Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)

During the celebration of the 44th anniversary of the founding of Novoozerny and Navy Day in 2015, a memorial sign was unveiled in honor of the 50th anniversary of the entrance to Donuzlav MPK-8 and the first builders of the village [12].


Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)

Busts of Heroes of the USSR


Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)

Scuttled Ships Memorial


Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)

Commemorative plaque in honor of the 15th anniversary of the Southern Naval Base


Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)

A memorial sign on the site of the future monument to Taras Shevchenko


Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)

Honorary residents


Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)

Admiral Igor Makhonin was first awarded the title of Honorary Citizen of Novoozerny in 2000 [1].


Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)

A year later, this title was awarded to the first head teacher of the school, Alevtina Sukhareva [1], General Director of Ost-Energo Velery Pegushin [1], military builders Vazha Samkharadze and Lidia Rodyk [1], Captain 1st Rank Ivan Zavgorodny [1] and participant of the Great Patriotic War, Captain 3rd Rank Mikhail Merzlikin [1] [163].


Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)

Sister cities


Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)

Dokuchaevsk, Donetsk Oblast (since July 16, 2011) [164].


Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)

Notes


Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)

Literature


Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)

References


Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)


Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)

Category:Resorts of Crimea


Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)

Category:Yevpatoria Urban Okrug


Question: How many streets are there in Novoozyornoye?

Novoozyornoye (Crimea)

Category:Urban-type settlements in Crimea


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

Ava Lavinia Gardner (English: Ava Lavinia Gardner; December 24, 1922 — January 25, 1990) was an American actress and singer who was one of Hollywood's brightest stars in the 1940s and 1950s.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

She was nominated for an Oscar.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

She was included in the list of the greatest movie stars in the history of Hollywood.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

The owner of the “angel face and the body of the goddess” [1] was often called one of the most beautiful actresses of the 20th century [2] [3] [4].


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

Film career


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

Ava Gardner was born in Smithfield, North Carolina, and was the youngest of seven children to farmers Jonas and Mary Gardner.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

She started acting in films before World War II.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

The first tangible success came with the film “The Killers” (1946), a classic film in the post-war noir genre.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

In the 1950s, Gardner began to be promoted under the motto “the sexiest animal on earth.”


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

Ava's career peaked with starring roles in The Snows of Kilimanjaro with Gregory Peck (1952) and Mogambo with Clark Gable (1953), for which the actress was nominated for an Academy Award.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

By the early 1960s, her career was on the decline.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

The last major role was in Night of the Iguana (1964).


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

Despite her obvious talent, Gardner never thought highly of her acting skills.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

Mike Nichols and the producers of The Graduate wanted Gardner to play the role of Mrs. Robinson, but she refused.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

When the director said she was a great actress, Gardner replied, “You're very kind. I don't have talent. They all tried, but it was all for nothing” [5].


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

In 1976, she starred in the Soviet-American film “The Blue Bird”.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

Personal life


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

In addition to working in the cinema, Ava Gardner has always been a favorite figure in secular columns.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

Rumors about gay sexual orientation never subsided around her.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

She was married three times, from 1941 to 1943 to movie star Mickey Rooney, from 1945 to 1946 to swing king Artie Shaw, and from 1951 to 1957 to singer Frank Sinatra.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

In addition, her scandalous relationship with millionaire Howard Hughes became widely known, who, according to the actress herself, forced her into marriage and set her under surveillance.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

In 1955, Ava moved to Spain.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

Ava Gardner spent the last years of her life in London.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

In 1986, the actress suffered two strokes, leaving her partially paralyzed and bedridden.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

Gardner's medical bills were paid by her ex-husband Frank Sinatra.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

On January 25, 1990, the actress died of pneumonia at the age of 67.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

Her last words were, “I'm so tired...”


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

Gregory Peck, a close friend and partner of Gardner in The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952) and On the Shore (1959), took Morgan, Gardner's dog, and her housekeeper Carmen Vargas with him to Los Angeles.


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

Selected filmography


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

Notes


Question: Who was Ava Gardner's husband?

Ava Gardner

References


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Operation Urgent Fury was an operation by the US armed forces to invade Grenada in 1983, undertaken to protect American citizens and restore stability in the country by request from the Organization of American States.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The operation ended with the victory of US troops.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The purpose of the operation was to eliminate the consequences of an earlier armed coup, which overthrew the government of the country and executed its leader Maurice Bishop.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Prerequisites


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Grenada gained independence from Great Britain in 1974 with the active participation of Eric Gairy, leader of the United Labor Party, who had been Prime Minister since 1967.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The party adhered to a social democratic ideology, but populist and right-wing radical ideas were strongly influenced.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Since 1970, the Gairy regime has been openly authoritarian, and the opposition has been suppressed with the use of police and illegal armed groups (the “mongoose gang”).


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On March 13, 1979, Grenada overthrew the government of Eric Gairy in a coup d'état, and the left-wing New Jewel Movement led by Maurice Bishop came to power.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

At that moment, the Prime Minister was in New York to speak at the UN session.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The new leadership of the country has taken a course towards active cooperation with socialist countries, primarily with Cuba and the USSR.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

At the same time, Grenada remained the Kingdom of the Commonwealth and the Governor-General previously appointed by the monarch was not removed.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

With foreign assistance, Grenada's army was rearmed and by 1983 was the most combat-ready armed force in the eastern Caribbean [1], outnumbering all neighboring States of the Lesser Antilles combined [2] [3].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

In four years, Grenada concluded three agreements with the USSR on military supplies, the first of which was estimated at 58 million dollars [4].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Weapons were also purchased from a number of other countries; in particular, the agreement with the DPRK, concluded in the spring of 1983, provided for military supplies worth $12 million [5].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Grenada's new foreign policy has caused considerable concern on the part of the United States, whose political dominance in the Central American region has already been questioned by the coming to power in Nicaragua Sandinista and the actions of left-wing guerrillas in El Salvador.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

In April 1982, Reagan, at a meeting with the leadership of the Eastern Caribbean states, openly accused the government of Grenada of spreading the “Marxism virus” to other countries [6].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

In March 1983, Reagan boycotted Grenada and urged American tourists not to visit the island.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

At the same time, the US Navy conducted exercises near Grenadian territorial waters.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Eastern Caribbean island governments were wary of what was happening in Grenada.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The prime ministers of Jamaica, Barbados, Dominica — Edward Siaga, Tom Adams, Eugenia Charles — followed a pro-American course and were hostile to Bishop's Marxist regime.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

In May 1983, Francis Alexis, Keith Mitchell, and other anti-communist emigrants established the Grenada Democratic Movement in Barbados to overthrow the Bishop government.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On March 26, Grenada brought its army on alert and mobilized police units numbering 3,000 people.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

However, Bishop understood the danger of this situation and sought to avoid an escalation of the conflict.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

In July, he flew to Washington and met with William Clark, Assistant to the President for National Security.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Maurice Bishop probed opportunities for improving relations with the United States and promised to reconsider his ties with Cuba.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The pragmatic position of the Prime Minister of Grenada did not like the radical left members of the government.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Airport


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

In May 1982, the Government of Grenada signed an agreement with the British firm Plessy Airports for the construction of a new international airport at Point Salinas with a runway of 2,700 meters, which was to be completed by early 1984. [7]


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The construction contract was signed with a British company, and the construction itself was carried out by Cuban workers.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On March 17, 1983, US Deputy Secretary of Defense F. Ikle showed photographs of the airfield under construction, taken by an American spy plane, at a meeting of the Senate Commission for Western Hemisphere Affairs, after which he said that the island was construction of a “Cuban military base” [8].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The government of Grenada made a statement that the new airport is not a military facility and is designed to develop tourism in the country.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Derrick Collier, CEO of the British company Plessy Airports, which designed the airport, said at a press conference that the airport is designed for civil aircraft, it does not have military and underground installations, fuel tanks are located openly, and the runway is being built in accordance with ICAO requirements and even shorter than airports in other Caribbean countries archipelago (the length of the runway of Trinidad and Tobago Airport was 3220 m, Barbados Airport - 3300 m) [9].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

However, representatives of the US government said that, given the cooperation between the Grenadian, Cuban and Soviet governments, it would be used as an air base capable of even accept Soviet strategic bombers.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

US President Ronald Reagan has also repeatedly stated that “under the guise of an international airport in Grenada, a strategic Soviet-Cuban military base is being built, which poses a threat to US security ” [10].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

After the capture of the island, the construction of the airport was completed, but the United States no longer had any complaints about its operation [11].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

October 13—14 coup


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Meanwhile, by mid-1983, the New Jewel Movement had split.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Radical communists — supporters of Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Kord and Grenadian army commander General Hudson Austin — were dissatisfied with Maurice Bishop's moderation and plans for normalization relations with the United States.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On October 13, the Kord-Austin group staged a coup.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Maurice Bishop has been arrested.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On October 19, 1983, armed supporters released Bishop from arrest in Mount Royal.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The crowd moved to Fort Rupert's army headquarters and captured it.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The authorities decided to suppress the protests by force.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The guards opened fire, killing dozens of civilians. [12]


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Fort Rupert was taken by government forces.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Bishop surrendered to avoid further bloodshed.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Soldiers of the army unit under the command of Lieutenant Callistus Bernard immediately shot Bishop and seven of his closest associates (among those killed was a woman - Education Minister Jacqueline Kreft, Bishop's illegitimate wife).


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Governor General Paul Skun was placed under house arrest.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

A new military government, the Revolutionary Military Council (RMC), was urgently formed under the chairmanship of General Austin.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The RMC imposed a 24-hour curfew for four days and made a number of arrests.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Preparing surgery


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

After the tragedy in Fort Rupert on October 21, an extraordinary meeting of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States was held to discuss ways to end anarchy and violence in Grenada.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Acting under Article 8 of the OECS Collective Security Treaty of 1981, members voted to ask Barbados, Jamaica and the United States to join them in sending multinational peacekeeping forces to Grenada.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Six of the seven members of the organization, except Dominica, feared that in the future Fidel Castro would be able to use the island to expand its influence to other parts of the archipelago.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

At that time, there were about 630 students from the United States in Grenada (at the University of St. George's, as well as on the True Blue and Grand Anse student campuses near Pearls Airport) [15], the possibility of threatening them security became the official reason for the US government to conduct a military operation.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

According to another version, immediately after the coup, Reagan ordered a squadron of the US Navy, carrying a new shift of marines to Lebanon, to enter Grenada and, if necessary, evacuate American students.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The key problem of the “Outbreak of Fury” was the almost complete lack of up-to-date intelligence information about the location of the forces of the Grenadian army and the Cubans.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Due to the haste in which the operation was being prepared, there were many overlaps during the invasion.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Thus, American soldiers did not have maps of Grenada and were forced to navigate tourist guides.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The source of information was images taken by the SR-71 reconnaissance aircraft and data from American tourists.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On the eve of the invasion, several reconnaissance groups of American special forces landed on the island, reporting new data that questioned the entire operation.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

In particular, scouts reported that the unfinished airport in Point Salinas, where it was planned to land units of the 75th Ranger Regiment and the 82nd Airborne Division, was blocked construction equipment, and is also covered by several anti-aircraft 23-mm automatic guns and 12.7 mm machine guns.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

When this information became available to the US command, the aircraft with paratroopers were already in the air.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Operation plan


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The plan of Operation Outburst of Fury provided for the sudden landing of both sea and air assault in order to capture the most important military and administrative facilities of Grenada.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The basis of the invasion forces was made up of units of rangers and marines, and their strengthening was to be carried out by the 82nd Airborne Division of the United States.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Grenada was divided into two zones — northern and southern.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The border between them was along the road connecting St. George's and Granville.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The northern group was made up of amphibious assault, which was planned to land in the north-east of the island, near the Perls-Aprat airfield.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The southern group was represented by an airborne assault, the landing site of which at the south-western tip of the island was chosen as the Point Salinas airport under construction.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

This choice of landing sites was determined by the fact that there were few areas available for landing on the island.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On the eve of the operation, the activity of US reconnaissance aircraft increased.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On the night of October 23-24, several reconnaissance and sabotage groups totaling up to 50 people by helicopter were transferred to Grenada in order to further reconnaissance of the places of the upcoming landing of troops.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The disembarkation time was scheduled for 05:00 on October 25, 1983.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Invasion forces


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

U.S. Forces


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The general command of the US Armed Forces group for the invasion of Grenada was carried out by the commander of the 2nd PF (US Navy Forces in the Atlantic), Vice Admiral D. Metcalf.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The Invasion Task Force was designated Joint Task Force 120 (Joint Task Force 120).


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The invasion of Grenada was attended by the forces of the US Navy (from among the 2nd PF in the Atlantic), airborne, artillery and engineering units of the US Army and aviation units of the US Air Force.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

From the ships of the 2nd PF of the Navy, aircraft carrier and amphibious operational ship groups were formed, consisting of 12 warships.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

USA NAVY


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

AUG NAVY


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The carrier group included the Independence aircraft carrier and six escort ships: the URO cruiser [16] Richmond K. Turner”, the destroyer URO “Kuntz”, the destroyers “Musbragger” and “Caron”, the frigate of the URO “Clifton Sprag” and the floating ammunition depot “Suribachi”.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

AUG of the 2nd PF of the US Navy (Operational Group of the 2nd PF of the US Navy No. 20.5, Task Group 20.5)


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Naval Airborne Forces


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The naval amphibious group of the US Navy (operational-tactical ship group of the Navy No. 124, Task Force 124) included five ships:


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

amphibious helicopter carrier No. 9 (“Guam”) (“Iwo Jima” type)


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Dock Landing Ship (DKD) No. 14 (Trenton) (Austin type)


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

DKD No. 30 (Fort Snelling) (Thomaston type)


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

tank landing ships (TDK) No. 1180 (Manitovok) and No. 1197 (Barnstable County)


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

U.S. Marine Corps


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On the ships of the landing group were:


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

22nd Expeditionary Regiment of the US Marine Corps (as part of the 2nd Battalion of the 8th Marine Regiment, the 261st and 167th Air Squadrons of the US Marine Corps Air Force (AA), units heavy weapons and sapper units) with an attached battery of light howitzers and a platoon of M60 tanks.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Special purpose reconnaissance and sabotage groups (SPN) from the 4th Regiment of the Special Forces of the Navy and a group of fighters of a separate regiment of the Navy to combat terrorism at sea.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

U.S. Army


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Airborne units and formations of the US land


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The total number of airborne troops was about 5,000 people.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The airborne forces were commanded by the First Deputy Commander of the Operational Group, Major General N. Schwarzkopf.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Brigade groups of the 82nd VDD (SV operational-tactical group No. 123, Task Force 123):


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

2nd VDBR (325th PSD with reinforcement units)


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

3rd VDBR (1st and 2nd PDB of the 505th PSD with reinforcement units)


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

75th PDP (two-battalion composition in 1983) (SV operational-tactical group No. 121, Task Force 121)


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

units of the 1st Special Purpose Operational Regiment of the Ground Forces (1st OP Special Forces of the Army) (“Delta”)


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Army Air Force (AA) US Army Air Force


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

160th AP SPN SV


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

AA Company 18 from AA SV 269th AE (Battalion)


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Engineering and demining units


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

engineering and sapper companies from the 60th PP and 9th PD


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

27th Sapper Battalion of the 20th Sapper Brigade of the US Army


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

U.S. Army 548th Sapper Battalion


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Support and rear parts


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

U.S. Army 3rd Army Support and Logistics Corps Headquarters


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The 50th PDB of communication from the 35th USS SV communications PBR


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

9th Battalion of Psychological Warfare (PV) of the Special Forces from the 4th Regiment of the Special Forces


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

7th Automobile Battalion


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

546th Automobile Company


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

U.S. 44th Army Medical Team


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

82nd company of the financial service


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

military police units (VP)


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

2 VP companies from the 18th Airborne Corps of the US Army


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

1 VP company from the 3rd Infantry Corps of the U.S. Army


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

USA AIR FORCE


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Air force units


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The 33rd Fighter Air Wing ensured the achievement of air superiority and air defense of the ground group by F-15A interceptors


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The 552nd AWACS AP provided airspace control and guidance with the help of AWACS aircraft of the Air Force E-3A


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The 23rd SAP provided direct support to the advancing Army units with A-10 Thunderbolt attack aircraft


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The 16th AP of the Air Force Special Forces provided direct support to the advancing units of the Army with AC-130H fire support aircraft


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The 43rd and 317th VTAP provided the group with the help of BTA C-141 and C-130 aircraft


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The 317th AP of refuellers provided refueling in the air of aircraft participating in the operation


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Units of the National Guard of the Air Force provided the group with a number of A-7 Corsair II attack aircraft


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Air Force Controllers


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Groups of aircraft controllers from the 507th AP and the 21st AE were attached to the brigade groups of the 82nd VDD


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Air Force Auxiliary Units


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The 60th, 63rd and 443rd VTAP separated from their composition the 60th, 63rd and 443rd VTAP companies for the protection of airfields in Grenada and Barbados (60th VTAP)


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The 62nd consolidated security group of the Air Force provided the maintenance and dispatch of prisoners of war for units and units of the 82nd VDD


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Meteorological groups from the 5th Regiment of the Air Force Meteorological Service were assigned to brigade groups of the 82nd VDD


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Eastern Caribbean States contingent


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

In total, the Caribbean Peace Force included about 350 military and police personnel from five island states (the wording “five Eastern Caribbean Democracies”) — Jamaica, Barbados, Dominica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The most prominent were Jamaican and Barbadian contingents:


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Jamaica - a rifle company, a department of mortars and doctors - a total of 150 people;


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Barbados is a rifle unit of about 50 people.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Eastern Caribbean units did not take part in the fighting.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

However, Barbadian troops played a role in establishing the occupation regime and, according to some testimonies — including Bernard Kord [18] — were particularly tough.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Grenada Armed Forces


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Grenada's armed forces consisted of about 1,000 people, in one infantry battalion of constant readiness and five incomplete infantry battalions.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

There were about 800 Cuban “builders” on the island who took part in hostilities on the side of the Grenada armed forces.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The People's Revolutionary Army of Grenada did not have any heavy weapons (warships, aircraft, tanks, heavy artillery), with the exception of 10 Soviet BTR-60 and 2 BRDM-2.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Several 12.7 mm machine guns and 23 mm anti-aircraft guns were installed in the area of the airport under construction and on a hill near Pearls Airport.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Subsequently, the Americans arranged an exhibition of all seized weapons: one BRDM-2, two BTR-60PB, 12 ZU-23 anti-aircraft guns, 65 mortars, 68 grenade launchers [19], 6,322 or 6330 rifles, 291 pistols a machine gun and 5.6 million rounds of ammunition [20], and even single-shot rifles mod.1870 were among the weapons [21]


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Invasion


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The invasion of Grenada began at 6 am (according to other sources, at 5:40am or 5:25am) on October 25, 1983.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

After the start of the operation, the only channel of communication with the outside world for the Government of Grenada remained the transmitter at the Cuban embassy, as shortly before the start of the operation (or shortly after it began) communication systems suddenly failed (or were) disabled on the island [22].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The Grenada Radio announcer managed to go on the air and reported the invasion, but 45 minutes later, the Americans began broadcasting on this wave [23].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

At a press conference in Havana, Deputy Foreign Minister of Cuba R. Alarnon reported that, according to a radio report from the Cuban Embassy in St. George's, on the morning of October 25, 1983, Cubans near the airport were attacked by six US combat helicopters, as a result of which Cuban volunteers were forced to return fire.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

According to the Cuban embassy, at 6:55am, the building in which the Cubans who were defending near the airport were defending was destroyed by enemy artillery and mortar fire, in a clash in the area six Cuban citizens were killed [24] and two more Cubans were seriously injured [25].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Answering journalists' questions, R. Alarnon reported that the Cubans on the island had lawfully used small arms that had previously been handed over to them by the Government of Grenada for self-defence. [


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The invasion was accompanied by information and propaganda: since the invasion, Spice Island Radio began broadcasting, calling on the people of Grenada to “remain calm” and the military Grenadian army to “not resist”.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

After the landing of US forces on the island, residents were given a free newspaper, The Voice of Grenada, which contained a theoretical justification for the invasion. [


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

According to some reports, former members of the Mongoose Gang released from prison were involved in auxiliary functions with the US military.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Despite anti-aircraft fire, the landing at Point Salinas was successful.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Then the rangers, with the support of aviation, repelled a counterattack launched by three BTR-60 motorized companies of the Grenadian army - as a result, two BTR-60s were hit by shots from anti-tank LAW grenade launchers and 90-mm recoilless guns, and the third by fire from an AC-130 aircraft.


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US invasion of Grenada

The Grenadians retreated, leaving two dead [27].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On the evening of October 26, 1983, the United States was forced to send additional forces to Grenada - two battalions.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

An A-7 carrier-based attack aircraft of the US Navy mistakenly attacked a psychiatric hospital, where at least 12 patients were killed [28] (according to other sources, US aircraft began bombing the headquarters of the Grenadian armies and soldier barracks, but the command removed the flag from the headquarters building and hung it on the roof of a nearby psychiatric clinic. Therefore, bombs fell on the hospital, and the military remained intact [29]).


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Despite the chaos of the first hours of the operation, complete American superiority in firepower did its job.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On October 27, the fighting was largely over.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The last American students were released from protection on October 28, more than three days after the landing.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The question of the Cuban military presence in Grenada


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

A total of 784 Cubans were in Grenada at the time of the invasion, including 636 construction workers, 44 doctors and teachers, and 43 military personnel [30].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Indirectly, the Americans themselves confirm that Cubans in Grenada were not soldiers, [31] but under Cuban law, all Cuban citizens undergo military training and know how to handle weapons.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

According to some reports, [32] Cuban builders in Grenada were armed with assault rifles and machine guns.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Fidel Castro dissociated himself from the coup immediately after it took place, the Cuban contingent on the island had only small arms and sat in their barracks. [


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

According to another version, before the landing, the CIA reported that only 200 workers from Cuba were engaged in the construction of the airfield, but this information was inaccurate.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The Marines faced well-organized resistance from more than 700 Cubans.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Losses of parties


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

United States: According to official US government data announced on December 17, 1983, 19 US soldiers were killed and 116 injured during the operation [34] [35].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Several helicopters were shot down from the ground, including one CH-46E, one MH-6, two AH-1T Cobra and three UH-60A.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

In just three days, nine American helicopters were shot down and an unknown number was damaged, while the Grenadians did not have anti-aircraft missiles and used only anti-aircraft machine guns.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Grenada: According to official US government data announced on December 17, 1983, 45 Grenadans were killed and 337 injured during the operation [34].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

At least two civil aircraft (An-2 and An-26) were hijacked on the ground [35] [37].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Grenada's armed forces have been disarmed and disbanded.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

As a result of the invasion, significant material damage was caused to the infrastructure and economy of the island.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Cubans: The numbers of casualties among Cuban builders, Grenadian soldiers and civilians differ from one source to another, but they were small.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

According to official data from the US government, announced on December 17, 1983, 24 Cubans were killed, 49 were injured [34], and more than 600 people were captured during the operation.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Twice, American forces mistakenly fired at the Soviet embassy.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

One of the officers was seriously injured.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Public reaction


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Reactions to Grenada


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On November 3, 1983, the American television company CBS conducted a survey among Grenadians: under the occupation of the country by US troops, 91% of respondents said they were happy with the arrival of the US army on the island [38] , but two months later, the number of Grenadians who supported the intervention fell to 84%, and 12% opposed it [39].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

At the same time, 59% of Grenadians supported an increase in the US military presence on the island, 9% - for its reduction, 8% - for its complete elimination [39].


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US invasion of Grenada

The reaction in the US


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

In the United States, the invasion was supported by the majority of citizens (according to various estimates, 51% [40] or about 60% [41]).


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The Speaker of the House of Representatives condemned the operation and called it “a continuation of the “gunboat policy” [42] [43].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On November 18, 1983, eleven US congressmen (R. Dellams, J. Conyers, W. Clay, J. Crocket, M. Dimely, D. Edwards, W. Fontroy, P. Mitchell, G. Savage L. Stokes and T. Weiss) filed a lawsuit in the Washington District Court against US President R. Reagan, Secretary of Defense Weinberger, Secretary of State Schultz and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Vessey for gross violation of American laws in the preparation and implementation of invasion of Grenada [44].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

International response


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

At the international level, the actions of the United States have been condemned [45].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The operation in Grenada was met with widespread international condemnation, even from countries that were allies of the United States.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

France, Sweden and other countries condemned the invasion.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Protests took place near the US embassies in Amsterdam, London and Bonn.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Mexico assessed the invasion as a source of additional threats to peace in Central America and the Caribbean archipelago and called on the UN Security Council to take measures to withdraw foreign troops from the island. [46]


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The UK opposed the operation [47].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The operation was condemned by the USSR, China and other socialist countries.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

A number of Latin American countries condemned and protested against the invasion, incl.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Cuba, Guyana, Nicaragua, Trinidad and Tobago.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On October 28, 1983, the United States used its veto to prevent the adoption of a draft UN Security Council resolution on the events in Grenada (which was voted by 11 out of 12 all members of the UN Security Council, with the exception of the United States) [48].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On November 2, 1983, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution No. 38/7, which assessed the invasion of Grenada as a gross violation of international law and an encroachment on the independence, sovereignty and territorial inviolability of this state and contained a demand to immediately stop the armed intervention in this country and the withdrawal of foreign troops from there. [


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US invasion of Grenada

108 countries voted in support of the resolution, the United States and 8 other countries voted against [50].


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US invasion of Grenada

The consequences


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Shortly after the start of the operation, the Cuban embassy was surrounded by a unit of American troops who did not allow anyone to enter or leave the embassy.


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US invasion of Grenada

At the same time, the Americans detained two representatives of the Cuban State Committee for Economic Cooperation, who were sent to a prisoner of war camp (despite their belonging to diplomatic staff) and held there for several hours.


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US invasion of Grenada

On November 1, 1983, Governor-General P. Skun sent a note to the Cuban embassy demanding that he leave the island within 24 hours.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

In response, the Cuban Government sent a note to Washington stating that the diplomatic staff would not leave the country until the entire Cuban on the island had been evacuated Civilian personnel, including wounded, captured and killed [51]


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US invasion of Grenada

As the duty commandant of the Soviet Embassy in Grenada N. ME.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Ushakov, shortly after the start of the operation, the building of the Soviet embassy was blocked by the US Marine Corps, which prevented anyone from entering or leaving the embassy.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

During their departure to the airport, each of the Soviet citizens was interrogated and searched [52].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On October 29, the United States lifted all economic sanctions imposed on Grenada and provided the island with $110 million in compensation for damage caused during the actions of the US army [29].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

American troops were withdrawn from the island by December 15, 1983.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Grenada has 300 US troops [53] (including one military police company and military intelligence unit), as well as representatives of the military contingent of the Eastern Caribbean states.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The official purpose of their stay (as part of Operation Island Breeze) was “to ensure the safety and assistance of the police” [29].


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US invasion of Grenada

Former Prime Minister Eric Gairy, who was overthrown by Bishop in 1979, claimed to return to power.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The prospect of restoring geyrism did not suit most of Grenadian society and the US administration [54].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Francis Alexis expressed claims to the premiership.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

However, the transitional government, the Provisional Advisory Council of Grenada, was headed by educator Nicholas Brathwaite, who was considered a politically unbiased figure.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

A coalition of center-right forces was created against Gairy, united in the conservative New National Party led by Herbert Blaze. [55]


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

On December 3, 1984, elections were held in the country, which was won by the New National Party, which received more than 58% of the vote.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The United Labor Party of Eric Gairy collected 36%, the Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement collected only 5%.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

As of 7 February 1985, 250 United States troops and 450 Eastern Caribbean military and police personnel remained on the island, who “at the request of the Government of Grenada” were to stay in the country until September 30, 1985 [56].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

In 1986, a trial took place under the name Grenada 17.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Eighteen people who participated in the overthrow of Bishop and the murder in Fort Rupert appeared before the court.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Bernard Cord, his wife Phyllis Kord, General Austin, Lieutenant Bernard and 10 other defendants were sentenced to death, which was commuted to life in 1991 and then to 30 years conclusion.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Three privates received sentences ranging from 30 to 45 years, one was acquitted. [57]


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The convicts were released between 2000 and 2009.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Phyllis Cord came first, and Bernard Cord was one of the last [58].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The invasion of Grenada was the first major operation by the US armed forces since the end of the war in Southeast Asia.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Despite a number of local failures, the overall outcome of the invasion was successful.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The operation played a role in restoring the prestige of the US Army after Vietnam.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

The lessons learned from it were taken into account in preparing for a much larger invasion of Panama in 1989.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Reagan later wrote in his memoirs:


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

“The specter of Vietnam should not have been allowed to hang over the country forever and prevent us from defending legitimate national security interests. I suspected that even if we reported the upcoming action to the leaders of Congress under the strictest secret, there would always be someone among them who would report it to the media. We did not ask anyone for permission, but did what we saw fit” [14].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

After the end of the military operation, the new government of Grenada established a public holiday, Thanksgiving Day, which is celebrated annually on October 25 to the present day [59].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

In 2009, Port Salinas International Airport was named after Maurice Bishop International Airport.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Reflection in culture and art


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US invasion of Grenada

“The Pass of Broken Hearts” (USA, 1986)


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Alexander Soprovsky's ironic poem “Ode to the capture of St. Georges on October 25, 1983”, stylized as Derzhavin:


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

<... >The dawn is burning over the Potomac.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Under the Stars and Stripes


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

McDonold's victorious fleet


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Flies like a kite over a ravine


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Like a predatory fish, it swims -


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

And behold!


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Marxism has fallen <... > [60].


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Notes


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

See also


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Project:History/Lists/List of wars of the 20th century


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

References


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Sergey Kozlov.


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

//“Bratishka” magazine, No. 2, 2003


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US invasion of Grenada

(in English)


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

(in English)


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

(in English)


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Category:20th Century Wars


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Category:Cold War U.S. Armed Forces Overseas Operations


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Category:Cold War


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Category:October 25 events


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Category:History of grenada


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Category: October 1983


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Category: 1983 in United States


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Category:1983 in Grenada


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

US invasion of Grenada

Category:1983 Conflicts


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

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Category:US military history


Question: How long did Operation Urgent Fury last?

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Category:Ronald Reagan Presidency


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Verhny pond (coll. Upper Lake, until 1949 - German: Oberteich Oberteich) is a pond in Kaliningrad (Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia).


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The banks of the Upper Pond are a green recreational area.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Geology and hydrography


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The upper pond has an irregular elongated shape.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

In the northern part, the pond has two bays.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The length of the pond is about 900 meters (excluding bays), the width is 100-390 meters.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The upper pond lies 22 meters above the Pregoli River.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Two streams flow into the Upper Pond.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The Blue Stream (German: Wirrgraben — Steep Ditches) flows into a pond near Yunost Park.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The second stream, Molodyozhny Stream [1] (German River: Beydfitter [2]), flows into a pond near Tolstoy Street.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The Park Creek, which is a tributary of the Pregolya, flows out of the Upper Pond.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Part of the Upper Pond water flows through the cascade into the Lower Pond.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

City ditches with water that have survived to this day in the area of Litovsky Val Street are connected with the Upper Pond.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

On the shores of the lake and in its immediate vicinity are the defensive towers of the Don (where the Amber Museum is located) and Wrangel, Yunost Park and the Maraunenhof villa district.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

History


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The upper pond is of artificial origin.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The pond was created in 1270 in the capital of East Prussia, Königsberg, when the Knights of the Teutonic Order from the nearby Königsberg Castle dammed the tributary of the Pregoli River with an earthen dam.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The pond was used for fish farming.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Mini|cafe “Prichal” on the bank of the Upper Pond (pre-war photo).


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The Upper Pond is the second oldest man-made structure in Kaliningrad, which has survived to this day.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Only the Lower Pond, created in 1256, is older.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The oldest surviving building in Kaliningrad, the Juditten Church, was built later, in 1288.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Until the beginning of the 20th century, the Upper Pond was almost completely outside the city.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The ring of city defensive structures passed along the southern shore of the pond (now ul. Chernyakhovsky).


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

At the beginning of the 20th century, the old defensive structures lost their military significance, were bought by the city and partially demolished.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The city began to grow beyond its old borders.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

A new prestigious villa district Maraunenhof (Telmana Street area) was built next to the lake.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The lake itself has become a resting place for citizens.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Its bottom was lined with a thick layer of sea sand [3].


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Baths, cafes, restaurants, berths for pleasure boats were set up on the banks.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The shores of the lake were decorated with sculptures and monuments.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

In 1913, a group of four sculptures of marine animals was erected on the west bank: a walrus, an elephant seal, a sea dog and a sea lion by sculptor Hermann Thiele.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Only two sculptures have survived to this day, but during the large-scale cleaning of the pond and the construction of the embankment, all the sculptures were restored.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Nearby there was a sculpture by Stanislav Kauer “Mother and Child”.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

In the eighties, to ensure its safety, it was moved to the courtyard of Kaliningrad University.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The equestrian cuirassier monument next to the pond was melted down after the war.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

After the war, the pond was a place for swimming and fishing.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Navy Day was celebrated in the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Rowers conducted training.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

There was a boat station in Yunost Park.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Later, the Prichal cafe on the northern shore and the Parus restaurant (now Shelf) from Chernyakhovsky Street were opened on the banks.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Currently, in conjunction with the improvement of the Yunost Park, work is underway to reconstruct the banks of the pond [4] [5].


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Ecology


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The 12-kilometer Wirrgraben canal supplied the capital of East Prussia, the city of Koenigsberg, with drinking water [6].


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

In Soviet times, the Blue Stream was heavily polluted, which affected the environmental situation in the pond.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Its bottom was silted up, the water ceased to comply with sanitary standards.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The pond has ceased to be a resting place for citizens.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

In the late 1990s, the cleaning of the Upper Pond and the construction of its shore with cottages began.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

The pond was inhabited by perch, roach, carp, tench, pike, eel.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Due to the deterioration of the environmental situation, there are fewer fish in the pond.


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Notes


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

References


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

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Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Category:establishments in 1270


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Category:Pregoli Pool


Question: How many areas does the pond have?

Verkhniy Prud (Kaliningrad)

Category:Ponds in Kaliningrad


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Pearl Jam is an American rock band, one of the four key bands [1] [2] [3] (along with Alice in Chains, Nirvana and Soundgarden) of the grunge musical movement, which was very popular in the first half of the 1990s.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The band quickly became famous with their debut album, Ten, in 1991 [4].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In the 21st century, Pearl Jam continues to release albums, despite the fact that their new work does not reach the same level of popularity that accompanied their first three albums Ten, Vs.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

and Vitalogy.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

During their more than twenty years of career, the band has released ten studio albums, two EPs, eight live albums, four DVDs, four compilations, thirty-two singles and two hundred and sixty-three official bootlegs.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

To date, the band has sold more than 31.5 million album copies in the US [5] and about 60 million worldwide [6] [7].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Pearl Jam has outlived and surpassed many of its contemporaries in alternative rock and is considered one of the most influential bands of the decade [8].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called Pearl Jam “the most popular American rock and roll band of the 90s” [2].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

9] Pearl Jam was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7, 2017.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Group history


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Formation and Early Years (1984—1990)


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In the mid-1980s, Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament were members of the groundbreaking grunge band Green River.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In 1987, the band was disbanded due to stylistic differences between them and their band colleagues, Mark Arm and Steve Turner [10].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

At the end of 1987, Gossard and Ament began playing with Andrew Wood, vocalist of Malfunkshun, forming Mother Love Bone.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

From 1988 to 1989, the band gained popularity, recording demo tracks and touring.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

As a result, the musicians received an offer from PolyGram, which, in early 1989, signed a contract with them.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Mother Love Bone's debut album, Apple, was released in July 1990, four months after Wood died of a heroin overdose [11].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Ament and Gossard, after Wood's death and the subsequent collapse of Mother Love Bone, were in a state of deep depression.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Gossard spent a lot of time writing material that turned out to be very gloomy [12].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

A few months later, in late 1990, he began jamming with guitarist Mike McCready from Seattle, who had previously played for Shadow.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

McCready invited Gossard to reunite with Ament.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

After practicing for a while, the trio recorded a demo of five songs and sent it out in search of a drummer and vocalist.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

They gave one demo to former Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Jack Irons, who was supposed to give the demo to anyone he thought could take the vocalist's place [12].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Irons refused the offer to play in the band and handed the recording to his San Diego friend Eddie Vedder, with whom he played basketball [13].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

During this time, Vedder worked at a gas station and sometimes performed as a vocalist with Bad Radio.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

After listening to the tape, he had several ideas for writing lyrics [12].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Vedder recorded vocals for three songs (“Alive”, “” and “Footsteps”), which he later described as a mini-opera called Momma-Son [14].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Vedder then sent a demo tape along with recordings of his vocals to Amenta and Gossard, who were so impressed that they immediately invited him to their Seattle audition.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

A week later, Vedder joined the band [12].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

With the arrival of Dave Crusen as the drummer, the band began to think about the name.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The musicians chose Mookie Blaylock, in honor of the famous basketball player.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Under this name, the band played their first show at Off Ramp Café on October 22, 1990 in Seattle.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

They were soon signed by Epic Records and the band was renamed Pearl Jam.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In early interviews, Vedder claimed that Pearl Jam was a reference to his great-grandmother Pearl, who often made peyote jam according to a special recipe [16].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

However, in an interview with Rolling Stone magazine in 2006, Vedder admitted that the story was “complete nonsense”, even if he had a great-grandmother named Pearl.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In turn, Ament and McCready said that the word “pearl” (pearl) was invented by Ament, and the final name “Pearl Jam” came to the band after the musicians attended a concert by Neil Young, during which he improvised and stretched his songs to 15-20 minutes [4].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Ten (1991—1992)


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In March 1991, Pearl Jam returned to London Bridge Studio in Seattle to record their debut album Ten.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In May, Kruzen left the band and was replaced by a former player who had previously played in.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

After several performances and filming a video for the song “Alive”, Chamberlain went to Saturday Night Live [17].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Already during the tour in support of Ten, he was replaced.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Released on August 27, 1991, Ten consisted of eleven tracks, the main themes of which were depression, suicide, loneliness, and murder.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Musically, Ten was similar to classical rock, combined with harmonious lyrics and hymn-like sound [18].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The album initially sold rather poorly, but by the second half of 1992 it went gold in the United States, peaking at number two on the Billboard chart.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The band also released three singles “Alive”, “Even Flow” and “Jeremy”, and the last Vedder was inspired by the real story of a college student who shot himself in front of his classmates [19].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Ten charted on the Billboard chart for more than two years, eventually going platinum thirteen times [20].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

After the release of Ten, Pearl Jam became a key group in the Seattle grunge scene along with Alice in Chains, Nirvana, and Soundgarden.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Despite the success of the debut album, it was heavily criticized by the press, and Pearl Jam was attacked by Kurt Cobain, who believed that the band's music was aimed exclusively at commercial success.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Cobain also challenged Ten's belonging to alternative rock.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

He later reconciled with Vedder, with whom he continued to maintain friendly relations until his death in 1994 [4].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In 1992, Pearl Jam's first television performances took place on Saturday Night Live and MTV Unplugged [21] [22] [23].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The band also participated in the Lollapalooza summer tour with Red Hot Chili Peppers, Soundgarden and Ministry.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In addition, the band recorded two songs for the soundtrack to Cameron Crowe's film Loners: “” and “”.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In addition, Ement, Gossard and Vedder starred in cameo roles in this film [24]


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Vs.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

and Vitalogy (1993—1995)


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In 1993, Pearl Jam received four awards: the MTV Video Music Awards for the video “Jeremy”.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

At the same time, despite pressure from the label, the band refused to shoot a video for the song “”.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

After this incident, the band constantly rejected offers to shoot music videos.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Vedder explained this by the fact that the videos allow fans of the band to misinterpret the meanings of the songs [25].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In 1993, intending to maintain commercial success, Pearl Jam returned to the studio.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The second album Vs.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

, released on October 19, 1993, sold 950,378 copies in its first week [26] [27].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In support of Vs.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

the singles “”, “”, “Animal” and “” were released.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In the same year, due to a conflict with the firm and subsequent legal proceedings, the group, in protest, canceled the summer tour of the United States [28].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

After the Justice Department refused to consider the case, Pearl Jam decided to boycott Ticketmaster, ignoring contracts with the company [29].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

During the tour in support of Vs.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

, Pearl Jam wrote most of the songs for their next album Vitalogy, which the band worked on during the break between tours.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

After recording the album, drummer Dave Abruzizes was fired from the band.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

His departure was the result of serious disagreements with the rest of the participants: for example, Dave refused to support the boycott of Ticketmaster.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Jack Irons, a close friend of Vedder and former drummer of Red Hot Chili Peppers, replaced the drummer.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Vitalogy was released on November 22, 1994 on vinyl, and two weeks later in cassette and CD format.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The album sold 877,000 copies in its first week.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The song “” won a Grammy in 1996 for Best Hard Rock Performance.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

After the release, the band continued to boycott Ticketmaster [30].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In 1995, Pearl Jam, together with Canadian musician Neil Young, recorded an album [4].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The producer and keyboardist was who had already collaborated with Pearl Jam before.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Work on the CD took place at Seattle's Bad Animals Studio over four session days: January 26 and 27, and February 7 and 10.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Of the 13 songs, 10 were written by Young, two by Vedder, and one together.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

As a result, 11 songs were included on the album, only one of which (Peace and Love) Vedder performed as a vocalist, and others as a backing vocalist [2].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Two Vedder songs that were not included in the album were later released on a single that came with the Mirrorball gift edition as a bonus.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The album peaked at number four in the UK and number five on the Billboard 200.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

No Code and Yield (1996—1999)


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

After touring in support of Vitalogy, the band returned to the studio to record a new album, No Code, which Vedder believed was very promising [31].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Released in 1996, No Code marked some departure from the sound of Ten [32], combining experimental ballads and noisy garage rock.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The album debuted at number one on the Billboard chart, but quickly fell down.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The singles “”, “” and “” were released with No Code.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Just like after the release of Vitalogy, the No Code support tour was rather short due to Ticketmaster's boycott.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In the fall of 1996, Pearl Jam went to.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In 1997, after completing the tour, Pearl Jam returned to the studio to record their fifth album, Yield, which was released on February 3, 1998.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The sound of the album was closer to the band's early sound [33].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Yield debuted at number two on the Billboard chart, but, like No Code, did not last long at this position [34] The album released only two singles: “” and “”.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

For the first time since 1992, the band released a music video for the song “”, directed by animator Todd McFarlane [35].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

A documentary about Yield's recording process, “”, was also shot.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In April 1998, Pearl Jam changed drummers again.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Due to dissatisfaction with the tour schedule, Jack Irons left the band and was replaced by Matt Cameron of Soundgarden [36], who soon became a regular member of the band.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In 1998, due to the fact that the musicians' lawsuit against Ticketmaster was dismissed by the court and the band again collaborated with the company, Pearl Jam conducted a full-scale Yield Tour in North America [37].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Then, after a successful summer tour, the band released a live album.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In the same year, Pearl Jam recorded a cover of “”, a famous ballad from the 60s.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The song was timed to coincide with Christmas specifically for the band's fan club.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

A year later, the cover was rotated on the radio.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

By popular demand, the song was released as a single in 1999, peaking at number two on the Billboard chart.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

All proceeds from this release were used to help victims of the Kosovo War [15].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The song was also included in a charity collection.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Binaural (2000—2001)


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

After a full-scale tour in support of Yield, the band took a short break, after which, in late 1999, the band began recording a new album.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

On May 16, 2000, Pearl Jam released their sixth studio album, Binaural.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

This release was the band's debut for drummer Matt Cameron.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The name is a reference to the binaural recording technique used on several tracks by producer Chad Black, known for his work with this recording method [38].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Binaural was the first album since the band's debut album to be recorded without producer Brendan O'Brien, as he was involved in remixing some of the songs from early Pearl releases Jam.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In terms of the theme of the songs, the album turned out to be darker, unlike its predecessor Yield.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

John Parales of Rolling Stone noted in his review: “The album demonstrates the band's willingness to experiment” [39].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Two singles were released with Binaural: “” (one of the songs with a binaural recording) and “”.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The album sold more than 700,000 copies, becoming Pearl Jam's first studio work not to receive platinum status [40].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Pearl Jam decided to record every performance from the Binaural Tour with professional equipment, due to the desire of fans to have their own copies of the show and the heyday of bootlegging [41].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Pearl Jam Official Bootlegs were an attempt to create quality products for fans that were more affordable [42].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Initially, Pearl Jam was going to release recordings only for members of the fan club, but the contract with the label prevented this, as a result of which bootlegs began to be released in both record stores and fan club.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

A total of 72 live albums were released between 2000 and 2001, two of which charted on the Billboard [43] [44].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The Pearl Jam 2000 European tour ended in tragedy on June 30, in Denmark.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Nine fans died during a stampede that happened when a crowd of fans rushed forward to the stage.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

After several requests to step back, the musicians stopped playing and tried to calm the crowd, but it was too late.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The two remaining performances were canceled and participants began to think about leaving after this event [45].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Initially, Pearl Jam members themselves were named guilty of the incident, but were eventually acquitted of all charges against them [46].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

A month after the incident, the band went on a tour of North America.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

On October 22, 2000, the band played the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, marking the tenth anniversary of their first performance.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Vedder took the opportunity to thank all the people who had helped the group stay together for ten years [47].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

At the end of the Binaural Tour, the band released the Touring Band 2000, which contained recordings of performances from the North American tour.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

After the September 11 terrorist attack, Vedder and McCready, along with Neil Young, performed the song “Long Road” with Merkin Ball EP for a charity concert on September 21, 2001.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

All proceeds went to help family members of the victims [48].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Riot Act (2002—2005)


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In early 2002, Pearl Jam returned to work on a new album after a year of hiatus.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

McCready described the atmosphere in the studio as “quite positive” and at the same time “very tense and spiritual” [49].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Regarding the process of writing the lyrics, Vedder said: “There was a lot of mortality in them... It was a very strange time to be creative. Roskilde has changed us as human beings and our vision of the world” [50].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Pearl Jam released its seventh Riot Act on November 12, 2002.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Soon the singles “” and “” were released.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Musically, the album turned out to be quite experimental and was close to folk.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Thus, the song “” used an organ played by Gaspar Boom.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic stated that “Riot Act is a Pearl Jam album they have wanted to make since Vitalogy, a muscular art rock record” [51].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The song “Arc” was recorded as a vocal tribute to nine people who died at the Roskilde Festival in June 2000.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Vedder performed the song nine times on tour in 2003, but it is not on all bootlegs released [52].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In 2003, Pearl Jam started, during which they visited Australia, Japan and North America.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The release of official bootlegs from concerts during the tour continued.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

A total of six bootlegs were available in record stores: one from Australia, one from Japan, and four from the United States.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

At many performances in North America, Vedder sang the song “Bu$hLeaguer”, dedicated to President George W. Bush, with a rubber mask on his face at the beginning of the song, which he then hung on his microphone rack [53].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In June 2003, Pearl Jam announced that they would leave Epic Records at the end of their contract.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In the same year, the band released the single “Man of the Hour” on their own, with the support of Amazon.com [55].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Director Tim Burton asked Pearl Jam to perform “Man of the Hour”, which was later nominated for the Golden Globe Award, for the soundtrack to the film Big Fish.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The band also released Lost Dogs, a DVD recording their performance on July 8, 2003 in New York at Madison Square Garden, released by Epic Records in November of the same year.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In 2004, Pearl Jam released a live album Live at Benaroya Hall, via BMG [56].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In 2004, the song “Yellow Ledbetter” was used in the final episode of Friends [57].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

A year later, Epic published rearviewmirror (Greatest Hits 1991—2003), which includes the band's best songs recorded between 1991 and 2003.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

This release marked the end of Pearl Jam's contractual agreement with Epic Records [58].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In April 2005, Pearl Jam performed in Seattle at Easy Street Records.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In June 2006, a recording of the show was released as a live album and was released exclusively in independent record stores.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The band then embarked on the North American/Latin American Tour, starting with a charity performance in Canada hosted by John Tester.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

At the end of the tour, Pearl Jam opened a Rolling Stones concert in Pittsburgh.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The final concert of the American tour took place in Philadelphia.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In 2005, the band's official bootleg became available on the band's website.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

On October 5, Pearl Jam played a charity concert in Chicago to help victims of Hurricane Katrina [59].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

On November 22, Pearl Jam began another tour of Latin America.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Transition to J Records and Pearl Jam (2006—2008)


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

After the 2004 Vote for Change tour, the band began work on their next album.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

This record was supposed to be Pearl Jam's first release on the new label.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Producer Cleve Davis announced in February 2006 that Pearl Jam would join his J Records label, which was part of Sony Music Entertainment (also known as Sony BMG) [60].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The eighth studio album, Pearl Jam, was released on May 2, 2006.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

A number of critics noted that Pearl Jam was the band's return to the sound of early albums [61] [62], and McCready compared the work to Vs.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

According to Ament, “the band played just about anything. There is a kind of spontaneity here, that's what we've come to” [64].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly said: “In a world full of boys doing men's work, Pearl Jam can still maintain credibility” [65].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The main themes of the album were socio-political problems of the United States.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The song “” criticized the military campaign in Iraq and American foreign policy.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The song was released as a single and soon topped the Billboard Modern Rock and Mainstream Rock charts.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Prior to that, the band reached this position on this charts in 1996, with the song “Who You Are”.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Pearl Jam released two more singles: “” and “”.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In support of Pearl Jam, the band embarked on a world tour in 2006, during which they planned to visit North America, Australia and Europe, where they had not traveled to give concerts for six years.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

The North American tour included three night opening performances for Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers [66].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Despite the fact that after the tragic events at Roskilde, the musicians began to refuse to participate in major festivals, the band headlined and Reading.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

Vedder started both shows by urging fans to be respectful to each other.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

He later said that the decision to return to such festivals was due to trust in fans, and not to the desire to demonstrate courage [67].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In 2007, Pearl Jam recorded a cover of The Who's song “Love, Reign o'er Me” for Mike Bender's film Deserted City.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

It was later published on the iTunes Music Store [68].


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

In the same year, the band played a number of concerts as part of a European tour and headlined Lollapalooza in Chicago on August 5.


Question: When was Pearl Jam's debut album released?

Pearl Jam

[69] In June, the band released a CD box called Live at the Gorge 05/06, containing a recording of the performance in The Gorge Amphitheater [70], and in September, the Immagine in Cornice DVD was released, with recordings of Italian show in 2006 [71].