Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Svetlana thinks he killed Anton, so she attacks him with all her might.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

As a result, she is temporarily deprived of abilities that will take years to recover.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Geser understands that Vitaly is the Mirror, a product of Twilight, which arises to restore the balance between the Dark and the Light.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Now that Svetlana is exhausted, the balance has been restored, and the Mirror must go away.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

A different force


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The Inquisition is going in Prague, where its European Bureau moved after the attack of the Dark Sect “Brothers Regina” on Bern, to consider the duel between Igor Teplov and Alisa Donnikova for violation of the Treaty.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The case of sectarians who delivered Fafnir's claw to Moscow will also be considered.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Anton Gorodetsky goes to the court from the Night Watch, and Edgar from the Day Watch.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Each of them tries to understand the plans of Heser and Zebulon, as well as their role in them.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Edgar thinks that Zebulun, at the turn of the millennium, is going to resurrect Fafnir, a strong Dark One, who could tilt the balance of power in favor of the Day Watch.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The magician studies the features of the ritual and believes that Zebulon decided to sacrifice it, since outwardly everything says exactly this, up to the necessary photos of Edgar and Fafnir on the table of the head Moscow Day Watch.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Anton and Igor come to the idea that Svetlana's unborn child will be the messiah, the strongest Light.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

This explains the correction of Svetlana's book of fate and Zavulon's actions against her, but Igor's role in all this remains unclear.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Geser, who arrived, confirms their assumptions, but cannot tell more.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

At the trial, the Inquisition first considers the case of sectarians who are prohibited from using magic for the rest of their lives.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

After that, the heads of the Moscow Patrols are interrogated.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Geser's actions to correct Svetlana's book of fate do not find violations of the Treaty.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Zebulon laughs in response to the accusation of plans to resurrect Fafnir as a good joke, and then quietly thanks Edgar for appealing to the Inquisitors.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Edgar realizes that he was manipulated, and there is no more turning back to the Day Watch, so after the trial he goes to the Inquisition.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The latter is considered the duel between Igor and Alice.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The dark Ones accuse Igor of killing and killing the boy by negligence, provoking him to disembodied on his own because of the burden of guilt.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

In response, the light accuses Zabulon of organizing a provocation, because of which everything happened.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Since there is no evidence, the Inquisition decides to temporarily resurrect Alice to testify.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Alice confirms that the duel took place according to all the rules and was the result of Zebulon's provocation.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Igor still loves Alisa, so he does develop with her.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

It turns out that Igor was the only one who could raise the Messiah of Light.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Creation and publishing


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

After Lukyanenko wrote The Night Watch, describing the confrontation between magicians on the part of the Svetlykh, science fiction writer Vladimir Vasilyev offered to write a second novel on the part of the Dark Ones [5].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

According to Vladimir Vasilyev, after reading The Night Watch, the Dark Ones seemed closer to him, and their image in the novel was implausible.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Therefore, the idea arose to write a second novel in co-authorship [6].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

In the past, Lukyanenko already had experience working with Vasilyev at one of the writer's seminars [5].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Initially, it was assumed that science fiction writer Nick Perumov would also join the work and write the third story of the book, but due to his busy schedule, he did not have enough time [6].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

There was also an idea to involve writer and translator Leonid Kudryavtsev, who did not have free time [6].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The first story of the future Day Watch was written by Lukyanenko, the second by Vasiliev, and the third story was written by writers together [5].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

According to Sergei Lukyanenko, he feared that if Vasiliev wrote the novel himself, he would “whitewash the forces of Darkness and scold the forces of Light” [6].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

After writing and editing the first two stories, the plot of the third story was invented, combining the first two.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

If the idea of the pioneer camp belonged entirely to Lukyanenko, and Zerkalos to Vasilyev, then in the third part the writers' texts are constantly interspersed.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

At the same time, Lukyanenko mainly wrote episodes about the Svetlykh, and Vasiliev about the Dark Ones, after which the authors brought them together [6].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

YearBuildingLocation


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

EditionsSeriesCirculationNoteSource2000AstMoscowStar Labyrinth 35000+ 86000The second novel of the cycle “Patrols”.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Illustration on the cover by A. Manokhina.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

[7] 2003AST, ErmakMoscowStar Labyrinth 10000 + 100000The second novel of the cycle “Patrols”.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

[8] 2004AstMoskvBlack Series (Tank Slit) 15000+ 19000The second novel from the series “Patrols”.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

[9] 2004AST, AST MoscowMoscowUnder Watch14000+ 20000The first three novels from the cycle “Patrols”.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

[10] 2004AST, AST Moscow//HarvestMoscow//MinskLibrary of Fiction 6000+5000The first three novels from the cycle “Patrols”.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

[11] 2004AstmoskvaLibrary of World Fiction 6000+ 4000The first three novels from the series “Patrols”.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

[12] 2005AST, LuxmoSquareStar Maze (mini) 10000The story “Alien to Others” from the novel “Day Watch”.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

[13] 2006AST, TransitBookMoscow15000+20,000 [14] 2006AST, AST Moscow, Keeper of Moscow7000+5100 The first four novels of the cycle about “Patrols”.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

[15] 2006AstMoscowStar Labyrinth: Collection10000 + 10000The first and second novels of the Patrol cycle.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

[16] 2007AST, LuxmoSquaStar Maze (mini) 10000The story “Trespassers are allowed to enter” from the novel “Day Watch”.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

[17] 2007AST, AST Moscow, Guardian of MoscowStar Labyrinth (mini) 5000The story “Another Force” from the novel “Day Watch”.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

[18] 2012AstrelmoskvaVes (giant) 3000The first five novels of the Patrols cycle in one volume.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

[19] 2014Astmoskvadozory2000The second novel of the series about “Patrols”.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

[20] 2015AstmoskvaVes (giant) 3000Six novels of the series “Patrols” in one volume.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

YearTitlePublisherLocation


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

EditionsLanguageTranslatorbrush2004Dzienny Patrolksiążka i WiedzaWarsawPolskiye.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Skurskaya [22] 2005Denní Hlídkatriton, ArgoPragacheskiil.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Dvorak [23] 2006Visagalio AkiseridanasKaunaslitovskyB.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Juozaitytė [24] 2006Wächter des TagesHeyne VerlagMunichGermanC.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Pöhlmann [25] 2006Day WatchWilliam Heinemann LTDLondonangliiskiye.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Bromfield [26] 2006Dzienny Patrolksiążka i WiedzaWarsawPolskiye.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Skurskaya [27] 2007Day Watch.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Les Sentinelles du JouralBin Michel, ParisFrench [28] 2007 Title・BasilicotokioJapaneseHoki Ayako [29] 2007Day WatchmiramaxNew Yorkanglian.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Bromfield [30] 2007Nappali őrséggalaktika Fantasztikus KönyvekHungarianW.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Györgyi [31] 2008Die Wächter-trilogieheyneMunichGermanC.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Pöhlmann [32] 2008The Day WatchArrow, Londonangli [33] 2008Dzienny PatrolwydawnicTwo MagWarsawPolskiye.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Skurskaya [34] 2009Dneven PatrolInfodarsofiyaBulgariaV.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Velchev [35] 2010Päevane VahtkondvarrakTallinnEstonian.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Rõigas [36] 2013PäiväpartiointoFinnish.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Konttinen [37] 2014Dzienny PatrolwydawnicTwo MagWarsawPolskiye.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Skurskaya [38] 2014 Chinese [39]


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Criticism and assessments


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

According to writer and literary critic Dmitry Volodikhin, the novel “Day Watch” became an “extremely rare case” for Russian fiction, when the second book of the cycle turned out to be no worse than the first, showing that “the potential of this fantastic world is far from being exhausted” [40].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The action in the novel is “clear, clear, dynamic”.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Volodikhin considers the latest story, “Another Force”, to be especially successful.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The problem that all the Others are some pieces on the board, all moves of which in the big game of Heser and Zebulon are calculated in advance, was outlined in the novel “Night Watch” [40].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

In the third part of Daywatch, ordinary sentinels try to understand the game and their role in it, which can be deadly.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The key phrase, according to Volodikhin, is the words of the Dark Magician Edgar: “We are puppets. They're just puppets. And getting into puppeteers is a deeply hopeless task...” [40].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The work slips through the features of a spy novel when representatives of Dozorov Anton and Edgar, sent to the tribunal, meet, trying to find out the secrets of the enemy in conversation [40].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Science fiction writer Dmitry Skiryuk notes that the novel “Day Watch” “perfectly continued and completed what he started” in the first novel of the series “Night Watch”, which in itself “is without a doubt a very strong thing, but something unfinished.”


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

According to Skiryuk, Vladimir Vasilyev brought to the work “a fresh stream of some Feng recklessness and gouging” [41].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Skiryuk was most impressed by the combination of the “urban entourage of the modern world” with magical and mystical elements, such as the call of a dead witch, a possible apocalypse, magic order and artifacts.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Lukyanenko's worlds are not complicated, but at the same time the writer knows the world he created well [41].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Skiryuk notes that in the novel you can find “a lot of humor, parody and self-parody, a little tragedy and pathos, many quotes from modern songs, healthy cynicism.”


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Structurally, the second novel copies the first.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The work consists of three parts with different local plots, but with common characters and a common global plot that connects the parts together.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The characters of the novel, according to the critic, “are a little rustic, not alien to epicureanism and prefer to act first and then think.”


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

In general, Dmitry Skiryuk considers the novel dynamic and exciting [41]


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Writer and critic Igor Cherny also notes that in the case when the continuation of the novel is written by “recognized masters”, such as Sergei Lukyanenko and Vladimir Vasilyev, the law that the sequel is always worse than the beginning is not met [42].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

According to the critic, “invariable lyricism, bright sadness and a hymn for the glory of Love” unequivocally indicate that the first and third parts were mainly written by Lukyanenko, at the same time “a nervous syllable, beautiful knowledge of modern Ukrainian realities, unexpected twists and whistles of the plot” of the second part no less clearly indicate the authorship of Vasilyev [42].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Unlike the first book, Day Watch shifts the reader's attention to the Dark Ones.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The main characters of the first novel — Anton Gorodetsky, Svetlana, Geser, Zavulon — take an active part in the second novel.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

According to Igor Cherny, in the second book, writers wanted to show how difficult it is to maintain the line between Light and Darkness, following prohibitions, many of which do not have clear grounds [42].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Igor Cherny, like Dmitry Volodikhin, highlights the idea of relations between “leaders and the crowd”.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The critic also compares the actions of Heser and Zebulon with a chess game, whose enthusiastic players can easily sacrifice a few pawns.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

For them, global goals are much more important than the fate of individual employees [42].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

In addition, the critic notes an interesting plot move with the Mirror of the World, which is “embodied indifference and tranquility.”


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

For the Mirror, the main thing is to observe a certain law, the balance of Light and Darkness, to achieve which it is able to “dispassionately and impartially” destroy anyone [42].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

In 2000, at the Kharkov International Science Fiction Festival “Star Bridge”, the novel won first place in the nomination “Best Cycle, Series and Novel with Sequel”; in 2001 it was awarded the Golden Award ROCON” at the conference of writers working in the genre of science fiction, RosCon [43] [44].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

In addition, in 2001, the novel was nominated for the Moonsword Award, the genre award of the Wanderer magazine for best work in the genre of horror fiction [43] [44].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

In the same year, as the best fantastic work of a large form, the novel was nominated for the awards “Russian Fiction”, “Bronze Snail”, “Interpresscon” and “Sigma-F” [43] [44].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

In 2007, the novel was nominated for the German Science Fiction Award (German: Deutscher Phantastik Preis), one of Germany's largest awards in the field of science fiction, in the category “Translated Novel” [43] [44].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

In 2008, at a combined conference between RosCon and EuroCon — EuroRoscon — the novel was nominated for the Prize Award, which once awarded the award for the best work of Russian writers of all time RosConov [43] [44].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Adaptations


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

audiobooks


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

YearBuildingLocation


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

EditionsSeriesDurationNoteSource2004Sidikom, ElitailMoscowSunny Wind16 h. 6 min.Monologue, musical accompaniment.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The text is read by Natalia Gracheva, Alexander Khorlin, Nikita Karpov, Kirill Petrov.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

[45] 2004Elitail, 1C-PublishingMoscow16 h. 6 min.Monologue, musical accompaniment.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

[46] 2004ElitailMoscow16 h. 6 min.Monologue, musical accompaniment.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

[47] 2014AudiobookMoscowOur fiction14 h. 50 min.Monologue.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The text is read by Sergey Natapov.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Movie


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

On January 1, 2006, Timur Bekmambetov's film Day Watch, based on Sergei Lukyanenko's book series, premiered.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The film was produced by the Tabbak film studio, the Bazelevs film company and Channel One.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Konstantin Khabensky, Vladimir Menshov, Viktor Verzhbitsky, Galina Tyunina, Maria Poroshina, Zhanna Friske, Alexey Chadov, Dmitry Martynov, Valery Zolotukhin, Gosha Kutsenko, Igor took part in the film Lifanov, Sergey Lukyanenko [49] [50].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The plot of the film is greatly changed compared to the plot of the Patrol series, as, according to Mikhail Popov, not every good book can be directly turned into a good movie [49].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Despite the fact that the title corresponds to the second novel of the series, the film tells about the events of the second and third parts of “Night Watch” [51].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Initially, each film was supposed to correspond to one part, but due to 20th Century Fox's attention to the film and the possible continuation of filming abroad, it was decided to combine the second and third parts the first book and be published under the title “Day Watch” [51].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The number of explicit ads in the second film decreased compared to the first.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Popov notes that due to the director's propensity for clip style, there is a “compositional irregularity of the whole film”, a lot of fast and protracted scenes, excessive slow motion and special effects.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

In addition, the film shows too clearly the “banal social satire”, unlike the first film, which has already become a “stylistic and ideological leitmotif” [49].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Viewers' opinions about the film are divided strictly polar: they either like it or not [49].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

On its first day of release, Day Watch grossed $2.4 million against the film's announced budget of $4.2 million, thereby setting an absolute box office record in the CIS countries [49].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

In the spring of that year, the film was released on DVD.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

In addition to the film itself, the disc included music videos for the film, a commercial, filmographies of actors, as well as documentaries about the work on both Patrols [52].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Games


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Computer games


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Day Watch Tactical RPG


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Based on the novel, the Russian company Nival Interactive, together with Targem Studio, released a computer game of the same name in the genre of tactical strategy/RPG [53].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

According to the plot of the game, the Light Magician Stas, because of his love for the witch Anna, breaks the Sphere of Power and conducts a Fiery Rite, which makes him an extremely strong Other.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Stas begins to destroy the Dark Ones, for which he is arrested by the Inquisition.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Anna is trying to save Stas [53].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

During development, a somewhat outdated graphics engine from Silent Storm was used.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The game has interesting fights and thoughtful physics, but the music is often inappropriate [53].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Good character leveling and various spells [53].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Racing Day Watch


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

In January 2006, the novel was released based on the racing computer game Daywatch Racing [54].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

According to the legend of the game, the Light and Dark, instead of skirmishes with each other, arrange races on the roads of Moscow.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Light cars are used by domestic manufacturers, Dark cars are used by foreign cars.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

In addition to the ability to drive, the player will be required to be able to use magic and go into Twilight, in which there is no traffic.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

During the races, gangster rap plays on the side of the Dark Ones.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

In the opposite version, the Night Watch Racing game, Russian rock plays on the Svetlykh side — Pilot, Kukryniksy and others [54].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Board game


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Based on the book, the board game “Day Watch. Battles of the Others”.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Two to eight players can take part in the game.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

As in the novel, the game is a confrontation between Day and Night Watch.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The place of action is Moscow.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Players are invited to choose their side in the confrontation between Light and Darkness.


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

The main goal of the game is to defeat the opponent from the opposite Watch [55].


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Notes


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

References


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Category:Patrols


Question: Where does The Day Watch take place?

Day Watch

Category:Novels by Sergey Lukyanenko


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

A long-term fire point (pillbox, pillbox, sometimes a “long-term defensive point”) is a separate small capital fortification made of durable materials designed for long-term defense and firing various fire weapons from a protected room (combat casemate).


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Pillboxes were built of monolithic or precast reinforced concrete, mortar stone, iron beams with reinforcement and armor closures.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The firing point, made entirely of metal, is called an armored cap.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Most often, monolithic reinforced concrete was used.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

This structure can be either single or one of many in the fortified area system.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Like other types of long-term fortifications, the pillbox protects servicemen from being hit by enemy fire (bullets, fragments, mines, explosions of shells and bombs) and allows the garrison fire at the enemy through embrasures, sponsons, casemate or tower artillery and machine-gun mounts.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Obsolete tanks dug into the ground or unable to move independently, as well as tank towers mounted on foundations (tank-tower pillboxes) were sometimes used as pillboxes.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

History


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

First, physical appearance appeared, later the term.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The prototype of the pillbox could be a casemated fire structure consisting of large fort fortresses built by many countries before the First World War.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

But it was small, literally point numerous concrete structures that Germany first began to use in 1916. (“sprayed fortification” of the southern front of the Metz fortress and the line along the Turichut Canal north-west of the fortress of Antwerp) and next year in preparation for hostilities in Flanders (Flanders the battle of 1917).


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The British who studied these buildings called them “pill boxes”, the French - “fortification dust” or sprayed fortification, and after the First World War, based on the experience of the Kaiser Wehrmacht the concept of “firing point” appeared in the works of fortification theorists.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The first experience of using small concrete buildings on the battlefield was not very successful: the “pill boxes” were too lightweight and the 210 mm shells “dug them out like a shovel potatoes”, and the people in them died from injuries and contusions [2] [3].


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The correct theoretical justification for the construction of pillbox appeared in the 1920s and 1930s.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

In the theory of creating firing emplacements in the 1920s, Poland went the furthest, [2].


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

However, France undertook the practical construction of the next after Germany since 1929 when developing its border, but there they quickly became just an addition to the grandiose concentrated forts of the Maginot line.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Then the idea of point fortification was picked up by other countries.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The heyday of long-term point fortifications was the 1930s and 1940s, and during the Second World War, quite effective means and methods of combating them were created.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

After World War II, military engineers, by inertia, continued to improve the protection of ground-based long-term structures and methods for calculating it.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Even anti-nuclear pillboxes were designed in the USSR.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

But the very experience of the past war and new types of weapons (see below) showed that the thick stationary wall with an embrasure above ground level had become obsolete and its functions were taken to some extent by a tank.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Further development of the pillbox could be in separating the fire weapon from the person controlling it and placing the latter in a protected underground bunker.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The remaining weapons on the surface are remotely controlled by mechanical or electromechanical systems, surveillance and aiming are carried out through a periscope or TV camera.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

This idea was born almost at the same time as the firing emplacements themselves (French engineer Tricot, 1923), [2] but for a long time it was not implemented anywhere, probably due to poor mechanics and not too much then take care of soldiers.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Among the modern versions of the pillbox, it should be noted the Soviet standard pillbox of the 1962 model.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

There were other types of Soviet pillboxes of the second half of the 20th century.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

In the second half of the 1960s and the first half of the 1970s, they were built in considerable numbers in fortified areas along the Soviet-Chinese border from Khabarovsk to Vladivostok.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Officially, this structure in the language of fortifiers is called “Reinforced concrete structure with a special installation for a machine gun”.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

On its basis, in 1996, Motovilikha Plants OJSC developed the Gorchak universal fire structure (UOS) [4].


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The purpose of pillbox


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Small fire structures were a product of the experience of the First World War.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

At that time, they knew how to cope with strong structures only with the help of large-caliber artillery (heavy field howitzers and mortars, naval artillery), the accuracy of which along a hinged trajectory with closed positions were not high.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The pillbox was a very small target, and its destruction required up to several hundred shots from a gun with a caliber higher than the calculated one for this structure - and for smaller calibers it was is almost invulnerable.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Therefore, a properly built defensive line of gun and machine-gun pillboxes, periodically supported by aviation and towed by long-range artillery, could theoretically be small forces for a long time to restrain the offensive of the enemy, who does not want to suffer heavy losses in manpower and equipment.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Advantages and disadvantages of pillboxes in comparison with bunkers


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The construction of a bunker is a difficult, long and expensive task, requires qualified builders, can be carried out mainly in peacetime and if it is possible to deliver a huge amount to the defense line cement, sand, gravel and steel.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

In the presence of forests and soldiers — yesterday's peasants, each of whom could be a carpenter and a logger, bunkers are built much faster and cheaper.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

But pillboxes had obvious advantages:


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

durability: many structures can still be used for their intended purpose (see photo);


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

walls and embrasures of the pillbox made of non-combustible materials, which is especially important in war;


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

the metal-trimmed embrasure of the pillbox is less likely to collapse when the structure is fired.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

with the same size, the pillbox is much stronger and more protected than the bunker.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Earth and wood hold back the projectile much worse and at the same time give a good hammering to its charge.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Therefore, the thickness of the earth cover should be several times greater than the concrete one equivalent in terms of resistance.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

For example, the thickness of the reinforced concrete coating from the projectile is 155 mm about 1 m (see below), and the coating of a wood-earth structure of a similar resistance consisting of several rows of logs (d ~ 25 cm) and two layers the land will have a thickness of 3.75 m, [5] that is, the entire bunker will be about 5 m high against ~2 m of reinforced concrete, the ratio of the width of the structures is even greater.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

During the war, due to the laboriousness and impossibility of camouflage, wood-earth firing points were rarely built above the light and anti-fragmentation type (see classification below), usually limited to good protected dugouts and shelters.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

If we compare equally protected structures, then the pillbox has several more advantages:


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

it is easier to camouflage and apply to the terrain - a structure with a height of two meters is much easier than a five-meter one to hide on a flat terrain;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

it is more difficult to hit the pillbox from a long distance;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

the embrasure in the thinner front wall of the pillbox at the same viewing angle has several times smaller width and is more difficult to shoot at it with precision.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Disadvantages other than those listed at the beginning:


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

cannot be used to quickly consolidate on a new front line during offensive/retreat;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

construction uses scarce building materials that may be needed to restore the destroyed rear;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

quick unmasking: after several explosions around, for example, during artillery preparation, the pillbox loses its camouflage and becomes visible from afar [6].


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

After the shelling, the bunker remains like an ordinary hill;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

good sound conductivity of monolithic concrete, which causes a strong sound shock to be created when a projectile hits a wall or ceiling inside the structure, which can stun and shell a soldier.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Multi-meter earthen and layered coverings largely extinguish this impact.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Pillbox security


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Local action in case of direct hit


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

In order for these structures to withstand single direct hits of bombs and shells and prolonged fire of small arms, they were made very massive and squat, sprinkled with earth for additional protection and camouflaged.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

From the inside, the ceiling and sometimes the walls of the best pillboxes were reinforced with anti-slip clothing consisting of thick sheets of steel and I-beams, external reinforcing meshes, boards: it was supposed to be during the explosion keep pieces of breakaway concrete from falling into the room.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The thickness of monolithic reinforced concrete walls and ceilings depended on the weapons from which it was supposed to defend themselves (mainly artillery), and a separate science was developed for the design of these structures.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The calculation of the components was carried out according to empirical formulas and strongly depended on the accepted conditions (speed, angle of incidence, shape of bombs and shells and conditions for their explosion; quality and reinforcement of concrete, stock strength, etc.), and therefore the results for different schools could differ.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Based on the experience of the First World War, engineers of long-term structures mainly paid attention to strengthening floors, often leaving unreasonably weak walls.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Closer to World War II, anticipating new dangers (anti-tank guns and high-explosive bombs), they began to strengthen the walls, add anti-split clothing to them, improve embrasures, and abandon purely armor closures, while saving metal for tanks, guns and ships.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Recommended thickness of reinforced concrete and armor elements of fortstructuresCoating


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[#1] The Wall


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

front.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[#2] The Wall


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

sprinkling.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[#3] The Wall


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

backside


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[# 4] Funda-


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

cop


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[# 5] Weapons0.36 m0.36 Guns weighing up to 2 kg and a speed of 500 m/s of 152 mm projectile [7] 0.250,40.4 m Anti-fragmentation structures (USSR, 1940) [5] [8] armor


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

up to 0.1 mbron


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

up to 0.1 m0.5 m0.5 mRandom fragments.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Hidden compact observation post (Austria-Hungary) [2] 0.8 m1 m0.8 m0.6 m0.5 m105 mm projectile once, 75 mm repeatedly (Poland) [9] 0.6 m0.9 m0.5 m0.5 mDoT of category M-3:122 mm howitzer projectile, cannons 76 mm (USSR, 1931) [10] [11] 0.65/0.85 m122 mm howitzer projectile at a speed of 250 m/s (USSR) [12] 0.9 m1,31,050.8 m0.6 Reinforced structures: 124 mm howitzer, 75 mm cannon (USSR, 1940) [5] [8] 0.8 m1 m0.6 m0.5 mprojectile 150 mm (Germany, 1918) [7] 1 m1.2 m0.8 m0.8 m150 mm projectile (Poland, 1928) [7] 0.9 m1.35-1.4 m0.6 m0.6 mDoT category M-2:152 mm howitzer projectile, 122 mm cannons (USSR, 1931) [10] [11] 1.12 m1.9 m0.9 m0.83 152 mm cannon projectile into the wall 564 m/s, in the coating 345 m/s (USSR) [12] 1 m1.25 m1 m0.8 m0.5 mProjectile 155 mm once, 105 mm repeatedly (Poland) [9] 1.25 m1.75 m1.5 m0.8 m0.7 mHeavy concrete structures 250 grades: 155 mm howitzer, 105 mm cannon, 50 kg bomb (USSR, 1940) [5] 1.1 m1.75 m1.5 mHeavy structures made of 400 concrete: 150 mm howitzer, anti-tank gun up to 88 mm, bomb 50 kg (USSR, 1946) [13] 1.2/ 1.6 m1.6 m1 m0.5 mBomb 50 kg with a charge of 25 kg, 227 m/s (USSR) [12] 1.5 mbor 0.15 m1.5 m1.5 m1.3 mprojectile 150 mm, mass shelling.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Gun and machine-gun double-decker semi-caponier with armor sponsons (Austria-Hungary) [2] 1 m200 mm projectile (England, 1918) [7] 0.9 m203 mm projectile (USA, 1923) [7] 1.2 m1.5 mprojectile 203 mm English howitzer, 22 kg of explosives (USSR, 1931) [7] 1.1 m1.5 m0.8 m0.7 MDOT of category M-1:203 mm howitzer projectile, 152 mm cannons (USSR, 1931) [10] [11] 1.5 m2 m1 M0.8 Powerful structures: St.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

155 mm, 100 kg bomb (USSR, 1940) [5] [8] 1.6 m2.1 m0.8 m203 mm concrete piercing projectile (18 kg explosives) and high-explosive (23 kg explosives) (USSR) [6] armor


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

0.15 mbronya


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

0.15 m210 mm projectile once, 150 mm repeatedly (Poland, 1927) [2] 0.8 m1 m0.5 m0.5 mProjectile 210 mm.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Small shelter 5×5 m (Germany, 1925) [7] 1 mProjectile 210 mm (France, 1917-20) [7] 1 m1.5 m0.6 m0.8 mProjectile 210 mm (Germany, 1918) [7] 1.2—1.3 m1.5 m1 m1 mProjectile 210 mm (Poland, 1928) [7] 1.4 m1.75 m1.25 m1 m0.8 m220 mm projectile once, 155 mm repeatedly (Poland) [9] 1.4 m


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

concrete M4002.5 m2.01 m0.6 mShells: 203 mm howitzers (300 m/s in the coating, 17 kg explosives), 150 mm guns (800 m/s into the wall, 0.65 kg explosives), 114 kg bomb (200 m/s, 58 kg explosives) (USSR) [14] 2.16 m240 mm projectile weighing 133 kg, 20 kg BB (Germany? , 1907) [7] 1.2 mProjectile 300 mm (England, 1918) [7] 0.9 mProjectile 305 mm French.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

howitzers with 41 kg of explosives (USSR) [6] 1.9 m2.1 m1.4 m1.25 m1 m310 mm projectile once, 220 mm repeatedly (Poland) [9] 1.5 mProjectile 380 mm (England, 1918, France, 1917-20) [7] 1.8 mOpyt: projectile explosion with 74.5 kg Explosives on a reinforced concrete coating of composition 1:2:4 caused a slight deflection of anti-slope clothing made of I-beams No. 30 (USSR, 1923) [7] 1.78/2.19 mBomb 200 kg (80 kg BB) from a height of 3 km 250 m/s, an explosion lying down (USSR) [# 6] [12] 1.75 m420 mm projectile (France, 1917-20) [7] 1.75 m1.75 m1.75 m1-1.75 mProjectile 420 mm, double-decker semi-caponier (France) [3] 2.6 m2.85 m1.5 m1.4 m1.2 mProjectile 420 mm once, 310 mm repeatedly (Poland) [9] 3 mProjectile 420 mm naval artillery (USSR) [7] 3 m3 m1.9 m~1 mProjectile 420 mm, shelter with embrasures (France, Verdun) [6] 3.3 m4.8 m2 m1.5 mprojectile 420 mm, concrete shelter (Ros. Empire, 1913) [15] [6] 3.5 m3.5 m1.75 m1.5 m1.25 m420 mm projectile repeatedly (Poland) [9] Arch 5 m5.5 mTwo 420 mm projectiles in one place, bomb 2000 kg (1000 kg BB) (USSR) [6] Coating


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[#1] The Wall


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

front.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[#2] The Wall


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

sprinkling.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[#3] The Wall


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

backside


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[# 4] Funda-


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

cop


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[#5] Notes


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Notes


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The general effect of the explosion and the shock wave


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

In order to eliminate the need for complex and undeveloped calculations in the first half of the 20th century for the total effect of an impact and explosion on a structure, so that it does not bend or collapse as a whole, its they were built with small internal dimensions (with a ceiling thickness of 1—1.5 m, the span is no more than 3—3.5 m, [14] [12] and often 2 m), which, however, was also done for economic reasons.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Paradoxically, an explosion near a small but strong pillbox sometimes turned out to be more destructive than a direct hit.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The fact is that in addition to the necessary thicknesses and strength to resist the direct hit of bombs and shells, a long-term fortification must have sufficient mass to withstand the shifting and the ejection effect of a close explosion of a calculated ammunition that did not fall into the pillbox and went into the ground.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

This circumstance was not always taken into account — in order to save building materials and for tactical reasons — the designers were too fond of the increased strength of reinforced concrete in the 1910-20s (then the concept of “firing point” appeared).


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

As a result, strong but very small reinforced concrete structures turned around, overturned and even thrown out of the ground by an explosion like matchboxes from a click, while remaining intact; the people in them ghibli (Hindenburg Line with its “sprayed forms”; the Italian Front of the First World War).


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[7] [2]


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

To prevent this effect, the mass of the structure must exceed the mass of the earth ejected from the crater by the calculated explosion: for example, if the structure is designed for a 122 mm projectile with a charge of 4.8 kg of explosives, then with a ratio of concrete density to earth density as 2.4/1.5 = 1.6, at least 35 m³ of concrete, 152 mm with a charge of 8.8 kg — 90 m³, 200 mm with a charge of 22 kg — 140 m³, [7] bomb 1000 kg — 470 m³ [16].


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Taking into account the fact that the pillbox must not only stay in place, but also not move at all in order to maintain the specified angle of fire, its mass must significantly, several times exceed these values.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

They also took measures to prevent the penetration of ammunition near the structure and even more so under it:


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

stone and concrete mattresses were made around the building to detain the projectile and bomb on the ground [12];


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

a continuation deep was built near the front wall - the so-called “spur” [14] - to prevent the projectile from coming from the front under the foundation of the structure.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

An air shock wave is not a serious problem for such a solid structure as a reinforced concrete pillbox, which is not the case with the people inside it.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

With a close explosion of a projectile of 210 mm and above (from 15 kg of explosives), a shock wave that entered through embrasures and other holes without damaging the pillbox itself caused contusions and injuries to internal organs in the garrison [2].


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Additional closed shelters within or outside fire structures, in which the combat crew hides during enemy artillery preparation and bombing, could help.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Chemical weapons protection


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Monolithic concrete has low permeability and is a serious barrier to poisonous gases.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The only thing: it is impossible to make the anti-slope coating the same for the casemate and the protective device of the entrance (draft or dead end), that is, for each room it must be separate.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Otherwise, poisoned air can penetrate from the outside to the interior through the gaps between the concrete and through I-beams [17].


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

It is also necessary to seal the door and plugs for loopholes that are closed during a gas attack.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Sealing a prefabricated structure is incomparably more difficult, it requires sealing all seams between individual elements with sealed solutions.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

According to the classification of the early 1930s (Kiev Fortified District [18]), there were two types of structures:


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

type “B”: all facilities with chemical shelter


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

type “M”: objects without chemical shelter


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Nuclear Weapon Security


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Long-term fire structures were tested for the effects of a nuclear explosion (in particular, during tests of RDS-1, RDS-2, RDS-6s, etc.) The boxes of monolithic structures, being recessed into the ground and sprinkled with earth, hold the shock wave well [7] and do not collapse even inside the flash (to a pressure level of several megapascals), but the penetrating radiation of a close explosion and the shell-shocking effect of the wave leave no chance to remain unharmed by the combat crew of these ground structures.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Thus, with a nuclear explosion of 1 Mt, a person will be safe in a closed concrete structure with a thickness of 1.2 m no closer than 1.6 km to the center of the explosion, which corresponds to a shock wave pressure of ~ 0.3 MPa; and in the structure 0.73 m thick will receive fatal radiation damage at this distance [19].


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[20] During the tests at the Semipalatinsk test site, attempts were made to improve the protective properties of structures to radiation and impact effects [21].


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

For example, the use of a large amount of iron in the concrete composition in the form of shot instead of sand, steel scraps and iron ore instead of granite crushed stone (“heavy” concrete) allows a layer of concrete of 1 meter increase the resistance of neutron radiation almost twice (a dose reduction of 1076 times against 603 times for a conventional one), and the introduction of a small amount of boron compounds into a conventional concrete mix by three times ( the dose is 1765 times lower) [22].


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Protection classifications (USSR)


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Classification of the early 1930s (Kiev Fortified District [11], Primorukreprayon (Primorsky Krai, 1932—1934) [10]):


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

M1 category — combat cover 1.1 m thick, frontal walls 1.5 m — from a single hit by a 203 mm howitzer shell and a 152 mm cannon;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

M2 category — 0.9 m and 1.35—1.4 m, respectively — from a 152 mm howitzer and a 152 mm cannon;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

M3 category — 0.6 m and 0.9 m — from a 122 mm howitzer and a 76 mm cannon.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Classification of long-term and wood-earth fortifications adopted shortly before the Great Patriotic War [5] [8]:


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Powerful: from shells of caliber over 155-mm and aerial bombs of 100 kg;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Heavy: from 105-mm cannon shells, 155-mm howitzers, 50kg aerial bombs;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Reinforced: 75 mm cannon shells, 125 mm howitzers;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Anti-fragmentation: from shrapnel and shrapnel bullets;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Some authors also identified open long-term rifle cells and machine-gun nests with concrete clothes of coolness: protection against small arms bullets, partly from fragments and shrapnel bullets, from crush by the tank and without protection from above.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

See the table for the thickness of structures according to this classification.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Classification published in 1946.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[13] When compared with the pre-war one can see a decent shift in the direction of decreasing the caliber of the gun, which the heavyweight front wall can carry with almost the same calibers of howitzers and aerial bombs — pillboxes clearly lost the fight against anti-tank weapons.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

New opponents have also been added.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Super-heavy type: from RGK artillery shells (over 155-mm) and bombs of 100 kg or more;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Heavy type: from shells of 75-mm and 88-mm tank and anti-tank guns, 150-mm heavy field and self-propelled howitzers, 50 kg aerial bombs;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Reinforced type: from 50 mm anti-tank guns and 105 mm light field howitzers;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Light type: from an anti-tank rifle, an 81-mm mortar and a burst of a machine gun;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Anti-fragmentation type: protection against fragments and individual bullets of small arms and machine guns.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Current situation


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Today, the construction of such high-cost and durable ground structures is almost useless, they have too many enemies capable of withdrawing the identified pillbox in one well-aimed shot or launch and his garrison is out of order:


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

volumetric explosion ammunition, the gaseous explosive composition of which spreads over a large area before detonation and can penetrate into the bunker rooms through embrasures and air ducts;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

more effective penetrating weapons that appeared in the second half of the 20th century - for example, concrete bombs with a Betab-500ShP upper rocket engine, multiple launch aircraft missiles of the family” S-13”;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

armor-piercing swept projectiles - with today's ability to penetrate armor up to a meter thick, they are very effective when firing from a tank on the front wall with an embrasure and at an armored cap;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

various cumulative ammunition, especially tandem type.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Thus, the cumulative jet of the projectile of the Metis-M portable anti-tank complex pierces a concrete monolith up to 3 m thick and hits the enemy's manpower behind it, leaving the structure itself almost intact [23].


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

all kinds of high-precision weapons that allow you to deliver an explosive charge to the vulnerabilities of the pillbox (embrasure, entrance) without the need for military personnel to approach the defense line at all;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Today, it makes sense to build either light standard boxes lined with sandbags to protect mainly against bullets and fragments, or completely underground well-protected structures with a the surface of the turret with weapons of the “Gorchak” type.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Proper penetration cuts off almost all dangers to humans, leaving only penetrating and excessively powerful weapons.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

If the automatic firing point is remotely controlled, complete invulnerability of the operator can be achieved [24] and the ability to control several firing points by one person in turn, as they fail.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Construction of pillboxes and other long-term facilities


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Structures made of precast reinforced concrete elements are specially specified and are the last in the table.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The rest are reinforced concrete monolithic structures.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Monolithic ones took much longer to build, but provided better protection.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Scope of work for the construction of one fire structureBoiler-


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

van


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[# 1] w/b


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

laying


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[# 2] Arma-


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

tour


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[#3] Raft-


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

nicks


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[# 4] Kamen-


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

schiki


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[# 5] Working


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

chie


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[# 6] Backfill


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

ka


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[#7] Vsp.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

slave.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[# 8] Total


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

From the Manual for Engineers 1940 [5] Reinforced casemate for 1 frontal machine gun, draught entrance from an open trench [5] 105 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

160 h65 m³240 h292 h85 h1430 h105 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

105 h97 h2409 Heavy casemate for 1 flank machine gun, mine entrance from underground shelter [5] 130 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

195 h77 m³285 h346 h100 h1694 h130 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

130 h230 h2980 heavy semi-caponier for two heavy machine guns.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Dead-end entrance, vestibule, 2 casemates, shelter-rest room [5] 324 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

650 h220 m³814 h990 h286 h4840 h324 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

324 h300 h8204 Chusilny casemate for a 45-mm anti-tank gun, simple entrance from a blocked slit [5] 136 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

272 h70 m³259 h315 ch90 h1540 h220 h190 h2886 Chusilny casemate for a 76 mm anti-tank gun, easy entrance, protected by sandbags [5] 40 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

80 h60 m³200 h270 h78 h1320 h40 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

80 h100 h2128 hObservation post for 3-5 observers and telephone operators.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Mine entrance, vestibule, casemate and two embrasures [5] 200 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

300 h78 m³289 h350 h100 h1716 h—


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

200 ch100 ch3165 heavy commander's buried nabl.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

point for 4-5 people


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Draught entrance, casemate 2×2.2 m, periscopes [5] 300 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

600 h105 m³388 h470 h140 h2310 h300 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

300 h280 ch4488 Heavy commander's buried nabl.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

point for 10-12 people


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Draught entrance, 6 casemates, observation shaft [5] 500 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

1000 h165 m³610 h746 h→3850 h→650 h7156 Chushilenny under-parapet shelter for 1-2 machine-gun crews.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Draught entrance, room 1.7×3.4 m [5] 200 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

400 h70 m³259 h315 h91 h1540 h240 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

240 ch105 ch2950 Chushilenny reinforced concrete shelter for one rifle compartment.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Draught entrance, vestibule, room 2.1×5.7 m, 10 beds [5] 290 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

580 h63 m³233 h283 h82 h1386 h290 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

290 ch126 h2980 Heavy refuge on a rifle platoon [# 9].


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Two dead-end entrances, vestibules, 3.1×4.4 m room with 20 beds [5] 580 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

1160 h253 m³936 h1138 h329 h5568 h580 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

580 ch640 h10351 Heavy shelter for two rifle platoons.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Two dead-end entrances, vestibules, 2 rooms 3.1×4.4 m with 20 beds [5] 700 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

1400 h327 m³1210 h1470 h425 h7195 h700 m³


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

700 ch654 ch13054 ChiZ Instructions for engineering troops 1946 [13] Heavy type machine-gun structure.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

17 workers build a heavy machine-gun semi-caponier in 37 hours [13] 39 ch222 h80 h288 h627 h [# 10] Heavy type machine-gun semi-caponier.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

22 workers build in 37 hours [13] 109 h287 h117 h301 h814 h [# 10] Reinforced prefabricated semi-caponier made of concrete blocks 40×20×15 cm. 10 workers build a pillbox in 30 hours [13] 25 m³49 h


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[# 11] 48 h26 h177 h300 h [# 10] BuildingBoiler-


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

van


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[# 1] w/b


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

laying


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[# 2] Arma-


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

tour


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[#3] Raft-


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

nicks


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[# 4] Concrete-


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

schiki


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[# 5] Working


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

chie


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[# 6] Backfill


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

ka


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[#7] Vsp.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

slave.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

[# 8] Total


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Notes


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

To supply the construction with concrete, open-air concrete plants were organized according to one of the schemes [5]:


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

if the distance between the structures and the plant is not more than 1.5—2 km, then a central concrete plant with a capacity of 8-10 m³ is created from several concrete mixers, stone crushers, sieves, a cement shed, autoelectric power stations, etc.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

with the delivery of finished concrete by wheelbarrows or trucks;


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

if the distance between pillboxes is 4-5 km or more, then the concrete plant is organized near each structure being built.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Construction cost


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The creation of structures, each of which took so much building materials that it was possible to build a medium-sized apartment building, could not be cheap.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

In France, a two-storey semi-caponier of a curved shape of 13.5 × 11 m² with walls and an overlap 1.75 m thick (from 420 mm shells) cost 75 thousand gold rubles, and the entire defensive system of France, Andre Maginot said that it was supposed to cost 5 billion francs (400 million gold rubles at 1930s prices), of which the government allocated 2.9 billion francs in 1929 for fortification construction.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The fight against pillbox


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Initially, large-caliber artillery, including large and special power, was used to destroy pillboxes and other fortifications.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

In theory, after the First World War, mounted shooting from howitzers and mortars was considered almost the only way to destroy the fortification without large losses.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

However, in practice, this requires a lot of ammunition and time.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Other ways thought then: digging with explosives (a very long method), and a massive breakthrough attack with manpower so that the machine gunners did not have time to shoot the advancing soldiers.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The latter method, despite its archaic nature and inconsistency with new rapid-fire weapons, was often used in practice, including numerous heroic attempts by poorly armed soldiers cover a two meter wide embrasure with his chest, and was one of the reasons for the huge human losses in both world wars.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Shortly before World War II, a method appeared in theory for suppressing long-term fire structures with aimed fire from field and tank rapid-fire guns at the embrasure [6] from a distance of 1 km or less [ 10].


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

One of the first successful experiments of firing a 45-mm light anti-tank gun with an armor-piercing projectile at the embrasure of a pillbox appeared in the USSR during the Winter War.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Tanks with good armor could shoot a machine-gun structure literally point-blank range.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

This method made it possible to quickly suppress the machine-gun point, but in practice, as part of the fortifications and defense lines, there were also artillery firing points that protected machine-gun pillboxes from tanks and cannons, so the assault crew was at great risk.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Nevertheless, judging by the memoirs of participants in the Winter War, direct fire shooting at pillbox was very common in the Red Army, and later the skills improved.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

A huge consumption of howitzer shells was no longer required for very inaccurate hinged firing, the destruction time was reduced, and the classic pillbox quickly began to lose its importance.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

During the French campaign of 1940, German troops destroyed a number of pillboxes with 88-mm anti-aircraft guns: if the gun was brought into an unfired sector or “blind” the pillbox (for example, smokescreen), it opened fire at the same point; repeated hits gradually destroyed the reinforced concrete.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

For example, this tactic was used during the assault on the fortifications of La Ferte.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

It should be noted that an important condition for the fight against fortifications is the suppression of artillery and field defense of the defender [25].


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

A backpack or heavy type flamethrower showed high efficiency in the fight against pillboxes.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

In some cases, when it was possible to approach the range of the flamethrower jet (several tens of meters), the pillbox was destroyed by assault groups, which included flamethrowers.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

In other cases, flamethrower tanks or mobile flamethrowers were used.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

It is possible to fire from a pillbox hit by a flamethrower only if its armament is mounted in closed-type installations (for example, a machine gun ball mount, a movable armor damper for a gun).


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Another way to destroy a pillbox that does not have the possibility of all-round defense (there were the majority of them) is the use of surface laying explosives in the form of special engineering or improvised land mines.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Assault groups secretly approached the pillbox and laid a charge of several tens or even hundreds of kilograms at the embrasures or on the roof of the structure; sometimes it was possible to lower the charge into the periscope or the ventilation shaft of the pillbox.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

This method, like other similar ones (pouring gasoline and arson, filling embrasures with sandbags, throwing grenades), was possible when attacking a poorly planned on the ground or isolated structures — for example, the last one destroyed in this area — as well as in case of poor visibility between neighboring pillboxes (night, smoke, fog, deep snow, bushes not cut in time and grass plowed explosions land during artillery preparation), that is, in cases where the pillbox does not have fire support from the outside, and you can bypass it with impunity and climb to the roof.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Gallery


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Pillboxes in Albania


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Molotov line pillbox


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Siegfried Line Armor Cap


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Pillbox in Atvik (Yorkshire, England)


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

K-S 5 U pillbox in the Czech Republic


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Pillbox remnants in Norfolk, England


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Hexagonal concrete pillbox, South Moravia, Czech Republic


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Machine gun pillbox in Balaklava


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Finnish armor cap


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

FW3/25 type DOT in Tilford (England)


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Pillbox built of blocks, Lallington, England


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Pillbox with 150 mm turret gun mount (Atlantic shaft)


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Pillbox near Gornye Klyuchi village (Primorye)


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Stone pillbox on the shore of Olga Bay of the Sea of Japan, Primorsky Krai,


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The pillbox of the Second World War on the shore of Olga Bay is made of local stone


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Pillbox on modern Obrucheva Street.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Moscow's first line of defense


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

German soldiers storm enemy pillboxes.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The Western Front.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

1940 year


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

British machine gun pillbox on Singapore's last line of defense


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

A two-machine gun pillbox and its former field of fire


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Pillbox concrete draught 3.5 m long and 1.15 m thick to protect the entrance


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Stone pillbox on Langina Mountain, St. Meadows.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Part of the Luga border


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

A cave converted by the Japanese into a pillbox.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Battle of Peleliu, September 1944.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Tobruk in Alexander Park (St. Pushkin): a typical “pill box”


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Artillery semi-caponier APK-1 with two casemate gun mounts ZIF-26, Sestroretsk


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

APK-1 gun pillbox at the Sestroretsky Rubezh exhibition complex, inside view


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The turret of the KV-1 tank used as a firing point.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Sestroretsky Rubezh Exhibition Complex


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The pillbox tower in Hamra, near Hadera, Israel


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Pillbox at Cape Tarkala in Sestroretsk


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Pillbox in the Sestroretsky Dubki Park, which was part of the KAUR system


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Pillbox near the sanatorium “Children's Dunes” in St. Sestroretsk.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

I was a member of the KAUR system


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

The ruins of the “millionth” pillbox in Beloostrov


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Pantherturm is a German pillbox with a Panther tank turret.


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Italy, Senigallia, 1944


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Dot No. 58 Rubezh Izhora, 1943, St. Petersburg


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Pillbox No. 82 on Varshavskaya Street in St. Petersburg


Question: What was the size of the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Tank-tower pillbox scheme


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Notes


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Literature


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

See also


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Wood-filled firing point


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Lurking firing point


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Casemate


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Flush


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

References


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Website “Anatomy of the Army”.


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

An episode from the film “Dnieper Frontier” (the first two minutes of the video).


Question: What size was the first M36 gun?

Long-term firing point

Category:Firing points


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Pfizer, Inc.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

([ˈfaạzər]), Pfizer is an American pharmaceutical company, one of the largest in the world.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The company produces the world's most popular drug lipitor (liprimar, atorvastatin); this drug is used to lower blood cholesterol and sold for $ between 1997 and 2012 125 billion [1].


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The company also sells the following popular medicines: lyrics, diflucan, zithromax, viagra, celebrex, sermion, dostinex, champion.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Pfizer shares were included in the Dow Jones Industrial Index on April 8, 2004.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

It is headquartered in New York City and its main research center is in Groton, Connecticut.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

History


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Pfizer was named after German-Americans Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhardt (from Ludwigsburg, Germany), who founded a pharmaceutical business in a building on the intersection of Harrison Avenue and Bartlet Street in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, in 1849.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

They produced a parasite remedy called santonin.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Their products were immediately successful.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The company's rapid growth began in 1880, when they began producing citric acid.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The company continued to buy property to expand its lab and factory, in a block bounded by Baltlet Street, Harrison Avenue, Gerry Street, and Flushing Avenue.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

These rooms are still used as auxiliary workshops.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Pfizer established its administrative headquarters at 81 Maiden Lane in Manhattan.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

By 1910 (by which time sales reached $3 million), Pfizer was considered an expert in fermentation technology.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

This knowledge was used for the mass production of penicillin during World War II, at the request of the US government.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

This antibiotic was very necessary for wounded soldiers of the Allied forces, and soon it began to be called a “life-giving medicine”.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Most of the penicillin received by the Allied forces during the Normandy landing was donated by Pfizer [2].


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

By 1950, the company was present in Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Iran, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

In the 80s and 90s of the XX century, the company experienced a period of intensive growth, which was associated with the invention and sale of new popular drugs.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

In 2005, Pfizer was one of 53 companies that supported George W. Bush's inauguration with a maximum of $250,000.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Mergers and acquisitions


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Warner-Lambert/Parke-Davis/Agouron


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

In 2000, Pfizer merged with Warner-Lambert and acquired all rights to lipitor (atorvastatin), before which the market for this drug was divided between Warner-Lambert and Pfizer.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Warner-Lambert was located in Morris Plains, New Jersey (en:Morris Plains, New Jersey) and has now become Pfizer's major base of operations.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Most of Pfizer's production facilities, as well as the over-the-counter drugs division (Consumer Healthcare, 2005 revenue $3.87 billion), were sold to Johnson & Johnson in June 2006 for $16.6 billion [3].


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The deal included brands such as Listerine, Visine, Neosporin, Zantac and Nicorette [4].


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Parke-Davis was taken over by Warner-Lambert in 1970, which in turn was taken over by Pfizer in 2000.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Parke-Davis headquarters were sold a few years ago.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Pfizer sold the huge Parke-Davis research complex to the University of Michigan in 2008 for $108 million.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Wyeth


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

On January 26, 2009, Pfizer agreed to buy another giant pharmaceutical company Wyeth for $68 billion [5].


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The deal was closed in October 2009 [6]


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Allergan


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

On November 23, 2015, Pfizer agreed with the Irish company Allergan to merge, which would be the largest in the history of the industry.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The deal was estimated at $160 billion.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

As stated in a press release from the companies, the value of Allergan shares in the transaction was estimated at $363.63, or 11.3 shares of Pfizer.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The premium to the quotations of securities of both companies at the close of October 28 (before rumors about the deal appeared) was about 30% [7].


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

On April 6, 2016, the companies announced that they had abandoned the deal, Pfizer paid the Irish company about $400 million for costs.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The deal was abandoned under pressure from the US Treasury and the US presidential administration as part of the fight against corporate tax evasion; if the deal was concluded, the combined company would be is registered in Ireland and has not paid taxes in the US [8].


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Company reorganization


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

In late 2008 and early 2009, a reorganization was carried out, and new business units were created that were more clearly focused on customers:


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Pfizer Oncology — development and sale of oncological drugs;


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Emerging Markets — united emerging markets in Europe, Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, Asia;


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Established Products — drugs that have lost patent protection;


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Primary Care;


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Specialty Care, etc.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

In November 2008, an independent research unit “Pfizer Regenerative Medicine Research Unit” was opened, which will work on the study of the nature of stem cells and their potential use in the treatment of degenerative diseases.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

In August 2018, the company entered into a cooperation agreement with the German BioNTech in order to develop new vaccines for the prevention of influenza.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The investment in the project will amount to $425 million [10].


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

In December 2018, it was announced the creation of a joint venture with GlaxoSmithKline based on over-the-counter businesses.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The share of Pfizer will be 32% [11] [12].


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Owners and management


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Ian Reed (Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.) has been Chairman of the Board of Directors and CEO since 2010.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Born in 1953 in Forfar, Scotland.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

He graduated from Imperial College London.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Joined Pfizer since 1978 [13].


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

He has been in charge of the company since 2010.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

In October 2018, he announced his resignation and intention to become executive chairman of the board of directors after his departure [14].


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Current Board of Directors: Michael S. Brown M. Anthony Burns, Robert Barth, Don Cornwell, William H.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Gray, Konstanz Corner, William Howell, Stanley Ikenberry, Jeff Kindler (Chair), George Lorch, Dana Meade, Ruth J.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Simmons, William Steer.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Shareholders


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The largest owners of Pfizer shares for 2016:


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The Vanguard Group, Inc (6.32%)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

State Street Corporation (4.95%)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (2.66%)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

JPMorgan Chase (1.81%)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Bank Of America Corporation (1.74%)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

BlackRock Fund Advisors (1.57%)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The Bank Of New York Mellon Corporation (1.38%)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Northern Trust Corporation (1.35%)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Capital World Investors (1.32%)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Activities


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Pfizer is the inventor and manufacturer of the world-famous drug Viagra.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The production of drugs is carried out at the company's factories located in the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, Holland, Germany, Turkey (in total — in 46 countries around the world).


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

It has representative offices in more than 100 countries around the world, including Russia.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The main divisions of the company are Human Health, Animal Health and Corporate Groups.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

According to the British news and publishing agency URCH Publishing, Pfizer is the leader of the global pharmaceutical market (2007) with a market share of 6.2% (closest competitors: GSK — 5.4%, Roche — 4.3%).


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

The drugs with the highest sales volume in 2015 [18]


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Prevenar (Prevnar) — $6.245 billion (pneumococcus diseases)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Lyrica — $4.838 billion (epilepsy, neuralgia)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Enbrel — $3.333 billion (rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Lipitor — $1.86 billion (lowering cholesterol)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Viagra — $1.297 billion (erectile dysfunction)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Sutent — $1.12 billion (some forms of cancer)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Premarin (Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.) — $1.08 billion (symptoms of menopause)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Norvasc — $991 million (hypertension)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Zyvox — $883 million (bacterial infections)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Celebrex — $830 million (arthroid and other pains)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Benefit (BeneFix) — $752 million (hemophilia)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Ibrance — $723 million (breast cancer)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Pristiq — $715 million (depression)


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Pfizer in Russia


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Danil Blinov (2011-2017) is the Head of Pfizer Representative Office in Russia.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

In 2008, the legal entity Pfizer LLC was established and the company's first warehouse of products was opened in Russia (12 km from the Moscow Ring Road) [20].


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Russia does not have its own production.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

In November 2018, the production of Yakvinus (tofacitinib), a drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, was launched at the facilities of the NTFF Polisan plant in St. Petersburg [21].


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Development plans


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

According to Jeff Kindler, Pfizer no longer intends to depend on the success of several blockbusters.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

This is the main reason for the acquisition of Wyeth, one of the first major companies to invest in biotechnology.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

Pfizer will focus on drugs of biological origin — vaccines and drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and cancer, instead of giving priority to conventional drugs, such as hypocholesterolemic and antihypertensive drugs (Lipitor, US sales of 13% of the company's total (more than $6 billion)), as well as antidepressants.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer

In addition, the company intends to actively work in the markets of drugs for older people.


Question: Is Gabapentin produced in Russia?

Pfizer