Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

In the period from August 12, 2016 to November 4, 2016, new three-section Electron T3L44 (No. 1181—1187) three-section cars were delivered to tram depot No. 1.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

On November 10, 2016, a test ride of the Tatra KT4SU tram (No. 1053) took place along the new line to Sikhov (more than 10 km), connecting this largest residential area of the city with the center.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

On November 17, 2016, the first stage of the new tram line was opened (route No. 8 “Pl. Sobornaya — Dovzhenko Cinema”.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

On April 11, 2017, a test ride took place along the second stage of the new line from the Dovzhenko Cinema to Akademika Vernadsky Street, and the Tatra tram became the discoverer of the line, like last time KT4SU (NO. 1053).


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

From May 12, 2017 to September 1, 2017, the line along Chernovitskaya Street was reconstructed, routes No. 1, 6, 9 ran to the Prigorodny railway station, and the U-turn was carried out through the depot on the street Gorodotskaya.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Since September 1, 2017, the movement of routes No. 1, 6, 9, 10 to the Main Railway Station has been restored.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Memorial plaque in memory of the centenary of the Lviv tramTram depot on Gorodotska StreetTram stop between Doroshenko and Kopernicus streets


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

As of January 2019, routes Nos. 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 are operating


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

An asterisk marks inactive routes as of January 2019.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Periodically, cars No. 002 leave as sightseeing cars - the restored Gotha T-59E, as well as car No. 089 of the 1890s.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Infrastructure


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Depot


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Until the end of 2011, two tram depots operated in Lviv:


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Depot No. 1 — along Gorodotskaya Street, cars No. 801—883, 1001—1031, 1150—1154, 1156—1159, 1171 were assigned here.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Served routes 1, 2, 3, 9, 9A.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Depot No. 2 — along Promyslova Street, cars No. 1032—1133, 1155, 1160—1170 were assigned here.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

It served routes 4, 5, 6, 7.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Since the beginning of 2012, all cars have been transferred to depot No. 2, and only repair shops remain in depot No. 1.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

In 2015, all cars in operation were transferred to Depot No. 1, and Depot No. 2 is still under reconstruction (January 2019).


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

service car depot — at the beginning of the street. Sakharov opposite the management of Lvivelektrotrans is a monument of technical architecture.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

It was the first electric tram depot in Lviv.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Subsequently, it housed wagon repair shops, and now the track service.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

In 1994, it was decided to open a museum of technology in the hangars of the depot, a department of the Lviv Historical Museum.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

It was opened on August 27, 2006 [1].


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

The horse tram depot was located on modern Gorodetskaya Street, opposite its intersection with Gogol Street (practically did not survive).


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Routes and stops


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

In 2016, the LKP “Lvivelektrotrans” farm has about 40 km of bilateral track.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

18% of the tracks (about 5 km) are tracks laid on a silent basis, while Lviv is the first city in Ukraine where this technology was used (on the section along the street along the street. Lychakivskyi near Vinnikovsky market) [2].


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

15% of the tracks (about 4.5 km) are laid according to the standards of the high-speed tram, that is, separated from the roadway.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

There are no intersections of tram and railway tracks in Lviv.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Even before the First World War, covered pavilions were installed at the stops of the Lviv tram [3] All these stops were equipped with ballot boxes for used tickets.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

By the mid-1970s, there were island stops in Lviv in the middle of the roadway; they were dismantled after a tram accident in 1972.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

In 2005, the first indoor stop-terminal in Ukraine, the Main Post Office, was built in Lviv.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

In 2016, tram routes in Lviv have about 120 stops (unilaterally), some from the bottom are equipped with electronic displays informing about the arrival time of cars of routes No. 1, 2, 6, 7.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Rolling stock


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Passenger carriages


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

the tram fleet of Lviv consisted and consists of cars:


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Tatra T4SU - 27 motor cars of deliveries in 1972 (10 cars No. 801-810), 1973 (17 cars No. 811-827) and 1974-1978 (56 cars No. 828-883) - all written off.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Tatra KT4SU — connected, motor delivery cars of 1976 (2 cars No. 1001—1002), 1981 (20 cars No. 1003—1022), 1982 (9 cars No. 1023—1031), 1982-1983 (23 cars No. 1032—1054), 1984— 1985 (34 cars No. 1055—1088), 1988 (45 cars No. 1089-1133) and 1990 (12 cars No. 1134-1145).


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

63 cars are in operation (June 2018): 1006, 1012, 1014, 1017, 1022, 1024, 1028, 1030, 1031, 1043, 1045, 1047, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1059, 1061, 1065, 1066, 1068, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1080, 1085, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1100, 1101, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1118, 1119, 1123, 1124, 1126, 1127.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

1128, 1129, 1130, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Delivered from Vinnitsa in 2011 1172, 1173.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Tatra KT4DM from Berlin, after replacing the bogies with narrow-gauge ones, a total of 30 cars should arrive.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

As of January 2019, cars 1188-1200 run along route No. 3.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Tatra KT4D — connected, 22 motor cars of deliveries in 2007 (11 cars No. 1150—1155 and 1160—1164) and 2008 (11 cars No. 1156-1159 and 1165-1171,1174—1178) from Erfurt and Gera (Germany).


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

All are in operation as of November 2016. As well as locally produced wagons (on a German basis):


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Electron T5L64 (1179)


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Electron T3L44 (1180)


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Electron T3L441 (1181—1187), all run on route 8.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Service wagons


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

№ 001 — Gotha T2-62, cargo


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

№ 002—003 — Gotha T-59E, service


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

№ 004 — Tatra T-4SU, service


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

№ 005 — Tatra T-4SU, for sprinkling tracks with sand


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

No. 006 No. 010 (trailed to No. 006) No. 011 No. 021 (trailed to No. 011) — Gotha T-59E, trucks


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

№ 015 — trailed snow plow


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

No. 020 — trailer tower


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

No. C-001, No. C-002, No. C-003 — snow plows.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Payment for travel


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Until August 31, 2017, a single ticket cost 2 hryvnia, for privileged categories of citizens — 1 hryvnia.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

From September 1, 2017, the fare is 3 hryvnia, preferential travel (for students of secondary schools and students) is 1.50 hryvnia [4].


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

From April 16, 2018, the cost of a single trip is UAH 5, the reduced fare is UAH 2.50.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

(for students and schoolchildren).


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

The penalty for stowaway travel is 100 UAH.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Tickets can be purchased from the driver or at a press outlet.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Since February 16, 2017, Lviv residents have the opportunity to ride trams and trolleybuses without paper tickets and pay for travel with a smartphone.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

The technology of paying for travel through Privat24 and a special QR code now works in all city routes of trams and trolleybuses [5].


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Development prospects


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

According to the draft Master Plan of Lviv until 2025, it is planned [6]:


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

construction of a line in Ryasnoye-1 along Shevchenko — a continuation of the current route No. 7


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

construction of a line along Mykolaichuka Street to Shchurata Street — continuation of the existing route No. 6


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

construction of a line along Lincoln and Bogdan Khmelnitsky streets to the Galitsky Perekrestok market through the North Bus Station — continuation of routes No. 4 and 5


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

construction of a line along Lychakovskaya, Golinsky and Glinyansky Trakt streets to Lisinichi and Vinniki along the route of the former railway track to Peremyshlyany - continuation of route No. 2


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

construction of a tram line to Sikhov with its extension to the Arena Lviv stadium along the projected Vernadsky Avenue


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

construction of a line along the projected extension of K. Olga to the Arena Lviv stadium


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

construction of an auxiliary line along Shota Rustaveli, Zaritsky streets, along the projected street under the control of the SBU and along Ivan Bogun Street to unload Ivan Franko streets.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

See also


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Tram crash in Lviv on January 10, 1972


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Literature


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

IN. F. Veklich, L. IN. Zbarsky Problems and prospects for the development of tram transport in the Ukrainian SSR - K. :Knowledge Society of the Ukrainian SSR, 1980


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

/Sergey Tarkhov, Kost Kozlov, Aare Olander.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

— Kyiv: Sidorenko V. B.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

, 2010.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

— 912 p.: ill.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

, schemes.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

— ISBN 978-966-2321-11-1.


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

(in Ukrainian)


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Notes


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Category:Transport in Lviv


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Category:Tram systems in Ukraine


Question: How much did a ticket to the first train that was invented cost?

Lviv tram

Category:1000 mm track


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

The Second Punic War (also called the “war against Hannibal” and the Hannibal War [1], 218—201 BC) was a military conflict between two coalitions led by Rome and Carthage. for hegemony in the Mediterranean.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

At various times, Syracuse, Numidia, the Aetolian Alliance and Pergamon fought on the side of Rome, Macedonia, Numidia, Syracuse and the Achaean Alliance on the side of Carthage.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

The official reason for the wars was the siege and capture of the Spanish city of Sagunta (an ally of Rome) by Carthaginian commander Hannibal.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

After that, the Romans declared war on Carthage.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

At first, the Carthaginian army led by Hannibal defeated the Roman troops.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

The most significant of the victories of the Carthaginians was the Battle of Cannes, after which Macedonia entered the war on the side of Carthage.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

However, the Romans were soon able to seize the initiative and went on the offensive.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

The last battle of the war was the Battle of Zama, after which Carthage asked for peace.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

As a result of the war, Carthage lost all its possessions outside Africa, while Rome became the strongest state in the western Mediterranean.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Sources


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

The main source about the Second Punic War is the work of the Roman author Titus Livia “History from the Foundation of the City”, books 21-30.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Another Roman, Dion Cassius, wrote the book “Roman History”, which describes the events of the war.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Greek sources are also important to us.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Polybius in the 2nd century BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

wrote a historical book called “General History”, which includes the events of 264—146 BC.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

At the beginning of the 2nd century, Plutarch wrote the work “Comparative Biographies”, which tells the biographies of famous Greeks and Romans.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

He tells about the Second Punic War in the biographies of Fabius Maxim and Marcellus, Roman commanders in this war.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Alexandrian Appian wrote in the 160s [2] a book called Roman History, which describes the history of Rome from its foundation (753 BC) to the reign of Trajan (98-117).


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

The Second Punic War is described in his VII book of his work, which is called “Hannibalova”.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

It is also possible that Diodorus of Sicily described this war in his Historical Library, but, unfortunately, these books have not survived


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Background


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

242 BC World


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

was bought at a high price.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

The Romans passed not only all the income that the Carthaginians received from Sicily, but the almost monopoly trade dominance of Carthage in the West was significantly weakened.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Rome's behavior during the mercenary uprising clearly showed the hostility of its position — it became clear that peaceful coexistence was absolutely impossible.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Having again received the post of commander-in-chief after the suppression of the uprisings, Hamilcar Barca began the war in Spain.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Even in ancient times, at the end of the 2nd millennium, this country was the object of intensive colonization and trade activities of the Phoenicians.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

At the end of the 2nd and early 1st millennium, they founded a number of large cities in the south of the peninsula, including such large trade and craft centers as Hades, Malaka, Sexy and some others.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Uniting in a fierce struggle against Tartesse and the Greek colonization of the Iberian Peninsula, they were forced to recognize the supremacy of Carthage relatively early on.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

It is clear that with such ties, dating back to ancient times, it was Spain that was the most convenient springboard for organizing a campaign to Italy.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Hamilcar and his son-in-law Hasdrubal expanded the possessions of Carthage for 9 years, until the former fell in the battle of the siege of Heliki, and the second was killed in New Carthage by an Iber barbarian [3].


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Initially, the siege was favorable for the Punians, and their commander decided to send most of his army and elephants to spend the winter on the main base of the Punians - Acra Levke.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

But at that moment, the leader of the Orissa tribe, seemingly bound by friendly relations with Hamilcar, suddenly came to the aid of Helik, and the Punians, unable to withstand his blow, fled.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

There was an immediate danger to Hamilcar's sons who were in battle formations, and in order to eliminate it, Hamilcar took the brunt of the blow - pursued by opponents, he drowned in the river, while the children were taken to Acra Levka.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Hamilcar's policy was continued by his son-in-law Hasdrubal, elected by the army as the new commander-in-chief.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Hasdrubal's most important political act, by which he continued Hamilcar's undertakings even more than his other actions, was the founding of New Carthage on the Iberian coast of the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

This city, located on the shores of a convenient bay and surrounded by a chain of impregnable hills, was luckier than Acra Levke: if the latter, as far as can be judged, has always remained freelance the city and was not able to compete with Gades, New Carthage immediately turned into the administrative center of the Punic possessions in Spain and one of the most important shopping centers of the entire Western The Mediterranean.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Through the work of these people, Carthage not only fully compensated for the losses during the First Punic War, but also acquired new markets, and silver mines brought such income that political opponents of Hamilcar and Hasdrubal were completely deprived of the opportunity to oppose them.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Barca's actions caused natural concern to the Greek colonies on the Iberian Peninsula.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

They felt threatened by their independence and turned to Rome for protection, which received a welcome reason to interfere in Spanish affairs.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Already during Hamilcar's lifetime, negotiations took place between Rome and Carthage, and spheres of influence were divided between them (southern - Punian, northern - Roman), and their border was recognized as the Iber River.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

At the time of his father's death, Hannibal was seventeen years old.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Judging by further events, he, together with his brothers Magon and Hasdrubal, left Spain and returned to Carthage.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

The situation of the military camp, participation in campaigns, observation of the diplomatic activities of his father and son-in-law undoubtedly had a decisive impact on its formation as a commander and state figure.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

It was to his father that Hannibal owed his outstanding education, including knowledge of the Greek language and literature, and the ability to write Greek.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

How fundamental this step by Hamilcar Barca (introducing children to Hellenic culture) was can be seen from the fact that it was taken contrary to the ancient law prohibiting the study of the Greek language.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Crossing a long-standing establishment that was supposed to isolate the Punians from their original enemy, Syracuse, and actually isolated them from the outside world, Hamilcar not only sought to prepare his children, especially Hannibal, to active political activity in the future.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

He wanted to emphasize his desire to introduce Carthage into the Hellenistic world — and not as an alien phenomenon, but as an organic part — and to provide him with the support and sympathy of the Greeks in the upcoming fight against Roman “barbarians”.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, Rome is becoming interested in affairs in the west of the Mediterranean basin and enters into an alliance with Sagunt, directed directly against Carthage and aimed at stopping the latter's advance on north.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

And Hannibal returned to Spain, where, due to his personal qualities, he became very popular in the army — after Hasdrubal's death, the soldiers elected him commander-in-chief [4].


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

When Hannibal came to power, he was twenty-five years old.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The dominance of the Carthaginians in Spain was firmly established and the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula seemed like a reliable springboard for the attack on Rome.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal himself acquired strong ties with the Iberian world, already traditional for the Barkids: he was married to an Iberian woman from the allied city of Castulon to Carthage.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

He immediately acted as if the war with Rome had already been resolved and entrusted to him, and Italy was appointed his sphere of activity.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal, apparently, did not hide his intention to attack Sagunt, allied to the Romans and thereby involve Rome in a direct conflict, but sought to pretend that the attack on Sagunt would take place by itself, as a result of the natural development of events.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

To this end, he won a number of victories over the Spanish tribes living on the border of the northern possessions of Carthage and went directly to the borders of the Sagunta region.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Despite the fact that Sagunt was a Roman ally, Hannibal could count on the non-intervention of Rome, which was busy fighting the Gauls and Illyrian pirates.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

After provoking conflicts between Sagunt and the Iberian tribes under Punian rule, he intervened in the conflict and declared war under a minor pretext.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

After a rather heavy 7-month siege, the city was taken, and Rome did not dare to provide Sagunta with military assistance, only the embassy sent to Carthage directly announced the beginning of war after the capture of the city.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Before going to Italy, Hannibal gave the army a rest for the whole winter.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

He paid serious attention to the defense of Africa and Spain.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In Africa, Hannibal left 13,750 infantry and 1,200 horsemen [5] recruited in Spain, and 870 Balearic slingers were sent there.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Carthage itself was further strengthened by a 4-thousandth garrison.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal appointed his brother Hasdrubal to command the Puni troops in Spain and handed over significant military forces to him: infantrymen - 11,850 Libyans, 300 Ligurs, 500 Balearics, and horsemen — 450 Libyophinians and Libyans, 300 Ilergets, 800 Numidians [6].


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In addition, Hasdrubal had 21 elephants and to defend the coast from a Roman invasion from the sea, a fleet of 50 penters, 2 tetreres and 5 triers [6].


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The invasion army consisted of about 50,000 infantrymen, 9,000 horsemen and 37 elephants.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, the Romans were also preparing for war.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Consul Tiberius Sempronius Long had 24,000 infantry, 2,400 horsemen and 160 ships, the Second Consul, Publius Cornelius Scipio, had 22,000 infantry and 2,200 horsemen.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The army of Rome in Gaul, under the command of the praetor Lucius Manlia, numbered 18,000 infantry and 1,600 horsemen.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In total, the Roman army consisted of 64,000 infantry and 6,200 cavalry, a little more than Hannibal had.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

A significant advantage of the Romans was that they had to fight in their homeland and for them to mobilize additional military contingents was easier than for the Puni commander getting reinforcements.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

However, it is impossible not to see the dispersion of the Roman army and the lack of a single command, which, of course, made it difficult for the Romans to conduct combat operations.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Fortunately for Carthage, Hannibal was a military genius.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The first period of the war (218—213 BC)


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In the spring of 218 BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal went camping.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Negotiations he prudently conducted with the Gauls provided him with the opportunity to make unhindered passage through their lands.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

It was only when crossing Rodan that he had to use force.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

And the Roman army of Publius Cornelius Scipio could not prevent his movement due to misunderstandings on both sides.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal's passage through the Alps


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

However, when crossing the Alps, he suffered very heavy losses (about half of all troops) - due to the harsh conditions of the crossing and because of the Gallic tribe of allobrogs, who constantly ambushed him along the way following.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The descent from the pass cost the army even harder than the ascent.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal, when he came to Italy, had only about 12,000 Libyan and 8,000 Iberian infantrymen and no more than 6,000 horsemen and 15 elephants.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

He soon forced the surrounding Gallic tribes to recognize their authority.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, Publius Scipio managed to lead a significant army to Northern Italy, and Hannibal was forced to launch an offensive.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

However, Hannibal and his troops had enough time to rest before their first battle in Italy.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal's first victories


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The battle took place near the Ticin River [7].


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The opponents positioned their troops as follows: Scipio put spearthrowers and Gallic horsemen in front, and lined up the rest - the Romans and the selective forces of the Allies - behind them in a line.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal placed heavy cavalry directly against the front of the Romans, and on the flanks - Numidian horsemen, hoping to surround the enemy in the future.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The enemies began to quickly approach each other.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Roman spearthrowers, barely throwing one dart at a time, fled between the troops of the horsemen behind them.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The horse battle began; many horsemen were thrown off their horses, while others dismounted themselves.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The battle gradually turned into a battle of infantrymen.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, the Numidian horsemen of Hannibal, bypassing the fighting from the flanks, appeared in the rear of the Roman army; the spearthrowers were trampled on by their horses; panic began in the ranks of the Romans.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Scipio himself almost died.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The remnants of the Roman army retreated to the hilly area by the Trebia River.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

They were soon approached by the army of the second consul, Tiberius Sempronius Long, who replaced the wounded Scipio.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

By letting him win a minor skirmish, Hannibal inspired the new Roman commander confidence in victory.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

And Long was very ambitious (as Hannibal knew about) and, after an easy victory, was eager to defeat Hannibal's army.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

And soon, quite unexpectedly for the Romans, another small skirmish turned into a general battle.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal instructed his brother Magon, who had already led the Numidian cavalry after the Battle of Ticin, to select 100 infantrymen and 100 horsemen to ambush.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

When Magon came to Hannibal with the selected soldiers, he ordered each of them, in turn, to select 9 more people from their units.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Thus recruiting 1,000 infantrymen and the same number of horsemen, he placed them at night in a place that he had previously chosen.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

It was the winter solstice.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

It snowed early in the morning, then it started raining.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal ordered his Numidian cavalry to cross Trebia and, jumping to the gates of the enemy camp, throw darts at the guards, summon the Romans to fight, and when the battle began, slowly retreat to the river and force the enemy, in turn, to cross to the shore where the Carthaginians stood.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Everyone else was ordered to have breakfast, prepare weapons, horses and wait for the signal.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Numidians brilliantly completed the task.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

When they made noise and disorder at the camp gate (according to Polybius, as soon as they were approaching), Sempronius, who did not doubt success for a minute, brought his cavalry against them, and then the rest of the soldiers


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

However, he did it too hastily.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

His soldiers entered the field hungry and not warmly dressed enough, the horses were not fed.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

When the Romans entered a strip of river fog, chasing the departing Numidians, they froze more and more.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In the river, cold water reached their chest level, so that when Sempronius's soldiers came to the other side, they could hardly hold weapons in their hands.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Carthaginian warriors, meanwhile, warmed themselves by the fires, rubbed themselves with olive oil and had breakfast.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Having received an agreed signal that the Romans had crossed the river, Hannibal withdrew his troops into the field.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In front, he placed the Balearics, light infantry (8,000 men), followed by heavily armed infantry (Iberians, Gauls and Libyans; 20,000 men), and on both flanks - 9,000 horsemen and elephants.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Sempronius, seeing that his horsemen were excessively carried away by the persecution of the Numidians, who were retreating and then again launching a counterattack, and were exposing themselves to excessive danger, ordered them to retreat and join the main forces.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In the center, Sempronius lined up 18,000 Romans; 20,000 allies and those who had Latin citizenship rights; in addition, warriors from the Gallic Kenoman tribe, and on the flanks - cavalry (about 4,000 horsemen) .


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The battle began with the Balearics, who forced the Roman spearthrowers to retreat, and then joined the Carthaginian horsemen who flanked.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Roman cavalry was crushed by the superior enemy cavalry, balearics and elephants.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Heavily armed infantrymen fought with great perseverance and bitterness, but without a certain result.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Suddenly, Magon's detachment ambushed their rear for the Romans and confused the back line of the Romans.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Once surrounded, the Roman infantry courageously resisted, broke through the battle line of the Carthaginians and forced the elephants to turn back, which almost rushed at the Punians themselves.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal ordered the elephants to be taken to the flanks and directed against the Kenomans, who fled in panic.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Under these conditions, 10,000 Roman infantrymen made their way through the ranks of the Carthaginian and escaped from the encirclement; unable to return to their camp, they retreated to Placencia.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

There, and from there to Cremona, went under the command of Scipio and the units that remained in the camp during the battle.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Carthaginians won this time, but now with much greater losses.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Bad weather caused particularly severe devastation in their ranks: people died, horses fell, almost all elephants died (only 7 remained).


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

But the Gauls delivered large reinforcements (up to 60,000 people), and Hannibal began to organize them.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Soon he moved to Etruria, but the crossing of the Apennines was unexpectedly difficult: the army was caught by a storm, many people died, and only one elephant survived.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The impatient desire to move the war to Etruria is easily explained by the military-political situation.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal was, of course, well aware that the Romans sent their garrisons to all points where they could wait for an attack — Sicily, Sardinia, Tarent, that they had built another 60 penters, which were new consuls (Servilius and Flaminius) are mobilizing new contingents in Rome itself and organizing a militia of allies, that even from the Syracuse king Gieron they demanded help, and he sent them 500 Cretan archers and 1000 peltasts, finally that the Romans concentrated food supplies in Arimina and Etruria, clearly intending to block the way for the Carthaginians there.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In 217 BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Guy Flaminius and Gnaeus Servilius Gemin became new consuls.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Guy Flaminius, who reached the consulate thanks to his struggle against the aristocrats, needed quick success.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal easily succeeded in provoking a new battle.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

At the Battle of Lake Trasimeno, the Roman army was ambushed (30,000 infantrymen and 3,000 horsemen).


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

15,000 Romans were killed, 6,000 were captured, and the losses of the Carthaginians amounted to only 2,000 people.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

A few days later, the 4,000-strong cavalry detachment sent by Gney Servilius was destroyed.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Fabia's tactics


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In Rome, a dictator was appointed; he was the Roman aristocrat Quintus Fabius Maximus.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Realizing that it was very difficult to counter Hannibal in open combat, he used new tactics.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Roman army (replenished with two new legions) constantly controlled all the movements of the Punian, but did not engage in battle, and Hannibal, of course, did not have the opportunity to conduct active actions, having an undefeated Roman army.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Fabia's cavalry chief, Mark Minucius, did not agree with this tactic, because Italy became defenseless against the ruin of the Punians, but when he, having received command, tried to join battle, he almost was defeated, and only the appearance of Fabius with another part of the troops made it possible to avoid a new defeat.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal repeatedly tried to provoke the Romans into battle, but did not succeed.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The outbreak of hostilities in Spain


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, in Spain, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio, the brother of the consul, managed to inflict a number of defeats on the Punians.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hasdrubal Barca failed to seriously oppose him.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In Spain, events were extremely unsuccessful for the Carthaginians.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Their fleet was defeated, in land battles, losses amounted to 15,000 killed and 4,000 prisoners, while the Romans received reinforcements in the amount of 8,000 soldiers and 30 ships.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

But the attempt to land in Africa ended unsuccessfully.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Battle of cannes


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Next year 216 BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Gaius Terentius Varron and Lucius Emilius Paul became consuls.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Rome was preparing for decisive action: 8 legions were gathered, so an army of 90,000 people was sent against Hannibal, who had 50,000 soldiers.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The battle took place near the city of Cannes.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The consuls lined up the entire Roman army in battle formation: on the right flank, closer to the river, they placed horsemen, on the left - the cavalry of the allies, and closer to the center - their infantry.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In the center were Roman legions, and in front of the ranks were slingers and other lightly armed warriors.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Guy Terentius Varron took command of the left flank, he entrusted the right flank to Lucius Emilius Paul and the center - Gney Servilius Gemin.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Romans expected to keep the Carthaginian cavalry with their own, and destroy the infantrymen of Hannibal with the prevailing number of infantry.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Early in the morning, Hannibal sent Balearic units and other lightly armed formations to the left bank of Aufid, followed by the rest of the soldiers.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

On the left flank, closest to the river, he placed Iberian and Gallic horsemen who were supposed to act against the Roman cavalry, in the center - infantry (half heavily armed Libyans, in the middle of this system - Gauls and Iberians, followed by Libyans again) and on the right flank - Numidian horsemen who were supposed to fight with the Roman allies here.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Libyans were armed with captured weapons taken from the Romans.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal's army consisted of 40,000 infantrymen and 10,000 horsemen.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Carthaginians were located extremely conveniently: facing the north and with their backs to the wind that carried sand and dust in the faces of the Romans; the sun's rays did not blind the soldiers.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

When building, Hannibal pushed forward the Iberians and Gauls, who were supposed to be the first to enter the battle, and placed the rest in such a way that it formed a kind of huge crescent curved towards the front , which was getting thinner and thinner at the edges.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal entrusted the command of the left flank to Hasdrubal, the right - Magarbal, and he, together with his brother Magon, took over the center.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The battle, as usual, was started by lightly armed soldiers.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Then Hannibal's Gallic Iberian cavalry collapsed on the right Roman flank and soon fled the Romans, after which the left flank of the Romans was defeated.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, infantry entered the battle, and the Iberian-Gallic infantrymen of Hannibal, after stubborn resistance, began to slowly retreat, dragging the Romans, who penetrated deeper into the location Carthaginian troops.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, Libyan infantrymen attacked the Romans from both flanks, and the Puni cavalry struck the rear.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Roman infantry was encircled, and soon the fate of the battle was decided.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

48,000 fell on the battlefield, 4,500 were captured, Hannibal's losses amounted to 8,000 people, in Libya - “all the bravest warriors”.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The consequences of the battle were enormous.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Many Italian cities, and most importantly, Capua, went over to the side of the Punians.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

It was decided to send 40 elephants and 4,000 cavalry from Carthage, and 20,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry from Spain.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Syracuse and Macedonia have entered into an alliance with Carthage.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

But in Spain, things were getting worse for the Punians: 25,000 killed and 10,000 captured soldiers became a new defeat.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Reinforcements intended for Hannibal were used in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Sardinia.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In Italy itself, Hannibal, despite the victorious enthusiasm of his associates, did not dare to go to Rome, whose inhabitants were in panic for some time after the defeat of Cannes.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In an effort to secure a reliable base in Italy, the Carthaginians began to oust the Romans from their remaining loyal cities in the south of the peninsula.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, Rome was gradually recovering from a terrible defeat, replenishing the army even with slaves.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The war in Italy at the end of 216-215 BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal's victorious march after Cannes, the climax of which was the subordination of Capua, ended at Nola, where the praetor Mark Claudius Marcellus, having uncovered a conspiracy to surrender the city, first thwarted the assault on the Carthaginians, and then neutralized the opponents of the Romans in his rear.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In view of the approach of winter cold, Hannibal did not dare to besiege Naples, which was planned to be used as a naval base against Rome, and withdrew the army to winter in Capua.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Feast, idleness and harlots in Capua in the winter of 216/215 BC.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

weakened Hannibal's army as much as marches, sieges and assaults.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

After wintering in Capua, Hannibal did not win a single major victory.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In the spring of 215 BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal launched a new offensive, capturing several small towns.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

However, the Capuans, allies of the Carthaginians, were defeated in an effort to capture Kuma.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal's help to them was ineffective, and the second attempt to capture Nola also failed.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The offensive impulse of the Carthage army in Italy subsided.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Romans, avoiding large battles, gradually began to organize punitive expeditions against the allies of the Carthaginians.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In southern Italy, a small war broke out, the success of which was achieved by organizing the supply of troops and intelligence, and not by the talents of the commanders.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

For decisive success, Hannibal was in dire need of reinforcements.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

To prevent him from receiving them, the Romans had to pull the forces of Carthage as effectively as possible from Italy to a “peripheral war”, whose theaters of operations were located in Sicily, Spain, Illyria and North Africa.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Siege of Syracuse


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In Sicily, after concluding an alliance with Syracuse, the Carthaginians achieved significant success.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The fifteen-thousandth army of Syracuse, together with the Punic units, greatly crowded the Roman troops, but soon Marcellus appeared with a strong army and moved to Syracuse.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The city was large, and the Romans expected that they would be able to quickly overcome the walls, but they met, quite unexpectedly, very strong resistance, organized by Archimedes.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Marcellus was forced to start a siege.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Carthaginians, meanwhile, sent an army of 25,000 infantrymen, 3,000 horsemen and 12 elephants to Sicily.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Macedonia's attack on Illyria


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

King Philip V of Macedonia, fulfilling his allied obligations, attacked the Roman possessions in Illyria, but this did not bring significant support to Hannibal.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Roman fleet that dominated the sea successfully defended the coast.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The 214 campaign ended with the Macedonian fleet blocked by the Romans being burned by the retreating Macedonians themselves.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The following year, serious hostilities did not begin.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Meanwhile, Roman diplomacy managed to organize an anti-Macedonian alliance in Greece, on the protracted struggle against which Philip V spent almost all his resources.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Carthage no longer counted on help from Macedonia.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Fighting in Spain


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In 214 BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

in Spain, the Punians suffered two defeats, in which they lost up to 12,000 killed, 3,000 prisoners and 39 elephants.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Thus, after a number of defeats, domination of the Iberian Peninsula began to pass to Rome.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In 213 BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Romans took Sagunt and secured control of almost the entire east coast of Spain.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Sifax's transition to the side of the Romans


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In 213 BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

another event took place that both in Carthage itself and in the camp of Hannibal could not help but be perceived as a serious threat: the Scipio brothers, who successfully fought in the Iberian Peninsula, landed in North Africa.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

This was the second attempt of the Roman command to transfer the war directly to the territory of the Carthage Empire.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

This time, the African expedition led to great diplomatic success for the Romans.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

They managed to take advantage of the fact that the Carthaginians had clashes with one of the Numidian kings, the leader of the Masaysilia tribe Sifax, and form an alliance with him.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Centurion Quintus Statorium even stayed with Sifax to teach his warriors Roman combat formation and martial art.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The results did not hesitate to affect: soon in one of the clashes, the Masaisilia defeated the Carthaginians.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The second period of the war (212—207 BC)


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The fighting in Italy in 212—209 BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In 212 BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Tarent crossed to the side of Hannibal and, followed by several other cities in the former Great Greece.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Romans suffered another defeat (it cost them 16,000 dead), but managed to besiege Capua, and most importantly, Syracuse was taken.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

After some private successes, the Carthaginians were forced to leave Sicily.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The following year, Hannibal attempted to release Capua.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

He failed to directly drive the besiegers away from the city walls.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Then he marched to Rome in order to carry Roman troops with him from Capua.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal is at the gate!


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

It seemed that the whole of Italy, with bated breath, froze in anticipation.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In Rome itself, anxiety arose here and there, panic began, and people in confusion expected that the fighting was about to begin on the streets of the city.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

But this did not have any consequences, Rome was well fortified, and Hannibal went to spend the winter in southern Italy.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Left without hope of lifting the blockade, Capua soon surrendered — a decisive success.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Romans were straining all their forces.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

A significant part of the adult population from 17 to 47 years old was drafted under the banner, and 230,000 people fought in the armies.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Revenge and impasse in Spain


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In 211 BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Carthaginians landed a powerful army in Spain, the Scipio brothers suffered a severe defeat and died in battle, but one of the officers, Lucius Marcius, whom the soldiers chose as commander, managed to organize the remnants of the armies, and the forces to resist were still there.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The following year, the Roman Senate sent reinforcements led by Guy Martius and Claudius Nero, which stabilized the situation.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Another major victory of Carthage, this time in Spain, again did not bear tangible results.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Fracture


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In 209 BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

the son of Cornelius Scipio, Publius Cornelius Scipio took command in Spain and unexpectedly captured New Carthage, and in Italy the Romans took Tarent.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Now Hannibal pinned all hopes on his brother Hasdrubal, who, having thrown Scipio aside, brought him out in 208 BC.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

large forces from Spain to Gaul and began preparations for an invasion of the Apennine Peninsula.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Crossing the Alps was relatively easy, and in the next year, 207 BC.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hasdrubal joined Italy.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

However, Consul Gaius Claudius Nero, who learned from the intercepted letter the plans of the Carthaginians, marched north with part of his army and joined the army of Consul Mark Livia Salinator.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The combined forces of the Romans completely defeated Hasdrubal's troops near the Metavr River, and Hasdrubal himself fell in battle.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

After the defeat of much-needed reinforcements, Hannibal lost hope for active hostilities in Italy, his minor successes in the south of the peninsula could no longer decide the outcome of the war.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Reason for the Battle of Zama


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

After Hannibal won at Cannes, the Romans rallied.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

They blocked the way through Spain, and Hannibal's situation deteriorated.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The talented commander Publius Cornelius Scipio of Africa, who was at the head of the Roman army, decided to deliver a decisive blow.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

He crossed the sea to the northern coast of Africa to capture Carthage.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

So Hannibal had to hurry to help the city.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The third period of the war (206—202 BC)


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In Spain in 206 BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Magon was defeated at Ilip and was forced to leave the entire Iberian Peninsula under the rule of Rome.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

His landing at Genoa with 12,000 infantrymen and 2,000 horsemen did not solve anything, he was soon wounded and killed.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal did not take action, it seemed that he had lost all hope.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In 205 BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Philip V, after unsuccessful hostilities, was forced to make peace, gaining insignificant territories in Illyria.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The war in Africa


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In 204 BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Scipio landed with an army of 30,000 in Africa.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

By making an alliance with the leader of one of the Numidian tribes, Massinissa, he inflicted several defeats on the Carthaginians.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Then the Senate of Carthage called Hannibal to his homeland.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

He returned after 16 years of fighting in Italy.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal tried to make concessions during the peace talks in a personal meeting with Scipio.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

He recognized the superiority of the Romans in the upcoming battle and promised all possible concessions from Carthage, but did not achieve success.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In 202 BC


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Zama had a general battle.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Scipio did not build his army on a continuous front, but in detachments, between which passages were left, through which war elephants could walk if necessary.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

On the left flank, under the command of Lellius, he placed Italian horsemen, on the right - the Numidian cavalry of Massinissa.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

He filled the passages between the heavily armed infantrymen with lightly armed soldiers, who were supposed to escape to the rear or join the nearest detachments when elephants appeared.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Animals moving along these living corridors would come under crossfire with darts.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal put 80 elephants in front of his troops, followed by auxiliary detachments of Ligurs, Gauls, Balearics and Moors, in the second row - Carthaginians, Libyans and a small group of Macedonians, who finally Philip sent to help, followed by detachments of Italians, mostly brutus, forced to leave their native land forever and, finally, on the right flank Carthaginian, and on the left - Numidian cavalry.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The battle began when the Romans frightened the elephants with their cry, the signals of trumpets and horns, and they, for the umpteenth time, turned against their own, mainly against the Moors standing on the left flank and Numidians.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Massinissa also directed his blow there.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The few animals that rushed at the enemy were hit by Roman darts and eventually turned right against the Carthaginian horsemen, where Lellius and his cavalry moved.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Since the Numidians were now fighting on the side of the Romans, Magarbal, the commander of the Carthaginian cavalry, decided to retreat and lure enemy horsemen away from the battlefield, equalizing the forces of the parties.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The second row of Carthaginians tried to flank the Romans.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

After that, the Roman onslaught weakened somewhat, and then Scipio, having removed the wounded, introduced the Triaries, that is, the main reserves, into business.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The battle resumed, and in the meantime, Lellius and Massinissa, who defeated the Punian cavalry, managed to gather and attacked the Carthaginian infantry from the rear.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Under this blow, the Carthaginians fell apart and they ran.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

More than 20,000 Carthaginians and their allies were killed in this battle, and the same number were captured.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Romans lost a little more than 1,500 people.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Hannibal himself fled to Hadrumet with a small group of horsemen.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

This is how the war ended.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The results


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Under the terms of peace, Carthage paid Rome a huge amount of money (an indemnity of 10,000 talents) for 50 years.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

In addition, Carthage lost all its overseas possessions and its entire fleet (except ten ships), and it did not have the right to wage war with anyone without the permission of Rome.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

The Second Punic War lasted 17 years and ended with the victory of Rome, which became the strongest state in the Mediterranean.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

Second Punic War

Legions' Home Locations


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Year


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

218 — 2 each in Italy, Sicily and Gaul and Spain, a total of 6;


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

217 — 4 in Italy, 2 in Sicily and Gaul, 3 in Sardinia, 2 recruits in Spain, 11 in total;


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

216 — 10 in Italy, 2 in Sicily and Gaul, 3 in Sardinia, 2 recruits in Spain, 17 in total;


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

215 — 8 in Italy, 2 in Sardinia, 2 recruits in Spain, 12 in total;


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

214 — 6 recruits, including 1 in Picena, 2 in Rome, 2 in Sicily and Gaul and 1 in Greece (Macedonia), 9 in Italy, 2 in Sardinia, 2 new in Spain, 19 in total;


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

213 — 11 in Italy, 2 in Sicily and Gaul, 6 in Sardinia, 1 in Greece (Macedonia), 2 recruits in Spain, 22 in total;


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

212 — 14 in Italy, 2 in Sicily and Gaul, 6 in Sardinia, 1 in Greece (Macedonia), 2 recruits in Spain, 25 in total;


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

211 is the same


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Notes


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Literature


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Revyako K. A. Punic wars.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

— Minsk: Universitetskoye, 1988.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

— 272 p. — ISBN 5-7855-0087-6.


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

See also


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Spanish theater of operations during the Second Punic War


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

References


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Ancient warfare


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Category:3rd-century BC wars


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Category:History of ancient Sicily


Question: What caused the Second Punic War?

The Second Punic War

Category:Ancient Roman Wars


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Lusatians, Lusatian Serbs (Upper Sorbian: Serbja, Lower Sorbian: Serby, [] error: {{lang-xx}}: no text (help), Lower Sorbian: Serbski lud, German: Sorben, Wenden [1]) - West Slavic people.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The number is about 60 thousand people.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

They live only in Germany [2] — on the territory of Luzhitsa, which is a Slavic enclave.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

They live most compactly in Catholic areas on the western periphery of the Upper Luzhitsky language territory [3].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

They are one of the four officially recognized national minorities in the country [comment 1].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In general, they belong to the Central European group of the Caucasian race [comment 2].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

All Lusatians are bilingual: German is the main language, while Upper Luzhitsky and Lower Luzhitsky are preserved in a limited way.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

They are Catholic and Lutheran by religious affiliation.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

They are divided into two ethnographic groups - Upper Luzhitsky Serbs living in Upper Lusica (Saxony), and Lower Luzhitsky - in Lower Lusica (Brandenburg).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The Upper Luzhitsky Serbs have a cultural center - Bautzen, for the Lower Luzhitsky Serbs - Cottbus.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

On the territory of the “Lužice Settlement Region”, legislative acts of the lands of Saxony and Brandenburg are in force, contributing to the preservation of the Lusatian languages and the culture of the Luzhitans.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The interests of the Lusatian Serbs are protected by the politically independent organization of the Serbolužice people and Serbolužice associations Domovina — Union of Lusatian Serbs, founded in 1912 [4].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Sorabistics is engaged in the study of Luzhitsy residents.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The ancestors of the Luzhitans settled on the territory of modern Germany in the VI century.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

According to written sources, the Lusatian Serbs have been known since 631.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

They represent the remnant of the non-Germanized Polabic-Baltic Slavs.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the 10th century, their lands were first incorporated into the German state.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

However, in the 11th and 12th centuries, Lusica was subordinate to Poland and the Czech Republic for some time.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Since the 14th century it has been part of the Czech Republic for a long time.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

It finally fell under the rule of the Germans in the middle of the XVII century.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the Middle Ages, they were a people with an incomplete social structure.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the 19th century, they experienced a “national revival”.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the 20th century, two attempts were made to secede from Germany.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

ethnonym


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Self-name


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The self-name of the Luzhitans - “Serbs” (Upper Sorbian: Serbja, Lower Sorbian: Serby) - has a common etymology with the name of the Balkan Serbs.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The German name for the Lužians, Sorben with the root -o-, was used in the past within the western part of the ancient Serbolužice language range between the Elbe and Saale rivers.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The first mention of the Lusatian Serbs in written sources is at the same time the first mention of the West Slavic ethnicum in general, and dates back to 631 (Fredegar's chronicle): Latin: Dervanus dux ex gente Surbiorum, que ex genere Sclavicorum erant et ad regnum Frankorum iam olem aspescerant se ad regnum Samonem cum suis tradidi (“Dervan, prince of Serbian tribes that have long been under the rule of Franks, trusted Tsar Samo together with his people”) [5].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Initially, the name “Serbs” referred only to the tribe of Serbs who lived on the Mulde River.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Since 782, all tribes that lived between Saale and Elbe (including the ancestors of modern Lusatian Serbs - Luzhitans and Milchans) began to be Serbs [6].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Germanic tribes originally referred to all Slavs in the east and southeast by the term Wenden/Winden (Veneda).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

This term goes back to the ethnonym adopted by ancient authors (Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, Tacitus, Claudius Ptolemy): Venedi, Veneti, Venethi, Venethae [7].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The term “Venda” in German was the official designation of the Lusatian Serbs with a negative-dismissive connotation [8] (“Vend is an uneducated and rough village man burdened with negative character traits”).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

For this reason, after 1945, the Lusatian Serbs were officially called “Sorben” in the GDR [5].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

During the existence of the GDR, the idea of the unity of the Serbolužice people prevailed.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

After the unification of Germany in 1990, ideas about their own national identity spread among the Lower Luga Serbs, and the ethnonym was increasingly used to denote self-name “Venda”, which opposes them to the Upper Lužice Serbs [9].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Title in Russian


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In Russian-language science, there is no single term for the Serbolužice people: the names “Lusatian Serbs”, “Lusatians”, “Serboluzhitans” are used [10].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Russian-language encyclopedias (ESBE, TSB, SE, BDT, “Peoples and Religions of the World” [11]) call him “Luzhichans”.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

According to Slavist A. E.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Suprun, instead of the former name “Lusatians”, the names “Serboluzhichans” or “Lusatian Serbs” are now used [12].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Sorabist historians L. P. Laptev and K. IN. Shevchenko is called this people “Luzhitsky Serbs” [13].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

For the ancient historical period, the term “Serbs” is also used (sometimes borrowed from the German “sorba”; less often - “Vendas”, German: Wenden).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The name “Lusatian” comes from the swampy area of Lusitsa (hence German: Lausitz) [14].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

History


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The anthropological components of modern Lusatian Serbs (as well as the Germans of Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Eastern Bavaria, mixed with descendants of numb Slavs) go back to short-headed Caucasians with elements characteristic of the Polabs and Bodrich of Mecklenburg and close to the Laten Celts [15].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Modern Lusatians are the remnant of the Lusatichi Serbs (or simply Serbs), one of the three main tribal unions of the Polabian Slavs, which also included the tribal unions of Lyutichi (Velets or Veltsy) and Bodrich (encouraged, reregs [16] [17]).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The Polabian Slavs (or, in German, the Wends) in the early Middle Ages inhabited at least a third of the territory of the modern German state — north, north-west and east [18].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Modern Luzhichans are descendants of two West Slavic tribes - Luzhichans and Milchans.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Slavs settled in the east of modern Germany in the VI century during the Great Migration of Peoples [19].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

They were mainly engaged in plow farming and animal husbandry.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the 8th century, the lands of the Serbian-Polabian tribes began to be raided by the Germans (primarily the Franks), and later also by the Czech and Polish kings [20].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the 9th century, part of the Serb lands briefly became part of Greater Moravia [21].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The Serbs conquered by the Germans repeatedly raised uprisings, which were suppressed by the conquerors.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The Milchans were finally conquered in 990.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Thousands of Serbs were exterminated, their villages and settlements were destroyed.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the period from 1018 to 1032, the territory of Upper Lusica was part of the possession of Poland, in 1076-1084 and 1158-1231 - under the possession of the Czech Republic.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the XII century, the Lusatian lands became part of the Lusatian brand and the land of Bautzen under the control of the Counts of the Wettin.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

From the 11th-12th centuries, the German colonization of the Serbolužice lands began [22].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the XIII century, the Polabian Slavs ceased to be divided into tribes, the names of the regions appeared - Lower Luzhitsa (former region of the Luzhichans tribe) and Upper Luzhitsa (Milchan region) [20].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1319, Upper Luzhitsa ceded to the Czech Republic, and Lower Lusica under Charles IV in 1373 [23].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1635, the Upper and most of Lower Lusitsa were ceded to Saxony, and the Lower Luzhitsky district of Cottbus was ceded to Brandenburg [24].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

During the Reformation in Germany in the 16th century, most Luzhitans converted to Lutheranism.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Catholicism has been preserved only in some areas of Upper Luzhitsa.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The birth of Serbolužice literature dates back to the same century.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1667, Elector Friedrich Wilhelm of Brandenburg ordered the prohibition of worship in the Lusatian language and the destruction of the Lusatian script.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

From 1717 to 1735, King Frederick Wilhelm I of Prussia issued a number of decrees against the use of the Lusatian language.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1815, the Congress of Vienna transferred the Saxon lands of Lower and Upper Lusatia to Prussia, which participated in the anti-Napoleonic coalition.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The beginning of the national revival was associated with the restoration in 1814, through the efforts of A. Lyubensky and A. Klin, “Serbolužice Preaching Society” in Leipzig.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Thanks to Ya.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Smoler, the scientific and educational society “Matica Serboluzhitskaya” was created [26].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the second half of the 19th century, new restrictions were introduced on the use of the Lusatian language.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

On October 12, 1912, Domovina was founded.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1919, the leaders of the Lusatian Serbs appealed to the Versailles Conference, demanding the creation of a Lusatian state.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

However, their proposal was not considered at the conference, and the applicant A. Bart was arrested for “treason” on his return to Germany.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1933, with the coming to power of the National Socialists, open terror was unleashed in Germany, followed by the arrests of patriots and the forced eviction of nationally oriented Lusatian priests and teachers [27].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The Luzhitsky language (since 1940 — even in everyday life) and all press organs (in 1937) were banned.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The Lusatian Serbs were declared “Vendian Germans” [28].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 1945-1946, Luzhitans, with the active participation of Y.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

For the second time in their history, the Tsyzha made an attempt to secede from Germany, which was unsuccessful [29].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

After World War II, the Germanization of the Lusatian Serbs accelerated after Germans from Czechoslovakia and Poland moved to Lusica [30].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the following decades, with the reconstruction of the Lusatian press and schools, the Lusatian people experienced a cultural rise [31].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

From 1924 to the beginning of the 21st century, as a result of the development of coal deposits in Luzhitsa, more than a hundred villages were completely or partially demolished [32].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Headcount


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The Lusatian Serbs are the smallest Slavic people [33].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the GDR, statistical calculations of the number of Lusatian Serbs were not carried out, and the documents constantly contained the same number — 100,000 people.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the last years of the GDR's existence, the Institute of Serbolužice Ethnology used calculations according to a specially developed questionnaire system, but the results of these calculations have been fully published were not [34].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In modern Germany, the number of ethnic minorities is not officially counted.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

According to various statistics, the population of the Lusatian Serbs from 1980 to 2010 ranged from 50 thousand to 500 thousand people.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The figure of 60,000 people appears in politics [35].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

According to data updated after 1989, there were 67,000 people in Luzhitans, including about 59,000 who spoke their native language [36].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

According to modern data, the number of Lusatian Serbs ranges from 50 to 67 thousand people.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

At the same time, discrepancies in figures indicate the difference between ethnic Luzhitans and Luzhitans who speak their native language [37].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In Bautzen, the center of cultural life of Lusatians, their share is about 5-10% of the city's population [38].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

According to A. Flour in the early 1880s, the share of the Lower Lužice Serbs in the total number of the Serbolužice people accounted for 42.9%, and the Upper Lužice - 57.1%.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

According to A. Blueberries (1958), the share of Lower Lužice Serbs in the mid-1950s accounted for 28.4% [39].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Census data [40] [comment 3]:


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

On the territory of present-day Poland, the Lusatians were Germanized during the 16th century in, by the middle of the XVII century in Zary and in the XVIII century in the vicinity of Gubin and Lubsko.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the Krosno area at the beginning of the XVIII century, the share of Luzhitsky residents in the total population was 85.3%, but at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries, Lower Luzhitsky was not spoken there.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The Lower Luzhitsky language stayed the longest on the right bank of Nysy-Luzhitsky in the village of Lenknitsa: in 1932, two families who spoke Lusatian lived there (380 Luzhitsky residents and three Germans lived there in 1884) [39].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Languages


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

All Luzhitans are bilingual [comment 4]: German is the main language, while the Upper Luzhitsky and Lower Luzhitsky languages are preserved in a limited way [41].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The Luzhitsky languages (Upper Luzhitsky and Lower Luzhitsky) belong to the West Slavic languages.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The Upper Luzhitsky language functions in Upper Luzhitsa, and is actively used primarily in the Catholic region of Upper Luzhitsa.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The Lower Luzhitsky language is spoken in the vicinity of Cottbus in Nizhnyaya Luzhitsa.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

This language is mostly native to people over 70 years of age.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Both languages are divided into dialects.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

There are transitional dialects between Upper Luzhitsky and Lower Luzhitsky dialects [42].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

It is believed that the Upper Lužice language is close to Czech, and the Lower Lužitsky language is close to Polish [43].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The vocabulary of the Lusatian languages was influenced by German, as well as Czech and Polish (especially after World War II) [44].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Among the grammatical features of the Lusatian languages are the presence of a dual number, several forms of the past tense, the place of the predicate at the end of a simple sentence [45].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

According to the Serbolužice Institute (2009), the number of speakers of the Upper Lužice language in Saxony is 23,000 people [46], Lower Luzhitsky in Lower Lusatia is about 6,400-7,000 people [47].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Education


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

See also the article:


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The first schools in the villages of Upper Luzhitsa appeared in the 15th—16th centuries.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

These were private schools, from which church schools developed over time.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Such schools appeared, for example, in Krostvica in 1482, in Kitlitsa in 1489, in Radibor in 1550 [48].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The only textbooks in schools were the Catechism and the Bible [49].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the future, the Lusatian language was repeatedly banned [48].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In Nazi Germany, Serbolužice textbooks were completely destroyed [50].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

During the GDR, there were two types of schools in Lužice: schools of type “A” taught only in the Lusatian language, in schools of type “B” — in German and Lusatian [51].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

According to 2016 data, there are 9 preschool institutions in Lower Lusatia, and 24 preschool institutions in Saxony, where children receive education in the Lusatian language.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Since 2013, the Serbolužice group has been operating in a preschool in Dresden [52].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

The Witaj language programme is being implemented in educational institutions in the Serbolužice settlement region for young children (and in Brandenburg, in schools).


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In Saxony, bilingual school education is based on the concept of “2plus” (German, Lusatian plus additional languages) [53].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the 2010-2011 academic year, 290 students of Serbolužice schools and Serbolužice Gymnasium studied Russian as a foreign language and 154 students studied Czech [54].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In 2009, Saxony had 6 Serbolužice and 3 bilingual primary schools, 4 Serbolužice and one bilingual secondary school, as well as the Serbolužice Gymnasium in Bautzen.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In Brandenburg, there were 5 Witaj primary schools and the Lower Luzhitskaya Gymnasium in Cottbus [55].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In Germany's higher education system, the Lusatian language is taught only at the University of Leipzig (Institute for Sorabistics) [56].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Religion


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

By religious affiliation, most Lusatian Serbs have been Lutherans since the Reformation [20].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

At the time of A. Muki (d. 1932) professed Catholicism by 10% of all Lusatian Serbs.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Upper Luzhitsky Catholic Serbs already accounted for 2/3 of the number of the Serbolužice people [39].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Lusatian Evangelical Serbs live in Upper and Lower Lusica, with the exception of the Catholic region.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

They are followers of several churches: the Lutheran Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia and the Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Saxony, as well as the Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church in Clitten and, and the Moravian Church.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In addition, the Serbolužice Evangelical Society has been operating in Upper Lusica since 1994; since 1946, the Serbolužice Congress of the Evangelical Church has been held.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Evangelical parishes, dominated by Lusatian Serbs, no longer exist.


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

In Bautzen, a service in the Lusatian language takes place once a month at [57].


Question: What is the name of the national song Luzhichan?

Luzhichans

Catholics