Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

For some time, the T-shirts were in a chocolate-gold vertical stripe, and the briefs were black.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

It was not until 1896 that the team finally wore blue briefs and white T-shirts.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Coat of arms


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

In 1882-1884, the symbol of the club was simply the letter H (the initial letter of the word Hotspur).


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

In 1909, a statue of a rooster on a ball was installed at White Hart Lane Stadium, which later became the club's coat of arms.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

In 1956, the club's new coat of arms was adopted.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

It was a blue shield, in the center of which was a rooster.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Below were two red lions carrying a shield with the inscription “THFC” (an abbreviation for the official name of the club).


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

In the upper left part was the tower of Castle Castle, in the upper right - seven elms growing in London's Page Green grove.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Historians suggest that these elms point to the place where witches were burned.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

The lower part of the emblem was a ribbon with the motto “AUDERE EST FACERE”, which means “Decide is done”.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

In 1983, the emblem was simplified.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

It was left with a rooster, lions holding a shield and a ribbon with the motto.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

In this form, the emblem existed until 2006.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Then a rebranding was carried out: the coat of arms began to represent just a rooster on the ball and the inscription under it: “TOTTENHAM HOTSPUR”.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

The motto


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Until 2006, the motto was the Latin saying “Audere est facere”, which means “To decide is to do”.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Since 2006, it has been translated into English and sounds like “To dare is to do”.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Nicknames


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

The club has two “official” nicknames: Spurs and Lilywhites.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

They are related to the official name of the club and the colors of the players'


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

talisman


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

The mascot is the black cockerel Chirpi.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

The fans


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Tottenham support in the UK is one of the most massive.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

The club is especially popular in North London and in the vicinity of the British capital.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Tottenham's support clubs are scattered around the world.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Spurs fans consider London's Arsenal to be the main enemy of their club.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

There is also a sharp confrontation with Chelsea and West Ham United.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Tottenham enjoys a reputation as a “Jewish club” among its enemies, due to the fact that the club is located in the Jewish quarter and historically a significant part of the fans were Jews.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

For enemies, this was the main opportunity to pry on Tottenham fans.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

I must say that Tottenham fans themselves, in response to anti-Semitic attacks on the part of their ill-wishers, took the slang word “Yids” as a self-name and proudly wear it, thereby neutralizing its original offensive meaning.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

The largest fan group of Tottenham is considered to be “Yid Army”, that is, the “Army of the Jews”, which has 3,500 people.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

They are friends with Ajax fans.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Roster


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Core team


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

As of December 25, 2018 [20]


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Players on loan


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Transfers.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Summer 2017


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Came


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Gone


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Legendary players


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

The following players have been inducted into the Club Hall of Fame [21] [22]:


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Coaching staff


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Head coaches in the club's history


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1898 Frank Brethel


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1899 John Cameron


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1907 Fred Kirkham


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1912 Peter McWilliam


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1927 Billy Minter


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1930 Percy Smith


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1935 Jack Tresdern


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1938 Peter McWilliam


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1942 Arthur Turner


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1946 Joe Hulme


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1949 Arthur Rowe


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1955 Jimmy Anderson


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1958 Bill Nicholson


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1974 Terry Nale


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1976 Keith Barkinshaw


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1984 Peter Shrives


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1986 David Plate


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1987 Terry Venables


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1991 Peter Shrives


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1992 Doug Lavemoor and Ray Clemens


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1993 Oswaldo Ardiles


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1994 Jerry Francis


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1997 Christian Gross


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

1998 George Graham


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

2001 Glenn Hoddle


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

2004 Jacques Santini


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

2004 Martin Yol


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

2007 Juande Ramos


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

2008 Harry Redknapp


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

2012 Andre Villas Boas


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

2013 Tim Sherwood


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

2014 Mauricio Pochettino


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Top 15 head coaches in the club's history


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Facts


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

The main rival of the club is another London team, Arsenal.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Their confrontation is called the North London derby.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Tottenham became the first English team to win the European Cup — the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in the 1962—63 season


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Along with Manchester United, Tottenham are the only English team to win at least 1 national trophy in a calendar decade in the last six completed deceniums.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

The club holds the English record for “rate of fire”: on 7 February 1993, Tottenham scored 4 goals against Southampton in 4 minutes 44 seconds.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

In the 2007—08 season, Tottenham drew 4-4 times.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

On November 20, 2010, Tottenham defeated Arsenal for the first time in 17 years in the North London derby on their field, also winning a comeback 3-2 victory, losing 0-2 in the first half.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Tottenham lost 5-2 to Arsenal for two consecutive seasons in one calendar year on February 26, 2012 and November 17, 2012


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

On 29 September 2012, the Spurs defeated Manchester United for the first time in 21 years, Old Trafford.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Tottenham is supported by actors Jude Law, Mark Wahlberg and Rupert Grint, musicians Adele, Jesse Jay, Phil Collins, Emma Bunton, James Ryton of Klaxons, the full Status Quo, hockey player Peter Forsberg, basketball player Steve Nash, and Norwegian writer Yu Nesbø.


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Notes


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

References


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

(in English)


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Category:Association football clubs established in 1882


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Category:Football clubs in London


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Category:Superleague Formula Football Clubs


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Category:English Premier League clubs


Question: Who was Tottenham Hotspur's first coach?

Tottenham Hotspur

Category:Tottenham Hotspur FC


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Chernushka is a city (since 1966) in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The administrative center of the Chernushinsky municipal district, since January 1, 2006, after the reform of local self-government, has also been the administrative center of the Chernushinsky urban settlement.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Population — people


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The city's area is 29.11 km² [1].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Chernushka railway station on the Moscow-Kazan-Yekaterinburg line of the Gorky Railway is located on the territory of the city.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The industrial center of the south of Perm Krai, where enterprises of the oil, construction and processing industries operate.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

etymology


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The settlement got its name from a small river that flowed among swampy shores covered with dense sedge: its waters were always cloudy, dark, as sunlight could hardly penetrate through dense, barely passable forest.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

For this, the peasants nicknamed her Chernushka [2].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Physical and geographical characteristics


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Geographical location


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The city is located in the eastern part of the Buyskaya wavy plain, on the flat-hilly Urals, on the spurs of the Tulva Upland, in the zone of broad-leaved coniferous forests that have experienced noticeable anthropogenic impact [3].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Relief and geological structure


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The city is located on the eastern edge of the Russian Platform, where the platform sinks to a depth of 4 to 6 km, forming the Pre-Ural regional deflection, which is filled with layers of sedimentary rocks, mainly marine origin [3].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The relief of the area where the city is located is a hilly plain, in general, the level differences within the city are insignificant.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The total area of the territory of the Chernushinsky urban settlement is 3340 hectares, of which the city of Chernushka occupies 2911 hectares, p. Azinsky — 400 ha and city cemetery — 29 ha.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The structure of the land fund: agricultural land — 1,371 hectares, forest areas — 548 hectares, forest plantations — 79 hectares, water areas — 33 hectares, built-up area — 1309 hectares [1].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Ecological state and nature protection


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The city's air basin is polluted by emissions from boiler houses and vehicle exhausts (SES measurements showed that the MPC exceeded the MPC by 2-3 times during rush hour) [3].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The surface waters in the city are polluted and are not suitable for drinking.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The main pollutants are: sewage, effluents from livestock farms, petroleum products.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Groundwater is also significantly polluted, mainly due to leaks in the production strings of injection wells in oil fields, as a result of which petroleum products, reagents, hydrogen sulfide.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The city has a specially protected natural area of local importance “City Park of Culture” (it is a spruce and lime large-grass forest with an area of 87.0 hectares).


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Until 2004, it was part of the natural monuments of the Perm region, but was excluded, as it has, first of all, recreational importance as a recreation place for city residents.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Hydrology


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

A small river of the same name flows through the territory of the city, on which a pond is made.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Rivers that are of recreational importance flow near the city: Tanyp, Strezh, Karmalka.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Climate


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The climate is moderately continental.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Long winters and rather hot summers are characteristic.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Daily and annual temperature amplitudes are significant.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The annual temperature range is 50—60°C [3].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The average annual air temperature is +1.5°C; the average January temperature is -17.6°C; the average July temperature is +19.8°C.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The highest temperature: +40°C (July 2012);


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Lowest temperature: −54°C (1 January 1979);


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The strongest wind: 0.00033 m/s.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The average annual rainfall is 583 mm; the maximum rainfall usually falls in June-August, and the minimum in January-February [3].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Stable snow cover forms in the first decade of November, and the beginning of destruction occurs in the third decade of April.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In the third decade of March, the height of the snow cover can reach 80 cm. In 1999, the snow cover reached a height of 106 cm.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Normal atmospheric pressure is 743 mm Hg.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

art.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The prevailing winds are south-west and west.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

From September to April, southern and south-westerly winds blow, and from April to September, westerly winds.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The wind speed ranges from 3 to 5 m/s.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The highest wind speeds are reached in spring and autumn, and sometimes calm in summer [3].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Time zone


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

History


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Early history


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The first mention of the village of Chernushka was found in an audit fairy tale for 1858, which states that the village of Chernushka with 4 yards, founded by immigrants from Cherdyn, has existed since 1854.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

By 1869, there were already 35 yards here [2].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

A huge role in the development of the settlement was played by the construction of the Kazan-Yekaterinburg (Kazanburgskaya) railway from 1913 to 1920 as part of the Trans-Siberian Railway [2].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The route of the future railway was divided into 7 sections, Chernushka was part of the 4th section (the parent organization was located in Sarapul, the Builders' Headquarters was located in Taush, the management also lived here, and builders lived in barracks in Chernushka) [4].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

A railway station and a station settlement were built 3-4 km from the village of Chernushka, named after the nearby village Chernushka.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

During the civil war, especially fierce battles were fought on the territory of Chernushinsky district, along the railway, since its possession not only allowed transport operations, but also to use the available reserves promptly.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

[2] In the period 1918-1919, the Kazan-Yekaterinburg railway area was the scene of hostilities of the 28th Azinsky Rifle Division, which three times passed through the territory of the future Chernushinsky District past Chernushka station.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

At the end of December 1918, a heavy battle took place at Chernushka station, where 170 railway cars with bread accumulated.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The headquarters of V. M. Azina was located in the railway station building [2].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

District Center


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In connection with the transition to a new administrative division, on the basis of Ryabkovskaya, Atnyashinskaya, Bedryazhskaya, Taushinskaya, Yermievskaya volosts of the Osinsky Uyezd of Perm Province and Pavlovskaya, Verkh-Tatyshlinskaya ( partially) of the volosts of the Birsk Uyezd of the Ufa Province in February 1924, the Ryabkovsky District of the Sarapulsky District of the Ural Region was formed.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

However, due to the remoteness of the village of Ryabki from the railway, in December 1925, it was decided to move the district center to Chernushka; accordingly, the district was renamed Chernushinsky.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

By a special decision of the government in 1929, lands that belonged to the society of peasants of the village of Chernushka were cut off for the district center.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The construction of public buildings and housing is beginning.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Some of the houses were built anew, some were transported from villages (requisitioned from kulaks and other repressed elements or purchased from peasants); the buildings of Spaso-Preobrazhensky were also transported here monastery from Kapkan Mountain.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

For some time, the district authorities continued to stay in the village of Ryabki; their final move to Chernushka took place only in 1930 [2].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

They wanted to give the new district center the name “Azinsky”, but it did not gain a foothold, because the population got used to the word “Chernushka” and stubbornly adhered to this name [2].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Intensive construction of industrial enterprises, administrative and residential buildings in Chernushka has begun.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In 1930, a machine and tractor station was opened (which operated until 1958), and in 1932, a flax mill was built, which operated until the 1960s [5].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

A straw plant was also built, which produced straw mats for the construction of residential buildings and outbuildings and an elevator.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

During the Great Patriotic War, military plant No. 648 from Kharkov were evacuated to Chernushka, which produced field phones, a repair shop for UT-2 aircraft and a school of initial training pilots of the Air Force and the Navy.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Subsequently, they are moved west behind the advancing Red Army.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

At the Chernushka station in October-November 1941, the 48th Rifle Brigade was formed, after which one of the streets of the city is named.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

And in the period from December 1941 to May 1942, the 125th Rifle Brigade was formed [4].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

After the Great Patriotic War, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of July 4, 1945, Chernushka received the status of a working settlement


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Although the industry continued to remain at the pre-war level, migration processes from neighboring villages and a faster development of the workers' village begin.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Until 1958, the village's industry specialized in the processing of agricultural products.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In the late 1940s, a creamery and a slaughterhouse were built.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In 1954, a district food processing plant was built, which sent products to 15 districts [3].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Oil production


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

An important stage in the development of Chernushka is the discovery of oil fields.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Oil fields have been developed since the late 1940s.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Since 1958, industrial oil production, the creation of a number of oil enterprises and the construction of an oil workers' settlement have begun.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

On July 1, 1958, an oilfield administration (NPU) was created in Chernushka, and not in Kueda, as previously planned.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In 1971, as a result of structural transformations, the Permneft association was formed in the Ministry of Oil Industry, and it includes 5 departments, including the oil and gas production department ( NGDU) Chernushkaneft.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Numerous service organizations of oil workers are being created: UBR (drilling management), workover (well workover), UTT (technological transport management) and many others [2].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of February 7, 1966, Chernushka was awarded the status of


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In the 1960s and 1980s, the city developed intensively.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Housing, social and cultural facilities were built: schools, kindergartens, shops.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In 1966, the city's first five-story building was built, then the city quickly acquired new five-story buildings, 6 nine-story buildings were built, and in recent years, mass construction of three-story buildings has been underway apartment buildings, a new Zhemchuzhina swimming pool and a new Orthodox church have been built.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In 1974, an oil pumping station (PS) and the Chernushka-Kaltasy oil pipeline were built.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Over the years, oil production has only increased, which has significantly affected the overall economic development of the city.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The maximum production was in 1976 — 9 million 462 thousand tons of oil.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

After that, production volumes gradually decreased [2].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In the 1990s, new deposits were developed.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In 1993, the share of NGDU Chernushkaneft accounted for 45% of the oil produced in the region (4,175,800 tons of oil) [3].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

With the collapse of the USSR, crisis phenomena increased: refineries do not accept oil, oil sold is not paid (22.4% of sales in 1993) [2].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The most difficult situation arose by 2002, when a number of enterprises related to servicing oil workers (Drilling Operations Department, etc.) stopped working, as a result of which thousands of people lost work, and in 2004 NGDU Chernushkaneft ceased to exist [3].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In recent years, the situation has somewhat stabilized.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Oil production workshops (CDNG) and service enterprises continue their activities, including outside Perm Krai.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

population


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In recent years, the population of the city has been growing, both due to the migration inflow from the villages of the district and due to natural growth.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Thus, in 2009, the natural increase in the population amounted to 124 people, and in 2008 — 92 people [1].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

According to the 2010 census, the population was 33,272, including 15,429 men and 17,843 women [6].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The average age of black people is 34 years.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The ethnic composition of the city is heterogeneous, but the Russian population prevails, the community of Tatars and Bashkirs is numerous, there are Udmurts, Chuvash, Mari, Armenians and people of other nationalities.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Administrative status and governing bodies


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Administrative status


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Since January 1, 2006, as a result of the reform of local self-government, the city of Chernushka has been part of the Chernushinsky urban settlement


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In addition to the city of Chernushka, the Chernushinsky urban settlement includes the territory of the village of Azinsky, which is a rural settlement [7].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Management bodies


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The structure of local governments of the Chernushinsky urban settlement is: [7]


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

the representative body of the municipality is the Duma of the Chernushinsky urban settlement;


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

the highest elected official of the municipality — the head of the Chernushinsky urban settlement;


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

the executive and administrative body of the municipality is the administration of the Chernushinsky urban settlement;


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

the supervisory body of the municipality is the Control and Audit Commission of the Chernushinsky urban settlement.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The Duma of the Chernushinsky urban settlement consists of 20 deputies elected in multi-member constituencies (three -, four -, five-member) [8] with a term of office of 5 years [7].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The Chairman of the Duma is Rategov Ivan Leonidovich.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The head of the Chernushinsky urban settlement is the highest official of the settlement and heads the administration of the urban settlement and manages it on the principles of unity of command and personal responsibility.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The head of the settlement is elected by citizens living in the territory of the settlement and having the right to vote by universal, equal and direct elections by secret ballot for a period of 5 years [7].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Since October 23, 2008, the Head of the Chernushinsky urban settlement has been Kislitsin Yuri Alexandrovich [9].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Symbolism


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The official symbols of the Chernushinsky urban settlement are the coat of arms and flag [7].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Coat of arms


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

By the decision of the Zemsky Assembly of April 2, 1996, M2104 approved the first official coat of arms.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Description of the coat of arms: “in the azure field, there is a black oil rig, from behind which the golden sun rays come out, all this is framed by a wreath of golden oak leaves and ears, at the bottom of the wreath the coat of arms of Perm with the number “1924" in the head of the shield” [2].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The second coat of arms of Chernushka in history was approved by Decision No. 105 of the Zemsky Assembly of the Chernushinsky District dated July 13, 2001 “On the Coat of Arms of the City of Chernushka”.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Description of the coat of arms: “In the upper part is the coat of arms of Perm region.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In the lower green field, a gold-like wavy, black jet pours out of a silver vessel.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The shield is crowned with a silver three-turret crown. Behind the shield there are two crosswise golden hammers connected by a red ribbon intertwining golden ears.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

On the ribbon under the tip of the shield there is silver “Nigella”.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The current coat of arms is already the third, it was approved by Decision No. 188 of the Duma of the Chernushinsky Urban Settlement of February 18, 2011 “On Approval of the Regulations on the Coat of Arms and Flag of the Chernushinsky Urban Settlement”.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Flag


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The current flag was approved by Decision No. 188 of the Duma of the Chernushinsky Urban Settlement dated February 18, 2011 “On Approval of the Regulations on the Coat of Arms and Flag of the Chernushinsky Urban Settlement”.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Flag description: “A rectangular yellow cloth with a width to length ratio of 2:3, carrying along the lower edge a wavy black stripe 1/5 of the width of the panel, and in the center there is an image of a composition of coat of arms of the urban settlement: walls with slightly open gates; the image is made in black and red” [11].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Economics


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Nigella was formed into the industrial center of the south of Perm Krai, with enterprises in the oil, construction and food industries.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Railway and road routes intersect in the city.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Industry


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The city has such organizations and divisions of Lukoil-Perm LLC as the Central Engineering and Technology Service (CITS), Aksaitovneft LLC, Chernushinsky CDNG Uraloil LLC, as well as a number of service enterprises of the oil industry, for example, the branch of ARGOS LLC - CHURS (Chernushinsky Well Repair Department, formerly a division of Eurasia Drilling Company LLC), Chernushinskoye UTT LLC , Chernushka Oil Pumping Station (PS).


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In addition to oil enterprises, the city's industry is also represented by enterprises of the construction industry: the ceramic brick plant Chernushkastroykeramika LLC, construction of roads by DOROS LLC, and a number of small business construction enterprises.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Food industry enterprises are also represented in the city: MasCo LLC (butter and cheese plant); Chernushinskoye, now defunct, RayPO.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Banking sector


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Banking services in the city are mainly provided by Chernushinsky Branch No. 1668 of the West Ural Bank of Sberbank of Russia, and additional offices of the Perm branch also operate in the city Petrocommerce Bank, Perm branch of the Bank of Moscow, Perm branch of Rosselkhozbank, Perm branch of Vostochny Express Bank, Perm branch of Slavyansky Bank and operational office No. 59CHR/01 Home Credit and Finance Bank.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Trade


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Wholesale and retail trade in the city is carried out mainly by local representatives of small and medium-sized businesses.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

There are also stores of Euroset, Svyaznoy, Magnit, Pyaterochka, Monetka, Semya, Lyon, Krasnoye Beloe retail chains and the local Variant chain of stores.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Transport and communication


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Rail transport: From west to east, an electrified Moscow-Kazan-Yekaterinburg double-track railway passes through the city and divides it into northern and southern parts with high traffic intensity.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Commodity trains are formed at the Chernushka station, a container site operates, and various types of goods are being received and shipped.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Road transport: A number of roads pass through Chernushka, connecting it with the districts of the south and center of the region, districts of the region with the cities and districts of Bashkiria.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The main highway is Osa — Chernushka.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The total length of roads through the territory of Chernushinsky urban settlement is 97,769 km, including 34,543 km paved [1].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

There are regular bus routes from Chernushka: Chernushka-Perm, Chernushka-Tchaikovsky, Chernushka-Kungur.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Transit bus routes from Perm also pass through the Chernushka bus station [12]: Perm-Ufa, Perm-Orenburg, Perm-Neftekamsk, Perm-Kueda; from Yekaterinburg [13]: Yekaterinburg-Birsk, Yekaterinburg — Dyurtyuli.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Thus, Chernushinsky District performs inter-district and interregional transit functions.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

There are 6 bus routes in the city, and there are also several taxi services.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

City bus routes:


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Air transport: Until 1991, air transport was introduced in the district.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

There were regular flights on An-2 aircraft with Bakharevka Airport in Perm.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The restoration and construction of the new airport in Chernushka is included primarily (the implementation period is until 2015) by the Territorial Planning Scheme of Perm Krai [14].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Communications: PJSC Rostelecom provides wired telephone and Internet services in the district.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The quality of wired communication is quite high.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The number of subscribers is 12,000 [3].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In addition to PJSC Rostelecom, cellular communication services are also provided by: PJSC Mobile TeleSystems (MTS), PJSC Vimpel-Communications (under the Beeline trademark), PJSC MegaFon.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The coverage area of cellular communication almost completely includes Nigella with its suburbs.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Housing and communal services


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The comprehensive development of the city's housing and communal services began only with the construction of a settlement of oil workers.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Although, for example, even before the revolution, a water pump was built on the Strezh River, it worked only for the needs of the railway [2].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Since the 1960s, the creation of a water supply, heating and wastewater disposal system has begun.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In the 1970s, a centralized boiler house was built.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

No large reserves of groundwater were found near the city, and the unfavorable state of the reservoirs led to the fact that in 1982 the Tanypsky water intake — Krylovo main pipeline was put into operation 98 km long (78 wells were drilled near the Tulva River and the village of Krylovo, Osinsky District).


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Currently, this pipeline is completely dilapidated, in connection with which the water intake on the river was reconstructed. Tanyp (increase in capacity, installation of additional treatment facilities).


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Since 2005, Tanypskaya water has been used in the city of Chernushka [3].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In the early 1990s, NGDU Chernushkaneft, due to the difficult economic situation, relieved itself of the burden of maintaining the social sphere and transferred departmental housing, kindergartens, schools and public utilities.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Architecture and city planning


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The city has about 100 streets and 20 alleys [3] with a total length of 132.5 km [15].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

A significant part of the development of the city was carried out in the 1960s and 1980s, largely by typical buildings.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The city has about 80 five-story houses and 6 nine-story houses.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In the structure of the housing stock of the Chernushinsky urban settlement, 530,000 square meters are apartment buildings and 120,000 square meters are private houses.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The average provision of housing per person living in the city is 17.9 square meters, while the minimum standard of living space per one approved in the Chernushinsky municipal district person 15 square meters [1].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Mira Street


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Square im.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Kopylova


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Neftyanikov Square


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Severnaya Street


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Social sphere and culture


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Consumer services are well developed in the city: there are a number of restaurants, cafes, hotels.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The Fortuna Sports and Entertainment Center, the Health sanatorium-dispensary, and dry cleaning carry out their activities.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Education


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The first school was built in 1923 in the village of railway workers, in 1928 it became five-year, then seven-year-old.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In 1936, the construction of a two-story building of the district school began — a seven-year school (now school No. 1).


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

As of 2010, the city has [16] [17] [18]:


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

1 gymnasium — former school No. 6;


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

1 cadet school — former school No. 9;


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

3 secondary schools — schools No. 1, 2, 5;


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

1 correctional school — former school No. 4, since September 1, 2017, it has been partially connected (grades 5-9) with secondary school No. 2;


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

1 “Education Center”;


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Children's Music School named after L. L. Melya (since 1963);


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Children and Youth Sports School (since 1976);


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Children's art school;


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Children's Creativity Center (since 1959);


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Regional Polytechnic College (since 2012, legal successor [19] of Chernushinsky Polytechnic College and Chernushinsky Mechanics and Technology College);


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

12 pre-school educational institutions.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Healthcare


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In 1946, a 30-bed hospital was opened in Chernushka in a wooden two-story building on Oktyabrskaya Street; before that, there was only an outpatient clinic in the village of Chernushka, located in one of the small houses.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

On December 25, 1962, the main building (the first three-story brick building in Chernushka) of the Chernushinskaya Hospital with 150 beds along Kirov Street and the infectious diseases department with 15 beds were put into operation.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

An ambulance station was opened in the sanitary inspection station of the main building.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The call was then serviced on horseback, and it was only in 1966 that an ambulance was allocated.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In 1974, a 3-storey hospital complex was opened on Kommunisticheskaya Street [20].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

By 1985, the polyclinic had 12 therapeutic sites, 5 workshop sites, 10 pediatric, and 5 obstetric and gynecological sites.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

By 1993, the Chernushinsky Hospital had 565 beds in 20 profiles, 4 district hospitals, 5 health centers, 26 medical stations, and a dental clinic.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

New research methods were mastered: fibrogastroscopy, ultrasound, spirography, new methods of treatment in the intensive care unit — plasmaphoresis, UFO blood, hemosorption, apparatus artificial lung ventilation and others.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

New methods of blood processing have been mastered in the blood transfusion department [20].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In January 2000, a new 4-storey building was commissioned, which currently houses the Chernushinsky Central District Polyclinic.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In April 2004, a Perinatal Center was opened, which includes a women's consultation, an obstetric department, and a gynecology department.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

As of 2010, the city's healthcare system is represented by the Chernushinsky Central District Polyclinic, the Chernushinsky Dental Polyclinic, the Chernushinskaya Central Municipal Health Institution District Hospital” with 290 beds, State Institution “Regional Psychiatric Hospital No. 7" with 43 beds.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

In addition, there are several private dental offices and private practitioners [21].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Culture


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Cultural life of the city is ensured by:


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Chernushinsky Museum of Local Lore (opened in 1975);


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Chernushinsky District Library (since 1932) and several of its branches, including the children's library, as well as the Chernushinsky City Library, which has received an independent status since 2007;


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

drama theater under the direction of Lidia Fedorovna Nagovitsina, Honored Worker of Culture of the Russian Federation;


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

folk song and dance ensemble “Prikamskie Uzory” under the direction of Tamara Fedorovna Devyatkova, Honored Worker of Culture of the Russian Federation (laureate of the Grand Prix of the Interregional Festival of Russian Song and Ditty in Republic of Bashkortostan).


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

At the end of September 2017, the Rial-film two-screen cinema opened in Chernushka [22].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Sports


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The main sports life of the city is concentrated in the Children and Youth Sports School, where 34 coaches and teachers study with children in the sections of badminton, basketball, volleyball, football, judo, ski racing, athletics, boxing, tennis, equestrian sports, rhythmic gymnastics [18].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Since 1937, the Urozhay stadium has been operating in Chernushka, where football matches of both local and regional levels are held.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Religion


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The population of the city mainly professes Orthodoxy, a significant share of supporters of Islam, there are atheists and adherents of various directions of Christianity.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Orthodoxy: The city has a Church in honor of St.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Andronik, Archbishop of Perm and Kungur Perm Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church, opened in 1999 in the adapted building of the former Luch cinema (built in the 50s of the XX century) [23].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Islam: The city has a mahalla (a local Muslim religious association) [24] and a mosque (opened in 2004).


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Mass media


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

The following newspapers are published in Chernushka: Mayak Priuralya (since November 1930); Vestnik Chernushki; Uralskaya Versiya; Chernushka Plus and several free advertising publications.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

There is a TV channel STS-Vecher (since January 1995), radio stations: DFM, Radio Bolid, Europe Plus.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

There are also several city websites.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Digital terrestrial television


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Since November 2015, the first RTRS-1 multiplex has been broadcasting digital terrestrial television in Chernushka on 43 UHF channel (650 MHz) [25].


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Broadcasting is conducted in the DVB-T2 standard.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Famous residents and natives


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Azanov, Gerald Vasilyevich (b. 1935) - Hero of Socialist Labor.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Vedernikov, Nikolai Stepanovich (1925—2011) - Hero of the Soviet Union.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Mel, Leonid Leongardovich (1903—1981) - composer, Honored Worker of Culture of the RSFSR.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Frantsev, Yevgeny Ivanovich (1922-1944) - Hero of the Soviet Union.


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Gostev, Pyotr Andreyevich (1924-1998) - Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Notes


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Literature


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

References


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Unknown parameter |description= ignored (help)


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Category:Populated places in Chernushinsky District


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Category:Cities in Perm Krai


Question: Why does the city in the south of Perm Krai in the Russian Federation Chernushka have this name??

Chernushka

Category:District centers of Perm Krai


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

The Reichsmark (German: Reichsmark) was the currency of the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich, and post-war Germany from 1924 to 1948.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

The Reichsmark was introduced on August 30, 1924.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

It replaced the paper stamp (Papiermark), which was depreciated during the hyperinflation of 1914—1923.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

The exchange rate was 1,000,000,000:1 (one trillion papyrmarks to one Reichsmark).


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

The Reichsmark was based on the gold standard at a rate of 4.2 Reichsmark per dollar; and after the devaluation of the dollar in 1934, 2.5 Reichsmark per dollar.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

The Reichsmark, the rental stamp and the Allied Military Command stamp were withdrawn from circulation in West Germany and replaced by a German mark issued by the Bank of the German Länder between June 21 and the end August 1948 of the year.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

In the Soviet zone of occupation of the Reichsmark, the rent stamp and the stamp of the Allied Military Command were replaced by German stamps issued by the German Issuing Bank during the reform begun on June 23, 1948.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Coins


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Coins of the Weimar Republic


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Coins of the Third Reich


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

World War II coins


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Banknotes


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Occupation Reichsmark (1940—1945)


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

On May 3, 1940, a law was passed to establish imperial credit banks subordinate to the Reichsbank, where the General Directorate of Imperial Credit Banks was created to manage them.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

On May 15, 1940, the law was supplemented by a government order.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Credit banks have been opened in Poland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Yugoslavia, Luxembourg, France, etc.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

occupied countries.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

At the end of 1942, there were 52 cash desks in Europe: 11 in France, 5 in Belgium, 1 in the Netherlands, 1 in Poland, 2 in Yugoslavia, 2 in Greece, 30 in the occupied territory of the USSR.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

The General Directorate of Imperial Credit Banks was entrusted with issuing and supplying tickets in the occupation Reichsmarks of a single sample to all credit banks organized in the territories of the occupied countries .


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Tickets ranging from 50 Reichspfennigs to 50 Reichsmarks, as well as coins of 5 and 10 Reichspfennigs were issued.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

It was announced that tickets for loan offices would be guaranteed.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Such collateral was checks, bills, Reich currency, foreign currency, treasury obligations, as well as commodities and securities in the portfolio of credit banks, for which cash desks could to issue loans.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

In fact, it did not go beyond providing military stamps with fictitious obligations of the Treasury.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Military stamps of credit banks were legal tender in all occupied countries or exchanged at local banks and credit bank branches for domestic currency at fixed rate.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

In most of the occupied countries, the national currency retained its payment power.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

The exchange rate of the military mark against the local currency has always been set by the occupiers at a level significantly higher than the purchasing power parity of the compared currencies: the official exchange rate of the military mark in December 1941 = 20 French francs = 2.50 Belgian francs = 1.67 Norwegian kroner = 0.75 Netherlands Antillean guilders = 2 Danish kroner = 20 Serbian dinars = 60 Greek drachmas.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

In fact, Imperial credit bank tickets have, in a sense, become an international currency.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

The sharp difference in the purchasing power of the military mark in some occupied countries caused lively speculation.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Operations with occupation stamps were carried out by servicemen of the German army, officials of the occupation authorities, traders, French guerrillas, British intelligence, etc.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Since speculation with military stamps undermined the morale of the army and increased corruption among the administrative authorities, the German government issued an order on November 9, 1942 punishing embezzlement, remittance and illegal transfer of war money from one country to another.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Gradually, as local issuing systems were created, the production of military stamps ceased, the German military authorities moved to financing their expenses with local currency, which they received mainly under the guise of reimbursement of occupation expenses.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

The seizure of occupation stamps was not formalized by legislative acts and took place without wide publicity.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

There are no accurate data on the issue of military stamps.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

According to the consolidated balance sheet of imperial credit banks, by the end of 1943, the issue amounted to 7,122 million occupation marks.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

There is no information on the amount of the issue after January 1, 1944 [1].


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

1/2 Reichsmark, 1938—1945


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

1st Reichsmark, 1938—1945


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

2 Reichsmark, 1938—1945


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

5 Reichsmarks, 1938—1945


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

20 Reichsmarks, 1938—1945


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

50 Reichsmarks, 1938—1945


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Special editions for the armed forces and POW camps


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

In 1940-1945, “means of payment for the allowances of the German armed forces” (Behelfszahlungsmittel für die Deutsche Wehrmacht) were produced, intended for military personnel of military units, who were supplied with goods through quartermaster and other rear services.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

They were issued in banknotes in 1, 5, 10, 50 Reichspfennig, 1 and 2 Reichsmark [2].


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

At the beginning of 1945, the General Directorate of State Credit Banks began issuing “registration marks of the German armed forces” (Verrechnungsschein für die Deutsche Wehrmacht) for military personnel under departure (transit) abroad.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

German and occupation Reichsmark were to be exchanged for them.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Arriving at their place of service abroad, the military exchanged these registration marks for occupation or local signs circulating in the territory.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Other handling of these signs was prohibited.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

They were issued in 1, 5, 10 and 50 Reichsmarks banknotes [3].


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

In 1940-1945, special banknotes were issued for use in prisoner of war camps (Kriegsgefangenen - Lagergeld) in banknotes of 1, 10, 50 Reichspfennig, 1, 2, 5, 10 Reichsmarks.


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

See also


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Reichspfennig


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Notes


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Literature


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

References


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

See also


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Category:Brand


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Category:Weimar Republic Money


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Category:German history


Question: What was the name of the Third Reich currency?

Reichsmark

Category:Money of the Third Reich


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

Taxidermy (Ancient Greek: tis - putting in order and - skin, skin) is a method of making realistic images (stuffed animals) of animals, which is based on the skin of an animal.


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

It is collected on a certain base, and the cavity inside is filled with filler.


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

Modern taxidermy uses “mannequins” (an internal base made of polyurethane foam with anatomical preservation of the proportions of all parts of the body and muscle volume).


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

Taxidermy is mainly used for the manufacture of museum exhibits, as well as for the preservation of hunting trophies.


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

Tech


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

To make a scarecrow, dead (killed during hunting or dead) representatives of the fauna with a minimum amount of damage on the skin are used.


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

To preserve the appearance of the skin, it is preserved, frozen or alcoholized in 70% solution.


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

The basis for the production of stuffed animals is a metal or wooden frame.


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

With soft padding, the necessary shape is given as the skin is filled with soft material (tow, cotton wool).


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

When making a stuffed animal using a mannequin, the skin is put on a ready-made rigid model of the animal.


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

The mannequin is a copy of the animal figure in a given pose, made either by winding on a frame made of soft material, or from a metal mesh, papier-mache, plastic, mounting foam.


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

Modern mannequins are made of polyurethane foam.


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

Famous stuffed animals


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

Gripsholm lion — when the scarecrow saw a lion only on coats of arms, and the skin deteriorated a little.


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

Belka and Strelka — astronaut dogs


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

Lisette — Peter the Great's horse


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

The tyrant is the dog of Peter the Great (kept in the St. Petersburg Kunstkamera together with Lisetta)


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

Stubborn fox


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

At the movies


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

Psycho — 1960, directed by Alfred Hitchcock


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

Taxidermy — 2006, directed by Gyorgy Palfi.


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

See also


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

Lyophilization


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

Plasticizing


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

Literature


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy

Category:Animal deaths


Question: What is a taxidermist?

Taxidermy


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Maur (born Ivan Mikhailovich Fedorov, Belarusian: Ivan Mikhailovich Fedorov; 1883-1971) was a Belarusian Soviet writer, translator and playwright.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

One of the founders of Belarusian children's literature [1], the founder of adventure and scientific and educational genres in Belarusian literature, the creator of the first Belarusian science fiction story [2 ].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Author of books for children, plays, translations [3].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Member of the USSR Joint Venture (1934).


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Member of the CPSU (b) since 1950.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Laureate of the Belarusian SSR State Prize (1968).


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Honored Worker of Culture of the BSSR (1968) [1].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The most famous works are the novels “In the Land of the Bird of Paradise” (1926), “Son of Water” (1928), “Polesie Robinsons” (1932), “TVT” (1934), the novel “Amok” (1929), the autobiographical novel “The Way Out of Darkness” (1948) ) [1].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Since 1993, Belarus has been awarding the Yanka Mavr Prize for the best works for children.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Biography


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Early years


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

He was born on May 10 [O.S. 1883] in Libava (now Liepaja, Latvia) in the family of a native of Belarus (who found himself looking for work in this city [4]).


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

His father was a retired soldier, came from landless Belarusian peasants [3] and worked as a carpenter.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Before military service, he bore the surname Ilyin, and the surname Fedorov appeared as a result of a mistake by the army clerk who recorded Mikhail Fedorovich as Mikhail Fedorov.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

His father died early, and little Yanka (Ivan) and his mother moved to her homeland, to the village of Lebenishki (former Kovno province) founded by Russian immigrants in 1900.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

They lived in poverty, and it was only thanks to the efforts of his mother, who at all costs dreamed of educating her son, that he graduated from elementary school in 1895, and from the Kovno Vocational School in 1899 .


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

After school, he entered the Ponevezh Teachers' Seminary.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

At the end of 1902, he was expelled from his last, final class - for freethinking and “for doubts about religion.”


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

However, in 1903, he still received an elementary school teacher's certificate, having passed external exams for the seminar course [5].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Teaching activities


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

After studying at the teachers' seminary, Fedorov began working at a school near Ponevezh (Novoe Mesto), and then he was transferred to the village of Bytcha in the Borisov region.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In 1906, he took part in an illegal pedagogical congress, which took place in Nikolayevshchina.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Yakub Kolas, a future classic of Belarusian literature, also took part in the same congress.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The “Labor List”, which has been preserved in the writer's archive, notes the result of this event for its participant: “1906. VIII. Dismissed from service and put on trial...” [5]


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Judging by the documents, Ivan Fedorov was not just a participant in that congress, but one of its initiators — his signature, a teacher at the Bytchina Public School, was the first under the protocol.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

During the investigation, this fact was given great importance.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Ivan Fedorov and Yakub Kolas were members of the interim bureau of the Minsk Teachers' Group, elected during the congress.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Investigators in the congress case came to the conclusion that Fedorov was one of the instigators and played almost the main role at the teachers' congress, and therefore, in their opinion, it is necessary to “completely eliminate him from his positions” [6].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

He entered into a church marriage in 1909.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

He moved to the village of Turets.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The trial in the case of the teachers' congress lasted almost two years.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Fedorov was suspended from pedagogical activity and taken under police supervision.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Only 5 years later, in 1911, he managed to get a job as a teacher at a private trading school in Minsk.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In the fall of 1917, he got a job as a geography and history teacher at the Minsk railway gymnasium.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

After the revolution, he became a teacher at the 25th railway school named after A. G. Chervyakova.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In the 1920s, he also worked in the People's Commissariat of Education of the Belarusian SSR and in the Republican Union of Education Workers [7].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Fedorov left his job as a teacher only in 1930, when he moved to work at the Belarusian State Publishing House (where he worked until 1936) [5].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Creative activity


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

He made his debut in 1923 as a feuilletonist in the newspaper Sovetskaya Belorussiya and the Leningrad magazine Begemot.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In 1925, in the magazine “Belarusian Pioneer” he published the first science fiction novel in Belarusian “The Man Is Coming” [1] [K 1], which marked the beginning of fantastic and adventure genres in Belarusian literature [8].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The story was published under the pseudonym “Yanka Moor”.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

“Yanka” is the Belarusian analogue of the name “Ivan”.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

As Belarusian literary critic Esfir Gurevich, a researcher of Yanka Mavra's work, noted, the writer, having retained his real name in the first part of his pseudonym, unequivocally pointed out that he was a son Belarusian land.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The meaning of the pseudonym “Moor” will be widely revealed in his subsequent stories: “In the Land of the Bird of Paradise” (1926), “Son of Water” (1927), in which he proved himself as a defender of the rights of colonial and dependent peoples, with sympathized with the indigenous peoples of North-West Africa, and showed himself as an internationalist [5].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Fedorov wrote his first novel “The Man Goes” at the age of 44, as a teacher at the 25th Minsk Railway School.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In the story, the author turned to the life of primitive man at a stage of his development when he was just getting back on his feet, not knowing anything yet, and all he achieved was hunting with tools, getting fire, the use of stone as a tool was the first time for him.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Everything is for the first time — this artistic move found by the author corresponds to the vision and perception of the child, his premonition of the first discovery, his expectation of something new and unusual.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The plot is based on the process of human development, painful and dramatic, filled with struggle for one's life, the path of a long and gradual accumulation of practical and spiritual experience.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

This was the swing of an aspiring writer to a new genre for all national literature, according to his own author's definition - a science fiction story, which was a combination of science and fantasies.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

After the reader's success of the story “The Man Is Coming”, the writer continued to work in the genre of children's adventure and scientific and educational literature [5].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Yanka Mavr wrote mainly for young readers.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In the works “In the Land of the Bird of Paradise” (1926), “Son of Water” (1928), the author tried to refute the idea of the natives as bloodthirsty cannibals, devoid of elementary human feelings, people second class.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In the story “In the Land of Bird of Paradise”, the action takes place in New Guinea, on the Pacific islands visited by traveler Miklouho-Maclay, a researcher of local Papuan residents.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The story is based on a social conflict, on the drawing of two warring forces — the oppressed and the colonizing masters.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The novel “In the Land of the Bird of Paradise” defines the main features of the artistic manner of Y.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

An adventurer Moor who managed to absorb the energy, character and traditions of Western adventure classics.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The story “Son of Water”, the most poetic in this cycle, according to the author himself, was the most dear to him.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The storyline of the main character, a young Fijian Manga, is based on a scheme common in adventure literature: saving a white man from wild natives.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

By the way, this is exactly what the then reviewer of the story did not take on the pages of the Polymya magazine, considering this story an unjustified tribute to a “low-quality adventure” [5].


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The story “The Man Is Walking” outlined the trend of combining recognition and adventure, which the Moor later developed in his subsequent stories and in the novel “Amok” (1929), about the 1926 uprising on the island of Java; the author's novel was prompted by the memoirs he read by the Russian consul in Java Modest Bakunin.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

For his story, Yanka Mavr collected materials, studied documentary literature on the fresh traces of events.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

He received many of the most important materials (magazines, newspapers, photographs, later used as illustrations) directly from Java and Holland through Esperanto teachers with whom he led correspondence like an old Esperantist.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In the preface to the novel, the writer noted that “Amok” is more documentary “even in the little things” than it might seem at first glance.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In the novel “Amok”, a prominent place is occupied by informative material about the natural features of the island, the details of everyday life, and the foundations of the people.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In the 1930s, the writer, as if fed up with “exotic” foreign material, turned to his native places, to the life reality in which young heroes act.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The novel “Polesie Robinsons” (1930), which was a success among young readers, followed, which told about the adventures of two teenagers in remote Polesie, the utopian “The Tale of Future Days” (1932) communist future of the USSR, TVT (1934), which humorously talks about the everyday affairs of schoolchildren.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

In the story “Polesie Robinsons”, the author used a robinsonade suggested by the world-famous Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The Moor, discarding pseudo-romantics, admiration for the exotic of distant overseas countries, turned to his native side, to the knowledge of his land.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

He showed that under the Belarusian sky, in the distant and close corners of the native land, there is its own romance and beauty, each time new and unexpected.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The narrative is based mainly on dialogues and disputes between student heroes, who are impressed by books about distant countries, primarily books by Jules Verne, Mein Reed and F. Cooper, go on a trip to Polesie during the spring spill.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The main idea of Robinsonade was the victory of man over the elements.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The writer comprehends this element in the spirit of classical Russian and Belarusian literary traditions.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

Nature for the heroes of the story is not only material, but also spiritual wealth.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The most vivid experience for the heroes was the murder of a bison by smugglers, which they perceived with real pain and excitement, “as the murder of a person”.


Question: How many works did Janka Mavr write?

Yanka Mavr

The scene of the murder of the bison, shown through the attitude of the main characters, Miron and Viktor, to this, became key in understanding the author's relationship to the problem of “man and nature”.