Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

The emperor honored him with an excellent reception, caressed and gifted him: he decorated him with a portrait showered with diamonds and handed him 5,000 chervonets in a red velvet bag.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

In Russia, Lassie showed signs of pleasure and approval even earlier.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

On February 17, 1736, the Cabinet notified the Senate of the Supreme Decree appointing Lassie Field Marshal General.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

French Minister d'Argenson quite clearly wrote that Russia's actions in Poland, their powerful movement towards the Rhine, give an idea of the impressive power that this power has.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Cardinal De Fleury instructed the Marquis Jacques de Chetardy, who is sent as ambassador to Russia: “Russia has reached too high a degree of power in relation to balance in the North, its alliance with the Austrian the house is extremely dangerous. We saw on business in Poland how the Viennese court abused this union. If he could have recently brought a corps of 10,000 Moscow troops to the Rhine, then when he needs to subordinate the entire Empire to his arbitrariness, he will be able to dam the whole of Germany in crowds barbarians” [7].


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

The war with the Turks


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Azov campaign


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

At this time, a war broke out against the Turks.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

On April 17, 1736, Lassie arrived from the Rhine campaign to Tsaritsynka, where his comrade in command, also Field Marshal, Minich, was staying, and consulted with him about future actions against the enemy.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Lassie moved to Azov-Minich to Crimea.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

In the steppe, he was attacked by Tatars; his belongings were robbed and he himself barely escaped.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

The siege of Azov was quick: on June 17 (28), Lassi began storming the Azov palisade, and on June 19 (30) the city surrendered.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

This quick success was partly due to a skillful and energetic military search, and partly to the fact that Lassi got several Armenian spies who showed him the weakest points of the fortress.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Upon its capture, it was brought into a defensible form, and siege artillery was sent to the city of Izyum.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Lassie himself began to prepare an army to advance to the Crimea, but met an unexpected obstacle in the form of displeasure on the part of Minich [8].


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Crimean campaign


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Upon returning from Azov, the government entrusted Lassi with a gathering for the campaign of the Don Cossacks, Little Russian and Sloboda Cossack regiments, as well as Bashkirs.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

This order ran counter to Lassi's personal intentions.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

It had been four years since he left his family, did not see his children, and even because of his constant movements, he received almost no letters.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

According to him, his children were “without science and charity”.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Wanting to see his friends, Lassi asked to go on vacation to Riga for the whole winter.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Instead, he was ordered to discuss with Minich the plan for the future campaign and, in the form of consolation, was awarded the Order of St.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Andrey Pervozvanny.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

On April 1, 1737, the Commander-in-Chief was granted 37 hooks of land in Livonia to encourage faithful service.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

On May 3, Lassi left Azov to the Crimea from the Rotten Sea, from where he was not expected and, crossing it, invaded the peninsula, devastating everything on the way and moving to Karasubazar.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

At this town, he defeated the khan's army in two battles on June 12 and 14, but could not stay in the country due to lack of provisions, especially horse food.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Lassie would have stayed even longer in Crimea and would have achieved greater success if help from Little Russia from Prince I. F. Baryatinsky.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Seeing no timely support, Lassie retreated to Milk Waters.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Lassi Corps in 1738-1739


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

After going to St. Petersburg to meet and coordinate the actions of the Russian and Austrian armies (November 1737), Lassi returned to the south and began to prepare for a new spring campaign.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

His regular army was strengthened by Cossack and Kalmyk regiments, and again Lassi complained about the lack of money, recruits, horses, ammunition, the lack of carts, disbandments, cabbies, horse harnesses, artillery supplies, etc. Having settled the disagreements among the chiefs of the Don army and prepared as much as possible, Lassi moved to Perekop.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

On June 26, 1738, he crossed the parched Sivash, leaving the wagon train under the protection of a decent team.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

The 40-thousandth Turkish-Tatar army retreated beyond the rampart, at the end of which was the fortress of Chivash-Kale.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Lassie besieged her.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Heavy rain prevented the beginning of decisive action.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Lack of supplies and drought forced him to retreat to the Donets; the failure had such a strong effect on Lassi that he sent the Empress a letter of resignation, but St. Petersburg was satisfied with it.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

The Sovereign thanked him for his service and wished it to continue.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

This highest approbation touched him incredibly, and in a reply letter of thanks he promised to serve jealously for the rest of his life.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

The following year, the Dnieper Flotilla and Zaporizhzhya Cossacks were subordinated to him.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

In April 1739, a new campaign was supposed to begin.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Lassie was extremely dissatisfied with her preparation.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

The conclusion of the Belgrade Peace Treaty made this campaign unnecessary.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Regular troops, under the command of Lassi, were moved to Moscow due to the possibility of war with the Swedes.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

The war with the Swedes


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

During the Swedish War of 1741-1743, Lassi was the commander-in-chief of the Russian army.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

By decree of February 19, 1740, he was appointed Governor-General of Livonia and Riga, and in November he was granted with his offspring to the Counts of the Holy Roman Empire.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

This time was the heyday of his influence.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

On August 8, 1741, Lassie was appointed to the Military College.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

The Swedish War owes its success largely to the energy, diligence and care for the army of Peter Lassi.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

In conducting it, he proved to be a loyal and intelligent student of Peter the Great and used both his experience and his personal past in operations in Finland.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

With discipline in the troops and the ability to get along with the population, he acquired many well-wishers and supporters of Russia in Finland.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

The war with Sweden ended Lassi's combat activity, but he continued to be a prominent military figure, and he was asked for advice in complicating external affairs.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

On July 27, he was appointed commander of troops in Livonia.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Peter Lassi died in 1751, leaving behind a good memory, especially among soldiers.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Contemporaries reviews


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

General Lassie, an infantry general, was Irish, knew his job perfectly; he was loved, and he was an honest man, unable to do anything wrong, and would enjoy the fame of good everywhere general.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

family


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

His son-in-law is Riga Governor-General Yu.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

YU.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Brown


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

His son was Franz Moritz Lassi (1725—1800), a famous military leader.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

A relative [10] is Boris (Moritz) Petrovich Lassi (Lazy) (1737-1820), infantry general.


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Notes


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Literature


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|dead-url= suggested) (help); External link in |publisher= (help)


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Category: Participants of the Northern War


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Category:Participants of the Russo-Turkish War (1710—1713)


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Category:Participants in the War of Polish Succession


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Category:Participants of the Russo-Turkish War (1735—1739)


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Category: Participants of the Russian-Swedish War of 1741-1743


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Category:Governor-General of the Russian Empire


Question: When was Peter Lassi born?

Pyotr Lassi

Category:Irish in Russia


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Five rubles (5 rubles) (colloquial five) is a traditional banknote and coin that is in circulation mainly on the territory of the Russian Empire, the RSFSR, the USSR, the Russian Federation and a number of other entities on the territory of the former The Russian Empire and the USSR.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

The standard color of the banknote is green and blue.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

The Russian Empire also has a gold coin (semi-imperial).


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

History


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

The issue of banknotes with a nominal value of 5 rubles dates back to the reign of Elizaveta Petrovna and continues to this day.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Coins


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Regular minted coins until 1917


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

For the first time in Russia, five rubles were minted in 1755 under Elizaveta Petrovna.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

After that, the coin was minted in front of all Russian emperors [1].


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

The gold content of the coin changed.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Under Elizaveta Petrovna, 917 coins were issued.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Paul I raised the gold content of the coin to 986th standard.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

In 1818, a coin of five rubles of 917 standard was issued, with a Masonic coat of arms.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Emperor Alexander III lowered the gold content of the coin to 900; in the future, the quality of the coins did not change.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Regular minted coins since 1991


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

In the Soviet Union, a coin with a nominal value of five rubles entered serial circulation only in 1991, during the monetary reform in the USSR.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Modern five rubles have been minted since 1997 by the St. Petersburg Mint and the Moscow Mint.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Initially, the coin was minted from copper clad with cupronickel.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

In 2002, the obverse of the coins was changed.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

In 2009, coins made of nickel-plated steel were minted.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Commemorative coins


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

copper-nickel alloy


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

The first commemorative five-ruble copper-nickel alloy coin was issued in 1987 in honor of the 70th anniversary of the October Revolution.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

The issue of commemorative five-ruble coins of the USSR continued until 1991.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

made of steel


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

In 2012, the Central Bank of Russia issued a series of ten commemorative five-ruble coins dedicated to the battles and significant events of the Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign campaigns of the Russian army 1812-1814:


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Battle of Krasnoe


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Battle of Smolensk


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Battle of Borodino


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Battle of Vyazma


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Battle of Maloyaroslavets


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Battle of Tarutino


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Battle of Berezina


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Battle of Kulm


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Battle of leipzig


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

The capture of Paris


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

In 2014, a series dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Great Patriotic War was released.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

It included rescue operations and battles of Soviet soldiers.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

A total of 18 coins were issued.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Battle of Moscow


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Battle of Stalingrad


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Battle for the Caucasus


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Battle of Kursk


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Battle for the Dnieper


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Battle for Leningrad


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Dnieper-Carpathian Operation


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Lviv-Sandomierz operation


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Jassy-Kishinev operation


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Belarusian operation


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Baltic operation


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Operation to liberate Karelia and the Arctic


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Budapest operation


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Vistula-Oder operation


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

East Prussian operation


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Vienna operation


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Berlin operation


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Prague operation


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

In 2015, 5 coins were issued dedicated to the defense of Crimea and Sevastopol.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Defense of Sevastopol


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Defense of Adzhimushkay quarries


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Kerch-Eltigen amphibious operation


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Crimean Strategic Offensive


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Partisans and underground fighters of Crimea


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

In addition to a series of coins dedicated to the defense of Crimea and Sevastopol, a commemorative five-ruble coin dedicated to the 170th anniversary of the Russian Geographical Society was issued in 2015.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

In 2016, 14 coins were issued dedicated to the liberated capitals of the world by Soviet soldiers.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Kyiv


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Minsk


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Vilnius


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Kishinev


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Bucharest


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Tallinn


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Riga


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Belgrade


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Warsaw


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Budapest


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Bratislava


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Wien


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Berlin


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Prague


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

In addition to a series of coins dedicated to the liberated capitals of the world by Soviet soldiers, a coin dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the Russian Historical Society was issued in 2016.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

All coins were issued at the Moscow Mint.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

made of silver


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

The first commemorative five-ruble silver coin was issued in 1977 as part of a series of coins dedicated to the 1980 Summer Olympics.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

In subsequent years, the issue of commemorative five-ruble coins continued.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

gold-silver series Gold ring


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

From 2004 to 2008, 6 five-ruble coins of the Golden Ring series were minted — each coin is a silver disc framed by a gold ring.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Banknotes


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

The first banknotes with a nominal value of five rubles appeared in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XVIII century in the form of bank notes.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Then, in 1898, serial production of state credit cards with a nominal value of 5 rubles began.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

In 1909, a new series of banknotes with an updated design came into circulation.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

In the USSR, the 5 ruble banknote was printed in the form of a state treasury note and was issued almost regularly.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

The issue of banknotes ceased to be carried out only in 1991, due to the outbreak of inflation.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

After the monetary reform of 1998, the printing of the banknote was resumed, but it was gradually replaced by a coin of the corresponding denomination.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Since 2001, the printing of the banknote has been stopped, but the 1997 banknote is legal tender.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Banknote specifications


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Coin characteristics


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

In other countries


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

In addition to Russia, banknotes and coins with a nominal value of 5 rubles were issued in the German Empire (Ost-ruble), the UPR, Latvia (bourgeois and LatSSR), the Don region, the Supreme Council of Ukraine, separatist governments and individual cities on the territory of the Russian Empire, and in recent years - in Belarus (in circulation), Latvia (1919-1922, 1992-1993), Transnistria (in circulation), Tajikistan (1995-2000).


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Banknotes and coins gallery


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Belarusian 5 rubles (1992).


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Obverse.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Belarusian 5 rubles (1992).


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Reverse.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Belarusian 5 rubles (2000).


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Obverse.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Belarusian 5 rubles (2000).


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Reverse.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

5 rubles in Tajikistan (1994).


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Obverse.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

5 rubles in Tajikistan (1994).


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Reverse.


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

See also


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

State credit card


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Soviet ruble


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Gold ruble


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Notes


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Literature


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

References


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Category:Banknotes of the Russian Empire


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Category:Gold coins of the Russian Empire


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Category:Banknotes of the RSFSR


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Category:USSR banknotes


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Category:Banknotes of the Russian Federation


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Category: Coins of the Russian Federation


Question: What is depicted on the reverse of the 5 ruble coin?

Five rubles

Category:Belarusian banknotes


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Sevastopol Wake Up Call is the informal name for the raid operation of the Ottoman fleet against Russian ports and navy in the Black Sea, carried out in 1914.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The operation, authorized by the Minister of War of the Ottoman Empire, Enver Pasha, was mainly aimed at causing damage to the Russian navy by a sudden attack and involving the Ottoman Empire in the war against The Russian Empire, and therefore, during the First World War, on the side of the Central Powers.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Both goals were achieved without losses on the part of the Ottoman fleet.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Background


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

, the day after Germany declared war on Russia, the Ottoman Empire signed a secret agreement with Germany, establishing allied obligations between the two states [1].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Despite the alliance concluded with Germany, the Young Turkish government declared neutrality in the outbreak of the war.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The Turkish authorities wanted to buy time to prepare their army and navy for combat operations and make sure that their potential allies would certainly win the war.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

the mobilization of the Turkish army and navy began, and over the next three days, measures were taken to restrict the movement of ships through the Black Sea straits.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The official reason for this was the need to protect Turkey's neutrality regime [2].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Göben and Breslau breakthrough


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

, leaving the British fleet that pursued them in the Mediterranean Sea, the German cruisers Göben and Breslau under the command of Rear Admiral Wilhelm Suchon entered the Dardanelles [3].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

As most memoirists of that time note, the breakthrough to Constantinople of these newest German cruisers played a major role in involving the Ottoman Empire in the war.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

“I don't know if any two ships had a greater impact on history than these two German cruisers,” recalled American Ambassador Henry Morgenthau [3].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

According to existing international treaties, having declared its neutrality, Turkey did not have the right to allow ships of the warring parties to pass through the straits.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The Ottoman authorities, who were asked by Germany to grant asylum to ships of the Mediterranean squadron, conditioned their agreement with new requirements that significantly changed the conditions signed union agreement: Germany was required to guarantee the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire and take into account Turkey's interests in the distribution of post-war indemnities, cancellation capitulation regime and territorial acquisitions.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

German Ambassador Hans von Wangenheim agreed [2].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The arrival of German warships in Constantinople caused energetic protests from the ambassadors of the Entente countries.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

the Turkish side proposed to temporarily disarm the Göben and Breslau, but after a sharp demarche of the German ambassador, Turkey made a fictitious “purchase” of German cruisers.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The diplomatic justification for the deal was the need to compensate for the loss of the Reshad and Sultan Osman dreadnoughts, built in England by Turkish order and requisitioned by the British Admiralty in the beginning of the war [2] [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Changing the balance of power on the Black Sea


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The main forces of the Russian Black Sea Fleet in 1914 included five battleships of the pre-dreadnought type: Eustathius, John Chrysostom, Panteleimon, Rostislav and Three Saints [2].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

This ensured superiority over the Ottoman fleet, which had a modernized casemate battleship “” and two pre-dreadnought battleships of the Brandenburg type (“” and “”) purchased from Germany [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The balance of power in cruisers was approximately equal, and in destroyers, the Russian fleet had a significant advantage [2] [5].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Turkey's acquisition of new German cruisers has radically changed the balance of power.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The Dreadnought battlecruiser Göben was significantly superior to any of the Russian ships.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

In terms of artillery weapons, it was comparable to the three best Russian battleships combined, and was almost twice as fast as them, which allowed him to both impose a battle on Russian ships and avoid it in case of an unfavorable combination of circumstances [4] [2].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Göben and Breslau were also faster than cruisers and most destroyers of the Russian fleet (with the exception of the latest destroyers of the Daring type), which deprived these ships of the ability to conduct independent actions.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Thus, in the presence of the Göben Theater in the Black Sea, the Russian fleet could only act by joint forces to avoid destruction in parts [5].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The reaction of military and political circles of the


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

According to an employee of the Naval General Staff B.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

P. Apreleva, Commander of the Black Sea Fleet Admiral A. A. Ebergard, having received information about the arrival of the Goeben and Breslau in Constantinople, offered “on the same basis” to enter this port with his strongest ships.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

He hoped to force the German cruisers to go to the Mediterranean or Black Sea, and in case of refusal, destroy them at anchor.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

In his opinion, this would avoid Turkey's involvement in the war against Russia.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Ebergard's proposal was considered and rejected by Emperor Nicholas II, as Russia's allies in the Entente considered it necessary to maintain Turkey's neutrality.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Ebergard was ordered to avoid actions that could be interpreted by the Turks as hostile [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Foreign Minister S. D. Sazonov adhered to a similar position, consistently rejecting the blockade of the Bosphorus as a preventive measure.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

He insisted that the reason for the outbreak of hostilities should come from the Turkish side.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Nevertheless, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief's Headquarters initially approved Ebergard's proposal to consider the Göben and Breslau, if they enter the Black Sea, German ships and gave permission to attack them when they meet.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Sazonov confirmed Ebergard's permission to act “at his discretion” when meeting with Goeben at sea [4] [2].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

, having received information about the departure of the Goeben into the Black Sea, Admiral Ebergard used permission and withdrew the fleet in the vicinity of Zonguldak.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Having not found the enemy, the Russian fleet returned to Sevastopol two days later.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

On September 24-27 (October 7-10), the Russian squadron in its entirety held a “demonstration of the flag” off the coast of Romania.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

But the Stavka has already canceled the permit for active actions, after which the fleet did not move further than 60 miles from Sevastopol [2] [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Germany's assistance in improving the combat effectiveness of the Ottoman fleet


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

After the official transfer to the Ottoman fleet, Göben and Breslau were renamed Yavuz Sultan Selim (Turkish: Yavuz Sultan Selim) and Turkish: Midilli, respectively.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Despite the change of flag, the crew on the ships remained completely German, and Admiral Sushon continued to command the squadron.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Göben and Breslau did not obey the British naval mission led by Rear Admiral Arthur Limpus, who was also commander of the Turkish fleet [2].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

At the end of August, teams of German military and naval specialists began to arrive in Turkey at the request of Admiral Suchon, from which, in particular, a Special Detachment was formed to work on Dardanelles fortifications [2].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Officers and foremen were also sent to the country to staff the teams of Turkish ships [3].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

By mid-September, the number of German troops in Constantinople reached 4,000 [2].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

at a secret meeting of the Young Turkish leadership, the Grand Vizier decided to prepare an entry into the war on the side of Germany [2].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Severe restrictions were imposed on the activities of the British naval mission and was withdrawn from Turkey.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

German Admiral Wilhelm Suschon became the commander of the naval forces of the Ottoman Empire, his appointment was approved by decree of the Sultan.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The command and rank and file of the crews of Turkish ships was strengthened by German sailors, German officers became the commanders of large ships and destroyer formations.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Sushon has already stated that the Turkish fleet is ready for action [2] [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

an agreement was signed on Germany's provision of a loan to Turkey in the amount of 5 million lire in gold.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The first part of the loan in the amount of 250,000 lire was to arrive in Turkey in ten days, the rest after Turkey declared war on Russia or England [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Closing the Straits


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Turkey has closed the Dardanelles to the passage of ships under any flag.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The strait was mined and blocked by barrier networks, the lighthouses were extinguished.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The next day, it was announced a complete closure of navigation in the Straits [2].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

This measure caused the greatest damage to Russia, for which the Straits represented the shortest way to export its goods and import equipment necessary for military needs.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

US Ambassador to Turkey Henry Morgenthau later recalled: “Without wasting a single human life, without firing a single shot from any gun,... Germany has acquired what, perhaps, it could not acquire three million people who oppose a well-equipped Russian force. This was one of the most dramatic military successes, and all this was the result of the work of German propaganda, German penetration and German diplomacy” [2].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Signs of preparation for a Turkish attack and retaliatory precautions


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Turkey's intention to enter the war on the side of the Central Powers has not remained a secret for Russian diplomats and intelligence officers.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

With the strengthening of the Turkish fleet, it became obvious that the first blow could be inflicted on the Black Sea coast of Russia.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Russian military agent in Turkey, General M. N. Leontyev reported to Petrograd: “The only way to prevent the sudden exit of the Turkish fleet into the Black Sea is to declare a blockade and put up a minefield” [2].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Russian Ambassador to Turkey M. N. Geers radiographically warned about the impending exit of Göben and Breslau into the Black Sea and proposed to take measures to protect the coast and install defensive minefields [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

naval agent in Constantinople A. N. Shcheglov informed Petrograd that German naval officers in Turkey are buying detailed maps of the Russian Black Sea ports.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

He believed that a potential enemy was preparing to attack Odessa, Novorossiysk and Feodosia.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Shcheglov announced the arrival of naval mines from Germany in Constantinople [2], and a few days later warned of a plan for a surprise attack on the Black Sea coast with the main blow to Sevastopol [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Having no more suitable means of naval reconnaissance, the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Admiral Ebergard, organized constant monitoring of the Turkish fleet with the help of a special schedule for the movement of the Russians steamers that made regular voyages to Constantinople, and the patrol yacht Kolkhida, which was constantly in this port [4] [6].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

by order of Ebergard, lighthouses and navigation glowing signs were turned off, residents of the coast of Odessa and Sevastopol were forbidden to illuminate the windows of houses.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Around the same time, probably under the influence of Geers's report about the preparation by the Turks of a landing in Odessa, the Black Sea Fleet was given permission to mine its coast [2], but Ebergard postponed the installation of minefields due to the uncertainty of the time of the outbreak of hostilities [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Foreign Minister S. D. Sazonov warned the commander of the Black Sea Fleet Admiral Ebergard that Turkey may enter the war in the near future, after which almost daily information was received about the deterioration of relations with Turkey [2].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Operation progress


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

[4] [3] (according to other sources, on October 23 or 26 [7]), the first part of the German gold loan arrived in Constantinople, which stopped the hesitation in the Turkish government.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Enver Pasha prepared a secret order to start hostilities against the Russian fleet: “The Turkish fleet must achieve supremacy in the Black Sea. Locate the Russian fleet and attack it without declaring war, wherever you find it.”


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The envelope with the order was presented to Sushon after a meeting of the Young Turkish triumvirate - Enver, Dzhemal and Talaat.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The next day, orders of the Minister of the Navy Cemal Pasha to Turkish commanders were ready, prescribing unconditional obedience to the orders of the German admiral.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Admiral Sushon developed a plan to attack several Russian ports simultaneously by the most combat-ready forces of the Turkish fleet.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Its task was to cause enough damage to make the outbreak of war between Russia and Turkey inevitable [3].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The Turkish fleet went to the Black Sea, allegedly to conduct exercises.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

In the afternoon, the commanders of formations and independent ships received operational orders.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The commands of the ships were told that the Russian fleet treacherously mined the approaches to the Bosphorus and the attack on Russian ports would be an action of retaliation.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The outdated low-speed battleships Turgut Reis and Hyreddine Barbarossa have returned to the Bosphorus.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

They, as well as the gunboat Burak Reis and two destroyers, were tasked with protecting the strait from the Russian fleet.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The rest of the ships proceeded economically towards their intended targets to attack them at dawn of the third day of the operation [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

On the same day, the main forces of the Russian Black Sea Fleet went to sea to conduct exercises.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

In the evening, Fleet Commander Admiral A. A. Ebergard received information about the presence of the Turkish fleet at sea.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Having an order not to seek a meeting with him, Ebergard returned the fleet to Sevastopol.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

After that, the Prut minelayer was sent to Yalta to transfer the infantry battalion located there to Sevastopol [4], but around midnight, before reaching Yalta, it was ordered to return and prepare for mine laying [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

During the day, the steamer “Grand Duke Alexander” reported that the “Göben” with two destroyers was seen near Amasra next to Cape Kerempe, and the Naval General Staff sent a warning that it was expected declaration of war by Turkey.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The main forces of the fleet were declared “position three” (three-hour readiness), from dawn the next day “position one” (full readiness to go to sea) [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

In the morning, Turkish ships approached the planned points of the Black Sea coast of Russia.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Odessa


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

According to the plan of the operation, the destroyers “Gairet” and “Muavenet” were supposed to go to Odessa in the tow of coal transport “Irmingard”.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

But the towing speed was too low, so at dawn, the commander of the Corvetten-Captain Rudolf Madlung decided to release the coal miner and move on his own [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

At about one o'clock in the morning, the destroyers saw the lights of Odessa, soon they approached the entrance to the harbor.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The course was chosen to simulate arrival from Sevastopol [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

At this time, a caravan of two merchant ships, accompanied by a pilot boat, left the harbor, which allowed Madlung to identify the farfater.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

At about 3:20, “Gayret” and “Moavenet” entered the harbor.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

They carried running lights, which is why they were mistaken for Russian destroyers of the Lieutenant Shestakov type [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

According to a number of Soviet and Russian historians, the security service on the roads of Odessa was unsatisfactorily organized [5] [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

When the destroyers entering the port were identified as enemy destroyers from the gunboat Donets, which carried security service at the breakwater, the gunboat was attacked by a torpedo from the Gairet and quickly sank.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Then Turkish destroyers proceeded deep into the harbor.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The Moavenet attacked and damaged the Kubanets gunboat anchored, and then went to the oil harbor, firing at ships and objects on the shore.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

“Gayret” tried to find the minelayer “Beshtau”, but, probably, could not identify it due to the fact that the Beshtau did not return fire.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Nevertheless, the Gairet damaged the Beshtau with several shots and sank a coal barge standing next to it.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

After the Kubants returned fire, the Turkish destroyers went to sea, continuing to shell the port during the withdrawal, and fled at about 4:45 [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

In addition to the Kubants and Beshtau, four merchant ships were damaged in the harbor of Odessa (the Russian Vityaz, the English Vampoa, the French Portugal and Oksyuz), and on the shore there was a tram station, a sugar plant and oil storage facility [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

33 people died from the Donets crew [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

On the Kubanets, Beshtau and port boats there were a total of 5 killed and 8 wounded, and there were also losses on merchant ships and on the shore [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

While the destroyers attacked the port, the Turkish minelayer “” (Lieutenant Commander P. Herman) set 28 minutes on the Odessa-Sevastopol coastal route.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

In the morning, all three Turkish ships returned to the Bosphorus [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Sevastopol


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

At 4:15, the news of the attack on the port of Odessa was broadcast on the radio, after which Commander Ebergard announced to the fleet about the beginning of a war with Turkey.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The coastal batteries were prepared to open fire.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

At about 5:30am, the flagship of the Turkish fleet, Göben, accompanied, approached Sevastopol, but due to a navigational error it was much closer to the shore than planned.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

At about 6:15am, he was identified and at 6:28am he was subjected to intense fire from coastal batteries.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

In response, the Göben fired at the Konstantinovsky Fort with main and medium caliber guns.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Then he transferred the fire to the internal raid of Sevastopol, but did not achieve hits in the courts.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Some of the shells fell on the shore near the Marine Hospital, coal warehouses and Korabelnaya Slobodka [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The shooting of both sides was hampered by poor visibility.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

In addition, coastal artillery could not shoot due to the large number of batteries firing at the same time.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Of the 360 shells fired at the Göben, three hit the target.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The damage was minor (one of the boilers was disabled by a fragment), but Sushon ordered to increase speed and get out of the fire.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

At 6:48, the Göben ceased fire, using 47 main and 12 medium caliber shells.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The coastal batteries stopped firing at 6:50 [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The ships of the Black Sea Fleet in the harbor did not see the enemy, with the exception of the battleship Georgy Pobedonosets, which fired three shots at the outgoing Gyoben and stopped fire due to short periods [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The shelling of Sevastopol resulted in the death of two and serious injuries to eight patients of the hospital.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

According to some reports, eight civilians were also killed, but the official report of the Mayor of Sevastopol denies these losses.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Various buildings and railroad tracks were damaged [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

In addition, one of the guns on battery No. 16 was destroyed by an internal explosion, killing 6 people and injuring 11 people (one fatally) [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

During the exchange of fire, the Göben maneuvered for some time on the fortress minefield, but it was turned off at dawn, as the Prut minelayer was expected to return to Sevastopol.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The order to turn on the minefield, given by Ebergard at 6:23am, was executed with a delay when the enemy had already left the danger zone [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

During the retreat, Göben met the Prut minelayer and three patrol destroyers under the command of Captain 1st Rank Prince V. IN. Trubetskoy, who had the task of supporting the “Prut” in the event of an enemy.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The destroyers tried to cover the Prut and carry out a torpedo attack, but were repulsed by 150-mm Göben artillery fire.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The lead destroyer Lieutenant Pushchin was severely damaged, but managed to reach Sevastopol.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The losses of its crew amounted to 7 killed and missing and 12 wounded [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Unable to escape from a superior enemy, the commander of the Prut, Captain 2nd Rank G. A. Bykov ordered flooding.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The Göben and one of the destroyers accompanying it fired at the sinking minelayer for some time.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

At 8:40, the Prut disappeared under water.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Of his crew, 30 people were killed, most of the crew (about 145 people) escaped on boats, Turkish destroyers captured 76 people, including the ship's commander, and handed them over to the Göben [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

After that, the Turkish connection headed for the Bosphorus and disappeared around 10:00.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

On the way, we met the Russian cargo-passenger steamer Ida (1708 GRT) sailing from Mariupol.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

People were taken prisoner from him, and the steamer with a load of coal was sent to the Bosphorus with a prize team.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Later, Sushon released the destroyers, which could not keep up with the cruiser due to mechanical problems, with the order to return to the Bosphorus on their own.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

In the morning, Göben refueled on the move with coal from the Irmingard transport.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Then the cruiser handed over the prisoners to the Turgut Reis and spent the night in the vicinity of the Bosphorus, waiting for a counterattack by the Russian fleet.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

In the afternoon, Göben returned to the Bosphorus [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The Turkish minelayer “”, which operated separately from the Gyoben group (reserve lieutenant commander S. Zederholm) at dawn secretly put up a barrier of 60 [4] (according to other sources, 70 [5]) minutes on the approaches to Sevastopol. Returning to the Bosphorus, he met the Russian postal steamer Grand Duke Alexander (1852 GRT), removed people from it and sank the steamer with artillery fire.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The Nilufer entered the Bosphorus this morning [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Feodosia


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The light cruiser Hamidiye (yarbay Vasif Mukhittin) approached Feodosia at 6:30am.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Turkish and German officers descended at the port with a warning of the impending shelling.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The population was asked to leave the city.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Hamidiye opened fire at 9:28am and fired 150 shells until 10:25am.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The shelling caused fires in the railway depot and port warehouses [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Later, following along the coast of Crimea to the west, “Hamidiye” sank the sailboat “Saint Nicholas” with a load of salt (about 300 GRT) and the empty cargo steamer “Shura” (1223 [8] or 1113 [4] GRT).


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The crews of the sunk ships were taken on board.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The cruising of the Hamidiye over the next day to the north and east of Zmeiny Island was unsuccessful.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

in the afternoon he returned to the Bosphorus [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Novorossiysk and Kerch Strait


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The mine cruiser “” approached Novorossiysk at about 7 o'clock in the morning under the Russian flag.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The ship was commanded by German Chief Lieutenant Zur See G. von Mellentin, as Turkish officers were inexperienced.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

A boat was lowered from the cruiser, which brought a Turkish officer ashore with a written warning of the impending shelling, who was initially detained on the shore.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

After waiting for the boat to return for about two hours, the Burke entered the harbor, raised a signal “for the boat to return to the ship” and changed the Russian flag to the Ottoman flag.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

After that, the parliamentarian was released and safely returned to board [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Meanwhile, Breslau installed a 60-minute barrier in the Kerch Strait. On the same day, these mines blew up the steamers of the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade Kazbek (903 GRT) and Yalta (1361 GRT).


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Both ships sank, killing nine sailors.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

After completing the laying of mines, the Breslau went to Novorossiysk, which reached about 11 o'clock [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The commander of the Breslau, corvetten captain P. Kettner, ordered the Burke to open fire on the radio station and the steamers parked in the port.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Then he sent the Burke on patrol, and went ashore and fired at oil terminals, an elevator, a cement plant and ships.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Breslau continued shelling until 12:40, firing 308 shells.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Thanks to the hasty evacuation, human losses were small: two people were killed and one was wounded in the city from the shelling, and three more wounded were among the servicemen.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The shelling, however, caused significant material damage:


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

the fire of tanks containing 19,200 oil and gasoline continued until;


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

a distillery, an elevator, port equipment were damaged, several railway cars burned down;


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

the steamers Nikolai (1085 GRT) and Fedor Feofani, the Doob sailboat (630 GRT) sank; the Chatyrdag steamer loaded with flour, oil and tar, planted by the crew on the ground, burned out;


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

shells and fires damaged the English steamer Frederick, the Russian steamers Panagy Vallano, Trud, Peter Regir and the motor schooner Rus [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

At about 2 pm, the Turkish ships disappeared from sight.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Due to the shortage of coal on the Burke, Kettner sent it to the Bosphorus.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Following the plan of the operation, Breslau went to Sinop.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

In the afternoon, he was ordered to go to Zonguldak and receive coal from the German steamer Rodosto, but he did not appear at the meeting point [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Varna


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

According to Sushon's plan, the mine cruiser “” was supposed to proceed to the coast of Bulgaria and cut the Varna-Sevastopol telegraph cable.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

However, a mechanical malfunction was found on the cruiser (beating of the right propeller shaft).


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The commander of the Peika Albay Ibrahim Sevat refused to go to sea, despite protests from a German officer and engineer.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

its task was entrusted to the Breslau at sea, but the latter's attempts to cut the cable failed.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The Breslau returned to the Bosphorus in the afternoon, the last of the Turkish ships [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The response of the Black Sea Fleet


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The main forces of the Black Sea Fleet (5 battleships, 3 cruisers and several destroyers) went to sea during the day.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The long search for enemy ships in the southwestern part of the Black Sea remained unsuccessful.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The fleet returned to Sevastopol [5].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Results and consequences


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

As a result of the attack of the Ottoman fleet, the Russian Black Sea Fleet lost the Prut minelayer with a significant load of mines on board [4] and the gunboat Donets (later it was raised and returned to service in 1916).


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The destroyer Lieutenant Pushchin was under repair for 20 days.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The total human losses of the Navy and the Sevastopol Fortress amounted to 85 killed, 40 wounded and 76 captured.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

There were also casualties among the civilian population and sailors.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The commercial fleet lost 8 ships with a total tonnage of more than 7,000 and a coal barge sunk.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The steamer Ida (1708 GRT) was captured by the Turks [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The impunity of the attack and the passivity of the main forces of the Black Sea Fleet during repelling the attack led to criticism of the fleet as a whole and the commander of the fleet Admiral Ebergard as in civilian and military circles of Russia, including the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

However, Minister of the Navy I. K. Grigorovich during the trial did not find Ebergard guilty and placed a significant share of responsibility for the “embarrassment” on the Headquarters itself, whose directives provided the initiative at the beginning of hostilities Ottoman fleet [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The events in Russia received the unofficial ironic name “Sevastopol Wake Up Call” [9].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The Ottoman fleet did not suffer losses during the operation, so militarily it represents a significant success for the German-Ottoman side.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

At the same time, some historians believe that the dispersal of forces and the refusal of Admiral Sushon to continue actions against Sevastopol, where the main forces of the Black Sea Fleet were located, did not allow build on this success, significantly weaken the Russian fleet and achieve a strategic advantage [4] [5].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

D. YU.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Kozlov explains Sushon's decisions by the fact that his main goal was not purely military, but political results.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

He sought the opening of hostilities between the Ottoman and Russian empires against the will of a significant part of the Ottoman political leaders [4].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

This political goal of the operation was achieved.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

After her, the Grand Vizier and four ministers of the Ottoman Empire resigned.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

On behalf of the Ottoman government, letters of apology were sent to Russia, but the UK and Russia followed an ultimatum to expel German representatives from Turkey, which was impossible for Ottoman side [3].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Russia has declared war on Turkey.


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The manifesto of Nicholas II directly linked the declaration of war with the attack of the German-Turkish fleet: “The Turkish fleet led by the Germans dared to attack our Black Sea coast. Immediately after this, we ordered the Russian Ambassador in Tsargrad with all embassy and consular officials to leave Turkey” [2].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

The declaration of war by Turkey followed [3].


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

comments


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Notes


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Literature


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Sources


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Additional


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Category: Battles of the Ottoman Empire


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Category:Naval battles of Turkey


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Category: Naval battles of Russia


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Category: Battles in the Black Sea


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Category: Naval battles of the First World War


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Category: Battles of 1914


Question: When did the Sevastopol Wake Up Call start?

Sevastopol wake-up call

Category: October 1914


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia (from Ancient Greek: sciω - “split”, “split” [1] + — “mind, thinking, thought” [2]), formerly dementia precox (from Latin: dēmentia praecox - “early dementia”) [3] or schizophrenia [4] — endogenous polymorphic mental disorder (or group of mental disorders) [5], characterized by the breakdown of thinking processes and emotional reactions [6].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenic disorders are generally characterized by characteristic fundamental disorders of thinking and perception, as well as inadequate or reduced affect.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

The most common manifestations of the disease are auditory pseudohallucinations, paranoid or fantastic nonsense, or disorganization of speech and thinking against the background of significant social dysfunction and performance disorders.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

The variety of symptoms has given rise to a debate about whether schizophrenia is a single disease or is a diagnosis that hides a number of separate syndromes.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

This ambiguity was reflected in the choice of the name: Bleuler used the plural, calling the disease schizophrenia [5].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

The etymology of the word, from “splitting reason”, causes confusion — in popular culture, the disease is mixed with “split personality” — an inaccurate name for dissociative identity disorder [7] [8 ].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

The first known erroneous use of the term is noted in the article of the poet T. S. Eliot, published in 1933 [9].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

The overall risk of the disease, according to studies, is 0.4—0.6% (4—6 cases per 1,000 people) [10] [11].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Men and women get sick approximately equally often, but women tend to have a later onset of the disease.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

In the treatment of schizophrenia, drug therapy with antipsychotics (such as amisulpride, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine) is the main one [12] along with cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, family psychotherapy psychotherapy, occupational therapy, social rehabilitation.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

It remains unclear which antipsychotics are more effective, typical or atypical, but the latter are more modern and have fewer side effects [13].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

In severe cases and among those who are not helped by other antipsychotics, clozapine is used, which has proven to be most effective in studies [14].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

If it does not help, it is recommended to add another antipsychotic (for example, amisulpride, aripiprazole) or an antidepressant (e.g. mirtazapine, fluvoxamine, citalopram) to it [15] [16] [17] [18].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Patients with schizophrenia are more likely to be diagnosed with comorbid disorders (comorbidities), including depression, anxiety disorders [19], obsessive compulsive disorder [20].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Somatic comorbidities, including diabetes, heart and lung diseases, infectious diseases, osteoporosis, hyperlipidemia and hypogonadism, are often underestimated and undertreated [20]; the risk of alcoholism and drug addiction is about 40%.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Social problems, such as long-term unemployment, poverty and homelessness, are frequent.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

The increased risk of suicide and health problems lead to a decrease in life expectancy, which is 10-12 years less in patients compared to people who do not suffer from schizophrenia [21].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is one of the leading causes of disability.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

A study conducted in 14 countries in 1999 showed that active psychosis ranks third in this regard after complete paralysis (quadriplegia) and dementia, surpassing disabling effects of paraplegia and blindness [22].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

However, the course of the disease reveals a significant variety and is not associated with the inevitability of chronic development or progressive growth of the defect [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] :150.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

The idea (formerly generally accepted) that schizophrenia is a constantly progressive disease [25] [28] is currently rejected by specialists and is not confirmed by neuroimaging methods and studies of cognitive functions [25], clinical observations and pathomorphological data [28].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

In some cases, recovery is complete or almost complete [24] [26].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Among the factors that determine a more favorable course are female sex, the predominance of positive (as opposed to negative) symptoms, a higher age at the first episode, a good level functioning before illness [29] [30], acceptance and support from relatives and friends, etc.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

In a severe variant of the course of the disease, if the patient poses a risk to himself and others, involuntary hospitalization may be required.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

However, in Western Europe, the frequency and length of hospital stays have decreased, and the quality of social services has improved [31].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

An individual's lack of awareness that he is sick — anosognosia — can be observed in schizophrenia [32].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Doctors sometimes have to face denial of the disease not only by schizophrenia patients themselves, but also by their close relatives, which is found even among fairly educated people [33].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

History


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Descriptions of schizophrenic-like symptoms are found as early as the 17th century BC, in the Book of Hearts, part of the ancient Egyptian papyrus Ebers [34].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

A study of ancient Greek and Roman sources suggests that societies of the time were probably aware of psychotic disorders, but there are no descriptions that would satisfy to today's schizophrenia criteria [35].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

At the same time, symptoms resembling schizophrenia are noted in Arabic medical and psychological texts dating back to the Middle Ages.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

For example, in the Medical Canon, Avicenna describes a condition that is somewhat reminiscent of schizophrenia, which he calls “junun mufrit” (severe madness) and separates from other forms of madness, “junoon,” such as mania, rabies and manic-depressive psychosis [36].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Although the general concept of madness has existed for thousands of years, historically, the first description of schizophrenia as an independent nozological unit was put forward by Viktor Khrisanfovich Kandinsky under the name “ideophrenia”, which was described in detail in his work “On pseudo-hallucinations” (1890) [37].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Then, in 1893, schizophrenia was singled out as an independent mental disorder by Emil Kraepelin.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

He first drew a line that divided psychotic disorders into what he then called “precox dementia,” a syndrome described in 1852 by Benedict Morel in Clinical Studies under by the same French name () and manic depression [3] [38] [39].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

This dichotomy remains an important concept in modern science [40].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

In 1908, Swiss psychiatrist Eigen Bleuler described schizophrenia as an independent disease different from dementia and coined the term in psychiatry.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

He proved that the disease does not necessarily occur in young years, but can develop in adulthood.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Its main feature is not dementia, but a “violation of the unity” of the psyche, its “schism” (from Ancient Greek: “cleavage”), including a violation of associative thinking.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

The old name was also discarded because schizophrenia does not necessarily lead to personal degradation, and degradation at the same time is not dementia or dementia [3].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Bleuler singled out “four A” diagnostic criteria: decreased Affect, Autism, impaired Associations and Ambivalence.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

He considered ambivalence to be the main sign of schizophrenia [41],


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

and considered three types of it [42]:


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Emotional: at the same time a positive and negative feeling towards a person, object, event (for example, in relation to children towards parents).


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Volitional: endless fluctuations between opposite decisions, the inability to choose between them, often leading to a refusal to make a decision at all.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Intellectual: the alternation or simultaneous existence of contradictory, mutually exclusive ideas in human reasoning.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

It is noteworthy that Bleuler attributed not only early dementia, neurotic syndromes and senile insanity to “schizophrenia”, but also “delirium tremens” of alcoholics [5].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Soon, the concept of schizophrenia was officially recognized by all psychiatrists.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

It remained to be found out what signs should be used to diagnose, why the disease occurs and how to treat it.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Scientists are still doing this today.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

In the first half of the 20th century, schizophrenia was considered a hereditary defect, and in many countries patients became the object of manipulation by advocates of eugenics.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Hundreds of thousands of people, both by and without consent, were sterilized, primarily in Nazi Germany, the United States and the Scandinavian countries [43] [44].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Among others with the stigma of “mental unsuitability”, many patients with schizophrenia fell victim to the Nazi T4 killing program [45].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Diagnostic descriptions of schizophrenia have changed over time.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

After an American-British diagnostic study conducted in 1971, it became clear that schizophrenia is much more often diagnosed in the United States than in Europe [46].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

This was partly due to less formal diagnostic criteria in the United States, which then used the DSM-II diagnostic criteria, as opposed to Europe, where the ICD-9 classifier was used.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

This discovery, among other factors, led to a revision of not only the diagnosis of schizophrenia, but also the entire DSM directory, with the subsequent publication of the next version, DSM-III [47].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Signs and symptoms of the disease


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Currently, the following signs of schizophrenia are distinguished:


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

productive symptoms (most often delusions and hallucinations),


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

negative symptoms (decreased energy potential, apathy, lack of will),


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

cognitive impairment (disorders of thinking, perception, attention, etc.).


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

A person with schizophrenia may have a disorganization of thinking and speech, their unusual, pseudo-hallucinations, delirium.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

For a number of reasons, the disease is often accompanied by social isolation, accompanied by impaired social cognition and paranoid symptoms caused by delusions and pseudo-hallucinations, as well as negative symptoms: apathy and abulia.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

In some cases, the patient may remain silent, freezing for a long time in strange poses or, conversely, fall into a state of aimless arousal: these are signs of catatonia.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Pretentiousness, mannerism of gestures and facial expressions, unnaturalness of plastic art are characteristic.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

None of the signs taken alone is sufficient to diagnose schizophrenia, as all of them may accompany other pathological conditions [48].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

According to the existing classification of psychoses, symptoms of schizophrenic psychosis should be present for at least a month against the background of a functioning disorder lasting at least six months; shorter episodes are classified as schizophrenoformic disorder [48].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

As a rule, schizophrenia begins in late adolescence or in the initial period of adulthood, causing serious damage to a person's personality at the most important stage of social and professional development, causing social stigma.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

In recent years, extensive research has been carried out on the early diagnosis of pre-debut (prodromic) signs of the disease in order to minimize its harmful effects.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

It has been shown that 30 months before the onset of obvious symptoms, and in some cases earlier, it is possible to detect a prodrome [49].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

During this period, future patients may show nonspecific signs — social isolation, irritability and dysphoria [50].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

According to DSM-5, patients with schizophrenia in the pre-debut period often have schizoid personality disorder characterized by personality isolation, emotional coldness, anhedonia and practical lack of close/friendly relations [51].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

44% of patients with schizophrenia have a schizoid personality type before the onset of the disease [52] [53].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

As psychosis approaches, they develop transient (short-term) or limited psychotic symptoms [54].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

One of the most characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia is frequent or prolonged (over many years) hallucinations [55].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

They occur in about half of the cases [55].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

At the same time, large-scale epidemiological studies suggest that the prevalence of hallucinations is much higher than the percentage of people diagnosed with schizophrenia.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

In the latter case, a lifetime prevalence rate of 1% is usually given.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

However, according to a major study (Epidemiological Catchment Area Project, USA), about 11-13% experienced hallucinations in their lives.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Another study conducted in Holland found that “truly pathological” hallucinations were observed in 1.7% of the population, but another 1.7% experienced hallucinations that were found not to have clinical significance, as they were not associated with distress [56].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

A hallucinating patient with schizophrenia can seemingly talk out loud to himself (in fact, with “voices”, hallucinatory interlocutors).


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Positive and negative symptoms


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Symptoms of schizophrenia, like any other psychosis, are divided into positive (psychoproductive) and negative (psychodeficient) [57].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Productive include delirium and thinking disorders, hallucinations - manifestations that usually indicate the presence of excessive activity of the psyche - the presence of “reflection without an object”.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

In turn, negative symptoms are loss or absence of normal reactions: a decrease in the brightness of emotions and emotional reactions experienced — a decrease in affect, scarcity of speech (alogy), inability to have fun — anhedonia, loss of motivation, desire and volitional motivation — apathy and abulia.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Recent studies, however, suggest that, despite the absence of an external manifestation of affect, patients with schizophrenia are often capable of emotional experiences at normal or even increased level, especially during stressful or negative events [58].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Often, a third group of symptoms is identified in the group of productive symptoms, the so-called disorganization syndrome, which includes chaotic speech, chaotic thinking and behavior.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

There are other symptomatic classifications [59].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

There are also secondary negative symptoms, which, unlike the primary one, is directly due to productive disorders (for example, emotional detachment due to the presence of a patient with paranoid delirium), side effects of neuroleptics (for example, bradykinesia and sedation), or depression.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

It is believed that atypical neuroleptics can eliminate these symptoms, but do not seem to eliminate the primary negative symptoms, which is a key manifestation of the disease [28].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Schneider classification


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Psychiatrist Kurt Schneider (1887—1967) listed the main forms of psychotic symptoms that, in his opinion, distinguish schizophrenia from other psychotic disorders.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

These are the so-called “first-rank symptoms”, or “Schneider symptoms of the first rank” [60]:


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

delusions of influence from external forces;


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

the belief that thoughts are stolen from someone's head or put into it;


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

“the sound of your own thoughts”: the feeling that the content of thoughts is becoming available to other people;


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

voices commenting on a person's thoughts and actions or talking to each other.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

The diagnostic reliability of symptoms has been questioned [61], but they have been taken into account when selecting the criteria used in our time.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

Diagnostics


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

The diagnosis is based on an analysis of the patient's complaints and behavior.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

This includes telling the person himself about his experiences, with the possible addition of this information by relatives, friends or colleagues, followed by a clinical assessment of the patient by a psychiatrist, social an employee, a clinical psychologist or other specialist in the field of psychiatry.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

A psychiatric assessment usually involves a mental status analysis and a psychiatric history.


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

The developed standard diagnostic criteria take into account the presence of certain signs and symptoms, their severity and duration [48].


Question: Who is most likely to suffer from neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

schizophrenia

The symptoms of psychosis are not unique to schizophrenia.