Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Supporting Actress: Allison Jenny — Tonya vs. All


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Original Screenplay: Martin McDonagh — Three Billboards on the Ebbing Border, Missouri


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Adapted Screenplay: James Ivory — Call Me By Your Name


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Animated Film: The Secret of Coco


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Berlin Film Festival


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The 68th Berlin International Film Festival took place from 15 to 25 February 2018 in Berlin, Germany.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The main competition included 19 films.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The main competition jury was headed by German director Tom Tykwer.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Golden Bear: Don't Touch, dir.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Adina Pintilie (,,,,)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Jury Grand Prix (Silver Bear): Face, dir.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Malgorzata Shumovska ()


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Silver Bear Best Director: Wes Anderson, Dog Island (,)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Silver Bear for Best Actor: Anthony Bajon for Prayer


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Silver Bear for Best Actress: Ana Brun for The Heiresses (,,,,,)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Silver Bear for Best Screenplay: Manuel Alcala, Alonso Ruiz Palacios for The Museum


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Silver Bear for Outstanding Artistic Achievements: Elena Okopnaya for Dovlatov (,,)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Cesar Award


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The 43rd César Awards for Achievement in French Cinema 2017 took place on March 2, 2018 at the Pleyel Concert Hall (Paris, France)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Film: 120 beats per minute


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Foreign Language Film: Loveless


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Director: Albert Dupontel, Goodbye Up There


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Actor: Swann Arlo — Small Farmer


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Actress: Zhanna Balibar — “Barbara”


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Supporting Actor: Antoine Reinartz - “120 beats per minute”


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Supporting Actress: Sarah Girodeau — “Small Farmer”


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Original Screenplay: Robin Campillo — “120 beats per minute”


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Adapted Screenplay: Albert Dupontel, Pierre Lemaitre — Goodbye Up There


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Independent Spirit Awards


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The 33rd Independent Spirit Awards, focused primarily on American independent cinema, took place on March 3, 2018 in Los Angeles.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Film: Away


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Director: Jordan Peel, Away


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Actor: Timothy Chalamet - Call Me By Your Name


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Actress: Francis McDormand — Three Billboards on the Border of Ebbing, Missouri


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Supporting Actor: Sam Rockwell — Three Billboards on the Border of Ebbing, Missouri


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Supporting Actress: Allison Jenny — Tonya vs. All


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Screenplay: Greta Gerwig — Lady Bird


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Foreign Language Film: Fantastic Woman


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Academy Award


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The 90th Academy Awards took place on March 4, 2018 at the Dolby Theater, Los Angeles, USA.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The ceremony was again hosted by TV presenter, actor, comedian Jimmy Kimmel.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Film: The Shape of Water


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Director: Guillermo Del Toro — The Shape of Water


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Actor: Gary Oldman - Dark Times


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Original Screenplay: Jordan Peel — Away


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Adapted Screenplay: James Ivory — Call Me By Your Name


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Animated Film: The Secret of Coco


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Nika Award


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The 31st Nika Award Ceremony of the Russian Academy of Motion Picture Arts took place on April 1, 2018 at the Vegas City Hall Concert Hall (Crocus City, Krasnogorsk, Moscow Region).


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Feature Film: Arrhythmia


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The best film of the CIS and Baltic countries: “Chair” (Georgia)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Non-Fiction Film: Gennady Shpalikov. The life of a charming person”


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Animated Film: Two Trams


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Director: Boris Khlebnikov for his work on the film “Arrhythmia”


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Screenplay: Natalia Meshchaninova, Boris Khlebnikov for the screenplay for the film “Arrhythmia”


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Actor: Alexander Yatsenko for his role in the film “Arrhythmia”


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Actress: Irina Gorbacheva for her role in the film “Arrhythmia”


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Supporting Actor: Sergey Garmash for his role in Cold Tango and Vladimir Ilyin for his role in the film “Time of the First”


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Supporting Actress: Alisa Freindlikh for her role in Bolshoi


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Moscow International Film Festival


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The 40th Moscow International Film Festival was held in Moscow from April 19 to April 26, 2018.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The main competition included 16 films, including Russian films “Spitak” by Alexander Kott, “The Tsar Bird” by Eduard Novikov and “Nude” by Yang Ge.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The jury of the main competition was chaired by Italian producer Paolo Del Brocco.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The main prize of the film festival, Golden George, went to the film “Tsar Bird” by Russian director Eduard Novikov [8].


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Cannes Film Festival


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The 71st Cannes International Film Festival took place from 8 to 19 May 2018 in Cannes, France.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The main competition included 21 films.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The jury of the main competition was headed by Australian actress Cate Blanchett.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Palme d'Or: Shoplifters, dir.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Hirokazu Koreeda (Japan)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Grand Prix: BlackKklansman, dir.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Spike Lee (USA)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Jury Prize: Capernaum, dir.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Nadine Labaki (Lebanon)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Director: Pavel Pawlikowski for “Cold War” (Poland)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Screenplay: Alice Rohrwacker for Happy Lazarus (Italy) and Jafar Panahi for Three Faces (Iran)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Actor: Marcello Fonte for Dogman (Italy)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Actress: Samal Yeslyamova for “Hayka” (Kazakhstan)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Kinotavr


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The 29th Kinotavr 2018 Open Russian Film Festival was held from June 2 to June 10, 2018 in Sochi.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The jury was headed by director Alexey Popogrebsky.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Film: Heart of the World, dir.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Natalia Meshchaninova


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Director: Grigory Konstantinopolsky, Russian Demon


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Debut: Acid, dir.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Alexander Gorchilin and Deep Rivers, dir.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Vladimir Bitokov


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Actor: Stepan Devonin, Heart of the World


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Actress: Anna Slyu, Tosses


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Cinematography: Denis Alarcon-Ramirez, Tossy


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Screenplay: Avdotya Smirnova, Anna Parmas, Pavel Basinsky “The Story of an Appointment”


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

MTV Movie & TV Awards


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The MTV Film Awards took place on June 18, 2018 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The host was American actress Tiffany Haddish.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The award in the category “Recognition of a Generation” was presented to actor Chris Pratt


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Picture of the Year: Black Panther


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Actor: Chadwick Boseman — Black Panther


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Saturn Award


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The 44th Saturn Awards for Achievement in Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror for 2017 took place on June 27, 2018 in Burbank, California, USA.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Science Fiction Film: Blade Runner 2049


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Fantasy Film: The Shape of Water


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Horror Film: Away


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Thriller: Three Billboards on the Border of Ebbing, Missouri


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Action/Adventure Film: The Greatest Showman


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Comic Film Adaptation: Black Panther


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Animation Feature: The Secret of Coco


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best International Film: Bahubali: Birth of a Legend


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Independent Film: Miracle


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Director: Ryan Coogler — Black Panther


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Actor: Mark Hamill - Star Wars: The Last Jedi


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Actress: Gal Gadot — Wonder Woman


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Supporting Actor: Patrick Stewart — Logan


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Supporting Actress: Danai Jackesay Gurira — Black Panther


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best Screenplay: Ryan Johnson - Star Wars: The Last Jedi


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Venice Film Festival


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The 75th Venice International Film Festival took place from August 29 to September 8, 2018 in Venice, Italy.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The main competition included 21 films.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The jury of the main competition was headed by Mexican director and producer Guillermo del Toro.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Golden Lion: Roma, dir.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Alfonso Cuarón (USA, Mexico)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Jury Grand Prix: The Favorite, dir.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Yorgos Lanthimos (USA, UK, Ireland)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Silver Lion for directing: Jacques Audiard, The Sisters Brothers (France)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Golden Osella for Best Screenplay: The Cohen Brothers, The Ballad of Buster Scruggs (USA)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Special Jury Prize: Nightingale, dir.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Jennifer Kent (Australia)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Volpi Cup for Best Actor: Willem Dafoe for Van Gogh. On the Threshold of Eternity” (France, USA)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Volpi Cup for Best Actress: Olivia Coleman for The Favorite (USA, UK, Ireland)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Marcello Mastroiani Prize: Baikali Ganambarr, Nightingale (Australia)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

European Film Academy Awards


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

The 31st European Film Academy Continental Award ceremony took place on December 15, 2018 in Seville.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best European Film: Cold War


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best European Director: Pavel Pavlikovsky — Cold War ()


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best European Screenwriter: Pavel Pavlikovsky — Cold War ()


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best European Actor: Marcello Fonte — Dogman


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best European Actress: Ionna Coultg — Cold War


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Best European Comedy — The Death of Stalin (,,)


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

US Rental Leaders


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Leaders of Russian rental


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Personalities


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Have passed away


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

January 5 - Jerry Van Dyke, American actor and comedian


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

January 10 — Mikhail Derzhavin, Soviet and Russian theater and film actor, TV presenter.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

January 13 - Gene Porter, American actress


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

January 14 — Hugh Wilson, American film director, producer, and screenwriter.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

January 16 — Bradford Dillman, American film and television actor.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

January 17 - Stefan Iliev, Bulgarian theater and film actor.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

January 19 - Dorothy Malone, American actress, Oscar winner (1957).


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

January 21 — Connie Sawyer, American actress


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

January 24 — Warren Miller, American documentary filmmaker, creator of films about extreme skiing and snowboarding.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

January 25 — Lyudmila Senchina, Soviet and Russian singer and actress.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

January 30 — Mark Salling, American musician and actor, best known for his role as Noah Puckerman in Glee.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

January 31 — Anne Gillies, American actress


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

February 4 - Wojciech Pokora, Polish theater, film and television actor


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

February 9 — John Gavin, American actor and former United States Ambassador to Mexico.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

February 22 — Li Jing, Hong Kong actress, Shaw Brothers star in the late 1960s and early 1970s (body found on this day).


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

February 23 - Lewis Gilbert, British film director, screenwriter and producer.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

February 24 - Sridevi, Indian actress and producer


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

February 26 — Benjamin Melniker, an American film producer known for his work on Batman films.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

February 27 — Hugo Santiago, Argentine and French film director, screenwriter, representative of experimental cinema.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

February 28 - Rogelio Guerra, Mexican stage and film actor and dubbing master (The Rich Cry Too).


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

March 1 - Maria Rubio, Mexican theater and film actress.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

March 3 — David Steers, American film and television actor, musician, voice actor.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

March 11 — Ken Dodd, English comedian, screenwriter, singer and actor


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

March 12 — Oleg Tabakov, Soviet and Russian actor and director of theater and film, teacher.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

People's Artist of the USSR.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

March 13 — Leonid Kvinikhidze, Soviet and Russian film director and screenwriter, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

March 27 - Stephane Audran, French actress


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

March 28 — Oleg Anofriev, Soviet and Russian theater and film actor, film director, singer, songwriter.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

April 7 — Bozhidar Smiljanić, Yugoslav and Croatian actor, writer and theater director


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

April 8 — Leyla Abashidze, Soviet and Georgian film actress and singer.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

April 9 — Juraj Herz, Czech film director, actor, screenwriter and stage designer of Slovak-Jewish origin.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

April 13 - Milos Forman, Czech and American film director


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

April 15 - Vittorio Taviani, Italian film director and screenwriter


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

april 21


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Nelson Pereira dos Santos is a Brazilian director and screenwriter.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Vern Troyer is an American actor, stand-up comedian and stuntman.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

April 25 - Michael Anderson, English film director


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

May 1 - Sun Yue, Taiwanese actor


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

May 5 - Ermanno Olmi, Italian film director and screenwriter


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

May 9 — Ernest Yasan, Soviet and Russian film director and screenwriter.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

May 14 — Margot Kidder, Canadian-American actress


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

May 17 — Maciej Maciejewski, Polish actor and film director.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

May 20 — Patricia Morison, American actress and singer


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

May 21 — Anna-Maria Ferrero, Italian actress


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

May 24 — Jerry Maren, an American dwarf actor who starred in The Wizard of Oz (1939).


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

May 28 — Pavle Charkviani, Soviet and Georgian film director and screenwriter


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

June 3 — Leonid Nevedomsky, Soviet and Russian theater and film actor, People's Artist of the Russian Federation (1994).


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

June 5 - Frank Bresey, American actor and radio host.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

June 6 — Kira Muratova, Soviet and Ukrainian film director, screenwriter and actress.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

June 8 — Eunice Gason, English actress, best known for her role as Sylvia Tranch, James Bond's girlfriend in his first two films.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

June 9 — Igor Okhlupin, Soviet and Russian theater and film actor.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

June 11 — Roman Klosovsky, a popular Polish theater, film and television actor.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

June 14 — Stanislav Govorukhin, Soviet and Russian actor, film director, screenwriter, producer, political and public figure.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

June 16 — Martin Bregman, American film producer.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

June 18 — Maria Rom, Austrian film actress


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

June 29 - Derrick O'Connor, British film, stage and television actor.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

He is best known for his roles in Terry Gilliam's films.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

July 3 - Robbie Muller, Dutch cameraman


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

July 8 — Tab Hunter, American actor and singer


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

July 12 — Robert Walders, Dutch film and television actor, husband of actress Audrey Hepburn.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

July 14 - Petr Weigl, Czech theater and film director, screenwriter.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

July 19 — Shinobu Hashimoto, Japanese screenwriter, director, producer, regular co-author of director Akira Kurosawa.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

July 23 — Gleb Koroteev, Soviet film sound engineer


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

August 1 — Mary Carlisle, American actress and singer.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

August 3 - Ronnie Taylor, English cameraman


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

August 5 — Pyotr Shulkin, Polish actor, film and theater director, writer and screenwriter, teacher.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

August 9 — Tamara Degtyareva, Soviet and Russian theater and film actress.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

August 11 — Kazimierz Karabash, Polish film director, classic of the Polish school of documentary films.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

August 12 - Kazimera Utrata, Polish theater and film actress


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

August 14 — Nikolai Kirichenko, Soviet and Belarusian theater and film actor.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

August 21 — Barbara Harris, American actress.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

August 27 — Fredd Wayne, American actor.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

August 30 — Vanessa Marquez, American actress and singer.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

September 6 - Burt Reynolds, American actor


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

September 11 — Fenella Fielding, British actress


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

September 15 — Peter Donat, American actor


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

September 18 - Jean Pia, French film and theater actor.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

September 25 — Karin Dwyer, Canadian actress, producer, screenwriter, director, cameraman and editor.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

September 26 — Alexander Koval, Soviet and Ukrainian documentary director.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

October 1 - Charles Aznavour, French singer, composer, poet, writer and actor of Armenian origin.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

October 2 — Roman Kartsev, Soviet and Russian pop, theater and film artist.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

October 26 — Nikolai Karachentsov, Soviet and Russian actor, People's Artist of the RSFSR.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

November 26 - Bernardo Bertolucci, Italian film director, playwright and poet.


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

Notes


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

References


Question: How many films were released in Japan in 2018?

Category: 2018 in the cinema

IMDb — here you can find movie release dates by country:


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The Cathedral of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (French: La Cathédrale orthodoxe russe Saint-Nicolas) is an Orthodox church of the Korsun Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church, located in Nice, near the boulevard Tsarevich (boulevard Tzaréwitch) [1], on Avenue Nicolas II Street.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

One of the famous attractions of Nice; according to media estimates, it is the largest Orthodox church in Western Europe [2].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

History


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Memorial Chapel


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

In April 1865, the Russian Heir Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich, son of Emperor Alexander II, died of a serious illness in the mansion of Bermont Park in Nice.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

In the same year, Prince Peter Andreevich Vyazemsky, who was present at the death of the heir, published his memoirs Villa Bermont in St. Petersburg, in which he offered to buy the villa into ownership Russia and build a church there in memory of the late Grand Duke [3].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The emperor bought a villa where the Nikolskaya Chapel was founded on March 14 [O.S. 1867].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

On April 7 [O.S. 1869], it was consecrated in the presence of Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The marble chapel was built in the Byzantine style on a high base.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The project was drawn up by architect D. AND. Grimm.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The builder was Francesco Botta, the wall painting was done by A. K. Fisher.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The bronze doors were made in Lyon by Nicolas Rosier.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The construction cost was 140,000 francs, half of the amount was allocated by the emperor.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

A special committee has been set up to take care of the chapel.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

In memory of the deceased, the municipality of Nice called the nearby street Tsesarevich Boulevard (later Tsarevich).


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

On the place where the Tsesarevich's bed stood, a black marble slab is built into the floor of the chapel.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Cathedral construction


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

By the early 1890s, the Russian Church of Saints Nicholas and Alexandra, previously built in Nice, was too small.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The first project (in 1874) was the expansion of the existing Tsesarevich Chapel, provided that it would become the altar part of the new church.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

According to George Leuchtenberg's idea, the place of Villa Bermont was chosen for the church.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

In 1896, Empress Dowager Maria Fedorovna arrived on the Cote d'Azur.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

At the request of the Russian community of Nice and in memory of the deceased Tsarevich, Emperor Nicholas II and his mother Maria Fedorovna took under their patronage the construction of the church.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The construction commission was headed by: since 1899 — Duke Georgy Maximilianovich Romanovsky-Leuchtenberg, since 1907 — Russian Ambassador to France A. AND. Nelidov, since 1909 - former ambassador of Russia to France, Chief Jaegermeister Prince Sergei Mikhailovich Golitsyn.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The laying of the church was carried out on April 25 [O.S. 1903] by Archpriest Sergiy Lyubimov in the presence of Grand Dukes Mikhail Nikolaevich and Mikhail Mikhailovich, Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria, Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna, Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke George of Leuchtenberg and Duchess Mary of Edinburgh.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The temple plan was made by M. T. Preobrazhensky.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The construction work was carried out under the supervision of local architects: first Fomberto, then Barbe, Joseph Mars and Henri Steklin, with the participation of Filippo Chiatia and Ikavitz.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Construction was delayed due to disputes in the community, and in 1906 construction work was suspended due to lack of funds; it was planned to simplify the project for the sake of economy.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

In 1908, Emperor Nicholas II donated 700,000 francs from his personal funds, with which the dome was built and the main construction work was completed.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The biggest donors were Prince S. M. Golitsyn (350,000 francs), Rothschild (25,000), Tereshchenko, Eliseevs [4], Countess Apraksina [5].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The total cost of building the temple was more than 1,500,000 francs [6].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The church was consecrated on December 17 [O.S. 1912] by Bishop Trifon (Turkestanov) of Dmitrov, the first vicar of the Moscow Diocese [7] [8], two days before the name day of Emperor Nicholas II, in the presence of the Duke Alexander Romanovsky-Leuchtenberg and Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The Holy Synod decided to consider the church a cathedral, but the external and internal work was not fully completed.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

As part of the Western European Archdiocese


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

In 1909, the Ministry of the Imperial Court leased the church for a period of 99 years to the parish community [9], which was under the church jurisdiction of the Metropolitan of St. Petersburg.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Since 1923, the cathedral and adjacent land have been managed by the Russian Orthodox Religious Association of Nice (ACOR — l'association cultuelle orthodoxe), created in accordance with French law russe de Nice).


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

In 1931, together with its ruling bishop, Metropolitan Eulogy (Georgievsky), who had previously been subordinate to the Synod of Bishops (ROCOR), it became part of the newly formed Western European Exarchate of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

On January 1, 2008, the lease expired [10].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

In November 2005, the rights to the cathedral were declared by the Russian Federation.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

In February 2006, the bailiff, on the basis of a court decision (later canceled [11]), tried to inventory the property; a lawsuit arose [12] with the participation of the Russian Ambassador to France A. A. Avdeeva [13].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

A representative of the Moscow Patriarchate stated in March 2006 that the Patriarchate did not intend to interfere in the trial, since “it has no direct relationship to the actions of the Russian state, aimed at streamlining his property rights” [14], noting that as a citizen, he sympathizes with his position.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

In November 2006, the lawyer of the Russian side, Jean-Philippe Confino, stated that Russia was ready to sign a new agreement with the arrival of the Patriarchate of Constantinople [15].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

In June 2007, Mikhail Sologub, Secretary of the Council of the Exarchate, noting that Russia was recognized as the legal successor of the USSR, and that “the Soviet Union was born from the Bolshevik Revolution, the leaders of which the decision to shoot the tsar and his family”, called dishonest the lawsuit filed by the Russian Embassy in France in order to prove that the owner of the temple is the Russian state, and not the existing parish of the exarchate [16].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

On January 20, 2010, the Nice court recognized the Russian Federation as the sole owner of the cathedral building [17].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The lawyer of the Orthodox Association of Nice said at the same time that the Association had legally owned the cathedral for 80 years, and neither the USSR nor the Russian Federation had ever presented any documents for rights property and did not show any interest in the building; he noted that the court decision was the first time that a foreign country had owned a religious building in France and that it intends to appeal the decision [18] [19].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

On the same day, Viktor Khrekov, spokesman for the presidential administration, said that the agency “intends to take the cathedral in Nice on its balance sheet immediately after diplomats have settled all the formalities”; and Priest Georgy Zavershinsky, head of the communications service of the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate, expressed the hope that “the church, while remaining owned by the state, will be transferred to jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church” [2].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

On March 4, 2010, it was reported that the head of the exarchate, Archbishop Gabriel (de Wilder) of Komansky, withdrew his invitation to Metropolitan, Chairman of the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate Hilarion (Alfeyev) of Volokolamsk to celebrate the liturgy in the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Paris; Archbishop Gabriel pointed to the decision of the French court to transfer the cathedral in Nice as a reason for the refusal in the ownership of Russia (presented according to Metropolitan Hilarion) [20].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Metropolitan Hilarion, who was in Paris in early March 2010 in connection with the opening of the Holy Russia exhibition in the Louvre, said [20] that Russia had previously officially invited the parish in Nice to continue use the cathedral, but the parish council rejected this proposal, insisting that, in addition to the right to use it, it should also own the right of ownership.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

On May 19, 2011, the Court of Appeal of the South French city of Aix-en-Provence confirmed Russia's ownership of the Orthodox St. Nicholas Cathedral in Nice, to a land plot on Tsarevich Boulevard, where the cathedral is located, and all objects that are located on this site, including the iconostasis of the cathedral [21].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

On June 29, 2011, the cathedral was closed to the public, except for the time of worship, due to the partial collapse of the plaster of the vault.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The Russian government has decided to transfer the church to the Moscow Patriarchate [22].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

In August 2011, the Moscow Patriarchate sent two clerics to the cathedral, who were instructed to enter into the administrative management of the church, accepting the keys and documentation; the Korsun Diocese (Moscow Patriarchate) noted that the Orthodox Religious Association of Nice “can in no way be identified with the parish of St. Nicholas Cathedral and the community of Orthodox believers in the region” [23].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

In early September 2011, the Korsun eparchy demanded to give it the keys to the cathedral to it to no avail [24]; the bailiff visited the cathedral with a notification to the representatives of the exarchate of immediate execution judgment of 19 May 2011 [25] [26].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

At the end of October 2011, the Supreme Court of Nice decided that the Orthodox Religious Association of Nice (Patriarchate of Constantinople) must hand over to representatives of Russia within seven days keys to St. Nicholas Cathedral [27]; the association appealed the court decision [28].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

On November 30, 2011, it was reported that the complaint had been rejected; representatives of the association said that they intended to act in accordance with the court decision and were ready to hand over the keys to the Russian side [29].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

On December 15, 2011, the Presidential Administration of Russia transferred for safekeeping the property of the Cathedral of the Korsun Diocese of the Moscow Patriarchate [30].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

31] On 10 April 2013, the Chamber of Cassation, a judicial body of the French Republic, announced that the complaint of the Orthodox Religious Association of Nice had been finally rejected. [


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The Orthodox Religious Association of Nice uses another Russian church in the center of Nice for worship in honor of St.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Nicholas and St.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Alexandra, built in 1859.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

As part of the Korsun Diocese


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

On December 15, 2015, upon completion of the restoration work, an acceptance certificate for the cathedral was signed; the keys were again handed over to the representative of the Korsun eparchy, who is the responsible custodian of the property temple complex.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

[32] On January 19, 2016, on the feast of Epiphany, Bishop Nestor (Sirotenko) of Korsun performed a minor consecration of the church and the official opening of the cathedral took place.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Abbots


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Archpriest Serge Gavriilovich Lyubimov (1887—/1912—1918) — ROC


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

(born 1840, 1918—1922, +1923) — ROC


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Archpriest Nikolai Ioannovich Podosenov (1922—1925) — ROC


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Metropolitan Vladimir (Tikhonitsky) (01/12/1925—1956) — ROC/KP


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

(acting rector 1948—1956) — KP


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Bishop Sylvester (Haruns) (1956—1962) — KP


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Bishop Roman (Zolotov) (1963—1991) — KP


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Bishop Paul (Alderson) (1991—2001) — KP


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Archpriest Vladimir Vladimirovich Jagiello (abbot 2001—2003) — KP


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Archpriest John Gate (late 2003—12/2011) — KP


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

junior (01/12/2011-12/2013) — ROC


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Archimandrite Alexander (Elisov) (12/2013-07/2015) — ROC


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Archpriest Andrey Vladimirovich Eliseev (since 2015) — ROC


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Cathedral clergy:


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Protopresbyter Serge Vasilievich Protopopov (born 1851, 1921-1931, +1931) — ROC


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

priest Alexander Viktorovich Yelchaninov (born 1881, 1926—1934, +1934) — ROC/KP


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Protodeacon Alexy Andreevich Pobedonostsev (b. 1880, +1942) — ROC/KP


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

(born 1884, 1925—1945, acting rector 1945—1948, +1959) — ROC/KP


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Archimandrite Arseny (Balkun) (born 1887, +1956) — KP


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

— KP


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

(born 1897, +1986) — KP


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

(1957-1998) — KP


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

(born 1918, +2011) — KP


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Protodeacon John Buzdugan (since 2012) — ROC


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Architecture, decoration


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The five-domed cathedral was built on the model of Moscow five-domed churches of the XVII century (in Nikitniki and Ostankino) from light brown German bricks, but finished with local materials: pink granite and blue ceramic tiles.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The cathedral's height is 50 meters.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The temple is designed for 625 people.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Five gilded heads are covered with Bigot colored tiles.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The dome is made of concrete by Torran and is lined with hollow bricks and artificial stone.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

From the west, the cathedral is preceded by a bell tower and two tall white-stone porches topped with tents with gilded eagles in zinc.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Six openwork gilded crosses on the temple were made in Pistoia.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The diagonal arrangement of the two main entrances from the south-west and north-west corners is interesting.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Initially, the site allocated for the construction of the temple was located on the corner of two streets, and this arrangement of the entrances was convenient.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

However, the cathedral was built in another part of the city, on the territory of the former Villa Bermont, but the original layout of the building has been preserved.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The facades are decorated with polychrome tiles (by Cantagali from Florence) and mosaic icons (“The Savior” on the bell tower), made in the St. Petersburg workshop of V. A. Frolov based on Vasiliev's sketch.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The carvings of white-stone window and door platbands, lower cornices and the bell tower were made by Italian craftsmen.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The three-tier basma-covered iconostasis “in the old Russian style” was created according to a sketch by Moscow artist L. A. Pyanovsky.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Made in the workshop of jeweler I. P. Khlebnikov in Moscow.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The icons for the iconostasis in the style of Simon Ushakov were made by Moscow icon painter Glazunov.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The Royal Gates are a copy of the gates of the Church of St. Elijah the Prophet in Yaroslavl.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The kiots were made in the same style.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The altar image of the Holy Trinity was painted by Vasiliev.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The frescoes in the temple were not finished.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The author of the cardboard was L. A. Pyanovsky, it was inspired by the paintings of the Tolga Monastery.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The frescoes in the altar were made on cardboard by the young Italian artist De Signori.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The utensils, the throne and the shroud, decorated with gilded bronze and blue enamel, were made in the workshop of I. P. Khlebnikov.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The vestments presented by the emperor were sewn in the workshop of I. A. Zheverzheeva.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Small chandeliers were donated by philanthropist Rukavishnikov [34].


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Of the shrines stored in the cathedral, the following are remarkable:


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, which was at the bed of the deceased Tsarevich; previously it was outside at the entrance to the chapel and was moved from it to the church in 1912.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

In May 1935, the completely blackened icon was renewed without human intervention, after which it was placed for veneration in the church.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

A hagiographic icon of St. Peter the Apostle in an icon case near the left side of the solea, installed in memory of P. A. Stolypin.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Icon of the Mother of God “Joy of All Who Sorrow” in an icon case near the right side of the solea.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Icon of Archangel Michael in a hammered frame based on a sketch by L. A. Pyanovsky was handed over from Yekaterinoslav in memory of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov Dynasty.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Two icons of the patron saints Nicholas II and Alexander II were presented by parishioners of the church.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

They are placed along the edges of the iconostasis.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The icon of St. Alexander Nevsky was presented by Duke George of Leuchtenberg in memory of Alexander II.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The crypt of the cathedral once housed the Museum of the Russian Colony in Nice.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Eight bells were donated to P. P. von Derwiz from his house church.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

The heaviest bell was specially cast in Marseille.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Transportation


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Public transport: 10 min walk from central station By buses 17, 27, 64, 75, 75D, A, L, M, P, S to the Tzarewitch stop


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Notes


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Literature


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

“Tserkovnye Vedomosti Published under the Holy Governing Synod”.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

January 12, 1913, No. 2, pp. 108—112.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

References


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

, May 28, 2009.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

, April 10, 2008.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

, April 13, 2006.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

“The New York Times”, January 9, 2008.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

, Le Figaro, January 19, 2010.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

//Izvestia, January 13, 2009.


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Category:Buildings and structures in Nice


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Category:Cathedrals in France


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Category:Orthodox churches in France


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Nice


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Category:Russian Orthodox Churches outside the Russian Empire


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Category:Korsun Diocese


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Category:pseudo-Russian style


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Category:Religion in Nice


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Category:Parishes of the Western European Exarchate of Russian Parishes


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Category: Buildings and structures founded in 1903


Question: What is the name of the Orthodox church in Nice?

Nicholas Cathedral, Nice

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1912


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

FAT (English: File Allocation Table) is a classic file system architecture that, due to its simplicity, is still widely used for flash drives.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

It is used in floppy disks, memory cards and some other storage media.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

It was previously used on hard drives.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

It was developed by Bill Gates in 1976-1977 [1] [2].


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

It was used as the main file system in the operating systems of the MS-DOS and Windows 9x families.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The FAT structure follows the ECMA-107 standard and is detailed by Microsoft's official specification known as FATGEN [3].


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

FAT system versions


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

There are three versions of FAT — FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

They differ in the bit depth of writes in the disk structure, that is, the number of bits allocated to store the cluster number.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

FAT12 is used mainly for floppy disks, FAT16 for small disks.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

On the basis of FAT, a new file system exFAT (extended FAT) was developed, which is used mainly for flash drives.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Initially, FAT did not support a hierarchical directory system.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

All files were located at the root of the disk.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

This was done for the sake of simplification, as it is not


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

on single-sided floppy disks with a capacity of only 160-180 KB, it simply did not make sense to sort a few files into directories.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

With the spread of 320 KB or more floppy disks, storing all files at the root turned out to be inconvenient, and the small size of the root directory limited the number of files on disk.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The catalogs were introduced with the release of MS-DOS 2.0.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Various FAT extensions have also been implemented in various operating systems.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

For example, DR-DOS has additional file access attributes; Windows 95, Linux support for long file names (LFN) in Unicode format (Virtual FAT - VFAT); OS/2 has extended attributes for all files.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

VFAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

VFAT is a FAT extension introduced in Windows 95.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In FAT, file names are in 8.3 format and consist of only ASCII characters.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

VFAT added support for long (up to 255 characters) file names (English: Long File Name, LFN) in UTF-16LE encoding, while LFN is stored simultaneously with 8.3 names, retrospectively called SFN (English: Short File Name).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

LFNs are case-insensitive when searching, however, unlike SFNs, which are stored in upper case, LFNs retain the case specified when creating the file [4] [5].


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

FAT system structure


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In the FAT file system, adjacent disk sectors are combined into units called clusters.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The number of sectors in a cluster is a power of two (see below).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

An integer number of clusters (at least one) are allocated to store file data, so for example, if the file size is 40 bytes and the cluster is 4 KB, only 1% will actually be occupied by the file information the space reserved for it.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

To avoid such situations, it is advisable to reduce the size of clusters, and vice versa to reduce the amount of address information and increase the speed of file operations.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In practice, some compromise is chosen.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Since the disk capacity may well not be expressed as an integer number of clusters, there are usually so-called surplus sectors at the end of the volume — a “remainder” smaller than a cluster that cannot be allocated OS for storing information.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The FAT32 volume is logically divided into three adjacent areas:


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Reserved area.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Contains service structures that belong to the Partition Boot Record (PBR, to distinguish it from Master Boot Record, the master boot record of the disk; also, the PBR is often incorrect is called the boot sector) and is used when initializing the volume;


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

A FAT table area that contains an array of index pointers (“cells”) corresponding to data region clusters.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Usually, two copies of the FAT table are presented on disk for reliability purposes;


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The data area where the actual contents of the files are recorded — that is, the text of text files, the encoded image for picture files, digitized sound for audio files, etc.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

FAT12 and FAT16 also specifically allocate the root directory area.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

It has a fixed position (right after the last item in the FAT table) and a fixed size of 32 bytes, i.e.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Partition Boot Record describes exactly the number of 32-byte elements, each of which describes an element in the root directory (be it a file or other subdirectory).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

If the cluster belongs to a file, the corresponding cell in the FAT table contains the number of the next cluster in the same file.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

If a cell matches the last cluster in the file, it contains a special value (0xFFFF for FAT16).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Thus, a chain of file clusters is built.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Unused clusters in the table correspond to zeros.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

“Bad” clusters (which are excluded from processing, for example, because the corresponding area of the device is unreadable) also have a special code (0xFFF7 for FAT16).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

When a file is deleted, the first character of its name is replaced by the special code 0xE5 and the file's cluster chain in the allocation table is reset to zero.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Because the file size information (which is located in the directory next to the file name) remains intact if the file clusters were sequentially on disk and they were not overwritten with new information, it is possible to recover a deleted file.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Boot record


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The first FAT volume structure is called BPB (English: BIOS parameter block) and is located in the reserved area, in the zero sector.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

This structure contains information that identifies the type of file system and the physical characteristics of the media (floppy disk or partition on the hard disk).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

BIOS Parameter Block


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

BPB, in principle, was absent from FAT, which served MS-DOS 1.x, as at that time only two different volume types were assumed — single- and double-sided five-inch 360 KB floppy disks, and the volume format was determined by the first byte of the FAT region.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

BPB was introduced in MS-DOS 2.x in early 1983 as a mandatory boot sector structure that should henceforth determine the format of the volume; the old FAT first-byte definition scheme was lost support.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

MS-DOS 2.0 also introduced a hierarchy of files and folders (before that, all files were stored in the root directory).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The BPB structure in MS-DOS 2.x contained a 16-bit “total number of sectors” field, which meant that this version of FAT was fundamentally inapplicable for volumes larger than 216 = 65,536 sectors, that is, more than 32 MB for a standard sector size of 512 bytes.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In MS-DOS 4.0 (1988), the above BPB field was expanded to 32 bits, which meant an increase in the theoretical volume size to 232 = 4,294,967,296 sectors, that is, 2 TB with a 512-byte sector.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The next modification of BPB came with Windows 95 OSR2, which introduced FAT32 (in August 1996).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The 2 TB limit on the volume size has been removed, and the FAT32 volume can theoretically be up to 8 TB in size.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

However, the size of each individual file cannot exceed 4 GB.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

BIOS Parameter Block FAT32 repeats BPB FAT16 up to and including the BPB_TotSec32 field for compatibility with earlier versions of FAT, followed by differences.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The FAT32 “boot sector” is actually three 512-byte sectors—sectors 0, 1, and 2.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Each of them contains a 0xAA55 signature at 0x1FE, that is, in the last two bytes, if the sector size is 512 bytes.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

If the sector size is more than 512 bytes, the signature is contained both at 0x1FE and in the last two bytes of the zero sector, that is, it is duplicated.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

FSinfo


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The FAT32 partition boot record contains a structure called FSInfo that is used to store the value of the number of free clusters on a volume.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

FSInfo usually occupies sector 1 (see the BPB_FSinfo field) and has the following structure (addresses relative to the beginning of the sector):


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The 4-byte signature 0x41615252 indicates that the sector is being used for the FSInfo structure.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The interval from 4th to 483rd bytes of the sector inclusive is reset to zero.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Another signature is located at 0x1E4 and contains the value 0x61417272.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The four-byte field at 0x1E8 contains the last known value for the number of free clusters on the volume.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

A value of 0xFFFFFFFF means that the number of free clusters is unknown and should be calculated.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The four-byte field at 0x1EC contains the cluster number from which to search for free clusters in the index pointer table.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

This field usually contains the number of the last FAT cluster allocated to store the file.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

A value of 0xFFFFFFFF means that the search for a free cluster must be performed from the very beginning of the FAT table, that is, from the second cluster.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Reserved 12-byte field at 0x1F0.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The 0xAA550000 signature is the last 4 bytes of the FSInfo sector.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The purpose of introducing FSInfo is to optimize the system's operation, since in FAT32 the index pointer table can be of significant size and its byte-by-byte viewing can take a significant amount of time.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

However, the values of the FSI_Free_count and FSI_NXT_Free fields may not be true and should be checked for adequacy.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In addition, they are not even updated in the FSInfo backup, which is usually located in Sector 7.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Determining the FAT volume type


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The FAT type of a volume (that is, the choice between FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32) is determined by the OS by the number of clusters on the volume, which in turn is determined from the BPB fields.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

First of all, the number of sectors in the root directory is calculated:


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

RootDirSectors = (BPB_RootentCNT* 32) /BPB_BytsPersec


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

It then determines which of the BPB_FatsZ16/32 and BPB_TotSec16/32 fields are non-zero, and they are used to determine the number of sectors in the volume's data area:


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

DataSec = TotSec — (BPB_ResvdSeccnt + (BPB_NumFats * FatsZ) + RootDirSectors)


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Finally, the number of data area clusters is determined:


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

CountOfClusters = DataSec /BPB_SecperClus


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The number of clusters is uniquely matched with the file system:


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

CountOfClusters < 4085 — FAT12


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

CountOfClusters = 4085 ÷ 65524 — FAT16


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

CountOfClusters > 65524 — FAT32


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

According to the official specification, this is the only acceptable way to determine the FAT type.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Artificially creating a volume that violates these compliance rules will lead to incorrect processing by Windows.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

However, it is recommended that you avoid CountOfClusters values that are close to critical (4085 and 65525) in order to correctly determine the file system type by any drivers that are often incorrectly written.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

FAT12 is always created on a floppy disk when formatting.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

As for hard drives and flash drives, when the drive size is up to 512 MB (with a 512-byte sector), FAT16 is created by default, and FAT32 is over 512 MB.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The cluster size is formatted based on the file system and volume size.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Volume serial number


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The volume serial number (BS_Volid field) in Windows 98 is created from the date and time of formatting in such a way that it is impossible to restore them without additional information.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

FAT table


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The next important structure of a FAT volume is the FAT table itself, which occupies a separate logical area.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

It defines a list (chain) of clusters that host files and folders in a volume.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

There is a one-to-one correspondence between clusters and table index pointers — the Nth pointer corresponds to a cluster with the same number.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The first data area cluster is assigned number 2.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The index index value corresponds to the state of the corresponding cluster.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The following conditions are possible:


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

the cluster is free — the pointer is set to zero;


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

the cluster is occupied by a file and is not the last cluster of the file — the pointer value is the number of the next file cluster;


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

the cluster is the last cluster of the file — the pointer contains an EOC (End Of Clusterchain) label, the value of which depends on the FAT version: for FAT12, any value greater than or equal to 0x0FF8 (default is 0x0FFF); FAT16 is greater than or equal to 0xFFF8 (default is 0xFFFF); for FAT32, any value greater than or equal to 0x0FFFFFF8 (default is 0x0FFFFFFF)


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

the cluster is corrupted — the pointer contains a special label, the value of which is 0x0FF7 for FAT12, 0xFFF7 for FAT16 and 0x0FFFFFF7 for FAT32.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

A damaged cluster cannot be used by the file system to store data; the corresponding pointers are not affected when formatting the volume, when all other pointers are reset to zero;


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

the cluster is reserved “for future standardization” — the pointer contains a value greater than CountOfClusters, but less than the label of the damaged cluster (that is, up to 0xFFF6 inclusive for FAT16).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In this case, the cluster, without matching any real data, is considered busy and skipped when searching for a free one, but no other information is provided about it.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Clusters 0 and 1 are specifically reflected by FAT.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The index pointer corresponding to the cluster zero (the very first pointer to the FAT table) contains the BPB_Media value in the lower 8 bits; the remaining bits are set to 1.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

For example, if BPB_Media = 0xF8 (hard disk), FAT [0] = 0x0FFFFFF8 for FAT32.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Thus, formally FAT [0] = EOC, which is used when processing files of zero size (see below).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The second reserved pointer, FAT [1], is formatted to the EOC label value.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In FAT12, it is no longer used, and in FAT16 and FAT32, the upper two bits of this pointer may contain a note that the volume needs to be checked (so-called. “dirty bit”), with all other bits set to 1.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The presence of a dirty bit is checked during the Windows boot process by autochk.exe.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

A dirty bit is generated when the volume is incorrectly disconnected or a hardware error occurs in the media, and accordingly takes two possible values.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The FAT32 index pointer is 32-bit by definition, but the upper 4 bits are actually ignored, so the pointer value is essentially 28 bits.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The only operation that operates with the upper 4 bits of the pointer is to format the volume when the entire pointer is reset to zero.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

This means that, for example, the pointer values 0x10000000, 0xF0000000, and 0x00000000 all correspond to a free cluster, as they differ only in the upper 4 bits.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The BPB FAT table size, that is, BPB_FATSZ16/32, can be larger than the real size, so that each FAT table may end with sectors that do not correspond to any real data clusters.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

When formatting, these sectors are reset to zero, and during operation, the volumes are not used in any way.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Therefore, the valid address of the last sector of the FAT table that contains pointers to real clusters on a volume should always be calculated from the total number of data area clusters, not from the BPB_fatSZ16/32.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In addition, the last sector occupied by the FAT table is not necessarily all occupied by it — in this case, the excess space of the sector is also not used and is clogged with zeros when formatting the volume.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

File records


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Immediately after the end of the last FAT table, there is a data area containing files and folders.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The FAT directory is a regular file marked with a special attribute.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The data (contents) of such a file in any FAT version is a chain of 32-byte file records (directory records).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

A directory cannot normally contain two files with the same name.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

If the disk checker detects an artificially created pair of files with the same name in the same directory, one of them is renamed.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Root directory


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The only directory that must be present is the root directory.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In FAT12/FAT16, the root directory has a fixed sector size that is calculated from the BPB_RootentCNT value and follows on disk immediately after the FAT table.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

In FAT32, the root directory, like any other directory, is variable in size and is a chain of clusters.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The number of the first root cluster is reflected by BPB_RootPlus.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The root directory differs from other directories in the FAT volume as follows:


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

It doesn't have date and time stamps;


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

does not have your own name (except “\”);


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

it does not contain files named “.” and “..” (see below);


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

is the only directory that can host a volume label file (see below).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

File record structure


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The FAT32 file record consists of the following structures:


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The 11-byte field at relative address 0 contains a short file name (within the framework of the 8.3 standard).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

For file names, see below.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

A byte at 0x0B that is responsible for file attributes.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The byte at 0x0C, used by Windows NT.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Byte at 0x0D.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Counts tens of milliseconds of file creation time, valid values are 0-199.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The field is often unjustifiably ignored.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

2 bytes at 0x0E.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

File creation time accurate to 2 seconds.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

2 bytes at address 0x10.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

File creation date.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

2 bytes at address 0x12.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The date of the last access to the file (that is, the last read or write — in the latter case is Dir_wrtDate).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

There is no similar field for time.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

2 bytes at address 0x14.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The file's first cluster number (the highest word, zero on the FAT12/FAT16 volume).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

2 bytes at address 0x16.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The time when the file was last written (modified), for example, it was created.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

2 bytes at address 0x18.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The date of the last record (modification) of the file, including creation.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

2 bytes at address 0x1A.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The file's first cluster number (low word).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

A DWORD that contains the file size value in bytes.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

FAT32's fundamental limitation is that the maximum file size allowed is 0xFFFFFFFF (i.e. 4 GB minus 1 byte).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

If the first byte of a FAT record (that is, DIR_name [0]) contains 0xE5 or 0x05, it means that the write is free (the corresponding file has been deleted).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Zero in DIR_name [0] means that not only this entry is free, but all subsequent directory entries are free; Windows does not analyze the rest of the directory after a zeroed write.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

FAT filename


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The dir_name field is logically split into the first 8 characters that make up the file name and the last 3 characters that make up the extension.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

A separator point is added at the operating system level and is not stored in the name field.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

If the file name and extension do not fill the space allocated for them, the remaining bytes of the dir_name field are filled with spaces (0x20).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The file name and extension can contain any combination of letters, numbers, or characters with ASCII codes greater than 127; special characters fall into three groups:


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Allowed:!


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

# $% & () - @ ^ _ `{} ~ '


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Forbidden: +.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Service: *?


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Service characters have a special meaning in DOS and Windows and cannot be part of the file name (*?


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

are metacharacters, and the characters:/\ are used as separators in file paths, the rest of the service and prohibited characters are control in the command.COM and cmd.exe command-line interpreters), while prohibited characters can still be included in the file name at the cost of an LFN record (see below).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

For example, a directory with a name starting with a dot or containing multiple points can be created in command line mode (mkdir .directory) or in shells like FAR Manager, Total Commander, WinRAR.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The file name cannot begin or end with a space; no ASCII control characters (i.e. 0x00-0x1F) are allowed in any byte of the name field, except in the case of code 5 above.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Information about the current (at the time of file creation) DOS code page is not saved, so access to files that have national codes from Extended ASCII in their names (for example, Cyrillic characters from the code page 866), with a different code page may be problematic or impossible (because before searching for a file in the directory, its name is converted to upper case according to the table embedded in code page).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The full path to the file cannot exceed 80 bytes (3 is the drive letter; 64 is the path; 12 is the file name, including the separator point; 1 is the terminal null character).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

All 8.3 alphabetic characters of the name are always translated and stored in the DIR_name field in uppercase.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

The dir_ntres byte is used to preserve the original Windows NT name case: 1 in bit 3 says the name should be displayed in lower case; bit 4 is responsible for the extension.


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

If the name or extension contains characters from both registers, an LFN record is created for the file (see below).


Question: When did the FAT file system first appear in the world?

FAT

Windows 9x always creates an LFN record to preserve a non-trivial name register and ignores the Dir_NTres field.