Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

According to the project, Greater Moscow was supposed to have five zones: Central City, Parkovo-Promyshlennaya, Sadovaya, Lesnaya Fencing and Zheleznodorozhnaya [7].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

However, the authorities abandoned the implementation plan in 1929, and Shestakov himself was repressed [8].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Preparatory activities


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Architects' proposals


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In the late 1920s, the Soviet government began to think about the fate of Moscow as the capital of the world's first socialist state, and it had to correspond to its status.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The end of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s were a time of heated discussions about the principles of socialist settlement, types of housing, ways to develop the future Moscow, and the future of the Soviet people [2] [3].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In general, it was a conflict between “urbanists” and “de-urbanists”.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The former defended the development of the city in height, headed by an economist and sociologist, author of the concepts of the “master plan for building socialism in the USSR” in 1929 and the “socialist city” of 1930 Leonid Sabsovich.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

And the latter were supporters of the development of the city in width and low-rise construction, their main person is sociologist, economist and urban planner Mikhail Okhitovich [9] [10] [3].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

“Urbanists” insisted on turning all settlements of the country in 10-15 years into “socialist cities” with a population of 50-80 thousand people, connected by high-class transport routes [11].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

“Dezurbanists” took as a basis the creation of a network of highways, along which resettlement is carried out in the form of individual houses of lightweight design.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Communication and service problems had to be solved with the help of a personal car [12].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The utopian nature of desurbanistic concepts was sharply criticized during a broad discussion of 1929—1930, as a result of which in 1931 the Soviet Union experienced a short period of urban experiments [13].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In 1932, the Moscow City Council organized a closed competition for the idea of a master plan for Moscow.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The competition was attended by the largest functionalists from around the world — Le Corbusier, Hannes Mayer, Ernst May, Nikolai Ladovsky [9].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Projects by Krasin, May and Mayerov


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The competition reflected various creative views and areas of search in the field of urban planning.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Thus, in the project of engineer German Borisovich Krasin, the layout of Moscow was proposed in the form of a star-shaped structure with a densely built center, village buildings along radial highways, between which ran green spaces going from the Moscow region to the center [3].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

German architects Ernst May, K. and Hannes Mayer proposed to leave the radial ring layout and the historic center of the city, in which cultural and administrative-political were concentrated life.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

It was planned to develop the industry in the south-east.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Satellite cities were connected to the center and industrial areas by an electric railway [14].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Rationalist architect Ernst May, being a supporter of the idea of de-urbanization, believed that “Moscow in its form, as it is now, is able to rationally serve no more than 1 million residents.”


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

And since the real population at that time exceeded 3 million people, the city needs to be reduced and resettled.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

At the suggestion of the architect, it was necessary to leave an administrative and business center within the existing boundaries of the city, and create so-called drabants around the city — satellite cities with low-rise buildings, where people would live in one- and two-story houses with household plots, between which there were green and agricultural zones.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In general, this development project was quite typical for European cities.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

According to May, “under the drabant system, the ring layout of the old city is not fraught with any vices.”


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Old Moscow as a city ceased to exist and turned only into an administrative and business center [15] [3].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Le Corbusier's rectangular mesh


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The Franco-Swiss architect, classic of the architectural outskirts Le Corbusier believed that the medieval radial-ring structure of the plan was not able to accommodate the new content of the growing city.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

He expressed the idea to actually build a new city on the site of Moscow, leaving only the most outstanding monuments of Russian architecture, such as the Kremlin and Kitay-Gorod.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The architect was categorical: “There is no way to dream of combining the city of the past with the present or with the future; and in the USSR more than anywhere else. Moscow, apart from a few precious monuments of its former architecture, does not yet have solid foundations; it is all piled up in disarray and for no specific purpose. Everything in Moscow needs to be redone, having destroyed everything beforehand.”


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Le Corbusier proposed a rectangular grid of streets instead of the traditional radial-ring structure, and the territory of the capital, in his opinion, should have been reduced due to the number of storeys of buildings, surrounding them with green zone.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The territory was to be divided into zones: in the north there would be a new political center of the city, to the south - four large residential areas, then - the historical center, to the south of which it would remain industrial zone [16] [17].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Nikolai Ladovsky's parabola


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The rational architect Nikolai Ladovsky believed that Moscow for hundreds of years was a radial-ring fortress city and did not have public spaces and buildings necessary for the capital.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

According to Ladovsky, with the traditional development of the city's rings, the city will grow one at the expense of the other, which cannot but lead to a conflict.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

He proposed a project in which the idea of a dynamic city was implemented for the first time.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The architect's plan was to break the radial-ring planning system of Moscow by opening one of the rings, and give the city the opportunity to dynamically develop in a given direction, namely in the north - west along Gorky Street, Leningradskoye Shosse and further.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The city was to develop along this axis, and parallel to it would be followed by zones of industry and agriculture.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Moscow was supposed to take the form of a parabola, or comet, with the historic center of the city as its nucleus, and the axis was to be Tverskaya Street: “The city center takes the form of a fan.”


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Over time, Moscow, developing in the north-west direction, could merge with Leningrad [14] [18].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

This idea of building a city, put forward by Ladovsky back in 1929, anticipated foreign proposals of the 1950s and 1960s.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The 1971 Master Plan of Moscow reveals the same idea of breaking the radial-ring system in the south-west direction.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

However, Ladovsky's project was not implemented — Stalin's master plan consolidated the existing ring structure [18].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Lev Ilyin's project


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The project for the reconstruction of Moscow was proposed by Lev Ilyin in 1936, after the implementation of the Master Plan.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

It was significantly different from previous attempts to solve the problem of the new center of the capital.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In this project, for the first time, an attempt was made to resolve the issue of reconstruction of the city center not through the design of individual buildings — the Palace of Soviets or the building of the People's Commissariat designing interconnected ensembles-complexes [19].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Master plan


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

None of the competition projects announced earlier was recognized as convincing enough to become the basis of a future real plan for the transformation of Moscow.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Therefore, in 1933, design workshops of the Moscow City Council were created to develop such a plan [14].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In 1933—1935, the planning workshop No. 2 of the Moscow City Council, one of the leaders of which was Leningrad architect Vladimir Shchuko, began to deal with the reconstruction of the center of the capital [14].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In 1935, Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov approved a resolution “On the master plan for the reconstruction of the city of Moscow”.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

By the time the general plan was approved, large-scale urban planning work was already underway on it: in 1935, the first stage of the metro was completed and design and construction work began on the construction of the canal named after Moscow [20] [14] [21] [22].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

It was assumed that the new master plan developed by Vladimir Semenov and Sergei Chernyshev would be implemented in a decade.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The construction of the Moscow Metro, which was named after Kaganovich, was recognized as a priority.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Until the Great Patriotic War, work on the implementation of the Master Plan was continuous, with an increase in the volume of all types of construction [20] [3].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Great importance was also attached to watering Moscow.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In 1937, the construction of the Moscow-Volga Canal (the current Canal named after M. Moscow), which has become both a water supply and a navigable highway [23] [24].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Particular attention was paid to the construction of canals that were supposed to connect the capital with all major rivers in the European part of the country [9].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

By 1937, new high unflooded embankments with a total length of 52 km appeared, and in the period from 1936 to 1937, three existing bridges were reconstructed and nine new ones were built [3].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

New Moscow


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In the first months after the approval of the resolution “On the Master Plan for the Reconstruction of the City of Moscow” in 1935, it became clear that labor and material resources did not correspond to the implementation of the “gigantic the scope of Moscow construction”.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Due to the lack of construction mechanisms and machines, permanent personnel of workers, engineers, business executives, it was not possible to fulfill the established plans, and construction costs increased.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (B) and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had to consider additional issues on solving construction problems “On improving construction and reducing the cost of construction” of February 11, 1936 [25].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Thus, during the year, with the involvement of the best specialists, they prepared the explosion of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in order to build the Palace of Soviets in its place, the architect of which was Boris Iofan.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

For almost two years, thousands of workers dismantled the ruins of the blown up temple [26].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The idea of building a palace on the site of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was of particular importance: the destruction of the main Moscow church, a symbol of tsarism's victory over Napoleon, was an important step in the process of removing of the past.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The religious symbol of old Russia is being replaced by a new symbol of the new empire [13] [27].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The Palace of Soviets was supposed to become the tallest building on the planet, ahead of the American Empire State Building [28].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The construction of the palace, which began only in 1937, was not completed — the war broke out.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

By 1939, the construction of the foundation of the high-rise part, the main entrance and the side facing Volkhonka was completed.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

However, the foundation piles made of high-strength steel were dismantled for the manufacture of anti-tank hedgehogs.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In 1942, the steel structures of the building were dismantled and used for the construction of bridges on the railway created to supply northern coal to the central regions [29].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

After the war, there was a construction department for the Palace of Soviets for some time, and architect Boris Iofan continued to work on the project.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

It was only in 1960 that it was decided to stop further designing the palace.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The construction site was moved to the crest of the Lenin Mountains, and the Palace of Soviets was replaced by a new building of Moscow State University, the architect of which was Lev Rudnev.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Work on the new building was carried out in a very short time, so it was based on Iofan's project, which emphasized the continuity of the Moscow State University building in relation to the Palace of Soviets.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The Palace of Soviets is remembered by the Kropotkinskaya metro station (formerly the same name) by master Alexey Dushkin, which was originally conceived as an underground lobby of the palace [29].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Buildings from the 1930s


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The implementation of the master plan began in the area of Manezhnaya Square and Gorky Street — with the creation of such iconic examples of new architecture as residential building No. 13 on Mokhovaya Street by architect Ivan Zholtovsky, the building of the Lenin Library of Architects Vladimir Gelfreikh and Vladimir Shchuko, the building of the State Planning Committee of Architect Arkady Langman, the Moscow Hotel by architect Alexey Shchusev, the House on the Embankment, built according to Boris Iofan's project on the opposite side of the river.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The traditionalism of Soviet architects was based on the pre-revolutionary experience of architecture.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

This is how house No. 13 on Mokhovaya Street was built in 1934, where one of the favorite decorative techniques, the colonnade, was used [30].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The design of the building aroused interest in it from residents of the capital.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Muscovites came to see the “beautiful house” [31].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The first hotel built during the Soviet era was the Moskva Hotel.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

It was built from 1933 to 1936.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The building shows characteristic features from the transition period of constructivism to the Stalinist Empire style.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The hotel was decorated with sculptures, panels, paintings, mosaics.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In 2004, the building was demolished, and by 2013 a new one was built in its place [30] [32].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The building of the People's Commissariat of Land was built in 1928-1933 in the style of late constructivism.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

During the construction, new technologies, new materials were used and an avant-garde design was implemented, which assumed the frame system of the building.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Rounded elements also appeared in the architecture of the building [30].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Residential building No. 77 on Osipenko Street (now Sadovnicheskaya Street) was built in 1929 by architect P. Yankovsky.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In 1937, in connection with the reconstruction of the Krasnokholmsky Bridge across the Moscow River, it was decided to divide the house into two parts and move one of them, which was 86 m long and weighed 9 thousand tons, 19 degrees [33].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

On the opposite side of the river, in 1931, according to the project of Boris Iofan, the House on the Embankment


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

It was created specifically for the party elite of that time.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Famous scientists, heroes of the Civil War, heroes of Labor, writers and cultural figures lived here [34] [35].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Losses of architectural monuments


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

During the implementation of the state plan, the number of monuments of Moscow architecture that were officially under state protection decreased significantly: in 1928 there were 216, in 1932 — 104, and by 1935 there are only 74 buildings left [36].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In the 1930s, the Church of the Sign on Frunze Street was demolished, the first mention of which dates back to 1600.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Until 1925, the street on which it was located was named after her - Znamenka.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

On August 30, the Church of the Great Ascension, located at the Nikitsky Gate, where Alexander Pushkin had married a hundred years before, was closed.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The building was badly damaged (it was even planned to open a crematorium in it) but survived and was restored in the 1970s [37].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

As planned, all significant areas of the city, including Krasnaya, were supposed to increase at least twice due to the demolition of the buildings around them.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

This would give great importance to the buildings being built, and would also serve as a place for holding large-scale mass events [38].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The width of almost all important streets of the city, avenues and highways was also supposed to increase to 30-40 meters or more due to the demolition and relocation of the buildings standing there.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Tverskaya Street and Novy Arbat are an example of what straight and wide central streets should look like [38].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Almost all religious buildings in the area of new buildings (along Tverskaya and Okhotny Ryad) were destroyed, despite their historical and cultural value.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Almost all facades on Gorky Street have been replaced.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Ancient buildings that were considered expedient to preserve (such as the building of the Moscow City Council and the House of Unions) were built up and, with the help of special technology, were transferred to the level of the new red line.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Engineer Emmanuel Handel mastered the technology of moving stone buildings away from the foundation.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Everything that could not be transferred and could interfere with traffic was demolished.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Thus, the Kitaygorodskaya Wall with the Iversky Gate, the Sukharev Tower, the only monument of its kind of the 17th century, which housed the first mathematical navigation school in Russia, were destroyed, Triumphal Arch built by Osip Bove at the Belorussky (former Aleksandrovsky) railway station in memory of the events of 1812 [3] [26].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In 1930, during the reconstruction of Sukharevskaya Square, the market that had existed on this site since 1812 disappeared, and in 1934, the famous Sukharev Tower, built by order of Peter the Great, was demolished.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

On the site of the tower, a board of honor for collective farms of the Moscow region was installed, which stood on the square for two years.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The Red Gate, which existed in Moscow since the beginning of the 18th century, authored by Dmitry Ukhtomsky, was also destroyed.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

This triumphal arch, built in 1753, was demolished together with the nearby Church of the Three Saints due to the expansion of the Garden Ring [39].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

During Stalin's reconstruction, many churches were destroyed in the capital.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Among them were the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, the place of which was given for the construction of the Palace of Soviets, the Church of St. John the Warrior on the Wretched House, where the Slavyanka Hotel was built, on the site of the Passionate Women the monastery has a theater “Russia”, a monument to Pushkin and a public garden.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

According to some testimonies, the same fate could befall St. Basil's Cathedral [40].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Instead of the Assumption Cathedral and the Simonov Monastery, the ZIL Palace of Culture was built [41] [42].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The destruction of the Simonov Monastery, founded in 1370, was one of the largest losses for the church.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Many key events in the history of Russia are associated with it.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The monastery was called the “shield of Moscow” — it often repelled the first blow of the enemy, who tried to attack the capital.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Sergius of Radonezhsky loved the monastery and often stayed there, and on its territory there were burials of the heroes of the Battle of Kulikovo [39].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

What a strange emptiness opened in front of me in the place where I used to see Vodopyany Lane.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

It wasn't there.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

It's gone, this Water Drunk Alley.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

It just didn't exist anymore.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

It disappeared along with all the houses that made it up.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

It's like they've all been cut out of the city's body.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The Turgenev Library has disappeared.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The bakery has disappeared.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The long-distance meeting room has disappeared.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

An exorbitant square opened up — a void with which it was difficult to reconcile.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The reconstruction of a familiar intersection was akin to falling out of memory.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Entire neighborhoods have already begun to fall out in Moscow.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Then came a more painful era of rearrangement and destruction of monuments.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

An invisible all-powerful hand rearranged monuments like chess pieces, and threw some of them off the board altogether.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In addition to the destruction of monuments of old Moscow, Moscow toponymy also suffered.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In 1922 and 1937, two waves of renaming swept through Moscow.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The restoration of the former names of streets and squares, the renaming of metro stations begins in 1990.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The 50th Anniversary of October Square again became Manezhnaya, Kalinin Avenue became Novy Arbat, and Marx Avenue was again divided into three streets: Okhotny Ryad, Teatralny Proezd and Mokhovaya [43].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The new toponymy was situational and reflected political necessity.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

For example, on November 25, 1955, the metro was named after Vladimir Lenin, and the Okhotny Ryad station became the station “Imeni Kaganovich”.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Two years later, when Kaganovich himself was among the members of the so-called anti-party group, the station returned to its former name - Okhotny Ryad.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The name existed until November 30, 1961, when it was changed to Prospekt Marx.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

On November 5, 1990, the stations returned to their historical name Okhotny Ryad [44].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Stopping works


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The implementation of ambitious plans for the creation of New Moscow was stopped with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in 1941.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

In the post-war period, the master plan continued to be implemented with significant adjustments.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

New high-rise accents — the so-called Stalinist skyscrapers — have appeared in the panorama of the capital.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

All eight (only seven were built) Moscow skyscrapers were laid on the same day of the 800th anniversary of Moscow — September 7, 1947, and at the same hour — at 13:00 Moscow time [45].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The sites for construction were selected mainly at the intersection of radial highways with the Garden Ring and the Moscow River [46].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

It was assumed that high-rise buildings would create a complex of urban planning dominants, emphasize the radial-ring structure of the city plan and become the basis for the formation of new ensembles of the city's squares.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

For example, the building of Moscow State University is the most significant from a city-forming point of view, which is why it was built on Vorobyovy Gory, in the highest place in Moscow [47].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Stalinist classicism was replaced by Stalin's Empire style, a leading trend in the architecture of Soviet Russia from 1936 to 1955.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The famous architect of that time Nathan Osterman wrote: “Communism... acts not only as a public order, but also as a law of nature” [48].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Stalin's Empire style is characterized by a combination of monumentality using architectural orders, compositions of sculptures of workers, athletes, military, as well as porticos, bas-reliefs, columns, panels from mosaics, state symbols, emblems.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Marble, granite, bronze were used for finishing the facades and interior interiors.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Characteristic architectural monuments of that time are the building of the Main Pavilion of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition and the metro station [49] [50] [51].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

At the same time, the demolition of Orthodox churches, which are largely devoid of their identification marks — bell towers and five-domed ones, stops.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

This allowed some of them to survive to this day.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

It is generally recognized that Stalin's skyscrapers are the pinnacle of the post-war “Soviet Art Deco” in urban architecture.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

General Plan implementation results


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The plan was only partially implemented, but many districts of the city have undergone significant restructuring [52].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Unlike the historic center, new districts began to be built according to a strict rectangular grid.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Since this period, the Moscow region has been considered as an appendage of the capital, where the most important strategic military bases, warehouses, sorting facilities, and public services are located.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The master plan prescribed the construction of holiday homes, pioneer camps and summer cottages there [8].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Also, according to the General Plan, the Moscow Ring Road was built to reduce the transit flow of transport through the capital.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

At the same time, metro lines were planned, which were supposed to serve the growing city, and allocated territories for the construction of skyscrapers.


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Finally, industrial areas were identified in Moscow, where factories and factories later appeared [8].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Rivers and canals were considered as another way of communication, so they had to acquire the same ceremonial appearance as wide highways, which was implemented during the construction — granite embankments of the Moscow River [8].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The architectural projects of the so-called “Stalinist era” (1930s and 1950s) were recognized as the most pretentious and stunning in world history [28].


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

See also


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

The Osmanization of Paris


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Great construction sites of communism


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

World Capital Germany


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Novaya Moskva (film)


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Notes


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Literature


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

References


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Category:History of architecture in Moscow


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Category:Urban development in the USSR


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Category:Urban development in Moscow


Question: How many metro stations were built during Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow?

Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow

Category:Master plan for the reconstruction of Moscow


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The height of a person, or the length of a person's body, is the distance from the apex of the head to the plane of the feet.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

In anthropology, growth is one of the common anthropometric features.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

It is included in the list of indicators of human physical development


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Human growth, among other things, is influenced by environmental factors, heredity from parents, hereditary diseases, age, gender.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

In most cases (usually) growth is influenced by the living environment and place of residence, for example, the average height of Chinese citizens is 165 cm (for men) and 155 cm (for women) [1], and the average height of the Dutch is 184 cm and 170 cm respectively.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The process of growth


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Growth hormone or growth hormone is responsible for a person's growth.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

It is called growth hormone because in children and adolescents, as well as young people with growth zones in the bones that have not yet been closed, it causes a pronounced acceleration of linear (in length) growth, mainly for account of the growth of long tubular bones of the extremities.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Somatotropin secretion gradually decreases with age.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

It is minimal in the elderly and the elderly, it is maximum in adolescents during the period of intensive linear growth and puberty.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

In adults, a pathological increase in somatotropin levels or prolonged administration of exogenous somatotropin at doses characteristic of a growing body leads to thickening of bones and coarsening of facial features, increasing the size of the tongue - the so-called acromegaloid structure of the skeleton.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

In general, humanity is gradually “growing”.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

If 50 years ago, the average height was 160 centimeters, now it is 5 centimeters more.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

On average, its weight has also increased by about a kilogram.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

In teenagers, the changes are even more noticeable.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The average height of a modern teenager is 3-5 centimeters higher than that of his peer in the 30s.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The epoch-making change in human growth is called acceleration.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

For example, Neanderthals were shorter than modern man (155-165 cm), but the Cro-Magnon almost did not differ in height from him (175-180 cm).


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Residents of Ancient Egypt and representatives of the Creto-Minoan civilization had approximately the same growth.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

In the Middle Ages, human growth began to decline.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

But over the past 100 years, the length of the human body has increased dramatically again.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The increase in growth during the 19th and 20th centuries was most likely due to technological progress in the agricultural sector.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The jump in productivity also affected the production of foods containing protein, which in turn affected the average length of the human body.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

It is worth noting that in some countries, the increase in average growth was slower, in particular due to food taboos (for example, giving up pork or meat in general for religious reasons) or due to the usual low-protein diet (for example, in Japan) [2].


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Ways to increase growth


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

An increase in human growth can be carried out in two ways - surgical and physiological.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The surgical method involves surgical intervention in the human body.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

With this intervention, the bones of the legs or hips are dissected, after which the operated segment is lengthened using a special apparatus that allows you to perform a longitudinal increase in bone tissue in an average of 1 mm per day.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Currently, there are several specialized centers that perform such operations.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The surgical method gives good results at almost any age.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

However, it has many drawbacks: the rehabilitation period after surgery is about a year, there is a risk of various complications.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Finally, with this approach, the person becomes disproportionate, because only his legs are lengthened.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Although this method makes it possible to correct growth in various diseases, when initially there is an imbalance in the lengths of the segments of the limb and trunk - Olier's disease, achondroplasia, hypochondroplasia, etc.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

To lengthen the trunk, there are traction simulators for the spine that can be used at home.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

This method does not require material costs, and is not dangerous as an operation.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

If you use this method after the above, you can achieve even higher growth rates.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The physiological method is based on the natural ability of growth zones to increase the longitudinal size of skeletal bones.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The most significant increase occurs when growth zones are affected by growth hormone.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

With the end of puberty, growth zones are inhibited by the effects of the testosterone hormone.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The physiological method of enlargement is based on a complex of various effects on growth zones: special physical exercises (hanging on a horizontal bar, stretching, deflections), a special diet, dietary supplements for food, a special regime of the day.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The physiological method requires more time and, in comparison with the surgical method, is less effective.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

However, this method is good because it does not interfere with daily activities, is not dangerous for complications and stimulates a person to a healthy lifestyle.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

After the completion of the natural formation and growth of the skeleton (20—30 years), the use of growth hormones (thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland) can lead to disproportionate growth of individual parts bodies.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Some facts


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Small stature


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The smallest average growth in continental Eurasia is observed among the Kets (Yenisei Ostyaks), a nationality living on the banks of the Yenisei River, 140 centimeters.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

In June 1936, a village was discovered in central China, inhabited by a population of 800 men and women, no more than 120 cm tall.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The shortest people that have ever lived on earth are the Onge tribe from the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

About a hundred people lived from this people until the end of the 20th century.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

In October 1970, a tribe was found on the Brazilian-Peruvian border, whose members are even shorter — none of them exceed 105 cm.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

According to some reports, Juan de la Cruz (48 centimeters tall) and Gal Mohammed (February 15, 1957 — June 2008) in India are considered the smallest midgets.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

According to the results of a survey conducted on July 19, 1990, he was 57 cm tall with a weight of 17 kg.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The smallest woman was Pauline Masters, known as Princess Pauline.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

She was born on February 26, 1876 in Ossendrecht, the Netherlands.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

At birth, she was 30 cm tall. By the age of 9, she had grown to 55 cm, weighing 15 kg.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Talented and capable dwarfs surprised their contemporaries.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

For example, the comprehensively developed, artistic Gibson, the court artist of King Charles II of England and Dukornet, is also an artist, in addition to everything armless.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Lord Gay, of the British Parliament, as well as the Dutchman Minheer Selected Lolkes, one of the most famous watchmakers of his time.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Alexander Pope, the greatest English poet of the 18th century, belongs to them.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

His fellow pen in France was Antoine Godot, whose reputation was so high that he became a close friend of Cardinal Richelieu.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Some dwarfs became famous in military affairs.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

King Gustav Adolf of Sweden, for example, kept a whole regiment of dwarf soldiers in his army.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Dwarfs almost always have children of normal height, even if both parents are dwarfs [3].


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The lowest couple of newlyweds were not “General and Mrs. Tom Finger Boy” - Charles and Litvinia Stratton from P. T. Barnum.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

This honor belongs to the Brazilian couple Douglas Maestra Brueger de Silva and Claudia Pereira Rocha, who married on October 26, 1998.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Their height was 89 and 91 centimeters, respectively [3].


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Big growth


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

In itself, high growth is not yet a sign of gigantism, a serious illness caused by excessive production of somatotropic hormone.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Healthy people with gigantic stature (200 cm or more) differ from people of average height only in their height.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

And people with gigantism also differ in proportions.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The tallest person to whom there is reliable evidence was Robert Pershing Wadlow, born in 1918 in Alton, W.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Illinois, USA.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

When his height was measured on June 27, 1940, he was 2.72 m with an arm span of 2.88 m. Its maximum recorded weight was 223 kg.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Leonid Stadnik, born in 1971, was registered in the Guinness Book of Records in 2007 as the tallest person on Earth.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Stadnik's height is 257 cm. He is 21 centimeters higher than the owner of the previous record Chinese Bao Xishun.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Subsequently, Stadnik refused official measurements, which, according to the new rules, were to be carried out by the representatives of the Guinness Book of Records themselves.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Leonid explained this by the fact that he does not want to be glorified due to his growth.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Until the last measurement, its height increased on average 1-1.5 cm per year.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

As a result, the title was returned to Bao Sishunyu.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

In 2009, the title passed to the Turk Sultan Kösen, who has a height of 251 cm.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Sandy Allen, born in 1955 from the USA — 2.32 m. She weighed 210 kg and wore shoe size 50.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

She starred in the film “Casanova Fellini”.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Anna Henan Swan of Canada was 2.27 m tall. On June 18, 1998, she married Martin van Buren Bates of Whitesburg, W.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Kentucky, USA, which was 2.20 m tall. According to the Guinness Book of Records, they made up the tallest married couple in the world.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

However, there were previously spouses whose overall declared growth was greater.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

So Fedor Makhnov and Eurosinya Lebedeva (215 cm.) could well be taller.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Most likely, Martin Bates (231 cm.) and Anna Swan (242 cm.) were taller.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The latter had the largest registered children.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The tallest woman is Treintje Keever.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Growth changes


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

In the process of evolution, man is getting higher and higher.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Over the past 200 years, men have grown by about 10 cm and women by 9.1-9.4 cm. This phenomenon is observed in almost all developed countries.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The increase in growth is associated with industrialization, improvement of living conditions, quality nutrition (an increase in the amount of proteins, etc.), better medical care (thanks to vaccinations, children are less likely to suffer from stunting diseases), hygiene and sanitation (which reduce morbidity), as well as a decrease in the number of people doing hard physical work in childhood [3].


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

During the day, a person's height changes by an average of 1-2 cm (with loads of 3 cm or more).


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The greatest growth will be immediately after sleep.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

During the day (with a predominantly upright position of the trunk), the intervertebral discs settle, and overnight they restore their original height.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

To get an accurate result, height (like a person's weight) should be measured in the morning.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

In astronauts, with a long-term stay in weightlessness, growth increases by 5-8 centimeters.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

However, this is quite dangerous, as the spine loses strength.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

After returning to Earth, growth gradually returns to its previous magnitude.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Misc


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

When measuring height, you need a person to touch the floor with both heels.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

If a person stands on one leg, he will be able to stretch about 1 cm higher.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Average age-related growth changes


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

A person grows unevenly.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The fastest increase in the length of the human body is in the prenatal period.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

At birth, the average height of boys reaches 51.5 cm, girls - 51 cm. Then growth slows down.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

In the first year of life, a child grows by an average of 24 cm, in the second and third - by 10 cm per year, from 3 to 7 years - by 6-6.5 cm. During puberty, the growth gain is 5-7 cm per year.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Since girls begin puberty earlier, they overtake boys in height during this period, but after 14 years, boys catch up and overtake their peers.


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

On average, men complete their growth at 18—20 years, and women at 16—18. [4]


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

The average height of a person in Russia


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

In the 1960s, according to the World Health Organization, the average height of men in the USSR was 168 cm, women — 157 cm [5].


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Over the next 50 years, the height of both men and women increased by about 10 cm: according to data for 2013, the average height of men in Russia was 178 cm, women — 166 cm [5].


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

See also


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Napoleon Complex


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Children's height and weight


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Notes


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Literature


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

References


Question: What is the average height of a man in Russia?

Human height

Category:Growth


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

In terms of geographical location, Egypt can be divided into two large parts.


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Egypt is located in northern Africa; however, it includes the Sinai Peninsula, which is considered part of Western Asia.


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Thus, Egypt is located both in North Africa and in western Asia.


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Egypt is washed by the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

It is bordered by Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east.


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Egypt covers an area of 1,001,450 km², almost the same area as Texas and New Mexico combined, four times larger than the UK, twice as much as France, but three times smaller than Yakutia.


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

The largest distance from north to south is 1024 km, from west to east is 1240 km.


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Egypt's coastline is more than 2,900 km long along the Mediterranean coast, the Gulf of Suez, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea.


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Egypt is also a Muslim country.


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Governorates


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Egypt is divided into 27 governorates (provinces, governorates), including four city-governorates: Alexandria, Cairo, Port Said and Suez.


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Nine governorates are located in Lower Egypt in the Nile Delta, eight governorates in Upper Egypt along the Nile Valley, four on the Cairo-Aswan line and five border governorates in Sinai and desert regions east and west of the Nile.


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Physical-geographical regions


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Egypt is dominated by deserts.


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

The cultivated area is only 35,000 km², which is 3.5% of the total area.


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Most of the country lies in a desert belt that stretches from the Atlantic coast of Africa across the continent to Western Asia.


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

The geological history of Egypt has identified four main physico-geographical regions:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

The Delta and the Nile Valley,


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

The Libyan Desert,


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Arabian Desert,


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

The Sinai Peninsula.


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Despite the fact that the Delta and the Nile Valley occupy only 5.5% of Egypt's total land area, it is the most important region where agricultural land is cultivated and about 99% of the population lives.


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Territory and borders


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Square:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

total:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

1,001,450 km²


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

land:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

995,450 km²


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

water:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

6,000 km²


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Land borders:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

total:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

2689 km


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

borders with countries:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Israel 255 km, Libya 1150 km, Sudan 1273 km


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Coastline: 2450 km


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Claims to water areas:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

marine coastal zone: 24 nautical miles (44 km)


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

continental shelf: up to 200 m deep or up to operational depth


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles (370 km)


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

territorial waters: 12 nautical miles (22 km)


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Heights:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

lowest point: Kattara depression −133 m


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

highest point: Mount Saint Catherine (Sinai) 2629 m


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Resources and land use


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Natural resources:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Land use:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

arable land:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

monocultures:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

permanent pastures:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

forests:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

another one:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

98% (1993, estimate)


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Irrigated land:


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

32,460 km² (1993, estimate)


Question: How long is Egypt?

Geography of Egypt

Category:Geography of Egypt


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger (January 30/February 11, 1836 — February 16/March 1 [1] 1907) was a Russian mathematician, doctor of pure mathematics, Honored Professor of the Imperial Moscow University ( 1888) [2]; author of a number of works on mechanics and geometry, founder of the geometric school of Moscow University; one of the founders of the Moscow Mathematical Society (1864), later its president (1886— 1891).


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics (1876—1878, 1880—1885), Vice-Rector of Moscow University (1878—1880).


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Vasily Yakovlevich is also known as a botanist: he was engaged in the taxonomy of plants, wrote several significant works on the flora of Central Russia.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

For his botanical work, Zinger was awarded the title of Honorary Doctor of Botany.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger is the author of several scientific and philosophical works, a representative of the direction that later became known as the Moscow School of Philosophy and Mathematics.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

IN. ME.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger was the elder brother of Nikolai Yakovlevich Zinger (1842—1918), astronomer and surveyor, professor, corresponding member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, one of the leaders of the Russian geographical society.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Short biography


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Vasily Zinger was born into the family of Yakov Khristianovich Zinger, the son of a hospital manager, and Anna Vasilyevna, nee Volkova, daughter of a Moscow merchant [3] [4].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Yakov Khristianovich was a mathematics teacher, made a living by private lessons [5].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

When Vasily was 11 years old, his father died, leaving his widow with three children (Vasily was the eldest of the children, and Nikolai, the future astronomer, was the youngest) [6].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

During his father's lifetime, Vasily began to live with his paternal grandfather, Christian Ivanovich Zinger, a German who moved from Germany to Moscow in the 18th century and served for many years economist (manager) of the Golitsyn Hospital (now the Golitsyn building of the City Clinical Hospital No. 1 on Leninsky Prospekt) and received the title of hereditary nobleman for his conscientious service ( it is known that during the Patriotic War of 1812, when Napoleon's troops occupied Moscow, he remained alone in the hospital and managed to prevent its looting, and also saved what he left for storage hospital money).


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Christian Ivanovich was a Lutheran, but his children (all of them were born in Moscow) and grandchildren were of Orthodox faith and from birth belonged to the Russian nobility [3] [4].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Education


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Vasily Zinger received his secondary education at the First Moscow Gymnasium.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Remembering those years later, Vasily Yakovlevich spoke about the educational system with complete disapproval, considering teaching at the gymnasium formal and boring; by his own admission, in elementary school he studied poorly and was not interested in anything.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In higher school, teaching improved, and from about the age of 15 he began to study much better, striking teachers with his excellent memory, speed of consideration and independent thinking [3] [6].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

He graduated from gymnasium in 1853 with the right to enter the university without an exam [7].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

After gymnasium, Zinger entered the Physics and Mathematics Department of Moscow University.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

At first, he studied there as a state student and lived in a university boarding school, but later he could not withstand the conditions of this existence and moved to his mother.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

It is known that Zinger worked part-time during these years with private lessons [6].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Among Zinger's teachers, two professors, mathematicians and mechanics, can be distinguished — Nikolai Dmitrievich Brashman (1796—1866), the author of one of the best analytical geometry courses for his time [8 ], and August Yulievich Davidov (1823—1886), who during Zinger's studies was a professor at the Department of Applied Mathematics and taught a course in probability theory and its applications [6].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In the spring of 1857, Zinger graduated from Moscow University, and a year later he was left at the university for advanced training in science for two years, and after this period he was left for another year [6].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In 1862, Zinger defended his master's thesis on the topic “The Least Squares Method”, and in the same year he was elected by the Council of Moscow University to the full-time position of Associate Professor in the Department of Clean mathematics.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In 1867 he defended his doctoral dissertation (topic “On the movement of free liquid mass”) [5].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Teaching activities


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger began his teaching career in 1862 with courses in mathematical physics and light theory [9] and continued it until 1899.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Until 1871, he was Professor Extraordinary, then Ordinary, and since 1888 - Professor Emeritus of Pure Mathematics [5].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Over the years, Zinger gave lectures on many branches of mathematics: differential calculus, higher algebra, analytical geometry, theoretical mechanics.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger himself singled out a course in projective geometry (“synthetic” or “new” geometry): it was he who introduced this branch of mathematics at the university as an independent subject.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger's lectures were original, visual, carefully thought-out, they were well remembered, and always attracted a large number of listeners [6].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

An interesting observation made by Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky (1847—1921), the future “father of Russian aviation”, while studying at Moscow University (1864—1868).


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Lectures on mechanics during this period were given in parallel by Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger and Professor Fedor Alekseevich Sludsky (1841-1897); Zinger's teaching of the subject was clear, geometrically clear, while while Sludsky's presentation of the material was exclusively abstract, took place only in the language of formulas, without any geometric illustrations.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zhukovsky highly appreciated both teachers, but when he became a teacher himself, he always remained a follower of Zinger's visual method [10].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In his speech in April 1908 at an evening dedicated to the memory of Vasily Yakovlevich, he said: “With his love for figurative geometric thinking, Zinger fascinated young mechanics, directing their work along the path followed by the great geometers Newton, Poinsot, Poncelet, Shawl” [6].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In 1888, Zinger translated into Russian the work of the French geometer Michel Chal (1793—1880) “Historical Review of the Origin of Geometric Methods”.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger also developed the ideas of Schall, as well as the German geometer Jacob Steiner (1796—1863) in his lectures [6].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger created a scientific school of Moscow geometer scientists.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

It can include both Konstantin Alekseevich Andreev (1848—1921) and Alexey Konstantinovich Vlasov (1868—1922), who were engaged in projective geometry, and scientists in the field of differential geometry Boleslav Kornelievich Mlodzievsky (1858-1923) and Dmitry Fedorovich Egorov (1869—1931) [6].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

The elegance of presentation and the depth of scientific ideas attracted many students to Zinger... One of the most important features of Zinger's lectures was that in them he attracted the attention of his listeners... guiding ideas and made it possible to clearly assimilate the difference between the inner meaning of each issue or method and those established... techniques and transformations that form the outer shell pure speculation.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Scientific and organizational activities


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Simultaneously with his teaching activities, Zinger was elected to various positions: from 1870 to 1876, he was elected secretary of the faculty three times [6], and from 1870 to 1876 he was also a member university court [5].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

From June 1876 to February 1878, Zinger was Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

From February 1878 to March 1880, he was vice-rector of Moscow University, but in March 1880 he resigned.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In June 1880, Zinger was again elected Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics and held this position until October 1885 [6].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary states that Zinger was “one of the most respected members of the professorial board throughout his university career” [5].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In March 1892, having already ceased his activities at the university for health reasons, Zinger became director of the Alexander Commercial School - this was the last position he held.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Vasily Yakovlevich planned to create a new school textbook on geometry, but this idea remained unrealized, as well as some of his other plans related to the school.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In 1898, Zinger resigned [5] [6].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

A passion for botany


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Vasily Yakovlevich spent all his youth in Moscow, far from nature (according to his own stories, he could hardly distinguish rye from oats), but after he married and began to spend his free time in his wife's estate in the village of Melekhovka, Tula Province (now Yasnogorsk District, Tula Region), he became interested in botany; first of all, this was facilitated, by his own admission, joint walks and conversations with Nikolai Nikolaevich Kaufman (1834—1870), professor of botany at Moscow University, author of the famous determinant “Moscow Flora”.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Alexander Vasilyevich, the son of Vasily Yakovlevich, later quoted his father as saying: “When I watched Kaufman collect and explore plants, when I listened to his stories, my eyes definitely opened: and grass, both the forest and the soil introduced themselves to me in a completely new light, full of the deepest interest” [11].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Gradually, this hobby grew into serious scientific studies.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In 1877, Zinger, together with botanist Dmitry Alexandrovich Kozhevnikov (1858-1882), began a systematic study of the flora of the Tula province.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

The result of these works was the Essay on the Flora of the Tula Province (1880) [9].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In July 1882, Zinger and botanist Dmitry Ivanovich Litvinov (1854—1929, future curator of the botanical museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences for more than thirty years) explored the Galichya Gora tract — limestone rocks on the right bank of the Don River (now this territory is part of the Zadonsky District of the Lipetsk Region).


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger and Litvinov, according to the memoirs of the local forester, were going to stay here only half a day, but what they saw changed their plans, and they were delayed.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Litvinov's diary shows that he and Zinger carefully explored the mountain, and “... a few days later, on the way back, we... went around [the mountain] again and then drove down the Don. We did not take everything with us, but the most interesting ones. Zinger recorded the rest... In the following years, Zinger and I visited the mountain several times, at different times of the year.”


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

They discovered plants uncharacteristic of the East European Plain, including 17 species that were previously known only from findings in the subalpine and alpine belts of the Mediterranean, Caucasus, Altai and Siberia, including Podolskaya sheverekia, Don cinquefoil, steppe boner, Gmelin's beetroot, two-spikelet conifer, sickle bupleurum, silky wormwood and Armenian wormwood, Altai bell, Siberian grits, narrow-leaved saltwort, whole clematis [12].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

The research conducted by Zinger and Litvinov on Galichya Gora was continued by other scientists (including Vasily Zinger's son, Nikolai Vasilyevich Zinger [13]), who showed that this place belongs to the North-Don region of relict vegetation that has been preserved since the pre-glacial era.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In 1925, the Galichya Gora Nature Reserve was organized here [14].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Another botanist with whom Vasily Yakovlevich maintained relations was Rudolf Ernestovich Trautfetter (1809—1889), professor at the University of Dorpat; Zinger considered him one of the best experts in Russian flora [4].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In total, Zinger wrote five botanical works, including an extensive (more than five hundred pages) “Collection of Information on flora of Central Russia”.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

This work, on which Zinger worked for eight years, summarizes information on the flora of fifteen provinces, provides a list of 1,749 plant species with an indication of their distribution.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

To organize the collection of information, Zinger used an innovative technique, actively chatting with a large number of nature lovers on the ground and receiving extensive herbarium materials from them [6] [9].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

“There is no need to be a specialist in order to successfully and usefully study the domestic flora; this requires the love of work and hunting, which turns considerable and not always easy work collecting and identifying plants into his usual favorite pastime and little by little makes an experienced connoisseur out of an ordinary amateur...” he later wrote in the preface to his “Collection of Information...”. - Good guides according to local flora and cannot be until, with the help of the same amateur labor, the necessary factual material for this is collected” [15].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Herbarium V. ME.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger, partially collected by him with his own hands, and mostly composed of collections of numerous correspondents, served as documentary material not only for himself for the “Collection of Information about flora of Central Russia”, but also to other botanists, including Pyotr Feliksovich Mayevsky (1851-1892) to compile the first edition of his Flora of Central Russia (1892).


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Now this herbarium is stored in the Department of Eastern Europe at the Herbarium of Moscow University.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Subsequently, Zinger was awarded the title of Honorary Doctor of Botany by the University of Dorpat.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

This is the rarest case when one person was awarded such a high scientific degree in sciences as close as mathematics and botany [11].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

At the end of 1898, Zinger settled on his estate in the Tula province and devoted most of the remaining years of his life to studying plants [5].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In honor of V. ME.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In 1946, a genus of cereals was named after Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger [16].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

The genus is interesting because one of its representatives has an extremely low number of chromosomes (2n = 4): this is the smallest number of chromosomes that occurs in higher plants - it is known all over the world only a few of these types [17].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In honor of V. ME.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger is also named a plant species from the genus Astragalus —, — endemic to the Volga region; a rare species listed in the Red Book of Russia [18].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Moscow Mathematical Society


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger was one of the organizers of the Moscow Mathematical Society.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

It arose in September 1864 as a scientific circle of mathematics teachers (mostly from Moscow University), united around Professor Nikolai Dmitrievich Brashman.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

The original goal of the society was to get to know each other through original abstracts with new works in various fields of mathematics and related sciences, both own and other scientists; but already in January 1866, when a request for official approval of the Company was submitted, its charter recorded a significantly more ambitious goal: “The Moscow Mathematical Society is established with the aim of promote the development of mathematical sciences in Russia”.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

The Society was officially approved in January 1867 [19].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

From the very beginning, Zinger took over the duties of secretary and kept the minutes of the meetings, Brashman was elected the first president of the society, and August Yulievich Davidov was elected vice-president.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

After Brashman's death in 1866, Davidov was elected president (since the Society was officially approved only in 1867, in literature as the first president sometimes not Brashman is indicated, but Davidov [20]), Zinger is the vice-president of the Society.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

In 1886, after Davidov's death, Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger became president of the Society; he held this post until 1891, after which he asked to resign for health reasons [6] [19].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

To publish the reports read at the meetings, the journal Mathematical Collection was organized, its first issue was published in 1866; many important works by Zinger were published in it [19].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Four years after Zinger's death, in 1911, the 28th volume of the Mathematical Collection was published, the first issue of which was dedicated to the memory of V. ME.


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Zinger; the journal published five articles about the works of Vasily Yakovlevich in the field of mathematics, mechanics, philosophy and botany, as well as about his life and work in general [21].


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Moscow School of Philosophy and Mathematics


Question: In what year did Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger die?

Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger

Vasily Zinger is one of the earliest representatives of those figures of Russian philosophical thought of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, who are known collectively as the Moscow Philosophical mathematics school.