Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Later, the visual similarity of these lightning letters with the Sovilo rune, which was used in their symbols by the SS troops of Nazi Germany during the Second World War, was accidentally discovered.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In post-war Germany, these characters are prohibited, so to avoid misunderstandings, most of the band's albums released after 1979 in Germany had a special cover edition, where the letters “SS” resembled mirrored “ZZ”.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The rumors accusing Kiss of Nazism were extremely ridiculous, as Gene Simmons is a native of Israel and Paul Stanley has Jewish roots, so the two regular members of the band are Jews.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

According to other rumors, the band's name is an acronym for “Knights In Satan's Service” or an abbreviation for “Keep it simple stupid”, which is actually an acronym for programmers and appeared much later, so Kiss was never attributed to Kiss as a rock band [13].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

None of these rumors have any factual basis, and the group consistently dismissed them.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The makeup idea belonged to Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

It was received positively and, using theatrical makeup, each participant came up with their own unique makeup.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The participants' hobbies such as comics, horror movies, etc., had a clear impact on makeup. Gene Simmons wore Demon, Peter Criss in The Cat, Ace Freiley in Space Ace, and Paul Stanley first became Star Child, then changed his image to Bandit Bandit), but almost immediately returned to the original version.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The makeup of each of the participants underwent numerous changes in the early years.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Perhaps the makeup of Peter Criss has changed the most, and the least - the makeup of Ace Freiley, who, having invented his own image, did not change it anymore.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Kiss's first performance took place for three spectators at the Popcorn Club (soon renamed Coventry) in Queens.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In March of the same year, the band recorded their first five-song demo with producer Eddie Kramer.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The former TV director, who saw the band at several concerts in the summer of 1973, offered them his services as a manager in October.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Kiss agreed to the terms offered by Okoyne and signed a recording contract within two weeks.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Kiss signed the first contract with the famous pop artist and chapter of collaboration with his new label Emerald City Records (which was soon renamed Casablanca Records) [14].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The band came to Bell Sound Studios in New York to record their first album.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

On December 31, the band received an official opportunity to perform at the Academy of Music in New York as the opening act for Blue Öyster Cult.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

At this concert, Simmons accidentally set fire to his hair (which was sprayed on alcohol) when he first performed his later popular “fire breath” trick, in which he collected kerosene into his mouth and released a stream of fire [15].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The first Kiss tour began in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada at the Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Kiss's self-titled debut album was released on February 18.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

On the same day, the band first appeared on television, performing “Nothin' to Lose”, “Firehouse” and “Black Diamond” on ABC on Dick Clark's In Concert (aired on March 29).


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

On April 29, the band performed “Firehouse” at The Mike Douglas Show.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

This broadcast included Gene Simmons's first television interview.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In an interview with Mike Douglas, Simmons declared himself the “embodiment of evil”, causing nervous laughter from a confused audience in the studio.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The guest of the program, a humorist (real name: Sofia Feldman) noted that it would be funny if under all this makeup he turned out to be a “sweet Jewish boy”.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Simmons repelled the attack, simply answering: “Don't you know.”


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

“Yes, I know. You can't hide the hook,” Fields confirmed, alluding to his nose.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Despite the publicity and constant tours, Kiss's first album initially sold only 75,000 copies.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Meanwhile, the band and Casablanca Records were losing money quickly.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The band flew to Los Angeles in August 1974 to record their second album, Hotter than Hell, which was released.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The only single, “Let Me Go, Rock 'n' Roll”, was unsuccessful, and the album stopped at number 100 [16].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

With Hotter than Hell rapidly losing ground, Kiss was urgently removed from tour to record their next album.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The head of Casablanca, Neil Bogart, took up the production of the new album, personally changing the gloomy and rough sound of Hotter than Hell to a clearer sound.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Dressed to Kill, published, was commercially much better than Hotter Than Hell.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

It also contained one of the band's most famous and popular songs in the future, “Rock and Roll All Nite” [17].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Although Kiss albums were not sold in large quantities, the band quickly acquired the status of the most spectacular [18].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Their concerts included a lot of different tricks and tricks.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

For example, Gene Simmons spit “blood” (in fact, a mixture of yogurt, juices and food colors), took off with cables or “breathed fire” (he took kerosene into his mouth and sprayed it on a torch); sparks and smoke (separately) from Ace Freiley's concert glowing guitar during his virtuoso solos (fireworks hidden in the neck and smoke bombs hidden in guitar pickups); rising a high drum kit with Peter Chris emitting sparks; Paul Stanley performing challenging jumps on his 20cm platforms and breaking a Pete Townsend style guitar; and a lot pyrotechnics during the show [18].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

1975—1978: The heyday


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

At the end of 1975, Casablanca almost went bankrupt and Kiss threatened to lose their contract.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

A financial breakthrough was vital for both sides to stay afloat.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

This breakthrough took an unusual form — recordings of a live concert [19].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Kiss wanted to express the excitement that was felt at their concerts and the excitement that their studio albums, unfortunately, could not convey to them with their first live album.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Released September 10, 1975 Alive!


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

received gold status and became Kiss's first release to reach the Top 40 Singles with a live version of “Rock and Roll All Nite”.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

It was the first version of the song “Rock and Roll All Nite” with a guitar solo, and this recording successfully presented the final version of the song, eclipsing and replacing the studio original [20].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In later years, the band noted that the additional noise of the crowd was added to the album not to deceive fans, but to add more “excitement and realism” to the show [21].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Alive Success!


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

not only gave Kiss the breakthrough they were looking for, but it may have kept the Casablanca label, which was close to bankruptcy.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Following this success, Kiss partnered with producer Bob Ezrin, who had previously worked with Alice Cooper.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The result was Destroyer (released), Kiss's most ambitious studio album to date.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Destroyer, full of various sound effects (orchestra sound, boys' choir, elevator drums, radio message style intro), moved away from the raw and rough sound of the band's first three studio albums .


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

While the album sold well and became the band's second gold album, it quickly lost ground in the charts.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

It was only when the ballad “Beth” was released as a single that the album made a jump in sales again.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

“Beth” peaked at number seven on the charts, and this success was restored by the album, which reached platinum status by the end of 1976.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In October 1976, Kiss appeared on The Paul Lynde Halloween Special, performing to the phonogram “Detroit Rock City”, “Beth” and “King of the Night Time World”.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

For many teenagers, this was their first memory of Kiss's dramatic appearance.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Bill Ocoyne participated in the production of the show.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In addition to this production, Kiss was the subject of a brief comedy “interview” that he conducted in person.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The interview included his statement when he heard the names of the band members:


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

“Oh, I love good religious groups.”


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Over the following year, two more successful albums were released, Rock and Roll Over and Love Gun.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In 1977, a second live album, Alive II, was also released, namely.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

All three albums went platinum shortly after they went on sale.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Between 1976 and 1978, Kiss received $17.7 million in copyright and music publishing payments [22].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

A 1977 Gallup poll survey named Kiss the most popular band in America.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In Japan, Kiss performed five grand shows at the Budokan Arena, breaking the previous record of four held by The Beatles.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

During this period, sales of products under the Kiss brand became a significant source of income for the group.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Among them were two comics published by Marvel (the first of which contained paint mixed with the blood of the band members), a pinball slot machine, dolls depicting musicians, makeup kits” Kiss Your Face Makeup”, Halloween masks, board games and many other souvenirs.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Between 1977 and 1979, global sales approached $100 million [23].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Participants' solo projects


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In 1978, Kiss was at the peak of commercial popularity, with Alive II becoming the band's fourth platinum album in two years, and the concert tour that followed had the largest number of visitors.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In addition, their annual income for 1977 amounted to 10.2 million dollars.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Kiss, together with his manager, decided to bring the band to a new level of popularity.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

To this end, they invented a cunning strategy for 1978 [24].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The first part involved the simultaneous release of their solo albums by four members of the band.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Although the band complained that the release of four solo albums was intended to ease growing tension with the band, their 1976 contract called for the release of four solo albums before a large-scale the release of the band's fifth album [25].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Each album was an exclusively solo achievement for all members of the band, and the discs were labeled and released as Kiss albums (with similar covers and posters inside).


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

This was the only time that all four members released a solo album on the same day [26].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The albums were named simply but tastefully - Peter Criss, Ace Frehley, Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

For the band members, this was a chance to demonstrate their musical tastes and trends, style inclinations outside Kiss: Simmons's album included the appearance of Aerosmith members Joe Perry, Cheap Trick, disco diva Donna Summer, Bob Seeger, and later Cher's friend).


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Stanley and Freiley's records were close to the hard rock and glam rock played in Kiss, while Criss's album included R&B elements and was full of ballads.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Simmons album was the most eclectic, including hard rock, 60s rock in the best Beatles tradition, ballads, and a cover of “When You Wish upon a Star” (from the Pinocchio cartoon).


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In the struggle for the hearts of fans, the strength of the musicians was approximately equal, each of the discs sold more than 1,250,000 copies by the end of the year, and the total circulation exceeded 5 million copies.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The most popular radio hit was a song from Ace Freiley's album “New York Groove”, which reached the second line of the sales rating.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The second part of the idea of Kiss and the producer was to shoot a film in which the band's characters will be portrayed as superheroes.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The filming of the film was scheduled for September 1978.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Although the film was conceived as a cross between “A Hard Day's Night” and “Star Wars. Episode IV. A New Hope”, the final results were extremely far from these samples.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The script was repeatedly rewritten by different writers, and the band (especially Criss and Freiley) was broken by tedious filming.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Peter Criss refused to take part in the voice acting after filming and was voiced by another actor [27].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park, which was produced by Hanna-Barbera, was shown on NBC.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Despite disastrous reviews from critics, the film became one of the best films of the year and was subsequently shown outside the United States in 1979 under the title Attack of the Phantoms.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In later interviews, the band recalls filming the film as something unusual, funny humorous and shamefully funny, but annoyed by the final result of the acting, they noted that in the film they were shown more like clowns than superheroes.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The artistic failure of the film created a wall between the band and Okoin, on which all the blame was blamed [28].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

1979—1983: Falling popularity


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The band's first album with new material in two years, Dynasty, released, continued their platinum stripe.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The album contained a song that later became the band's most famous single and hallmark, “I Was Made For Lovin' You”.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The song, which combines elements of hard rock and popular disco music at the time, became a hit that reached the top 10 worldwide (peaking at number 11 in the United States) [29].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Dynasty was recorded with a session drummer, at the request of producer Vini Poncia, who strongly doubted the validity of Peter Criss' percussion skills.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Peter Criss's only contribution to Dynasty's album was the song “Dirty Livin'”, which he wrote, played on drums and sang [30].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Announced as “The Return of Kiss” (English: The Return of Kiss), the Dynasty Tour was expected to surpass all previous concert tours in their history.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

According to the plans, together with the band, a transportable amusement park, made in the theme of Kiss and called Kiss World (the world of Kiss), was supposed to drive, but this idea was abandoned, as it required too serious funds and investments for implementation [31].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

As a result, The Return of Kiss concert tour was not the most successful tour in the band's history [32].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The same story repeated during the recording of the next album, and after the release of Unmasked, Criss was officially deleted from the lineup; all drums on the album, as well as on the previous one, were written by Anton Fig.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

But in May 1980, Eric Carr took the place of permanent drummer of the band.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The album had a relatively light sound, and as a result, for the first time since Dressed to Kill, the band was left without platinum.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Bob Ezrin was called to save the situation, but Music from “The Elder”, made under his leadership, with an abundance of strings, winds and synthesizers, was quite far from hard rock, but was much harder than the previous one.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

As a result, Kiss lost not only many of its fans, but also Ace Freiley and Bill Okoyne.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In the fall of 1982, the album Creatures of the Night was released, on which the band again played heavy music, but it was affected by the inertia of the audience and could not return commercial success.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Also, Ace Freiley did not take part in the recording, although he was listed on the cover as a guitarist.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

And a little later, due to numerous disagreements with Kiss leaders Gene and Paul, health problems and drugs, he left the group altogether.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

He was replaced by Winnie Vincent, who debuted on the tour dedicated to the 10th anniversary of Kiss and took on the stage image of an ancient Egyptian god.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

1983—1995: Kiss without makeup


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In 1983, to save their popularity, Kiss took a decisive step — they first appeared in public without makeup.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

This action paid dividends, and the album Lick It Up returned the team to the platinum frontier.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Three subsequent albums, like Creatures of the Night, designed in the style of glam metal, allowed the band to consolidate its success.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In the spring of 1984, Vincent, who did not want to make concessions to Gene and Paul, was replaced by Mark St. John, with whom the band began recording a new album Animalize.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

But it soon became clear that due to an illness associated with the hands, Mark would not be able to continue working with Kiss, and Bruce Kulik came to his place.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In 1985, the album Asylum was released, which was a stylistically sequel to Animalize.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In 1987, Crazy Nights was released, which, among other things, uses background keys that Kiss has not used since Unmasked, and in general, the album turned out to be quite interesting, albeit a little light compared to several previous records.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In 1988, Smashes, Thrashes & Hits was released, containing two new songs from Paul Stanley, both of which were made video clips.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

By the end of 1989, the album Hot in the Shade was released, containing one of the band's famous ballads, “Forever”, and early in the next decade, the band received a serious blow — Eric Carr died of cancer.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Despite the loss, Kiss and new drummer Eric Singer finished the Revenge album and broke into the top ten with it.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In 1995, during one of the acoustic concerts as part of the Convention Tour in Los Angeles, Peter Criss took the stage to Kiss and sang the song “Hard Luck Woman” with the band.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Right after that evening, rumors spread that Criss might return to the band.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

And in August of the same year, Kiss performed on MTV Unplugged, where Ace Freiley and Peter Criss joined the band towards the end of the evening.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The “Original Four” performed two songs: “2000 Man” and “Beth”, and then two more: “Nothin' to Lose” and “Rock and Roll All Nite”, but six (Paul Stanley, Gene Simmons, Bruce Kulik, Eric Singer, Peter Criss and Ace Freiley).


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The concert was released on CD under the title Kiss Unplugged.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

1996—1999: Reunification in its original lineup


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In early 1996, Kiss announced the reunion of the original lineup.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The band's first public appearance in full classic makeup took place on February 28 at the Grammy Awards, where Kiss was introduced to the public by Tupac Shakur.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Although the musicians themselves initially doubted the relevance of their idea, the world tour, called Alive/Worldwide Tour, was a great success.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The original four's first official concert, which was scheduled to take place on June 28 in Detroit at Tiger Stadium, sold out in full (39,867 tickets) in 40 minutes.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The concert set was made up of classic songs from the band from the 70s, and the stage costumes were designed based on costumes from the Love Gun period.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In September 1998, Psycho Circus released a new studio album.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Participation in the recording of Freiley and Criss was minimized, both admitted to only a few songs, and together the band played only one “Into the Void”.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Most of the leading guitar parts were recorded by future Kiss member Tommy Thayer, and Bruce Kulik also appeared on the album.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Session musician Kevin Valentine played almost all of the drums on the album (except “Into the Void”).


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The album reached number three on the Billboard.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The album was also certified platinum in the United States [33].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The tour in support of the new album Psycho Circus Tour kicked off on Halloween night 1998 at Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles, where 3-D technology was used for the first time at the concert.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Psycho Circus performed the title song “Psycho Circus”, “Into the Void” by Freiley and “Within” by Simmons during the tour.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Kiss's Las Vegas Live in Las Vegas performance on October 29, 1999 was watched live via the Internet by more than a million people at a time, and the final concert on the Los Angeles tour, which took place On November 25, 2009, and aired via the Internet, it received more than two million views [34].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

2000—2002: “Farewell Tour”


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In 2000, it was announced that a farewell tour (Farewell Tour) would be held and the subsequent termination of Kiss as a band.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The tour was scheduled to begin in March 2000 in North America, and by early 2001, Kiss promised to travel to Japan and Australia.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

However, even before the concert on November 7 in Charleston, it became clear that Criss, dissatisfied with the amount of his contract, was leaving the band again.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

As a result, due to the loss of the drummer, the tour had to slow


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The fate of the band was not clear until it was announced in early 2001 that Peter Criss would be replaced by Eric Singer again, while Eric would be dressed and made up as a stage Peter's image.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

With this lineup, the “Farewell Tour” in Japan and Australia continued.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Kiss was invited to perform at the closing of the XIX Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

This was Ace Freiley's last performance with the band.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

He stated that if Kiss does not want to say goodbye, it will be his “Farewell” to Kiss.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons did not take Freiley's words seriously at first and tried in every possible way to get him back into the band, but Ace was adamant.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

It was decided to take Tommy Thayer, who had long collaborated with the band, for the role of Spaceman.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Prior to joining Kiss, Thayer produced the band's video, helped Ace Freiley remember his own guitar parts during the reunion tour, and made a significant contribution to the recording Psycho Circus album.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Thayer also took part in the cover band Kiss, where he tried on the role of Ace.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

At the same time, after taking Thayer into the group, Stanley and Simmons continued to hope that Freiley would return.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

After 2002


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

By the end of 2002, Kiss unexpectedly announced that the band continued its activities and did not say goodbye to fans; Tommy Thayer was recognized as a full member of Kiss as lead guitarist; and Peter Criss returned to the band.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

It was said about the band's intention to record a new live album with the involvement of a symphony orchestra and conduct a new full-fledged tour.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In February 2003, Kiss hosted a grand performance in Australia with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra under the direction of.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

It is noteworthy that on this show, the band played the song “Great Expectations” for the first time, in which a children's choir was involved.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

A live album, called Kiss Symphony: Alive IV, was subsequently released, and the performance was also released on DVD.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

This was followed by the World Domination Tour, which was recognized as one of the most successful in the United States at the end of the year.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In 2004, Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley decided not to renew Criss's contract, replacing him back with Eric Singer, and have been playing with him since May of that year.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Peter Criss, in some perplexity, harbored a grudge against his former group, saying that he was not even informed about the suspension.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In turn, Stanley and Simmons, speaking about the expulsion of Criss from Kiss, report the need to “rejuvenate” the band, and that Peter is too old to fully play a two-hour show (Criss Simmons is only four years older than Simmons).


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

During 2005-2007, Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons spoke quite negatively about recording the band's new studio album.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

At the same time, Eric Singer and Tommy Thayer said in interviews that they would like to record a new studio Kiss on the contrary.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Meanwhile, Gene Simmons released his new solo album Asshole in 2004, and Paul Stanley released his new solo album Live to Win in 2006.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

As a result, many fans of the band felt that a new album from Kiss should not be expected.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In the spring of 2008, Alive/35 World Tour kicks off a new tour in honor of the band's 35th anniversary.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In May of the same year, Kiss visited Russia for the first time with two concerts in Moscow and St. Petersburg.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In addition, a new collection Jigoku-Retsuden was released in August, which turned out to be new in the truest sense of the word - it included classic Kiss songs, re-recorded with the current lineup (that is, with Eric and Tommy).


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

On May 20, 2009, the band performed in the finale of season 8 of American Idol, the most popular US show, performing the songs “Detroit Rock City” and “Rock and Roll All Nite”, along with finalist Adam Lambert.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

This performance was watched by 25 million viewers.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In April 2011, Kiss began studio work on their next studio album [35].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

On July 4, the single “Hell or Hallelujah” was released, which was included on Monster's new album, released [36].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

On January 28, 2015, Kiss released a joint single in Japan, “Yume no Ukiyo ni Saite Mi na” with Japanese girl idol band Momoiro Clover Z.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

There were conflicting opinions about whether Kiss would record a new album or not.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In an interview, Simmons said yes, mentioning that he has new songs written for the new album, while Stanley and Thayer argue about it and say that they did not promise it and that the band can move forward without new music [37] [38].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In 2016, Simmons and Stanley appeared in cameo roles in Why Him? [39].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

On September 19, 2018, after performing on America's Got Talent, Kiss announced that they would end their career on tour in 2019 [5] [40].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The tour starts on January 31 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and currently has 74 additional dates, which will take place on December 3 in Auckland, New Zealand [41].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In October, the band reunited with Ace Freiley and Bruce Kulik as part of Kiss Kruise.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

They performed “New York Groove”, “2,000 Man”, “Hide Your Heart” and “Domino” together.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

This was Freiley's first performance with the band since 2002 as part of the framework and Kulik's first performance with Kulik's band since he left the band in 1997 [41].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Music style


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Most often, Kiss is referred to such genres of rock music as hard rock and glam rock.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

But shortly after the band was formed, critics called them “thunderrockers”.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

They also experimented with styles such as disco (Dynasty), pop rock (Unmasked), art rock/progressive rock (Music From “The Elder”) and grunge (Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions).


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Kiss Makeup


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Kiss Makeup


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Star Child: Paul Stanley


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Demon: Gene Simmons


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The Spaceman - Ace Freiley and Tommy Thayer


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The Cat — Peter Criss and Eric Singer


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The Fox: Eric Carr


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Anha the Warrior — Vinnie Vincent


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Roster


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Current roster


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Paul Stanley — vocals, rhythm guitar (1973—present day)


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Gene Simmons — vocals, bass guitar (1973—present day)


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Eric Singer — drums, backing vocals (1991—1996, 2001—2002, 2004—present)


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Tommy Thayer — lead guitar, backing vocals (2002—present day)


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Former members


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Ace Freiley — lead guitar, vocals (1973—1982, 1996—2002)


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Peter Criss — drums, vocals (1973—1980, 1996—2001, 2002—2004)


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Eric Carr — drums, backing vocals (1980—1991; died 1991)


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Vinnie Vincent — lead guitar, backing vocals (1982—1984)


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Mark Saint John — lead guitar, backing vocals (1984; died 2007)


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Bruce Kulik — solo guitar, vocals, keyboards (1984—1996)


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Timeline


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Concerts


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The band “Kiss” is known for its incendiary concerts with the use of bright fireworks, exploded/smoking guitars (smoke/powder bombs were placed inside the guitar, and then lit), blood splashes (blood was usually made from food coloring or yogurt), “breathing fire” (Gene Simmons spit fire with kerosene in his mouth), and raising the drummer or guitarists to the height with hydraulic lifts.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

It is worth noting that live albums and live videos have always been a great success; for example, the great success of the album Alive!


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

(which went platinum four times) saved the band and label from bankruptcy.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The Kiss band is one of the most visited and successful concert bands in the world.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The Kiss concert in Rio de Janeiro in June 1983 attracted an audience of 247,000 people.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

2008, May 24 — Kiss arrived in Moscow and gave a concert at the Olimpiyskiy Stadium.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

2008, May 26 — Kiss gave a concert in St. Petersburg.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

2017, May 1 — Kiss gave a concert at the Olimpiyskiy Stadium as part of its European tour [42].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Commercial activity


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

In September 2010, Kiss released their branded TVs for fans of the band, which, in addition to the band's symbols depicted on them, show dedicated Kiss when turned on for 8 seconds screensavers [43].


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Literature


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Simmons J.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Kiss.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

The demon takes off his mask/Trans. from English.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

A. Shalyapin, A. Solomina.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

SPb.: Amphora, 2013.


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

— 287 p., 3000 copies


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

, ISBN 978-5-367-02442-5


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Discography


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Studio albums


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Live albums


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Notes


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Literature


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

CS1 maint: extra text (link)


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

References


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

//TASS, Dec 3, 2018


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Category:Hard rock groups


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Category:Glam rock groups


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

American glam metal musical groups


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

American heavy metal musical groups


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Category:Music bands with fictional stage characters


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Category: Musical groups established in 1972


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Category: Music bands from New York


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Category: Rock groups from New York


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

Category:Quartets


Question: Who in Kiss wears cat makeup during performances?

Kiss

American hard rock groups


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

Anthony Russo (born 3 [1]) and Joe Russo (born 8 [2]) are American film and television directors.


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

The brothers shoot most of their works mainly together, also sometimes as producers, screenwriters, actors and editors.


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

They won an Emmy for their work on the comedy series Slow Development.


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

Biography


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

Anthony and Joe Russo grew up in Cleveland, Ohio, and went to Benedictine High School [3].


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

They were graduates of Case Western Reserve University when they started filming their first feature film, “Pieces”.


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

They financed it with credit cards [4].


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

After watching their film at the film festival, Steven Soderbergh invited the duo to produce their next film, along with George Clooney [4].


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

This film was the crime comedy Welcome to Collinwood, starring William H.


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

Macy, Sam Rockwell and Clooney in the lead roles.


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

FX executive producer Kevin Reilly hired the brothers to film the pilot episode of Lucky, as he liked their work on Collinwood [4].


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

Ron Howard was a fan of the pilot, and he helped hire them to shoot the pilot episode of Fox's Slow Development [4].


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

The brothers won an Emmy Award for their work on the episode.


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

In 2006, Russo returned to the cinema, directing the comedy “He, Me and His Friends” starring Owen Wilson.


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

At the global box office, the film grossed $140,000,000 [4].


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

The brothers were executive producers and directors for the first few seasons of NBC sitcom Community and ABC's Happy Ending series.


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

In July 2013, the brothers finished production of The First Avenger: Another War, a superhero sequel for Marvel Studios; the film was released on April 4, 2014 [5].


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

Rousseau refers to the sitcoms MESH, Taxi and Merry Company as their sources of inspiration [3].


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

Their younger sister, Angela Russo-Ostot, also works on television, working as a screenwriter and producer for V and Trust Me [3].


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

In January 2014, the brothers signed up to return to filming their third film about “The First Avenger”, entitled “The First Avenger: Confrontation”, confirming this in March 2014.


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

The film was released on May 6, 2016.


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

In May 2014, they were announced as screenwriters and directors of the film “The Gray Man” [6].


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

The Russo brothers directed the 2018 film Avengers: Infinity War and are filming Avengers 4, which is scheduled for release in 2019.


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

Filmography


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

Notes


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

References


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

on IMDb


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

on IMDb


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

Category:Siblings


Question: At what age did Joe Russo become a director?

Russo Brothers

Category:Case Western Reserve University alumni


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky (August 18 (30), 1863, Funikova Gora, Pokrovsky Uyezd, Vladimir Province, Russian Empire — September 27, 1944, Paris, France) was a Russian photographer, chemist (student Mendeleev), inventor, publisher, teacher and public figure, member of the Imperial Russian Geographical, Imperial Russian Technical and Russian Photographic Societies.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

He made a significant contribution to the development of photography and cinematography.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

A pioneer of color photography in Russia, creator of the Collection of Sights of the Russian Empire.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Biography


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

He comes from the noble family of Prokudin-Gorsky.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

His father, Mikhail Nikolaevich, after serving in the Caucasus (in the Tiflis Grenadier Regiment), retired in 1862 with the rank of second lieutenant, married.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Sergei Mikhailovich was born on August 18 (30), 1863 in the family estate of Prokudin-Gorsky Funikov Gor in the Pokrovsky district of the Vladimir province [1] [2].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

On August 20 (September 1), 1863, he was baptized in the closest church to the estate of the Archangel Michael of the Arkhangelsk Pogost, in the cemetery of which in 2008 the tombstone of his full namesake, Sergei Mikhailovich, was discovered Prokudin-Gorsky (1789—1841).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

He studied at the Alexander Lyceum for three years (until 1886), but did not complete the full course.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

From October 1886 to November 1888, he attended lectures on the natural section at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

From September 1888 to May 1890, he was a student of the Imperial Military Medical Academy, from which he did not graduate [3].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

He studied painting at the Imperial Academy of Arts.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In May 1890, he joined the Demidov Workers' Charity House, as its full member.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

This social institution for girls from poor families was founded in 1830 at the expense of the famous philanthropist Anatoly Demidov and was a member of the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria Fedorovna.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 1890 he married Anna Alexandrovna Lavrova (1870-1937), the daughter of Lavrov, a Russian metal scientist and director of the Gatchina Bell, Copper Smelting and Steel Mills Association.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky himself became the director of the board at his father-in-law's enterprise.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 1897, Prokudin-Gorsky began making reports on the technical results of his photographic research to the Fifth Department of the Imperial Russian Technical Society (IRTO) (he continued these reports) until 1918).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 1898, Prokudin-Gorsky became a member of the Fifth Photographic Department of the IRTO and made a report “On photographing shooting stars (starry rains)”.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Already at that time, he was a Russian authority in the field of photography, and he was entrusted with organizing practical photography courses at the IRTO.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 1898, Prokudin-Gorsky published the first books in a series of works on the technical aspects of photography: “On Printing from Negatives” and “On Photographing with Hand Cameras”.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 1900, the Russian Technical Society showed black and white photographs of Prokudin-Gorsky at the Paris World Exhibition [4].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

On August 2, 1901, the “photozincographic and phototechnical workshop” by S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky, where in 1906—1909 the laboratory and editorial office of the magazine “Amateur Photographer” were located, in which Prokudin-Gorsky published a series of technical articles on the principles of color reproduction [4] [5].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 1902, Prokudin-Gorsky studied for a month and a half at the photomechanical school in Charlottenburg (near Berlin) under the guidance of Dr. Adolf Meete.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The latter, in 1902, created his own model of a camera for color photography and a projector for showing color images on the screen.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

On December 13, 1902, Prokudin-Gorsky first announced the creation of color transparencies using the method of three-color photography by A. Mitya [6], and in 1905 patented his sensitizer, which was significantly superior in quality to similar developments of foreign chemists, including Mitya's sensitizer.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The composition of the new sensitizer made the silver bromide plate equally sensitive to the entire color spectrum.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 1903, Prokudin-Gorsky published a brochure “Isochromatic Photography with Handheld Cameras” [4] [7].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The exact date of the start of color filming by Prokudin-Gorsky in the Russian Empire has not yet been established.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The most likely fact is that the first series of color photographs was taken during a trip to the Principality of Finland in September-October 1903.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 1904, Prokudin-Gorsky took color photographs of Dagestan (April), the Black Sea coast (June) and the Luga Uyezd of St. Petersburg Province (December) [7].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In April-September 1905, Prokudin-Gorsky made his first major photo tour of the Russian Empire, during which he took about 400 color photographs of the Caucasus, Crimea and Ukraine (including 38 views of Kiev).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

He planned to publish all these photos in the form of photo postcards under an agreement with the Community of St. Eugenia.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

However, due to political upheavals in the country and the financial crisis caused by them, the contract was terminated in 1905, and only about 90 open letters were published.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

From April to September 1906, Prokudin-Gorsky spent a lot of time in Europe, participating in scientific congresses and photo exhibitions in Rome, Milan, Paris and Berlin.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

He received a gold medal at the International Exhibition in Antwerp and a medal for “Best Work” in the field of color photography from the photo club in Nice [4].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In December 1906, Prokudin-Gorsky went to Turkestan for the first time: to take pictures in the Alaya Mountains near the Chernyayevo station (now Khavast) over the Sulyukta mines.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Although the eclipse could not be captured due to cloud cover, Prokudin-Gorsky took many color photographs of Samarkand and Bukhara in January 1907.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

On September 21, 1907, Prokudin-Gorsky reported on his studies of the Lumiere brothers' Autochrome records for color photography, after the report and discussion, color transparencies Yermilova N. E.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

, Schultz, Natomb et al.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In May 1908, Prokudin-Gorsky traveled to Yasnaya Polyana, where he took a series of photographs (more than 15), including several color photographic portraits of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In his notes, Prokudin-Gorsky noted that the writer “was particularly interested in all the latest discoveries in various fields, as well as the issue of conveying the image in true colors.”


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In addition, two photo portraits of Fedor Chaliapin made by Prokudin in stage costumes are known.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

According to some reports, Prokudin-Gorsky also photographed members of the royal family, but these photographs have not yet been found; they may have been irretrievably lost.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

On May 30, 1908, color projections of photographs taken by Prokudin-Gorsky were shown in the halls of the Academy of Arts.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

His photographs of ancient vases — exhibits from the Hermitage — were later used to restore their lost color.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky gave lectures on his achievements in the field of color photography using transparencies at the Imperial Russian Technical Society, the St. Petersburg Photographic Society and others city institutions.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

At this time, Sergei Mikhailovich conceived a project: to capture in color photographs modern Russia, its culture, history and modernization.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In May 1909, Prokudin-Gorsky received an audience with Emperor Nicholas II, who instructed him to film all aspects of life in all the regions that made up the Russian Empire at that time.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

For this purpose, the photographer was given a specially equipped railway car.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

To work on waterways, the government has allocated a small steamer capable of sailing in shallow water, with a crew, and a motor boat for the Chusovaya River.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

A Ford car was sent to Yekaterinburg to shoot the Urals and the Ural Range.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky was given documents by the tsarist chancellery that gave access to all parts of the empire [1], and officials were ordered to help Prokudin-Gorsky on his travels.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Sergei Mikhailovich spent all the filming at his own expense, which was gradually depleted.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

... my work was very well furnished, on the other hand, it was very difficult, required a lot of patience, knowledge, experience and often a lot of effort.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

... It was necessary to take pictures in a variety of and often very difficult conditions, and then in the evening it was necessary to show the pictures in the laboratory of the car, and sometimes the work was delayed until late at night, especially if the weather was unfavorable and it was necessary to find out if it would be necessary to repeat the shooting in a different light before leaving for the next scheduled destination.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Then copies of the negatives were made on the way and added to albums [9].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 1909—1916, Prokudin-Gorsky traveled to a large part of the Russian Empire, photographing ancient churches, monasteries, factories, views of cities and various everyday scenes.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In March 1910, the Tsar was presented for the first time with photographs of the Mariinsky Canal waterway and the industrial Urals taken by Prokudin-Gorsky.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 1910-1912, as part of a planned photographic expedition along the Kamsko-Tobolsk waterway, Prokudin made a long journey through the Urals.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In January 1911, he gave a lecture at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg “Sights along the Mariinsky Waterway and the Upper Volga, and a few words on the importance of color photography”.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 1911, Prokudin-Gorsky made two photo expeditions to Turkestan and filmed monuments in Yaroslavl and Vladimir provinces.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 1911—1912, to celebrate the centenary of victory in the Patriotic War of 1812, Prokudin-Gorsky photographed places related to the Napoleonic campaign in Russia.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 1912, Prokudin-Gorsky photographed the Kamsko-Tobolsk waterway and the Oka River.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In the same year, official support for Prokudin-Gorsky's project on photo review of Russia ended.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 1913-1914, Prokudin-Gorsky participated in the creation of the Biochrome joint-stock company, which, among other things, offered services in color photography and printing black, white and color photographs [ 10].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In subsequent years, in Samarkand, Prokudin-Gorsky tested a movie camera he had invented for color filming.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

However, the quality of the film was unsatisfactory.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

It is believed that with the outbreak of the First World War, Prokudin-Gorsky created a photo chronicle of the hostilities (currently no documentary evidence has been found for this), but was subsequently forced to abandon further photographic experiments and began censoring cinematographic films arriving from abroad, analyzing photographic preparations and training aircraft crews in aerial photography.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In the summer of 1916, Prokudin-Gorsky made his last photo expedition — he photographed the newly built southern section of the Murmansk Railway and the Solovetsky Islands.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Official support for Prokudin-Gorsky's photo review project of Russia has temporarily resumed.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Shortly after the October Revolution of 1917, Prokudin-Gorsky participated in the creation of the Higher Institute of Photography and Photographic Equipment (VIFF), which was officially established by decree of September 9, 1918, after Prokudin-Gorsky's departure abroad.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

His last collection of photographs was shown in Russia on March 19, 1918 in the Winter Palace [1].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 1920—1922, Prokudin-Gorsky wrote a series of articles for the British Journal of Photography [11] and received a patent for a “camera for color cinematography” [4].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

After moving to Nice in 1922, Prokudin-Gorsky worked with the Lumiere brothers.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Until the mid-1930s, the photographer was engaged in educational activities in France and was even going to take a new series of photographs of art monuments in France and its colonies.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

This idea was partially implemented by his son Mikhail Prokudin-Gorsky.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky died in Paris a few weeks after the liberation of the city from German troops by the Allies.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

He was buried in Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois Russian cemetery [1].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Tech


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The color separation technology used by Prokudin-Gorsky to obtain color photographs was invented by James Maxwell back in 1855, and was first implemented by Thomas Sutton on May 17, 1861 [ 12].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The shooting was carried out in turn through color filters of blue, green and red colors, after which three black and white negatives were obtained that were suitable for additive projection on the screen.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The main difficulty was the impossibility of obtaining the green and red components of the image due to the narrow range of natural spectral sensitivity of photographic materials, qualitatively recording only blue-violet radiation.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The possibility of optical sensitization to the long-wave part of the visible spectrum was discovered in 1873 by Hermann Vogel, who received the first orthochromatic emulsion [13].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

However, the red sensitizer pinacyanol was obtained by Benno Gomolka only in 1905, and the production of the first panchromatic photographic plates began by Ratten and Wainwright a year later [14].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Up to this point, color photographers sensitized photographic plates to red on their own, and not everyone has been able to get a full display of red at sufficiently short shutter speeds.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky's contribution to the technology was to develop his own methods for sensitizing photographic emulsions, which were more successful than foreign ones [15].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The composition of the new sensitizer, patented by the photographer, increased the uniformity of the photosensitivity of the silver bromide plate to the entire visible spectrum, eliminating the elongation of exposure behind the red a light filter.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Peterburgskaya Gazeta reported in December 1906 that by improving the sensitivity of his plates, the researcher intends to demonstrate “snapshots in natural colors, which is a great success, as it has not been received by anyone so far.”


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

While studying in Germany at the Photochemical School in Charlottenburg, Prokudin-Gorsky witnessed the first demonstration of color photographs staged by teacher Adolf Meete on April 9, 1902 [7].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The German inventor showed the first images obtained by a newly developed camera, made in the workshops of Wilhelm Bermpol.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Subsequently, the same camera of the Mite-Bermpol system was used by the Russian photographer for most of the filming [16] [17].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Three primary color filters were placed in a special cassette in front of an 8×24 centimeter photographic plate [18].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The cassette moved freely along vertical guides, fixed with a lock in three positions corresponding to different exposures during color separation.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

After the first exposure, the lock was released by a pneumatic drive with a pear, and the cassette, under its own weight, was automatically shifted down by a third of the height.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

As a result, the unexposed part of the photographic plate, located behind the next filter, moved into the frame window.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

After the second exposure, the cassette moved even lower in the same way.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The cassette lock and photo shutter drive was common, reducing the risk of the camera shifting between exposures [19].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Conventional cameras were also suitable for shooting using this technology, but manual reloading of cassettes increased the risk of shifting between exposures, and separate negatives made it difficult to combine partial images.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

A triple slide was printed from the resulting triple color separation negative by contact, and the projection Chromoscope, invented by Louis du Oron in 1868, was used for viewing [20].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The device was a slide projector with three lenses located in front of three frames on a photographic plate.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Each frame was projected through a filter of the same color as the one used during the shooting.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

When three partial color separations were added, a full-color image was obtained on the screen.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky contributed to two areas of improving color photography that existed at that time: reducing shutter speed (according to his method, Prokudin-Gorsky managed to make exposition possible per second) and the development of technology for replicating the image on postcards [15].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

He presented his ideas at international congresses on applied chemistry.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Despite the technological complexity, Prokudin-Gorsky preferred separate shooting to Autochrome, which was already popular in 1907, because of the best color reproduction and high quality of the raster image.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The black and white color separation negative, unlike the autochromic transparencies obtained in a single copy, made it possible to replicate color photographs, including by phototype printing [15].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Over time, another advantage of the separate method appeared — the higher durability of the gelatin silver image consisting of silver rather than dyes [21].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Until now, color separation into separate black and white negatives is considered the most reliable way to store color images and is used in color cinema for archival purposes [22].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Together with Sergei Maksimovich, Prokudin-Gorsky worked on color film technology close to the Kinemacolor process [23].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

According to his own method, he made an experimental survey in Turkestan in 1911.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

For the development of color cinema and color printing, with his participation in 1914, several major industrialists established the Biochrome joint-stock company, to which property rights to the Prokudin-Gorsky collection.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

On the eve of the First World War, Prokudin continued his research and achieved new successes.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

He patented in Germany, England, France and Italy a method for producing cheap color film transparencies for cinematography.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 1922, an English patent was obtained for a mirror-prism optical system for color separation during simultaneous photography [7].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

With the help of pigment photo printing, a color image from color separation photographic plates could be obtained on paper.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Printing replication was available by three-color phototype patented in 1888 [24].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Until 1917, more than a hundred color photographs of Prokudin-Gorsky were printed in Russia, 94 of them in the form of photo postcards, and a significant number in books and brochures.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Thus, in the book by P. G. Vasenko “The Romanov Boyars and the Accession of Mikhail Fedorovich to the Kingdom” (St. Petersburg, 1913) printed 22 high-quality color reproductions of photographs by Prokudin-Gorsky, including photographs taken in Moscow.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

By 1913, the latest offset printing technology made it possible to print color photographs of Prokudin-Gorsky in almost modern quality (see Fig. “Russian Folk Art at the Second All-Russian Handicraft Exhibition in Petrograd in 1913” —, 1914).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Some color photographs by Prokudin-Gorsky were published in large format in the form of “wall paintings” (for example, a portrait of L. Tolstoy).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The exact number of color photographs of Prokudin-Gorsky printed in Russia before 1917 is still unknown.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The chronology of Prokudin-Gorsky's life


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1878 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

At the initiative of D. AND. Mendeleev, the V Photographic Department of the Imperial Russian Technical Society was organized.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1889-1891 years.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky is practicing in photochemical laboratories, getting acquainted with the work of Adolphe Mité and Edm Jules Momin.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1897 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky begins to report on the technical results of his photographic research to the Fifth Department of the Imperial Russian Technical Society (IRTO).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

(He will continue these reports until 1918).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1898 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky publishes the first books in a series of works on the technical aspects of photography: “On Printing from Negatives” and “On Photographing with Handheld Cameras”


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1898 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky presents his work “On Photographing Shooting Stars (Star Rains)” at the Imperial Russian Technical Society, where he is accepted as a member of the photographic department.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1900 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The Imperial Russian Technical Society shows black and white photographs of Prokudin-Gorsky at the Paris World's Fair.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1901 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In St. Petersburg, B.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Podyacheskaya, 22 opens a “photozincographic and phototechnical workshop” by S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky, the Prokudin-Gorsky family will live in this house for 10 years.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1903 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky publishes a brochure entitled “Isochromatic Photography with Handheld Cameras”.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1904 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky takes color photographs in the Principality of Finland and Luga Uyezd of Saint Petersburg Province.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1905 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky undertakes his first major photo tour of Russia, during which he takes pictures of views of the Caucasus, Crimea and Little Russia.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1906 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky became the editor of the St. Petersburg magazine Photograph-Lyubitel and remained in this position until 1909.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

He is writing a series of technical articles on the principles of color reproduction.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1906 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky receives a gold medal at the International Exhibition in Antwerp and a medal for “Best Work” in the field of color photography from the photo club in Nice


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1907 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky takes many color photographs of Samarkand and Bukhara.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1908 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky conceives and develops a plan for a journey through the Russian Empire using a camera that exhibits one oblong record three times in quick succession through three filters of different colors.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

With the help of a projector of its own design, which combines three images into one, a color composite image is obtained.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1908 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky gives lectures on his achievements in the field of color photography using transparencies at the Imperial Russian Technical Society, the St. Petersburg Photographic Society, and other institutions in the city.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

May 1908 of the year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky is photographing Leo Tolstoy at Yasnaya Polyana.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1908 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky gives several lectures using projections of color transparencies, including to Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, who contributes to the presentation of Prokudin-Gorsky Emperor Nicholas II.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

May 1909 of the year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Nicholas II invites Prokudin-Gorsky to perform a slide show in front of the Imperial Court in Tsarskoye Selo.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky is receiving official support for his plan to conduct a photo review of the Russian Empire.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Summer-autumn of 1909.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky makes photo tours along the waterway of the Mariinsky Canal, visited the southern counties of the Olonets province and the industrial part of the Urals.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1915 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

He traveled along the Murmansk Railway under construction.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

He took more than 120 photos of the road, sights of the Olonets province and Petrozavodsk.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1918 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

He emigrated to Europe.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1922 year.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky receives an English patent for an optical system to obtain three negatives through filters by one exposure.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The fate of the Prokudin-Gorsky collection


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky was not the only one who took color photographs in Russia until 1917.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

However, he was the only one who used the color separation method (the Adolph Mite method).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Other photographers took color photography using a different technology — the autochrome method (for example, Professor Yermilov N. E., General Vishnyakov, photographer Steinberg, Petrov, Trapani) [25].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

This method was easier to use, but produced a rather grainy image, the colors of which quickly faded.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In addition, only the Prokudin-Gorsky collection has been made (and has been preserved) in such a significant volume.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The surviving part of Prokudin-Gorsky's collection of photographs was purchased from his heirs in 1948 by the Library of Congress and remained unknown to the general public for a long time (until 1980).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Computer processing of photos by Prokudin-Gorsky


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Many of Prokudin-Gorsky's photographs before the revolution were published on postcards and as illustrations in books.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

However, the technology of typographic reproduction of color images from color separation negatives was quite complex at that time, and the results were not of high quality.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The development of computer image processing technologies at the end of the 20th century made it possible to process these images and show the views of imperial Russia in color.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In July 1991, a computer database of photographs by Prokudin-Gorsky was first compiled, which then continued to be updated and updated.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 2000, JJT, under contract with the Library of Congress, scanned all 1,902 glass negatives from the Prokudin-Gorsky collection.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The scanning was performed in Grayscale mode with a 16-bit color depth and a resolution of more than 1000 dpi.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The scanned image files are approximately 70 MB in size.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

All of these files are hosted on the Library of Congress server and are available free of charge.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The scanned images are inverted (digitally converted to positives).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 2001, the Library of Congress opened the exhibition “The Empire That Was Russia”.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

122 photographs were selected for it and color images were restored using a computer.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Employees who prepared color photographs for the exhibition faced technical difficulties.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

When combining three color channels in a raster graphics editor in one place of the frame (for example, in the center), stratification of color contours in other parts of the frame was observed.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The reasons for such discrepancies in color images are not entirely clear: they may be caused by chromatic aberration of the lens and small inhomogeneities in the thickness of the filters used in the shooting.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

To accurately match the contours of images in color channels, it is not enough to move and rotate these images: they need to be slightly deformed.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Manual execution of these deformations is a rather long and time-consuming process.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In addition, the images obtained needed color correction, which was carried out manually by a professional photographer based on his experience and taste.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The restoration of the preserved color images of the Prokudin-Gorsky collection was carried out at the Russian Laboratory of Digital Technologies as part of the restoration of the Scientific Council on Cybernetics of the Russian Academy Sciences and the Restorator-M Restoration Center under the leadership of Viktor Minakhin.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

For this purpose, special software has been developed that allows you to combine the color contours of the image across the entire frame field with an accuracy of one pixel.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The Levenberg-Marquardt numerical algorithm was used to find the optimal transformation.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The results of this work — 1,902 printed color images — were shown at the exhibition “Sights of Russia in Natural Colors: All of Prokudin-Gorsky, 1905—1916”, held on November 19, 2003 February 8, 2004 at the State Museum of Architecture in Moscow.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

They can also be seen on the World 1900—1917 in Color website [26].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

When photographing using the Prokudin-Gorsky method, individual photographs were taken not at the same time, but with a certain period of time.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

As a result, moving objects: flowing water, clouds moving across the sky, smoke, swinging tree branches, movements of faces and figures of people in the frame, etc., were reproduced in distorted photographs, in the form of shifted multi-colored contours.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

These distortions are extremely difficult to correct manually.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 2004, the Library of Congress contracted Blaise Aguera y Arcas, an American programmer, to develop tools to eliminate artifacts caused by the displacement of objects in the process filming [27].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In total, the American part of the Prokudin-Gorsky collection (donated by his relatives to the Library of Congress) includes 1,902 triple negatives and 2,448 black and white prints in control albums (in total — about 2,600 original images).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Work on combining scanned triple negatives and the restoration of color digital images obtained in this way continues to this day.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

For each of the negatives, the following digital files are available: one of three black and white frames of the photographic plate (about 10 MB in size); the entire photographic plate (about 70 MB in size); a color image of the rough alignment, without accurate detail across the entire area (about 40 MB in size).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

For some of the negatives, color images with reduced details have also been prepared (file size is about 25 MB).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

All of these images have reduced resolution files of 50KB to 200KB for easy access for evaluation purposes.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In addition, the site contains scans of the pages of Prokudin-Gorsky's control albums and high-resolution scans from these albums for which there are no glass negatives.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

All of these files are available to everyone on the Library of Congress website.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

There is a search page [28] for searching and/or viewing images sequentially.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

After Prokudin-Gorsky's scanned photographic plates were freely available on the website of the Library of Congress, the People's Project [29] for the restoration of Prokudin-Gorsky's heritage arose in Russia.