Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In the regular season, Crosby surpassed the 600 points mark in his career.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

The Penguins were eliminated to the playoffs in the first round, losing 2-4 to the Philadelphia Flyers in the Pennsylvania derby.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In July 2012, Crosby signed a new 12-year contract with Pittsburgh for a total of $104.4 million.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

The agreement came into force in the 2013/14 season [37].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

The 2012/13 season was shortened due to a lockout.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Sidney Crosby was actively involved in negotiations with the NHL as a member of the union and did not sign temporary contracts with clubs from other leagues, only participated in several friendly matches.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In the regular season, Crosby played 36 games out of 48 possible and scored 56 (15+41) points, becoming the team's top scorer.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In the playoffs, Pittsburgh reached the final of the conference, where they lost a dry run to the Boston Bruins, while Crosby scored 15 (7-8) points in 14 games.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

At the end of the season, Sidney Crosby won the Ted Lindsay Award.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In the 2013—14 championship, Crosby played 80 games, conceded only two games, scored 104 points (36+68) and led the league in terms of points and assists.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Sidney became the only player of the season to overcome the 100 points mark.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In the Stanley Cup, the Penguins were eliminated in the second round, losing seven games to the New York Rangers.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

For Crosby, this was the most unsuccessful playoffs of his Nhlov career.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In thirteen games, he scored nine points, scoring only one goal.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

At the end of the season, Sidney Crosby won the Art Ross Trophy as the top scorer, as well as the Hart Trophy and Ted Lindsay Award as the best hockey player.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In the 2014—15 season, Crosby played 77 games, scoring 84 points (28+56) and finished third on the league's top scorers list.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

On October 19, 2014, he made his 500th career assist against the New York Islanders.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In December, Sidney missed three matches due to mumps [39].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Due to a “lower body injury”, he was unable to participate in the All-Star Game on January 25, 2015 for the fourth time in a row.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

On April 1, 2015, Crosby scored his 300th goal in the NHL [41].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In the playoffs, where Pittsburgh made it only eighth place in the Eastern Conference, the Penguins lost five games to the Rangers in the first round, in which Crosby scored 4 (2+2) points.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Two Conn Smythe Trophies and Stanley Cup in a row


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Crosby played poorly in the first half of the 2015/16 season.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

He managed to score his first points only in the sixth game of the season.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

After just 40 regular season matches, he scored only 31 points.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Experts attributed Crosby's weak level of play to a possible conflict between the player and team owner Mario Lemieux [42] and teammate Evgeny Malkin [43], but this information was denied by themselves hockey players and Lemieux [44].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

After the new year, Crosby began to show his usual performance again, giving an 11-match scoring streak in which he scored 22 (12+10) points, including a hat-trick against the Ottawa Senators, which became 9th player in the NHL [45] [46].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

On February 6, 2016, against the Florida Panthers, he scored his 900th point in the NHL regular season [47] and made his 600th assist on April 2.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In total, he played 80 league games in which he scored 85 (36+49) and finished third on the season's top scorers list.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

At the end of the regular season, he was nominated for the Hart Trophy, the Most Valuable Player of the Season award.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

On May 16, 2016, in Game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals, he scored a goal against the Tampa Bay Lightning, which became the player's 47th Stanley Cup and ranked 3rd in the list of the best Pittsburgh snipers, beating Kevin Stevens, behind Mario Lemieux (76) and Jaromir Jagr (65).


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

[50] Pittsburgh eventually reached the final where they faced the San Jose Sharks and won the Stanley Cup again seven years later, beating their opponent in six games.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Crosby himself was recognized as the Most Valuable Player of the Playoffs for which he received the Conn Smythe Trophy.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

[51] In total, in the playoffs of 2016, he played 24 matches in which he scored 19 (6+13) points.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

During training before the start of the new season, Crosby suffered his second concussion in his career, forcing him to miss six opening games of the regular season.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

[52] [53] On January 29, 2017, he competed in the All-Star Game as captain of the Metropolitan Division, [54] in which he competed for the first time since 2007.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

On February 16, 2017, he scored his 1000th point in regular NHL games against the Winnipeg Jets.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

To reach this mark, Crosby spent 757 games, which is the 12th result in the history of the NHL and the first among the current players.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

[55] On March 19, 2017, he scored his 10th hat-trick in the NHL, hitting the Florida Panthers three times.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

[56] In the 2016/2017 regular season, he played 75 games, in which he scored 89 (44+45) points and won his second career Maurice Richard Trophy, the Best Sniper Award.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

[57] At the end of the season, he was nominated for the Hart Trophy [58] and the Ted Lindsay Award, [59] and was named to the All-Star Second Team.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

On April 29, 2017, Crosby made two assists in the second round of the playoffs against the Washington Capitals and finished second on the club's top scorers list with 148 points playoffs, beating Jaromir Jagr.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

[60] In the next match, he was forced to leave the court ahead of schedule after a collision with Capitals defender Matt Niskanen.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

He was later diagnosed with a concussion, which prevented him from playing the fourth game of the series.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

[61] However, he returned in his fifth match.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

As a result of the series, Pittsburgh defeated Washington in seven matches.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Then, also in seven games, they defeated Ottawa, and in the final, the Penguins defeated the Nashville Predators six games and won the Stanley Cup for the second year in a row.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Crosby himself again won the Conn Smythe Trophy and became the third hockey player in the history of the NHL to be recognized twice in a row as the most valuable player in the playoffs.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

[62] [63]


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In the 2017/18 season, Crosby reached several anniversary marks.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

On February 11, 2018, he scored his 400th goal in the regular season [64], scored his 1100th point on March 7 [65], and made his 700th assist on March 22 [66].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

For the first time in his career, he played all 82 regular season games [67], in which he scored 89 points (29+60).


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In the first leg of the first round of the 2018 playoffs against the Philadelphia Flyers, he scored three goals and scored his third career hat-trick in the Stanley Cup matches [68].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

On April 18, 2018, in Game 4 of the series against Philadelphia, Sidney Crosby made an assist and scored a goal and finished first in the club in terms of playoff points, beating Mario Lemieux [69].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

On May 5, he scored the puck against the Washington Capitals, which became the player's 66th in the playoffs and thus reached the 2nd place in the Penguins list of the best scorers in the playoffs, beating Jaromir Jagr [ 70].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In the sixth game, he scored one point for an assist, which became 185 in his career in the playoffs and shared 10th place in the list of top scorers in the playoffs with Steve Eiserman [71].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Despite this, Pittsburgh lost the series to Washington in six games and finished their season, scoring the decisive goal after Crosby lost the puck in overtime after Crosby lost the puck in overtime after Chris Letang.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Crosby played 12 games and scored 21 points (9+12) in the 2018 Stanley Cup.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

International career


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Crosby competed in two World Junior Championships, in 2004 and 2005.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

At the first of them, the Canadians lost in the final to the Americans.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Crosby scored 5 (2+3) points in six games in that championship.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

The following year, the Canadians won gold, beating the Russian national team led by Alexander Ovechkin in the decisive match.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Sidney himself scored 6 goals and made 3 assists in the championship.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Crosby called the championship the highlight of his not too long hockey career, although he himself was somewhat in the shadow of his teammates Patrice Bergeron, Ryan Getzlaf and Jeff Carter, who scored the most points.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

After the end of the season for Pittsburgh, Sidney went to the 2006 World Cup in Riga.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

At that tournament, he scored eight goals and made 8 assists in nine games, making him the youngest winner of the World Cup scoring race [72].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

However, despite their successful performance, Canada failed to win medals, losing 0-5 to Finland in the match for third place.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Crosby was recognized as the best forward of the championship and made it to the all-star team of the tournament.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

At the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver, Crosby played seven games, in which he made three assists and scored four goals, including the overtime winning the final against the United States.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

After the match, it was reported that the leggings and stick with which Crosby scored the winning goal were missing.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Reebok has awarded a $10,000 reward to whoever returns the ammunition.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

On March 10, the items were found.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

The leggings, the equipment mistakenly shoved into Patrice Bergeron's bag, and the stick was found in Toronto, which was planned to be sent to the museum of hockey ammunition in St. Petersburg.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

When it turned out that this was the stick that Crosby scored the winning goal with, it was returned to the player [73].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

At the 2014 Olympic Games in Sochi, he was appointed captain of the Canadian national team [74], with which he became a two-time Olympic champion.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In six matches of the tournament in Russia, Crosby scored 3 (1+2) points.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

He scored the only goal in the final match against Sweden.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In 2015, he took part in the World Cup in the Czech Republic, where he also served as captain of the Canadian national team [75] [76].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

He played nine matches at the tournament, in which he scored 11 (4+9) points and won a gold medal, becoming the 26th member of the Triple Gold Club.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

On March 2, 2016, he was named to the Canadian national team for the revived World Cup [77] as team captain.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

[78] This tournament was also a victory for Canada.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Crosby himself played six matches in the tournament in which he scored 10 (3+7) points and became the top scorer and most valuable player of the 2016 World Cup. [79]


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Play style


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Sidney Crosby is a highly technical player, equally good both offensively and defensively [80].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

He has a high level of vision of the court and hockey thinking, which allows the player to both enter the strike positions himself and bring his teammates to them.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Also, the player's strengths are good skating and leadership qualities.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

[81] Crosby can take over the game and lead his teammates [82].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

An unusual feature of Crosby's hockey for such talented players is his tendency to fight a lot at the sides and in front of the goal, where he often gets hit with sticks.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Playing on the “patch” allows Crosby to score a lot of “garbage” goals with a rebound and corrections of the puck on the fly, but some experts expressed fears that this style could negatively affect late stages of a player's career [83].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Being a central forward in the role, he feels confident at the face-off point.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

[84] Experts also note Crosby's hard work and his habit of working on himself, improving his shortcomings [85].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

The player's weaknesses include his difficult character [86] and increased propensity for injury [87], and at the start of his career, Crosby was regularly accused of frequent simulations and appeals to referees [85] .


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Out of ice


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Crosby lived in Mario Lemieux's house with his family [88] from 2005 to 2010.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In the spring of 2010, Crosby bought his own home in the same area [89].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Together with Reebok, Crosby developed and launched his own clothing line, the Rbk SC87.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

It was interesting for me to try myself in a new capacity.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

We developed a clothing line together with parents, argued and offered our ideas.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In fact, I never imagined that I would ever be able to participate in something like this.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Although Crosby is a hockey player, his clothes are not designed for hockey [90].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Sidney Crosby's photographs appeared on the pages of the November 2005 issue of GQ magazine [91].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

And in 2007, he was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World [92].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

In 2008, he appeared in the documentary Pond Hockey, where he talked about his experience playing hockey on a frozen pond [93].


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Sidney Crosby is not famous for his ladies' man and does not show his personal life.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

His only famous girlfriend is American model Katie Lutner, with whom he has been in a relationship since 2008.


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

[94] [95] [96]


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Awards and achievements


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Teams


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

NHL


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

International


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Personal


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

NHL


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Junior


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

International


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Others


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Records


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Pittsburgh Penguins record for rookie assists for the season (63)


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Pittsburgh Penguins team record for rookie points per season (102)


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

For the first time in the history of the league in his debut season, he scored more than 100 points and more than 100 minutes of penalty


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

The youngest hockey player in NHL history to score more than 100 points in a season [99]


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

The youngest hockey player in NHL history to score 200 points (19 years and 207 days) [100]


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

The youngest hockey player in NHL history to score more than 100 points two consecutive seasons


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

The youngest hockey player in NHL history to vote for the NHL All-Star Game


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

The youngest hockey player in NHL history to win the Art Ross Trophy (prize for the most points scored in the regular season)


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

The youngest hockey player in NHL history to win the Lester Pearson Award (NHL Player of the Season)


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

The youngest hockey player in the history of the NHL, named at the end of the season in the top five of the all-star team of the season


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

The youngest captain in NHL history to win the Stanley Cup (aged 21 years, 10 months and 5 days) [101]


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

The first hockey player in history to win the Stanley Cup, the Olympic Games and the World Cup as team captain


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Statistics


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Club


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Regular SeasonPlay-OffseasonTeamaligaigpostr+/-Igpostr+/-2003-04Rimuski OceanicQMJHL5954811357449979161052004-05Rimuski OceanicQMJHL6266102168847813141731112005-06Pittsburgh PenguinzNHL8139636313963636338102110-1—— ————2006-07Pittsburgh PenguinsNHL79368412060105325402007-08Pittsburgh PenguinzNHL53244872391820621271272008-09Pittsburgh PenguinzNHL773370103763241516311492009-10Pittsburgh PenguinznHL81515810971151361319662010-11Pittsburgh PenguinznHL413234663120—————————2011-12Pittsburgh PenguinznHL2282937141563589-32012-13Pittsburgh PenguinzNHL3615415616261478158-32013-3-14Pittsburgh PenguinsnHL8036681044618131894-42014-15Pittsburgh PenguinsnHL772856844755224012015-16Pittsburgh PenguinsnHL80364985421924613194-22016-17Pittsburgh PenguinsnHL7544458924172481927104182017-Pittsburgh PenguinzNHL82296089460129122167Total in the NHL8644117051116622165160661191857722Total in QMJHL121120183303158127222126472616


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

International


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

YearNationalTournamentPostogPost 2004CanadamWorld Cup


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Unexpected use of template {{2}} - see Template:2 for details.623542005CanadamFM


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Unexpected use of template {{1}} - see Template:1 for details.663942006Kanadachm498816102010Canadaoi


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Unexpected use of template {{1}} - see Template:1 for details.743742014Canadaoi


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Unexpected use of template {{1}} - see Template:1 for details.612302015Kanadachm


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Unexpected use of template {{1}} - see Template:1 for Details.9471122016Canadacm


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Unexpected use of template {{1}} - see Template:1 for details.637108Total adult level3720274724


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

NHL All-Star


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

YearVenueGPO2007Dallas0002017Los Angeles1122018Tampa1122019San Jose448Total (4 matches) 6612


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

See also


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

List of NHL players who scored 100 or more points in a season


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

List of NHL players with 1000 points or more


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

Notes


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

Sidney Crosby

References


Question: At what age did Canadian ice hockey player Sidney Patrick Crosby become an NHL player?

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Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Scythian monks are the established name for a group of four monks who lived in the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The Christological disputes initiated by them have become an important factor in the complex relations between the Eastern and Western Orthodox Churches.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Little is known about the monks themselves, except for their names Achilles, John, Leonty, and Mauritius, as their role in the history of the Church did not go beyond this episode.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The conflict began in the late 510s in the province of Little Scythia in present-day Romania and Bulgaria.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

This church area was under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, but was close in language to Rome.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The “Scythian monks” led by were accused in Constantinople of monophysitism for their adherence to the theopaschist expression “The Son of God suffered the flesh.”


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Resuming the Christological controversy of the 5th century, they turned to Pope Gormizd for support, who, without condemning the formula, considered it ambiguous and therefore refused to support the monks.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In the end, after some hesitation, the Byzantine throne, represented by the future Emperor Justinian I, agreed with the views of the monks.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Starting in the 520s, the emperor's religious policy aimed at uniting the Pope, the Church of Constantinople and the anti-East of the Byzantine Empire will focus on the theopaschist formula, necessary for achieving peace and harmony [1].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Background


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Theopaschist disputes of the 5th century


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The question of whether suffering is possible for God was a subject of discussion not only in the 5th century, but also earlier.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Although most Church Fathers, like Gregory the Wonderworker (3rd century), responded negatively to it [2], researchers find “theopaschist” statements in famous theologians such as Clement Jerusalem, Tertullian and Origen [3].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

After the First Council of Nicaea confirmed the divine nature of Jesus Christ, his “unity” to God the Father, the problem became more complex.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

It was necessary to determine the extent to which the Son's human suffering affected his divine nature.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

If Jesus Christ is God, as the Nicene Creed says, and he suffered as the Holy Scriptures say, does it mean that God suffered in any way?


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Traditionally, Christological disputes of the 5th century regarding the human nature of Jesus Christ are described as a confrontation between the Theological School of Alexandria led by Cyril of Alexandria, which justifies a lesser degree of humanity, and Antioch, which holds opposing views.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In developing allegorical exegetics, Alexandrians denied the full human nature of the incarnate Word, while the Antiochians insisted on the significance of the historical Jesus.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Modern researchers note the inaccuracy of this division and believe that for Antioch theology, the idea of God's non-susceptibility to suffering was more important [3].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In the period between the Councils of Ephesus (431) and the Councils of Chalcedon (451), Christological disputes repeatedly arose between supporters of Cyril of Alexandria and the Antiochians.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The reason for disagreement was the views of the Antioch monk Nestorius, who became bishop of Constantinople in 428.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Although the main question concerned the Orthodoxy of the use of the word “Mother of God”, the dispute on the correctness of the mention of suffering in connection with the incarnation resumed.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The position of the Alexandrians, who insisted on the unity of natures in Christ, which implied, in particular, that God the Word died, was denied by the Antiochians, who accused their opponents of theopaschism (from Greek: theos — God, Deity and Greek: paścω — endure, suffer; literally “guarding God”, or “suffering from God”).


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In further controversy, the Antiochians accused Cyril of “Apollinarian rottenness” [4], referring to the Christological teaching of Apollinarius of Laodicea, condemned by a number of councils, who affirmed unity, but not the fusion of divine and human natures in Christ [4].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

As a result, opponents attributed to Apollinarius his commitment to the view of the suffering of the Deity, which he, according to V. IN. Bolotov, did not share [4].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The early works of Cyril of Alexandria, in particular the last of his Twelve Anathematisms, gave rise to his opponents, such as the Nestorian Yves of Edessky, to suspect him of theopaschism and apollinarism.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Subsequently, throughout the Nestorian dispute, the Antiochians accused Cyril and his supporters of Apollinarism.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In the main theological works of the Antioch Party, “Yeranist” by Theodorite Kirsky and “The Book of Heraclitus” by Nestorius, it was substantiated that the key provision of Christology Cyril is “one nature of God the Word incarnate” meant recognizing that God suffered by his own nature [5].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Nestorius in his book especially pointed to the danger of theopaschism and pointed to the falsity of those who, professing the dispassion of God, nevertheless “place him on the cross.”


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Nestorius also wrote a special book against theopaschism, which is now considered lost.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In turn, Theodorite sarcastically brings to the point of absurdity Kirill's thesis that “the Logos suffered dispassionately” [6].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Other, more neutral participants in the Nestorian conflict, such as the Syrian Bishop Akaki of Verria, who mediated between Antiochians and Alexandrians, also recognized the importance theopaschist issue.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Kirill, explaining his position during the controversy, develops his doctrine of two natures in Christ, which does not differ much from the theses of his opponents [7].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Thus, in the Second Epistle to Suckens, he writes that “The Only Begotten Son of God, who we know as God, could not Himself perceive the suffering of the flesh into His Own nature [divine], but took it in his terrestrial nature. Of the One Who is the Only True Son, we should equally affirm the fearlessness of divine nature and the passion of human nature, for it was the flesh that suffered” [8].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Despite this, the more radical Antiochians rejected Cyril's religion of divine dispassion.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In a letter to Euterius of Tiansky refuses to accept Cyril's explanations on this issue, while condemning those Antiochians who accepted the Conciliation Conciliation in 433, “with him who raised their hand against the divine.”


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Accusations of theopaschism did not stop with the death of Kirill in 444.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The correspondence of Patriarch Domnus of Antioch (442-449) and Cyril's successor, Dioscorus (444-451), before the Second Council of Ephesus in 449 contains accusations of Alexandrians of promoting theopaschist views.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Contradictions with Kirill's views led to the condemnation of Domna at the Council of Ephesus as a Nestorian [9].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Theopaschist formulations were also rejected by the Council of Chalcedon in 451.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

At the fourth meeting of this council, the case of the archimandrites of Constantinople, a group of monks led by Dorotheos, Karos and Varsuma, was considered.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

They, supporters of Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople, whose Monophysite views were condemned by the Council, were invited to sign the message of Pope Leo I.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

They refused, instead stating that they believed in “the one who suffered from the Holy Trinity” [4].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

This wording was not accepted, and the monks themselves were accused of heresy.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Although the theopaschist wording was not immediately anathematized, its condemnation was included in the final resolutions of the council [10].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Since the Council of Chalcedon did not stop the unrest caused by the Monophysite movement, and in the second half of the 5th century it covered the entire east of the empire, Emperor Zeno (477—491) advised Patriarch Akaki of Constantinople issued an Enotikon in 483, in which there was an expression “The Trinity remained a trinity even after the incarnation of one of the Trinity — the God of the Word.”


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Since this Enotikon was accepted by so many, this expression was widely spread in the East.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Anastasius I (491—518), who ascended the throne after Zeno's death, went even further and not only took Enotkon, but also assembled a cathedral in 499 against those who recognized two natures in Christ and did not profess Latin: unum de Trinitate crucifixum (“one of the Trinity crucified”).


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Since Anastasius planned to introduce in the Church of Constantinople an addition to the trisagion “crucify for us”, this council probably approved the above provision in the Monophysite sense [11].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Despite the fact that the expression unum de Trinitate was adopted by the Monophysites, it was also used by Orthodox Christians.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In the West, after Pope Felix III (483—492) rejected Enotikon, the expression Latin: una persona e Trinitate (“one person from the Trinity”) took root, which, however, was used by the Nestorians to interpret it in the sense that Christ had only the face of God of the Word, but he himself was not [11].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Thus, by the beginning of the 6th century, Orthodox and Monophysites in the East put different meanings into the same wording, and in the West, the Orthodox coincided with the Nestorians in the form of expression [11].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Relations between Constantinople and Rome


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I (491—518) died on July 9, 518, and his successor Justin I (518—527), an Illyrian of insignificant origin who served as a comite of excuvits, became emperor the next day .


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

His first significant actions as emperor belonged to the field of religious policy and concerned the approval of the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon in the eastern provinces of the empire, which was opposed by the deceased emperor.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

An iconic figure of the Antichalcedonian party (Monophysites and Miathites), Sevirus of Antioch was forced, fearing persecution, to flee to Egypt in September 518.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The question of whether Justin I adhered to such strict Chalcedonite views as attributed to him by church historians of the VI century and how, after them, A. A. Vasiliev and A. Grillmeier, is controversial.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Given that another leader of the anti-Chalcedonites, Philoxen of Mabbug, was expelled only the following year, an alternative version suggests that the persecution was not so cruel and was not state policy, but were the result of pressure, possibly, by the monks of Constantinople [12].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The basis for the reconciliation desired by the imperial court with the church West, headed by Pope Gormizd, was to be not only the adoption of decisions of the Council of Chalcedon, but also the signing by the Eastern bishops of a special document drawn up by the Pope, Libellus Hormisdae.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Agreement with this document implied the condemnation of Patriarch Akaki of Constantinople (472-489), during whose reign there was a church schism between East and West, and all those who were with him in communication.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

To make sure that the eastern bishops sign libellus, the Pope sent his legates to Constantinople, who on their way to the capital sought the signatures of provincial hierarchs.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Not everywhere this activity took place without conflict.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

On March 24, 519, the papal embassy arrived in Constantinople, and on March 28, under pressure from the emperor, Patriarch John II signed libellus, which formally restored church unity.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

One of the active participants in those events was Deacon Dioscorus, whose correspondence with Pope Gormizd, included in the collection of documents Collectio Avellana, is one of the main sources of information about the events, associated with Scythian monks.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Christianity in Lesser Scythia in the 5th — early 6th centuries


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Very little information has been preserved about the church history of Lesser Scythia during the period under review.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

It is not known exactly what Christological views this province gravitated to in the 5th century, but they were probably closer to strictly Cyrillian ones.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

A representative from this province, Bishop Timothy of Tomia, took part in the Council of Ephesus in 431 and, unlike other bishops of the Danube provinces, signed the condemnation of Nestorius [13].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In the surviving letter of Alexander Ierapolsky to Theodorite Kirsky, it is stated that “the entire Pontic region confesses that God is subject to suffering.”


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Although it is possible that this statement applies only to the Pontic diocese, located on the southern coast of the Black Sea [14].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The monks Karos and Dorotheos mentioned above, who proposed Latin: unus de Trinitate passus est came, claimed that they would not accept any other post-Lenicaean formula, as Timothy taught them Tomiisky, who baptized them [14].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The answer to the “Codex Encyclicus” of Pope Leo I (457/458) by Bishop Theotimos of Tomia has also been preserved.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

According to the interpretation of this text by the German historian E.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Schwartz, Theotim makes the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon, although this interpretation is not accepted by everyone and, perhaps, Theotim limited himself to recognizing only the decisions of the Council of Ephesus [15].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

It follows from this that Bishop Thomis could accept the theopaschist formula [16].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

An indirect indication of the Christological orientation of Little Scythia can be the extensive construction activities of Emperor Anastasia I in this province.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Archaeological findings [17] suggest that Bishop Patern, accused by Scythian monks of heresy in 519, held his post under Anastasia [16].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The German Catholic historian V. Shurr also tried to justify the connection of theopaschism in Scythia with the influence of the monks of Syria and Palestine [18].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Timeline of events


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In Constantinople


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The monks arrived in Constantinople in the second half of 518 or early 519, before the arrival of papal legates on March 25, 519 [19].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

A number of researchers suggested that they arrived in the capital earlier, together with Vitalian, although there is no justification for this [20].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Their initial stated goal was to resolve their dispute with Tomis Patern.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

It soon became clear that their main task was to end the dispute between supporters and opponents of the Council of Chalcedon, for which they demanded to adopt a theopaschist formula.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

They immediately attracted attention, accusing a certain Deacon Victor, a strict Chalcedonite, of Nestorianism for refusing to fulfill the messages of Pope Leo I and Cyril of Alexandria their requirements.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The influential Vitalian, who positioned himself as a strong supporter of Orthodoxy, was a relative of one of the monks and at the same time was in conflict with Patern.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Perhaps because of this, Vitalian encouraged the monks to aggravate the conflict, although the details of his relationship with them are completely hypothetical [21] [22].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The arrival of the monks came at the height of another intra-church conflict.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

After the expulsion of Bishop Sevirus of Antioch from his pulpit, this important church post had been vacant for several months.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

From Gormizd's correspondence with Deacon Dioskorom, it is known that the latter was considered as one of the possible candidates.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Perhaps the protracted resolution of this issue was due to the situation that became more complicated after the arrival of the monks and the opposition of Vitalian and the Scythian monks to the election of Dioscorus, which can be confirmed in letters from Collectio Avellana.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

At the end of June 519, legates informed the Pope about the election of Paul Judea [23].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The monks offered legates who arrived in March 519 to sign a document drawn up by Maxentius, the full name of which, Latin: Libellus fidei oblatus legatis apostolicae sedis Constantinopolim queue accipere noluerunt (“Petition for Faith to the Ambassadors of the Apostolic See in Constantinople, which they refused to accept”) indicates that the papal envoys rejected it.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The purpose of this document, as stated in its prologue, was to supplement the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon with a theopaschist formula for a more effective fight against heresies.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The main part of the document cited quotes from the works of the Church Fathers in support of this view [24].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In the spring of 519, a number of meetings were held to reconcile monks, Patern of Tomiysky, Vitalian, Victor, legates and Patriarch John II.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The only source of information about these meetings is the reports of legates to Gormizdu.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Their firm position was that nothing could be added to the decisions of the four ecumenical councils [25].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Additional details of the events are known from a joint letter sent after their departure to Rome on June 29 by legates and Deacon Dioskorom.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

It turns out that by order of Emperor Justine I and Vitalian, several fruitless discussions were organized, in which, against their will and the instructions of the Pope, legates were involved.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The letter calls on the Pope to be careful in this case, which “terrified the Orthodox Church of Constantinople”.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

On the same day, a letter to Pope Justinian is dated, which also contains warnings against the cunning of the monks.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

However, a few days later, in early July, Justinian's position changed to the opposite, and he sent a new letter in which he expressed the opinion that the formula of the Scythian monks could be a panacea in the dispute two parties and give the empire religious peace.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Perhaps the position of the future emperor changed under the influence of Vitalian, but after the assassination of the latter, Justinian continued to adhere to it [26].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In Rome


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Failing to achieve their goal in Constantinople, the monks went to Rome in the summer of 519 to address the Pope directly.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Together with them, letters were sent to Rome — an unpreserved positive recommendation from Vitalian, two letters from legates, extremely hostile to the monks, and a letter from Justinian.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Legates warned the Pope against dangerous innovations and a return to the times of Eutychius [27].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Justinian's letter described monks as people who “... care more about creating conflict than about piety and God's peace [...]; because the idle chatter of those who rush to innovate the church, leads to the widespread excitement of the crowd.”


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

However, a few days later, Justinian wrote two new letters, in a more favorable tone for the monks, expressing hope for peace between churches.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

According to E.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Schwartz, the first letter was written under the influence of Dioscorus, and the subsequent ones under the influence of Vitalian [28].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

At the beginning of the mission, the Scythian monks were successful — Pope Gormizd received Maxentius's Libellus fidei [29].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Further events are less well known.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

It is known that during their 14-month stay in Rome, the monks developed a vigorous activity, promoting their formula among the population of the city and even in the Senate [30].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

They met and involved their compatriot, Dionysius the Little, in their mission, and corresponded with the African bishops expelled to Sardinia by the king of vandals Trazamund [31].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The message they wrote is known as Latin: Epistula scytharum monachorum ad episcopos [32].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Pretty soon they tired Gormizd, and in September 519 he wrote a letter to Justinian in which he said that although he would be happy to send the monks back, they refused to leave for fear of ambushes along the way that threaten their lives.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Therefore, the Pope, not wanting to expel them by force, will wait for the return of his legates in order to carefully consider this problem with their help.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Neither in this letter nor in subsequent letters, the Pope expressed his attitude to the theological side of the issue.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

This evasion somewhat annoyed Justinian, who, in a letter dated October 19, 519, asked the Pope for a definite answer according to the formula “unus de trinitate”.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

He also asked to send the monks back, adding that they were not in danger along the way.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

A letter sent by Dioscorus on the same day shows that he retained a negative attitude towards the monks: “If anyone asks Maxentius, who claims to be the rector in some community, among what kind of monks he lived, or who ordained him a monk, he will not be able to answer. The same darkness is with Achilles” [30].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

It is not known exactly when the monks left Rome.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Based on the surviving letters, it can be concluded that in December 519 they were going to Constantinople, and in August of the following year they were still on their way [33].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

August 520 dates back to Gormizd's letter to the African Bishop Posessor, in which he sharply condemns the views and behavior of the monks.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

According to the Pope, it was the people of Rome who forced them to leave the city.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Maxentius's surviving response to this letter presents a different version of events — in his opinion, the change in the Pope's attitude to monks occurred under the influence of Dioscorus [34].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In January 520, Emperor Justin I reported to Rome that a large number of petitions were coming to Constantinople from the eastern provinces about the “unus de trinitate”.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In order to make this formula more attractive to Rome, Justinian sent a letter in July 520, referring to Augustine, proposing the interpretation of the word “unus” as “una de Trinitate persona” (“one person from Trinity”).


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

After a long delay, by letter dated March 521, the Pope again refused to supplement the provisions contained in the message of Pope Leo I and the Council of Chalcedon [35].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Members of the group of monks


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

For the first time, monks are mentioned in Dioscorus's letter to Pope Gormizd.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

It mentions only Leonty, a relative of the influential commander Vitalian at that time [36].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

More detailed information is contained in a letter from the nephew of Emperor Justine, the future Emperor Justinian, also to Gormizd: “... The names of these monks are:


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Achilles, John, Leonty and Mauritius.”


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In similarity to this place, “Maxentius” has been added to the name “Mauritius” [37].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

John Maxentius


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

It is traditionally believed that the leader of the Scythian monks was.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

There is no reliable information about his life outside the events under consideration.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In addition to the Libellus fidei document mentioned above, he is the author of four more works on various dogmatic issues [38].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Historian A. A. Vasiliev suggested that later Emperor Justinian I (528-565) made Maxentius bishop of Scythia Minor [39].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Cardinal R. Bellarmine, Archbishop J.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Ashsher and some others mistakenly believed that Maxentius was an elder in Antioch.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

This mistake was probably related to the mention in Libellus fidei of Patriarch Flavian of Antioch [38].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Leonty


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

At the end of the 19th century, interest in the theologian of the 6th century Leonty of Byzantine increased.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The author of the first monograph dedicated to this church writer proposed a version that it was the same Leonty, who belonged to the number of the Scythian monks [37].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

As a justification for this hypothesis, Loofs pointed to the proximity of the views expressed in Leonty's works to the views of John Maxentius, as well as Leonty's defense of the theopaschist formula [37].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Analyzing these arguments, the author of the first study on Leonty of Byzantine in Russian V. A. Sokolov agrees that the views of Leonty and Maxentius are really close, but this may be a simple consequence of the fact that Leonty had his works in his hands [37], and about theopaschism, he notes that” Leonty never thought, like Maxentius, to see in the theopaschist formula the slogan of his doctrine, and if he once stopped at it, it only shows that “it hides under honey Eutychian poison “” [37].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Other arguments against this identification are Justinian's words from another letter: “These are monks only in appearance, and they have no skill in disputes”, as well as chronological inconsistencies [37].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Nevertheless, this theory about the identity of the church writer Leonty of Byzantine and the Scythian monk Leonty was shared by many historians of the XIX and early XX centuries.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

So it was believed (1908) [40], V. Ermony, Y.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Junglass (1908) and (1938).


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In 1975, a prominent Catholic theologian A. Grillmeier rejected this version without providing additional arguments [41].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Currently, this identification is not considered among the theories about the personality of Leonty of Byzantine.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (1980) does not provide any information about Leontia-Scythian monk, except that he was a relative of Vitalian [42].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Dionysius the Little


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Dionysius the Little, also a native of Scythia Minor, known as the founder of the chronology system from the Nativity of Christ, arrived in Rome before his compatriots.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Sharing the views of the Scythian monks, he wrote about them: “Scythia, terrible for its cold and barbarians, gave birth to four people, always burning with the heat of their hearts and wonderful tranquility of their manners” [43].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In this regard, researchers note that Dionysius does not define himself or monks as “barbarians”.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Describing his stay in Rome, John Maxentius expresses his vision of the world as follows: he and Dionysius the Scythians, because they are from Scythia [44].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Dionysius's friend, Grecophile Boethius, supported the theological views of the monks [44].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Dionysius assisted the monks in translating into Latin a number of important Christological documents previously unknown in the West, including Proclus of Constantinople's “Message to Armenians on Faith” and “The Twelve anathematisms” by Kirill of Alexandria [32].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The teachings of Scythian monks


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The teachings of the Scythian monks are being reconstructed on the basis of two surviving documents compiled by them: Libellus fidei and Epistula.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

It can be seen from them that the monks were staunch Chalcedonites who agreed with the decisions of the IV Ecumenical Council on the two natures of Jesus Christ and the teachings of Pope Leo (440—461).


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

At the same time, they accepted Cyril of Alexandria's Twelve Anathematisms, and, like Cyril, they proclaimed the union of dispassionate God with suffering human nature.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Accordingly, they attributed both miracles and suffering to the Logos embodied in this way.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

At the same time, the monks recognized the correct name of the Virgin Mary “Latin: vere et proprie” (Latin: vere et proprie) the Theotokos, who gave birth to God not only “by grace”, as the Nestorians believed, but also “by nature” [45].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The monks completely excluded the difference between the concepts of “hypostasis” and “face”, which meant that Christ was one of the hypostases of the Trinity.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

According to Maxentius, the Orthodox denies that the Deity “dwelt” in Christ, as the heretics Nestorius and Theodore of Mopsuestia believed, and Jesus was God from the moment of birth [45].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Actually, the theopaschist formula is contained in Libellus fidei: Latin: Unus est Christus de trinitate, qui pro nobis passus est carne.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In support of this wording, Maxentius quotes Proclus of Constantinople's “Message to Armenians on Faith” three times.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Although Maxentius's quotes are not contained in this particular work by Proclus, elsewhere he admitted that “one of the Trinity has been incarnated” [45].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The consequences


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In 523 or a little earlier, Justinian issued an edict clearly stating that one of the Trinity suffered flesh [39].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

It was, in the words of A. Garnaka, “enotikon” [46].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

After Justinian became the sole ruler of the empire in 527, the theopaschist formula was included in all documents related to Christology [47].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

According to Viktor Tunnunsky, Empress Theodora demanded recognition of this formula.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The Justinian Code (I.15) contains a creed dating back to about 527, explicitly containing unium ex trinidate.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

On March 15, 533, the emperor issued an edict addressed to the citizens of Constantinople and other major cities of the empire, which also contained “one of the Trinity, God the Logos, became flesh.”


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In 532, at the cathedral in Rome, the position of the Scythian monks was approved by the Western Church.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In June 533, Justinian sent bishops Demetrius and Hypatius to Rome with a letter in which he asked Pope John II to recognize the Scythian monks and condemn the Unsleeping.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

One of the Sleepless, Cyrus, who arrived in Rome for the opposite purpose, was accused of heresy, and since the Sleepless refused to repent, they were excommunicated until they admitted their mistake.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

In 534, John II claimed that these views had always been adhered to by the Orthodox.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

The Ecumenical Second Council of Constantinople in 553 anathematized everyone who questioned this [38].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Among Christian historians of the following centuries, the activities of Scythian monks deserved contradictory assessments.


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Cardinal Baronius (16th century) spoke sharply negatively about them, while another Catholic cardinal historian, who lived a century later, justified the Orthodoxy of Maxentius and his brethren [38].


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Notes


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

comments


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

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Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Literature


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

Primary sources


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

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Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks

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Scythian monks

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Scythian monks

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Scythian monks


Question: When were the “Scythian Monks” first mentioned in literature?

Scythian monks


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Scythian monks


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Scythian monks

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Scythian monks

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Scythian monks


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Scythian monks

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Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Villeroy & Boch (French pronunciation: [vilwa.eˈbk], German pronunciation: [vạlərạ.ntˈbx], adopted in Russian: Villeroy and Boch) is a multinational company headquartered in the city Mettlach in Germany, ceramic manufacturer.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

As of 2016, the company, represented in 125 countries, with a capitalization of 172 million euros and 14 production sites in Europe, Asia and America, is largely controlled by the 8th and 9th generations of the family.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

History


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Villeroy & Boch was founded in 1836 as a result of the merger of family businesses under the management of and industrialists engaged in the production of faience and porcelain.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

However, the history of the company dates back to 1748, when a court steelmaker, supplier of cannonballs for the needs of the French army and holder of the honorary title of “royal scorer” founded ceramics production in Auden-le-Tich in the Duchy of Lorraine, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire [* 1] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [7].


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Boch pottery workshop in Oden-le-Tich


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

The first pottery workshop, where Francois Boch and his sons — the elder Jean-Francois, the middle Dominique and the younger — worked was opened in the building of the former forge.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

The workshop produced a variety of dishes made of faience, the so-called “porcelain for the bourgeois” - in the first half of the 18th century, porcelain was mainly supplied from China and was available only to the nobility and royals.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

The dishes produced by the Bochs were in great demand, the workshop expanded significantly, and Francois Boch hired to help the sons of the locals.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

[* 2] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7].


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Francois Boch enjoyed the respect of the residents of Auden-le-Tich, later became mayor of the city and died in 1754.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

After his death, the sons founded Jean-François Boch et Frères (French: Jean-Francois Boch and Brothers), named after his older brother, and shared responsibilities: Jean-Francois headed the company, Dominique focused on improving technology, Pierre-Joseph focused on production management.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1766, Lorraine became part of France and the brothers competed with numerous French factories.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

However, by this time, Jean-Francois had managed to secure the favor of the Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa and obtained permission to build a new factory in Setfontaine near the capital .


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

The brothers left Auden-le-Tich, and the workshop was transferred to the management of the family and operated until 1870 [1] [2] [5] [7].


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

The Boch Factory in Setfontaine


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

The Empress favored Boham, granted them the right to be called the “Imperial and Royal Manufactory” and use the imperial coat of arms, and also exempted them from paying taxes.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

The convenient location of Setfontaine near the transport system of the Saarland, Moselle and Rhine rivers made it possible to organize the supply of raw materials and the shipment


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

To increase productivity, the brothers developed a new kiln with their own hands, and by the end of the 1780s, the Setfontaine factory employed about 300 people.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Bokhov's ceramic production flourished, revenues made it possible to purchase land near the factory and build a family castle.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1770, Setfontaine began production of dishes with a branched pattern that became classic for Villeroy & Boch, later called Old Luxembourg [1] [2] [3] [4] [6] [8] [9] [7].


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Against the background of the growth of revolutionary sentiment in France in 1792, the brothers divided the property and the factory in Setfontaine became the full possession of Pierre-Joseph.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Two years later, the French Revolutionary Army occupied Luxembourg, the Bohi were forced to flee and the production was looted by soldiers - the company's losses amounted to a huge amount at that time 648 thousand francs.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Upon his return, Pierre-Joseph began the restoration of the factory, which was completed in three years.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Already in 1802, Bokhov's products were presented at an industrial exhibition in Paris.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

The company later benefited from the economic blockade imposed by Napoleon I, which closed European markets to British suppliers of porcelain and faience.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

By 1811, the Setfontaine factory employed 150 workers [1] [2] [4] [6] [10].


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

In gratitude to the employees of the factory, who participated in its restoration and at first did not demand payment for work, in 1812 Pierre-Joseph established an insurance program for the company's employees —” Anthony's Guild”, named after St. Anthony of Padua, who is considered the patron saint of pottery.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

The Guild Foundation provided Bokhov workers with sickness and disability benefits, pensions and even funeral payments.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

It is believed that when working on the state social security system, the first Chancellor of the German Empire Otto von Bismarck was guided precisely by the model of Pierre-Joseph Boch's Antony Guild [1] [2] [4].


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Jean-Francois Boch's factories in Mettlach


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Pierre-Joseph's son received a science education in Paris and, without waiting for his father's enterprise to inherit, founded his own factory near the city of Mettlach on the Saarland River.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

To accommodate the production, he purchased a building confiscated by the French government from the Benedictines as part of a secularization policy in 1794 and sold at auction.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

From the very beginning, the new factory introduced technical innovations, including the inventions of Jean-Francois himself — coal furnaces for the production of porcelain, a pyrometer that helped craftsmen regulate the firing temperature, and the mechanisms that divided the clay into blanks for products - even English manufacturers did not have such equipment.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

To mechanize production, the power of the water of a nearby stream was used, raw materials and products were transported along the Saar River [1] [3] [4] [5] [6] [10] [11] [7].


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Initially, the factory was experiencing financial difficulties and Jean-Francois had to use the fortune of his wife Anna Bushmann, the daughter of a tannery owner from Belgium, during this period the factory's products were produced under the Boch-Buschmann brand.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Boch's additional source of income was the trade in Moselle wine, thanks to which he met, whose faience factory was located a few miles from Jean-Francois's enterprise.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Following his father's example, in 1819 Jean-Francois founded Anthony's Guild for factory workers in Metlach, organized benefits for the sick, widows and orphans.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

He also established a savings and loan association for workers, opened a gambling house and a reading room [1] [2] [4] [5] [10] [7].


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

The company developed, the number of employees reached 150 people, and at the exhibition of applied arts in 1822 in Berlin, the products of the Mettlach plant won the only gold medal in the category ceramic products.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Two years later, Jean-Francois developed a method of applying monochrome images to ceramic dishes, in which the image was placed under enamel, and later mastered color printing on products.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1827, experimenting with a mixture of clay and feldspar, he obtained porcelain stoneware, a material that combined strength and wear resistance with the whiteness of Chinese porcelain.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

After the death of Pierre-Joseph Boch and his second son in 1818 and 1829, Jean-Francois acquired the family factory in Setfontaine [1] [5] [6] [12].


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Nicolas Villeroy's Wallerfangen factory


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Nicolas Villeroi, a native of Metz, made a fortune in the salt trade and in the late 1780s became a co-owner of a ceramic factory in Fraunberg, which produced tiles that looked like porcelain.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1791, production was moved to Wallerfangen on the banks of the Saar River, closer to sources of raw materials and transport routes.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Six years later, Villeroi bought the partners' shares and became the sole owner of the factory, a year later he acquired a nearby coal mine and by 1800 introduced furnaces in production, who worked on coal.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Villeroy actively borrowed the experience of English manufacturers and in 1815 - much earlier than Jean-Francois Boch - founded a gravure printing workshop at the factory under the leadership of Englishman John Leia, where applied images to dishes using English technology [1] [5] [13] [14] [15] [16] [7].


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

The acquaintance of Nicolas Villeroy and Jean-Francois Boch gradually grew into friendship and business cooperation.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Entrepreneurs jointly procured raw materials for production and used Villeroi warehouses in Mannheim to ship finished products; following Boch's example, Villeroi established a factory in Wallerfangene Antony's Guild.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

With the end of the continental blockade established by Napoleon I and the growing competition from British ceramic industries, industrialists decided to combine the experience of Nicholas Villeroy in trade and Jean - Francois Boch's knowledge of technology.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

On April 14, 1836, an agreement was signed at the Bocham water mill in the city to establish a joint venture under the Villeroy & Boch brand.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

The union was strengthened by the marriage of Jean-Francois's son and granddaughter Nicolas Villeroy Octavia, concluded in 1842 [1] [2] [3] [6] [7].


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

Mid-second half of the 19th century


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

In the 1840s, Jean-Francois Boch handed over the management of the Mettlach factory to Eugene and focused on the development of production in Setfontaine, and the Wallerfangen factory was headed by Alfred Villeroy, Nicholas's grandson.


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

For two decades, the combined company was led by two people, representatives of the Villeroy and Boch families (Eugene led the company alone since 1866).


Question: Where was the first pottery workshop where Francois Boch worked opened?

Villeroy & Boch

In the 1840s, Villeroy & Boch joined with a manufacturer from Sarreguemines to gain a foothold in the French market, bypassed high import duties into Belgium by establishing a factory in La Louviere and acquiring an old a porcelain factory in Tournai, and also founded a crystal factory in Wadgassen, a new ceramic production in Dresden and a factory in Wallerfangen, where bone china production was launched.