Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Adjustment of such a trend is often fraught with objective difficulties, which are complicated by the above requirement of generalization of legal norms and procedures.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Satisfiability


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Laws should be made so that people can follow them [16].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

At a minimum, they must exist, be available for review and contain requirements that are understandable (at least for a lawyer).


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The creation of unpublished or retroactive laws, internal contradictions or frequent variability of legislation make it unenforceable at the systemic level and leave the possibility of only selective use.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In particular, no one may be punished for acts that did not violate the law at the time of their commission [15].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Laws should clearly and consistently formulate punishability criteria in order to minimize arbitrariness in their application.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Laws should also not conflict with established public ideas about justice [17].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

For this purpose, constitutional democracies have a number of institutions, including parliaments, competitive and periodic elections, freedom of the media.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Independence of the judiciary


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The independence of the court from other branches of government and their isolation from external pressure play a significant role in the rule of law [2] [6].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

If the court is dependent on the executive branch, it may not be able to protect the defendant from illegitimate use of force.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

If the judiciary overlaps with the legislature, the defendant's freedom may be subject to arbitrary regulation.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The separation of powers is also closely related to the requirement that in a state of law it should be fundamentally possible to list all forms of expression of state power [22].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Violation of this requirement would lead to restriction of the freedom of citizens of the state.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Justice


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

From the procedural point of view, justice is ensured by the fact that the legal system contains a full set of previously known procedures and rules for decision-making, the process of application of which is different fairness, consistency and transparency [23].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The principles of the system should allow ordinary people to predict which actions will be regarded as legal and which will not [17].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Justice becomes unpredictable, for example, if corruption allows known violators to escape punishment or deprive the owners of their legal property, or if they are dependent on the executive the authorities legitimize her arbitrariness.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

According to New York University professor Jeremy Waldron, criminal penalties must be imposed under the following conditions [24]:


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

consideration of the case in court, which makes a decision impartially on the basis of facts, laws and arguments presented in connection with them;


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

judges who are competent and independent of other branches of government;


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

collecting evidence according to established procedures;


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

the right to be present at all significant stages of the process


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

the right to prepare for defense and to be assisted by a lawyer;


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

the right to challenge evidence in person in favor of the prosecution;


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

the right to provide evidence and arguments in their favor;


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

the right to know the motives of the court that served as the basis for sentencing;


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

some possibilities of appeal to a higher court.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

For example, if the investigation used means of inquiry prohibited by law (torture), in order to ensure procedural justice, the court must exclude from the case any evidence of the defendant's guilt obtained thanks to such means [23].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The fact that the offender can be acquitted as a result should not be taken into account.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

At the same time, public officials may impose fines for minor administrative offences if their actions can be challenged in court, subject to the above requirements. [24]


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

It should be noted that these rights and freedoms are positive, that is, they formulate active obligations of the state, rather than protect the individual from his interference.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The justice system must also work without undue delay, otherwise it creates loopholes for arbitrariness [17].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Human rights protection


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Supporters of natural law theories argue that no laws should encroach on the universal rights and freedoms of man and citizen [1] [8].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

However, in fact, in different countries, the understanding of human rights differs [17]: in the United States, the death penalty is not considered a deprivation of the right to life, in Scandinavia, high taxes are not considered as a violation of the right to private property, in many countries in Eastern Europe and Latin America, people do not see a contradiction between the persecution of homosexuals and the principles of equality.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Some legal scholars believe that legislative protection of human rights is effective only if these rights have value in the local culture.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Other components of the rule of law


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The stability of the rule of law depends on the perception of legality as a cultural value [9].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Usually, legal culture finds its expression in the use of laws to protect one's interests, the demand for new laws, the periodical publication of such laws, and everyday law-abiding.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

A number of legal scholars believe that the rule of law implies not only the responsibility of citizens to the state, but the responsibility of the authorities to the population and its subordination to the interests of society [1] [3].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

According to some experts, the rule of law is also characterized by the presence of a developed civil society and decentralization of power, so that it is not concentrated in any institution or in the hands of in a narrow group of individuals [10] [14].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Other theorists believe that the rule of law should protect the market from measures to redistribute resources [12].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The nature of law


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The interpretation of the rule of law largely depends on understanding the nature of law.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The idea of the rule of law is fundamentally incompatible with early theories of legal positivism, where the law is considered as only one of the tools of political power to exercise the will manuals.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

However, in later versions of positivism, the basis of the law is considered to be generally accepted rules and established legal customs, and the task of the rule of law is to protect them [13].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In such a state, regulations reflect ideas about morality, justice, freedom and equality, recognized in the environment that makes up the social basis of the regime.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

At the same time, legal positivism separates the content of legal norms from ethical assessments of the result of their application, arguing that the justice system is not responsible for the imperfection of society [16].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

A similar conclusion is reached by theorists who see the main function of the rule of law in the formal observance of legal procedures, regardless of their outcome [18].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

According to substantive interpretations [14], the rule of law has not only a protective function, but also a creative one.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

It sets the standard for legal management methods and ensures a fuller implementation of universal values.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

General principles at the top of the hierarchy of legal norms are developed in the process of analyzing laws and court decisions from the point of view of morality and political consequences.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

As a result, the actual content of any laws is inseparable from the question of what these laws should be.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

This approach is a development of the theory of natural law, according to which the moral content of laws forms the basis for their legitimacy, so Latin: lex iniusta non est lex — “unfair the law is not the law” (St. Augustine)


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

It is reflected in the constitutions of many countries.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

For example, according to the Swiss Constitution, the actions of the state must respect the fundamental freedoms of citizens, proceed from the public interest and be proportionate to the goals pursued.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Constitutional regime


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Although the rule of law can significantly limit the arbitrariness of power, the containment of certain types of arbitrariness requires additional institutions [25].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

A heterogeneous society is characterized by a division into interest groups, which carries the risk of creating laws that consolidate the privileges of the stronger at the expense of the weaker.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The purpose of the constitutional regime is such a state structure in which no individual body or narrow group of persons actually has supreme power, and everyone is forced to take into account interests and rights of others.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Along with the rule of law, such a device usually includes the following components [4] [25]:


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Checks and balances system.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The partial functional separation of powers prevents the concentration of power in any one of the branches: executive, legislative or judicial.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

At the same time, some officials are able to restrain the arbitrariness of others


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The accountability and openness of the government to other authorities (parliament, courts, ombudsmen, auditors general), the media and citizens.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The distribution of power so that no ruling group can ignore the interests of the governed.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Legal norms are the result of compromise and a common asset.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Political equality of citizens as participants in the process of creating laws.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

This process should also allow citizens to be informed about the preferences of others so that they can work together to develop common rules.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

A court-protected constitution or other supreme normative act guaranteeing human rights.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

History


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The oldest known code governing the state is the Babylonian code of laws of Hammurabi (circa 1750 BC).


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The Code is notable for the fact that it is based on published rules, that officials were obliged to comply with these rules and that judges had the privilege to interpret these rules.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In ancient Athens, laws served as one of the tools to combat tyranny.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In order to avoid the concentration of power in the hands of one person, the assembly of full citizens (ecclesia) issued regulations that are mandatory for universal implementation.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Judges were chosen by lot.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

All citizens had an equal right to have a case heard in court.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The supreme body of justice was the People's Jury Court (dicaster).


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

According to the rules, conflicts in trade were to be resolved not by force, but on the basis of commercial law and taking into account the concluded contracts.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

At the same time, the power of the people's congresses was formally unlimited, so Athenian democracy was subject to the arbitrariness of the crowd, a well-known example of which was the death sentence to Socrates.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

At the same time, the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle consistently defended the idea that the state should be “the rule of laws, not people” [note 3]:


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Roman law was created primarily to protect the interests of landowners, however, compared to Athenian democracy, the idea of limiting the arbitrariness of the executive and legislative powers was more pronounced.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

During the period of the Republic, a strong and independent judiciary was created and citizens were equal before the law, although legal guarantees did not extend to slaves and non-citizens.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Information about laws and court procedures was made available to the public.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Laws have changed according to the evolution of customs.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

After the transition from republic to empire, the emperor with virtually unlimited power became the head of state.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

At the same time, Justinian's code, containing many procedures and rules, reflected the view that it is the right, and not the arbitrary will of the emperor, that is the proper way to resolve conflicts.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

After the fall of Byzantium, Roman law was replicated and partially entered into the legislation of the Holy Roman Empire.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In the Middle Ages, economic and social relations, as a rule, were formalized in the form of written laws or contracts.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Along with secular legal customs, religious law played a significant role in limiting the arbitrariness of power.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

According to Christianity (as well as other monotheistic religions), God is the sole ruler of the universe, and His laws are equally binding on every person.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

From this, Thomas Aquinas concluded that legality is a natural order.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The Roman Catholic Church took an active part in determining the duties, functions and jurisdictions of the authorities.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The legitimacy of the state structure depended on how it was perceived as consistent with religious regulations and local traditions [4].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

A significant role in the development of law was played by the unification and codification of legal regulations carried out by the popes in the 11th-13th centuries, as well as the proclamation by Pope Gregory VII of the supremacy of canon law over royal power and its order on the teaching of law at universities [26].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Papal reforms gave rise to the first example of a Western state of modern times, the peculiarity of which was that it was ruled by law [27].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

It should be noted that similar processes took place in other regions.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Thus, in the Arab Caliphate, legal norms based on the requirements of Islam have become part of the Sharia, and in a number of Muslim countries, Sharia courts still coexist with secular ones.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

However, according to many modern legal scholars, church courts are not effective enough in ensuring the rule of law and protecting citizens from the arbitrariness of the authorities.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Their dependence on the interpretation of religious texts and on the political interests of the Church leads to abuses when the courts punish disloyalty to the authorities, fail to ensure equality before the law, legitimize discrimination against religious minorities and do not provide defendants with an adequate opportunity to defend themselves in court.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

An example of successful legal regulation of the supreme power was the English Magna Carta of 1215.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

This law for the first time established the limits of the King's authority over his subjects, prohibiting the introduction of new taxes without the consent of Parliament and obliging the imposition of penalties related to the restriction of civil rights, exclusively by jury trial.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Four centuries later, a 1610 petition by the House of Commons to King James I spoke of the rule of law as a traditional law of English subjects [17].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Separate principles of the rule of law (separation of powers, supremacy of law) took place in the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1588).


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The author and active participant in the publication of the Statute, Chancellor Lev Sapega, believed that the state should be dominated not by people, but by laws.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The Statute also divided State power into legislative, executive and judicial powers.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

By the period of absolutism, legal methods prevailed in public administration in Western Europe [28].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In this way, Western absolute monarchies differed significantly from feudal regimes in other countries, in particular, from the Russian autocracy.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

After the Renaissance and the Reformation, the role of the church decreased, and the importance of rational justifications for the principles of organizing the state increased.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

An important historical role was played by the arguments that laid the foundations of natural law.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

According to Thomas Hobbes, people's fear of others forces them to seek protection from the state, whose laws they agree to obey.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

When everyone is equal before the law, the basis for fear of fellow citizens disappears.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

However, as John Locke pointed out, the state itself can also cause fear.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Therefore, it is necessary for the state not only to have power, but to keep it within certain limits in order to prevent arbitrariness.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Locke's known solution to this problem was the requirement that rulers govern with enforceable laws and comply with them themselves.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

According to this argument, in the absence of the rule of law, citizens are not protected from armed violence, and rivals within the ruling class do not have levers of mutual control.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Locke also believed that fair laws should recognize natural human rights and that they should not restrict, but protect freedom.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Reflecting on ways to implement the rule of law, Montesquieu, in his book “On the Spirit of Law”, came to the conclusion that it is necessary to separate powers, without which it is impossible to guarantee the impartiality of the courts, and there is a high risk of legitimizing tyranny.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Immanuel Kant believed that the goal of the state should be to ensure a peaceful happy life for its citizens, provided that their property rights were guaranteed [29].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Therefore, it should not issue laws that contradict public perceptions of morality, and these ideas should form the basis of the constitution.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

According to the categorical imperative, any moral principle can be given the form of a universal law that obliges all people to make certain decisions regardless of the expected result.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Therefore, in order for the policy pursued to be moral, the state must obey the relevant legal laws and should not adjust them to its policy [30].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Kant believed that the only strong one is such a state system in which the law is “autocratic” and does not depend on any individual.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

If legislative power belongs to the people, the executive power is subordinate to the legislature, and the judiciary is appointed to the executive, this ensures the balance of powers, and not just their separation [31].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Developing Kant's theory, Robert von Mohl popularized the term “rule of law” (German: Rechtsstaat) in 1832-1833.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Among other prominent representatives of this trend were Karl Welker, Otto Baer, Friedrich Stahl, Rudolf Gneist, Christoph von Sigwart, Lorenz von Stein, Georg Jellinek.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

These ideas are reflected in regulations that guarantee the protection of personal freedoms of citizens or subjects from the arbitrariness of power, among which mention should be made of the British Bill of Rights 1689 the US Declaration of Independence and the US Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of Human and Citizen's Rights.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

These documents not only prohibited the state from encroaching on inalienable freedoms, but also recognized the duty of the state to ensure a number of positive freedoms, including the right to consider the case and defense against charges in court.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

They have also helped to increase the independence of the courts from the executive and legislative branches of government.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

As a result, in modern times, the first constitutional regimes appeared in which the activities of supreme authorities were regulated by supreme laws (such as the constitution or statutes) or regulations supreme courts.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

By the middle of the 19th century, legality was included in the list of the most important political values of most Western countries [32].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

An essential feature of constitutional regimes in comparison with previous forms of government is the presence of a rational standard for the legitimacy of the actions of the authorities [4].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The standard covers legalized procedures for the formation of power, the rules for the exercise of power and the process of changing these rules.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In many implementations, one of the supreme courts is engaged in assessing the legitimacy of legislation, government decisions and decisions taken at referendums, as well as interpreting higher laws.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Such a body is endowed with a high degree of independence, although the process of its formation leaves the opportunity for other authorities or directly citizens to exert some influence on it.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Refusal to comply with decisions of the Supreme Court or Constitutional Court may indicate insufficient measures to ensure the rule of law.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The existence of written constitutions in itself did not always make it possible to characterize regimes as constitutional [4].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Although Hitler never formally repealed the Constitution of the Weimar Republic, he took advantage of the state of emergency in the country to suspend guarantees of civil liberties, in the absence of Parliament, to continue to arbitrarily change the procedures and institutions of power.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Written constitutions also formally existed in the USSR, but they were not laws of direct effect, and therefore did not reflect the real rules of decision-making in the state, many proclaimed in constitutions, rights were not enshrined in laws issued in pursuance of the Constitution, were not supported by state and social institutions, resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR, which served a guideline for judicial practice.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

This, in particular, concerned civil and political rights and freedoms that are not related to socio-economic rights.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

By virtue of the principle of party membership in the activities of the judicial and law enforcement agencies of the USSR, in the selection and placement of senior personnel in the system of judicial and law enforcement agencies and in all others state bodies, the control of the Department of Administrative Bodies of the Central Committee of the CPSU of law enforcement and judicial bodies, starting with the Supreme Court of the USSR, the highest authority in practice had not laws, but decisions of the highest party instances.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The USSR was not a legal state.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

On the other hand, the absence of a written constitution and a constitutional court in the UK did not prevent the construction of the rule of law in it [4].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

As Edward Kok, an English lawyer of the 17th century, noted, when a normative act of Parliament contradicts common sense or is impossible to comply, the court has the right to refuse to see the grounds for its application.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

A significant role was played by a high degree of agreement among rivals within the ruling classes regarding the norms of political behavior.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

This allowed the Parliament only to gradually introduce changes to the principles of governance and suppress their rare violations.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In post-war Japan, one of the foundations of the rule of law was effective informal mechanisms for resolving civil law conflicts, in the creation of which the state took an active part [ 33].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The effectiveness was largely due to the professionalism and low level of corruption among the bureaucracy.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The most qualified officials and judges developed clear principles and procedures.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Government agencies, police, insurance companies and public organizations provided free advice.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

This allowed the parties to the conflict to predict the potential outcome of the case in court and even calculate the amount of compensation.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

For this reason, civil lawsuits were extremely rare.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In the second half of the 20th century, the importance of international, labor and other branches of law increased.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The concept of a welfare state is reflected in the post-war constitutions of many countries.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted in 1948, for the first time formulated the international principles of the rule of law, which include the duty of Governments to respect norms common to the world and the right of the international community to intervene in the internal affairs of a State to prevent genocide.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Subsequently, a number of international courts, such as the International Criminal Court and the European Court of Human Rights, were created to ensure justice in this area.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

At the theoretical level, in the 20th century, the concept of the rule of law was developed by positivists (Hans Kelsen, Raymond Carre de Malberg and others).


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Liberal philosophers Max Weber, John Rawls, Friedrich Hayek made a significant contribution.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

At the same time, the influence of natural law theories has increased.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The Nuremberg Tribunal recognized the leadership of Nazi Germany as criminals despite the fact that they formally acted according to the law, as these laws were unlawful and contrary to unwritten norms justice, morality, equality and human dignity.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Mahatma Gandhi in India under a British protectorate and Martin Luther King in the United States are widely known as supporters of peaceful resistance to unfair laws.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The fall of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, dictatorships in Latin America, and the end of apartheid in South Africa have strengthened the perception of the rule of law as one of the key principles of fair governance.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Although the full achievement of the principles of the rule of law is ideal, they are now largely implemented in most Western countries.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Experience shows that the successful development of the country can be ensured only within the framework of the implementation of elements of the rule of law, including the economic sphere [34].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Conceptual difficulties


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The task of protecting public ideas about justice (for the implementation of which separate institutions, for example, a jury trial, can even be established) is complicated by the vagueness and diversity of these submissions [33].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Making a judgment on the basis of common sense contradicts the requirement of clear normative certainty in a state of law.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

15] In a state of law, courts must not allow arbitrariness in the interpretation of laws and make decisions according to personal views. [


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Some legal scholars believe that any court decisions inevitably reflect the personal inclinations of judges.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Other legal scholars argue that most laws can be interpreted in a neutral way, even if different judges offer different interpretations.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

It is essential that judges should always be ready to impartially study alternative readings of legal principles.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

According to the standards of the rule of law, it must respect subjects of law as carriers of their own understanding of the norms that society must follow [24].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

This leads to disagreements in court, when one side insists on a literal reading of the law, and the other considers its interpretation better coordinated with the legal system as a whole, with the spirit of the law.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Such disagreements can have a negative impact on the certainty of legal norms.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The contradictions between different social ideals are also reflected in the legal system [12].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The resolution of these contradictions leads to the predominance of some values or to a compromise, but in any case to a certain discrepancy between the preferences of some citizens and the requirements of the law.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Ensuring the independence of the law enforcement system is a difficult task [33].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

For example, in the United States, the appointment of federal judges is one of the main functions of the upper house of the US Congress, while in many states, regional judges are elected by popular vote .


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The posts of state prosecutors and heads of district law enforcement agencies (sheriffs) are also elected.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Nevertheless, the ideological views of all these officials play a certain role at one stage or another in the selection of candidates.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Although the complete absence of legal restrictions on the arbitrariness of power jeopardizes the ability of society to protect its values, the optimal degree of severity of such restrictions is a subject of discussion [9] .


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In a number of situations, a decision based on personal knowledge and experience or a decision taking into account specific circumstances may be more effective or fair than a decision made in strict accordance with legal regulations and procedures.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In addition, the judiciary is also characterized by arbitrariness, which can manifest itself in manipulating rules, incompetent decisions, ignoring the spirit of the law.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Strict adherence to statutory decision-making procedures sometimes contributes to uncertainty in the outcome.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In some cases, this can play a positive role, such as in the process of democratic elections. [35]


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In other cases, this may adversely affect the sense of predictability about the actions of others, and therefore lead to excessive self-restraint of personal freedom [24].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Excessive detail and rigidity of the main laws, combined with the complexity of changing these laws, can lead to political stagnation, and in the future to a crisis [4].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

States under the rule of law are the least affected by States of law, which either do not have written constitutions or have relatively short constitutions that focus on procedures (a content), whose substantive regulations are of a general nature and whose norms are consistent with the political experience of the population.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In such States, the consistency of procedures is combined with the flexibility of management.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Some constitutions not only describe the structure of the state, but also formulate social ideals.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The discrepancy between the formal requirements of the Constitution and the practical capabilities of the government may cast doubt on the authority of the highest laws of the country.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Criticism and value of the rule of law


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

One of the most common arguments against the rule of law was the assertion that if power belongs to the “right” people, then there is no need to limit them or oblige them to anything.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

This point of view was shared, in particular, by one of the founders of utilitarianism, Jeremiah Bentham.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Anarchists deny the ability of any state institutions to significantly limit the power of those who possess it.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

According to Karl Marx and other left-wing ideologists, in capitalist society, laws serve exclusively the interests of the bourgeoisie, so the rule of law is necessary as a guarantor of these interests (trade, industry, banking, etc.) It should be noted that some modern Marxists do not agree with such assessments.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The main focus of legality is legal procedures, and therefore it can be the foundation for development both in the direction of a market economy and in the direction of a welfare state [24].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

At the same time, the lower classes often have limited access to legal institutions, which leads to deviations from the ideal of equality [33].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Proponents of technocracy, starting with sensimonism, believe that government should be carried out by the most competent specialists in their field who do not dictate their will or obey a higher will, but are guided by scientific principles.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

With the disappearance of the arbitrariness of power, the need for the rule of law, replaced by the rule of knowledge, also disappears.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Procedural justice is the subject of criticism when courts acquit sufficiently obvious criminals for violation of formal requirements by the investigation [23].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

On the other hand, non-compliance with established procedures opens up ample opportunities for arbitrariness [note 4], so it becomes fundamentally impossible to guarantee the fairness of the trial.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

This, in turn, has a negative impact on the predictability of the legal consequences of one's own and others' actions, which affects all aspects of socio-economic life.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

John Rawls, Friedrich von Hayek and other philosophers believed that the rule of law provided strangers with important information about mutual obligations, ways of mutual cooperation, a basis for legitimate expectations and a sense of confidence [11] [12].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

This facilitates the adoption of important decisions for them and long-term planning, which significantly increases the efficiency of economic activity.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

On the other hand, the fact that laws are able to guide people's actions increases the demands on their moral content.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The perception of law as a public good that contributes to mutually beneficial cooperation connects the rule of law with the concepts of citizenship and equality [36].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Therefore, those political regimes in which these categories have value are best combined with the rule of law.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The rule of law not only limits the arbitrariness of power, but also encourages the government to pursue a more rational, balanced, fair and predictable policy [23].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

This contributes to the stability of the state and the authority of the authorities


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The existence of generally binding rules simplifies the decision-making process, allows the weaker to make demands to the stronger without the risk of being accused of personal hostility, softens the feeling of humiliation when obeying the requirements of others [36].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In liberalism, the rule of law is one of the main values, since it protects civil liberties, especially the right to life, the right to private property, freedom religion and freedom of speech.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

According to a wide range of legal scholars, historians and political scientists, the predominance of legal methods in public administration played a significant role in the development of Western civilization [28] [32] [33].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Many of them see the rule of law as the foundation of democracy, ensuring political rights, civil liberties, mechanisms of government accountability and, ultimately, political equality and low levels of abuse of power [15].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

One of the main differences between imitation democracy is the weakness of the rule of law, so that individual authorities can repeal or circumvent laws that regulate the powers of these bodies [37].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

This, in particular, opens up opportunities for manipulation of the justice system and the media in order to reward those loyal to the regime and punish the opposition without regard to legal procedures. [


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Direct democracy that is not limited by law also carries the risk of making emotional decisions to the detriment of long-term interests [23].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Russian model of the rule of law


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The Soviet official doctrine for a long time considered the very idea of the rule of law unacceptable, since it was proclaimed in the conditions of the capitalist social system [39].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

A well-known quote by L. Kaganovich:


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

“We reject the concept of the rule of law. If a person claiming to be a Marxist speaks seriously about the rule of law and even more so applies the concept of “rule of law” to the Soviet state, then this means that he is moving away from Marxist-Leninist doctrine of the state”.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

During Perestroika, legal science returned to the study of the rule of law without ideological patterns.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The XIX All-Union Conference of the CPSU for the first time officially recognized the need to build a state of law, while the socialist rule of law was called “fully consistent with socialism form of government” [41].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

For the first time, the need to create a legal state in Russia was officially stated in the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the RSFSR of June 12, 1990.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

According to the Constitution, Russia is a legal state.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Article 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states: “Russia is a democratic federal state of law.”


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

At the same time, the current text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation does not disclose this concept.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In this regard, the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation V. D. Zorkin notes: “The continental system of law is based on the concept of “rule of law” — [on] what is taken as the basis of our Constitution. It should be noted that this concept, in conjunction with the realities of the 21st century, is still waiting for its doctrinal and conceptual development, which will require close cooperation between lawyers and philosophers” [42].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

IN. D. Zorkin believes that although the problems of the rule of law are constantly in the focus of attention of specialists in the field of constitutional law, theory and philosophy of law, “to date, one of the fundamental aspects of this topic did not develop the unity of views that would allow us to talk about the presence in Russian legal science of a generally recognized doctrine of the rule of law. There is no unity even in the question of which features of the rule of law in their totality reflect its essence” [43].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Some researchers [44] [45] question whether Russia is a legal state.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In the World Bank's rule of law ranking, Russia is at the level of the Dominican Republic and Togo (behind Mali, Tanzania and Gabon, but higher than Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Iran), and in recent years this the indicator has increased.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

If in 1998 it was 18.2 points, in 2005 — 20.1 points, in 2011 — 25.4 points (out of 100 possible) [46].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In accordance with other international ratings, Russia's assessment of the independence of the judicial system and the effectiveness of legal protection is lower than that of most middle-developed countries (lower than Pakistan, Egypt, China, Indonesia, Mexico, etc.; of the middle-developed countries, only Argentina, Peru and Venezuela have a similar rating)


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In 2005, the WEF ranked Russia 99th among the countries of the world in terms of “law enforcement” in its competitiveness index [47].


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Measuring legality


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

The World Justice Project publishes an annual index for countries of the world [48], which includes 8 indicators: restriction of state power, absence of corruption, order and security, fundamental law, openness of government, law enforcement, civil justice and criminal justice.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

In 2012, Scandinavian countries, Finland, the Netherlands and New Zealand ranked at the top in almost all indicators (Sweden scored 7.12 out of 8 possible in terms of total points).


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Russia's position depends on [49] and varies between 65th and 92nd place in the overall list of 97 countries, between 15th and last place among 21 countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and between 21st and 29th out of 30 countries in its income group.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

See also


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Legality


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Separation of powers


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Police State


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Welfare State


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Legal philosophy


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Notes


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Sources


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Supplementary literature


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Valades D. Constitutional problems of the rule of law.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Moscow, Idea-Press Publ., 2009.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

ISBN 5-903927-05-X


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Danilov S. YU.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Legal democratic states.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Moscow, Dashkov & Co Publ., 2009.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

ISBN 978-5-394-00167-3


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Yemelyanov B.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

M., Pravkin S. A. Theory of State and Law.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

H 2.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

MOSCOW, MIEMP PUBL., 2010.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Kozlova E.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

I., Kutafin O. E.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Constitutional Law of Russia/Uch.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

for universities.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

2-e izd-e.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Moscow, Yurist Publ., 2001.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Ch.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

VI, § 1.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Political foundations of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Melekhin A. IN. Theory of State and Law.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Moscow, Market DS Publ., 2007.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Mises L. The individual, the market and the rule of law.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Moscow: Pnevma, 2010.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

ISBN 978-5-901151-17-4


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Morozova L. A. Theory of State and Law.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

4-e izd.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Moscow, Eksmo Publ., 2010.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

General Theory of Law and State/Ed.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Lazareva V. V. 3-e izd.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Moscow, Yurist Publ., 2001.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Fundamentals of State and Law/Ed.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

O. E.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Kutafin.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

7-e izd.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Moscow, Yurist Publ., 2000.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Sokolov A. N. The rule of law: from an idea to its materialization.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Moscow: Yantarny skaz Publ., 2002.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

ISBN 5-7406-0526-1


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Theory of State and Law/Ed.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Alekseyeva S. S. 3-e izd.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Moscow: Norma, 2005.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Chetvernin V. A. Moscow: Nauka, 1993.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Shelistov Yu.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

IN. The formation of the rule of law in the Russian Federation.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Moscow: Directmedia Publishing Publ., 2004.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

ISBN 5-94865-038-3


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

References


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

: Sat.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

articles/Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow-Petersburg Philosophical Club; Otv.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

ed.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

A. A. Huseynov said.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

— M.: Summer Garden, 2011.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

— 288 p. (PDF version)


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

//Monitoring of constitutional processes in Russia.


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

#3 (5).


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Category:Forms of state


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Category:Philosophy of Law


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Category:Principles of Law


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Category:The concepts of political philosophy


Question: When did the term legal state appear?

The rule of law

Category:Social Philosophy Concepts


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The ancient Slavs are early medieval Slavs, during the settlement of Slavic tribes, approximately from the 6th to the 8th centuries.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Around the 5th century, Slavic expansion began, as it is believed, from the territory of Prykarpattia, the upper reaches of the Dniester, as well as the right bank of the middle Dnieper region, to the west, south and northeast.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

To the west, the Slavs migrated in the direction of the upper Vistula, and then Laba, skirting the outer Western Carpathians (that is, from the eastern and northern sides of the Carpathians).


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

To the east, Slavic tribes spread in the direction of the upper reaches of the Volga and Oka.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

To the south, the Slavs moved towards the Danube, then along it to the west, settling areas along the tributaries of the Danube and invading the Eastern Roman Empire.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In Soviet times, versions of the autochthonous nature of Slavic tribes prevailed in most of Eastern Europe or Poland, but recent archaeological data indicate, according to some researchers, to form a noticeable array of Slavs as part of a single ethnic group in the area of Kiev archaeological culture (II-IV centuries).


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

While the western and eastern directions of the expansion of Slavic tribes are being restored according to archaeological data, the southern one is well documented in the testimonies of Byzantine authors.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

This article is mainly based on epigraphic sources describing the southern Slavs.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The emergence of Slavs


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Currently, science does not give an accurate answer when and where the Slavic people arose, like any other ethnic group.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The ethnogenesis of Slavic tribes is studied at the intersection of archeology and linguistics with the involvement of the ethnic history of neighboring peoples.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In academic science, there are several areas and scientific schools that are developing their own versions of the separation of Slavs from the Indo-European community of tribes.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Linguistics data


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

According to the German linguist Hans Krae, in Central Europe in the 2nd millennium BC. e.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

(Bronze Age) there was an ethno-linguistic community of Indo-European tribes [1].


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

There are various hypotheses about how Indo-Europeans appeared in Europe, but in general, scientists agree with the beginning of the penetration of Indo-European tribes close in lifestyle, rituals and language into the center of Europe in the 3rd millennium BC


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Tribal migrations spawned offshoots that gave rise to new peoples.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Linguistics does not give real links to historical processes, but the chronology can be approximately reconstructed with the help of archeology, but very presumably.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Krae came to the conclusion that while the Anatolian, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Greek languages had already separated by the end of the 2nd millennium BC.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

and developed as independent — Italian, Celtic, Germanic, Illyrian, Slavic and Baltic languages existed only in the form of dialects of a single Indo-European language.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Celts stood out in the 8th century BC.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

, the Germans began to form later, in the 7th century BC.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Slavic ethnos separated from the Indo-European community presumably around the 5th century BC.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

, and a number of linguists believe that the Proto-Slavic language has become a development of the southern dialect of the group of Baltic languages that have most preserved the structure of the original Indo-European language (cf. The ethnogenesis of the Slavs).


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Attempts were made to establish the Slavic ancestral home by analyzing Early Slavic vocabulary.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The most accurate place of formation of the Slavic ethnic group is determined by Slavic and borrowed tree names.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In accordance with the so-called beech argument, the absence in the botanical vocabulary of the ancient Slavs of the names of beech [2] and fir (that is, the Slavs were not initially familiar with these plants) indicates along with the general vocabulary (corresponds to a forest belt far from the sea and mountains), to such probable places of ethnogenesis of the Slavs as the northern part of Ukraine or southern Belarus (south of Pripyat), but modern the boundaries of growth of these plants do not coincide with ancient boundaries.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Archaeological data


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The study of the ethnogenesis of the Slavs with the help of archeology encounters the following problem: modern science fails to trace the change and continuity retrospectively to the beginning of our era archaeological cultures, the bearers of which could be confidently attributed to the Slavs or their ancestors.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Some archaeologists take some archaeological cultures at the turn of our era as Slavic, a priori recognizing the autochthonous nature of the Slavs in this territory, even if it was inhabited in the appropriate epoch other peoples according to synchronous historical evidence.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The emergence of archaeological cultures, recognized by most archaeologists as predominantly Slavic, dates back only to the 5th-6th centuries, corresponding to the following close cultures, divided geographically:


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Prague-Korczak (western range, corresponds to the sklavins of Byzantine authors and presumably the Venedi)


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Penkovskaya (eastern range, corresponds to the antes of Byzantine authors)


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Kolochinskaya (northeastern area).


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

There is no consensus among historians and archaeologists on the earlier history and geography of the Proto-Slavs, views evolve as new archaeological material accumulates.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In the last decades of the 20th century, monuments of the Kiev type of the late II-IV centuries, found in southern Belarus and the Middle Dnieper region, were identified and attributed to a special culture.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

From the Kiev archaeological culture (2nd-4th centuries), the above Slavic cultures developed in interaction with other ethnic groups: Kolochin under the influence of the Balts; Penkovskaya under the influence of the Sarmatian and other Black Sea tribes, Goths and Huns; Prague-Korchak as a result of migration to the west.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

When interacting with the local population in the new territories, cultures changed, but retained their structure.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The recognition of Kiev's Slavic culture does not solve the question of the place and era of ethnogenesis of the Slavs.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Among the possible candidates preceding Kiev culture, Milograd and Yukhnovskaya (usually associated with the Baltic), earlier Chernolesskaya and other archaeological cultures are indicated, but their the role in the formation of the Slavic ethnic group cannot be accurately established.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In Soviet times, versions of the autochthonous nature of the Slavs were widespread in the territories they occupied in the Middle Ages (e.g. B. A. Rybakov).


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

[3] With the accumulation of archaeological material, versions of the ethnogenesis of the Slavs became more complicated due to the allocation of the territorial core where the Slavic ethnos was formed on the basis of local Indo-European tribes, and tracking its migrations to neighboring lands.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Thus, Academician V. IN. Sedov considered the place of formation of Slavic tribes between the Oder and Vistula rivers (in Roman times, Germany, modern. Poland), where local tribes, living among the Germans, partially assimilated the newcomers Celts, and from where they then spread to Ukraine before subsequent expansion further east and south-west to The Balkans.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Currently, views on the settlement scheme of the Slavs have changed in connection with new findings and the chronological systematization of archaeological sites (cf. The ethnogenesis of the Slavs).


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The earliest written evidence of the Slavs of Byzantine authors of the middle of the VI century deal with an already established people, divided into Sklavins and Ants.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The testimonies of writers of the Roman era (I-II centuries) about the Venedi, associated with the Slavs in the early Middle Ages, do not allow them to be associated with any reliably Slavic archaeological culture due to inconsistency and ambiguity of texts.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Written testimonies


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Slavic tribes first appeared in Byzantine written sources of the middle of the VI century under the name of Sklavins and Ants.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Retrospectively, in these sources, the ants are mentioned when describing the events of the 4th century.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Presumably, the Slavs (or ancestors of the Slavs) include the Venedi, about which, as a people between the Sarmatians and Germans, were reported by the authors of the late Roman period (I-II centuries).


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Alano-Gothic historian Jordan, on the basis of the array of data known to him, considered the Ants and the Slope to come from the Venedi.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Earlier tribes, noted by contemporaries in the alleged area of formation of the Slavic ethnic group (middle and upper Dnieper region, south of Belarus), could contribute to the ethnogenesis of the Slavs, but the degree this contribution remains unknown due to the lack of information both on the ethnicity of the tribes mentioned in the sources and on the exact boundaries of the habitat of these tribes and the Proto-Slavs themselves.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

For the first time, the tribes (Neuras and Scythians farmers) that inhabited the lands of Eastern Europe far from the Black Sea were described in his fundamental work by a Greek historian of the middle of the 5th century BC.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Herodotus.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Archaeologists find geographical and temporary correspondence to neurs in Milograd archaeological culture of the 7th—3rd centuries BC.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

, the range of which extends to Volyn and the Pripyat River basin (northwestern Ukraine and southern Belarus).


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

It is not known whether the Slavic ethnos had been formed by this time, but assuming the autochthonous nature of the Slavs in the interfluve of the Dniester and the Dnieper, Herodotus's information is the earliest and only throughout for the next 500 years, a written source about the possible ancestors of the Slavs.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

While the expeditions of the Roman legions revealed to the civilized world Germany from the Rhine to the Elbe and the barbarian lands from the middle Danube to the Carpathians, the Greek author of the middle of the 1st century BC.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Strabo, in describing Eastern Europe north of the Black Sea region, uses legends collected by Herodotus.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

However, he provided important ethnographic information related to the appearance of bastarns in the western regions of Ukraine.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The bastarns, in which the Germans were most often seen, appeared on the pages of history in the second half of the 3rd century BC.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

somewhere north of the lower reaches of the Danube.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

They are usually credited with Zarubinets archaeological culture (2nd century BC). —II century in the basin of Pripyat, Desna, in the Middle and Upper Dnieper region).


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In Soviet times, Zarubinets culture was recognized as Early Slavic because of its distribution area, despite its noticeable differences in the level of development of crafts from more primitive reliably Slavic cultures late hours.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Whoever ethnically carriers of Zarubinets culture are, its influence can be traced in the monuments of Kiev culture, first called Late Zarubinets.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

It is impossible to determine the degree of influence of bastarns on the ethnogenesis of the Slavs, primarily due to the lack of ethnographic information about the bastarn tribe that disappeared in the III century.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Historians suggest that the Slavs could penetrate into the western lands from the Dnieper region together with a multi-ethnic conglomerate of tribes united by the subordination of Attila, and began to settle in their usual places along the rivers.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

There are hints of this in the notes of the Greek Prisk Paniysky, who visited the barbarian lands in the area of modern times as part of the Byzantine embassy in 448.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Hungary.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

But for the first time epigraphic sources report reliably Slavic tribes of the Venedi (Venethae), Sklavins (Sklabeno) and Ants (Antai) in the middle of the VI century.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Of these tribes, the last two appeared by the beginning of the 6th century on the northern borders of the Byzantine Empire along the left bank of the middle and lower Danube, which is chronologically in good agreement with archaeological data .


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

There are references to the Venedi in late Roman sources of the 1st and 2nd centuries, but their connection with the Venedi of the era of the Great Migration of Peoples is not obvious.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

See more in the article Ethnogenesis of Slavs.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The settlement of the Slavs in the first and second third of the 6th century (before the Avar invasion)


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Ants and sklavins


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Byzantine writers of the VI century knew two major Slavic peoples - the Ants and Sklavins, while noting that the name of the Veneda is replaced by the first two.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Gothic historian Jordan [4] notes that the Venedes, Antes and Sklavins are related and descended from the same root.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

From his reports it can be seen that the Sklavins were the western group of the southern branch of the Slavs, the Ants - the eastern group, and the Venedi - the northern branch.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The area of settlement of sklavins along the Jordan stretched from the city of Novietuna (Isakcha on the lower Danube or Noviodun on the Sava) and Lake Murcian [5] to the Dniester and Vistula.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Ants were localized by Jordan from the Dniester to the mouth of the Dnieper, how far their lands go to the north Jordan did not know.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Jordan considered the area of distribution of the Venedi “immense expanses” from the sources of the Vistula and the foothills of the Carpathians to the east and north.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Procopius of Caesarea notes that “both of these barbarian tribes have the same life and laws” [6], the Strategicon of Pseudo-Mauritius states that the Antes and Sklavins “lead the same way of life, they one mores” [7].


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

At the same time, despite all the similarities, the Byzantines, for unknown reasons, distinguished the two peoples and even their representatives in the service of the empire.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

According to archeology, the differences between the Ants (carriers of Penkovo culture) and sklavins (Prague-Korczak) were small and concerned mainly the funeral rite and women's clothing.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Perhaps there were differences in the dialect — the Ants could borrow a large number of Iranisms from the autochthonous Scythian-Sarmatian population of the Northern Black Sea region.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The names of many local East Slavic gods (Khors, Simargle), and the ethnonym of the Anty itself, is of Iranian origin.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In addition, the Antes and Sklavins, obviously, were separate large tribal alliances, not fully consolidated, but capable of conducting a coordinated foreign policy - embassies to the Ants are known Byzantium, to the Avar sklavins and the Anta embassies to the Avars.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Social system of the Ants


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Ants are usually called an ethno-tribal group of Slavs, but contemporaries did not see ethnic differences between the Veneds, Sklavins and Ants.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Some historians are inclined to believe that these “peoples” are just different names of the Slavs, given to them when resettling by new neighbors, and the Slavs themselves did not call themselves that.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Others tend to see the Ants as a tribal union and even an emerging state.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The emergence of union


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The emergence of the Anta Union, if you trust Jordan's information about Prince God, occurred before the 4th century.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Historians refer, in particular, to the mention of the Ants in the Kerch inscription of the III century, proving this thesis.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Most likely, this union arose under the influence of contacts between the Slavs and the Goths, Scythians and Thracians in the area of Chernyakhov culture.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

However, the Hun invasion, which led to the decline of this culture, slowed down the development of the Ants, putting them under the influence or even under the rule of the Huns until the middle of the 5th century.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The composition and territory of the union


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Jordan writes about Slavs in the middle of the 6th century:


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Thus, the Ants united a number of tribal groups under their own name.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Bavarian Geographer, al-Masudi and The Tale of Bygone Years also speak about the division of the Slavs into separate tribes.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Russian chronicle confirms Jordan's information:


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The “Tale” also indicates the existence of an alliance between East Slavic tribes during the time of the legendary Prince Kiy:


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Perhaps some of these tribes of the 9th century were formed already in the Antic era, since Byzantine sources know that in the 7th-8th centuries, the Balkans were inhabited by such tribes as the Dragovites, the North , Smolyans and Croats, also known among the Eastern Slavs.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

From other sources, we know about the early existence of the Polyan and Duleb tribes.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In general, in the era of high mobility of the Slavs, it is difficult to talk about the permanent composition of the Union.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Ants had an idea of their own territory, which they inhabited, and they also tried to settle in other territories and put them under their control.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

One of the directions of expansion was the Danube lands and Thrace.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Ideas about the controlled territory were fixed by treaties with Byzantium:


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Managing a union


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The union was managed by the Council of Antes.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Procopius of Caesarea writes:


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In particular, in an episode with the Hilbudia case, the author talks about how


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Thus, the union council had great power over all the Ants.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Vecha gathered in special places.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

For example, near the glades, such a place was Kiev, where a pagan temple was located.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The decision taken in Kiev was mandatory for all “genera” of glades.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The chronicle mentions the “city elders” who made decisions at city halls near the glades and Drevlyans in the X century.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

At the same time, the legend of the Khazar tribute says that in Kiev “the glade, after consulting, was given a sword from the smoke”, which indicates the participation in the assembly not only of the ancestral, but also of the military nobility.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Jordan mentions 70 Antic “nobles”, Procopius says that the Antes who gathered for the council considered themselves the “masters” of Hilbudiy, so we should talk about the separation of a group of nobility from among the Ants.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Of course, princes were among the nobility.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Jordan speaks of the sons of Prince God, therefore, the power of the princes was hereditary.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The princes acted not only as heads of clans and tribes, but also as military leaders.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Some princes had great power, so historians tend to believe that a single prince, such as God, could be at the head of the union.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Menander mentions, speaking about the events of the 560s and 580s, the Anta nobleman Idar (Idarizia) and his sons Mezamir and Kelagast.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The author conveys the words of the adviser to the Khagan from among the Bulgarians about Mezamir:


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Historians (in particular, V. IN. Mavrodin), it is believed that Idar and his sons usurped the power of the veche, since in the conditions of the Avar invasion, the role of the military leader became more significant, and “the Antic rulers were brought to misery and lost their hopes.”


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In support of this version, finds of tamga-shaped signs on things from precious treasures of Ants of the 6th-7th centuries are given. These signs are also associated with the signs of the Rurikovich (X—XIII centuries) that appeared later.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Similar claims, apparently, were expressed by the Slavic leader Musoky (590s), whom the Slavs called a special title in their language.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Historians compare Musokia with the “king” of Volynians Madzhak, mentioned by Masudi:


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

When choosing a title for such a prince, historians stop at the title “bright prince”, which is mentioned in Arab sources of the 9th-13th centuries and in Oleg's treaty with Byzantium in 911.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Ibn Ruste explains this title as follows:


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Thus, in the second half of the VI century, rulers who considered themselves “princes of princes” tried to become the head of the Ants.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Social structure of Anta society


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The main unit of society among the Slavs was the community called “clan” in the chronicle.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Judging by the nature of the dwellings and settlements, the community consisted of families that included only immediate relatives.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Family customs varied from tribe to tribe.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The family orders mentioned by the Byzantines are similar to the customs of the glades described by the “Tale of Bygone Years”.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

These were patriarchal mores, with “morning gifts” for the bride and ritual murders of wives at her husband's grave.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Other tribes practiced polygamous marriage with remnants of matrilinearity.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The main occupation of community members was agriculture.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The craft was of a domestic nature.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

A layer of professional soldiers (“warriors”) stands out from the community, who in the summer were engaged in military raids on Byzantium and other territories with the aim of robbing and capturing slaves.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The soldiers united in small detachments of several hundred people (“squads”), which, when united, could form armies of up to 1-2 thousand people.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

At the head of the detachments were leaders (princes and “governors”), who had special authority (“glory”), whose death during the battle plunged the soldiers into panic.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

There are practically no finds of graves of the Ants military nobility, but there are finds of treasures with coins, gold and silver utensils looted during the campaigns.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The warriors were equipped with light weapons: a shield with a leather belt to carry and a spear, as well as arrows with poison and sulitsa for throwing.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Armor is only mentioned once.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Swords are also mentioned, but it must be assumed that they were the weapon of a small elite of warriors and have not been archaeologically certified.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Tribal militias could reach significant proportions and were used to protect against raids and when resettling to new territories, as well as during the campaign of 626 to Constantinople, when among women were also found dead.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Ants were considered the strongest Slavic tribe.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Anta soldiers served in the army of Byzantium, participated in sea campaigns on single-tree boats.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Ants had slaves.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Their number sometimes reached tens or even hundreds of thousands.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The bulk of the slaves were prisoners, another source of slavery was the purchase and sale.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Among the slaves were both Byzantines and Slavs, but the ant could not be a slave to the Anta and was released, if one was among the slaves, upon arrival in his homeland.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Slaves were engaged in the war, the household and, as archaeological research shows, in the craft.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The main purpose of enslaving neighbors for the Antes was to obtain a ransom for the prisoners or sell them.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Such slavery was temporary and after a while the slave became “free”, that is, a member of the community.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The sources do not mention a layer of priests or magi, archaeologists did not find any large religious complexes in the Ants on which they could live.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

However, this layer undoubtedly existed, but did not stand out from the community, since small sacrificial pits were located near villages, places of worship were groves, reservoirs, trees and stones.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Polyansky priests sent cults and cast lots if it was necessary to elect human victims.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

During crop failure and famine, babies and the elderly were sacrificed, and in the years of harvest, food products were sacrificed.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The priests said prayers related to the harvest.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Divination was made.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Perun was the main deity of the Ants and Glades.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Close to the priests was a layer of storytellers (“hymns”).


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Thanks to the report about the Venedi, who were detained by the Byzantines, we can say that the storytellers even then conducted their narrative to the gusel tune and stood out from among the community members (they were detained several people with “kithars” at once), moved from place to place and sometimes mediated in negotiations between tribes.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The image of seven-string gusels is available on Antic figurines from Velestino.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Tales about the Anta time have come to us: about Prince Bus, about images,.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

With the complication of the social structure of Anta society, proto-city settlements appear.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The Anta era refers to the emergence of Kiev, which had the importance of a religious and tribal center.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The pastoral settlement (the name of the city is unknown) had a multi-ethnic population.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Warriors and artisans lived here, who produced pottery and jewelry (brooches, belt sets, etc.) that spread far beyond the city and the Antes land.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

In Antic times, the city of Volyn appeared on the Western Bug, known as a settlement of warriors and the center of the Volyn tribal union.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Grads did not yet have the role of shopping centers.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Their population was unstable, including the prince, warriors, priests and slaves.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Vecha, religious holidays, feasts were held here, and fortresses served for defense.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The rudiments of state relations are associated with the separation of residents of “grad” from agriculture.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The place of stay of the prince was called “table” in Kievan Rus, and the collection of tribute was called “feeding”.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

This is probably due to the first form of exploitation that took place among the ancestors of the glades, when the community fed the prince and the squad.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

This can explain why the warriors turned their slaves into community members after a while, thus compensating for labor costs.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

According to Arabic information and legends from the Russian chronicle, the Slavic (Polyanskaya) nobility was engaged in the maintenance of herds and leather craft.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Cattle among the Slavs was one of the forms of exchange money, and the treasury was called the “cowgirl”.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

This allowed the nobility to accumulate their property, as well as precious utensils and slaves, to acquire their own farm.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Also, the emergence of an early state custom — the exclusive right of the prince to hunt in the forests of his land — should be attributed to the Anta time.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The participation of a tribal militia from the Slavs of the forest zone of the Dnieper region in the siege of Constantinople in 626 may indicate the appearance of natural duties of the population in favor of the military nobility.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Early Slavic life


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

The upheavals associated with the Great Migration of Peoples, which began with the Hun invasion during the times of Hermanarich and God, had a negative impact on the development of the material culture of the Slavs, even more than on German or Roman provincial.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

Thus, in the Prague-Korczak culture attributed to the Slavs, stucco dishes made on a potter's wheel almost completely disappear and give way to stucco dishes made on a potter's wheel (accounting for from 1 to 15% of the finds), which were characteristic of the Przeworskaya and Chernyakhov cultures that preceded it, presumably also partly Slavic.


Question: In what year did the Slavic tribes appear?

Ancient Slavs

However, if the homeland of the Proto-Slavs is considered not clearly the German Przeworskaya and mixed Chernyakhov culture (Gothic state of Oyum), but Kiev culture (north of Chernyakhovskaya), and before it, in the 1st millennium BC