Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Coolant flow rate: 11.3 l/min


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

“'AN/ALR-94"' The radiation warning station consists of 30 sensors located in the wings and fuselage, which provides an overlap within 360° at all ranges.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The system is able to detect, track and identify a target at a distance of 460 km or more.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

When approaching a target at a distance of at least 180 km, target designation for the APG-77 is provided using the tracking file generated by the ALR-94 system.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

As a result, the onboard radar detects and accompanies the target using a very narrow beam (2g2° in the azimuthal and elevation planes).


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

ALR-94 determines the direction, type of threat and distance to it, and then calculates the distance at which the enemy radar can detect the F-22. All data is sent to the on-board displays, and to the pilot timely graphic information is provided for carrying out maneuvers to protect the aircraft.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On the main display screen, the marks of the anti-aircraft missile fire control radar and the long-range radar are enclosed in a circle that shows their calculated effective firing range.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

“'AN/AAR 56"' IR missile attack warning system.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

EPR F-22


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Russian researchers, for example Poghosyan, Lagarkov, Davidenko A. N. (chief designer of the Su-57 aircraft) gave an EPR rating for the F-22 within 0.3.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Foreign experts (Aviation Week & Space Technology, GlobalSecurity.org), citing Lockheed Martin, indicated the F-22 EPR value at 0.0001 [61] [62] — 0.0002 [63] m² (-40 dBSM).


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Technical incidents


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

In May 2012, US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta signed an executive order imposing significant restrictions on the flights of F-22 Raptor fighters.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

[64] The reason for this was the unsuccessful search for the cause of failures of the on-board oxygen generation system (OBOGS), complaints of pilots about suffocation and unpleasant odors in the cockpit.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

[65] According to the order, F-22s are no longer allowed to fly long flights, and are always required to be within reach of runways so that, if necessary, pilots could have made an emergency landing.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

At the same time, according to Defense News, flights of aircraft based in Alaska are completely prohibited, since the bases located there are difficult for emergency landing.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The decision to impose strict restrictions on F-22 flights came shortly after the US Air Force transferred several such fighters to one of the bases in southwest Asia, as well as after a public statements by two pilots that they refuse to fly the Raptor.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On 15 May 2012, the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Military Appropriations ordered $50 million for the installation of a redundant breathing system on F - 22.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Since the beginning of 2011, F-22 fighters have been under another ban - they cannot rise above 7.6 thousand meters.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

It is believed that at this altitude, if there are signs of suffocation, the pilot has the opportunity to drop to at least 5.4 thousand meters to remove the mask and breathe air in the cockpit.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

In addition, in 2011-2012, the US Air Force suspended F-22 flights several times.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

In particular, fighters could not take off from May to September 2011 [66].


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The US Air Force has been trying to get rid of problems with the OBOGS system since the end of 2010.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

In November 2010, an F-22 fighter crashed in Alaska under the control of pilot Jeffrey Haney.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

According to an investigative commission headed by retired General Gregory Martin (Gregory Martin), the cause of the disaster was the improper functioning of OBOGS, which caused Haney to experience suffocation.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

At the same time, the deceased pilot was blamed for the crash.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

During the checks carried out, it was possible to identify the source of the problem.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

According to the Pentagon, it turned out to be a vest worn by pilots to facilitate breathing at reduced pressure of the F-22 cockpit: at high overloads, it inflated too much and prevented breathing normally.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

As a result of the subsequent modernization, two significant changes were made in order to ensure better air flow.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

First, the valve in the vest that maintains the pressure of the pilots has been replaced: it now responds to changes in pressure in the cockpit and deflates when it is not needed.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Secondly, the volume of air supplied to the pilot has been increased.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

This change became possible after the removal of the filter that determined the presence of contaminants in the oxygen present in the system.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

At the same time, the possibility of contamination was excluded in principle.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

After receiving guarantees that the corrective measures taken will minimize signs of hypoxia in F-22 pilots, the Pentagon approved the planned sequential withdrawal of the Air Force flight restrictions starting from July 24, 2012.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

At the major US-South Korean exercises of the Vigilant ACE Air Force that started on December 4, 2017 in the Republic of Korea, the US stealth fighter F-22 could not independently reach the hangar after landing, which required the call of a special tractor.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The US military has not yet commented on the incident.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

[67] [68]


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Flight accidents


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

As of November 2012, five F-22 Raptor fighters were lost in flight accidents:


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On April 25, 1992, the prototype YF-22A (ser. number 87-0701) crashed while landing at Edwards Air Force Base.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Pilot Tom Morgenfeld was unharmed.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The plane is decommissioned.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On September 28, 2004, the F-22A Block 2 (ser. number 91-4003 [70]), assigned to the 411th Test Squadron of the 412th Test Wing of the US Air Force, underwent abnormal overloads during a test flight with two external fuel tanks.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The overload limit was exceeded after falling into the trail from the F-16.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The maximum should not have exceeded 7.3G, but reached 11.7G.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Problems were found in the flight control software.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The plane landed safely but never took off again.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On December 20, 2004, at 15:40, F-22A Block 10 (ser. number 00-4014 [72]), assigned to the 422nd Test and Evaluation Squadron of the 53rd Wing of the US Air Force, crashed while taking off from Nellis Air Force Base, pilot ejected.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On October 20, 2005, at 20:30, the F-22A Block 20 (ser. number 03-4045 [73]), assigned to the 27th Fighter Squadron of the 1st Fighter Wing of the US Air Force, was to begin night training mission.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

When starting, a safety plug that had the inscription “remove before flight” hit the right engine.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The damage amounted to 6.7 million dollars.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On April 10, 2006, at 8:15am, the F-22A Block 20 (ser. number 03-4041 [74]), assigned to the 27th Fighter Squadron of the 1st Fighter Wing of the US Air Force, received an indication of a cockpit lantern lock error.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Five hours later, after unsuccessful attempts to open the flashlight, which included consultations with the manufacturer Lockheed Martin, it was decided to cut the flashlight with special fire equipment.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Replacing the cockpit light cost $182,205.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On February 11, 2007, 12 F-22 fighters were unable to fly from the United States to Japan due to problems with navigation software (presumably due to crossing the date line in the middle Pacific Ocean) [76].


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On March 25, 2009, at 10:30am, an F-22A Block 10 (ser. number 91-4008 [77]), assigned to the 411th Test Squadron of the 412th Test Wing of the US Air Force, crashed in the Mojave Desert, California, near Edwards Air Force Base, during a test flight [78], 49-year-old pilot David Cooley died.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

[79] [80]


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On November 16, 2010, at 19:40, the F-22A Block 30 (ser. number 06-4125 [81]), assigned to the 525th Fighter Squadron of the 3rd Wing of the US Air Force, crashed 160 kilometers from Anchorage while performing doubles training flight.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The pilot, Jeffrey Haney, was killed.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

[82] [83] The cause of the crash was originally named a pilot's error [84], but a detailed investigation established that in fact there was an overheating of the engine, which caused an emergency shutdown of the air conditioning system (ECS) and the on-board oxygen generation system (OBOGS) [85] [86].


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Not recognizing the signs of suffocation in time, the pilot did not have time to activate the emergency oxygen supply system and lost consciousness, which resulted in a crash.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

In February 2013, a report by the US Department of Defense was released, which gave an opinion on the previous report of the US Air Force: it was noted that the original version of the pilot's mistake was “hasty” and “was not confirmed by facts” that the Air Force report did not contain a detailed description of the mechanism of operation of the oxygen generation system.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

[87] [88] [89]


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On May 31, 2012, the F-22A Block 10 (ser. number 02-4037 [90]), assigned to the 43rd Fighter Squadron of the 325th Fighter Wing of the US Air Force, skidded the runway after the pilot attempted to take off an intern.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The chassis was removed prematurely — before gaining the power required to detach.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The pilot received minor injuries.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The damage amounted to 35 million dollars.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

[91] [92]


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On November 15, 2012, the F-22A Block 10 (ser. number 00-4013 [93]), assigned to the 43rd Fighter Squadron of the 325th Fighter Wing of the US Air Force, fell in a wooded area near Highway 98.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The accident occurred in Florida near the US Air Force Base “Tyndall” [94].


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The pilot of the plane managed to eject.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

[95] [96]


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On December 7, 2012, the F-22 was damaged during landing during a memorial ceremony marking the 71st anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The repair of the aircraft is estimated at $1.8 million.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

[97] [98]


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On January 14, 2015, F-22A Block 30 (ser. number 07-4142 [99]), to the 90th Fighter Squadron of the 3rd Wing of the US Air Force, deployed in Hawaii to participate in the Sentry Aloha exercise, patrolled the base Pearl Harbour—Hickam in Honolulu.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

After landing, the plane caught fire.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

No casualties.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

[100] [101]


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On April 6, 2018, the F-22, assigned to the 90th Fighter Squadron of the 3rd Wing of the US Air Force, took off from Tyndall Air Force Base in Florida.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

During the flight, one of the F119 engines crashed critically.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The plane landed safely.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

[102] [103]


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On April 13, 2018, the F-22A, assigned to the 90th Fighter Squadron of the 3rd Wing of the US Air Force, failed its left engine when taking off from the Fallon Naval Base in Nevada.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The pilot noticed problems after he removed the landing gear.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The fighter flew about 500 m, after which it descended to the runway and “crawled” another 1500 m. The pilot was not injured and left the fighter on his own after an emergency landing.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The plane had to be evacuated from the runway using a crane.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

[104] [105] [106]


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

On October 10, 2018, at 13:00, the F-22A, assigned to the 3rd Wing, made an emergency landing at the US Air Force Base Elmendorf-Richardson airfield in Alaska.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

When landing, the aircraft broke the left landing gear and it tilted to the left side.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

As a result, the wing of the fighter was damaged, as well as the lower part of the fuselage.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The pilot was not injured.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

[107] [108] [109] [110]


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

In 2011, the total flight time of the F-22 exceeded 100,000 hours [111].


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

From the beginning of service in the US Air Force to October 2015, the average flight time for the loss was 56,180 hours.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Criticism


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The high cost is $146.2 million (excluding R&D).


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Lack of super-maneuverability due to design features:


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

An increase in the required area of the vertical tail to ensure ground stability in supersonic flight modes due to the use of fixed keels with rudders leads to an increase in mass plumage, and, consequently, the aircraft as a whole, as well as an increase in drag.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The curved shape of the air intake channels requires an increase in their length, which leads to an increase in the weight of the aircraft.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The engines are located close to each other, which does not allow creating sufficient torque for control and leads to the impossibility of control in the roll and yaw channels when flying at low speeds.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

It is impossible to place the engines in the fuselage of the cargo compartments, because they are close to each other.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

as well as other design flaws:


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

If the engine jet nozzle control system fails, it is impossible to ensure the “descent” of the aircraft from supercritical angles of attack.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The placement of weapons only on the internal suspension units limits the ammunition load.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

In popular culture


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

F-22, though without the use of weapons, is in the Prepar 3D flight simulator from Lockheed Martin


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The F-22 also appeared in many flight simulators of the 90s.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

In particular, the YF-22 could “fly” in games such as Jane's Fighters Anthology, Strike Commander CD and F-22 Lightning II game from Novalogic.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

And the F-22A is implemented in the F-22 Raptor and F-22 Lightning III games from Novalogic.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Another good implementation of the F-22 in Over G Fighters for the XBox 360 game console.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The most serious F-22 combat simulator for PC to date is the F-22 Air Dominance Fighter and its sequel in the form of Total Air War from Digital Image Design.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

F-22 is also presented in the games of the Harpon series, Ace Combat (appeared in the 2nd part), Tom Clancy's H.A.W.X.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The main character of the game Ace Combat: Assault Horizon flies on the F-22 and stands in 2nd place after PAK FA


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

The F-22 transforms Starscream, commander of Decepticons aviation, in the Michael Bay trilogy.


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

See also


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Fifth-generation fighter


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Stealth technology


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Chengdu J-20


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Shenyang J-31


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

F-35 Lightning II


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Mitsubishi ATD-X


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Notes


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

References


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Category:Lockheed aircraft


Question: What speed could AMC Eagle develop?

Boeing F-22 Raptor

Category:Fifth Generation Fighters


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The Battle of the Atlantic (the Second Battle of the Atlantic, as opposed to the campaign within the framework of the First World War) is a military campaign of World War II, the struggle of the allies in the Anti-Hitler coalition against the Nazi Germany and Italy for communications and dominance in the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The main goal of the Axis countries was to disrupt Britain's Atlantic communications with the rest of its allies, the long-term goal was to force it to negotiate and collapse the coalition.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The main goal of the allies was to protect communications, and thereby ensure the military efforts of the coalition.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Unable to destroy the Allied naval forces in a direct clash, Germany focused on their communications as the weakest link.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

It used: large surface ships, submarines, surface commercial raiders, aviation, light surface ships (boats).


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Submarines have achieved the greatest success.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

They account for up to 68% of losses of allied tonnage, and 37.5% of losses of warships.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

[1] After starting a war with 57 boats, mostly small coastal type II submarines, Germany launched an ambitious submarine construction program, building more than a thousand submarines before 1945 of different types.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The commander-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine submarine fleet Karl Dönitz developed a tactic of a group attack by submarines on convoys of ships, known as the tactics of “wolf packs”.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

He also organized a supply system for submarines away from bases, and other types of support.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Until these measures met with serious opposition, German submarines acted effectively.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

However, throughout the war, Kriegsmarine suffered from weak interaction with other types of forces, especially the Luftwaffe.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

After developing a new type of radars, deciphering the radio communication code system of German submariners, allocating a sufficient number of aircraft, building a large number of escort ships and small escort aircraft carriers, the initiative passed to the allies.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The loss of advanced, and then part of the main bases, the withdrawal of Italy from the war deprived Germany of favorable conditions for the struggle.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

In addition, the industrial potential of the United States and Great Britain made it possible to replenish sunk tonnage faster than the allies suffered losses.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

All this led to Germany's defeat in the Battle of the Atlantic.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Milestones


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The struggle on water communications in the Atlantic went through several main periods due to radical changes in the balance of power and the development of the war as a whole.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Western sources give the following periodization: [1]


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

September 1939 — May 1940.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Both sides fought with the forces and means available at the beginning of the war.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The fighting was limited geographically and in intensity.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The neutrality of non-belligerent states was observed (mainly), the war at sea was waged according to the norms of prize law.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

July 1940 — December 1941.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

A sharp change in the situation on land, the seizure by Germany of new bases, industrial areas, sources of raw materials.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

France's withdrawal from the war, Italy's entry into the war.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Opening of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Germany's transition to unlimited submarine warfare, refusal to use large ships against communications (battle in the Danish Strait, Operation Cerberus).


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The entry into the war of the Soviet Union, the opening of the Arctic theater of operations.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Attempts of interaction between aviation, surface ships and submarines of the Germans in the Arctic.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The successful actions of German submarines (known as the “Happy Times”), their massive build-up, the expansion of areas of operation.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The losses of allies on communications are growing dramatically.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

December 1941 — March 1943.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The entry into the war between the US and Japan.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

A complete waiver of any restrictions on hostilities.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The losses of the allies are approaching critical (“Second Happy Times” for the Germans between January and August 1942), but the protection of communications is improving, the effectiveness of the actions of the Germans is falling, their losses are also increasing.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Germany's refusal to use surface raiders.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

A sharp reduction in air support for submarines.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Boats remain the only kind of German forces on long-distance communications, boats and aircraft focus on near ones.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

April 1943-June 1944.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Allies go on the offensive, including in the Battle of the Atlantic.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Qualitative and quantitative growth of anti-submarine forces, a reduction in tonnage losses, an increase in losses of German submarines.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The increase in the union tonnage exceeds the losses.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Italy's withdrawal from the war, the loss of German bases in the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Allied defense of communications turns into a combination of defense and offensive, including on crossing routes and submarine bases.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

June 1944 — May 1945.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Allies' total dominance over communications.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The opening of a new theater of operations in Western Europe.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Countering German boats and boats to the invasion is ineffective.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Germany loses bases on the Atlantic coast, then industrial potential on the continent.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The complete deprivation of its naval forces of air support.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The losses of the Allies in tonnage are minimal, the losses of German submarines reach catastrophic proportions.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

German surface forces are being destroyed in bases.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Soviet historiography puts forward the importance of the Eastern Front, [2] and suggests three periods:


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The period September 1939 - June 1941 is characterized by the fact that at first minor forces acted on Atlantic communications on both sides.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Since the second half of 1940, the German command put into operation, in addition to submarines and surface ships, aviation.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The period July 1941 - March 1943 is characterized by the fact that the main forces of German aviation and large surface ships were deployed against the USSR.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

This allowed the Allies to focus their main efforts on the fight against enemy submarines.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The period April 1943 - May 1945 was marked by a radical change in the war and the subsequent heavy defeats of the Wehrmacht on the Soviet-German front.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

These circumstances, as well as the Allied landing in June 1944 in North.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

France, depriving the enemy of an important system of bases in the Bay of Biscay, aerial bombardment of submarine bases and their blockade in bases sharply reduced the effectiveness of German submarines, their losses continued to grow catastrophically.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Italy's participation


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

In August 1940, the Kingdom of Italy sent 27 submarines to help the German allies, which settled at the base in Bordeaux to attack allied shipping in the Atlantic.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Initially, Rear Admiral Angelo Parona commanded groups of Italian submarines, then Rear Admiral Romolo Polaccini.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The technical characteristics of Italian submarines hardly made it possible to use them for escort attacks.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

In total, until 1943, Italian submarines sank 109 ships with a total displacement of 593,864 tons.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The Italians also used submarines from France to deliver man-torpedoes to Gibraltar, destroying several ships there.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Among the most successful Italian submariners who participated in the Battle of the Atlantic, stands out Carlo Fezia di Cossato, commander of the Enrico Tazzoli submarine and Gianfranco Gazzana-Priarogia commander Archimedes and Leonardo da Vinci submarines.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Losses of parties


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The results of the actions of German surface ships, compared to submarines, were insignificant in absolute figures.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Large ships did not live up to expectations, and their losses in military conditions were irreparable.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Therefore, since the summer of 1941, they were withdrawn from Atlantic communications, and tried to operate only in the Arctic.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Their last attempt in the winter of 1943 ended in defeat — the loss of the Scharnhorst without a single sunk transport in return.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Commercial raiders were somewhat more effective, but were very vulnerable, and therefore limited to areas where there was no security (for example, the South Atlantic).


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Both did not show results that could even roughly reverse the campaign in favor of Germany.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Their contribution consisted in pulling significant enemy forces on themselves, creating tension in all theaters, forcing the allies to allocate forces to protect all communications in case of an attack.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The last commercial raider ended his campaign in March 1943.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

These data show that the years 1942—1943 were critical in the Battle of the Atlantic.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The turning point was marked in 1942 and finally came in 1943, when the Germans began to lose one submarine for each sunk ship.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

According to the actions of submarines, a comparison of the losses of escorted and individual (self-going) ships also indicates that on communications with a small number of convoys, as in the American zone, individual ships were more vulnerable — submariners preferred to attack them rather than convoys.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Data on the busiest months of the anti-submarine war give a picture of a slow but constant shift in favor of the allies.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

The sharp drop in the losses of individual ships in American waters coincides with the introduction of a mandatory system of convoys there.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Having lost such easy prey, the submariners were forced to fight with an escort and eventually lost.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

See also


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

World War II Arctic Convoys


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Action 27 March 1942


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

References


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Literature


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Morison S. E.


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Moscow, Voenizdat Publ., 1956


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Category:World War II operations and battles


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Category:Battles of the Second Front


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Category:Battles in the Atlantic Ocean


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Category: Naval battles of Great Britain


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Category:USA in World War II


Question: How long did the battle for the Atlantic last during World War II?

Battle of the Atlantic (1939—1945)

Category:World War II at sea


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

US postage stamps have been officially introduced into postal circulation since 1847.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Subsequent issues of US postage stamps and other postage marks reflect the historical development of the US postal service and related changes in the postal services market, including the use of new technologies in modern conditions.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The early history of US stamps


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In the American colonies, postal service began to be carried out in the middle of the XVII century.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In the 18th century, the Royal Post Office was founded, which operated under the supervision of the postmaster.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In 1775, the post of Postmaster General of the United States was established, and since the early 1840s, postage stamps began to be used in the postal service.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Private mail stamps and pharmacists


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The introduction of postage stamps in Great Britain in May 1840 aroused, as well as around the world, great interest in the United States.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The pioneer in this business was the private carrier Alexander M. Greig from New York.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

On February 1, 1842, Greig opened the City Despatch Post and issued gravure stamps with a portrait of George Washington.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Until 1847, Congress did not allow the issuance of postage stamps, so since 1845 [1] postmasters made pharmacists known as postmaster issues.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Among them were envelopes with prepaid postage, and stamps, mostly primitive drawings.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The Postmaster Pharmacist of New York was the only issue comparable in quality to later stamps.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Baltimore pharmacists are distinguished by a facsimile signed by the postmaster of the city, James Buchanan [2] [3].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

All pharmacists are very rare, some of them cost more than 200 thousand US dollars.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Thus, in 2013, an envelope with the pharmacist of Alexandria was sold at auction for $460 thousand.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The table below shows American cities that issued pharmacists in 1845-1847 [4] [5]:


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Postmaster Pharmacists of the United States (1845—1847) Image # by ScottCity


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

(state) Release TimeNominationDescription


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

“Blue Alexandria” Alexandria (Virginia) 18465 centsThe inscription “ALEXANDRIA POST OFFICE” (“Alexandria Post Office”) in CircleAnnapolis (Maryland) 18465 Centvorel in CircleBaltimore (Maryland) 18455 centssigned by James Buchanan (New Hampshire) 1845 (?) 5 cents“ PAID/5/CENTS” inscription (“Paid/5/cents”) Brattleboro (Vermont) 18465 centshaded square with postmaster's initials inside (New York) 5 cents1846 “LOCKPORT N.Y.” inscription in the oval ( Massachusetts) 5 cents1846woodcut portrait of George Washingtonanyu Haven (Connecticut) 5 cents1845 “POST OFFICE” squared, signed by Postmaster York (New York) 5 cents1845inscription “POST OFFICE” OFFICE” above the portrait of WashingtonProvidence (Rhode Island) 1846 the inscription “POST OFFICE/PROV. R.I.” in a shaded square St. Louis (MO) 20 cents1846 “” (coat of arms of Missouri)


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The first brands


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Congress eventually provided for the issuance of stamps by law on March 3, 1847, and the Postmaster General of the United States immediately awarded a contract to the New York engraving firm Rawdon, Wright, Hatch, and Edson.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The sale of the first issue of US postage stamps began on July 1, 1847 in New York.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The next day, the stamps arrived in Boston, and then to other cities.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The issue consisted of an engraved one with the image of Benjamin Franklin, the first postmaster of the United States, and with the image of George Washington.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Like all US stamps before 1857, they were imdental.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Five cents paid for letters weighing less than 1 ounce (approx. 30 g) delivered less than 300 miles (500 km), ten cents over 300 miles, or twice the weight a letter paid with a five-cent stamp.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Each stamp was hand-engraved, believed to be on steel, with 200 stamps in one sheet.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Today, there are often five-cents with very poor impression quality due to the fact that paint was used that contained quartz particles and contributed to the wear of steel clichés of printing plates ( plates) from which stamps were printed.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

On the other hand, the prints on ten-cents are sharp.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Quick 5-cent stamps with excellent quality are highly valued by collectors.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The stamps immediately became popular: about 3.7 million stamps with a nominal value of 5 cents and about 865,000 with a face value of 10 cents were sold.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

At the same time, enough of them survived to ensure a constant supply of them to philatelists, despite the fact that the demand for them is such that the high quality five cents that have passed the mail, According to the Scott catalog, it was valued at $575 in 2006, and the ten-cent in excellent condition could be sold at $1,350 in canceled form.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Much less common quick-stamps were estimated at 6.5 and 32.5 thousand dollars, respectively, in excellent condition; the cost of varieties can reach $17,500 for the first stamp in quicklime version and $35,000 for the second stamp on the envelope.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In poor condition, brands cost between 5% and 10% of the price indicated.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In 2018, a block of sixteen 5-cent stamps from 1847 was sold at Robert Siegel for $220,000.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Due to the reduction of tariffs in 1851, there was a need for a new issue.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The new issue stamps had the following denominations and:


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Franklin's profile on a one-cent blue miniature,


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Washington's profile on a red-brown 3-cent stamp,


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Thomas Jefferson's portrait on a 5 cent stamp,


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

portraits of Washington in a green miniature with a face value of 10 cents,


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Same on the 12-cent black stamp.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The one-cent has become legendary, at least among philatelists, as production problems have led to a significant number of cliché modifications, and today there are at least seven main varieties, the cost of which varies from 1.2 thousand to 200 thousand US dollars.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Keen philatelists from time to time discover more and more types of this stamp.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In 1857, a tooth was introduced, and in 1860, 24 cents, 30 and 90 cents were issued for the first time (with new images of Washington and Franklin) [4] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Stamp parcels also appeared in the United States in 1857, and for the first time in the world [11].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Civil War Period


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The outbreak of the Civil War in the United States disrupted the functioning of the mail.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

On April 13, 1861 (the day after the shelling of Fort Sumter), John Reagan, chief postmaster of the Confederate States of America, ordered local postmasters to return the US stamps to Washington. although it is unlikely that many of them have complied with it), and in May, the Unionists decided to withdraw and cancel all existing US stamps and issue new ones.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Confederate post offices were left without valid stamps for several months, and despite the fact that many of them returned to the old cash payment system at the post office, more than a hundred Post offices across the South have issued their own pharmacists.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Many of them have become quite rare, some types of pharmacists have been preserved in single copies.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Over time, the Confederate government issued its own postage stamps [12].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In August, stamps of new drawings appeared in the North, and old stamps were accepted for exchange until the end of the year.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

This whole procedure was completely incomprehensible to people; a number of envelopes from 1862 and later are known with stamps of 1857 and the note “OLD STAMPS NOT RECOGNIZED” (“Old stamps are not recognized”).


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Common to the drawing of stamps of 1861 are the letters “U S” (“USA”).


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The initial issue consisted of denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 12, 24, 30 and 90 cents.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Some of them look similar to their predecessors, differing mainly in the image of the frame.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The 2-cent black stamp with a portrait of Andrew Jackson appeared in 1863 and is now known to collectors as the “Black Jack”.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In 1866, a 15-cent black stamp was issued with a portrait of the recently assassinated President Abraham Lincoln, which is usually considered to belong to the same series of stamps.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Although it was not officially classified as a commemorative stamp and the face value of 15 cents was chosen for the purpose of paying the newly introduced tariff for sending registered letters, many philatelists consider it the first commemorative stamp.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

During the Civil War, the volume of mail sent in the North increased significantly: eventually, about 1.75 billion stamps with a face value of 3 cents were printed.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

A large number of such miniatures have survived to this day; most of them are pink (rose), and their cost when extinguished is usually $2-3.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Brands of bright pink color are much less common and quite expensive, especially “pigeon blood pink”, which in the Scott catalog are estimated at $3,750 for used and $20,000 for clean copies [4] [13].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Wafer


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In the 1860s, the postal department became concerned about the reuse of postage stamps.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Although there is little evidence that this phenomenon was common, many post offices never received any stamp cancellation devices.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Because of this, they were forced to improvise when marking stamps, either writing stamps with a fountain pen (“quenching with a pen”), then cutting out the drawing on the cork, sometimes approaching this matter very creatively, using decorative cork stamps ().


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

However, since low-quality paint could be washed off the brand, this technique could only enjoy moderate success.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In an effort to solve the problem, a number of inventors patented various ideas.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Over time, the postal department adopted the method of wafering postage stamps, that is, pressing them with a device in the form of a pattern of tiny pyramidal protrusions that squeeze out the paper, making breaks in it that can absorb ink more intensively, which practically eliminates their washing off.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Despite the fact that the patent has been preserved (No. 70.147), most of the actual wafering process has been poorly documented, so significant research has been carried out to recreate what when it was done.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The study of stamps shows that 11 types of wafering devices were used, differing in size and shape (philatelists designated them with Latin letters A-J and Z); this practice began in 1867 and was discontinued in 1875 (see more details Waffle stamp) [4] [14].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Waffle stamps are considered rare, most of them cost more than $1000, and the most expensive of all US postage stamps is the “Z Grill”, a one-cent US wafer with type “Z” waffle, of which only two are known.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The cost of this rarity of American philately is currently estimated at $2,970,000 [15] [16], and the Scott catalog (2006) lists an even higher price of $3,000,000 [17].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Stamps of 1869


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In 1868, the US Post Office hired a company to produce new stamps of a wide variety of drawings, which are known as the name.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

These stamps appeared in 1869 and are distinguished by a variety of themes:


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

the two-cent car depicts the Pony Express equestrian courier,


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

on a three-cent car — a steam locomotive,


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

the 12-cent stamp features the Adriatica steamer,


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

the 15-cent stamp features the landing of Christopher Columbus,


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

on the 24 cent stamp — the signing of the Declaration of Independence of the United States.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Other innovations include the first use of two-color printing on US stamps, and as a result, the appearance of the first flips.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Although they are very popular with collectors these days, these stamps with unusual drawings for the time were received very disapprovingly by the public, and only a year later they were replaced by a new issue stamps [4] [18] [19].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In February 2008, the 24-cent upside down stamp sold at auction in the United States for a record amount of more than $1.2 million and thus became the most expensive in the history of philately upside down and a single US stamp.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Another flip from this issue, the 15-cent inverted center, was sold for $800,000 at Siegel Auctions in 2013 [20].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

“Banknotes”


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Stamps of the 1870s and 1880s are generically called “banknotes” because they were printed by the Continental Bank Note Company, the National Bank Note Company, and then the American Bank Note Company Company.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

After the stamp fiasco of 1869, the new chief postmaster decided to base the series of stamps “images of the head, in profile, of outstanding dead Americans”, taking as models “marble busts” recognized as excellent quality” [21].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Among the sites were presidents and other nobles, such as Henry Clay and Oliver Hazard Perry.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Initially, they were printed by National, then Continental received them in a row in 1873 (and the printing plates used by National).


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Continental has added secret tags to the printing plates of low-denomination stamps to distinguish them from previous issues.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

American Bank Note Company acquired Continental and National in 1879, and with it successively printed stamps of similar patterns on softer paper and with some changes in color.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Secret tags on U.S. postage stamps made by Continental Bank Note Company


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In 1876, commemorative postage signs appeared in the United States for the first time in the world — anniversary envelopes on the occasion of the celebration of the centenary of independence [11].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Columbus Release


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In 1893, Chicago hosted the Columbus World Exhibition, which was dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the landing of Christopher Columbus in America.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The US Postal Office celebrated the event with a series of 16 stamps depicting Columbus and episodes from his life.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The denominations of the stamps ranged from 1 cent to 5 dollars (a significant amount at that time).


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

This series is often considered the first commemorative stamps in the world.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The stamps were interesting and attractive, and the images on them were of interest to collectors and the public.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The stamps were a success, which was in sharp contrast to the thematic issue of 1869: queues lined up in post offices of the country wishing to purchase them.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

They are highly valued by collectors nowadays.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

For example, a $5 stamp is sold today at a price of 1,500 to 10,000 US dollars [4] or more, depending on the condition of the brand being sold.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Emissions of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

During 1893, a competition was also held for a new contract for the printing of postage stamps.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The US Bureau of Engraving and Printing participated in it and won it on the first attempt.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The stamps of the series, issued in 1894, were generally similar to the stamps of 1890, but their upper corners depicted triangles.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In 1895, counterfeiting of stamps with a nominal value of 2 cents was discovered, which led the Bureau of Engraving and Printing to print stamps on watermarked paper for the first time in US history.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

This practice was discontinued in 1917.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

At the turn of the 20th century


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

It opened in Omaha, Nebraska in 1898.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

On this occasion, the US postal department issued.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Initially, the stamps were supposed to be issued in two colors, but the Spanish-American War used too much resources from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, so the stamps were issued in one color.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

They were received favorably, although not with as much excitement as the Columbus release; but like Columbus's, they are highly valued by collectors these days, many of whom believe that the $1 stamp” Cattle in the West in a Storm” is the most beautiful of all US postage stamps.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Another high achievement in the field of images on stamps was, although some philatelic publications at that time criticized the pretentiousness of the stamp drawings.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Washington-Franklin series


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In 1908, a long production began.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Despite the existence of only two basic drawings, the profile image of portraits of Washington and Franklin, the US Post Office went through a period of experiments.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

As a result, several varieties of drawing appeared, half a dozen different teeth, three types of watermarks, three printing methods, and a large number of denominations, which together gives several hundred recognizable types of stamps identified by collectors.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Some of them are quite rare, but most are found in large numbers: it was a time of postcard madness, and almost every antique shop in the United States always has postcards with green stamps in denominations of 1 or 2 cents from this series.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

At this time, the regular production of individual commemorative stamps began instead of the large series characteristic of the 1890s, about one or two stamps per year.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

1920s and 1930s


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Among the US postage stamps of the third decade of the 20th century, the 1922-1925 series prevailed, which included a stamp with a new pattern that appeared for the first time in the life of an entire generation.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Low-denomination stamps depicted portraits of US presidents (while the five-cent was dedicated to the memory of the recently deceased Theodore Roosevelt), and high-denomination stamps depicted “Hollow Horn” Bear), the Statue of Liberty, the Golden Gate (without a bridge that has not yet been built), Niagara Falls, Bison, Lincoln Memorial, etc. While these stamps were in circulation, the printing industry of postage stamps underwent a transition from a flat printing machine to a rotary machine, as a result of which most of them are known with two teeth: 11 for stamps, flat printing and 11 × 10½ y stamps printed on a rotary press.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The 1920s marked a number of 150th anniversaries related to the American Revolutionary War.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

A number of stamps were dedicated to these events.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Among them is the first souvenir miniature sheet of the United States of 25 stamps issued on the occasion of her 150th anniversary, and the first overprint (Molly Pitcher) in honor of the heroine.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In 1929, the problem of stamp theft in the Midwest led to the appearance of overprints “Kans.” (“Kansas”) and “Nebr.” (“Nebraska”) on standard issue stamps.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

German zeppelins aroused great interest during this period, and in 1930, the U.S. Post Office issued airship mail for use during the Pan American flight of the airship Graf Zeppelin .


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Although these stamps are now highly valued by collectors as masterpieces of the art of engraving, the recent stock market crash in 1930 meant that few people could afford to buy these stamps , since the cost of the kit was $4.55, which was money for a family of four to live a week.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Nowadays, this series is also not cheap: the price for the specialized Scott catalog (“Scott-2010 Stamp Values U.S. Specialized”) is $11,500 in perfect condition.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Of the millionth circulation of each denomination, less than 10% were sold, and the rest of the stamps were burned (the stamps were on sale only from April 19, 1930 to June 30, 1930).


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

It is estimated that less than 8 percent of printed stamps have survived to this day, and they remain the smallest issue of 20th century US stamps: only 229.260 stamps were purchased and only 61,296 copies of the stamp were purchased with a face value of $2.60 was sold.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Many of the 1930s stamp designs were inspired or modified in accordance with President Franklin Roosevelt's advice.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

“Presidents”


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The famous “Presidential Issue” of stamps, called “Presidents” for short, was published in 1938.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The series featured all 29 American presidents up to Calvin Coolidge as images of small busts in the same color up to 50 cents, and multicolor for $1, 2 and $5.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Additional stamps issued featured Franklin (½ cent), Martha Washington (1½ cent) and the White House (4½ cent).


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The post-World War II period


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The post-war postage stamp program has been consistently carried out for many years: single commemorative stamps were constantly issued with a face value equal to the cost of sending a letter to the first class.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Beginning in 1948, the US Congress began to push for the issuance of stamps by the postal authority at the suggestion of individual states, which led to a relatively massive issue of obscure stamps, which remained unmanageable until its creation in 1957.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

1954, printed at the height of the Cold War, was somewhat more “politicized” than previous issues.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The purple 3-cent stamp (a common rate for first-class mail) depicts the Statue of Liberty and bears the inscription “Trust in God”, which, by the way, is the first the case of a direct mention of religion on the US stamp.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Other stamps in the series also focus on freedom, as in the case of the Patrick Henry stamp, although other subjects, such as the image of Benjamin Harrison, are more difficult to explain.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

However, perhaps the appearance of the stamp with the portrait of Harrison in this series is due to his support for the rights of the black population of the United States.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The release of Freedom in the 1960s was followed.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In turn, it was replaced in the 1970s.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

After the reorganization of the US Postal Service and the appearance of the US Postal Service in 1971, the CSAC continues to decide on the issue of commemorative stamps.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

US Modern Brands


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The first self-adhesive stamp was a 10-cent Christmas stamp issued in 1974.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

This first experience of the US Post is not considered successful, since the surviving stamps, although common, are gradually discolored due to the type of adhesive used.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

After that, self-adhesives were not produced in the United States until 1989, but since then they have gradually gained such popularity that in 2004 only a small number of stamps with a traditional adhesive layer were issued ( which US postal employees now fondly call (“hand stamps”).


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In 1975, US Christmas stamps came out unnominal, as they were printed in the summer and US postal administration officials could not predict in advance what postal tariffs would be by Christmas [23].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Accordingly, in 1980 and 1981, the production of the series and.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Transport series roll stamps have been in constant circulation for about 20 years.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The Great Americans series is still being issued (in 2004).


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Despite the growing popularity of e-mail and the decrease in the volume of postal items, many commemorative stamps continue to be issued, but more and more often they immediately reach collectors, then as the everyday mail of an ordinary American is dominated by unspecified postage marks issued specifically for companies and enterprises.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

At the same time, for example, decisions on the issue of commemorative stamps continue to be made by the CSAC.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

On April 12, 2007, it went on sale at a face value of 41 cents, which will be suitable for sending first-class letters up to 20 grams at any time in the future — regardless of price changes.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

From May 12, 2008 to January 22, 2012, the tariff for sending such postal items was 42 cents [24].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Currently, the cost of the “eternal” stamp is 49 cents.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Key historical dates


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

1847 — The first US postage stamps are put into circulation.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

1851 — The world's first first day cover appeared.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

1857 — serrated postage stamps were issued.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

1860 — the Pony Express postal service was organized, which had its own postage stamps.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

1873 — release of nine episodes for the Office of the President, the Ministry of Justice, the military and other departments, which differed in color with the same pattern and denominations [25].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

1885 — for the first time in the world, stamps of hasty mail (or express mail) were published [26].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

1893 — The first issue of commemorative stamps on the occasion of the Chicago World's Fair.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

1918 — the first ones were released, including the famous “Inverted Jenny” [15] [16] [27] [28].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

1920 — service stamps were issued for the needs of postal services with the inscription (“Opened in service”), which were pasted on letters if opened to determine the recipient or sender [25].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

1958 — famous artists began to be involved in the creation of stamps.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Philately development


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In the early period of the formation and development of philately, which occurred in the second half of the 19th century, collecting postage marks gained significant popularity in the United States.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

By this time, large collectors began to appear in America, as in many European countries, collecting collections of postage stamps around the world.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Beginning in 1868, American amateurs began to organize into the first associations or unions of postage stamp collectors [1].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Later, at the turn of the 20th century, the number of philatelist societies in the United States (together with Germany) made up the majority of such associations in the world [11].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The oldest and most famous among them was the American Philatelic Society, founded in 1886.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

US President Franklin Roosevelt, elected to this post in 1933, was known as a major philatelist.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

He was known not only as an avid collector on his own (he had about 1 million stamps in his collection), but also because of his interest in the stamp issue carried out by postal the US agency: under his influence in the 1930s, the plots of many American brands were created.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In 1975, Scott Publishing published a book commissioned by the US Postal Service: (United States Stamps and Stories: A Fascinating Stamp Saga of US History).


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

On the flyleaf of the book it was stated: “Stamps are small pictures that tell big stories.”


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The book listed and described US stamps issued in honor of various historical events and figures of the American state.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Among others, the publication collected stories about stamps dedicated to George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Walt Whitman, Abraham Lincoln, Franklin Roosevelt, Albert Einstein, etc. The book also included several sections with practical advice useful for philatelists, especially beginners [29].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Among the numerous philatelic exhibitions of national and international level that are organized in the United States, the international exhibition Interfil-76 stands out.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

It was held in 1976 in Philadelphia in connection with the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the founding of the United States.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

For this event, the US postal authority issued a stamp and four blocks [30].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In the Soviet Union, a special postmark was prepared, which was used during the exhibition for souvenir cancellations.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Interesting facts


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

In 2009, despite the financial crisis, a 1915 US postage stamp was unexpectedly sold at auction at a high price.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

This was a quick and in impeccable condition 10-cent miniature from a commercial series timed to coincide with the Panama Pacific Exhibition, which captures the scene of the opening of San Francisco Bay.


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The sale of this brand amounted to $105,000, which is more than 50 times its catalog value [32].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

On September 11, 2012, the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp to mark the 150th anniversary of O. Henry [33].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

However, for the first time, an American writer appeared on the Soviet stamp and half a century earlier, in 1962 [34].


Question: What was depicted on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

See also


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Notes


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Literature


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

//“D`”.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— 2008.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— No. 12 (51).


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— June 23—July 7.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

v


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Brookman L.G. The Nineteenth Century Postage Stamps of the United States: In 2 Vols.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

/L.G. Brookman.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— New York, NY, USA: H.L. Lindquist, 1947. (in English)


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Dyer D.O., Sr.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— Kansas City, MO, USA: Truman Publishing Company, 1998.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— iii + 159 p.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— ISBN 0-9663393-1-2. (in English) v


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

The United States Postage Stamps of the Twenty Century: In 4 Vols.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

/M.G. John.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— New York, NY, USA: H.L. Lindquist, 1937. (in English)


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Luff J.N., Loewy B. The Postage Stamps of the United States.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— New York, NY, USA: Scott Stamp & Coin Co.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

, 1902.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— 417 p.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Osborne M. Bradbury Thompson & Howard Paine.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— Academy of Art University, 2007.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— 40 p.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

(in English)


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Postage Stamps of the United States 1847—1959.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— Washington, DC, USA: U.S.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

G.P.O., 1960.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— 220 p.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

(in English)


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

//The Southern Philatelist.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— 1891.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— Vol.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— No.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

6 (March).


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— P. 87—88. (in English) v


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Scott 2007.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Standard Postage Stamp Catalog.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— New York, NY, USA: Scott, 2006. (in English)


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Scott.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

2010 Stamp Values U.S. Specialized by Grade.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— Scott Publishing, 2009.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— 52 p.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

(in English)


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

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Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Tiffany J. K. — Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing Company, 2008.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— 320 p.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— ISBN 0-559-20859-6.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Wellsted R., Rossiter S., Fowler J. The Stamp Atlas.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— New York, NY, USA: Facts on File Publications, 1986.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— 336 p.


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— ISBN 0-8160-1346-2. (in English)


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

References


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

US stamps online (in English)


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

USA to Stanley Gibbons (in English)


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

USA on Stanley Gibbons


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

— information about US stamps in the database (“Encyclopedia of Postal Authorities. Encyclopedia of Mail History”) (in English)


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

Website (catalog and history of U.S. postage stamps issued in 1847-1970) (in English)


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

US Postal Rates (1863—2007) (in English)


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

US postage and charity stamps without denominations (in English)


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

US National Postal Museum (in English)


Question: What was featured on the first US postage stamp?

United States postage stamps

about postage stamps and news of the US post and philately on the “Stamplover” website


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

The Danube () is the second longest river in Europe (after the Volga), an “international” river, and the longest river in the European Union.


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

The length is 2860 km.


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

It originates in the Black Forest mountains in Germany.


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

The Danube flows through the territory or is the border of ten states: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and Moldova; passes through such capitals Central and South-Eastern Europe, such as Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest and Belgrade [1].


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

In addition to these ten countries, the Danube basin contains territories of nine more European countries [1].


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

The river flows into the Black Sea, forming a delta on the border between Romania and Ukraine; the Romanian part of this delta is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List [2].


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

etymology


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

The Russian name of the river goes back to, which, according to M. Fasmer, was borrowed via Gothic: *Dōnawi from Celtic.


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

Dānuvius [3].


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

Polish scientist Jan Rozvadovsky suggested that the Slavs originally called the Dnieper with the word *Dunaj (as you can hear in Ukrainian and Belarusian folklore) [4].


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

K. Moshinsky supported this assumption, believing that when part of the Slavs migrated to the vicinity of the Danube, the name of which was originally borrowed as*Dunav/*Dunav, the name was transferred from the previously known river [5].


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

Moshinsky objected to T. Ler-Slavinsky, who pointed out that the word “Danube” and derivatives from it refers to a dozen rivers and streams in the territory of distribution of Slavic languages, in addition, this word functions as an appellative in Polish and Ukrainian dialects.


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

In this regard, Ler-Slavinsky restores for the Proto-Slavic language the common noun *dunaj “big water”, derived from [6].


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

Ler-Splavinsky's conclusions were ignored in the work of V. N. Toporova and O. N. Trubachev “Linguistic analysis of hydronyms of the Upper Dnieper region”, which derive the hydronym “Dunaets”, found on Slavic lands from the name of the Danube [7], for which this work was criticized by Z. Golomb [8].


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

Historical data


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

Early reliable information about the Danube is contained in the works of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC), who wrote in the second book of History that the Istres River (the ancient Greek name for the Danube) begins in the Celtic country and flows through Europe in the middle (II:33).


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

The Istres River flows into the Euxine Pontus (Black Sea) with seven sleeves.


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

The modern name was given by the Celts, who lived here in the first half of the first millennium BC.


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

In 105 AD, the Roman Emperor Trajan built the first stone bridge across the Danube.


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

Physical geography


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

Istok


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

The river originates in the Black Forest Mountains (Baden-Württemberg, Germany), where the Breg (48 km long) and Brigach (43 km long) mountain streams merge near Donaueschingen at an altitude of 678 m above sea level.


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

At the walls of the local castle-palace in the city there is an architecturally designed spring, presented as the source of the Danube.


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

Underground part


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

Near Immendingen, 30 kilometers from the source, most of its water seeps through cracks, cracks and funnels in the calcareous rocks that make up the river valley.


Question: How deep is the Danube?

Danube

On average, for 200 days a year, the Danube completely disappears underground [9].