Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Moreover, the amplitude of its perturbations is increasing:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

C


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

D


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

M


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

l


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

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Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

k


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

η


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ delta _ {CDM}\ propto ln (k\ eta).


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

After recombination


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

After recombination, the pressure of photons and neutrinos on the substance is already negligible.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Therefore, the systems of equations describing the perturbations of dark and baryonic matter are similar:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

k


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

v


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Φ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ delta '-k^ {2} v=3\ Phi ',}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

v


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

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Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

v


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Φ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle v'+ {\ frac {2} {\ eta}} v=-\ Phi.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

From the similarity of the type of equations, we can assume and then prove that the difference in fluctuations between dark and baryonic matter tends to a constant.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In other words, ordinary matter slides into potential pits formed by dark matter.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The growth of disturbances immediately after recombination is determined by the


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

C


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Ω


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

B


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Ω


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

C


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

D


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

M


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

C


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

η


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

C


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

η


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

C


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

η


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ delta =C_ {1} + {\ frac {\ Omega _ {B}} {\ omega _ {CDM}}} C_ {2} {\ frac {1} {\ eta}} + {\ frac {C_ {3}} {\ eta ^ {3}}} +C_ {4}\ eta ^ {2},}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

where Ci is a constant that depends on the initial values.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

As can be seen from the above, at long times, density fluctuations increase in proportion to the scale factor:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

η


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

η


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ delta\ propto\ eta ^ {2}\ propto a (\ eta).


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

All the perturbation growth rates given in this paragraph and in the previous paragraph increase with a wave number k, therefore, with the initial flat spectrum of perturbations, disturbances enter the collapse stage earlier of the smallest spatial scale, that is, features with a lower mass are formed first.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Objects with a mass of ~105Mare of interest for astronomy.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The fact is that when dark matter collapses, a protohalo is formed.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Hydrogen and helium, tending to its center, begin to radiate, and at masses less than 105M, this radiation throws the gas back to the outskirts of the protostructure.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

With larger masses, the process of forming the first stars starts.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

An important consequence of the initial collapse is that there are large mass stars that radiate in the hard part of the spectrum.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The emitted hard quanta, in turn, meet neutral hydrogen and ionize it.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Thus, immediately after the first outbreak of star formation, secondary ionization of hydrogen occurs [24].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Dark Energy Dominance Stage


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Suppose that the pressure and density of dark energy does not change over time, that is, it is described by a cosmological constant.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Then, from the general equations for fluctuations in cosmology, it follows that the perturbations evolve as follows:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

δ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

M


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

k


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

a


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


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Cosmological models

Φ


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ delta _ {M}\ propto a^ {3} {\ frac {k^ {2}} {a^ {2}}}\ Phi.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Given that the potential at the same time is inversely proportional to the scale factor a, this means that the growth of disturbances does not occur and their size is unchanged.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

This means that hierarchical theory does not allow structures larger than those currently observed.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In the era of dominance of dark energy, the last two important events for large-scale structures take place: the appearance of galaxies like the Milky Way — this happens on z~2, and a little later — formation of galaxy clusters and superclusters [24].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Theoretical problems


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Hierarchical theory, which logically follows from modern, proven ideas about the formation of stars and uses a large arsenal of mathematical tools, has recently encountered a number of problems, both theoretical and, more importantly, observational in nature [22]:


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The biggest theoretical problem lies in the place where thermodynamics and mechanics intersect: without the introduction of additional non-physical forces, it is impossible to force two dark matter halos to merge.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Voids are formed closer to our time than to recombination, but not so long ago discovered absolutely empty spaces measuring 300 Mpk come into dissonance with this statement.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Giant galaxies are also born at the wrong time, their number per unit volume on large z is much larger than what theory predicts.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Moreover, it remains the same when, in theory, it should grow very quickly.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Data on the oldest globular clusters do not want to put up with a flash of star formation weighing about 100M and prefer stars like our Sun.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

And this is only part of the problems that the theory faces.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The problems of modern models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

If you extrapolate Hubble's law back in time, you end up with a point, a gravitational singularity called a cosmological singularity.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

This is a big problem, as the entire analytical apparatus of physics becomes useless.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Although, following Gamow's path proposed in 1946, it is possible to reliably extrapolate to the point as long as modern laws of physics are operational, it is possible to accurately determine this moment of the onset of the “new physics” is not yet possible.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

It is assumed that it is equal in magnitude to Planck time,


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

₂


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

{\ displaystyle\ sim 10^ {-43}}


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

s.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The question of the shape of the universe is an important open question of cosmology


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

In mathematical terms, we are faced with the problem of finding a three-dimensional topology of the spatial section of the Universe, that is, the figure that best represents the spatial aspect The universe.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

General relativity as a local theory cannot give a complete answer to this question, although it also introduces some restrictions.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

First, it is not known whether the universe is globally spatially flat, that is, whether the laws of Euclidean geometry apply at the largest scales.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Currently, most cosmologists believe that the observed universe is very close to spatially flat with local folds, where massive objects distort space-time.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

This opinion was confirmed by the latest WMAP data, which consider “acoustic oscillations” in temperature deviations of CMB radiation.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Secondly, it is not known whether the universe is single-connected or multiply connected.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

According to the standard expansion model, the universe has no spatial boundaries, but can be spatially finite.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

This can be understood by the example of a two-dimensional analogy: the surface of a sphere has no boundaries, but has a limited area, and the curvature of the sphere is constant.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

If the universe is really spatially limited, then in some of its models, moving in a straight line in any direction, you can get to the starting point of the journey (in some cases this impossible due to the evolution of space-time [25]).


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Third, there are assumptions that the universe was originally born rotating.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

The classic idea of origin is the idea of the isotropy of the Big Bang, that is, the spread of energy in the same way in all directions.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

However, there are some indications of large-scale rotation: a team of researchers from the University of Michigan, led by Physics Professor Michael Longo (Michael Longo), found that counterclockwise spiral arms of galaxies are 7% more common than “opposite orientation” galaxies, which may indicate the presence of an initial moment of rotation The universe.


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

This hypothesis should also be tested by observations in the Southern Hemisphere [26].


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

comments


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

References


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

//Popular Mechanics #12, December 2012


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Notes


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Category:Cosmology


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Category:Riemannian (and pseudo-Riemannian) geometry


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models

Category:Unsolved problems of modern physics


Question: When did the Cosmological Model appear?

Cosmological models


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR is the highest public position in the USSR from 1988 to 1990, one of the highest public posts in 1990-1991. It was introduced by amendments of 1988 to the Constitution of the USSR of 1977, which entered into force on May 25, 1989 from the moment of the beginning of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR [1].


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

The Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was elected by the Congress of People's Deputies


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

The post was actually abolished by the USSR Law “On State Authorities and Administration of the USSR during the Transition Period” of September 5, 1991 [2].


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

However, appropriate amendments were not made to the Constitution of the USSR and this position continued to officially exist until the termination of the USSR on December 25, 1991.


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

Description


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

The position succeeded the post of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

Until 1989, the entire Presidium of the Supreme Court was officially considered the collective head of state, which issued Decrees (signed by the Chairman and Secretary of the Presidium) on the replacement of public posts, awarding orders and medals, presented and accepted credentials, etc.


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

In 1990, due to the establishment of the post of President of the USSR, the Chairman was deprived of the status of the highest official.


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

The first Chairman of the Supreme Court was M. S. Gorbachev, who was previously Chairman of the Presidium.


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

In 1990, Gorbachev was elected Head of State — President of the USSR, and Anatoly Lukyanov, Deputy Chairman of the USSR Armed Forces, was elected Chairman.


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

Chairmen


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR:


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich (May 25, 1989 — March 15, 1990)


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

Lukyanov, Anatoly Ivanovich (March 15, 1990 — September 4, 1991)


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

vacant (September 4 — December 26, 1991)


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

Notes


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

References


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet


Question: Who was the last chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet

Category:USSR positions


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Monday Begins on Saturday (1965) is a fantastic humorous story by the Strugatsky brothers, one of the most peculiar embodiments of the Soviet utopia of the 1960s, artistic implementation the authors' dreams about the opportunity for a modern talented person to focus on scientific creativity and knowledge of the mysteries of the universe.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Pronounced satirical motives also play a significant role in the story; it ridicules adapters, bureaucrats and crooks from science.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The plot


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The story consists of three parts: “The hustle and bustle around the sofa”, “The vanity of vanities”, “All vanity”.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The first part works compositionally as an introductory one; the second is satirical and polemical in nature; the third tries to explore the nature of scientific creativity and the role played in it by imagination and ability to think outside the box.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

“The hustle and bustle around the sofa”


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The story is told on behalf of Alexander Privalov, a Leningrad programmer who, during a vacation near the northern city of Solovets, hitchhikes two employees of the local institute.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

They arrange him to spend the night in the museum of the institute — IZNAKURNOZ (Hut on chicken legs) on Lukomorye Street.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

At first, Privalov takes for granted the museum curator, Naina Kievna Gorynych, and the fact that unusual events are constantly taking place in the museum and in the city, but gradually comes to the conclusion that all these unusualness must fit into some kind of system.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

A magic mirror, a huge talking cat, a mossy pike caught in a well that offers him the fulfillment of desires, strange dreams that are perceived as reality, are presented Privalov is primarily the most interesting material to satisfy his curiosity.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

He begins to explore individual manifestations of this system - he experiments with an inchangeable nickle, as a result of which he finds himself in the police, where he understands that for policemen, miracles are happening, in general, in the order of things.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Events suddenly begin to concentrate around the sofa on which Privalov slept.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

For starters, the sofa just disappears.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Then Privalov, one after another, comes very remarkable personalities who demonstrate incredible abilities in passing — they fly, become invisible, pass through walls, and so on — and at the same time for some reason they are interested in the disappeared sofa.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Meanwhile, Privalov learns that the sofa is actually a magical translator of reality (where “real dreams” came from), and was kidnapped by one of the young employees of the institute Viktor Korneev for research work, as it was not possible to officially request it from the museum due to bureaucratic red tape.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

When the scandal with the theft of the sofa becomes uncontrollable, Roman Oira-Oira (one of those whom Privalov threw to the city) comes to the rescue of Privalov.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

He persuades Privalov to get a job at NIICHAVO — Research Institute of Witchcraft and Magic.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Privalov agrees, as he is already very interested in everything that is happening.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

“The vanity of vanities”


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The second part takes place about six months after the first one.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

On New Year's Eve, Alexander Privalov, who works as the head of the computer center of NIICHAVO, remains on duty at the institute.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

He takes keys from all department chiefs.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

A whole series of bright characters passes before the reader - magicians Fedor Simeonovich Kivrin and Kristobal Khozevich Hunta, administrator Modest Matveyevich Kamnoedov, hacks and adapters Merlin and Ambrose Ambruazovich Vybegallo, director of the institute Janus Poluektovich Nevstruev (existing simultaneously in two incarnations — as administrator A-Janus and as scientist U-Janus) and others.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Then Privalov makes a tour of the institute — starting with the vivarium located in the basement of the building, where dangerous magical and mythological creatures are kept, through the floors of the departments of Linear Happiness, Meaning life, Absolute Knowledge, Predictions and Prophecies, Defense Magic, Eternal Youth, Universal Transformations.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The round ends in the laboratory of Vitka Korneev, who, as it turns out, decided not to leave work at all and sent the reserve team to rest instead of himself.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Privalov is trying to drive Korneev out of the laboratory, but he cannot cope with a practicing magician, extremely passionate about his research.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Leaving Korneev's laboratory, he suddenly discovers that the entire institute is full of employees who, instead of celebrating the New Year at home, preferred to return to their laboratories and continue working.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

People came here who were more pleased to be with each other than separately, who hated all kinds of Sundays because they were bored on Sunday.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Magicians, People with a capital letter, and their motto was “Monday begins on Saturday.”


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Yes, they knew some spells, knew how to turn water into wine, and each of them would not mind feeding five loaves of bread to a thousand people.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

But that's not why they were magicians.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

It was a husk, external.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

They were magicians because they knew so much, so much that quantity finally turned into quality, and they became in a different relationship with the world than ordinary people.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

They worked at an institute that dealt primarily with the problems of human happiness and the meaning of human life, but even among them, no one knew exactly what happiness was and what exactly the meaning of life was.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

And they accepted the working hypothesis that happiness lies in the continuous knowledge of the unknown and the meaning of life is the same.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The general working and festive atmosphere is disturbed by another “scientific success” of Professor Vybegallo - in his laboratory “a model of a person dissatisfied with the stomach” “hatched” from the autoclave.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The model looks like a copy of Professor Vybegallo, and her only ability is to devour everything edible.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Professors are urgently called to the institute.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

He appears in the laboratory together with representatives of the press.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

It turns out that the professor has set himself the task of creating an Ideal Person, and the research has already reached the stage of intermediate modeling.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The model successfully demonstrates that, satisfying her stomach needs, she is able to eat a lot — the further, the more.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

While the model, the “cadavre”, is devouring, a lot has run out and very demagogically rants that satisfying material needs is the way to personal development and spiritual growth.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

In the end, the model from gluttony simply breaks into pieces, throwing the contents of its digestive organs at those present.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Professor Vybegallo reports that the tests were successful, and has high hopes for the next level model — “the model of a person completely satisfied”.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The next model will be able, through magic, to immediately satisfy all its material needs and for this reason will be, in the understanding of the professor, a “giant of spirit”.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

At a meeting with the director of the institute, of which Privalov becomes an involuntary witness, the question of how dangerous the next model can be is discussed.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

While the rest demand tests at the test site, Vybegallo wants tests directly in the walls of the laboratory.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

However, he immediately changes his point of view when Janus Poluektovich decides to conduct tests at the test site due to the fact that “the experiment will be accompanied by significant destruction”.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

For some reason, Nevstruev also makes “preliminary gratitude” to Roman Oire-Oira for his “resourcefulness and courage”.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

This is exactly what happens — the Ideal Consumer model immediately after birth transfers to itself all the material values that she was able to reach with her magical abilities, and then tries collapse space, apparently in order to gain omnipotence in a closed volume.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The cataclysm is prevented by Roman Oira-Oira, who throws a bottle of genie at the Ideal Consumer, and the genie that escapes destroys the Runaway model before she can find omnipotence.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

“All fuss”


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The action takes place at NIICHAVO within a few normal working days.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The Aldan computer in the Privalov computer center is faulty, so Privalov wanders around the institute and participates in various events - for example, in testing a machine that allows you to go to the described writers past or future.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Privalov goes to the future described by science fiction writers.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

This part of the chapter is a caustic parody of literature about the future — from ancient utopias to the new Soviet and foreign futuristic fiction, where authors at times do not spare even their own works.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Then Privalov witnesses the strange death of a talking parrot, which appeared from the office of Janus Poluektovich.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

It turns out that this death fits into the chain of events that took place in the previous two days.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The next day, the parrot is alive.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Interested in this, Oira-Oira, Korneev, Edik Amperyan and Privalov begin to study this phenomenon, which leads them to the idea of contramotion — the possibility of the existence of objects and processes moving in in the opposite direction in time.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

This theory explains not only the events with the parrot, but also all the unusual circumstances associated with Janus Poluektovich Nevstruev.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

And also, if you really want, even the mystery of the Tunguska meteorite.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

applications


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

In most publications, the main text of the story is accompanied by an afterword allegedly written at the request of the authors by Alexander Privalov (in which he unflatteringly points to a number of those admitted by the authors annoying mistakes, although it recognizes a number of advantages for the story), and a glossary that explains the mythological and magical realities mentioned in the story.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Time of action


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

According to the calculations of researchers of Strugatsky's work, the following dates of the story are most likely [1]:


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The first movement begins on Thursday evening, July 26, 1962, and ends on Saturday morning, July 28, 1962.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The second part begins on the evening of December 31, 1962 on Monday and ends on the morning of January 1, 1963 on Tuesday.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The third story dates back to the interval from Wednesday morning April 10, 1963 to Friday afternoon April 12, 1963, retroactively commemorating Tuesday April 9, and Janus Poluektovich predicts to Privalov some events of Saturday, April 13.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

There is not a single Sunday among the days when the story takes place.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Name origin


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

According to the story of Boris Strugatsky [2], in the early 1960s, his good friend N. A. Sventsitskaya played it, claiming that Ernest Hemingway's new book “Monday Begins Saturday” was being sold in the Leningrad Book House.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Strugatsky liked the name she invented for its deep aphorism, and later they used it for their story.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Character prototypes


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

It is known that a number of characters in the story were “written off” by the authors from real people, but the Strugatsky avoided revealing their names (“We always preferred not to talk about the prototypes of our heroes. Not everyone likes to be a prototype” [3]).


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

However, Boris Strugatsky confirmed in answers to an online interview [4] the following correspondences:


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Professor Vybegallo — the main prototype was Trofim Lysenko, the secondary prototype was Alexander Kazantsev, as well as one of the cleaners at the Pulkovo Observatory;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Yanus Poluektovich Nevstruev — Alexander Mikhailov, Director of the Pulkovo Observatory;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Fedor Simeonovich Kivrin — Ivan Antonovich Efremov was the prototype;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Roman Oira-Oira — mathematician Sergey Novikov.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Soviet censorship


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The editor of the story crossed out several fragments of the text: the mention of the “Minister of State Security” Malyuta Skuratov, as well as reminiscences to the anthem “International” in the memoirs of Sir Citizen Merlin.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Unlike “The Tale of the Troika”, in “Monday” the authors themselves had to change only one word.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The original version has the following comic couplet:


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Here ZIM is driving along the road,


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

And I'm going to run it over.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

After the conviction of the “anti-party group”, the enterprise “ZIM” (Molotov Plant) was renamed “GAZ” (Gorky Automobile Plant), and the word “ZIM” had to be replaced.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Since at the same time, the Stalin Automobile Plant (ZIS) was renamed ZIL (Likhachev Plant), the authors used this abbreviation, so that the couplet in all pre-perestroika publications lost its rhyme:


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Here ZIL is driving along the road,


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

And I'm going to run it over.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

In 1992, the story was published in the editorial office of Boris Natanovich Strugatsky.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The aforementioned censorship cuts have been restored.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Meaning


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The novel “Monday Begins on Saturday” had a significant impact on the worldview of several generations of Soviet readers of the 1960s and 1980s, repeatedly caused heated controversy; phrases from it were quoted and are still widely recognizable.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Since the story was largely tied to the realities of the socialist era, after the collapse of the global socialist system by 1991, it became less understandable to the new generation of readers, which caused a drop in interest in it.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

However, the new system in Russia at the end of the 20th century, having lost the positive features of the Soviet era, retained its negative aspects, and “Monday Begins on Saturday” again turned out to be unexpectedly relevant, as in utopian part (topics of psychology of creativity, freedom of scientific research, attempts at conceptual scientific breakthroughs), and in the satirical part (the spread of pseudoscientific concepts and profanation of scientific achievements, bureaucracy, consumerism psychology, and so on).


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The story is the only work of Soviet literature that satirically derived a common (especially during Stalinism) type of political demagogue — Vystagallo [6].


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

True, for censorship reasons, he quotes not ideological classics, but French aphorisms, but the political emphasis is constantly manifested: “extracurricular fire-breathing dragon”, “you fence off our science from the people” and so on.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

This aspect was significantly strengthened by the authors in the continuation of the story — “The Tale of the Troika”.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Testimonials about the story


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Now in the Strugatsky story “The Hustle Around the Sofa”, for example, they say a transgressor, a hyperpole, anisotropic modulation or something as science-based - and it's done: you can wind up any miracles from fairy tales of all times and nations.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Of course, works like the story by the Strugatsky, the story by V. Grigoriev's “Cornucopia”, collected in the book “Fantasy. 1964”, have the right to life.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

And a trinket, if made skillfully, can amuse you.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

But aren't there too many of these trinkets, don't they drown in the main tasks of science fiction?


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

In these fairy tales, where everything is solved with the help of a famous word (instead of “trif traffic” — “transgressor”), the hero struggles only with the difficulties that nature raises on the way to such plans.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The lack of direct struggle between the actors dries up our fiction, makes it less attractive to teenagers.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

No matter how fresh, unexpected, fascinating this or that idea may be, but if there is no clash of characters around it, there is no clear social balance of struggling forces, and hence there are no vivid adventures, plot surprises, the interest of young readers, and not only young ones, will not be fully awakened.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Unfortunately, for our science fiction writers, adventures are purely official, head in nature, they are clearly invented in a chair, and not inspired by a storm of struggle, or there are simply no adventures, as in the story mentioned earlier Strugatsky.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

You can't really consider what happens in a hut on chicken legs an adventure...


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

From all over the world and from all over the centuries, sorcerers and wizards have gathered in the provincial North Russian town.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

For all its diversity, the noisy international is marked by noticeable Soviet features.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Oh, these are highly skilled magicians!


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

They can pass through walls and turn others into spiders, wood lice, lizards and other “quiet animals”, they have succeeded in training fire-breathing dragons, deftly manage already non-linear transgression, but their brotherhood is helpless in the face of the Administrative and Command System, which, however, in those years did not yet know that it was called that.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

I do not assume that the characters of the Strugatsky could become harbingers of perestroika, this, of course, is not the competence of the wizards, we are talking only about their relationship with the leadership of the Institute sorcery and magic, for which the Strugatsky came up with a charming abbreviation - NIICHAVO.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Full-time magicians obediently obey the deputy director for AHC Kamnoedov, a fool and a bureaucrat, stand in line for pay, take for granted the inevitability of observing many ridiculous instructions and rules internal and external regulations, and, most importantly, are forced to endure in their honest working family such ignorant people as Professor Vybegallo, who speaks a touching mixture of French and Nizhny Novgorod, although they are well aware of the value of this figure of national education.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Apparently, there are powers that both black and white magic succumb to.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

In Baird Searles's book “A Reader's Guide to Science Fiction” (1979), the story is curiously annotated as dedicated to “large-scale secret studies in the USSR of paranormal and paraphysical phenomena” (“about the secret Soviet investigation on a grand scale into paranormal and paraphysical phenomenona”).


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The polemical review of the work of the Strugatsky, published by Irina Vasyuchenko in 1989, plays on the title of this story: “Those Who Rejected Sunday” [7].


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Publications


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The first part of the story was published in 1964 in the collection “Fantasy, 1964” (Young Guard) under the title “The Hustle Around the Sofa: A Tale for Young Scientists” [8].


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

In No. 6 of the magazine “Iskatel” for the same year, the beginning of the first chapter of the second part was published [9].


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The first full book edition of the story was published in 1965 by the Children's Literature publishing house [10].


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The story was also included in the author's collection of the Strugatsky brothers in the book series “Library of Modern Fiction” (vol. 7), published in 1966 [11].


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The next reprint of the story took place only in 1979 [12].


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Since 1986, the story has been reprinted annually in central and regional publishing houses and to this day remains the most popular work of the Strugatsky brothers.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Among amateurs and researchers of the work of the Strugatsky brothers, it is customary to use the abbreviation PNS or PNS when referring to “Monday begins on Saturday”.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Derivative works


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Transfers


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The novel “Monday Begins on Saturday” has been translated and published many times abroad.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The first translation into English was published in 1977 by the American publishing house DAW Books under the title “Monday Begins on Saturday” translated by Leonid Renen [13].


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

In 2005, the British publishing house Seagull Publishing released (called “Monday starts on Saturday”) a new translation of the story by Andrew Bromfield [14].


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Film adaptations


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

In 1965, director Alexander Belinsky staged a TV show of the same name on Leningrad Television based on a story released in the same year.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

[15] The TV film was negatively received by the authors and viewers and did not appear on the air again.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Konstantin Bromberg's television film “Magicians” (1982) uses separate motifs and characters from the story “Monday Begins on Saturday”, since the first version of the script, written by the Strugatsky, does not satisfied the director, and the authors were asked to write an independent work.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The script of a feature film written by the Strugatsky (in the Ural Pathfinder magazine) [17] based on the story, which is quite close to the original, but attempts at its screen implementation has not yet been undertaken.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Teterin Film planned to release in 2016 a low-budget ($2 million at the beginning of 2015) film with the working title “PNVS” (an abbreviation for the title of the story “Monday starts on Saturday”) [18].


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

In the 1977 film “Office Romance”, during the opening credits (in the second minute), at the front entrance to the building where what was described in the film “Statistical Institution” was located, a sign “Research Institute of What” from the story “Monday begins on Saturday”.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Illustrations


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The story has been repeatedly published with classic illustrations by Yevgeny Migunov.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

For a number of reprints, Migunov made new illustrations, somewhat adapting and modernizing the images of the characters.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The original series of illustrations by Andrey Karapetyan, made for the 1992 reissue, is also known, who also illustrated “The Tale of the Troika”.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Continuation


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The continuation of the story, the characters associated with it, was the satirical novel “The Tale of the Troika”, written a few years later, which was published in a revised and abbreviated form in 1968, and in more or less the author's version — only in 1989.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The name Dramba, mentioned in this story by the parrot Photon, is later used by the Strugatsky as the name of the robot in the story “The Boy from the Underworld”.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The surname Privalov is found in another work by the Strugatsky - “Country of Crimson Clouds”.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The anthologies of the project “Time of Students” contain two short stories written by other authors using the images and motifs of “Monday...” — “Temporary Bustle” by Sergei Lukyanenko and “The Order of St. Monday” by Nikolay Yutanov.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

There are also “unofficial” sequels, for example, Sergei Afanasyev's story “Vybegalla's Fourth Experience”.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Computer games


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

RootFix Entertainment has released a quest with the same name based on the story [19].


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Poetry


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The lyrics of the song “Allergy” from the album “Intrigue and Love” by the rock band Agatha Christie are completely taken from the story [20], where it is quoted from the book by P. AND. Karpov “Creativity of the mentally ill and its impact on the development of science, art and technology” [21].


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Literary and general cultural reminiscences in the story


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The story regularly quotes (directly and “twisted”) well-known literary (and not only) works.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Here are a few examples.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The titles of the second and third parts of the story — “The Vanity of Vanities” and “All Vanity” — refer to Ecclesiastes: “The vanity of fussiness, the speech of the ecclesiastes, the vanity of fussiness, all vanity” (; quote from Church Slavonic Bible).


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The first phrase of the story “I was approaching my destination” is also a phrase from Pushkin's novel “The Captain's Daughter”.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

This beginning, according to Alexander Shcherbakov's memoirs, was accepted by writers close to the Strugatsky in the early 1960s as a sign that the text is not quite serious [22].


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

In the first story (“The Hustle Around the Sofa”) there is a scene in which Privalov is then shouted “Style-yeah! Dad's “Victory”!”


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

This refers to Boris Prorokov's famous cartoon Dad's Victory, in which dudes were ridiculed [23] (published in 1954 [24] in the magazine Crocodile [25]).


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Sasha Privalov got an idea of Giuseppe Balsamo's appearance from Alexei Tolstoy's novel Count Cagliostro (“... according to Tolstoy, the count was fat and very untidy in appearance...”).


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The authors created the parody image of Merlin not on the basis of the extensive mythology of classical Arturiana, but based on the satirical image of this character in Mark Twain's novel “The Yankees of Connecticut at King Arthur's court.”


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

In “Monday...” Merlin tells a “modernized” version of the same story about Arthur's acquisition of the magic sword as in Twain's novel (which also uses the story as a quote from Death Arthur” by Thomas Mallory — book 1, p. I, ch. 25).


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Savaof Baalovich Odin.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The name Sabaoth is taken from the text of the Old Testament and goes back to one of the Hebrew names of God “Allohei Zwaot” (“God of Armies” (OE Heb.)).


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Baal (Vaal) is an ancient Semitic deity, whose main sanctuary was located on the site of the modern Kidron Valley in Jerusalem.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

One is the supreme deity in Norse mythology.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

All the French expressions that Vygallo trumps to the place and out of place are gleaned by him (and, of course, by the authors) from Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The description of the airplane carpet mentions a Circassian “hugging a young Circassian woman against the background of fellow tribal mountains” — this is an ironic reference to Lermontov's poem “Dispute”: “Once in front of a crowd of tribal mountains...” and so on.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The “paradoxical” definition of happiness by Magnus Fedorovich Redkin “Happier than all are jesters, fools, real stupid and negligent, because they do not know the reproaches of conscience, they are not afraid of ghosts and other undead, fear coming disasters are not tormented, hope for future benefits will not be deceived” is a paraphrase from the 35th chapter of Erasmus Rotterdam's Word of Praise of Stupidity [26].


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

In the episode at the polygon, the moment of “convolution of space” (“... the edge of the horizon crawls, wrapping inward...”) directly refers to John's Revelation: “And the sky disappeared, twisted like a scroll”.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The episode “Journey to the Described Future” parodies the cliches of science fiction.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Part of the text contains explicit references to A. Kolpakov's “Griada” (1960), in particular the “pantheon”, in which women immersed in suspended animation expect astronauts to fly away.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

“The Mutilated Starship” and “The Iron Dictator from the Small Magellanic Cloud” are taken from Oles Berdnik's novel “The Paths of the Titans”; this story also contains a “pantheon”.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Crouching pioneers with Shakespeare's volumes are a hint either of Adamov's books “The Mystery of Two Oceans” and “Winners of the Subsoil”, or Oles Berdnik's story “Martian Hares”.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

In passing, the mentioned word “Eoella” came to the text from Kazantsev's novel “Grandchildren of Mars”, which, interestingly, was published under the same cover as “Paths of the Titans” - in the almanac “World of Adventure” for 1962, which indicates that the Strugatsky had this particular thing at hand when they were gaining a base for their parody.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

The work acts and mentions characters and objects of Russian fairy tales, folklore and mythological works (however, despite this, the narrative is more emphasized everyday than fairytale character):


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Augurs are traditionally engaged in predictions;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Ghouls — according to the glossary, “Magicians who, for one reason or another, have embarked on the path of abstract evil”;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Vasily, a talking cat — “The Scientist Cat” from the prologue of Pushkin's poem Ruslan and Lyudmila;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Hecatonheirs are hundred-armed fifty-headed giants, sons of the supreme god Uranus (heaven) and Gaia (earth): Briaray, Cott and Gies; in the book they live in the NIICHAVO vivarium, sometimes involved in general work as loaders;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Hydra — according to the glossary, “a really existing many-headed reptile, daughter of Z. Gorynych and plesiosaurics from Loch Ness”;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Talking pike is a pike caught by Emelya from the Russian folk tale “By the Pike's Command”;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Golem — according to the glossary, “one of the first cybernetic robots”;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Homunculus is “an artificial humanoid creature, it is used for biomechanical modeling”;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Dwarves — according to the glossary, “most gnomes are forgotten and badly shrunken takes”;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Maxwell's demons are doormen, “all their lives they've been opening and closing doors”;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Genies — according to the glossary, “almost all jinns are doubles of King Solomon and his modern magicians”;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Brownies - according to the glossary, “these are either completely descended magicians that do not lend themselves to re-education, or a cross between gnomes and some pets”;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Zmey Gorynych is used for experiments at NIICHAVO (“Z. Gorynych was locked in an old boiler room...”);


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Kerber Psoevich Dyomin, managers;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Kitezhgrad Magotechnics Plant — a reference to the legend of Kitezh-grad;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Koschey the Immortal — “he was kept in endless pre-trial detention while an endless investigation was underway into the case of his endless crimes”;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Lev Ben Bezalel is a legendary Rebbe of the Renaissance.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

His philosophical works are mostly related to the consideration of the irrational and the supernatural in the traditional teachings of Kabbalah.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Numerous legends about him vary the motive of the magical abilities attributed to him.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Like the legendary magician Faust, he created a “golem”, an artificial humanoid creature, and breathed life into it, just as the alchemists did to the homunculus;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

“Hammer of the Witches” is a truly existing book;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Werewolf — according to the glossary, “a person who can transform into some animals”;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Oracle — “Solovetsky Oracle” is a small dark room, where for many years it has been planned to install a powerful electronic counting machine for small divination”;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Pythias — “smoke a lot and are engaged in the general theory of predictions”;


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Janus Poluektovich Nevstruev is a two-faced director of the institute; got his name from Janus (Latin: Ianus, from — door) of Roman mythology, the two-faced god of doors, entrances, exits, various passages, and as well as all kinds of undertakings and beginnings in time.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Notes


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

References


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

in Maxim Moshkov's library


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Byron Lindsay.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

(translated by A. Kuznetsova)


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Kozlovski Yu.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

H. (translated by A. Kuznetsova)


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

to, which allows you to refer to individual lines of text.


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Category:Novels by the Strugatsky brothers


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Category:Science fiction stories in Russian


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Category:Niichavo


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Category:Novels of 1965


Question: When was Monday Begins Sabbath written?

Monday starts Saturday

Category:Humorous fiction


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Grenade (Spanish: Granada - grenade) is an explosive ammunition designed to destroy enemy manpower and equipment by hand throwing.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

At the same time, until the beginning of the 20th century, grenades were called explosive shells as well as for manual throwing, and artillery with a caliber of up to 1 pound (approximately 196 mm).


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The design of hand and artillery grenades was similar.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Since the First World War, the name of the grenade was established exclusively for ammunition for hand throwing.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

A modern hand grenade consists of a body, an explosive charge and a fuse (fuse).


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The defeat is inflicted by fragments of the body, a shock wave or a cumulative jet, as well as, alternatively, by ready-made striking elements (shrapnel).


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

It is made of light alloys, materials of high specific strength and plastic.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

A trained soldier throws a fragmentation grenade at 40-50 meters, an anti-tank grenade - about 20 meters.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The name of the weapon comes from the name of the pomegranate fruit, since the early types of pomegranates looked like a fruit both in shape and size, and in how the grenade fragments flying away resembled the grains inside fetus [1].


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Device


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Modern hand grenades can either have a throwing handle (RGD-33) or not have one (F-1).


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The grenade body is made both solid and chopped (“shirt”), to increase the fragmentation effect.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

In addition, between the body and the explosive there may be a stock of small ready-made striking elements (balls, cubes, etc.).


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

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Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

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Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

detonator


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Grenades can have a fuse that operates on different principles of detonation - dynamic (detonation when hitting the target) or with a delay (detonation by a fuse with a given delay).


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The detonation with a delay is carried out as follows: when the safety check is pulled out and the bracket is released, the spring mechanism cocked in advance is triggered, and the fire forcefully hits the capsule from a shock sensitive substance (similar to the production of a shot from a hand firearm).


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The exploding capsule ignites the powder in the thin ignition tube.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The powder burns at a speed of about 1 cm per second and does not require oxygen, so the grenade can explode under water.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

When the fire in the ignition tube reaches the detonator, it explodes and causes the explosive with which the grenade is equipped to detonate.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Depending on the design, the grenade fuse includes an ignition tube with a capsule and a detonator, and may also include a spring mechanism with a striker, a check and a trigger guard.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Dynamic detonation of hand grenades is carried out using an inertial load connected to the detonator.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

When a grenade hits a solid target, the load shifts and the detonator is triggered.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

To prevent the grenade from exploding in the hand, a special mechanism brings the inertial detonator into combat position a short time after the trigger is released.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Grading


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

By purpose


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

According to their purpose, grenades are divided into:


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

main purpose (designed to directly defeat the enemy):


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

anti-tank (high-explosive, cumulative)


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

anti-personnel (fragmentation, high-explosive fragmentation, high-explosive)


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

incendiary


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

special purpose:


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

smoke


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

lighting


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

signaling


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

light and sound


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

gas


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

and others


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

training (have the shape and weight of a combat grenade)


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Hand anti-personnel grenades include:


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

defensive grenades with a large radius of destruction (more explosive power, quantity, quality and range of fragments).


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Defensive grenades should only be used from behind cover, otherwise they are dangerous for the grenade launcher himself.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

A typical defensive grenade is F-1 (explosive charge - TNT, 60 g; weight 600 g. );


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

offensive (a small explosive charge, splinters and a damaging effect).


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Offensive grenades are guaranteed to be less than the average range of the hand throw, so they can be used in open space.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Offensive grenades include, for example, RG-42 grenades (explosive charge - TNT, 110-120 g; mass 420 g), RGD-5 (explosive charge - TNT, 110 g; mass 310 g).


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

By throwing method


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

According to the method of throwing grenades are divided into:


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

hand - hand rushing


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

rifle, pistol, under-barrel grenade launchers — fired from special means


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

rifle and hand - fired or thrown by hand


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Use as mines


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Hand grenades are often used as mines. To do this, they almost pull out the check, leaving a very light effort.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The grenade is then fixed on one side of the enemy's intended path.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

A rope or wire is attached to the check, its end is fixed on the other side of the track.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The enemy, passing along the way, touches the wire - the check is pulled out, an explosion occurs.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

This device is called “stretching”.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

History


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The prototype of hand grenades was clay vessels with lime or incendiary cocktails, which were used since the 9th century.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

As evidenced by the ancient manuscript of Nejim-Edlin-Chassan Alram entitled “A Guide to the Art of Horse Fighting and Various War Machines”, the prototype of modern grenades, which was called” bortab”, also appeared among the Arabs; it consisted of a glass ball filled with a composition of nitrate, sulfur and coal, equipped with a stopin blank and suspended on a chain to the shaft [2].


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The first pomegranates were also made mainly from clay.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

In 1405, Konrad Kaiser von Eichstadt first proposed using a cast-iron body for grenades, and creating a cavity in the center of the powder charge that accelerated the combustion of the mixture and increased the probability shredding the body into fragments.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

English author of the 16th century Peter Whitehorn notes that “in the old days they used clay bottles or pots stuffed with fire and explosives”, and recommends “preparing empty balls in foundry molds the size of a small ball for the game, and the walls are a quarter of an inch, made of three parts of copper with one part of tin.”


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The charge should be made up of three parts of “serpentine”, three parts of fine “flour powder” and one part “resinous”.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

At the same time, they should be “thrown immediately”, since “they are scattered into a thousand pieces almost without delay.”


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

A hand grenade was lit from a wick, which was inserted into a wooden plug that plugged the seed hole.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Such a grenade could have exploded too soon or too late, and during the English Civil War, Cromwell's soldiers improved the device by tying a bullet to the wick at the bottom (inside the grenade) , and at the same time surrounding the wick with twigs inserted into small holes, which acted as stabilizers.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The wick remained facing backwards until the grenade hit the ground, when the bullet, continuing by inertia, pulled it inside the grenade.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Grenades were used mainly in the siege and defense of fortresses, as well as at sea in boarding battles.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

In the 17th century, grenadiers began to be actively used in field combat.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

In 1667, in England, four people were allocated in a company for throwing grenades; they were called grenadiers.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Within a few years, this new type of weapon was introduced into the main European armies.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The British also introduced grenadier caps in the form of high caps with a copper top.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

In the XVIII century, the ignition tube of hand grenades was gunpowder, as well as artillery grenades.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Flare grenades made of cardboard, wood or tin, equipped with sparklers and used in night combat were also used.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The English artillery handbook of 1839 states that in the ground forces, a hand grenade weighs 1 pound 13 ounces (approx. 800 grams) and can be thrown at a distance of 40 to 60 feet (12-18 feet) m.).


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

As linear tactics developed, grenades lost their importance in field combat and by the middle of the 18th century were removed from service with field armies, and grenadiers became only an elite infantry family.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Grenades remained only in service with fortress garrisons and in the navy.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Grenades were again widely used during positional hostilities, as during the defense of Sevastopol, where they were used by both sides, and Russians, for lack of shells, filled bottles with gunpowder.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The old type of wick cast iron grenades were used by the British back in 1885 in Sudan.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Modern grenades were, in fact, invented during the Russo-Japanese War, during which there was an urgent need for this type of weapon for storming and defending trenches.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Meanwhile, grenade types corresponding to modern technical capabilities were not developed, and the parties had to improvise.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The Russians used shell casings filled with dynamite (such devices were called a “bomb” [3]) as a body, and the Japanese used bamboo trunks and pyroxylin marmalade cans.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

In order for the grenade to explode in time, shock fuses were made from a piece of wire and a rifle cartridge; Nobel detonator caps were used.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

For the fuse, mainly a bickford cord was used, which often gave enemy soldiers enough time to throw away the grenade.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

However, there were also black and spring fuses.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

In the Battle of Mukden, the Japanese first used a grenade with a wooden handle, which played the role of a stabilizer, and a cylindrical body.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

This is followed by modern grenades: a Martin Hale grenade with a percussion mechanism at the base and a 24-segment steel fragmentation jacket (it was also equipped with a rod that allowed shooting it from a rifle), and an Aazen grenade with a wooden handle and a long cord that pulled out the check when the grenade reached the target [1].


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Hand grenades returned to widespread use during the First World War.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

During the Second World War, hand-held anti-tank grenades with cumulative warheads appeared.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Stielhandgranate (), the standard offensive hand grenade of the German armed forces from the end of World War I to the end of World War II


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Stielhandgranate.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

To use the grenade, it was necessary to unscrew the lid at the bottom of the handle, vigorously pull the cord with the porcelain ring that fell out at the same time


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

World War II hand grenades


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

World War I fragmentation hand grenade


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Grenade explosion protection


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Hand grenades are often used in terrorist attacks.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

Although this is impossible to foresee, it is possible to avoid being hit by an explosion or minimize its consequences.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

The grenade explosion has the shape of an inverted cone, the zone of impact by the shock wave is six meters.


Question: In which country did the world's first pomegranate be invented?

Grenade

If there is no suitable shelter within a radius of three steps, you need to jump as far away from the grenade as possible and fall to the ground: your feet to the explosion, cross your legs to protect the femoral arteries, clamp hands your ears, press your elbows against your body, open your mouth to equalize the pressure.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

It should be remembered that in a city, the environment can pose an additional danger: fragments of walls, fragments of windows or shop windows can be additional factors of damage [4].


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

Common myths about hand grenades


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

A hand grenade explodes so hard that it destroys small buildings, throws people towards the sides.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

In the cinema, such effects are created with the help of pyrotechnics.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

In reality, a fragmentation hand grenade (unlike an anti-tank grenade) is not capable of causing significant damage.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

A grenade rupture, even in the immediate vicinity of a person, does not always kill him.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

The hand grenade explodes with a deafening noise, and a ball of fire rises.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

In movies, such effects are created using gasoline.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

In reality, the grenade explodes with a sharp bang, raising a small cloud of dust.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

The grenade check can be pulled out by the ring (and thereby transferred to combat condition) with your teeth.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

In reality, such an attempt is more likely to result in tooth loss than checks.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

Without straightening the antennae, it is almost impossible to pull out the check even with your hand.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

After straightening the antennae, the check is pulled out with a slight movement (training grenades, on the contrary, have a “heavy” check, as they are used repeatedly, unlike combat ones).


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

To avoid accidental triggering, the grenade cannot be activated even with a strong dash at the check.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

The grenade has a radius of 200 meters, which means that when it explodes, fragments kill all living things within this radius.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

In this case, the radius of damage is confused with the radius of the fragments.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

For example, an F-1 defensive grenade has a radius of 20 meters; fragments spread 200 meters.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

This means that within a radius of 20 meters, unprotected people are likely to be hit (killed or injured), and at a distance of more than 200 meters, a safe distance at which unprotected people can be kept without any particular risk to health.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

The radius of continuous destruction (the distance at which the probability of remaining alive is really extremely small) at a height of human height for hand grenades usually does not exceed 5 meters [5].


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

At the same time, due to the peculiarities of the rupture of the metal parts of the grenade into striking fragments and the loss of their speed, with increasing distance, the damage caused falls exponentially.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

A modern grenade can be activated silently.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

In all modern fuses, when the striker hits the capsule, a noise comparable to a pistol shot is produced.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

Some early fuses activated with little noise, but they were abandoned due to unreliable operation or danger to the thrower.


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

See also


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

Grenade launcher


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

Grenade launcher shot


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

Artillery grenade


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

Rifle grenade


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

Notes


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

Literature


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

References


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

Category:Weapons alphabetically


Question: In which country was the world's first pomegranate invented?

Grenade

Category:Throwing weapons alphabetically


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

DC Worlds


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

DC Worlds (English: Worlds of DC) is a media franchise based on DC Comics comics and developed by Warner Bros.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

Pictures.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

So far, six films in the series have been released — Man of Steel, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Suicide Squad, Wonder Woman, Justice League, and Aquaman.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

Warner Bros.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

Pictures plans to shoot twelve more films in the series with a plot connection, but with different characters that will sometimes overlap with each other.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

Shazam! and Wonder Woman 1984 are in post-production.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

Filming of Birds of Prey began on January 12, 2019 [1] [2]


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

The rest of the films have just been announced.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

Creating


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

In December 2012, it became known that Zack Snyder's Man of Steel was due to be the first DC Comics film related to the upcoming Justice League adaptation [3] [4] [5].


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

On June 10, 2013, it was reported that David S. Goyer is confirmed as the writer of the Justice League script [6] [7].


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

A few days later, David S. Goyer said that in the Man of Steel universe, in addition to Superman, there is another DC Comics character, Batman, but this universe is different from the one created by Christopher Nolan in his Batman trilogy.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

Christian Bale (who played the character in the Nolan trilogy) refused to return to the role, rumored that he had finally agreed to the role of Batman for a large fee, but they were denied.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

Therefore, Warner Bros.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

and DC Comics invited Ben Affleck to play Batman [8].


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

On July 20, 2013, The Hollywood Reporter reported that at San Diego Comic-Con International, Zach Snyder announced that the sequel to Man of Steel would be in the summer of 2016, and in this film Superman would be in on the same team as Batman; Henry Cavill will return to his role, and the role of Bruce Wayne will be played by Ben Affleck.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

The publication also reports that Justice League will be released in a year, in 2017 [9].


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

On December 5, 2013, it was officially announced that Israeli actress Gal Gadot would play the role of Wonder Woman [10].


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

On April 25, Variety, citing reliable sources, announced the addition to the cast of Batman v Superman, Ray Fisher will play Victor Stone, better known as Cyborg.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

It is expected that his role will be small, but in the upcoming film Justice League it will expand significantly [11].


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

At the end of June, it became known that Scoot McNaire joined the cast.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

It is assumed that McNairy will play a significant character in DC Comics [12].


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

In August 2014, in an interview with Spanish-language website LanaCion, Dwayne Johnson confirmed that he would star in a film about Shazam or Black Adam.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

Johnson did not say whether it was a solo film, or his character will somehow be involved in the upcoming blockbuster Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice or in the Justice League team-up .


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

However, the actor noted that DC Worlds and comic book mythology are related [13].


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

On May 18, 2016, Warner Bros.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

appointed DC Films Leaders — DC Comics Creative Director Jeff Jones and Executive Vice President of Warner Bros.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

John Berg.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

In the near future, Jones and Berg will review the entire announced line of films based on the DC comic book, and we may face some changes in the schedule.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

Movies


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

Announced


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

“Batman” (English: “The Batman”) - October 2014 by Warner Bros.


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

announced that a solo film about Batman is in development, and actor Ben Affleck will play the character again [14].


Question: How many DC animated films have been shot so far?

DC Extended Universe

In July 2015, it was reported that Affleck was negotiating with the studio to stage the film and co-write the script with Jeff Jones [15].