Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

At birth, he was named Heinz Alfred Kissinger (which was changed to Henry Kissinger in the United States).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

His father, Louis Kissinger (1887—1982), was a schoolteacher.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

His mother, Paula Stern Kissinger (1901—1998), was a housewife.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The younger brother's name was Walter.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The surname Kissinger comes from the name of the German city of Bad Kissingen [6].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In 1938, fleeing Nazi persecution, the family emigrated to the United States, settling in New York.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The idea to take the family out of Germany belonged to Paula, the mother of the family.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

7] Relatives who remained in Germany were exterminated during the Holocaust [7].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger later wrote about this period: “Before emigrating to America, my family and I were increasingly ostracized and discriminated against...” [7].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

After arriving in New York, the Kissinger family settled in Washington Heights in Manhattan, where there was a large German and Jewish diaspora.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Henry spent his high school years there.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Although Kissinger quickly assimilated into American culture, he retained an East Frankish accent, caused by childish timidity, which made him taciturn [8] [9].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

After studying for a year at George Washington High School in New York, Henry Kissinger continued to attend school at night and worked in a shaving brush (shaving brush) factory during the day [10].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

After graduating from high school, Kissinger attended New York City College, where he studied accounting.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

As a part-time student, he did well by continuing to work during his studies.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In 1943, Kissinger was drafted into the army before he graduated [11].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In the same year, he received American citizenship [12].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Military service


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger completed basic training at Camp Croft in Spartanburg, South Carolina, where he acquired citizenship upon arrival.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The US Army sent him to study engineering in the city, Pennsylvania, but the program was canceled and Kissinger was sent to the 84th Infantry Division, Camp Claiborne (English: Camp Claiborne), LA state [13].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

There he met Fritz G.A. Kraemer, also an immigrant from Germany, who, despite his age difference, noticed fluency in German and the intelligence of the cadet.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kremer helped Kissinger be transferred to the military intelligence of the division.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

War historian Theodore Draper (English: Theodore Draper) argues that Fritz Kremer left a broad mark on Kissinger's political and intellectual formation: Over the years, Mr. Kremer was Mr. Kissinger's curator, mentor, spiritual confessor, and guardian of spiritual secrets.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Template:Quotation end


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

While serving in the division, Kissinger participated in battles and was called up on risky reconnaissance missions during the Ardennes operation [14].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

During the American advance to Germany, due to the lack of servicemen who speak German in the military intelligence unit of the division, Kissinger was appointed to denazify the city of Krefeld.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Relying on his knowledge of German society, Kissinger completed the task in eight days [15], eliminating the obvious Nazis and restoring civil administration.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger was then transferred to the Counterintelligence Corps with the rank of sergeant.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

He was given a command to track Gestapo officers and saboteurs in Hanover.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger was awarded a bronze star for this quest [16].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In June 1945, he was appointed commander of the Counterintelligence Corps of the Bergstrasse district of Hesse, with the main duty of denazifying the area.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Although Kissinger had full powers to arrest citizens, he made sure that soldiers under his command did not abuse this against the local population. [17]


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In 1946, Kissinger was transferred to teach at the School of Intelligence of the US Armed Forces Command in the European Area (English: European Command Intelligence School), located in Camp King ( English: Camp King), Oberursel, where he continued to work as a civil servant for another year after completing his military service [18] [19].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Education


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In 1950, Kissinger graduated from Harvard College [20] with a Bachelor of Arts degree with a summa cum laude distinction [21] (“with the greatest honor”).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger's thesis was called The Meaning of History and, at 388 pages, is Harvard's longest bachelor's dissertation [22].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger's new patron at Harvard is Professor William Yandell Elliott [13], historian, adviser to Roosevelt and several other US Presidents, Vice President of the Council US national security, known for its anti-Soviet zeal.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In 1952 and 1954, Kissinger received a Master of Arts and a Ph.D., respectively, from Harvard University [20].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger's doctoral dissertation was entitled “The Restored World: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Challenges of the Peace Period of 1812—1822” (English: Peace, Legitimacy, and the Equilibrium (A Study of the Statesmanship of Castlereagh and Metternich)).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Career start


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

While still a Harvard student with a bachelor's degree, Kissinger, with the support of Elliot, organized the Harvard International Seminar in the fall of 1950 (English: Harvard International Seminar) ), the purpose of which was to unite young leaders around the world in the fight against communism in the context of the Cold War and strengthen the influence of traditional Western values under the leadership of the United States [23].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The International Seminar immediately attracted the attention of the CIA [24].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The CIA supported the seminar and, with the help of financial institutions, sponsored its growing budget for a decade.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger led this seminar every summer from 1951 to 1965 and 1967, and was its director from 1951 to 1971. [20]


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

After receiving a PhD in 1954, Kissinger continued his career at Harvard University, serving as a member of the teaching staff [note 2] at the Department of Government [20] and as a manager of various programs, including the International Seminar.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

One such program was the English: Defense Studies Program, created in 1954 to advise senior military officials and politicians.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

From 1958 to 1971, Kissinger served as director of the program [20].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In 1955, Kissinger was an adviser to the Operations Coordinating Committee [20] (English: Operations Coordinating Board, a committee accountable to the US National Security Council created by the President USA by Eisenhower in 1953 and abolished by J. Kennedy in 1961).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

From 1955 to 1956, Kissinger was Director of Nuclear Weapons Research and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations [20] in New York, so he was short-term periods was leaving Harvard.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The result of this activity was Kissinger's first book, Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (1957) [13].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

This book became the best seller and choice of the Book-of-the-Month Club, and made Kissinger famous.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

From 1956 to 1958, Kissinger worked at the Rockefeller Brothers Fund as Director of the Special Studies Project [20] (English: Special Studies Project).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The result of the work was a report entitled “International Security: The Military Aspect” (English: International Security: The Military Aspect).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

This report was so erroneous that Kissinger was forced to abandon it later [13].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In 1961, his book “The Necessity for Choice” was published, in which Kissinger rehabilitated himself and which also added to his reputation.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In 1958, the English: Center for International Affairs was established at Harvard, which became a direct channel for interaction between Washington and Harvard.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

This center trained professionals required to perform complex political and diplomatic missions [25].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger was appointed assistant director of the center, and after serving there until 1960, played an important role in building a network of connections between academics and politicians within the center.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Outside the academy, Kissinger worked as a consultant to several government agencies, such as Operations Research Office (1951), Psychological Strategy Board (1952), Weapons Systems Evaluation Group of the joint Chiefs of Staff (1959—1960), Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (1961—1968), RAND Corporation (1961—1968), US National Security Council (1961—1962), US Department of State (1965— 1968) [20].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In the 1960s, Kissinger was already considered one of the most recognized, respected and influential strategic experts in the world [26].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger supported Nelson Rockefeller, Governor of New York, and was his adviser when he ran for the Republican presidential candidate (1960, 1964, 1968).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Historians call N. Rockefeller as Kissinger's third patron [13] [27].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In late 1968, President-elect Richard Nixon chose Kissinger as his National Security Adviser, and after Nixon's inauguration in January 1969, Kissinger officially took office after saying goodbye to Rockefeller.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

For his service and work, as well as a symbol of friendship and gratitude, Rockefeller rewards Kissinger with a prize of $50,000 [28].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

From that moment on, Kissinger makes his way into the corridors of the White House and becomes independent of mentors and patrons, while continuing to maintain contact with the Rockefellers.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

He is a board member of the Rockefeller Brothers Foundation, an adviser to the Rockefeller-owned Chase Manhattan Bank (present-day Chase), and a member of the Chase's International Advisory Committee [29].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Political career, U.S. foreign policy


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Henry Kissinger served as National Security Adviser and U.S. Secretary of State under R. Nixon.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

This was the first time that one person held two positions at the same time [30].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Under J.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Forde Kissinger continued his service as US Secretary of State.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

As a supporter of real politics, Kissinger played a dominant role in US foreign policy from 1969 to 1977.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Nixon, with the active participation of Kissinger, centralized the management of US foreign policy.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger complicated the structure of the National Security Council, created a number of committees subordinate to him, and increased staff.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The National Security Council, close to the president through Kissinger, received more powers and began to replace and supplant the US State Department in solving foreign policy problems, that Nixon didn't trust.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Within the framework of this system, all power and information were concentrated in the hands of National Security Adviser G. Kissinger [31].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

President Ford removed Kissinger from his position as national security adviser, appointing General Brent Scowcroft to replace him, but this did not diminish Kissinger's real power in the administration [ 30].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

During his political activity, Kissinger has always been at the center of negotiations between the United States and the USSR, China, Japan, Israel, Egypt, North Vietnam and other countries [32].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger initiated a policy of defusing international tensions, which led to a significant easing of tension in US-Soviet relations.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger organized the rapprochement of the United States with China, playing an important role in negotiations between the United States and Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai in 1971.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The talks ended with the formation of a new anti-Soviet US-Chinese bloc.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger also came up with the idea of supporting anti-communist regimes in South America, in particular Pinochet's coup in Chile in 1973.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In 1973, Kissinger won the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in achieving the Paris Peace Agreement, which temporarily ended the Vietnam War and was supposed to end it .


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

As a national security adviser, Kissinger led the National Security Study Memorandum 200 project in 1974, which caused much controversy.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In the 2000s, historical documents were declassified and published that reveal the essence of US foreign policy in the middle of the 20th century.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The series of documents was called “Foreign Relations of the United States” and was published on the website (Historian's Office, Bureau of Public Affairs, US Department of State).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The period of activity of the administrations of Nixon and Ford is designed as a separate group called “Nixon-Ford Administrations” and contains 46 volumes [33].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The policy of defusing international tensions


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

As national security adviser to Nixon, Kissinger was the creator and ideologist of the policy of defusing international tensions (French: détente) aimed at reducing aggressiveness confrontation between the countries of the socialist and capitalist camps.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

One of the elements of this policy was the Negotiations on the Limitation of Strategic Arms with Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, which resulted in the Treaty on the Limitation strategic weapons, signed in 1972.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In the same year, the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems, the Interim Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Certain measures regarding the limitation of strategic offensive weapons, and the Biological Weapons Convention.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

And in 1973, the agreement “Basic Principles of Negotiations between the USSR and the United States of America on the Further Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms” was signed.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Disarmament negotiations were originally planned to begin under the Johnson administration, but they were postponed as a reaction to the events in Czechoslovakia in August 1968, called the Prague Spring. .


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

During 1969-1970, Kissinger organized a “confidential channel” with the Soviet ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin to conduct secret negotiations.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Their main topic was the Decontamination of international tensions between the two superpowers.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In addition, Kissinger and Dobrynin settled possible differences between Washington and Moscow regarding Vietnam, the Middle East, Cuba and Jewish emigration [34].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In May 1971, Kissinger and Dobrynin reached a preliminary agreement.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In the summer of the same year, the date for the summit in Moscow was set (spring 1972).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Negotiations were conducted by Nixon and Kissinger.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

People from other agencies were not allowed into the negotiation room, so US Secretary of State William Rogers, Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (English: ACDA) Gerard Smith, and Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird was pushed out of the negotiation process.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

During the talks, the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT-I) was signed.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In addition, an agreement was signed on the supply of grain to the USSR.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The agreement “Basic Principles of Soviet-American Relations” was also signed there.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Negotiations between the US and the USSR continued and in the spring of 1973, the “Basic Principles of Negotiations between the USSR and the United States of America on the Further Limitation of Strategic Offensive weapons”, and in the summer, at the summit in Washington, the “Treaty on the Prevention of Nuclear War”.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Negotiations between Kissinger and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko led to President Nixon's second visit to Moscow in 1974, during which the Preliminary Treaty on the Prohibition of nuclear weapons tests.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Under the Ford administration, Kissinger continued to play a major role in US foreign policy towards the USSR.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

He was a key link in negotiations between Ford and Leonid Brezhnev at the summits in Vladivostok in 1974 and in Helsinki in 1975.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In Vladivostok, Ford discussed with Brezhnev the issue of restrictions on strategic weapons, and in Helsinki, the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, also called” Helsinki Accords”.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Not all US statesmen supported the Policy of Detention of International Tensions.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

There was a struggle between supporters and opponents.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Thus, in 1974, through the efforts of opponents of detente, the Jackson-Vanik Amendment to the US Trade Act was adopted, the purpose of which was to put pressure on the Soviet Union to allow the free emigration of its citizens (at that time, a wave of emigration rose in the USSR, emigrated mainly citizens of Jewish nationality, Evangelical Christians and Catholics).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Rapprochement with China


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

While still a candidate, Richard Nixon argued that the US and the world would benefit from rapprochement with China.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

He saw this as an internal necessity due to the size and inevitable influence of China.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In addition, China could be a good counterbalance against the Soviet Union.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The same opinion was shared by Kissinger, who even coined a new term: “trilateral diplomacy” (English: triangular diplomacy) [13].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

From the very beginning of his presidency, Nixon has been looking for channels to begin negotiations with China.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The first attempts at negotiations took place in secrecy.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Nixon and Kissinger hid their intentions to rapprochement with China not only from the public, but also from the State Department.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Since the summer of 1969, for 2 years, Nixon and Kissinger, on the one hand, and Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong, on the other, exchanged messages through intermediaries: foreign ambassadors, presidents friendly states, members of the National Security Council accountable to Kissinger.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Among the participants in this exchange are President of Pakistan Yahya Khan, US Ambassador to Poland, Ambassador of Pakistan to the United States, Romanian President Nicolae Ceausescu, Romanian Ambassador to the United States Corneliu Bogdan, former delegate to Hanoi from The French government (had ties to the Chinese ambassador to France), members of the National Security Council, Alexander Haig, Richard Smyser (English: Richard Smyser) and others.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The result of this interaction was Kissinger's secret visit to Beijing on July 9—11, 1971.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

During meetings with Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai Kissinger agreed on Nixon's future visit to China and discussed issues of interest to both sides.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The main condition for the warming of relations for China was the withdrawal of US troops from Taiwan and its recognition as part of the PRC.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The USC US-China Institute (a branch of the University of Southern California) collected and published documents related to this visit and preliminary two-year negotiations after they were declassified [35].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger's visit to China marked the beginning of more open communication between the US and China.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

On July 15, 1971, Nixon publicly announced to NBC that he intended to visit China and that the Chinese side had agreed to receive it by May 1972.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

On October 20, 1971, Kissinger, along with the Deputy Assistant to the President, made another trip to China, during which they discussed the terms and date of Nixon's visit, and the main issues that need was discussed during this meeting (the Taiwan issue, the war in Vietnam, instability on the Korean Peninsula, relations with Japan).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

February 21, 1972 was chosen as the date for the visit.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In January-February 1972, Alexander Hague, Dwight Chapin, and Director of the White House Executive Office visited China to plan and prepare Nixon's trip in more detail.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Nixon visited China on February 21—28, 1972.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

This was the first visit to the People's Republic of China by the President


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Nixon's delegation included reporters, and the entire trip was widely covered in the American and Chinese media.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

During the talks, Nixon recognized Taiwan as Chinese territory and promised to withdraw troops from there when tension in the region “subsides.”


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Nixon also discussed with Zhou Enlai the Korean issue, the war in Vietnam, the release of CIA agent John Downey, who spent two decades in a Chinese prison, the beginning of a trade exchange with China (according to initiative of the Chinese side) and other issues.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

During this visit, Kissinger met with Ye Jianyin (then Deputy Chairman of the Central Military Commission) and Qiao Guanhua (Minister of Foreign Affairs of China), with whom he discussed The Taiwan question, the Indo-Pakistan War and trade relations between countries.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In the following days of the visit, Kissinger met with Qiao Guanhua several times to finalize the Taiwan issue, compile the text of an official statement, and convey information about the Soviet armed forces to China.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The USC US-China Institute also collected and published documents related to this visit and its preliminary preparation [36].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Nixon's visit to China marked the beginning of diplomatic relations between the two countries after 22 years of hostility, and contributed to the easing of tensions in Southeast Asia.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Nixon himself, on the last day of his visit, while in Shanghai, summed up the following words [37]:


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

It was a week that changed the world, what we said in an official statement and is not nearly as important as what we will do in the coming years to build a bridge across 16,000 miles and 22 years of hostility, that have separated us in the past.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

And what we said today is that we will build this bridge.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Vietnam War


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger was involved in the military conflict in Indochina, called the Second Indochina War, even before his appointment as national security adviser by President Nixon.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

While still at Harvard, Kissinger worked as a foreign policy consultant for both the White House (where Kissinger served on the National Security Council, an advisory body to the President) and U.S. Department of State.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In August 1965, Henry Lodge, an old friend of Kissinger and then ambassador to Saigon, asked him to visit Vietnam as his consultant. [38]


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger traveled to Vietnam for two weeks in October-November 1965, then for another 10 days in July 1966, and a third time for a few more days in October 1966.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger later mediated between Washington and Hanoi in negotiations to restore peace.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Nixon was elected president in 1968 on a promise to achieve “peace with honor” (English: “peace with honor”) and end the Vietnam War.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

At that time, half a million US troops were stationed there and their number was growing, and 31,000 Americans had died by that time [39] [40].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The war, which was widely criticized in American society and considered meaningless, after a decade of interventions, Nixon had to end.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

But Nixon, Kissinger, and their entourage believed that a simple withdrawal would jeopardize the already shaken credibility of the United States, the authority and reputation of the super-power, giving the impression that they were” take their feet away” (in Ending the Vietnam War...” Kissinger argued that this could lead to a “domino effect”: encouraging Soviet and Muslim countries in their military operations [40]).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Further activities


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

At the end of 2001, he headed the Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 for 2.5 weeks.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger was replaced in this post by Thomas Keane.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

On September 25, 2007, along with several other retired US Secretaries of State, signed a letter urging the US Congress not to adopt Resolution 106 on the Armenian Genocide


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Personal achievements and awards


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In 1973, Kissinger won the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in achieving the Paris Agreement, which was supposed to end the Vietnam War.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In 2016, Henry Kissinger was elected a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences [42].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The image in the media


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

During his political activity, Kissinger was a bright media figure, participated in social life, posed for reporters with famous actresses of the time, etc. In the press, he was called a sex symbol and Henry the Kiss [43].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In 2012, he posed for Dmitry Borshch, whose portrait of Kissinger was exhibited at New York University, DePaul University, Palace of Culture and Science and included in the catalog of American portraits National Portrait Gallery of the United States [44] [45] [46] [47].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Participation in private clubs and public organizations


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

He is currently a member of the Bilderberg Club.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Testimonials, criticisms and accusations


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

His figure was criticized by both the left, liberals and pacifists, and from the “hawks” of the Cold War.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

At the end of the 20th century, after the declassification of the materials of the administrations of Nixon and Ford, Kissinger was repeatedly accused by journalists and human rights activists (both in the United States and abroad) of involvement in crimes committed by war juntas in Chile and Argentina (Operation Condor).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

A Spanish court even called him as a witness, but the call was rejected by the State Department.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger is also accused by Greek and American journalists and politicians of practically supporting the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 and the subsequent ethnic cleansing and occupation of the north of the island Turks.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In 2001, a number of human rights organizations sued Kissinger, accusing him of involvement in Operation Condor.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The Argentine judge in charge of the criminal investigation said that Kissinger is a potential suspect and even a defendant.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger immediately left France after being summoned for questioning by an investigator and refused to travel to Brazil.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

48] The United States refuses to participate in the International Criminal Tribunal. [48]


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In a survey of specialists in the field of international relations conducted by Foreign Policy magazine in 2015, Henry Kissinger received the most votes (32%) as the most effective US Secretary of State over the past 50 years [49] [50].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

quotes


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

During his tenure as Secretary of State, Kissinger repeatedly made contradictory and controversial judgments [51].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

For example, at one of the meetings with Nixon, Golda Meir asked for increased American pressure on Soviet officials, thus forcing them to give the go-ahead for Jewish emigration.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Commenting on this request, Kissinger told Nixon the following:


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

“The emigration of Soviet Jews is not on the list of priorities of American foreign policy. And even if they are sent to the gas chambers, this will not be a problem for the Americans, except for a humanitarian one” [52] [53] [54] [55].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

On the situation in Chile during Allende's presidency:


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

“I don't understand why we should stand and watch the country roll towards the Communists because of the irresponsibility of its population. This issue is too important for Chilean voters to be allowed to make their own decisions.”


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Henry Kissanger has also repeatedly spoken out about Russia and its policy:


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Russia played a decisive role in unleashing both [world] wars.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In 1914, Russia conditioned the outbreak of hostilities, steadily adhering to its allied obligations towards Serbia and following a tight mobilization schedule; in 1939, when Stalin saved Hitler, out of fear of war on two fronts, must have known that general war was inevitable.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In 1914, Russia went into conflict to preserve its honor; in 1939, it incited war to grab its share of Hitler's conquests.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

In March 2014, he said that


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

“According to the rules of the existing world order, it is unacceptable for Russia to annex Crimea. But relations between Crimea and Ukraine can be made calmer. To this end, Russia must recognize Ukraine's sovereignty over Crimea. Ukraine should expand Crimean autonomy in the elections in the presence of foreign observers. This process should include the elimination of any omissions and uncertainty regarding the status of the Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol” [56].


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Works


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Memoir


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

White House Years.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 0-316-49661-8.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Years of Upheaval.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 0-316-28591-9.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Years of Renewal.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 0-684-85571-2.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

State policy


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace, 1812-22.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 0-395-17229-2 (1973 edition).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 0-86531-745-3 (1984 edition).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 0-06-012410-5.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The Troubled Partnership: A Re-Appraisal of the Atlantic Alliance.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 0-07-034895-2.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

American Foreign Policy: Three essays.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 0-297-17933-0.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

For the Record: Selected Statements 1977—1980.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 0-316-49663-4.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

1985 Observations: Selected Speeches and Essays 1982—1984.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 0-316-49664-2.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Diplomacy.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 0-671-65991-X.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger Transcripts: The Top Secret Talks With Beijing and Moscow (Henry Kissinger, William Burr).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 1-56584-480-7.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Does America Need a Foreign Policy?


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

: Toward a Diplomacy for the 21st Century.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 0-684-85567-4.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Vietnam: A Personal History of America's Involvement in and Extraction from the Vietnam War.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 0-7432-1916-3.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Ending the Vietnam War: A History of America's Involvement in and Extraction from the Vietnam War.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 978-0-7432-1532-9.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Crisis: The Anatomy of Two Major Foreign Policy Crises: Based on the Record of Henry Kissinger's Hitherto Secret Telephone Conversations.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 0-7432-4910-0.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

On China (New York: Penguin Press, 2011).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 978-1-59420-271-1.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

World Order (New York: Penguin Press, September 9, 2014).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 978-1594206146.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Translations into Russian


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Nuclear weapons and foreign policy.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— Moscow: Publishing House of Foreign Literature, 1959.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— 511 p.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

A restored world order.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— M.: Progress, 1973.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— 30 p. It is sent to the special.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

the list.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Diplomacy.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— Moscow: Ladomir, 1997.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Does America need a foreign policy?


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— Moscow: Ladomir, 2002.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 5-86218-405-8.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

//Russia in global politics.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— 2012.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— No. 4.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

World order.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— MOSCOW: AST, 2018.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

— ISBN 978-5-17-1110987.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Notes


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

comments


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Sources


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Literature


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Books


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Posner, Richard A., Public intellectuals: a study of decline: with a new preface and epilogue, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01246-1


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Biographies


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Graubard, Stephen Richards, Kissinger: Portrait of a Mind.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

ISBN 0-393-05481-0


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kalb, Marvin L. and Kalb, Bernard, Kissenger, ISBN 0-316-48221-8


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Schlafly, Phyllis, Kissinger on the Couch.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Arlington House Publishers.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

ISBN 0-87000-216-3


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Hersh, Seymour, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, Summit Books.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

ISBN 0-671-50688-9.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

(Awards: National Book Critics Circle, General Non-Fiction Award. Best Book of the Year: New York Times Book Review; Newsweek; San Francisco Chronicle)


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Hanhimäki, Jussi.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

ISBN 0-19-517221-3


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kurz, Evi.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Die Kissinger-Saga.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

ISBN 978-3-940405-70-8


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Kurz, Evi.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

The Kissinger-Saga — Walter and Henry Kissinger.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Two Brothers from Fuerth, Germany.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

London.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Weidenfeld & Nicolson.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

ISBN 978-0-297-85675-7.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

References


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

(in English).


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Historian's Office, Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of State.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Soviet programs mentioning Kissinger on the Soviet television portal


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Category:US politicians


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Category:U.S. Secretaries of State


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Category:National Security Advisers to the President of the United States


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Category:Harvard University alumni


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Category:People from the Cold War


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Category:Nobel Peace Prize Laureates


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Category: Vietnam War personalities


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Category:Laureates of the International Award.


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Charlemagne


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Category:Foreign members of RAS


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Category: Honorary Doctors of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Category: Participants of World War II


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Category: Recipients of the Ellis Island Medal of Honor


Question: When was Henry Alfred Kissinger born?

Henry Kissinger

Category:Georgetown University faculty


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

If you are engaged in an article content dispute with another editor, please discuss the matter with the editor at their talk page, or the article's talk page, and seek consensus with them.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Alternatively, you can read Wikipedia's dispute resolution page, and ask for independent help at one of the relevant notice boards.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

If you are engaged in any other form of dispute that is not covered on the dispute resolution page, please seek assistance at Wikipedia's Administrators' Noticeboard/Incidents.Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Continued disruptive editing may result in loss of editing privileges.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

pap) is a small island and self-governing state entity of the same name, located in the southern Caribbean Sea off the coast of Venezuela [1].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The westernmost island among the Lesser Antilles.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

It is a federal subject within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The land area is 193 km².


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The population is 110,663 people (2014) [2].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The capital is Oranjestad.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Physical and geographical characteristics


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Geographical location


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba, the westernmost of the Lesser Antilles, is located in the southern Caribbean Sea at a distance of 29 km from the Paraguana Peninsula in Venezuela and 68 km west of Curaçao.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba has an area of 193 km², the island is about 30 km long and 8 km wide.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

It has maritime borders with Venezuela in the south and the Netherlands Antilles in the east.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The highest points on the island are Yamanota (188 m) and Oiberg (165 m).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Geology


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba's origins are linked to volcanic activity 90—95 million years ago.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The island is composed of lava, quartz and limestone rocks.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The most common lava rocks of the island are diabase, volcanic tuff, conglomerate and shale.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The diabase is made up of hard black rocks, of which there are many in Aruba.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Tuff consists of compressed ash and ash and indicates strong volcanic activity in the past.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

As a result of this activity, conglomerates from sedimentary rocks were also formed.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

As a result of pressure or temperature conditions, some of the rocks were transformed into shale [3].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The breeds aged 85—90 million years belong to the period of plutonism.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

After the end of volcanism, molten rocks flowed out from under the crust of the earth, but did not reach the surface.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

These rocks differed in structure from volcanism rocks.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Most of Aruba consists of such rocks (called batolite), frozen inside lava formations and formed a large magmatic body.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The most common batolite rock is quartzdiorite, which can be found both in the form of small crushed stone and large stones in places such as Ayo and Kasibari.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Oiberg is composed of coarse granular quartz diorite, which is called oibergite.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Another breed of batolite is gabbro (coarse-grained black, mainly in Bushiriban and Matividiri) [3].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The youngest species of the island are limestones, which were formed in conditions similar to modern coral reefs, as evidenced by fossils of plants and animals similar to modern coral reef flora and fauna [3].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Climate


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba has a dry tropical climate.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The average annual temperature is +28° C and varies little depending on the season [4].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The daily temperature amplitude also does not exceed 4° C.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The average annual rainfall is only 432 mm, most of it falls in October and November, mainly short-term showers [5].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba is located south of the main hurricane route, so they rarely damage the island's economy [4].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

National parks


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Arikok National Park covers 18% of the island's area [6], including a significant part of the interior of Aruba and a long stretch of the northern coast [7].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The park is home to Yamanota Hill, the highest point of the island, as well as Arikok Hill.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Among Aruba's historical monuments in the park are the petroglyphs in the Fontaine Cave, the remains of Dutch rural settlements in Masiduri, colonial houses in Prince Valley, and the ruins of a gold mine in Miralamare.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The vegetation of the park includes divi divi trees, various types of cacti, aloe vera, tropical flowers.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The fauna of Arikok is represented by rabbits, lizards and rattlesnakes [7].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Flora and fauna


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Despite the low rainfall, the island's flora is quite rich.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The most common plant growing in Aruba is the Divi Divi.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Cacti are also very common.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aloe vera is still growing in abundance on the island, but not as much as it was at the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Plumeria, hibiscus, bougainvillea, royal dellonix, oleander, coconut palm, papaya, mango, lemon, almonds and other plants grow along the southern coast [8].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

There are no large animals in Aruba, but there are 8 species of lizards — 3 species and 5 species, two species of snakes — and a turtle is found in coastal waters [9].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Dozens of bird species visit the island during migration between North and South America (terns, herons, pelicans, gulls, cormorants are common).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Coastal waters are home to sea bass, parrot fish, sea angel, eel, manta rays, lobsters [8].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

History


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Name


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

There are various theories about the origin of the island's name.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

It is most likely that the word “Aruba” comes from the Indian words “ora” (“shell”) and “oubao” (“island”), which, when combined, can mean “island of shells”.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Another possible combination is “uru” (“canoe”) and “oubao” (“island”), which may mean that the Indians used a canoe to travel by sea and thus settled in Aruba.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

According to another theory, the name may come from the Spanish “oro hubo” (“there was gold here”), associated with the search for gold by Spanish sailors in the Caribbean region.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The first indication of the island on the map dates back to 1562, where it is listed as “Orua”.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

On other maps of the 16th and 17th centuries, the names of the island “Oruba”, “Ouraba”, “Uruba” and “Arouba” are found [10].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Indians


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Very little is known about Aruba's earliest inhabitants.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Excavations show that the island was inhabited long before its discovery by Spanish sailors, its earliest inhabitants lived around 2500 BC.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The island's population was made up of Arawak Indians.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

They were fishermen, hunters and gatherers, using primitive tools made of stone and shells.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Archaeological studies (rock paintings, burials) show that the culture of the Aruba Indians was similar to that of South America [10].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Finds dating back to about 900 BC. e.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

show that the Aruban Indians made clay pots by hand and pushed salt into them.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

At that time, they had family settlements and used stone tools.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Ornaments made from pieces of shells were also found.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Indians of Aruba painted rock paintings, mainly in caves (Fontaine, Guadarikiri, etc.), in the form of geometric figures depicting people or animals inside.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Caves were not dwellings for them, so presumably they served as sanctuaries [10].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In the 14th century, Aruba was captured by the Caribbean.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Colonizing the island


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Netherlands Leeward Islands were discovered by the Spaniards in 1499.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Historians have not come to a single conclusion as to whether their discoverer is Alonso de Ojeda or Amerigo Vespucci.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

According to the drawings and maps, Ojeda was on Curacao and Bonaire, but not Aruba.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

It is possible that the island of Aruba was discovered a few years later on one of the reconnaissance expeditions.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Spaniards called the islands “Islands of the Giants” (Spanish: Islas de los Gigantes), as the local population was taller than them.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Another name for the Leeward Islands was “useless islands” (Spanish: islas inutiles), because no gold and silver were found on them, and later turned out to be unusable agriculture.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The word “inutiles” may have derived the modern name “Antilles” [11].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1513, the Spaniards deported the entire population of Aruba (as well as the other Leeward Islands) to work in copper mines in Santo Domingo, where they all died of various diseases as a result of severe operation.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The island remained uninhabited, but settlers from the mainland soon arrived, followed by the Spaniards.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Spaniards organized a kind of “ranch” on the island, where horses, donkeys, cows, pigs, sheep and goats walked freely in one large rural district.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Indians worked for them as servants and overseers of livestock [11].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1634, the Dutch conquered the island of Curaçao to use it as a base for operations against the Spanish fleet in the Eighty Years' War.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1636, the Dutch also occupied Aruba and Bonaire to avoid Spanish attacks from these islands.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Dutch West India Company (VIC) began to develop the Leeward Islands as agricultural colonies.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In Aruba, in particular, they began to breed horses and goats.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The number of goats on the island increased to a large level, and Aruba was also called the “goat island” (Dutch: geiteneiland).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The so-called “Brazilian wood” (Dutch: Brazielhout) was also mined, which was exported to Amsterdam as the main component for red paint [11].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba was run by a commander who was assisted by several white men.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The island was inhabited only by Indians who looked after livestock and cut down trees for sale.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

They could live relatively freely, as the VIC forbade non-Indian population to build settlements.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

An exception was made for VIC soldiers and their servants, who had a small settlement in Savanet.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Indians lived in the northeastern part of the island between Alto Vista (where the first Catholic church for Indians was built) and Seroe Christel and Hushidibana.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1806, there were 60 whites for 141 Indian families.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Black slaves were brought to the island in limited quantities only after 1770 [11].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba was also affected by the numerous wars between the Dutch and the British.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba was occupied by the British in 1799-1802 and 1806-1816, then the Dutch regained the land.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

According to the 1816 census, 564 of Aruba's 1,732 inhabitants were Indians, most of the inhabitants were Catholic.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The actual colonization of the island began only at the end of the 18th century, when the Bay of Horses (Dutch: Paardenbaai) in Oranjestad was used as a transit point between Curacao and the mainland Venezuela [11].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1824, gold was accidentally discovered in Rooi Fluit by a boy Willem Rasmiin, after which the governor of the colony of Kantzlaar visited the island, and gold mining began, which stopped during World War I [12].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1845, the colony of Curacao was formed, which included the islands of Curacao, Aruba, Bonaire, Saba, Sint Eustatius and Sint Maarten (the Dutch part of St. Martin).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1863, slavery was abolished and 496 slaves in Aruba became free [13].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In the middle of the 19th century, under Commander Jan Helenus Ferguson (1866—1871), aloe began to grow in Aruba, and Aruba became one of the main suppliers of aloin rubber, which was exported mainly to New York York, Hamburg and London.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Antilles rubber, 90 per cent of the production of which came from Aruba, was called “Curacao rubber” at the time.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

It was one of the highest quality and most expensive in the world and became the main source of income for Aruba before the development of the oil refining industry [14].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Waters Gravenhorst discovered phosphate deposits on the island in 1874.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1879, Aruba Phosphaat Maatschappij (APM) was created and mined by workers from Curacao and Bonaire, as well as a group of Italian workers.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Phosphate mining led to the development of the Sint-Nicolas settlement.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

APM operated until 1914, when the reserves of all fields on the island were exhausted and the company was closed [15].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Modern times


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In the 1920s, the oil era began on the island, thanks to which the island's economy was significantly strengthened.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1924, the island began to be used for further transportation of Venezuelan oil, then the Lago and Arend Petroleum Maatschappij refineries (Oil Company) were built on the island “Eagle”, better known by the English name “Eagle”) [16].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

During World War II, Aruba played a very important role for the Allies, as it housed one of the largest refineries of the period.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The fuel produced at the Lago was used by Allied air forces, which caused American ships near the island to be torpedo attacks by the Germans.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1939, a defense line was organized at the highest point in the eastern part of the island, Juan Morto, to protect against air attacks [17].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

During those years, Aruba was visited frequently by German ships.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

However, when Germany attacked the Netherlands, only one German ship, Antilla, was anchored off the coast of Aruba, which was surrounded by troops, and its captain set fire to the ship after the crew landed in dinghies.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The crew of the Antilla was captured, and later sent to the island of Bonaire together with those Germans who were on the island.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

On May 10, 1940, 180 French soldiers landed on the island to help defend Aruba, and in July 1940 they were replaced by British and Scottish troops.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

At the end of 1941, when the United States entered the war, American soldiers arrived on the island and heavy bombers began to arrive, which required the reconstruction of Dakota Airport [17].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

On February 16, 1942, at night, Aruba was subjected to a large-scale attack by the German submarine U-156, which sank several ships and then attacked the Lago.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Only the mistake of the German crew saved the plant from complete destruction, as the torpedo did not reach the target and the plant was fired at by small guns.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The next day, an underperforming torpedo was found on the beach, and four Dutch soldiers were killed while trying to neutralize it.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1944, several ships off the island were again torpedoed by the Germans [17].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1947, Henny (Ian Hendrik Albert) Eman organized a petition to the Netherlands signed by 2,147 residents of Aruba with the intention of seceding from the colony of Curacao.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1948, a conference on this issue was held in The Hague, which considered it possible to grant independence to Aruba, represented at the conference by Sean A (Cornelis Albert) Eman (son of Henny Eman).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

However, these recommendations have not been implemented [18].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1953, the Eagle refinery ceased its activities on the island [13].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1954, five islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and Saba) became self-governing within the Netherlands Antilles. [


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1973, the island held a referendum in which the majority of the population preferred the country to obtain independence status within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, proposed by the MEP party led by Betico (Gilberto F.) Cruz.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In January 1976, when the Dutch Government rejected the option of granting Aruba such status, Betico Cruz threatened that Aruba would unilaterally declare independence in March 1981 .


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

On March 18, 1976, to strengthen national identity, the national flag and anthem were adopted, and B.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Before his death, Cruz was called the “liberator of Aruba”.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1977, 82% of Aruban residents voted for independence in a referendum [20].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1981, at a regular conference in the Netherlands, it was decided that Aruba would gain independence in January 1996, after a 10 - year transition period beginning on 1 January 1986, when Aruba became independent from the Netherlands Antilles [20].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba's first Prime Minister under this status was Henny Eman (grandson of Henny Eman, who fought for Aruba's independence), who immediately faced the closure of the Lago refinery ”, in connection with which unemployment in the country reached 20%.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

With financial assistance from the Netherlands, it was able to diversify the economy by developing a tourist destination.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

10,000 new jobs have been created and new hotels have been built.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In the late 1980s, the Central Bank of Aruba was created, its own currency was introduced, and the University of Aruba was founded.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1990, the new oil company (Coastal Aruba Refinery Company) resumed work at the Lago plant [21].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Despite all efforts in the past decades, Aruba eventually did not gain full independence, setting one of the few precedents in the world when the country abandoned it.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The earlier agreed intention to declare Aruba's independence on 1 January 1996 was revoked by the Netherlands in 1990 at the request of the Government of Aruba, where by that time opponents of withdrawal prevailed from the Netherlands [20].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Nelson Orlando Oduber was elected Prime Minister of Aruba in 1989, Henny Eman again in 1994, and Oduber returned the post of prime minister in 2001.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Political structure


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Constitution


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Constitution of Aruba was adopted on 9 August 1985 (announced on 19 August in Dutch) by all political parties then represented in Parliament.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

According to it, Aruba became an autonomous member state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, consisting of three members: the Netherlands proper, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The competence of the Kingdom of the Netherlands is defined by a framework constitution, the Charter of the Kingdom of


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

After 10 October 2010, the Netherlands Antilles were liquidated, and under the terms of an agreement between the Netherlands and the Netherlands Antilles, Bonaire, Saba and St. Eustatius became autonomous territories of the Netherlands, and Curaçao and Sint Maarten received the same status as Aruba (self - governing States with significant autonomy status aparte within the Kingdom of the Netherlands).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Dutch government has taken over the defense and foreign policy of these state entities.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Executive power


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba is headed by the King of the Netherlands, who is represented on the island by the Governor.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Governor is appointed by the King on the advice of Aruba's Council of Ministers.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Governor's term of office is 6 years.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The executive power is represented by the Council of Ministers, which consists of 7 members and is accountable to Parliament.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Prime Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers [19]


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Legislature


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Parliament (Dutch: Staten) of Aruba consists of 21 deputies who are elected every 4 years on the basis of a multi-party system [19].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Judiciary


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

All judges of the courts of first instance (Dutch: Gerecht in Eerste Aanleg) are appointed by the King of the Netherlands for life and are required to undergo a special 6-year training in order to be appointed.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

One judge of the Court of First Instance of Aruba is present at the trial.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

All appeals are heard by three judges of the Court of Appeal of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba (Dutch: Gemeenschappelijk Hof van Justitie voor de Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Further appeals are pending before the Supreme Court of the Netherlands (Dutch: Hoge Raad der Nederlanden) in The Hague.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The decisions of the Supreme Court are not binding, but lower courts try to adhere to them [22].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Administrative divisions


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba does not have administrative units.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The country is divided into 8 census regions (Noord/Tanki-Leendert, East Oranjestad, West Oranjestad, Paradera, North Sint Nicolas, South Sint Nicolas, Santa Cruz, Savaneta).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

However, they do not have any administrative functions and are used only for the convenience of the population census [23].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Political parties


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The first political parties in Aruba appeared during World War II, when self-government began to develop on the island.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The very first party is the Patriotic Party of Aruba, which for a long time was part of the Democratic Party of Curacao, which from 1944 to 1969 was the leading political force in the Netherlands The Antilles.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1971, the People's Electoral Movement was created, which fought for the separation of Aruba from the Netherlands Antilles and later for complete independence.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

It seceded from the Netherlands Antilles in 1981, followed by negotiations that resulted in an agreement between the Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba in 1983 , according to which Aruba was granted special status. [24]


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Currently, there are a number of political parties operating in the country, eight of them took part in the 2009 elections:


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

(Arubaanse Volks Partij, AVP) — 12 seats in Parliament


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Popular Electoral Movement (Movimiento Electoral di Pueblo, MEP) — 8 seats,


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Real Democracy (Democracia Real, DR) — 1st place,


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Patriotic Movement of Aruba (Movimiento Patriotico Arubano, MPA),


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Electoral Democracy Network (Red Electoral Democratico, RED)


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Patriotic Party of Aruba (Partido Patriotico Arubano, PPA),


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

United Christians for Strengthening Aruba's Potential (Cristiannan Uni Reforzando Potencial di Aruba)


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Independent Social Movement/Liberal Organization of Aruba (Movimento Social Independente/Organisacion Liberal Arubiano).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

armed forces


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba does not have its own regular armed forces.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The defense of Aruba lies within the competence of the Netherlands.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, there is a Dutch military contingent of more than a thousand people [25].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The number of men aged 16 to 49 who are fit for military service is 16,278 (2005 estimates) [26].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

There is also a local Arubaanse Militie (ARUMIL) force unit in the size of approximately one platoon.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Foreign policy


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands and the Department of External Affairs of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba are responsible for Aruba's foreign policy. [27]


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba is a member of the Caribbean Community (as an observer), ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ITUC, UNESCO (associate member), UNWTO (associate member), UPU, WMO [26].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

population


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Demographics


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The population of Aruba consisted of a variegated combination of Venezuelans of Spanish and Indian origin, visiting Dutch and small representatives of other nationalities (Italians, Jews and others).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The total population (2007) is 105,000 people, the population density is 544.0 people.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

/km² [25].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The majority of the population is made up of ethnic Arubans, close in origin to Venezuelans, and descended from Indians, Europeans and a small number of Negroes.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

European nationalities (except Spaniards) include Dutch and Portuguese.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Asians are represented by Syro-Lebanese, Chinese, Indonesians and Filipinos, as well as a small number of Jews.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The island is also home to immigrants from other islands in the Caribbean, South America (especially Venezuela) and Europe.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Emigration is small and is mainly represented by non-ethnic Arubans.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Almost half of the population lives in cities — 45.4%, in rural areas — 54.6%.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In the sexual section, there is a predominance of women over men (52.28% and 47.72%, respectively).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The age group under 15 years includes 21.2% of the country's population, 15-29 years - 18.9%, 30-44 years - 26.1%, 45-59 years - 21.3%, 60-74 years - 9.6%, 75—84 years - 2.2%, over 85 years - 0.7%.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Life expectancy (2006) is 76.0 years for men and 82.8 for women [25].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The birth rate is 12.3 per 1000 population (while the number of illegitimate children is 49.2%), the mortality rate is 4.8 (2005).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The natural increase is 7.5 per 1,000 population.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The number of marriages and divorces per 1,000 population (2005) is 5.76 and 4.4, respectively [25].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Religion


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

80.8% of the population belongs to the Roman Catholic Church, about 7.8% - Protestants.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Among the remaining 11.4%, adherents of Hinduism, Islam, Confucianism and Judaism are found [29].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The very first Catholic church to be built in Aruba and throughout the Caribbean is Alto Vista, built by Spanish missionary Domingo Antonio Silvestre in 1750.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The church was then closed in 1816, destroyed, and rebuilt in 1952 [30].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The second, key religious building on the island is the Church of St. Anne.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Languages


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The official languages are Dutch and Papiamento (a Creole mix of Spanish and Portuguese).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Papiamento is the most widely spoken language, spoken by 66.3% of the population [26], as well as English, Spanish and Dutch [31].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The first mention of the widespread use of papiamento in Aruba is found in official documents from Curacao.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Since the middle of the 19th century, papiamento became widespread when writing psalters in churches and school textbooks.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1871, the first newspaper in this language was published under the name Civilisado.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Papiamento could have become the language of instruction at the time, but the Dutch leadership decided that all education should be conducted only in Dutch.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Thus, despite the fact that Papiamento has been the mother tongue of Aruban people for 300 years, it was not granted official status until 19 March 2003. [32]


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Economics


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

According to 2005 estimates, the country's gross domestic product (GDP) (at purchasing power parity) was 2.258 billion US dollars, which is 21,800 US dollars per capita.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

According to 2002 data, the service sector is the main component of GDP (66.3%), followed by industry (33.3%), agriculture (0.4%).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba's working population is estimated at 41,500.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The unemployment rate is 6.9% (2005) [26].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The main branches of Aruba's national economy are tourism, banking, oil refining and storage.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The great leap in tourism development over the past decades has been associated with the constant development of related services and infrastructure.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The development of banking services is linked to the Government's offshore policy, which has led to the mass registration and operation of offshore banks on the island, making Aruba one of the offshore financial centers.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Central Bank of Aruba is part of the Group of Supervisors of International Financial Centres.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Construction is also developing — the number of hotel beds is 5 times higher than in 1985.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The oil industry was restored in 1993 [26].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Tourism


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The decision to develop the tourism industry was made during the crisis associated with the closure of the oil refinery in 1985.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

That year, about 2,000 tourists visited the country, and in 1996 there were 7,103 [33].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Currently, the country is visited annually by 1.5 million tourists, 75% of whom are from the United States, the number of hotel beds exceeds 5 times the level of 1985, while the construction of tourist infrastructure continues [26].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The main attractions for tourists in Aruba are diving, windsurfing and underwater excursions to coral reefs, during which you can see all the exotic inhabitants of the Caribbean Sea.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba's best beaches are Arashi, Druif and Hadikurari.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Druif is considered to be the cleanest recreation area on the entire Caribbean coast.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Tourists also chose Baby Beach.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In total, Aruba has more than 40 beaches.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The island's recreation areas are famous for their sand, which does not burn your feet even in the hottest weather, and pink flamingos that love to wander near the water right on the beach.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Local festivals are considered to be the highlight of tourist holidays.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The cuisine in Aruba is European, but it has been transformed into local food.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Therefore, very often an unusual sauce can be served with a well-known dish.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Agriculture


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The island's rocky terrain, poor soil and dry tropical climate together created unfavorable conditions for the development of agriculture.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In the 18th century, the island was used as a ranch, but this also turned out to be unprofitable.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Only 7% of the land is used for agricultural land in Aruba, and 0.6% of the labor force is involved in agriculture [34].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The main agricultural product is aloe.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Its cultivation on the island began in the 19th century.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruban aloe is known for its high aloin content (22% versus 15% of the global average).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

With the opening of the oil refining industry on the island, aloe production took a back seat and was restored again after World War II — in 1949, Casey Eman founded the first aloe factory in an island called Aruba Aloe Products Company, thanks to which Aruba produced 30% of the world's aloe as early as 1951 [14].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Transport and communications


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

There are no railways on the island.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The length of roads (1995) is 800 km, of which 64% are paved.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The number of cars is 49,521, trucks and buses 1207 (2005) [25].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In February 2013, a tram line was opened in Oranjestad connecting the city center with the marine station [35].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The tram is fully solar powered.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Queen Beatrix International Airport is located near Oranjestad and receives daily flights from various US cities (Miami, Chicago, Washington, New York, Boston), Puerto Rico (San Juan) , Canada and South America, among others.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

According to the airport, 1.7 million passengers were used by the airport in 2005, of which 61% were from the United States.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

There are 397 landlines per 1,000 inhabitants of Aruba (2002, 37,000 in total), 1002 cell phones [36] (2006, total 105.7 thousand) [26], 218 televisions (2001, 20,000 in total), 257 network users Internet (2002, 24 thousand in total) [25].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Foreign economic relations


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Imports (2005) 4253 million US dollars [37]: crude oil (77.6%), electrical and non-electrical machinery (4.1%), food (2.3%).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The main destinations of imports are the United States (60.4%), the Netherlands (11.7%), Venezuela (2.8%), the Netherlands Antilles (2.8%) [25].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Exports (2005) 4374 million US dollars [37]: refined oil (99.4%), other (0.6%).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The main export destinations are the United States (48.5%), the Netherlands Antilles (21.3%), the Netherlands (15.4%), Venezuela (4.1%) [25].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Currency


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The currency of Aruba is the florin (sign: Afl.; code: AWG), which was introduced in 1986, replacing the Netherlands Antillean guilder [38].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The currency was pegged to the US dollar at a rate adopted from the guilder of 1.79 florin to 1 US dollar.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 1986, coins in denominations of 5, 10, 25 and 50 cents, 1 and 2½ florin, banknotes in denominations of 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 florin were put into circulation.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In 2005, the 5 florin banknote was replaced by coins, and the issue of the 2½ florin coin ceased.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

All coins are made of nickel-plated steel, with the exception of 5 florins, which are minted from an alloy of copper and other metals.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Social sphere


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Education


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba's education system has borrowed much from the Dutch system and provides education at all levels.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Government funds the entire national education system, with the exception of private schools.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

[39] Primary education covers children between 6 and 12 years of age.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

There are 37 primary schools in the country with 9,806 students (2004-2005) [25].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Secondary schools on the island offer great opportunities to prepare for further education for children from 12 to 17 years of age, including technical education, pre-university training, economic education, etc.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

There are 7,067 students enrolled in 12 schools (2004—2005) [25].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Higher education is represented by the University of Aruba and the Teacher Training College [39].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The University of Aruba trains specialists in three faculties: law, financial and economic sciences, hospitality and tourism management [40].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Due to the fact that the choice of specialties in Aruba is limited, many students study at universities in Europe, North and South America [41].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Healthcare


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Aruba Department of Health operates on the island, which provides the prevention and treatment of various diseases, as well as a Public Health Laboratory, which is equipped with diagnostic equipment, necessary tools and qualified staff [42].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

There are 144 doctors in the country (1 per 699 inhabitants) and 310 beds (1 per 330 inhabitants) (2005).


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

[25] The largest hospital is Horatio Oduber Hospital, founded in 1976, with 280 beds, which provides medical services in more than 20 areas [43].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Culture and art


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Literature


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In general, such areas of literature as poetry and literature for children have been developed.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

In the 1980s, Charuba published novels, plays and poetry by Aruba writers.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Currently, few high-quality works are printed, most authors publish their works themselves.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Attempts were made to recreate Charuba publishing house, but they were unsuccessful [13].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

art


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Aruba's landscapes have been a source of inspiration for many professional artists.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Portrait as a type of painting in Aruba is not widely used.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Sculpture and 3D graphics are growing in popularity.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Most graphic studios emerged after economic growth since 1988.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Most artists work as commercial designers by profession [13].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Among the most famous artists are Vanessa Paulina, Osaira Muyale, Elvis Lopez, Gustav Nuel, Stan Kuiperi and others [44].


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Performing arts


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

There are several theater groups in Aruba, the oldest and most popular of which is Mascaruba.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

The Cas di Cultura Theater is also located in Oranjestad.


Question: What is the capital of Aruba?

Aruba

Local cultural and artistic projects (mainly theatrical) are being developed by the Arte pro Arte Foundation (FARPA, Art for Art).