Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

He recommended Jimmy Page as a replacement for his buddy, guitarist, but Page at the time did not want to give up a lucrative career as a studio musician, so Page, in turn, recommended Jeff Beck to replace Clapton.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Clapton joined John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers in April 1965, but left the band a few months later.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

In the summer of 1965, he went to Greece with The Glands, in which his old friend Ben Palmer played keyboards.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

In November 1965, he returned to John Mayall's band.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

During his second stay at Bluesbreakers, his passionate performance gave Clapton the name of the best club blues guitarist.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

The following year, Clapton, along with musicians who also became famous in other projects — bass player Jack Bruce and drummer Ginger Baker, formed Cream.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Cream (1966—1968)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Blind Faith and Bonnie and Friends


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Derek and the Dominos


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Solo career


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Personal life


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

In 1970, Eric Clapton fell madly in love with Patti Boyd, who was then the wife of his close friend George Harrison [11].


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Clapton's feelings for Boyd are reflected in Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (recorded in 1970 with Derek and the Dominos), in particular, in the song “Layla” [12].


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Boyd initially rejected his claims, but a few years later, in 1974, she left Harrison and began an affair with Clapton, who married her in 1979 [11].


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Despite this, Harrison and Clapton remained close friends [13].


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

In 1984, Boyd left Clapton, citing his alcoholism and numerous novels on the side.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

The official divorce was formalized in 1988 [14].


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

In 1985, he was marked by an affair with an Italian fashion model, to whom he dedicated the song “Lady of Verona”.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

The couple had a son, Conor (1986—1991), who died after accidentally falling from the 53rd floor of a New York skyscraper.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

The musician was deeply depressed for more than a year and dedicated the song “Tears in Heaven” to his deceased son, which became one of his most popular songs [15].


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Phil Collins also wrote the song “Since I Lost You” (1991 album We Can't Dance) about this.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

In 2002, Clapton married Melia McEnery for the second time (1977, designer from Ohio).


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Three daughters were born from this marriage: Julie Rose (2001), Ella May (2003), Sophie Belle (2005).


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

His first marriage to Patti Boyd was childless.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Clapton also has an illegitimate daughter, Ruth (1985) from an affair with Ivonne Khan Kelly, an employee of his studio in Antigua.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Collaboration with other musicians


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

One of Clapton's signature solos was the solo part in The Beatles song “While My Guitar Gently Weeps”, for which he was invited by George Harrison.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

It is not known for certain whether Harrison was dissatisfied with his own version of the solo, or Clapton was invited to defuse the tense situation that reigned in the band during the recording of the White Album (1968).


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

However, it is known for sure that Clapton and Harrison were very close friends and spent a lot of time in the same company.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Clapton later invited Harrison to record “Badge”, which was included on Cream's Goodbye album (1969).


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Eric Clapton played on recordings by Roger Waters (The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking, 1984), Elton John (Runaway Train (1992), Sting (It's Probably Me, 1992), Cher (Love Can Build a Bridge, 1995) and Paul McCartney (My Valentine, 2012).


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Charitable activities and hobbies


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

In 2010, Clapton announced that he was selling his seventy guitars [16].


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

He sent the proceeds of $2.15 million to the rehabilitation center for drug addicts and alcoholics in Antigua.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

At the same time, the guitarist is one of the founders of this center.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

The musician also has a large collection of paintings, one of which, Abstract Painting (809-4), painted by artist Gerhard Richter, sold for a record $34.2 million at auction Sotheby [17].


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Clapton owns an impressive collection of Ferrari cars from different years.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

The diamond of the collection is the Ferrari SP12 EC, made in a single copy specifically for Eric, as evidenced by the “EC” index in the model.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

The cost of the car is 4.75 million dollars [18] [19].


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Discography


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Solo career


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Studio albums


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1970 — Eric Clapton


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1974 — 461 Ocean Boulevard


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1975 — There's One in Every Crowd


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1976 — No Reason to Cry


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1977 — Slowhand


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1978 — Backless


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1981 — Another Ticket


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1983 — Money and Cigarettes


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1985 — Behind The Sun


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1986 — August


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1989 — Journeyman


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1994 — From the Cradle


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1998 — Pilgrim


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2000 — Riding with the King (with B.B. King)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2001 — Reptile


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2004 — Me and Mr.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Johnson (includes Sessions for Robert J bonus disc)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2005 — Back Home


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2006 — The Road to Escondido (with J. J. Kale)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2010 — Clapton


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2013 — Old Sock [20]


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2014 — The Breeze: An Appreciation of JJ Cale


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2016 —


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2018 — Happy Xmas


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Live albums


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1973 — Eric Clapton's Rainbow Concert


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1975 — E.C. Was Here


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1980 — Just One Night


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1991 — 24 Nights


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1992 — Unplugged


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2004 — One More Car, One More Rider


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

As part of groups


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

The Yardbirds


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1964 — Five Live Yardbirds (concert)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1965 — For Your Love


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1965 — Having a Rave Up (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1965 — Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds (concert)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1971 — The Yardbirds Featuring Performances by: Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton, and Jimmy Page (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

The Immediate All-Stars


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1968 — Blues Anytime Vol.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1 (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1968 — Blues Anytime Vol.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2 (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1968 — Blues Anytime Vol.


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

3 (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1971 — Guitar Boogie (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2000 — Hip Young Guitar Slinger (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1966 — Blues Breakers


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Eric Clapton and the Powerhouse


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1966 — What's Shakin' (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Cream


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1966 — Fresh Cream


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1967 — Disraeli Gears


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1968 — Wheels of Fire


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1969 — Goodbye


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1969 — Best of Cream (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1970 — Live Cream (concert)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1972 — Live Cream Volume II (concert)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1972 — Heavy Cream (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1983 — Strange Brew (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1995 — The Very Best of Cream (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1997 — Those Were the Days (box set)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2000 — 20th Century Masters (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2003 — BBC Sessions (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2005 — Cream Gold (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2005 — Royal Albert Hall London May 2-3-5-6, 2005 (concert)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2011 — Icon (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Blind Faith


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1969 — Blind Faith


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Delaney & Bonnie


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1970 — On Tour with Eric Clapton (concert)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Vivian Stanshall and the Sean Head Showband


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1974 — The History of the Bonzos (compilation)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1992 — Cornology (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

2000 — New Tricks (collection)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Derek and the Dominos


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1970 — Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1973 — In Concert (concert)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1990 — The Layla Sessions: 20th Anniversary Edition (box set)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

1994 — Live at the Fillmore (concert)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

See also


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Crossroads Guitar Festival


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Literature


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

(in English)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

(in English)


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

References


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

on Facebook


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

on YouTube


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Notes


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Literature


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:British rock musicians


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:Artists who led the Billboard Hot 100


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:Artists who led the Billboard 200


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame artists


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:Blues musicians


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:Cream musicians


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:Plastic Ono Band Musicians


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:BRIT Awards winners


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:Grammy winners


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:MTV Video Music Awards Winners


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:The Yardbirds


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:British singer-songwriters


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:Atco Records Artists


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:Reprise Records Artists


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:solo guitarists


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:British rock vocalists


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:British rock guitarists


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:RSO Records Artists


Question: Are there rock concerts at the Dream Theater, a football stadium in England?

Eric Clapton

Category:English rock vocalists


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

For the war of the 16th century, see The first war for the Polish succession.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The War of the Polish Succession was a war that took place in 1733-1735 by coalitions of Russia, Austria and Saxony on the one hand and France, Spain and the Kingdom of Sardinia on the other.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The reason was the election of the king to the Polish throne after the death of Augustus II (1733).


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

France supported the candidacy of Stanislav Leschinsky, father-in-law of Louis XV, who previously held the Polish throne during the Northern War, Russia and Austria - Saxon Elector Frederick August II, son the late king.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The victory was won by the anti-French coalition.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

According to the Peace of Vienna in 1738, Frederick Augustus was recognized as King of Poland as Augustus III, and Leszczyn received the Duchy of Lorraine; in exchange, France recognized the Pragmatic Sanction, according to which the successor Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, his daughter Maria Theresa was recognized in the hereditary possessions, and her husband Franz I Stephen was to become the emperor, who abandoned his native Lorraine in Stanislav's favor.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Background


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The Polish Question in International Politics in the Late 1920s — Early 1830s


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

By the 1920s, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was excluded from big European politics, but remained an important factor in the policy of Eastern Europe [1].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The geographical location of the country, bordering on the possessions of Turkey, Russia, Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire, gave weight to the position occupied by the rulers of the state in international affairs [1].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The weakness of the central government of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the omnipotence of the aristocracy and the arbitrariness of the petty gentry made this state a restless neighbor.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

First of all, this affected Russian-Polish relations.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Robber detachments of the Polish-Lithuanian gentry attacked border villages, took peasants and stole cattle, burned fields and houses.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Polish magnates, in violation of the Eternal Peace of 1686, pursued a policy of settling lands recognized under the treaty as a neutral barrier [2].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Thus, the head Yablonovsky restored Chigirin, devastated under the Treaty of Bakhchisarai of 1681, captured several farms in the lands of the Mirgorod and Pereyaslavsky regiments, built 14 on neutral lands 203 yards, set up roadblocks and collected duties from Russian subjects [2].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The government of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth claimed Livonia and tried to limit the autonomy of the Duchy of Courland.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The Polish Catholic majority persecuted Orthodox Christians in Grodno and Minsk [3].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

For the Holy Roman Empire, the Polish question was primarily related to the problem of the unity of the Empire.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In 1697, Elector Friedrich Augustus I of Saxony was elected to the Polish throne.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The heirs of the Elector from the marriage of his son to Archduchess Marie Josepha could claim part of the heritage of the House of Austria [4].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In Silesia, the Polish gentry, as well as in Russia, raided border settlements.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Polish-Austrian relations and persecution of “dissidents”, especially Lutherans, complicated.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The emperor was the guarantor of the rights of religious minorities in the empire, and outbursts of Catholic fanaticism in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth caused Jesuit activity in Silesia and Hungary, where there were also many Lutherans.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In addition, this caused demarches on the part of the Protestant princes of the Empire, supported by England and Sweden [4].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The second half of the 1920s in Europe was marked by a sharp confrontation between two blocs of powers - the Hanover and Vienna Unions.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In 1726, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance, and the question of the policy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was supplemented by new circumstances.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Now the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth divided the lands of the two allied powers and, in the event of war, had to allow Allied troops to pass through.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The presence of a government friendly to Austria and Russia in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth has become even more necessary [4].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The position of the allies was twofold.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

For Russia, the issue was to resolve border disputes, guarantee freedom of religion for the Orthodox population of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, suppress robbery and preserve autonomy and territorial integrity of Courland [5].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On the one hand, the solution of these issues required the creation of a strong royal power in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which could curb the willfulness of the gentry and magnates.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On the other hand, Russia was not interested in strengthening the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The preservation of the “liberties and constitution of the Republic”, which created noble anarchy in the country, was a reliable guarantor against the war with the Commonwealth [5].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Both Russia and Austria were opponents of the idea of forming a Polish-Saxon kingdom, which Augustus II sought.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The Allies also opposed the creation of an alliance between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Turkey, France and Sweden [4].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Russia sought from the Polish government to comply with the obligations on freedom of religion for the Orthodox assumed by the Commonwealth under the Treaty of 1689, and recognition of Russia's right to represent the interests of the Orthodox before the Polish government [6].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On the issue of freedom of religion, Russia spoke together with England, Sweden and Holland, which supported their Protestant co-religionists [7].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The solution of these problems required the development of a common position.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In 1727, Austria initiated a discussion on the succession to the Polish throne after the death of King Augustus II [8].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

According to the rescript of Emperor Charles VI, this initiative was caused by the need to ensure the passage of the auxiliary corps of the Allies through the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the event of a war with the Hanover bloc [8].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On February 1 (12), 1727, at a conference of the Supreme Privy Council, the Imperial Minister in Russia, Count Ignaz Amadeus Bussy-Rabutin, announced the opinion of Emperor Charles: the emperor is against the nomination of a hereditary Prince Friedrich August of Saxon or Stanislaw Leszczynski as candidates for the Polish throne and supports the nomination of a candidate from the Polish nobility, “natural Piasts”, who are not influenced by others powers, especially France; the emperor supports the struggle against Moritz of Saxony in Courland (Count Moritz tried to become Duke) [8].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On February 9 (20), Empress Catherine I answered that she relies on the emperor to choose a candidate [8].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In 1728, August II tried to reach a rapprochement with Vienna, where Field Marshal Fleming was sent, but the Field Marshal died before negotiations began [8].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On October 2 (13), Augustus II concluded the Pact of Versailles: in the event of a war between Louis XV and Emperor Charles, King Augustus promised to remain neutral and not allow Russian troops to pass through, in response France ensured payment of subsidies to the king [8].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On November 15 (26), Russian Minister Louis Lanchinsky met with Prince Eugene of Savoy, President of Hofkrigsrat, in Vienna.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The prince confirmed that the Viennese court wants free elections of the king, will support the candidate from Piast, friendly to Russia and Austria, and will not allow the election of Leschinsky [8].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The next intensification of negotiations took place in 1730, which was due to the aggravation of the confrontation between the European blocs.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In July-August 1730, the Russian court informed Vienna that negotiations with the French were underway in Warsaw and Dresden.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On July 11 (22), Lanchinsky reported to St. Petersburg about his meeting with Prince Eugene: “When I announced to him that the news of the secret Saxon negotiation with France was continuing, he skillfully took out the handkerchief from pockets, tied a pattern and said briefly: “I remember de” [9].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On November 7 (18), 1730, the imperial ambassador, Count Franz-Karl von Vratislav, informed Vice-Chancellor Andrei Osterman of Emperor Charles's decree on the Polish question.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The emperor proposed to conclude an agreement between Prussia, Russia and Austria on the following conditions [9]:


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Ensuring freedom of election of the king and excluding Leschinsky;


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Execution of a special agreement on the candidacy of an applicant from Saxony;


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

To nominate a common candidate from Piast;


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Foreign princes should be invited only if this does not contribute to the election of Leschinsky.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On 14 (25) December, Vratislav presented a draft treaty providing for the guarantee of the Polish “Republic”, the formation of a Prussian - Russian - Austrian Council for Polish Affairs and the nomination of such a candidate, which “contained all Polish freedoms and would live in peace with all border countries” [10].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On January 2 (13), 1731, Empress Anna Ioannovna approved this project [11].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In 1730-1731, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, at the Seimas in Grodno, the issue of liquidating the autonomy of Courland and the division of the Duchy into voivodeships and povets was considered, which contradicted international agreements, so as many European powers were guarantors of the Duchy's autonomy.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In 1731, Polish-Lithuanian raids on the borders and persecution of the Orthodox intensified [11].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

These events have prompted Russia to take action.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Lieutenant General Count Karl Loewenwolde and Adjutant General Count Ernst Biron left for Berlin to coordinate actions on the Polish issue with King Frederick Wilhelm I [11] .


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In August 1731, Levenwolde left for Vienna as envoy extraordinary.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

For Emperor Charles VI, 1731 was also a turbulent year.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On 7 (18) December 1731, the Reichstag in Regensburg guaranteed the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, but the Electors of Bavaria, Palatinate and Saxony, who could claim part of the “Austrian inheritance” abstained [12].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Another demarche of Augustus II forced the Viennese court to act decisively.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On February 6 (17), 1732, Count Vratislav presented Empress Anna Ioannovna with the emperor's response to the memorial of Count Levenwold, Envoy Extraordinary in Vienna.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The emperor ordered the imperial ambassador to Warsaw, Count Wilczek, together with the Russian envoy Count Friedrich Levenwolde, “use all sorts of convenient and severe harassment, where necessary,” for protection Orthodox “dissidents” and the Russian population on the Polish border [12].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

If this is not enough, the emperor is ready to support Russia by force of arms, considering a case of aggression the situation “when one or the other side is in the late possession of its own under the mentioned allied I am concerned about the treatise of kept lands” [13].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On July 13 (24), Emperor Charles arrived incognito in Prague, where he secretly met King Friedrich Wilhelm at the house of Count Nostitz.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The monarchs agreed on joint actions in the election of the new Polish king [14].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The Polish question could not leave France aside.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Since the conclusion of the Treaty of Vienna in 1726, France has pursued a policy of “eastern barrier” towards Russia.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The purpose of this policy was to create a hostile environment around Russia from Sweden, Turkey and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth [15].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

France helped Sweden rebuild the army and tried to establish allied relations between Turkey, Poland and Sweden against Russia.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The task of the “eastern barrier” policy was to weaken Russia and divert its attention from the problems of Central and Central Europe, which was supposed to ensure Russia's non-interference in the Austro-French relationships [15].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In 1728, at the Soissons Congress, Cardinal de Fleury, due to the illness of King Augustus II, invited the Swedes to agree with England and Holland to support the candidacy of Stanislav Leschinsky as a new king.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Sweden supported the French proposal and agreed to provide financial support.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In addition, Sweden announced its readiness to provide Leschinsky with armed support [16].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On July 25, 1729, Sweden made peace with Saxony, and on October 7, 1732, peace with the Commonwealth.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

These treaties legally ended the Northern War.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Both agreements were concluded without the participation of Russian mediators, as Russia insisted on, and gave French and Swedish diplomacy the opportunity to strengthen Leschinsky's position in Poland [16].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On December 2 (13), 1732, in Berlin, the Russian Ambassador Count Levenwolde and the Imperial Ambassador Count Zeckendorf concluded an agreement with King Friedrich Wilhelm on joint actions in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which became is known as the “Union of Three Black Eagles” [17].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Under the agreement, to counter Leschinsky, it was decided to deploy troops on the borders: 4,000 cavalry from Austria, 6,000 dragoons and 14,000 infantry from Russia and 12 battalions and 20 squadrons from Prussia.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The parties allocated 36,000 hearts (about 90,000 rubles) to bribe the magnates.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The Portuguese Infante Manuel was declared the common candidate in the election of the king, and Prince Augustus Wilhelm of Prussia was declared a candidate in Courland.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The Duke of Courland was not supposed to have possessions outside Courland and remained a vassal of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth [17].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The Loewenwolde mission came to an impasse when the emperor refused to consolidate the agreements on paper.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Death of King Augustus II


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The balance of power in Europe was not in favor of King Augustus II, and most Polish magnates were opposed to him.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The last step of Augustus the Strong was the proposal to divide the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth between him and Prussia.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Augustus offered Friedrich Wilhelm Polish Prussia, Courland and part of Greater Poland, the rest of the lands became a hereditary kingdom.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On December 31, 1732 (January 11, 1733), in Krosno, the king met with Prussian Minister von Grumbkow, but negotiations were interrupted due to an exacerbation of the king's illness.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Four days later, the king lay down in Warsaw, on January 18 (29) he developed a fever, and on the morning of January 21 (February 1), 1733, Elector of Saxon and King of Poland August the Strong died [17].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The death of the king was a signal for action for the European powers.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

As the Russian envoy to Vienna Louis Lanchinsky told Empress Anna: “On the vacation of my last report, a courier from the Caesar ambassador Count Wilczek from Warsaw arrived here at No. 6, and on the name of the third day At the end of the 9th hour in the morning, with the statement of the death of the King of Poland, and at that hour His Majesty Caesar called on the chief ministers, with whom he deigned to talk about it. And yesterday Prince Eugene had a conference in which, as I was informed from the local side, they put a courier with a dispatch to the court of Your Imperial Majesty and send a courier to Berlin with a dispatch in that force that all three courts try to excommunicate Stanislav Leschinsky from the Polish throne, and to produce what pleases all three powers as kings, for which a certain amount of money is determined here for the sake of declension Polish nobles” [18].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, executive power passed into the hands of Primate, Archbishop of Gniezno Count Fedor Potocki.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

By his first decrees, the Primate expelled 1,200 Saxons from the country, dissolved two regiments of the Horse Guard and accepted Augustus II's favorite regiment, the Grand Musketer, into Polish service [19].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The Russian ambassador to Warsaw, Count Friedrich Levenwolde, found out in conversations with the primate that he was a firm supporter of Leschinsky.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

For Russia, the support of Leschinsky by the Potocki family did not bode well, since the Potocki controlled the voivodeships bordering Russia.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The elder of Warsaw Count Jozef Pototsky was the voivode of Kiev, Anthony Pototsky - voivode Belsky.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The relatives of the Potocki were the Russian voivode August Chartoryisky, the elder of Chigirinsky Yablonovsky, the great crown count Frantisek Ossolinsky, the crown regimentar Count Stanislav Ponyatovsky [ 19].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The support for Russia and Austria was the Lithuanian nobility, opposed to Leschinsky - regimentar Lithuanian prince Mikhail Vishnevetsky, Prince Mikhail-Kazimir Radziwill.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Pro-Austrian were set up by the voivode of Krakow Prince Fedor Lubomirsky and Kastelian Krakow prince Jan Vyshnevetsky.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

By February 12 (23), 1733, they organized a confederation in Krakow and seized salt mines, but without receiving military assistance from Austria, the Confederates soon obeyed the primacy [19].


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On April 27, 1733, the convocation Sejm opened, which preceded the electoral Sejm, at which it was decided that only a natural Pole and a Catholic who did not have his own army could be elected king, nor a hereditary power and married to a Catholic woman.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

This decision directly excluded both the Elector of Saxon and any other foreign prince from the list of candidates for the throne.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

However, when it was necessary to sign these articles, some of the electors refused to do so, after which they appealed to the Russian court with a request for help.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On August 14, 1733, the Russian ambassador Löwenwolde concluded an agreement in Warsaw with the Saxon commissars, according to which Russia and Saxony entered into a defensive alliance for 18 years, guaranteeing each other everything their European possessions and exposing auxiliary troops: Russia - 2 thousand cavalry and 4 thousand infantry, Saxony - 1 thousand infantry and 2 thousand cavalry; the Elector recognized the Russian sovereign imperial title, and upon reaching the Polish crown, he had to try to ensure that the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did the same; both sides invited Prussia, England and Denmark to the union; the Elector undertook to use all forces for Poland to abandon its claims to Livonia; the Empress promised to assist the Elector in his intentions regarding Poland with negotiations, money, and, if necessary, army.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The Electoral Seimas began on August 25.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

His work was marked by quarrels.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Already on August 29, the regimentar of Lithuania, Prince Vyshnevetsky, moved with his adherents in the amount of 3,000 people to the right bank of the Vistula River to Prague, followed by the Krakow voivode Prince Lubomirsky.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On September 11, when the primate was supposed to collect votes, the lords standing on the right bank of the Vistula sent a protest against Stanislav's candidacy, but the primate announced that only the protest which was expressed on the election floor.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

According to Stanislav's opponents, when collecting votes, the primate acted in bad faith, quickly passing by suspicious banners, and his retinue shouted at the sound of trumpets and horns: “Long live Stanislav!” Nevertheless, by evening, the majority clearly spoke in favor of Leschinsky, while the minority went to Prague at night.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On September 12, 1733, the primate announced the election of Stanislav Leszczynski as King of Poland.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Meanwhile, the minority, having published a manifesto complaining about the destruction of liberum veto, retreated to the Hungarians.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On September 22, Leschinsky, accompanied by his main supporters, as well as French and Swedish ambassadors, left for Danzig, where he intended to wait for French help.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The course of war


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Polish theater of operations


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Russian troops under the command of P. P. Lassi crossed the border on July 31, 1733 and appeared near Warsaw on September 20.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Part of the gentry a half a mile from Prague, in the Grokhov tract, under the protection of Russian troops, elected Friedrich Augustus to the throne.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Four days later, the Polish troops supporting Leszczynski left Warsaw without resistance and went to Krakow.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Siege of Danzig


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On January 16, 1734, Lassie occupied Thorne, whose inhabitants swore allegiance to August III and took the Russian garrison.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Lassie was able to lead only 12,000 soldiers to Danzig, who were not enough to storm the city, as the number of besieged exceeded the forces of the besieging.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In addition to the Poles, French engineers and a number of Swedish officers were also in the city.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In addition, their hopes were supported by the presence of French and Swedish ambassadors Monty and Rudensjöld in the city.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On March 5, 1734, Field Marshal Minich arrived at Danzig, replacing Lassi.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On March 9, Russian troops managed to capture the suburb of Scotland.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On April 18, the shelling of the city began with guns that had finally arrived.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

At the same time, the French squadron arrived, but the French landing did not find an opportunity to enter the city, as Minich cut Danzig's communication with his harbor Weichselmünde by capturing Fort Sommerschanz, so the French again boarded the ships and went to sea.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In late April, Minich decided to storm Fort Gagelsberg.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The assault, however, ended in failure.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The losses of the besiegers amounted to 2 thousand people killed and wounded.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On May 13, 11 French ships again appeared on the roadstead, which landed a landing force consisting of 2 thousand people.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On May 16, he attacked Russian retranches, while the besieged made a sortie from the city.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Both were repulsed.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Soon Danzig was approached by Saxon troops.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In addition, in early June, the Russian fleet arrived with artillery, as a result of which the French squadron, leaving the army in Weichselmund, left, losing one frigate that ran aground.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Minich, having received artillery, began to make aproshi to Weichselmünde, and on June 12, the French surrendered it.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The next day, the Münde fortification surrendered.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On June 28, 1734, Danzig also surrendered.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Leschinsky, dressed in a peasant dress, ran.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

After that, most of the Polish magnates defected to Augustus III.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On December 25, August III was crowned in Krakow.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Italian theater of operations


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Although Austrian troops did not take part in hostilities in Poland, Austria's involvement was so obvious that it presented France and Spain with a plausible pretext for declaring war on the emperor Charles VI.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The real reason for Spain's entry into the war was its desire to increase its possessions by granting one of the Italian states to Infanta Don Carlos.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Meanwhile, Charles VI, hoping for alliances, made a mistake in his calculations.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

He intended to arm England and Holland against France, but he failed.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Prussia remained neutral, Russia was busy with wars with Poland and Turkey, Denmark was weak.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Wanting to conclude an alliance with Sardinia, the emperor hesitated, considering the 1st Minister of France, Cardinal Fleury, sluggish and harmless.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

However, Cardinal Fleury also managed to attract Sardinia to his side, promising her Milan.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

King Carl Emmanuel of Sardinia, appointed commander-in-chief of the Allied armies in Italy, occupied Milan in October 1733 and besieged Mantua.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

After crossing the Alps, French troops also entered Italy.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Another French army occupied Lorraine and captured Kehl in front of Strasbourg on October 29.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Taking advantage of the suspension of hostilities in winter, Charles VI hastily prepared for war, strengthening the Ettlingen lines that covered Philippsburg, forming an army in Italy and persuading the German the princely Sejm declare war on France.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The campaign of 1734


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The fighting began in February 1734.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Initially, the imperial army was commanded by Field Marshal F. K. von Mersey.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Two illnesses that befell him one after another prevented him from manifesting his characteristic energy.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

He crossed the Po River and pushed the enemy back to Padua, but due to illness was forced to temporarily surrender command of the troops.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The generals who took his place knocked down the enemy from their position at Colonna, but then retreated to Saint-Martino.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

After recovering, he attacked Marshal Coigny's Franco-Sardinian army near Parma on 29 June, but was fatally wounded.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Despite the victory, the Austrians, who lost their commander, retreated across the Sekkia River, where the new commander-in-chief, Count Koenigsek, arrived.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On September 15, 1734, after unexpectedly attacking the Allied camp near Quistello, he won, but on September 19 he was defeated at Guastalla, losing about 6,000 people and retreating to position under Lucar.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Southern Italy


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In southern Italy, the Austrians were even less successful during this time.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Don Carlos, having ascended the throne of the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza in early 1734 and wishing to exchange them for Naples, concentrated in Tuscany a strong Spanish army under the command of the Duke of Montemar, which, after passing through the Papal States, invaded Naples while the Spanish fleet blocked Civitta Vecchia.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The Austrian forces scattered over the fortresses of the Kingdom of Naples could not resist the enemy, so the Austrians concentrated 6 thousand people on a fortified position at San Angelo de la Canina.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The Spaniards captured the Sant'Angelo position, overlaid Gaeta and Capua and approached Naples, which opened the gate for them on April 10, 1734.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On May 10, 1734, Don Carlos was proclaimed King of Naples under the name Charles III.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The remnants of the Austrian troops (9 thousand men) concentrated near Bitonto, but on May 25 they were defeated by Duke Montemar: more than half fell in battle, and the rest, briefly staying in Bitonto and Bari, were forced to lay down their arms.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Gaeta soon fell and only Count Traun was held in Capua until the end of November.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

By December 1734, the Kingdom of Naples had been cleared of Austrian troops.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Montemar, who received the title of Duke of Bitonta for his victories, then crossed to Sicily and occupied Palermo, and on June 3, 1735, Charles III was crowned King of the Two Sicilies.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

German theater of operations


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

According to the definition of the Imperial Reichstag, the principalities allied to Austria were supposed to deploy a hundred and twenty thousand army, but due to lack of money, the commander-in-chief, the Duke of Beverny, took command only 12,000 people.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Of course, with such an army, he could not even think about offensive actions.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Marshal Berwick's French army launched a campaign on April 9, 1734 with the capture of Trarbach, then crossed the Rhine and, bypassing the Ettlingen lines, forced the Austrian army to withdraw to Heilbron, where the Duke of Beverne was replaced by Eugene of Savoy, who arrived from Vienna.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The army had already grown to 26,000 people, but consisted of different nationalities that largely disagreed with each other.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The elderly Prince Eugene, embarrassed by the distrust of the Viennese court, considered it best to limit himself to passive defense.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

He continued to hold on to this course of action, despite the fact that the army gradually reached 60 thousand people.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The French besieged Philippsburg, who stubbornly defended himself, led by a brave commandant, Baron Wutgenau.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

During this siege, Berwick was killed, but his successor, the Marquis of Asfeld, ended the siege.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Prince Eugene strongly hoped for an alliance with the maritime powers and, using his previous ties with the English court, tried to involve England in the fight against France.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Despite King George II's expressed readiness and threats to Austria, in case of disagreement, to pass off Crown Princess Maria Theresa as heir to the Spanish throne, led by Walpole, denied the alliance.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Truce


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

After Austria lost hope of attracting England to its side, the emperor concluded a truce with France on November 3, 1734, and signed preconditions on May 7, 1735: Leschinsky was granted the title of Polish king and possession of all his estates in Poland, Charles III was recognized as king of both Sicilies, Sardinia received Tortona, Novara and Vigevano, as well as others Austrian possessions were returned to Austria; Pragmatic sanction was recognized by all Bourbon courts, the duchies of Parma and Piacenza were given to the emperor, who was asserted future possession Tuscany.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

However, agreement between the peace powers did not last long.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

France was unhappy that it had received nothing for all its donations; Spain was not inferior to Parma and Piacenza and, on the occasion of insulting its envoy in Lisbon, declared war on Portugal, asking help y England and Austria.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

England has begun to arm itself.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Sardinia has entered into negotiations with Austria.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Under these conditions, Austria demanded auxiliary troops from Russia, and the Russian government decided to send a 13,000-strong Lassi corps to help it.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On June 8, 1735, Lassi left Poland for Silesia, on August 15, the Russian army joined the imperial army and was located between Heidelberg and Ladenburg.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In addition, Denmark and Saxony promised their help to Charles VI.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

All this promised Austria success, as a result of which it, having stopped further negotiations, declared war on France.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The resumption of hostilities


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The campaign of 1735


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The 1735 campaign also began unsuccessfully for Austria.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In northern Italy, Koenigsek, crowded by the allies, was forced to retreat to Tyrol, and Mantua was besieged.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Messina and Syracuse were captured in southern Italy.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In Germany, Yevgeny Savoisky with an army of thirty thousand could hardly hold the French army.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

As a result, the emperor, seeing that hopes for success did not materialize, reiterated his desire to enter into peace negotiations.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Many Spaniards, who were at the Viennese court, fearing to lose their estates with the loss of Lombardy, persuaded the emperor to enter into negotiations with Spain, promising Don Carlos the hand of Maria Theresa, but the Archduchess opposed this plan, and the weak-willed emperor did not know what to decide on.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Finally, he himself entered into secret negotiations with France.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

At this time, things in northern Italy began to take a favorable turn for him.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The siege of Mantua was greatly delayed, thanks to the quarrels of the allies, who did not want to concede this important point to each other.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

This mutual distrust and threats of Charles VI to conclude a separate peace with Spain and Sardinia forced the French to make concessions, and on October 3, a preliminary peace treaty was signed in Vienna.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

The conditions remained the same, with the exception of some changes on the issue of the assignment of lands to Sardinia and the fact that the Duke of Lorraine in exchange for Tuscany had to cede Bar and Lorraine to France.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Sardinia also agreed to a truce.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Meanwhile, Koenigsek forced the Spaniards to lift the siege of Mantua, pushed them back to Tuscany and prepared to move to Naples.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Spain was also forced to stop hostilities.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

However, the main peace treaty was not signed for several more years, until Fleury and Walpole persuaded Austria to convince the Duke of Lorraine to cede their possessions to France for 3.5 million livres annually income and satisfy the wishes of the Sardinian king.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Results of the war


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On November 8, 1738, peace was signed with France.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

On February 8, Sardinia joined it, and on April 21, 1739, Spain and Naples.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In this world, Stanislav Leschinsky renounced the Polish throne, but retained the title of king and lifelong possession of Lorraine, which after his death was to be ceded to France.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Instead of Lorraine, the Duke of Lorraine received Tuscany with the title of Grand Duke; Charles III was recognized as king of both Sicilies; Parma and Piacenza remained for Austria; the Sardinian king received the western part of Lombardy, and France fully recognized the Pragmatic Sanction.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

As a result of the war, the international position of the Russian government strengthened and its influence on Poland increased.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

France, on the other hand, has weakened Austria.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Notes


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Literature


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Buturlin D. P. Military history of the campaigns of Russians in the XVIII century


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

H 3.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

— SPb., 1823.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Guerrier V. The struggle for the Polish throne in 1733 — M., 1862.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Soloviev S. M. The history of Russia since ancient times.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

VOL. 20.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

— MOSCOW, 1999.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

/Communication


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

P. Melnikov//Domestic notes, 1841.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

— VOL. 14.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

— No. 1.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

— Otd.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

— P. 1-5.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Soviet historical encyclopedia.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

VOL. 11.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

— MOSCOW, 1968.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

In foreign languages


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Beyrich R. Kursachsen und die polnische Thronfolge 1733-36.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

— Lpz.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

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, 1913.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Carre H. l'Héroique aventure du comte de Plélo et l'expédition de Dantzig.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

— Paris, 1946.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Massuet P. Histoire de la dernière guerre et des négotiations pour la paix, V. 1-2.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

— Amsterdam, 1736-37.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Rostvorowski E. O polską koronę.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Polityka Francji w latach 1725—1733.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

— Wr.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

-Kr.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

, 1958.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

Strobl W. Österreich und der polnische Thron 1733.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

— W., 1950.


Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

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Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

War for Polish Succession

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Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

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Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

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Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

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Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

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Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

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Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

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Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

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Question: What is the reason for the war for the Polish succession?

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Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wicca (English: Wicca) is a Western neo-pagan religion based on reverence for nature [1].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

It became popular in 1954 thanks to Gerald Gardner, a retired English civil servant who at the time called the religion witchcraft (English: witchcraft).


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

He argued that the religion he was ordained to was a surviving modern religion of ancient witchcraft that had existed secretly for centuries, rooted in pre-Christian European paganism.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The truth of Gardner's claims cannot be unequivocally proven, so it is believed that Wiccan theology did not originate until the 1920s.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

According to followers, the roots of the Vicca go back centuries, to the prehistoric cults of Mother Earth and the Great Goddess [2].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wiccans, as followers of Vicca are called, usually venerate God [3] (traditionally horned god) and Goddess (traditionally the Triune Goddess), who are sometimes presented as parts of the supreme pantheistic A deity manifesting himself in various polytheistic gods.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Other features of the Wicca include: the use of ritual magic, free moral norms and the celebration of eight holidays corresponding to the Wheel of the Year.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

There is a debate about what really is a Wicca.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Initially, the name referred to the direction of Charles Cardell, Gardner's rival, but since the 1960s, Wicca began to be called the traditions of mystical priesthood derived from Gardner (Gardnerian and Alexandrian Wicca), known in North America as British Traditional Wicca.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In recent years, Wicca has also been used for forms of neo-pagan witchcraft similar to but independent of the original tradition, for example: Cochrane Craft, Dianic Wicca, Faean Wicca, 1734 Tradition and other trends.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Creed


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Theology


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Despite the significant difference in views on tradition, most Wiccans honor God and Goddess, which are perceived in the light of various philosophical and religious concepts, such as pantheism (In this case as manifestations of two equal aspects of a single Deity), dualism (as two polar opposites) or polytheism (supporting the idea of the existence of many gods).


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In several pantheistic and dualistic directions, deities from different cultures can be considered as aspects of the Wiccan Goddess and God.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

God and Goddess


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

For most, Wiccan Wicca is a dualistic religion that perceives God and Goddess as equal, complementary opposites (close to the Taoist idea of yin and yang), embodying the whole set of possible manifestations of nature.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

God is sometimes symbolically identified with the Sun, and the Goddess with the Moon.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

God is traditionally understood as the Celtic “Horned God” (Kernunnos), the qualities associated with him — sexuality, aggression, fury, passion for nature.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Traditionally, Rogaty is credited with various names, including: Kernunnos, Pan, Ato and Karnaina.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

At different times, God appeared in European culture and art in different guises and forms — as a Green Man, as a Solar God (in particular, on the holiday of Lita, or the summer solstice), like the Oak King and King Holly, one of whom rules in spring and summer, the other in autumn and winter.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The horns symbolize a connection with nature.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The goddess is called the Triune, associating three forms of her manifestation — “Virgo”, “Mother” and “Old Woman” — with three lunar phases.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Sometimes it is revered as the original entity in relation to God, containing absolutely everything.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

God in these concepts is the spark and the beating of life, a lover and a child at the same time.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

This, for example, is reflected in the special structure of the Traditional Vickie's coven.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Polytheism


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The duoteism of God and the Goddess is often expanded to the dual form of pantheism through the belief, according to Dion Fortune, that “all gods are one god and all goddesses are one goddess”; thus, all gods and goddesses of all cultures, respectively, aspects of one supreme god and goddess.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

For example, a Wiccan consider the Germanic Ostara, Hindu Kali, and the Christian Virgin Mary as a manifestation of one supreme Goddess, and, as well, Celtic Cernunnos, ancient Greek Dionysus and Judaist Yahweh aspects of God's single archetype.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In an even more polytheistic approximation, they see different gods and goddesses as separate entities.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In pantheistic systems, it is possible to understand gods as metaphorical archetypes or thought forms.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Although these conceptualizations of the divine — duoteism, polytheism, and pantheism — may seem radical in relation to each other, they should not be considered mutually exclusive; many Wiccans find spiritually it is useful (or magically practical) to implement elements from one system to another, depending on time and circumstances.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wiccan writers Janet Farrar and Gavin Bon noticed that Wicca becomes more polytheistic as it “grows up” and accepts a more traditional pagan worldview.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Supreme Deity


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Gardner claimed that the creature above the main gods was recognized by witches as the primary creator, whose name remains unknown.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Patricia Crowther called this supreme deity Dryten (from Drighten Old English. “God”, “Creator”), Scott Cunningham called “the One” (English: “the One”) [5].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

This pantheistic or panentheistic view of God has analogies in Hinduism with Brahman.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

But some Wiccan Traditions (in particular, the Dianic or Fae Traditions) believe that this deity is the Mother of All That Is.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

There are many references [6] to the Great Goddess as the Mother of Everything, worshiped by people at the dawn of mankind, and whose various cults have survived (in one form or another) to this day, partially (or completely) joining Wicca.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Animism


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wicca is an immanent religion, and some Wiccans use elements of animism.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The key idea in Wicca is that the Goddess and God (or goddesses and gods) can manifest themselves in personal forms through the bodies of a priestess and priest, through the ritual of lowering the moon or lowering the Sun.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

There are also elements in the Wiccan worldview that are similar to shamanism about the animacy of everything, including non-living objects.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Afterlife


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Vicca followers may have different beliefs in life after death [7], although Wiccans traditionally believe in reincarnation.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Raymond Buckland said that the soul, in order to learn and develop, incarnates several lives in a row in the same form, but this faith is not common.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

A popular saying among the Wiccans is: “A witch once, a witch forever,” indicates that the Wiccans are incarnations of former witches.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Usually, Wiccans who believe in reincarnation also believe that the soul, waiting for the next reincarnation, is resting in the Other World or the Land of Eternal Summer, known from Gardner's books as the “ecstasy of the Goddess” [9].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Many Wiccans believe in the ability, especially Sabbat Samhain, to make contact with the dead who live in the Other World through mediums and Ouija boards, although some Wiccans are against this practice: for example, High Priest Alex Sanders, who claimed, “They are dead; leave them alone” [10].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Belief was influenced by spiritualism, which was very popular during the emergence of modern Vicca, and Gardner practiced it [9].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

At the same time, the Wiccans do not pay much attention to the issue of life after death, turning their attention to the present; as historian Ronald Hutton noted: “The instinctive position of most pagan witches is that if she does everything possible in real life, in all its aspects, then the next life will more or less definitely benefit from the current incarnation, so it is enough pay attention to the present” [11].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

magic


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wiccans believe in magic and the possibility of exposure through witchcraft or magic.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Some English-speaking Wiccans use the word magic in their spelling of magick, although this spelling is associated with the occultist Aleister Crowley and is more associated with thelema than with Wicca.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wiccans cast spells during a ritual within the sacred circle in an attempt to bring about real change (more in the Ritual Practices section).


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Common Wiccan spells are used for healing, love, wealth, or liberation from negative influences.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Many Wiccans agree with the definition of magic proposed by ceremonial magicians [12].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Aleister Crowley, for example, describes magic as “the science and art of causing change to come into line with Will,” and Samuel Mathers argues that it is “the science of controlling the secret forces of nature.”


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wiccans believe that magic uses laws of nature that have not yet been discovered by modern science.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Other Wiccans do not try to explain the principles of magic, they simply see that it is effective based on personal experience.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Many predecessor Wiccans, such as Alex Sanders and Dorin Valiente, referred their own magic to “white magic”, as opposed to “black magic”, which they associated with evil and Satanism.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

However, some modern Wiccans have stopped using this terminology, disagreeing that black should be associated with evil.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Religious scholars Rodney Stark and William Bainbridge argued in 1985 that a reckless return to magic would lead to the secularization of Vicca and such a reactionary religion would soon die.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

This view was sharply criticized in 1999 by historian Ronald Hutton, who argued that circumstances prove the opposite and that “a large number (wiccan) work in advanced science, for example, in the high-tech industry” [13].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Morals


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wiccan morality is based on the Wiccan Manual: If it doesn't hurt anyone, do what you want.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

This is often interpreted as a declaration of free will, along with the obligation to be responsible for one's own actions and minimize harm to oneself and others.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Another part of Wiccan morality is the Law of Triple Return, which is understood as follows: anything good or evil that you do to others will return to you three times (similar to the oriental idea karma).


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Many Wiccans also seek to acquire the eight virtues mentioned in the Covenant of the Goddess by Dorin Valienti.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

This is joy, reverence, respect, humanity, strength, beauty, power and compassion.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In Valienti's verse, these qualities are distributed in pairs, as complementary opposites, reflecting the dualism inherent in Wiccan philosophy.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Some traditional Wiccans also take into account a set of 161 rules called Ardanes.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Valienti, one of Gardner's high priestesses, noted that these rules were most likely an invention of Gardner himself in pseudo-archaic language.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

This is like an adverse reaction to an internal conflict with his coven Briquette Wood.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Gardner condemned homosexuality, arguing that it would cause “the wrath of the Goddess” [14].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Five elements


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The Wiccans share the idea of the existence of five classical elements, largely agreeing with the traditional views of Western Alchemy and occultism.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Elemental symbolism is present in many Wiccan ceremonies, such as the creation of the magic circle.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

To explain the action and connections of the fundamental principles, that is, Spirit, Air, Fire, Water and Earth, there are author's concepts, for example, proposed by Anna-Maria Galager, in which she does this by example wood.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The tree connects to the ground (soil and leaves), water (sap and moisture), fire (photosynthesis) and air (oxygen from carbon dioxide).


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The 'spirit' unites everything together [15].


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Traditionally, when building a magic circle, four main elements are correlated with the cardinal points: air in the east, fire in the south, water in the west, earth in the north, and spirit in the center.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

In addition, there are a huge number of all kinds of matches.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Some Wiccans, such as Frederick Lamond, believe that these correspondences are true exclusively for Southern England, the place where the Wicca developed, and modern practices should determine the appropriate side of the world separately for each element in their region.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

For example, those who live on the east coast of North America should call for the water element in the east, not in the west, because the colossal masses of water in the Atlantic Ocean are located in the east.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Five elements relate to the five vertices of the pentagram.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Symbols


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Like representatives of other religions, Wiccan has its own sacred symbols, the main and most famous of which is the pentagram.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

The five peaks represent five elements.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

There are other symbols, such as the triquette and the lunar triune Goddess symbol.


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Sacred books


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Practices


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Ritual practices


Question: How many kids did Gerald Gardner have?

Wicca

Wiccans use various rituals to practice magic and cast spells, as well as during various holidays.