Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

As of November 15, 2016


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Total: 62 games/17 goals; 39 wins, 13 draws, 10 losses [99]


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Player characteristics


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Gotze is a typical number ten [91].


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Gotze's huge potential is also evidenced by the prestigious Fritz Walter medal awarded by the German Football Association to the most talented young football players.


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

By the age of 18, the black and yellow player had won this award twice.


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

In order not to stop growing, young players, in addition to professionalism on the field, need to demonstrate impeccable behavior outside it.


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Gotze can serve as a role model in this regard.


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

He, by his own admission, is indifferent [91] to cigarettes and alcohol, which betrays a mature athlete without signs of star disease in a German beyond his years.


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

German and world football legend Franz Beckenbauer compared Gotze to Lionel Messi for his speed and style of play: “It is impossible to stop Mario Gotze. No one plays better than him. He goes through opponents as if they don't exist... He's a football player of instinct, just like Messi.” [100].


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Matthias Sammer, Technical Director of the German Football Association, called Mario “one of the best talents in German history” [3].


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Former Bayern Munich captain Philipp Lahm noted that Gotze “has incredible playing qualities” [101].


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Germany manager Oliver Bierhoff said that after the 2014 World Cup, Gotze became a more mature and effective player [102].


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Since the second half of the 2014/15 season, Mario has been criticized more often.


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Former Bayern Munich and German national football player Lothar Matthaus believes that Gotze hastened to move from Borussia Dortmund to the Munich camp.


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Matthaus believes that Gotze does not live up to his hopes [103] former defender of the German national team Jurgen Kohler adheres to the same [104].


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Franz Beckenbauer, who compared Mario to Messi, called Gotze a “junior”, [89] noting that the player often loses to opponents in athletic wrestling [105], after which he remains standing still [89].


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Franz believes that Mario should be like Luis Suarez in this [105].


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Oliver Bierhoff said that he did not understand why Mario is criticized so much, as Gotze is incredibly professional [106] German head coach Joachim adheres to the same Loew [107] and Matthias Sammer [108].


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Bayern Munich chairman Karl-Heinz Rummenigge stressed that the footballer himself is responsible for criticizing him [109].


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Personal life


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

His father, Jurgen Gotze, is a professor at the Technical University of Dortmund [110] [111].


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

His older brother Fabian (born 3 June 1990) is a graduate of Borussia Dortmund and is currently a player of Unterhaching Football Club [112].


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Mario also has a younger brother Felix (born May 1, 1998), who is also a footballer who currently plays for the Bayern U21 team [113] [114].


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Since 2012, she has been meeting with German model Anne-Catherine Brömmel [115].


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Gotze is a Christian [116] [117] [118].


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Performance statistics


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Club stats


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

As of September 04, 2017


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

International statistics


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

As of November 15, 2016 [99]


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

attainments


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Teams


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Borussia Dortmund


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

German Champion (2): 2010/11, 2011/2012


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

German Cup Winner (1): 2011/2012


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Bayern


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

German Champion (3): 2013/2014, 2014/2015, 2015/2016


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

German Cup Winner (2): 2013/2014, 2015/2016


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

UEFA Super Cup Winner (1): 2013


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Club World Championship Winner (1): 2013


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

International


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

“Germany national team”


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

European Champion (U-17): 2009


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

European Championship bronze medalist: 2012, 2016


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

World Champion (1): 2014


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Personal


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

“Ballon d'Or” of the best player of the European Championship (U17) (1): 2009


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Fritz Walter Medal 2009 (Gold) (Category U-17)


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Fritz Walter Medal 2010 (Gold) (Category U-18)


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Opening of the 2010—11 German Bundesliga season


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Joined the Bundesliga All-Star Team by Kicker magazine (2): 2010/11, 2012/13


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Joined German Bundesliga all-star team (1): 2010/11


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Golden Boy Award Winner: 2011


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Goal of the Month (Germany): July 2014


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Notes


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

References


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Category:German footballers


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Category:Borussia Dortmund players


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Category: FC Bayern Munich players


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Category: German national football players


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Category:European Junior Football Champions


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Category:World Football Champions


Question: When did German footballer Mario Gotze start playing for Borussia Dortmund?

Mario Gotze

Category: Fritz Walter Medal recipients


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

A high-voltage direct current transmission line (HVDC) uses direct current to transmit electricity, unlike the more common AC power lines (PTL).


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

High-voltage DC transmission lines may be more economical when transmitting large amounts of electricity over long distances.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The use of direct current for underwater power lines makes it possible to avoid reactive power losses, due to the large capacity of the cable, which inevitably occur when using alternating current.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In certain situations, DC power lines can be useful even over short distances, despite the high cost of equipment.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

DC transmission lines allow you to transport electricity between unsynchronized AC power systems, and also helps to increase reliability of operation, preventing cascade failures due to phase desynchronization between separate parts of a large power system.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

DC transmission lines also allow electricity to be transferred between AC power systems operating at different frequencies, for example, 50 and 60 Hz.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

This method of transmission increases the stability of power systems, since, if necessary, they can use energy reserves from power systems that are incompatible with them.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The modern HVDC transmission method uses technology developed in the 30s of the XX century by the Swedish company ASEA.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

One of the first HVDC systems were put into operation in the Soviet Union in 1950 between the cities of Moscow and Kashira (German captured equipment Project Elba was used), and in Sweden in 1954 from mainland to Gotland, with a system capacity of 10-20 MW [1].


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The longest HVDC line in the world is currently located in Brazil and serves to transmit electricity generated by two hydroelectric power plants (Santo Antonio and Girau) with the city of São Paulo.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Its total length is 2,400 km and its capacity is 3.15 GW.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The principle of operation


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The power is equal to the product of voltage by current (P = U * I).


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Thus, by increasing the voltage, it is possible to reduce the current transmitted through the wire and, as a result, it is possible to reduce the cross-section of the wire required to transmit this power, which will reduce the cost of the power line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

To date, there is no way to change the DC voltage over a wide range without large losses.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The most effective device for changing the voltage value is a transformer operating on alternating current.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Therefore, at the input of all high-voltage DC power lines, a transformer is installed to increase the AC voltage and equipment for converting AC to DC, and output — equipment for converting DC to AC and a transformer to reduce the voltage of this alternating current.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The first way to convert large capacities from DC to AC and back was the motor-generator system developed by Swiss engineer René Türi.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In simple words, at the input of the transmission line, the AC motor rotates the DC generator, and at the output, the DC motor rotates the alternator.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Such a system had a rather low efficiency and low reliability.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The practical application of DC transmission lines became possible only with the advent of a powerful arc electrical appliance called a valve.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Later, powerful semiconductor devices appeared - thyristors, insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT), power insulated gate field-effect transistors (MOSFET) and lockable thyristors ( GTO).


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The history of high-voltage DC transmission lines


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The first DC transmission line for long-distance transmission of electricity was launched in 1882 on the Misbach-Munich line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

It transferred energy from a DC generator rotated by a steam engine to the furnace of the glass factory.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The transmitted power was only 2.5 kW and there were no DC/AC converters on the line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The first power line, using the generator-motor current conversion method developed by Swiss engineer Rene Thury, was built in 1889 in Italy by Acquedotto de Ferrari - Galliera.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

To increase the voltage, the generator-motor pairs were connected in series.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Each group was isolated from the ground and driven by a main engine.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The line ran on DC, with a voltage of up to 5000V per machine, some machines had dual switches to reduce the voltage on each switch.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

This system transmitted 630 kW of power at a constant voltage of 14 kV over a distance of 120 km [3] [4].


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The Moutiers-Lyon transmission line transmitted 8,600 kW of power generated by the HPP over a distance of 124 miles, including 6 miles of underground cable.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

To convert the current, eight series-connected generators with double switches were used, which produced a voltage of 150 kV at the output. This line was in operation from about 1906 to 1936.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

By 1913, there were fifteen Türi transmission lines in the world [5] operating at a constant voltage of 100 kV, which were used until the 1930s, but rotating electric machines were unreliable, roads in maintenance and had low efficiency.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In the first half of the 20th century, other electromechanical devices were tested, but they were not widely used [6].


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

To convert a high DC voltage to a low voltage, it was proposed to first charge series-connected batteries, and then connect them in parallel and connect them to the consumer [7].


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

At the beginning of the 20th century, there were at least two DC power lines that used this principle, but this technology did not receive further development due to the limited capacity of the batteries, inefficient charge/discharge cycle and difficulties in switching between serial and parallel connections.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In the period from 1920 to 1940, mercury valves were used to convert the current.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In 1932. General Electric used mercury valves in Mechanicville, New York on a 12 kV DC transmission line, which was also used to convert the generated 40 Hz to an alternating current of 60 Hz load.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In 1941, a 115-kilometer underground cable line was developed, with a capacity of 60 MW, with a voltage of +/- 200 kV, for the city of Berlin, using mercury valves (Project Elbe), but due to the collapse The project was not completed by the Third Reich in 1945 [8].


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The use of the cable was explained by the fact that during wartime, the underground cable would be a less visible target of bombing.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The equipment was exported to the Soviet Union and put into operation there in 1950 [9].


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Further use of mercury valves in 1954 marked the beginning of modern high-voltage DC transmission lines.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The first such transmission line was created by ASEA between mainland Sweden and Gotland.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Mercury valves were used on all power lines built before 1975, but were later replaced by semiconductor devices.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

From 1975 to 2000, thyristors were widely used to convert current, which are now being actively replaced by field-effect transistors [10].


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

With the transition to more reliable semiconductor devices, dozens of underwater high-voltage DC power lines were laid.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

At the moment, there are only two power lines in the world with converters on mercury valves, all the rest have been dismantled or replaced by thyristor converters.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Mercury valves are used on power lines between the North and South Islands of New Zealand and Vancouver Island transmission lines in Canada.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Advantages of high-voltage DC transmission lines compared to AC power lines


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The main advantage of high-voltage DC transmission lines is the ability to transmit large amounts of electricity over long distances with less losses than that of AC power lines.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Depending on the line voltage and the current conversion method, the loss can be reduced to 3% per 1000 km.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The transmission of energy via a high-voltage DC transmission line makes it possible to effectively use electricity sources that are remote from the load power nodes.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In some cases, a high-voltage DC transmission line is more efficient than an AC power line:


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

When transmitting energy via an underwater cable, which has a fairly high capacity, which, when using alternating current, leads to reactive power losses (for example, the 250-km Baltic Cable line between Sweden and Germany [11])).


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The transfer of energy in the power system directly from the power plant to the consumer, without additional “branches” What are we talking about?


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

, for example, to remote areas.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Increasing the capacity of the existing power system in cases where it is difficult or too expensive to install additional AC power lines.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Power transfer and stabilization between non-synchronized AC power systems.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Connecting a remote power plant to a power grid, such as the Nelson River Bipole line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Reducing the cost of the line by reducing the number of conductors.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In addition, thinner conductors can be used, as the HVDC is not affected by the surface effect.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

EFFECT: simplified transfer of energy between power systems using different standards of voltage and frequency of alternating current.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Synchronization with the AC grid of energy produced by renewable energy sources.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The long submarine cables are of high capacity.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

While this fact has a minimal role in transmitting DC power, alternating current leads to charging and discharging the cable capacity, causing additional power losses.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In addition, AC power is used for dielectric losses.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

A high-voltage DC transmission line can transmit more power through the conductor, since for a given rated power, the DC voltage in the DC line is lower than the amplitude voltage in an alternating current line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The AC power determines the effective value of the voltage, but it is only approximately 71% of the maximum amplitude voltage, which determines the actual thickness of the insulation and the distance between the conductors.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Since the actual voltage value of the DC line is equal to the amplitude value, it becomes possible to transmit 41% more power over the existing power transmission line with conductors and insulation of the same size as AC, which reduces costs.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Since a high-voltage DC transmission line allows the transfer of energy between unsynchronized AC distribution systems, this makes it possible to increase the stability of the system, preventing cascade spread of the accident from one part of the power system to another.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Changes in the load that lead to desynchronization of individual parts of the AC electrical network will not affect the DC line, and the flow of power through the DC line will stabilize the AC electrical network.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The magnitude and direction of power flow through the DC line can be directly adjusted and changed to maintain the required state of AC electrical networks from both the ends of the DC line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Disadvantages


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The main disadvantage of a high-voltage DC transmission line is the need to convert the type of current from AC to DC and vice versa.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The devices used for this require expensive spare parts, as they are, in fact, unique to each line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Current converters are expensive and have limited overload capacity.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

At short distances, the losses in the converters can be greater than in the AC transmission line of similar power.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Unlike AC power lines, the implementation of multi-terminal DC transmission lines is extremely difficult, as it requires the expansion of existing circuits to multi-terminal ones.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Controlling the power flow in a multi-terminal DC system requires good communication between all consumers.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

High-voltage DC circuit breakers have a more complex device, since before opening the contacts, it is necessary to reduce the current in the circuit to zero, otherwise an electric arc is formed, leading to excessive wear of contacts.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Branched lines are rare.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

One of them works in the Hydro Quebec system - New England from Radisson to Sandy Pond [12].


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Another system is a power line connecting Sardinia and mainland Italy, which was rebuilt in 1989 to provide power to the island of Corsica [13].


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

HVDC transmission cost


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Usually, developers of high-voltage DC transmission lines, such as Alstom Grid, Siemens and ABB, do not publish information about the cost of the project, as this information is a trade secret.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The cost varies widely depending on the specific features of the project, such as nominal capacity, line length, aerial or underwater route laying method, land value, and change AC electrical network at each end of the line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

A detailed comparison of the cost of a DC line versus the cost of an AC line may be required.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Where the technical advantages of a DC line do not matter, the choice is made on the economic comparison of the options.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Based on some projects, it is possible to highlight some information about the cost of the DC transmission line project:


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

For an 8-GW 40-km line under the English Channel, the approximate cost of primary equipment for a 500 kV 2000 MW bipolar HVDC line (excluding access roads, shore works, approval, equipment, insurance, etc.) were:


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

conversion stations — ~£110 M,


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

submarine cable+installation — ~£1 m/km.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Thus, for a four-line transmission line between England and France with a capacity of 8 GW, the cost of installation work was slightly more than £750 M. Also £200-300 M was spent on additional onshore work [14] .


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Straightening and inverting


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The components


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Previously, HVDC lines used mercury rectifiers that were unreliable.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Two HVDCs using mercury rectifiers are still in operation (as of 2008).


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Thyristors were first used in HVDC devices in the 1960s.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

A thyristor is a semiconductor device similar to a diode, but with an additional output - a control electrode that is used to turn on the device at a certain point in time.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) are also used, which have better controllability, but more cost.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Since the voltage in HVDC devices in some cases reaches 800 kV, exceeding the breakdown voltage of the semiconductor device, HVDC converters are built using a large number of series-connected semiconductor devices.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Low-voltage control circuits used to turn thyristors on and off must be galvanically isolated from the high voltages of the power line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Typically, this isolation is optical, direct or indirect.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In an indirect control system, low-voltage control electronics send light pulses over the optical fiber to the high-voltage control electronics.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The direct version does without electronics on the high-voltage side: light pulses from the control electronics directly switch photothyristors.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

A switching element assembly, regardless of its design, is commonly referred to as a valve.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Rectifiers and inverters


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Essentially the same units are used in straightening and inversion.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Many substations are configured in such a way that they can operate as both rectifiers and inverters.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

On the AC line side, a set of transformers, often consisting of three separate single-phase transformers, decouples the converter station from the AC mains, providing grounding and ensuring the correct constant voltage.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Outputs of these transformers are connected to rectifiers according to a bridge circuit formed by a large number of valves.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The basic configuration of the rectifier contains six valves.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The circuit operates with a phase shift of sixty degrees, so the rectified voltage contains a significant number of harmonics.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

To improve the harmonic composition, a circuit with 12 valves (twelve-pulse mode) is used.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The converter transformer has two secondary windings (or two transformers are used), one of which has a star connection and the other has a “triangle” connection, thereby providing a phase shift in 30 degrees between the voltages on the secondary windings of the transformer.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

A rectifier bridge is connected to each of the secondary windings, containing 6 valves, the DC terminals of which are connected.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

This ensures a twelve-pulse mode with the best harmonic composition.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In addition to converter transformers, the presence of a reactive component of the line helps filter harmonics.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Scheme types


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Monopolar


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In a monopolar circuit, one of the rectifier leads is grounded.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The other terminal, with an electrical potential above or below the grounded one, is connected to the power line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The grounded lead may or may not be connected to the corresponding output of the inverter station by means of a second conductor.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In the absence of a second metal conductor, the reverse current flows in the ground between the grounded terminals of the two substations.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

So this is a single-wire, earthly return circuit.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Problems that current flowing in the ground or water creates include:


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Electrochemical corrosion of long metal objects laid in the ground, such as pipelines


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The release of chlorine and other changes in the composition of seawater from the flowing current when it is used as a second conductor.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

A magnetic field due to an unbalanced current that affects the magnetic navigation compasses of ships passing over an underwater cable.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

These effects can be eliminated by installing a metal return conductor between the grounded terminals of both converters of the monopolar power line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Since these leads are grounded, it is not necessary to install the return wire insulation to the full transmission voltage, which makes the return wire less expensive than the high-voltage conductor.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The decision to use a metal return wire is based on economic, technical and environmental factors [15].


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Modern monopolar aerial network systems transmit approximately 1500 MW.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

When using an underground or submarine cable, the usual value is 600 MW.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Most monopolar systems are designed for future expansion to a bipolar scheme.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Power transmission towers can be designed to carry two conductors, even if only one wire is initially used in a monopolar system.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The second conductor is not used or is used in parallel with the other (as is the case).


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Bipolar


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In bipolar transmission, a pair of conductors of opposite polarity is used, each under high voltage relative to the ground.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The cost of a bipolar transmission line is higher than a monopolar return wire circuit, since both conductors must be insulated to full voltage.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

However, the advantages of bipolar transmission make it more attractive than monopolar transmission.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Under normal load, minor currents flow in the ground, as in the case of a monopolar transmission with a metal return wire.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

This reduces losses in the ground and reduces environmental impact.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In the event of an accident on one of the lines of the bipolar system, it can continue to operate, transmitting approximately half of the rated power over an intact line in monopolar mode using earth to return conductor roles.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In very unfavorable terrain, the second conductor can be conducted on an independent set of power line supports so that if one of the lines is damaged, part of the power is transferred to the consumer.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Since only half of the monopolar line current flows through each conductor of the bipolar line for this rated power, the cost of each conductor is less compared to the high-voltage a monopolar line conductor of the same power.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The bipolar device can also be additionally equipped with a metal return conductor.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Bipolar devices can transmit up to 3200 MW at a voltage of +/- 600 kV. The submarine cable line, originally constructed as a monopolar one, can be upgraded with additional cables and operate in bipolar mode.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

DC insert


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

A DC insert is a station in which both inverters and rectifiers are in the same place, usually in the same building.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The DC line is as short as possible.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

DC inserts are used for:


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

connections of trunk lines of various frequencies (as in Japan),


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

connection of two electrical networks of the same nominal frequency, but different unfixed phase shifts (as before 1995/96 in Ötzenricht).


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The DC voltage value in the intermediate circuit of the DC insertion can be freely selected due to the short length of the line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Typically, the DC voltage is chosen as low as possible to build a smaller room for converters and avoid serial connections of the valves.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

For the same reason, high-current valves are used in the DC insert.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Power line systems


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The most common configuration of the HVDC line is two inverter/rectifier converter stations connected by an overhead line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The same configuration is usually used in the interconnection of unsynchronized power systems, in the transmission of energy over long distances, and in the case of using submarine cables.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

A multi-terminal HVDC line connecting more than two points is rare.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The configuration of the multiterminal system can be serial, parallel, or hybrid (series-parallel).


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

A parallel configuration is more often used to transfer power from large power plants, and a sequential configuration from less powerful power plants.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

For example, the Quebec-New England 2000 MW system, opened in 1992, is now the largest multi-terminal HVDC system in the world [16].


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Tripolar


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Patented in 2004, the scheme is designed to convert existing AC power lines to HVDC.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Two of the three conductors of the circuit operate in bipolar mode.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The third conductor is used as a parallel monopole equipped with reverse valves (parallel valves connected in reverse polarity).


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The parallel monopole periodically reduces the current from one pole or the other, switching the polarity for several minutes.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Without a polarity change in a system with a parallel monopole that would be loaded by +/- 100% by heat, the bipolar conductors would be loaded either by 137% or 37%.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In the case of changing polarity, the total RMS thermal effect is the same as if each of the conductors operated at rated current.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

This makes it possible to pass large currents through bipolar conductors, and the third conductor is most fully used for power transmission.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Even when power consumption is low, high currents can circulate through the line wires to remove ice from them.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Converting an existing AC line to a tripolar system allows you to transfer up to 80% more power at the same phase voltage using the same transmission line, supports and conductors.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Some AC lines cannot be loaded to their thermal limit due to system stability, reliability, and reactive power issues that do not exist in the HVDC line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The tripolar system works without a return wire.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Since the failure of one pole of the converter or conductor only leads to a small loss of performance, and the reverse current flowing in the ground does not occur, the reliability of this circuit is high, without time, required to switch.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

As of 2005, there was no conversion of existing AC lines to a tripolar system, although the power line in India was converted to a bipolar HVDC.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Corona


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Corona discharge is a characteristic form of independent gas discharge that occurs in sharply heterogeneous fields.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

This phenomenon can cause significant power losses, create audible and radio frequency interference, produce poisonous mixtures such as nitrogen oxides and ozone, and create a visible glow.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Power lines of both AC and DC can create corona discharges, in the first case in the form of oscillating particles, in the latter case, a constant flow.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Corona discharge causes power losses that can be about half of all losses per unit length of a high-voltage AC line carrying the same amount of power.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

In monopolar transmission, the choice of polarity of the conductor is determined by the degree of creation of corona discharges, the impact on the environment.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Negative corona discharges produce significantly more ozone than positive corona discharges, affecting health.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The use of a positive voltage reduces the amount of ozone generated by the HVDC monopolar line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Application


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Synopsis


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The ability to control the flow of power, the connection of unsynchronized AC systems, the effective use in the transmission of energy by underwater cables make HVDC systems attractive for use at the interethnic level.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Wind farms are often located at a distance of 10-12 km from the coast (and sometimes further) and require submarine cables and synchronization of the energy received.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

When transmitting power over very long distances, such as remote areas in Siberia, Canada, and the Scandinavian North, the choice is usually towards the lower cost of the HVDC line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Other applications of HVDC systems have been noted above.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

AC mains connections


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

AC power lines can only connect synchronized AC electrical networks that operate at the same frequency and phase.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Many zones that want to share energy have unsynchronized electrical networks.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The power grids of Great Britain, Northern Europe and continental Europe are not connected into a single synchronized electricity grid.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Japan has 60 Hz and 50 Hz electrical networks.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Mainland North America, operating at 60 Hz, is divided into regions that are out of sync: East, West, Texas, Quebec, and Alaska.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Brazil and Paraguay, which share the huge Itaipu hydroelectric power plant, operate at 60 Hz and 50 Hz, respectively.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

HVDC devices allow you to connect unsynchronized AC electrical networks, as well as add the ability to control AC voltage and reactive power flow.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

A generator connected by a long AC power line may become unstable and fall out of synchronization with a remote AC power system.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The HVDC line can make remote power plants feasible.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Wind farms located offshore can use HVDC devices to collect energy from a large number of unsynchronized generators for transfer ashore by underwater by cable.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

However, it is common for an HVDC power line to connect two areas of AC power distribution.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Devices that convert between alternating and direct currents significantly increase the cost of transmitted energy.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Above a certain distance (approximately 50 km for submarine cables, and about 600-800 km for overhead lines), the lower cost of HVDC electrical conductors outweighs the cost of electronics.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Converter electronics also provide the ability to effectively control the power system by controlling the magnitude and flow of power, which gives an additional advantage of existence HVDC lines are a potential increase in the stability of the power system.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Using less voltage


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The development of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) and lockable thyristors (GTO) has made small HVDC systems more economical.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

They can be installed in existing AC power systems to stabilize power without increasing the short-circuit current, as in the case of installing an additional power transmission line alternating current.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Such devices are developed by ABB and Siemens and are called “HVDC Light” and “HVDC PLUS”, respectively.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The use of such devices has expanded the use of HVDC to units of several tens of megawatts and lines several kilometers of overhead line.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

The difference between the two technologies is in the concept of an autonomous voltage inverter (VSI), while “HVDC Light” uses pulse-width modulation, “HVDC PLUS” is made on a multi-level inverter.


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

See also


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Basslink High Voltage DC Line


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Volgograd-Donbass high-voltage DC line


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Ekibastuz Center DC high-voltage line


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Leite Luzon DC High Voltage Line


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Kontek High Voltage DC Line


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

High-voltage DC line Italy-Greece


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Kabora-Bassa High Voltage DC Line


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Caprivi DC High Voltage Line


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

High-voltage direct current line Moscow-Kashira


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Haenam-Jeju DC High Voltage Line


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

DC insert Vyborg


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Research Institute for High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Notes


Question: Where is the longest HVDC line in the world?

DC high voltage line

Category:Electric power


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov (scientist)

Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov (1893-1966) - Soviet scientist in the field of geology, mineralogy, geochemistry and geography.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (1936), Professor (1946).


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953), Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1965), Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Kyrgyz SSR (1963).


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Biography


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Childhood and adolescence


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov was born a [1] in the district town of Novozybkov, Chernigov province of the Russian Empire (now the administrative center of the Novozybkovsky District of the Bryansk Region of the Russian Federation) in to the family of employees Ivan Samsonovich and Yulia Lvovna Shcherbakov.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

It's Russian.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Dmitry Ivanovich's father was a railway engineer [2], his mother privately taught Italian [3] and singing [4].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

At the very end of the 19th century, Ivan Samsonovich was offered the post of head of the section on the Kursk-Kharkov-Sevastopol railway, and the Shcherbakov couple moved to Kharkov [5].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The first school years of the future academician passed here.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Around 1906, due to the serious illness of the head of the family, the Shcherbakovs moved to St. Petersburg, where Dmitry Ivanovich continued his studies at the capital's gymnasium No. 6 [4] [6], from which he graduated in 1911 with gold a medal [7].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

During his school years, D. AND. Shcherbakov read a lot.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

It was greatly influenced by the works of the French writer J. Verna.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Dmitry Ivanovich himself later noted:


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

I loved Jules Verne's famous trilogy Captain Grant's Children, 80,000 Leagues Under the Sea [8] and The Mysterious Island, especially the latter.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

I was very impressed by the fact that people with engineering education knew how to extract everything from nature that was necessary to turn the island into a convenient place to stay and to use its natural riches.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Science fiction and adventure literature formed in him “an idea of the power of technology and science that subordinate nature” and developed his interest in engineering.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The passion for the work of the science fiction classic has not passed even over the years.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In the mid-fifties of the XX century, already an academician, D. AND. Shcherbakov willingly wrote comments on the post-war editions of Jules Verne's books “Journey to the Center of the Earth”, “The Journey and Adventures of Captain Gatteras”, “Around the World in 80 Days” and other works writer.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Another childhood hobby D. AND. Shcherbakov was hiking.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Since 1900, the Shcherbakovs annually spent the summer on the southern coast of Crimea in Simeiz at the dachas of friends and colleagues Ivan Samsonovich [5].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Together with local boys, Dmitry Ivanovich crawled all the surrounding rock massifs and caves, enthusiastically explored the sea coast and limestone deposits at Cape Ai-Todor, rich in fossils fossil organisms.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

One summer, a student of Moscow University I. AND. Puzanov, future professor and doctor of biological sciences.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The guys climbed the Ai-Petrinskaya Yaila to the At-Bash Pass, and Ivan clearly showed his young companions the difference between the marble-shaped yaila limestones and the andesite crystals of Mount Pilyaki.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Here they also examined volcanic tuffs and breccias.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

All this made an indelible impression on Dmitry Ivanovich [5] [9].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

“The southern coast of Crimea and Yayla are my first universities of nature that developed a passion for travel, the ability to observe and use maps” [10], Academician D. AND. Shcherbakov said.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Students


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

After graduating from high school, D. AND. Shcherbakov entered the metallurgical department of the Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute [2] [4] [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Dmitry Ivanovich studied brilliantly, and, probably, could become an excellent metallurgical engineer.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

But he was much more interested in studying in the laboratory of Professor F. YU.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Levinson-Lessing, which he attended since 1913 [2].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The young student enthusiastically worked on the study of volcanic rocks of the Crimean Peninsula.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The result of his petrographic research was the publication in the Izvestia of the Petrograd Polytechnic Institute of the first scientific work: “Limensky Exit of Igneous Rocks”.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Franz Yulievich highly appreciated the promising student.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

It was on his recommendation in 1914 that D. AND. Shcherbakov, as a senior collector, took part in the organized by Academician V. AND. Vernadsky of the Fergana Radium Expedition [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1915, D. AND. Shcherbakov married a childhood friend Vera Dmitrievna Alchevskaya, granddaughter of a major Kharkov banker and industrialist A. K. Alchevsky [5].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The First World War made its own adjustments to their family life.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

On June 5, 1915, in order to coordinate the work of military-public organizations for the needs of the army and defense of the state, the Central Committee for Military-Technical Assistance was established, and patriotic the student started working in the commission of raw materials and chemical materials.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Soon Dmitry Ivanovich went on an expedition to the White Sea to look for mica for the aviation industry that was emerging in the country [2] [4] [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

While working in the commission, the young student became close to Professor A. E.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Fersman, whose acquaintance later grew into many years of friendship.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

1915 was Dmitry Ivanovich's last year of study at the Petrograd Polytechnic Institute [11].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

After taking a sabbatical, fourth-year student D. AND. Shcherbakov focused on working in the commission.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1916, having sent his pregnant wife to Crimea, Dmitry Ivanovich, on the instructions of the Committee for Military-Technical Assistance, went on a business trip to the Middle Urals, where he had to assess the reserves of the alunite deposit [6] .


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Upon returning from a business trip, after reporting to the commission on the work done, he went to visit his family in Simeiz.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The birth of his daughter Ksenia in 1917, the revolutionary events in Petrograd and the outbreak of the Civil War detained him in the Crimea for almost two years.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The Shcherbakovs spent this time in Simeiz and Kikineis.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

To feed his family, Dmitry Ivanovich took on any job.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Only in the summer of 1918 he managed to escape to Petrograd [5].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The work of the Polytechnic Institute, however, was suspended at this time, and Shcherbakov had to get a job in the department of stone building materials of the Commission for the Study of Natural Productive Forces of Russia at the Russian Academy of Sciences [12].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

As a research fellow at KEPS D. AND. Shcherbakov returned to the Crimea, where he carried out certain instructions of the leadership of the commission.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1919, Dmitry Ivanovich still decided to complete his higher education and entered the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Taurida University (since February 1921 — Krymsky University named after M. IN. Frunze).


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Simultaneously with his studies, for about two years, Shcherbakov worked as an assistant in geology to Professor V. A. Obrucheva [13].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Dmitry Ivanovich graduated from the University with a gold medal in 1921 [4] [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The period of formation


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

After receiving his diploma, D. AND. Shcherbakov returned to work at KEPS, where he worked until 1930 as a researcher at the Department of Non-Metallic Minerals [4] [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

While fulfilling the tasks of the Commission, Dmitry Ivanovich worked for some time in the Crimea, studying karst phenomena on the yayla and determining their role in the formation of water resources of the peninsula.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

He also explored building materials and minerals necessary to restore the Crimean economy destroyed by the civil war [9].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1922, Shcherbakov and his family moved to Petrograd.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

During the Civil War, many university teachers and researchers left Russia.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In the 1920s, the country was acutely short of personnel for the revived system of higher education and scientific institutions.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

A recent graduate of the Crimean University, in parallel with his work at KEPS, was appointed to a number of vacant positions in various institutions: from 1922 to 1923, he was the curator of the Mineralogical Museum First Petrograd Polytechnic Institute named after M. AND. Kalinin, from 1922 to 1927 he was an assistant at the Department of Geology of Petrograd (since 1924 — Leningrad) State University [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Staff member of the State Radium Institute


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Teaching and administrative activities at that time did not particularly attract Shcherbakov.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

He dreamed of a real research work.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1924, he found a place for himself on a scientific expedition to Fergana and, together with Academician A. E.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Fersman participated in the study of the Tyuya-Muyunskoye radium ore deposit [4].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

When he had the opportunity to get a job at the State Radium Institute in 1925, he did not think long.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In the same 1925, as a senior radiologist at the geochemical department of the Institute, D. AND. Shcherbakov again goes on a business trip to Central Asia [6], participates in an expedition to the Karakum Desert [4], then explores deposits of antimony-mercury and fluorine ores in Kyrgyzstan and Altai [11].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1926, already being the head of the mineralogical and geochemical department of the GRI, he, together with R. L. Samoilovich assesses the reserves of the Khibiny apatite deposit on the Kola Peninsula [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In the same year, while working on the expedition of A. E.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Fersman, Dmitry Ivanovich studies the sulfur mounds of the Central Asian deserts, makes a detailed geographical description of the study area, based on his observations, suggests the presence of the central part of the desert of freshwater lenses on salty groundwater, as well as the possibility of replenishing the reserves of these lenses by collecting rainwater on the surfaces of takyrs [4] [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The summer of 1927 turned out to be one of the most difficult periods in D. AND. Shcherbakova.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

His mother was arrested in June for carelessly critical words against the Soviet authorities.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

For counter-revolutionary activities, Yulia Lvovna was convicted under Article 58, paragraph 10 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR and sentenced to 3 years in exile to Narym Krai.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Petitions of relatives and friends, as well as the intercession of well-known human rights defenders E.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

K. Peshkova and M. L. Winaver was not helped [3].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Dmitry Ivanovich was very worried, and in September he was sent “away from sin” to the Khibiny to explore the yields of apatite-nepheline ores at the recently discovered deposit on the Rasvumchorr plateau [14] [15].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Upon Shcherbakov's return from the Kola Peninsula, the leadership of the Radium Institute, through the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, sent him on a long business trip abroad.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

During his four months in Europe, D. AND. Shcherbakov managed to take part in the congress of the German Mineralogical Society, visit tin ore, polymetallic, radium and sulfur deposits in Germany, Czechoslovakia and Italy, and inspect European mineralogical museums, purchase valuable scientific equipment for the USSR Academy of Sciences [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Returning to the Soviet Union, Dmitry Ivanovich went headlong into work, going to the Pamirs in 1928 as deputy head of the Soviet-German Pamir high-altitude expedition, dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the Academy of Sciences.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In addition to Shcherbakov, the expedition, which included 26 people, included well-known scientists — geologist A. N. Labuntsov, geographer N. L. Korzhenevsky, surveyors I. G. Dorofeev and K. IN. Isakov, meteorologist R. R. Zimmerman, zoologist A. N. Reyhart, astronomer E. ME.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Belyaev; climbers — N. IN. Krylenko O. YU.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Schmidt and others.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The German delegation, led by a famous climber, was represented by 11 people [16].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The head of the expedition was N. P. Gorbunov, and her “soul” and scientific supervisor is D. AND. Shcherbakov [17].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In the 1920s, Central Asia, and especially its mountainous areas, was a large white spot on the geographical map, which, moreover, was fraught with many dangers.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Great personal courage was required from the researchers of the region at that time.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The famous Soviet geographer, traveler and historian of geography E.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

M. Murzaev wrote in his memoirs:


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

For many years he gave D. AND. Shcherbakov studied the mountains and plains of Central Asia, leading scientific expeditions.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Of course, during the field work, it was not without adventures.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

He participated in shootings with the Basmachi, drowned in the turbulent waters of the Karategin rivers, swam across the roaring Bartang on Gubsars [18], walked in the forty-degree heat through the dunes of the Central Karakum.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Despite all the difficulties, the expedition achieved brilliant results: a topographic map of the areas of the Central and Western Pamirs studied by it was compiled, the areas of Lake Kara-Kul were surveyed , the basins of rivers and glaciers of Tanymas, Kara-Dzhilga, Fedchenko glacier, passed and described pass routes from the Fedchenko glacier to the Vancha Valley, a powerful glaciation was discovered on the border of the Western Pamirs, found deposits of a number of minerals and many other scientific works have been carried out.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The sports team of the expedition also achieved great success: Soviet and German climbers climbed peaks with a height of 5,000 to 6,000 meters about 30 times, made 7 ascents to peaks above 6,000 meters.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In addition, German climbers, K. Vin, September 25, 1928, climbed Lenin Peak for the first time [16].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In the same 1928, Dmitry Ivanovich, in parallel with his work at the Radiev Institute, became an associate professor at the Geochemical Department of the Chemistry Faculty of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute in the department ore deposits.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Here he gave a course of lectures for the first time, illustrating them with his own samples of ores and minerals.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Dmitry Ivanovich remained in teaching after transferring his geochemical specialty to the Leningrad Mining Institute.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Here he taught a course in ore deposits as an associate professor at the Department of Minerals before moving to Moscow [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1929, D. AND. Shcherbakov again visited the Karakum, then made a trip to Transbaikalia, where, together with Academician A. E.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Fersman studied wolframite deposits [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

But the main direction of his practical scientific work remained the Pamir.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The scientific part of the Pamir high-mountain expedition, later renamed the Tajik Complex, then the Tajik-Pamir and, finally, Central Asian, D. AND. Shcherbakov led until 1936 [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

During this time, Soviet scientists discovered and surveyed 30 glaciers, 50 mountain peaks, compiled topographic and geological maps of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, collected collections of samples of useful minerals, described flora and fauna, set up two radio transmitting high-mountain weather stations, organized the Tajik base of the USSR Academy of Sciences, laid the foundations for the economic development of the region and training national scientific personnel.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1933, an employee of the expedition, the outstanding Soviet climber E.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

M. Abalakov made his first ascent to the highest peak of the USSR — Stalin Peak [19].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Work at the USSR Academy of Sciences


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1930, the Geochemical Institute was established in Leningrad at the USSR Academy of Sciences.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

It was headed by Academician A. E.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Fersman, who soon invited Dmitry Ivanovich to the post of his deputy.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Since that time, Shcherbakov has been actively engaged in rare metals.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1931, he oversaw the organization of the meeting convened in Khodzhent on the initiative of F. AND. Wolfson of the First Karmazar Congress of Geologists, at which he acts as one of the main speakers.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The decisions and recommendations of the congress gave impetus to the development of the mining industry in the regions of Central Asia, rich in deposits of precious metals, lead and zinc ores, mining and chemical raw materials and uranium [ 20].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1932, the Geochemical and Mineralogical Institutes were merged into the M.B. Lomonosov Geochemical Institute, which in 1934 was transferred to Moscow and became part of the Institute in 1937 Geological Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

D. AND. Shcherbakov remained in the post of deputy director of the institute until 1938.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

At this time, Dmitry Ivanovich continues to deal with the issues of geochemistry of rare elements.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

His practical research, theoretical scientific work in this area, recommendations for the Main Directorate for the Extraction and Processing of Rare Metals (Glavredmet) of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry of the USSR and organizational activities have largely contributed to the development of the rare metal industry in the country.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1936, Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov was awarded the degree of Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences without defending his doctoral dissertation [4].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

His scientific report “Rare Elements of Central Asia” at the 17th session of the International Geological Congress, held in Moscow in the summer of 1937, had a great international resonance [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

While still working as the scientific director of the Central Asian expedition, D. AND. Shcherbakov expressed the idea of the existence of regularities in the placement of endogenous mineralization in ore-bearing provinces.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Soon he had the opportunity to test his idea in practice in the Caucasus mountains.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1938, Dmitry Ivanovich was appointed Head of the Mineralogy and Geochemistry Sector of the Institute of Geological Sciences [12].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In this position, he made several expeditions to the Caucasus and Transcaucasia.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

D. AND. Shcherbakov carried out metallogenic zoning of the Central Caucasus, taking into account the genetic types of deposits, the age of mineralization and connections with magmatism.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Based on the data obtained, he made an assumption about the “recurrence” of the deposition of the same elements in different geological epochs, which was confirmed in practice.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

He allocated areas of Precambrian and Paleozoic granitoids of the Main Caucasus Range with tungsten-molybdenum-arsenic mineralization and pegmatites containing rare metals, Mesozoic Sadono - Digora polymetallic zone and Tyrnyauz mobile zone with rare metal and copper mineralization, a tertiary rare-metal-arsenic belt and a Mesozoic Abkhaz-Svano-Rachensky belt were established polymetallic belt containing lead-zinc and barite ores.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

As a result of three years of scientific work in the Caucasus, Shcherbakov developed new principles and methodology for compiling metallogenic maps and forecast maps of ore deposits that have received a large national - economic importance during the Great Patriotic War.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Based on pre-war studies in 1941-1942, Dmitry Ivanovich published a number of essays on the geology of rare and non-ferrous metals and compiled cartographic forecasts of ore deposits.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

All this provided invaluable assistance to geological exploration parties in the search and exploration of ore deposits necessary for the production of non-ferrous and rare metals, which the domestic military was in dire need industry [4] [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

From 1942 to 1943, D. AND. Shcherbakov led the Caucasian expedition of the IGN of the USSR Academy of Sciences, paying great attention to the search for strategic raw materials [12].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

During the same period, he performed several works on military geography on the instructions of the headquarters of the engineering troops of the Transcaucasian Front [21].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

On the basis of the passability maps he compiled, combat operations of the front were developed.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Dmitry Ivanovich's personal contribution to the defeat of Nazi troops in the North Caucasus was awarded the Order of the Red Star and the Medal “For the Defense of the Caucasus” [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In search of uranium


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1943, work on the creation of nuclear weapons intensified in the Soviet Union.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Laboratories I. IN. Kurchatov's scientific experiments required significant amounts of uranium.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The problem was that Soviet geologists at that time did not have methods for searching for deposits of radioactive minerals [22].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Therefore, D. AND. Shcherbakov, one of the leading geologists and practitioners in the field of rare metals.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Dmitry Ivanovich was transferred to the All-Union Institute of Mineral Raw Materials [6] and included in the Uranium Commission [22].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Soon he prepared a scientific report on uranium problems, in which he suggested that uranium deposits can be found in various parts of the country, but realizing that time and There are no funds for conducting large-scale prospecting, he proposed to focus on geological exploration activities in the Central Asian region.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

With vast practical experience and deep theoretical knowledge, Shcherbakov pointed out specific areas where radioactive minerals can be detected and gave recommendations for exploration [22] [ 13].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In December 1943, the Soviet Geological Party discovered uranium deposits in Kyrgyzstan near the Tyuya-Muyun mine [22].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

This was a major success for Shcherbakov, but he was not satisfied with the solution of the current problem.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Dmitry Ivanovich formulated a number of ideas regarding the genesis of uranium in the earth's crust, which later led to the creation of a stable uranium raw material base.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

He also recommended radiometry as a method of preliminary search for radioactive ore deposits and proposed to conduct geological exploration simultaneously by field search groups and from the air [13].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1944, he headed the scientific part of the Fergana Expedition of the Institute of Geological Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences [21].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

On behalf of the government, he was engaged in organizing the prospecting, exploration and production of uranium ore [21].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In December 1944, the first ingot of pure uranium was smelted in the laboratory of the State Institute of Rare Metals (Giredmet) [23].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1946, D. AND. Shcherbakov was awarded the academic title of professor, and on December 4 of the same year, at a meeting of the Higher Attestation Commission, Dmitry Ivanovich was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in geological and geographical sciences [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The experience gained during his work as a researcher at the Fergana expedition, D. AND. Shcherbakov actively passed on to a new generation of Soviet geologists.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In the late 1940s, he prepared a course of lectures on the geology of uranium deposits, which he read to VIMS geologists and students of the Moscow Geological Prospecting Institute [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In the 50s of the XX century, already an academician-secretary of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Dmitry Ivanovich coordinated all radiological work and research that was carried out in the country.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

According to Academician Shcherbakov, it was uranium that became the driving element that contributed to the rapid development of geological science in the post-war period.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

He noted:


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The huge scope of work on the search and exploration of uranium deposits, accompanied by the staging of special scientific research, not only led to the creation of the foundations of the theory of the formation of uranium ores, but significantly advanced the theory of ore formation in general


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Science organizer and popularizer


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

At the end of 1948, D. AND. Shcherbakov took the position of Head of the Department of Mineralogy and Geochemistry at the Institute of Geological Science of the USSR Academy of Sciences [12].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Since that time, he has become known as an organizer and popularizer of geological and geographical sciences, as well as a prominent specialist in the training of scientific personnel.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Continuing to study the geological features of ore formation processes, he at the same time advises geological institutions throughout the country on various issues, supervises graduate students and researchers, participates in various examinations, makes reports at meetings and meetings [4].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

His activities in various commissions and as Chairman of the Mineral Resources Section of the Scientific and Technical Council were of great importance for the introduction of scientific achievements into the country's economy State Institute for Rare Metals (1951) [12].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Dmitry Ivanovich also did a lot to popularize science.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

He published several popular science books on geology and geography, and as a scientific consultant participated in the creation of a large series of popular science films [17].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In the early 1950s, D. AND. Shcherbakov for some time again headed the Central Asian expedition.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

His new research has made it possible to substantiate one of the main criteria for prospecting, previously established empirically — regional infection.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Dmitry Ivanovich proved that the Precambrian substrate underlying active mobile zones, under the influence of magmatic processes, gases and hydrothermal solutions, significantly contributed regional contamination of individual metallogenic provinces with certain metals [4].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

On October 23, 1953, at the General Meeting of Academicians, Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Almost simultaneously with this event, he took the post of Academician-Secretary of the Department of Geological and Geographical Sciences, thus becoming the head and organizer of all Soviet geology and geography.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Dmitry Ivanovich actively worked in the Commission for Determining the Absolute Age of Geological Formations, was a member of the Council for the Study of Productive Forces at the Academy of Sciences, editor-in-chief of journals” Izvestiya AN SSSR. Geological Series” (since 1954), and “Priroda” (since 1957), since 1955 he headed the Interdepartmental Scientific Council for Antarctic Research under the Academy of Sciences of the USSR [4].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The large administrative burden did not allow Shcherbakov to take part in long geological expeditions, but the desire to change places and the desire to constantly learn something new did not allow him to sit on one place.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

This largely predetermined his passion for geography.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Having become a specialist in minerals, I have always been interested in physical geography at the same time,” wrote D. AND. Shcherbakov said.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

— The study of natural processes taking place in our time helped me better understand the geological phenomena of the distant past...


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Since the mid-1950s, Dmitry Ivanovich traveled a lot.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

As the initiator and organizer of reference and ultra-deep drilling of wells to study the earth's crust, he worked on the Kola Peninsula [14].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1954, he took part in a high - latitude Arctic expedition, visited the drifting stations North Pole 3 and North Pole 4, visited the North Pole, the Franz - Joseph and in Dixon.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Shcherbakov was especially interested in data on measuring the depths of the Arctic Ocean and the underwater Lomonosov ridge discovered by Soviet oceanologists.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Having studied the materials collected during the trip, Academician Shcherbakov came to the conclusion that the bottom of the Arctic Ocean is a part of the land that existed that fell through the faults of the earth's crust once a vast continent that also included the territory of present-day North America, Greenland and Eurasia.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Dmitry Ivanovich also put forward an assumption about the comparative geological youth of the Lomonosov Ridge, which should have resulted in high seismic activity with epicenters parallel to the ridge or deep troughs.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

This conclusion of the scientist was confirmed in the studies of the Geophysical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR [4].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Considering the world ocean as a natural storehouse of chemical elements, Academician Shcherbakov seriously worked on the problem of extracting them from seawater [2].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1956, as the head of a delegation of Soviet geologists, Dmitry Ivanovich traveled to Mexico, where he took part in the 20th session of the International Geological Congress [6], and in 1957 visited Kamchatka [17].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

His travels also resulted in an impressive series of books on geography (Across the Crimea, the Caucasus and Central Asia.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

M., 1952; My travels (How I became a geographer).


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

L., 1954; Through the mountains of Crimea, Caucasus and Central Asia.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

M., 1954; By plane in the Arctic.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

L., 1954; Trip to Mexico.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

M., 1957; In the land of the Thai people.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

M., 1959; From the Arctic to the tropics.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

M., 1960; The depths of the ocean.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

M., 1962 and others).


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

One of the last concerns of Academician Shcherbakov was the struggle for the preservation of the Institute of Permafrost Studies named after V. A. Obrucheva.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Being well aware of the prospects for the development of the Far North, Dmitry Ivanovich considered it his duty to try to save this unique scientific institution of its kind, however, the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences did not support petition by Shcherbakov and several other prominent scientists [24].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Perhaps for this reason, in 1963, seventy-year-old academician D. AND. Shcherbakov left the post of academician-secretary, considering that it is necessary to give way to the young.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

But the rich experience of one of the brightest representatives of the scientific school V. AND. Vernadsky and A. E.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Fersman, which is based on the chemical-genetic direction and the practical orientation of research, was still in demand.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

He was invited to the position of head of two scientific departments at once at the Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In recent years, Academician Shcherbakov has been actively working in the field of tectonics and metallogeny of activated areas, published works on general problems of mineralogy in the press [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In 1963, for a set of scientific works in the field of geology, petrography and minerals, he was awarded the Gold Medal named after A. P. Karpinsky, and in 1965 he was awarded the Lenin Prize for the development of geological and geochemical foundations for mineral prospecting [4].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

D. AND. Shcherbakov was, first of all, a practical geologist, but, nevertheless, he wrote about 300 scientific papers [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Although there are almost no monographs among them, many of his articles were fundamental and set the vector for further research [6].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Academician Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov died on May 25, 1966 in Moscow at the age of seventy-fourth.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery of the capital (section No. 6, row 31).


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

Awards and titles


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

1945 — Order of the Red Star


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

1945 — medal “For the Defence of the Caucasus”


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

1945 — Medal “For Valorous Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941—1945”


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

1953 — Order of Lenin


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

1954 — Order of the Red Banner of Labor


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

1955 — Order of the Red Banner of Labor


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

1958 — Honorary Doctor of Science, F. Schiller [12].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

1963 — Order of Lenin


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

1963 — gold medal named after A. P. Karpinsky


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

1963 — Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Kyrgyz SSR [6];


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

1965 — Lenin Prize


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

memento


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

In honor of D. AND. Shcherbakov in 1954, a mineral from the group of silicates K2nati24+O (OH) Si4O12 was called shcherbakovit [25].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The name of D. AND. Shcherbakov named a ridge in the Orvin Mountains in Antarctica [4]


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The name of D. AND. Shcherbakov is named a seamount in the Indian Ocean southwest of Christmas Island [4].


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The name of D. AND. Shcherbakov named a street in the city of Aidarken, Batken region of Kyrgyzstan, and a lane in the city of Novozybkov, Bryansk region of Russia.


Question: When was Dmitry Ivanovich Shcherbakov born?

The name of D. AND. Shcherbakov named a karst spring cave on the Ai-Petrinsky massif of the Main Crimean Ridge [9].