Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Then Gyler and Hill began to get rid of some other fantastic elements — an alien starship, a description of the planet on which the astronauts landed, and references to the star Zeta Grid ( instead, the action took place in a kind of “Fifth Galaxy”).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

At the same time, Hilly and Gyler increased the crew to seven, adding an android spy who worked for an unnamed Company.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

This is how a social implication appeared in the film, which in fact determined the direction in which the sequels will develop.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Although O'Bannon believed that these updates did not bring anything useful to the plot and destroyed the atmosphere of suspense he built, Ronald Shusett appreciated this contribution of Gyler and Hill [21].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The crew of the Nostromo spacecraft (an allusion to Joseph Conrad's novel of the same name), which carries methane, receives an SOS signal and lands on some unknown planet in the Fifth Galaxy.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

On its surface, astronauts find an abandoned Earth starship, dotted from the inside with laser shots.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In the control chair is the skeleton of a man, whom the characters quickly call the Space Jockey.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The remains of the other crew members could not be found.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

When the dust storm subsides, astronauts notice a 100-meter red cylinder nearby, which turns out to be built by humans.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Astronauts climb to the top of the cylinder, after which Kane descends through the opening down the structure, finds eggs there, and soon a facehugger jumps on him.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

This was the end of the discrepancies with the original version, and then the script differed only in specific details both in relation to the original source and the subsequent film [21] for example: alien is capable of instant regeneration, and is not afraid of fire (Dallas tried to burn Alien with a flamethrower in the scene of his death), attacks Brett when he is part of a group, and does not go alone to search cat, sneaks into the food store, happens after he kills Brett, Ash calls Alien the term “Encephalopod”, there was a sex scene between Ripley and Dallas, an attempt to throw Alien out of the gateway fails because Ash turns on a siren that scares Alien, and he jumps out of the gateway in time, Dallas suspects Ash of sabotaging their attempts to get rid of Alien after destruction Ash, Ripley no longer tries to turn it on to find out answers, Ripley finds out that an unknown planet was a human test site, and Alien is a prototype of an offensive biological weapon .


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Hill in the script did not give any explanation about where the eggs came from (whether they were found on that planet, or whether Aliens were created by the scientists of the test site), where all the personnel from the landfill went, why Aliens bred in a cylinder and why did they try to deliver Alien to Earth by infection;


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

This alteration of the script created tension between the scriptwriters and Hill and Gyler, who did not have enough experience with science fiction films.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

According to Schusset, “they were not very successful in improving it — or even making it worse.”


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

According to O'Bannon, they tried to exclude him from the list of writers of the script and enter themselves there.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

However, Hill and Gyler added new elements to the script, including the android Ash, which O'Bannon considered an excessive offshoot of the plot, and Shusett, on the contrary, later described as “one of the best details of the film... it was their idea and their script.”


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Hill and Gyler eventually went through eight drafts of the script, mainly focusing on the story of Ash's android, but at the same time trying to make the dialogues more natural and shortening some scenes taking place on an alien asteroid [21].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Despite numerous rewrites of the script, 20th Century Fox was not convinced of the need to finance another science fiction film.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

However, after the success of Star Wars in 1977, the studio's interest in the science fiction genre increased significantly.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Carroll recalled: “When Star Wars became a real hit, the science fiction genre suddenly became very popular.”


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

O'Bannon recalled that “they wanted to “slip” after Star Wars and slip through quickly, and the only scenario with a spacecraft on their desk was Alien.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Alien received the green light from the studio and a starting budget of $4.2 million [21].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The final version


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After Ridley Scott was chosen as the director of the film, O'Bannon worked with him (although he later quarreled during filming) and showed him his original version of the script.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Scott liked the idea of an alien starship and, after thorough improvements and mixing all the ideas together, in the summer of 1978, before filming, a new script was presented, which formed the basis However, it also differed from the film itself [21].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

So there were no dead aliens on the alien ship — only an empty Alien egg and an automatic mechanism that transmitted a signal all these years (Dallas turned off the mechanism).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ridley Scott managed to insist on creating a Space Jockey scenery.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

And on the way to the ship, the astronauts stopped under a strangely shaped rock to wait out the storm.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

As they left, the viewer, through Ash's eyes, was shown that it was a 5-meter petrified alien.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Several photos of this scene have been preserved, but it is not known whether it was shot or not.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The sex scene between Ripley and Dallas was present in this version, but it was never filmed, although Sigourney Weaver's screen test included this episode (played by Ray Hasset as Dallas).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

There was a scene where Kane's corpse fought against the window of the compartment, in which Ash at the beginning of the film follows the promotion of Lambert, Dallas and Kane.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In the story, Ripley went there before going to Mother because she needed an access code to a computer that only Ash had.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Seeing Kane's body, Ripley ran away from the compartment.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The scene was never shot.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

An extended monologue by Ash, who admired Alien.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

He explained that the Company detected an alien signal and deciphered it a long time ago.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Once aliens also landed on this planet, found eggs on it, one of them, like Kane, became infected, and then Alien killed all crew members.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Before disconnecting, Ash suggested that Alien might be reasonable, and invited Ripley and others to contact him.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

When Ripley asked if he had tried to do it himself, Ash replied, “Let some of my secrets die with me.”


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Lambert offered to stop fighting and commit suicide with poison.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Lambert's death scene had six options, none of which were ever used (the death variant from the original scenario, when Lambert was still Sandy Melkonis (Alien twisted his head) ; Parker shot Alien with a flamethrower, but hit Lambert and it burned; when Ripley found Dallas in a cocoon, he told her that Alien had brought Lambert here and ate her; Lambert died just like Newborn in Alien: Resurrection; Lambert hid in a locker and died of fear).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The alternative is when Ripley sees Alien approaching the shuttle.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

She sees an object in the shape of a box on the corridor floor, which turns out to be a crooked Alien.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

This scene also has photos taken, but it remains to be seen whether it was shot.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The final fight between Alien and Ripley on the rescue shuttle was close to the original version of O'Bannon, but, in the end, fell under budget cuts.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The version that Ridley Scott first wanted to shoot a much darker ending, in which Alien killed Ripley, sat in the pilot's seat, and began to transmit a message to Earth in her voice, is, in fact, a myth.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Scott did express the idea of such an ending aloud during the filming, but none of the crew supported the idea, and therefore such an ending was no longer taken into account [21].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

At the end of filming, O'Bannon received a letter from the studio stating that David Gyler and Walter Hill would be credited to the film.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

O'Bannon went on principle and sued the Writers Guild for arbitration.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

According to O'Bannon, he worked more hard on the application for arbitration than, in fact, on the script of Alien itself.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

As a result, he won the trial and, by decision of the Guild, was credited to the film as the sole author of Alien.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

But the copyright problem did not end there - for several years Walter Hill gave interviews in which he claimed that he was the author of the story, and O'Bannon, in fact, stole from it's a script.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

O'Bannon then threatened to sue Hill, after which he no longer covered the topic.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Another conflict arose in 1981, when a Jack Hammer tried to sue O'Bannon, claiming that he had stolen his script.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

He managed to defend his name again, proving that he wrote his script six months earlier than Hammer [21].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Actor Recruitment


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Film tests for roles in the film took place in New York and London.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

With only seven characters in the film, Scott sought to assemble a strong cast, which would allow him to focus on working on the visual perception of the film.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

He invited Marie Selway, who had previously worked with him on the film “The Duelists”, to lead the selection of actors in the UK, while Mary Goldberg was casting in the United States.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

When developing the story, O'Bannon focused primarily on Alien, postponing the development of characters for the future.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

He and Chassette wrote out all roles as male, emphasizing that “all members of the team are completely equal, so that any role can be played both male and female.”


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

This gave Scott, Selway, and Goldberg the opportunity to interpret the characters and select actors as they wanted.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

They wanted the Nostromo team to resemble ordinary space workers in a plausible environment — “space truckers”.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

According to Scott, this concept was partly inspired by Star Wars, which deviated from depicting the cloudless world of the future typical of science fiction films of the time.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Sigourney Weaver as Ripley, Warrant Officer of Nostromo.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The decision to make the main character a woman was made by Gyler and Hill, who believed that this would help the film stand out from other films of this genre, in which the main roles were played mainly by men.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Initially, they wanted to take a famous actress for this role, but the example of early Star Wars showed that the film can make a big box office even using completely unknown actors.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Weaver was nominated by Mary Goldberg, who also nominated Meryl Streep, but since her husband died shortly before and the actress was in mourning, the producers did Weaver.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Weaver, although she had much more experience on Broadway than in cinema, impressed Scott, Gyler and Hill at the auditions.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

She was one of the last to audition for the role, so most of her film tests took place directly in the studio during the installation of the scenery.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ripley's role became Weaver's first major film role and earned her a Saturn Award nomination for Best Actress, as well as a BAFTA Award for Most Promising Starring Rookie.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Tom Skerritt as Dallas, captain of Nostromo.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Initially, Skerritt rejected an offer made to him at an early stage of the project, as the director of the film had not yet been determined and the film had an excessively low budget.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Later, when Ridley Scott was appointed director and the budget was doubled, Skerritt agreed.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Japhet Cotto as Parker, flight engineer.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

A black American, Cotto was chosen to give the Nostromo crew an international character.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The script was proposed by Cotto in the wake of his success in Live and Let Die, but the final offer of the role took some time to negotiate with his agent.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

John Hurt as Kane, the security officer into whom the Alien embryo is introduced.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Scott originally planned Hurt for this role, but during the filming of Alien, he was supposed to participate in another project in South Africa, so the role of Kane was given to John Finch.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

However, on his first day of shooting, Finch fell seriously ill; doctors diagnosed him with severe diabetes, acute bronchitis.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

By this time, Hurt was already in London, as his South African project did not work out, and was able to quickly replace Finch.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

For this role, Hurt was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ian Holm as Ash, a science officer who turns out to be an android ordered to deliver Alien Corporation, the owner of Nostromo.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Holm, who had appeared in twenty films by 1979, was the most experienced actor of the entire band.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Harry Dean Stanton as Brett's Technician.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

At the audition, Stanton's first words to Scott were “I don't like science fiction and monster movies.”


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Scott was amused by this phrase, but he still convinced Stanton to take on the role, assuring that Alien was closer to a thriller like Ten Little Indians.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Veronica Cartwright as Lambert, co-driver of Nostromo.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Cartwright has already had experience in horror films and science fiction films, including “Birds” and “Invasion of the Body Thieves”.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Initially, she was cast for the role of Ripley, but when she arrived in London to try on a costume, she learned that she was destined for the role of Lambert.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

She did not like the emotional weakness of the character, but she still agreed to the role: “They convinced me that I would represent the fear of the audience, that I would be a reflection of their feelings.”


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

For her work in this film, Cartwright won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Bolaji Badejo as Alien.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

A Nigerian Masai and design student was discovered in a bar by a member of the crew, who led him to Ridley Scott.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Scott thought that Badejo, with his height of 218 cm, would be able to play Alien, as his arms and legs seemed unnaturally long, creating the illusion that there could be no person under the suit.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

However, Badejo had a fear of heights and therefore made a smaller costume, which stuntmen and Roy Scammell took turns wearing in a number of scenes.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

— the voice of “Mom”, the on-board computer “Nostromo”.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

To help the actors work on their roles, Scott wrote stories for each of the characters explaining their origins.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

He filmed their rehearsals in order to catch successful improvisations in the frame and film the tensions between some of the actors, in order to later shift it to the characters in the film.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Film critic Roger Ebert noted that the actors in Alien were older than in other films of the genre at the time, which helped make the characters more convincing.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

None of the actors were young.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Tom Skerritt, who played captain, was 46, Hurt was 39, but looked older, Hill was 48, Stanton was 53, Cotto was 42, and only Cartwright was 29 and Weaver was 30 years old.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Many of the films of that time had young characters who had to be made older for advertising posters, but with the actors of Alien, this was not necessary, because the authors' idea sounded like: it's not adventurers, and workers hired to deliver 20 million tons of ore to Earth.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

An additional effect of realism was achieved due to the fact that the audience saw the characters as themselves, ordinary hard workers, with their daily worries against the background of the world of the future.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Filming


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Filming has begun.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The main part of the filming, in which the actors were involved, took place in the UK at Shepperton Studios.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Models and miniatures were shot at the Bray studio.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

When the question arose about Alien's appearance, O'Bannon showed Scott Giger's album “Necronomicon”.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The drawings amazed the director and he hired a Swiss to create the appearance of the alien, but in the end Giger exceeded the original plan, and also designed an alien spacecraft, Facehugger, eggs (he had to redraw them because in the original sketches their tops resembled female genitals) and the Space Jockey.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Giger made the first sketch of Alien immediately after the offer to participate, and since it was happening in a cafe, the only paper that came into his hands was a napkin.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

To make the front of the Alien mask, a real human skull was used, as it was planned to depict the Alien with eyes (Giger even made sketches where the Alien has giant humanoid eyes), but it did not look very convincing and therefore Alien was left with its original appearance.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

There was also an idea to make Alien's costume transparent to show his skeleton and circulatory system.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

This idea had to be abandoned, because in practice the task of creating such a costume turned out to be difficult to achieve.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

For close-ups where Alien moves his jaw, Italian special effects master Carlo Rambaldi created an animatronic Alien head, which had to be repainted after each take because the slime corroded paint.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The scene in which Alien comes out of Kane's chest was not previously described to the actors in detail (only John Hurt knew its concept).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Veronica Cartwright did not know, for example, that blood was splashing on her, and her reaction in the frame was completely natural.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The scene was filmed with four cameras in one take.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

For the scene where Parker blows Ash's head off, a torso with an animatronic head was made, which was put on the dwarf puppeteer, and when the robot's head hung next to the body, he moved his arms and ran in front of the camera.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

For the scene with Ash's head on the table, they were going to use the same animatronic head, but her facial expressions looked so unnatural that they ended up making a hole in the table, where actor Ian Holm I put my real head in.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In each take, Ridley poured milk into his mouth, which began to flow out of the actor's mouth when he started talking.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The insides of the android consisted of pasta, caviar, marble balls and milk instead of blood [22].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The models of the Nostromo ship were made of wood, plexiglass and plastic, and their parts were taken from prefabricated sets of bombers and tanks of the Second World War, from various plastic molds that supplied by EMA for modeling enthusiasts, 200 kits were also used to create American space shuttles and 20 sets of TIE fighters and the same number of sets with R2-D2 models from Star Wars.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

These 200 shuttle kits were used to create the Nostromo engine (fuel tanks used), which appears for a few seconds at the end of the film.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In total, three Nostromo models were made: medium for medium and general plans (1.2 meters long), small for rear views and a factory-scale show of the tractor (30 cm) and the largest for scenes of departure from plant and landing on a planetoid (about 4 meters in length — for close-up) [22].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The only detail of the ship, which was built in full size, was the landing support, which is shown in close-up during the landing of the Nostromo on the planet (later this support used to decorate the landing support niche where Alien attacks Brett, and where Ripley later finds a cocoon with Dallas), but to show it quite gigantic, in a scene where Dallas, Lambert and Kane passing by the support, three children (two of them were Scott's sons Jake and Luke) were filmed in smaller copies of spacesuits.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

They were also filmed in some scenes with the Space Jockey, to also give the impression of gigantic spaces.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Meanwhile, the suits of the spacesuits were very uncomfortable — John Hurt suffered from claustrophobia, and therefore a nurse with an oxygen cylinder was constantly on duty on the site.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

For unknown reasons, the role of Jonsey instead of one starred four identical cats.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The scene in which the cat first goes out to meet Harry Dean Stanton's character, and then starts hissing, seeing Alien behind a man's back, was filmed with a dog that was first closed from cat eyes, and then suddenly removed the fence [22].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Cut scenes


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Scott shot a lot of material that ended up not being included in the film (the draft version lasted more than three hours).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Most of it was made up of moments that were of little use for the film — different takes (Scott did them in large numbers), fragments of dialogues, different angles of Alien, in which he was still more similar per person in suit.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

A few moments were cut out due to age rating.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In 2003, a DVD version was released containing half of the cut scenes that were not in the distribution version [23].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The duration of the director's version is 1 hour 55 minutes 41 seconds, the rental version is 1 hour 56 minutes 32 seconds.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Meanwhile, Ridley Scott himself considers the 192-minute version originally edited in 1979 to be the director's version, which has not survived.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The 2003 edition was re-edited from the distribution version, taking into account fragments accidentally found in the studio that had not previously been included in the film.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The Nostromo team, standing on the captain's bridge, listens to the mysterious signal and finds out which planet it comes from (included in the additional materials, but the sound of a mysterious signal in both versions are very different).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Kane pulls out his gun before he leans over the egg.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

A skirmish between Lambert and Ripley due to the fact that the latter refused to let the planets coming to the surface into the ship.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The scene where Brett exposes his face to water dripping from the ceiling is interrupted by a small editing gluing with two shots: the first shows Alien swinging on chains (he does not move, so the viewer does not notices that it is him), the second shows Brett from the point of view of Alien himself.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After Alien drags Brett, Ripley and Parker come running into the compartment.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Parker's T-shirt is dripping blood from above (on the disc with additional materials, this scene is a direct part of Brett's previous alternative death, where Alien squeezes his head - the scene was shot by one the plan and the shot with Jonsey is missing).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ripley discovers cocoons with Dallas and Brett and burns Dallas still alive and other traces of Alien's activities with a flamethrower jet (there is another option on the disc with additional materials, which differs a little bit in editing and sound effects).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The stranger, tilting his head to the container with Jones, overturns him with a sharp movement.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

To insert new scenes, Ridley Scott reduced many scenes of the rental version by 10-15 seconds [24]:


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ripley's dialogue with Ash about the decoding of the signal by the computer;


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Jockey ship research scene;


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ripley's conversation with Dallas about Ash;


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Dallas asks the on-board computer how to destroy Alien, but receives no answer;


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

the initial search for the Alien;


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

searching for the Alien in the ventilation;


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ripley's access to Mother


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ash's preparation for questioning


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Alien's head sticks out around the corner when Ripley finds him on the way to the shuttle;


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

the entire ending, starting with the scene where Ripley unsuccessfully tries to deactivate the destruction program, is cut out of each scene by frame.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Separately presented


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Scenes presented in additional materials to the film on a laser disc, a special DVD edition and some video releases:


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

At the very beginning of the film, the exterior design of the tug was demonstrated in one plan (the shot was present only in special video releases and was no longer released).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After Kane wakes up at the very beginning, he comes to the dining room in a bathrobe, turns on the coffee grinder and greets the rest of the team who came up there.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Only footage of John Hurt himself was shot.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Kane, Lambert and Dallas walk against the background of the panorama with Nostromo.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

A scene of penetration inside an alien ship and footage showing the alien ship from a different angle as Lambert, Dallas and Kane approach it.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The scene of the winch installation preceding Kane's descent into the underground tunnel.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Lambert and Dallas bring Kane into Nostromo lock.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ripley asks Lambert what happened to Kane.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Lambert recounts Kane's words about Alien eggs in the hold of an alien ship.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The scene is part of another cut scene that appeared in the 2003 version, where there is a skirmish between Lambert and Ripley.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Team members go to the medical room and examine Kane.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Lambert notices a stain in Kane's chest on the scanner screen.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

A conversation between Parker and Brett in one of the utility rooms during the renovation.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The team discusses ways to search for Alien on the ship, after which Parker and Brett go to make a stun gun.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Two alternatives to Brett's death are:


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In the script, Alien slipped his tail between Brett's legs and stuck a sting in the back of his head.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

This shot was taken, but was inserted into the scene of Lambert's death.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The concept of this scene was later depicted in a comic adaptation by Walt Simonson, released by Heavy Metal in June 1979.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The growling Alien squeezes his head with his paws, from which blood gushes (this option was rejected due to censorship).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The stranger, swaying on chains in the niche for the landing support, smoothly jumps down before attacking Brett.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Before going to talk to Mother, Ripley asks Lambert if she slept with Ash.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Lambert gives a hysterical laugh in response.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

A long scene where the team tries to lure Alien into the gateway and throw it into space, but the idea breaks down, as the emergency suddenly turns on and the Alien escapes.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ripley suspects that the signal was turned on by Ash (only scenes on the bridge were filmed, where Ripley and Lambert hear Parker's voice from a transmitter who noticed Alien near the gateway, footage of Alien himself have not been removed).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

There was an idea to show Alien frontally as he moves through the corridors of Nostromo, and therefore several screen tests were shot in which Bolaji Badejo, wearing a Alien mask, walked with the corresponding facial expressions on the scenery (tests showed that Alien does not look very convincing in such scenes).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After Lambert notices Alien, he crawls to her on the floor in the manner of a crab, and then stands up in full height.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The scene was cut out for the same reason that it was decided not to show Alien frontally.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Additional footage of Parker's death.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After Alien throws him aside, footage of Parker crashing into a wall and breaking steam heating pipes was filmed (this explained why when Ripley finds his and Lambert's bodies, there steam gushes with might and main).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The stranger then turns him over (Parker falls on his stomach), raises his head above the floor and squeezes it.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Japhet Cotto's understudy in this scene was Clive Curtis, who was Ricco Ross's understudy in Aliens.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In the film, Ripley, on the way to the shuttle, carefully looks around the corner and sees the illegible movement of Alien.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Initially, another option was planned: Ripley runs into the corridor leading to the shuttle and sees a box-shaped object on the floor in it, which then turns out to be a curled Alien.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

There is a photo of Alien sitting in this hallway curled up into a ball, but there is no evidence to confirm that the scene was shot.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Walt Simons, the author of the comic book, however, claims that the scene was shot and was present in the draft version, on the basis of which he made the comic.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

A scene was filmed where, just before the Nostromo explosion, drinking birds were shown, whose movements were in time with the countdown to the explosion.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The scene was eventually considered unnecessary.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

An alternative at the end of the film, where Ripley turns around and sees Alien close to him before throwing him into space.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In both versions, Alien prepares to extend his inner jaw, but alternatively, he is filmed in this scene in a more general plan.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Also, according to the photos taken, in this scene, Alien had to hold his hands around Ripley's helmet, preparing to squeeze it.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ridligrams


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ridley-grams is an episodic layout of the film, made by Ridley Scott.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

While doing it, he came up with scenes that were not in the script.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Some of them, however, have not been removed.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Awakening — The scene of Kane's awakening at the beginning of the film Scott wanted to start a close-up of Kane's nostrils through the hoarfrost cap of the cryocapsule.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

“Mice” — small repair robots flew along the corridors of Nostromo, which Scott called “Mice” in ridligrams.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Antenna — the exterior of the Nostromo had a large antenna dish, which was supposed to open like a flower (like hatches in air ducts).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Visual guide — a whole holographic map of the area was projected onto the shield of Lambert's helmet (this explained how she, Kane and Dallas were able to find a way to the signal even though the planet was very poor visibility).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Kane's helmet - Kane's helmet was removed piece by piece by piece by the medical module with the help of ingenious tools.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Kane's funeral — two crew members put on their spacesuits and push Kane into outer space.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The rest of the crew are watching this all through the monitor.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

A special shroud was even made for John Hurt.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Brett's Death — Alien snatched a heart out of Brett's chest.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The astronauts who found his corpse recalled a similar hole in the body of the Space Jockey.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Repairs — Parker and Brett go into space to repair the Nostromo hull.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Scott proposed this idea so that viewers could better imagine the size of the ship.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ron Cobb even designed a small vehicle in which astronauts had to travel along the Nostromo hull.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The scene had to be removed for budgetary reasons.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The final fight - after Alien is sucked into space, Ripley was similarly supposed to fly in the wake of him, but at the same time hold on to the safety cable.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In an attempt to get back into the shuttle, Ripley shot Alien in the head, but to no avail, and, having climbed into the shuttle itself, fried it with engines.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The scene had to be removed similarly for budgetary reasons.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Alien on the Hull — Scott planned to use the finale from the very first version of the script, showing a drifting shuttle in the final scene, with a second Alien attached to the hull from the outside of which a second Alien is attached to the hull.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Unrealized


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The Nostromo team was supposed to be in hyper-sleep completely naked.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Although this idea was abandoned at the request of the studio, they sleep naked in the novelization.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Dallas, Lambert, and Kane, on their way to the Jockey ship, had to pass by the cliff that contained the fossil of the Jockey himself.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

They don't notice it, but Ash sees it on her monitor.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The concept art of the rock itself has been preserved, but it is not known for certain whether the scene itself was shot.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

It is known for certain that the studio initially did not want to build the decoration of the chair with the Jockey, considering it too wasteful to build such a large scenery just to show in the frame for two minutes , so the rock was conceived as an alternative, as Ridley Scott really wanted to show the Jockey.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

When the studio agreed to the first option, the idea of the rock was canceled.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Ripley, similarly, in the final, being at Narcissus, had to be completely bare.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

After Ripley hides in the closet, Alien had to get out of hiding and approach her.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The scene was canceled due to tight production deadlines.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Adaptations


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Books


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Two months before the premiere, on March 29, 1979, Warner Books released a short story by Alan Dean Foster, written according to the final version of the script, but the script, not the film, therefore, it contained scenes and episodes that were not even included in the extended version (for example, the mention that people in suspended animation had dreams and these dreams could be recorded).


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

There is no space jockey in the text (although it is mentioned in the subsequent novelization “Aliens”), there are no scenes of sex between Ripley and Dallas and the corpse of Kane at the window either in the novelization.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

There is an episode with Dallas in a cocoon.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In addition, the novelization used alternative plot moves and scenes, but the plot chronology as a whole was not disturbed.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In 2014, another publishing house, Titan-Books, which by that time had transferred all rights to publish books about Aliens, published the second edition of the novel with a minor editorial correction.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The book was first published in Russian in 1992 in a one-volume book with short stories of the next two sequels jointly by the publishing houses MIKAP (Moscow) and Luxi (St. Petersburg) in the translation of unknown authors (later this translation received four more reprints, but no translators were listed in any of them) [25].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Then, a year later, in Latvia, by the mockery of “GViDo”, the novelization was published in translation by E.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Kalinina, and in 1994, the Mir publishing house published a novelization translated by A. Andreyeva [26].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In June 2018, AST Publishing House published a novelization of the second edition in a new translation by Alexandra Davydova, D. Priemysheva and A. Tugusheva [27].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In 1992, Marina Naumova and Gleb Kireev, under the single pseudonym “Alex Rivenge”, released their novelization of the film at the publishing house “Maria”.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The novel did not include missing scenes, partially changed the names of the characters (and even parts of their biographies), and added many innovations that were not related to films [28].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Games


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, several games based on the film were released for the NES and SEGA Saturn game consoles.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Released in October 2014, the video game Alien: Isolation (first-person survival-horror) was created with an expansion called “Crew Expendable”, which tells the story of the events on Nostromo after death Kane.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

The player can control Ripley, Dallas, or Parker.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Prequel


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In 2012, director Ridley Scott directed the prequel Prometheus (Scott himself emphasized that Prometheus is not a direct prequel to Alien), which focuses the plot on Space Jockeys and individual plot details, revealing the appearance of Aliens as a species in a peculiar way [29].


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Awards and nominations


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

In 2002, the film was listed on the National Film Registry of the United States.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Notes


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Literature


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

References


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

in Gruyère, Switzerland.


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Category: 1979 science fiction films


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Category: 1979 horror films


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Category:British science fiction films


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Category:British horror films


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Category:American horror films


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

1979 British films


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Category:American science fiction films


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Category:Alien film series


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Category:Sci-Fi horror films


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Category:National Film Registry


Question: Who played the lead actress in Ridley Scott's Alien?

Alien (movie)

Category: 1979 American films


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (English: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago [ˈtrạndæd ən təˈbeạo]) is an island nation in the southern Caribbean Sea, off the coast of Venezuela.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

It consists of two large islands, Trinidad and Tobago, as well as a large number of smaller islands.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The country is located 10.6 kilometers (7 miles) north of Venezuela and slightly south of Grenada, between 10°2′ — 11°12′ north latitude and 60°30′ — 61°56′ west longitude.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Until 1962, the country was a colony of Great Britain, and since independence it has been a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Geography


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago is located on a small archipelago between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The country is located on two large islands (Trinidad and Tobago) and numerous smaller islands (among them are Chacacacare, Monos, Wevos, Gaspar Grande, Little Tobago, St. Giles Islands etc.).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The area of Trinidad and Tobago is 5,128 km², 4,768 of which (93%) is on the island of Trinidad (an average of 80 km in length and 59 in width).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Tobago is located 30 kilometers northeast of Trinidad.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Its length is 41 km, its width is 12 km, and the area of the island is about 300 km².


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Although Trinidad and Tobago is considered part of the Lesser Antilles, its origin is different from other islands in the archipelago.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad was originally part of South America, Tobago is of volcanic origin; both islands are located on the continental shelf of South America.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The mountain ranges on both islands are extensions of the mountain ranges of Venezuela [1].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Now the islands are separated from the continent by the Gulf of Paria, the Boca del Serpiente and Boca del Dragon straits (translated from Spanish as Snake's Mouth and Dragon's Mouth, respectively).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad is dominated by a low-lying plain, but there are three mountain ranges — two of which are parallel to each other and do not exceed 325 meters in height.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In the north there is another mountain range, which is a continuation of the Coastal Cordillera of Venezuela.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Its main peak, Mount Aripo (940 m), is the highest point in the country.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

A little lower is Mount El Tucuche (936 m).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The two largest rivers of the island are the Ortoire (50 km in length, flows into the Atlantic Ocean) and Koroni (40 km, flows into the Gulf of Paria).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Tobago is dominated by a large mountain range that runs through most of the island (29 km long) and reaches a height of 640 meters.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

There are fertile plains to the north and south of the ridge.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

43 per cent of Tobago is covered by forest.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

There are many streams and small rivers on the island, but the problem of soil erosion or floods in Tobago, unlike Trinidad, is not worth it.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Climate


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The climate of Trinidad and Tobago as a whole is typical for the tropical climatic zone in which the republic is located, and is formed by northeastern winds.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The average annual temperature in Trinidad is 26°C.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Relative air humidity during the rainy season (from June to December) reaches an average of 85 — 87%, more than 200 centimeters of precipitation per year (an average of 211 cm).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Tobago has a slightly cooler climate, but is generally the same as Trinidad.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The average annual rainfall here is about 250 cm.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The year is divided into two seasons — the rainy season lasts from June to December, and the dry season from January to May.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The islands lie south of the tropical cyclone zone, and most hurricanes bypass Trinidad and Tobago.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Flora and fauna


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The flora and fauna of Trinidad and Tobago is very diverse compared to its neighboring islands, due to its continental origin.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Evergreen forests predominate, in the center of Trinidad Island and on the leeward northwestern slopes there is secondary savannah and light forests.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The plants are represented by both South American species and those specific to the Antilles.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

More than 50 species of valuable tree species grow in forests, including zedrel, balsa (hare tree), sandalwood, cypress, vanilla pompon (V. pompona Schiede) [2].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Plantations of cocoa and other cultivated plants occupy large areas.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Tobago is part of the Melocactus broadwayi range, other species of melocactus are also common on the islands.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad is also home to a rare butterfly orchid (Oncidium papilio Ldl.), whose numbers are declining due to commercial collection.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The fauna is similar to the wildlife of South America [2].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In Trinidad and Tobago, you can find red ibis (Eudocimus ruber), which is the national bird of the republic; caimans, ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), agouti, iguanas, opossums, capuchins, and more than 40 species of hummingbirds (hummingbirds are also depicted on the coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Many species of birds nest in Tobago, such as the Caribbean Swallow and the White-tailed Nightjar.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

A wide variety of bats, there are representatives of the families Furipteridae (smoky bats), Natalidae (funnel), Phyllostomidae (leaf carriers), Mormoopidae (chin leaves).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Endemic to Trinidad is the Proctoporus shrevei lizard, the only reptile representative with the property of bioluminescence.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The northern mountain range of Trinidad is the only place in the world where this species is found [3].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Considerable attention is paid to wildlife conservation in the republic.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

There are 17 nature reserves and more than 40 forest reserves with a total area of 153 thousand hectares.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

A marine reserve has been created near the southwestern tip of Tobago [2].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

population


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Demographic data


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The majority (96%) of the 1.065 million inhabitants (as of 2006 [4]) of Trinidad and Tobago live on the island of Trinidad and Tobago.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Almost all of the remaining 4% live in Tobago.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

During the 20th century, the population of the country grew steadily, but at the moment there is a decrease in the population by 0.87% per year.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

This is due not so much to the low birth rate as to the high level of emigration [4].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The capital, Port of Spain, is only the fourth most populous city (49,000 in 2000), behind Chaguanas (67,400 in 2000), San Fernando (62,000 in 2002), San Juan (54,900 in 2004).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Ethnic composition


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The ethnic composition of the population is very diverse.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

According to the 2011 census, the largest ethnic group is (approximately 37.6%), primarily descendants of hired workers from India, who replaced liberated African slaves, who refused to continue working on sugar plantations [5].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Then go (36.3%).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Creoles and mestizos account for 24.2 per cent of the population.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The rest of the population are Trinidadians of European, Chinese and Arab descent, including Portuguese, Caribbean and Cocoa Panyol (English: Cocoa) Panyol) is an ethnic group descended from the first Spanish settlers and immigrants from Venezuela.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Languages


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The only official language is English, but Indo-Aryan Bhojpuri, spoken by many Indo-Trinidadians, is quite widespread.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The main spoken language is Trinidadian Creole, which is based on English.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The percentage of Spanish speakers, despite the proximity of Venezuela and other Spanish-speaking countries, is insignificant, but it is the first foreign language: SAFFL (Spanish As the First Foreign Language (Spanish as a First Foreign Language), launched in 2005, provides for teaching Spanish in most primary schools and teaching it to at least a third of government officials countries [6].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The government also announced that by 2020, Spanish will again become the official language of the country, along with English [7].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Spanish was de jure the only official language of the island from 1498 to 1797, but in the 1780s and 1790s it was gradually pushed back first by French, although the island was not a colony of France itself, and after 1870 — in English.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Religion


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The religious composition of the country is diverse: according to the 2011 census [8], the largest religious group in Trinidad and Tobago is followers of the Catholic Church, accounting for 21.60% of the population; followed by Hindus (18.5%), Evangelicals (12.02%), Baptists (6.89%), Anglicans (5.67%), Muslims (4.97%); Seventh Day Adventists (4.09%), Congregationalists and Presbyterians (2.49%), atheists and Agnostics (2.18%), Jehovah's Witnesses (1.47%), Followers (0.9%), Methodists (0.65%), Moravian Brothers and Rastamans (0.27% each).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

11.1% of Trinidad and Tobago's population did not state religious affiliation.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In addition to the above religions, there are followers of Sikhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, and Baha'ism, mostly from South Asia, and Buddhism and Taoism are also common.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Political structure


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

State structure


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago's political system is based on the British model of parliamentary democracy [9].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago is a parliamentary republic.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

According to the 1976 Constitution, the Head of State is the President, who is elected for a five-year term by an electoral college consisting of members of both houses of Parliament.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

One person cannot hold the presidency for more than two consecutive terms.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The powers of the President are severely limited, so the actual leader of the state is the Prime


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

A candidate for the post of Prime Minister is nominated by Parliament and approved by the President.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Usually, the leader of the party that won the most votes in the parliamentary elections becomes Prime Minister [4] [9].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The Cabinet of Ministers is also approved by Parliament.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

At the moment, there are 21 ministries in the Government [10].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The current leaders of the state are President Anthony Carmona and Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar, who has been in office since May 2010.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago has a bicameral parliament.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The lower house is called the House of Representatives.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

It consists of 36 deputies (from the next parliamentary elections this number will be increased to 41).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The upper house, the Senate, has 31 members, 16 of whom are appointed by the Prime Minister (senators from the government), 6 by the leader of the opposition (opposition senators), the remaining 9 by the President ( independent senators).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In Tobago, the executive branch is represented by the Local Assembly (15 deputies).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The highest court in the country is the Arbitration Court.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The Chief Justice is appointed by the President of Trinidad and Tobago after consultation with the Prime Minister and leader of the opposition.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The Supreme Court, according to the Constitution, is independent of the executive branch.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

International connections


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The basic principles of its foreign policy Trinidad and Tobago declares respect for the sovereignty of other countries; non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries; respect for international laws and resolutions of the United Nations [11].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago is a member of several international organizations, including CARICOM (or Caribbean Community), SELA (Latin American Economic System), WTO (World Trade Organization), ACP countries.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The country has been a member of the UN since September 18, 1962.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

At the same time, Trinidad and Tobago is not part of military blocs and participates in the Non-Aligned Movement.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Port-of-Spain has diplomatic missions of 26 states and a representative office of the European Union [12]; diplomatic missions of Trinidad and Tobago are located in 11 cities in 10 countries around the world, not counting permanent missions to the UN in Geneva and New York [13].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Diplomatic relations with the USSR were established on June 6, 1974.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Humanitarian organizations


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago Red Cross Society (TCC TiT) (English, TTRCS)


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The Trinidad and Tobago Red Cross Society (TTRCS) (English: Trinidad and Tobago Red Cross Society (TTRCS) was founded in 1939 as an overseas branch.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In 1963, after Trinidad and Tobago became independent, the JCC TiT became independent by Parliamentary Act No. 15, passed at the first session of the First Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago organization.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In August 1963, the Red Cross Society of Trinidad and Tobago was recognized by the International Committee of the Red Cross and became a member of the League of Red Cross Societies (since November 1991, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies”).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Human rights


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

According to a report by the American organization Freedom House, Trinidad and Tobago moved from the category of partially free states to the category of completely free (despite the high crime rate, discrimination against women, criminalization of homosexuality, interethnic clashes, terrorist acts and corruption in the judicial system, which are mentioned in the Freedom House report on Trinidad and Tobago).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

14] This report indicates that citizens of the country have the opportunity to influence the political life of the country; the right to freedom of opinion and freedom of assembly is respected. [


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Experts of the Economist magazine also praised the level of civil liberties, pluralism and the electoral process in Trinidad and Tobago, but considered that the level of political culture as a whole leaves much to be desired [15].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Amnesty International reports in a 2005 report on numerous human rights violations in the country.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

According to Amnesty International, prison conditions in Trinidad and Tobago are very harsh and in some cases even harsh; police abuse of authority is common; 16] There are laws providing for corporal punishment; the death penalty has not yet been abolished. [16]


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The International Gay and Lesbian Association (ILGA) notes that Trinidad and Tobago has laws that criminalize homosexuality. [17]


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In the 2006 Reporters Without Borders Freedom of Expression Ranking, Trinidad and Tobago is ranked 19th to 22nd (out of 168) with a score of 5.00, along with Denmark, New Zealand, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago is ahead of Germany, Great Britain, the USA, France and other developed countries in this ranking [18].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Administrative divisions


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

By administrative structure, Trinidad and Tobago is a unitary state.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The country is divided into 9 counties, 5 municipalities and one self-governing territory (Tobago Island) [19].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Counties:


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Diego Martin


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

San Juan — Laventile


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Tunapuna — Piarco


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Kuva — Tabakite — Talparo


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Mayaro — Rio Claro


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Sangre Grande


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Princes Town


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Penal-Debe


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Siparia


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Municipalities:


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Port of Spain


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

San Fernando


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Arima


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Chaguanas


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Point Fortin


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Self-governing territory:


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Tobago Island


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

History


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Islands before European colonization


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The islands of Trinidad and Tobago were inhabited by Indians of South American origin seven thousand years ago, which makes it possible to call the islands the earliest place of settlement of people in the Antilles Archipelago [20].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Around 250 BC


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Salado Indian farmers landed on the islands from the Orinoco; however, they soon left Trinidad and Tobago and settled in the surrounding islands.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Five hundred years later, new settlers appeared, the Barranco Indians, who lived on the island of Trinidad for about four centuries, after which they were ousted by the Arauca tribe, who settled the islands in about 650 year.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

At the beginning of the XIV century, new Indian tribes appeared on the islands that spoke the Arawak and Caribbean languages: Trinidad (Kairi in the language of the Indians) - Nepoya, Suppoya and Yao, in Tobago - Caribbean and Galibi.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

It was these tribes that were found in Trinidad and Tobago by Europeans.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Colonial period


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad was discovered by Christopher Columbus on July 31, 1498 and named after the Trinity Day, which was celebrated that day (Spanish: Trinidad).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

He also noticed the island of Tobago, which Columbus called Bella Forma, but on which he did not land.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Tobago's name appears to be derived from the Spanish word Tobago (tobacco).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

At the beginning of the 16th century, colonization of the islands began, which became Spanish territory.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

There were almost no conflicts between the indigenous population and the colonizers, and the influx of new residents was small (Trinidad and Tobago lacked minerals and the soil was, compared to neighboring islands, is not very fertile), and Trinidad has become one of the few peacefully developed places in America.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

However, local pearl fishing businesses (most of them located on neighboring Margarita Island) did not have enough labor, and as a result, in 1511 it was decided to count local Indians the Caribbean, which made it possible to enslave them.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In 1530, Spaniard Antonio Cedeño (Spanish: Antonio Sedeño) received official permission to settle in Trinidad.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Cedeño wanted to be able to trade slaves from the local population, and also counted on Trinidad as a starting point for further search for the mythical country of Eldorado.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

On the second attempt, the Spaniard managed to establish a city in Trinidad, which was named Kumukurapo (now the Mukurapo district in Port of Spain).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

However, Cedeño was unable to attract enough residents and was forced to leave the island.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In the second half of the 16th century, three more attempts were made to establish a city on Trinidad.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Only the last of them was crowned with success — in 1592 Antonio de Berrio (Spanish: Antonio de Berrio) became the founder of the settlement of San Jose de Oruca, the oldest surviving to this day (now the city called St. Joseph).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Thus, the colony finally has a capital.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

However, even after that, the influx of new settlers remained extremely small — in 1783 Trinidad was inhabited by less than 3,000 people, most of whom were Indians.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In order to attract settlers to the island, the authorities announced that every Catholic who wishes to become a resident of the colony is guaranteed 32 acres of land (129,000 m²) and additional land, depending on the number of slaves he brings with him.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

This move has led to a slight increase in immigration to the island.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In addition to the Spaniards, Governor José María Hakón managed to attract French and Haitians to Trinidad who fled the revolutions that took place in their countries.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Spain managed to keep Trinidad under its control until 1797, when a British flotilla of 18 warships under Sir Ralph Abercrombie surrounded the island.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

On February 18 of the same year, Trinidad was surrendered to Great Britain, and officially became a territory of the British Empire in 1802.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The city of Conkerabia was renamed Port of Spain by the new authorities and acquired the status of the administrative center of the colony.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

At the same time, the smaller of the two islands of Tobago in the 17th century became the object of struggle between four powers at once - England, France, Holland and Courland.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Despite this interest on the part of Europeans, Tobago also remained almost uninhabited.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In 1704, the island was declared neutral territory and became a pirate base, and in 1763 Tobago came under British control.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

At the beginning of the 19th century (August 1, 1838 in the Caribbean), slavery was prohibited.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

At first, colonies in Trinidad and Tobago experienced a shortage of labor, but slaves were then replaced by hired laborers.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Since the 1830s, migrants from India, China, West Africa and Madeira began to flow to the islands.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In addition, many former slaves from other colonies of the Lesser Antilles moved to Trinidad and Tobago.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

At the same time, cocoa became the main crop and main export item on the islands [21].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

By the beginning of the 20th century, 50% of Trinidad's agricultural area was cultivated for coffee and cocoa plantations [22].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In the mid-1850s, oil was discovered in Trinidad.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The first production was organized by the Merrimac Company: a 61-meter well was dug near Lake Pitch, the first on the island.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In the mid-1860s, Walter Darwent was engaged in oil production, but the Trinidad Petroleum Company and Pariah Petroleum Company he created did not last long and fell apart after Darwent died.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

More successful was the enterprise of Randolph Rust and English: Lee Lum, which began operating in 1893 [23].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In 1888, Trinidad and Tobago was finally merged into one colony.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The center of this overseas possession of Great Britain was in Trinidad, and Tobago became a dependent territory.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

At the beginning of the 20th century, the country had its first elected authorities (Tobago previously elected an Assembly, but it was abolished after the unification of the islands into one colony).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The first Legislative Assembly elections were held in 1925.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Seven of its 13 members were elected by vote, and the remaining 6 were appointed governor.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Men over 21 years of age and women over 30 could participate in elections (the first universal elections took place in 1946).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The 1930s were a bad decade for Trinidad and Tobago.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In Trinidad, the cocoa industry was almost completely destroyed due to two epiphytoties and the Great Depression (the remaining plantations in Tobago were destroyed in 1963 by Hurricane Flora).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Since then, the economy of Trinidad and Tobago has been based on natural raw materials.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In the late 1930s, a series of strikes swept across the country, the inspiration of which was.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

As a result, trade unions have been formed.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Butler organized a workers' party, which won the majority of votes in the 1950 election.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The Conservative Party led by Eric Williams won the 1956 election).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The Second World War brought significant changes to Trinidad and Tobago.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

It caused a rise in the oil industry (the country was a supplier of oil to the Allied troops) and caused the appearance of an American naval base in northwest Trinidad (Great Britain) leased the territory of Chaguaramas to the United States) [2].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

However, despite the fact that the lease was concluded for a period of 99 years, the Americans suspended construction of the base in 1956, and Chaguaramas was returned to Trinidad and Tobago in 1963.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

From 1958 to 1962, Port of Spain, the capital of Trinidad and Tobago, was the center of the Federation of the West Indies, a public entity that, according to the organizers, was to later receive independence from Great Britain as a whole.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

This, however, did not happen — the federation existed for only four years, after which it collapsed on May 31, 1962.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Exactly three months later, on August 31, Trinidad and Tobago declared its independence.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Independence


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

For the first fourteen years of its independent existence, Trinidad and Tobago remained the dominion of Great Britain under the formal administration of the Queen, represented by the Governor-General.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The actual leader of the state was the head of government.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago was Eric Williams, who headed the government before independence.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In the first half of the 1970s, the political crisis began again.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In 1970, a series of strikes and demonstrations swept across the country with the participation of trade unions and political movements for the rights of blacks.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

A state of emergency was declared, and 15 black political leaders were arrested.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

After that, part of the Trinidad and Tobago army rebelled and took several hostages; however, the National Guard remained loyal to the current government, and within five days the uprising was suppressed.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

These events took place against the background of the impending economic crisis.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Prime Minister Williams, who foresaw him, was even preparing to resign (despite the almost full support of the population for his policy), but the crisis was still avoided: the Arab-Israeli war of 1973 led to higher oil prices, and Williams remained in office.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The rise in energy prices led to an oil boom in Trinidad and Tobago, as a result of which the average wage and standard of living in the republic significantly increased.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

On August 1, 1976, the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago was proclaimed.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Thus, the country ceased to be the dominion of Great Britain (although it retained its place in the Commonwealth of Nations).


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The last Governor-General of Trinidad and Tobago, Sir Ellis Clark, became President of the Republic, and Eric Williams remained Prime Minister.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In 1981, Williams, who was still Prime Minister, passed away.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The National Movement he created remained in power for another five years after his death, and lost in the 1986 elections, whose leader A. N. R. Robinson) became Prime Minister.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

In July 1990, Jamaat al Muslimeen attempted an armed coup.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

114 members of the group attempted to storm the parliament building and the television center.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The terrorists managed to take the Prime Minister and several members of Parliament hostage and hold them for five days, after which the group was neutralized by government forces.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Currently, Trinidad and Tobago is one of the richest countries in the region, mainly due to trade in oil and natural gas, but political stability in the country is low.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Economics


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

The basis of the republic's economy is the production and processing of oil, as well as natural gas.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago is the sixth largest country in the world in terms of liquefied natural gas production (14 billion m³ in 2005) [24].


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago accounts for 65 per cent of LNG imported to the US.


Question: When was the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago founded?

Trinidad and Tobago

Asphalt is also important exports (Peach Lake on the southwest coast of Trinidad is the largest natural asphalt reservoir in the world [4]) and chemical products, in particular, fertilizers.