Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Just days after the battle at Carrizo Canyon on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation in Arizona, a squad of soldiers was sent to investigate recent reports of Apache riots and to arrest them Apache healer Nochaidelklinne.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

His arrest by three Indian scouts in the service of the government was peaceful, just as they reached the scout camp without incident, but the camp itself was already there by that time is busy with followers of Nochaidelklinne.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The Battle of Sibecu Creek began, one of the last battles of the Apache Wars, won by the Apaches, albeit at the cost of losses.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The next day, Apache troops attacked Fort Apache in retaliation for the death of Nochidelklinn, which occurred the day before at Sibecu Creek.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In the spring of 1882, the Apache warrior Na-Tio-Tisha led a detachment of sixty Apache warriors from the White Mountains.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In early July, they ambushed and killed four police officers in San Carlos, including the Chief of Police.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

After this successful ambush, Na-Tio-Tisha led his group of warriors northwest, through the valley of the Tonto River.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Local settlers in Arizona were very alarmed by this and demanded protection from the US Army.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Fourteen cavalry companies of the army from all the forts in the region were sent to confront the Apaches.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In mid-July, Na-Tio-Tisha led his warriors to Cherry Creek at Mogollon-Rome, intending to reach General Springs, the famous whirlpool on the Crook Trail.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Seeing that their group was being pursued by a single detachment of American cavalry, the Apaches ambushed seven miles north of General Springs, where the East Clear Creek tributary forms a gorge in Mogollon Rome.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The Apaches hid on the opposite side and waited in ambush.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The cavalry company that pursued them was led by Captain Adna Chaffee.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The chief intelligence officer of the company Albert Siber discovered a trap set by the Apaches and warned the troops about it.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

During the night, Chaffee's lone company was reinforced by four more arriving from Fort Apache, under the command of Major Evans.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

After that, the Battle of Big Dry Wash began, in which the Americans won.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Geronimo's War


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

End of Victorio War


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Geronimo was probably the most famous military leader of the Apaches of this period, but he was not the only one.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

He gained fame in the winter of 1876-1877, when he committed many cattle thefts, which he then exchanged for various things, weapons and alcohol.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Many chirikahua lived near the territory of the Ojo-Caliente Agency, led by Apache chief Victorio, who reconciled with the whites back in 1870.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In this situation, in 1877, the government saw an opportunity to get rid of the threat from the chiricahua once and for all: after the death of Cochis, US policy changed, and now all chiricahua were planned relocate to San Carlos.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Therefore, George Klum was ordered to arrest Geronimo in the White Mountains, setting up a meeting with Victorio; Victorio himself was also supposed to be arrested during this meeting, and the Indians were cunning to force to come to San Carlos using this circumstance.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

However, in the end, only Geronimo was arrested, Victorio was not arrested, but was also forced to move to San Carlos.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

George Klum became the sovereign host of the Ojo-Caliente reservation.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The situation at the agency remained calm for a while, but government forces took control of it shortly thereafter due to an alleged threat from Apache chiefs living in this place.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

This angered Klum, who resigned.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

At the same time, the weather deteriorated a lot.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Living conditions soon became unbearable due to the deterioration of the climate, and in September Victorio and his supporters left the reservation without permission to return to their old lands in Ocho - Caliente.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In 1878, the government ordered Victorio to return to San Carlos, and Victorio and a group of 80 fighters then fled to the mountains.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

However, he soon agreed to new negotiations, as a result of which the Apaches were allowed to settle near Fort Tularos, in New Mexico.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Later, in 1879, Victorio was charged with stealing horses by him and his men, but he fled the reservation and resumed the guerrilla war before he came to arrest him.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

With a detachment of 200 soldiers, he attacked Mexican farmers and American settlers and ambushed military patrols.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

For his head, the US government awarded a reward of $3,000.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Finally, in 1880, his detachment was surrounded by troops, and 78 Apaches were killed in the battle, including Victorio himself.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

However, his ally, Chief Nana, escaped encirclement with another part of the detachment and subsequently continued the guerrilla war.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Due to the current situation, additional American troops were sent to the area of the reservation of the White Mountains, pulling together to the reservation.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Fearing arrest, seven hundred Apaches fled it in September 1881, including Geronimo, who feared possible arrest, including for his past activities.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The group, however, remained in their native land and incited the remaining Indians on the reservation to leave it and prepare an attack, but they were attacked by a detachment of the US army under the command of George Foresight to repel a possible Apache attack.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Geronimo's Apaches managed to avoid this offensive by retreating south to Mexico, but there they faced a Mexican infantry regiment that killed most of them, including women and children.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Geronimo survived and decided to join Nana's guerrillas.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

On April 19, 1882, another chirikahua chief, Hu, attacked the San Carlos reservation and persuaded its chief, Loko, to flee from there.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

During the battle, Hu's warriors killed Chief of Police Albert Sterling and Sagotal, an Apache policeman in the service of the government.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Hu brought Loko and about 700 Apaches back to Mexico.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

George Crook's Arrival


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

When the military situation in the region deteriorated, the number of US army garrisons in the fortresses of Fort Apache, Fort Bowie and Fort Thomas increased significantly.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In the spring of 1883, General George Crook, nicknamed the Gray Wolf among the local population, was appointed responsible for the reservations of Arizona and New Mexico, in order to take control of the situation: The example of Geronimo and his guerrillas encouraged many Indians to leave the reservation.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

With 200 allied Apaches, he went to Mexico, as an agreement was concluded between the governments of the two countries that their armies could cross the border in pursuit of Indians.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In the spring of 1883, he found Geronimo's camp there, first pursued him for a while, and then, with the help of Tom Horn, an interpreter, after a series of meetings convinced Geronimo to return to the San Carlos reservation, but on condition that other chiefs support it, which is what happened.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Chiefs Bonito, Loko, and Nana agreed to go back with Crook.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Hu stayed in Mexico, where he accidentally died in November of the same year.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Geronimo did not return to the United States until February 1884.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

At the same time, he again stole some cattle and goods from Mexicans, but Crook ordered everything back to the owners.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Crook undertook some reforms on reservations: his policy towards Indians, as in previous years in negotiations with Cochis, remained quite humane.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Through personal conversations with the Indians, Crook learned of their distrustful attitude towards the government.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In addition, many so-called Indian agents openly deceived the Apaches.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Also unbearable was the siege of settlers, who demanded more and more land from the Indians and occupied it.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

One of the reforms initiated by Crook was to allow Apaches to freely choose their place of residence within the reservation, the eviction of miners from reservations and permission to conclude supply contracts food directly to the Indians themselves, not to the settlers.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In addition, he tried to organize Indian self-government on the reservation, as George Clum had previously done.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

But local newspapers criticized him for being too lenient towards the Apaches.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

They literally demonized Geronimo.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

By 1885, vagrancy, gambling and stabbing flourished on the reservation.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Geronimo himself once got into a fight with another chief, Chato, when he refused to flee with him from the reservation.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

On May 17, 1885, Geronimo, drunk and frightened by newspaper demands for his arrest and execution by hanging, fled again to Mexico.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

He was accompanied by Chiefs Mangas, Chihuahua and Nana; the group consisted of a total of 35 men, 101 women and 8 children.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

After the Apache fled, newspapers published an article “Apaches are free!” , and Geronimo's word became a symbol of bloody war.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Geronimo, however, sought only to reach the western part of the Sierra Madre in Mexico.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Soon, the chief of Chihuahua, with a small detachment, separated from Geronimo's group, and the army began to pursue him.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

To survive, he began to commit robberies against residents of the neighborhood, but all these crimes were attributed not to him, but to Geronimo.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Under pressure from local newspapers, of which Tombstone Epitaph, published in Tucson by the Tucson Ring Society, was particularly active, Crook went in pursuit of Geronimo in the spring of 1886; he was accompanied to including Chato and Cochis's son, Alchis.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

He caught up near the Mexican border, in the Sierra Madra, in March, where he tried to avoid persecution by the Mexican army.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

According to some reports, the army command began negotiations with them: on May 25, 1886, Crook offered Geronimo an unconditional surrender and dispatch to the east of the country, to Florida; Geronimo agreed, but provided that in two years they were allowed to return to Arizona; Crook refused.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

On the way to Fort Bowie, Geronimo and his Apaches still fled, and Crook could not catch up with them.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

An important role in their decision to flee was played by a local farmer who gave many of the Apaches alcohol and told them terrible rumors about their future fate — that they were all going to be hanged in Arizona.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The War Department reprimanded Crook for his failure, recalling his mild attitude towards the Indians, after which he resigned.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

He was replaced in April 1886 by Brigadier General Nelson Miles.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

He deployed more than two dozen heliographs to coordinate the actions of 5,000 soldiers, 500 Apache scouts, 100 Navajo scouts and about five thousand civilian militias against Geronimo and his detachment from only 24 warriors.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Lieutenant Charles Gatewood and Chirikahua scouts Martin and Kaitah discovered Geronimo and his men in September 1886 in the Sierra Madra and convinced them to surrender to Miles.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Geronimo and his squad, always disproportionately inferior in number to American troops, still managed to kill several dozen Americans and Mexicans during a raid on Bear Valley and similar attacks they carried out during their war with the whites.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The military captured Geronimo and all his men, as well as some Apache scouts who may have been associated with him, and some others (in particular, the long-loyal white leader Arawaip The Eskiminsin), and then transported them to the East, to Florida, as prisoners of war.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

President Grover Cleveland initially demanded that Geronimo be hanged, but later softened under the influence of public protests.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Some of the Apaches and their families were arrested in Fort Marion as well as Florida.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Near the place where Fort Marion was located was the resort town of St. Augustine, where many northerners rested, including teachers and missionaries interested in the fate of the prisoners Apaches.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Volunteers from among them took part in attempts to teach Apaches to speak and write English, and teach them about the basics of Christian religion and American culture.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Many residents raised funds to send 20 young Apache boys to college after they were released from prison.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Most of them were admitted to the Hampton Institute's Black History College.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Many Apaches, however, died in prisons and from the unusual climate, cold and humidity, contracting tuberculosis and meningitis.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Later, Apache children were sent to Carlisle Labor Boarding School in Pennsylvania, where 50 of them died.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

After their imprisonment, many Apaches were also housed in Mount Vernon Barracks in Alabama.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Eventually, after twenty-six years, the Apaches in Florida were released and could return southwest to Arizona, as happened, in particular, with the Eskiminzin and the Arawaips, but Geronimo even before This, in 1894, was sent to Fort Sill, Oklahoma Territory, where he was not allowed to return to his homeland.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

He died there in 1909.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Some other Apaches were also relocated to Oklahoma; many Chirikahua and Mescalero remained in New Mexico, where they still live today.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Less known skirmishes


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In addition to the wars between Kochis and Geronimo, there were many other, much less well-known battles.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

For example, in Arizona in early 1864, a white bandit King Woosley acted, who, once appeared at a meeting of the Apaches, ordered his men to shoot them all (this event is called bloody tanks) .


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In the same year, the Apaches and Yavapai killed an American soldier who took up a native boy he found.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The boy was returned to the tribe, but the whites responded with military action, during which many Apaches were destroyed.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The Yawapai were also involved in local conflicts: for example, they lost 76 people in the Battle of Skull Cave near Lake Canyon, and 50 in the Battle of Turret Peak.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In the end, 2,300 of them were forced to settle on a reservation near Rio Verde.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The food and sanitary conditions there were terrible, the reservation was closed in February 1875 and 1,500 yavapai were sent to the San Carlos reservation.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Subsequent battles


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Despite the surrender of Geronimo and his warriors in 1886, Apache warriors continued to resist Americans and Mexicans.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The U.S. Cavalry made several military expeditions against the Apaches after 1886.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

During one of these, forces from the 4th Cavalry and 10th Cavalry Regiments, under First Lieutenant James Watson, pursued retreating Indian warriors north of Globe, Arizona, along Salt River.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Sergeant James Daniels of the L Company of the 4th Cavalry Regiment and Sergeant William McBriar of the K Platoon of the 10th Cavalry Regiment were the last known soldiers to receive the Medal of Honor for their actions in The Apache War.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Both of them were awarded for “unparalleled courage and heroism” during the Apache attack on March 7, 1890.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Private Brody of Platoon A Indian Scouts was also awarded for “the loyalty, zeal, and tremendous perseverance that can be found among Apache scouts.”


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Notes


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Literature


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

References


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Category:Apache Wars


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Category:American Civil War


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism (Avestan: vahvī- daēnā- māzdayasna- — “The Good Faith of Honoring the Wise”, Persian: “Behdin” — behdin, “Good Faith”) is one of the oldest religions [1], originating in the revelation of the Prophet Spitama Zarathustra (Persian: “Zartosht”; ancient Greek - “Zoroastres”), received by him from the god Akhura Mazda [2].


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zarathustra's teachings are based on a person's free moral choice of good thoughts, good words and good deeds.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In ancient times and in the early Middle Ages, Zoroastrianism was widespread mainly in Greater Iran.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism contains both monotheistic and dualistic features [3].


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

To date, Zoroastrianism has mainly been replaced by Islam, small communities have been preserved in Iran and India, and there are followers in Western countries and post-Soviet countries (mainly in Tajikistan) [4].


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Name


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism is a term of European science that comes from the Greek pronunciation of the name of the founder of religion.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Its other European name Mazdeism, which comes from the name of God in Zoroastrianism, is now generally perceived as outdated, although it is closer to the main self-name of the Zoroastrian religion — Avestan: māzdayasna- “Veneration of Mazda”, Middle Persian: māzdēsn.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Another self-name of Zoroastrianism is vahvī- daēnā- “Good Faith”, or rather “Good Vision”, “Good Worldview”, “Good Consciousness”.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Hence the main self-name of followers of Zoroastrianism Persian: man — behdin — “faithful”, “behdin”.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Bases of doctrine


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism is a dogmatic religion with developed theology that developed during the last codification of Avesta during the Sassanid period and partly during the period of Islamic conquest.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

At the same time, Zoroastrianism did not have a strict dogmatic system.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

This is due to the peculiarities of the doctrine, which is based on a rational approach, and the history of institutional development interrupted by the Muslim conquest of Persia.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Modern Zoroastrians usually structure their creed in the form of 9 foundations [5]:


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Belief in Ahura Mazda — the “Wise God” as a good creator.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Belief in Zarathushtra as the only prophet Ahur Mazda who showed mankind the way to righteousness and purity.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Belief in the existence of the spiritual world (minu) and in two spirits (Holy and Evil), on the choice between which the fate of a person in the spiritual world depends.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Faith in Asha (Arta) is the original universal Law of Righteousness and Harmony established by Akhura Mazda, which should be maintained by the efforts of a person who has chosen good.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Faith in the human essence, based on daena (faith, conscience) and storage (reason), allowing everyone to distinguish good from evil.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Belief in seven Amesaspents as seven stages of development and disclosure of the human personality.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Belief in Dadodakhesh and Ashudad — that is, mutual assistance, assistance to those in need, mutual support for people.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Belief in the sanctity of natural elements and wildlife as the creations of Akhur Mazda (fire, water, wind, earth, plants and livestock) and the need to take care of them.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Faith in Frasho-kereti (Frashkard) is an eschatological miraculous transformation of being, the final victory of Akhur Mazda and the expulsion of evil, which will happen thanks to the joint efforts of all righteous people led by Saoshiant, the Savior of the world.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Ahura Mazda


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Main article by Ahura Mazda


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Akhura Mazda (Middle Persian: Ormazd) is the creator of the spiritual and physical worlds, the all-good one god of light power, the main epithets of which are “Bright” and “Glorious” (more precisely “Full Khvarna”, shining royal fame).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Asha & Drudge


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The ethical teaching of Zoroastrianism is based on the opposition of two concepts: Asha and Drudge.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Asha (aša- from *arta) is the law of universal harmony, truth, truth, good (Asha's father is Akhura Mazda).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Drudge is Asha's antithesis, literally: lies, destruction, degradation, violence, robbery.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

All people are divided into two categories: ashavans (followers of Asha, righteous, those who seek to do good to the world) and drujvants (deceitful, evil to the world).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Thanks to the support of Ahur Mazda, the righteous must defeat Drudge and prevent her followers from destroying the world.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Two spirits


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

“Spirit” in the Zoroastrian sense is mainyu (Persian minu), that is, “thought”.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The two original spirits, good and evil (Spenta and Angra), symbolize two opposing mentalities: one aimed at creation and one aimed at destruction.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The latter (Angra Mainyu, Ahriman) is declared the main enemy of Ahur Mazda and his world, his Destroyer and, above all, the destroyer of human consciousness, whose destruction results in the degradation of society and then all over the world.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Hence the task of the Zoroastrian is to follow Spent Mainya (good spirit, creative thinking) and, like his creator Akhura Mazda, to embody Asha (the universal law of good) in his deeds and reject Drudge (lie, evil, destruction).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zarathushtra


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Main article by Zarathushtra


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zarathushtra is, according to the teachings of the Zoroastrians, the only prophet Ahura Mazda who brought people good faith and laid the foundations for moral development.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The sources describe him as an ideal priest, warrior and pastoralist, fighter, exemplary head and patron saint of people around the world.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The prophet's preaching was clearly ethical, condemned violence, praised peace between people, honesty and creative work, and affirmed faith in one god (Akhura).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The prophet's modern values and practices of the Kawii, traditional leaders of Aryan tribes who combined priestly and political functions, and the Karapans, Aryan sorcerers, namely violence, were criticized. predatory raids, bloody rituals, and an immoral religion that encourages it all.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Confession of faith


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Yasna 12 is a Zoroastrian “creed”.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Its main position is: “Ahura Mazda I count all the benefits.”


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In other words, a follower of Zarathustra recognizes Akhura Mazda as the only source of good.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

According to the Confession, a Zoroastrian calls himself:


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Mazdayasna (Mazda admirer)


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zarathustri (a follower of Zarathustra)


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Vidaeva (an opponent of devas — immoral Aryan gods)


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Ahuro-tkaesha (Akhura)


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In addition, in this text, the Zoroastrian renounces violence, robbery and theft, proclaims peace and freedom to peaceful and hardworking people, and rejects any possibility of alliance with devas and sorcerers.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Good faith is called “ending strife” and “lowering arms.”


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Avest.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

humata-, huxta-, hvaršta- (read humata, huhta, hvarshta).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

This ethical triad of Zoroastrianism, which every Zoroastrian must follow, is specifically emphasized in Confession and is praised many times in other parts of Avesta.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Amesespents


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Ameshaspents (Avestan: aməša- spənta-) — Immortal Saints, six spiritual initiations of Ahur Mazda.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

To explain the essence of the Amesespents, they usually resort to the metaphor of six candles lit from one candle.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Thus, the Amesespents can be compared to emanations (see the article Emanation (Philosophy)) of God.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Amesespents are the image of the seven stages of human spiritual development, and in addition, are called patrons of seven bodily creations, each of which is a visible image of Amesespent.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Yazaty, rata and fravashi


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Other significant categories of Zoroastrianism are:


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Yazaty (avest. “worthy of reverence”).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The concept can be conditionally translated as “angels”.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The most significant are Mitra (“contract”, “friendship”), Aredvi Sura Anahita (patron saint of waters), Veretragna (touch victory and heroism).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Rata (Avestan: ratu- “sample”, “head”) is a multifaceted concept, primarily an exemplary patron head of a group (for example, Zarathustra is a rat of people, wheat is a rat of cereals, Mount Hukarya is the head mountains, etc.).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In addition, rats are “ideal” time intervals (five parts of the day, three parts of the month, six parts of the year).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Fravashi (avest. “pre-choice”) are pre-existing souls who have chosen good.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Akhura-Mazda created fravashi people and asked them about their choice, and the fravashi replied that they choose to be embodied in the bodily world, assert good in it and fight evil.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The veneration of fravashi people is close to the cult of ancestors.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Fire and light


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

According to the teachings of Zoroastrianism, light is the visible image of God in the physical world.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Therefore, wanting to turn to God, the Zoroastrians face the light — the light source represents for them the direction of prayer.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

They give special respect to fire, as the most important and accessible source of light and heat for humans since ancient times.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Hence the widespread external definition of Zoroastrians as “fire worshipers”.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Meanwhile, sunlight enjoys no less respect in Zoroastrianism.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

According to the traditional ideas of the Zoroastrians, Fire permeates all existence, both spiritual and physical.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The hierarchy of fires is given in Jasna 17 and Bundakhishna:


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Berezasavang (Highly Saving) is burning in front of Akhura Mazda in paradise.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Vokhufriyan (Benevolent) is burning in the bodies of people and animals.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Urvazisht (The Most Pleasant) - burning in plants.


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Zoroastrianism

Vazisht (The Most Effective) is the fire of lightning.


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Zoroastrianism

Spanisht (His Holiness) is an ordinary earthly fire, including the fire of Varahram (Victorious), the one that burns in temples.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Heaven and Hell


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The teachings of Zarathustra were one of the first to declare the personal responsibility of the soul for the deeds committed in earthly life.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zarathustra calls paradise vahišta ahu “the best existence” (hence Persian behešt “paradise”).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Hell is called dužahu “bad existence” (hence the Persian dozax “hell”).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Paradise has three stages: good thoughts, good words and good deeds, and the highest level to Garodman “House of Song”, Anagra raocha “Infinite Radiance”, where God Himself dwells.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Symmetrically the steps of hell: bad thoughts, bad words, bad deeds and the focus of hell — Drujo Dman “House of Lies”.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Those who choose Righteousness (Asha) will have heavenly bliss, who have chosen Lie — torment and self-destruction in hell.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism introduces the concept of a posthumous trial, which is a count of acts committed in life.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

If the good deeds of a person at least outweigh the evil ones by a hair, they lead the soul to the House of Songs.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

If evil deeds are outweighed, the soul is dragged to hell by the deva Visares (deva of death).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The concept of the Chinwad Bridge (dividing or distinguishing) leading to Garodmana over the hellish abyss is also common.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

For the righteous, it becomes wide and comfortable, and before sinners it turns into the sharpest blade from which they fall into hell.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Fracho kereti


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The eschatology of Zoroastrianism is rooted in Zarathustra's teaching of the final transformation of the world (“at the last turn of the chariot (being)”), when Asha triumphs and the Lies will be finally and forever broken.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

This transformation is called Frasho-kereti (Frashkard) — “Making (the world) perfect”.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Every righteous person brings this joyful event closer by his deeds.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The Zoroastrians believe that three Saoshiants (saviors) must come to the world.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The first two Saoshiants will have to restore Zarathustra's teaching.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

At the end of time, before the last battle, the last Saoshyant will come.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

As a result of the battle, Angra Mainyu and all the forces of evil will be defeated, hell will be destroyed, all the dead — righteous and sinners — will be resurrected for the last judgment in the form of a test by fire (fiery ordal).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The resurrected will pass through a stream of molten metal, in which the remnants of evil and imperfection will burn.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

A righteous trial will seem to be bathing in fresh milk, and the wicked will burn.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

After the last judgment, the world will return to its original perfection forever.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism, with its developed eschatology, is alien to the idea of the cyclical nature of creation and reincarnation.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Avesta


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The sacred book of the Zoroastrians is called Avesta.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In fact, this is a collection of texts of different times compiled in the Zoroastrian community during the archaic period in ancient Iranian, now called “Avestan”.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Even after the appearance of writing in Iran, for millennia, the main way of transmitting texts was oral, and priests were the guardians of the text.


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Zoroastrianism

The well-known recording tradition appeared only in the late Sassanids, when in the 5th and 6th centuries a special phonetic Avestan alphabet was invented to record the book.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

But even after that, Avestan prayers and liturgical texts were memorized.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The main part of Avesta is traditionally considered to be the Gats — Zarathustra's hymns dedicated to Akhura Mazda, which set out the foundations of his doctrine, his philosophical and social message, and describe the reward for the righteous and defeat the wicked.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Some reformist movements in Zoroastrianism declare only the Ghats a sacred text, and the rest of Avesta of historical significance.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

However, the most orthodox Zoroastrians consider the whole of Avesta to be Zarathustra's word.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Since prayers make up a significant part of extra-gathic Avesta, even reformists for the most part do not reject this part.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrian symbols


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The main body symbol of a supporter of Zarathustra's teachings is the lower white sedra shirt, sewn from one piece of cotton fabric and always has exactly 9 seams, and koshti (kushti, kusti) is thin a belt woven from 72 threads of white sheep wool and hollow inside.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Koshti is worn at the waist wrapped three times and tied in 4 knots.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Starting a prayer, before any important thing, making a decision, after desecration, the Zoroastrian takes ablution and bandages his belt (the Padyab-Koshti rite).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Sedre symbolizes the protection of the soul from evil and temptations, its pocket is a piggy bank of benevolence.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Koshti represents the connection (umbilical cord) with Ahura Mazda and all his creation.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

It is believed that a person who regularly ties a belt, being connected by him to all the Zoroastrians of the world, receives his share of their benevolence.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Wearing sacred clothing is the duty of a Zoraostrian.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Religion prescribes to be bareback and for as little time as possible.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The sedra and cat must be kept clean at all times.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

A replacement kit is allowed, in case the first one is washed.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

With constant wearing of the saddle and cat, it is customary to change them twice a year — for Novruz and Mehrgan holiday.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Another symbol of Zoroastrianism is fire and atashdan — a fiery portable (in the form of a vessel) or a stationary (in the form of a platform) altar.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Sacred lights of Zoroastrianism are held on such altars.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

This symbolism has become particularly widespread in the art of the Sassanid Empire.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Farawahar, a human image in a winged circle from the rock reliefs of the Achaemenids, has also become a popular symbol.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrians traditionally do not recognize him as the image of Akhur Mazda, but consider it an image of fravashi.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

White, the color of purity and goodness, has an important symbolic meaning for Zoroastrians, and in many rituals, green is also a symbol of prosperity and revival.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

History


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Iranian beliefs before Zarathustra


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Very little is known about Iranian beliefs before Zoroastrianism.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Scientists believe that this ancient mythology was similar to the oldest Indian mythology [6].


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Researchers believe that the legacy of the oldest Iranian mythology was the veneration of Veretragna, Mithra and Anahita already under Zoroastrianism [7].


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In the Middle Ages, it was believed that before Zoroastrianism, the Iranians had sabeism adopted by Tahmures from Bozasp [8] (see, for example, Nauruz-name).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zarathustra Time


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The life of the prophet Zarathustra is a matter of controversy among scientists.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The Zoroastrian tradition itself did not have a developed chronology.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

She knows the “year of faith” (when Zarathustra first spoke with Ahura Mazda), but there is no clear position regarding other events in the tradition.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

According to the book Arda-Viraz, it was 300 years from Zarathustra to Alexander (Macedon).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

If we follow the chronology of the Bundahishn and start from the date of accession to the throne of Darius I (522 BC), we will get 754 BC.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

[9] However, the Bundahishn chronology in history known from other sources is extremely fragmented and unreliable.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Scientists have expressed different opinions about the era of Zarathustra.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Extreme points of view are both the declaration of Zarathustra as an archaic ideal person who never existed in reality, and his declaration as a contemporary and even a direct ideologist of the early Achaemenidov said.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The most common approach at present has been to draw attention to the archaic nature of the Gat language (the hymns of Zarathustra), similar to the language of the Rigveda (2nd sex. II millennium BC), and general details of the biography of the prophet and the corresponding attribution of his time to approximately 1000 BC.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Modern Zoroastrians have adopted the calendar of the “Zoroastrian religious era”, based on the calculations of the Iranian astronomer Z. Behruz, according to which Zarathustroy's “gaining faith” took place in 738 BC.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Localization of Zarathustra's sermon


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The place of life and activity of Zarathustra is much easier to determine: the place names mentioned in Avesta refer to northeastern Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Pakistan [11].


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Tradition associates Ragu, Sistan and Balkh with the name of Zarathustra.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

After receiving the revelation, Zarathustra's sermon remained unsuccessful for a long time, and he was expelled and humiliated in various countries.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In 10 years, he only managed to convert his cousin Maidyomangghu.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Then Zarathustra came to the court of the legendary Keyanid Kavi Vishtaspa (Goshtasba).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The king was impressed by the prophet's sermon, and after some hesitation he accepted faith in Akhura Mazda and began to contribute to its spread not only in his kingdom, but also to guide preachers to neighboring countries.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

His closest associates, the viziers of Vishtaspa, brothers from the Khvogva family - Jamaspa and Frashaoshtra, became especially close to Zarathustra.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism periodization


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The archaic period (before 558 BC): the life of the prophet Zarathustra and the existence of Zoroastrianism in the form of oral tradition;


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The Achaemenid period (558-330 BC): the accession of the Achaemenid dynasty, the creation of the Persian Empire, the first written monuments of Zoroastrianism;


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The period of Hellenism and the Parthian state (330 BC — 226 AD): the fall of the Achaemenid Empire as a result of the campaign of Alexander the Great, the creation of the Parthian kingdom, Buddhism significantly supplanted Zoroastrianism in the Kushan Empire;


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The Sassanid period (226—652 AD): the revival of Zoroastrianism, the codification of Avesta under the leadership of Adurbad Mahraspandan, the development of a centralized Zoroastrian church, the fight against heresies;


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Islamic conquest (652 AD — mid-20th century): the decline of Zoroastrianism in Persia, persecution of followers of Zoroastrianism, the emergence of the Parsian community of India from emigrants from Iran, literary the activities of apologists and custodians of tradition under the rule of Muslims.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The modern period (from the middle of the 20th century to the present): the migration of Iranian and Indian Zoroastrians to the United States, Europe, Australia, the establishment of communication between the diaspora and the centers of Zoroastrianism in Iran and India.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Trends in Zoroastrianism


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Regional variants have always been the main trends of Zoroastrianism.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The preserved branch of Zoroastrianism is associated with the official religion of the Sassanid state, primarily in the version that developed under the last of these kings, when the last of these kings was produced under Khosrov I canonization and recording of Avesta.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

This branch seems to go back to the version of Zoroastrianism that was adopted by the Median magicians.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Undoubtedly, in other areas of the Iranian world, there were other variants of Zoroastrianism (Mazdeism), which we can judge only by fragmented evidence, primarily Arab sources.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In particular, from Mazdeism before the Arab conquest of Sughd, which was even less “written” than Sassanid Zoroastrianism, only a passage in Sogdian has survived, telling about Zarathustra's receipt of revelation, and data from Biruni.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Nevertheless, within the framework of Zoroastrianism, religious and philosophical trends arose, defined from the point of view of today's orthodoxy as “heresy”.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

First of all, this is Zurvanism, based on great attention to the concept of Zurvan, the original universal time, whose “twin children” Akhura Mazda and Ahriman were recognized as “twin children”.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

According to circumstantial evidence, the doctrine of Zurvanism was widespread in Sassanid Iran, but although its traces are found in a tradition that has survived the Islamic conquest, it is generally Zoroastrian” orthodoxy” directly condemns this doctrine [12].


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Obviously, there were no direct conflicts between the “Zurvanites” and “orthodoxes”, Zurvanism was rather a philosophical trend that hardly affected the ritual part of religion in any way.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The veneration of Mithra (Mithraism), which spread in the Roman Empire under Aurelian, is also often referred to as Zoroastrian heresies, although Mithraism was more likely to represent a syncretic teaching not only with Iranian, but also Syrian substrate.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrian orthodoxes considered Manichaeism to be an unconditional heresy, which, however, was based on Christian Gnosticism [13] [14].


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Another heresy is considered to be Mazdak's revolutionary teaching (Mazdakism) [15].


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The main variants of modern Zoroastrianism are Iran's Zoroastrianism and India's Parsian Zoroastrianism.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

However, the differences between them are generally regional and relate mainly to ritual terminology, due to their origin from the same tradition and the continued communication between the two communities, there were no serious dogmatic differences between them.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Only the superficial influence is noticeable: Islam in Iran, and Hinduism in India.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Among the Parses, there are “calendar sects” that adhere to one of three versions of the calendar (Kadimi, Shahinshahi and Fasli).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

There are no clear boundaries between these groups, nor is there a dogmatic difference between them.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In India, there were also various trends with a bias towards mysticism, influenced by Hinduism.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The most famous of these is the Ilm-i-Khshnum stream.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Some popularity among the Zoroastrians is gaining the “reformist wing”, which advocates the abolition of most rituals and ancient rules, for the recognition of only the Ghat as sacred, etc.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Proselytism


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Initially, Zarathustra's teachings were an active proselytic religion, passionately preached by the prophet and his disciples and followers.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Followers of the “good faith” very clearly opposed themselves to the gentiles, considering them “admirers of devas.”


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Nevertheless, for a number of reasons, Zoroastrianism did not become a truly world religion, its sermon was limited mainly to the Iranian-speaking ecumene, and the spread of Zoroastrianism to new lands took place in parallel with the Iranization of their population.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Outside of Iran proper, there were more or less large communities of Zoroastrians (“Maguzei”), primarily among the Turkic-speaking population of Central Asia (the territories of Khorezm, Sogdiana), as well as in Cappadocia, where even the Zoroastrian calendar was officially used.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

“Armenian Mazdeism” is also known, which existed on the lands of ancient Armenia until the Christianization of this country.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Under the Sassanids, Zoroastrianism had its followers among the Arabs of Bahrain and Yemen (primarily among al-Abn, descendants of Persian soldiers) [16].


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism remained proselytically active until the very end of the Sassanid period.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The followers of Zarathustra passionately preached the need to combat the forces of evil, which they believed were worshiped by followers of all other religions.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The transition of a gentile to the “good faith” was considered a good and correct act, and therefore almost anyone could become a Zoroastrian in ancient Iran, regardless of class, ethnic or language affiliation.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Thanks to rituals developed to the smallest detail, developed cosmological and, most importantly, ethical teaching, Zoroastrianism became the first state religion in history.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Nevertheless, the teachings of Zarathustra did not become a truly world religion.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The reasons for this were the following factors:


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

the socio-economic content of Zarathustra's religious teachings, which initially met the needs of the struggle of sedentary pastoralists and landowners with nomads, is irrevocably a thing of the past.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Due to its conservatism, Mazdaism did not develop a new social content, remaining largely blind and deaf to the changes and social demands of the turn of Antiquity and the coming Middle Ages.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

the proximity of the Mazdaist priesthood to the state institutions of Sassanid Iran, their mutual complementarity and codependence grew into a political bias obvious to the external audience Zoroastrianism.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

This was rejected by the rulers of neighboring states of Iran, who feared Zoroastrian proselytism as a cover for the aggressive plans of the Iranian Shahs.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The attempts of the Iranians to assert their faith among their neighbors by force of arms during the four centuries of Sassanid rule have not been crowned with long-term success;


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Mazdaism, despite the universality of its ethical doctrine, has not gone any far beyond the Iranian - speaking world.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

During the Hellenistic period, being widespread in many lands of the Greco-Macedonian Empire of Alexander the Great and the kingdoms of his followers, he nourished mainly their Iranian-speaking subjects and remained is alien to the Greek population there.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

On the one hand, the Iranians themselves, conquered by the Greeks, considered the Greeks an alien element and spoke very harshly about Alexander the Great himself, considering him a barbarian who destroyed their power and damaged their faith and Iranian culture.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

On the other hand, for the Greeks, who traditionally revered their ancestors and were very sensitive to the dead, the traditional aversion of the Persians to corpses as a focus of filth in itself was blasphemy: the Greeks even executed generals who did not properly bury the bodies of their dead compatriots.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Finally, the philosophical concepts of the stiff official Mazdaism lay entirely in the mystical channel of Eastern teachings, which attached exceptional importance to the ritual and were largely alien to the Hellenic rationalism.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The achievements of Hellenic and Indian philosophical thought, as a rule, did not arouse interest among the Iranian priesthood and did not affect the Zoroastrian doctrine;


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

under the monotheistic appearance of Zarathustrian Mazdaism, the dialectically dual essence of the ancient Iranian religion was constantly visible, which recognized the presence in the universe of two equal forces: good and evil.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

This circumstance, multiplied by the traditional geopolitical rivalry between Rome and Parthia (and later Byzantium and Iran) in the Near and Middle East, made it difficult to spread the teachings of Zarathustra in broad the masses of the non-Iranian population of the region.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Thus, in the pagan period, Zarathustra's unequivocal demand to honor only one of the aspects of the world struggle — Good — was difficult for the perception of a polytheist who was accustomed to making sacrifices to all gods, regardless of their “moral qualities”.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

But even with the spread of Christian monotheism in the Greco-Roman world, the Zoroastrians remained strangers to Christians: to Christians who sincerely believe that “God is light, and there is no darkness in him” The “good commitment” to Mazdaism was already insufficient.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The ideas spread in late Zoroastrianism about the original unity of good and evil principles as products of the divine Time — Zurvana gave rise to zealots of Christianity (and later Islam) to blame the Zoroastrians for “worshiping the devil's brother”;


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

a significant obstacle to the widespread spread of Mazdaism was the monopoly position of the Atravan Persians, consecrated by teaching and tradition, from which personnel for the hereditary class were recruited (in fact closed caste) of Zarathustrian mobed priests.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

No matter how righteous a non-Iranian convert was to follow Zarathustra's teachings, it was still impossible for him to pursue a spiritual career.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

did not contribute to the success of Mazdaist proselytism among neighbors and the lack of a developed multi-stage subordinate priestly hierarchy among the Zoroastrians, capable of turning disparate communities into a stable centralized organization.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

This circumstance, in certain circumstances aggravated by aversion to death (and therefore the absence of a cult of martyrdom), prevented the faith of the Iranians from withstanding the onslaught of hostile religious environment without the constant support of the State apparatus and the military.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

This factor was, apparently, decisive, leading to the relatively rapid decline of Mazdaism in Iran and Central Asia following the conquest of these lands by the Arabs in the 8th-9th centuries.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Soon after the Arab conquest, Zoroastrianism finally ceased to be a proselytic religion.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The return of Iranian Muslim converts to the religion of their ancestors was punishable by death under the Sharia, while in India, the Zoroastrians Parsi quickly became involved in the Indian caste system as one of the closed endogamous religious groups.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The realization of the potential of proselytism inherent in the foundations of this religion became possible again only in modern times — under the influence of modernization trends from the West due to the widespread interest in the world in the legacy of Ancient Iran.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

So far, consensus on neo-proselytism among the Mazdaist priesthood has not been developed.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Conservative Parsian dasturs in India do not recognize the possibility of converting to Zoroastrianism by anyone whose parents are not Zoroastrians.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Iran's mobeds, by contrast, usually claim that Zoroastrianism is a universal proselytic religion, and although Zoroastrians do not conduct missionary activities, people who came to Zoroastrianism independently, subject to certain conditions, cannot be refused to accept it.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Nevertheless, converts to Zoroastrianism face numerous problems.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In Iran, renunciation of Islam is still considered the gravest crime and is punishable by death, both for the neophyte and for the mobed who converted him.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Due to the pressure of the Islamic regime, it is essentially impossible to fully join the Iranian Zoroastrian community, even by formally accepting faith.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Proselyte communities unite with born Zoroastrians mainly in exile.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism welcomes conversion, but active proselytism is hampered by the small number of believers and the dominance of Islam in its traditional territory (Iran).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Unlike many other religions, children born to Zoroastrian families must consciously accept faith when they reach a conscious age (15 years).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

People of other backgrounds must be 21 years or older.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The final decision on a person's readiness to accept Zoroastrianism is made by the mobed who conducts the initiation rite, which implies the mandatory personal conversation and knowledge of the convert of the basics of worship and prayer Fravaran in Persian.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The rite is called “sedre pushi”, which translates from Persian as “putting on a sacred shirt”.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

[17] [18]


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Hierarchy


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

priesthood


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The common name of Zoroastrian clergymen who stood out as a separate class is avest.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

aθravan- (ash. asrōn) - “keeper of fire”.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In the post-Vesti era, priests were primarily called mobeds (from other Iranian magupati “head of magicians”), which is due to the spread of Zoroastrianism in western Iran primarily Median magicians [20]


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The modern priestly hierarchy in Iran is as follows:


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

“Mobedan-mobed” is the “mobed of mobed”, the highest rank in the hierarchy of Zoroastrian clergymen.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Mobedan-mobed is elected from among the Dasturs and heads the mobed community.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Mobedan-mobed can make binding decisions on religious (“gatik”) and secular (“datik”) issues that are binding on Zoroastrians.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Decisions on religious issues must be approved by a general meeting of mobed or a meeting of dasturs.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Sar-mobed (Persian letters. “head of mobs,” pehl. “bozorg dastur”) is the highest Zoroastrian religious rank.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The main dastur in an area with several dasturs.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Sar-Mobed has the right to make decisions on closing fire temples, moving the sacred fire from place to place, and expelling a person from the Zoroastrian community.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Dastur


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Mobed


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Khirbad


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Only “mobed zade”, a person who comes from a family of Zoroastrian priests whose succession is inherited by his father, can hold these spiritual positions.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

You can't become a mobed zade, you can only be born one.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In addition to regular ranks, the hierarchy includes the titles “Ratu” and “Mobedyar”.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Ratu is a defender of the Zoroastrian faith.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Ratu stands one step above the mobedan mobed and is infallible in matters of faith.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The last ratu was Adurbad Mahraspand under King Shapur II.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Mobedyar is a Behdin educated in religious matters not from the Mobed family.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Mobedyar is below the hirbad.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Sacred lights


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In Zoroastrian temples, called “atashkade” (the letter house of fire) in Persian, an unquenchable fire is burning, and the church attendants watch around the clock that it does not go out.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

There are temples in which fire has been burning for centuries and even millennia.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The mobed family, who owns the sacred fire, bears all the costs of maintaining and protecting the fire, and is not financially dependent on the help of the Behdin.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The decision to establish a new fire is made only if the necessary funds are available.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Sacred lights are divided into 3 ranks:


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Shah Atash Varakhram (Bahram) — “King Victorious Fire”, Fire of the highest rank.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Fires of the highest rank are established in honor of monarchical dynasties, great victories, as the highest fire of the country or people.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

To establish a fire, it is necessary to collect and clear 16 fires of different types, which are combined into one during the consecration ritual.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Only high priests, dasturs, can serve at the fire of the highest rank;


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Atash Aduran (Adaran) is a “Fire of Lights”, a fire of the second rank, established in settlements with a population of at least 1000 people, in which at least 10 Zoroastrian families live.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

To establish a fire, it is necessary to collect and clean 4 fires from Zarathustrian families of different classes: a priest, a warrior, a peasant, a craftsman.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Various rituals can be performed at the lights of Aduran: nonudi, gavahgiran, sedre pushi, services in jashnas and gahanbara, etc. Only mobeds can serve at the Aduran lights.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Atash Dadgah — “Legally Established Fire”, the Fire of the third rank, which should be maintained in local communities (villages, large families) that have a separate room that is religious court.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In Persian, this room is called dar ba mehr (the letter court of Mithra).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Mithra is the epitome of justice.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

A Zoroastrian clergyman, facing the fire of the dadgah, resolves local disputes and problems.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

If there is no mobed in the community, the hirbad can serve as fire.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The dadgah fire is open to the public, and the room where the fire is located serves as a meeting place for the community.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Mobeds are guardians of the sacred fires and are obliged to protect them by all available means, including weapons in hand.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

This probably explains the fact that after the Islamic conquest, Zoroastrianism quickly fell into decline.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Many mobeds have been killed while defending the lights.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In Sassanid Iran, there were three greatest Atash-Varakhram, correlated with three “estates”:


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Adur-Gushnasp (in Atropatena in Shize, fire of priests)


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Adur-Frobag (Farnbag, Pars fire, fire of the military aristocracy and the Sassanids)


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Adur-Bursen-Mihr (Parthian fire, peasants' fire)


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Of these, only Adur (Atash) Farnbag has survived, which is now burning in Yazd, where the Zoroastrians moved it in the 13th century after the collapse of the Zoroastrian communities in Pars.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Holy places


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Temple lights are sacred to Zoroastrians, not the temple building itself.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Lights can be transferred from building to building, and even from one region to another after the Zoroastrians themselves, which has happened throughout the period of persecution of religion.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Only in our time, in an effort to resurrect the former greatness of their faith and referring to their heritage, did the Zoroastrians begin to visit the ruins of ancient temples located in areas where all residents had long accepted Islam, and to hold festive services in them.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Nevertheless, in the vicinity of Yazd and Kerman, where Zoroastrians have been living permanently for thousands of years, there is a practice of seasonal pilgrimages to certain holy places.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Each of these places of pilgrimage (“feast”, letters. “old”) has its own legend, usually telling about the miraculous rescue of a princess from the Sassanid family from Arab invaders.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Five feasts around Yazd became especially famous:


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Network Feast


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Pir-e Sabz (source Chak-chak)


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Pir-e Narestane


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Pir-e Banu


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Pir-e Naraki


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Worldview and morality


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The main feature of the Zoroastrian worldview is the recognition of the existence of two worlds: mēnōg and gētīg (pehl.) — spiritual (letters. “mental”, the world of ideas) and earthly (bodily, physical), as well as recognition of their relationship and interdependence.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Both worlds are created by Akhura Mazda and are good, the material complements the spiritual, makes it complete and perfect, material goods are considered the same gifts of Akhur Mazda as spiritual ones, and some unthinkable without others.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism is alien to both gross materialism, hedonism, spiritualism and asceticism.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism does not have practices of bodily killing, celibacy and monasteries.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The complementary dichotomy of the mental and physical permeates the entire moral system of Zoroastrianism.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The main meaning of life of a Zoroastrian is the “accumulation” of benevolence (Persian kerfe), primarily related to the conscientious performance of his duty as a believer, family man, worker, citizen and avoiding sin (Persian gonāh).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

This is the path not only to personal salvation, but also to the prosperity of the world and the victory over evil, which is directly related to the efforts of each person.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Every righteous person acts as a representative of Akhur Mazda and, on the one hand, actually embodies his deeds on earth, and on the other hand, dedicates all his blessings to Akhura Mazda.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Virtues are described through an ethical triad: good thoughts, good words and good deeds (humata, huhta, hvarshta), that is, they affect the mental, verbal and physical levels.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In general, mysticism is alien to the Zoroastrian worldview, it is believed that everyone is able to understand what is good thanks to his conscience (daena, pure) and reason (divided into “innate” and” heard”, that is, the wisdom that a person has acquired from other people).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Moral purity and personal development concern not only the soul, but also the body: maintaining the purity of the body and eliminating desecration, diseases, and a healthy lifestyle are considered a virtue.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Ritual purity can be disturbed by contact with defiling objects or people, by illness, by evil thoughts, words or deeds.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The corpses of people and good creatures have the greatest defiling power.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

It is forbidden to touch them and it is not recommended to look at them.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Cleansing rituals are provided for people who have been desecrated.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The main moral rule


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

This is usually the phrase from Gat Zarathustra:


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

uštā ahmāi yahmāi uštā kahmāicīţ


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Happiness is for those who wish happiness to others [21]


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Society


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism is a social religion, it is not typical for hermit.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The Zoroastrian community is called anjoman (avest. hanjamana - “gathering”, “assembly”).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The usual unit is the anjoman of a settlement — a Zoroastrian village or a city block.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

It is the direct duty of a Zoroastrian to attend community meetings, discuss its affairs together and participate in community holidays.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Avesta names four classes into which society is divided [22]:


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

atravans (priests)


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

rataeshtar (military aristocracy)


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

vastrio-fshuyants (letters. “shepherds-pastoralists”, later in general peasantry)


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

huiti (“craftsmen”, artisans)


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Until the end of the Sassanid period, the barriers between classes were serious, but in principle, the transition from one to another was possible.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

After the conquest of Iran by the Arabs, when the aristocracy converted to Islam, and the Zoroastrians were forbidden to carry weapons like Zimmi, in reality there were two classes: mobed priests and laity Behdin, which were inherited strictly through the male line (although women could marry outside their class).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

This division still persists: it is virtually impossible to become a mobed.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Nevertheless, the class structure of society is severely deformed, since most mobed, along with the performance of their religious duties, are engaged in various worldly activities (especially in big cities) and in this sense merge with the laypeople.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

On the other hand, the institution of mobedyars is developing — laity by origin who take on the duties of a mobed.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Among other features of Zoroastrian society, we can distinguish the traditional relatively high place of women in it and a much greater approximation of its status to equal with a man compared to the society of surrounding Muslims.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Food


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

There are no pronounced food prohibitions in Zoroastrianism.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The basic rule is that food should be useful.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Vegetarianism is traditionally not characteristic of Zoroastrianism.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

You can eat meat from all ungulates and fish.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Although the cow is highly respected, it is often mentioned in the Ghats, and there is no practice of banning beef.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

There is also no ban on pork.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Nevertheless, Zoroastrians are required to take care of livestock, prohibit mistreatment and senseless murder, and are ordered to limit themselves in consuming meat within reasonable limits.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Fasting and conscious starvation are expressly prohibited in Zoroastrianism.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

There are only four days a month in which it is prescribed to give up meat.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

There is no ban on wine in Zoroastrianism, although edifying texts contain special instructions on its moderate consumption.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

dog


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

This animal enjoys special respect among the Zoroastrians.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

This is largely due to the rational worldview of the Zoroastrians: religion notes the real benefits that a dog brings to humans.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

It is believed that a dog can see evil spirits (devas) and drive them away.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Ritually, a dog can be equated to a person, a dead dog also applies to the norms of burial of human remains.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

There are several chapters devoted to dogs in Vendidad, highlighting several “breeds” of dogs:


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Pacoush Haurva — guarding cattle, shepherd


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Wish Haurwa — guarding housing


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Vokhunazga — hunting (following the trail)


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Tauruna (Drachto Hunara) — hunting, trained


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The “genus of dogs” also includes foxes, jackals, hedgehogs, otters, beavers, porcupines.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

On the contrary, the wolf is considered a hostile animal, a product of devas.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Ritual practice


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrians attach great importance to rituals and festive religious ceremonies.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The sacred fire plays an extremely important role in ritual practice, for this reason Zoroastrians are often called “fire worshipers”, although the Zoroastrians themselves consider this name offensive.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

They claim that fire is only an image of God on earth.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In addition, it would not be entirely correct to call the Zoroastrian cult in Russian worship, since during prayer the Zoroastrians do not bow, but maintain a straight body position.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

General requirements for the ritual:


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

the ritual must be performed by a person who has the necessary qualities and qualifications, women usually perform only domestic rituals, they perform other rituals only for the society of other women (if there are no men);


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

the participant in the ritual must be in a state of ritual purity, to achieve which ablution (small or large) is performed before the ceremony, he must wear a sedre, kushti, a hat; if women have long, uncleaned hair, they must be covered with a handkerchief;


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

everyone present in the room where the sacred fire is located must be facing it and not turn their backs;


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

the bandage of the belt is done standing, those present at long rituals are allowed to sit;


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

the presence in front of fire during a ritual of an unbeliever or a representative of another religion leads to the desecration of the ritual and its invalidity.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

the texts of the prayer are read in the original language (Avestan, Pahlavi).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Yasna


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Yasna (yazeshn khani, vaj yasht) means “veneration” or “worship”.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

This is the main Zoroastrian service, during which the Avestan book of the same name is read, performed both on the individual order of the laity and (most often) on the occasion of one of the six gahanbaras — traditional great Zoroastrian holidays (then Jasna is supplemented by Vispered).


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Zoroastrianism

Yasna is always performed at dawn by at least two priests: the main zoot (avest. zotar) and his assistant crucifix (avest. raetvishkar).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The service is held in a special room, where a tablecloth symbolizing the earth is spread out on the floor.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

During the service, various items that have their symbolic meaning are used, primarily fire (atash-dadgah, usually ignited from stationary fire atash-adoryan or varakhram), incense firewood for it, water, chaoma (ephedra), milk, pomegranate sprigs, as well as flowers, fruits, myrtle sprigs, etc.


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Zoroastrianism

Priests sit facing each other on a tablecloth, and believers sit around.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

In the Yasna process, the mobeds do not just honor Akhura Mazda and his good creations, they essentially reproduce the initiation of the world by Ahura Mazda and symbolically fulfill its future “improvement” (Frasho-kereti ).


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

The symbol of this is the parahaoma drink (parahum) prepared during the reading of prayers from a mixture of squeezed ephedra juice, water and milk, part of which is poured onto the fire, and part at the end of the service is given to “communion” to laity.


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Zoroastrianism

This drink symbolizes the miraculous drink that Saoshiant will give to the resurrected people in the future, after which they will become immortal forever and forever.


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Zoroastrianism

Jashn (Jashan)


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Perse.


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Zoroastrianism

Jashn-khani, at the Parses Jashan (from other Persian yašna “veneration”. acc. avest. yasna) — a festive ceremony.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

It is celebrated on small Zoroastrian holidays (jashnas), the most important of which is Navruz — the celebration of the New Year, as well as a continuation of the celebration of gahanbar.


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Zoroastrianism

Jashn-khani is a kind of small Yasna, on which Afrinagans (Afaringans) are read — “blessings”.


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Zoroastrianism

In the process of performing the rite, objects used in Yasna (except chaoma) are also used, symbolizing good creations and Amesaspents.


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Zoroastrianism

Jashna symbolism:


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Zoroastrianism

Sedre Pushi or Navjot


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Zoroastrianism

Sedre pushi (Persian letters. “putting on a shirt”) or Navjot at the Parsi (letters. “new zotar”, originally called the Novzudi rite, see below)


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— the rite of adoption of Zoroastrianism


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Zoroastrianism

The ceremony is conducted by a mobed.


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Zoroastrianism

During the ceremony, the recipient of the faith utters the Zoroastrian creed, the Fravarana prayer, puts on a sacred sedre shirt (sudré), and the mobed ties the sacred koshti belt to him.


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Zoroastrianism

After that, the newly initiated utters Peiman-e din (oath of faith), in which he undertakes to always adhere to the religion of Ahur Mazda and the law of Zarathustra at all costs.


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Zoroastrianism

The ceremony is usually held when the child reaches adulthood (15 years), but can be held at an earlier age, but not earlier than the child can pronounce the creed himself and tie a belt (from 7 years).


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Prayer five times


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Zoroastrianism

Gakhi is a daily reading of prayers five times, named after the periods in the day — gakhs:


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Zoroastrianism

Havan-gah — from dawn to noon;


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Zoroastrianism

Rapitwin gah — from noon to 3 pm;


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Zoroastrianism

Uzerin-gah — from 3 pm to sunset;


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Aivisrutrim-gah — from sunset to midnight;


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Ushahin-gah — from midnight to dawn.


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It can be both collective and individual.


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Zoroastrianism

Praying five times is recognized as one of the main duties of every Zoroastrian.


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Zoroastrianism

Gavakhgiri


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Wedding ceremony in Zoroastrianism.


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Zoroastrianism

Novzudi


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Zoroastrianism

The rite of initiation to the priesthood.


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Zoroastrianism

It is held with a large confluence of mobs and laity.


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Zoroastrianism

The ceremony always involves the previous dedicated mobed in the area.


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At the end of the ceremony, the newly initiated mobed escorts Yasna and is finally confirmed in rank.


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Zoroastrianism

Burial rites


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Zoroastrianism

In different regions of Greater Iran, different methods of burial were practiced depending on local conditions (stone crypts, exposition of corpses, etc.).


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The main requirement for them is the preservation of natural elements in purity.


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Zoroastrianism

Therefore, it is unacceptable for Zoroastrians to bury corpses in the ground and burn corpses, which are recognized as a great sin.


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Zoroastrianism

The traditional method of burial in the surviving Zoroastrian communities of Iran and India is exposition.


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Zoroastrianism

The corpse is left in an open, specially prepared place or in a special structure — “dahma” (“tower of silence”) — for disposal by birds and dogs.


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Zoroastrianism

Dakhma is a circular tower without a roof.


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Zoroastrianism

The corpses were folded into a tower and tied (so that the birds could not carry large parts of the body).


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Zoroastrianism

This custom is due to the fact that the Zoroastrians do not have any respect for the corpse.


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Zoroastrianism

According to the Zoroastrians, a corpse is not a person, but a desecrating matter, a symbol of Ahriman's temporary victory in the earthly world.


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Zoroastrianism

After cleaning the skeleton of soft tissues and drying the bones, they are folded into urns.


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Zoroastrianism

However, in Iran, the traditional funeral ceremony under pressure from Muslims was abandoned in the early 1970s, and Zoroastrians bury bodies in concreted graves and crypts in order to avoid desecration of the land and water in contact with a corpse.


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Zoroastrianism

The burial or carrying of a corpse must be carried out by a minimum of 2 people, burial and carrying the corpse alone is a great sin.


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Zoroastrianism

If there is no second person, a dog can replace him.


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Porse


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Zoroastrianism

Heart-to-heart memorial service and fravashi of the dead.


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Zoroastrianism

It is believed that memorial services to the liking of the deceased should be performed within 30 years after death, in the future only his fravashi are remembered, with which the soul of the righteous is united by this time.


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Zoroastrianism

Barashnum


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A large cleansing ritual performed by a mobed with the dog for 9 days.


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Zoroastrianism

Barashnum is carried out after desecrating a person by touching a corpse or committing a grave sin, before being ordained to the priesthood.


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Zoroastrianism

The sheep is considered very useful for alleviating the posthumous fate.


Question: When did Zoroastrianism come about?

Zoroastrianism

Previously, every Zoroastrian was advised to undergo this ritual at least once in his life, but now this rite is rarely performed.