Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

On the night of August 26-27, he attacked American positions from land (map 2, pos. G), and although he won a tactically brilliant victory, he essentially threw the advantage to the wind, not ordering to immediately storm the weak defense of the Brooklyn Heights heights head-on (map 2, pos. b).


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

He was still haunted by the memory of his excessive losses at Bunker Hill.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The fleet's only contribution to this victory was the demonstration of a lone Roebuck against Fort Red Hook (map 2, pos. O) while the rest of the fleet was quietly anchored, instead of penetrating the East River and firing enfilade at the enemy.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Richard Howe referred to fears of fire from enemy batteries.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

[3] As a result, on the night of August 29-30, when a strong wind was blowing from the north and the fleet could not intervene, Washington sent about 10,000 people with all weapons, except the heaviest, to Manhattan, thus preserving the remnants of the army for the future.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

After that, he swore to avoid stubborn fighting and mastered the skill of tactical retreat.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

A similar situation has been repeated more than once during the campaign.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

pause


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

After Long Island, General Howe gave the troops a break and regroup.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

During this period, two events took place.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Almost no one noticed the first one.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

It became an event only in the future, when historians attached importance to it.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

On the night of September 7, the colonists attempted to attack the British fleet, which was anchored.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The goal would be the flagship HMS Eagle.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The attempt would not be worth mentioning among others if a regular or even gunpowder filled fireship was used.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

But this time it attacked an underwater vehicle, “a machine invented and operated by Mr. Bushnell to blow up British ships” [4], one of the earliest submarines called Turtle (Turtle).


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

At that time, it was run by Volunteer Sergeant Ezra Lee.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The attack was unsuccessful: Lee could not attach the mine to the bottom of the flagship as intended, it surfaced and exploded to the side.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The British barely noticed the first underwater attack in history and mistook it for a normal one.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

She was awarded only a cursory record of the admiral's secretary.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The attention of the admiral himself, like the majority, in those days was absorbed in the second event.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

In an attempt to make peace and avoid further bloodshed, he pardoned the captured Major General Sullivan with a proposal for negotiations.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

After an exchange of letters with Franklin, whom the admiral knew through his American relatives, Franklin presented them to Congress on August 30 and received permission to meet — now known as the peaceful Staten Island conference.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Her preparation was surrounded by expectations and a variety of assumptions.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The admiral himself, judging by the letters, sincerely sought peace.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

But when I learned from letters that Franklin's powers were limited by Congress, I even thought of canceling the conference.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

After consulting with his brother, he decided to go for it.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

On the American side, some counted on peace, others saw this as a sign of weakness and new concessions, and others simply wanted to postpone hostilities - the replenishment and supply of the Continental Army has always have been a problem.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Some saw an opportunity to improve the political position of the colonies


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Tellingly, Washington refused to meet.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The meeting took place on September 11 at Loyalist Colonel Billop's home on Staten Island.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The British side was represented by Admiral Howe.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Congress sent a commission of three people: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and Edward Rutledge.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Despite outwardly noble gestures on both sides, the conference lasted only 3 hours and ended in nothing.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

It could not be otherwise: the powers of both sides were severely limited.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The admiral had the power only to grant royal pardons and amnesties, but not to recognize Congress.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The Commission had the right to exchange prisoners, but not make peace.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

As a result, the conference collapsed when the commission put forward a demand to recognize the newly declared independence of the colonies.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The admiral could not accept it and did not have the power.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The mood of the colonists was much more belligerent than he expected.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The sharp tone of Franklin's subsequent letter was also unexpected for him.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Congress met the report on the negotiations presented by the commission with a new explosion of militancy.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

If there were supporters of peace, their voices were not heard.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Assault on New York — Phase Two, September-November 1776


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

In September, the campaign-friendly season was coming to an end.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Despite this, the Howe brothers acted slowly.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The admiral sent ships to Hell Gate, a narrow and turbulent strait that connects Long Island Sound to the East River.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The British occupied two islands located there, thus threatening to cut off Washington's retreat to the north.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

But when the main offensive began on September 15, it took place elsewhere, in Kip Bay in Lower Manhattan (Map 2, pos. H).


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Another textbook crossing of 12,000 people from Newton Creek was preceded by intensive bombing with Phoenix, Rose, HMS Roebuck (44), HMS Orpheus (32, spent 5,376 pounds of gunpowder in 45 minutes) and HMS Carysfort (28).


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The landing took place almost without resistance.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

At the same time, HMS Renown (50), HMS Repulse (32), HMS Pearl (32) and Tryal performed a distraction from the Hudson (map 2, pos. m).


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

General Howe did not insist on immediate advance across the island, and a large number of American troops were again able to escape the trap.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

[7] Washington withdrew its troops to Harlem, and took a fortified position at Harlem Heights (Map 2, pos. I).


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

However, New York was finally taken, and Brigadier General Lord Percy expressed everyone's feelings by saying that “the case is almost over.”


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

[7] He meant New York or the whole war, one can only guess.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Howe stopped to regroup.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

After a small clash on September 16 at Harlem Heights (map 1, sidebar), he was overwhelmed by trying to take a position in the forehead.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

On September 19-20, New York was engulfed by a large fire, which caused great destruction.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The city fully recovered only by the 1790s.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Lower Hudson


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

For free access to the Hudson, the British needed to suppress the battery on the opposite bank, at Cape Paulus Hook (map 2, pos. m).


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Roebuck, HMS Tartar, HMS Emerald and Carcass did it quietly on September 23.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

But the bravest was the fleet's sortie up the Hudson to Tappan Zee on October 9.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Captain Hyde-Parker on Phoenix led up a squad of Roebuck, Tartar, Tryal and two tenders, taking a pilot of a man who claimed to know the way through the obstacles created by the colonists.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

At the last moment, the pilot's nerves could not stand it, and Parker, without his help, led the detachment to where he knew exactly the depths: right under the east bank and under the cannons of Fort Washington (map 2, pos. A).


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The detachment lost 9 people killed and 18 wounded, but continued the attack, and drove two galleys ashore and took a colonial schooner and two sloops.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Later, during the keeling of Roebuck, two 32-pound cores were found stuck in its hull 4 feet below the waterline.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

They were released from the high battery of Fort Constitution, off the coast of New Jersey.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Another consequence of this battle is less known: the British found and sank the wingman in tow Turtle, along with the towing boat.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

During October, a maneuverable campaign was launched against the Washington army, reinforced by the 7,000-thousandth Hessian corps that arrived from England on October 16.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

General Howe has once again chosen flank tactics.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

After crossing Hell Gate at night, the ships landed troops in Westchester County, Trog Neck and Pells Point (map 2, pos. L), forcing the Americans to withdraw to White Plains.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

In the subsequent battle, the British again beat the enemy with a flank maneuver (map 2, pos. h, k), but Washington managed to retreat without large losses and cross the Hudson upstream (map 1).


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

However, he left the garrison at Fort Washington, which was captured on November 16 by a combined attack from the river and land with the fire support of Pearl, capturing about 3,000 prisoners.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Fort Washington had a twin Fort Lee, or Constitution, on the opposite bank (Map 2, pos. B).


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Two days later, on November 20, Cornwallis crossed the river with 4,500 men and climbed the steep Palisades north of the fort (map 2, pos. O-D).


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

But when he approached the fort, the garrison withdrew, and the British thus completely captured the lower reaches of the Hudson.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

RI


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Fortified in New York, the Howe brothers decided to send an expedition to capture Newport, Rhode Island, to provide the fleet with a reserve base.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Commodore Parker and General Clinton commanded a 7,000-thousandth landing on 51 vehicles guarding 15 warships, who had already discredited themselves near Charleston.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

This time they intended not to make mistakes.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

After passing the western strait around Conanicut Island to avoid coastal batteries, the expedition anchored in front of Newport on December 7.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

A small Continental Hopkins Squadron, including the Warren, Columbus and Providence frigates, retreated to the top of Narragansett Bay to Providence, and on December 8, the British with little or no resistance we landed ashore.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

For this operation, the transports were combined into four divisions; each division was commanded by a lieutenant from the fleet, each with its own distinctive pennant.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The first, light infantry, grenadiers and artillery, was an assault division; it formed the first wave of landing.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The second division delivered the 3 and 5 Army Brigades; the third - the Hessian Corps, the fourth cavalry.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The landing began at 8 am, and with the exception of the 400 men of the 22nd Regiment sent directly to Newport, by 3 pm, all troops were ashore.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Among the many lessons of the previous war, the British also learned the need for specialized landing equipment.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The predecessors of landing boats of the Second World War in the XVII century were special flat-bottomed longboats developed after 1757 (see illustration).


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Typically, they were 36 feet (11 m) long, 10 feet (3 m) wide, and 10 pairs of oars.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

On each bank, two soldiers or marines were placed between the rowers, as well as in the stern and bow of them.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Instead, they could be field guns or wagons.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

There was also a 32-foot smaller version.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Depending on the size, the longboats could deliver from 40 to 60 people.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The cans and all the useful things inside were removable, so that the longboats could be stored on board the transport nested in each other.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

However, the delivery of artillery was difficult, and special enlarged versions with a similar nose were built for it to Staten Island.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

After the troops landed on the longboats, they were built in trains according to the organization of the delivered unit, parallel lines.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

To further facilitate orientation, everyone had numbers on their noses, and they were equipped with distinctive flags with the part number.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Special longboats, however, were always not enough, they were supplemented with boats from ships, and their commanders learned to quickly deliver troops in order to return for the next ones as soon as possible.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The need for fire support was also obvious.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Small guns could be installed directly in boats and longboats, but they were not always enough.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Even before Kip Bay, the fleet equipped Vigilant shallow-draft vehicles with 24-fn guns for this purpose, and it actively participated in all subsequent landings.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

He was under Newport as well.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Overall, the landing was exemplary, although in the absence of resistance, most of the effort was unnecessary.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Reaction


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

After the assault and fall of New York (when the Continental Army barely escaped complete destruction several times), the fate of American independence, and the rebellious colonies in general, looked gloomy.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Their very existence was in question.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The army, which fell below 5,000 and continued to decline, retreated to a winter camp outside Delaware.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

It was in a deplorable state, which continued to deteriorate due to poor supplies, illness, frost and desertion.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Her spirit went down to the lowest point.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Public support for the war has been shaken.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The army's still solid core threatened to be left without the help of the population — the very help that allowed it to survive until then.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The mood in the American camp, including in the unofficial capital of 13 colonies of Philadelphia, was mostly panic.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The Continental Congress fled the city: deputies knew very well what was supposed under British law for a rebellion against the king.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Under these conditions, Washington's first task was to prevent the decomposition of the army, which, by a lucky coincidence, survived in battles.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

To do this, the first thing he decided to do was to concentrate all the troops that remained near Philadelphia.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

He ordered the remnants of the forces sent in May 1775 to invade Canada, as well as the troops of Major General Charles Lee, left north of New York, to join him.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Secondly, he saddled the roads leading to the camp and the capital.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Citing circumstances, Lee only drove his squad to Morristown, just 25 miles from New York, and stopped.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

While he was resting from military labor, his whereabouts became known to loyalists, and Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton and one company took him by surprise at a local inn.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Lee was captured, where he remained until he was officially exchanged in 1778.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Sullivan, who was appointed to replace him (previously released on parole), led troops to Washington.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

In turn, the British felt comfortable.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

In London, the news of the capture of New York was welcomed, and General Howe was awarded the Order of the Bath.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

England shared Percy's opinion that “the case is almost over” and expected that the uprising would soon be suppressed, if not suppressed.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

March to Philadelphia


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

General Howe considered that it was impossible to continue the campaign on the eve of winter, and withdrew the army to winter apartments.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

He postponed the capture of Philadelphia until spring, thus once again missing the opportunity to end the war.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

However, in preparation for the 1777 campaign, he began to take control of New Jersey.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

At the same time, action plans were drawn up for the spring against the “hotbed of rebellion” - Boston, based on the newly occupied Rhode Island.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The general intended to achieve the goal by continuing the policy of dispersion that the British army followed in the first years of the uprising.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

He began to set up outposts along roads, including from New York to Philadelphia, hoping to gain a foothold in the province, secure offensive routes and at the same time create conditions for foraging armies.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

This policy would make sense if it had the support of the population.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

But he clearly overestimated the loyalist sentiment in New Jersey, and in general complacency did him a disservice.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Without the support of the fleet, which could not operate along freezing rivers and streams, the mobility of the British army was equal to the mobility of the American army.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

And small garrisons were isolated and could neither help each other nor freely forage.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

They were constantly disturbed by units of the Continental Army and volunteers, forcing them to defend themselves.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The March to Philadelphia stopped and turned into a series of minor skirmishes that favored the colonists, with their semi-guerrilla tactics, better knowledge of the area, and often reliance on the population.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

As a result, the struggle for control of New Jersey resulted in a struggle for supplies, which went down in history as the “feed war”.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Princeton e Trenton


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

In addition to worrying about how to assemble an army, Washington organized attacks on relatively open British outposts, which as a result were under constant threat from raids by the militia and the army.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

German commanders Col. Carl von Donop and German: Johann Rall, whose brigades were stationed at the very end of the outpost chain, were often the target of these raids, but their repeated warnings and requests for support to General Grant went unanswered.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Since mid-December, Washington planned to take Rall's forces in Trenton in two columns, and a third to deliver a distraction blow to von Donop's outpost in Bordentown, one day's crossing away from Philadelphia.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The plan was also facilitated by the accidental appearance of a militia company which, as a result of a shootout on 23 December in Mount Holly, diverted all 2,000 von Donop's men from Bordentown to the south.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Because of this, Donop was unable to help Rall during Washington's attack on Trenton.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

On Christmas night, Washington with 2,400 troops secretly crossed back to the left bank of the Delaware River and caught Rall by surprise the next morning.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

As a result, the Hessians lost about 1,000 people killed and captured.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

This sortie significantly raised the spirit of the army, and also lured Cornwallis out of New York.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

He gathered more than 6,000 people, and led most of them to Washington positions south of Trenton.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Leaving a 1,200 garrison in Princeton, Cornwallis attacked Washington on January 2, and was thrown back three times before night.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

That night, Washington again secretly moved its army and bypassed Cornwallis to attack the Princeton garrison.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Hugh Mercer, commander of the American vanguard, faced British soldiers from Princeton under the command of Charles Mauwood.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

In the ensuing battle, Mercer was mortally wounded.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Washington sent him reinforcements under the command of General John Cadwalader, who successfully knocked Movood out of Princeton; many of the British soldiers fled to Cornwallis in Trenton.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The British lost more than a quarter of their roster in battle.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The victory raised the morale of the American army.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The defeats convinced General Howe to withdraw the bulk of his army from New Jersey, leaving only the outposts of New Brunswick and Perth Amboy.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Washington, having taken away most of the province from him, went to Morristown for the winter.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

However, the supplies of both armies were limited, and commanders on both sides began to send troops deep into the territory for food, food, and so on.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The forage war continued for several months, in which both sides hunted each other's forage lots.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

This led to numerous minor skirmishes, including the Battle of Millstone.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Among the British command began intrigues about supplies.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Lord Percy resigned after a disagreement with Howe and accusations of Newport's inability to supply the army in New York and New Jersey.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Forage war


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

After Trenton and Princeton, the threat of the immediate collapse of the Continental Army, and the suppression of the revolution, moved away somewhat.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Washington used an army backed up by new self-confidence to undermine the position of the British Expeditionary Army.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The latter was in great need of supplies, especially horse food, and there was nowhere to get them except in the surrounding lands - the supply by sea from England via Newport was too expensive, slow, and not enough anyway.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

[9] Realizing this, Washington began to purposefully destroy the sources of food and fodder available to the British.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

This affected the population, but their discontent against the British was stronger.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

British troops, standing in winter apartments, sent small batches in search of supplies.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Using raid and ambush tactics, Washington attacked them with stronger batches of soldiers and militias, sometimes up to 300 people, and caused sensitive losses.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Attempts by the British to hunt for them, as under Bound Brook, were usually unsuccessful, including due to poor knowledge of the area and unaccustomed to actions in impassable, wooded areas.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

But the main advantage of the Americans was that their opponent was forced to defend, react, often too late.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Guerrilla warfare kept the British on their toes all the time.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Already devastated by the autumn battles, the lands provided little fodder, forcing the British to climb deeper in search of it, and disperse their forces more and more.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

According to one Hessian captain, “the army was gradually melting away in these skirmishes”.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

[9] The losses of the Hessians alone in the feed war are estimated by some to be more than 900 people.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

In any case, the total British losses were greater than during the assault on New York.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

[9] Most authors avoid counting American losses.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The feed war lasted from December 1776 to March 1777, when General Howe began preparations for the capture of Philadelphia.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Washington left the winter apartments in Morristown and moved the army to Middlebrook, and Howe to Somerset Court House.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Both sides came out very different from the previous ones.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The morale of the British troops fell, and instead of the expected end of the war, they faced another year of fighting.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

In addition to the battered parties by foraging, the mass of troops stationed in New York (partly right on ships) also did not feel comfortable: crowding and lack of supply led to diseases, not let alone a decrease in morality.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

American forces, on the contrary, recovered from the crisis, gained some experience, and began an influx of new soldiers into the militia and the Continental Army.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The consequences


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

A number of delays and refusals to develop success, inconsistency in the actions of the army and navy, and shortcomings in supplies deprived the British of a decisive victory and the end of the war in the campaign of 1776.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

On the contrary, Washington, with decisive and energetic actions, managed to escape from complete defeat and drag the enemy into a further war of attrition on its own terms.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

In addition, he took the first step towards the intervention of the French, without which the final victory of the colonies was impossible.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

One of the most important factors that ensured the British success near New York is the support of the fleet, which provided them with both the possibility of flank maneuver and a convenient way of supply.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

On the contrary, the lack of this support in New Jersey has deprived them of their greatest advantage.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Later, in 1781, Washington himself admitted that the Navy gave the British a degree of mobility that his army could only dream of.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

For a long time, American historiography presented the victories of the Continental Army in New Jersey as nothing more than a miracle.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Their propaganda significance has many times surpassed the military one.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

For comparison, “Washington's Crossing through Delaware” is even more famous in the United States than “Suvorov's Crossing the Alps” in Russia.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

The victories allowed Washington not only to preserve the army, which was threatened with destruction several times, but also to breathe faith into the rest of the colonies.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

As a result, the psychological advantage shifted to the side of the Americans, which ensured the continuation of the war.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

New York remained in British hands until the conclusion of the Paris Peace.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

It became a British base in North America and, although it did without further fighting, was the focus of many operations on land and sea.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

From it, in 1783, Sir Guy Carlton, who succeeded Clinton, evacuated the garrison and about 40,000 loyalist refugees by sea to Nova Scotia.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Notes


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Literature


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Dull, Jonathan.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

London − New Haven, Yale University Press, 1985.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

ISBN 0-300-03886-0


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Fischer, David Hackett.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Washington's Crossing.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Oxford University Press, New York, 2004.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

ISBN 0-19-517034-2


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Larrabee, Harold A. Decision at the Chesapeake.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1964.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Lengel, Edward.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

General George Washington.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

New York: Random House Paperbacks, 2005.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

ISBN 978-0-8129-6950-4.


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Category: Battles of the American Revolutionary War


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Category: Naval battles of Great Britain


Question: What year did the campaign take place in New York and New Jersey?

New York and New Jersey campaign

Category: Battles of the United States


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model (GAU index - 52-P-354V) is a Soviet divisional gun, an upgraded version of the Russian divisional gun of the 1902 model of the year.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

This artillery gun formed the basis of Soviet divisional cannon artillery in the pre-war years, was actively used by the Red Army in the battles near Lake Khasan, on the Khalkhin Gol River, in the Soviet-Finnish war, in the Great Patriotic War.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

By the end of the 1930s, the gun became obsolete, ceasing to meet the increased requirements for horizontal aiming angles and maximum towing speed, which led to the development of new types of divisional guns and discontinuation of production of the 76 mm gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1902/30 since 1937.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Creation history


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The artillery armament of the Red Army in the 1920s was mainly represented by artillery systems inherited from the army of the Russian Empire.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

These weapons have gradually become obsolete, both physically and mentally.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Obsolescence meant their discrepancy with the significantly increased requirements for artillery weapons based on the combat experience of the First World War and the Civil War.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Since the large-scale development and production of new models of guns was impossible due to the weakness of the domestic design school and industry of that time, it was decided modernize existing artillery systems [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

This approach, although it did not completely solve the problem, made it possible to improve the combat and operational characteristics of the guns at relatively low costs.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The basis of Soviet cannon divisional artillery of that period was 76 mm cannons of the 1902 model of the year, widely known as the “three-inches”.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In the mid-1920s, it was decided to modernize these guns, aimed mainly at increasing the maximum firing range.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

From 1927 to 1930, the design bureaus of plants No. 7 (Arsenal) (Leningrad), No. 13 (Bryansk) and No. 172 (Perm) created and tested more than two dozen prototypes of modernized guns of the 1902 model years, but to date only some of them have been published [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The design bureau of Plant No. 13 (Gun-Arsenal Trust, OAT) presented a modernized gun, which differs from the original in the following changes:


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

a muzzle brake has been introduced;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

increased elevation angle from 16° to 27°


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

the maximum recoil length has been reduced from 1000 to 600 mm by reducing the knurler springs;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

a new middle part of the carriage has been created;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

the rod and spindle have been replaced in the compressor;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

the length of the lifting screw has been increased.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The design bureau of Plant No. 7, led by Sokolov, presented at least three samples of modernized guns that differed from each other in a number of parts.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Sokolov's systems had a muzzle brake, a carriage breaking on hinges and eccentrics.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The recoil devices are taken on the model of the OAT prototype gun.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The design of Sokolov's guns made it possible to fire at an elevation angle of up to 45°, while the modernized gun did not require a radical alteration of the carriage [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The design bureau of the Motovilikha plant under the leadership of V. N. Sidorenko developed his own version of the gun modernization, which was characterized by the absence of a muzzle brake, the introduction of a balancing mechanism and significant changes in the carriage.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

According to the results of tests carried out in 1930 for service in 1931, under the official name, the 76 mm divisional gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In 1902/30, the Sidorenko development tool was adopted, despite its greater design complexity and twice as high cost compared to alternative modernization options.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The obvious advantages of the Sidorenko system were the absence of a muzzle brake and the possibility of using barrels with a length of both 30 and 40 calibers [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Serial production and further improvement of the gun


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The 76 mm guns of the 1902/30 model were mass-produced from 1931 to 1937, in addition, the guns of the 1902 model were also converted into a modernized version.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

New guns with a barrel length of 30 calibers were produced only in 1931.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

At Gorky Plant No. 92, this gun received the F-10 index.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The exact number of guns produced and converted is unknown [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Attempts were also made to further modernize the gun aimed at increasing the survivability of the barrel and increasing the maximum speed of the gun carriage.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In 1930-1933, several prototypes of guns with barrels having a free tube or liner were tested.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

This design allows, without replacing the entire barrel, to restore its worn rifled part.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

But barrels with a free pipe turned out to be difficult to produce and their gross output then could not be established.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

During the same period, the possibility of creating a sprung modification of the gun of the 1902/30 model was studied.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The introduction of suspension made it possible to significantly increase the maximum speed of the gun carriage, but in the end it was decided to abandon the production of sprung options.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The reason was the ongoing development of more modern divisional guns and the gradual curtailment of the production of “three-inches”.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In 1936, guns on metal wheels with a rubber tire were successfully tested, and the industry was ordered to produce 600 such wheels in 1937; but there is no information on its implementation .


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In 1937, in the design bureau of Plant No. 92 under the leadership of V. G. Grabin created a special sprung F-29 trolley for carrying guns of the 1902/30 model.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The gun rolled onto a cart that interfered with the car and could be towed at a speed of at least 30-40 km/h.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

There is no information on the production and use of this trolley [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

By the mid-1930s, it became obvious that despite the modernization, the 76 mm divisional gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1902/30 is outdated and does not meet modern requirements, and its potential for further improvement has been exhausted.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

As a result, the design of new divisional guns of modern design began, which ended with the adoption of the 76 mm gun of the 1936 model of the year (F-22), which replaced the gun in production of the 1902/30 model.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In parallel with the modernization of the 76-mm gun of the 1902 model in the early 1930s, research was carried out to further increase the firing range of divisional guns.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Their result was the adoption of the 76 mm divisional gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1933, which was the imposition of a 50-caliber barrel on the carriage of a 122-mm howitzer mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1910/30 However, the production of this gun, which began in 1934, was small-scale in nature and was completed in 1936 after the production of about 200 guns [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Device


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

76 mm gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1902/30 is not a very significant modernization of the gun of the classic design for the First World War period with a single-beam carriage, wooden wheels without suspension, a barrel without a muzzle brake with a piston gate.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The gun differs from the original gun in a longer barrel, the presence of a balancing mechanism, as well as changes in the carriage, which allow firing at large elevation angles.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Structurally, the gun is divided into a barrel and a carriage, the latter in turn consists of a cradle with recoil devices, a machine tool, a carriage stroke, shield cover, guidance mechanisms, balancing mechanism, sighting devices [1] [2].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Barrel


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

There were two versions of barrels, with a length of 30 and 40 calibers, respectively.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In addition to the length, the barrels differed in the design of the rifled part, otherwise there were no differences.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The barrel is fastened, consists of a pipe, a casing, a split ring, an overlapping ring, a coupling and a front ring of the coupling.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The barrel was fastened by putting a casing heated to 400° on the pipe.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In the barrel with a length of 40 calibers there were 32 rifles with a width of 5.38 mm and a field width of 2.1 mm, in a barrel with a length of 30 calibers there were 25 rifles with a width of 7.18 mm and a field width of 2.79 mm; the depth of the rifles in both cases was 0.76 mm.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The weight of the barrel with a bolt is 419 (40 calibers) and 389 (30 calibers) kilograms.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The piston gate, opened and closed by turning the handle back and forth, consists of locking, percussion, ejecting, safety and holding the cartridge mechanisms [2].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Recoil devices


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The recoil devices are assembled in a cylindrical cradle, consist of a rollback brake and a knurler.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

When fired, the recoil brake cylinder and the spindle with the counter-rod roll back together with the barrel.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The recoil brake is hydraulic, filled with 6.5 liters of spindle oil.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Spring knurler.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The normal recoil length is 680-720 mm, the maximum is 740 mm.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

To prevent the lifting mechanism from breaking during transportation, the swinging part of the gun (barrel and cradle) is attached to the front of the machine by a special mechanism when moving to the camping position [2] .


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Machine


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The gun machine consists of beds, a box connection, ankles, a bearing, a coulter, a rule with a tip and two seats (left and right, for the gunner and the loader).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

There were two versions of the machines, new production and converted from gun machines modr.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1902 The converted machines differ from the new ones by the presence of reinforcing squares on the beds [2].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The carriage stroke


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The carriage is unsprung and consists of a combat axle and wheels.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The combat axle is cranked, bent downwards.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The wheels are wooden.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Shield cover


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The shield cover serves to protect the gun crew from rifle and machine gun fire, fragments and a blast wave.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

It consists of fixed and movable shields.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The fixed shield consists of four shields — right, left, upper folding and lower folding.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The right and left shields are mounted on the combat axle.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The movable shield closes the window in the fixed shield, has a special window for observation from the sight when firing direct fire, as well as a cutout for the barrel with a cradle [2].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Guidance mechanisms


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The gun guidance mechanisms serve to aim it in the vertical and horizontal plane and consist of lifting and turning mechanisms.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The screw-type lifting mechanism, with right and left drives, guidance in the vertical plane is carried out by rotating the swinging part of the gun in the trunnion sockets of the machine.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The rotary mechanism is also of a screw type, guidance in the horizontal plane is carried out by moving the machine along the combat axis; rough guidance is carried out by moving the trunk part of the machine at help rule [2].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Balancing mechanism


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The balancing mechanism serves to balance the advantage of the barrel muzzle.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The mechanism consists of two columns of identical design located on both sides of the carriage, as well as levers mounted on the cradle trunnions.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The columns consist of two cylinders and two springs each.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Early guns (the so-called “upgrade option 1”) had a balancing mechanism of a different design — an open type, taken forward beyond the shield part of the gun [2].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Sights


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The gun's sights consist of a normalized sight and a panorama of the Hertz system.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The normalized sight consists of a sight stem with two levels and a sight box with a lifting mechanism of the sight stem.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The remote reel of the sight has a thousandth scale and five distance scales for different projectiles and charges [2].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Front and charging box


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

To move the gun with horse-drawn traction (six horses), a front was used.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Mechanical traction could also be used, but the cart speed should not exceed 6-7 km/h.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

36 shots were transported in the front (9 trays of 4 shots each).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

To transport ammunition, a charging box consisting of forward and reverse gears was used [2].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Installing the gun on Ivanov's anti-aircraft firing machine


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Guns with a barrel length of 30 calibers could be used to fire at air targets from a special Ivanov machine developed back in 1916.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The machine was a pedestal with four coulters and a swivel frame on top, and wheels were attached to the machine in the camping position.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

When moving from a camping position to a combat machine, the gun was installed on the ground, the wheels were removed, the gun was rolled in and fixed on the machine by crew forces and another 3-4 people, while the rear part of its machine rested on a special trunk lining, which could be installed in a specially dug rovik.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

When installing the gun on the machine, it was necessary to replace both columns of the balancing mechanism with a special additional column to be installed in place of the left main column, as well as install an anti-aircraft sight.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Ivanov's installation provided circular fire at a maximum elevation angle of 56°, the transition time from camping to combat was 5-10 minutes [2].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

By the end of the 1930s, the guns on Ivanov's installations had completely lost any combat value due to the small vertical guidance angle, low aiming speeds, low initial projectile speed, the absence of any fire control systems and specialized anti-aircraft shells [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Modifications


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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76 mm cannons mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1902/30 had several options that differed in the length of the barrel, the design of the machine and the balancing mechanism [2]:


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Guns with a barrel length of 30 calibers have not been produced since 1931.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Guns with a barrel length of 40 calibers.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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Guns with a machine with reinforcing squares, converted from machines of 76 mm guns mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The guns modernized according to the “1st option” had a different device of the balancing mechanism and fastening the barrel on the marching.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Such guns were produced in a limited edition, gradually withdrawn from the troops and redesigned on the model of guns of later years of production (the so-called “2nd option” of modernization).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Guns upgraded according to the “Option 2” were the most common modification.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Self-propelled artillery mounts and armored trains with a cannon mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1902/30 yy


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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76 mm divisional gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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In 1902/30, it was installed on an experimental self-propelled artillery mount SU-5-1 based on the T-26 light tank.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The installation was tested in 1936, but was not adopted for service, since the competing project of the AT-1 self-propelled gun, armed with a 76 mm PS-3 cannon, was recognized as more promising [3].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Also, guns of the 1902/30 model were installed on armored vehicles, both pre-war production (light armored platforms of the PL-37 type) [4], and created in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In armored trains, the guns were mounted on specially designed bedside mounts.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Former operators


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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— at least 110 guns [5].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

— 135 guns [6].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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Organizational and staff structure


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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The 1939 State Rifle Division had a light artillery regiment consisting of a division of 76 mm cannons (3 batteries of 4 guns each) and two mixed divisions (two batteries of 122 mm howitzers and one 76 mm battery guns).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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In total, the division had 20 76-mm divisional guns.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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In July 1940, the division of 76 mm guns was excluded, leaving only 8 guns left in the division.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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In March 1942, a third division was added from a battery of 76 mm cannons and a battery of 122 mm howitzers, and the guns became 12 [7].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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The motorized division also had 8 divisional guns in 1939-1941.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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In the cavalry divisions in 1939-1941, there were also 8 divisional guns, from August 1941 to the summer of 1942, cavalry divisions did not have artillery.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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Since 1939, rifle brigades also had 8 divisional guns, in motorized rifle and mechanized brigades - 12 guns.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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Service and combat use


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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According to the gun service manual, the gun was designed to solve the following tasks:


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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the destruction of manpower that is not behind cover;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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fight against enemy motorized combat vehicles;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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suppression of infantry fire weapons;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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suppression of artillery and destruction of wire fences;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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fight against enemy aircraft (only guns with a barrel length of 30 calibers on Ivanov's machine).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Prior to the entry into the troops of the new 76 mm guns of the 1936 model and the 1939 model, the 76 mm cannons of the 1910/30 model formed the basis of Soviet divisional cannon artillery (also in service there were 76 mm divisional guns mod. 1933, but their production was limited to a small series).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Guns of this type took an active part in many pre-war armed conflicts involving the USSR — in the battles near Lake Khasan [8], on the Khalkhin Gol River [9], in the Soviet-Finnish war [6].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Cannon losses in these battles were relatively small - for example, during the battles on Khalkhin Gol, 11 guns of the 1902/30 model were lost, including 2 guns irrevocably [9], Finnish troops captured as there are 32 guns of this type of Winter War trophies [6].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

At the time of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the troops had, according to various sources, 4356 [10] or 2411 [7] 76 mm divisional guns mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1902/30 For comparison, at the same time, the Red Army had 2,844 76-mm guns of the 1936 model and 1,179 76-mm guns of the 1939 model of the year [7].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In the western military districts there were 1164 guns of the 1902/30 model, 2,300 guns of the 1936 model and 256 guns of the 1939 model of the year.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

[11] In 1941-1942, these guns were often found in the troops, later due to heavy losses and the massive arrival of new divisional guns of the USV-BR into the troops (wartime modification of the 1939 gun model years) and ZIS-3 guns of the 1902/30 model were used to a limited extent.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

There is information on the use of 76 mm divisional guns modr.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

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1902/30 with a barrel length of 30 calibers as regimental guns [7].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

It is well known about the use of captured guns of this type by the German and Finnish armies.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The Wehrmacht in 1941-1942 captured in good condition at least 110 guns of the 1902/30 model.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The guns were adopted by the German army under the indices 7.62cm F.K.295/1 (r) and 7.62cm F.K.295/2 (r) (variants with a barrel length of 30 and 40 calibers, respectively); by March 1944, 50 such guns were used by the Wehrmacht in the East and 60 in France) [5].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The Finnish army captured 32 guns of this type during the Winter War, as well as 103 more guns in 1941.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Interestingly, the Finns mainly got guns with a barrel length of 30 calibers, while only 10 guns with 40-caliber barrels were captured.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The Finnish army assigned the guns indices 76 K/02-30 and 76 K/02-40 and actively used them in combat operations, which was largely facilitated by the presence of a large amount of ammunition (Finnish troops were armed with a significant number of original 76 mm divisional guns mod. 1902).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

After the war, guns served in the Finnish army until the 1990s, mainly as training guns.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

On some guns, wooden wheels were replaced with metal wheels with rubber tires [6].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Ammunition and ballistics


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The gun shots were completed in the form of a unitary cartridge.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In order to be able to use a large number of previously stored ammunition, the chamber of the modernized gun was left the same as that of the original model of the 1902 model.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The brass or steel sleeve of the unitary cartridge of the 1900 sample weighing 1.55 or 1.45 kg, respectively, had a length of 385.3 mm and a flange diameter of 90 mm.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The charge 54-Zh-354 [12] consisted of 1.08 kg of powder grades 4/1 or 9/7.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

For old grenades and some shrapnel, a 54-Zh-354A charge weighing 0.9 kg of 7/7 gunpowder was used.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Sub-caliber and cumulative projectiles were also used with their own special charges.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The gun could also fire the entire range of shots to the 76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1927 — the charge of these shots was considered regular reduced for divisional guns [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Cumulative shells, which had armor penetration up to 100 mm, appeared in the ammunition of divisional guns since the end of 1944, and until that time, either conventional armor-piercing ones were used in the fight against tanks, or sub - caliber projectiles.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In the initial period of the war, due to the lack of armor-piercing shells, shrapnel “on strike” was often used against armored targets.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The armor penetration of such an “ersatz armor-piercing” ammunition was about 30 mm at close combat distances.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The use of subcaliber and cumulative projectiles from cannons mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1902/30 was theoretically possible, but in practice, due to the small number of guns of this type that survived by the second half of the war at the front, there is no information about their use.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The largest range of shots was available for high-explosive and high-explosive fragmentation shells due to the presence of a large number of old grenades of Russian and French production.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The range of shrapnel ammunition was also wide.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The OF-350 projectile, when installed for fragmentation action when exploded, created 600-800 lethal fragments (weighing more than 1 g), creating a continuous damage area of 8 × 5 m (90% of targets are hit) and actual damage — 30 × 15 m in size (50% of targets are hit).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

When the fuse was installed for delayed action, a funnel 30—50 cm deep and 70—100 cm in diameter was created [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

There were several varieties of shrapnel.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The most common bullet shrapnel of the Sh-354 type contained 260 round bullets with a diameter of 12.7 mm and a weight of 10.7 g each.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The size of the zone of actual shrapnel damage was 20 m along the front, and in depth, depending on the distance and height of the rupture, from 260 to 300 m. Shrapnel was actively used in 1941-1942, later their use was episodic, mainly for self-defense of calculations with a fuse installed to rupture when leaving the barrel.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

For the same purpose, the Shch-350 buckshot was used, containing 549 bullets weighing 10 grams each, creating a 50 × 200 m affected area [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

It is worth noting that the 76 mm cannon mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1902/30 allowed the use of buckshot, unlike later ZiS-3 divisional guns of the same caliber - the presence of a muzzle brake in the latter excluded its use for safety reasons and due to damage to the muzzle brake by card bullets.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

There were also several varieties of incendiary shells, in particular, Pogrebnyakov-Stefanovich termite shells and shells with a phosphorus-coil incendiary composition were used.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In the 1930s, the production of Z-350 shells with thermite segments laid in three rows of three segments began.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

When the projectile exploded, the segments ignited and scattered within a radius of 8 m, developing a temperature of up to 2500° during combustion.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

OH-350 fragmentation and chemical shells were equipped with TNT and poisonous substances such as R-12 or R-15.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Chemical fragmentation shells were not included in the firing tables; in order to be able to use them, the shape and mass of these shells were identical to the OF-350 high-explosive fragmentation grenades.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In 1934, poisonous shrapnel was tested, which was bullets weighing 2 and 4 grams, into which crystals of a poisonous substance were pressed.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The tests were successful, but poisonous shrapnel was not accepted for service [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Nomenclature of ammunition [1] [12] TypeIndex Gauves projectile, kgVes BB, gInitial speed, m/Tabular range, mCaliber armor-piercing projectilesBlunt head with ballistic tip tracer with MD-5UBR-354A6,31556554000Blunt head fuse with localizers and ballistic tip tracer with MD-5 fuse (in the military since 1943) UBR-354B6,51196554000Blunt head with ballistic solid tracer tip (in the troops since 1943) UBR-354SP6,5net6554000Subcaliber armor-piercing projectilesSubcaliber reel type (in troops since 1943) UBR-354P3,02net950500cumulative Steel-cast iron shells rotating with BM or K-6 fuses (in the troops since the end of 1944) UBP-354A5,286233551000Steel rotating with a BM fuse (in the troops since the end of 1944) UBP - 354M3,944904901000High-explosive fragmentation and fragmentation projectilesHigh-explosive fragmentation steel long-range grenade with a fuse KTM-1UOF-3546,271068013 000 Steel cast iron fragmentation long-range grenade with KTM-1UO-354AM6,2154068013 000High-explosive old grenade of the Russian model, with fuses KT-3 and KTM-3UV-354, UV-354M6,18156409050High explosive steel old French grenade with fuses AD, AD- 2, AD-NUF-354F6,417856409050Shrapnel bullet with tube 22 sec.USH-3546,585 (weight of the expelling charge), 260 pull6246000 (12.9°) Bullet shrapnel with tube SHOWER-354D6,4485 (weight of the expeller charge), 260 bullets??


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Bullet shrapnel with tube T-6USH-354T6,6685 (weight of the expelling charge), 260 bullets??


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Hartz shrapnel with capes Sh-354G with tube 22PGUSH-354G6,5885 (weight of the expelling charge)??


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Rod shrapnel Sh-361 (Fig. 2-1766) with T-3UGUSH-R2-3546,6184 tube (weight of the expelling charge)??


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Buckshot 354?


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

549 bullets?


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

200Smoke projectilesSmoke steel with fuse KTM-2UD-3546,4580 TNT+505 yellow phosphorus??


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Smoke steel cast iron with fuse KTM-1UD-354A6,4566 TNT+380 yellow phosphorus??


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Incendiary projectilesIncendiary steel with tube T-6UZ-3546,24240 (expelling charge) 6799400 (21.42°) Incendiary feature.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

3890 with T-6 tube or 22 sec.UZ-354S6,5240 (expelling charge) 6246200 (14.62°) Incendiary Z-354 Pogrebnyakov-Stefanovich with a tube 22 sec.UZ-354S4,65240 (expelling charge) 6805600 (13.02°) Shrapnel- chemical projectilesShrapnel and chemical projectile with a fuse KTM-1UOH-354M6.25???


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Armor penetration table for 76 mm divisional gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1902/30 g.Blunt caliber armor-piercing projectile BR-350Adality, mAt a meeting angle of 60°, mmAt a meeting angle of 90°, mm100658030060755005570100050651500455020003545Subcaliber projectile of the BR reel type -354P100951203008510550075901000506015004550 The above data relate to the Soviet method of measuring penetration ability (Jacob de Marr formula for cemented armor with a coefficient K = 2400).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

It should be remembered that armor penetration rates can vary markedly when using different batches of projectiles and different armor manufacturing technology.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Project evaluation


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The 76 mm gun of the 1902/30 model was not a very radical modernization of the gun developed before the First World War, and in general retained most of the shortcomings of the models artillery weapons of that period.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The main ones were the design of the single-beam carriage and the unsprung wheel travel, which severely limited the horizontal guidance angles and the mobility of the gun, respectively.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The main idea of modernizing the gun was to increase the maximum firing range; this concept, which is quite logical and justified when modernizing large-caliber guns, in relation to this gun is criticized, due to the impossibility of adjusting the fire by artillery observers on the front line when firing at long distances and significant dispersion of shells, not which also have a high power [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

On the other hand, the development of air surveillance means made it possible to monitor the results of firing at a great distance and aerial reconnaissance of targets and fire adjustment was successfully used by Red the army during the conflict at Khalkhin Gol and the Winter War.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Both the Finns and the Japanese noted the great activity of Soviet reconnaissance aircraft and the subsequent artillery accurate fire on their positions.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In addition, the desire to increase the maximum firing range of divisional guns was common for designers of all countries.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Increasing the barrel length from 30 to 40 calibers increased the initial velocity of the projectile, which improved the gun's anti-tank capabilities; however, the use of this gun as an anti-tank gun was significantly is hampered by a small angle of horizontal guidance.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Comparing the gun with later Soviet 76-mm guns of the 1933 model and the 1936 model of the year (F-22), it can be noted that the gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1933, without significant advantages over the gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1902/30, had a significantly larger mass with all the ensuing negative consequences in the field of mobility.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The F-22 gun of modern design at that time was significantly superior to the gun of the 1902/30 model in all respects, but was also 270 kg heavier. By 1941, the 76 mm divisional gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1902/30 was certainly outdated [1], but due to its good ballistics, simplicity and reliability of the design, it could be used quite effectively.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Comparison with peers


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

After the end of the First World War, the opinion prevailed in the military circles of Great Britain, Germany, France and the United States about the futility of field divisional guns, and therefore work on the creation of new guns of this type were discontinued, and design activities were focused on the creation of divisional howitzers.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

Therefore, foreign analogues of the 76-mm gun of the 1902/30 model are represented only by the guns of some of the leading countries in the military-industrial plan of the world.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

But even in those countries where howitzer divisional artillery was preferred, the existing divisional guns were not removed from service and in some cases were modernized.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In Italy, Japan, Czechoslovakia, the development of divisional guns continued.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

CharacteristicsArr.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1902/30 yg.obr.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1933. Arr.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1936 (F-22) M1897A4 on M2F.K.16 N.ale.F.K.18MLE.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

1897/33Skoda M.28Type 90CountryCaliber, mm/barrel length, KLB.76/4076/5076/5075/3675/3675/2675/3675/4075/38Weight in combat position, KG135016001620160015241120150018161400—1600Availability suspensionnetnetnetnetnetnetnetnetnetnetness?


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

There is a maximum angle of HV, deg.374175494445508043Maximum angle GN, degree.546060460587,550Mass of high-explosive fragmentation projectile, KG6,26,26,26,65,85,86,686.6 Initial projectile velocity, m/ C655690690596607485580600683Maximum firing range13 00013 58013 63012 79612 300942511 10013 10013 890


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In Germany, in the early 1930s, the 77 mm F.K.16 cannon was modernized, which was a development of the gun of the 1896 model of the year.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The gun, which received the index F.K.16 N.a (abbreviation for German: neue Art - a new type), was inferior in all its characteristics to the gun of the 1902/30 model; as an advantage, only a slightly larger maximum angle of vertical aiming and the use of separate-loading shots, which allowed the German gun to conduct hinged fire at fairly close distances at a cost a significant reduction in the rate of fire.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The German military command considered this gun as certainly outdated.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

In 1930, Krupp created the Le.F.K.18 cannon, which was considered a specialized equestrian gun for cavalry.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm divisional gun of the 1902/30 model?

30 years

The gun had a carriage with sliding beds, but was not sprung.