Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

They can't start sentences, so if a verb begins it, enclitics enter it.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Irregular verbs


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Strong verbs


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Strong verbs have two roots: one for the foundations of the present tense, the other for the infinitive and past tense foundations.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The past tense foundations of strong verbs can be used with or without the ending əl.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In a significant part of strong verbs, the form of the 3rd person unit is incorrectly formed.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

h.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

husband. r. in the past tense (while the rest of the forms are formed correctly - from the basics).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Irregular verbs


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Irregular verbs (multi-basic strong, doubly irregular) — 7 verbs that have non-standard bases.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Sometimes they add the verb “to be”, using pseudo-infinitive wəl.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The table below lists irregular verbs, with optional and dialectal elements in parentheses [3].


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The hyphen separates parts of perfect forms, which can be separated, like prefixes and particles and wə.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

TranslationPV and inf.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

ONVON owls.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

VidaOPV owls.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

see kawəlkaw-wə-k () -wə-k (wə) -kṛəlbecome, become keg-wə-wə-wə (wə) -şwə-wə (wə) -şwəlnestia (wə) -şwəlnestia yo-s-yu-wṛəlidtitl tl (əl) -uuvla (w) lāṛ-şūla (w) lāṛ-şulla (w) lāā( əl) come, come rā-tl (əl) rā-rā-ş-rā-ğl rā-ğl (əl) lead, lucky bīw (əl) byāy-bo-tl (əl) īxod (əl) (ī) gdđد kxe-gd-kxe-xodəl


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Verbs in ēdəl


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Basically, verbs ending in ēdəl in the infinitive refer to the third conjugation as compound.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

But there is a group of verbs of the first conjugation that do not break up perfectly.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Most of these verbs are Pashtun in origin, but there are a small number of those that are derived from borrowed roots.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In the first conjugation, they form the bases as follows:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

real imperfect: root+ēg


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

true perfect: wə+root+ēg


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

past imperfect: root+ēd+ (əl)


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

past perfect: wə+root+ēd+ (əl)


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

infinitive: root+ēd+əl


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Other root changes


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

There are several strong verbs in pashto, which in the third person of the past tense masculine gender (both numbers) have an internal inflection similar to the inflection of strong adjectives.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Monosyllabic verbs with a short “a” at the base and a few verbs of the first conjugation in awəl in the past tense in the third person of the masculine singular of the past tense are replaced by long ā [1].


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In verbs that have “a” in the last syllable, when the prefix wə is attached, they merge into wā, and if the stem decays, wā is separated from the rest of the root.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Quasitransitive verbs


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Ergative design


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The ergative construction is used in the Pashto language with transitive verbs and past participles.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Unlike the nominative one, in the ergative construction, the subject has the form of an indirect case, the object is direct, and the verb agrees with the object.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

If the object has the indirect form (with a preposition or postposition), the verb is used in the infinitive (in past vr.) or in the form of the singular masculine participle (for perfect).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

About 40 verbs, being intransitive in meaning, have an ergative construction with them.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

They are used in the past tense in the infinitive (perfect and imperfect) [1].


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Verb forms


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The table below illustrates a set of Pashto verb forms.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

They can be non-personal (nominal) and personal, the latter in turn are divided into non-potential and potential.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The potential form means the possibility, the ability of the subject to perform an action (as compensation for the verb “can” that is absent in the pashto).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

It is formed by a combination of the forms of the conditionally desirable mood and the conjugated verb “l şwəl” (sometimes, especially in negation, they change places).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

This verb can be conjugated in the present, future, past tenses, subjunctive and conditionally desirable moods.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The perfect appearance is expressed by the particle wə in front of the whole form.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Negation is expressed by the na particle before şwəl [3] [4].


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

When forming verb forms, bases are used that differ in conjugations and types of verbs.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

OPV and NV are the foundations, respectively, of the past and present tenses, which coincide in most verbs, but differ in strong ones.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The letters C (perfect) and H (perfective) after the abbreviation for the base indicate the foundations of a certain kind, which are different in 7 irregular verbs.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In some non-personal forms, the ending -ay3 appears, which changes in three variants like adjectives with the unstressed -ay.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

There are two sets of endings in personal forms.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

(a) Unit


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

NumberMultiply


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

(b) RoDed.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

NumberMultiply


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

-ə/-ō/-əy/ø-əl (ə) J.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

-a-ą


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The “+” sign means the possibility of separating morphemes (service verbs, modal particles), in contrast to the “-” sign.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Imperfect lookPerfect VisionPersonalPersonal


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

potentials


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Notes


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Indicative mood


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

nowadays


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Present in Pashto means:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Action at the time of speech;


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

A constant, continuous action that continues at the time of speech;


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Normal, multiple action


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The last two points also include constant timeless activities


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Also figuratively:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Future (inevitable, obvious) action;


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The past historical (as in Russian. “come and see”)


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Future tense


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The future tense of an imperfect form means:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Long lasting effect in the future


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Constant, continuous action in the future


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Repeated action in the future


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Also in modal values:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Timeless continuous or repetitive action


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Requests, Commandments, Indirect Commands


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The future tense of a perfect form means:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

A specific one-time action in the future


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

A sequence of multiple completed actions in the future


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Often in the sense of the subjunctive


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Past tense


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The past imperfective tense means:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Action for a certain period of time in the past


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

A constant, continuous action in the past


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Repeated and limited-fold repetitive action in the past


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The past tense of the perfect form means:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

A single act, the fact of an action


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Negative form - with words meaning “never”


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Limited multiple action in the presence of accurate multiplicity indicators


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In the conditional part of conditional sentences, when the condition relates to the future


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Past normal tense


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The past normal imperfective tense means:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Increasing, progressive effect in the past


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In the main sentence of a complex conditional sentence (usually a conditionally desirable mood in the subordinate clause) when transmitting an unrealistic condition


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The past normal time of the perfect form means:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Repetitive single, specific action (in particular, it is used in the main and subordinate clauses with subordinate time)


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

A sequence of various one-time completed actions (each verb is in the form of the past ordinary owl form)


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Perfect


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Perfect means:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

An action in the past (both multiple and one-time), the result of which is in the present


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Figuratively - action in the future with results in the future


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The negative form of the perfect is formed by placing the particle na before the ligament verb.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

To emphasize negation (often used), the past participle can be placed after the verb.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The particle “not yet” in the same position means that the action did not occur, and this did not lead to a result at the time of speech, which may have been expected by the listener.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Plusquamperfect


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Plusquamperfect refers to an action that occurred before another action in the past, or an action that has no result and significance at the time of speech (but had significance at the moment in the past).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Imperative


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

An imperative (imperative mood) denotes a command to the 2nd person (completed action in perfect form and incomplete in imperfect).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In the negative form (formed by the particle ma), with rare exceptions, only forms of the perfect form are used.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The imperative often uses the motivating particle de.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In some frozen expressions (wishes), the imperative is used to command a third person.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Here, when denying (both ma and na), the perfect species is used more often than the imperfect one.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In common parlance and folklore, the imperative is used to express indicative meaning to give liveliness to speech.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Subjunctive


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the “perfect species of the present tense”) is used:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

For questions with and without question particles (especially for questions addressed to the first person)


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In the sense of a relaxed command, wishes (2nd person)


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In the main sentences with the particle de “let” (person. at the command of a third party)


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

After modal particles and combinations with the meaning “maybe you can, maybe need”, modal verbs with the meanings of “allow, want, try, think, assume”


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In sentences that define something (in particular dictionary entries)


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In the subordinate clauses of purpose and time


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

To express abstract, unbelievable action


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Conditional moods


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Conditional moods are a group of moods similar in shape and value. Of these, we can distinguish a group of perfect ones: modal perfect, presumptive with ba and presumptive without ba, all of them coincide in the 1st and 2nd person, but differ in third person.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The forms of the perfect group are used:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

To indicate a hypothetical, possible action (or, if denied, unreal, but possible in the past)


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In some contexts, it refers to a hypothetical future action that may occur under some conditions


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In conditional sentences with a real condition related to the past, it sometimes has a generalized, timeless nature (only presumptive mood without ba)


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The presumptive mood with ba is characterized by the fact that it is not used in conditional subordinate clauses.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The conditionally desirable mood expresses an unrealized or unfeasible possibility.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

It, as well as modal plusquamperfect, means an unrealistic wish, a regret for a missed opportunity.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Modal plusquamperfect is also used in a coherent narrative (each verb in the form of a modal p-perfect) to express the meaning of an ordinary plusquamperfect.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Conditionally desirable mood can be used in subordinate conditional sentences expressing an unrealistic condition.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Then the main sentence uses:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Conditionally desirable mood of an imperfective form with a particle ba or past ordinary imperfective form (to express an incomplete action)


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Conditionally desirable mood of the perfect form with the particle ba or modal plusquamperfect (to express the completed action)


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Passive voice


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In the forms of the passive voice, the object of action becomes subject (in the form of a direct case), and the subject (if any) is formalized in the indirect case and prepositions:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

د... lt də... le palawa


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

د... but də... le xwa


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

د... lt də... le tarafa


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The subject is formed by an infinitive and auxiliary verb “kedəl”, which is conjugated.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In perfective forms, it is replaced by the verb “şwəl”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The infinitive must be replaced in the present tense of the perfect form by the form of the 3rd person mr.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

past tense (although it is sometimes conjugated by gender and number).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

It is also often replaced with the past participle in perfect and plusquamperfect [3] [1].


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

First name


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In Russian and many other languages, there is a clear difference between adjectives and nouns.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

There are no clear morphological differences between them in Pashto [5] [1].


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In Pashto, a “name” is a part of speech that includes words denoting objects, phenomena and abstract concepts, about which you can ask a question about (what? Who? How much? or which one?).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The name can act as any member of the sentence.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Pashto names have three cases (four according to another classification), two grammatical numbers (singular and plural) and two genders (masculine and feminine).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

There are two classification systems for Pashtun cases: three-case (direct — indirect — vocative) and four-case (direct — indirect I — indirect II — vocative).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Nouns


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The masculine gender in Pashto primarily includes words denoting males (in this case, ending does not matter), as well as words with a consonant outcome (except -št, -dz, -ən), diphthongs -ai , -ui, -āi, -oi, vowels -u, -ə.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In addition, the masculine gender includes words ending in -ī and, at the same time, denoting persons by activity, profession, occupation.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Feminine gender includes words denoting females, as well as those ending in vowels -a, -ā, -ī, -o, -e, diphthong -əi.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

There are several main ways to form plurals and cases.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In addition, language norms may differ slightly from each other in different dialects.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

It is worth noting the general rule of vocative formation: those ending in consonants and diphthongs take -a, ending in vowels remain unchanged.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Masculine nouns:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

1. The first group includes all masculine nouns, except those ending in diphthong -ai.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Their common features: in the singular, the forms of direct and indirect cases coincide, in the plural animate names take the ending -ān (kosv. -āno), and the inanimate — and -ūna (kosv. And -ūno).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

However, some animate names may take, along with -ān, the ending -ūna, and vice versa.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

However, there are some distinct subgroups within this group (the differences are due to phonetics).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Thus, names ending in -a, -ā, -o or -ū take -ān (but not ūna!) with an insert g or y. Names in -ī take -ān with an insert y. Words ending in ə lose this ending when forming plural and vocative forms.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Monosyllabic words with a short “a” form forms, losing this sound.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In most dialects in the singular form of the indirect case, in addition to dropping “a” from the base, these names are supplemented with the ending -ə.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In Western (Kabul-Peshawar) Pashto dialects, the plural is more often formed with the help of the above endings, and in Eastern (Quetto-Kandahar) dialects, as well as the indirect singular numbers.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Singular plural directIndirectIndirect and vocative şāgird “disciple” şāgird şāgirdān şāgirdān şāgirdān şāgirdān şāgirdān şāgirdān şāgirdāno kitāb “book” kitāb kitāba kitābūna kitābūnoma mulā “mullah” mulāmā mulāmā mulāmā mulāyān, mulāgānma mulāyān, mulāgānma mulāyāno, mulāyāno, topçītī “artilleryman” topçītu topçītūva topçīyāntūn topçīyāno zṛə “heart” zṛəəzṛūna zṛūna zṛūnoر ğar “mountain” ğrəririririr ğaraa, ğrūna, ğrūna, ğrūna, ğrūna, ğrūna rərūni, ğrūno, ğro


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

2. The next group may include masculine names ending in -ai.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In the indirect singular and direct plural, they change the ending to -ī, and in the indirect plural case to -o or -yo.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Those names that end in the percussion diphthong -ai, along with this method, form the plural in some dialects also with endings, as in the first group of names.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Singular NumberPlural DirectIndirectIndirect Indirect and vocative malgərai “friend” malgərīrīmalgərīraya malgərīri sariai “man” saṛaya, saṛəyān, saṛiyān, saṛiyān, saṛiyāo, saṛiyo


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Feminine nouns:


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

3. This group includes feminine names ending in -a, -e, as well as all names that outwardly must belong to the masculine gender but belong to the feminine gender (see exceptions).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In the singular of the indirect case and the plural of the direct case, their ending is -e, in the indirect plural -o.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

It should be noted that in Eastern dialects (Kandahar, Quetta, etc.), words with a stressed ending -a take -e, and with an unstressed -ī.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Singular plural directIndirectIndirect indirect and vocative malgəre “girlfriend” malgəremmalgərem malgərem malgərem malgərem malgəro xəza “woman” xəzexəza “woman” xəzexəze xəzeand xəzoraz “day” wrazea wrap wrap


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

4. This group includes feminine names with the endings -ī and -əi.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

It should be noted that while in the first group names in -ī denote people, here they denote abstract concepts and ideas.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In the plural of the direct case and the only indirect, their ending is əi, in the indirect case of the plural -əyo.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In addition, sometimes words in -əi (as opposed to those ending in -ī) form the plural with the ending gāne or āne.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Singular plural directIndirectIndirect indirect and vocative koranəi “family/homeland” koranəi koranəioria koranəya, koranəyggy āne, koranyāneygān, koranəygāno, koranəygāno, koranyano dūstī “friendship” dūstəidūstəiðututdūstəidututdūstəiūtūdūstəiūtūdūstəiūt dūstəyo


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

5. This group includes feminine words with all other endings.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In the singular they do not change, and in the plural they acquire the ending we or gāne (in the indirect case - wo or gāno).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

It is worth noting that this group also includes words with the ending -ī, which do not denote either people or abstract concepts.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Singular plural directIndirectIndirect and vocative ا xatā “error” xatāا xatāṇa xatāwo, xatāgāno, xatāgāno pīşī “cat” pīşīgāne, pīşīwe, pīşīwe, pīşīwe, pīşīwo


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Adjectives


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The table below shows the endings of groups of adjectives in different forms.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Pashtun adjectives are divided into several classes.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

1. Weak adjectives differ in that they do not change in the indirect singular and direct plural cases.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

These also include adjectives ending in mr.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

units


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

h.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

at -ə.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

MaleFemale genderSingle NumberPlural NumberSingular NumberPlural NumberDirect Indirect and vocationDirectIndirect and vocationDirectIndirect and vocationDirectIndirect and vocative loi “big” loi — loyaloi — loyaloi loyola loyoloioloyo loyoloyo loyo loyo xə “good” xəxəxe xo xe xo


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

2. Strong adjectives differ in that the sound o or ū contained in them is replaced by ā in the direct plural and indirect singular forms in the masculine gender, and in all the rest — on a.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

MaleFemale genderSingle NumberPlural NumberSingular NumberPlural NumberDirect Indirect and vocationDirectIndirect and vocationDirectIndirect and vocationDirectIndirect and vocative prot “lying” prātəprātəprātəprata pratopratatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatutututututututututututututututututututututututututututut


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

3. Syncopated adjectives are distinguished by the fact that when they are changed, the root vowel sound falls out.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

They, like the strong ones, are always monosyllabic.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

MaleFemale genderSingle NumberPlural NumberSingular NumberPlural NumberDirect Indirect and vocationDirectIndirect and vocationDirectIndirect and vocationDirectIndirect and vocative şīn “blue/green” şnəşnəşnoşnaşneşno şneşno


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

4. Intermediate adjectives take the same endings as strong and syncopated adjectives, but do not change in the basis.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

MaleFemale genderSingle NumberPlural NumberSingular NumberPlural NumberDirect Indirect and vocationDirectIndirect and vocationDirectIndirect and vocationDirectIndirect and vocative ūgd “long” ūgdəūgdəūgdoūūgda ūgdaūgdeūgdo


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

5. Adjectives ending in unstressed -ai change in the same way as nouns with -ai in masculine gender and c -e in feminine.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

If -ai is stressed, then in masculine gender the adjective changes as a noun to -ai, and in feminine it changes as a noun to -əi.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

MaleFemale genderSingle NumberPlural NumberSingular NumberPlural NumberDirect Indirect and vocationDirectIndirect and vocationDirectIndirect and vocationDirectIndirect and vocative kūçnai “small” kūçnīkūkūçnīoko kūçnəioko kūçnəioko kūçnəioya kūçnəioya kūçnəioya kūçnəioya kūçnəyoya wai “new” nawīwa nawīwa nawoo nawewa nawewa naweo naweu nawo


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

6. Adjectives ending in -a, -ā, -e, -ī, -o, -ū are immutable.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Examples: xāysta “beautiful”, “close”, etc.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Numerals


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In Pashto, numerals are names that denote numbers, quantities, numbers, etc. They are not considered a separate part of speech, but only as a class within a name.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Quantitative


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Most Pashto quantitative numerals do not have the gender category [1] (see the Exceptions section for more details), are plural names and indirectly take the ending -o.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The word tso “several” is also considered a numeral.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

After quantitative numerals (starting with two), masculine nouns with a consonant outcome receive the ending -a, and all others are put in the plural form of the direct case.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

This form is sometimes referred to as the “indirect II” case.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Two-digit numerals are formed according to pattern 30.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In the formation of compound and complex numerals, the words “dəpāsa and dəbāndi” are sometimes used.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

On Pashtutranscription numberyav1dva2dva2dre3ltsalor4pindzə5špəg6ovə7atə8nə, nəha9las10yavolas11dvolas12dsdiyarlas, diyārlas13rlas13, tsvarlas, tsvārlas14pindzəlas15špāṛas16ovəlas17atəlas18nunas19šəl20avvišt21davvišt21dətdvətdvavišt22dədədvədvərdədvədədvədədvədədvədədədvədədvədədvədədvədədvədədvədədvədədvədədvərvišt23tsalervišt24pindzəvišt25tšpagvišt26totovəvišt 27tatəvišt28tnəvišt29derš30yavderš31duderš32driderš33tsalorderš34 š35 špugderš36ovəderš37atəderš38nəderš39 alvešt40pindzos50tšpetə60avya70atya80nvi , nəvi90səl100uyav səlo yav101yav səlo dva102yav səlo səlo šəl120dva sava200dva sava200dva 10drdre sava300rzər1000rayav zəro yav1001rzərvuyvavavavavava rayav zəro dva sava aw pindzəderš1235lak100 000milyon1 000 000 kroṛ10 000 000milyard1 000 000 000


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Ordinal


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the endings for masculine gender and mam -əma for feminine gender to quantitative numerals and are declined as weak adjectives.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Some numerals are not formed according to the rules, see the Exceptions section.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Fractional


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Fractional numerals are denoted by ordinal numbers.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

and the words barxa “part”, nim “half”, paw “quarter”, bandi “over, on”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Exception


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The word ر var “door” in plural.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

h. — Varuna (and not vrə!).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The words paxtūn “pashtun”, vrun “thigh”, and zangun “knee” either change according to the rules, or have in the direct case mn.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

h.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

and the indirect case of units.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

h.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

— on the basis of paxtānə, at the beginning of the day.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Orb korbə “owner of the house”, melmə “guest”, he obə “shepherd” mn.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

h. — gala, korbānə, melmānə, obānə.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The word vayai “bull” in plural.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

h.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

— in the eastern branch — vāyi, in the western branch — vayān.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The words megai “ant”, nmasai “grandson”, dzalmai “young man” in plural.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

h.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

in the eastern branch according to the rule (replacement of -ai with -i), and in the western: Megyan, mnasiyan, dzalmiyan.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The feminine gender includes the following words with masculine signs: lar “road”, lvext “span, quarter”, tsangəl “elbow”, mangul “paw; claw”, “ojəl “cowshed”, “xpəpəl” paw”, dəršəl “door jamb; threshold”, eg “hug, girth”, sməts “cave”, čār “business, work”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

All these words are declined as feminine words with an outcome of -a.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Many Arabic words form the plural in their own way.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

At the same time, they do not change in the indirect singular case, and in the indirect plural case they take the ending -o.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Arabic mn.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

h.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

is formed either by changing the composition of the vowels of the word, or by adding endings, for example: asl “basis” - usūl, islāh “reform” - islāhāt, mujāhid “fighter (for the right cause), mujahid” — Mujāhidīn.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Words for relatives and family members do not form the plural according to the rules.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

WordtranscriptionPlural transcriptionTranscription plural


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

h.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

plārplārofather, plārunammormatmatmandi, mendiyxorsister, xwandi, xizowendiisynzzzn āmənlurdaughterluṇivrrrrrbratuṇaatrburcousin brotherhood, tərburuna, tərburāntroraunt (on the mother's side) trāndi, trendetrāndi (on the father's side) trāndi, trendetrətrərəuncle (on the father's side) trunaxurdzaplepley mother (sister's daughter), xurdziyānivrārərənephew (brother's son), vrarunaoyorzhena brother-in-law, nədror sister-in-law (husband's sister) ndrandi, ndrendimeṛəhusband, meṛunaplanandarstepfather plandarunanikədednikuna, nikəgāngandngor, nəgordaughter-in-law (wife of son) i, ngendil levarbrother-in-law (husband's brother) levaruna


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Numerals


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Numerals lb las, ل şəl, ر zər, lak, kro, milyon are names and are declined as weak adjectives, and the words ل şəl, səl, zər, among other things, form the plural a number with the ending -guna.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

After the numerals, starting with two, the word “one hundred” is used in the form of sav.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Some numerals have a gender category.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Declension of some numeralsDirect caseIndirect caseIndirect case yav one yavəyava one yavedva dvāṛodva dvāṛi dvāṛi obadova dvāṛi obadova dvārioga dvāririi obadova dvāṛo


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The ordinal numeral “first” has several forms: lumṛai (zh.r. - lumṛəi), myumbai (zh.r. - myumdəi), avval (zh.r. - avvala).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

The numeral “second” has the forms Dva and Dvayəm (dvayəm, dvahəm), the third - dreyəm, the fourth - and (tsalorəm, tsalarəm).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In quantitative numerals ending in a vowel, when ordinal numbers are formed, this vowel falls out.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In combination with the preposition numerals acquire the following meanings: with the addition of yav before and kolich.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

numeral after it a certain number of times (the yav pə las “ten times”); for (on) several (for) several (for yav pə yav “one on one”, I change one to four”); with the name of the currency — for how much; with the name of the unit of time — at what time.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In all these cases, the numeral is in direct case.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

If it's a lot.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

the numeral is repeated twice, then it acquires a distributive value (and yav yav “one by one”, and dva dva “two”).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

To designate percentages, the construction is used... pə səlo ki (ke)... “... percent” (literally: “in a hundred...”).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Adverbs


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Service words


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Prepositions and postpositions


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Simple


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Simple prepositions and postpositions can be used both independently and in combinations.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In the colloquial speech of northern dialects, the prepositions Lo and can be discarded, if they are part of the prepositional combinations.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Prepositions, ر, can merge with pronoun enclitics (in the form of Pronoun Enclitics).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

When combining a postposition with a personal directing pronoun, the preposition is almost always discarded [3].


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

د


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

It is used to indicate affiliation (with an indirect case).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Can replace the preposition No.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Without a postposition, it is used to designate an instrument of action (with an instrumental case).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Without an indirect postposition, it is used to indicate a period of time.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

With the postposition (with indirect or, less often, direct) — place.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Combinations with indirect case and postpositions are also used (“on, on the surface”), postpositions (“after”).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Lon


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

With postpositions, eg (in indirect case) or instrumental - “from, out”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

With the indirect case and the postposition “with, together”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Ba


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

With the instrumental case — “without”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

In the same sense — “no”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

ر


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

With indirect or direct case — “on, on the surface”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

With an indirect case — “at, at a time”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Tر


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

With the instrumental or direct case - “to, towards”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

With the indirect case — “what, compared to”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

It is also used with the instrumental or direct case with the postpositions of “under” (“under”), “before, to”), as well as with indirect case in postpositions (“after”), after (“for”).


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Llo


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

With a straight case - “like, like”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

It is also used in combination “as if it seems”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

t


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

It is a postposition, it is used without a preposition.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

With an indirect case it means “to, to, towards”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

This postposition is used in the indirect case and means “against”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Ouria


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

This postposition is used with the indirect case in the meaning “before, before”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

ughi


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

This postposition is used with the indirect case in the meaning of “like, like”.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

It may be present together with the preposition Lo.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Complex


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

“Complex prepositions” are stable combinations of simple prepositions and postpositions with names.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Alliances


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Modal particles


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Interjections


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Literature


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Lebedev K. A. Afghanistan: language, literature, ethnography.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Yatsevich L. S., Ostapenko V. B.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Pashto language textbook.


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Notes


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Category:Languages of Afghanistan


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Category:Pakistani languages


Question: How many terms for Pashto are there in Russian?

Pashto language morphology

Pashto


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Charlotte Augusta of Wales (January 7, 1796 — November 6, 1817) was the only child of George, Prince of Wales (later King George IV) and his wife of Carolina of Brunswick.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Throughout her life, the princess occupied second place in the line of succession to the throne after her father.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Charlotte Augusta's parents did not like each other even before marriage and separated shortly after the birth of their daughter.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The Prince of Wales placed the care of the princess on governesses and servants, limiting the communication of his daughter with her mother, who eventually left the country.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

When Charlotte grew up, her father forced her to marry Willem, Crown Prince of Orange, the future King of the Netherlands Willem II.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

At first, the princess accepted Willem, but soon rejected the possibility of marrying him.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

After a long confrontation with her father, with his consent, she married Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, the future king of Belgium.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

After a year and a half of happy marriage, Charlotte Augusta died while giving birth to her stillborn son.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Charlotte's death was a grief for the British, who saw her as a future queen, who would be very different from an unpopular father and mad grandfather.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Since Charlotte was the only legitimate granddaughter of George III, the king's unmarried sons came under considerable pressure to find wives.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

As a result, the fourth son of King George III Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, became the father of the potential heiress to the throne Victoria Alexandrina, who was born eighteen months after Charlotte's death Augusts.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Background


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

In 1794, George, Prince of Wales, was looking for a suitable bride.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

George's search was not due to a desire to ensure continuity on the British throne, but to his own benefit: Prime Minister William Pitt Jr. promised the prince an increase in income after the wedding; despite the fact that George had good incomes as Prince of Wales and Duke of Cornwall, he lived beyond his means and by 1794 he did not even have enough money to repay interest on debts [1].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Georg attempted to marry his mistress Maria Fitzgerbert, but such a marriage would not have legal force, since Georg, fully aware of the futility of the idea, did not even try to get it the father's consent, as provided for.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

However, Fitzgerbert remained the prince's mistress even when his other favorites, for example, came out of favor [2].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Georg considered two German princesses as possible brides, both of them were cousins to the prince: Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was the daughter of Duke Charles II, brother of George's mother; the other The candidate, Carolina of Brunswick, was the daughter of Augusta of Great Britain, the sister of the prince's father.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

George's mother, Queen Charlotte, received disturbing rumors about the behavior of Princess Carolina, and therefore was inclined to marry her son to her niece Louise, whom she also considered more attractive.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Rumors suggested that Princess Carolina behaved inappropriately with an Irish officer who was serving in her father's army; in addition, earlier marriage negotiations with the princess broke down due to unclear reasons.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

However, despite all this, Georg, who at the time was influenced by Lady Jersey, who considered Carolina a less formidable rival than Louise, chose the Princess of Brunswick, although never before I met her.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

By order of the king, diplomat James Harris, Earl of Malmesbury, was sent to Braunschweig to accompany the princess to Great Britain [3].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Upon arrival in Braunschweig, Malmesbury found the princess disheveled and apparently not washed for several days; she spoke rudely and familiar.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The Earl spent almost four months with her, doing everything possible to improve her behavior and habits; then he went with the princess to London, but spent longer than usual on the road due to bad winter weather and the difficulties that arose as a result of the war with France.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Upon arrival, Malmesbury took Carolina to St. James's Palace, where the princess met the Prince of Wales; at first glance at his fiancée, George said, “Harris, I'm not feeling well, please give me a glass brandy” [4].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

After the prince left, Carolina told Malmesbury: “I think he is very fat and not as handsome as he is depicted in the portrait” [5].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

When the couple had lunch together that evening, the embittered princess made rude hints about the prince's relationship with Lady Jersey, which, according to Harris, only strengthened George's dislike for her.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Before his wedding on April 8, 1795, Georg sent Brother William to Fitzgerbert to tell her that she was the only woman he would love; then Georg got drunk and went to ceremony [6].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Georg later stated that he shared a bed with his wife only three times, and that the princess commented on the size of his penis, which led the prince to think that Carolina had something to compare with and she had long ago Not a virgin.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Carolina herself hinted that the prince was impotent [7].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The couple separated within a few weeks of their wedding, although they stayed under the same roof.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

However, despite such a short life together, nine months after the wedding, the princess gave birth to a daughter [8].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Biography


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Early years


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Charlotte Augusta was born on January 7, 1796 in Carlton House, her father's London residence.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Georg was dissatisfied with the birth of the girl, because he hoped that Carolina would give birth to a son, but the king was not at all upset: he was delighted with the appearance of his first in the family legitimate granddaughter and hoped that the baby would be able to bring her parents closer together.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

There was no rapprochement: three days after the birth of Charlotte Augusta, her father made a will in which he removed his wife from raising his daughter, and bequeathed all his property to his mistress Maria Fitzgerbert.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Many members of the ruling dynasty were not popular among the people, but the birth of the princess was gladly accepted [9].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

On February 11, 1796, the little princess was dubbed Charlotte Augusta in honor of both grandmothers, Queen Charlotte and Duchess Augusta [10]; the ceremony took place in the large living room of Carlton House under by John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The recipients at baptism were King George III, Queen Charlotte and Duchess Augustus, represented by the eldest daughter of the royal couple Princess Charlotte [11].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Despite the fact that she gave birth to a child who was second in line for the throne, Carolina did not get better treatment; moreover, Georg limited her communication with her daughter by allowing her to see her with her only in the presence of a nurse and governess [10].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Carolina was allowed the usual daily visit, which was traditional for upper-class parents at the time, but she was deprived of the right to vote in the upbringing and care of the princess [12].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Despite all the prohibitions, sympathetic servants in George's house often allowed Carolina to be alone with her daughter; Georg did not know about what was happening, as he rarely saw Charlotte Augusta himself.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

In the end, Carolina actually stopped hiding from her husband her secret visits to her daughter and began to ride with her in a carriage around London to the applause of the crowd [10].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Charlotte Augusta was a healthy child and, according to her biographer, “early recordings gave the impression that Charlotte was happily reckless and had a warm heart” [13].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Charlotte grew up and gradually became a pawn in the conflict of parents who were eager to win over the king and queen [14].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

In August 1797, Carolina left Carlton House and moved to live in a rented house near, leaving her daughter in the care of her hated husband, as required by English law, according to which the father had more rights to minor children than a mother.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

However, the prince did not take any measures to restrict Carolina's access to her daughter [15].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

In December 1798, Georg invited his wife to spend the winter at Carlton House, but Carolina refused.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

This invitation was George's last major reconciliation effort and his failure meant that George would most likely never have a legitimate son to stand between Charlotte Augusta and British throne [16].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Carolina continued to visit her daughter at Carlton House; Charlotte was also sometimes brought to Blackheath, where she visited her mother, but the princess was never allowed to stay in her mother's house [17].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

During the summer holidays, Georg rented Shrewsbury Lodge in Blackheath for his daughter, which made it much easier for her to communicate with her mother [18].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

When Charlotte Augusta was eight years old, her father, who returned to Fitzgerbert, decided that he needed Carlton House; he took his wife's apartments — Carolina got rooms in Kensington Palace in return — and moved Charlotte Augusta to nearby Montague House.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

As James Chambers, another biographer of Charlotte Augusta, noted, the young princess “lived surrounded by her own yard in a company where there was no one who did not pay to be at her court” [17].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The move took place in the absence of the princess's favorite governess, Martha Bruce, a widow who was forced to resign — according to the official version, due to her old age; the real reason was completely different: Martha angered George by taking Charlotte August to visit his royal grandfather without his permission.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Martha Bruce's former assistant, Miss Heyman, was soon dismissed for being too friendly with Carolina, who immediately hired her to her service.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The new governess Sophia Southwell, a widow, was fascinated by Charlotte Augusta and too well mannered to discipline a child who soon turned into a violent tomboy.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Lady Clifford's childhood friend was her nephew, who was three years younger than Charlotte Augusta.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Forty years later, Keppel mentioned the princess in his memoirs, which became the source of many jokes about Charlotte Augustus as a child; in addition to the princess's childish pranks, he recalled how one day they first watched together the crowd gathered near Keppel House in the hope of seeing the young princess, and then joined the crowd unrecognized [19].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

In 1805, the king began to make plans for Charlotte's education and hired a large staff of teachers for his only legitimate granddaughter, led by whom to instruct her on the faith that, in in turn, as King George believed, Charlotte Augusta would defend as Queen.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The king hoped that these teachers would be able to “honor her, make their relationship comfortable, and familiarize her with the dominions she would later have to control”; these instructions did not produce much impressions of Charlotte Augusta, who has firmly decided for herself that she would only learn what she wanted [20].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The princess became interested in playing the piano [21] and was hired as a teacher by a well-known pianist and composer at the time [22].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

After leaving Carlton House, the princess's mother, no longer restrained by her husband, began to lead a free lifestyle: she staged numerous receptions and flirted with many political and military figures, such as Admiral Sidney Smith and George Canning [23].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

This behavior led Caroline to be accused in 1807 of having sexual relations with other men after breaking up with her husband.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The reason for these accusations was Carolina's unusual affection for little William Austin, who she took up in 1802, which was explained by the fact that he was her own child with another man .


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Carolina's husband expressed the hope that the so-called “delicate investigation”, launched in 1806, would be able to prove adultery on the part of the princess, which would allow George himself to obtain a divorce and forbid Carolina from seeing her daughter [24].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Investigators did not interrogate Carolina herself or her alleged lovers, including prominent personalities such as Admiral Sidney Smith, politician George Canning, and artist Thomas Lawrence, but there were focused on the servants of the Princess of Wales.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

When asked about Carolina's alleged pregnancy, some servants confirmed it, but some denied it; some of the servants were confident that Carolina was pregnant, but others doubted pointing out that the princess was so overweight that it was impossible to say for sure.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The servants could not name any of Carolina's lovers, but her footman Joseph Roberts said that the princess “loves sex very much” [25].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Charlotte Augusta was aware of the investigation; the ten-year-old princess was deeply upset when she met her mother in the park, and she, obeying the prince's order not to have any contact with Charlotte Augusta, pretended not to notice her daughter [26].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

To George's great disappointment, the commission of inquiry found no evidence of Carolina's birth of her second child, although it was noted that the behavior of the princess causes some misunderstanding.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

During the investigation, the king, who loved Carolina very much, pulled away from her, but when it became clear that the princess was innocent, he began to see her again [25].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

After the investigation was completed, Georg reluctantly allowed Charlotte Augusta to see her mother; meetings were to take place only once a week in the presence of Carolina's mother [27] in Blackheath or Kensington with the condition that the girl will not have any contact with William Austin [28].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Youth


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

With Charlotte Augusta's entry into adolescence, members of the court began to consider her behavior unworthy [29]; in particular, Princess's governess Lady Clifford complained that Charlotte Augusta loved show off underwear [30].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The lady, Charlotte Augusta's mother's maid of honor and memoirist, described the princess as “a beautiful piece of flesh and blood” who frankly and rarely “relied on dignity” [31].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

During this period, Charlotte Augusta mastered horse riding very well, which made her father proud, and fell in love with the music of Mozart and Haydn; at the same time, the princess was identified with Marianne's character from Jane Austen's novel “Sense and Sensitivity” [32].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

In 1808, Charlotte Jones was officially appointed Charlotte Augusta's own portrait miniaturist.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

By the end of 1810, King George III was completely insane.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Charlotte Augusta was close to her grandfather and his illness deeply saddened her.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

On February 6, 1811, the princess's father was sworn in before the Privy Council as Prince Regent [33]; during her oath, Charlotte Augusta walked around Carlton House Garden, trying to see the ceremony in ground floor windows [34].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Charlotte Augusta, like her father, was thrilled by the Whigs.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

However, now that he began to exercise his powers as monarch, Georg did not call the Whigs, as many expected.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Charlotte was outraged by this and considered her father a traitor; to show her support, she blew kisses at Whig leader Charles Gray in the opera [35].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Georg was raised under strict conditions and was therefore outraged by his daughter's behavior.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

He tried to re-educate Charlotte Augusta, who at the age of fifteen looked like an adult woman.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Georg did not give enough money for dresses for an adult princess and insisted that if she attended the opera, she should sit in the back of the box and leave it before the end of the performance [36].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Since the Prince Regent himself was busy with public affairs, Charlotte Augusta was obliged to spend most of her time in Windsor with her unmarried aunts.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The bored princess fell in love with her cousin, Duke Clarence's bastard.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Fitzclarence was soon recalled to Brighton, where he joined his regiment, and Charlotte Augusta drew attention to a light dragoon lieutenant, generally believed to be the illegitimate son of the Duke York, uncle Charlotte Augusta [37].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Hessen and Charlotte Augusta met secretly several times.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Lady Clifford was afraid of the Prince Regent's wrath if found, but Princess Carolina was delighted with her daughter's passion.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

She did everything in her power to stimulate this relationship, including allowing them to meet in one of the rooms in her chambers [38].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

These meetings ended when Hesse joined British forces in Spain.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Most members of the royal family, with the exception of the Prince Regent, were aware of these meetings, but did nothing to stop them, and did not approve of the methods George was trying to re-educate an adult daughter [39].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

In 1813, during the final period of the Napoleonic Wars, Georg began to seriously consider marriage options for his daughter.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The Prince Regent and his advisers chose Willem, Crown Prince of Orange, son and heir to Prince Willem IV of Orange-Nassau, as Charlotte Augustus's husband.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Such a marriage would increase British influence in northwestern Europe.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Willem made a bad impression on Charlotte Augusta when she first saw him at his father's birthday celebration, where the prince, like many other guests, was intoxicated.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Although no one spoke directly to the princess about the marriage proposal, she was well aware of her father's plans, which the whole court whispered about [40].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The doctor explained these rumors about the marriage to Charlotte August; the princess listened reluctantly, believing that the future Queen of Great Britain should not marry a foreigner [41].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Believing that Charlotte Augusta intended to marry William, Duke of Gloucester, the Prince Regent verbally insulted her and Gloucester when he met his daughter; as Charlotte Augusta later said, “he spoke as if he had the most inappropriate ideas about my inclinations. I see that he is completely against me and will never agree with me” [42].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

She asked Earl Gray for advice, and he invited her to stall for time [43].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

This question soon leaked to newspapers asking if Charlotte would really marry “an orange or cheese”, “slim Billy or stupid Billy” [44].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The Prince Regent tried to find a softer approach to his daughter, but Charlotte could not convince him; she wrote that she “cannot leave this country, much less as a queen”, and that if they get married, the prince 45] Orange will have to “visit his frogs alone” [45].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

However, on December 12, Georg arranged for his daughter to meet Willem of Orange at a dinner party and after dinner asked Charlotte Augusta to make a decision.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

She stated that she liked what she had seen so far, what George accepted as consent on her part and quickly summoned the Prince of Orange to tell him the good news [46].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Negotiations over the prenuptial agreement lasted several months, during which Charlotte Augusta insisted that she was not obliged to leave Britain.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Diplomats did not want the future unification of the two thrones, so the treaty stated that the couple's eldest son would inherit the British throne and the other would inherit the Netherlands; if Charlotte Augusta had only one son, the throne of the Netherlands will go to the German branch of the House of Orange [47].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

On June 10, 1814, the princess signed a prenuptial agreement [48].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

After that, Charlotte Augusta became interested in a Prussian prince, whose identity could not be reliably identified: the memoirist believed that it was Prince Augustus, and historian Arthur Aspinell believed that it was was the young Prince Friedrich [49].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The hobby ended as suddenly as it began: at a party at the Pulteney Hotel in London, Charlotte Augusta met Lieutenant General of the Russian Cavalry Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg - Saalfeldsky [50].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The princess invited Leopold to visit her; he accepted the invitation, but refused three quarters of an hour before the appointed time, sending a letter to the Prince Regent apologizing for his discourtesy.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Georg was very impressed by this letter, although he did not consider the beggar Leopold a suitable party for his daughter [51].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Charlotte Augusta's mother opposed her daughter's marriage to the Prince of Orange and received great public support: when Charlotte Augusta appeared in public, the crowd urged her not leaving her mother alone by marrying the Prince of Orange.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Charlotte Augusta notified the groom that if they married, her mother would always have to receive a warm welcome at their home; this was a prerequisite that was unacceptable to the Prince Regent.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

When the Prince of Orange did not agree to the condition, Charlotte Augusta broke off her engagement [52].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

In response, Georg was going to actually put his daughter under house arrest: Charlotte Augusta was supposed to stay in her house near Carlton House until she was taken to Windsor Cranborn Lodge, where she would The only person allowed to see is the Queen.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Hearing this, Charlotte Augusta rushed away from the house; a man who saw from the window the ordeals of an inexperienced princess on the street helped her catch the cab in which she safely arrived at her mother's house.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Carolina, who was visiting her friends at the time, hurried home; the princess called several Whigs to advise her on what to do.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Some members of the family arrived with the Whigs at Carolina's house, including the Duke of York, who was tasked with returning Charlotte August to his father, if necessary, by force.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

After a long meeting, the Whigs advised Charlotte Augusta to return to her father's house, which she did the next day [53].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Isolation and return to court


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The story of Charlotte Augusta's escape and return home quickly became public knowledge.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Former member of parliament and future Whig Lord Chancellor Henry Broome reported that “everyone is against the prince”, and the opposition press made a lot of noise about the story of the escaped princess.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Despite emotional reconciliation with his daughter, the Prince Regent soon escorted her to Cranborn Lodge, where his spies were ordered not to let the princess out of sight.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Despite strict measures, the princess managed to send a note to her beloved uncle August Frederick, Duke of Sussex.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Sussex interrogated Tory Prime Minister Lord Liverpool in the House of Lords.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

He asked if Charlotte Augusta could come and go freely, if she should be allowed to go to the sea, as doctors recommended her earlier, and now that she was eighteen, did she plan to the government should create a separate department for it.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Liverpool evaded the answer [54], and Sussex was summoned to Carlton House, where he received a reprimand from the Prince Regent, who never spoke to his brother again [55].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Despite her isolation, Charlotte Augusta found life at Cranborn Lodge surprisingly pleasant and gradually came to terms with the situation [56].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

At the end of July 1814, the Prince Regent visited her daughter in isolation and announced that her mother was going to leave the country for a long stay on the continent.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

This upset Charlotte Augusta, but she felt that whatever she said would not change her mother's decision, and was even more outraged by Carolina's negligence in saying goodbye because she believed that “God knows how long it will take and what events will happen before we see each other again” [57].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The princess's words turned out to be prophetic and she did not see her mother again [58].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

At the end of August, Charlotte Augusta was allowed to go to the sea.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The princess wanted to go to fashionable Brighton, but her father wanted her to go to Weymouth [59].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

When the princess's carriage stopped en route, a large friendly crowd gathered to see her; as Thea Holm noted, “such an affectionate welcome meant that people already considered her their future queen” [60].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Charlotte Augusta received an even more warm welcome in Weymouth.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The princess spent time exploring nearby attractions, smuggled French silk shops, and since the end of September took a course in warm seawater baths [61].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

She was still crazy about her Prussian prince and hoped in vain that he would announce his interest to her father.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

If he does not, as she wrote to her friend, she will “do another, no less good thing to another good, well-balanced person with good intentions [sic]... that person will be P S-K [Prince Saxen -Kobursky, that is Leopold]” [62].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

In mid-December, shortly before leaving Weymouth, Charlotte Augusta was “unexpectedly shocked” when she learned that her Prussian fan had started a new relationship [63] [64].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Upon their return, during a long conversation after Christmas dinner, the father and daughter resolved all differences between themselves [56].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

In the first months of 1815, Charlotte Augusta established herself in the idea that Leopold (or as she affectionately called him “Leo”) should be her husband [65].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

At the same time, the princess's father did not lose hope of passing her off as Prince of Orange, but Charlotte Augusta wrote that “no arguments, no threats can ever force me to marry this the hated Dutchman” [66].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Faced with opposition in his own family on this issue, Georg eventually gave up and abandoned the idea of marrying his daughter to Willem of Orange, who also that summer got engaged to Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna [67].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Charlotte contacted Leopold through intermediaries and found that her interest was exchanged, but during this period, the conflict with Napoleon resumed on the continent, and Leopold was forced to participate in battles with his regiment [68].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

In July, shortly before returning to Weymouth, Charlotte Augusta officially asked her father for permission to marry Leopold, but Georg replied that due to the unsettled political situation on the continent, he is not in a position to consider this request now. [69]


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Much to the disappointment of Princess Leopold did not come to the UK after the restoration of peace, even when he was in Paris, from where Charlotte Augusta believed to get to Weymouth or London it was possible in a matter of minutes [70].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

In January 1816, the Prince Regent invited his daughter to the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, and she begged him to allow the marriage.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Upon returning to Windsor, she wrote to her father: “I no longer hesitate to recognize my affection for Prince of Coburg — I assure you that no one will be more persistent and consistent in this a real and final engagement than myself” [71].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Georg surrendered and summoned Leopold to the UK, who stopped on his way to Russia in Berlin.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Leopold arrived in Great Britain at the end of February 1816 and went to Brighton to talk to his future father-in-law.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

After having dinner with her father and Leopold, Charlotte Augusta wrote: “I find it charming and go to bed much happier than I have ever been in my life... I'm certainly very lucky being and blessed by God. No princess has ever, I believe, had such prospects for happiness in life or love in this country as other people” [72].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The Prince Regent was amazed by Leopold and told his daughter that the Prince of Coburg “had all the qualities to make a woman happy” [73].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Charlotte Augusta, at Georg's request, went back to Cranburn Lodge on March 2, leaving Leopold with his father.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

On March 14, the House of Commons announced the upcoming wedding for general approval; both parties were relieved to accept the end of the princess's romantic drama [74].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Parliament voted to provide Leopold with a maintenance of fifty thousand pounds a year; Claremont House in Ischer was purchased for the couple, and a generous amount was allocated for home improvement [75].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Fearing a repeat of the Willem of Orange fiasco, Georg limited Charlotte Augusta's communication with her fiancé; when the princess returned to Brighton, he allowed them to meet only at dinner and never did not leave alone [76].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The wedding ceremony was scheduled for May 2, 1816.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

On the wedding day, huge crowds filled the streets of London, interfering with the passage of the participants of the ceremony.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

At nine o'clock in the evening, in the crimson living room at Carlton House, Charlotte Augusta married Leopold, who wore the ceremonial uniform of a British general for the first time.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The princess's wedding dress cost the treasury in the amount of about ten thousand pounds.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The ceremony went flawlessly, except that Charlotte Augusta giggled when the beggar Leopold promised to share all his worldly goods with her [77].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Married life and death


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Charlotte Augusta and Leopold spent their honeymoon at the Duke of York's residence in Surrey.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The princess did not like Otland, as York's house was filled with his dogs and the smell of animals.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

However, Charlotte Augusta noted that her young husband was a “perfect lover” [78].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Two days after the wedding, the Prince Regent visited the newlyweds; he spent two hours describing the details of Leopold's military uniform, which Charlotte said was “a great sign of her most perfect mood” father [79].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

The couple returned to London by the beginning of the season and, when they attended the theater, they invariably received thunderous applause from the audience and singing “God Save the King”.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

When Charlotte Augusta felt unwell at the opera, her condition caused public concern; it was later announced that the princess had miscarried [80].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

On August 24, 1816, the couple went to their residence in Ishera for the first time [81].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Leopold's personal physician Christian Friedrich Stockmar wrote that in the first six months of marriage, he saw Charlotte Augusta always in a simple but fashionable dress.


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

He also noted that she was much calmer and more controlled than before, and attributed this to the influence of Leopold [82].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Leopold later wrote that “except when I went out to shoot, we were always together and it did not tire us at all” [83].


Question: When was Charlotte Augusta of Wales born?

Charlotte Augusta of Wales

When Charlotte Augusta became too excited, Leopold only said “calm, honey” and the princess calmed down almost instantly [84].