Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

All classes of the urban population are attracted by the German spiritual drama that developed in the 14th century (see mystery, morality, miracle), composed by rhymed couplets and played out in the square with an extremely simple setting.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In the 15th century, a comic element was brought to the fore; Maslenitsa performance developed — fastnachtspiel, diverse in content, often lively and witty, soon almost absorbing other species German medieval drama and strongly influences narrative and moralizing poetry, many of the best works of which take the form of dialogue and trial.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Under the influence of the first glimpses of the Renaissance, translations from Plautus and Terence appear on the scene.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In addition to drama, during this urban period of German literature, satire and the genre imbued with it - schwank, a small humorous story in verse, and later in prose, often satirical and edifying, flourished in the work of the Austrian poet Der Stricker in the middle of the 13th century.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

An interesting example of schwank is found back in the 13th century in Peasant Helmbrecht, Bavarian Werner Gardener, depicting the moral fall and misadventures of a peasant guy from a wealthy family who despised his fortune and decided to become a knight; but there is a serious goal and some idealization of peasant life, while in works of a later period, for example, in Henry's poem “The Ring” Wittenwiler (c. 1450), the author's goal is to make the reader laugh at the rudeness and stupidity of the peasants, and he does not spare the heroes of the national epic, Dietrich and Hildebrand.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The same goal and a similar point of view on the peasantry is expressed in the Lower German story about Thiel Eulenspiegel, written in 1483. At the end of the 15th century, a Lower German alteration of the Dutch poem about Reinwek (?) , which was quite to the liking of the entire German public (Upper German alteration from French, made by Glichezer (?) back in the 12th century..


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At the same time, old poetry was not forgotten; in the 15th century there were many lovers and collectors of it; in the first half of it, poems about Ortnit, Hoogdietrich and Wolfdietrich, King Laurin, were revised under the name” Books about heroes” (Hoogdietrich and Wolfdietrich; 1st ed. Without a year, 2nd 1491, then 1509, 1545, 1560, 1590, etc.); ca.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

1472 square singer der Röhn (?) from Münnerstadt once again remade (very tasteless) the same stories, along with others.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At the border of the 15th and 16th centuries, people with good school education take up folk satire, such as lawyer Sebastian Brant, author of Ship of Fools, published in German.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At the beginning of the 16th century, admirers of antiquity were headed by the “last knight”, Emperor Maximilian I; by his order, the famous Ambraz Collection (Ambraser Heldenbuch) was compiled; he himself, with the participation of his secretaries, composed an allegorical chivalrous poem Theuerdank, in which he outlined his life and his ideals; this example of “experience” in literature was published in 1517 and was a success.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Renaissance humanism


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The ideas of early Italian humanism first penetrated Germany under Charles IV, who was in correspondence with Petrarch.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

During the Konstanz (1414-18) and especially Basel (1431-50) Cathedrals, German scientists encounter Italian humanists and largely obey their influence.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

This borrowed movement has been met halfway since the end of the 14th century by the native movement — from the brothers of common life, who by that time had spread throughout northern Germany.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

They do not like scholastics, they demand a Bible in their native language; they begin the application of philology to the study of the Holy Scriptures.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

On the other hand, their schools began to read classics early on with full understanding; one of their most influential teachers and writers, Wessel, brings from Italy an excellent knowledge of the Greek language and a passion for promoting new science.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

There is no doubt that the influence of the brothers, together with the national character and historical conditions, gave German humanism the features that make it so sharply different from Italian.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Two famous representatives of German humanism are Erasmus of Rotterdam and Johann Reichlin, but they wrote mainly in Latin and had influence only in scientific circles.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Erasmus is brought up at the Deventer Latin School, organized and directed by the “brothers of common life”; Reichlin in Paris listens to the instructions of Wessel, whose work was released thanks to Luther.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

German humanism is closely connected with the native language and with love for native antiquity.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Konrad Celtis (1459—1508) collects material for Germania illustrata for the second half of his life; Erasmus's Praise of Stupidity develops ideas and partly uses the form of Brant's Ship of Fools; Reichlin in German brochures are fighting scholastics; Gutten has finally switched from Latin to German since 1520 in both his rebellious poems and prose; he, together with Celtes, is the ancestor the cult of Arminia.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Reformation


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At the beginning, the Reformation has an even more beneficial effect on German literature: one Luther translation of the Bible (1521-34) is such a major fact that it cannot be equal in meaning throughout the history of German literature; it unites a multimillion people and creates a tool for expressing all aspects of their spiritual life.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Equally interested in attracting both the masses of people and advanced people who received school education, the supporters of the reform had to create national literature that expressed the interests of all classes society, and the leader of the case, the Wittenberg Nightingale, whom both lions and sheep are going to listen to, unites the entire German nation in his protest.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Martin Luther was also the most influential lyricist of his time (the spiritual song of the 14th and 15th centuries did not matter so much and at the same time had a different, too secular and sluggish character; Luther, inspired psalms, gave it a courageous, sincere tone); he was also the real founder of German journalism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

His strongly, sharply and quite appropriately written brochures concern the entire German nation, without distinction of estates, and serve as a model not only for friends of the reform, but also for its opponents (the most gifted of Thomas Murner, a very talented satirist).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Infinitely more important than the form of Luther's works, the ideas he expressed; they take a number of generations and are developed in all kinds of literary forms: they are fully served by the most popular Luther's poet of the time Hans Sachs (1494—1576); he is served or fought against by countless literature of libel and volatile leaves.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Grobianism


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Despite the bitterness of the struggle, contemporaries themselves notice that in their literary techniques (as in life) a special spirit of rudeness develops, for which Sebastian Brant found a suitable word: grobianism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Friedrich Dedekind (1530—1598) in 1549 composed a whole satirical poem in Latin couplets on this topic: Grobianus, which Caspar Scheidt remade in German.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Scheidt's nephew and disciple, Fishart (1546—1590) was one of the most gifted and influential writers of the late 16th century; not devoid of subtlety and tenderness of feeling in the depiction of family virtues, he is hot adherent of St.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Grobiana in depicting other aspects of life.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

He remakes Rabelais's famous novel into German, increasing the ridiculously satirical element of the already sharp original; his desire is to enrich German literature with all kinds of borrowings .


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In general, during this period, the number of translations and alterations is amazingly large.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In the 16th century, the literature of fables and short stories is rich, which also do not differ in the elegance of form, but roughly cheerful and satirically sharp.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In 1522, Johannes Pauli's collection Schimpf und Ernst was published; in the second half of the century, dozens of similar ones were published.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Passions for easy reading are satisfied by numerous novels translated or redone from French; in the second half of the 16th century, they are influenced by quite successful attempts to independently creativity, in the sense of depicting real life (Jörg Vikram (c. 1505-1562).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Fantasy and prose stories closely related to antiquity and legend are also occupied: about Thiel Eulenspiegel, schildburgers, the eternal Gide, Dr. Faust, etc.; together with chivalrous novels and alterations of fairy tales, legends and national epic, they begin to stand out in the common “popular” literature.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Due to the unifying spirit of reform, and in the German drama of the 16th century, the folk element merges with the school element; on the one hand, Hans Sachs divides his plays into acts; on the other hand, all interesting Latin plays are immediately translated into German.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The spirit of controversy also penetrates into mysteries (for example, the devil who seeks to destroy the prophet Daniel appears in the form of a Catholic monk).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

There were quite a few gifted playwrights — for example.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Thomas Naogeorg, Nicodemus Frischlin, et al.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

, — but their plays amaze with the extreme negligence of processing.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Baroque (ca. 1600-1720)


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At the end of the 16th century, “English troupes” appeared in some courtyards; in some places special buildings for the theater were built; stage equipment was being improved.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Jakob Ayrer and Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick, should be considered students of the British.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Before the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), a strong and promising excitement is noticed in all spheres of spiritual life; form is improving everywhere, and in content everywhere the national takes precedence over borrowed.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Between 1610 and 1617, the book trade developed extremely strongly.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Numerous societies of writers and poets are emerging.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In general, southern Germany is ahead of northern Germany at this time: Georg Rodolf Weckherlin operates in Stuttgart; in Weimar, the Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft was formed in 1617, the purpose of which is to purify the language; Zinkgref is famous in Heidelberg, near which a circle of educated writers is formed; in 1619, young Martin Opitz (1597—1639) joined it, but already in 1620. Spanish troops dispersed Heidelberg poets, and Opitz has since acted alone.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The war, which reduced the population of Germany by almost ²/3, partially delayed, partly modified the course of mental development of the German people: the beginning of the merger of the folk element of literature with the scientist did not took place; the second in almost all areas (with the exception of spiritual song and partly funny literature) took a clear advantage and in some places dominates completely.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In poetry, again and more than ever before, everything national is suppressed and imitation reigns; in the absence of sincerity and feeling, didactics comes to the fore.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Burghers have been robbed and humiliated; nobles and princes give tone to everything, but their connection with the people is extremely weak, and they are French as much as they can.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Poets glorifying their home holidays do not feed well with them.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In general, the picture is extremely sad, and it is not brightened up much by numerous literary societies (some of them arose during the war, in relatively calm areas), since they are mainly are looking for role models and external authorities, are engaged in poetry rather than poetry, amusing themselves with empty rituals, fictitious names, etc.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Progress is seen only in the metric and in the purity of the literary language.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In this regard, M. Opitz with his Book on German Poetics (1624), in which he, like Lomonosov, established a difference in styles.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

He is also the main conductor of the French-Dutch manner and the true founder of German pseudo-classicism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Opitz recommended the use of Alexandrian verse for German lyrics, which then remained the main one for a long time.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Opitz has a lot of fans and imitators; he himself naturally feels a tendency to light poetry, and of his followers, songwriters, Paul Flemming (1609—1640) from Leipzig (Olearius's companion on his journey to the Russian Kingdom) and Simon Dach (1605—1659) in Königsberg.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Opitz follows more slavishly and, as a theorist, continues it August Buchner (1591—1661), professor in Wittenberg (by Opitz's origin and at the place of action of many of his followers, they are united under the name” First Silesian School” — Schlesische Dichterschule).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In a direction other than Opitz, the Society of Pegnitz Shepherds, or the Flower Order (Pegnesischer Blumenorden), founded by G. F. Harsdörfer: he is subject to Italian influence and especially cultivates pastoral, but, due to his national character, complicates it with thoughtful allegory and learning.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Other prominent members of the Order were Johann Klay and Sigmund von Birken.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

A little more life in Hamburg's “Pink Order” (Deutschgesinnte Genossenschaft), led by Philipp von Zesen (1619—1689), a very educated person who devoted himself exclusively literature; he was a poet of all generations, an active translator, and a theorist; he tried to expel barbarisms from German and, like ardent purists of all countries and times, reached inappropriate extremes; he even translated the names of classical gods and goddesses in German.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

He gained the greatest fame for his bad and stretched novels, the success of which gave rise to a lot of imitators; priest Andreas Heinrich Buchholz, playwright Daniel Casper were considered celebrities between them von Loenstein, writer of utopias, Duke Anton Ulrich of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Heinrich Anselm von Ziegler.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Important lyrical forms of this era are sonnet, ode and epigram.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Lyrics can be divided into religious (most often evangelical content) and secular.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Religious poets include Friedrich Spee (1591—1635), hymnwriter Paul Gerhardt (1607—1676), Johann Rist (1607—1667), Angelus Silesius (1624—1677) and mystic Jacob Boehme (1575—1624).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Secular poets are primarily the writer of sonnets Andreas Griffius (1616-1664) and Christian Hoffmann von Hofmanswaldau (1617-1679).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Baroque novels are a bucolic (shepherd) novel, a court novel, a rogue novel that came from Spain and a utopian novel.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

German novels of the 17th century are always multi-volume, seemingly historical, but in fact depict instead of people — mannequins, making endless pompous speeches and sending the same messages, read greedily, as they served as a school of noble feelings, taste and syllable.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

A welcome exception is the rogue novel Simplicissimus by Grimmelshausen (1625—1676), which appeared in 1669, the novel is interesting, lively and quite real.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The drama of the Baroque era is very diverse.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In the southern part of the country, there are Catholic Jesuit theaters, where the action took place in Latin; since the audience did not understand anything about what was happening on stage, a lot of visual effects were added .


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Approximately the same thing happened on the stages of wandering foreign theaters.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

For an educated audience, there was a baroque opera and court drama that stood at a high artistic level.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The reformer of the German drama was Andreas Griffius, who shared Opitz's views, but gave more places for sincerity of feeling and nationality.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Loenstein goes beyond Griffius in terms of external correctness and imitation of the ancients (he even has choirs between actions), but he has an irresistible desire for bloody, terrible, and generally for depiction of the worst human passions.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Silezez Loenstein, together with his countryman and senior contemporary Hofmanswaldau and his followers, forms in the lyrics the so-called “Second Silesian School” (Zweite Schlesische Schule), which is more subordinate to extremely flowery and pretentious Italians than Opitz and his samples.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Nevertheless, the national element and vitality do not stop in German literature even at this sad time: Abraham and Santa Clara rattles with its roughly witty sermons in Vienna, and they sing in Berlin Gerhardt's beautiful hymns, in many of Christian Weise's poems you can hear a sincere feeling, and his style amazes with its simplicity and clarity.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

His followers, whose simplicity has turned into extreme prose, are called “water poets” (Wasserpoeten), and his novels are incomparably closer to Simplicissimus than to Buchholz's heroic novels and others.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Satirist Johann Michael Moscherosch, a fan of native antiquity, deliberately opposes the ridiculous imitation of foreigners; even a pseudo-class on techniques Friedrich von Logau is outraged by French fashions.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The Age of Enlightenment (ca. 1720—1780)


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The main role in the mental revival of Germany was played by German science, which at this time was moving from Latin to its native language: in the second half of the 17th century, Samuel von lived and acted Pufendorf, the founder of natural law, who freed history from the influence of theology.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Intensive study of native antiquity and even medieval poetry begins.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Daniel Georg Morhof introduces the public to the results of new historical and literary discoveries.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At the same time, Leibniz, one of the most important representatives of modern European metaphysics, was creating.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In 1687 The “father of the German Enlightenment” Christian Tomasius, a brave fighter for scientific rights, begins to give lectures in German at the University of Leipzig, a matter unprecedented until then.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

When he was ousted for freethinking, he settled in Halle, attracted his young fans from Leipzig there, and a new university was founded there in 1692, where in the first half of the 18th century, with such Christian Wolf acts with fame.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

By the beginning of the new century, there is a strong movement in all kinds of poetry: many, starting with imitation of Loenstein, move to the ranks of followers of French “common sense”.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In the field of the novel, the so-called Robinsonades have been fashionable since the 1920s, of which one, Felsenburg Island, written by Schnabel in 1733, was a huge and well-deserved success; they are easy to notice the first glimpses of a psychological novel.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The famous author of the Enlightenment was the poet and moralist philosopher Christian Gellert (1715—1759) with his fables.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Two significant poets act in the lyrics: Gunther (1695—1723), a representative of gallant poetry, and Barthold Brox (1680-1747).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At the same time, other literary trends arise that bring feelings to the fore.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

For example, Haller and the rococo poet Hagedorn point out new examples and return German literature to the respect of serious and educated people.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Their success is prepared by the influence of Gellert and Gleim; the latter, despite his semi-blatant pathos, is already a truly national poet, an expression of the feelings of the entire people.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At the same time, two literary schools, Gottshed (1700-1766) and Bodmer, are entering the struggle, which for a long time acted together in the sense of raising interest in their native literature; both of them worked with such faith in their it is with such energy and in society there is such a need for a broad and healthy mental life that when they diverged in the basic principles (“common sense and sense of proportion” or “fantasy and freedom”? “French classics or great Englishmen”?) , all educated Germans were interested in their controversy.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The victory of Bodmer and the Swiss led to a rise in national identity, which the Seven Years' War gave a solid foundation.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

An example to follow for an entire generation, the poet Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock (1724—1803) with his epic The Messiad and his supporters take this self-awareness to the extremes of self-adoration (a necessary reaction against the former self-humiliation), but a colder and more real Wieland (1733—1813), and most importantly, a healthy and developed by science sense of a serious nation, which forced its advanced people to treat the legitimate respect for the great minds of other countries, return Germanophilism to its proper limits.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Then comes the era of Lessing (1729—1781), who combined science and literature, established the principles of new criticism, which partially prepared, partly created the era of German classics.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Lessing's contemporaries either associate new poetry with its past, like the idyllic Gessner, or look far ahead as the first romantic Burger and the great founder of the study of the Herder nation.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Everything that was truly beautiful and original in other people's literature was transferred to German and aroused discontent among young people and beneficial competition.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Storm and Onslaught (ca. 1767—1785)


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The complete destruction of old poetics and the denial of outdated forms of life, together with the powerful influence of J.-J.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Rousseau, produced a short-lived but powerful mental revolution in the 1970s, known as Storm and Onslaught, which swept in a whirlwind throughout young intelligent Germany, other than Klinger, Lenz and selfless fans of Goethe's Werther were completely fascinated, but for most it only purified the air and led to a holistic perception of the works of great artists and thinkers.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

“Storm and Onslaught”, also called “the time of geniuses”, is a literary movement of the Enlightenment, represented mainly by young authors in 1767—1785.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The current owes its name to Klinger's drama of the same name.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Its peculiarity is the rejection of the cult of reason characteristic of classicism in favor of extreme emotionality and the description of extreme manifestations of individualism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The ideologist of this rebellion against rationalism was the German philosopher Johann Georg Gamann, who shares the views of the French writer and thinker Jean-Jacques Rousseau.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The ideal of personality, now presented in literature, is far from authorities and traditions.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Drama becomes the main genre of poetry, Shakespeare becomes an example to follow instead of bored ancient (primarily Greek) authors.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Among the representatives of Storm and Onslaught are Johann Hamann (The Crusades of Philologists), Heinrich von Gerstenberg (Letters on the Peculiarities of Literature, Ugolino), Heinrich Wagner (Infanticide), Johann Gottfried Herder (Fragments of Modern German Literature, etc.), Johann Wolfgang Goethe (The Suffering of Young Werther), Gottfried Burger (Lenora), Christian Schubart (The Princely Grave), Friedrich Schiller (The Robbers, “Deceit and Love”).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Weimar classics (ca. 1772—1805)


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Since the end of the 80s, the time of domination of Goethe, Kant, Schiller has come, not without reason compared with the era of Pericles in Athens; but since the mass of society could not stand at such a high level of development and needed daily, albeit not particularly thin food, then, simultaneously with the dramas of Goethe and Schiller and often with great pleasure, plays by Kotzebue and Iffland were watched.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The beginning of the “Weimar period” in German literature is often associated with the move to Weimar in 1772 of Wieland, the first of the famous “Weimar Four”: Wiland-Gerder-Goethe-Schiller (sometimes to the “Weimar classics” include only Goethe and Schiller).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Unlike the period of “Storm and Onslaught”, all four were guided by humanistic ideals, partially using ancient themes and examples in their work.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

An example of such a humanistic ideal is Goethe's drama Iphigenia in Taurida.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Schiller writes numerous ballads, theoretical works (“On Naive and Sentimental Poetry”) and a number of historical dramas (Wallenstein, Wilhelm Tel).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Other classic authors include Carl Philipp Moritz, his autobiographical novel Anton Reiser is considered the first German psychological novel; Johann Hölderlin (1770—1843), whose the works were not only translated and studied anew, but also publicly recited and wrote music on them (Hyperion, Letters of Diotima); Jean Paul (1763—1825), who wrote primarily satirical novels (” Mischievous Years”, “Titan”); and Heinrich von Kleist (1777—1811), one of the pioneers of the short story genre (“Marquise d'Eau”).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

German Romantics (ca. 1799—1835)


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Already in the 90s, at the best time of activity of the Weimar luminaries, there was a kind of satiety with pure art, there was a need for something radically new, more piquant; this need is designed to satisfy at the same time the emerging “romantic school”, the predecessor of which is Jean Paul Richter, with his soulful humorous, shapeless works (Schulmeisterlein Wuz” (1790), “Unsichtbare Loge” (1793), “Hesperus” (1795)).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The founders of the romantic school, the “Jena romantics” brothers Schlegel, Tick, Novalis and Wilhelm Wackenroder — based on the great mental movement of the 70s and considered ardent followers of the new German “classics”, since the end of the century, begin to put pressure on their teachers, who partly succumb to it, partly outraged by them, move further than ever from their basic views on life and art.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

For example, they include poems and ballads, short fairy tales, etc., in their novels, and often refer to Goethe's works.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

All this corresponds to Friedrich Schlegel's concept of “progressive universal poetry”, which not only combines a wide variety of styles and areas of knowledge, but also reflects on itself and contains your own criticism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Irony becomes the main means of expressing this “reflexive poetry”.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Shortly after Schiller's death (1805), under the influence of political events, all German literature and even, in part, science took on a hot journalistic tone from which Goethe keeps as far as possible, while most romantics, having left for a while their indifference to living reality and selfless irony, vigorously rush into the struggle and become the ardent leaders of the German nation.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

By doing so, they acquire the sympathy of the first oppressed, then the victorious Germans, which, of course, is transferred to their historical and aesthetic views.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

But the enmity of romantics to the ideas of revolutionary “enlightenment”, their mysticism and admiration for everything medieval, which already in 1803 prompted Friedrich Schlegel to convert to Catholicism, made many of them diligent ministers of reaction, the first signs of which appear immediately after the War of Liberation and which, after the assassination of Kotzebue (1819), reached its climax.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Some of the former patriots and demagogues turned to supporters of stagnation and unconditional obedience, and thus alienated the most lively part of society from themselves.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Not all major wartime literary figures finished, however, as sadly as Friedrich Schlegel and Henrietta Hertz; for example, one of the best German lyricists who inspired the Germans with his songs , E.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

M. Arndt, all his life remained an advanced person of the nation, and his literary activity represents the transition from romanticism to later, healthier trends — the study of the nationality and persistent, deeply committed liberalism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The glory of the German Tirtei is shared with him by the early deceased Theodor Körner, who was closest to Schiller in terms of talent and bright ideas.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The third lyricist of that era, Maximilian von Schenkendorf (1787—1817), had less influence, as his elegiac tone did not quite fit the mood of the minute.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Körner and Schenkendorf belong to a group of younger romantics who gained literary fame in the first two decades of the 19th century. They are much more productive than the founders of the school, simply because they did not have to spend their energy fighting opponents and developing a theory: romanticism has become a fashion, and in the ranks of its hot adherents rushed all secondary and tertiary writers.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Of these, the publishers of the folk song collection (The Boy's Magic Horn, 1806-1808), Brentano (1778—1842) and Achim von Arnim (1781—1831) are older than others, who brought the one-sidedness of their teachers to the extreme.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

By the age of 40, Brentano becomes a desperate mystic and visionary and dies half-crazy.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

For Arnim, everything natural is seeming and exists only as a symbol of the supernatural; the striking richness of his capricious imagination does not make a particularly pleasant impression on the reader, so how its creatures are rarely warmed by a feeling of love for people and rarely achieve aesthetic perfection.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The prolific La Motte Fouquet (1777—1843) gave more life to his works, based them on a careful, albeit one-sided study of the Middle Ages.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

His close friend Chamisso (1781—1838), a thorough connoisseur of natural sciences, obeyed romantics regarding form, but retained French clarity and sobriety of mind; his novel “The Extraordinary the story of Peter Schlemil” (1814), translated into all European languages, is an ultra-romantic work on the main theme, but pleasantly amazes with the relief and concreteness of the presentation.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The most gifted and characteristic of the younger romantics, Amadeus Hoffmann (“Everyday Views of the Cat Murra”, “Little Tsakhes”, etc.), with such deep conviction and energy pursued the idea of the founders of the school regarding the unification of poetry with life, that there was nowhere else to go in this direction; it was necessary to begin evasion to the side, previous reactions.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

One of these evasions is Friedrich Rückert (1788—1866), who dissociated himself a special area in German romanticism — Eastern ethnographic.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In terms of virtuosity in poetry, August von Platen (1796—1835), who passed from the dreamy East to the beauty of the classical, and especially Ludwig Uhland (1787—1862), poet, scientist and a politician, always an equally clean and advanced person, the best representative of the typical features of his nation at one time and successfully, like no one else, caught in the tone and spirit of a folk song.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Uland is put at the head of the so-called “Swabian school” (mainly by the origin of poets), whose members have learned a lot from romantics, but do not share their one-sided views and remain in more or less close communication with the artistic principles of Schiller and Goethe.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Gustav Schwab (1792—1850), the versatile and prolific Wilhelm Hauf, Eduard Mörike and others belong here.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Among the northern poets in a similar attitude to romanticism is Wilhelm Müller, who, with his beautiful Songs of the Greeks, greatly contributed to the development of Philhellenism in Germany.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Only as a form uses romanticism, in the second half of his activity, and Karl Immerman, a very versatile talent, but a more dexterous and intelligent writer than a poet who at one time had a great and beneficial effect.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Closer to romantics, the Austrian Christian Joseph von Zedlitz (1790-1862), the author of “The Aircraft” and “Night Review”, in his dramas imitated the Spaniards.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Austrian playwright Franz Grillparzer, starting with the archromantic tragedy of fate, later moved on to psychological drama.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Justinus Koerner and Eichendorf (1788—1857), the “poet of the forest”, who is often called the “last romantic”, remain fully faithful to the basic principles of the school; in their novel (“Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts” 1824), it raises the principle of aversion to struggle and labor.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

If the period after the Liberation War until 1830 was not very rich in outstanding works of art, but it amazes with the tension of mental activity in the philological and historical sciences .


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The Brothers Grimm collect folk tales and, together with their comrades, lay the solid foundations of German studies: dozens of hitherto unknown monuments are published, Germanic antiquities of all kinds and species are studied; Bopp founded comparative historical linguistics; Savigny begins a historical study of law; Niebuhr and his followers seek to bring the methods of studying the most distant past to mathematical accuracy and consistency; all this is somehow connected with the ideas of Herder and the founders of romanticism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

However, the mysticism of romantics causes some harm to historical and even natural sciences, influencing scientists like Steffens, Oken, etc.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

; but their extremes find few followers.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The influence of the romantic school was longer through philosophy, the main representatives of which, Fichte, Schelling and especially Hegel, largely determine all mental activity even and outside Germany.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Hegel's puzzling terminology and thoughtful dialectics were applied to a wide variety of content: Strauss and even Feuerbach came out of his teachings, next to extreme idealists and even mystics.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Not without the influence of romantics, the so-called fine literature is also progressing greatly, if not deep, then in breadth; the censorship rigors from which newspapers and magazines suffer do not extend to pure fiction, almanacs are published in huge numbers; reading libraries are flourishing and reopening in dozens.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Historical novels are in great use; a lot of them are composed by secondary writers like Chokke, and yet they are lacking to such an extent that they are translated from all languages, not even Russian (the best thing of this kind, except for Hauf's Liechtenstein, was the novels of Willibald Alexis, 1798-1871).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The stage also requires new products adapted to the taste of a large audience.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Classical dramas written by iambic can not last long; dramas of fate, in the hands of Müllner and Gowwald, soon reach caricature absurdities; Immerman's romantic-ideological dramas had more success in reading than on stage; plays from the lives of artists (Künstlerdramen) were also not understood by everyone; thus, manufacturers, suppliers of plays, of which the talented Raupah (1784— 1852) reigned for a long time in Berlin and other stages.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In the comedy, Steygentes, Albini and other writers of intrigue plays and comic positions successfully competed with him.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

On the Viennese stage, you can feel the fresh stream of nationality in the plays by Ferdinand Raymond (1790—1836); plays in dialects appear elsewhere.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Biedermeier (c. 1830—1850) and Young Germany


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Literary trends located between classics and romance on the one hand and burgher realism on the other cannot be distinguished in a separate literary era, so they use cultural- the historical term “Biedermeier”.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

First of all, this includes poets Nikolaus Lenau (1802-1850), Eduard Mörike (1804—1875), Friedrich Rückert (1788—1866) and August von Platen (1796—1835).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Among the prose writers are Annette Droste-Hülshoff (1797—1848), Adalbert Stifter (1805-1868) and Jeremiah Gotthelf (1797—1854).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Famous playwrights are Franz Grillparzer (1791—1872), Johann Nestroy (1801—1862) and Ferdinand Raimund (1790—1836).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Grillparzer wrote dramas in the spirit of Viennese classics, while Nestroy and Raimund presented a Viennese folk play.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

By 1830, too long a reaction had lulled patriotism to sleep and gave German thought a cosmopolitan character; the insignificance of German governments in foreign policy and their oppressive system within countries have developed irony — not the philosophical irony of romantics floating above the world, but energetic and quite real irony, which does not miss a single major phenomenon of public life without comment.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Once sentimental and enthusiastic, Germans seek to surpass the French in mocking high feelings and their own recent fascination.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The news of the days of July was the closest reason for the elements that had been wandering until then to form a certain school known as Young Germany, which influenced talented young people hurries to leave the ideal for the real, the past for the present, science for politics, and seeks to turn all literature, not excluding poetry, into a tool for promoting liberalism and unification Germany.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The heads of the school — Börne (1786—1837), Heine, Gutskov (1811—1878) and Georg Buchner (1813—1837) — despite the difference in the nature of talents, were all great publicists, only in different forms.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Heinrich Laube (1806-1884) was a mediocre talent inclined to industrialism; it is more honored for the school to include the serious scientist and gifted lyrics of Hoffmann von Fallersleben.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Until about 1840, prose was in the foreground, and then, until 1848, political lyrics.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The greatest talent between the lyrics of the younger generation, compared to Heine, attracted by the state of affairs into the political struggle is Ferdinand Freiligrat (1810-1876), a representative of the so-called objective lyrics.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At one time, his fame was drowned out by the thunder of Gerweg's name, but the talent of the latter was too one-sided, and Freiligrat remained the king of tendentious poetry.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Since the early 1940s, outstanding Austrian poets Nikolaus Lenau (Strelenau), Anastasy Grun (Auersperg) have also devoted themselves to political propaganda and are singers of the liberal opposition; they are following in their footsteps young Jewish poets, Carl Isidore Beck and the gifted Moritz Hartmann.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Of the talented lyricists, only Geibel remained alien to politics and faithful to pure art.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The middle class needed a huge number of stories and novels, and they were not supplied by mediocre people who made their way: there are village stories foreshadowing Auerbach, American and ethnographic novels in general; Alexander Ungern-Sternberg and Ida Han-Khan write good salon novels, Karl von Golthei depicts the life of scum of society; are archaic novels, with witches ( Meingold); historical novels and novels, due to the success of historical science, pay great attention to the facts and culture of the past with great against the previous attention.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At the same time, poetry in dialects is developing not without the influence of the Swabian school, and there are a lot of songs and ballads in the literary language, comic (Kopish), and serious ones.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Due to the political excitement of reading newspapers (empty witties like Safir are also popular in them, next to major journalistic talents), in the evening in the theater, the audience wishes relax, and therefore the greatest success is Bauernfeld's salon plays, witty but empty comedies “N. Scribe” by Benedix, spectacular but trivial pieces by Birch-Pfeifer et al.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

After the unsuccessful revolution of 1848, between 1850 and 70, German literature feels the depletion of progressive energy and the desire for peace (which corresponds to the influence of pessimistic philosophy Schopenhauer); signs of revival of romanticism appear; old forms are being revived; epic poems by Redwitz and others are successful.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

(the most talented and well-known is Trompeter von Säckingen by Joseph Victor von Scheffel, 1854).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Along with the reproduction of the Middle Ages, sympathy is shown for both the ancient world and the East (Bodenstedt).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The Munich circle of poets, lovers of painting, which is hostile to any political trend, operates with success.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The strength of talent surpasses his contemporaries Austrian Robert Gamerling, a purebred artist in the direction who pays great attention to the rigor of form; yet his idea dominates imagination.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Less obeys the spirit of the times Mosen, who tried to restore romantic symbolism; but his influence was very short and shallow.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The German scene of this time is a little original and strong: with a good performance, the audience is shocked by Gutskov's dramas; in 1856, Brahvogel's Narcissus caused a sensation, but it has the most I like the hot monologues of the hero, whose mouth the author himself speaks.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Dingelstedt brought great benefit to the German audience by his skillful production of Shakespeare and the “classics”.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Poetic realism (1848—1890)


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The German story and novel are much more independent; new types of creativity appear here, which will have a more or less major future.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The authors deliberately avoid socio-political problems and turn their attention to their native landscapes and fellow countrymen.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At the center of all novels, dramas and poems is the individual person.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The stylistic feature of many works of poetic realism is humor.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The preferred literary genre is a novel.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Since 1843, Auerbach's pretty Black Forest Village Stories began to be published, who since the 60s. The XIX century became one of the most popular novelists throughout Europe (although his worldview by that time was becoming much narrower and one-sided); since 1856, “Cultural and Historical novels” by historian and political economist Riel, who skillfully and skillfully introduces us into the everyday life of the past without weaving love adventures into it (the first and very successful attempts to combine science with fiction refers to the previous period: “Gall” and “Harikle” by Professor Becker, (1796—1846), translated into almost all European languages).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Around the same time, Geise gained fame as Germany's first short story writer, a true artist of “beautiful nature”.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Next to him is placed the gloomy, but sensitive Theodore Storm (1817-1888).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Gottfried Keller (1819-1890) from Zurich is also an artist in the novel, who is distinguished by the subtlety of psychological analysis and consists in lively correspondence with Strom.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Gottfried Keller and Theodor Fontane are the largest representatives of poetic realism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The German novel, both “family” and historical, noticeably strives for possible realism for it; Gustav Freytag (1816-1895) and Friedrich Spielhagen perform almost simultaneously, large, but diverse forces; the first is a supporter of a sober view of life, the second, starting with Mysterious Natures, is a seeker of the ideal, the golden mean “between a rock and a hard place”.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Spielhagen later became more and more tendentious and rhetorical; Freytag, who had been seriously engaged in history all his life, began a series of historical novels “Ancestors” in 1872, written with a huge erudition, but with the outdated techniques of V. Scott.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

It is also worth mentioning Wilhelm Raabe (1831—1911), the creator of more than two dozen popular novels.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The original phenomenon is represented by the archaeological novels of Professor Ebers (b. 1837), an Egyptologist by profession; their scientific dignity is above any criticism, but reading them is a work facilitated by dexterous pedagogical reception.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Ethnographic short stories have in this era a highly gifted representative in the person of Fritz Reiter of Mecklenburg (1810—1874), combining lyrical warmth with realism and humor.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At the same time, the lower stratum of readers has at their disposal a lot of works of German industrialism, which does not reach such shameless frankness as in France, but shows even less talent.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The most ardent patriots, calling Bismarck and Moltke great prose writers, must admit that freedom and empire did not raise German literature, and complain about the excessive predominance of material interests.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Berlin has not grown to the cultural significance of Paris or London, and the tone given to them is unfavorable for literary development.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

France's influence is even greater than before, and is more bad than good.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The national phenomenon (for this time) represents the culturkampf, the reflection of which is found almost everywhere and in female (with a subtle psychology of female characters, but often with a banal intrigue) novels Marlitt (Eugene Jon), Elizabeth Werner (Elizabeth Bürstenbinder) and others, and in the folk dramas of the Austrian Anzengruber (1839—1895), and in the comic epic of Wilhelm Bush.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In the upper layer of literature, celebrities of the previous generation act, in the same genera and species.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The historical and archaeological novel by Ebers, Dan, Gausrat, Wichert and others is flourishing.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

A great but transient success was the modern historical novel by Gregor Samarov (Oscar Meding), with its rough effects [1].


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Of the short stories, the best Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Sacher-Masoch, in their Galician stories, Vacano, Lindau, Franzoz; all of them continue to strive for extreme realism, others, like Lindau, moderate German complacency, others turning into triviality.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Epics and lyrics barely live, going through old themes; secular novels and novels from the lives of artists also give little new; even less meaningful in criminal novels.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

An encouraging phenomenon is the unassuming family and humorous novel by Julius Stinde, which takes the reader from the hustle and bustle of the capital to quiet corners.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In Austria, rustic motifs can be found in the works of Maria von Ebner-Eschenbach (1830—1916), Anzengruber and, at the end of the era, Peter Rosegger (1843—1918).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Naturalism (1880—1900)


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The eighties of the XIX century were the era of so-called “consistent naturalism”.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

An important stylistic innovation was the appearance in the works of elements of everyday speech, jargon and dialectisms.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The free-choice protagonist is no longer at the center of stories and dramas, he is determined by his origin, social environment or circumstances characteristic of a given time.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The literary movement of the next decade was partly a development of the same principles, but at the same time it had the character of a reaction against them: its motto was: “overcoming naturalism.”


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

This term, which belongs to Herman Bar, meant, in fact, only liberation from the extremes of mechanically learned naturalism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The path traveled by German literature during this time can be marked by the influences that it has experienced.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Of these influences, foreign ones are more important.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Literary memories of one of the most prominent participants in the new movement, M. G. Conrad, are called “From E. Zola do G. Hauptmann” — and this name correctly characterizes the starting point of the movement: German fine literature is dominated by a chaotic disorder, which is affected by a wide variety of foreign influences — and L . Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky, and Ibsen, and most of all Maupassant and Zola.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Under the influence of the latter, extreme realism is becoming fashionable (here it is even rougher than in the original); under the influence of the former, the deepest caches of the human soul are explored with German perseverance.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Big novels rarely succeed; essays and short stories are incomparably better.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Emile Zola (1840-1902) was not so much a teacher for German fighters for artistic truth as a banner.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

German literature lacked the fearlessness of naturalism: young people found an example of this fearlessness in Zola.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Under this influence, the first, unsuccessful works by Kretzer, Goltz (1863—1929) and Schlaf (1862—1941) were created.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Goltz's equation is known: “Art = nature+x”, where x is a value tending to zero.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Thus, art is only a reflection of reality.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The most outstanding representative of the German novel in the first half of the period under review is Suderman, in its advantages, as well as disadvantages, equally imbued with new aspirations, perhaps most of all owes the success of his novels (“Frau Sorge” — more than 70 editions) to his broad, healthy humor.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

He calmly poses major problems, knows how to arrange rich observations, but often fails in pursuit of effects that he succeeds more in drama.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Suderman's realistic novel had more prominent followers than the naturalistic attempts of Conrad and Bleybtray.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Not without the influence of Maupassant in the nineties, a number of skillful, lively storytellers came forward, of which Ernst von Wolzogen and Georg von Ompted are the most remarkable.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Other representatives: Ludwig Anzengruber, Max Bernstein, Hedwig Dom, Max Halbe, Heinrich Garth, Karl Gaumptmann, Peter Hille, Conrad Thalmann, Clara Wiebig and Frank Wedekind, whose drama “Spring Awakening” can already be attributed to Fin de siècle.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The new German drama also began with naturalism; however, here “naturalism” was more of an artistic realism, especially when compared to a novel.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The teachers of the elderly were: in theory, Friedrich Goebbel and Otto Ludwig, in its implementation, Grillparzer and, most of all, Ibsen.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Of the young theorists, the most energetic are Otto Bram, Paul Schlenter, the Garth brothers, and partly Maximilian Garden.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

It was proposed to fight against “conventions”, against “effects”; social impact was in the background in theory, but took its rightful place in practice.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The magazine and stage, founded in 1889 under the general name “Die Freie Bühne”, was the implementation of the idea of naturalistic theater.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

His first playwrights, without a high rise in creativity, but with sensitivity and enthusiasm were Arnaud Goltz and Johannes Schlaf.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In fact, their follower — albeit immeasurably stronger then — was Gerhart Hauptmann (1862—1946), winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1912.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

From the naturalism of Weavers to the symbolism of his latest plays — the dramatized legend Elga (1905) and the allegorical And Pippa Dances (1906) — Hauptmann went through all the stages experienced during this time by the German literature, but went through them on his own, creatively processing the prevailing sentiments, enriching them with deeply individual content and telling them a kind of national coloring.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Literature of the late 19th century until 1933


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

General characteristics


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Naturalism was followed by other influences, more significant.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

German seekers have found a different realism, stronger and more creative - the realism of modern Scandinavian writers (Jacobsen, Ibsen, Bjornson, Lee, Hjelland (Killand)) and classics of the Russian novel.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

German literary youth, who were looking for nature from foreign writers with a battle cry, found high art in them and felt the depth of idealistic motives.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

This new attitude towards foreign models coincided with a change in public and literary sentiment.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Naive positivism became more complicated; above the recent struggle between gross chauvinism and vulgar cosmopolitanism, the awareness of the high value of national creativity has become.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Back in the 1870s, Scherer pointed to the proximity of the “new generation” to romanticism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Richard Wagner's influence justified this characteristic.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

It is due not only to Wagner's musical genius and peculiar philosophy, but also to his dramatic art: Wagner is one of the most powerful figures in the “revival of tragedy” characteristic of modern poetry.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

On this side of influence, his like-minded and opponent Friedrich Nietzsche met with him.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Not only with the foundations of his individualistic worldview, not only with the beauty of his fiction, Nietzsche influenced modern German literature, but above all with deep seriousness, can be said to be the selflessness with which he posed problems.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

This seriousness was reported to the literature, which at the same time revived the influence of such classics as Friedrich Goebbel, K. F. Meyer, Gottfried Keller, Otto Ludwig.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Little by little, German literature, which hardly had serious European significance in 1860-1890, is beginning to occupy a prominent place.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

His historian Richard Mayer characterizes the different stages of the German literary movement well:


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In all areas of literature, there is an impetuous search and groping.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The leading role, which has passed from drama to novel, eventually goes to the lyrics; but it is during a fierce struggle for the form and content of new poetry that this role belongs to the novel.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In general, development in all births occurs almost in parallel.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

They begin with a daring search and immediately rush into extreme naturalism, satisfied with the depiction of external details; then they rise to social realism, which sees the truth in deep or, at least in broad public pictures; finally, through psychological realism, which conveys the internal phenomena of spiritual life, they come to a symbolist synthesis of idealism and realism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

At the forefront, as well as for the plastic arts of our time, is the issue of technology... we need to find the appropriate form for the new content.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

For most literary youth, however, more than one technique is important: these thoughtful and nervous people had so much to say, they saw so much instructive in their images that appearance the images seemed insignificant to them.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

There is a school of “Young Germany” (Das jüngste Deutschland), which transfers extreme naturalism to the sphere of lyrics; its style and techniques outrage everyone who is brought up on the “classics”, and the school is exposed fierce persecution (in Leipzig, three of its representatives were demanded to court and convicted for insulting morality); however, the number of supporters of the new direction grew, not without influence Nietzsche.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The eldest from the school M. G. Konrad founded the magazine Die Gesellschaft in Munich; Freie Bühne (Neue deutsche Rundschau) is published in a similar direction in Berlin.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The school's biggest, but one of the least ordered talents, is Blebtray.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Others combine naturalism with the latest French fashion, symbolism, which has a lot of adherents (and even special publishers) in Berlin; symbolism naturally combines with unbridled science fiction.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Others, with the light hand of Lassalle, develop social themes in a variety of poetic forms in the most radical spirit, for which they are persecuted by the administration (the most gifted of them are Karl Genkel and Makei).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Dramatic works of ultra-realists and socialists are almost not allowed on the big stages, for censorship reasons; others, due to their extreme inprice, do not fall on small ones.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

One of the wittiest representatives of modern poetry is Otto Erich Gartleben, whose denial extends to the deniers themselves.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Poetry of reflection, literary philosophy have not seen such a heyday since the days of Young Germany.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The tendentious novel is almost dying out; among the notable representatives of it can be called socialist Conrad Telmann and the talented Catholic novelist Enrika von Gandel-Mazetti (1871—1955), who Richard Mayer ranked one of the most outstanding talents of German literature of that time.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Below are her other Catholic writers: Emil Marriot (Mataya), popular in famous circles Ferdinand von Brackel (1836—1905) [2], Baroness Anna von Lilien (born 1841), Josephine Grau (?) (Das Lob des Kreuzes, 1879), Emmy von Dinklage (1825—1891), M. Herbert (born 1859; Von unmodernen Frauen, 1902).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Representatives of other social trends held in the novel are also willingly women.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Among these writers are Gabriel Reiter, whose each novel is devoted to a certain social problem, Maria Janicek, Osip Shubin (Lola Kirchner), Margarita von Bulow (1860—1885), Hedwig Dom.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The novel is updated in the stories and increased in the performance of the novel for easy reading.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Klaus Rietland (pseudonym Elizabeth Heinroth) “refreshes Rudolf Lindau's international novel and travel novel”; Leo Hildeck (Leonie Meyerhof), b.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

1860) depicts Max Stirner in Feuersäule (1895); Sofia Gechstetter (1873—1943), in the little-decorated Sehnsucht, Schönheit, Dämmerung (1898) and Der Pfeifer (1904) is a follower Nietzsche; her unoriginal struggle against conventions is especially vigorous, which found even more combat expression in the “hysterical” novels by Tony Schwabe (born in 1877 - “Die Hochzeit der Esther Franzenius” 1902).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The works of Hans von Kahlenberg (Elena Kessler, born 1870: Familie Barchwitz, 1899) are captured with bold, sometimes obscenity, naturalism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Hans von Zobeltitz and Wolzogen are particularly successful in the novel for easy reading.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The so-called “Berlin novel” belongs to the field of rather photographic and partly already experienced realism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Following the old generation Paul Lindau (Der Zug nach dem Westen, 1886), Fritz Mautner (Berlin W, 1889—1890) and immeasurably more gifted Theodor Fontane, literary youth turns to the life of a huge “world city” growing with incredible speed.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Heinz Tovote, Swede Ola Gansson and especially interesting Felix Hollender combine everyday paintings with an analysis of the nervous nature of a modern citizen.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Public, sometimes directly accusatory trends were recently combined with this urban realism by Max Kretzer, who later moved from his social Meister Timpe (1888) to symbolism (“Das Gesicht Christi”, 1897).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Particular attention is paid to real fiction to the priest, teacher, officer.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

From a variety of points of view, conflicts so frequent in the German clergy of that time are depicted in the novels of the talented Basel theologian Karl Bernoulli, Hegeller, Telman, Polenz; military life found a living artist in F. A. Beyerlein.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Student life is dedicated to “Waclavbude” (1902) by K. Strobl (1877—1946).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The diplomatic environment is depicted in the noisy successful anonymous Briefe, die ihn nicht erreichten (1903), written by Baroness E. von Gaking (1861—1925).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

An even wider success was the banal, but diligently advertised “Götz Krafft” by E.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Stilgebauer (1868-1936).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The general interest in lyrics has resurrected, which has long been pushed into the background by narrative literature.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Already in the era of “consistent naturalism”, there was no shortage of theoretical and practical attempts to create new lyrics.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Henkel's preface to Goltz and Schlaf's Moderne Dichtercharaktere (1885), inspired by criticism of the Gartow brothers, states that the new generation of the reunited fatherland will again make poetry a shrine.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Herman Conradi's “Credo” promises new lyrics — and it is partly given by new poets.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Some merge the novelty of poetry with the novelty of military political motives.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

These are M. R. von Stern (born 1860), J.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

G. Makaay and Leopold Jacobi (1840—1895), who spoke much earlier, whose collection of poems Es werde Licht (1870) opened a list of banned books published after the Socialists Act (1878).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The most outstanding in this group was Karl Henkel, who moved from the rhetoric of revolutionary songs to intimate lyrics; his attention to poetry is evidenced by the lyrical collection Sonnenblumen, impartially compiled by him since 1896 Arnaud Goltz and Johann Schlaf pointed out not only a new dramatic, but also a new lyrical technique.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

From the very beginning, they were joined by the self-formed Detlev von Lilienkron, undoubtedly the largest representative of German lyrics in the past quarter century.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Healthy, direct in poetic experiences and exquisitely attentive to form, he represents, to a certain extent, the opposite of his friend, who shares primacy among lyricists with him, nervous and reflective Richard Demel.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Lilienkron, in general, is joined by his healthy talent, partly inclined to eclecticism Ferdinand Avenarius, publisher of the lyrical anthology “Deutsche Lyrik der Gegenwart” and progressive artistic Kunstwart magazine.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Gustav Falke, Georg von Diegerrn, Emil Schoeneich-Carolat are simple and more likely to belong to the past.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

On the contrary, Demel is joined by most of the lyricists, who are united into a motley group under the general name of decadents, symbolists, etc. Of these, Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Stefan Gheorghe are the most prominent, with their numerous associates R. Shaucal (1874—1942), Max Doutendey, Alfred Mombert.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Outside school are poets who have perceived much of what was created by new moods and new techniques - Karl Busse (1872—1918; realist in the novel “Ich weiß es nicht”), Hugo Salus (1866—1929), Ludwig Jakobowski, Burris von Munchausen (1874—1945), Albert von Putkamer, “folk” poet Johanna Ambrosius (1854—1939), Gustav Renner (born 1866), Anna Ritter.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The pioneers of the naturalistic direction are the brothers Garth, M. G. Conrad were artists and critics at the same time.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Paul Schlenter, Otto Bram, Leo Berg, Fritz Lingard (born 1856; Neue Ideale, 1901), Wilhelm Weigand (Das Elend der Kritik, 1895), Wilhelm Bölsche acted next to them.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The turn from naturalism was marked by the activities of Hermann Bar, joined by the Impressionists Franz Servas (1862—1947; Präludien, 1899), Alfred Kerr (1867—1948; Das neue Drama, 1905), Felix Poppenberg (born 1869; Bibelots, 1905).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

On the contrary, Rudolf Lothar (1865—1943; Das deutsche Drama der Gegenwart, 1905) is prone to dogmatic and historical analysis.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The works of aestheticians Heinrich von Stein and Richard Kralik (Weltschönheit), art historians E.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Grosse (“Die Anfänge der Kunst”, 1894), Bücher (“Arbeit und Rhythmus”, 1896), Muther (“Geschichte der Malerei im XIX. Jahrhundert”, 1893), as well as extensive critical literature on the modern movement in the plastic arts.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The novel, story and story found interesting representatives and took a more prominent place.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Austrian writers paid special attention to these concise forms (there were even unreasonable attempts to single out the “Viennese novel” — Wiener Novelle as a special form).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Maria Delle Grazie (1864—1931), after her epic Robespierre (1894), turned to novels (Love).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Jacob David, Wilhelm Fischer, Emil Ertl, Otto von Leitgeb advanced in the same area.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Otto Gartleben, Otto Bierbaum (novels Pancrazius Graunzer, Die Schlangendame, Stilpe), Otto Ernst, Juliana Deri, Richard Zur-Megede (1864 —1906).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Hauptmann's closest and most prominent followers in the drama are Max Halbe and Max Dreyer.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Less significant X.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Reying, Georg Hirschfeld, Paul Ernst.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Skillful, but little independent plays were given by E.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Rosmer (Elsa Bernstein); he also owns the “dramatic fairy tale” (“Königskinder”, 1905), which became mandatory for the average German playwright after the success of Ludwig Fulda's Talisman.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The latter is a sensitive aesthetician of the Munich school, free from walking influences, but close enough to new trends to become one of the founders of the Free Theater.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

If it is impossible to talk about the “Austrian school” in modern German drama, we must at least admit that the Austrians form a peculiar and somewhat related group; in its “lyrical softness” by R. Meyer is inclined to see even the tradition she learned from the old school of Austrians, from Nestroy to Anzengruber.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The already mentioned Jacob David (short stories: “Höferecht”, 1890; “Blut”, 1891; “Probleme”, 1892; “Am Wege Sterben”, 1899; rum. Der Übergang, 1902) belongs only as a playwright (Hagars Sohn, 1891; Ein Regentag, 1895) to a new trend, the most outstanding representative in Austria is Arthur Schnitzler, a more subtle than a deep realist who has a good command of the stage, although he prefers dramatic mood to dramatic movement.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Viennese painful sophistication was also reflected in the serious talent of the symbolist Hugo von Hofmannsthal.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Hermann Bar, who “discovered” it, is not only an influential critic, but also a playwright.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The third typical crown, Richard Beer-Hoffmann (1866—1945), like Hofmannsthal, inclined to renew old dramatic plots, was a great success with Graf von Charolais (1904), borrowed from Messinger.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Next to the “literary” drama, sometimes real in form, but always symbolic in the intentions of the authors, the folk scene blooms.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In Switzerland, in Alsace and Tyrol, amateur attempts grow into a real drama in the dialect, which, especially in Alsace, plays a serious role in the political struggle for the cultural originality of the region.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In general, politics occupies more place in modern German drama than in lyrics and even in the novel.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The real product of the political struggle is Phil's plays.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Langman (born 1862; Bartel Turaser, 1897), Franz Adamus (Ferdin. Bronner, born 1867; Die Familie Wawroch, 1899), Karl Schenger (Sonnwendtag, 1902) and especially Joseph Ruederer.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The evil satire of Frank Wedekind's plays brings him closer to anarchism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Along with the advent of naturalism and symbolism, the era of Classic Art Nouveau begins.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

This is a time of pluralism of styles, the joint coexistence of various trends.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Most of the authors already mentioned can be attributed to at least one of the following areas:


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

National art (ca. 1890—1910)


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The demands of artistic truth, exhibited with equal force and teaching naturalism, and a consistent theory of “pure” art led to the promotion of the so-called “national art” ( Heimatkunst); there was also a deep national consciousness, supported by spiritual leaders such as Wagner or Treitschke, not without influence.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The main propagandist of the new trend was the writer and literary historian Adolf Bartels, who used this term in 1898 in the magazine “Modern Art” (Kunstwart).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Together with Friedrich Lingard, he helped spread new ideas through the new Berlin magazine Rodina (Heimat).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The new direction called for leaving the bustle of the city and moving towards the homeland and the people's spirit.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In a broader sense, “homeland” included not only rural, but also urban life.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

As in naturalism, love for the homeland also contained some criticism of it, which she still failed.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

National art with its own conservative.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

anti-modern position was the forerunner of the National Socialist “poetry of blood and earth”.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In the early 1890s, Yul's anonymous book was a huge success and significance.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Langben “Rembrandt as an Educator” preaches the national foundations of creativity in a colorful and passionate way.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In criticism, Heinrich Sonrey and Friedrich Lingard argued that only within his narrow homeland the poet finds proper food for inspiration; Caesar Fleischlen, editor, acted in the same direction artistic “Pana” and the author of a wonderful preface to the collection “Neuland” (1894).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Wilhelm von Polenz (Büttnerbauer), Gustav Frenssen (Jörn Uhl and Hilligenlei), Nobel Prize winner for 1929 literature Thomas Mann (Buddenbrooks).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Regardless of the universal and ideological content of these novels, attention is drawn to their deep penetration of the local flavor, not superficial ethnographic, psychological.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Close to these three northerners are the less outstanding: Timm Kroeger (1844—1918) (“Eine stille Welt”, 1891), Otto Ernst, Max Dreyer, Heinrich Sonrey, Joseph Ruederer, Friedrich Lingard, Ernst Müllenbach, Bavarian L. Tom.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The North Coast found, along with Thomas Mann and Gustav Frenssen, a good artist in Charlotte Niese (1854—1935) (Aus dänischer Zeit, 1892), Hesse in W. Goltzamer (“Peter Nockler” (1902) and Adam Carillon (“Michael Hely”, 1904), Lorraine in Herman Stegeman, Westphalia in Hermann Wette (“Krauskopf”, 1903), the Alps in Jacob Geer (“Felix Notvest”, 1901) and especially in the strong and simple Ernst Zahn.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Women, who have put forward several outstanding talents during this time, also pay a significant share of attention to the “national” novel, in which their detailed observation is well manifested.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

These are Ilsa Frapan, Hermina Willinger (b.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

in 1849; “Aus meiner Heimat” (1887)) and, finally, the most outstanding of them, Clara Fiebich.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

National art is caused not by interest in self-sufficient ethnography, but in the individual, in its specific environment.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

On this basis, the psychological novel should have flourished most magnificently.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

And here, three female talents should come first: Isolde Kurz (Florentiner Novellen, 1890), Elena Böhlau and Ricarda Hooh.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

A number of original figures were created and analyzed by Hermann Lauschers Nachlass, winner of the 1946 Nobel Prize in Literature (Hermann Lauschers Nachlass, 1901; Peter Kamenzind, 1904; Unterm Rad, 1906); before soreness comes to the complexity of psychological study in Herman Stehr.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Walter Siegfried's novel “Tino Moralt” (1890) by Walter Siegfried (1858-1947) is characteristic of the psychology of the new German artist.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Yakov Wasserman (The Story of Young Renata Fuchs, 1900) tried to give a broad historical basis to individual psychology.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Emil Strauss, Friedrich Guch (“Peter Michel”, 1901), Rudolf Guch, Kurt Martens (“Roman aus der Décadence”, 1898) show hope.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Symbolism


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The concept of “avant-garde” is of particular importance in classical modernism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

His era began at the end of the 19th century with French poets Stephane Mallarmé, Charles Baudelaire and Arthur Rimbaud.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Symbolism had a completely different goal than naturalism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

This is an elitist lyric that attaches great importance to beauty and form.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Its related direction is Art Nouveau (Jugendstil).


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Stefan Gheorghe (1868—1933), Hugo von Hofmannsthal (1874—1929) and Rainer Maria Rilke (1875—1926) became the most important representatives of German symbolism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Selma (Anselm) Heine (Auf der Schwelle, 1900) and thoughtful Rudolf Stratz, whose novel Give Me a Hand (1906) takes place in Odessa, are inclined to symbolism.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Pacifism


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

A very characteristic phenomenon is represented by Austrian novelist, Nobel Peace Prize winner Bertha von Suttner, whose intelligent and slender, albeit narrowly biased novel “Down with Arms!” (“Die Waffen nieder”) has been translated into almost all European languages and was read by all classes in Germany.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

This is a rare case; usually ideological and subtle psychological novels were read by a few amateurs, and for the “public” sensational novels were either fabricated in Stuttgart, Leipzig and Hamburg, or were translated from French.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Langben's pedagogical story is similar to Suttner in terms of wide popularity.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

The best side of German literature is the preaching of humanity, in the broadest sense of the word, and antipathy to narrow militarism and admiration for power; among literary youth more and more often there is a desire to return from symbolism to the clear and simple art of better times.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

It is impossible not to point out a very encouraging phenomenon in the field of German historical science: it does not cease to be solid and serious, but at the same time it is becoming popular and literary.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Modern epic


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

In parallel with these non-traditional literary trends, works appeared that converted and developed old forms.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

It is worth mentioning the names of Rainer Maria Rilke, Heinrich Mann (1871—1950), who in his early works can be called the predecessor of expressionism, Thomas Mann, Hermann Broch (1886—1951), Robert Musil (1880—1942), Franz Kafka (1883—1924) and Hermann Hesse.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Expressionism (c. 1910—1920) and avant-garde


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

Expressionism is considered the last major literary trend in Germany.


Question: What kind of poetry is Minnesang art close to?

German literature

This is an avant-garde trend that existed in parallel with Dadaism, Surrelialism and Futurism.