Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The best film of the French stage of Siodmak was “The Trap” (1939), a dense suspense thriller about the hunt in Paris for a serial killer in the style of Jack the Ripper [2].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Hollywood Career Start: 1940—1944


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

With the outbreak of World War II, under the threat of Nazis entering Paris, Siodmak moved to Hollywood, where in 1941 he signed his first contract with Paramount Studios.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

For her, he directed three not very impressive category B films: the comedy melodrama Widow of West Point (1941), the thriller about Nazi secret criminal operations Night Flight (1942) and the romantic comedy “My heart belongs to my dad” (1942) [3].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

In 1943, Siodmak staged a fairly successful psychological drama “Remember Someone” (1943) about an elderly rich woman who once lost her son.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Since then, she has been living in the hotel where she broke up with her son for the last time, hoping that he will return.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

One day, a group of students check into a hotel, and the woman becomes attached to one of them, starting to perceive him as her grandson.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

After a while, this student should be visited by the father, who, according to the woman, is her son.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Without waiting for him to arrive, she dies happily ignorant.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The first Universal films: 1943—1944


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Siodmak was not happy with the fact that he began to gain his reputation as a director of category B. He had hope for career progress when “his brother Kurt, who emigrated to America in 1937 and succeeded as a horror screenwriter, helped him get the position of director at Universal Studios” [3].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

In 1943, Siodmak signed a seven-year contract with the studio, and became a full-time director of the company, where, in addition to staging his own films, his duties included refining and saving the unsuccessful and weak films by other directors.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Siodmak “found his niche in Universal, a studio known for combining expressionist technique with Hollywood neo-realism, especially in the horror and thriller genres. The experience of editing and filming in France on relatively small budgets allowed Siodmak to create many high-quality films at Universal that looked very good, although they were not expensive to produce ” [2].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

In 1943, Siodmak directed the film Son of Dracula (1943), based on the story of his brother Kurt, the third in a series of films about Dracula and “the best of the later horror films of Universal”, [6], in which “ the origins of the Shiodmak style appear” [3].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The film takes place in the swampy lands of the southern United States, where the mysterious Earl of Alucard (Lon Chaney) settles.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Fascinated by occultism, the heiress of a wealthy family admires Alucard, and soon agrees to become his wife.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

However, her ex-fiancé, along with a local doctor and psychologist, conclude that Alucard is a descendant of the vampire Count Dracula and fight him to save the poor girl.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

It was not Universal's best horror film, however, it enjoyed sufficient success with the public, which allowed Shiodmak to move on to the production of better and more expensive movies [6].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Siodmak's first category A film, his first color film “The Woman of the Cobra” (1944), made “in the flashy bright Technicolor”, was no less commercially successful.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

This adventure film takes place on islands in the southern latitudes of the Pacific Ocean, where on the eve of her wedding with Ramu, the beautiful Tolley is kidnapped and taken to the mysterious island of Cobra.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

It is ruled by her twin sister, insidious, greedy and ambitious Naja, who torments her people and distorts their faith.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Tolley and Naja fight both for power on the island and for Rama, with whom they are both in love.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

As a result, Tollea must choose between love for Ram and duty, fate and her right to power [7].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Although this essentially primitive film did little to Shiodmak creatively, “it revealed his propensity for experimenting with color and visual aesthetics” [8], and was also a noticeable success with the public.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Best films noir: 1944—1949


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Siodmak reached his creative peak at Universal Studios, “creating skillful noir thrillers such as Ghost Lady (1944), Suspect (1945), Uncle Harry's Strange Thing (1945), The Dark One mirror “(1946) and an outstanding pair of crime dramas “Crisscross” (1949) and “The Crying of the Big City” (1949). The main thing in the success of these paintings was Shiodmak's ability to create an ominous atmosphere and fear from every dark shadow, while maintaining a tense and fascinating narrative” [1].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Siodmak's American films, according to Andrew Sarris, “were even more German than his German films, they were filled with dark atmospheres. All of them contain seriously disturbing quality in subsequent views” [6].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Immediately after completing work on Cobra, Shiodmak was tasked with directing Ghost Lady (1944), a film that many consider the first truly iconic noir “[3].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The focus of the film, based on the novel by the famous author of “cool detectives” Cornel Woolrich, was the search for a mysteriously disappeared witness, led by a young and charming employee architectural bureau (Ella Raines) in order to save her boss from the death penalty for the murder of his wife.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

“The film maintained suspense throughout its entire length and rapid pace, using gloomy lighting and clever little touches, such as an unusual hat that makes it possible to find a key witness. Siodmak also showed the ability to get strong performance from actors, especially Francho Tone as a killer” [2].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

“The film created Shiodmaku the position of one of the highest hierarchs of the genre, Siodmak's noir films became an archetype” [3].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Others, including David Shipman, argued that Shiodmak's obsession with the genre “not only did not strengthen his reputation, but literally destroyed it”, turning it into a type of director [9].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Following the success of this film, Siodmak directed Christmas Holiday (1944) based on the 1939 novel of the same name by the famous English writer and playwright Somerset Maugham, which is set moved to the United States during the Second World War.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

On his way home in New Orleans, a young lieutenant meets a cabaret singer (Dina Durbin), who tells him the story of her unfortunate marriage to an aristocrat from the southern states (Gene Kelly).


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

He turned out to be a gamer, mentally dependent on his mother, and also committed a murder.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

She defended him for a long time, but after refusing to confirm his alibi, her husband received a life sentence.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Durbin, who usually played “simple and understandable girls with a good voice”, this time got a really dramatic role and coped with it very well.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

However, it is eclipsed by another future musical star Kelly, who creates a convincing portrait of a vicious psychopath, literally devoured by his inner demons.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Music author Hans Salter won an Oscar nomination for his work on this film.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Siodmak's next great film noir was the melodrama Suspect (1944), which takes place in London at the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Charles Lawton starred in the main role of a respectable man who kills first his grumpy wife and then a blackmailer to save the honor of an innocent girl (Ella Raines) [2].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

In Uncle Harry's Strange Case (1945), a charming designer in a small town in New England (George Sanders), who lives with two unmarried sisters, decides to marry, one of the sisters tries his best destroy this marriage by driving the brother to the point where he is ready to kill his sister.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The lady of the heart of the protagonist in this film was again played by Ella Raines, which was her third collaboration with Siodmak.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The stylish thriller “Spiral Staircase” (1945), the result of a joint production of the RKO studio and independent producer David O. Selznik, “is widely recognized as a masterpiece of Shiodmak”.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The film takes place in a Gothic manor house in New England in 1906 against the backdrop of an ever-growing thunderstorm and tells the story of a series of murders of disabled girls by a mad perfectionist scientist.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The film is rich in historical details and details, Shiodmak actively uses unusual angles, flickering lights, reflections and disorienting mirror images to convey horror, “just like Murnau did this in his silent classic horror film Nosferatu, Symphony of Horror (1922) [2].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Actress Ethel Barrymore received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Role [10].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Having firmly established himself as a director of category A films, Siodmak began producing The Killers (1946), a high-class noir film based on the 1927 story by Ernest Hemingway years.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Recognized today as one of the best in its genre, “The Killers” is mostly covered with a veil of shadows, which, combined with a narrative built almost entirely on flashbacks and scenes shot from above, causes a feeling of claustrophobia and impending misfortune.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The film “Killers” touches on literally every main theme of the noir... the haunting woman fatale (Ava Gardner), the idea-rich robbery scene, psychiatric portraits of a group of professional gangsters, devastating double deception, a spirit of severe fatalism, and a tough protagonist doomed to his existential fate (Bert Lancaster).


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Each motif is designed precisely and stylishly [3].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Killers was a milestone in the development of the film noir genre and played a key role in the beginning of the careers of Bert Lancaster and Ava Gardner, and firmly transferred Siodmak to category A [6].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The film was nominated for four Oscars, including Shiodmaku as lead director.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

In 1964, director Don Siegel staged a fairly successful remake of the film of the same name, starring John Cassavetes, Angie Dickinson and Lee Marvin.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Siodmak then directed the psychological thriller Dark Mirror (1946) about two identical twins (played by Olivia de Havilland), one of whom is a psychopathic killer.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

However, neither the police nor witnesses can definitely say which sister is committing crimes, as they are indistinguishable outwardly.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

“Today, the film is one of the most highly appreciated films noir” [6].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Vladimir Pozner was nominated for an Oscar for Best Original Story on which the script is based [11].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Siodmak continued to work in the same direction, directing the crime thriller “Crying of the Big City” (1948) about a police detective in New York (Victor Mattheur) who pursues his school friend, who became a murderer (Richard Conte) [2].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Cruel, full of suspense crime melodrama Crisscross (1949) tells the story of a respectable, but morally weak driver of a collector armored car (Bert Lancaster), who is so blinded love passion for his ex-wife (Yvonne de Carlo), that she commits a crime for her and colludes with gangsters [6].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

“The heroine plays with his fatalistic passion for her, realizing that she can manipulate him for her own material gain. Their relationship is impossible, and yet they know that they must participate in destroying them in order to satisfy their own selfish desires. For him, these desires are carnal, for her it is financial.” [3]


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Although Crisscross was somewhat weaker than Siodmak's classic film The Killers, it is nevertheless filled with a stylish atmosphere, intriguing and unexpected plot twists, and a demonstration of human vices and fatalism, demonstrating fully the defining features of film noir.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

A remake of this film called “There Inside” (1995) was directed by the famous American director Steven Soderbergh.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

In the stylish film noir “The Thelma Jordon Case” (1950), the mysterious femme fatale Thelma Jordon (Barbara Stanwick) involves an assistant district attorney in an illegal love affair, and deceives him, destroys evidence related to the murder of her rich aunt by her accomplice and lover.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

“Barbara Stanwick appears in all her glory as a ruthless, manipulating femme fatale in the spirit of Phyllis Dietrichsen or Martha Ivers” [2].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

However, unlike the cold and dispassionate femme fatale in other noir films, Thelma has both a heart that can love and a desire to do good.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Stanwick fully understands the ambiguity and complexity of his character and plays one of his best roles.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The film contains many other characteristic features of the film noir, this is a twisted plot, and the tragic blunders of the main characters, and doomed, erotic overtones, and stylish black and white cinematography with impeccable staging and almost physically perceptible tension in everything.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

“By the end of the 1940s, Siodmak had developed a reputation as a master of suspense and horror, second only to Hitchcock” [2].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Recent Hollywood works: 1949—1952


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Siodmak's last four films before the end of his Hollywood period were The Great Sinner (1949), The Deported (1950), The Whistle to Eton Falls (1951) and The Red Corsair (1952).


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The drama “The Great Sinner” (1949) is based on the novel “The Gambler” by Fyodor Dostoevsky (1867).


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Gregory Peck plays the role of a young Russian aristocrat and writer who meets on a Paris train and falls in love with a lady (Ava Gardner) who is due to marry the owner of a casino in Monte Carlo.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

He starts playing for her, loses all his money, loses friends, and ends up stealing from a poor church.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The crime drama “Deported” (1950) told the story of an Italian gangster expelled from the United States, who, returning home, engaged in fraud, robbery and murder, fighting like a local mafia , as well as with the authorities.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The Whistle at Eaton Falls (1951) was an uninteresting drama about an industrial conflict between the administration and unions at a plastics factory in New Hampshire.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

These three films generally did not live up to expectations and were noticeably inferior in quality to Siodmak's noir films.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Ironically, his last American film was The Red Corsair (1952) with Burt Lancaster, a costume satire with elements of a farce that was as good as his thrillers [6].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The film was in stark contrast to Siodmak's usual works, it was a strong, multicolored, fun pirate film with impressive action scenes, “which had no equal in this genre until Pirates The Caribbean Sea “half a century later. It was Siodmak's swan song in Hollywood” [2].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

“When noir passed its zenith in the early 1950s, the basis of Siodmak's work in Hollywood began to melt” [3].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

In 1953, he worked for five months with novelist Budd Schulberg on a script that later resulted in the drama At the Port (1954).


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

But since Schulberg maintained ties with the Communists, the work was interrupted.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Producer Sam Spiegel bought the rights to the script, inviting Elia Kazan as a director.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The released film achieved wide recognition and won eight Oscars.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Siodmak sued Spiegel for copyright infringement for $100,000 and won the trial, but his name and contribution were never credited to the film “[12].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Successful career in Europe: 1953—1958


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

In 1953, Siodmak left America and resumed his career in Europe, first in France, and then in Germany, England and Spain, where he made 16 more films until 1965.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

His first European work after his return was the French romantic and slightly mystical drama The Big Game (1954), a remake of Jacques Fader's 1934 film of the same name.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

It tells the story of a young lawyer who enlisted in the French Foreign Legion and went to serve in the Sahara, where in one of the tribes he met a girl like two drops of water like his sweetheart.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

She did not remember anything about herself, and with his stories he gradually began to shape her past, but at that moment his lover came from France.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Italian star Gina Lollobrigida played a double role in this film.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Siodmak returned to Germany, where he directed several interesting films, the most significant of which were “deep, masterful and beautiful German melodramas” [1] “Rats” (1955) with Maria Shell in the role a homeless pregnant 20-year-old girl in the nightmare world of burned post-war Berlin; and The Devil Came at Night (1957), the story of a serial killer in Hamburg starring Mario Adorf, reminiscent of Fritz Lang's M (1931), this strong, intense film stood out for its realistic interpretation of the plot [2].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The socio-political drama Rats (1955) is based on the 1911 play of the same name by the famous German playwright Gerhart Hauptmann, which was moved to Berlin in the early 1950s.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The film tells the story of a girl in East Germany who dreams of getting a fake passport in order to go to the West.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

To get the money, she sells her illegitimate child to another woman who hopes that the child will bring her closer to her husband and improve her family life.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Rats run around in the frame and gnaw at the pillars, but in this case we are talking about human rats, first of all, referring to a sneaky swindler who left a young girl who became pregnant with him [13] .


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

In 1955, the film won Siodmak the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival, and Goran Strindberg won the German Film Award for Best Cinematography [14].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The political crime thriller “The Devil Came at Night” (1958) is staged on real material.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

In Hamburg, in the last months of Hitler's regime, there has been a series of rapes and suffocations of young women.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The case is being investigated by an SS officer and a non-partisan police detective.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Quite quickly, they manage to find out that the criminal is a mentally ill Bruno Ludke, who turns out to be a member of the Nazi Party.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

To hide this fact, the SS accuses and executes an innocent person of crimes.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

In addition to its fascinating plot, the film perfectly conveyed the atmosphere that reigned in German cities on the eve of the collapse of the Nazi regime.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

In 1958, the film was nominated for an Oscar for Best Foreign Film, and Siodmak won the Best Director Award for the film at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The film also won nine German film awards, including the Outstanding Film Award and the Shiodmaku Award for Best Director [15].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

European passing film series: 1958-1969


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

In 1957, Siodmak directed one of the films of the British television series OSS (1957-58), which described the work of an American intelligence officer in occupied France during World War II wars.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Later, “he staged mostly not outstanding paintings until the 1960s” [1], such as Dorothea Angermann (1958) and Katya the Uncrowned Queen (1959).


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

In the drama Dorothea Angermann (1958), Hauptmann's play tells “a rather old-fashioned story of a woman” accused of murdering her abusive husband, whom she married against her will.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Katya the Uncrowned Queen (1959) was an unreliable costume melodrama set at the court of Tsar Alexander II, in which the main role was played by the popular Austrian actress Romy Schneider.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Filmed in the UK, the noir drama Rough and Tender (1959) tells the story of an archaeologist engaged to the daughter of a wealthy publisher who leaves his bride on the eve of the wedding for a “nymphomaniac with masochistic tendencies”, which he accidentally meets in a pub.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

An attempt to tear her out of destructive ties with a scum and a rude man eventually leads to disastrous consequences for him.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Siodmak himself had an extremely low opinion of the film, saying that he “saw films worse, but not much worse” [16].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The films “My School Friend” (1960), “The Nina B. Affair” (1961) and “Escape from East Berlin” (1962) each covered the history of modern Germany in their own way.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The tragicomic satire “My School Friend” (1960) tells how modern Germany is overcoming the consequences of the Nazi past.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The post-noir political thriller Nina B. Affair (1961) is dedicated to a mysterious stranger's struggle for power in a large German corporation he waged with a group of former Nazis.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The most famous film of this period was Escape from East Berlin (1962), which tells in a semi-documentary way the story of the real escape in January 1962 of 29 residents of East Berlin through a specially dug tunnel under the Berlin Wall.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

In the mid-1960s, Siodmak shot three minor adventure films: The Yellow Devil (1964), which takes place in Albania, as well as Aztec Treasures (1965) and Pyramid of the Sons of the Sun ( 1965), which takes place in Mexico in the middle of the 19th century.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Siodmak's last notable films were international projects: The Last Feat (1967), which starred in Spain with Robert Shaw in the title role; and Battle for Rome I (1968) with Lawrence Harvey and Orson Wells.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Neither film was a success [2].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Filmed in Spain, the international western “The Last Feat” (1968) is dedicated to the hero of the North-South War and the Indian Wars, Cavalry General George Caster.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The film had its own interesting moments, especially in terms of staging large-scale battle scenes, but it clearly lacked the harmony, credibility and integrity necessary for a good historical Western [6].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Siodmak's last film work was the two-part historical epic Battle for Rome (1968-69), dedicated to the siege of Rome by the Goths in 526.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The film, which is 3 hours in full, featured a stellar cast of performers and especially mass filming of combat battles, in which six squadrons of Romanian cavalry were involved.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

However, in general, the film looked old-fashioned, mannered and not fascinating.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

In 1973, a 94-minute version of the film was edited.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

The last years of life


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Robert Siodmak retired from the film industry in 1970 [2].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

His last public appearance was an interview for Swiss television, recorded at his home in Ascona in 1971.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Robert Siodmak died on March 10, 1973, seven weeks after the death of his wife, of a heart attack in a hospital in Locarno, Switzerland [2].


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Filmography


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

filmmaker


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1930 — Men on Sunday/Menschen am Sonntag


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1930 — Farewell /Abschied


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1931 - A man who is looking for his murderer /Der Mann, der seinen Mörder sucht


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1931 — Preliminary Investigation/Voruntersuchung


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1931 — Around one investigation/Autour d'une enquête


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1932 — Assault on Passion/Stürme der Leidenschaft


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1932 — Bustle/ Tumultes


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1932 — Quick/Quick


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1933 - Burning Mystery/Brennendes Geheimnis


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1933 — Weaker sexe/Le Sexe faible


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1934 — The crisis is completed/La Crise est finie


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1936 — Parisian life/La Vie parisienne


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1936 - Mr. Flow/Mister Flow


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1937 — White cargo/Cargaison blanche


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1938 — Molenar/Mollenard


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1938 — Ultimatum/Ultimatum


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1939 — Trap/Pièges


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1941 — West Point Widow/West Point Widow


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1942 — Night flight/Fly-By-Night


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1942 — The Night Before the Divorce


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1942 — My Heart Belongs to Daddy My Heart Belongs to Daddy


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1943 — Remember Someone/Someone to Remember


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1943 - Son of Dracula/Son of Dracula


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1944 - Ghost Lady/Phantom Lady


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1944 - Cobra Woman/Cobra Woman


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1944 — Christmas Holiday/Christmas Holiday


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1944 — The Suspect/The Suspect


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1945 - Uncle Harry's Strange Affair/The Strange Affair of Uncle Harry


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1945 — Spiral Staircase/The Spiral Staircase


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1946 - The Killers/The Killers


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1946 - Dark Mirror/The Dark Mirror


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1947 — Since time immemorial, Time Out of Mind


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1948 — The Big City Creek/Cry of the City


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1949 — Criss Cross/Criss Cross


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1949 - The Great Sinner


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1950 - The File on Thelma Jordan case/The File on Thelma Jordan


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1950 — Deported/Deported


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1951 — Whistle at Eton Falls/The Whistle at Eaton Falls


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1952 - The Red Corsair/The Crimson Pirate


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1954 - The Big Game/Le Grand jeu


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1955 — Rats/Die Ratten


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1956 - My dad, actor/Mein Vater, der Schauspieler


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1957 - The devil came at night/Nachts, wenn der Teufel kam


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1959 - Dorothea Angermann/Dorothea Angermann


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1959 — Katya — uncrowned queen/Katia


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1959 - The Rough and the Smooth


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1960 — Willy-nilly Mad/Mein Schulfreund


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1961 — Nina B.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

L'affaire Nina B.


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1962 — Escape from East Berlin/Escape from East Berlin


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1964 — Yellow Devil /Der Schut


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1965 — Aztec Treasures/Der Schatz der Azteken


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1965 — Pyramid of the Sons of the Sun/Die Pyramide des Sonnengottes


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1967 — The Last Feat/Custer of the West


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1968 — Battle for Rome/Kampf um Rom I


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1969 — Battle for Rome-2 /Kampf um Rom II — Der Verrat


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Awards and nominations


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1947 — Oscar nomination for Best Director for the film “The Killers” (1946)


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1947 — Edgar Alan Poe Award for Best Picture (The Killers)


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1954 — Nominated at the Grand Prix of the Cannes Film Festival for the film “The Great Game” (1954)


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1955 — Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival for his film “Rats” (1955)


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1958 — German Film Award for Best Director for The Devil Came at Night (1957)


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1958 — Best Director Award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival for the film “The Devil Came at Night” (1957)


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

1971 — Honorary award at the German Film Award for many years of personal contribution to German cinema [17]


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Notes


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

References


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

on the Senses of Cinema website


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

on Allmovie website


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

on the Turner Classic Movies website


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

on the Kinopoisk website


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Category:Immigrated to France from Germany


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Category:German immigrants to the United States


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Category:Film directors noir


Question: What was the first film Robert Siodmack directed?

Robert Siodmak

Category: Laureates of the Berlin Art Prize


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburashka is a character invented by writer Eduard Uspensky in 1966 as one of the main characters of the book “Crocodile Gena and His Friends” and its sequels.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

After the release of Roman Kachanov's cartoon “Crocodile Gena”, based on this book in 1969, the character became widely known.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In the original version of the book, it looked like a clumsy ugly creature with small ears and brown hair, walking on its hind legs.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The good-natured image of Cheburashka known today with big ears and big eyes first appeared in the cartoon “Crocodile Gena” and was created with the direct participation of the film's production designer Leonid Shvartsman [1] [2].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

After the release of the film, it was originally translated as English: Topple (“Topple”), German: Kullerchen (“Cullerchen”) [3] and German: Plumps (“Plumps”) [4], Swedish: Drutten (“Drutten”), Finnish: Muksis (“Muxis”).


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Origins


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

According to the edited (relative to the size of the ears) preface to the book “Crocodile Gena and His Friends”, Cheburashka was called a defective toy that was a child of the author of the book, depicting a strange beast: not a bear cub, or a hare with big ears.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

His eyes were large and yellow like an owl's, its head was round, cleft, and its tail was short and fluffy, as is usually the case with small cubs.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

According to the book, the author's parents claimed that this is an unknown animal that lives in hot tropical forests.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Therefore, in the main text, the characters of which are, according to the writer, children's toys of Eduard Uspensky himself, Cheburashka is really an unknown tropical animal that I climbed into a box of oranges, fell asleep there, and as a result, along with the box, ended up in a big city.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The director of the store in which the box was opened called it “Cheburashka”, as the animal full of oranges constantly fell (cheburashka):


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

He sat, sat, looked around, and then took it and cheburized from table to chair.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

But he did not sit on the chair for a long time either - he cheburized again.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Get on the floor.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

- Phew you, Cheburashka what!


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

- said the director of the store about him, - he can't sit still at all!


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

This is how our animal found out that its name is Cheburashka... The version about the defective toy set out in the introduction to his book, E.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

N. Ouspensky rejects it as being composed specifically for children.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In an interview with the Nizhny Novgorod newspaper, Uspensky says: [5] I came to visit a friend, and his little daughter was trying on a fluffy fur coat that was dragging on the floor, <... > The girl was constantly falling, stumbling over her fur coat.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

And her father, after another fall, exclaimed: “Oh, I cheburized again!”


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

This word stuck in my memory, and I asked for its meaning.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

It turned out that “cheburping” means “falling”.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

This is how my hero's name appeared.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by V. AND. Dalia is described as the word “cheburashka” in the meaning of “fall”, “crash”, “stretch”, and the word “cheburashka”, which he defines in various dialects as “a sword of a Burlatsky strap hung on the tail”, or as “Roly Poly, a doll that, no matter how you throw it, gets on its own feet” [6].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

According to Fasmer's etymological dictionary, “cheburakhnat” is formed from the words chuburok, chapurok, cheburakh - “a wooden ball at the end of the Burlatsky twine”, Turkic origin [7].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Another related word is “chebyrka” - a whip, at the end of which there is a ball on the hair.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The origin of the word “cheburashka”, in the sense of the tumbler toy described by Dahl, is due to the fact that many fishermen made such toys from wooden balls, which were floats for fishing networks, and were also called cheburashka.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Story and characters


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

They are trying to attach Cheburashka to the zoo, but Cheburashka was not taken to the zoo, because they did not know where to put the unknown animal; in the end, it was attached to a discounted goods store.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburashka meets the crocodile Gena, who worked in the zoo as a crocodile and, being alone, like Cheburashka, began to hang ads about finding friends.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Together, they find friends, including the lion Chandr, the puppy Tobik and the pioneer Galya, and help other characters — people and talking animals.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

They are opposed by old woman Shapoklyak and her pet rat Lariska.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

He worked as a kindergarten employee — head of a group of toys.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Crocodile Gena


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Old woman Shapoklyak


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The old woman Shapoklyak, named after an old-fashioned headdress, is the main antagonist of Cheburashka and Gena.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

According to the book, her main occupation is “collecting evil,” and in the cartoon, her motto is expressed in a song: “Whoever helps people is wasting time. You can't be famous for good deeds.”


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Shapoklyak, with the support of Lariska the rat living in her reticule, arranges cruel pranks on the innocent residents of the city.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

As he gets to know Gena and Cheburashka, Shapoklyak gradually embarks on the path of correction, usually returning to hooliganism at the beginning of the next episode of the cartoon.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In an interview, Uspensky said that Shapoklyak's prototype was the writer's first wife [8], and artist Leonid Shvartsman, who came up with the appearance of cartoon characters, by his own admission, partly” copied” Shapoklyak from his mother-in-law [9].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Books


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The story of Cheburashka was written by Eduard Uspensky, and the plays together with Roman Kachanov:


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

“Crocodile Gena and His Friends” (1966)


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburashka and His Friends (1970) — play (with R. Kachanov)


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Gena's Crocodile Leave (1974) — play (with R. Kachanov)


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

“Gena's Crocodile's Business” (1992) — novel (together with I. E. Agron) [10]


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

“Crocodile Gena — Police Lieutenant” (1998)


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

“Cheburashka goes to people”


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

“The Abduction of Cheburashka”


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

“Cheburashka and His New Friend Chekrezhik” (2008) is a novel (together with Yu. A. Dubovskikh)


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cartoons


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Based on the book, director and co-writer Roman Kachanov created four cartoons:


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

1969 — Crocodile Gena


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

1971 — Cheburashka


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

1974 — Shapoklyak


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

1983 — Cheburashka Goes to School


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The films were shot by Roman Kachanov according to a script written by Kachanov and Eduard Uspensky.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The production designer is Leonid Shvartsman, the music for the film “Crocodile Gena” was created by Mikhail Ziv, for the rest by Vladimir Shainsky.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The cameraman is Iosif Golomb (Crocodile Gena), Teodor Bunimovich (other films).


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburashka was voiced by Klara Rumyanova, Crocodile Gena by Vasily Livanov, songs for Crocodile Gena were performed by Vladimir Ferapontov, Shapoklyak by Vladimir Rautbart (Crocodile Gena), Irina Mazing (Shapoklyak) and Yuri Andreev (Cheburashka Goes to School).


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Other characters were voiced by actors Vladimir Koenigson, Vladimir Ferapontov, Yuri Andreev, Georgy Burkov and Tamara Dmitrieva.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In 1990, the plasticine cartoon “Gray Wolf and Little Red Riding Hood” was released, in which Cheburashka and Crocodile Gena were episodic characters.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Japanese cartoons


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In 2003, at the Tokyo International Animation Fair, the Japanese company SP International acquired from Soyuzmultfilm the rights to distribute cartoons about Cheburashka in Japan until 2023 [11].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Japanese TV Tokyo aired 26 episodes of the Cheburashka anime called Cheburashka Arere?


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

[12] [13].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In May 2010, the cartoon “Crocodile Gena” was re-shot in Japan, as well as two new puppet cartoons “Cheburashka and the Circus” and “Shapoklyak's Tips” [14].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The distribution of these cartoons in Russia and some other countries was impossible due to the uncertain legal status of cartoons released in Japan.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In 2014, this cartoon was planned to be released in the Russian box office.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Popularity


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

After the release of the first episodes of cartoons, Cheburashka became very popular in the USSR.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Since then, Cheburashka has been the hero of many Russian jokes [15].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In 2001, Cheburashka became very popular in Japan.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, he was chosen as the mascot of the Russian Olympic team [16].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

At the 2006 Winter Olympics, the symbol of the Russian national team Cheburashka changed into white winter fur.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Cheburashka was “dressed” in red fur [17] [18] [19] [20] [21].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

At the 2010 Winter Olympics, Cheburashka mascot won blue fur [22].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

On July 7, 2016, in honor of the 80th anniversary of the Soyuzmultfilm studio, Cheburashka made a space flight to the ISS.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburashka in Sweden


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In the 1970s, several cycles of children's entertainment television and radio programs featuring the characters of Cheburashka and the crocodile Gena were broadcast in Sweden.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Based on the materials of such programs, records were released, Cheburashka and Gena appeared in magazines.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The characters owed their origin to the dolls Cheburashka and Gena, which were brought from a business trip to the USSR.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The Swedes recognized them as Drutten och Gena - in Swedish Cheburashka was called Drutten, in a word derived from the colloquial Swedish: drutta (fall, stumble, swell, roll).


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The similarity was limited to species and names.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Swedish characters talked and sang about other things, lived on a bookshelf, and TV shows did not use puppet animation, but puppet dolls.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Swedish television broadcast fragments of Soviet cartoons about Cheburashka and Gena in translation, but this happened rarely and randomly.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Copyrights


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In the 1990s and 2000s, disputes broke out over the copyright for the image of Cheburashka.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

They concerned the use of the image of Cheburashka in various goods, the names of kindergartens, children's pop studios and clubs (which was a common practice in Soviet times), as well as the authorship of the image itself Cheburashka, which, according to Eduard Uspensky, belongs entirely to him, while his opponents claim that the characteristic image of Cheburashka known today with big ears first appeared in the cartoon “Crocodile Gena” and was created by the cartoon's production designer Leonid Shvartsman.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In the 1990s, Uspensky also registered the rights to the Cheburashka trademark, which was previously used in goods such as sweets and children's cosmetics.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The use of the name became the subject of a dispute between the writer and the confectionery factory “Krasny Oktyabr” [24] [25] [26] [27].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In particular, in February 2008, the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Film Fund of the Soyuzmultfilm Studio (the owner of the exclusive rights to the cartoon) expressed its intention to claim compensation from the creators of the film “The Best film” for using the image of Cheburashka without permission [28].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In the television version of the film, this episode with Cheburashka was cut out, but it can be seen in the video version.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

It shows Cheburashka sitting in a cage at a bird market.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In April 2011, Eduard Uspensky lost again (after the cancellation of the first decision in the case by the Moscow City Court) [29] the lawsuit against FlashMaster LLC for the recovery of compensation for copyright infringement and prohibition distribute USB drives made in the form of toys depicting the characters “Cheburashka” and “Cat Matroskin” [30].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Vladimir Putin, during a meeting with Russian animators on June 28, 2011, which received wide media coverage (in particular, in Kommersant's article No. 116 of June 29, 2011 [31]), called Federal State Unitary Enterprise “United State Film Collection” (ex. Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Film Fund of the Soyuzmultfilm Film Studio”), which distributed licenses for the use of works by authors of Soviet cartoons, “the Horns and Hooves office” and ordered its liquidation.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Figurative meanings of the word “cheburashka”


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

“Cheburashka” is often called objects that somehow resemble Cheburashka, including:


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

A-10 Thunderbolt II [32] and An-72 [33] aircraft, with a characteristic “eared” engine arrangement;


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

spherical spinning weight with two wire loops [34];


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

ChS2 electric locomotive [35] is an associative external resemblance to Cheburashka due to the massive windshield frames; in the cartoon “Shapoklyak”, the characters ride an electric locomotive similar to the hybrid ChS2 and VL22;


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Zaporozhets cars of ZAZ-966/968/968A models — due to the characteristic air intakes protruding on the sides of the body [36];


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

15V75 Torf-2 tropospheric communication vehicle of the RT-2PM Topol missile system due to the characteristic shape of the antenna [37] [38];


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Nokia N-Gage mobile phone — due to the fact that when talking it had to be brought to your ear with the end face, making it look like a big ear.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

According to the name of the vitaminized drink “Cheburashka” [39], “cheburashka” is called beverage bottles with a capacity of 0.33 liters and 0.5 liters [40].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In the popular computer game World of Tanks, Cheburashka is called an American tank - for a huge tower with characteristic armor covers of an optical rangefinder (“ears”) protruding on the sides.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

There is also an ironic expression “cheburashka fur” [41] [42], or “natural cheburashka”, meaning artificial fur.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburashka in modern culture


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburashka is mentioned in the songs of the 2va Samoleta band “Cheburashka's Last Song” (the album “Girlfriend Thrown Problems”) and “Cheburashka and Crocodile” by the Dream band (album “Pilot”).


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburgen


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The Cheburgen project, created in 2003 by artists Andrey Kuznetsov and Maxim Pokalyov, has collected more than two hundred artworks and photographs by various authors depicting cartoon characters in parody and humorous context [43].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Among the most interesting works of the project is the Cheburaki series by Andrey Kuznetsov, which includes parodies of movies and historical events [44].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburashka and Star Wars


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In Goblin's translation “Storm in a Glass” (2004), Cheburashka is associated with Jedi Yoda, whose name is Cheburan Vissarionovich.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburan-Party


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In February 2002, a series of dance parties “Cheburan-Party” started in Moscow.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Their regular participants were visitors to Moscow clubs, who gave a positive answer to the question whether they consider themselves Cheburashka, asked by the author of the idea, DJ Provodnik (Timofey Ovsenni).


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Dozens of parties were held in Moscow and several in Goa (India) [45].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburator


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The hero of jokes, demotivators, etc. It is something between Cheburashka and the Terminator.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Computer games


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburashka in the City of Mechanical Men (2006)


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburashka.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

A house for Cheburashka.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Logic 1 (2007)


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburashka at the zoo.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Logic 2 (2007)


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

A Letter for Cheburashka (2007)


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburashka.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Eared Tales (2007)


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburashka is learning English (2008)


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburashka.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The Abduction of the Century (2010)


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Facts


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In the last cartoon “Cheburashka Goes to School”, Cheburashka was unable to read a telegram from Gena.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Although Cheburashka found Gena by ad in the cartoon “Crocodile Gena”, later he read Shapoklyak's letter “I won't be anymore...” without any problems, and in the cartoon “Cheburashka” he even read the couplets on the poster pioneers: “Everything that is unnecessary for scrapping, we will collect scrap metal.”


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In the translated version of the cartoon into Lithuanian, Cheburashka was called Kulverstukas.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In this connection, there is a legend that the episode of Cheburashka's search in the dictionary sounded like this: “There are chebureks, Cheboksary is there, but Kulverstukas is not” [46].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In a real Lithuanian translation, Gena says kulnas... kulverstukas [47].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Monuments to Cheburashka


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In Crimea, g. Yalta in the village of Gaspra, there are two monuments - the crocodile Gena and Cheburashka.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

A sculptural composition “Crocodile Gena and Cheburashka” has been installed in the city of Ishimbay [48].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

The monument depicting Cheburashka, the crocodile Gena, the old woman Shapoklyak and the rat Lariska was erected in 2005 in the city of Ramenskoye near Moscow (sculptor Oleg Ershov) [49].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

It was also planned to erect a monument to Cheburashka in 2007 in Nizhny Novgorod [5].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

On May 29, 2008, the Cheburashka Museum was opened on the territory of kindergarten No. 2550 in the Eastern Administrative District of Moscow.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Among its exhibits is a typewriter, on which Eduard Uspensky created the story of Cheburashka [50].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Another monument to the crocodile Gena and Cheburashka, along with sculptures of other heroes of cult Soviet cartoons, is installed in Khabarovsk near city ponds, not far from the Platinum Arena [51].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Also, a monument to Cheburashka and the crocodile Gena was installed in St. Kremenchug.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Sculptures of Cheburashka and Gena crocodile were installed in St. Dnipro in the park to them.


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Lazar Globa [52].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Cheburashka's birthday


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Since 2003, every year on the second or third weekend of August, Moscow has hosted a charity event for orphans “Cheburashka's Birthday” [53].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

In 2005, in connection with this action, Eduard Uspensky announced that Cheburashka's birthday was August 20 [54].


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Notes


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

References


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Category:Olympic mascots


Question: Who came up with Cheburashka?

Cheburashka

Category:Fictional talking animals


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The Tu-16 (product “N”, according to NATO codification: Badger - “Badger” [1]) is a Soviet heavy twin-engine multipurpose jet aircraft.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

It was produced in various modifications, including a missile-carrying version, a tanker aircraft, an electronic warfare aircraft, etc.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

It was mass-produced from 1953 to 1963 by three aircraft factories.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

It was in service with the USSR, Russia and the CIS countries for about 50 years.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

It was also in service with Egypt, Iraq, Syria and Indonesia.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

It was produced under the name Xian H-6 in the People's Republic of China.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

During production, more than 1,500 Tu-16 aircraft were manufactured.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

History


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The first Soviet post-war long-range carrier of nuclear weapons was the Tu-4, a four-engine piston aircraft - a copy of the American B-29 Superfortress.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

But already in the second half of the 1940s, it became clear that the future of long-range bomber aircraft belonged to aircraft with turbojet and turboprop engines.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

This was confirmed by the results of the Korean War, which showed the difficulty of breaking through a powerful air defense by low-speed, albeit well-armed, B-29.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

In addition, the Soviet Navy needed an aircraft to deter the superior surface forces of the Western fleets.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The terms of reference for the creation of an aircraft with an operating range of about 3000 km, transonic cruising speed and a bomb load of 3-7 tons were ready in 1948, but the development was hampered by unavailability of a suitable engine.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

At that time, the Tupolev Design Bureau was developing a number of experimental models that served as prototypes of the Tu-16.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Among them, mention should be made of the 82 model, the first front-line bomber with a swept wing and two jet engines.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The 82 aircraft did not go into production due to the fact that the IL-28 of Ilyushin's competing design bureau was adopted for service.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

However, the developments were used in the design of the Tu-22 front-line bomber.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The immediate predecessor of the Tu-16 was the 86 project, the development of which began at the end of 1948, completed by the summer of 1949.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The project assumed a flight range with 2 tons of bombs up to 4,000 km, a maximum speed at an altitude of 6,000 m — 980 km/h, a practical ceiling — 13,400 m.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

On August 29, 1949, the USSR tested the RDS-1 nuclear bomb and began preparations for the serial production of the RDS-3 bomb.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The new long-range bombers were supposed to deliver to the target this product, the weight of which exceeded 5 tons.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

In addition, the nuclear weapon required a thermostated bomb compartment and measures to protect against the effects of nuclear weapons damaging factors on the crew and aircraft.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

It required a bomber that delivered a nuclear bomb to a range accessible to the Tu-4, but capable of flying twice as fast as it.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Studies of the Tupolev design bureau on the 86 project have shown that a high-speed long-range rocket carrier of nuclear weapons can be obtained by increasing mass and size, with an increase in thrust engines by 1.5-2 times.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

This is how the 88 project was launched with the location of more powerful engines at the root of the wing, and not under it, which for some time was developed proactively.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Some of the decisions of the 86 project, the composition and location of the crew, defensive weapons, were transferred to the 88 project, which became the Tu-16.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The draft design of the aircraft was approved on July 5, 1951.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The design of the aircraft included a number of features that gave the Tu-16 a very characteristic appearance - engine nacelles “recessed” into the fuselage, a large sweep of the tail unit, and a rigid wing structure large elongation.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

One of the successes of the designers was the Tu-16 wing.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Two side members, the upper and lower wing panels formed a rigid caisson.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

On American bombers with large elongation wings of the same time of creation of the B-47 and B-52, the wing was made very flexible, which caused the chatter to be extinguished by a significant bend of the wing.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The design of the Americans came out lighter, but the rigidity of the Tu-16 wing improved fatigue strength.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Cracks appeared on the wings of the B-47 and B-52, and their design was repeatedly strengthened [2].


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

In addition, medium nuclear bomb carriers in the United States began to be prepared for use from low altitudes and bombing and coup to ensure the safety of the carrier, which greatly reduced the service life of the B-47, which was in service only until the end of the 1960s.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

After improvements related to the need to lighten the aircraft and at the same time provide it with protection from the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, the Tu-16 was adopted for service in May 1953.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The first production aircraft was built in Kazan on October 29, 1953.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Serial production of the Tu-16 was launched at three plants from 1953 to the end of 1963:800 aircraft were produced at the Kazan Aircraft Plant, 543 at the Kuibyshev Aircraft Plant No. 1 (in 1954—1960) and at the Voronezh Aircraft Plant — 166 .


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Forty series of Tu-16, 11 modifications were built, and taking into account the improvements of the built aircraft, more than 50 varieties were built.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The public screening took place at the parade on May 1, 1954, the flight over Red Square of nine bombers of the 203 TBAP.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

In the USSR, this aircraft became the first long-range high-speed missile carrier aircraft.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The operation of the Tu-16 gave experience for the creation of heavy high-speed aircraft, including the first Soviet jet passenger liner Tu-104.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The Tu-16 flew in the Russian Air Force until 1994 with a minimum of operational improvements, due to its exceptionally reliable design.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

It was decommissioned in Russia in the early 1990s, becoming one of the longest-lived combat aircraft in Soviet aviation.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The Chinese Xian H-6 based on the Tu-16 is still in service.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The latest modification of the Xian H-6K with D-30KP-2 dual-circuit turbofan engines (like the IL-76) has been produced since 2007, since 2011 in service with the PLA.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Design


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The Tu-16 is a monoplane with a swept mid-wing (the sweep along the quarter line of the chords is 35º with a transverse V minus 3º) and two Mikulin AM-3 engines with thrust 8750 kg (after 1958, the RD-3M-500 was installed with a thrust of 9520 kg, the number “500” is an increased overhaul life of 500 hours, then the overhaul life was increased to 2000 hours, without changing engine marking) in gondolas on the sides of the fuselage built into the center section.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The fuselage is cigar-shaped, of circular cross-section in the bow, with gradual compression on the sides to the stern.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Technologically it consists of 6 compartments (F-1 — F-6):


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

lamp


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

front pressurized cabin


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

center section


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

cargo compartment


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

rear technical compartment


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

aft pressurized cabin.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The wing is two-spar, caisson design, power frames are installed in the engine area.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

To prevent damage to the fuselage by hot jets from the engines, the latter are turned by nozzles to the sides by 4º.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Aluminum alloys AK-6, AK-8, B-95, AMG and AMC, magnesium alloys, fiberglass are widely used in the design of the aircraft.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The gas drains (behind the nozzles) and the skin around the upper turret are made of stainless steel.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The crew of the aircraft consisted, as a rule, of six people - the ship commander, assistant commander, navigator, second navigator (navigator-operator), VSR (air gunner-radio operator) and KOU (commander of fire installations) or an electronic warfare operator.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The entrance to the cabins was carried out through entrance hatches with ladders that tilted down.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

On rocket versions, the navigator's cabin was a barrel-shaped structure suspended in the rear of the cargo compartment, with a small oval window on the ceiling.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

All crew members were ejected down, with the exception of two pilots, upwards, and before ejection, the pilot seats rolled back along the rails to prevent injuries to the steering column.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

To save the crew at sea, LAS-5 inflatable boats were stacked on the upper part of the fuselage in two containers.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The fuel system consisted of 10 groups of tanks (27 fuselage and planar tanks) with a total capacity of 43,800 liters of vehicle or T-1 fuel.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

B-70 gasoline was used as starting fuel for engine turbostarters.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Fuel automatics of consumption and capacitive fuel meters were used.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Pumps are centrifugal type.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Refueling was carried out through the filling necks of the tanks with a dispensing gun, and there was no centralized system.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The aircraft control system is a classic boosterless, with mechanical wiring, double.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Roll control — ailerons, pitch — elevator, course — rudder.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Fixed angle stabilizer.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

To remove loads, trimmers with electric drive and cable backup wiring are used.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Three electric steering gears included in the control wiring were used as autopilot actuators.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The flaps are single-slot, with an electric drive.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The chassis is three-wheel, with a bow stand with a pair of wheels.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The front pillar is retracted into the fuselage compartment - the niche of the front leg, the main pillars are retracted into the landing gear gondolas, with the simultaneous flip of the trolleys.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

On the main racks, four-wheeled bogies with wheels 1100x330 “model 26A”, shoe chamber type brakes operating from a hydraulic system, driven by track control pedals, are equipped anti-skid automatics (inertial release automaton).


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

To protect the stern of the car during a rough landing, a tail support that is retractable in flight is used - the heel.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Cleaning, releasing and braking of wheels — from the hydraulic system.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

To reduce mileage, the PT-16 parachute brake system with two original brake parachutes is used: the panel of each dome is sewn from narrow nylon ribbons and resembles a “string bag” net.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Parachute container is installed at the bottom of the fuselage, near the tail support.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The brake parachute is released and discharged by PP-3 squibs.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The aircraft was equipped with two hydraulic systems, with an injection pressure of 150 kgf/cm3 of AMG-10 hydraulic oil, with electrically driven pumping stations.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

One system was the main one, the second was a backup.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

It is used to drive the bomb bay flaps, the fuselage beam holder, landing gear and brakes, drive the wipers on the windshields of pilots, and turn the front wheels.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The wheels of the front leg were controlled from the steering wheel from the commander's workplace.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The electrical equipment is built according to a single-wire scheme, with a common minus on the body.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Four GSR-18000 generators (two on each engine) and two 12SAM-55 lead batteries (each battery consisted of two batteries) were used as direct current sources 6SAM-55 connected in series).


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The aircraft also used a 115 volt 400 hertz network powered by two PO-4500 electric machine converters.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

It should be noted that in addition to these current sources, various power converters in various combinations were additionally installed on various modifications of the aircraft, to power additionally installed equipment and systems.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

There were two types of de-icers on the plane.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The leading edge of the wing and the VNA were heated by air taken from the engines.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The tail unit was heated by electric heaters installed inside the leading edge.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The windshield silicate windows of the cockpit and the lower glass of the navigator-navigator's lantern had electric heating.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The general interior lighting of the cabins was ordinary white incandescent lamps - spotlights on struts and ceiling plafonds PS-45.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

However, during the flight, ultraviolet irradiation lamps of the ARUFOSH-45 or ARUFOSH-50 type with UFO-4A fluorescent lamps were used to illuminate the dashboards, which irradiated the light composition of the temporary actions applied to the scales and hands of the instruments, as well as on the inscriptions on the dashboards and control knobs, as a result of which the glow of the light composition was excited.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

(Until 1962, the scales and hands of the instruments were covered with a permanent light composition based on radium salts, which glowed weakly under the influence of radioactive isotopes. Ultraviolet lighting was intended in this case to increase the brightness of the light composition).


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

All the dashboards of the pilots and navigator were painted with matte black paint, the rest of the interior equipment was painted dark green).


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The landing lights are retractable, two PRF-4 in the lower nose of the fuselage, taxiing lights - two FR-100 on the front pillar.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

On aircraft equipped with a wing refueling fuel receiver, the FR-100 headlight for lighting the left plane was also installed on the left side of the front pressurized cabin.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Two red flashing beacons with mechanical rotation of the lamps were installed on the lower and upper surfaces of the fuselage (some later machines had beacons with flash arc discharge lamps).


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Onboard aeronautical lights are standard, BANO-45 type.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The standard defensive weapons were three remote turret mounts (upper DT-V7, lower DT-N7s and DK-7 stern) and one PU-88 bow gun mount (not available on missile versions) - in total the plane had seven twenty-three mm AM-23 cannons.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The COE could take control of all installations from its aiming station.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The bomb load in the internal cargo compartment was up to 3,000 kg, and up to 9 tons of free-falling bombs could be loaded into transshipment, including the nine - ton high-explosive anti - ship bomb FAB-9000M - 54, filled with 4297 kg of TNT.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

An external suspension of free-falling bombs on multi-lock beam holders was also provided.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

In various versions, the aircraft could also be suspended with RAT-52 or 45-56NT torpedoes, AMD sea mines, cruise missiles (KS-1 Kometa, hereinafter KSR-2, KSR-5, KSR-11, K-10S).


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The Tu-16K-10-26 missile carrier could immediately take three cruise missiles - two KSR-5 and one K-10, while the combat load was 12,410 kg. The same missile carrier could be modified for the external suspension of bombs, for which special transition units could be mounted on the wing beams (missile suspension) to suspend free-falling bombs.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The aircraft was routinely equipped with various lifting and rigging equipment that facilitated the suspension of loads and loading guns.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The aircraft had the most advanced equipment at that time: the AK-53P and DAK-50M astrocompass (DAK-2), the remote equatorial astrocompass of the DAK-B type, the IAS-51 sextant, the ANU-1 navigation device, remote gyrocompass DIK-46 (DGMK-7), air horizons AGB-1 or AGB-2 or remote air horizon of the AGD-1 type, gyrosemi-compass GPK-48 or GPK-52, correction switch VK-53, electrical pointer rotation of the EUP-46 or EUP-53.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Radio navigation equipment — SPI-1 system, later replaced by RSBN-S “Svod”, ARK-5 radio compass, RV-2 low-altitude radio altimeter (RV-UM), high-altitude radio altimeter RV-17M, blind landing system “Mainland”.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

After revision after 1980, some aircraft were equipped with the RSDN A-711 long-range navigation system.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

For bombing optically visible targets, the OPB-11R vector-synchronous optical bomb sight was used, connected via a side channel to the AP-5-2M autopilot (later AP-6E).


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Aiming at invisible targets was carried out using the RBP-4 Rubidium MM-P radio sight, later replaced by the RBP-6 Chandelier or Rubin-1A, associated with the NBA navigation and bomber assault rifle.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

On the missile versions of the aircraft, the Cobalt-P, Rubin-1, Ritsa, and EN radars were used.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The rifle radio sight in the rear hemisphere is the PRS-1 “Argon”.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

DISS-1 Doppler velocity and demolition meter, responder interrogator of the SRZO-2M Chrome-Nickel state recognition system, CO-69 defendant, radiation warning station SPO-2 Sirena-2 or SPO-3 Sirena-3 radiation warning station ( later on a number of vehicles replaced by the SIRENA-3M SPO-10).


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Communication equipment is R-807 HF radio station, R-808 or R-836M Helium command HF radio stations, RSIU-3M or R-800 Klen radio station, or R-802 Dub, or R-832 Eucalypt-SM radio station.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

AVRA-45 or R-851 “Coral” emergency SV station.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Voice recorder of crew negotiations MS-61, twelve-channel flight data recorder MSRP-12-96, two-component barometric flight data recorder K2-75 (K-2-713), three-component recorder — K3-63.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Two pressurized cabins of the aircraft maintained normal temperature and pressure for life, up to an altitude of 7250 m. Above, the crew used masks and oxygen devices KP-16 or KP-24 (flights without masks at altitudes above 4000 meters were not allowed).


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The liquid oxygen supply was stored in two oxygen devices KPZh-30.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The crew's standard equipment was standard flight technical uniforms (boots in winter), a black leather headset of the ShL-82 type with laryngophones, goggles and a mask and a life inflatable vest orange color.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Marine rescue suits of the MSK type have never been used by crews, since there is no MSK ventilation circuit in the aircraft's air conditioning system.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

In accordance with the requirements of the Civil Code of the Air Force Research Institute of the early 1950s, the combat survivability of the Tu-16 was to be ensured when the foreign 20-mm Hispano-Suiza air cannon was fired with an armor-piercing tracer projectile The HS404, in particular, local cockpit reservation and COU.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Armor backs of the seats of the first and co-pilots with a thickness of 18 mm (KVK-2/5c steel armor) were installed, the operator had an armor back and an armored headrest 15 mm thick.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Armoured (aluminum armor APBA-1) cockpit floor [3].


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

In the stern of the aircraft at the KOU there were three bulletproof glass and an armored pangout (partition), made of KVK-2 armor, between the DK-7 installation and the rear pressurized cabin.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Most of the cars were completely painted with “silver” — aluminum powder.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Bomber aircraft (as well as those converted from such) were painted white “anti-nuclear” from the bottom and sides.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Foreign (Egyptian) had a camouflage color.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Radio transparent antenna fairings were painted spherical (gray) or gray-green.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

It was also customary to paint the rudder trimmer bright red (sometimes trimmers were painted on all handlebars).


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Inside, the aircraft was not painted and had the color of a yellow primer, and there were no decorative panels and partitions.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The equipment shelves and shelves in the compartments, as well as the interior of the cabin, were painted dark green, the units, remotes and blocks were mostly black, some were painted silver or hammer enamel.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Initially, aircraft drew side numbers in the area of the front g/cabin, later the numbers were applied only on the keel and on the flaps of the niche of the front landing gear.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Some of the Tu-16s delivered to Egypt had multicolor camouflage.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

“Onboard painting” was not practiced on the Tu-16s.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Combat use


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

For decades, the Tu-16 remained the main aircraft in the aviation component of the strategic deterrence forces of the USSR.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Tu-16 naval aviation performed the tasks of tracking and escorting aircraft carrier strike groups of the United States throughout the Northern Hemisphere.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Sometimes these flights have led to accidents and catastrophes.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Thus, on July 15, 1964, during the departure for aerial reconnaissance of AUG Enterprise ships in the Sea of Japan, for an unknown reason, a plane crash of the Tu-16R aircraft of the 50th ODRAP occurred.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

On May 25, 1968, a reconnaissance aircraft of the Northern Fleet in the Norwegian Sea died in front of the sailors of the aircraft carrier Essex.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

On June 27, 1980, during a reconnaissance overflight of a group of ships of the Japanese Self-Defense Forces, the Tu-16R of the Pacific Fleet Air Force was lost.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

During the range bombing, all regular special ammunition, including missiles, was tested.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Thus, in 1957, at least 5 atomic bombs were dropped from the Tu-16A at the Semipalatinsk test site alone: March 8, August 22 and 26, September 13 and 26.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Next year, eight nuclear bombings have already been carried out: January 4, 13, 14, 15 (two), March 18, 20 and 22.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Most of the discharges — 24 — were made in 1962.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The first Soviet thermonuclear bomb RDS-37d was dropped and tested from the Tu-16A on November 22, 1955 at test site No. 2 near Semipalatinsk.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Later, the Tu-16A took part in tests of the RDS-37d both in partial version (with a capacity of 900 kt) and in full (2.9 mgt) on Novaya Zemlya.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

In addition, the Tu-16A was actively used to drop ballistic models of promising ammunition both at these test sites and at the test sites in Bagerovo and Noginsk.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

On August 22, 1962, the crew of the commander of the 924th MTAP, Lieutenant Colonel Kournikov V. F., taking off from the Olenya airfield, performed a real launch of the K-10S cruise missile from a nuclear warhead at a target on Novaya Zemlya.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The last drop of the atomic bomb in the USSR also took place from the Tu-16 at the end of 1962, before the entry into force of the Treaty Banning Nuclear Tests in Three Environments.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

On May 23, 1958, the Tu-16 of the 52nd TBAP landed on a drifting ice floe in the area of the Arctic station SP-6.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

However, during takeoff, the plane skidded and it hooked on a standing IL-14 (according to other information - Li-2), both aircraft were damaged.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Repair of the Tu-16 turned out to be impossible and the aircraft drifted along with polar explorers for almost a year.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

In September 1958, it was discovered by a Canadian reconnaissance aircraft and an international scandal was brewing, so all the most valuable things were removed from the plane and burned on April 16, 1959.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Together with the aircraft, a technician was “on a long Arctic business trip” at the SP-6 station.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

During the Six Day War of 1967, the Israeli Air Force, thanks to the use of the surprise factor, destroyed 30 Tu-16s of the Egyptian Air Force at airfields, everything Egypt had.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Egyptian aircraft were in open parking lots and were destroyed by Israelis with napalm and bomb clusters during their flight along the taxiway.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

After that, all Soviet military aviation began to be transferred to caponier parking lots.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Immediately after the Israeli strike on Egypt on June 6, 1967, two Iraqi Tu-16s of the 10th Squadron (commanders Captain Farooq al-Tay and Captain Hussein Mohammad Husseini) went on a mission from Habbaniya Air Base .


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Al-Taya's plane dropped bombs in Netanya, was directly hit by an air-to-air missile from the Israeli Mirage interceptor on its return, but was able to return to the airfield.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Tu-16 Husseini headed towards Migdal a-Emek, where he fired cannons at the air control center of the Air Force.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

He dropped nine more bombs in the Afula area.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The bombs did not explode, but later during their elimination, 2 soldiers of the demining unit were killed.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

When returning, the Tu-16 was hit by 40-mm anti-aircraft artillery fire of the 881st Division and began to descend, Captain Husseini sent a burning plane to the Israeli base “Mahane Amos”, as a result of the fall of 14 Israeli soldiers were killed and 8 were wounded.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

The entire crew of the Tu-16 was killed, commander Captain Hussein Mohammad Husseini, his assistant Art.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

Dr. Faek Alwan, navigator of l-t Ghazi Rashid, second navigator of l-t Sabih Abd al-Kerim, flight gunner Sergeant Rashid Adham and radio gunner Ghani Yuhya.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

In 1970, the Soviet reconnaissance Tu-16 collided with the F-4 “Phantom” of the US Navy.


Question: How many Tu-16 aircraft were produced?

Tu-16

As a result of the collision, the Phantom was lost.