Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

The actions of the authorities were criticized.


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

[18] Louisiana Republican Senator David Witter gave the Bush administration the lowest rating for the government's efforts to deal with the disaster.


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

American director and public figure Michael Moore in September 2005, in an open letter, accused the country's leadership of reducing spending on engineering troops, which, in his opinion, led to difficult consequences.


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Moore also noted [19] :On the day the hurricane hit the city, Mr. Bush, John McCain (Senator) and his wealthy friends regaled themselves with cake.


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

And then, throughout the day, Bush played a guitar that was given to him by a country artist.


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

And all this was when New Orleans was buried in water.


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

New York rapper Mos Def performed Dollar Day (also called “Katrina Clap”) on the street, accusing the president of late and insufficient response to a natural disaster, and was arrested for performance without permission.


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

In 2006, about 60% of US residents, according to opinion polls, were pessimistic about the ability of the authorities to withstand natural disasters.


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Reflection in popular culture


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

The events that took place in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina formed the basis of the book “Ouragan” by French novelist Laurent Godet.


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Hurricane Katrina inspired Linkin Park for the song The Little Things Give You Away.


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

References


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Alekseeva A. et al.


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

//Expert, No. 34 (480), September 12, 2005


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

in Rossiyskaya Gazeta


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

in gazeta.ru


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

//Kommersant-Vlast, No. 35 (638), September 5, 2005


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Taylor, J.


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Schnittke M.//polit.ru, September 21, 2005


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

(David Bowes, Vice President of the Cato Institute)


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

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Sychev A. //Public morality: philosophical, regulatory, ethical and applied problems/Ed.


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

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R. G. Apresyan.


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

— M.: Alfa-M, 2009.


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P. 424—442.


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Notes


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Category:2005 Atlantic Hurricanes


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Category:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Category:Pinned Atlantic Hurricane Names


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Category:Hurricanes in Florida


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Category:Hurricanes in Alabama


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Category:Mississippi Hurricanes


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Category:Hurricanes in Louisiana


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Category:Hurricanes in Arkansas


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Category:Floods in the United States


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Category:2005 in United States


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Category:New Orleans


Question: Why was Hurricane Katrina called that?

Katrina (hurricane)

Category:George Walker Bush Presidency


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

This article is about Russian saints Boris Vladimirovich (Prince of Rostov) and Gleb Vladimirovich (Prince of Murom)


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris and Gleb (baptized Roman and David; killed in 1015) - Russian princes, sons of Kiev Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavich.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In the internecine struggle that broke out in 1015 after the death of their father, they were, according to the official version, killed by their older brother Svyatopolk, who later received the nickname from official historiographers” Cursed.”


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris and Gleb became the first Russian saints, they were canonized as martyrs-passion-bearers, making them patrons of the Russian land and “heavenly helpers” of Russian princes.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The stories of Boris and Gleb are devoted to some of the first monuments of Old Russian literature: “The Legend” by Jacob Chernorizets and “Reading” by Nestor the Chronicler.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Many temples and monasteries were built in honor of the brothers.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Origins


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Since the 16th century, there was a tradition in chronicles to erect Boris and Gleb by kinship to the Byzantine princess Anna.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Later, one part of historians adopted this tradition, as V. N. Tatishchev, S. M. Solovyov, A. IN. Poppe et al.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

[1] [2] [3].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

However, this convergence is criticized by some researchers (for example, A. P. Tolochko and S. M. Mikheev [4] [5]).


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Another part of historians (for example, L. IN. Voytovich, Ye. IN. Pchelov) stopped at the fact that they were the sons of an unknown “Bulgarians” [6] [7], possibly from the Volga Bulgarians [8].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Biography


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Brothers Boris and Gleb were the younger half-brothers of Svyatopolk Okayanny and Yaroslav the Wise, sons of Kiev Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich and his wife, the Byzantine Princess Anna of Macedonia dynasty, which was the only sister of the ruling Emperor of Byzantium Vasily II Bolgarofighters (976-1025) and granddaughter of Emperor Constantine VII Bagryanorodny.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Sources share the names of the brothers: Boris and Gleb — names received at birth, Roman and David — at baptism.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

However, the name Boris by that time had ceased to be pagan and could be used for naming at baptism (Prince Boris I, who baptized Bulgaria, was already canonized in the 10th century) [9].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The name Gleb belongs to pagan names and is known from the story of the Joachim Chronicle about the murder of his brother Gleb by Svyatoslav Igorevich for professing Christianity [10].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Circa 987-989 Boris received Rostov from his father, and Gleb received Murom.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The death of brothers


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Both brothers, according to the generally accepted version, were killed by Svyatopolk Okayanny during the struggle for power.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The murder of Boris


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The canonical version, known both from chronicle material and from Old Russian hagiographic legends, tells many details about the death of the brothers.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In 1015, the brothers' father, Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavich, fell ill, and Boris was drafted to Kiev.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Soon after his arrival, it became known about the invasion of the Pechenegs, and his father sent him with a squad to repel their raids.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris did not meet the Pechenegs anywhere and, returning back, stopped at the Alta River.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Here he learned about the death of his father and about the occupation of the grand ducal table by his half-brother Svyatopolk.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The squad offered to go to Kiev and seize the throne, but Boris did not want to violate the sanctity of patrimonial relations and indignantly rejected this proposal, as a result of which his father's vigilantes left him and he stayed with his youths alone [11].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Meanwhile, Svyatopolk, who, notifying Boris of the death of his father, offered to be with him in love and increase his destiny, actually wanted to eliminate potential applicants for the possession of the principality, killing his sons Vladimir.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

(He himself should be considered Yaropolk's son: his mother was pregnant at the moment when Vladimir took her away from his brother, so Svyatopolk is called either Vladimir's son or nephew).


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Svyatopolk sent Putsha and Vyshegorodsky boyars with an order to kill his brother, since the sympathy for Boris of the people and squads made him a dangerous rival.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Putsha and his comrades came to Alta, to Boris's tent, on the night of July 24; hearing the singing of psalms coming from the tent, Putsha decided to wait for Boris to go to bed.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

As soon as he, doubly saddened by the death of his father and rumors of his brother's villainous intention, finished his prayer and went to bed, the murderers broke in and pierced Boris and his servant Hungarian George with spears, who tried protect the master with his own body.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The murderers wrapped Boris, who was still breathing, in a tent cloth and taken away.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Svyatopolk, having learned that he was still alive, sent two Varangians to finish him off, which they did by striking him with a sword in his heart.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris's body was secretly brought to Vyshgorod and buried there near the Church of St. Basil.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris was about 25 years old [11].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Gleb's murder


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

After the murder of Boris, Svyatopolk called Gleb to Kiev, fearing that he, being a full (not only half-blood, but also half-uterine) brother of the murdered Boris, could become an avenger.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

When Gleb stopped near Smolensk, he received news from his fourth brother, Yaroslav, about the death of his father, about the occupation of Kiev by Svyatopolk, about his murder of Boris and of his intention to kill him, Gleb; Yaroslav advised him not to go to Kyiv [12].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

As the life says, when the young prince prayed with tears for his father and brother, those sent to him by Svyatopolk appeared and showed a clear intention to kill him.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

According to chronicles, the youths accompanying Gleb were depressed, and according to the lives of the Holy Prince, they were forbidden to use his weapons in defense.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Goryaser, who was at the head of those sent by Svyatopolk, ordered the prince to be slaughtered to his own cook, born torchin [12].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The murder of Gleb occurred on September 5, 1015.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The murderers buried Gleb's body “from scratch, on a slide between two decks” (that is, in a simple coffin consisting of two hollowed out logs).


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

E.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

E.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Golubinsky pointed out that we are talking about the burial of the body directly at the scene of the murder on the banks of the Dnieper down Smolensk, five versts from the city [13].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In 1019, when Yaroslav occupied Kiev, on his order, Gleb's body was found, brought to Vyshgorod and buried together with the body of Boris near the Church of St. Basil.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Discussion on the reliability of the generally accepted version


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

There is also a version according to which it is not Svyatopolk Okayanny who is actually to blame for Boris's death, but the “good” brother Yaroslav the Wise, who later disguised his participation.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In 1834, Osip Senkovsky, a professor at St. Petersburg University, having translated the Eimund Saga (Eimund Strand) into Russian [14], discovered there that the Varangian Eimund and his squad were hired Yaroslav the Wise.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The saga tells how King Yarisleif (Yaroslav) fights with King Burislife, and in the Burislife saga, the Varangians are killed by order of Yarisleif.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Some researchers suggest Boris under the name “Burislife”, others - the Polish king Boleslav, whom the saga confuses with his ally Svyatopolk.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Then some researchers [15], on the basis of the “Eimund Saga”, supported the hypothesis that Boris's death was the “work” of the Varangians sent by Yaroslav the Wise in 1017, given that, according to chronicles, Yaroslav , both Bryachislav and Mstislav refused to recognize Svyatopolk as the legal prince in Kiev.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Only two brothers, Boris and Gleb, declared their loyalty to the new prince of Kiev and pledged to “honor him as their father”, and for Svyatopolk it would be very strange to kill his allies.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

So far, this hypothesis has both supporters [16] and opponents [17].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In addition, historiographers and historians, starting with S. M. Solovyov, suggest that the story of the death of Boris and Gleb was clearly inserted into the “Tale of Bygone Years” later, otherwise the chronicler would not repeat again about the beginning of the reign of Svyatopolk in Kiev [18].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In Old Russian literature


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Saints Boris and Gleb are traditional characters in literary works of the hagiographic genre, among which a special place is occupied by the Tale of Boris and Gleb, written in the middle of the 11th century in the last the reign of Yaroslav the Wise [19].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Later, the Legend was supplemented by a description of the miracles of the saints (“The Tale of Miracles”), written in 1089-1115 successively by three authors.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In total, The Tale of Boris and Gleb has been preserved in more than 170 copies [20], and a possible author, on the basis of the research of Metropolitan Makariy and M. P. Pogodin is considered to be Jacob Chernorizets [21].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

There is also a Reading about Boris and Gleb, written by St. Nestor the Chronicler.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

According to some researchers, “Reading” was written earlier than “Legend”, created, according to their version, after 1115 on the basis of “Reading” and chronicle material [19].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

With regard to the stories about the murder of Boris and Gleb in Old Russian chronicles, there is an opinion that all of them, before Article 6580 (1072), are later inserts made no earlier than the transfer of the relics brothers described in this article [22].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

This is due both to the beginning of the birth of the cult of the holy brothers, and to the understanding in the middle and third quarter of the 11th century of the history of their death in the context of the biblical commandment “do not kill” after the abolition in Russia blood feud [23].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

S. M. Mikheev believes that the source of all works is the Varangian legend about the murder of Boris, then supplemented by a Russian story about the death of Gleb and Yaroslav's struggle with Svyatopolk.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

On their basis, a chronicle story about Boris and Gleb was created, and then “Reading” and “Legend” [24].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

According to A. A. Shakhmatov's “Reading” and “Legend” are the result of a creative revision of the common protographer, which, in his opinion, is the “Oldest Kiev Chronicle” of the second quarter of the 11th century [25].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

veneration


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Canonization


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris and Gleb are considered the first Russian saints, but the date of their canonization is controversial [26]:


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

according to A. A. Shakhmatov, this is due to the transfer of Gleb's body from the bank of the Smyadyn River to Vyshgorod around 1020 and his burial near the Church of St. Basil;


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

IN. P. Vasiliev, in his work “The History of the Canonization of Russian Saints” (1893), also connects the beginning of veneration with the above fact, but expands the time frame of canonization until 1039, linking it with Kiev Metropolitan John I;


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Metropolitan Makariy (Bulgakov) believes that the veneration of Boris and Gleb began after the construction of the first wooden church in Vyshgorod in 1021 in the name of these saints (consecrated on July 24).


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

This was preceded by the discovery of the relics of the brothers after a fire that destroyed the Church of St. Basil, where they were buried [27].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The most reliable, according to researchers (E. E. Golubinsky, M. K. Karger, N. N. Ilyina, M. X. Aleshkovsky, A. S. Khorosheva, A. Poppe), is the canonization of Boris and Gleb, which occurred during the transfer (or immediately after) of their relics to the new stone church.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

According to chronicles, this solemn ceremony was held on May 2, 1072 with the participation of Yaroslav the Wise's children, Princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod, Metropolitan George of Kiev, and a number of others bishop and Kiev monasticism [28].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

At the same time, the brothers were immediately established not local, but all-church veneration, which made them patrons of the Russian land [29].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

There is also a version of the later canonization of Boris and Gleb — on May 2, 1115, when their relics were transferred to the church built by Prince Izyaslav Yaroslavich [30].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

This dating is not supported by researchers who point to the presence of the names of Boris and Gleb as saints in documents of the last quarter of the 11th century, the features of their hymnography and the fact of transfer particles of their relics to the Czech Republic in 1094—1095 [31].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The brothers were canonized as passion-bearers, which emphasizes their acceptance of martyrdom not at the hands of the persecutors of Christianity, but from co-religionists, and their martyrdom is benevolence and non-resistance to enemies [32].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

However, regarding the reason for the canonization of E.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Golubinsky notes that the brothers were canonized not for martyrdom, but because of the miracles taking place on the graves of the saints (he especially emphasizes that Prince Svyatoslav is also the son of the great Prince Vladimir, killed by Svyatopolk, was not canonized, as he was killed and buried in the Carpathian Mountains and information about the miracles from his coffin is unknown) [33].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris under the name Roman Russky and Gleb under the name David Polsky are included in the list of saints of the Roman Catholic Church [34].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Veneration in Russia


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Initially, Boris and Gleb began to be revered as miracle workers and healers [9], and then Russian people and the predominantly princely family began to see them as their intercessors and prayer books.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In the praise to the saints contained in the “Legend”, they are called intercessors of the Russian land and heavenly assistants of the Russian princes:


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The chronicles are full of stories about the miracles of healing that took place at their tomb (special emphasis on the glorification of brothers as healers is made in the oldest church service to saints dating back to the 12th century), about victories, won by their name and with their help (for example, about the victory of Rurik Rostislavich over Konchak, Alexander Nevsky over the Swedes in the Battle of Neva), about the pilgrimage of princes to their coffin (for example, Vladimir Volodarevich, Prince of Galitsky, Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich — Prince of Suzdal), etc.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Academician D. S. Likhachev notes: “The political trend of the cult of Boris and Gleb is clear: to strengthen the state unity of Russia on the basis of strict fulfillment of the feudal obligations of the younger princes in relation to the elders and senior in relation to younger ones” [36].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

An expert in Old Russian culture S. S. Averintsev wrote: “Everyone remembered Boris and Gleb {...} for centuries. It turns out that it is in the “passion-bearer”, the embodiment of pure suffering, who does not perform any act, not even a martyrdom “testimony” of faith, but only “accepts” his bitter cup, the sanctity of the sovereign rank is only truly embodied. Only their suffering justifies the existence of a power. And why is this so — we need to think about it carefully and slowly.”


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Memorial days


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The following celebrations have been established in honor of Boris and Gleb (according to the Julian calendar):


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

— the transfer of their relics to a new tomb church in 1115, built by Prince Izyaslav Yaroslavich in Vyshgorod.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

— joint celebration of the saints.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

— in memory of Prince Gleb.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

— in the Cathedral of Tula Saints [38].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The celebration of the memory of saints on July 24 since the beginning of the 12th century has been constantly found in month words (Mstislav Gospel, beginning of the 12th century; Yuriev Gospel, 1119-1128; Dobrilov Gospel, 1164 and others) [39].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Initially, the day of remembrance in months belonged to small holidays (saints with praise), then began to be celebrated as medium (saints with polyeleus), and since the second half of the 12th century, this memorial day in months began to be accompanied by a sign of the cross in a circle, which celebrates the main church holidays after the Twelve Great [40].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The rest of the days of remembrance are less common in Old Russian months.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

For the first time, all three days of remembrance meet together in the Moscow Typicon of 1610.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

On May 2, it is supposed to commemorate saints with polyeleus and more solemnly than the celebration of the memory of one of the Fathers of the Church, St. Athanasius of Alexandria, which falls on the same day.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The charter of church services of the Kremlin Assumption Cathedral as of May 2 states: “Athanasius the Great, when peti is together with Boris and Gleb, then peti on the 4th day, the average ringing, and Boris and Gleb the ringing is great, evangelism in the roar” [39].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In modern mineas of the Russian Orthodox Church, on May 2, it is indicated to perform a polyeleum service for saints


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Construction of temples and monasteries


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The center of veneration of Boris and Gleb in the pre-Mongol period was the church in their honor, built in Vyshgorod in 1115.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In addition to relics, it also kept other relics related to the brothers.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Among them was Boris's sword, taken to Vladimir in 1155 by Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The church was destroyed during Batu's invasion of Kiev in 1240.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

At the same time, the relics of the holy brothers were lost and attempts to find them again, made in 1743, 1814 and 1816, did not yield results [39].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In the 1070s, wooden temples were also built on the sites where the brothers were killed.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Soon they were replaced with stone ones: in 1117 on the Alta River [41] (the place of Boris's murder), and in 1145 on Smyadyn (the place of the murder of Gleb) [42].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Monasteries were already formed at wooden churches (on Alta — earlier than 1073, Borisoglebsky Monastery on Smyadyn — no later than 1138).


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In honor of the holy brothers, many churches and monasteries appeared in different cities of Russia.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Until the middle of the 16th century, the chronicler cites more than 20 cases of churches built in their honor.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The oldest of these include:


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris and Gleb Cathedral in Chernigov (until 1123);


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris and Gleb Church in Kideksha near Suzdal (1152);


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris and Gleb Church in Polotsk (mid-12th century);


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris and Gleb Church in Novgorod (1167);


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Kolozhskaya Church in Grodno (1180—1190).


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In the pre-Mongol period, in addition to monasteries at churches built on the sites of the murder of brothers, monasteries were founded: the Borisoglebsky Monastery in Torzhok (1038) and the Borisoglebsky Nadozerny Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris and Gleb Cathedral in Chernigov


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris and Gleb Monastery in Torzhok


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris and Gleb Church in Kideksha


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Borisoglebsky Monastery in Rostov


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

For later churches and monasteries dedicated to Saints Boris and Gleb, see Boris and Gleb Monastery and Boris and Gleb Church.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Veneration outside Russia


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The veneration of Boris and Gleb as saints in other Orthodox countries began shortly after their canonization in Russia [39]:


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In 1095, particles of the relics of the holy princes were transferred to the Czech Sazava monastery;


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

at the end of the 12th century, a postscript appeared in the Greek Prologue of Sourozh origin on July 24: - “on this day, the memory of the holy new martyrs in the land of Russia David and Roman”;


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Anthony Novgorodsky, in his Legend of the Places of Saints in Tsaregrad (1200), reports on a large icon he saw in Constantinople depicting the holy brothers (“At the altar in the right country... an icon is erected great Saints Boris and Gleb”) and about the church dedicated to them (“and in Ispigas City there is a church of the Holy Martyr Boris and Gleb: saints appeared in that city, and there are many healings from them”).


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Antony also writes that local craftsmen make copies of icons of Boris and Gleb, which are probably sold at the church itself [43].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The Armenian Minei couple of 1249 includes the “Tale of Boris and Gleb” entitled “The Story of Saints David and Romanos” (Armenian: The Tale of Boris and Gleb) [44] [45].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The holiday was celebrated on July 24.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The veneration of princes was especially widespread in the XIII-XIV centuries in the South Slavic countries (especially in Serbia).


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

This is due to the development of church and cultural ties between Russia and these countries through Mount Athos and Constantinople, as well as the liberation of the Bulgarian and Serbian states from the power of Byzantium.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Days of remembrance for saints appear in South Slavic months (the earliest mention in the Gospel of the aprakos of the first half of the 13th century), prayers to them are placed in kondakars (the earliest example is Serbian kondakar of the early XIV century), but the facts of the dedication of temples to these saints in Bulgaria and Serbia in the Middle Ages are unknown.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Hymnography


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The first chants to Boris and Gleb appear at the end of the 11th century, the oldest of them are contained in the July mine of the late 11th and early 12th centuries and Kondakar under the Studio Charter, written at the same time [39].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In the XII century, chants to princes included 24 elements, 2 canons, 3 kontakas with icons, sedalen and luminaries.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The composition of the chants indicates that they formed 3 services, that is, for each of the days of remembrance of the saints.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

According to the instructions in the mine of the first half of the 12th century, the author of the service to the brothers is Metropolitan John of Kiev [46].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Despite the extensive composition of hymns to Boris and Gleb, in the pre-Mongol period they were placed only on July 24 (only one kontakion was given for the May 2 holiday during this period) [40].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The first texts of the services on May 2 appear at the end of the XIV century and are made up of previously known elements.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

New elements for this holiday appear in the XV century and are associated with the work of Pachomy Logofet.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In the XV-XVI centuries, the mention of the murderer of the brothers, Prince Svyatopolk, disappeared from the chants.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

At the turn of the 11th-12th centuries, paremia readings to saints appeared, which are atypical for the Byzantine rite - instead of biblical readings, paved tales of saints were used, although called in the traditional form “From Genesis reading” [39].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The text of paroemias allusions to excerpts from the Old Testament, but it is based on the teaching of love and hatred between the brothers (1st paroemia), the story of the murder of Boris and Gleb and the war between Yaroslav and Svyatopolk ( 2 and 3 paroemias).


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In the 17th century, these paroemias were substituted for traditional biblical ones, included in services to martyrs.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Saint Boris Saint Gleb


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Populated localities


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

A number of settlements were named after Boris and Gleb:


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boryspil (known since the beginning of the 11th century, received its modern name in honor of St. Boris at the beginning of the 16th century);


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Daugavpils in 1657-1667 was named Borisoglebsk;


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Borisoglebsk (1698);


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Tutaev - was formed from the merger of the cities of Romanov and Borisoglebskaya Sloboda, in 1882-1918 it was called Romanov-Borisoglebsk;


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Borisoglebsky settlement in the Yaroslavl region (the center of the district of the same name) arose around the Borisoglebsky Monastery, founded in 1363;


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Borisoglebsky settlement in the Murmansk Region, built for the personnel of the Borisoglebskaya HPP, was named after the area in which the Church of Boris and Gleb was located;


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Iconography


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Nestor reports on the first fact of writing the image of the holy brothers in his Reading on Saints Boris and Gleb and connects this with the indication of Yaroslav the Wise [47]:


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

However, researchers note that until the 1070s, the iconography of the saints did not develop, their images are not in St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, and seals with their images have not been preserved [26].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Among the works of the 11th and first half of the 12th centuries, the images of Boris and Gleb have been preserved on the works of “small forms” (reliquary crosses, etc.), which is associated with the veneration of princes as healers and patrons customer of the product [48].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Holy brothers are usually represented in icons together, in full length.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

They are depicted in princely clothes: round hats trimmed with fur and raincoats, and a martyr's cross or cross with a sword is placed in their hands, indicating their origin and military glory.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Data on Boris's appearance are preserved in the Tale of Boris and Gleb, written no later than 1072 [49]:


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

There is no such information about Gleb's appearance, and as a younger brother, he is portrayed young, beardless, with long hair falling on his shoulders [48].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In icons of the 15th—16th centuries, the image of saints in frontal identical poses becomes traditional, and in some icons, the figures are given excessive elongation to emphasize their external fragility.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The brothers are also depicted in a small spread to each other, depicting their conversation.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In 1102, crayfish with the relics of the holy brothers, on the instructions of Vladimir Monomakh, were covered with silver gilded plates.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

After transferring the relics to the new church, he ordered to decorate them with relief images of the saints: “Searching for silver dasky and the saint on them, shaking and gilding” — these images became the basis for rare single images of Boris and Gleb [48].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris and Gleb's hagiographic icons have been known since the second half of the 14th century: in their stamps, icon painters emphasize the humility and meekness of the brothers, their Christian love for their neighbors, readiness for martyrdom, as well as place images of miracles attributed to them [48].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Academician V. N. Lazarev, describing the hagiographic icon of Boris and Gleb of the Moscow school of the XIV century, writes:


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The most powerful part of the icon is the faces of Boris and Gleb.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

They have captivating kindness and softness.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

The artist sought to emphasize the idea of sacrifice, which runs through the whole “The Tale of Boris and Gleb” as a red thread... [43]


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

After the Mongolian period, the late antique and Byzantine traditions of depicting saints on horseback appeared in the iconography of Boris and Gleb, which arose under the influence of the images of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, George Victorious, Dimitri Solunsky and others.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

This shows the intercession and military function of the cult of these saints.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

There are icons that reflect the idea of Boris and Gleb as defenders and patrons of cities (for example, an icon of the early 18th century, painted in memory of the salvation of the city of Kargopol from a fire, attributed to the brothers' intercession).


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

They are characterized by the depiction of saints praying for the cloud Savior (the image of Jesus Christ in the sky).


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

On one of these icons of the second half of the 18th century, the brothers' clothes are drawn with cinnabar, symbolizing both the blood they shed and the crimson of Christ [50].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Image in art


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

In literature


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris Tumasov, historical novel “Boris and Gleb: Washed with Blood”;


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris Chichibabin, poem “Chernigov night from the mountains of Ararat...” [51];


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Joseph Brodsky, poem “Sketch” (1972) [52];


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Leonid Latynin, “Russkaya Pravda” (novels “Sacrifice” and “Den”).


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Boris's novel image does not correspond to either hagiographic or chronicle.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Military scribe Fedor Poroshin “The Story of the Azov Siege Seat of the Don Cossacks” (1641-1642) [53].


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Oleg Okhapkin, poem “On the Night of the Neva Sich” (1971).


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

At the movies


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

“The saga of ancient Bulgars. Vladimir's Ladder Krasnoye Solnyshko” (2004) — the film examines the version that brothers Boris and Gleb were the sons of Vladimir from the “Bulgarian”, the sister of the Emir of Volga Bulgaria.


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Notes


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

References


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Literature


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

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Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

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Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Category:Russian Orthodox saints


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Category:Canonized princes


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Category:Passion-bearers


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Category:Personalies:Ancient Rus


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Category:Ukrainian saints


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Category:Groups of saints


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Category:11th-century Christian saints


Question: Who killed Russian princes Boris and Gleb?

Boris and Gleb

Category:Siblings


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Konstantin Nikolaevich Kostin (born September 17, 1970, Pushkino, Moscow Region) is a Russian political strategist, chairman of the board of the Civil Society Development Foundation [1].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

From September 2011 to May 2012 [2] — Head of the Presidential Directorate for Internal Policy, one of the divisions of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

[3] Full State Counselor of the Russian Federation, 1st Class (2011).


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Persona


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

According to the results of 2008 and 2009, he ranks second in the top 20 best political strategists in Russia according to Obshchaya Gazeta.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

[4] [5] As of June 2010, he shares 90—91 places with Gennady Onishchenko in the ranking of one hundred leading politicians of Russia by Nezavisimaya Gazeta.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Former head of PR structures at Menatep Bank, the management company ROSPROM, the Yukos oil company, member of the board of directors of the ORT TV channel, vice president of the mass media holding JSFC Sistema.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

[7] [8]


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

He took an active part in several presidential election campaigns — in 1996 (Boris Yeltsin), in 2000 and 2004 (Vladimir Putin) and 2008 (Dmitry Medvedev).


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

[7] [8] It is considered Vladislav Surkov's “right hand”.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Activities


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Journalism


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In 1995 he graduated from the Journalism Department of Moscow State University named after M. IN. Lomonosov.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Since 1986, he has been published and worked as a staff correspondent for various print media.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In 1990—1991, he was a correspondent for the Kommersant newspaper [9].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Menatep


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Since 1991, he worked at the Metapress Market Communications Agency, associated with Mikhail Khodorkovsky's Menatep.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In 1991, Konstantin Kostin wrote in Kommersant magazine (future Vlast) about Metapress: [10]


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

The launch of the agency almost coincided with the accreditation in the USSR of the American company PBN, which also offers PR services (see para.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

KOMMERSANT NO. 33 (83)).


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

However, observers believe that cooperation with Metapress may be more attractive for domestic businessmen: the agency accepts payments in rubles and, according to some reports, has good media relations.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Since 1992, Kostin has been the executive director of this advertising agency, overseeing PR issues.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In September of the same year, he headed the executive bureau of the Russian Association of Advertisers (RAR).


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

I met Vladislav Surkov at Metapress.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

From 1994 to 1997, Kostin served as Head of the Advertising Department of Menatep Bank, and in 1997-1998 he was the head of the media department of this bank.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

[9] Wife Olga Kostina shared details about Konstantin's work at that time in an interview with Profile magazine: [7]


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Kostya took part in the first steps of the advertising business in Russia.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

He developed the Menatep Bank's advertising style, as well as a series of advertising posters for the Visa-Menatep card.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

At the end of 1996, Kostin, while serving as Vice President of Menatep Bank, worked on the affiliation of Literaturnaya Gazeta in the interests of this bank.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

[11] In 1997—1998, Konstantin Kostin was Chairman of the Board of Directors of Literaturnaya Gazeta Publishing House CJSC.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Since 1998 — Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Reklamnaya Mir newspaper.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Soyuz


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In March 1993, he co-founded the advertising agency Soyuz Public Relations Bureau, and in 1993-1994 he became its president.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

At the beginning of 1996, BOS Soyuz, as one of the eight largest Russian advertising agencies of that time [12] [13], received the status of accredited with Kommersant Publishing House and exclusive placement conditions advertisements.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Kostin, as the head of BOS Soyuz, commented on the creation of the cartel: [12]


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

We are glad to be among the agencies that have been offered accreditation.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

The new advertising policy of Kommersant, and Daily in particular, contains all the prerequisites for restoring order in the print advertising market.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

He organized PR support for many regional election campaigns in Russia and Ukraine.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In particular, he worked in the elections of deputies to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, in gubernatorial elections in Vladimir (Nikolai Vinogradov), Pskov (Yevgeny Mikhailov), Chita (Ravil Geniatulin) regions, etc.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

constituent entities of the Russian Federation.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In 2003, he was accused by opposition media of organizing work to discredit the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in favor of the “party of power” at the suggestion of Vladislav Surkov [15].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In particular, the APN resource.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Stanislav Belkovsky wrote then, citing an unnamed “source in the Russian special services”, that 33-year-old political strategist Konstantin Kostin was appointed head of the relevant special task force of the presidential administration.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

[16] However, there is another version of events: [17]


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

At the end of the 2003 election campaign, Kostin almost kicked Baranov, who offered to “place” “black PR” on the official website of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation for a small monthly amount in foreign currency against... the Communist Party itself.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

After the publication in the Izvestia newspaper in June 2005 of the Letters of 50, an appeal from cultural, scientific and public figures in connection with the verdict handed down to the former leaders of Yukos Oil Company, condemnation of attempts to give a political character to the Yukos case — some media attributed the authorship of the text to Konstantin Kostin.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

[9] He himself, however, denies his involvement in its preparation.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

[18] Among the signatories of the Letter of 50 are Stanislav Govorukhin, Alexander Kalyagin, Alexander Rosenbaum, Anastasia Volochkova, Alina Kabaeva and others.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Eduard Limonov, the leader of the non-systemic opposition NBP, spoke of the Soyuz BOS in 2005 as “the most cynical and most pro-Kremlin PR agency”.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

[19] And the Vlast magazine in 2007 described Soyuz as follows: [20]


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Each of Surkov's deputies... has its own small office, which has no formal relation to government agencies and is not financed by the state... Kostin (Konstantin Kostin, Deputy Head of the Central Election Commission of United Russia. — Vlast) is a PR agency Soyuz.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Sistema


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

From June 1998 to 1999, he was Director of the Economics and Project Management Department of the Media and Advertising Concern of Sistema Mass Media OJSC of AFK Sistema Vladimir Yevtushenkov [9].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Later he became an adviser to Vladislav Surkov [9].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

United Russia


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Since May 2005, the Presidium of the General Council of United Russia, on the recommendation of Surkov, [21] has been approved as deputy chairman of the party's CEC as responsible for PR of the United Russia.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Kostin replaced Vladimir Medinsky in this role.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

[7] Among Kostin's advantages, Valery Draganov, a member of the Presidium of the General Council of the party, called Konstantin's non-involvement in public policy, lack of bias and ability to focus “on what technology, management, resource management are inherent in any CEC.”


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

[7] Kostin left his post in September 2007.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

As deputy chairman of the Central Election Commission of the United Russia, Kostin, in particular, was involved in the rebranding of Youth Unity into the Young Guard of United Russia.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Kostin explained the change of the name of the movement by its irrelevance: “the Unity party does not exist for a long time.”


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

[22] Kommersant wrote in 2006 that as an adviser to Surkov, Kostin had broad freedom of action, especially in promoting the image of “sovereign democracy”, as well as access to the media of the party's “faces” [23].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In 2007, he was noticed by opposition publications working against Anton Bakov (SPS) [24] [25].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

President's Administration


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In June 2008, Konstantin Kostin replaced Alexey Chesnakov as Deputy Head of the Internal Policy Department of the President of the Russian Federation [8] [26] Opposition political scientist Vladimir Pribylovsky assessed the appointment as follows: [27].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Chesnakov patronized the most rude methods of processing public opinion and pressure on the opposition, and Kostin in this sense seemed to be a little softer.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Among other things, Kostin works in his post with regional political elites, [28] oversees a number of media outlets, including online ones.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

[9] [29] [30] [31] According to Alexei Mukhin, Director General of the Center for Political Information, [8] this unit


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

... has always been and will be the most important department in the Presidential Administration, and almost all industries and all projects implemented by the Presidential Administration are closed to it.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

On August 25, 2008, by presidential order, he received gratitude from the President of Russia for his great contribution to the development of civil society institutions and parliamentarism in the Russian Federation [32].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

According to Gazeta.Ru, Kostin is also the curator of the United Russia party from the presidential administration.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

[33] Argumenty Nedeli newspaper reports that if it is necessary to speak anonymously in the media, Kostin, at the initiative of Vladislav Surkov, is presented as an “informed source in the Kremlin”, as opposed to press secretary of the President of Russia Natalia Timakova, who acts as a “high-ranking source in the Kremlin” [34].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

On September 12, 2011, by decree of the President of Russia, he was appointed Head of the Presidential Directorate for Internal Policy [35] [36].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Gleb Cherkasov, head of the internal policy department of the Kommersant newspaper, described him in September 2011, after Kostin's appointment as “one of the veterans of Russian political technologies and Russian advertising market”: [37]


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

He knows very well at least most of the clearing he will have to master.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

On May 3, 2012, by decree of the President of Russia, Konstantin Kostin was awarded the Order “For Merit to the Fatherland” IV degree as one of the organizers of the election campaign for the elections to the State Duma of the Russian Federation in December 2011 years [38].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Foundation


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In May 2012, Konstantin Kostin left his post in the Presidential Administration of Russia, becoming the founder and head of the non-state Civil Society Development Foundation as Chairman of the Board [1].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

The founders of the fund were: the Russian Socio-Political Center Foundation, the Autonomous Non-Profit Organization “Institute of Public Design”, the All-Russian Public Organization of Small and medium-sized businesses “OPORA RUSSIA”, the All-Russian Public Organization of Media Workers “MediaSoyuz”.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Konstantin himself designates the main activity of the organization he heads as follows: [39]


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

The Foundation will study media and applied electoral research: analysis, expert assessment of the situation in the regions, monitoring sentiment in various environments.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Some of the studies will be published, some will be closed.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Gleb Pavlovsky, director of the Effective Policy Foundation, believes that Konstantin “served as one of the important links in connection with the Kremlin and reality.”


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

The political strategist notes the “incredible efficiency” of the head of the new structure [40].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

According to Pavlovsky, the meaning of the ForGO itself is as follows: [41]


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

This is a relatively independent structure closely affiliated with the Department of Internal Policy, but still not one... This is the creation of some kind of predictable and, I hope, professional systems for developing both pre-election and, in general, strategies for working with objective information.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

After leaving the Kremlin, Kostin continued to work directly with Vyacheslav Volodin, First Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation, as an adviser [42].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Kostin is the author of the term “nationalization of elites”.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Since October 2012, the new course of the authorities has been officially called this.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In 2016, Konstantin Kostin took the position of Advisor to Sergei Kiriyenko, First Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation [44].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In a comment to journalists, he described his activities in this position as follows [45]:


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

The head of the internal political bloc has a certain set of advisory bodies, including this institution of advisers on a voluntary basis, each of which, within the framework of its professional competencies and skills, provides assistance in one way or another if necessary.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In 2018, he was mentioned as a coordinator for working with the expert community of the United Russia [46] party.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Class rank


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Since January 4, 2009 — Full State Counselor of the Russian Federation of the 3rd Class [47].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Since April 18, 2010 — Full State Counselor of the Russian Federation, Class 2 [48].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Since November 30, 2011 — Full State Counselor of the Russian Federation, Class 1 [49].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Political views


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In 2006, in an interview with Evgenia Albats on Ekho Moskvy radio, Kostin said: [50]


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

I myself am a supporter of the parliamentary model, but our party today, at the present stage, considers the presidential model appropriate...


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

It has always been an administrative resource.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

It was in the 90s. I worked at the election headquarters of B.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

N. Yeltsin — a more cynical use of administrative resources, dirtier manipulative technologies — they never existed again.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In an interview with Kommersant in the same year, Konstantin Kostin spoke about attracting young people to politics: [51]


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Incentives, including financial incentives, are not a bad idea.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Many effective democracies use certain mechanisms to stimulate social activity of the population, both at the state and party levels.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

There are similar budget lines in the United States and Germany.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Moreover, people are not only encouraged, but also fined — for example, for not participating in elections.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

After the second Russian March was held in Moscow in autumn 2006, Konstantin Kostin predicted a decrease in the severity of the problem of ethno-nationalism in an interview with Russian Newsweek magazine: [52]


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Next year, this political force will not be there at all.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

After such a failure, there is no second attempt.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

In May 2012, Konstantin Kostin, in an interview with Expert magazine, predicted the development of political activity in Russia: [1]


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

A series of very difficult regional elections has been going on since 2014.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

And if our opposition figures move from spells and outdated slogans to real political work, understand right now what kind of regions they are and start acting, then in 2014-2015 they will have some where the odds are good.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Ownership and income


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

According to official data, Kostin's income for 2011 amounted to 3.87 million rubles.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Together with his wife, Kostin owns 3 land plots, 3 apartments, a residential building and two cars [53].


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Private life


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Russian, lives in Moscow.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Master of Sports of the USSR in judo, [7] among other sports hobbies are tennis, jogging, skiing (has a category).


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

His wife (since 1993) is Olga Nikolaevna Kostina, ex-political consultant to Mikhail Khodorkovsky, later adviser to the mayor of Moscow, head of the public relations department of the government of the capital [7]:


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Kostya made a rather mixed first impression on me.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

He seemed to be a person with high self-esteem, too confident.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

But I really liked men who were “stubborn” in achieving the goal.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

It all started with sympathy.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

And then I just fell in love.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Konstantin and Olga are raising a daughter.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

See also


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

United Russia


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Vladislav Surkov


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Administration of the President of the Russian Federation


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Notes


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

References


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

, press portrait on Yandex.


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

ru


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

, Kommersant's reference


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

, a selection of news on the Vedomosti website


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

on Kremlin.ru


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

“Izvestiya”


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Category:Russian entrepreneurs


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Category:Advertising personalities


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Category:Yukos


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Category:Russian politicians


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Category:Employees of the Presidential Administration of Russia


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Category:Full State Councillors of the Russian Federation, 1st Class


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Category:Members of United Russia


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Category:Graduates of the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Category:Advertising in Russia


Question: Did Olga Nikolaevna Kostina graduate from Moscow State University?

Konstantin Kostin

Category:Russian political strategists


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Pompeii (Latin: Pompei, Italian: Pompei, Neapolitan: Pompei; Greek: Pompei) is an ancient Roman city near Naples, in the Campania region, buried under a layer of volcanic ash as a result of Vesuvius eruptions in the second half of October [1] AD 79


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Now it is an open-air museum.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

It is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

History


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Recent excavations have shown that in the 1st millennium BC


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

there was a settlement near the modern city of Nola in the 7th century BC.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

approached the mouth [2].


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The new settlement, Pompeii, was founded by the Oskas in the 6th century BC.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Their name most likely goes back to the Oska pumpe - five, and has been known since the very foundation of the city, which indicates the formation of Pompeii as a result of the merger of five settlements.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The division into 5 constituencies has been preserved in Roman times.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

According to another version, the name comes from the Greek pompe (triumphal procession): according to the legend about the founding of the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum by the hero Hercules, he defeated the giant Gerion solemnly I walked through the city.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The city's early history is poorly known.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The surviving sources speak of clashes between the Greeks and the Etruscans.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Pompeii belonged to the Kumas for some time, from the end of the 6th century BC. e.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

were under the influence of the Etruscans and were part of a union of cities led by Capua.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

At the same time, in 525 BC


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

a Doric temple was built in honor of the Greek gods.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

After the defeat of the Etruscans in Keith, Syracuse in 474 BC. e.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

the Greeks regained dominance in the region.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

In the 1920s of the 5th century BC. e.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

along with other cities, Campania were conquered by the Samnites [3].


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

During the Second Samnite War, the Samnites were defeated by the Roman Republic, and Pompeii around 310 BC.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

became allies of Rome.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The city participated in the uprising of the Italian allied cities of 90—88 BC.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

, during which in 89 BC


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

was taken by Sulla, after which it was limited in self-government and made the Roman colony of Colonia Cornelia Veneria Pompeianorum.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

It held an important place on the Via Appia trade route connecting Rome and Southern Italy.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Many noble Romans had villas in Pompeii.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

There is evidence that about 2,000 Roman veterans were housed in a large fenced area in the southeastern part of the city with their families.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

It is not known whether these parts of the city were seized from their owners for this purpose.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

According to Tacitus [4], in 59 AD


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

there was a brutal massacre between the inhabitants of Pompeii and Nuceria.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Starting with a squabble during the gladiatorial games in the Pompeian arena, the conflict escalated into a fight in which the Pompeians won, and many people died or injured among the Nucerians.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

After a long trial, the Senate sent the perpetrators into exile and banned the games in Pompeii for 10 years.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

However, in 62, the ban was lifted.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The death of the city


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The eruption was preceded by a strong earthquake that occurred on February 5, 62 AD.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

[5] and described, in particular, in Tacitus's Annals.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The disaster caused great damage to the city, almost all buildings were damaged to one degree or another.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Most of the buildings were renovated, but some remained damaged until the death of the city in 79 [6].


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The eruption of Vesuvius began on the afternoon of August 24, 79 and lasted about a day, as evidenced by some surviving manuscripts of Letters by Pliny the Younger [7].


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

It led to the death of three cities — Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabia and several small villages and villas.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

During the excavations, it turned out that everything in the cities has been preserved as it was before the eruption.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Under a multi-meter thickness of ash were found streets, houses with full furnishings, the remains of people and animals that did not have time to escape.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The strength of the eruption was such that ash from it even reached Egypt and Syria.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Of the 20,000 inhabitants of Pompeii, about 2,000 people died in buildings and on the streets.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Most residents left the city before the disaster, but the remains of the dead are found outside the city.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Therefore, the exact death toll cannot be estimated.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Among those killed by the eruption was Pliny the Elder, who, out of scientific interest and desire to help people suffering from the eruption, tried to approach Vesuvius on a ship and found himself in one of the foci Stabia has catastrophes [8].


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

City excavations


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Architect Domenico Fontana, while laying a canal from the Sarno River in 1592, discovered part of the city wall.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

In 1689, during the construction of a well, the ruins of an ancient building were found, containing an inscription with the word “Pompeii”.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Then, however, it was considered that this was the villa of Pompey the Great.


Question: When was the city of Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Excavations began only in 1748 under the leadership of R. J.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Alcubierre, who was sure that the city he had found was Stabia [7].


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The main work at that time was carried out in Herculaneum, and only three unrelated sites were excavated in Pompeii.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Alcubierre was only interested in the finds of artistic value, which he sent to the Royal Museum in Portici.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Other finds were destroyed.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

This practice was stopped after a protest by a number of scientists.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Under the manager F. le Vega in 1760—1804, excavations acquired a different character.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The studied buildings ceased to be filled with excavated soil, it began to be taken out of the city.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Open monuments were restored, finds that did not go to the museum were left in place for public viewing.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

A plan of excursion routes was developed.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

In 1763, with the discovery of an inscription on the pedestal of the statue, it became clear that the city buried under the ashes was not Stabia, but Pompeii [9].


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Excavations were especially active in 1808-1814 under Murat.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Carolina Bonaparte played an important role in them.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Since 1863, the excavations were led by Giuseppe Fiorelli.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

In 1870, he discovered that voids had formed on the site of the bodies of people and animals buried under a layer of volcanic ash.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

By flooding these voids with plaster, it was possible to reconstruct the dying poses of the victims of the eruption.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Under him, excavations for the first time became systematic.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Since 1961, and especially after the earthquake of 1980, almost one restoration work has been carried out in the city.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Currently, about 20-23% of Pompeii's territory has not been excavated [10].


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Wall painting and fresco styles


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The walls of Roman houses from the inside were covered with frescoes, studied mostly by the example of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabia.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

German scientist August Mau in 1882 proposed the division of Pompeian frescoes into 4 styles.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Later, with the discovery of other monuments, this classification was expanded to cover all Roman wall paintings.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The time frames given here are typical for Pompeii, and dates may differ in Rome and other cities.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Inlay or structural (150-80 BC) - characterized by rustic (masonry or wall cladding with stones with a rough, convex front surface) and painting that imitates marble cladding slabs.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

It arose under the influence of Hellenistic art, and reproductions of Greek paintings are often found.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Architectural style (80 BC — 14) — columns, cornices, architectural compositions, landscapes were depicted on smooth walls, creating the illusion of volume and space going into the distance.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Figures of people appear in the murals, complex multi-figure compositions are created, often based on mythological subjects.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Egyptized or ornamental (since 14 AD) is a transition to flat ornaments, framed by paintings, usually pastoral themes.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Fantastic or promising ornamental (since 62 AD) — fantastic landscapes appear, the depicted architecture resembles theatrical scenery, ceasing to obey the laws of physics.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Paintings depicting people are becoming more dynamic.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

City facilities


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Forum


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The Pompeian Forum was the center of political, economic and religious life in the city.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

It was based on an area measuring 38 by 157 m, surrounded in the Samnite era by a portico with Doric columns, and paved with travertine by the Romans.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

It was able to accommodate the entire population of the city.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The large square was surrounded by secondary squares, as well as many buildings for various purposes.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Basilica


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

It is located south of the square and opens onto it by a double portico with 5 entrances.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

It was built in 120—78 BC.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

, measures 25 by 55 m. Its central part was a peristyle and was framed by 28 Corinthian columns with a diameter of 1.10 m and a height of about 10 m. Initially, it served as a covered market, and with the beginning of our era it became a courthouse.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

At the same time, a two-story “tribunal” was built in the depths of the basilica, part of which has survived to this day.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The walls of the basilica are decorated from the inside with two tiers of semi-columns.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

There is a lot of graffiti left on the walls, one of which reads: “Oh wall, I wonder how you still have not collapsed under the weight of so many inscriptions.”


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

City Hall Buildings


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Three smaller buildings in the southern part of the forum.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Inside each room there was a hall with niches and an apse, with marble-lined walls and decorated with statues.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The western building was intended for two Aediles, the eastern one for the Duumvir who ruled the city.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The central one served as a meeting place for the municipal council (Ordo Decurionum).


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Comitsiya


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The commissions (the place of voting) were located opposite the basilica.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Evmachia Building


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

It was built by Priestess Eumachia during the Tiberius era (14—37 AD) for the corporation of fullon, weavers and dyers, which formed the basis of the economy of Pompeii.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The building was not inferior in size to the basilica, it housed warehouses and traded fabrics.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

In the far wall of the building there are three apses with statues of Libya, Tiberius and Druze.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Behind the building stood a statue of Eumachia herself (now exhibited in the Naples Museum).


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Vespasian Church


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

A small temple dedicated to the Genius Vespasian, the entrance to which was decorated with a portico with 4 columns.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Two stairs led to the entrance on either side of the podium with the statue of the emperor.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

In front of the temple there is an altar on which there are reliefs depicting the ceremony of sacrifice of a bull.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Some researchers believe that the temple was originally dedicated to Augustus, then sequentially to each emperor ruling at this time, and, finally, Vespasian.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Larov Temple


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

It was built after the earthquake of 62 A.D.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

(according to another version, it existed before that, however, it was dedicated to the cult of the emperor).


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

It covers an area of 18 by 21 meters In several niches there were statues of laras, in the center there was an altar.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Macellum


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Macellum is an indoor food market.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

It consists of an area measuring 37 by 27 m, in the center of which was a rotunda with 12 columns supporting a conical roof, under it was a pool for live fish.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Small shops were located around the square.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

In the depths of the macellum there are three relatively large halls, in the central one there were statues of sister Augustus Octavia and her son Mark Claudius Marcellus, and fish and meat were traded on the sides.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The Temple of Jupiter


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The main temple of Pompeii stood in the center of the northern side of the forum.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

It was built in 150 BC. e.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

(possibly on the site of an Etruscan temple) on a podium 3 m high, 37 m long and 17 m wide. A double staircase leads to a portico 5 columns deep and 6 columns wide, behind which there is a hall designed only for priests.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

On the sides, it was decorated with a colonnade, and in the depths in three niches there was a statue of Jupiter from Sulla's time (80s BC), of which only the head has survived, as well as statues of Juno and Minerva.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The floor is laid with diamond-shaped stone slabs that create the effect of volumetric cubes.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

There was a treasury in the cellars.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The temple was badly damaged during the earthquake of 62.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

On either side of the staircase were two triumphal arches.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The western one was probably dedicated to Germanic, while the eastern one was dismantled.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

At the northern tip of the temple there is an arch dedicated to Tiberius, in its niches facing the forum there were statues of Nero and Druze.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Temple of Apollo


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Along with the Doric temple on the triangular forum, it is the oldest temple of Pompeii.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Some architectural details make it possible to date it to 575—550 BC. e.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

Presumably in the 2nd century BC


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

it was rebuilt, but nevertheless retained a characteristic feature of Greek architecture: a colonnade along the entire perimeter of the temple.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The temple faces the main entrance to the basilica, surrounded by a portico painted with scenes from the Iliad.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The temple itself is surrounded by 28 Corinthian columns, 2 of which are fully preserved.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

The floor is made in the same technique as the floor of the temple of Jupiter.


Question: When was Pompeii destroyed?

Pompeii

There is an altar in front of the stairs.