Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

K. Dukhonchenko, A. M. Bychkov G. AND. The Commandant, S. F. Karpenko and I. S. GNITA question of unity; repeated repentance of the VSEHB for accepting the Letter of Instruction and the Regulations of the VSEHB [16]; discussion on the feasibility of further membership in the World Council of Churches; adoption of a new Charter; renaming of VSEHB into ECB Union; election of G. AND. The commandant by the chairman of the ECB Union; abolition of the Presidium of the VSEHB and its replacement by the board from the chairman of the Union, his deputies and senior elders of the regions; appeal to those intending to emigrate the need for their service in the Homeland459-13.11.1992, Moscowover 1100 - total.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

AND. CommandantIn connection with the collapse of the USSR, the Euro-Asian Federation of ECB Unions was established to replace the ECB Union


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Periodicals


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

The official printed publication was the Bratsky Vestnik magazine.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

The magazine was published from 1945 until the liquidation of VSEHB (1992) and later.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Brief history


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Creation of VSEHB


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

VSEHB was established in 1944 by uniting churches of evangelical Christians (Prokhanovites) and Baptists.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

By the time of unification, the centralized organization of evangelical Christians, the All-Union Council of Evangelical Christians, existed nominally, and the Federal Union of Baptists of the USSR was completely liquidated in the course of Stalinist repressions.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

The decision to merge was made during a unification meeting of leaders of evangelical Christians and Baptists on October 27, 1944.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Initially, it was called the All-Union Council of Evangelical Christians and Baptists (VseKhib), but in 1945 it was renamed the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians (VSEHB) [17]).


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

The creation of VSEHB allowed:


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

- first, to legalize the existence of evangelical communities after the unions of evangelical Christians and Baptists curtailed their activities during the years of Stalinist terror.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

According to historian Tatyana Nikolskaya, “the unification processes of the 1940s were caused primarily by the requirements of religious policy, but at the same time, the mood of believers and their desire for consolidation of forces after a decade of brutal persecution” [18].


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

- secondly, de jure and de facto unite two movements close to each other — evangelical Christians (Prokhanovites) and Baptists.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

“The association of evangelical Christians and Baptists ended without open meetings and public discussions, bypassing the democratic principles inherent in these confessions even when discussing such local issues such as electing an elder, deacon, admitting a new member to the community, etc. Nevertheless, the merger did take place and withstood the test of time. This was facilitated by the closeness of the creeds of evangelical Christians and Baptists. But the most important thing was the moral readiness to unite — both church leaders who overcame personal differences (including as a result of generational change) and ordinary believers,” Nikolskaya believes [18 ].


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

On August 24, 1945, a part of Christians of the Evangelical Pentecostal faith joined the VSEHB, who, on the conditions of legalizing their communities, abandoned some elements of their church practice: glossolalia during worship and foot washing [19].


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

By 1960, the number of Pentecostals who joined the VSEHB had increased to 25,000 people, and 14,000 Pentecostals remained outside the VSEHB [20].


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Also in 1946-1947, 25 churches and groups of free Christians — darbists and about 70 churches of the Union of Churches of Christ, close in doctrine to the ECB, joined the VSEHB.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

During the same period, evangelical Christians joined — sober, close to Pentecostal and Pentecostal singles (evangelical Christians in the spirit of the apostles), who agreed to baptize for the sake of unity in the future according to the trinitarian formula “In the Name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit” [7].


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

There were attempts to join the Transcarpathian Reformed Church to the VSEHB, but they met with resistance due to significant dogmatic differences (primarily on issues of baptism).


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Brotherly Mennonites joined the association in 1963.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Due to significant differences with evangelical Christians and Baptists in doctrine and church practice, many Pentecostal communities ignored VSEHB, others, having entered VSEHB, left it later, going underground or registering on an autonomous basis.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Pentecostals were allowed to create their own legal association only during perestroika, and in 1990 they finally separated from the VSEHB, forming the Union of Christians of Evangelical Faith of the RSFSR.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

International activities of VSEHB


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

VSEHB took an active part in the international movement for peace, as well as the ecumenical movement.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Since 1963, VSEHB has been a member of the World Council of Churches, and its leaders have been twice elected to the central committee of this international organization [21].


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

In July 1974, a meeting was held in West Berlin of the Secretary General of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Christians-Baptists A. M. Bychkov with Regional Secretary of the United Bible Societies Sverre Smodal.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

In May 1975 S. Smodal and A. M. Bychkov met with Deputy Chairman of the Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR V. N. Titov.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

In 1979, the first delivery of 30,000 Bibles from the United Bible Societies to the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians was made.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

The cooperation that began continued successfully: by 1985, evangelical Baptist Christians had received 100,000 Bibles from the United Bible Societies.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Reorganization of the association


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

At the 44th All-Union Congress of the ECB (February 21-24, 1990), a new Charter was adopted [22], according to which the structure and name of the association, the Union of Evangelical Baptist Christians, were changed [23].


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the newly independent states formed their own evangelical-Baptist unions.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Following the meeting of the expanded council of the ECB Union on December 3-5, 1991, it was reported: “In connection with the formation of sovereign states on the territory of our country and the emergence of independent Unions evangelical Baptist Christians in some republics, the participants confirmed the need to preserve a single union of evangelical Baptist Christians” [24].


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

The ECB Congress of the countries of the former USSR, held in Moscow on November 9-14, 1992, approved the decision of the Board and Council of the ECB Union on the creation of the Euro-Asian Federation of Unions of Evangelical Christians-Baptists, whose president was elected G. AND. The Commandant [25].


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

ECB numbers


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Alexey Sinichkin, a Baptist historian and archivist of the RS ECB, drew attention to significant discrepancies in the number of ECB in the USSR in various sources [26].


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Before the separation, the leaders of the VSEHB repeatedly stated in official sources that the number of ECB communities in the USSR is 5400-5450, and the number of community members is 512-530 thousand people, and taking into account” family members of believers and other people close to our brotherhood”, about 3 million people fell into the “zone of influence” [27] [28] [29].


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

At the same time, other data were submitted not “for abroad”, but for reporting to the Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR: as of January 1, 1959, the number of registered communities amounted to 2,093 (with 202,000 members) and approximate data for unregistered churches are 1,000 communities with 10,000 members.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Although Sinichkin considers the data on unregistered communities “doubtful”, in general, in his opinion, “we are talking about more or less real figures” [26].


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

The data on the number of supporters of the Initiative Movement are even more contradictory.


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Various documents of the VSEHB indicate the number from 4,416 people in 1962 to 8903 people in 1965 [26].


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

At the same time, the Organizing Committee in its article “Aven-Ezer” spoke about tens of thousands of its supporters in 1964 [30].


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

And the famous historian Walter Zavatski, based on the calculations of atheistic religious scholars, estimated the number of the ECB SC at the peak of the movement at 155 thousand people [31].


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

See also


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Russian Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Evangelical Baptist Christians


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Council of Churches (separated Baptists)


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Autonomous Baptists


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Federal Union of Baptists of the USSR


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Notes


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Literature


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Category:Baptist organizations


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Category:Baptist in Russia


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Category:Evangelical Christians


Question: Who is the author of the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians?

Category:Evangelical Baptist Christians


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Megalodon (Latin: Carcharocles megalodon or Otodus megalodon, from Greek: μα and - big tooth) is a species of extinct sharks from the family.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

It existed during the Miocene and Pliocene, although there is some controversial evidence about older and newer findings.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Disputes about the systematic position of the megalodon have been going on for about a hundred years.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

According to a popular point of view in the past, it belongs to the same genus as the modern white shark - Carcharodon from the Lamnidae family.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In this case, its scientific name would be Carcharodon megalodon.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

However, most modern researchers refer megalodon to the genus Carcharocles, or even include it in the genus Otodus.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Both of these genus are part of the Otodontidae family.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Thus, the correct scientific name for a megalodon would be Carcharocles megalodon or Otodus megalodon [1].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

It is also worth taking into account the fact that the generic name Megalodon means completely different taxa not related to the giant shark (for example, the genus of grasshoppers synonymous with Lesina, bivalve mollusks, etc.).


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Thus, the pronunciation of not only the species, but also the generic name of the shark (for example, literally - Otodus megalodon) will probably be more correct in Russian.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Previously, it was often assumed that the megalodon was similar in appearance and behavior to the modern white shark, but there is reason to believe that due to the restrictions imposed by its large size and unique ecological niche, it was very different in behavior from any modern shark [2].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Currently, it is believed that the appearance of the megalodon did not look like the great white shark, but rather an enlarged sand shark many times [3].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The Megalodon was one of the biggest fish of all time.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Its size is difficult to judge, but a study of the remains, represented by a large number of teeth and fossilized vertebrae, shows that this shark was gigantic in size, reaching, according to various estimates of a maximum length of up to 15-16 meters and a maximum weight of 30-35 to possibly 47 tons.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Thus, the megalodon was one of the largest aquatic predators in the history of our planet along with pliosaurs, mosaurs, gainosaurs, basilosaurs, deinosuchs, purussaurs, kronosaurs and other animals that were larger than any modern predator, with the exception of the sperm whale, which is similar in size, but occupies a slightly different ecological niche.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Fossils suggest that the megalodon was very widespread and was very numerous.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

It was probably a superpredator at the top of the food chain [4], at least before the appearance of organized toothed whales like killer whales.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Megalodon tooth marks on the bone remains of marine animals indicate that they ate small cetaceans, sirens, pinnipeds and large fish, eating them alive or dead.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The bite strength of the largest megalodons probably reached 10.8 tons and made it easy to open the chest of a small whale [5].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Discovery


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Glossopetra


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In works dating back to the Renaissance, cases of finding large triangular teeth in rock formations are mentioned.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

At first, these teeth were considered petrified tongues of dragons or snakes and were called “glossopetra” (from Greek. “stone tongues”).


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The correct explanation was proposed in 1667 by the Danish naturalist Niels Stensen: he recognized them as the teeth of ancient sharks.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

His image of a shark's head armed with such teeth became famous.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Among the teeth he published images are megalodon teeth [6] [7].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Systematics


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The first scientific name Carcharodon megalodon was given to this shark in 1835 by the Swiss naturalist Jean Louis Agassiz [8] in Recherches sur les poissons fossiles [9] (” Research of fossil fish”, 1833—1843).


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Due to the morphological similarity of the teeth of the megalodon with the teeth of the white shark, Agassiz attributed the megalodon to the same genus Carcharodon [8].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In 1960, Belgian explorer Edgar Cazier, who believed that these sharks were far from each other, isolated megalodon and related species into the genus Procarcharodon.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In 1964, Soviet scientist L. S. Glickman, agreeing that the megalodon is not closely related to the white shark, attributed it to a close species, now known as, to the new genus Megaselachus, and close species that had lateral denticles, included in the genus Otodus [1] [10] [11].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In 1987, the French ichthyologist Henri Cappetta drew attention to the fact that Procarcharodon is the youngest synonym for the genus Carcharocles described back in 1923, and attributed megalodon and a number of similar species (with jagged the edge of the tooth, but regardless of the presence of lateral denticles) to Carcharocles [1] [11].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

This variant (Carcharocles megalodon) is most widely used; the Glickman variant (Megaselachus megalodon) is also somewhat popular.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In 2012, Cappetta proposed a new classification: he attributed the megalodon with all close species to the genus Otodus, in which he identified 3 subgenuses: Otodus, Carcharocles and Megaselachus; thus, the species received name Otodus megalodon [12].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In the evolution of sharks of this genus, there was a gradual increase and expansion of teeth, memorization of the cutting edge, and later the loss of a pair of lateral denticles [1] [11].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The main difference between the Glickman (1964), Cappetta (1987) and Cappetta (2012) systems is where conditional boundaries between genera are drawn in this smooth evolutionary transition; but according to all these systems, the megalodon belongs to the Otodontidae family.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The old version about the close relationship between the megalodon and the white shark has no supporters among major scientists.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

However, those who adhere to this version call it Carcharodon megalodon and, accordingly, belong to the Lamnidae family [13] [14].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Fossil remains


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The skeleton of the megalodon, like other sharks, consisted of cartilage, not bones.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Therefore, any of his remains, except for his teeth, are quite rare.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Sometimes vertebrae are found (unlike other skeletal elements, they were well mineralized during the life of the shark) [15].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Fossil teeth


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The most common remains of a megalodon are its teeth.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Of modern sharks, the white shark has the most similar teeth, but the teeth of the megalodon are much larger (up to 2-3 times), more massive, stronger and more evenly jagged [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The inclined height (diagonal length) of megalodon teeth can reach 18-19 cm; these are the largest shark teeth known in the history of the Earth [17].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Megalodon differs from similar species, in particular, by the absence of a pair of lateral denticles on the teeth of adults.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

During evolution, the denticles disappeared gradually, remaining the longest in young sharks and on the teeth along the edges of the mouth.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In the Late Oligocene, the absence of denticles in adults was the exception, and in the Miocene it became the norm.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

At the same time, young megalodons retained their denticles, but lost them by the early Pliocene [1] [11].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Fossil vertebrae


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

There are several findings of partially preserved megalodon spinal columns [7].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The most famous of these was discovered in Belgium in 1926.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

It consists of 150 vertebrae up to 15.5 cm in diameter [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

However, the maximum diameter of megalodon vertebrae can exceed 22.5 cm [18]; for example, in 2006, a full spinal column was found in Peru with a maximum vertebral diameter of about 26 cm [19].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Megalodon vertebrae are strongly calcified to withstand its mass and loads that occur during muscle contraction [18].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Distribution of remains


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Megalodon remains are found in many parts of the globe, including Europe [11], North America [16], South America [7] [16], Puerto Rico [20], Cuba [21], Jamaica [22], Australia [23], New Zealand [17], Japan [16] [24], Africa [7] [16], Malta [17], Grenadines [25] and India [7].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Megalodon teeth were also found in areas remote from continents (for example, in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean) [17].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

It lived in subtropical and temperate waters of both hemispheres; the water temperature in the region of its distribution is estimated at 12—27° C [11].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In Venezuela, megalodon teeth found in freshwater deposits are known, which may indicate that the megalodon, like the modern bovine shark, was adapted to be in fresh water [26].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The oldest reliable findings of megalodon, according to a review made in 2016, relate to the Lower Miocene (about 20 million years ago) [11] [27], but there are also reports of Oligocene [17] [24] [28] and even Eocene finds [29].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Sometimes the appearance of the species is referred to as the Middle Miocene [29] [30].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The uncertainty of the time of appearance of the species is due, among other things, to the fuzzy boundary between it and its probable ancestor: the change in tooth characteristics during evolution was gradual [1].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Megalodon died out, probably at the border of the Pliocene and Pleistocene, about 2.6 million years ago [31], although there are a number of reports of Pleistocene finds [31] [32].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The figure is sometimes referred to as 1.6 million years ago [33].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

For teeth raised from the bottom of the ocean, some researchers, based on the growth rate of the crust of deposits, obtained the age of tens of thousands [34] and even hundreds of years, but this method of determining age unreliable: the crust can grow at different rates even in different parts of the same tooth, or it may stop growing for unclear reasons [35].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Anatomy


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Among modern species, the white shark was previously considered the most similar to megalodon [7] [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Due to the lack of well-preserved megalodon skeletons, scientists were forced to base its reconstructions and assumptions about its size mainly on the morphology of the white shark [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

However, further studies have shown that otodontids (the family to which Megalodon belongs) are not directly related to herring sharks, and are actually a branch of more primitive sharks, most likely retaining the basal characteristics of lamna sharks.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Thus, it is more likely that the megalodon looked like a sand shark, and some dental features similar to those of the white shark are more likely to be examples of convergent evolution [3].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

On the other hand, the shape and body features of a megalodon resembling those of a giant shark are also likely, since such proportions are common for large aquatic animals [36].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Size estimation


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The question of the maximum size of a megalodon is very debatable [17].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In the scientific community, it is believed that the megalodon was comparable in size to the modern whale shark (Rhincodon typus) and extinct bone fish called Leedsichthys [2].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The first attempt to reconstruct the jaw of a megalodon was made by the professor in 1909.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Based on the size of the reconstructed jaws, an estimate of the body length of the megalodon was obtained: it was approximately 30 meters.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

However, later discovered fossils and new achievements in vertebrate biology called into question the reliability of this reconstruction [37].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The main reason for the inaccuracy of reconstruction is the lack of sufficient knowledge about the number and location of megalodon teeth during Dean's time [37].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

According to expert estimates, the exact version of the megalodon jaw model built by Bashford Dean would be more than 30% smaller than the original size and would correspond to a body length consistent with modern findings [37].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Currently, several methods for assessing the size of megalodon have been proposed, based on the statistical relationship between the size of the teeth and the body length of the great white shark [16] [37].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

John E.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Randall


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In 1973, an ichthyologist proposed a method for determining the size of the great white shark and its extrapolation to determine the size of the megalodon [38].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

According to Randall, the body length of a megalodon in meters is determined by the formula:


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

L = 0.096 × tooth enamel height in millimeters [37] [38].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

This method is based on the fact that the height of the enamel (the vertical distance from the base of the enameled part of the tooth to the tip) of the largest front teeth of the shark's jaw is interrelated with the total length of its body [ 37].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Since the enamel height of the largest megalodon teeth available to Randall at that time was 115 mm [37], it turned out that the megalodon reached a length of 13 meters [37] [38].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

However, in 1991, two shark explorers (Richard Ellis and John E. McCrocker) pointed out an error in Randall's method [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

According to their research, the height of the shark tooth enamel is not always proportional to the total length of the fish.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Based on these studies, new, more accurate methods for determining the size of the great white shark and similar shark species have been proposed [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Gottfried and others method


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The following method was proposed by a team of scientists consisting of Michael D. Gottfried, Leonard Kompagno and S. Curtis Bowman, who, after careful examination of numerous samples of the great white shark, proposed a smaller but more accurate method for determining the size of C. carcharias and C. megalodon; their results were published in 1996.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

According to this method, the body length of a megalodon in meters is determined by the formula:


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

L = −0.22 + 0.096 × (maximum tooth height in millimeters) [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The largest upper front tooth of the megalodon, at the disposal of this team of researchers, was 168 millimeters high.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

This tooth was discovered by L. Kompagno in 1993.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The result of calculations using the formula for it corresponded to a body length of 15.9 m [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The maximum tooth height in this method corresponds to the length of the vertical line from the top of the tooth crown to the lower lobe of the root parallel to the long axis of the tooth [16], that is, the maximum tooth height corresponds to its sloping height [39].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Body weight assessment


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Gottfried et al.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

also proposed a method for determining the body weight of the great white shark, studying the mass-length ratio of 175 individuals of this species of different ages, and extrapolated it to determine the mass of the megalodon.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Megalodon's body weight in kilograms, according to this method, is calculated by the formula [16]:


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

M = 3.2 × 10-6 × (body length in meters) 3.174


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

According to this method, an individual 15.9 meters long would have a body weight of approximately 47 tons [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Clifford Jeremiah method


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In 2002, shark researcher Clifford Jeremiah proposed a method for determining the size of the great white shark and similar shark species [17].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

This method calculates the shark's total body length in feet using the formula:


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

L = root width of the upper anterior tooth in centimeters × 4.5.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

According to K. Jeremiah, the perimeter of the shark's jaw is directly proportional to its length, and the width of the roots of the largest teeth makes it possible to estimate the perimeter of the jaw [17].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The biggest tooth available to K. Jeremiah, had a root width of about 12 centimeters, which corresponded to a body length of 15.5 meters [17].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Vertebrae calculation


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

One of the most accurate methods for estimating the size of megalodons, without the use of teeth, is based on the size of the vertebrae.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Two methods for calculating vertebrae applicable to this species are proposed.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

One of them was proposed in 1996 by Gottfried et al.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In this paper, based on a study of the partial spinal column from Belgium and the vertebrae of the white shark, the following formula was proposed:


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

L = 0.22 + 0.058 × vertebra size


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The second method of calculating vertebrae was proposed by Shimada et al.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In 2008, they estimated the body length of the cretoxyrhina mantelli chalk shark in this way.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The formula looks like this:


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

L = 0.281 + 0.05746 × vertebra size


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The discrepancies in the results when using these formulas are relatively small.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Despite the rarity of megalodon vertebrae, these methods make it possible to calculate the size of some very large samples.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The partial spine of the megalodon, found in Denmark in 1983, had 20 fastened vertebrae with a largest diameter of about 23 cm [18] [39].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Based on the proposed formulas, this individual of megalodon was about 13.5 m in length [39], despite the fact that the largest known teeth of this sample were about 16 cm high [18].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

A very large sample of megalodon, perhaps the largest of all, was found in Peru in 2006.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

For 18.6 cm teeth, its length was estimated at 18.26 meters.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

However, the largest of its 194 vertebrae is about 26 cm in diameter, which, according to the formulas mentioned above, indicates a total body length of about 15.3 meters.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

This suggests that large isolated teeth of megalodons do not necessarily indicate the gigantic size of these sharks during life [19] [39].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Final assessment of the maximum size


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Currently, the most common estimate in the scientific community of the maximum length of a megalodon is 15—16 meters [5] [14] [17].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The expected maximum possible size of a megalodon at which it would be able to breathe is approximately 15.1 m [40].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In 2015, from a large sample of megalodon teeth, C. Pimiento and M. A. Balk estimated the average length of megalodons at about 10 m. Interestingly, at the same time, the largest samples studied by them were estimated at 17—18 m [39] [41].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Although, since the calculation was made based on the height of the teeth, in fact, these individuals were probably slightly smaller in size — their teeth did not exceed much fuller teeth specimen whose vertebrae indicate a total length of 15.3 m.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Thus, recent studies show that despite being slightly smaller than previously thought, the megalodon was the largest shark known to science, competing for this title only with a modern whale shark, as well as one of the largest fish that has ever inhabited the seas of our planet [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Body weight


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The modern formula, derived from measuring the length and weight of 127 white sharks, indicates a mass of 15.3 m of megalodon at about 40,885 kg [42].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

On the contrary, comparison with modern whale sharks gives its lower value in the region of 30-35 tons [43].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Teeth structure and jaw mechanics


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

A team of Japanese scientists (T. Uyeno O. Sakamoto G. Sekine) in 1989 described the partially preserved remains of a megalodon with an almost complete connected set of teeth found in Saitama Prefecture, Japan [7].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Another almost complete set of these was extracted from Leigh Creek, North Carolina, USA.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

It served as the basis for the reconstruction of the jaws of the megalodon, exhibited at the American Museum of Natural History in New York [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

These findings made it possible to determine the number and location of teeth in the jaws, which made it possible to create accurate reconstructions of the jaws.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Later, other articulated sets of Megalodon teeth were found.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In 1996, S. Applegate and L. Espinosa determined his dental formula:


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

{\ displaystyle {\ begin {matrix} {\ frac {2.1.7.4} {3.0.8.4}}\ end {matrix}}}


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

(from left to right is the number of front, intermediate, lateral and posterior teeth in each half of the upper jaw (above) and lower (lower)) [7] [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The most accurate modern reconstructions of megalodon jaws are based on this formula.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The megalodon had very strong teeth [16]; the total number reached 276.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The teeth were arranged in 5 rows.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

According to paleontologists, the size of the jaws of large individuals of the megalodon reached 2 meters [17].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Bite power


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In 2008, a team of scientists led by Stephen Uro created a computer model of the jaws and masticatory muscles of a white shark weighing 240 kg and calculated that the bite force in some places of its mouth reaches 3.1 kN.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

This value was extrapolated to the megalodon (assuming it has the same proportions) using two estimates of its maximum mass.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

With a mass of 48 tons, a force of 109 kN was calculated, and at a mass of 103 tons, 182 kN was calculated [5].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The first of these values seems more adequate from the point of view of modern estimates of the mass of the megalodon; it is about 17 times greater than the bite force of the dunkleostey (6.3 kN), 9 times more than that of the largest white shark (about 12 kN), 3 times more than the modern record holder, the combed crocodile (about 28-34 kN) and slightly higher than that of the pliosaurus kevani (64-81 kN) [44], but inferior to strength bite of a deinosuchus (356 kN), a tyrannosaurus rex (183-235 kN), a Hoffman mosasaurus (more than 200 kN) and similar animals.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Thus, the megalodon, due to its size, had one of the strongest bites known to science today, although in terms of weight this figure was relatively small due to inferior in strength to the bones of the cartilaginous skull.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Teeth function


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Megalodon teeth are quite strong, but thin, jagged with a relatively shallow cutting edge [8] [17].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Paleontologist Bretton Kent points out that these teeth are thick enough for their size and have little flexibility, but good bending strength.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Their roots are quite large in comparison with the overall height of the tooth.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

These teeth are not just a good cutting tool; they are also well suited to open the chest and bite through the vertebrae of a large animal, and rarely break even when they cut into bones [45].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Thus, when fed on a large carcass, the megalodon could reach parts of it that are inaccessible to many other sharks [46].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Skeletal anatomy


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In addition to determining the size of the megalodon, a group of scientists led by Gottfried also tried to determine the structure of its skeleton [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Cartilaginous skull


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The cartilaginous skull of the megalodon had to be proportionally thicker and stronger than that of the great white shark to fit the more massive jaws and the structure of the teeth, withstanding the loads when they application [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Jaw structure


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

To support very large and strong teeth, the jaws of the megalodon also had to be relatively more massive, strong and stronger than the jaws of the great white shark [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Such highly developed jaws gave the eyes of the megalodon a “pig” appearance [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Pectoral fins


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The fins of the megalodon were most likely proportionally larger and thicker than the fins of the great white shark, as this was required to move and control the movement of such a massive shark [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Axial skeleton


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

By studying the partially preserved vertebral trunks of the megalodon from Belgium, it became obvious that the number of vertebrae in the megalodon exceeded the number of vertebrae in large specimens of any other shark [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Only the number of vertebrae of the great white shark is close, which indicates some anatomical relationship between the two species [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

However, based on the systematic position of the megalodon, it is assumed that it looked more like an ordinary sand shark than a great white shark, since the elongated body and heterocercal the caudal fin is a basal feature for this group [3].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Full skeleton


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Based on the characteristics mentioned above, Gottfried and his colleagues were able to reconstruct the complete skeleton of the megalodon.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

It was exhibited at the Calvert Marine Museum (Solomon Islands, Maryland, USA) [16] [47] [48].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The reconstructed skeleton is 11.5 meters long and corresponds to the average adult [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The team points out that relative and proportional changes in the characteristics of the skeleton of the megalodon compared to the great white shark are ontogenetic in nature, and should occur in great white sharks as they increase in size [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Large size problems


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Megalodon is the largest fish that has ever existed, along with the lidsychtis and the modern whale shark.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

However, the largest predatory shark is the megalodon, the largest filter sharks are ledsychtis and whale sharks, do not reach the size of the largest whales and do not exceed the weight bar of about 40 tons.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

This is due to the fact that as the size of the body increases, the volume grows disproportionately faster than its surface area.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

While the body of fish is limited by the surface area that collects oxygen (gills) [49].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Since giant fish reached huge sizes and their volume increased to a greater extent than the area of the gills, they began to face problems of gas exchange [50].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Thus, these giant fish, including megalodon, can not be fast aerobic swimmers — they have minimal endurance, slow metabolism.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The speed of movement and metabolism of the megalodon will be more correct to compare with those of the whale shark, rather than the great white shark.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

It is not known whether the megalodon has developed a developed homocercal caudal fin, which the white shark uses to jerk sharply and maintain acceleration, which is also facilitated by its homoyothermy.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The megalodon most likely had a heterocercal caudal fin, which is needed for slow swimming and only short-term flashes of speed, and it was unlikely to be warm-blooded [3] [50].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Another problem is that the cartilage is much inferior in strength to bones even with its significant calcification, and therefore the musculature of the huge shark, attached to this very cartilage, could not provide sufficient strength for an active lifestyle [46].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Paleoecological considerations


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Loot Relationship


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Factors such as its huge size, powerful jaws and large teeth with a shallow cutting edge [16] suggest that the megalodon was able to attack larger animals than any modern shark [5].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Although sharks are generally opportunistic predators, scientists suggest that megalodon may have some food specialization and be an exception to this rule [5].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Due to its size, this predator was able to cope with a wide range of potential prey, although its feeding mechanisms were less effective than, for example, giant mosasaurs.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The only competitors and enemies of megalodons over a long period of their existence were probably only toothed whales, such as leviathans and zygophysiters, as well as others giant sharks (including another member of the genus Carcharocles).


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Fossils indicate that the megalodon ate cetaceans, including small sperm whales [17], early bowhead whales [51], cetoteria [15], minke whales [52], walrus dolphins [53], dolphins [16] and harbour porpoises [17], sirens [54] [55], pinnipeds [15] [25] and sea turtles [54].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The size of the megalodon suggests that its prey was mainly animals with a length of 2.5 to 7 meters - to a large extent it could be primitive baleen whales [56] [57].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Although small baleen whales are often not very fast and unable to counterattack the predator, the Megalodon needed destructive weapons and an effective hunting strategy to catch them.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Currently, a large number of whale bones have been found with clear marks from large teeth (deep scratches) corresponding to megalodon teeth [7] [16], and in many cases megalodon teeth were found near the remains of whales with similar traces [16] [47], and sometimes teeth were even found stuck in such remains [58].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Like other sharks, the megalodon had to eat fish in large quantities, especially at a young age [15] [48].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Hunting behavior


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Modern sharks often use rather complex hunting strategies when fishing for prey.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Some paleontologists suggest that the hunting strategies of the white shark may give an idea of how the megalodon hunted its unusually large prey for the shark (for example, whales) [59].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

However, fossils show that the megalodon could use slightly different and quite effective techniques for hunting cetaceans [45].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In addition, he apparently ambushed his victim and never dared to actively pursue, as he could not reach high speed and had a very limited stamina [50].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

To determine the methods of attacking megalodon on mining, paleontologists conducted a special study of fossil remains [45].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Its results show that the methods of attack could differ depending on the size of the prey [59].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Fossil remains of small cetaceans indicate that they were rammed with great force, after which they were killed and eaten [59].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

One of the objects of the study, the remains of a 9-meter long baleen whale of the Miocene era, made it possible to quantify the attacking behavior of the megalodon [45].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The predator mainly attacked hard bone areas of the victim's body (shoulders, fins, chest, upper spine) [45], which white sharks usually avoid [45].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Dr. Bretton Kent suggested that the megalodon tried to break bones and damage vital organs (such as the heart and lungs) enclosed in the chest of the prey [45].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The attack on these vital organs immobilized prey, which quickly died due to serious internal damage [45].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

These studies also once again point to why the megalodon needed relatively stronger teeth than the great white shark [45].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In the Pliocene, in addition to small baleen whales, larger and more developed cetaceans appeared [59].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Megalodons have modified their attack strategy to cope with these animals as well.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Many fins and caudal vertebrae bones of fairly large Pliocene whales with traces of megalodon bites were found [5] [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

This may indicate that the megalodon first tried to immobilize large prey by tearing off or biting off its motor organs, and only then killed and eaten it [5] [16].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

An alternative explanation for whale bone injuries


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The version that due to their slow metabolism and relatively low physical strength, large megalodons were scavengers rather than active hunters is also very justified.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Damage to the bones of cetaceans may not demonstrate the tactics megalodons used to kill large prey, but the method by which they extracted the contents of the chest from dead carcasses, to which smaller sharks could not reach, while damage from alleged ramming attacks by megalodons could actually be obtained by whales during ritual intraspecific struggle and become the cause of death of animals.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Trying to hold and kill even a small whale by biting it in the back or chest, the most protected parts of it, would be very difficult and illogical, since a megalodon could kill its the prey, attacking it in the abdomen like modern sharks.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

This point of view perfectly coincides with the fact of increased tooth strength of adult megalodons, while the teeth of young individuals (obviously more active predators) and early relatives megalodons were more like the teeth of modern white sharks [46].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Extinction


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

These sharks went extinct about 3 million years ago.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The reason for the extinction, according to biologists, was increased competition with other predators during the food crisis, although previously the most popular version was about global climate change [60] .


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Megalodons were successful because they lived at a time when many slow marine mammals were swimming in the sea, and there was almost no competition with poorly developed teeth at that time whales.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

They hunted primitive small whales, such as cetoteria, and depended heavily on this food resource.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Such animals inhabited shallow warm shelf seas.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Megalodon was probably also usually limited to moderately warm seas.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

With the cooling of the climate in the Pliocene, glaciers “connected” huge water masses, and many shelf seas disappeared.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The map of ocean currents has changed.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The oceans are getting colder.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

And this was reflected not so much on the megalodons themselves, but on the relatively small mammals, which served as one of their main sources of food.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The next factor in the extinction of megalodons was the emergence of toothed whales, the ancestors of modern killer whales, leading a pack lifestyle and having a more developed brain.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Due to their large size and slow metabolism, megalodons could not swim and maneuver as well as these marine mammals.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

They also could not protect their gills and could most likely fall into tonic immobility in the same way as modern sharks.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Therefore, killer whales could easily eat young megalodons, even though they usually hid in coastal waters, and together they were even able to kill adults [50] [57].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Megalodons stayed the longest in the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Megalodon in cryptozoology


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

However, some cryptozoologists believe that the megalodon could have survived to this day.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

They refer to several extremely dubious facts: first, studies of two megalodon teeth accidentally found in the Pacific Ocean seem to have shown that they were lost by giant sharks not millions of years ago, and about 24,000 and 11,000 years each, which is practically “modern” from the point of view of geology and paleontology [61].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

And secondly, the case recorded by Australian ichthyologist David George Stead of a meeting of Australian fishermen allegedly with a huge shark of incredible size [62].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

However, the reliability of such information is not confirmed anywhere, except for sites on cryptozoology and paranormal phenomena [63].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Most of the facts clearly indicate that the megalodon died out about 3 million years ago, and claims that “only 5% of the ocean has been explored and the megalodon may be hiding somewhere” do not stand up to scientific critics.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In 2013, Discovery Channel demonstrated a special project known as Megalodon: Monster Shark Alive, which allegedly provided some evidence that the megalodon is still alive and convinced at least 70% of viewers say that the giant prehistoric shark still lives somewhere in the ocean.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

However, this pseudo-documentary program was quickly criticized by scientists and viewers for the fact that almost all the facts cited in it were fake.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

For example, all the “scientists” featured in the film were actually just high-paid actors.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Almost every photo or video of a megalodon was just a montage, and not of the best quality.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In 2014, Discovery directed the sequel, Megalodon: New Evidence, which became the highest-rated episode of Shark Week, gaining 4.8 million viewers, and then released an additional, equally a fantastic program called “Darkness Sharks: Submarine Fury”, which in total led to further negative reactions from the media and the scientific community [64] [65] [66] [67] [68].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

In cinema


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Shark Hunter (English: Shark Hunter) is an American horror film about a 25-meter megalodon that was released in 2001.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Starring Antonio Sabato Jr.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

(English: Megalodon) is an American horror film that was released in 2002 [69].


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The main role is Robin Sachse.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

(English: Shark Attack 3: Megalodon) is an American horror film released in 2002.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The main role is John Barrowman.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Two Million Years Later (English: Mega Shark versus Giant Octopus) is a 2009 film by The Asylum.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Starring Debbie Gibson and Lorenzo Lamas.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

The Death of the Titans (English: Mega Shark versus Crocosaurus) is a sequel to Two Million Years Later, released in 2010.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Starring Gary Stretch and.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Mega Shark vs Mecha Shark (English: Mega Shark versus Mecha Shark) is a sequel to Death of the Titans, released in 2014.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

It stars Christopher Judge, Elizabeth Röhm and Debbie Gibson.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Meg: Monster of the Deep is a film that was released in 2018.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Directed by John Tertelaub, starring Jason Statham, Ruby Rose and other equally famous actors.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Notes


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Literature


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Bruner, John.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

“The Megatooth shark” — FLMNH.


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Unknown parameter |allpages= ignored (help)


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

References


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

in South Carolina State Museum


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

//Popular mechanics, Dec 2018


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

//San Diego Natural History Museum (in English) ()


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

on the BBC website (in English)


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

on the BBC website


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Video


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

//Discovery Channel


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

d/f (2009)//imdb.com


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Category:Extinct llamas


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Category:Paleogene fauna


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Category:Neogene fauna


Question: What is the biggest shark in the world?

Megalodon

Category:Fossils described in 1843


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg (from 1938 to 1957 — Chkalov) is a city in Russia.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The administrative center of Orenburg Oblast.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

It forms a municipality of Orenburg with the status of a city district.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Titles


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

There are different versions of the origin of the Orenburg name.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The classic version is: the fortress on the Or River [1].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The author of the phrase Orenburg, in all likelihood, is the founder of the city I. K. Kirilov said.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1734, in accordance with his project, a package of government documents was developed on the establishment of a fortress city at the confluence of the Or and Yaik rivers (Ural).


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On June 7, 1734, Empress Anna Ioannovna signed the “Privilege to Orenburg”, and although the construction site of the main fortress of the region was later moved several times downstream of the Yaik (Urals), the name the city, established by the “Privilege”, has survived to this day behind the fortress, founded in 1743 at the mouth of the Sakmara River.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

From 1938 to 1957, the city was named Chkalov [2] [3], in honor of the famous Soviet pilot Valery Chkalov, despite the fact that he had never been to this city.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Bronze sculpture by V. P. Chkalov, six meters high on a seven-meter pedestal, was installed in honor of the 50th anniversary of his birth in 1954 on the Boulevard (the embankment of the Ural River, the so-called “Belovka”).


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

History


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

City foundation


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On October 10 (21), 1715, a significant part of the collection of Kazakh foremen headed by Abulkhair Khan spoke in favor of adopting an act on the voluntary accession of the Junior Zhuz of Kazakhs to the Russian Empire.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1734, he sent with the Russian diplomat A. AND. Tevkelev to the court of Empress Anna Ioannovna, the embassy headed by his son Erali, who pledged on behalf of his father to protect the security of the Russian borders adjacent to the lands of his horde, to protect the Russians merchant caravans, when passing through the Kazakh steppes, give, like the Bashkirs and Kalmyks, an auxiliary army if necessary and pay yasak with animal skins.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

As a reward for this, Abulkhair Khan asked to approve the Khan's succession to the throne in his family for eternal times and build a city with a fortress on the Ori River, where he could find shelter in case of danger [4].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

A year later, on August 31, 1735, the Orenburg Fortress was founded at the confluence of Ori and Yaik.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The original place for the city was chosen during the expedition of the initiator of the development of the region I. K. Kirilov, who claimed that this city was needed “to open the way to Bukhara, Vodokshan, Balk and India”, which would allow him to receive “wealth from there — gold, lapis lazori and lal stone”.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

After his death, V. N. Tatishchev.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

He thought the place was too uncomfortable, and it was flooded with spring floods.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Severe river floods in this place forced preparations to begin in 1739 for the construction of a new city with the former name downstream of Yaik, on Krasnaya Gora.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On August 6, 1741, it was laid down.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The old town was named Orsk Fortress (present-day Orsk), but the construction of the city did not begin.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The chosen place on Krasnaya Gora is treeless, rocky and remote from the river, and also turned out to be unsuitable for building a city [5].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The new head of the commission was I. AND. Neplyuev said.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On April 30 [O.S. 1743], Orenburg was founded for the third time, on the site of the former Berdskaya fortress (Berdsky town), 70 versts from the Krasnogorsk tract.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In the summer of 1742, Neplyuev personally chose a new place at the confluence of the Sakmara River into Yaik, surrounded by forests and arable land.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

It is now the historic center of the city.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The fortress, built on Krasnaya Gora, was called Krasnogorskaya [6].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Since Orenburg was originally founded on the Ori River, it was called Orenburg, a city on Ori.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

This is written in detail by P. AND. Rychkov in his book “Orenburg Topography” [7].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Hydronym Or from the Kazakh and Bashkir languages — Kazakh: “or”, Bashkir: “or” moat, ravine.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

However, there is a very similar word Kazakh: “or” hill, uphill.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In connection with this history of foundation, Orenburg is called conceived three times and born once [8].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Formation of the province


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1744, the city became the center of Orenburg province.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The border of the Orenburg province reached the Iset and Kama rivers in the north, in the west near Samara and Stavropol to the Volga, ran slightly west of the Yaik River in its lower reaches, in the south it reached the Caspian and the Aral Sea, in the east to the Tobol River and the eastern limits of the nomadic territories of the Middle Kazakh zhuz.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The governor, his office and other institutions were located in Orenburg.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The first Orenburg governor was I. AND. Neplyuev, who held this post from 1744 to 1758.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In his activities, he focused on the military-political and economic development of the vast and then poorly developed region.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

From the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna: “... This city, with God, should be rebuilt to the appointed one, be called Orenburg, and in any cases call it and write this from us with this name, in which the city we favor and we give permission to everyone and every Russian people (except for those who have escaped from the service of our people and peasants, in a poll salary), merchants, craftsmen and raznochintsy, and foreign European states to foreign merchants and artists, the local Bashkir people and living with them and our new subjects to our Kyrgyz-Kaisat, Karakalpat peoples, and visiting Greeks, Armenians, Indians from Asian countries , Persians, Bukharans, Khiva, Tashkent, Kalmyks and others, of any rank and faith, come to settle, live, trade and trade in any craft, and Paks go to their former homes freely and unrestricted, without any danger and retention” [9].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

It was built as a fortress city, as a stronghold of the lines of fortresses along Yaik, Samara and Sakmara, guarding the southeastern border of Russia.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

At the same time, the city was supposed to serve as a center of economic and economic interaction with the peoples of the East, which, first of all, involved trade, so the city had both military and trade meaning: barracks, artillery yard, powder cellars, military institutions, guest and exchange yards, customs.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

From October 5, 1773 to March 23, 1774, Orenburg was besieged by the army of Yemelyan Pugachev.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

After the defeat of the Pugachev rebellion, Empress Catherine II for participation in the uprising renamed the Yaitsky Cossacks to the Urals, Yaitsky Gorodok to Uralsk, the Yaik River to the Urals, and the citizens for keeping the city presented the cross of Andrew the First-Called (X), now depicted on the flag and coat of arms of the city.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1782, the Ufa governorship was formed from two regions: Ufa and Orenburg, and Orenburg was appointed the main city.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

It was reorganized in 1796 by Emperor Paul I into the Orenburg province.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1850—1881 Orenburg was the center of the Governor-General.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Until 1868, there were institutions in charge of border affairs, the administration of Kazakhs of the Younger Zhuz.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Since 1868, the place of stay of the governor of the Turgay region.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The city was a major center of trade between Russia and Central Asia.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The industry (mainly flour milling, salt-melted, leather and oil mills) began to develop rapidly with the construction of the Samara-Orenburg railway in 1877.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Since 1880, the export of fresh and frozen meat, Siberian ghee, bacon, leather, wool, goat down to Moscow and St. Petersburg has begun.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The city is becoming a major trade and distribution center for livestock and meat coming from the Kazakh steppes (city slaughterhouses were opened in 1894).


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1881, Russia's first condensed milk plant began operating in Orenburg [10].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1894, the construction of the Kazan Cathedral was completed, which became one of the main symbols of the city before its destruction in the 1930s.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1905, the construction of the Tashkent Railway railway, which opened the way to Central Asia, was completed, and the main railway workshops were built, which made the city an important transport knot.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg Krai is famous for its downy shawls knitted from the down of specially bred Orenburg goats.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Changing priorities over time


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg emerged as a fortress that guarded the southeastern borders of the Russian Empire.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Soon it became a merchant city and the largest intermediary between Russia and Central Asia.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

After some time, it became the center of a very large province, stretching from the Volga to Siberia, from the Kama to the Caspian Sea.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The city was the most important strategic center, so the rebellious Pugachev residents tried to seize it.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

It was a prison city, a place of exile for political prisoners.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The hardships of exile were endured here by composer A. A. Alyabyev, poets A. N. Pleshcheev and T.G.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Shevchenko.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Years of revolution and civil war


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg was built at the junction of Kazakh steppes and Bashkir lands, and became the center of the Russian Orenburg Cossacks established by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

During the years of revolution and anarchy, this predetermined an unspoken struggle for the city, which occupied a key position in the Southern Urals.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On July 21-28, 1917, the First All-Kazakh Congress was held here, at which the political party “Alash” was established, forms of state administration, autonomy of Kazakh regions, land question, deputies were elected to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly and to the Shurai-Islam Congress of Muslims of Russia [11].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In July-August 1917, the I and II Vsebashkir Congresses (kurultai) were held in parallel, where it was decided on the need to create a “democratic republic on a national-territorial basis” in as part of federal Russia.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The Central Council (shuro) worked in Orenburg in the Bashkir inn Caravanserai.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In September 1917, Alexander Dutov was elected ataman of the Orenburg Cossacks and head (chairman) of the military government [12].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

He became famous on the fronts of the First World War.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

After the February Revolution of 1917, he was elected chairman of the All-Russian Union of Cossack Army in March, and in April of the same year he headed the Congress of Russian Cossacks in Petrograd, but returned to Orenburg, where he studied and lived before the war.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On December 5-13, 1917, the Second All-Kazakh Congress was held in the city, the Alash autonomy (as part of Russia) was proclaimed on the territory of the Ural, Bukey, Turgay, Akmola, Semipalatinsk and parts Orenburg regions and the government of Alash-Orda was elected [11].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On December 8-20, 1917, at the III Vsebashkir Congress (Kurultai), the Bashkir Shuro, headed by Sharif Manatov, proclaimed the national autonomy of Bashkurdistan (Bashkortostan) on the territory of parts of the Orenburg , Samara, Ufa and Perm Regions, where Bashkirs have also historically lived.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On January 31, 1918, the Red Army units of Blucher knocked out Dutov's Cossack formations from the city.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The ataman goes to the Turgai steppes.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On April 4, 1918, the White Cossacks of the village of Nezhinskaya, led by Ataman Lukin, made a night raid on the Orenburg City Council, which was in the cadet school (until recently - Orenburg Higher Red Banner Anti-Aircraft Missile Command School n.a. G. K. Ordzhonikidze), where the entire composition of the first council together with women and children was cut out from the families of employees of the City Council - a total of 129 people.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On July 3, 1918, Orenburg was taken by the Cossacks.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Dutov's units in November 1918 became part of the Siberian Army of Admiral Kolchak [12].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On January 10, 1919, the Reds began their offensive on Orenburg, and on January 22, 1919, two units of the Red Army, the Turkestan and the 1st Revolutionary, were united in the city.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On March 20, 1919, the “Agreement of the Central Soviet Power with the Bashkir Government on Soviet Autonomous Bashkiria” was concluded.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In accordance with it, the Autonomous Bashkir Soviet Republic (ABSR) was formed.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In September 1919, Dutov's Orenburg army, which besieged Orenburg, was defeated by the Red Army.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The persecuted Dutov in winter went through the Kazakh steppe (Hunger Campaign) to Semirechye, to Ataman Annenkov, then, in the spring of 1920, with him to China.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

There, in Suidun, on February 21, 1921, he was killed by Cheka agents [12].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Kazakh leaders of Alash-Orda in negotiations with Lenin and Stalin refused to obey the advice, counting on the support of the white movement.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

And, if a military-political alliance was concluded with Komuch, the Omsk Directory and Admiral Kolchak refused.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

At the beginning of 1920, the Alash Autonomy was abolished by the Soviet authorities for cooperation with the whites, and its leaders Alikhan Bukeikhanov, Akhmet Baitursynov, Mirzhakip Dulatov were shot in 1935-1937 [13 ].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Soviet period


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

During the Soviet period, the city increased its population almost six times.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On August 26, 1920, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars AND. Kalinin and V. AND. Lenin Decree “On the Formation of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” in the same territories, as part of the RSFSR, with its capital in Orenburg (in Kazakh transcription: Orynbor).


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The First (Constituent) Congress of Soviets of Kazakhstan was held in Orenburg on October 4-12, 1920. Red Commissar Seitkali Mendeshev became the first chairman of Kirtsik.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1925, the capital of Kazakhstan was moved far south, to the city of Perovsk (formerly Ak-Mechet), to Syr-Darya, on this occasion renamed Kyzyl-Orda (Kazakh: Kyzylorda, Rus. Red Horde), and Orenburg and the province were included directly in the RSFSR.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1928, the Orenburg province was abolished, and in December 1934 Orenburg became the center of the Orenburg region.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On December 26, 1938, the city was renamed Chkalov in honor of the deceased test pilot V. P. Chkalov, despite the fact that Chkalov himself has never been to this city.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Nevertheless, he was indirectly connected with the city: Chkalov graduated from the Military Aviation School, which was relocated to Orenburg.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The renaming was due to the fact that in the 1930s, the Soviet leadership had plans to make the city the “aviation capital of the USSR”, but subsequent events prevented the implementation of their plans [14].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1939, a downy shawl factory was opened [15].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Great Patriotic War


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

During the Great Patriotic War, when giant factories were evacuated deep into the rear, Orenburg became an industrial city.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

This gave a powerful impetus to development, the basis for it was the Metalist, Sverl, Radiator and Shelkokombinat plants evacuated from the west at the beginning of the war.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In the autumn of 1941, Plant No. 174 was evacuated from Leningrad.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

At the new location, he continued to produce the T-50 light tank, assembling the last 25 vehicles by the end of the winter of 1942.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In the spring of 1942, the plant was transported to Omsk.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1941, Aircraft Repair Plant No. 47 (PO Box 936) was evacuated from Leningrad.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On the basis of this plant, the Chkalovsky Machine-Building Plant (now PO Strela) is established.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

During the war, the plant produced UT-2, UT-2M aircraft, the Yak-6 staff aircraft designed by A. S. Yakovlev and the Shche-2 amphibious transport aircraft designed by A. ME.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Shcherbakova.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

A total of 1,595 aircraft were delivered to the front [16].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1954—1958, the plant mass-produced Mi-1 helicopters.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

A total of 597 copies were produced.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Since 1947, sports gliders An-1, An-2 KB O. K. Antonov, Tse-25 landing gliders designed by P. IN. Tsibin, Yak-14 KB A. S. Yakovlev, the Po-2 aircraft in sanitary and passenger versions of the N. N. Polikarpov.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The development and production of IL-10M attack bombers of the Design Bureau S. IN. Ilyushina.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1957-1958, the serial production of an unmanned projectile aircraft designed by Design Bureau A. ME.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Bereznyak.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1950-80, the plant fulfilled orders for the manufacture of 8K11 missiles, 8K63 medium-range ballistic single-stage missiles, 8K84, 15A20 intercontinental ballistic missiles, anti-ship missiles sea-based [17].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Since 1999, the Strela Production Association has been involved in military-technical cooperation in the production of supersonic cruise missiles, and the production of Ka-226 helicopters has been underway.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

From December 1, 1941 to January 15, 1958, the headquarters of the South Ural Military District was located in Chkalov.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Post-war period


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In the 1950s, the Gidropress plant was opened for the production of forging and pressing equipment [18].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On November 7, 1953, a monument to Valery Chkalov was unveiled in the city.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1956, the Stepnoy plant of reinforced concrete products was opened [19].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On December 4, 1957, the city was returned to its original name Orenburg.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In November 1966, on the left bank of the Urals, not far from the city, at exploration well No. 13, which was drilled by the team of master Stepan Dmitrievich Ivanov, a unique Orenburgskoye oil and gas condensate field [20].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1969, the Sakmara CHPP was put into operation, providing 80% of heat to the city.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In the 1970s, the Orenburg Locomotive Repair Plant and Remputmash were modernized.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1974, the Orenburg-Zainsk gas pipeline, the first stage of the gas processing plant, was put into operation.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1975, the Orenburg Research Institute for the Protection and Rational Use of Natural Resources was opened in the city [21]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1978, a helium plant complex was commissioned, which became the main supplier of solar gas for the needs of various industries [20].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1979, the Soyuz gas pipeline was put into operation.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

It was built in 1975-79 jointly by the USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In the 1970s, the Orenburg Oil and Oil Plant was built for the production of greases and preservation lubricants, thin-film, protective coatings, wax compositions, cutting fluids and lubricating oils general purpose [22].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1979-1982, Kuibyshevgidrostroy built the Orenburg Plant of Complete Switchgears (now the Inverter Plant) for the production of the main types of electrical equipment for nuclear power plants [23].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1979, the Karachaganak oil and gas condensate field was discovered.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Since the mid-1980s, its industrial development began by the Orenburggazprom production association.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1981, the Orenburg Plant for the Repair of Technological Equipment was put into operation.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The modern period


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

After the collapse of the USSR, Orenburg experienced some depopulation in the 1990s, but since the beginning of the 21st century, stabilization has occurred and the development of the city began, primarily associated with the activities of the most Gazprom Dobycha Orenburg, a successful enterprise in the realities of the post-socialist economy.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg University has acquired remarkable new buildings, the Gazovik Stadium, the Zvezdny Ice Palace and other sports facilities have been built, and the Salyut, Victory! memorial complex museum has been improved and the park and museum ethnic complex “National Village”.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 1998, the Orenburg Cossack Military Society was established.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

At the end of the 20th century, Gazprom built Rostoshi, one of the first cottage village in Russia outside the capital, in an ecologically clean area, which became one of the business cards of Orenburg.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In 2005-2006, the Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh was erected in it.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Physical and geographical characteristics


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Geographical location


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The city is located in the Southern Urals, on the Ural (Yaik) River, near the confluence of the Sakmara River into it.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Orenburg is located 1475 km southeast of Moscow [24].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

It is not entirely located in Europe.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

On the pedestrian bridge over the Ural River, there is a symbolic historical sign of the border between Europe and Asia.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

However, this border has not been recognized by the International Geographical Union since 1959, when Soviet scientists adopted the opinion of drawing the border between Europe and Asia along the Ural Mountains, the Mugodjary and the Emba River.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

According to this definition, the Ural River is a natural water boundary between Asia and Europe only in its upper reaches on the territory of Russia.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Further, geographically, the border between Europe and Asia runs from the Ural River south of Orsk along the Ori River, along the Mugodzhary Ridge and the Emba River to its confluence with the Caspian Sea, so the Ural River is one hundred percent an internal European river, only in the Russian upper reaches its left bank belongs to Asia.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

With such a border, Orenburg can be considered a fully European city [25].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Climate


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The climate of Orenburg is temperate continental turning into sharply continental [26].


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Summers are hot and dry: five months a year, the average daily temperature exceeds +15° C; winters are moderately cold, with the maximum snow cover observed in February (23 cm).


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The number of clear, cloudy and cloudy days per year is 157, 176 and 32, respectively.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The temperature varies greatly depending on the time of day and wind direction.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In summer, it is possible to rise the temperature to +40° C, or fall to +5° C.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Autumn comes early, and it happens around the second half of September, and winter comes around the beginning of November.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Spring comes towards the end of March, but in spring the weather is unstable, and even at the end of May, cold weather may return.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In winter, the weather ranges from mild frosts to severe cold, sometimes there are mild thaws or severe cold up to -40° C.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The average annual climatic indicators of Orenburg:


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Average annual temperature: +5.3 °С,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Average annual wind speed: 3.9 m/s,


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Average annual air humidity: 68%.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Time zone


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

In accordance with the applied time and geographical longitude [27], the average solar noon in Orenburg comes at 13:20.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Administrative and territorial structure


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

The city of Orenburg is divided into two territorial units — districts: Northern and Southern.


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

[28] [29]


Question: Who was Orenburg founded by?

Orenburg

Territorial units of districts — districts — are allocated in their composition.