, the first printing house in the New World appeared in Mexico City.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The theater used by missionaries to convert Indians to Christianity was widespread, in particular auto, a dramatic work with a biblical plot [31].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

A major breakthrough in European science in the study of plants was Francisco Hernandez's voluminous, well-illustrated work “The History of Plants of New Spain” (1570—1577) [46], commissioned by Philip II.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The book includes descriptions of more than 3,000 plants and 500 animals that existed in present-day Mexico.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At the same time, but a slightly shorter work on plants in his fundamental work, The General History of New Spain (1576), was written by Bernardino de Sahagun.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Both books were based on Aztec information about the world around them, and therefore can be considered as having little European influence [47].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Later, Sahagun's manuscript was forgotten, but Hernandez's book was repeatedly borrowed by other scientists: Jose de Acosta, Nardo Antonio Recchi, Fabio Colonna, Jaime Honorato Pomar, Gregorio Lopez, Federico Cesi , Juan Barrios, Johan de Laet, Ioan Eusebio Nieremberg, William Piso, Robert Lovel, John Ray, James Newton and others [48] [49].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In the 17th and 18th centuries, a number of uprisings took place in New Spain, the largest of which were the uprisings of the Tepehuans, Tarahumara, Concho, Toboso, Pima, Apache and other tribes in the northwest of New Spain Spain, the Indians of Oaxaca, New Mexico, Chiapas, Sonora, California, Yucatan, the performances of the miners of Real del Monte (1766), the population of San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, Michoacan (1767), Isucara (1781).


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Significant urban unrest, in which the Indians also played a major role, occurred in 1624 and 1692 in Mexico City.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

During the colonial era, black slaves rebelled more than once [42], and the uprising led by Gaspar Young was crowned with success — he achieved recognition of the rights of his settlement).


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The immediate impetus for the rise of the liberation movement in New Spain, as well as in other Spanish colonies, was the events of 1808 in the metropolis, when, as a result of French intervention and the consistent abdication of Kings Charles IV and Ferdinand VII, there was a crisis of power [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

19th century


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Gaining independence


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The growth of separatist sentiments in New Spain was due to internal and external reasons, the discontent of various segments of the population with discrimination and political lawlessness, on the one hand, and events on the European continent, the struggle of the English colonies in North America for independence, the penetration of progressive ideas into Latin America — on the other [42] [31].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

These circumstances led to the peasant unrest of 1810, which led Mexico to a ten-year war of independence.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On September 16, 1810, priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla revolted in the village of Dolores.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The rebels, mostly Indians and mestizos, demanded the release of slaves, the abolition of the poll tax and the return of the taken land to the Indians.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On that day, Hidalgo attracted about 600 people to his side and, dividing them into detachments, led them south.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On 20 September, the rebels entered Selaya.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On September 28, rebels numbering about 14 thousand people approached Guanghauto.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

As a result of a fierce battle, the city was taken.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On 10 October, Hidalgo's forces entered Valladolid.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On October 19, the revolutionary army, numbering 80,000 people, went to Mexico City.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But abandoning this plan, Hidalgo led the army northwest, to Queretaro [50].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On November 7, there was a clash of about 40 thousand rebels (many, disappointed with the retreat from the capital, went home) and Spanish troops.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Having decided not to fight, the rebels left their positions, but nevertheless lost up to 5 thousand killed.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After retreating to Selaya, the rebels divided, Hidalgo and a small group rushed south to Valladolid.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

He then went to Guadalajara, previously occupied by rebel groups.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The rebels entered the city in November.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In Guadalajara, Hidalgo issues decrees on the abolition of poll taxes, the release of slaves, the destruction of monopolies on the production and sale of gunpowder, tobacco products, wine, the reduction of alcabala and the return of Indians of land leased from them.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In December, he issues a manifesto calling on all segments of society to fight against the colonizers [50].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At the beginning of 1811, the colonial authorities decided to send forces to Guadalajara under the command of General Felix Calleja (6,000 soldiers).


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After news of the approach of Spanish troops, the rebels left the city and withdrew to the east.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On January 16, the two armies clashed.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Despite their numerical superiority, the rebels had to retreat, and their losses were very significant.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

This defeat demoralized the rebel army, and many began to leave its ranks [50].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In March, Hidalgo was captured and shot on July 30. [42]


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After Hidalgo's death, another parish priest, José María Morelos, led the revolutionary army.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On May 24, 1811, he occupied Chilpancingo, and a day later Thistla.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In August, Morelos, with 1,500 people, marched east and occupied Chilapa.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In November, he captured Tlapa and then Chautla.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In December, his troops occupied Cuautla, and at the end of the year they entered the important administrative and commercial city of Tehuacán.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In 1812, reinforcements arrived from Spain to the royalists.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

By this time, the capital was surrounded by revolutionary detachments [50].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In February, the Spaniards besieged Cuautla, where Morelos concentrated the main forces numbering about 5.5 thousand people.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

For two and a half months, the rebels held the enemy and then left the city, losing 800 people killed.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The defeat of Morelos inspired the royalists and by mid-1812, the authorities were able to stabilize the situation in the country [50].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On March 18, 1812, the Spanish Cortes adopted a constitution in the city of Cadiz, which introduced equal representation of the metropolis and colonies in the Cortes and recognized the civil rights of all residents of colonies without Negro impurities [42] [51].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On October 5, the Viceroy issued a decree on freedom of the press, adopted by the Cortes in 1810.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The publication of the constitution and other acts of the Cortes contributed to the strengthening of revolutionary sentiment in New Spain [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Therefore, the authorities have taken a number of restrictive measures.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

They abolished freedom of the press, banned people from gathering in the streets.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

50] Elections to the City Hall of Mexico City were also suspended. [50]


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Supporters of independence, outraged by the violation of the Cadiz Constitution, became more active, and in the second half of the year, the liberation movement rose.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

At the end of October 1812, Morelos captured Orizaba, and on November 25, Oaxaca.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In April 1813, the rebels took Acapulco, and the viceroy now controlled only the capital and the main provincial centers [50].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But as a result of the offensive operations of the Spaniards, the territory controlled by the revolutionary forces remained only in Southern Mexico by the fall of 1813.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On November 6, 1813, the rebels adopted the “Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of North America”.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

After achieving military success in the south, Morelos moved north to Valladolid, but was defeated.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In early 1814, the Spanish army defeated the rebels in the Puruarana area.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In March 1814, Ferdinand VII returned to power in Spain, dissolved the Cortes and repealed the Constitution of Cádiz.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

50] Actions to suppress the uprising were intensified [50].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On October 22, 1814, patriots proclaimed the first constitution in Mexican history, the “Constitutional Decree on the Freedom of Mexican America” — which established the republic and the separation of powers, the highest Congress was declared the legislature.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

The equality of all citizens before the law, freedom of speech and the press were proclaimed, and only the Roman Catholic religion was to be professed [50].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But in 1815, Morelos was also caught by the Spanish authorities and executed for treason [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

From 1815 to 1820, the liberation movement in Mexico was in the nature of a guerrilla war [52].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

But the revolution in Spain inspired supporters of independence, supported by part of the Creole elite, who feared radical reforms and wanted to isolate the country from the liberal influence of the metropolis [51] [ 42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Colonel Agustin Iturbide became the spokesman for the interests of this part of the Creoles.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

In December 1820, the colonial government sent him with a punitive detachment to defeat the army of guerrilla leader Vicente Guerrero.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

However, Iturbide changed his position and defected to the rebels, teaming up with Guerrero's forces.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

On February 24, 1821, in the city of Iguala, he proclaimed three principles or “three guarantees” for Mexicans: the independence of Mexico (with the establishment of a constitutional monarchy), the equality of rights of Creoles and Spaniards, and maintaining the privileges of the Catholic Church.


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

These principles are called the “Plan Iguala” [51] [42].


Question: What was the name of the first civilization in Mexico?

Mexican history

Iturbide's army met almost no resistance.