Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

The internal lumen of mitochondria, called the matrix, is delimited from the cytoplasm by two membranes, outer and inner, between which the intermembrane space is located.


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Cage

The inner membrane of mitochondria forms folds - crists, on which enzymes are placed that accelerate the oxidation reactions of fats and carbohydrates.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

The matrix contains various enzymes that are involved in the respiration and synthesis of ATP.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

The hydrogen potential of the inner membrane of mitochondria is of central importance for the synthesis of ATP.


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Cage

Mitochondria have their own DNA genome and prokaryotic ribosomes, which certainly indicates the symbiotic origin of these organelles.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Not all mitochondrial proteins are encoded in mitochondrial DNA, most of the mitochondrial protein genes are in the nuclear genome, and their corresponding products are synthesized in the cytoplasm, and then transported to mitochondria.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Mitochondrial genomes differ in size: for example, the genome of human mitochondria contains only 13 genes.


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The simplest Reclinomonas americana has the largest number of mitochondrial genes (97) from the studied organisms.


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Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells


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The most important difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes has long been the presence of a formed nucleus and membrane organoids.


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Cage

However, by the 1970s and 1980s, it became clear that this was only a consequence of deeper differences in the organization of the cytoskeleton.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

For some time, it was believed that the cytoskeleton is characteristic only of eukaryotes, but in the mid-1990s, proteins homologous to the main proteins of the eukaryote cytoskeleton were also found in bacteria.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

It is the presence of a specifically arranged cytoskeleton that allows eukaryotes to create a system of mobile internal membrane organoids.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

In addition, the cytoskeleton allows endo- and exocytosis (it is assumed that it was due to endocytosis that intracellular symbionts, including mitochondria and plastids).


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Another important function of the eukaryote cytoskeleton is to ensure the division of the nucleus (mitosis and meiosis) and the body (cytotomy) of the eukaryotic cell (the division of prokaryotic cells is easier).


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Differences in the structure of the cytoskeleton explain other differences between pro- and eukaryotes - for example, the constancy and simplicity of the forms of prokaryotic cells and the significant variety of shapes and the ability to change it in eukaryotic, as well as the relatively large size of the latter.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

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Thus, the size of prokaryotic cells is on average 0.5—5 microns, the size of eukaryotic cells is on average from 10 to 50 microns.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

In addition, only among eukaryotes there are truly giant cells, such as massive eggs of sharks or ostriches (in a bird's egg, the entire yolk is one huge egg), neurons of large mammals, whose processes, reinforced by the cytoskeleton, can reach tens of centimeters in length.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

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Anaplasia


Question: What does the cage consist of?

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The destruction of the cellular structure (for example, in malignant tumors) is called anaplasia.


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Cage

Intercellular contacts


Question: What does the cage consist of?

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In higher animals and plants, cells are combined into tissues and organs, in which they interact with each other, in particular, due to direct physical contacts.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

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In plant tissues, individual cells are connected to each other by means of plasmodesms, and animals form various types of cell contacts.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Plant plasmodesms are thin cytoplasmic channels that pass through the cell walls of neighboring cells, connecting them together.


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The plasmodesm cavity is covered with plasmalemma.


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The totality of all cells united by plasmodesms is called symplast, and regulated transport of substances is possible between them.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Intercellular contacts of vertebrates based on structure and functions are divided into three main types: anchor junctions, including adhesion contacts and desmosomes, dense or insulating (English: tight junction) and slotted or communication (English: gap junction).


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

In addition, some special types of compounds between cells, such as chemical synapses of the nervous system and immunological synapses (between T-lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells), are combined functional feature into a separate group: contacts that transmit signals (English: signal-relaying junction).


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Cage

However, anchor, slit and tight contacts can also participate in intercellular signaling [2].


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Cell cycle


Question: What does the cage consist of?

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Cell division


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Eukaryotic cell division


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Cage

Amitosis is a direct division of a cell that occurs in somatic cells of eukaryotes less often than mitosis.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

In most cases, amitosis is observed in cells with reduced mitotic activity: these are aging or pathologically altered cells, often doomed to death (germ membrane cells mammals, tumor cells and others).


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

In amitosis, the interphase state of the nucleus is morphologically preserved, the nucleolus and nuclear membrane are clearly visible.


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Cage

There is no DNA replication.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Chromatin spiralization does not occur, chromosomes are not detected.


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Cage

The cell retains its characteristic functional activity, which almost completely disappears during mitosis.


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This is, for example, the division of macronucleuses of many ciliates, where short fragments of chromosomes are segregated without the formation of a spindle.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

In amitosis, only the nucleus divides, and without the formation of a fission spindle, so the hereditary material is distributed randomly.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

The absence of cytokinesis leads to the formation of binucleated cells that are not able to enter the normal mitotic cycle in the future.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

With repeated amitoses, multinucleated cells can form.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Mitosis (from Greek: mitos - thread) is indirect cell division, the most common method of reproduction of eukaryotic cells, one of the fundamental processes of ontogenesis.


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Cage

Mitotic division ensures the growth of multicellular eukaryotes by increasing the population of tissue cells.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

The biological significance of mitosis lies in the strictly equal distribution of chromosomes between daughter nuclei, which ensures the formation of genetically identical daughter cells and preserves continuity among cell generations [9].


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Cage

The crushing of a fertilized egg and the growth of most tissues in animals also occur through mitotic divisions [10].


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Cage

On the basis of morphological features, mitosis is conditionally divided into:


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

prophase,


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prometaphase,


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metaphase,


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anaphase,


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telophase.


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Cage

Mitosis lasts 1-2 hours on average [9] [11].


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Cage

In animal cells, mitosis usually lasts 30—60 minutes, and in plant cells it lasts 2—3 hours [12].


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Cage

Over 70 years, human cells undergo a total of about 1014 divisions [13].


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Meiosis (from Ancient Greek: decrease) or reduction cell division is the division of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell with a decrease in the number of chromosomes by half.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

It takes place in two stages (reduction and equative stages of meiosis).


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Cage

Meiosis should not be confused with gametogenesis — the formation of specialized germ cells or gametes from undifferentiated stem cells.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

A decrease in the number of chromosomes as a result of meiosis in the life cycle leads to a transition from the diploid phase to the haploid phase.


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Cage

The restoration of ploidy (the transition from the haploid phase to the diploid phase) occurs as a result of the sexual process.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Due to the fact that in the prophase of the first, reduction, stage there is a pairwise fusion (conjugation) of homologous chromosomes, the correct course of meiosis is possible only in diploid cells or in even polyploids (tetra-, hexaploid cells, etc.).


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Meiosis can also occur in odd polyploids (tri-, pentaploid, etc.), but in them, due to the inability to ensure pairwise fusion of chromosomes in prophase I, the chromosome divergence occurs with disorders that jeopardize the viability of a cell or a multicellular haploid organism that develops from it.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

The same mechanism underlies the sterility of interspecific hybrids.


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Cage

Chromosomal mutations (large-scale deletions, duplications, inversions or translocations) also impose certain restrictions on chromosome conjugation.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Prokaryotic cell division


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Prokaryotic cells divide in two.


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First, the cell lengthens, forms a transverse septum in it.


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Cage

At the final stage, the daughter cells diverge.


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Cage

A distinctive feature of prokaryotic cell division is the direct participation of replicated DNA in the division process [14].


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Usually, prokaryotic cells divide to form two daughter cells of the same size, which is why this process is sometimes called binary division.


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Cage

Due to the fact that in the vast majority of cases prokaryotic cells have a cell wall, binary division is accompanied by the formation of a septa, a septa between daughter cells, which then exfoliates in the middle.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

The process of prokaryotic cell division has been studied in detail using the example of Escherichia coli [15].


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Differentiation of multicellular cells


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Multicellular organisms consist of cells that differ in structure and function to one degree or another, for example, an adult has about 230 different types of cells [16].


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

All of them are descendants of the same cell — the zygote (in the case of sexual reproduction) — and acquire differences as a result of the differentiation process.


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Differentiation in the vast majority of cases is not accompanied by a change in the hereditary information of the cell, but is provided only by regulating gene activity, the specific nature of expression genes are inherited during maternal cell division, usually due to epigenetic mechanisms.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

However, there are exceptions: for example, during the formation of cells of a specific immune system of vertebrates, some genes are restructured, mammalian red blood cells lose all hereditary information, and germ cells are half of it.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Differences between cells at the first stages of embryonic development appear, firstly, due to the heterogeneity of the cytoplasm of the fertilized egg, which is why during the fragmentation process cells that differ in the content of certain proteins and RNA; secondly, the microenvironment of the cell plays an important role — its contacts with other cells and the environment.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

When differentiated, cells lose their potency, that is, the ability to give rise to cells of other types.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Totipotent cells, which include, in particular, zygote, can form an integral organism.


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Cage

Pluripotent cells (for example, blastocyst cells) have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell in the body, but extra-embryonic tissues, and therefore a new individual, cannot develop from them.


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Cells that can only give rise to a limited number of other tissues are called multipotent (adult stem cells), and those that can only reproduce themselves similar — unipotent.


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Cage

Many of the completely differentiated cells (for example, neurons, red blood cells) completely lose their ability to divide and leave the cell cycle [2].


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

In some cases, differentiation may be reversed, the opposite process is called dedifferentiation.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

It is typical for regeneration processes.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

With some reservations, tumor transformation of cells can be attributed to the phenomenon of dedifferentiation [17].


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Cell death


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Single-celled organisms can in a sense be considered “immortal” because, except in cases of damage or starvation, they do not die, but divide, resulting in the formation of two new the body.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

But all cells of multicellular organisms (except gametes) are doomed to death, but they die not only if the entire individual dies - this process occurs constantly.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

The death of some cells is necessary during embryonic development, cells continue to die in adult organisms, for example, billions of cells die every hour in the human bone marrow and intestines.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Due to physiological conditions, “programmed cell death” occurs, in other words, cells “commit suicide”.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

The most common, but not the only, method of cellular self-destruction is apoptosis.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

The main signs of apoptosis are DNA fragmentation, the decay of the cell into apoptic bodies — vesicles surrounded by membranes.


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Cage

On their surface there are special molecules that encourage neighboring cells and macrophages to phagocyte them in such a way that the process is not accompanied by inflammation.


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Cage

Apoptosis is a volatile process and requires the use of ATP.


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Cage

This path of cell death is important not only for the development of the body, the normal functioning of the immune system, but also for protecting the individual from damaged cells that may be on the way malignant transformation, and viral infections [18].


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Physical or chemical damage to cells, as well as a lack of energy and oxygen sources, can lead to another death, necrotic death.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Necrosis, unlike apoptosis, is a passive process, it is often accompanied by rupture of the plasmalemma and leakage of the cytoplasm.


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Cage

Necrosis almost always causes inflammation of surrounding tissues.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Recently, the mechanism of programmed necrosis as a possible antiviral and anticancer protection has been studied [18].


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

With a prolonged lack of ATP in the cell, it does not immediately die by necrosis, and in many cases it takes the path of autophagy, a process that allows it to remain for some time viable.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

With autophagy (literally “self-eating”), the metabolism switches towards active catabolism, while individual organelles are surrounded by double membranes, so-called autophagosomes are formed, merging with lysosomes, where organic substances are digested.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

If the hunger strike continues and after most of the organelles have already been “eaten”, the cell dies by necrosis.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Some authors believe that under certain conditions autophagy can be a separate type of cell death [18].


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Cage

Cell evolution


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

It is not known for certain when the first cell appeared on Earth and how it arose.


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Cage

The earliest probable fossil cell remains, estimated to be 3.49 billion years old, were found in eastern Pilbara, Australia, although the biogenicity of their origin was placed under doubt.


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Cage

Stromatolites of the same period also testify to the existence of life in early archaea [19] [20].


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Cage

The appearance of the first cells should have been preceded by the accumulation of organic substances in the environment and the appearance of a certain form of prebiotic metabolism.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Protocells contained at least two mandatory elements: hereditary information in the form of molecules capable of self-replication, and a certain kind of shell that protected the internal contents the first cells from the environment.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

The most likely candidate for the role of self-replicative molecules is RNA, since it can simultaneously act as both a carrier of hereditary information and a catalyst; in addition, RNA, unlike from DNA, is self-sufficient for protein biosynthesis [20] [21].


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

It is also unknown what substances the membranes of the first cells were built from, however, it is likely that these could be simple amphiphilic compounds, such as fatty acid salts, capable self-organize into liposomes that can go through growth and division cycles.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Fatty acids have been synthesized in many experiments to reproduce prebiotic conditions, and they have also been found in meteorites [21] [22].


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

It is believed that the first living cells were heterotrophic.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

The emergence of eukaryotic cells


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

rRNA sequencing data made it possible to build a universal tree of life, in which the last universal common ancestor gave rise to two branches of evolution: eubacteria and the Neomura clade, the last of which in turn, it was divided into two branches: archaea and eukaryotes [23].


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Endosymbiosis probably played an important role in the evolution of eukaryotes — it is believed that this is the method that nuclear cells obtained mitochondria, and later chloroplasts [24].


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Eukaryotes have many genes in common with both eubacteria and archaea; some scientists believe that they arose as a result of the fusion of the genomes of these two groups of organisms, which could have occurred as a result of endosymbiosis.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Because of this, instead of the “tree of life”, it is proposed to use the “circle of life” [25].


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Other researchers, noting the importance of intensive horizontal transfer between the ancestors of eukaryotes, bacteria and archaeobacteria, suggest displaying phylogenetic relationships between them using a “grid life” [26].


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Chemical organization of the cell


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cage

Group 1 (up to 98%) (organogens)


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Carbon


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Hydrogen


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Oxygen


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Nitrogen


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Group 2 (1.5—2%) (macronutrients)


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Potassium


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Sodium


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Calcium


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Magnesium


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Chlorine


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Iron


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Group 3 (>0.01%) (micronutrients)


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Zinc


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Manganese


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

copper


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Fluorine


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Iodine


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Cobalt


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Molybdenum


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Group 4 (>0.00001%) (ultramicronutrients)


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Uranus


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Radium


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Gold


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

See also


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Cell structure comparison in bacteria, plants, animals and fungi


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Cell chemical composition


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Cell theory


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Cell mechanics


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Cell transplantology


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Cell-free system


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Notes


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Cell

Literature


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Bilic G. L., Kryzhanovsky V. A. Biology.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Full course: In 4 volumes — 5th edition, supplemented and revised.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

— M.: Onyx Publishing House, 2009.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

— VOL. 1.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

— 864 p. — ISBN 978-5-488-02311-6


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Cell

Periodicals


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

(ISSN) publishes articles in Russian, Ukrainian and English at the author's choice, is translated into English (ISSN)


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

ISSN: 1471—2121 Open Access Journal (Impact Factor (2010) — 2.46)


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Print ISSN: 1687-8876 Online ISSN: 1687-8884 Open Access Magazine


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

(Impact Factor (2010) — 32.401)


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

ISSN: 1465-7392 EISSN: 1476-4679 (Impact Factor (2010) - 19.407)


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Print ISSN 1674—2788 Online ISSN 1759-4685 (Impact Factor (2010) — 13.400)


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Print ISSN: 0021-9525 Online ISSN: 1540-8140 (Impact Factor (2010) — 6.290)


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

References


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

//Lecture by E.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Cheval in the PostNauka project (15.04.2013)


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Explicit use of et al.


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

in: |author= (help) CS1 maint: Extra text (link) — English textbook on molecular biology of cells


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

A library of images and videos of the internal structure of a cell (in English)


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

on YouTube (in English)


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

on YouTube


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Interactive animation: (in English)


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Collection of materials: on the Learn Genetics website (in English)


Question: What does the cage consist of?

Cell

Interactive animation: (in English)


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Champa, or Champa (Vietnamese: Chăm Pa, Chiêm Thành) is a state (association of principalities) that existed in the 7th-17th centuries on the territory of modern central and southern Vietnam, the heir to the famous 2nd century Principality of Linyi (Lin-yi or Lâm p).


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Having reached its heyday in the 10th and 11th centuries, Champa was invaded from the north by the Viets (Daiviet) in subsequent centuries; around 1470, the main city of Champa, Vijaya, fell, and at the end of the 17th century - the last principality of Champa, Panduranga, became a vassal of the Vietnamese emperors.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In 1832, Daiviet absorbed the last territories of what was Champa.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The most important preserved cultural monuments of Champa are the “Cham Towers” in Mishon (on the World Heritage List) and the Po Nagar Towers in Nha Trang.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Geography


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The core of the former territory of Champa is the coastal provinces of modern central Vietnam: Binh Dinh, Binh Thuan, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan and Phu Yen.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Champa controlled the mountainous provinces west of the coast and the territory of present-day Laos, but the Cham, the main people of the Champa, remained a seaside, merchant people and rarely settled away from the coast.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Champu formed five coastal principalities, the names of which are associated with the Indian origins of the culture of the Cham people:


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Indrapura, with its center in present-day Danang.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

It included Hue, the ancient center of the Principality of Linyi.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Amaravati is centrally located in present-day Hoi An (Quang Nam Province).


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Vijaya is an archaeological site of Tiaban (Vietnamese: Chà Bàn), 27 km north-west of Quy Nhon (Binh Dinh Province).


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Kautara is now the city of Nha Trang (Khanh Hoa Province).


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Panduranga is now Phan Rang Thaptyam (Ninh Thuan Province).


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The main cities of the principalities have always been located in the mouths of rivers [1].


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Champa's history


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Historians of Champa rely on three types of sources in their research: preserved objects of material culture, inscriptions on monuments and structures, written sources of Chinese and Vietnamese origin.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Sources on the history of each principality are incomplete; for example, Indrapur has well-preserved sources of the 10th century, in Vijaya - the 12th century, in Pandurang, the farthest from the Vietnamese state and the longest resisting invaders from the north — XV century.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

All researchers recognize the coexistence of five principalities, alternately experiencing periods of prosperity and decline, but there are two polar theories about Champa itself: at one pole are supporters of a single state, the political center of which migrated from northern cities to southern cities, on the other - supporters of the theory of a confederation of independent principalities that did not have a single center.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Prehistoric cultures


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In 1909, archaeologists discovered burials of the 1st millennium BC in the village of Sa Huyin.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

; in subsequent years, about fifty such graves were discovered.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Sa Huyin culture owned the production of bronze, glass, pottery; products of this culture were also found in Taiwan and the Philippines, which indicates the developed maritime trade.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In the 1st and 2nd centuries AD


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

on the coast, the Chams themselves appeared - a people of Malay origin, possibly immigrants from Borneo.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Linyi


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The Principality of Linyi was founded in 192 AD.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

in Hue by the Chinese who broke away from the Han Empire, and managed to defend its independence from the empire.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In the 3rd-4th centuries, as a result of the influx of immigrants from India to Hue, under the influence of Indian culture, a new culture was born on the coast - the Champa embryo, which is confirmed by numerous finds of inscriptions in Sanskrit and the appearance of the Tam language inscriptions.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

According to these inscriptions, the first Hindu prince in Hue territory, Bhadravarman I, ruled from 349-361; under the name of the god Bhadreswar he was revered in medieval Champa.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The residents of Linyi, according to the Chinese chronicler, were “both warlike and musical, with deep-seated eyes, straight noses, and curly black hair.”


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In the second quarter of the 6th century, Prince Linyi Sabhuwarman undertook an unsuccessful campaign into the territory of the Viets; in 605, Linyi was defeated by the troops of the Sui Dynasty, who slaughtered and captured Linyi's army the capital.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In 620, residents of what remained of Linyi recognized themselves as subjects of China of the Tang Dynasty.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Linyi's last prince died in 756, and the name “Champa” first appears in Chinese sources since 877.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The heyday of the 7th—10th centuries


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The heyday of the Tyams of the 7th-10th centuries was due to their control over maritime trade between the Caliphate, China, India and the Indonesian islands.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The Tyams themselves traded and did not disdain piracy; neighboring peoples, the Khmers and North Vietnamese, were not yet dangerous at that time.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

According to Cham cosmology, all Tyams belong to one of two complementary parts of Cham society: mountain, Hindu, “male”, and coastal, Islamic, “female” [2].


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

This division can be observed today: of the two temple complexes of the two dynasties, one, Michon, stands in a mountain gorge, the other, Po Nagar, by the sea [1].


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The first temples in Mishon, which is considered the center of the early Cham state, were built in the 7th century, at which time the Hindu cult of Shiva dominated.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

This culture is also called “Michon E1”, after the E1 temple.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In the 8th century, the political center of Champa moved from Mishon to the south, to Panduranga and Kauthara, at which time the temple city of Po Nagar arose, named after the mother goddess Po Nagar.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In 774, Ponagar was first defeated by Indonesian pirates and soon restored by Cham king Satvarman; in 787, a second raid followed, on the temples of Panduranga.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In 875, Prince Indravarman II, who raised his family to the hero of the Mahabharata Bhrigu, united Champa and the Khmers under his rule and founded a new (“northern”) dynasty in Indrapur [3].


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

He became the first Cham prince to adopt Buddhism and begin the construction of Buddhist temples in Dong Duong.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In the next half century, a special culture of Buddhist sculpture flourished, but since 925, historical Hindu cults took up, the paths of the Tyams and Khmers again diverged; in old Mishon the construction of new temples has resumed (Michon A1 culture).


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Islam, which Tyam merchants were supposed to get acquainted with at the dawn of the Caliphate, penetrated the country in the 10th century, but became a mass religion only in the 16th century.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Wars against the Khmers of the 10th—12th centuries


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The history of Champa of the 10th and 15th centuries is largely parallel to the history of Kambujadeshi, the Khmer state: they flourished under dynasties founded in 875 and 877, and after a series of wars (and with external invaders, and among themselves) fell apart during the XV century.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

However, at first, the two cultures collided on the battlefield in 944-945, when the Khmers invaded the principality of Kautara.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In 960-965, the rulers of Champa and Khmer managed to reach an agreement, and the Khmers returned the stolen shrines to Kauthara.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In the second half of the 10th century, the princes of Indrapura fought against Daiviet, who was united by the Dinh dynasty only in 968.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In 979, Champa's navy was destroyed by a storm, in 982 the Vietnamese ruler Le Joan looted Indrapura, which fell into decline forever; the center of Champa's cultural and political life moved south, to Vijayu.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

After the clashes of 1021 and 1026, the Viets managed to capture Vijaya; the princes of Champa agreed to pay tribute to Daiviet.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In 1065, Prince Champa Rudravarman III rebelled and was defeated by the Viets, who ravaged the city.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The prince was captured and paid the ransom with his own lands.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

This was followed by fifteen years of turmoil in the southern principalities of Champa, reunited in 1074 under Prince Harivarman IV.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

This ruler made peace with Daiviet, but provoked a Khmer attack.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Twice, in 1080 and 114s, Khmer invasions put Champa on the verge of extinction; in 1177, the warlike prince of Champa Jaya Indrawarman IV, having agreed on peace with the Viets, built a river fleet on the Mekong and defeated the Khmer capital.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In 1181, the Khmers expelled the invaders, and in 1190 they captured Vijaya themselves, and Prince Jaya Indrawarman IV was captured in Angkor Wat.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The Khmers imprisoned a puppet prince to rule Champa, who managed to suppress the civil war and eventually declared himself an independent ruler; he lasted until 1203, when the Khmers suppressed the resistance , annexed Vijaya to their State.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

13th—15th century invasions


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In 1282-1283, Vijaya was defeated by the Mongols of Kublai, who ruled Beijing; thanks to Daiviet, who blocked the way to the Mongols and actively resisted them, the matter was limited to only one sea by raid.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Sagatu's Mongol-Chinese army crossed to Champa by sea, bypassing Daiviet.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

After a long siege, Vijaya fell, but the weapons-capable Cham went to the mountains.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

A detachment of Mongols sent against them was exterminated in ambush; in 1284, Mongolian commander Khutukhtu was forced to conclude an honorable peace with Indravarman V and leave the country [4].


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The last strong king of Champa was Te Bong Nga, who ruled from 1360 to 1390, the “Red King” of Vietnamese legends.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

By uniting the lands of the Cham, he made a number of successful campaigns to Daiviet, but in 1388 he was defeated by the Vietnamese under the command of Ho Kyui Li.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In 1446, the Vietnamese organized another invasion, recapturing Vijaya.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

A year later, the Tyams knocked them out of the city, but in 1470-1471, the Vietnamese, having gathered a powerful army, suppressed the resistance of the Tyams and destroyed Vijaya [5].


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The defeat resulted in the first mass emigration of Tyams who fled to the Philippines, the islands of Indonesia and Hainan (where they turned into the ethnic group “utsuls”).


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Vassal Principality


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

By the end of the XV century, only the southern principality, Panduranga, remained of Champa, a vassal of Vietnam.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The Panduranga dynasty enjoyed a certain share of independence as a buffer formation useful for Vietnam.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In 1594, Panduranga's troops participated in the attack of the Sultan of Jokhor on Malacca.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In 1692, Prince Pandurangi broke away from Vietnam; after an unsuccessful start, in 1695, the Southerners defeated the Vietnamese and came to an amicable agreement that consolidated Panduranga's autonomy under the rule of Daiviet, which was confirmed by the agreement of 1712, which was formally in force until 1832.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In 1786, as a result of the Vietnamese Civil War, the ruler of Panduranga, who supported the losing side, was forced to flee to Cambodia.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The Vietnamese established control over the principality, demoting the princes to the rank of governors of the province.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In 1832, the Vietnamese emperor finally eliminated the remnants of Panduranga's independence, annexing it to Vietnam proper.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Champa Economy


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Champa's economy was based on agriculture and maritime trade.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

A milder climate than in Daiviet favored high yields, but there was a shortage of easy-to-use land in the country, which made rice cultivation focused purely on the domestic market.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In addition, the extraction of mineral resources, timber harvesting and hunting exotic animals were essential [6].


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The ancient Tyams, like other Austronesian peoples, were mainly seafarers, merchants and pirates.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

They lived in isolated coastal valleys, which made it very difficult for them to unite [6] [7].


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

There was no monetary system in Champa, so the exchange of goods and tax collection were carried out in kind [6].


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The main sources of information about the economy of Champa are archaeological finds and numerous inscriptions, but the Cham epigraphy contains very little socio-economic data.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Large funds from the treasury went to temple construction, military campaigns, as well as to pay tribute to the Khmers and Viets in case of defeat.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

At the same time, after successful campaigns against neighbors, Champa's treasury was replenished with rich prey, and the royal lands were replenished with numerous slaves [6] [8] [9] [10] [7].


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

With the change of the ruling dynasties, the capitals of Champa also changed, and a lot of money was also spent on the development of which.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The most famous royal residences were Simhapura (now the town of Chakieu in Quang Nam Province), Indrapura (the current town of Dongduong near Da Nang), Vijaya (the vicinity of the modern city Qui Nhon) and Kauthara (the vicinity of present-day Nha Trang), located in the mouths of rivers.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Thus, the transition of hegemony from the elite of one Primorsky region to another was accompanied by a change in the capital region.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In terms of their socio-economic structure, the Cham coastal kingdoms resembled the Malay maritime powers more than the neighboring lowland rice growing states of the Khmers and Viets [7] [11].


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Champa Art


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Champa's art was predominantly religious, glorifying gods and donors.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

There were no signed works of art in Champa, handicrafts were made to order and strictly followed religious canons.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Thus, all intellectual property and social prestige from the work belonged to the customer (donor).


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The art of Champa was formed under the influence that came from India, Kambujadeshi and Srivijaya, but in general had an independent character [6].


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

In addition, Champa's art influenced Vietnamese art during the Li Dynasty [12].


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Numerous wars and natural factors did not contribute to the preservation of architectural monuments and sculptures of Champa.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Very little is known about Cham ceramics, wooden sculpture, wall paintings, ritual vessels and metal products, weaving and the art of embroidery are poorly studied.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

It is quite difficult to trace the sequence of evolution of Cham art, including temple complexes, which have been repeatedly captured, destroyed and rebuilt.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Often, the invaders not only reconstructed temples to their liking, but also destroyed all previous inscriptions that mentioned the construction dates and the names of donors.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Almost all inscriptions are placed on religious monuments built by tsars and their entourage.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The construction of these structures symbolized the power of tsarist power and was associated with Shaivism, Buddhism, local cults and beliefs closest to the authorities (Vishnuism played a secondary role in Champa and a very short role).


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The originality of Cham's art has been manifested in the choice of themes and types of structures throughout its history.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Although decor and sculpture learned borrowings from Indian art, they still cannot be considered only imitative.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

All sculptures had personal features and details inherent in Cham aesthetics (for example, ornaments and clothes of statues, an abundance of fantastic elements in the images) [6].


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Great damage to Cham art was caused by the Indochina and especially the Vietnam War.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Many temples and sculptures that have survived to this day only in photographs, drawings and descriptions of researchers were destroyed.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Inadequate control over the preservation of cultural heritage continues in modern Vietnam, which leads to the natural destruction, theft or deliberate damage to many artifacts, especially stone steles with ancient inscriptions.


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Extensive work on the study of Champa's art is carried out by the French Institute of the Far East, the Guimet Museum in Paris, the National University of Singapore, the National Museum of Vietnamese History in Hanoi, Cham Sculpture Museum in Danang, Vietnam Institute of Archaeology, Technical University of Milan, Bicocca University of Milan, University of California at Berkeley, Yale University, School Eastern and African Studies at the University of London, the Institute of Archaeology at University College London, Waseda University of Tokyo and the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences [13] [14].


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

See also


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

List of rulers of Champa


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

The government of Champa


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Population of Champa


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Notes


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

Literature


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa

References


Question: Where is Champa?

Champa


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Zaraysk is a city in the Moscow region of Russia, the administrative center of the city of regional subordination Zaraysk with an administrative territory (until April 2017 — Zaraisky District) [1] [2] and the city district Zaraysk (until January 2017 — Zaraisky municipal district) [3].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Population — people


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

It is located 145 km southeast of Moscow, on the right (mainly) bank of the Osetr River (a tributary of the Oka).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The terminal railway station on a non-electrified line from the city of Lukhovitsy (without passenger traffic)


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Acting


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Mayors of Zaraysk city district — Petrushchenko Viktor Anatolyevich


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

General information


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Geography


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The city is located in the center of the European part of Russia, on the northeastern slope of the Central Russian Upland, 145 km from Moscow.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The area of the city is 2,046 hectares [4], and the Osetr River flows through its territory.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The city is also cut by small tributaries of Osetra — Monastyrka, Osetrik and Stabenka — flowing in deep ravines [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Climate


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The city is located in a temperate climate zone, which combines both pronounced continental properties and some marine properties.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Sea air from the Atlantic enters Zaraysk mainly in summer; the influence of Arctic air is observed throughout the year.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The hottest month is July (its average monthly temperature is +18.7°C [6]), and the coldest is January (the average temperature is about -10°C [6]).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The average annual air temperature is +4.7°C [6].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The winds of the west and south-west directions prevail.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The average wind speed in winter is 3.7—5.3 m/s, in summer 2.6—3.3 m/s.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The average annual rainfall is 562.7 mm, and the largest amount falls in summer [7].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Vegetation


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The natural vegetation of Zaraysk is represented by forests, trees and shrubs on the slopes of ravines and river valleys, dry and floodplain meadows.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

There are two parks within the city: the Leonov City Park on Uritsky Square and the Kirov Park (a former park at the estate of industrialist August Reders, existed since the 19th century) [5] [8].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Of great recreational importance is the Bespyatovsky Forest forest adjacent to the city from the southeast with an area of 46 hectares [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

City coat of arms


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The heraldic description of the coat of arms of Zaraysk, the highest approved year (re-approved in 1991), reads: “In the first part of the shield, in the golden field, part of the Ryazan coat of arms: a silver sword and sheath, laid crosswise; above them there is a green hat, as on the prince in the governor's coat of arms. In the second part of the shield, on a blue field, there is an old city tower, illuminated by the rising sun, which means that this city has been renewed by a new Paki institution.”


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Name


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Historical documents contain more than thirty [9] variants of the city's names, including Sturgeon (1146, 1541), Krasny (1225), Zarazsk (1225), Novgorodok-on-Osetra (1387), Zarazesk (XV century), Zaraevsk (1501), Nikola Zarazskaya-on-Osetra (1531), Nikola-on-Osetra (1532), Nikola Zarazsky (1610), Zoraysk (1660), Zarask (1681), Zaraysk (17th century), Zarazskaya (the first half of the 18th century) [5] [9].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Since the 19th century, the modern name Zaraysk has finally been established.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

There are several versions about the origin of the name [10]:


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The name of the city comes from the Old Russian word “zaraz”, meaning “a cliff of the river bank”.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The name “Zaraysk” comes from the word “cassock” (swamp): the city relative to Ryazan was behind the swamps, or “behind duckweed”.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The name comes from a place in the city where the dead were buried during epidemics of cholera and plague.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

According to historian M. N. Tikhomirov, the name of the city comes from the word “infection” (impassable, protected forest).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The name of the city comes from the word “infect” in its Old Russian meaning “kill, strike to death” [11].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

According to legend, in 1237, Evpraxia, the wife of Prince Fedor Yuryevich, in order to avoid Tatar captivity, rushed from her tower and, thus, killed herself, that is, “became infected”.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

History


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

City foundation


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Zaraysk was first mentioned in the Nikonovskaya (as the city of Osetr) and Ipatievskaya (under the name Osetr) chronicles in 1146.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The location of this Sturgeon mentioned in the chronicle is confirmed by those carried out in the 1980s under the leadership of B.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

A. Rybakov's archaeological excavations [9].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Subsequently, the town was apparently burned down by nomads.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The next mention of the newly built city dates back to 1225 in the “Tale of the Bringing of the Icon of Nikola Zarazsky from Korsun”, where the future Zaraysk is called Red [12].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

This year, the miraculous image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (Korsun) was transferred from Korsun (Chersonesos) to Krasny.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Soon a wooden church was built in honor of this saint.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Later, a cycle “Tales of Nikola Zarazsky” was created in this church, which includes, in particular, the Story of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The first known prince of the city was Fedor Yuryevich, the son of Ryazan Prince Yuri Igorevich.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Under him, a wooden prison was erected in the city, surrounded by ramparts and ditches with water [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1237, Krasny was burned by Batu, who was approaching Russia.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

According to the cycle “Tales of Nikola Zarazsky”, Prince Fedor Yuryevich was killed by Batu on the Voronezh River, and the prince's wife, Princess Evpraksia, not wanting to be in Tatar captivity, together with his young son Ivan jumped out of her tower and “became infected” (hit) to death.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

After that, the icon of Nikola Korsunsky began to be called the icon of Nikola Zarazsky.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

During this period, Zaraysk was called the city of St. Nicholas of Korsunsky and Zarazsky.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Then, until the XIV century, Zaraysk was not mentioned in historical sources.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The city, which reappeared in the XIV century, began to be called Novgorodok on Osetr [9] [12].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

16th century


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1521, together with the Ryazan Principality, the city was annexed to the Principality of Moscow.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Zaraysk became an outpost near the southern borders of the principality, which were raided by the Crimean Tatars throughout the 16th century.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1528-1531, by order of Vasily III, a stone Kremlin was built inside Ostrog [13] :58 with seven towers; the walls of the new fortress were three meters thick and nine meters high.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The fortress was a powerful fortification; natural boundaries were also an obstacle for the enemy - the steep bank of the Osetra River near the western walls of the fortress and the deep ravine of the Monastyrka River south of kremlin.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Perhaps Italian architects working in Russia at that time took part in the construction [9] [12] [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The city became an important point of defense on the southern approaches to Moscow as part of the Great Mark Line being created.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Already in 1533, the Kremlin was subjected to the first attack by the Crimean Tatars led by Islyam I Giray and Safa Giray.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Simultaneously with the Kremlin, in 1528, a stone church was laid instead of the wooden St. Nicholas Church.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

During this period, the city was called Nikolo-Zarazskaya on Osetr, Nikola am Osetr.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1541, the city was besieged by the Khan of Crimea Sahib I Giray, who could not take the Kremlin and was defeated by voivode N. Glebov.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Crimeans also attacked the city in 1542, 1570, 1573, 1591 [9].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In March 1533, the city was visited by Grand Duke Vasily III of Moscow, and in 1550, 1555, 1556 and 1571 - by his son, Ivan IV the Terrible.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1550, by his order, John the Baptist Church was erected in the Kremlin.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1551, Prince Andrei Kurbsky served in Zaraysk [9].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Even during the reign of Vasily III, a new prison with log walls adjacent to the Kremlin from the northeast was also rebuilt.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Wooden bridges were thrown over the ditches surrounding the prison.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

There are posadas inside the prison.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Settlements began to form outside the walls of the prison along ravines and rivers; trade developed - important roads to Ryazan, Kolomna and Kashira began from the walls of the Zaraisky Kremlin.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In the 16th century, in addition to merchants and archers, the population of Zaraysk was also “ploughed” (peasants) and “craftsmen” (artisans) people.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The largest building in the city was St. Nicholas Church in the Kremlin with the icon of Nicholas the Wonderworker stored in it.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Administrative buildings were also located within the prison: Duty hut, city treasury, city government; shopping arcades appeared on the site of the modern Gostiny Dvor [12] [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Time of Troubles


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In February-March 1607, clashes took place in the vicinity of Zaraysk between the detachments of Ivan Bolotnikov and the troops of Vasily Shuisky.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The detachments of False Dmitry II (namely, the Poles of Colonel Alexander Lisovsky) defeated the Ryazan-Arzamas militia in Zaraysk and occupied the city.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The city was liberated for a year by detachments of the Ryazan militia under the leadership of Prokopy Lyapunov.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1610-1611, Prince D. M. Pozharsky.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Pozharsky suppressed the rebellion of supporters of False Dmitry II in the city, expelled the “thieves'” detachment of Ryazan voivode Isaak Sumbulov, who went to the service of the Poles, who captured the city in December 1610, and at the beginning of 1611, having joined the First Militia, Pozharsky marched with his Zaraisky detachment to Moscow.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

More than three hundred soldiers who fell near the walls of the city were buried in a mound near the city; this mound, called Lisovsky, remains to this day.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In the 18th century, a stone church was built near the mound [12] [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

17th—18th centuries


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In the 17th century, the city was finally given the name Zaraysk.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Under 1625, the scribe books mention the Ascension (Round) Monastery located in the posad to the west of the Kremlin with the wooden church of the Life-Giving Trinity.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The monastery was abolished in 1764 [14], and the Trinity Church became a parish church and after the fire of 1774 was rebuilt in stone [12].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1669, the first Russian warship Orel was launched in the Zaraisky village of Dedinovo.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1673, the last attack of the Crimean Tatars on Zaraysk took place, and since the end of the XVII century the city has lost its defensive significance, becoming a significant center of craft and trade on the Astrakhan tract.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Zaraysk turned into a center of bread trade, and transit trade also developed - cattle were transported through the city from the southern regions to Moscow and meat was supplied.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1681, Zaraysk experienced a devastating fire.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In the same year, by decree of Tsar Fedor Alekseevich, a brick St. Nicholas Church was built instead of the dilapidated stone church.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In the 18th century, stone and wooden construction began in the city.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1778, by decree of Catherine II, Zaraysk received the status of a district city of the Ryazan governorate (since 1796 — Ryazan province) [15].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

A year later, the coat of arms was approved, and then the regular plan of the city [12].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

To the east of the Kremlin, on a relatively flat area of the terrain, an orthogonal grid of neighborhoods was formed (the size of the latter is mainly 130x260 m), in the southern and western parts of the city due to features of the relief (steep slopes of the Osetra River, deep valleys of rivers and ravines) formed a ragged front of development.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Posad churches, around which large squares had been formed by the XVIII century, were, according to the master plan, at the intersection of the main streets of Zaraysk.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The Kremlin remained the main compositional and spatial core of Zaraysk, to the north-east of it there were shopping arcades built in stone in the XVIIII century (Gostiny Dvor), which had until the 1930s years the shape of a closed square with a courtyard.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The main planning axes were Bolshaya Moskovskaya Road (now Karl Marx Street) and the road to Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky (now Sovetskaya Street).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Ensembles of squares were formed: Bazarnaya (now Revolution Square), Sennaya (now Pozharsky Square), Oblupinskaya (now Sovetskaya Square), Spasskaya (built up at the end of the 19th century).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Stone buildings — religious, residential and public buildings — were erected along the streets connecting the main squares.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

On the main roads near the borders of the city, customs outposts were built - stone paired pillars topped with double-headed eagles and guard rooms (guardhouses).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

A total of 4 outposts were built — Moskovskaya (road to Moscow), Kashirsko-Venevskaya (road to Kashira and Venev), Mikhailovskaya (road to Mikhailov) and Ryazanskaya (road to Ryazan) [16].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

By 1798, the master plan regarding the layout of urban areas was mainly implemented [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

19th century


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Zaraysk met the 19th century as a major center of trade.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

At that time, there were more than five hundred merchants and 136 shops in the city [9] [12].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Zaraisky fairs were regularly held, where Moscow merchants brought fabrics and food and where local products were actively traded.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Up to two thousand horses were brought to annual equestrian fairs.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Zaraysk was a city not only of merchants, but also of artisans: tanners, shoemakers, potters, butchers, tailors, bakers, etc.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The products of Zarai blacksmiths were very popular at fairs.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

There were small industries in the city (woodworking, dyeing, tannery, oil mills, flour milling, brick, wool; production of agricultural tools) [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The new Ryazan road, laid in 1847, bypassed Zaraysk, and the importance of the city as a shopping center significantly decreased.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1860, the central part of the city was badly damaged by a large-scale fire.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The Moscow-Ryazan railway, built in 1864, also did not pass through Zaraysk (a 27-kilometer line was built from it to Zaraysk in 1870), which adversely affected economic development cities.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Despite this, by the end of the 19th century, industry was developing in the city.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1858, German entrepreneur August Reders founded a feather and down plant in Zaraysk (now Peropukh OJSC), and later a shoe factory (now Zaraysk-Shoes LLC).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1881, a large steam mill belonging to the city was launched; in 1883, 2 brick factories owned by A. S. Morozov (at the beginning of the 20th century there were already 3 brick factories).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In the 1880s, iron foundry and peat factories of the entrepreneur from the Baltic Germans E.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

A. Lipgart.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1900, two more large enterprises were founded in the city: a spinning and weaving factory (now the Krasny Vostok factory, the Zaraisky branch of Textil-Prom LLC) and the paper spinning mill of the Swiss anonymous society [17].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Despite the decline in Zarai trade in the middle of the XIX century, many trade-related objects remained in the city (for example, in 1890 there were 243 small shops, 6 hotels, 22 taverns, 51 wine shops and 2 wine warehouses) [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Fairs continued (at the beginning of the 20th century — three times a year), reorienting themselves to trade in food and livestock.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Numerous social infrastructure facilities also appeared.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

During the reforms of Alexander II in 1865, the Zaraisky zemstvo was formed, the main efforts of which were aimed at solving social problems.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Already at the beginning of the 19th century, Zaraysk had a hospital, originally located in a house rented from merchant Goretnin; in 1888, the hospital received its own building [18].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

At the expense of the zemstvo, in addition to the hospital, 28 schools and 3 paramedics were opened in Zaraisky district [19].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

By the end of the XIX century, the city had a parish, district, real and theological schools, a women's gymnasium, a merchant assembly and a noble club, a bank.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

There was a hospital and an almshouse [5] [9].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Industrialist Reders laid out a city park on Natalinskaya Street (now Pervomayskaya Street) with a rose garden, greenhouses, ornamental shrubs and artificial ruins of a medieval castle; in the park there was a bowling alley and a tennis court [8].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The 20th century and the modern period


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

At the beginning of the 20th century, the development of industry and social infrastructure of the city continued


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1910, a stone building of the zemstvo was built, in 1914, the operation of the water tower that has survived to this day began, and in the same 1914, the one built at the expense of A. A. Bakhrushin's new building of the city hospital [18].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

A stone prison building with a church built at the expense of merchant I. AND. Yartseva [5] [20].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The Dobry Put newspaper was published in the city.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Thanks to the efforts of the zemstvo, the first readers of the library were From Pushkin, a library under the Zemstvo government, a library of guardianship of people's sobriety.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

On the eve of the 1917 revolution, Zaraysk had 14 religious sites: 2 cathedrals, 8 stone churches and 2 wooden churches, 2 chapels.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

There were 800 residential buildings, 10 factories and one factory in the city [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

b (19) November 1917, the Zemstvo Uyezd Congress in Zaraysk proclaimed Soviet power.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The Zemstvo government was abolished; soon the nationalization of enterprises and the confiscation of landlord lands began.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In Zaraisky district, more than two hundred landlord estates were liquidated, many of them were defeated and looted (especially actively after the First Uyezd Congress of the RCP (b) held on August 3-5, 1918, which called on organized committees of the poor to form detachments to “introduce the dictatorship of the poorest over the rich”).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Some valuables (in particular, from the estates of the Komarovsky, Perle, Bazins, Dostoevsky, Selivanovs, Konoplins) were protected from looting and transported to the Zaraisky Museum of Local Lore.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Volunteer units of the Red Army were formed in the city.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

On September 29, 1918, the 1st Moscow (Zaraiskaya) School of Military Pilots of the RKKVF was established in Zaraysk, which existed until March 1922, and then transferred to the village of Kacha in the Crimea.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In the early 1920s, uprisings of peasants dissatisfied with the policy of military communism broke out in some volosts adjacent to Zaraysk (Bulyginskaya, Grigoryevskaya, Ilyitsynskaya), which were quickly suppressed units of the Red Army and the county Cheka [9].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1929, the city became the district center of the Ryazan District as part of the Moscow Region, and in 1937, after the formation of the Tula and Ryazan regions, it was transferred directly to the Moscow Region.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In the 1930s, some churches were destroyed, the bell tower of the Cathedral of John the Baptist was blown up, and the dismantling of the buildings of Gostiny Dvor began [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The development of urban infrastructure continued; sewerage, telegraph and telephone appeared in Zaraysk [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1935, a cinema was equipped, and the hospital was overhauled.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

To ensure municipal construction, a brick factory with a capacity of 3.5 million bricks per year was put into operation in 1936.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The products of the new plant were used for the construction of buildings of the City Council, a maternity hospital, a kindergarten, residential buildings and a veterinary hospital [21].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The shoe factory, the former enterprise of Reders, was also developing; in 1929, the Federal Law Institution was opened under it [22].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1928, a machine and tractor workshop was opened in the city center, later transformed into a mechanical plant [23].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

During the Great Patriotic War, when German troops launched a second general offensive against Moscow in mid-November 1941, the Zaraysky combat section of the Western front.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In Zaraysk, a people's militia and the 58th Zaraisky Fighter Battalion were formed.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The work of industrial enterprises was reorganized in accordance with the requirements of wartime; for example, the mechanical plant began producing grenade hulls and pistons for tank engines, and spinning -the Krasny Vostok weaving factory produced gymnast fabric; tank repair workshops were created in the city.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

At the end of November, units of the 2nd Tank Army of the German Army Group Center entered the Zaraisky district, advancing on Moscow from the south.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Zaraysk was bombed; a state of siege was declared in the city, and a defense committee was created.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Barricades appeared on the streets.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The equipment of shoe and feather factories was evacuated to Siberia, and the equipment of the Krasny Vostok factory was partially dismantled.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The 10th Army of the Western Front was deployed near Zaraysk, which on December 6 launched an offensive and drove back the Germans [9].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

After the retreat of the front line, the restoration of the municipal economy began; enterprises continued to supply products to the front - for example, 5 million sets of soldier's uniforms.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

During the Great Patriotic War, 5.4 thousand Zarayans died at the front [9].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1949, the construction of the Zaraysk-Lukhovitsy highway was completed, which made it possible to open a bus service along the Zaraysk-Moscow and Zaraysk-Kolomna routes.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In the second half of the 20th century, 4-5-storey residential buildings were built in the eastern part, and a new industrial zone was formed in the northern part of Zaraysk, along Moskovskaya Street [5]; it included a plant building materials, a dairy plant (launched in 1949 [24]) and an offset plate plant [25] (founded in 1972 [26]).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1980, the Zarayskaya site began to be explored.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1980-1984, the shoe factory was reconstructed and expanded, which received a large four-story building on Meretskova Street [22].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In pursuance of the Law “On Local Self-Government”, in 2006, the first Head in the history of the city was elected.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

It was Safronov Aleksandr Semyonovich.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 2012, a new master plan for the city was approved [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

population


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The labor force in 2012 amounted to 14.7 thousand people, of which 7.2 thousand were employed in the economy [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Zaraysk Urban Settlement


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Education


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In the course of the municipal reform and in accordance with the Law of the Moscow Region of February 28, 2005 No. 63/2005-OZ “On the Status and Borders of the Zaraisky Municipal District and Newly Formed Within It municipalities” [27] the city became the only settlement in the municipality “Zaraysk City Settlement”.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

On January 9, 2017, the settlement was abolished together with the transformation of the Zaraisky municipal district into an urban district.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Geography


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Located in the central part of the district.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In the north-east and east it borders with the rural settlement Gololobovsky, in the south - with the rural settlement Karinsky, in the south-west - with the rural settlement of Strupnensky in the north-west - with the rural Mashonovsky settlement.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The area of the urban settlement is 2178 hectares.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Population of the urban settlement Zaraysk


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Economics


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The main industrial enterprises of the city [30]:


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Employed by:


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Shoe factory (Zaraysk-Shoes LLC).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The company, founded in 1858, was soon taken over by the German industrialist August Röders, who turned into a large factory.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Since the second half of the 19th century, the factory has been producing model leather shoes.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

After nationalization in 1918, the factory was taken over by the Centrosoyuz.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1929, the FZU was established at the factory.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

During the Great Patriotic War, part of the equipment was evacuated to Omsk.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

During the reconstruction of 1980-1984, the enterprise was expanded.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 2006, the factory was acquired by TD Belka (owner of the Ralf Ringer brand) [22] [31].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Feather and down products factory (Dargez-Zaraysk LLC).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Car repair enterprises: car repair plant (a branch of the State Unitary Enterprise MO Mostransavto) and Zaraisky Repair and Technical Enterprise LLC.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Bakery (Zaraisky Khlebokombinat OJSC).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Production of soft carbonated drinks (NPO Slavich LLC)


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Metallurgical company (Metcom Group CJSC).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Building Materials Plant (the plant was led by an electrified narrow-gauge railway built in the 1960s, dismantled after the plant was shut down in December 2008 [32]).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Non-working:


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Textile factory Krasny Vostok (a branch of Textil-Prom LLC).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Mechanical plant.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Grain elevator.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Dairy plant (Zaraisky Dairy Plant LLC).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Offset plate plant (a branch of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Printing Resources”).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Social sphere and housing and communal services


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The largest healthcare institution is the Central District Hospital.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The hospital has a polyclinic for 570 visits per shift and a maternity ward [33] (closed since February 1, 2018).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

There is an ambulance station for 5 cars [34].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Educational institutions are represented by the Pedagogical College named after A.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

IN. IN. Vinogradov, state vocational and technical institutions No. 83 and 85, branches of MSUTU and SGA; there are 8 kindergartens, 4 secondary schools and one primary school in the city — kindergarten [35].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

There is also a children's art house and a children's art school [5] [35].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

There are social service institutions: the Zaraisky Social Rehabilitation Center for Minors and the Veterans House [34].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Among the sports facilities concentrated mainly in the modern development zone in the east of the city are the district stadium, the Sports Palace (opened in 2007 [36]), a children's and youth sports school and Olympic Reserve School [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

There is an equestrian club “Angel” and “District Water Sports Center” [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Zaraysk's housing stock in 2012 amounted to 769 thousand m², of which 646 thousand m² (83.9%) accounted for apartment buildings, 124 thousand m² (16.1%) for individual houses.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The average housing provision was 31.4 m²/person.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The main municipal enterprise that provides heat supply and water supply is the Municipal Unitary Enterprise “Unified Public Utilities Service of the Zaraisky District” [37].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The capacity of the city's telephone network in 2012 was 4.6 thousand numbers [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Fire protection is carried out by fire department No. 59 for 4 cars [34].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Transportation


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Zaraysk is connected by bus routes to Moscow (No. 330 to Kotelniki metro station), Ryazan (No. 920), Lukhovitsy (No. 24), Kolomnaya (No. 31), Ozyory (No. 43), Serebryanye Prudy (No. 35), as well as with the surrounding villages.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Public transport is represented by the only bus route with a length of 17 km [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The bus station is located in the city center, in the building of former shopping arcades [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

A railway without passenger traffic approaches the city.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The length of city main streets in 2012 was 20.7 km (of which 13.2 km belonged to streets of citywide significance, 7.5 km to streets of district significance), local streets — 43.6 km [ 5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The level of motorization was 290 cars per thousand inhabitants; the city had 14.64 hectares of territory for permanent storage of cars (garages and guarded parking lots) [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

You can get from Moscow to Zaraysk by car by:


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Kashirskoye highway (M4 highway) through Stupino or Kashira;


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Ryazanskoye highway (M5 highway) through Lukhovitsy.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Culture


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The city has the Zaraisky Kremlin State Historical, Architectural, Art and Archaeological Museum, as well as its branches — the House-Museum of Sculptor A. S. Golubkina and the Dostoevsky Estate Museum in the village of Darovoye.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

There is also a Theater Museum (a branch of the State Central Theater Museum named after A. A. Bakhrushina) [38].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

There are 2 libraries in the city (the central district with a fund of 100 thousand copies and the central children's library with a fund of 47 thousand copies).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The central object of the creative and cultural life of the city is, where cultural events, concerts of professional artists, performances, festivals and competitions take place, including for children and youth, citywide events on the street stage, official events, meetings of representatives of local governments with the population, teleconferences, forums and conferences of various club formations are working on an ongoing basis, and film screening of “first screen” films in 3D format is carried out.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The Hummingbird Actor's House, a non-state professional theater near Moscow, is based in Zaraysk.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The newspaper “Za Novaya Zhizn” is published.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Architecture and landmarks


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Features of planning and development


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The layout of the central part of the city is based on the master plan of 1779.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The legacy of this master plan is the orthogonal grid of neighborhoods formed east of the Kremlin (the size of the latter is mainly 130x260 m) [12].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The main dominant layout is the ensemble of the Zaraisky Kremlin with Gostiny Dvor located to the north-east of it.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The central Zaraysk, Sovetskaya Street, which stretches to the eastern borders of the city, begins from Gostiny Dvor, along which a significant part of the city's public buildings is located.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Another important planning axis runs perpendicular to Sovetskaya Street — Karl Marx Street leading to the city park, which turns into Moskovskaya Street, the main street located in the northern part of the city industrial zone.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Karl Marx Street is parallel to the main shopping street, Oktyabrskaya, which serves as the border between historical buildings and modern multi-storey residential buildings (1st and 2nd microdistricts).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Large social facilities are located in the blocks east of Oktyabrskaya Street (the Central District Hospital, the District Stadium, the Sports Palace, the Children and Youth School of the Olympic Reserve and others).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In the southern and western parts of the city, due to the peculiarities of the relief (steep slopes of the Osetra River, deep valleys of rivers and ravines), a ragged development front was formed [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The main streets of the historical part of the city (posada) are built up with 1-3-storey buildings for residential, administrative, commercial, cultural purposes; the predominant type of street development on the periphery of the historical of the center — 1-2-storey wooden residential buildings.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Economic and auxiliary buildings are located in the depths of the blocks.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Two blocks of the historic center are occupied by the territories of old enterprises — Zaraysk-Shoes LLC (now RalFringer; historical buildings have been preserved) and the Peropukh factory.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Along the western side of Moskovskaya Street and east of Uritsky Street, there are blocks with individual residential buildings of the 20th and 21st centuries.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The 1st and 2nd microdistricts, located east of Oktyabrskaya Street, are built up with typical 4-5-storey buildings built in the 1960s and 1980s.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Industrial zones are located in the north of Zaraysk (along Moskovskaya Street) and in the southern part of the city (along Karinskoye Shosse).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Horticultural associations are located in the east of the city and in the south (along the Astabenka River) [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Architectural monuments of the Kremlin


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The stone Kremlin, built in 1528-1531, covers an area of 125×185 m, rectangular in plan, the perimeter length of the wall is about 500 m and is the smallest in Russia.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

There are 7 towers in the Kremlin (Nikolskaya, Kazennaya, Kabatskaya, Spasskaya, Tainitskaya, Bogoyavlenskaya and Karaulnaya), three of which are travel towers, the Nikolskaya Tower also has a diverting archer.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

In 1789, a gate called Troitsky was broken into the eastern wall.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The Kremlin has:


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Nikolsky Cathedral (1681).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

John the Baptist Cathedral (1901—1904, architect A. K. M. Bykovsky), in the neoclassical style, the modern murals of the temple are largely a remake.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The building of public places.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Kon.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

XVIII century (today it houses the Sunday School and the baptismal church of St. Seraphim Sarovsky)


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The building of the former Zaraisky Theological School (today it houses the Zaraisky Kremlin Museum).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The buildings of the Kremlin ensemble have the status of architectural monuments of federal significance [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The main architectural monuments of the city


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Trinity Church (1776—1788).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Church of the Annunciation (1777—1795).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The bell tower (1825).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Gostiny Dvor (con XVIII century, restored in 1977).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Ivanov House (con. XVIII century).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Yartsev's house (early. 19th century).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The Church of Elijah the Prophet (1819).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The bell tower (1835).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Loktev House (early. 19th century)


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

City Magistrate (Beginning. 19th century).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Tipitsyn's House (early. 19th century).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The Zemstvo building (1910) is the only work of late Art Nouveau in Zaraysk [5].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Water tower (1916).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Salt Yard (XVI c. , at the eastern wall of the Kremlin).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Bakhrushins' noble almshouse (con. XVIII century).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Outpatient clinic building (beginning. 19th century).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The mansion of the manufacturer Reders (con. 19th century).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

To the north-east of the Kremlin there are numerous two-story mansions of the 19th century in the style of classicism, and to the south there are mainly wooden houses of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Sculptural and military monuments


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Monument to Marshal K. A. Meretskov.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Monument to Zaraytsy soldiers who died during the Great Patriotic War (erected in 1965 [9]).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Bust Monument to D. M. Pozharsky.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Bust Monument to A. S. Golubkina.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Stela D. Blagoev.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Mass grave of soldiers of the Moscow-Arzamas militia who died during the defense of the city in 1608.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Bust Monument to Twice Hero of the Soviet Union V. N. Leonov (sculptor A. E. Zelensky, architect. A. A. Usachev; installed in 1950 on Uritsky Square) [5] [39].


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

The monument to V. AND. Lenin


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Monument to participants of the establishment of Soviet power in Zaraysk (near the Kremlin walls).


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

A memorial cross and tombstone with a historical inscription on the site of the Ascension Church destroyed in 1938.


Question: What is the length of the city of Zaraysk?

Zaraysk

Archaeological monument