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Karate

But the same IOC withdrew its recognition of the World Karate Federation in July 1992.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

In 1999, karate as a sport was re-recognized by the International Olympic Committee.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

After that, the highest chances of karate were at the IOC session in Singapore in 2005.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Then karate reached the final stage of the Olympic Games Program.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

In 2009, the IOC Executive Committee, held in Berlin as part of the World Athletics Championships, in violation of the IOC Charter and existing norms, “recommended” not to include karate and squash in the short list, but to give preference for golf and rugby sevens.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

The issue of including karate in the 2012 Olympic program (XXX Summer Olympic Games in London) was considered, but this issue did not pass the vote in the IOC.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

At the end of May 2013, at the IOC and SportAccord session in St. Petersburg, the Executive Committee voted on the selection of 3 sports for inclusion in the Olympic program from 2020.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Karate was one of the nine sports represented, but according to the results of voting, it was not included in the program of the Olympics.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

After changing the charter of the Olympic Games, it became possible to include more than 28 sports in the Program.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

On January 14, 2015, it was announced that a new council was created, the purpose of which was to consider sports candidates for inclusion in the 2020 Olympic Games.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

On April 16, 2015, a joint conference was held in Tokyo with the participation of representatives of the Japan Karate Federation — JKF.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

At the conference, it was announced that organizations are forming an alliance to strengthen the position of karate in the struggle for a place at the 2020 Olympics.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

On June 13 and 14, 2015, karate competitions were held as part of the first Euro Olympic Games.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

On August 7-8, 2015, the presentation of karate sport under the auspices of the WKF took place.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

The World Karate Federation has announced its task: based on the results of this presentation, to ensure that the IOC at the next stage of consideration of applications includes karate in the short list for voting at the IOC session.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

In September 2015, it became known that the Organizing Committee of the 2020 Olympic Games sent a proposal to the IOC to include additional sports in the Olympic program.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

In October 2015, Antonio Espinos announced the change of the WKF karate format to the Olympic one.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

On May 25, 2016, the WKF announced the Olympic Qualification Process.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

On August 3, 2016, the success of karate was announced — the Olympic dream has become a reality!


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Karate


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Organizations


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Each major karate style has its own international federation (sometimes several international federations, such as Kyokushin), which unites national federations operating within one countries.


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Karate

As a rule, each federation has its own systems of requirements, degrees, belts, rules for conducting sports matches.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

In 1957, the All-Japan Karate-Do Federation was established, in 1959, the European Karate Union, and in 1970, the World United Karate Organization.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

In 1990, a number of organizations merged in, which represents the interests of karate in the International Olympic Committee.


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Karate

Currently, more than 20 million people around the world are engaged in karate [8].


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

World Championships have been held since 1970, European championships since 1971 [13].


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Karate

Basic techniques and elements


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

The training is based on three basic techniques:


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

kihon () - basic training, basic technique.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

kumite () - training in pairs; divided into a conditioned duel (yakusoku kumite) and a free fight (jiyu-kumite).


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Karate

Sports competitions are held in jiyu kumite.


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At the same time, the blows are not inflicted in full force, but are only indicated.


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Karate

Punches can be applied with hands or feet on the head or on the body above the waist.


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Karate

Judges assess the severity of the consequences of the blow, if it is actually inflicted.


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Karate

A scoring system from one to three points is used: ippon, nihon, sambon (yuko, waza-ari, ippon in the Olympic version, respectively).


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Karate

Competitions are held in several weight categories [7].


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Karate

kata () - formal exercises, fighting with an invisible one or more opponents, shadow fighting.


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Karate

The exercises are performed in a single chain, the movements are divided into attacking and defensive.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Sports competitions in kata are held in both singles and group categories [7].


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Four elements of kata:


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bunkai () - analysis, explanation of kata;


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oyo (o: e:) - application;


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hank () - variations;


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kakushi () - secrecy.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Karate uses the generally accepted international karate terminology.


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Karate trends, styles and schools


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

It is worth separating the directions, styles and schools of karate.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

There are sports, applied and traditional karate directions.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Styles began to emerge during the advent of karate in Japan.


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Karate

Thus, in the 1930s, styles were officially registered:


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Shito-ryu (), founder of Kenwa Mabuni.


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Karate

Goju-ryu (), founder of Chojun Miyagi;


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Wado-ryu (), founder of Hironori Otsuka;


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Shotokan (), founder Gitin Funakoshi;


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Styles are constantly emerging, as each outstanding craftsman brings something different, which often leads to the creation of a new style.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

In addition, there have been cases when a master, after going through one of the schools, left the organization and created his own style, in fact changing only the name.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

For these and other reasons, more than two hundred different styles and schools of karate are distinguished.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

The most famous, except for the four already mentioned, are listed below:


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

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Kyokushin (), the founder of Masutatsu Oyama, appeared in the 1950s.


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Karate

Ashihara karate, the founder of Hideyuki Ashihara, developed in the 1970s and 1980s from Kyokushin with the addition of throwing techniques and sabaki.


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Karate

Koshiki () is the founder of Kaiso Kori Hisataka.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Fudokan () is a style created in 1980 by Yugoslav master Ilya Yorga.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

The most scientifically grounded style from the point of view of medicine is karate-do.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Shorin-ryu is one of the oldest styles of Okinawan karate


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Karate

Joshinmon Shorin-ryu (Operational Karate) is the founder of Ikeda Hoshu; it was used by the KGB of the USSR.


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An applied direction created in the late 1970s.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

It has three main schools.


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Karate

Uechi Ryu () is a style founded by Kambun Uechi on the island of Okinawa.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Kyokushin Budokai () is the founder of Jon Bluming.


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Karate

Konno-juku is an intellectual karate, founded in 1999, the founder of Konno Satoshi.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Kudo is a combined style that includes karate, judo and Thai boxing techniques.


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Karate

The founder is Azuma Takashi.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Belt and degree system


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

In karate, student degrees are distinguished — “kyu” and master degrees — “dans”.


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Karate

Usually, the number of kyu and dan is ten, but the number may differ from style to school.


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Karate

The kyu number decreases with skill, the number given increases.


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Karate

The external attribute of one degree or another is the belt.


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Karate

Karate degrees do not depend on the results of sports competitions.


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Karate

To obtain a higher degree, it is necessary to demonstrate a certain skill in kata and free combat [7].


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Karate

The karate belt is called obi.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

In addition to its direct purpose — to keep the gi jacket wrapped, the belt has a symbolic meaning: the color of the belt indicates the level of skill.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

As a rule, a darker color means a higher degree.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

In most schools, the youngest belt is white, and the oldest is black.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Colored belts correspond to student degrees, black belts correspond to workshops.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Often (for example, in Shotokan), the color of the belt gradually darkens from 10 kyu to 1 dan.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

However, in some styles, the color of the belt has a special meaning, and the light belt may be older than the darker one.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

For example, in Ashihara karate, the yellow belt is older than the blue belt.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

As a rule, the meaning of Kyokushin belt colors is as follows:


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

White color means purity, inexperience, symbolizes the desire to learn and learn new things (Novichok)


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Karate

The orange belt is the color of the sun at sunrise (10 and 9 kyu)


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Karate

Blue belt is the color of the sky at sunrise (8 and 7 kyu)


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Karate

Yellow belt is the rising Sun, affirmation level, (6 and 5 kyu)


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Karate

Green belt — blooming color, maturity level (4 and 3 kyu)


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Karate

Brown belt — maturity, practical, creative level (2 and 1 kyu)


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Karate

Black — fullness, wisdom (Dana)


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

In the Kyokushin style, it is generally believed that the black belt, burning out of the sun over time, tends to become white.


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Karate

Thus, over the years, wisdom tends to begin — what comes to over the years lies at the very beginning of training.


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Karate

This is what the founder of Kyokushin himself, Masutatsu Oyama, said.


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Karate

This is probably a beautiful legend.


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Karate

Older Okinawan schools had a five-belt graduation system that had a more practical explanation:


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Karate

White—Pure White Beginner's Belt


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Yellow — the student practiced the basic technique for a long time and his belt turned yellow with sweat


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Karate

Red - the student was allowed to kumite and his belt was stained with blood red from missed blows


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Brown — the student had been practicing kumite for so long that the color of his belt turned brown with stumbled blood


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Black — the student has been practicing karate for so long that the color of his belt turns black from time to time


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Nowadays, the belt system in some styles is as follows:


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

White — 9 kyu


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Yellow — 8 kyu


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Karate

Orange — 7 kyu


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Karate

Green — 6 kyu


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Karate

Light blue — 5 kyu


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Karate

Blue — 4 kyu


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Karate

Light brown — 3kyu


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Karate

Brown — 2 kyu


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Dark brown — 1 kyu


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Black — 1 dan − 10 dan, usually 10 dan posthumously


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Two-tone belts are also used in mowels.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Currently, the system of belts in mowls is as follows:


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

White and yellow — 10 kyu


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Yellow — 9 kyu


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Yellow-orange — 8 kyu


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Orange — 7 kyu


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Orange-green — 6 kyu


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Karate

Green — 5 kyu


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Karate

Green-blue — 4 kyu


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Karate

Blue — 3 kyu


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Blue-brown — 2 kyu


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Brown — 1 kyu


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Black — 1st Dan — 2nd Dan


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Karate

Black and white — 3rd dan — 4th dan


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Karate

Black and red — 5th dan — 6th dan


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Karate

Red-white — 7th dan — 8th dan


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Karate

Red — 9th dan — 10th dan


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Karate in culture


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Karate

Cinematography:


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Karate

“Doomed to loneliness” (“Kenka karate kyokushinken”), Japan, 1975


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Pirates of the 20th Century, USSR, 1979


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“Don't be afraid, I'm with you!” , USSR, 1981


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Karate

“The Karate Kid”, USA, 1984


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

“The Karate Kid”, USA, 2010 A remake of the 1984 film.


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Karate

“Best of the Best”, USA, 1989


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Karate

“Fan”, USSR, 1989.


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Karate

“Fan 2”, USSR, 1990


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Karate

Russian Transit, Russia, 1994


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Karate

Wind Warrior, South Korea, 2004


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Karate

“Black Belt” (“Kuro Obi”), Japan, 2007


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Karate

“High Blow Girl” (“Hai Kikku Garu”), Japan, 2009


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Karate

“Master of the East”, Russia, 1992


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Karate

Music:


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Karate (V. Migulya — O. Pisarzhevskaya, A. Monastyrev) — performed by Vladimir Migulya and VIA Zemlyane.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

A habitual miracle (I. Language book — G. Borisov) — performed by VIA “Hello Pesnya”, VIA “Leisya Pesnya” and VIA “Singing Hearts”.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

A lesson in wrestling (from the movie “Don't be afraid, I'm with you!”) (Polad Bulbul-ogly — A. Didurov) — performed by Stas Namin's band (“Flowers”).


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

I didn't go karate (G. Polsky — G. Polish) - performed by MAD SHOW BOYS.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

See also


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Tameshiwari


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Tote


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Okinawa-te


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Goju-ryu


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Thansudo


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Fudokan


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Shotokan


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Sokon Matsumura


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Takayuki Kubota


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Notes


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Literature


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Potaev V. S. Karate: from beginner to master.


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Karate

— Ulan-Ude, 2015.


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

References


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

at Curlie


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Category:Martial arts


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Category:Japanese martial arts


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Category:Karate


Question: What does the “red” belt mean in karate?

Karate

Category:Martial arts alphabetically


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

The Palestinian flag comes from the flag of Arab nationalists during the First World War during the Arab Uprising of 1916—1918 against the Ottoman Empire.


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

Description


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

The flag is a rectangular cloth consisting of three equal horizontal stripes: the upper black, the middle white and the lower green, with a red isosceles triangle at the polearpole edges.


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

According to the Palestinian Mission in Germany, black is the color of the Abassids, white is the color of the Umayyads, red is the color of the Kharijites, the conquerors of Andalusia and the Hashemites, and green is the color of the Fatimids and Islam [1].


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

All four colors are familiar as pan-Arabic colors.


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

Authorship


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

The origin of the flag is a matter of debate and mythology.


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

According to one version, the colors were chosen by the Literary Club of Arab Nationalists in Constantinople in 1909 and were based on one of the poems of the 13th century Arab poet Safi-Din al-Khali.


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

On the other hand, the authorship belongs to the Arab Youth Society, founded in Paris in 1911.


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

According to the third, the flag was designed by British diplomat Sir Mark Sykes.


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

Whatever the correct version, the flag was used by Hussein bin Ali in 1917 and came to be seen as the flag of the Arab national movement in Mashreq.


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

According to the “Palestinian Mission in Germany”, it was developed by Hussein bin Ali.


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

Palestine flag of 1939


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

According to the Larousse French Dictionary of 1939 [3]


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

The flag of Palestine was a blue and white field vertically divided in half with a blue part at the flagpole and a six-pointed star of David depicted in the center.


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

Using


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

This flag became the basis for the flags of Hejaz, Transjordan (Jordan), Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, the United Arab Emirates and Western Sahara.


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

It was also used by Arab Palestinian organizations during the British Mandate, during the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 by the All-Palestinian Government [4], and since the second half of the 20th century by the Organization the Liberation of Palestine (PLO) and other Arab organizations.


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

According to the Palestinian Mission in Germany, in 1947, the Baath Party used the flag as a “sign of freedom and unity of the Arab people” [1].


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

On November 15, 1988, the flag was adopted by the PLO as the flag of the proclaimed “State of Palestine” in exile (partially recognized now).


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

Since 1993, this flag has been the official flag of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), created as a result of the Oslo Accords signed between Israel and the PLO.


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

In Israel, the flag has been banned since 1967 as the flag of the PLO, recognized as a terrorist organization, [5] but since the signing of the Oslo Accords, it has been unofficially waiting to be shown.


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

In December 2006, during a meeting between Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert and PNA Chairman Mahmoud Abbas in Jerusalem, the Palestinian flag was raised for the first time next to the Israeli flag.


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

In 2015, the flag was raised at the UN headquarters [6].


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

Notes


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

Flag


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

Category:Flags of partially recognized states


Question: What does the red triangle mean on the Palestinian flag?

Palestinian flag

Category:Palestinian National Authority


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

is a Japanese role-playing game developed and released by Square for the Game Boy portable device in December 1989.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

This is the first part of the SaGa series and the first role-playing game for this console.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The original Japanese name Makai Toushi SaGa differs from the English version published in September 1990 and roughly translates to “The Tower Warrior Saga in the Spirit World ”.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The producers decided to use the already well-known brand Final Fantasy in the West, but in fact the game has nothing to do with this series.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The Final Fantasy Legend was reprinted several times, in 1998 it was completely redesigned by Sunsoft, and later released for the WonderSwan Color handheld gaming system and mobile phones, in 2007 and 2008.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Released at the peak of Tetris's popularity, The Final Fantasy Legend is built on turn-based gameplay similar to Final Fantasy II.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Playable characters fight monsters and villains using a variety of weapons, armor and skills developed during the passage.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The story describes the journey of four heroes who go on a journey to clear the evil spirits of a tower located in the very center of the world and so high that, according to legend, its top reaches paradise.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Each of the characters can be assigned to one of three classes, and its further development and customization depend on this.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The main ideas of The Final Fantasy Legend belong to game designer Nobuyuki Hoshino, the director and manager of the project was acted, the music was written by the composer.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The game, unlike the early parts of Final Fantasy, combines a fantasy environment with elements of science fiction, mixes the fairy-tale world with futuristic and modern achievements of science.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

It is also noteworthy that this is Square's first game to sell more than one million copies, with a total sales of 1.37 million copies.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

At one time, the game received mixed reviews, but was recognized as one of the greatest games for Game Boy.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

There is a significant impact on the popular Pokémon series.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

This game should not be confused with Final Fantasy Legends released in 2010, although they were created by the same company, except for a similar name, have almost nothing in common.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Gameplay


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

During The Final Fantasy Legend, the player controls a party of four heroes, leads them to locations in a fictional world, explores dungeons, fights opponents, and interacts with non-player characters — the game takes place in various cities, castles, caves and other similar places [1].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Initially, the game space is limited to English: World of Continent, but when you reach the Tower (English: Tower), you can access other worlds [2].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

At any time and anywhere, except in battles, the player is free to save his progress and start from the same place the next time he accesses the game [3].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Movement between locations is carried out through the world map, the player freely moves characters within geographical obstacles, such as water or mountains [4].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The goal of the game is to find a way to the next level, that is, to climb to the next floor of the Tower [5].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Similar to Final Fantasy games, battles with opponents take place randomly — monsters are invisible and attack characters as they move around the world map or some other hostile location.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Classes


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Before starting the passage, the player must choose the class, gender and name of the future “group leader” [6].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

There are three classes available, each with its own strengths and weaknesses: humans, mutants (espers in Japanese) [7] and monsters — the chosen class cannot be changed, it remains with the character until the very end games.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

During the gameplay, you can add up to three additional characters to the team by visiting the so-called partner guilds (English: Member Guilds), which are located in every locality [8].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

New recruits can replace fallen fighters, but the group leader is irreplaceable and must be part of the team throughout the passage.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The further the plot develops, the more powerful characters join the squad [9].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The success of characters' participation in battles largely depends on personal characteristics, which, in turn, are divided into four categories, and range from 1 to 99 points.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Damage with simple physical attacks depends on strength, defense is responsible for absorbing the damage of enemy strikes, agility affects the effectiveness of using remote weapons and special skills, and also allows you to dodge enemy attacks, the effectiveness of magic depends on mana.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Character health is determined by life points (HP) — their maximum value increases progressively and can reach 999 points.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Characteristics directly depend on the class of the character — people have higher HP, strength and defense [10], while physically weak mutants have good mana and much better suitable for spell witchcraft [11].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Humans and mutants can use different equipment to increase stats, while monster stats depend solely on the subclass [12].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

People increase stats with special items with the appropriate name, for example, STRENGTH increases strength, HP200 increases the maximum number of lives.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Mutant attributes increase randomly at the end of battles, and new abilities may be added in the process and old ones may disappear.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Monsters develop by eating “meat” left after battles - depending on the origin of the meat, the monster changes the subclass to the strong or weak side, or fully restores health [13 ].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Equipment and abilities


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

In SaGa games, the main function of equipment is to improve personal characteristics.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

For example, a golden helmet worn on a character increases their defense, a mithril sword increases attack, and so on. The number of items that a character can wear at the same time depends on the class: people wear eight items, mutants wear four items, monsters wear none [14].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Armor is divided into five types: shields, helmets, bibs, mittens, and shoes.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Of each type, only one item can be equipped on a character.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Weapons, including swords, hammers, whips, spellbooks and pistols, are used a limited number of times, then break and become unusable — broken items can be repaired in cities and can then be reused.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Shields are activated in battles to block enemy attacks, they also have a fixed strength and are destroyed at some point [15].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Mutant and monster abilities are directly dependent on combat experience and subclass.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

They can be divided into four categories: attacking, status, healing, and permanent.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Attacking abilities and spells used in battle deal damage to opponents of a certain element, status abilities impose various harmful statuses on enemies (for example, “blindness”), and allies are useful.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Healing skills restore the target's life points and, unlike other types, can be used outside of combat.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Some of them have specific properties, in particular, they can irritate a group of opponents or suck HP points out of them [16].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Continuous abilities work throughout the battle, increasing or decreasing characters' resistance to certain types of attacks.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Each spell or ability is also limited to a fixed number of casts, and after reaching the limit, the squad must visit the hotel and reload them there [17].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Battles


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

When characters meet opponents, the game switches from travel mode to battle mode.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Enemies are located at the top of the screen, while the Hero Squad is at the bottom; you can control what happens step by step using the interface's text-based menu.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Before starting each move, the player must make a choice whether to accept the challenge or flee [18].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

In the first case, a submenu becomes available with a set of commands for each character: attack, defend, conjure magic, or use equipped items [19].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

After choosing a task, the battle itself begins for each of the heroes, and the order of actions depends on the agility of the units on the battlefield.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

If a player tries to escape and this attempt fails, the whole team misses the turn, taking on the attacks of the current opponents.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The battle ends if you successfully escape, kill all enemies, or lose all members of the squad — after losing a group, the game must be reloaded from the last save [20].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Winning a battle brings money (GP) and items to the team.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Defeated enemy monsters sometimes leave behind meat that can be immediately eaten by monster characters [21].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

At the same time, mutant characters also increase their stats, and they can also receive a random spell after defeating opponents.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Life points lost during battle are restored with the help of healing items and spells after visiting a hotel or a fountain of living water [22].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

If during the battle one of the characters completely lost his lives, then he loses one “heart” - you need to go to the city and revive it in a building with a large emblem in the form of a heart.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

A hero who has no more hearts left cannot be revived [23].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The plot


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The setting


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The Final Fantasy Legend takes place in several worlds converging in one giant tower, which was built in ancient times for communication purposes by the Creator himself (God in the Japanese version) [ 24].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

In total, there are four main worlds, each located on a specific floor of the tower: the world of the continent stretches at the base, the ocean world on the 5th floor, the sky world on the 10th, the world of ruins on the 16th.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Time flows unevenly on different floors of the tower, some worlds are at the dawn of civilization, while others have achieved high technological progress [25].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The tower is home to various kinds of monsters, most of them hostile, but some are friendly and coexist peacefully next to humans.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

An offshoot of the human race is mutants who use magic descendants of the union of people with ancient peoples who once lived on the territory of the continent's world [26].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The world of the continent is ruled by three kings who are waging an endless war with each other — each of them has an artifact necessary to open the tower gate.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The ocean world consists of several small islands surrounded by huge masses of water, and communication between them is carried out through tunnels dug underground [27].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

A significant part of this world is at the mercy of ubiquitous pirates who control all seas and prevent civilians from traveling by ship [28].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The sky world is a giant piece of land floating high in the clouds, the world is under the control of a powerful dictator living in a flying castle [29].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Finally, the world of ruins is formerly a highly developed prosperous metropolis, and now post-apocalyptic ruins resulting from continuous monster attacks [30].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

History


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Standing right in front of the tower, the hero and his team realize that they will not be able to reach paradise until the security seal is removed from the entrance gate.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

At the base of the tower, the so-called world of the continent, three kings Armor, Sword and Schild are fighting for legendary artifacts that, when combined, can remove the seal.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

After visiting King Armor, the characters learn that he is very in love with the girl, and although the feelings between them are mutual, she cannot marry him, as an evil bandit is holding her home village hostage.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Heroes defeat the bandit, and the king gives them his armor, one of the artifacts, as a thank you.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Soon, the characters are attacked by King Sword, but they come out victorious and take his sword, the second artifact.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The last artifact comes to the protagonists after the death of King Schild, loyal and killed by his own butler.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

They return the items they receive to the statue of the great warrior and receive a mysterious black sphere, but immediately after that they are attacked by the first demon controlled by Asura, the Black Turtle Genbu.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Heroes defeat him, use a black sphere to remove the seal from the gate and enter the tower [31].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The squad rises higher and finds itself in a world surrounded by water on all sides.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Through a network of underground tunnels, they travel to the flying island and travel around the area until they meet old man Ryu-o [32].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

On his advice, the characters find a bathyscaphe, sink to the bottom of the ocean and swim to the underwater palace, where they are met by the second demon, the Azure Dragon Sei-ryu.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

When they win, they receive half of the blue sphere, the other half is given to them by Ryu-o.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Both fragments come together, allowing the heroes to rise to the next level — the world of heaven, where the White Tiger Bai Hoo reigns with his army.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Recently, the tyrant killed the rebels of the underground resistance, destroying all his enemies except Millie and Joanne, the daughters of the militia leader.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Heroes find them and try to protect them from the villain, but Millie betrays her sister, and the whole group is captured by the enemy.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Having got out, the characters come into confrontation with the demon, he tries to kill Millie, but Joanne is put under attack and thus saves the traitor.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

After defeating the boss, the squad takes the white sphere and goes to the next floors of the tower.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The fourth world, post-apocalyptic ruins, is kept at bay by the Red Bird Su-zaku, protected by an impregnable force field.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Trying to escape, the characters find themselves in an abandoned subway station and meet a girl Sayaka, who sends them to a nearby city.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

There, the characters confront the leader of a gang of bikers named So-cho, but his sister Sayaka forces them to reconcile and, together, challenge the demon that terrorizes the population.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Together, they assemble parts for a device that can turn off the force field, while Socho sacrifices his life to guide the heroes through the nuclear power plant.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The city is flooded with monsters, and Su-zaku kidnaps Sayaka.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The squad destroys the demon and takes possession of the red sphere.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Continuing the ascent, the characters discover the remains of a family whose members also once tried to reach paradise, but failed [33], and also find a library with hints that the actions of the main The villain Asura is controlled by someone else [34].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

They meet an antagonist at the very top, defending the last door — he offers each character possession of other worlds, but they refuse and defeat him [35].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Suddenly, a trap is triggered in front of the door, and the entire group is thrown to the very bottom of the tower.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

They decide not to stop the journey and, having received the blessing of all the friendly characters they meet in the game, go upstairs on a detour, where they again defeat the four demons who have managed to time to be resurrected.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

At the end of the journey, they meet the Creator himself and learn that the demons and the whole tower are really just part of the game planned for entertainment.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Many brave warriors tried to climb here unsuccessfully, and finally, as intended, mortals have overcome all obstacles and defeated all evil — for which they are entitled to a reward, the fulfillment of any desire.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

However, the heroes enraged by such manipulation refuse the reward and challenge the Creator.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

He is confident in his omnipotence, but the team boldly attacks him and wins a long difficult battle [36].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

At the end of the battle, the characters stand at the doorstep of a cherished door leading to another unknown dimension, they speculate for a long time whether or not to enter, and eventually decide to return to their home world.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The universe on the other side remains a mystery [37].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Development


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The game was developed under the direction of Nobuyuki Hoshino and two years after the release of Final Fantasy [38].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

This is the first part of the upcoming SaGa series and Square's first game for the Game Boy portable system [39].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The then president of the company, Masafumi Miyamoto, asked the developers to create this game after he noticed the growing popularity of Tetris, which was supplied to complete with all Game Boy handheld consoles.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Kawazu and his partner came to the conclusion that instead of a simple Tetris-like arcade, they would better make the game in their usual role-playing genre [40].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

According to the authors themselves, it was supposed to be a short game for six to eight hours so that it could be fully played during the flight from Narita Airport to Honolulu, Hawaii [38].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

In addition, they tried to optimize the gameplay for several periods of time, separated by any break, as if, for example, a subway passenger would interrupt several times gameplay for moving from one station to another.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The developers have increased the intensity of random encounters with monsters, compared to the rest of their RPGs, so that more than one battle takes place when switching between locations, and would be constantly maintained interest in what is happening [41].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The Final Fantasy Legend was created as a complex game with developed gameplay — Kawazu saw this as the main difference between the SaGa series and Final Fantasy [42].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Many innovative ideas have been implemented, in particular, a system of eating “meat” to increase the personal characteristics of the characters - the gameplay has become more difficult to master when compared to other role-playing games, but at the same time more interesting [43].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Kawazu was also actively involved in writing the script [44], co-authoring it with Ishii, Takashi Tokita, and who simultaneously worked on several other Square projects [40].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Ito and Ishii developed the entire game world, thought out its layout and geography, and Ryoka Tanaka created all the backgrounds.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The character design was proposed by Tokita and later translated the illustrations of the characters into sprite graphics himself [45] [46].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The Game Boy monochrome display put the developers in a difficult situation, because some effects, such as fire, were very difficult to convey in one color — we had to create a world,” working in black and white” [47].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Tanaka later noted that the capacity of the 2-megabit Game Boy cartridge was not enough to implement all the ideas, and just before the release, many not accommodated elements [48].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Musical accompaniment


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The music for the game was written by the composer, and there were sixteen audio tracks in total.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

It took him a lot of effort, as the Game Boy sound reproducing chip is significantly different from the Famicom console, on which the company released most of its games.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

A new system for creating a stereo effect, a completely different way of transmitting a signal, a score of only three notes — all this had to be taken into account [39].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Kawazu offered to write music that was stylistically similar to the first two parts of Final Fantasy, but Uematsu insisted on developing a completely new style.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The capabilities of the console cartridges did not allow us to create an impressive musical range, but the composer made every effort to do this: “Of course, it would be much more pleasant to see high-quality music and graphics, but we had to be sure that players would like our product” [38].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Many of the compositions were later used in the creation of other parts of the series (such as the theme of battle) and were published as part of various music collections [49].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The opening melody, called “Prologue”, opens the next two SaGa games in a slightly modified form.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

“Heartful Tears” (also known as “Wipe Your Tears Away”) became an integral theme for five parts of the series, each time appearing with a new arrangement [50].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Fifteen songs by The Final Fantasy Legend were included in the double album All Sounds of SaGa, released in 1991 and remastered in December 2004 and re-released under the name SaGa Zenkyoku Shu [51].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The final soundtrack, “Journey's End”, is a medley of six other melodies of the game, combined together by Uematsu.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

In an interview, the composer noted that he is very happy to listen to this composition, as all the brightest moments of the game are recalled along the way [39].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

In 2008, during a regular Press Start -Symphony of Games concert, the song was performed by the Kanagawa Philharmonic Orchestra as part of its When Nobuo Uematsu was Young program.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Releases and reissues


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The Japanese version of the game was released in December 1989 under the name Makai Toushi SaGa, which included maps from all four major worlds and was later reissued with corrections to some minor errors [53].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

In March 1990, Square translated the game into English, originally scheduled to be released in North America with the title The Great Warrior Saga [54], but by September it had risen dramatically the popularity of the American version of Final Fantasy, and as a result, it was decided to change the name to The Final Fantasy Legend [55].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The developers have made minor changes to this version, in particular, removing the final credits and increasing the durability of some weapons [56].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

In addition, the script was corrected: Ryu-o's mysterious speeches became more understandable [57], all references to self-sacrifice and the true purpose of the Tower disappeared [58] [59], the dialogue with the Creator became less sinister [60].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

In 1998, Sunsoft redesigned all three Final Fantasy Legend games under license and released them for Game Boy in a slightly improved form.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Their employees were going to adapt the game for the Game Boy Color system, but this idea was never implemented [61].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

In September 2001, Square announced a reissue of The Final Fantasy Legend for Bandai's WonderSwan Color pocket console [62].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

As a result, the porting was carried out exclusively for Japan and, accordingly, retained its Japanese name [63].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The illustrator redrew all the concept drawings and graphics specifically for this version, while the company's programmers added some additional cutscenes.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The developers also allowed the player to see in advance what form the monster character transforms into after eating meat left over from defeated enemies.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

It is noteworthy that this new version leaves the opportunity to play the original black and white version of the game for Game Boy [64].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Other changes include adjusted item and enemy names, the appearance of a bestiary, and a somewhat automated combat system that allows heroes to automatically during battle aim at enemies [65].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Square Enix was the next update of this trademark.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

In January 2007, they announced that they were working on a transformation of the Wonderswan version, and in September, they released a ready-made port for mobile phones for the Tokyo Game Show [66].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

In total, by the end of 2008, adaptations were made for devices connected to telecom operators such as i-mode, EZWeb and SoftBank [67].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The developers had to remove the bestiary and the ability to play the original version for Game Boy, as well as reduce some dialogues in the cut scenes.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Added a Chinese interface language that can be selected if necessary and additional stores where you can purchase new equipment during quests [68].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Reviews and criticism


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The Final Fantasy Legend is Square's first game to break the threshold of one million copies sold [69].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

By March 31, 2003, Game Boy versions alone had sold 1.37 million copies (of which 1.15 million in Japan) [70].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The game was so successful that the company immediately released two sequels and later brought the SaGa series to many other consoles [71] [72].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The one-eyed monster depicted on the cover of the Japanese version of the game became a kind of mascot of the series, appearing in the second part as a character named “Mr. S” [73] [74].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

, founder of Game Freak, noted that the game had a great impact on the Pokémon series, prompted him to think that the Game Boy pocket system can be used not only for simple arcades [75].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

However, in the West, the game received mixed reviews and, for example, GameRankings received a rating of only 51% in the aggregate of reviews [76].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

IGN called The Final Fantasy Legend “an exciting RPG with complex gameplay and a solid soundtrack”, but expressed dissatisfaction with the too high complexity and “outdated” graphs [61].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The German magazine Power Play rated the game at 78% and praised the unleashed potential of the Game Boy console, on which no one had ever played role-playing games before [77].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The Chicago Tribune described the game as “slightly slowed down in some places, but, like Final Fantasy, forcing you to be patient to complete interesting quests” [78].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

1UP.com noted that the gameplay was a logical continuation of Final Fantasy II, acquired a complete look compared to this sequel.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

They also agreed with IGN that the random development of monster and mutant characters makes the game incredibly difficult to complete [79].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Other commentators were more supportive.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

For example, a well-known journalist praised the game in his book “How to Win at Game Boy Games”, describing it as “a great achievement for the Game Boy console” and calling it “an excellent game in its class”, albeit not as deep as the famous The Legend of Zelda [80].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Shortly after its American release, Nintendo Power magazine named The Final Fantasy Legend the third best Game Boy game of 1990 [81], and in September 1997 ranked it at number 70 in list of the “100 best games of all time on Nintendo consoles”, commenting on the choice by the opinion that the developers remained faithful to the traditions of Square [82].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Jeremy Parish, a reviewer at 1UP.com, mentioned the game as an integral part of the Game Boy era and one of the best games of 1989, praising the departure from some of the principles of Final Fantasy in order to implement new ideas [83].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

GameDaily called it “a great way to pass the time waiting for a dentist's appointment or a boring visit to your grandmother” [84].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Electronic Gaming Monthly, Pocket Games and GameSpot reacted equally positively to the game and later ranked it among the fifty best games for Game Boy [85] [86] [87].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

The complexity and significance of the final boss, the Creator, was repeatedly mentioned in various articles and publications.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

For example, GamePro magazine ranked him 37th on its list of the most diabolical villains in the history of video games: “You will be surprised to know how many life points developers have in store for God” [88 ].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

1UP.com called the battle “epic”, despite the fact that it is not so new to Japanese role-playing games — a battle between a team of protagonists and a deity [89].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

American humorist Jackie Cascian joked about the Creator during an episode of Comedy Central Presents, noting that it took her eight months to defeat the boss [90].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

It is noteworthy that in reality, the main opponent of the game is not so difficult - he can be killed with a single blow of a chainsaw with an instant death effect.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

In 2009, Square Enix battle planner Nobuyuki Matsuoka admitted that as a sign of respect for Final Fantasy Legend, the final boss of Final Fantasy XIII was added exactly the same weakness [91].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Related products


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

In parallel with the game, some related products were released, in particular books and phone cards [92].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Futabasha Publishing House published Makai Toushi Saga's book Boukenshatachi no Rekuiemu (Requiem for Their Adventures) in February 1990.


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Written by Misa Ikeda, the 287-page book became part of the Futabasha children's adventure series, detailing the entire ascent of the characters from the base of the tower to the very top [93].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

In August, Square included the game in its book Final Fantasy Ryūkishi Dan — Knights (Knights of the Dragon of the Last Fantasy), where they posted many reviews and rare Final Fantasy Legend conceptual drawings [92].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

In October 1992, the game was among four titles featured in Game Players magazine's Game Player's Gametape for Game Boy Games, a video showing features of the game and provides tips for passing [94].


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Notes


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

References


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

- official site of the Game Boy version


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

— official website of the WonderSwan Color version


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

— official website of the mobile version


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Category:1989 video games


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Category:Final Fantasy


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Category:Saga


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Category:Games for Game Boy


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Category:Games for WonderSwan Color


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Category:Mobile phone games


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Category:Video games developed in Japan


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Category:Video games developed by Square


Question: Where does The Final Fantasy Legend take place?

The Final Fantasy Legend

Category:Video games published by Square Enix


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

VL19 (up to a year — VL — Vladimir Lenin, 19 — load from driving axles on rails in vehicles) is a Soviet mainline DC cargo-passenger electric locomotive, produced from year to year.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

It is the first, and among the serial (until March) the only [by 1] [1] [2] [3] electric locomotive, the design of which was created in the Soviet Union.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

History


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Prerequisites for the emergence


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In the year, Soviet railways from the United States (General Electric) and Italy (Tecnomasio Italiano-Brown-Boweri) began to receive the first mainline electric locomotives that were intended for driving trains through the Suram Pass (Khashuri-Zestafoni section of the Transcaucasian Railway).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In August of the same year, using a set of drawings provided by General Electric, the Kolomensky and Dynamo plants began mass production of similar electric locomotives.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Suram electric locomotives of American, Italian and Soviet production received the designation of the C (Suramsky), SI and SS series, respectively.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The chassis of these locomotives consisted of two three-axle bogies, interconnected by a joint (axial formula 3O+3O) on which the body rested on top.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The coupling weight of Suram electric locomotives was 132 tons, and the traction force reached 24,000 kgf (SI had 28,000 kgf, for comparison, the most powerful Soviet steam locomotive FD20 had 21,200-23,300 kgf, for the most massive E - 18 100-19,500 kgf).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Thanks to the introduction of electric locomotive traction, the carrying capacity of the section has significantly increased (17 electric locomotives replaced 42 steam locomotives of the E series), which served as the basis for transferring others to electric traction destinations.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

However, Suram electric locomotives could not be operated on most Soviet railways.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

First of all, this was due to the high load from the driving axles on the rails, amounting to 22 tons, while most of the railway tracks of that time allowed a load of no more than 20 tons.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In addition, the main number of rolling stock was equipped with a screw harness, which was designed for a maximum force of 20,000 kgf.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

An electric locomotive was required, which was supposed to ensure “the maximum use of the current state of the track, as well as the screw screed” (from the resolution of the Committee for the Reconstruction of Railway Transport)


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

For locomotives, this meant the following: the load from the driving axles on the rails is within 20 tons, the maximum traction force on the wheel rim is 20,000 kgf.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Design


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On March 15, on the instructions of the OGPU, at the Dynamo Moscow Electric Machine Building Plant and the Central Locomotive Bureau (CLPB), in addition to preparing technical documentation for electric locomotives of the SS series, detailed design of a new commercial and passenger electric locomotive with six driving axles has begun.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

And already at the first stages of design, designers were faced with the choice of an axial formula for a new electric locomotive.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The fact is that in April-May of the same year, a big discussion on this issue took place on the pages of the newspapers Tekhnika and Gudok.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In it, an electric locomotive of type 0-3O-0+0-3O-0 with a load from driving wheelsets on rails of 19-20 tons was opposed by an electric locomotive of type 1-3O-0+0-3O-1 with a load on the rails of 23 tons and a traction force of 27,000 kgf (its the draft design was carried out by graduate students of the Moscow Electromechanical Institute of Transport Engineers).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In the second variant, to reduce the impact on the track, runner wheelsets with a load on the rails of 15 tons were provided.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Engineers of the Dynamo plant supported the 0-3O-0+0-3O-0 electric locomotive, and specialists of the NKPS Railway Electrification Association supported the 1-3O-0+0-3O-1 electric locomotive.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The decisive choice was that for the first version of the electric locomotive, it was envisaged to use DPE-340 traction motors already under construction (used on SS electric locomotives), and the design of traction electric motors for the second option have not yet been started.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

As a result, the industry stopped on an electric locomotive of the 0-3O-0+0-3O-0 type with a load on the rails of 19 tons.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The crew part of the designed electric locomotive was very different from the crew part of electric locomotives of the C and SS series.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Thus, the length of the bogies was reduced for the designed electric locomotive (both for better fit into the curves and to reduce weight), the longitudinal beams for the body supports were excluded, and for the intercarriage joint installed a return device with spiral springs.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The spring suspension of the trolleys was made statically indeterminate (four-point), and the leaf springs had less rigidity compared to the spring suspension of SS electric locomotives.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

To connect all parts of the body, welding was provided (instead of rivets).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Since it was decided to use traction motors on the new electric locomotive, as on electric locomotives of the C and SS series, the gear ratio of the traction gearboxes was changed, which made it possible to reduce the traction force of the hour mode from 24,000 to 20,000 kgf, while increasing the speed in this mode.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

As with Suram electric locomotives, it was decided to apply regenerative braking on the new locomotive.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Auxiliary machines and most electrical equipment were the same as on electric locomotives of the SS series.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

General technical management of the design of the new electric locomotive was carried out by engineers E.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

S. Avatkov and Kh.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

ME.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Bystritsky.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

It should also be noted that according to many experts, including V. A. Rakov (railway engineer, author of many books on electric locomotives), was an easier way to create an electric locomotive with a load from wheelsets on rails in the range of 19-20 tons.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

They proposed to slightly redesign the SS series electric locomotive: do not install electrical equipment for regenerative braking (about 5 tons), remove ballast (7-9 tons), and change the gear ratio traction gearboxes.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

These experts believed that despite the decrease in the volume of work, it would still become no less creative.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

But a number of design organizations were against this.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

As counterarguments, it was cited that only a kind of Suram electric locomotives would have turned out, without a new crew unit and some electric machines.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

An ideological factor also played an important role here: SS series electric locomotives were a licensed copy of American-made C electric locomotives, so the creation of an electric locomotive of its own design was a Soviet Union affair.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The first electric locomotive


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On August 15, construction of a new electric locomotive began at Dynamo and Kolomna Plants, which was completed on November 5, that is, it took less than 3 months, and of which only 14 days were spent on installation electrical equipment.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On the XV anniversary of the October Revolution, November 6, the first electric locomotive (Kolomna Plant type 2E, type 1E belonged to SS series electric locomotives) entered the Dynamo plant, the design of which was developed in the USSR.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The team of workers of the plant decided to assign a new series of electric locomotives named after Vladimir Lenin, as a result of which the series received the name of overhead lines.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The original designation of the first electric locomotive was VL114-1 (114 is the coupling weight of the electric locomotive in tons), but a few days later it was changed to VL19-01 (by analogy with the designation of the series of steam locomotives - IS20, FD21 , CO17).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In the summer of 1933, the electric locomotive was sent to the Suram Pass (Transcaucasian Railway), where in the summer of 1933 its operational tests were carried out, during which it was also compared with electric locomotives SS11-01 and C series. During the tests, it turned out that due to the fact that all body parts were connected only by welding, the side wall sheets were warped.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Except for the fact that the new electric locomotive implemented a higher coefficient of adhesion, no special advantages were identified compared to the electric locomotive of the SS series.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Nevertheless, the new leadership of the Central Electrification Directorate of the NKPS decided to start the production of electric locomotives of the VL series, instead of SS electric locomotives (only 21 locomotives of this series were built).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In the year, due to the renaming of the See series of electric locomotives to VL22, the name of the overhead line series was changed to VL19.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In the year, the VL19-01 was re-equipped: equipment for regenerative braking was removed from it and the equipment was installed according to a simpler scheme used on serial electric locomotives.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

3000 V series electric locomotives


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In March, the Dynamo and Kolomensky plants jointly produced the VL19-02 electric locomotive, which had several design differences from the first electric locomotive.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Thus, at the VL19-02, the body parts were connected partially by welding and partially by rivets, the brake cylinders on the trolleys were located horizontally and had a diameter of 14″ (on the VL19-01 cylinders with a diameter of 15″ were located vertically).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

There was no brake shaft, which on the first electric locomotive connected the right and left brake lever gears of the trolley.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Also, on the VL19-02, the length of each of the trolleys was increased by 100 mm, and the total length of the body by 200 mm (the length of the electric locomotive by buffers became 16,218 mm).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Due to the fact that the new electric locomotive was planned to be operated on flat areas, rheostat braking was used instead of regenerative electric braking.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Electrical diagrams were developed under the guidance of engineer G. IN. Ptitsyn, who previously designed schemes for the passenger high-speed electric locomotive PB21.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

General technical management of the design of the serial electric locomotive was carried out by the same engineers as when designing the experimental one — Avatkov and Bystritsky.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Electric locomotives of the VL19 series (Kolomna Plant type 4E; type 3E included the PB21 electric locomotive) for a voltage of 3000 V were produced from year to year by the Kolomensky (mechanical part) and Dynamo plants ( electrical equipment).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

A total of 124 such electric locomotives were produced (Table 1).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Electric locomotives No. 03—07 had an electrical circuit diagram, as at No. 02.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

According to it, during electric braking, the traction motors were disconnected by a high-speed switch, which led to unjustified wear of some of its parts.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Therefore, changes were made to the scheme, according to which the motors were switched off by two electropneumatic contactors.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Electric locomotives No. 08—55 were produced with this scheme.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The Dynamo plant considered electric locomotives No. 02—55 to be electric locomotives of the first production.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Since No. 08, compressors of a new type began to be installed on electric locomotives (see the “Design” section), instead of the Pinch system voltage regulators previously used on Suram electric locomotives, disk, as in the electrical sections of the SD series; the design of the driver's controller has been changed.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Electric locomotives of the second issue (Nos. 56—85 and 88) had some changes in the electrical circuit diagrams aimed at improving their reliability.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In particular, the starting resistors and a reverser were replaced; instead of the PKG-305 group switch (used on SS series electric locomotives) with 18 contactor elements, a group PKG-308B switch with 15 contactor elements.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On electric locomotives of the third edition (No. 86, 87, 89—122, 124—126), the design of the switchboard, the driver's controller was changed, a vibrating voltage regulator was used, and electromagnetic the contactors had a design similar to those of the DB-654A contactors (used on electric locomotives of the C series).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On electric locomotives of the fourth edition (No. 123, 129-145), instead of a dynamotor and dual fans, two fan motors were installed, each of which drove a control current generator.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The number of brake positions has increased from 15 to 20. [4]


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In 1939, engineer Z. M. Dubrovsky developed and implemented a scheme on the VL19-28 electric locomotive with the so-called intermittent switching on of the excitation windings of traction motors.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

According to this scheme, the armature windings of the 1st and 2nd traction motors were constantly connected in series, and their series-connected excitation windings were connected in series with them.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

It was the same with the 5th and 6th traction motors.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Behind the armature winding of the 3rd electric motor, its excitation winding was turned on, and the armature and winding of the 4th electric motor were connected in a similar way.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Starting resistors were switched to different branch connections using a group switch that was used to switch traction motors.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

There was no rheostat braking on the electric locomotive.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

As a result of the alteration, compared to serial electric locomotives, the number of locking fingers (from 130 to 18, that is, by 86%), electropneumatic valves (from 39 to 28, that is, 28%) and individual pneumatic contactors (from 52 to 40, that is, by 23%).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

[4] The VL19-28 underwent thorough tests on the Yaroslavl Railway, and then entered the L. M. Kaganovich.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

During operation, it was noted that the reliability of the electric locomotive has increased significantly, while at the same time the volume of its repair has decreased.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Therefore, since the year, many roads, as well as at factories (during major repairs), have begun to re-equip other electric locomotives of this series according to this scheme.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

By the year, in addition to the VL19-28, another 86 locomotives operating at a voltage of 3000 V. This scheme was also used in the modernization of Suram electric locomotives, as well as the SK and VL22 series. [4]


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In 1950, a simplified scheme was used on the VL19-23 electric locomotive to switch to rheostat braking.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In the year, to protect traction motors from short circuits, a differential relay was installed on the electric locomotive in the power circuit (it compares the amount of currents at the beginning and end of the power circuit.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Buffer protection was also used, which, when the traction motors were overloaded, automatically introduced starting resistors into the power circuit.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

A similar protection scheme was then used on an electric locomotive of the H8 series. [4]


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Two-voltage electric locomotives


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In the year, during the electrification of the suburban sections of the Moscow railway junction, the voltage in the contact network was assumed to be 1500 V, since at that time it was not yet possible to create a reliable electrical equipment for a voltage of 3000 V. In the year, during the electrification of the Aleksandrov-Zagorsk section, the voltage in the contact network was assumed to be 3000 V. As a result, a joint of two voltages — 1500 and 3000 V — was formed at the Zagorsk station. It was decided to build electric locomotives for two voltages, although a number of engineers of the Dynamo plant were against it, as this causes a significant complication of electrical circuits, as well as significantly the protection of electrical circuits becomes more complicated.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In addition, the plant has already designed an experimental electric locomotive for a voltage of 1500 V (see below).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

It was decided to create two experimental electric locomotives for two voltages by altering electric locomotives of the VL19 series, designed for a voltage of 3000 V. Two groups of engineers were created, each of which was transferred an electric locomotive.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The first group (engineers V. D. Bragin V. AND. Danilov N. M. Liventsev) entered VL19-27, and the second (engineers V. A. Rakov B. N. Fedotov A. AND. Shchukin) — VL19-30. [4] The re-equipment of electric locomotives began in August 1935 at the Moscow-3 locomotive depot of the Northern Railways and was completed at the end of the same month.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On both electric locomotives, the circuit of the power electrical circuit in the 1500 V mode provided for a complete parallel connection of traction motors, but on the VL19-27, when operating in this mode, it was maintained serial connection of all electric motors.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Also, electrical equipment for rheostat braking was removed from the VL19-27, and the windings of auxiliary machines were switched manually at stops.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On the VL19-30, rheostat braking was maintained, and the switching from mode to mode was made using an outlet into which the 1500 V or 3000 V mode plug was inserted (later it was replaced by remotely drum-type controlled switch).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The issues of protecting traction motors in the mode of operation at a voltage of 1500 V on both locomotives have not been fully resolved.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

At the end of August, adjustment trips of these electric locomotives were carried out, and after the refinement of individual units, the locomotives were sent to work on the Moscow-Zagorsk section.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Since both electric locomotives confirmed the possibility of creating electric locomotives for 2 voltages, the Central Electrification Department of the People's Commissariat of Railways insisted on continuing work in this direction, and in 1936, the Dynamo plant developed a project for electric locomotives of the VL19 series for two voltages and without rheostat braking.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In the same year, the plant began production of them.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Compared to the VL19-27 and VL19-30, these electric locomotives had a somewhat simplified electrical circuit diagrams (although the control circuit diagrams still turned out to be very complex), while instead of individual contactors, a group switch was installed, which switched traction motors from one connection to another (see the “Design” section).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Another group switch was installed to switch traction motors from parallel to full parallel connection, when operating in 1500 V mode. The power circuits were protected using two high-speed switches: the BVP-1B (used on serial VL19) operated in areas with a voltage of 3000 V, and the BVP-2A (previously used on an experimental VL19-41 - see below) - on sections with a voltage of 1500 V. In accordance with the original drawings, 12 electric locomotives were manufactured in 1936—1937 (Table 2).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In addition to the production of new electric locomotives for two voltages, the re-equipment of serial electric locomotives (designed for a voltage of 3000 V) continued.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

So back in the summer of 1936, according to the scheme of the VL19-30 electric locomotive, the VL19-52 and VL19-55 were converted, but unlike the prototype, voltage switches with remote control were used on them.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

In the same year, under the guidance of engineer Z. M. Dubrovsky VL19-59 was converted to a more advanced and somewhat simplified scheme.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

The main difference between its scheme and the previous ones was that the windings of the main poles of each traction motor were connected directly behind the anchors (subsequently this inclusion was carried out on electric locomotive VL19-28 — see above).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Rheostat braking was also improved on this electric locomotive: the number of braking positions was increased from 15 to 20, which increased the smoothness of the braking force adjustment, and also increased power of brake resistors.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Using the electrical diagrams of the VL19-59 electric locomotive, the Dynamo plant produced 6 more electric locomotives of the VL19 series for two voltages in 1938 (see Table 2).


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

On them, as well as on electric locomotives of the 4th edition (see above), instead of a dynamotor with a double fan, two fan motors were installed, which had electric motors with an operating voltage of 1500 V. [4]


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Further development of the two-voltage electric locomotive scheme was the fact that the group switch switched from one connection to another not only traction motors, but also the branches of resistors.


Question: How many VL19 were built in total?

VL19

Thanks to this, the control circuits have become much simpler, which in turn led to an increase in the reliability of electric locomotives for two voltages.