Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In winter, the influence of cold continental air masses leads to the formation of areas of high pressure in the interior of the country; the average January atmospheric pressure in southern Siberia is 1040 millibars; from these areas of the high-pressure region spread to the west, along the borders of Russia with Kazakhstan and Ukraine.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Under the influence of the location of high-pressure areas in winter, south-westerly winds prevail in European Russia, southern winds in most parts of Siberia, and north-west in the Far East.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In summer, the opposite situation develops; air masses warm up, and areas of low pressure are formed in the Asian part of the country, so the summer direction of the winds is sometimes the opposite of winter; In the European part of Russia in summer, winds blow mainly from the north-west, in Siberia from the north, in the Far East from the southeast.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The above features of the movement of air masses contribute to smoothing out the difference between winter temperatures in the south and north of the country.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Thus, on the Russian Plain, January isotherms have a meridional direction; winter temperatures at one latitude decrease when moving from west to east; the average January temperature in St. Petersburg is -8° C.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

, −27°C in Turukhansk (in the lower reaches of the Yenisei), −43°C in Yakutsk and −50°C in Verkhoyansk.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

At the same time, the average January temperatures along the Mongolian border are only slightly higher than on the coast of the Arctic Ocean.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Cold winds blowing from the mainland in the Far East form low temperatures (for example, in Vladivostok, located at the latitude of the French Riviera, the average January temperature is −14°C).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Summer temperatures are more dependent on the latitude of the terrain; the average July temperature ranges from 4°C on the islands of the Arctic Ocean to 23°C in the Caspian Lowland.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

It should be noted that the extreme temperature values are very different from the average; the lowest temperature in the world (except Antarctica) — −71°C [20]) — was recorded in Oymyakon (southeast of Verkhoyansk); the highest temperature in modern Russia (+45.4°C) was recorded at the Utta weather station in Kalmykia in the summer of 2010 [21].


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

As a result, the difference between winter and summer temperatures is very large (and increases when driving inland).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The average July and January temperatures in Moscow differ by 28°C, 42°C in Turukhansk and 64°C in Yakutsk.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Extremely low winter temperatures are a distinctive feature of the country's climate (in most of the territory the average annual temperatures are below zero, the average annual temperature in Russia is -5.5°C); the duration of the frost-free period in the North Caucasus exceeds 6 months and varies from six to three months in the European part of Russia, from three to one month in Siberia.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In many regions of Russia, a layer of permafrost with a thickness of several hundred meters is formed (on the left bank of Vilyui, the soil freezes to a depth of 1500 m); perennial (eternal) permafrost occupies an area about 10 million km², or 60% of the country's territory.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

At average temperatures below −6° C in some regions of Siberia, as a result of freezing of the upper layers of rocks, perennial heaving mounds are formed - hydrolaccolites - sometimes reaching 60 m in height; the rivers are covered with ice deposits of up to 22 million m³.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

However, due to global warming over the 20th century, the average annual temperature of Russia increased by almost 1° C; warming was most intense in the 1970s and 1990s; 1998 for Russia was the most the warm year of the 20th century.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The most important features of precipitation in Russia are low average long-term rainfall rates and a clearly expressed summer maximum.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In the European part of Russia and Western Siberia, precipitation decreases from the north-west to the south-east.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

These parts of the country receive no more than 600 mm of precipitation per year (the exception is Kaliningrad Oblast, where more than 700 mm of precipitation falls per year); annual rainfall varies from 533 mm in Moscow to 203 mm in the lower reaches of the Volga.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In Eastern Siberia, the annual rainfall almost everywhere does not exceed 400 mm; and Verkhoyansk is only 127 mm, in the Baikal region it is slightly higher (Ulan-Ude is 241 mm).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The average long-term rainfall in the Far East (600—900 mm) is significantly higher (due to the summer monsoons).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

At the same time, the rainfall varies with altitude; on the highest ridges of the Urals, more than 711 mm of precipitation falls per year, in Sikhote-Alin - more than 1000 mm, in the western part of the Greater Caucasus - about 1400 mm.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Snow cover is a characteristic phenomenon for the vast majority of the territory of Russia, its thickness and duration of occurrence have a significant impact on agriculture.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The duration of the snow cover varies both depending on the latitude of the terrain and depending on the absolute height; on the East European Plain it is 40-200 days a year, Siberia — 120-250 days a year.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

[8] :50-59


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Soils, vegetation and wildlife.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Natural areas


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Climatic conditions, soils, vegetation and wildlife are closely interrelated.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Within Russia, several natural zones are distinguished - zones of Arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga, mixed and deciduous forests, forest-steppe,


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

steppes, semi-deserts and deserts.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The most clearly expressed natural zonality is to the west of the Yenisei, to the east of the Yenisei, zonality is weaker due to the complex nature of the relief and the sharply continental climate.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Since a significant part of the country's territory is occupied by mountains, many areas are characterized by high-altitude zones.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

[8] :84-109


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Arctic deserts


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Within the Arctic desert zone there are Franz Josef Land, the Novosibirsk Islands, Wrangel Island, large parts of Novaya Zemlya and Severnaya Zemlya, as well as a number of small islands in the Arctic.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Arctic deserts are barren lands bound by permafrost and covered with large glaciers (the total area of glaciation cover is more than 56 thousand km²).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Soils are very poor in humus.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Vegetation is almost absent and is mainly represented by lichens.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The animal world is also extremely poor — polar bears, beluga whales, narwhals, walruses, and seals live there.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In summer, there are bird markets on the rocks.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

They are created by guillemots, loons.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

[8] :84-109


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Tundra


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The tundra zone covers about 10% of the territory of Russia and lies within the Arctic and subarctic climatic zones; extends from the border with Finland in the west to the Bering Strait on east.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The zone occupies a narrow coastal strip in the far north of the European part of Russia and reaches a maximum width of 500 km in Siberia; it also has a significant length in the extreme north-east of Russia , where it stretches south to the northern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The tundra is almost treeless; permafrost lies close to the surface and retains moisture formed when the topsoil thaws.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The annual amount of precipitation significantly exceeds the evaporation rate.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

As a result of the combination of low temperatures and high humidity, vegetation produces little organic material, so the soils are extremely poor and, due to the slow decomposition of the material, are highly oxidized.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Typical tundra soil includes a thin layer of humus, under which there is a gley horizon; even deeper is permafrost.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The location of vegetation is discrete; lichens, mosses, shrubs, shrubs are numerous.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Since the nature of vegetation changes from north to south, two subzones are distinguished in the tundra - the Arctic tundra with large areas without vegetation and a wide distribution of mosses and lichens, shrub tundra with mosses, lichens, herbs, dwarf birch.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In addition to deer (used by the local population on the farm), typical inhabitants of the tundra are fox, musk ox, lemming, white owl, partridge, loon.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

[8] :84-109


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Forest-tundra


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The forest-tundra zone stretches in a narrow strip (20-200 km) along the southern border of the tundra from the Kola Peninsula to Kolyma.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

It is located within the subarctic climatic zone.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

It differs from the tundra, first of all, in the nature of the vegetation - stunted birch, larch and spruce grow in the forest-tundra.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Peat bogs occupy significant areas.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In the south, the forest-tundra gradually turns into the taiga forest.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

[8] :84-109


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Forest meadow zone


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In Russia, it is found in the south of Kamchatka Krai.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

It is a prioceanic analogue of forest-tundra, from which it differs in a milder and humid climate.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

It consists of meadow-forest landscapes that transition from subarctic to boreal landscapes.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In the Kamchatka River basin, there is an enclave of northern taiga landscapes, which is included in the forest meadow natural zone.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The heat supply is low.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

There is no climatic summer, with the exception of some continental regions, but there is a short period of active vegetation of plants.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Winter on the coast is moderately cold and snowy, in continental areas it is more severe.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Soils belong to the boreal and polar soil belts: soddy-gley, volcanic, taiga underdrills and tundra subdrills.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The coast is occupied by park rock-birch forests, meadows and swamps.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In the mountains there are thickets of dwarf cedar and tundra.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Larch and spruce forests appear in the center of Kamchatka.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Along the banks of the rivers, you can see fragrant poplar and chozenia, and the largest variety of shrubs in Kamchatka is concentrated here.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Taiga


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The Taiga, the largest natural zone in Russia, stretches from Russia's western borders to the Pacific Ocean.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

It occupies the territory of the East European and West Siberian plains to the north of 56°—58° N.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

and most of the territory east of the Yenisei; taiga forests reach the southern borders of Russia in Siberia; in total, the taiga accounts for more than 60% of the area of Russia.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In the meridional direction, the taiga is divided into eastern (east of the Yenisei), with a continental climate, and western, with a milder climate; in general, the climate of the zone is humid, with moderately warm (in the north cool) in summer and harsh winters; in winter — stable snow cover.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In the latitudinal direction, the taiga is divided into three subzones — the northern, middle and southern taiga.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In the western taiga, dense spruce and fir forests on wetlands alternate with pine forests, shrubs and meadows on lighter soils.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Such vegetation is also typical for the eastern taiga, but larch plays a larger role there, not spruce.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The coniferous forest, however, does not form a continuous massif, but is sparse with areas of birch, alder, willow (mainly along river valleys), in waterlogged areas - by extensive swamps.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Fur animals — sable, squirrel, marten, ermine — are widespread within the taiga; elk, brown bear, wolverine, wolf, muskrat live.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

[8] :84-109


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The taiga is dominated by podzolic and permafrost taiga soils characterized by a clearly defined horizontal structure (only in the southern taiga soddy-podzolic soils appear).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

They are formed under the conditions of the washing regime, they are poor in humus.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Groundwater, usually close to the surface in the taiga, leaches iron and calcium from the upper layers; as a result, the upper layer of taiga soil is discolored and oxidized.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Few areas of the taiga suitable for agriculture are located mainly in the European part of Russia.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Large areas are occupied by sphagnous swamps (podzolic marsh soils predominate here).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

To enrich soils for economic purposes, it is necessary to apply lime and other fertilizers.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The Russian taiga has the largest reserves of coniferous wood in the world, but from year to year, as a result of intensive felling, they decrease.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Hunting and agriculture are developed (mainly along river valleys).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Mixed and broad-leaved forests


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The southern taiga in the European part of Russia is replaced by mixed forests.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The zone of mixed and deciduous forests has the form of a triangle, lying at the western borders of the country, while the top rests on the Ural Mountains.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The climate is moderately continental, quite humid; long, warm summers, long, moderately cold winters (in the European part of the zone); the average temperature of July+16... 21°C, January -6... −14°C in European part and up to −28°C in the Far East.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The annual rainfall reaches 500—800 mm.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

This is roughly equal to evaporation.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The moisture coefficient is slightly more than one, so the waterlogging here is much lower than in the taiga.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The main tree species of mixed forests are European spruce, birch and Scots pine, deciduous trees are linden and oak; aspen, ash, elm, maple and hornbeam also grow.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In Western Siberia, the zone continues with a narrow strip of birch and aspen forests that separate the taiga from the forest-steppe.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Agroclimatic conditions in most of the zone are favorable.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Roe deer, wolf, marten, fox and squirrel are common animals.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Soil types change from north to south.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

If podzolic soils are still common in the northern part of the zone, soddy-podzolic soils (under mixed forests) and gray forest (under deciduous forests) predominate in the southern part of the zone, less moistened and less oxidized, compared to pure podzols.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Compared to the soils of the taiga, the soils of mixed forests are rich in humus.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

- There is also a zone of mixed forests in the Far East - in the south of Primorye and the middle Amur Region (the main tree species are Ayan spruce, whole-leaved and white fir, Asian species of oak, elm, hornbeam, Manchurian walnut).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The fauna of the Far Eastern mixed forests is rich and peculiar — the Amur tiger, sika deer, white-breasted bear, raccoon dog, Manchurian hare, Far Eastern forest cat, pheasant, duck live here -mandarin duck, etc.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

; insects are very diverse.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

[8] :84-109


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

According to some modern zoning schemes, the zone of mixed and deciduous forests is divided into zones of subtaiga and deciduous forests.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The zone of subtaiga (mixed forests) stretches in a narrowing strip from Kaliningrad and Smolensk regions in the west and almost to Krasnoyarsk in the east.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Further, after a break, the subtaiga reappears in the south of the Amur Region and ends in the south of the Sakhalin Oblast.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Subtaiga landscapes are included in the group of boreal landscapes, but in essence they are transitional from boreal to subboreal landscapes.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The heat supply of the climate reaches 2000—2200 °С.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Soils in the Eastern European sector are soddy-podzolic, in the West Siberian sector they are gray forest, in the Far Eastern sector they are brown forest.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Boreal species dominate in the forests: European, Siberian (Korean) and Ayan spruce, white and Sakhalin fir, Scots pine, white birches, aspen.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Representatives of the immoral (broad-leaved) complex of plants occur as an impurity, but can prevail in the lower tier of the stand and undergrowth.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The broad-leaved forest zone is found in European Russia and the Far East.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In European Russia, it occupies the south of the Bryansk region.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Broad-leaved forest landscapes from Kaluga Region to Bashkiria are assigned to the northern subzone of the forest-steppe.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In the Far East, the deciduous forest zone covers Primorye and the south of the Amur Region, to the north approximately to the Svobodny — Khabarovsk-Terney line.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Broad-leaved forest landscapes are part of the group of subboreal landscapes.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The heat supply of the climate increases to 2500° C or more.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Zonal soil types in European Russia are gray forest, in the Far East they are brown forest.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The stand consists mainly of an immoral (broad-leaved) plant complex with a predominance of English oak in the west of the country.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In the Far East, the non-moral complex is represented not only by deciduous, but also by some conifers: Korean cedar, whole-leaf fir.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

[22] [24] [25]


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Forest-steppe


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The forest-steppe zone is, as the name suggests, a transition between the forest zone and the steppe; it stretches almost continuously from the borders of Central Ukraine through the East European Plain, the south of the Urals and Western Siberia to Altai.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The average temperature in July is up to 21°C, January up to -8°C in the European part and up to −18°C in Western Siberia.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Soils are gray forest and chernozem (the latter in the northern part of the zone are mainly podzolized and leached); weakly leached meadow-chernozem soils are also common in Western Siberia.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Forests with a predominance of oak and linden (as well as maple and elm in the Volga region) in the European part of the country and with a predominance of birch and aspen in the Asian part (called pegs in Western Siberia) alternate with steppe areas, increasingly expanding to the south, where the forest-steppe gradually passes into the steppe.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

[8] :84-109


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

steppe


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The length of the steppe from north to south in European Russia is about 200 km.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

A wide strip of steppe stretches from southern Ukraine along the southern part of the East European Plain and north of Kazakhstan to the Altai Mountains.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Areas of forest-steppe and steppe are found in mountain basins of Southern Siberia.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Climatic conditions change when moving from west to east; Siberian steppes are characterized by dryness, harsh winters and a high temperature contrast compared to European ones.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Humidification is insufficient (for example, less than 400 mm of precipitation falls in the Kulunda steppes) and unstable.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Moisture factor 1.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The basis of steppe vegetation is feather grass, tipchak, bluegrass, fescue, couch grass, wormwood, steppe shrubs (karagan, spirea, etc.).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Mosses (in the north) and lichens (in the south) also grow in the steppes; ephemers and ephemeroids are common in areas with warm spring; mesophilic grasses play a great role in the north.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Forest vegetation is mainly found in river valleys and lowlands.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In the western part of Russia, natural steppe landscapes are rare; the steppe is almost completely plowed (mainly for grain crops).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Representatives of the steppe fauna are adapted to an arid climate; various types of rodents (marmot, etc.), steppe wolf, fox and antelope (in the south), pallas (in the steppes and forest-steppes) are characteristic Siberia).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The most common birds are steppe eagle, kestrel, lark, gray partridge; bustards, once typical of the steppe, are quite rare.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The main type of steppe soils is chernozem; the name is given by the almost black color of the upper horizon.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Due to the abundance of herbaceous vegetation, the topsoil is very rich in humus.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Frosty winters and dry summers prevent the decomposition of organic material, and humification is intensive.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Most (over 70%) of Russian chernozems are plowed; there is a general degradation of chernozem soils.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In the south of the steppe zone, chernozems are replaced by dark chestnut soils, which are also heavily plowed.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

[8] :84-109


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Semi-desert and desert


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

These natural zones occupy a small part of the territory of Russia and are located within the Caspian Lowland and the southwestern part of Altai Krai.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The climate is dry and continental.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The average January temperature is up to -10°C, July — up to 24°C.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In summer, temperatures in the shade often reach 40°C.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Hydration is extremely insufficient.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In the desert zone, dry winds and dust storms are frequent, which form hills (dunes).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The plants in this zone are hardy.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

This is wormwood, camel thorn and others.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Saksaul also grows here.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Representatives of the animal world characteristic of the steppe zone of Russia also include jerboa, korsak; snakes and lizards are diverse in the steppe.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Soils (chestnut, light chestnut, brown desert-steppe) are highly saline, salt marshes and salt marshes are numerous.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

[8] :84-109j


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Subtropics and subtropics


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In one of the earliest schemes of physico-geographical zoning for Russia, two subtropical natural zones are indicated: the Mediterranean and the zone of evergreen and mixed forests.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Later, a sub-Mediterranean zone was identified.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Mediterranean zone


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

It occupies the southern coast of Crimea and the coast of Krasnodar Krai from Anapa and not reaching Tuapse.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

There is no climatic winter as a season.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The average temperature of the coldest month is +4° C and above.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Rainfall falls 400—1000 mm per year, with a peak during the winter months.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Summers are hot, dry and long.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The dry season lasts from three months or more.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The soils are brown subtropical.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The vegetation cover is represented by evergreen vegetation with the participation of conifers and deciduous species.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The fauna is a mixture of subtropical species and fauna of the middle latitudes.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The conditions in Anapa and Novorossiysk are somewhat different from the general description of the Mediterranean zone.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Both cities belong to the temperate climate zone [27].


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The average temperatures of the coldest month are below +4° C.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Soils are predominantly brown forest, belonging to the subboreal zone [28].


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

A non-moral (broad-leaved) complex of plants with areas of subtropical flora prevails [29].


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Subtropical evergreen and mixed forests


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In Russia, they are found in the Sochi and Tuapse regions.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The closest analogues are in the southeast of the United States and China, southern Korea and Japan.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The territory belongs to the subtropical climatic zone.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The average temperature of the coldest month is above 0° C.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The average temperature of the warmest month is above +21° C.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Precipitation falls from 800-1200 mm or more per year.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Zonal soils are subtropical yellowish and red soils.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The vegetation is represented by a mixture of deciduous, evergreen and coniferous species.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The structure of the stand is multi-tiered, vines and epiphytes are abundant in the forests.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Here, more thermophilic species are added to the animals common for deciduous forests.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Sub-Mediterranean zone


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

It includes the southern coast of Crimea and the Black Sea coast of Krasnodar Krai, north to Anapa.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The zone consists of sub-Mediterranean and humid forest landscapes, the latter found on the Sochi-Tuapse line.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Both belong to the group of pre-subtropical landscapes that transition from subboreal to subtropical types of landscapes.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Some parts of pre-subtropical landscapes are located in the south of Dagestan, outside the sub-Mediterranean zone.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

There is no climatic winter.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The average temperature of the coldest month is above 0° C (usually 0... +5° C).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The absolute minimum temperature is -20° C and below.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The vegetation of plants is interrupted for a short winter period.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The heat supply of the climate reaches 4500° C.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Summer is dry, in the Sochi region it is humid from behind the mountains.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Zonal soil types are subtropical yellowlands, redheads and brown soils.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The forests are dominated by a non-moral (deciduous) complex of plants: oaks, beech, chestnut, ash, hornbeam, maples, alder.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In the undergrowth and in places in the lower tier of the stand, evergreen subtropical flora is found: holly, boxwood, strawberry tree, Pontic rhododendron, laurel cherry, etc. The subtropical complex also includes ficus (figs), pomegranate, pistachio, etc.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Trees in humid places are covered with vines: ivy, grapes, smilax, obvoinik, clematis.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

It should be noted that according to the climate norm approved by the WMO 1981-2010. According to winter conditions, Sochi already corresponds to humid subtropical landscapes, which are characterized by the temperature of the coldest month from +5° C and above and absolute minimums not lower than -10... -15° C [30], which contributes to year-round vegetation of plants and is favorable for the growth of evergreen forests.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

[22] [24]


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Statistics


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Area and borders


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Area (here and further in the section — within actual boundaries [31])


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

total:


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

(as of January 1 of the year), of which:


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

water surface: km² or% of the total territory of the country


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

sushi: Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character “[”.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

km², of which:


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

forest land: km² or% of the total territory of the country


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

forest plantations outside the forest fund: km² or%


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

swamps: 1,545,357 km² or Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character “[”.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

farmland: 2,220,402 km² or Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character “[”.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

permafrost: >11 million km² or 65% [32]


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

An integral part of the territory of the Russian Federation, in addition to land and inland waters (lakes, rivers), is also inland sea waters, which include (1) port waters; (2) waters of bays, bays, lips and estuaries (the shores of which fully owned by the Russian Federation), with the width of the entrance (s) to them less than 24 nautical miles (44.4 km); (3) the waters of bays, bays, lips and estuaries (the shores of which belong entirely to the Russian Federation) with an entrance width of more than 24 nautical miles that historically belong to Russia, the list of which is established by the Government of the Russian Federation and published in the Notices to Mariners.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Area distortions in the Mercator projection.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

On many maps, the northern territories look exaggerated.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Correlation of the territory of the Russian Federation with northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Borders


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Total length: 60,932 km [34]


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Countries bordering Russia: Abkhazia (245 km); Azerbaijan (350 km); Belarus (1239 km); Georgia (561 km); Kazakhstan (7,598.6 km); China (4,209.3 km); North Korea (39.4 km); Latvia (270.6 km); Mongolia (3,485 km); Norway (219.1 km); Ukraine (2,245.8 km [35]); Finland (1325.8 km); Estonia (466.8 km), South Ossetia (74.0 km).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Kaliningrad Oblast, which is an exclave, borders Lithuania (288.5 km) and Poland (236.3 km).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

With Japan (194.3 km) and the United States (49 km), Russia has only maritime borders [36] [37].


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The length of the coastline


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

About 38.5 thousand km [38]


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Maritime possessions


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Territorial waters (territorial sea): 12 nautical miles [33] (22.2 km) from coastline (from land area (including all islands) or from inland sea waters if present in the form of corresponding ports, bays, bays, gulfs and estuaries) [33]


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Contiguous area: 24 nautical miles [33] (44.4 km) from the coastline (from land territory (including all islands) or from inland sea waters if available in the form of appropriate ports, bays, bays, lips and estuaries) or 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the outer boundary of territorial waters


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Exclusive economic zone (EEZ): 200 nautical miles [39] (370.4 km) from land territory (including all islands) or from inland sea waters where the latter are available in the form of appropriate ports, bays, gulfs and estuaries); that is, the internal boundary of the EEZ is the outer limit of the territorial sea (territorial waters) [39]


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Continental shelf: the seabed and subsoil of underwater areas (from 200 m or at a depth of exploitation up to 500—1500 m as in the south of the Sea of Okhotsk); located outside the territorial sea ( territorial waters), that is, within an EEZ (200 nautical miles) provided that the outer limit of the continental margin does not extend more than 200 nautical miles from the inland boundary territorial sea; if the continental margin extends more than 200 nautical miles from these baselines, the outer limit of the continental shelf coincides with the outer limit the underwater margin of the continent, determined in accordance with the norms of international law (that is, the shelf in this case extends beyond the EEZ).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The total area of territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone of Russia is about 7 million km² in total.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The area of the continental shelf under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation is about 5 million km², which is about 1/5 of the shelf area of the World Ocean.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Nature


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Land resources


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The total land fund of the Russian Federation is more than 1,710 million hectares.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Less than 20% has been mastered.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

About 15% of the land area in Russia is unsuitable for agriculture.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

7.11% of the soil is ploughed.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Forest resources


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

They account for 22% of the world's forests and 1/4 of the world's wood reserves


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

About 50% of the territory of Russia is covered with forest.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Animal world


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

List of mammals in Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

List of birds in Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

List of reptiles in Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

List of amphibians in Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

List of freshwater fish in Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Extreme elevations


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

lowest point:


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

on the Caspian Lowland: −28 m


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

highest point:


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Mount Elbrus: 5,642 m [37]


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

See also


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Economic geography of Russia


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Notes


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Literature


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Gerasimova M. I., Soil geography of the USSR, M., 1987.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Davydova M. I., Rakovskaya E.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

M., Tushinsky G. K. Physical geography of the USSR.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

VOL. 1. M., Education Publ., 1989.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Davydova M. I., Rakovskaya E.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

M. Physical geography of the USSR.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

VOL. 2. M., 1990.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Isayeva A. I., Rivers and Lakes of the Soviet Union, L., 1971.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Mescheryakov Yu.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

A. Relief of the USSR.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

M., 1972.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Milanovsky E.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

E.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

, Geology of Russia and neighboring countries.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

M, MSU Publishing House, 1996.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

ISBN 5-211-03387-6


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Rakovskaya E.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

M., Davydova M. I., Physical Geography of Russia.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Part 1-2.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

M., Vlados Publ., 2001.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

ISBN 5-691-00687-8


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Sokolov A. A., L., Gidrometeoizdat, 1952


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Syroechkovsky E.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

E.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

, Rogacheva V. V., Animal world of the USSR.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

M, 1975.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Encyclopedias and reference books:


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Geography of Russia: Encyclopedic Dictionary.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

M., 1998.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The geological structure of the USSR and the patterns of mineral deposits placement.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

In 10 volts. L, 1984—1989.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

The Red Data Book of the Russian Federation: Animals.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

M, AST, 2001.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

ISBN 5-17-005792-X.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

New Russian Encyclopedia, Nature of Russia, vol. 1, pp. 11—157.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

M., Encyclopedia Publ., 2003.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

ISBN 5-94802-003-7 (and Volkova O. A., Borsuk O. A., Badyukov D. D., Geography of Russia. M, Encyclopedia, 2005. ISBN 5-94802-011-8).


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

See also in the scientific library of Moscow State University.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

M. IN. Lomonosov.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

References


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

(in English)


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

Fedor Dmitrievich Studitsky.


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia

“Geography of Russia for Children”


Question: What is the length of Russia?

Geography of Russia


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Puja (Sanskrit: pūjā) is one of the main rituals of worship and veneration in Hinduism.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

God is the object of worship, but given the divine aspects seen by Hindus in a wide range of objects, the puja can be dedicated to living people — a spiritual teacher, swami, or relatives, as well as animals or even inanimate objects.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Presumably, it has ritual roots in the rituals of honoring guests, as well as appeasing spirits.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The idea of puja is direct, often personalized, contact with the deity in order to express devotion, love, or receive his mercy, blessing and favor [1].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The rite involves serving in various forms, including offering food, lighting incense, washing, dancing, singing sacred hymns, and reciting mantras [2].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Within the framework of each of the sampradai, the theological and philosophical traditions of Hinduism, its own rules for conducting puja have been developed [1].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

General information


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Puja can be addressed to a wide range of objects of veneration.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The main object is the deity, but the puja is also intended for any revered person or object endowed with sacred qualities.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

These include a spiritual teacher or guru, and a respected person, or swami.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Sacred animals or plants identified with deities are also objects of worship.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Finally, the puja honors relatives, including the deceased.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The ritual is held indoors, primarily at home and in temples.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

In open spaces, puja is performed near a sacred object, such as a sacred tree or a confluence of rivers [3].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The variety of pujas and their widespread use led the British professor of anthropology to call puja “the main ritual of popular theistic Hinduism” [4].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The purpose of the puja can be both to express devotion, love and selfless service to the deity, and to seek his mercy, blessing and favor [1].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

God is the transcendental Supreme Reality, or Brahman.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

However, out of mercy for man, he descends into his material image, accessible to the believer.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The divine image on the puja is treated as a visible likeness of God himself [3].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

During the puja, offerings are offered to the object of worship.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

These include incense and fruits, flowers and leaves of sacred trees, water and drinks, sweets, and the fire of a lamp.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

After the puja, offerings are given to puja participants as consecrated food or objects as a manifestation of mercy [3].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

A person who performs puja, that is, performs the full range of necessary activities, from offerings to prayers, is called “pujari”.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Depending on the nature and place of the ritual, the role of pujari is performed by men of different social groups.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

It is spoken at home by the head of the family, in the temple by a brahmana, and in the countryside by one of the admirers of the deity who does not necessarily belong to the varna of the brahmanas.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

For large and special pujas, the participation of a brahman is mandatory.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

One brahmana or group of brahmanas may be invited to the homes of believers to perform a ritual in accordance with all rules.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

In some brahmana sects, puja is treated as an inappropriate ritual, instead of which a yagna should be performed [5].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

A puja dedicated to the deity, Hinduism, is held in front of a consecrated image called murti, as well as before an artistic image of the deity.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

In temples, the object of worship is treated as the owner of a holy place and the face of royal blood.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Puja repeats the royal court ceremony with the reception of a dear guest.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Pujas in temples and, less often, at home are held several times a day.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The first is held in the morning at dawn, when the deity “awakens”.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The morning hymn “suprabhatam” is sung to him, after which he is washed, dressed and fed.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

This is followed by a ritual of veneration with hymns, mantras and sacred texts.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The last puja is held in the evening when the deity is “put to bed”.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

After the evening puja, darshan, that is, access to the deity to see him, ends before the morning service [3].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The temple puja is a complex daily ceremony.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

In household use, puja is carried out in a simplified form.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

On holidays, the temple murti are transported by chariot through the streets, which is called “ratha-yatra”.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Puja changed another, earlier, Vedic form of worship — sacrifice, or yagna.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The bloody sacrifices of animals characteristic of early Hinduism are almost completely replaced by the more humane puja.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

However, they are preserved in some Shivaite sects, as well as among admirers of the goddesses Kali and Durga [2].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

In Jainism, puja is held only in the Shvetambar sect.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

However, among its members, there is a division between those who honor images in temples and those who refuse to do so.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The former are called “murtipujaka” (murtipujaka), while others are called sthanakvas and therapanthas.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

When a jain performs a puja in honor of tirthankara, or arhat, he does not expect any grace from him in return.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Tirthankara is considered a liberated being, not a mercy deity.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

At the same time, the Jains of the Shvetambar sect address pujas to secondary gods and goddesses, as well as spiritual personalities who can bring positive results for practice [3].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Puja to local saint, deity, tirthankara and river


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Puja in honor of Saint Malaiperumal, Alathur village temple in Tamil Nadu


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Puja on the Shipra River (Madhya Pradesh)


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Jain puja: foot washing of Gomateshvara statue (Bahubali), Karnataka


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Puja River Ganges in Varanasi


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

As a result of the migration of the Indian population outside South Asia, the puja penetrated into the cultural and religious environment of other peoples, sometimes with some changes.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

For example, the healing ritual Kali-Mai, practiced in South American Guyana, is a local adaptation of the puja of the mother goddess Kali brought by Hindus who migrated here en masse during British colonial rule [6].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

etymology


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Scientists disagree on the origin of the ritual and the etymology of “puja”.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Many Indologists believe that puja was originally a Dravidian spiritual practice — in other words, practiced in pre-Aryan ancient India in the cults of local and ancestral deities.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Signs of this are the distinction between the Aryan, that is, Brahman, Yagna and Dravidian puja; the refusal of orthodox brahmana sects following Vedic traditions to participate in the puja; the popularity of puja in village cults; and the role of low-caste, and therefore non-Aryan hereditary pujaris in village pujas.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

However, for the hypothesis about the Dravidian origin of the term, there are not enough linguistic arguments.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

In 1926, Swedish orientalist Jarl Charpentier (Swedish: Jarl Charpentier) proposed that “puja” be considered a derivative word of Tamil “puchu” (pucu) or kannada “pushu” (pusu), which means “smear” [7].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Both Tamils and Kannada have Dravidian roots, and “puchu” or “pushu” may indicate the use of sandalwood, turmeric or kumcum paste or powder in puja [8].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

An alternative hypothesis was put forward by German Sanskritologist Paul Thieme in 1939 [9].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

He suggested that the term comes from the Sanskrit word “puja” (puja), which means “to mix.”


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The rationale was the use of a mixture of honey and water called madhuparka, which was offered to guests in ancient India.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Analyzing the use of the term “puja” in sutras and epic literature, Paul Thieme concludes that the word was used in the ritual of greeting or worshiping guests.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The ritual actions and gestures characteristic of puja are still used in India to honor guests, as well as other respected individuals, sacred plants and animals, weapons or sacred accessories.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

In addition, parts of the ancient ritual for guests, such as offering space and washing their feet, play an important role in modern pujas.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

However, it is noted that traces of the guest ritual are less common in rural practice, as well as pujas of unorthodox traditions, in particular, Buddhist and Jain traditions.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Thus, the question of the origin of the term remains open [8].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Pooja and sacrifice


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Puja as a ritual has been preserved since ancient India.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In early Hinduism, two ways of obtaining divine mercy were practiced.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The first was the yagna, a fiery ritual of sacrifice, in which the fire god Agni acted as an intermediary between man and the gods.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The second was puja, during which the believer showed his devotion, service and love for the deity [8].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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A distinctive feature of the puja is the fact that God is represented in a symbolic form.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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It can be a murti, an artistic image, or a sacred symbol.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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During the Vedic period, the yagna was the main ritual.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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A properly conducted yagna could be more powerful than the gods themselves.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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To achieve the desired result, it was enough to conduct a yagna in compliance with all requirements.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The yagna master, who knew the subtleties of the ritual, was highly revered in society, which led to a special attitude towards the brahmanas.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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On the contrary, the puja, available to every mortal, was a means of direct communication with the deity.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Puja is first mentioned in sacred texts that complement the Vedas and are known as sutras.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Early sutras date back to 600—400 BC.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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, which can provide a time reference point for the appearance of the ritual.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Puja developed and spread as the Vedic deities of natural forces faded into the background and anthropomorphic cults became established.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Puja valued “moral” purity, while in the yagna it was “ritual” purity [10].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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It is generally accepted that nomadic tribes of pastoralists who settled in North India in the 1500s BC. e.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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, who were later called the Aryans, preferred to communicate with divine forces through the yagna ritual.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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They poured ghee into the fire, sang sacred hymns, and called on nature's deities.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The sedentary communities of the Indian subcontinent, engaged in agriculture and called the Dravidians, revered the deities with flowers and fruits.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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By 500 A.D.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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the practice of the Yagna has been significantly reduced, mainly under the influence of Buddhism.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Puja has become the main ritual of Hinduism, whose rules are described in detail in temple texts known as agams.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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As the culture of bhakti spread, puja became more popular.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In modern Hinduism, puja prevails, but the yagna is preserved in ancestral rituals, such as weddings, as well as in the temple brahmana community [8].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The worship of Vishnu and Shiva, the deities of the Trimurti, was based on puja.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In “Walking Beyond Three Seas”, Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin, who traveled to Medieval India in 1468-1475, describes in general terms worship during a visit to the famous temple of Mallicarjuna on Mount Srishailam near Hyderabad.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Nikitin calls the temple the Persian word “buthana”, and the idol - “butom” [11].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Without understanding the pantheon of the gods, the merchant describes a puja in honor of Shiva, which can be identified by the presence of trishula and the mount Nandi: “In buthana, the booth is carved from black stone, huge, and the tail He was thrown over him, and raised his right hand high and stretched out, like Justinian, king of Tsaregrad, and a spear in his left hand by the buth. He wears nothing, only his hips are bandaged and the face of monkeys. And other booths are completely naked, nothing is worn on them (the disgrace is not covered), and the butova wives are carved naked, with shame and with children. And in front of the buth there is a huge bull, carved from black stone and all gilded. And they kiss him on the hoof, and they put flowers on him. And flowers are poured on the buta” [12].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In some rituals, the Vedic yagna has become an integral part of puja


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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A group yagna in honor of Bhumi-Devi, or Mother Earth, with the invitation of honored guests


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Homemade Satya Narayana Puja (in honor of Vishnu) in a brahmana family


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Upachara: sequence of actions


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Upachara is an ordered sequence of actions performed during puja [14].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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At the puja, the deity is offered fruits, specially prepared food, water, incense, flowers and other offerings.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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As an act of devotion, ritual is both a service to the deity and a means to win his favor.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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A home ritual is an abbreviated version of temple service.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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There are four groups of upachars.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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First, the deity is summoned and invited to enter into his image.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Secondly, the deity is washed, he is offered water for washing his feet and water for rinsing his mouth.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The third, main group, offers various offerings to the deity, from clothes and incense to perfumes and flowers.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In the fourth and last group, the deity is honored and seen off.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Although the upachara differs depending on the nature of the puja, the typical set consists of 16 upacharas, or actions.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The final action is arati, or the consecration of the murti with a ghee lamp or camphor.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Murti is consecrated in a circular motion, after which those present are invited to sanctify themselves from the fire [15].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The most common ritual actions include the following [14]:


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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* in a temple or home altar room that allows you to walk around the murti.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Separate packers


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Abhisheka: washing murti with milk


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Pushpa: a “waterfall” of flowers


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Nayvedia in the village: food offer


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Prostration by pilgrims


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Arathi: consecration with a ritual lamp


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Funeral supplies


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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To perform the pachar, several ritual items are required [14]:


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Puja Funeral Set


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Homemade puja


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Deva-puja, or puja for the gods, is held in four places.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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These include [8]:


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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family sanctuaries where a domestic deity is revered;


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Temples dedicated to the gods of the pantheon of India, such as Vishnu or Shiva


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Open spaces during religious holidays held either by temples or by local communities


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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shrines or temples of local village deities.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In each of these cases, puja is performed differently, including both ritual gestures and sequence of actions, as well as the minimum necessary set of offerings to the deity.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Pujas are held according to established rules, which differ depending on sampradaya traditions, territory, and revered deity.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Most Hindu believers perform pujas daily at home [8].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The deities for homemade puja are griha-devata, or “deity of the house”, kula-devata, or “ancestral deity”, ishta-devata, or the chosen deity of an individual a family member.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In the past, apparently, they were images of ancestors or yaksha, the spirit of nature revered by ancestors.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Divine images are passed down from generation to generation.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In families, they are usually pebbles with or without marks.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Each of them is washed and decorated with sandalwood paste, turmeric or kumcum, illuminated by a lamp, fumigated with incense.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Each deity is unique: he has his favorite flowers and fruits, a special day and a special ritual.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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On some days, one of the family deities is given individual attention.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The rest of the time, hereditary images are an integral part of the house deities group.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The main place in the home pantheon is given to patriarchal and matriarchal deities, which reflects the family hierarchy.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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New members of the family, daughters-in-law, come into the house with their own ishta devata.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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He joins the home pantheon, and as the hostess grows up and children and grandchildren appear, the deity shifts to the head of the group of domestic deities [16].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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At the same time, the family can honor a deity, which may be a chosen form of deity from the pantheon of India.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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A deity or group of deities is placed on an altar or in a separate small room that is reserved exclusively for worship.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In India, the altar site is called “pujasala”.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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On the altar there are images of deities, or murti, who can stand on a table or on a low platform.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In addition, images of deities, or murti, are often placed in a wooden “temple” closet, the doors of which are opened only during the service [8].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Homemade puja and altar


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Homemade Ganeshe Puja, East India


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Home altar in honor of Durga


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The altar room, Orissa


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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“Temple” cupboard for homemade puja


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Homemade puja deities on the pedestal: Lakshmana, Rama and Sita


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Not only images of deities, or murti, act as objects of home worship.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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They can be symbolic forms of God.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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For Vaishnavs, this role is played by stone shalagrams, in Shaivas by lingams.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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As the British noted back in the 19th century, the puja in honor of the lingam consisted mainly of washing it with water and offering flowers [17].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The head of the family, or its oldest member, takes over the functions of the pujari.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The rest of the family are present during the puja or perform some auxiliary tasks, for example, supplying water, flowers, offerings, or watering the murti with a special fan, the chamara.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Puja participants offer their obeisances and prostrations to the deity, and sing hymns and mantras together to him.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In the Vaishnava tradition, the food offered to Vishnu is distributed to everyone present after the puja is completed as a blessing of the deity, or prasadam.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In Shaivism, believers drink water that was washed by the lingam.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Consecrated food is consumed immediately after the puja, after which its participants stay at the altar for a while in peace and silence [8].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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A special ritual is held in honor of Lakshmi, the goddess of fortune and happiness.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The goddess is often presented symbolically as a metal pot of water standing on an embankment of raw rice and topped with coconut and a crown of mango leaves.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In addition, Lakshmi is worshiped in the form of yantras, sacred diagrams that reflect her divine qualities [18].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Lakshmi pujas are organised on Fridays.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Worshiping the goddess lies with the female part of the family.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The names of Lakshmi are glorified early in the morning, puja is performed and slokas are read during the day, and they do not go to bed at night, remembering Lakshmi and saying prayers and mantras to her [19].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Lakshmi Puja offers lotus flowers, sweet food and the bride's wedding dress.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Lakshmi represents wealth and success, so it is believed that honoring her should lead to an improvement in the financial situation.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Lakshmi puja is widely used in trade and finance.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Back in 1839, the Journal of the Royal Asian Society of Great Britain and Ireland wrote about the custom: “Lakshmi is worshiped on the day of the new moon. Shopkeepers and bankers take out all their books, put a coin on each, and then perform puja, offering them sandalwood paste and flowers, and then worship. They do this to thrive throughout the year that is just beginning” [20].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Homemade puja offerings


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Puja offering: coconut, banana and sweets


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Krishna Puja Supplies


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Offering flowers and food for puja in Bali, Indonesia


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Pooja to living people


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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A variant of homemade puja can be attributed to an unorthodox puja dedicated to a living person.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The object of worship is a spiritual teacher, a guru or acharya [21].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The puja is public in nature and attracts followers of the teacher.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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At the puja, a guru is treated as a living god or an incarnation of a deity.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The gurus bring garlands and other ornaments, light incense, wash his feet and grease them with sandalwood paste, and present him with food and drinks.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In conclusion, pujas meditate on the guru and receive his blessing.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Followers can drink water from pre-washed feet.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Puja in honor of the guru was widely used in Buddhism and Krishnaism [22].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Writer Romain Rolland, in his biography of a teacher and mystic Ramakrishna, notes that he conducted a tantric puja in honor of his wife:


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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When his wife Saradadevi first visited him in Dakshineswar in 1872, Ramakrishna, full of affection for her and deep, almost religious respect, free from desire, from the slightest a touch of sensuality, recognized her as a deity and gave her proper honors.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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One night in May, having made all the preparations required by the cult, he seated Saradadevi on the throne of Kali and performed a ritual — “shorashi puja” — worshiping a woman.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Both of them fell into an ecstatic semi-conscious (or superconscious) state.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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When he regained consciousness, he greeted the Holy Mother in the person of his friend, who, in his opinion, was embodied in this living symbol of immaculate humanity.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In modern India and beyond, Ramakrishna, as an outstanding spiritual figure, has himself become the object of worship at the puja.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Founded by his disciple, the Ramakrishna Mission conducts “Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Guru-puja”.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The ritual is performed by Ramakrishna followers in honor of their teacher on the first Sunday of each year since the 1930s [23].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Temple puja and ratha-yatra


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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A full puja at home, consisting of sixteen upacharas, is an abbreviated version of temple service.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The daily compulsory temple service, or “nitya-puja”, in front of the main murti of the temple differs both in scale and in the number of rituals.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Depending on the tradition and wealth of the temple, puja is performed three to six times a day.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The pujaris are brahmanas or members of the priestly caste.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In some temples, the pujaris are hereditary, meaning that the brahmana family serves the same temple from generation to generation.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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However, in the brahman community, temple ministers have a lower status than those who perform Vedic rituals, that is, members of the small tradition of Vaikhanas [24].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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With the exception of the puja in honor of Shiva, which is always addressed to a non-anthropomorphic lingam, the object of worship in temples is an anthropomorphic, that is, a humanoid image.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The temple puja is addressed to two types of murti.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The main temple murti, as a rule, consists of hard rock stone, less often a special cement mixture.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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It is called “mula vigraha” (mula vigraha).


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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A multi-ton murthy never moves from its seat.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Daily services are held around the main deity.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The second form of temple murti is known as utsava vigraha, which is a small likeness of the main deity.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The Little Murti can be carried and is used for festive processions and pujas outside the temple.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Utsava vigraha builds from an alloy of five pancha-loka metals, including copper, tin, lead, iron, silver, and less often gold [24].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Temple puja


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Temple Puja Preparation with Lotus Offerings


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Durga puja at Dakeshwari Temple (Bangladesh)


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Puja to Goddess Kamakhya at Kamakhaya Temple (Guwahati)


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Shaiva boy after offering arati at Nandi Temple in Bangalore


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The main deity of the temple is revered as the master of the temple and everything that belongs to the temple, including gifts and donations from believers.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The deity of the temple is treated as the face of royal blood.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The daily temple puja ritual changes according to the time of day.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In the morning, the deity “wakes up” from sleep, while in homemade puja it is summoned into its image.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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His temple is like a palace, and temple priests act as palace servants.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Accordingly, the throne serves as the “place” of God, and the crown is necessarily included in the jewelry set.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The portable murti are taken out of the temple every day, after which a detour is made around the temple grounds, just as the Rajas in India in the past bypassed their possessions [24].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Temple pujas vary by tradition and region.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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For example, in South India, dancing girls called devadasi can perform during puja.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Temple dancers who are dedicated to the deity at birth or by parental vow are part of the temple staff.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Shiva Puja includes many tantric elements.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In particular, a brahmana begins puja by calling the god Shiva into his own body.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In the Vaishnava tradition, guest dancers, musicians and singers are involved in large temples.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The number of social groups serving temple puja can be as many as a dozen.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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These include brahmanas who provide food to the deity and pilgrims, gardeners who grow tulasi and flowers for rituals, and others.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The daily duties of each group are clearly regulated [24].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Temple pujas are not considered a collective action, as in homemade puja, where pujari acts for the benefit of all family members.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In the temple, believers can fulfill their individual requests through special offerings.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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This practice is known as “kamya puja”, or puja for personal purposes.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The temple visitor will ask a brahmana or special person in charge of kamya puja to perform a ritual for him.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In return, the visitor makes a donation to the temple or brahmana.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Such “optional” pujas are most often held in small shrines located on the territory of the temple complex.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The brahman, on behalf of the petitioner, lays fruits and flowers at the feet of the deity or puts on him a garland or ornaments [24].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Temple pujas can be addressed to spiritual personalities who are attributed divine qualities.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In India, one of the ideologists of the Indian independence movement, Mahatma Gandhi, is among them.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In Mangalur, Karnataka, in 1948, a clay statue of Mahatma Gandhi was erected on the territory of Sri Brahma Baydarkala Garadi Kshetra Temple, which was replaced by a granite statue in 2013.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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A puja is performed three times a day in honor of Gandhi, and on October 2, a special puja is organized every year for his birthday [25].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Large temples hold festivals related to the deities to whom they are dedicated.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The most popular temple festival is ratha-yatra, or “chariot festival”.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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During the ratha-yatra, a portable temple murti is mounted on a large chariot.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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It is a ceremonial cart, the height of which can reach several floors.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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A pair of brahmanas serving the murti sit in the chariot.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The chariot itself is manually pulled by several dozen believers, for whom riding a deity is considered a great blessing.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The procession is accompanied by a column of participants, formed by social groups.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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The procession follows a pre-planned route, usually along the neighborhoods surrounding the temple.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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On the ratha-yatra, everyone has the opportunity to see the deity, which is called “darshan”.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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In the direction of the movement, believers throw flowers to the chariot, beat coconuts or sprinkle water on the wagon.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

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Local communities can also host “festivals” where the Murti appear publicly and celebrate.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Public associations or wealthy families order clay statues of the deity for the festive puja.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The sculpture is accompanied by music and dancing, after which it is immersed in the waters of the river, where it dissolves.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Festive pujas with temporary images of a deity are especially popular in Bengal in northeastern India [24].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Public associations in the form of associations for organizing puja became widespread after India gained political independence.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

They are created and operate to sponsor annual citywide pujas.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Members of the association collect donations from neighbors and friends, order the production of divine images for worship in temporary sanctuaries during the holidays, and hire brahmanas for the ritual [26].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Ratha-yatra in honor of Jagannatha is celebrated in both India and Europe


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Ratha-Yatra in Puri, India, 2007


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Ratha-Yatra in Paris 2008


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Ratha-Yatra in Wroclaw (Poland), 2010


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Ratha-Yatra in Birmingham, England, 2011


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Village puja


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Puja in rural areas is very different from urban traditions.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The village puja is dedicated to local deities called gramadevata.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

According to some signs, they may recognize the deities of the pan-Indian pantheon, but more often they are not related to each other.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Gramadevata are objects of worship exclusively by the local community.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Among them, cults of angry goddesses predominate, similar in image to Kali or Durga [24].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Under the influence of syncretism, the cults of local goddesses merged with the trimatrices, or goddesses of Trimurti.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

In the past, Vedic animal sacrifice was common in village pujas.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

During the Vedic period, sacrifice was seen as a universal ritual for achieving any goal.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The killing of an animal was not considered an act of violence, as it was prescribed by the Vedas and could lead to the rebirth of the animal into a new body under better conditions [27].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Human sacrifices were also encountered and intended primarily for angry goddesses.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

During British rule, government reports preserved evidence of regular human sacrifices in the 19th century in Kamakhaya (Assam) and Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu) in honor of Devi, that is, Durga or Kali.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

These rare phenomena persisted in some areas, despite the disapproval of animal killing and the ban on human casualties [27].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The cult of village goddesses is best known in South India.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The local deity is most often represented by a ancestral or community goddess.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Her name includes “Amma” or “Mother”.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Village temples for Amma are very common and popular, although in rural conditions they can be the simplest religious building.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Sometimes places of veneration are nothing more than a fenced area outside the village.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The image of the goddess is brought to the place for the ritual.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

If the image is permanent, then it can be a symbolic form - for example, a mark on a stone rock, a clay pot or a fire lamp.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

The village temple serves a low-caste hereditary pujaris, that is, not a brahmana.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

It may be one of the admirers of the goddess from the potter caste, who plays the role of a medium in a mystical connection with the goddess.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Village pujas are not necessarily performed on a regular basis, nor do they perform all the upacharas.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Village puja can include the simplest offering of coconut, bananas, neem, or betel leaves, as well as turmeric and boiled rice.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

This is the most common list of humane village puja offerings.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

In the case of sacrifice, the victims are sheep, goats, poultry or buffalo.


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Festive pujas include solemn processions around the village, often with a torchlight procession [28].


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Village puja


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Kali: a popular village goddess


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Holiday puja: deity rafting down the river, Kerala


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Durge street puja on the outskirts of Udaipur


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Animal sacrifice at Kali Temple in Belshwar (Assam)


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Pooja with repentance in West Bengal


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Notes


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Literature


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

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Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

External link in |title= (help)


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Category:Hindu Worship


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Category:Sacrifices


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Category:Vedanta


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Category:Hinduism


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Category:Symbols of Hinduism


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Category:Concepts of Hinduism


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Category:Vishnu


Question: When did puja first appear as a ritual?

Pooja

Category:Vaishnavism


Question: Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR troops in 1937?

Commander-in-Chief of the USSR and Russian Air Forces

This list contains the names, period of life and tenure of all immediate superiors, (commanders, commanders) of the Air Force (Fleet) of the Russian Republic, the USSR and of the Russian Federation.


Question: Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR troops in 1937?

See also


Question: Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR troops in 1937?

Commander-in-Chief of the Land Forces of the USSR and Russia


Question: Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR troops in 1937?

Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Missile Forces of the USSR and Russia


Question: Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR troops in 1937?

Russian Navy executives


Question: Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR troops in 1937?

Airborne commanders


Question: Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR troops in 1937?

List of commanders of military districts and fleets (Russia)


Question: Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR troops in 1937?

Notes