Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Another problem is that the cartilage is much inferior in strength to bones even with its significant calcification, and therefore the musculature of the huge shark, attached to this very cartilage, could not provide sufficient strength for an active lifestyle [46].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Paleoecological considerations


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Loot Relationship


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Factors such as its huge size, powerful jaws and large teeth with a shallow cutting edge [16] suggest that the megalodon was able to attack larger animals than any modern shark [5].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Although sharks are generally opportunistic predators, scientists suggest that megalodon may have some food specialization and be an exception to this rule [5].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Due to its size, this predator was able to cope with a wide range of potential prey, although its feeding mechanisms were less effective than, for example, giant mosasaurs.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The only competitors and enemies of megalodons over a long period of their existence were probably only toothed whales, such as leviathans and zygophysiters, as well as others giant sharks (including another member of the genus Carcharocles).


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Fossils indicate that the megalodon ate cetaceans, including small sperm whales [17], early bowhead whales [51], cetoteria [15], minke whales [52], walrus dolphins [53], dolphins [16] and harbour porpoises [17], sirens [54] [55], pinnipeds [15] [25] and sea turtles [54].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The size of the megalodon suggests that its prey was mainly animals with a length of 2.5 to 7 meters - to a large extent it could be primitive baleen whales [56] [57].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Although small baleen whales are often not very fast and unable to counterattack the predator, the Megalodon needed destructive weapons and an effective hunting strategy to catch them.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Currently, a large number of whale bones have been found with clear marks from large teeth (deep scratches) corresponding to megalodon teeth [7] [16], and in many cases megalodon teeth were found near the remains of whales with similar traces [16] [47], and sometimes teeth were even found stuck in such remains [58].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Like other sharks, the megalodon had to eat fish in large quantities, especially at a young age [15] [48].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Hunting behavior


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Modern sharks often use rather complex hunting strategies when fishing for prey.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Some paleontologists suggest that the hunting strategies of the white shark may give an idea of how the megalodon hunted its unusually large prey for the shark (for example, whales) [59].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

However, fossils show that the megalodon could use slightly different and quite effective techniques for hunting cetaceans [45].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In addition, he apparently ambushed his victim and never dared to actively pursue, as he could not reach high speed and had a very limited stamina [50].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

To determine the methods of attacking megalodon on mining, paleontologists conducted a special study of fossil remains [45].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Its results show that the methods of attack could differ depending on the size of the prey [59].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Fossil remains of small cetaceans indicate that they were rammed with great force, after which they were killed and eaten [59].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

One of the objects of the study, the remains of a 9-meter long baleen whale of the Miocene era, made it possible to quantify the attacking behavior of the megalodon [45].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The predator mainly attacked hard bone areas of the victim's body (shoulders, fins, chest, upper spine) [45], which white sharks usually avoid [45].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Dr. Bretton Kent suggested that the megalodon tried to break bones and damage vital organs (such as the heart and lungs) enclosed in the chest of the prey [45].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The attack on these vital organs immobilized prey, which quickly died due to serious internal damage [45].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

These studies also once again point to why the megalodon needed relatively stronger teeth than the great white shark [45].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In the Pliocene, in addition to small baleen whales, larger and more developed cetaceans appeared [59].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Megalodons have modified their attack strategy to cope with these animals as well.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Many fins and caudal vertebrae bones of fairly large Pliocene whales with traces of megalodon bites were found [5] [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

This may indicate that the megalodon first tried to immobilize large prey by tearing off or biting off its motor organs, and only then killed and eaten it [5] [16].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

An alternative explanation for whale bone injuries


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The version that due to their slow metabolism and relatively low physical strength, large megalodons were scavengers rather than active hunters is also very justified.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Damage to the bones of cetaceans may not demonstrate the tactics megalodons used to kill large prey, but the method by which they extracted the contents of the chest from dead carcasses, to which smaller sharks could not reach, while damage from alleged megalodon ramming attacks could actually be obtained by whales during ritual intraspecific struggle and become the cause of death of animals.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Trying to hold and kill even a small whale by biting it in the back or chest, the most protected parts of it, would be very difficult and illogical, since a megalodon could kill its the prey, attacking it in the abdomen like modern sharks.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

This point of view perfectly coincides with the fact of increased tooth strength of adult megalodons, while the teeth of young individuals (obviously more active predators) and early relatives megalodons were more like the teeth of modern white sharks [46].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Extinction


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

These sharks went extinct about 3 million years ago.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The reason for the extinction, according to biologists, was increased competition with other predators during the food crisis, although previously the most popular version was about global climate change [60] .


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Megalodons were successful because they lived at a time when many slow marine mammals were swimming in the sea, and there was almost no competition with poorly developed teeth at that time whales.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

They hunted primitive small whales, such as cetoteria, and depended heavily on this food resource.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Such animals inhabited shallow warm shelf seas.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Megalodon was probably also usually limited to moderately warm seas.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

With the cooling of the climate in the Pliocene, glaciers “connected” huge water masses, and many shelf seas disappeared.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The map of ocean currents has changed.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The oceans are getting colder.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

And this was reflected not so much on the megalodons themselves, but on the relatively small mammals, which served as one of their main sources of food.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The next factor in the extinction of megalodons was the emergence of toothed whales, the ancestors of modern killer whales, leading a pack lifestyle and having a more developed brain.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Due to their large size and slow metabolism, megalodons could not swim and maneuver as well as these marine mammals.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

They also could not protect their gills and could most likely fall into tonic immobility in the same way as modern sharks.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Therefore, killer whales could eat young megalodons, even though they usually hid in coastal waters, and together they were even able to kill adults [50] [57].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Megalodons stayed the longest in the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Megalodon in cryptozoology


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

However, some cryptozoologists believe that the megalodon could have survived to this day.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

They refer to several extremely dubious facts: first, studies of two megalodon teeth accidentally found in the Pacific Ocean seem to have shown that they were lost by giant sharks not millions of years ago, and about 24,000 and 11,000 years each, which is practically “modern” from the point of view of geology and paleontology [61].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

And secondly, the case recorded by Australian ichthyologist David George Stead of a meeting of Australian fishermen allegedly with a huge shark of incredible size [62].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

However, the reliability of such information is not confirmed anywhere, except for sites on cryptozoology and paranormal phenomena [63].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Most of the facts clearly indicate that the megalodon died out about 3 million years ago, and claims that “only 5% of the ocean has been explored and the megalodon may be hiding somewhere” do not stand up to scientific critics.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In 2013, Discovery Channel demonstrated a special project known as Megalodon: Monster Shark Alive, which allegedly provided some evidence that the megalodon is still alive and convinced at least 70% of viewers say that the giant prehistoric shark still lives somewhere in the ocean.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

However, this pseudo-documentary program was quickly criticized by scientists and viewers for the fact that almost all the facts cited in it were fake.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

For example, all the “scientists” featured in the film were actually just high-paid actors.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Almost every photo or video of a megalodon was just a montage, and not of the best quality.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In 2014, Discovery directed the sequel, Megalodon: New Evidence, which became the highest-rated episode of Shark Week, gaining 4.8 million viewers, and then released an additional, equally a fantastic program called “Darkness Sharks: Submarine Fury”, which in total led to further negative reactions from the media and the scientific community [64] [65] [66] [67] [68].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

In cinematography


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Shark Hunter (English: Shark Hunter) is an American horror film about a 25-meter megalodon that was released in 2001.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Starring Antonio Sabato Jr.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

(English: Megalodon) is an American horror film that was released in 2002 [69].


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The main role is Robin Sachse.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

(English: Shark Attack 3: Megalodon) is an American horror film that was released in 2002.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The main role is John Barrowman.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Two Million Years Later (English: Mega Shark versus Giant Octopus) is a 2009 film by The Asylum.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Starring Debbie Gibson and Lorenzo Lamas.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

The Death of the Titans (English: Mega Shark versus Crocosaurus) is a sequel to Two Million Years Later, released in 2010.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Starring Gary Stretch and.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Mega Shark vs Mecha Shark (English: Mega Shark versus Mecha Shark) is a sequel to Death of the Titans, released in 2014.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

It stars Christopher Judge, Elizabeth Röhm and Debbie Gibson.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Meg: Monster of the Deep is a film that was released in 2018.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Directed by John Tertelaub, starring Jason Statham, Ruby Rose and other equally famous actors.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Notes


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Literature


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Bruner, John.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

“The Megatooth shark” — FLMNH.


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

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Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

References


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

at the South Carolina State Museum


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

//Popular mechanics, Dec 2018


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

//San Diego Natural History Museum (in English) ()


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

on the BBC website (in English)


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

on the BBC website


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Video


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

//Discovery Channel


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

d/f (2009)//imdb.com


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Category:Extinct lamna


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Category:Paleogene fauna


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Category:Neogene fauna


Question: What is the maximum length a megalodon shark could reach?

Megalodon

Category:Fossils described in 1843


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Villeroy & Boch (French pronunciation: [vilwa.eˈbk], German pronunciation: [vạlərạ.ntˈbx], adopted in Russian: Villeroy and Boch) is a multinational company headquartered in the city Mettlach in Germany, ceramic manufacturer.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

As of 2016, the company, represented in 125 countries, with a capitalization of 172 million euros and 14 production sites in Europe, Asia and America, is largely controlled by the 8th and 9th generations of the family.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

History


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Villeroy & Boch was founded in 1836 as a result of the merger of family businesses under the management of and industrialists engaged in the production of faience and porcelain.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

However, the history of the company dates back to 1748, when a court steelmaker, supplier of cannonballs for the needs of the French army and holder of the honorary title of “royal scorer” founded ceramics production in Auden-le-Tich in the Duchy of Lorraine, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire [* 1] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [7].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Boch pottery workshop in Oden-le-Tich


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The first pottery workshop, where Francois Boch and his sons — the elder Jean-Francois, the middle Dominique and the younger — worked was opened in the building of the former forge.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The workshop produced a variety of dishes made of faience, the so-called “porcelain for the bourgeois” - in the first half of the 18th century, porcelain was mainly supplied from China and was available only to the nobility and royals.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The dishes produced by the Bochs were in great demand, the workshop expanded significantly, and Francois Boch hired to help the sons of the locals.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

[* 2] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Francois Boch enjoyed the respect of the residents of Auden-le-Tich, later became mayor of the city and died in 1754.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

After his death, the sons founded Jean-François Boch et Frères (French: Jean-Francois Boch and Brothers), named after his older brother, and shared responsibilities: Jean-Francois headed the company, Dominique focused on improving technology, Pierre-Joseph focused on production management.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1766, Lorraine became part of France and the brothers competed with numerous French factories.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

However, by this time, Jean-Francois had managed to secure the favor of the Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa and obtained permission to build a new factory in Setfontaine near the capital .


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The brothers left Auden-le-Tich, and the workshop was transferred to the management of the family and operated until 1870 [1] [2] [5] [7].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Boch Factory in Setfontaine


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The Empress favored Boham, granted them the right to be called the “Imperial and Royal Manufactory” and use the imperial coat of arms, and also exempted them from paying taxes.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Setfontaine's convenient location near the transport system of the Saarland, Moselle and Rhine rivers made it possible to supply raw materials and dispatch goods.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

To increase productivity, the brothers developed a new kiln with their own hands, and by the end of the 1780s, the Setfontaine factory employed about 300 people.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Bokhov's ceramic production flourished, revenues made it possible to purchase land near the factory and build a family castle.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1770, Setfontaine began production of dishes with a branched pattern that became classic for Villeroy & Boch, later called Old Luxembourg [1] [2] [3] [4] [6] [8] [9] [7].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Against the background of the growth of revolutionary sentiment in France in 1792, the brothers divided the property and the factory in Setfontaine became the full possession of Pierre-Joseph.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Two years later, the French Revolutionary Army occupied Luxembourg, the Bohi were forced to flee and the production was looted by soldiers - the company's losses amounted to a huge amount at that time 648 thousand francs.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Upon his return, Pierre-Joseph began the restoration of the factory, which was completed in three years.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Already in 1802, Bokhov's products were presented at an industrial exhibition in Paris.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The company later benefited from the economic blockade imposed by Napoleon I, which closed European markets to British suppliers of porcelain and faience.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

By 1811, the Setfontaine factory employed 150 workers [1] [2] [4] [6] [10].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In gratitude to the employees of the factory who participated in its restoration and at first did not demand payment for work, in 1812 Pierre-Joseph established an insurance program for the company's employees —” Anthony's Guild”, named after St. Anthony of Padua, who is considered the patron saint of pottery.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The Guild Foundation provided Bokhov workers with sickness and disability benefits, pensions and even funeral payments.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

It is believed that when working on the state social security system, the first Chancellor of the German Empire Otto von Bismarck was guided precisely by the model of Pierre-Joseph Boch's Antony Guild [1] [2] [4].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Jean-Francois Boch's factories in Mettlach


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Pierre-Joseph's son received a science education in Paris and, without waiting for his father's enterprise to inherit, founded his own factory near the city of Mettlach on the Saarland River.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

To accommodate the production, he purchased a building confiscated by the French government from the Benedictines as part of a secularization policy in 1794 and sold at auction.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

From the very beginning, the new factory introduced technical innovations, including the inventions of Jean-Francois himself — coal furnaces for the production of porcelain, a pyrometer that helped craftsmen regulate the firing temperature, and the mechanisms that divided the clay into blanks for products - even English manufacturers did not have such equipment.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

To mechanize production, the power of the water of a nearby stream was used, raw materials and products were transported along the Saar River [1] [3] [4] [5] [6] [10] [11] [7].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Initially, the factory was experiencing financial difficulties and Jean-Francois had to use the fortune of his wife Anna Bushmann, the daughter of a tannery owner from Belgium, during this period the factory's products were produced under the Boch-Buschmann brand.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Boch's additional source of income was the trade in Moselle wine, thanks to which he met, whose faience factory was located a few miles from Jean-Francois's enterprise.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Following his father's example, in 1819 Jean-Francois founded Anthony's Guild for factory workers in Metlach, organized benefits for the sick, widows and orphans.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

He also established a savings and loan association for workers, opened a gambling house and a reading room [1] [2] [4] [5] [10] [7].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The company developed, the number of employees reached 150 people, and at the exhibition of applied arts in 1822 in Berlin, the products of the Mettlach plant won the only gold medal in the category ceramic products.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Two years later, Jean-Francois developed a method of applying monochrome images to ceramic dishes, in which the image was placed under enamel, and later mastered color printing on products.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1827, experimenting with a mixture of clay and feldspar, he obtained porcelain stoneware, a material that combined strength and wear resistance with the whiteness of Chinese porcelain.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

After the death of Pierre-Joseph Boch and his second son in 1818 and 1829, Jean-Francois acquired the family factory in Setfontaine [1] [5] [6] [12].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Nicolas Villeroy's Wallerfangen factory


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Nicolas Villeroi, a native of Metz, made a fortune in the salt trade and in the late 1780s became a co-owner of a ceramic factory in Fraunberg, which produced tiles that looked like porcelain.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1791, production was moved to Wallerfangen on the banks of the Saar River, closer to sources of raw materials and transport routes.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Six years later, Villeroi bought the partners' shares and became the sole owner of the factory, a year later he acquired a nearby coal mine and by 1800 introduced furnaces in production, who worked on coal.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Villeroy actively borrowed the experience of English manufacturers and in 1815 - much earlier than Jean-Francois Boch - founded a gravure printing workshop at the factory under the leadership of Englishman John Leia, where applied images to dishes using English technology [1] [5] [13] [14] [15] [16] [7].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The acquaintance of Nicolas Villeroy and Jean-Francois Boch gradually grew into friendship and business cooperation.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Entrepreneurs jointly procured raw materials for production and used Villeroi warehouses in Mannheim to ship finished products; following Boch's example, Villeroi established a factory in Wallerfangene Antony's Guild.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

With the end of the continental blockade established by Napoleon I and the growing competition from British ceramic industries, industrialists decided to combine the experience of Nicholas Villeroy in trade and Jean - Francois Boch's knowledge of technology.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

On April 14, 1836, an agreement was signed at the Bocham water mill in the city to establish a joint venture under the Villeroy & Boch brand.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The union was strengthened by the marriage of Jean-Francois's son and granddaughter Nicolas Villeroy Octavia, concluded in 1842 [1] [2] [3] [6] [7].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Mid-second half of the 19th century


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In the 1840s, Jean-Francois Boch handed over the management of the Mettlach factory to Eugene and focused on the development of production in Setfontaine, and the Wallerfangen factory was headed by Alfred Villeroy, Nicholas's grandson.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

For two decades, the combined company was led by two people, representatives of the Villeroy and Boch families (Eugene led the company alone since 1866).


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In the 1840s, Villeroy & Boch joined with a manufacturer from Sarreguemines to gain a foothold in the French market, bypassed high import duties into Belgium by establishing a factory in La Louviere and acquiring an old a porcelain factory in Tournai, and also founded a crystal factory in Wadgassen, a new ceramic production in Dresden and a factory in Wallerfangen, where bone china production was launched.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The company established supplies to all major cities in Germany, Eastern and Northern Europe, the Russian Empire, and in 1848 Villeroy & Boch products were presented in London.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In the late 1940s, the first shipments were shipped by sea to North and South America [1] [4] [5] [6] [7].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The industrialization of Germany and the development of the railway network contributed to the development of the Villeroy and Bochow business.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

First, the railway station appeared in Dresden, and later, in the 1860s, passed from Trier to Saarbrücken via Mettlach.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1883, the company acquired a ceramic factory in Schramberg, which had been dealing only with Villeroy & Boch products for the previous year, and established the production of majolica there.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In addition, with the development of indoor water supply at the end of the 19th century, it introduced slip casting technology in factories in Merzig, Wallerfangen and Dresden and established the production of inexpensive sanitary ware, accessible to the majority of the population [1] [3] [4] [17].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1846, Jean-Francois developed a new method of making ceramic tiles — dry compression molding — which made it possible to mass produce them.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1852, the ruins of an ancient Roman villa were discovered near Metlach, in the excavations of which Eugene Boch took part as an amateur archaeologist.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

He was inspired by the preserved mosaic floors and designed mosaic floor tiles, the production of which soon began in Metlach.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

By the beginning of the 70s, tiles provided up to 60% of the company's sales, to meet demand, the company opened a second plant in Mettlach in 1869, and a plant in Merzig in 1879, where production also began terracotta.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Tiles became so popular that the name “Metlakh tiles” became a household name for all architectural tiles - by the end of the 19th century it was used in the decor of churches, post offices, theaters, railway stations, office buildings, hospitals and other buildings around the world, specially trained employees supervised its installation.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Tiles made at Villeroy & Boch factories were used in the decor of the Titanic liner, decorate the halls of Cologne Cathedral, the Holland Tunnel under the Hudson River, the lobby of the Bolshoi Theater [* 3] [1] [3] [4] [5] [6] [18] [ 19] [7].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Under Eugene Boch's leadership, the company continued to engage in socially significant activities and take care of workers.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

At the expense of the company, a bridge over the Saar River and workers' houses were built in Metlach, a cooking and music school, a hospital and a nursing home, and an art school were opened.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Eugene Boch's collection of ceramics, covering the period from antiquity to the present, formed the basis of the Museum of the History of Ceramics in Metlach.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

He was also engaged in animal husbandry and agriculture, opened a fertilizer factory and the first private stud farm in the Rhine province, and headed a regional agricultural association.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1892, on the 50th anniversary of the wedding of Eugene Boch and Octavia Villeroy, in recognition of the merits of 84-year-old Boch as an entrepreneur and philanthropist, Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany granted him a noble a title that his descendants inherited.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1898, Eugene von Boch died in Mettlach, and the management of the company was transferred to his son [* 4] [6] [11] [7] [20].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Early 20th century


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Villeroy & Boch entered the 20th century as the largest manufacturer of ceramics, producing sanitary ware, ceramic tiles and bricks, porcelain and faience, crystal, various church utensils and tombstones, drainage pipes and insulation for electrical wiring.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Rene von Boch-Gallau has been in charge of the company for 10 years and has been noted in the company's history by opening a factory in the suburbs of Lübeck and a number of technical innovations aimed at improving productivity and safety labor.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1902, the company introduced innovative gas-fired furnaces, consisting of several chambers, in which the products were fired and gradually cooled.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Thanks to energy efficiency and reduced manual labor, these furnaces were used until the 1980s.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In addition, Boch Gallau introduced new occupational safety requirements in factories aimed at reducing the likelihood of lead poisoning used in ceramic production: workers were obliged use a replaceable mold and eat in areas separated from production workshops, and pure lead has been replaced by less harmful lead oxide [1] [2] [3] [6].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Rene von Boch-Gallau died in 1908, leaving his sons the company in their heyday: in 9 Villeroy & Boch factories (five were located in Saarland, one each in Luxembourg, Saxony, Schleswig- Holstein and Baden-Württemberg) employed more than 8 thousand people.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1911, the company lost the main facilities of the Schramberg factory, through which the state railway was built, and the factory was sold a year later.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In the years that followed, the First World War dealt a serious blow to the family business: the head of the company died after the death of his father on the eastern front in 1917, and under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles Saar was annexed by France, as a result of which the factories located there lost access to the German market, which was the main market for the company.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Villeroy & Boch's production facilities in Germany were limited to factories in Dresden and Denischburg, and the company was forced to develop its business in France [1] [6] [21] [22].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

After Roger's death, his brother took over the company.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

By 1920, he had managed to partially restore production for the German market by building a factory in the area near Wrocław and acquiring the Franz Anton Melem Faience Factory (German: Steingutfabrik) Franz Anton Mehlem), located in Bonn.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1926, the company also acquired a factory in Torgau.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

By the end of the 1920s, factories located in Germany were merged into a limited liability company, and those located in the Saarland Protectorate into a limited partnership.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Due to the catastrophic inflation in Germany in the post-war years, the company was forced to focus on the production of simple, everyday goods.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Earlier in August 1921, the company's headquarters and ceramics production in Metlach were seriously damaged by a fire [1] [3] [6] [23].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Great Depression, World War II


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

By 1930, the company's factories employed about 10,000 people, but the recession during the Great Depression dealt another blow to the company.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

At first, the Dresden factory was closed for several months, and after the resumption of production, its staff decreased by 40%, and a year later, factories in Bonn and Wallerfangen were closed due to losses.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

After 1935, the limited liability company that combined Villeroy & Boch's assets in Saarland was liquidated, and the factories continued to operate as independent legal entities with central offices in Mettlach.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In addition, Lutwin von Boch-Gallau died in 1932 and his son, also Lutwin von Boch-Gallau, took over the management of the company [1] [3] [6].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The factories in Saarland were reunited with the rest of the company's assets after a plebiscite in 1935, which resulted in the region becoming part of the Third Reich, but with the militarization of the economy, the government considered the company's activities were useless for military needs and closed one of the factories located there.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Production resumed in 1940, but was limited to the simplest ceramic tiles.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

During the Second World War, the company lost a significant part of its production capacity: factories located in East Germany were destroyed by bombing aircraft of the countries anti-Hitler coalition or taken to the USSR for reparations.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

As a result of the surrender of Germany, Saarland and Villeroy & Boch headquarters were again cut off from the rest of the German factories [1] [3] [3].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The company resumed operations in 1947, focusing on the production of plain tableware, sanitary ware and tiles needed in the post-war years.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1951, the company opened a factory in Argentina, in 1959 in Canada, at the same time the Setfontaine factory restored vitreous porcelain production.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Lutwin von Boch-Gallau mediated in the settlement of conflicts between the German population of Saarland and the French authorities, participated in the creation of the bilingual German-French University of Saarland , until the return of the region to Germany following a plebiscite of 1955, he was an active supporter of the creation of an independent state in the Saarland.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1972, after 40 years of managing the company, Lutvin handed over the post of CEO to his son [1] [6] [7].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In the 1970s, the company managed to maintain its position in the market with the emergence of competing manufacturers of mosaic and wall tiles from Japan and Italy, independently entered the Japanese tableware market and to restore the presence in the American.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

By the 1970s, the company's factories produced mainly modern design dishes, and the production of classic products was transferred to the Zelba factory purchased in 1976 [1] [3].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The end of the 20th century and the beginning


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1982, Villeroy & Boch began a major business restructuring, as a result of which three main areas — the production of tiles, dishes and sanitary ware — became independent divisions of the company .


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1985, the management of the company was reformed: the CEO was replaced by a board of 6 people, and the established supervisory board, in addition to members of the Villeroev and Bokhov families, included third-party faces.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1987, Villeroy & Boch was reorganized from a public limited liability company.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1990, the company's shares were listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange [1] [3] [6].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Over the next twenty years, the company grew through the takeover of regional European manufacturers of sanitary ware, utensils and tiles.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1986, Villeroy & Boch acquired Gallo Design, a manufacturer of tableware aimed at a young audience [3].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1989, the company gained 50% of the Dutch manufacturer of acrylic bathtubs and showers Ucosan [3], and in 1991 — control over db.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Das Bad [24], in 1992 — a controlling stake in the largest Hungarian manufacturer of sanitary ware and the second largest tile manufacturer Alfðldi Porcelàngyàr [3],


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

in 1996 — a controlling stake in the leading Romanian manufacturer of sanitary ware and tiles [3], in 1997 — 70% of the Italian manufacturer of tiles Ceramica Ligure [25].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1999, Ucosan was purchased, and at the same time, the Plastics division is being formed, which combines the production of acrylic bathtubs, spa pools, showers and systems [26].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 2000, the company bought Swedish sanitary ware manufacturers Gustavsberg [27] and Svenska Badkar [28].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 2001, db was finally purchased.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Das Bad [24], Vagnerplast [29] and control was obtained in the manufacturers of acrylic bathtubs Italian Itemo [30] and Belgian Acomo [31].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 2001, the company bought back Ceramica's shares in full [32] and sold the company in 2004 [32].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 2006, Villeroy & Boch acquired the plumbing direction of Grupo Industrial Saltillo [33] and the Danish company Frese [34].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 2007, the company sold 51% of ceramic tiles (Tiles) to Turkish, which is part of the industrial group, [35].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 2008, furniture manufacturer Sanipa was acquired [24].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The global economic crisis caused a decrease in demand for Villeroy & Boch products in major foreign markets, sales fell by 20% over the year, and the company's market capitalization decreased by 60%.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The company was forced to start an expensive restructuring and announce a reduction of about 10% of jobs (900 out of 9,250 for 2009).


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

At the end of 2009, the company had an operating loss of 1.7 million euros, a net loss of 96.5 million euros.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Despite the discontent of the Minister of Economy of Luxembourg and protests from trade unions, the Setfontaine factory was closed in 2010 [36] [37] [38].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

According to the results of fiscal year 2010, the company reported on overcoming the crisis.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

From 2011 to 2015, Villeroy & Boch shares showed steady growth, increasing from 5.88 euros per share to 12.25 euros.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 2014, the business publication ranked the company 242nd in the list of the largest German family enterprises [39] [39] [40] [41] [42].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Design


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Among the members of the Villeroi and Bokhov families, there were gifted artists who applied their skills in the design of ceramics produced in family factories.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

For example, Pierre-Joseph Boch was engaged in painting, and Nicolas Villeroy was known for his landscape engravings [43].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Eugene von Boch's nephews Anna and Eugene Boschi did not take part in the management of the company, but established themselves as artists and attracted prominent representatives of the German Jugendstiel to cooperate with the company, whose philosophy assumed that even everyday objects should have a thoughtful design.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Henri Van de Velde, Peter Behrens, Richard Rimerschmid took part in the creation of ceramic tile patterns and washbasin sets.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Many products with patterns made by artists for the company in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were not mass-produced, but were later recognized as significant works of the Arts and Crafts Movement.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In the first half of the 20th century, the company also collaborated with the Bauhaus Higher School of Civil Engineering and Art Design.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In addition, Eugene Bosch was a close friend of Vincent van Gogh and in 1888 received a portrait from the painter as a gift, which later became part of the collection of the Orsay Museum in Paris.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Eugene and Anna's collection contained several works by van Gogh, including the painting Red Vineyards in Arles, purchased by Anna after the Society XX exhibition in Brussels in 1890 and long considered the only painting sold during the artist's lifetime [1] [3] [2] [44] [45] [46].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

In 1975, industrial designer Luigi Colani, invited by Villeroy & Boch to develop a collection of sanitary ware and bathroom products, formulated for the company the idea of creating comfortable “residential spaces” as an alternative to the development of individual items.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The company has also collaborated with other famous designers, including Wolfgang Joop, Takada Kenzo, Paloma Picasso, and.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The advertising campaign developed by Helmut Newton for the new Villeroy & Boch sanitary ware collection in 1985-86 became very famous [3] [47] [48].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

company


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Structure


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The company's headquarters are located in Mettlach on the territory of the former abbey, where the company's museum is also located.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

There is a hotel in the Bochow Saarek Family Castle.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The company has 14 production sites in Europe, Asia, North and South America.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The dishes are produced only in Germany — at the factories in Merzig and Torgau.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Sanitary ware is produced by factories in Metlach and cities in France, Hodmezovasarhey in Hungary, Lugoj in Romania, Gustavsberg in Sweden, Ramos-Arispa in Mexico and Saraburi in Thailand.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The production of bathroom furniture is located in the German city of Treuchtlingen and the Austrian community of Mondsee; showers, bathtubs and spa pools are manufactured in a place in the Netherlands and Roeselare in Belgium; fittings — in Swedish city [49] [50].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Shareholders


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

According to the annual report of Villeroy & Boch AG for 2015, the company issued 28,089,600 shares, equally preferred and ordinary, regardless of type, with 1 vote.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

88% of preferred shares are in free float on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, ordinary shares do not participate in trading.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

At the close of trading on December 31, 2015, the value of one share of Villeroy & Boch AG amounted to 12.25 euros with a market capitalization of 172 million euros.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Dividends for the 2015 fiscal year in the amount of 12.2 million euros were paid on April 4, 2016 and amounted to 0.44 euros for ordinary shares and 0.49 euros for preferred shares [39] [51].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Information on the composition of shareholders is provided as of early September 2016.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The largest holders of ordinary shares of Villeroy & Boch AG are Lutwin Michel von Boch-Gallau (18.4%), Lutvin Gisbert von Boch-Gallau (13.9%), (7.41%), Francis von Boch-Gallau (7.14%), Alexander von Boch-Gallau (4.13%), Christophe de Schorlemmer (3.16%), Gabriel de Theux de Schoerlemmer (3.16%) and Dewar de Schorlemmer (3.16%).


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The largest block of preferred shares (12%) belongs to the company itself, and minority stakes of preferred shares are also owned by (1.99%), (1.5%), KBC Asset Management (0.9%), (0.66%), Dimensional Fund Advisors (0.55%), Roche-Brune Asset Management (0.54%), Gutmann Finanz Strategien (0.52%), Hof Hoorneman Bankiers (0.35%) and TIAA (0.21%) [52].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

From November 2009 to June 2010 and from November 2013 to September 2015, Villeroy & Boch AG shares were included in the “index basket” of the stock index, which takes into account the value of 50 German companies in the middle and low capitalization [53].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Leadership


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Villeroy & Boch is chaired by Frank Goering and has three members of the executive body: Andreas Pfeiffer leads Bathroom and Health Wellness), Nicholas Luc Villeroy leads Tableware, and Markus Warnke holds the position of CFO.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

The Supervisory Board of the company consists of 13 people — in 2015, 4 seats were occupied by representatives of the Villeroy and Boch families (Lutvin Gisbert von Boch-Gallau, Wendelin von Boch-Gallau, Alexander von Boch-Gallau and Francois Villeroy de Gallau, who was replaced by Dominique Villeroy de Gallau on October 1, 2015) [54].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Financial indicators


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

According to the annual report, Villeroy & Boch AG's revenue in fiscal 2015 amounted to 803.8 million euros, exceeding the figures for 2014 by 4.9%, 496.9 million euros came from the direction of products for Bathrooms and Health (Bathroom & Wellness), 306.9 million is the direction of dishes.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

EBIT increased by 9.6% compared to the previous year and amounted to 42.1 million euros, net profit - 27.3 million euros [55].


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Literature


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Books and publications are listed in chronological order.


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Notes


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

comments


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Sources


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Category:Companies in Germany


Question: When was Villeroy & Boch founded?

Villeroy & Boch

Category:Porcelain factories established in the 18th century


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Roseberry (Latin: Rōsa) is a genus of plants of the order family.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Both the family and the order to which it belongs were named after this genus.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

It has many cultural forms bred under the name Rose.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Rosehip itself is often called a rose in botanical literature.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

According to some sources, there are up to 400 [1] [2], according to others - from 300 to 500 species [3]; 366 [4] species of rose hips are recognized [5].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

According to some sources, there are up to 10,000 cultivated varieties [6], according to others - up to 25,000 [7] and even up to 50,000.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

According to various sources, 48 [8] —100 [9] species grow wild on the territory of Russia, many of them are endemic [10].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The most widespread and economic importance is.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

etymology


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Russian “rose”, “wild rose” through German means (German: Róse), and variants of “erysipelas”, “rozhan”, “gun” through Polish: róża, art.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

-chesh.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

růže, róže and in turn from Middle High German: rôse, were borrowed from Latin: rōsa [11], which, in turn, may be borrowed from Ancient Greek through Etruscan [12] or Oska: rhódon (compare with the name of the plant - rhododendron - “rosewood”) [13].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The ancient Greek word (praforma is*wródon, preserved in the Aeolian.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

— wródon, related to Armenian: vard— “rose” and Proto-iranian*ṛda-.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Hence Persian: gul — “rose” [14].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Perhaps the word “rose” is of non-Indo-European origin [15].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Similar forms are found in Semitic languages (Akkadian: wurtinnu, Biblical Hebrew: ward, Aramaic: wardā, Arabic: ward and Middle Persian.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

heterograph.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

to Persian: gul: Middle Persian: wlta from*wrta [16] [17].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Alfred Ernu and Antoine Meillet suggested “borrowing from Mediterranean civilization, possibly Semitic, where the plant (that is, the rose) was cultivated” [18].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

In Russian, the name was used - “gulyaf” - “gulafnaya water”, “rose water”, the original meaning of which is borrowed from the New Persian guläb, guläv from gul - “rose” and äb - “water”.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Compare with Azerbaijan: guläbi — “incense essence” [11].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The name “rose hips” and the variants “spikes”, “spike”, “spike”, “spike”, “spike”, “spike color”, “shupshina” come from the unpreserved adjective* rose, formed from - spike - “arrow, a point, a thorn”, and does not have a reliable etymology [19] [20] [21].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The name “svoroborina”, “svorobovina” (modified “sverbalina”, “serbelina”, “serberina”, “serbarin”, “silver”) comes from the word “svorob” - “itching”, due to the hairiness of the seeds, their taste or effect on the intestines and is associated with the alternation of vowels with “twist” [11] from “sverb” — “itching” [11], from, comparable to Old High German: swērban — “spin, wash”, Latvian: svārpsts —” drill”, etc.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

-isl.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

svarf — “sawdust”, Gothic: af-swairban — “brush off” [22].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The name “thorn” was also applied to dog rose hips [23].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The word “thorn” is derived from “turn” [24], which through — “thorn” [25] [26] goes back to — “plant with a piercing stem” with a root — “to be stiff, hard”, “harden”, “stiffen” [27].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The Ukrainian “trojanda”, “trandafil” and “trandafira”, as well as the Bulgarian “trendafil”, “trandafil”, go back to Greek: triantaphullo, a “thirty-petal” rose () grown in the Balkans to obtain rose oil [28].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Botanical description


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Appearance


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Rosehips are deciduous shrubs and shrubs, sometimes evergreen, with erect, climbing or creeping stems of various heights or lengths, from 15-25 cm to 8-10 m. The height of the same species can sometimes vary depending on the growing conditions [10].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Rosehips are usually multi-stemmed shrubs up to 2-3 m high [10] and live to 30-50 years [29].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

But some specimens of these species, reaching the age of several hundred years, grow into whole trees.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The oldest rose (dog rose) grows in Germany on the territory of Hildesheim Cathedral.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Its age, according to various estimates, ranges from 400 to 1,000 years [30].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

It reaches 13 m in height, and the girth of its trunk at the base reaches 50 cm [10].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

In the subtropics, evergreen liana roses are almost ubiquitous.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

If they reach a tree shape, their trunk shape is usually curved and twisted [10].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

There is evidence that specimens of these roses have reached a considerable age.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

In the United States, in Tombstone, Arizona, it grows, planted there in 1885.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

It is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest rose.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The girth of its trunks is 3.7 m, the occupied area is 740 m².


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

In spring, about 200,000 flowers bloom on it [31].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

At the former dacha of artist K. Korovin in Gurzuf grow two specimens of Banks rose, the age of which is presumably 100 years.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

About two hundred specimens of rose on the southern coast of Crimea are 100-150 years old [32].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

In addition to evergreen roses, there are boreal lianoid roses, semi-deciduous and deciduous.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

They develop one or two shoots of considerable length, 5-7 and even up to 9 m in length, which cannot be held on their own and require support in the form of tree trunks and crowns.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The stems of boreal rose vines are not erect, but also not curly, like true vines, so it is more correct to call them half-vines, or lianoid.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

These include taiga growing in oak and beech forests of the Mediterranean region, as well as rose vines of walnut forests and junipers of Central Asia, spruce forests of the eastern Tien Shan and oak forests Eastern Caucasus.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Unlike the evergreen roses that originally arose in this form, boreal roses arose during evolution as a result of adaptation to the conditions of a dense and humid forest.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

It is known that a typical steppe species, falling into similar conditions, acquires a lianoid shape: its branches reach a considerable length, become thin and weave into the crowns of trees [10].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

There are dwarf types of roses that grow in the form of shrubs, a form closest to herbs.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

These include growing in Central Asia.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Its height does not exceed 30 cm. It has a dwarf form of growth (Rosa ecae).


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

One of the forms grown in pots does not exceed 5 cm in height. Dwarf roses are short-lived.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

They bloom in the second or third year, and in the fifth to sixth year, their stems dry out and die off [10].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Some North American species, (Rosa foliolosa), are closest to herbaceous plants.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

They behave like herbaceous perennials: their stems do not lignify for several years and die off for the winter, and in subsequent years their lignification does not occur completely.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

This property is adapted to the harsh northern climate and short growing season and is also observed in common species (for example, needle rose hips) high in the mountains.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Herbaceous species of rose hips in the evolutionary chain are at the highest stage of development, and dwarf species were considered by Khrzhanovsky as transitional to them [10].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Root system


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The root system is taproot, penetrates to a depth of 5 m [33].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The main mass of the roots is at a depth of 15—40 cm and spreads in all directions within a radius of 60—80 cm [34].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Some rosehip species have a branched caudex, from which numerous long and at the same time woody rhizomes depart, forming vegetative shoots (turions).


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Underground shoots come out, and some of the rhizomes are separated from the mother plant and give rise to new plants.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Additional shoots are formed in series of several pieces, the growth of the bush occurs very quickly.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Due to this property, rose hips quickly form dense thickets, one plant up to several meters in diameter [35] [36].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

This ability of rose hips to patriculate (splitting the mother into several parts) is based on its reproduction by root cuttings [36].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

But there are species that do not form underground shoots.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The rhizomes live for 8—13 years [37].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Branches and shoots


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Bush forms of rose hips have branches of two types: erect and arcuate, curved downwards [10].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

They form numerous vegetative shoots of the first year (turions), sometimes reaching 1-1.5 m in height and 10-12 mm in diameter, with soft and thin thorns of various sizes [38], in subsequent years flowering and fruiting.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Vegetative shoots of rose hips are divided into rhizome, stem and tillering shoots, and generative shoots belong to shortened fruit shoots [39].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The lifespan of individual trunks is 4—5 years [37].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Shoots branched, green, brown, dark red, dark brownish, sometimes violet-brown, brown, black-brown, brown-red or gray with felt pubescence; usually straight, curved or hook-shaped thorns, often mixed with numerous bristles and hairs, with stalked grooves.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The core is round.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The thorns are arranged in pairs or scattered, on the shoots of the current year they are softer and thinner than on biennial or perennial shoots.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

At the same time, there are fewer thorns on lignified shoots [40].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Aerial roots extending from the lower part of the trunk are also planted with thorns [41].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

In some species, the stems are completely covered with bristles and thorns, in others, the thorns are located with a noticeable gap from each other.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

But there are species without thorns at all [42].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

This is, for example, a hanging rose [43].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The thorns also serve to hold branches among other vegetation, although their main purpose is to protect them from being eaten by animals.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Some species may have small needle-shaped spines on their generative shoots and pedicels.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

They serve to protect the flowers from being visited by unwanted insects and other animals.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

At the same time, the aroma emitted by the accompanying glandular hairs is not inferior to the aroma of the flowers themselves and attracts beneficial insects [44].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The kidneys are distant, reddish, less often of a different color, bare or hairy, small, with three to six external renal scales.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The scales of the kidneys along the edges are bare or with glandular cilia.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The leaf scar is usually narrow and covers more than half of the shoot, with three leaf traces [45].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Leaves


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Leaves are summer-green, semi-deciduous or evergreen, spirally located on the shoot, long-petioled, unpaired pinnate, with paired stipules fused with the petiole or rarely unfused [10] ( simple and without stipules only in [46], 4-12 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide, contain one terminal and several pairs of lateral leaflets.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Cultivars usually have five leaves, while wild species have seven or nine.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Asian species have 13, 15 or even 19, while the American species have only three leaves.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Rachys can be covered in thorns.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Some species have bracteas, which are modified and reduced leaves.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

They are found in inflorescences on peduncles or pedicels and are always simple [47].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Leaflets are elliptical to rounded in shape, with a wedge-shaped, rounded or slightly cordate base, serrate along the edges, doubly serrate or serrate, glabrous or with grooves; by color green, bluish, reddish; stiff, leathery or webbed; smooth or wrinkled (rose hips wrinkled), naked or pubescent, often glandular; 1-2.5 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The size, shape and thickness of the leaflets depend on environmental conditions: temperature, illumination, water availability and humidity, carbon dioxide content in the air, etc. [47]


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Leaflets with one strong central vein and (4) 6-13 lateral ones.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The lateral veins are weak, then strong.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Before reaching the edges of the leaves, they connect to each other and branch to the teeth or (especially those located at the top of the leaf, arcuate, cranked or forked forked) end in teeth without loops.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The network of veins on the underside of the leaflets is mostly clearly visible, rarely protruding [48].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Stipules are mostly narrow, incised, dentate or pinnately dissected, more often fused with petioles over a large length.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Sometimes stipules expand to the base and turn into wide and elongated “ears” [48].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

blossoms


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The flowers are bisexual, 1.5—8 (10) cm in diameter, single or collected in corymbose or paniculate inflorescences with two to three or many flowers, with or without bracts, with or without bracts, with a pleasant aroma.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

There are species of rose hips with an unpleasant odor, for example,.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The peduncle is short, 0.5—1.7 cm long.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Hypanthium ovoid, spherical, bottle-shaped or jugular, narrowed in the throat, with a glandular ring at the top, less often the ring is absent (mainly in species with single, white or cream flowers).


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Corolla is large, five-petal, rarely four-lobed and rarely semi-double [10] with more or fewer obovate or inverse cordate petals; red (often pink), yellow (up cream) or pure white, 4—6 cm in diameter.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Sepals are five (rarely four), leaf-shaped, whole-edged or at least two with lateral appendages, sometimes pinnately dissected, sometimes with an enlarged pointed tip [38], up to 3 cm long, directed upwards or downwards, remaining with fruit or falling early, sometimes with the upper part of the fruit.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

More than a thousand years ago, a mystery poem was composed in Latin (translated into Russian by A. IN. Zinger).


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

It characterizes well the shape of the sepals of many species of rose hips:


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Try to guess


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Who are five brothers:


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Two beards


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Two beardless


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

And the last, fifth,


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Looks like a freak:


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Just the beard on the right,


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

There's no sign of it on the left.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Two sepals of the rose hips are dissected on both sides, two are whole-edged and one is dissected only on one side.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

When the flower is in the bud, the beard cuts cover five gaps between the petals [43].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The stamens are numerous, free, with two-nest anthers, attached to the glandular ring of hypantium, facing inward.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The pistils are numerous, sessile or on short legs, ingrown into the receptacle, located in a spiral [49] at the bottom of the hypanthium.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The ovary is hairy, single-nest, free, sessile or on a leg [50], with one sedentary ovule.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Ovule with one cover [51].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Stylodies are free or connected in a dense column (while numerous stigmas connected in a bundle create a convenient platform for planting insects [49], are located at the top of the carpels, almost entirely enclosed in or protruding from hypanthium, sometimes exceeding the inner circle of the stamens, glabrous or pubescent.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The stylody can remain on the ovary when the fetus ripens, but quickly fades and loses its shape, like a wrinkled rose hip [51].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Stigmas are capitate, glabrous or densely haired [52].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Pollen


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

At the macroscopic level, rosehip pollen is a very fine yellow powder and consists of numerous elongated pollen grains [53].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Pollen grains are oval-rounded, with a constant ratio of length to thickness of 2:1 [54], three-bladed from the poles, three-furrow-, less often two-furrowed pore, with two-layer exina [55].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The outer layer of exina, which determines its sculpture, consists of a polymer and a small amount of polysaccharides.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The furrows are wide, long, the pores are large, the film of pores and furrows is fine-grained, the surface of the exina is fine-grained and coarse-grained [50].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Pollen grains of various species are similar to each other and differ in the membrane of the apertures, the length, density of the furrows and the child, and the density of the pores [54].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Pollen grains of French rose hips are markedly distinguished by the presence of a clearly visible operculum (lid) covering the bottom of the furrow [55].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The inner layer of exina consists mainly of cellulose [54].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

IN. G. Khrzhanovsky noted the similarity of pollen grains of the genus Rosa and Rubus, which indicates their relationship [10].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

In many species of rose hips, pollen grains are deformed (in dog rose hips up to 80%), sometimes very few of them form in anthers, or they are much smaller [55].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

To protect pollen from dew, the flowers close at night, turn to the sun during the day [56], and they also close before the rain.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Pollination


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The inner stamens are shorter than the outer ones.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

First, the internal ones are opened, then the outer ones.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The stamens of the outer circle, when opening the anthers, lean towards the stigmas, resulting in self-pollination.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Autogamy takes place only at the last moment of flowering; thus, the flower is designed primarily for cross-pollination [49].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Anthers in some species are opened all at the same time.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Hybridization and polyploidy are very common in the genus [55].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Most wild species contain 2n = 14 chromosomes (two sets) and are called diploid [57].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

A greater number of chromosome sets (polyploidy) occur in both wild and cultivated species.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Most often, polyploid species contain 2n = 28 (four sets) of chromosomes (tetraploid) or are hybrids between diploid and tetraploid species and contain 2n = 21 (three sets) of chromosomes ( triploid).


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Species with an odd number of chromosomes are sterile and do not survive in nature.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

However, Caninae section rose hips containing a pentaploid set of chromosomes are viable, having an unusual way of inheritance [58].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

For a long time, it was believed that the genus is characterized by a reduction in pollination and a transition to apomictic reproduction, in which embryos are formed from unfertilized diploid eggs or tapetum cells.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The phenomenon of apomixis associated with pseudogamy and somatic aposporia (when the diploid germ sac is formed from nucellus cells [59]) were attributed to representatives of the Caninae section [55] [60].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Recent studies prove that apomixis does not exist in rose hips.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The method of inheritance in the Caninae section, leading to the formation of a pentaploid set, is that in species of this section, one part of the chromosome set is transmitted from pollen, the other from the egg.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

This method prevents the recombination of the chromosome set and leads to the relative stability of species, which is also characteristic of the phenomenon of apomixis [61].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Pollinators are bees, bumblebees, butterflies, bronzes and woodcutters [56].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

By producing a large amount of pollen, rose hips attract the attention of pollinators and provide them with food rich in proteins and fats [62].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Blossoming


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Rosehips bloom in the European part of Russia in May-June.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

In phenological observations, the beginning of rose hips flowering in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia marks the beginning of summer [63].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The flowering period is 20 days [37], and individual flowers bloom within two days [49] (in May rose hips up to 5 days [37]).


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

In most species, flowers bloom between five and six o'clock in the morning and close at night, thereby protecting pollen from getting wet [49].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Due to global warming, the timing of the beginning of flowering of rose hips is shifting towards earlier ones, and the growing season is longer.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

In this regard, rosehips sometimes re-bloom.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

For example, in the Kirov area in 2001, with early long spring (14 days more than usual) and a longer summer period (5 days more than usual), warm and sunny weather was observed re-flowering of cinnamon rose hips at the end of August [63].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Fruits


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

It begins to bear fruit at the age of three (sometimes at two years).


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Abundant harvests are repeated after three to five years, and the most abundant harvest is at the age of four to six years.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Fruits ripen in Russia in August-September [64], in Ukraine — in August-October [65].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The fruit is a special form of polynuts, called cynarrhodium (Latin: cynarrhodium) [66], 1-1.5 cm in diameter, topped with sepals, red, orange, purple-red, sometimes black when ripe, usually fleshy, sometimes dry, bare or covered with bristles or spines, coarse-haired inside, with numerous nut fruits on the inner surface of hypantium [66].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The red and orange color of hypanthium is due to the high content of carotenes.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

According to the shape of the fruit, the shape and position of the fetus in the space of cinarrodia, it can be concave (), rounded (), spherical (), ovoid (), obovate (), ellipsoidal (dog rose hips), spindle-shaped (, needle rose hips), jug-shaped (s), pear-shaped (s) [67].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Nuts are single-seeded.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The nut can be borderline in shape (needle rose hips), oblong in outline (Fedchenko rose hips) [67].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The endocarp is thick, with a fused suture.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Seeds with a large germ, without endosperm.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The seed peel is thin.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The germination preservation period is one to two years [68].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The mass of 1000 seeds is 6—6.6 g [69].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Seeds are difficult to germinate, with deep combined dormancy due to weak water permeability of the fruit membrane and the presence of inhibitors that accumulate in hypantia during ripening [70].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Prolonged stratification is required for the seeds of most species to germinate.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Seeds of many species need to be stratified at 3—5° C for six months or aged under snow from the second half of winter [68].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Under normal conditions, seeds sprout in the second or third year.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

In the first period of germination, rose hips are demanding on enhanced phosphorus and moderate potassium nutrition.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Increased doses of nitrogen in any combination with phosphorus and potassium delay germination.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

With the appearance of real leaves, the consumption of phosphorus and potassium increases, and then nitrogen [69].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Wild rose hips are propagated by seeds, dividing bushes, offspring and cuttings.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Distribution and ecology


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Rosehips are common in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, as well as occasionally in the mountainous regions of the tropical zone [44].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Some species of rose hips penetrate north up to the Arctic Circle, and south to Ethiopia, Arabia, North India and the Philippine Islands, and in North America to Mexico.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Particularly favorable conditions for its growth are found in the region from the Mediterranean to the Himalayas and further in East Asia [38].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Some species have a very wide range.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

is common in most areas of the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, as well as in Japan on the islands of Hokkaido and Honshu in the high mountains on the coast of the Sea of Japan, Sakhalin, China, and the Korean peninsula, Siberia and Kamchatka [71].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The dog rose is very widespread throughout Europe.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

It can also be found in the mountains of Central Asia, Iran and the Caucasus.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

It is distributed throughout Northern and Central Europe, the territory of the former USSR, with the exception of the south-west.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The range of the young Pleistocene stretches across Eurasia from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

This range is in a state of formation within 100—130° east longitude [10] [72].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

It forms many hybrids with members of the Caninae section, of which more than 30 species are native to Europe.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

It has no less range in Eurasia and also forms hybrids with members of the Caninae section [73].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The greatest variety of morphological features is inherent in rose hips, vines of the subtropical zone, in which you can find evergreen, semi-deciduous and deciduous species, species with white, red and yellow petals, with sepals falling off early and remaining until the fetus is completely reddened, whole or carrying threadlike or pinnate appendages along the edge, with free, early falling off (), fused whole-edged () and fused comb () stipules.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The same variety can be seen in the structure of the gynecea, inflorescence, leaf, etc. Morphological diversity, area and discontinuity of the range and the presence of a large number of paleoendemics indicate the greatest antiquity of Roslians [10].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The subtropical zone of Europe, Asia and Africa is characterized by evergreen vine roses with white flowers and fused columns.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

All of them have paniculate and panicle-corymbose multicolored inflorescences, as well as randomly scattered thorns.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

They are also characterized by more or less pinnate sepals that fall down to the redness of the fruit.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Their modern range is small and torn.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

To the north of it, white-flowered semi-deciduous and deciduous white-flowered species are common.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The widespread cultivation of roses and rose hips in many countries of the world has led to the fact that some species and early hybrids found favorable conditions and naturalized in natural conditions and in rural areas on either side of the equator [74].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

It grows alone or in groups along the edges and undergrowth of coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests, in light forests, floodplain and bayrak forests [75], along rivers, near springs, in damp meadows, on rocky and clay forests cliffs, plains and mountains up to 2,200 m above sea level.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Maksimovich's rose hips and wrinkled ones occupy the sea coast of the Far East, sometimes climbing river valleys.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Rosehips are mainly confined to the forest zone, but forms a shrub tier in larch forests along the river valleys of the Siberian continental tundra [75], in the urem forests of the Trans-Ural steppes [75], for example, in northern part of the valleys of the Ural and Emba rivers [75].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Some species of rose hips form shrubby areas of steppes and even deserts [75].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Some species are found in the mountains up to the subalpine belt, up to an altitude of 2000-3500, and in tropical countries up to 4000 m above sea level.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Rosehips in some areas form extensive thickets [49], for example, in the mountainous regions of Central Asia [10].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Rosehip is the dominant feature of the 3rd-4th tiers [72].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Some species grow magnificently in areas freed from under the forest, and are dominant and subdominants in the composition of shrubs and shiblyaks.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Different species belong to mesophytes, xeromesophytes, or mesoxerophytes [72].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Rosehips are part of the xerophytic shrubby thickets of Dagestan, which occupy dry slopes of the foothills, and in some places mountainous and high-mountain areas [75].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Wild rose hips are frost-resistant, drought-resistant and undemanding to the soil [76].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The most productive rosehip bushes are found on loamy, moderate moisture soils.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Rosehips do not grow on dry and excessively moist soils [69].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

In Europe


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The range of rose hips covers the whole of Europe to the Arctic.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

There are 62 species of rose hips in Europe [8].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

The greatest species diversity on the territory of the former USSR falls on the mountainous regions: the Carpathians, the Caucasus [77].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

There are 44 species in the Caucasus [78], according to more modern data, 18 species, among them not a single endemic has been indicated [8].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

There are 71 species in Ukraine, most of which are found in the Carpathians [79], and according to 2001 data — 51 species [8].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Twenty-three species of rose hips grow in Moldova [77], 20 species in Belarus, of which 11 are feral cultivated species [80].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

There are 45 in the European part of Russia, of which 7 are endemic [8].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

Twenty-two species are found in the Baltic States.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

In the rest of Europe, representatives of 47 species can be found [8].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

It is distributed in Southern and Central Europe to Belgium and central France [81], and in the territory of the former USSR - in the Carpathians, the Crimea and the Caucasus.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

In the Carpathians, it forms extensive thickets [72].


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

In most parts of Europe, to the east to Estonia and Ukraine, it is found.


Question: What kind of climate does rose hips grow in?

Rosehip

grows in Central and Eastern Europe to the Balkan Peninsula and Ukraine.