Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Only according to the reviews of ancient authors, it is known about the high art of the creators of Babylonian and Assyrian carpets.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

According to some researchers, the ancient Egyptians adopted the skills of tapestry weaving from the peoples who inhabited Mesopotamia.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since there is no data on the mass production of such products in Egypt until the 4th century, it is possible that until that time immigrants from other lands were engaged in tapestry weaving [4].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The period from the 4th to the 7th century is considered to be the heyday of tapestry art in Egypt


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The Coptic fabrics combine the traditions of Ancient Egypt and the Hellenistic era.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Not whole products have survived to this day, but small double-sided panel inserts made with woolen thread on a linen base and characterized by an elegant thin pattern.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The compositions were also woven directly into the fabric.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The source of the subjects for Coptic fabrics was ancient myths, images of fruits, flowers, animals, ornamental compositions were widespread [8].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Later, Christian stories appeared.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

It is possible that Coptic weavers used ready-made samples to create their works, making some changes to each product [8].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Some Coptic fabrics are made in terry technique, where the weft thread loops the warp thread and stretches, and the loops are usually not cut.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Coptic terry knots are used by contemporary textile artists [9] :82.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Boucle fabrics are also known: the weft did not stretch and hung freely with a loop between the warp threads, and the weft thread was sewn [9] :80 to fix the loop of the [K 2] weft thread.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Tapestry weaving was also known in ancient Greece.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Evidence of this is Homer's poem “The Odyssey” (c. VIII century BC).


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Odysseus's wife Penelope weaves a shroud for her father-in-law Laerta, which, as can be seen in one of the vase-painted drawings, is nothing more than a patterned fabric made by linen weave.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The goddess Athena was considered the patroness of weaving.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The Roman poet Ovid in the fifth book “Metamorphosis” mentions the looms on which Athena Pallas and Arachne work during their mythological competition, and also describes in detail the plots that were woven by them [4] [10].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The Latin terms of carpet weaving are of ancient Greek origin, so it is believed that the Romans got acquainted with the tapestry in Greece [4].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Dokolumbova America


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In America, the earliest products created on the principle of tapestry weaving from wool and cotton by the inhabitants of ancient Peru date back to 2500 BC.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Peruvian products are a border for decorating a costume, sometimes it completely covered clothes.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

This is how unki, like a poncho, were decorated.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Fragments of wall carpets have also been preserved [4].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The interlacing density of samples discovered by archaeologists reaches 200 weft threads per 1 cm of warp [1] :9, the Britannica encyclopedia indicates the density range of Peruvian woven products from 60 to 100 threads duck per square centimeter [4].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the 6th-7th centuries, the technique of tapestry weaving was finally developed.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The largest number of samples discovered by archaeologists in coastal burials dates back to the 8th-12th centuries [4].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The shrouds found in 1927 in the so-called “Paracas Necropolis” have been preserved due to the arid climate of the area.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

According to archaeologist Julio Tello, the necropolises housed the tombs of representatives of the nobility and clergymen.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The blankets from Paracas Necropolis, measuring about 2.5 m by 1 m, are made of wool in 5-6 colors.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

For many centuries, the paints have not lost their brightness, and the canvas itself has remained elastic.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

There is no doubt that the covers were created specifically for burial.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Stylized images of people and animals on them may have had ritual significance [11] :309—310.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

According to Spanish reports dating back to the colonization period, as well as drawings on ancient Peruvian ceramics, women were engaged in weaving.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Primitive looms were used for the work, but the art of the craftsmen was extremely high.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Preference was given to compositions built on color contrasts, especially for woven products of the Inca Empire of the XIII-XVI centuries [4].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

To this day, the folk weaving of Peru has preserved mythological motifs traditional for this area with zoomorphic and anthropomorphic figures and geometric ornaments.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Floral ornaments, like many centuries ago, are extremely rare.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Only dyes of natural origin are used for dyeing threads, so the products have a harmoniously balanced color [1] :9.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Far East


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In China, silk products made using the tapestry weaving technique, kesa, have been known since the Han era [1] :9.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

According to Britannica, the earliest samples of kesa date back to the Tang Dynasty [4].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since only silk threads were used for the kesa (the base was raw silk, the weft was colored threads), they were very thin and elastic, with up to 116 weft threads per centimeter of woven panel [1] :9.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Chinese tapestry weaving is characterized by complex landscape or plant compositions in sophisticated colors [1] :9—10.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

This technique was used to create not only panels, but also clothes [12].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The change in the color of the threads when weaving the kesa occurred without the adhesion of the weft throws to each other: vertical gaps, the so-called relays, were obtained at the color boundaries, hence the name of the products ( kesy — “cut silk”) [4].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Chinese silk became known in Japan by the beginning of the 3rd century, and during the Nara period, local tapestry fabrics were already produced in this country [1] :10.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The Britannica encyclopedia indicates that woven goods like Chinese (tsuzure-nishiki, polychrome tapestry) appeared in Japan during the Muromachi period.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

They differed from the kesa in their relief surface, since cotton thread was used for the weft, wrapped either with silk or a thread made of precious metals.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

These fabrics were used to make festive clothes and gift wrappers in Japan [4].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Europe.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Middle Ages


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The history of the European tapestry began during the Crusades, when the works of oriental masters were brought as trophies by the Crusaders.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Europeans also got acquainted with the art of making lint-free carpets through Arab Spain [1] :10.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

If in Egypt and pre-Columbian America, works made using the technique of trellis weaving most often served as an ornament (costume, dwelling), in medieval Europe, the trellis became a product of decorative monumental [1] :6.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In southern Europe, the walls were covered with paintings, in the north, tapestries not only decorated the walls of cathedrals, and then castles and palaces, but also performed a purely utilitarian function, preserving heat, protecting against drafts.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Trellises were upholstered in walls, bed canopies were also made of them, and large rooms were separated by partitions [K 3].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

They were even taken on military campaigns, where they were used in the construction of tents of the nobility.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Medieval European tapestry is a large-format product, the length of which far exceeds its height [3] :18 [K 4].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Germany


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The earliest European tapestry from St.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Gereon in Cologne was made by Rhine craftsmen in the 11th century.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Some of its motifs (images of fantastic animals) are similar to those of Byzantine fabrics of the 9th—10th centuries.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The tapestries of this era, created on church orders, are characterized by monumentality, a planar image, a limited and bright color scheme, the conventionality of the figures of the characters, differences in their size, dictated by the medieval hierarchy.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Stylistically, the tapestries of the Romanesque period are associated with book miniatures and wall paintings.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The background is without perspective depth, there is no detail, the figures of the characters are somewhat angular.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The main motifs: patterns, floral ornaments borrowed from book miniatures and from oriental and Italian fabrics, and the ornament decorated all elements of the image; heraldic signs; main colors — red and blue.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The density of the base did not exceed 5 threads per centimeter, which made the trellis pattern rough, simplified [1] :10.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Biblical and historical stories were popular.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

One of the main customers of the first tapestries was the church.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The earliest European lint-free rugs come from Germany.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

They were produced by craftsmen who lived in the homes of the nobility, wandering weavers or artisans in small workshops, including monasteries.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Weavers did without the services of cardboard artists [3] :18, each work, completely done by one or more craftsmen, retains unique features of individual style [1] :6.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The peculiarity of early tapestries is a black or colored outline that frames the details.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The folds of robes, color transitions were conveyed using such a hand weaving technique as hatching (stretching) with thin stripes [3] :19, when in the canvas weft threads of the same color enter into the area of the other, creating a third color by optical mixing [9] :75.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

A little later, tapestry weaving came to Scandinavia, then production spread to Flanders and France.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

with a symbolic image of twelve months (only two subjects have survived) from the Church of Baldischol (Norway), according to researchers, could be created around 1180 by German weavers.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

But in the ornaments that frame the images, there is a connection with the traditions of Norwegian folk weaving, it is possible that by this time Scandinavia had already had its own masters [1] :10.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

France


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The book miniature served as a model for the grandiose cycle (with a total size of 5.5x144 m) of the Anzhers Apocalypse tapestries (c. 1380), a monument of Gothic decorative and applied art.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The tapestries commissioned by Nicolas Bataili's Parisian weavers by Louis I of Anjou were created from the illustrations of the 10th-century Spanish manuscript Commentary on the Apocalypse by Beatus of Liebana.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The miniatures of the Apocalypse, translated into tapestries, received a new, unexpectedly softened sound [1] :11—12.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

With a rather limited set of colors and using no more than five shades of each of them, Bataille achieved a harmonious combination of narrative and decorative principles in this cycle of tapestries [1]: 11.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

At the end of the 14th century, tapestry weaving became a significant branch of handicraft production.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Carpets are widely used not only in creating interiors, but also in decorating cities during religious processions, jousting tournaments, holidays.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The first large manufactories appeared, where cardboard makers work together with dyers, artists and weavers, who translate the sketch into cardboard corresponding to the size of the future trellis.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The weaver often took on the functions of both a dyer and an artist, tinting the wool to achieve the right tone, changing the color scheme of the trellis, and sometimes its composition [1] :12.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the 15th century, the production of French tapestries moved from Paris to cities located in the Loire basin due to the Hundred Years' War.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Here, in the second half of the century, a special type of tapestries appeared, called “mille fleur” (French mille fleur, which means “thousand flowers”).


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

On a dark green, blue or red background, along the decorative border that frames the trellis, many small flowers, bouquets, berries are scattered, often depicted with botanical accuracy.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

It is not uncommon for small animals to be added to plants.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The subjects for these tapestries were very diverse: ancient myths, biblical stories, allegories, life scenes, literary motifs [3] :29.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

There is an assumption that the millefleurs appeared under the influence of a long custom that existed in France: the procession route on the day of the Feast of the Body of Christ was decorated with fabrics with many attached to them fresh flowers [16].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

One of the most famous Millefleurs is the Lady with a Unicorn series of six tapestries, created in Touraine (currently stored at the Cluny Museum, Paris).


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Allegorical compositions, which carry symbolism that can be interpreted in different ways, unfold on a conventional dark blue oval island that stands out against a pink-red background.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Both the island and the background of the trellis are dotted with many small flowers.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

“In this cycle of tapestries, compared to all previous ones, not only the nature of the images, but also the nature of the plastic thinking of the creators has transformed and became more complicated. Undoubtedly, the continuity of the traditions of Gothic miniature is preserved, but the plot motivations, artistic and technical means of them are expanding in a completely new way and, most importantly, individualizing incarnations. Truthfulness and convention, pictorial and ornamentality, flatness and depth are harmoniously intertwined here” [1] :14.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

IN. AND. Savitskaya The type of carpet composition of this cycle did not go out of fashion for a long time and was repeated in the workshops of Aubusson and Felten in wall tapestries, curtains, pillow fabrics [1] :14.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Flanders


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

By the end of the 15th century, Flanders, where the production of tapestries was supported not by individual private orders, but by city workshops, became the main center of artistic weaving and held the lead for three centuries.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Flemish tapestries were produced in huge quantities, primarily in weaving centers such as Bruges and Antwerp [1] :14.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Along with Paris, Arras became the center of tapestry weaving in the 14th century.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The products of Arras masters are characterized by pronounced decorativeness, the use of color contrasts, metaphorical plots, and the lack of details of everyday life [3] :43.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Weavers from Arras introduced so-called “Cypriot gold” into the trellis fabric — twisted linen or silk wrapped in flattened gold or silver wire [1] :15.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The inclusion of precious metal threads in fabric dates back to the Bronze Age [3] :14.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the East, fabrics with the addition of gold and silver threads were also produced [17]


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

“Obviously, Arras did not invent this kind of jewelry, which consists in connecting gold and silver threads with silk; but let's say that Arras has changed this system so much, as well as the general system of weaving trellises, that something new has actually been created” [18].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

E.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

van Drival.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Tapestry weaving flourished in Arras during the reign of the Dukes of Burgundy, and ended in 1477, when Louis XI ravaged the city, and many craftsmen moved to Flanders [3] :43.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since the 14th century, Brussels has become a major center for the production of tapestries.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The further development of Flemish tapestries was significantly influenced by the work of the masters of the Northern Renaissance: Jan van Eyck, Hugo van der Goes, Rogier van der Weyden, Mömling, Jan van Room.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In Brussels, the creation of carpets based on paintings by famous artists began.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The distinctive features of Brussels tapestries: complex multi-figure compositions, where the characters fill the entire field of the carpet; a certain style in the depiction of the faces and clothes of characters dressed exclusively in costumes that match the fashion of the time; the must-have herbs and flowers in the foreground.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Allegorical subjects, ancient and biblical themes were very popular.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The border of the carpets is narrow, usually decorated with images of fruits and flowers.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the 16th century, Brussels weavers worked with yarn dyed in 20-30 tones, and silk, gold and silver threads were added to the wool [1] :14—15 [3] :72.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

One of the most famous tapestry cycles (9 carpets, ca. 1520) created in Brussels is David and Bathsheba [3] :72 [19].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Revival


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Flemish weavers had a modest palette of only six colors, but using etching methods and a special weaving technique — stretching (shading), they achieved amazing pictorial effects.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The cycle “”, performed in the workshop of Peter van Aelst II (c. 1472—1532) [20] in Brussels based on Raphael's compositions commissioned by Pope Leo X to decorate the Sistine Chapel, determined further development of artistic weaving towards monumentalism and, at the same time, the beginning of the rapprochement of the tapestry, in which they now sought to convey perspective, chiaroscuro effects, volume, with the picturesque painting [21].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The cardboards for Acts of the Apostles were prepared for work by Bernard van Orley, the author of a series of tapestries, including Maximilian's Hunt, Battle of Pavia and The Foundation of Rome.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Thanks to Raphael, the tapestry has woven borders with decorative grotesque motifs (French: grotesque - bizarre) [K 5].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

They were modeled on grotesques from frescoes in the Vatican Loggias created by Raphael and his assistants [1] :16.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The tapestry gets its “frame”, and this circumstance brings the lint-free carpet closer to the works of easel painting [1] :63.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In France, Holland and Flanders, tapestries with realistic landscapes and still lifes are becoming popular.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The background of the tapestries, formerly smooth or ornamental, gradually became landscape by the end of the 15th century.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Later, tapestries appear, where the main theme is the image of nature [3] :50.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The first verduras [K 6] (French: verdure - foliage, greens) were created in Brussels manufactories.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The construction of the verdura landscape is made on the same principle as the backstage landscape in painting.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

For the foreground, brighter (green) and dark (brown) tones were chosen, they were replaced by lighter greens in the background, and for the far third, pale blue was used.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The harmonious landscape, made with attention to the smallest details, was complemented by images of real and fantastic animals, sometimes entering into battle.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Often these scenes had a heraldic meaning [3] :50.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

One of the centers of verdur production in the 17th century was the Flemish city of Oudenaarde.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Verduras from Oudenaarde have a special flavor, dominated by green and brown tones, complemented by blue-green and yellowish-cream shades; of the animals, pheasants, herons, deer, roosters and peacocks; from plants — oaks, poppies, maples.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The material for Oudenaard tapestries, unlike, for example, Brussels, was of lower quality, but the rough texture gives them a special charm [1] :16—17.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Willem, a representative of the famous Pannemaker family of weavers, became one of the first verdura masters in Brussels.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

He worked with silk dyed in various colors, actively used gold and silver threads in his works [1] :16 [19].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Remarkable examples of verdur tapestries were created in Flanders in the middle of the 16th century for the royal palace on Wawel [1] :16.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The complex of tapestries ordered by King Sigismund August in Flanders (Brussels) is made on cardboard by Willem Tons and Michael Coxy, and work on it began in the 1920s of the 16th century.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The complete set consisted of three hundred and fifty-six tapestries.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The peculiarity of this ensemble is that it was created specifically for certain rooms, each product was strictly assigned its place in the interior.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

At that time, the so-called “trellis hanging” came into fashion, when the entire wall was hidden under carpets, so trellises for piers between windows, placement above doors, etc. were also included in the kit. [K 7] The halls of the Wawel Royal Castle are a rare case of preserving Renaissance interiors to this day [1] :62.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the 16th century, tapestries from Tournai gained popularity, and weavers from Flanders and France worked together in this city.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Some of the most famous masters of the Tour were Pasquier Guernier, whose name is associated with the emergence of new carpet weaving techniques [K 8], and his four sons [1] :17.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Baroque


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The development of Baroque style in the tapestry is associated with the names of Rubens and his employees and students Jacob Jordaens, Frans Snyders, Cornelis Schute, Justus van Egmont, as well as French artists Charles Lebrun and Simon Vouet.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The series “The History of Decius Musa”, “The History of Constantine”, “The Apotheosis of the Eucharist”, “The History of Achilles” were made on Rubens cardboard in Brussels and Paris.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Expressive dynamic composition, expressive movements of the characters, unexpected distribution of chiaroscuro, bold color scheme are the distinctive features of Rubens tapestries, for their transmission from the weaver the highest skill was required, and sometimes the improvement of traditional weaving techniques [1] :17 [24].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In accordance with the aesthetics of the era, the tapestry is firmly connected with the architectural environment for which it was created, and can no longer exist in isolation from it.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The impression of the tapestry, as a theatrical scenery, is emphasized by the enlargement of the foregrounds, the fascination with the effects of illusionism, and the transmission of a light-air perspective.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Instead of framing, Simon Vouet creates portals for tapestries depicting sculptural motifs: caryatids, Atlanteans, flower garlands, monochrome arabesques (grisaille), combining woven products with the decor of the room for which they are intended, stucco decorations of walls and ceilings [1] :64 [25].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In his cardboards for the series “The Feats of Odysseus”, “The Story of Rinaldo and Armida”, “Scenes from the Old Testament”, Vouet paid great attention to the development of landscape backgrounds, the construction of complex multi-figure compositions [1] :17 .


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since 1619, it was opened in the English city of Mortlake in Surrey, where Flemish weavers worked under the leadership of Philip de Mecht, invited by Yakov I.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Later, English craftsmen worked at the manufactory.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The products of this enterprise were marked with a red cross on a white background.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Carpets based on Rubens cartons were originally produced here.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In 1630-1632, the first English series of six tapestries, Gero and Leander, was made in Mortlake based on sketches by Francis Klein [K 9].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In 1630, King Charles I bought Raphael's cardboards Acts of the Apostles in Brussels, and in 1637-1638 replicas of the famous cycle were woven on them at the manufactory.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Antonis Van Dyck created sketches for Baroque borders for these tapestries, and tapestries with historical subjects were woven according to his sketches [1] :20 [3] :79 [26].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In 1658, in the French town of Mensy, the owners of the dye house, the Gobelin family, founded a workshop that carried out orders for the production of tapestries mainly for Nicolas Fouquet Vaux-le-Vicomte Castle.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

It was led by Charles Lebrun.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

At the suggestion of Colbert, who replaced Fouquet, in 1662, Louis XIV bought a dye house (Hotel Tapestry) and a weaving house for the treasury and created the Royal Manufactory of Tapestries and Furniture [K 10].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

This is how France's largest tapestry manufactory appeared, the first industrial production of carpets, located in the Paris suburb of Saint-Marcel.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since the middle of the 17th century, France has become a trendsetter in the production of tapestries for a long time, and carpet weaving, like other types of arts and crafts, has been developing in strict accordance with the requirements of court norms in the direction of splendor, maximum theatricalization [1] :65.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The works of the Gobelins Manufactory, due to their high cost, were used almost exclusively for the decoration of royal palaces and gifts, and only rarely went on sale.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Despite the significant costs of maintaining the manufactory and the lack of profit, it continued to exist under all regimes.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In 1663, Lebrun, the “first painter of the king”, was appointed at the head of the Royal Manufactory of Tapestries and Furniture.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Lebrun was not only the head of the enterprise, but his sketches and cardboard were used to create such series of tapestries as “The Seasons”, “Royal Castles”, “The History of Alexander the Great”, “The History of Louis XIV”.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Lebrun, understanding the specifics of the tapestry, retained a certain share of the conventionality of the image and color in his cardboard for wall carpets [27].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

For cartoners of the manufactory, a division was introduced into masters of a certain genre: landscape, architectural motifs, ornament [1] :17.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

A distinctive feature of the manufactory's products is the royal lily woven in the corners or in the center at the upper edge [1] :17—18.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In 1664, the Beauvais Manufactory, which worked for the royal court, received royal privileges, and in 1665, the manufactory in Aubusson, which produced products mainly for customers from the province [1] :17—18.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The Aubusson manufactory specialized in copies of landscapes from Flanders (including Verdur Oudenaarde) and furniture fabrics from Beauvais [1] :18—19.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Rococo


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the first half of the 18th century, the artsy and pompous Baroque style was replaced by a more elegant, intimate trend — rococo:... to the extreme a sophisticated decorative style, in the forms of which, however, disappeared last remnant of expediency.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

E.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Kon-Wiener [28].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Representative halls are replaced by a chamber salon, a boudoir, and an office.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Stable stability disappears in the interior, the new style does not recognize a flat wall, hiding it behind a bizarre ornament, a mirror, a landscape painting with a perspective that takes the viewer's gaze into the distance.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The tapestry is losing its monumentality, multi-figure compositions are becoming a thing of the past, heroic plots are inferior to gallant scenes and pastorals with idyllic landscapes and finely worked out details [29].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since the 1730s, French tapestry weaving has been dominated by the desire to convey the picturesque original in the trellis as accurately as possible.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The density of the fabric increases as much as possible, the yarn is dyed in thousands of different finest color nuances (by the end of the century there were 14,600 shades).


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

One of those who insisted on a literal reproduction of the painting was the artist and director (1733—1755) of the Paris manufactory Jean-Baptiste Oudry, who fought in every possible way against ancient weaving methods, in his opinion, made the color of the tapestry “terrible” and led to “an unbearable variegation of colors, bright and mutually incompatible.”


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

On his initiative, a color scale was introduced, where each shade had its own number.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The auxiliary templates that the weaver had to adhere strictly to contained fragments outlined and numbered according to this scale.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Thus, the creative initiative of the weaver was excluded from the process of creating the trellis — now he copied the painting without the right to correct and change anything, and the trellis itself turned into imitation of painting and even received a woven “frame” under the baguette [1] :19 [3] :92.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Francois Boucher, a famous artist, a prominent representative of the Rococo style, worked for French manufactories, who was at the head of the Royal Manufactory in 1755—1770.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

According to his sketches, tapestry cycles were released - “The Story of Psyche”, “Love of the Gods” (Beauvais, 73 tapestries of this series were produced in 23 years) and three tapestries as a gift to the Chinese emperor (“Chinese Series”) in fashionable chinoiserie style (Aubusson) [1] :18—19 [3] :92.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the 18th century, the royal tapestry manufactory was founded in Madrid.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

She is best known for sketching cardboard for her by Francisco Goya [1] :20 [30].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Petersburg manufactory


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In Russia, the first manufactory for the production of tapestries for palace interiors appeared under Peter the Great: in 1716, masters of the Royal Tapestry Manufactory were invited from France, with whom five-year contracts were concluded, which, in addition to the actual work, provided for training Russian weavers.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The first director of the manufactory was Philippe Begagle, who arrived in St. Petersburg in 1717 and played a significant role in the development of Russian tapestry art [31].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

At first, the weavers of the manufactory did not have tools to work, they were not paid salaries; material for work had to be purchased abroad.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since the beginning of the 1720s, Russian students have already helped to weave tapestries [3] :101.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Finished products were signed only by foreign craftsmen [31], so the names of Russian students — Ivan Kobylyakov, Filat Kadyshev, Mikhail Akhmanov, Sergey Klimov — are known only from archival documents [3]: 101.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

It took years to learn skills: Ivan Kobylyakov was able to apply for transfer to apprenticeship only after twelve years of apprenticeship.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Each of the weavers specialized in depicting certain motifs, the execution of the faces and figures of the characters was considered the most difficult and was trusted by experienced workers.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Four craftsmen weaved one square arshin of trellis for about a month [3] :101.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In 1722, the Shpalernaya Manufactory was transferred to the management of the Manufactory Board.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

By 1725, 5 French craftsmen and 22 Russian students worked in the production, “reaching perfection”.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In 1730, the manufactory was transferred from Ekateringof to St. Petersburg, to Pervaya Beregovaya Street (now Shpalernaya) [3] :101.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

There are five workshops behind the Liteiny Dvor: ten machine tools and a dye house.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

After F. Begagl in 1732, all work at the manufactory was carried out only by Russian specialists.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since 1733, painter Dmitry Solovyov worked as a cardboard maker at the manufactory.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Despite the fact that he was helped by his son and several students, cardboard for the production of tapestries was constantly not enough [31].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

It was practiced to make products both based on paintings from the Hermitage collection [3] :104 and according to ready-made Western European models [31].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the 1740s, the manufactory was in decline: the demand for its products fell sharply, finished products that were not used filled the warehouse.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the second half of the decade, only two weavers were provided with jobs.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the 1750s, due to the shortage of cardboard, the manufactory repeated the works previously created here, and also made copies from the early (16th—17th centuries) Western European tapestries, while repeating mistakes original [31].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In 1755, by order of Elizaveta Petrovna, the production of tapestries for the premises of the new Winter Palace was revived, and for this purpose, the help of craftsmen from France was again resorted to [3] :102.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

On January 7, 1761, according to Stelin's diary (which he kept under the name of State Councilor Misere), “a new tapestry master (woven wallpaper) (d'araz), Mr. Bande, came to St. Petersburg” [32] :53.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Peter III drew attention to the manufactory almost immediately after his accession to the throne.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Stelin points out that the emperor “visits the à la Gobelins wallpaper factory, built by Peter the Great, but which fell into disrepair after his death and was only put in order again by Empress Elizabeth. He takes her under his special patronage and appoints her director of his former valet Bressan. Orders two large pieces of haute lisse for the two front walls in the new Winter Palace. One of them was supposed to represent the accession to the throne of Empress Elizabeth, and the other - his own (length from 3 to 4 fathoms, height - 1/2 fathoms). State Councilor Stelin was supposed to make an allegorical drawing, the emperor approved and instructed Director Bressan to order two large paintings based on it in Paris” [32] :39.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The manufactory flourished in the 1760s and 1770s, by that time domestic weavers, cardboard makers and artists worked on it.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

At the St. Petersburg Manufactory, a genre rare for a tapestry was cultivated — portrait, which required special skill from the weaver when performing the model's face.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Portraits of reigners and people close to the court were mainly produced [1] :20—21.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

French diplomat M.-D.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Corberon, who visited the manufactory in April 1776, gave the following impressions of the visit:


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

On Saturday morning, I visited the production of tapestry carpets woven in the image of Savener carpets.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

This institution is headed by Bressan, an Italian.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

I talked to him and he told me that this factory employs 200 people.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

I didn't see them, but I noticed two huge rooms with twenty windows on each side, where the machines were arranged in great order so that the owner from the middle of the hall could look at everything what is being done around.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

I was shown a few samples of embroideries that I did not like.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The faces on them, in terms of shape and color, are very poorly executed; it turns out that these works are very expensive [32] :116.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the 1920s, due to a new drop in demand for the manufactory's products, it did not generate income at all.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since 1827, the loss ratio of production increased, and in 1858 the manufactory was closed.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

A total of 205 tapestries were produced at the St. Petersburg Manufactory [3] :102.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Russian museums hold a little more than a hundred tapestries of domestic production, about half of them in the Hermitage collection.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

19th century.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Attempts to revive tapestry


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The development of machine production in the second half of the 19th century, as well as changes in the fashion and tastes of customers, led to the decline of tapestry manufactories.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

One of those who made the first attempt to revive the art of classical medieval weaving was William Morris.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

He mastered the craft of a weaver himself, working at home for several hours a day on a loom.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In 1881, Morris opened a tapestry workshop at Merton Abbey.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Believing that creativity is inherent in any person, he encouraged the initiative of the workers of the enterprise in every possible way.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

At Merton Abbey, tapestries were created in the same way as in the Middle Ages.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Morris himself combined the functions of an artist, weaver and dyer, going back to a time when the tapestry was the result of the concerted efforts of several craftsmen, and the weaver did not act as a copyist.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In this sense, Morris anticipated the reform of tapestry weaving of the 20th century.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The most famous are Morris tapestry cycles based on biblical stories and based on the legends of the Arthur cycle [1] :21—22.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

According to the photo of the artist's sketch, almost all the picturesque sketches for Merton tapestries were made by Burne-Jones, enlarged to the size of the future product, and the composition was clarified.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Details, ornaments, and color of the tapestry were worked out by Morris and his student, designer John Dirl [21].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In 1893, the artist Mayol opened a small tapestry workshop in Banyuls-sur-Mer.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Inspired by the Cluny Museum's carpet collection, he sought to counter mass machine production with handmade products.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Mayol created sketches and cardboards for carpets, searched for the most suitable raw materials, experimented with dyes of plant origin (he discovered a new way to produce red paint), expanding color range of workshop products.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Tapestries made on Maillol's cardboard — “Music” and “The Enchanted Garden” — were exhibited at the Brussels exhibition “The Group of Twelve” and received favorable reviews from critics.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Maillol carpets are characterized by smoothly curving lines of the pattern, stylization of the image under plant forms.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Economic difficulties, dependence on the availability of orders, and vision problems forced Mayol to close the workshop in 1900 [33].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The first half of the 20th century.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Tapestry reform.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Jean Lursa


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since the mid-1920s, repeated attempts have been made to modernize the art of tapestry.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Marius Martin, director of the Aubusson School of Decorative Arts, has developed his own program for the renewal of tapestry weaving.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Martin considered the most important of the properties of the tapestry to be its expressiveness, which was lost in the XVIII-XIX centuries.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The restoration of the decorative character of the ancient Martin craft was to be facilitated by a reduction in the number of colors used and their nuances, as well as the restoration of ancient weaving techniques.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Martin was opposed, and quite successfully, by the cardboard makers of the Aubusson manufactory, who advocated the accurate reproduction of picturesque cardboard in the trellis [1] :23.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In 1924, Raoul Dufy made sketches for the manufactory in Beauvais of the Paris ensemble, which included a screen, a trellis, and upholstery for chairs.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The result disappointed the artist, in his opinion, after reproducing his sketches in woven products, it turned out to be “too literal and too dry reproduction”.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The same thing happened to the tapestry View of Paris (Dufy, 1934).


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Dufy considered the key to success in the development of tapestry art and bringing it out of the crisis to be the transfer of initiative in the embodiment of cardboard to the weaver, who was supposed to become a co-author of the artist [1] :23.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Marie Cuttoli (French: Marie Cuttoli) tried to give new life to the art of tapestry [K 11].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In 1933, she approached famous artists of the time with a proposal to reproduce their works at the Aubusson Manufactory.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

However, this time it was reduced to the usual copying of paintings [1] :24.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

A few decades after Morris, Jean Lursa, a reformer of the art of artistic weaving, after unsuccessful experiments to return the tapestry to its monumental and decorative significance, also turned to the experience of masters of the Middle Ages


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Studying the Angers Apocalypse cycle, as well as the basics of trellis weaving under the guidance of François Tabard, a hereditary master from the Aubusson manufactory, Lurs bred four basic principles for the success of the trellis.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Lursa was convinced that the nature of the tapestry was different from the nature of painting — it simply could not accurately copy the painting.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The trellis should be associated with the architectural environment for which it is intended, the cardboard is created in the full size of the future trellis (and cardboard with the designation was introduced instead of picturesque cardboard areas of different colors with contours and assigning numbers to them) [3] :101, the weaving structure should approach the structure of the works of medieval masters, that is, be quite large.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

According to Lurs, the tapestry: “... an object that is essentially a cloth. Her task is to dress a part of the building, which, of course, would lack something sensual and passionate without this decoration; in short, lacked charm [...] The most important thing in mastering the wall surface is never to mix an easel painting with a wall trellis: their technique is the opposite, their aesthetics are completely different” [1] :65.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The decrease in weaving density had not only a purely decorative, but also an economic effect — the speed of trellis execution increased to 1 m per month, the cost of production decreased, and new customers appeared [3 ] :101.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

According to Lurs himself, he introduced the art of tapestry to about a hundred artists from different countries.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

However, Jean Picard-Ledoux, Marc Saint-Saëns, Marcel Gromer, Dom Robert (French: Dom) implemented his theory most consistently, while remaining masters with unique author's handwriting Robert) [1] :29.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Jean Lursa took the art of tapestries to a new level and became the first artist of modern tapestries.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

He created about a thousand cardboards for tapestries.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

His last work is the grandiose cycle Song of Peace, completed after his death [1] :27.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Lursa founded the Association of Cardboard Artists of France in 1945.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

He became one of the founders of the CITAM International Center for Ancient and Modern Tapiseries (Lausanne, 1961) and the initiator of the CITAM Tapiseries Biennale since 1962, the largest show of artists, working in the field of artistic weaving [1] :29.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Le Corbusier has been working in the field of artistic weaving since 1945.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

His first cardboards for the Aubusson manufactory, where Lursa was reviving tapestry production at the time, were small in size.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In 1955, Corbusier designed a monumental series of nine panels for the Supreme Court in Chandigarh, in which he turned to the play of lines and pure colors.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In this work, Corbusier demonstrated the coincidence of his views with Lurs's views on the tapestry as an integral part of architecture [1] :28.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Second half of the 20th and 21st centuries


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the 1950s and 1960s, France lost its leading position in the field of artistic textiles.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The second turn in the development of tapiseries of the 20th century was made by masters from Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, Japan, and the USA


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

This period is characterized by increased attention to the plastic properties of the trellis, the use of non-traditional modern materials, including non-textile ones, and a return to ancient weaving techniques ( for example, macrame).


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The tapestry is no longer an object with a specific functional purpose, it becomes an artistic object (English: art object).


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Moreover, the work is performed from beginning to end by one artist — this condition expands his creative capabilities.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The modern tapestry has gone from a two-dimensional work through an object resembling a sculpture to an environment, a tapiseria-environment that can be penetrated and studied from the inside.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

As an artistic object, the environment has the strongest emotional impact on the viewer.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Some researchers distinguish between three subspecies of the tapiseria-environment: architectural environment, costume and experimental [34] [35].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

A separate chapter in the history of the tapestry consists of works made in the countries of the former Soviet camp.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Significant success was achieved by masters from Poland (Abakanovich) and Hungary.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the USSR, the founder of modern tapestry can rightly be considered the Latvian artist Rudolf Heimrats, who in the early 60s of the XX century, together with Georg Barkans, laid down its aesthetic principles [1] :57.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Heimrat's works combined the traditions of classical tapestry and the technique of national Latvian weaving [3] :118.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

As a teacher, Heimrat was able to identify the individual features inherent in the future master, and brought up a whole galaxy of tapestry artists (Wigner, Bogustov) [3] :117.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Original tapestry schools existed in other regions of the Soviet Union — Estonia (Erm, Reemets [1] :54), Lithuania (Balchikonis [1] :56, Gedrimene) (in general, the Baltic school took a lot from the French tapestries revived by Jean Lurs, and Polish tapiseries of the 60s), Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia (Kandareli), Moscow and St. Petersburg.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Currently, handmade tapestry exists in two types.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

On the one hand, these are author's works, on the other hand, the reproduction of historical tapestries in factories located mainly in the countries of Southeast Asia.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Designer tapestries, in turn, have two divergent trends.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

One of them follows the main trends of contemporary art, becoming full-fledged installations of postmodern art (Abakanovich, Sidars).


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The second proclaims a return to traditional tapestry weaving, minimizing technological experiments.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Some masters of this group focus on the general decorativeness of the work, its coloristic colorfulness (Gorazdin, Yurchenko).


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Their tapestries are getting closer to works of theatrical art — curtains, scenery, etc. Others use aesthetic techniques in the tapestry that are characteristic of graphics or painting.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Here, special attention is paid to the philosophical content of the composition (Bruskin [36], Madekin, Tolstikova).


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Materials


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Until the 18th century, wool was used for the base in the trellises, the most affordable and easy to process material, most often sheep wool [3] :12.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The main requirement for the base material is strength.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the 19th century, the basis for tapestries was sometimes made of silk.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The cotton base greatly lightens the weight of the product, it is durable, more resistant to adverse environmental influences [3] :12.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The weft threads were also woolen: the wool lends itself well to coloring and allows you to achieve a wide range of shades.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The weft is not required to be as strong as the warp, so a thinner thread was used for it.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The main qualities of the weft are elasticity, softness.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The Copts used wool and linen in weaving [9] :73, wool and cotton were the main materials for carpets in the Muslim East.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In pre-Columbian America, cotton was used for the base, and where white areas had to be woven, llama, guanaco, vicuna wool was used for the weft [4], sometimes human hair [11] :312.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In Europe, wool could be combined with linen, silk (it made bright places of the pattern), cotton, horsehair, garus.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Shiny threads of silk and garus set off the matte wool and diversified the texture of the trellis [K 12].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Fine threads were used to make fine details [3] :12—13 [31].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Weavers from Arras in the 15th century marked the beginning of the use of gold and silver threads in European tapestries.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Trellis density


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In trellis weaving, the density of the carpet is determined by the number of warp threads per 1 cm. The higher the density, the more opportunities the weaver has to perform small parts, and the slower the work progresses.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the medieval European tapestry, there are about 5 warp threads per 1 cm. The products of Brussels manufactories of the 16th century had the same low density (5-6 threads), but local weavers managed to convey the complex nuances of the image [8].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Over time, the tapestry is getting closer to painting, its density increases.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

At the Gobelins Manufactory, the density of trellises was 6-7 threads per 1 cm in the 17th century, and in the XVIII century it was already 7-8.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the 19th century, the density of Beauvais manufactory products reached 10—16 threads.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In fact, this tapestry has become just an imitation of easel painting [4].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Jean Lursa considered reducing its density to be one of the means of returning the trellis's decorativeness.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the 20th century, French manufactories returned to the tapestry density of 5 threads.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In modern hand weaving, the density is assumed to be 1-2 threads per cm, the density of more than 3 threads is considered high [3] :23.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The technique of creating a trellis


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Tapestries are woven by hand.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Warp threads are stretched on the machine or frame.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The warp threads are intertwined with colored wool or silk threads, and the warp is completely covered, so that its color does not matter [3] :12.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Weaving on a frame


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The earliest and simplest device for the weaver's work was a frame with stretched warp threads.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The base can be fastened by pulling on nails driven into the frame, or using a frame with cuts evenly placed along the upper and lower edges, or by simply winding the thread onto the frame.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

However, the latter method is not very convenient, since warp threads may shift during weaving [3] :11—12.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

To create the first pharynx (the space between the planes of odd and even threads), the warp threads are divided by a parting bar, which can be a smoothly planed stick [3] :25.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The weft thread is pierced with the help of a shuttle (but you can do with the usual skein of threads) and after several throws it is nailed with a beater or fingers.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

To perform a reverse throw, the weaver goes through the warp threads, creating a second pharynx.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

To make pile knots, a knife-hook is used [3] :15.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the middle of the 20th century, textile masters again turned to the simplest device of a weaver — a frame with stretched warp threads, and a little later, in search of new ways to develop the art of trellis weaving, some of the artists have abandoned not only the loom, but also traditional materials [1] :12.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Working on machine tools


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Later, high and low looms appeared.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The difference in working on machines is mainly in the location of the warp threads, horizontal on a low machine and vertical on a high one.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

This is due to their specific structure and requires characteristic movements during operation.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In both cases, the method of creating volume and color transitions in the drawing is the same.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The threads of different colors are intertwined and create the effect of a gradual change in tone or a feeling of volume.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The image was copied from cardboard — a preparatory drawing in life-size color of the tapestry, made on the basis of the artist's sketch.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

One cardboard can create several tapestries, each time in something different from each other.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Mechanically, the technique of tapestry production is very simple, but it requires a lot of patience, experience and artistic knowledge from the master: only an educated artist can be a good weaver, a kind of painter, who differs from the present only in that he creates an image not with paints, but with a colored thread.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

He must understand drawing, color and chiaroscuro as an artist, and in addition, have a complete knowledge of tapestry weaving techniques and the properties of materials.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Quite often it is impossible to pick up threads of different shades of the same color, so the weaver has to tint the threads in the process of work.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

When working on a vertical machine, the base is unwound from its upper shaft, as the product is ready, and the finished trellis is wound onto the lower one.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Carpets made on a vertical loom are called haute-lisse (gothlis, from French haute “high” and lisse “base”).


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Gottliss technique allows you to perform a more complex drawing, but it is also more laborious.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The weaver's workplace is located on the wrong side of the carpet, on which the ends of the threads are fixed.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The image from the cardboard is transferred to the tracing paper, and from it to the carpet.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Cardboard was placed behind the weaver's back, and a mirror was placed on the front side of the work.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

By pushing the warp threads apart, the master can check the accuracy of the work on the cardboard [37].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Other carpets, in the manufacture of which the base is located horizontally between two shafts, which makes the weaver's work much easier, are called basse-lisse (baslis, from French basse “low” and lisse “basis”).


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The warp threads are stretched between two shafts in a horizontal plane.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The trellis faces the weaver with the wrong surface, the pattern from the cardboard is transferred to the tracing paper placed under the warp threads, so the front side of the product repeats the cardboard in a mirror image [38 ].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The master works with small bobbins, on which threads of different colors are wound.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

By passing a bobbin with a thread of some color through the warp and entangling the last one with it, he repeats this operation the right number of times, and then leaves it and takes it for another with a thread of a different color, to get back to the first bobbin when needed again.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Once the trellis is removed from the machine, it is impossible to distinguish which of the two techniques it was performed in.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

To do this, you need to see the cardboard — the baslis trellis repeats it in a mirror image, gothlis — in a straight line [1] :5.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since 1826, the National Manufactory of Paris switched to the production of haute-lisse carpets exclusively.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since one craftsman could work on a small area of the carpet, 5-6 weavers worked on one product at the same time.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

At the Gobelins Manufactory, the tapestries were made in parts (selective weaving method).


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

After removal from the machine, the parts were sewn together with silk threads, and characteristic seams remained on the wrong side of the products [7].


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

There was a school at the Gobelins Manufactory, where, in addition to weaving, drawing and painting were also taught.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In 1826, the Savonneri woven carpet factory was added to it, founded in 1604 and named after the premises where the soap factory once housed.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since 1624, Savonneri has been producing so-called velvet (pile) carpets with ornaments for floors and furniture.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

After the cessation of production of basse-lisse carpets at the Gobelin Manufactory in France, they were produced exclusively in Beauvais and Aubusson.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Some hand weaving techniques


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The trellis is created by cross-weaving threads.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Despite the ease of weaving techniques, making a trellis is a rather long process.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In a lint-free carpet, the pattern forms a colored weft thread that completely hides the warp thread after being nailed with a beater.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In modern carpet weaving, sometimes, according to the artist, the warp threads are deliberately left visible [9] :73.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since the weft threads in the classic trellis were thinner than the warp threads, the surface of the finished carpet turned out to be ribbed, and the interlacing of the threads was called rep (French: reps - ribbed fabric) [1] :5.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Currently, the ratio of weft and warp thicknesses can be very diverse.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In the process of creating a trellis, the weaver is repeatedly faced with the need to change the weft: usually this operation is performed when the color of the thread changes, but in monochrome areas of the weft trellis, change to avoid skewing (kirsa) of the carpet.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

There are several methods for changing the weft, both with the formation of a lumen (the so-called relay) in the trellis canvas, and without it, with the adhesion of two ducks to each other [9] :75—77.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In a classic European trellis, relays were sewn on the wrong side of the carpet.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Gaps larger than 1 cm impair the strength of the carpet [3] :36.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In modern carpet weaving, relays are sometimes left open to obtain a new texture [9] :75.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

To achieve a variety of shades (this is especially true with a limited palette of colors), hatching is used, a technique that was already known to Coptic weavers.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

There are three methods of hatching: simple, when single lines of different colors alternate with each other; teeth (their shape became more complicated by the 16th and 17th centuries), the variation in size of which makes it possible to achieve soft color transitions [9] :75, and free hatching when the weft is not drawn horizontally, but along the lines that form the pattern [3] :58.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

In modern weaving, unlike classical smooth trellis, pile and terry (uncut, continuous knots) techniques borrowed from traditional folk carpet weaving.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The pile technique has been known since the Early Bronze Age.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Initially, it was just a throw through the threads of the base of unspun wool, later there was a fastening with various knots [3] :95.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The pile technique makes it possible to obtain a thick, fairly short and dense pile, terry - rare, with a length of 15-40 mm and above, which makes the product soft, airy.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The knots are knitted on two warp threads strictly under each other or in a checkerboard pattern and are strengthened by one or more weft carcasses.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The use of pile technology makes it possible to weave a large product in fragments on a small frame.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

After removal from the frame, the fragments are joined by seams that hide the pile.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The disadvantage of these techniques is the ability to dissolve nodes in the finished product [3] :99 [9] :81.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Cleaning, conservation, restoration of trellises


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

The use of trellises for their intended purpose inevitably led to their aging, loss of strength and fading.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Initially (in the period from the 14th century to the beginning of the 19th century), Western European tapestries were restored in tapestry workshops.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since the 19th century, the formation of national schools for the restoration of tapestries began, and large collections and museums became their centers.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since the middle of the 20th century, new scientific methods of research and conservation have been emerging and introduced into the practice of restoration workshops.


Question: What is the definition of tapestry in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary?

Tapestry

Since the end of the 20th century, in the largest scientific and restoration centers in the world, to determine methods for cleaning, restoring and preserving the trellis, preliminary measures have been taken to study technological features of the materials from which the trellis is made.