Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Mrs. Appleyard imposes harsh principles of Victorian behavior on others, especially in everything related to gender relations.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[16] Visually, the depression of the pupils is expressed by the dress of that era, which combines false modesty with numerous inconveniences, [7] and especially the corset as a “symbol of Victorian constraint.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] [~ 9] Doctors have found that tight corsets artificially delayed puberty of girls in the XIX century.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] The scene in which students lace each other's corsets has gained fame: it is filmed in the morning haze and radiates with erotic playfulness.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[17] Girls are not only forbidden to climb the rock (“even on the lower ledges,” as Mrs. Appleyard puts it), but also to take off their white gloves.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Teachers who are called to set an example for girls are even more limited in their capabilities.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Miss McGraw eats a banana at a picnic without taking off her gloves; the use of powder by her colleague shocks Mrs. Appleyard.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In these circumstances, the journey of the pupils to the rock and undressing on it looks like a direct challenge to the public environment.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The inner world of the college inhabitants is also extremely far from the semi-wild realities of the most isolated continent.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Their rooms are decorated with a portrait of Lord Byron and reproductions of Pre-Raphaelite paintings.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

During the picnic, French phrases are heard, girls recite Shakespeare's sonnets, Mademoiselle Poitiers flips through a book with reproductions of Botticelli.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Mrs. Appleyard systematically etches the creative grain from the souls of her pupils.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

During the absence of the girls at the picnic, she speaks contemptuously of Sarah's own poems and forces her to cram the popular poem “Casabianka” by British poet Felicia Hemans.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Another episode mentions Longfellow's protracted poem with an obsessive morality that duty is above all else.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The mysterious disappearance on the rock, like the inexplicable events of Wells and Kafka, reveals the ugliness of such a social and moral structure.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

It turns out that this miniature society is built on suppressing the libido of individuals.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[13] According to Bliss, the inability to fully assert her dominance over girls like the shy and laconic Sarah pushes the hostess to cruelty bordering on sadism, and and eventually to kill.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] The Rock (or the powers it personifies) prepares for her a severe retribution.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Appleyard's orderly world falls apart, students and teachers rebel against her despotism, Poitiers begins to use makeup (“I find it suits me”), others get married and are quitting.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[~10] [~11]


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The Native Side


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In the artistic coordinates of the film, Mrs. Appleyard's school is opposed by Hanging Rock.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[5] The Hanging Rock is a real mamelon in Victoria and is revered sacred among the Aborigines.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

It is described as “a deserted, primitive place that inspires vague anxiety”, where it is easy to believe in the existence of “ancient spirits”.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[17] The volcanic elevation that dominates the landscape of the Australian bush is almost as unusual as the proud building in retrospective European style.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[1] The camera captures both monoliths from the bottom up, which emphasizes their dominant position in the surrounding landscape.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Life on a rock takes place in a different dimension than life in college or elsewhere.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[10] The strength of its impact cannot be explained or measured.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The watch's attempt to measure the immense is doomed to failure.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] Against this background, the noisy bustle of Europeans vacationing looks like an anomaly.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[7] The close-ups show the countless forms of life that this place abounds in.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[7] The sensual aura of the rock invites you to emancipation, including sexual emancipation.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[17] [~ 12] The journey along the rock is accompanied by dance movements and the gradual dropping of clothes, reminiscent of some ancient bacchist ritual.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[10] [19] The camera captures close-up of the bare cliff tops, in which many writers about the film see the phallic symbol.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[20] Mamelon's cave depressions, into which girls are drawn by unknown forces, on the contrary, are closer to vaginal symbolism.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Wear recalls that for a long time he did not know from which angle it was better to present the rock, because it did not make the desired dramatic impression on him.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[21] Only the appearance of a light fog on the plain in front of her solved the problem.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[21] The camera managed to capture the monolith as something alive and supernatural.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[14] [22] In some of its facets, if you look closely, you can see dispassionate, sinister faces.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[7] They closely watch uninvited guests, as well as the “spies” of the rock in the face of marsupials, reptiles, birds and insects creatures.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[7] [~ 14] The anthropomorphic nature of the rock prompted Berardinelli to call her the most mysterious character in the film.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[14] The half-day heat waves, under the influence of which the image swings from time to time, are no less tactile.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The rock is mysteriously connected to Miranda's mind: in the very first shots, its formidable facets give way to the face of a serenely sleeping girl in the frame.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[1] [~15] The heightened sensuality of maturing girls, Ebert suggests, is somehow related to the world of virgin Australian nature.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[7] [~ 16] Teenagers either stay on the rock forever, or when they return, they are unable to recount their impressions.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] According to Bliss, the rock upsets the fragile mental mechanism of each of them, just as it stops the clockwork.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] After communicating with the rock, Irma changes her white outfit, symbolizing innocence, to a recruiting crimson suit.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[1] [~17] During her farewell visit to school, she appears to be a mature, confident woman.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] This dramatic change is causing a stir among female students.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The stone's dispassion and even its immobility, according to Bliss, are deceptive.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Ancient stones have a mysterious effect on the psyche.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] Teenagers movements on the rock are shown in slow motion.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The distorted perception of what is happening is conveyed by the intricate angles from which the shooting is carried out.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[20] When Edith makes a scream of horror, the camera twitches frantically and captures her panic escape from a vertical angle.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[20] The director recalls that to create the sensation of a nightmare on the rock, he used noises of various colors, the slow rumble of earthquakes, sounds that usually remain out of reach of the human ear.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[23] [~ 18]


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The strength of the rock does not fit into the common truths of the Christian religion.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[10] After the girls disappear, their classmates sing a hymn in church called The Rock of Ages.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

According to the hymn, the rock represents God, from whom parishioners are looking for protection: “hide me in yourself.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

This unexpected and utterly inappropriate pun makes a stunning impression on girls.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

There is also an object in the Fitzgubert garden that deliberately reminds of a rock.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[23] These are decorative rock slides, a kind of rockery stylized as a Hanging Rock.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[~19] During Irma's conversation with Mike, the camera captures them from behind a rockery, like the girls moving before they disappeared; at the same time, the musical motif of the rock sounds.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

According to Rainer, these techniques indicate the invasion of the rock into the world of Irma and Fitzgubert, the emergence of a love feeling between them.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Otherworldly


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Picnic by the Hanging Rock does not provide a direct answer to questions about the existence of other dimensions and hidden possibilities of consciousness and nature, but rather transparently hints at their existence.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] The scene in the greenhouse, which is not directly related to the plot, sheds light on its inner plot.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[10] After arguing that “there must be some explanation” for the disappearances, the old gardener Whitehead shows his young partner Tom the phenomenon of tigmotropism in plants: “You Do you know that some plants can move?” He touches a leaf of a plant (perhaps a shy mimosa), which in response deviates sharply to the side, “as if touched by the rays of the setting sun” (remark from the script).


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The plant's reaction speed resembles the movement of an intelligent being.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

“Some questions have answers, and some don't,” says the old gardener, laughing eerily.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

According to the script, the lesson taught by the old man makes Tom numb, although he does not realize the reasons for it.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[~ 21] “After expressing his opinion about nature, Whitehead leaves with a faint smile on his lips”, and the next shot, the camera captures “the sharply twisted peaks of the Hanging Rock” from a low angle, thereby establishing a link between the greenhouse microcosm and the macrocosm of volcanic formation.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[1] Both levels of nature are both fascinating with their beauty and deeply disturbing by the unexplored nature of their laws.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[1] Bliss interprets this scene as an illustration of how people are mistaken when they expect nature to respect the picture of reality they have formed.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] [~ 22]


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In some scenes, the director gradually leads the viewer to think about the presence of invisible and unknown forces next to the actors.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[20] As the girls move deep into the cliff, the camera watches them move from the dark corner to the side, as if someone was hiding there.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[20] The same idea is conveyed by the famous shot of ants crawling on the crumbs of the cake, clearly refuting the babbling of the girls that they are alone in this world.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[20] [~ 23] Hints of secret connections and abilities can be found not only in the natural world, but also in the human world.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The possibility of telepathic communication is indicated by Bertie's dream about saying goodbye to Sarah.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[10] After Miranda's disappearance, she is close in the form of a swan, so they continue to communicate with her unknowingly.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] [~ 24]


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Metaphorical


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The peculiarity of the film's artistic language is its cross-cutting metaphoricity.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

A significant part of the information is delivered to the viewer not verbally, but in the language of metaphors.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Wear recalls that Valentine's Day “has traditionally been a mating day for birds.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[6] One of his interpreters hears the mating mating of birds in the first shots of the film: this call comes from the Hanging Rock, crossing the forest spaces melting in the morning haze towards the school.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[1] It is to this sound that Miranda opens her eyes while sleeping.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

This is how the last day of her college life begins.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

“From the very beginning of the day, we are talking about the inability of birds to pair up and form relationships,” the director himself emphasizes the importance of this motive.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

College students metaphorically approach birds locked in a cage: [16] turkeys and geese slowly walk around the school grounds, a symbol of obedience to the will of Mrs. Appleyard.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[1] [~ 25] Later, when Miranda enters the protected area around the cliff, flocks of wild birds suddenly rise into the air, and she watches them closely, as if jealous of their freedom or dreaming to be one of them.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] When she waves goodbye, Miranda reminds Blissa of a winged creature ready to soar into the air like Botticelli's angel to whom Poitiers had just compared her.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] This shot is repeated at the very end of the film, completing its imagery.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Later, Michael's memories of Miranda are accompanied by the image of a swan swimming in the garden: the girl he dreams of disappears behind a bush - and a proud snow-white bird swims out of there.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[~ 27] Sarah also intuitively guesses this connection: at the beginning of the film, she gives Miranda a postcard with the image of a swan, and later on the dresser in her room, before the photo of her missing friend, we see a porcelain a figurine of this bird.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[~ 28] Bringing the disappeared girl closer to the swan in the imagination of both people in love with her, the director, according to Bliss, insists on the existence of forms of communication between people beyond physical reality — the supersensitive intuition that will come to the fore in his next film.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The visual and sound parallels between girls and birds are just the most obvious example of Weir's use of the language of visual emblems and metaphors that allow for diverse interpretations.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

For example, on the night of Sarah's murder, the camera freezes on a reproduction of Lord Leighton's Burning June (1895) hanging on the wall.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In this frame, it is permissible to see a hint of the mystery of Sarah's death, [~ 29] the secret passions raging at school, [23] the closeness between sleep and death (symbolized by a branch of poisonous oleander on the canvas) [~ 30 ] or a generalized mythological image of Venus that rhymes with the image of Miranda sleeping at the beginning of the film.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The rock itself can also be interpreted in a metaphorical way — as the embodiment of the unspeakable secrets of nothingness, thanatos and eros.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

During a picnic, one of the girls exclaims: “It seems that we are the only living things in the world!” The camera immediately reveals the narrowness of her ideas, going down to the grass level and focusing on the birthday cake crumbs that the ants eat up.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[~ 31] Later, after climbing a rock, one of Miranda's companions likens ants to people swarming below (probably Fitzguberts).


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

She argues that an amazing number of people are not doing anything, although “they probably do perform a function unknown to them.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[10] [~ 32]


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Wear actively uses color symbolism in his early films.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The white color of the dresses, hats and gloves of girls at the picnic is in tune with their inner purity.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

According to Edith (who prefers a plain brown dress, ordinary like herself), [5] she was frightened by a red cloud on the rock, perhaps the personification of the opposite, carnal principle.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] Before leaving these places, Irma shows up for college in a bright red outfit that symbolically represents her newfound maturity, that is, her willingness to leave the college incubator.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[5] An equally intense color suit is worn by the omniscient Miss McGraw.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Karelissa Hartigan published an article in 1990 in which she tried to find parallels to the plot motifs of Picnic by the Hanging Rock in classical Greco-Roman mythology.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[25] Thus, she brings Mrs. Appleyard closer to jealous and powerful Artemis, gives the rock Dionysian attributes, [~ 33] recalls the meaning of the image of the swan in myths about metamorphoses.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[10] [~34] Scenes on the rock, according to Hartigan, are deliberately accompanied by the primitive sounds of Pan's flutes.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[~ 35] Three missing girls are identified with harits, or graces.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Key topics


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The passage of time


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The motif of time is one of the key motif in the film; this side of it is the subject of special research.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[26] The film is set within a strict time frame, from February 14 to March 27, 1900.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[5] “It is no coincidence that the time of action is taken as a historical milestone that divided the two centuries and promises people terrible upheavals,” says Plakhov.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[3] In just a year, the protracted reign of Queen Victoria will end, and Australia will gain autonomy within the British Empire.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[~ 36] Just as the girls' journey to the rock challenges the college and its hostess, Australia itself, at the time under discussion, was preparing to break the umbilical cord that connected it to the metropolis.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[19] Using the example of a private incident, Wear traces the fate of his country — just as Werner Herzog, using the example of the Spanish conquistador Aguirre with his insane attraction to tyranny, was able to identify the roots German mental illness that gave rise to Hitler.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

According to J.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Rainer, Wear deliberately emphasizes the inevitability of the destruction of the anachronistic social structure that Appleyard College represents.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[5] In his opinion, “the disgrace of the first war of the century and the approaching death of the monarch” add a note of historical pessimism to the narrative and highlight the fragility of the domination of the metropolis in distant lands.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[5] “We are afraid of the future, which hangs over us like a gloomy rain cloud,” S. IN. Kudryavtsev said.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[27] The theme of the surrender of obsolete Victorianism is gradually led through the entire film by the elegiac motif of Beethoven's concert, known to the English-speaking public as “The Emperor”.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In the office of Mrs. Appleyard, a miniature copy of Queen Victoria in the coordinates of a single provincial school, you can hear the obsessively loud ticking of the clock all the time — like a reminder of the strict the daily routine according to which the school and its inhabitants live, about the predestination and schedule of events in this world, and in the last scenes, about the evil fate that haunts its institution.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] [~37] Miranda notices that she has stopped wearing her “diamond watch” because she does not need it anymore (“I can't stand it ticking over my heart”).


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Although she does not wear a watch, she knows that “everything in the world begins and ends exactly at the appointed time.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In a completely different time plane is placed a rock, the age of which, according to the omniscient Miss McGraw, is estimated at millions of years.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

With regard to this “geological miracle”, people's ideas about time are meaningless.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Time on the rock (and probably space) is subject to its own laws.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[5] When approaching the rock, the clock stops, and Miss McGraw explains this by the influence of magnetism.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

From that moment on, Mrs. Appleyard's confidence in control of time and life is replaced by general confusion caused by her inability to explain the riddles of the rock.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Vague premonitions


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The girls' conversations at the beginning of the film leave the impression that they know their future fate and are not at all alarmed by it, because “everything begins and ends exactly at the appointed time” (Miranda's words on a rock).


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[10] [13] As she approaches the rock, Irma thoughtfully says: “She has been waiting for us for a million years!” In one of the first scenes, Miranda warns Sarah that they will soon have to break up, so it's time for Sarah to “learn to love someone else.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

When she opens the gate leading to the rock, flocks of disturbed birds soar into the air, and the horses make an alarming laugh.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

An unkind premonition vaguely permeates the footage in which Miranda brings a large knife over a pink cake in the form of a heart and cuts it in half.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Heading to the rock, Miranda waves her hand to Poitiers as a sign of farewell, and this shot is repeated at the very end of the film, putting an end to the figurative structure of the picture.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[10] “Miranda knows much of what no one else knows — secrets. [~ 39] She knew she would not return [off the cliff],” [~ 40] Sarah later argues.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

On the other hand, while walking along the cliff, Irma predicts the fate of Sarah herself.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

She compares her to a deer that her father brought home and which, according to her mother, was “doomed... to death.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Secret love


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In chronological terms, it is also significant that the tragic events of the film fall on Valentine's Day, a time when birds form pairs.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[6] The director focuses on the fact that the onset of puberty in nature does not match in the world of college students.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[6] Communication between the sexes is hampered by artificial barriers erected by Victorian society in the person of the prim Mrs. Appleyard.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] The result is the unnatural separation characteristic of that period and the opposition of everything related to the soul and the body, material and supersensitive.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Few of those who wrote about the Picnic by the Hanging Rock did not note the eroticism inherent in the images of schoolgirls washing and tightening each other's corsets in translucent light dresses.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[1] For example, a venerable film critic The New York Times, analyzing the opening scenes of the film, found “sexual attractions everywhere: students to students, students to teachers, teachers to someone an unknown person, even a maid to the gardener.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Sensual connections between the residents of the college are outlined, leaving room for the audience's imagination.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[~ 42] Sarah dedicates love poems to Miranda, who warns her to learn to live without her.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Mademoiselle Poitier compares Miranda to Botticelli's Venus, [~ 43] while the latter waves her hand goodbye to her gentle gaze.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[10] The tipsy headmistress suddenly confesses to Poitier that she is completely dependent on Miss McGraw with her “male intelligence”, hysterically reproaching the missing friend for allowing “rape yourself on a rock.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

As the director recalls, after the American premiere, this side of the film caused the greatest resonance - from talking about youthful sexuality pushed out of school life to hints of same-sex platonic love.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[28] Wear himself considers the sexual aspect to be only part of the artistic whole.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[28] [~ 44] In interviews, he repeatedly made it clear that while working on the film he did not focus on the erotic side of the plot — he was more concerned about “sounds, smells, hair falling on his shoulders, images — just pictures” [28]:


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

That's not what I was interested in.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

For me, the main theme of the film was Nature, and girlish sensuality is as much an element of it as a lizard crawling on the surface of a rock.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

These are all elements of a single whole, part of the larger questions... I think the topic of sex here is drowning in something much more significant.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Social division


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Victorian society was clearly divided along class lines.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

This division is also evident in the Australian countryside, depicted in Weir's film.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[1] It is noted that the true Australians in the film are representatives of the lower strata, while the top of the social pyramid (Appleyard, Fitzguberts) cherishes its ties with the metropolis.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[1] Murray finds a semblance of sexual hierarchy in the Picnic world: the inhabitants of the lower levels of the social ladder (coachman, gardener, maid) are really happy, because they are closer to nature and live full sexual life.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[10] When Michael reproaches Albert that it is obscene to discuss the bodily delights of the girls they watch, he retorted: “You're thinking the same thing, but don't you dare say it.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Social inequality draws an invisible line between these young men of the same age.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Bliss believes that the portrayal of Bertie as a plebeian that recognizes the legality of his animal urges and does not interrupt communication with nature borders on a stereotype.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] The film inherited other stereotypical types from its literary source — a short-lived fat girl, an orphan flooded with tears, an unflappable headmistress, a charming Frenchwoman.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[10] [~ 46] Bertie carelessly whips wine from the throat of the bottle, relish discusses the “charms” of the girls, amuses (and does not frighten) an insect that has landed on his sleeve.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The spell of the rock is powerless against him, which allows him to save both Michael and Irma, and under this liberating influence, his friend also loses his original stiffness.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[~ 47] This type of “proletarian” hero living in harmony with Eid will be further developed in Weir's allegorical television film The Plumber (1979).


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

According to Bliss, the friendship between young men is somewhat artificially introduced into the narrative fabric as a kind of mirror for the relationship that connects Miranda with Sarah (Bertie's sister).


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] John Orr writes that “the duality and similarity of girls is enhanced by the duality of their male admirers”: their relationship is strengthened by mutual attraction to Miranda.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[19] According to this author, Miranda's disappearance leads to a secret attraction of young men to each other, but under the conditions of that time, hints of this attraction are even more vague than indications of girls falling in love with each other.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[19] [~ 48]


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Dreaming


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The first words of the film are spoken in the voice of Miranda, who lies in bed with her eyes closed.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

This is an inaccurate quote from Edgar Poe: “What we see and what we see in us is only a dream and a dream within another dream.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[~ 49] The motive of sleep is passed by a red thread throughout the film: the rock makes young people inexplicable drowsiness, communication between brother and sister takes place in the dream, on the night of Sarah's death, the camera stops at a picture of a sleeping woman (see illustration on the right).


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Cinematography enhances the onirical sensation: many scenes are shot in a slight haze, as if a veil was thrown on the camera.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] The lines opening Picnic from Po may contain a hint that the whole action of the film was seen sleeping Miranda, intoxicated by “a premonition of a wonderful day and promises of immortality.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] [22] [~ 50] In the world of this half-dream, Miranda appears to be the most desirable of all, but at the same time doomed to eternal virginity in the bosom of a rock, destined — like Leda — to the higher powers.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The plot part of the film depicts the escape of this immaculate ideal of female charm from a bored college and an attempt to come to her aid from a stranger in love.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[10] [~ 51]


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Working on the film


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Since the plot of the film does not contain the expected outcome and the development of the action is minimal, the main themes of the film are identified through scrupulous recreation of the historical environment and plausible reproduction atmosphere.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] This is the task of Wear: by starting the film as a detective, step by step to divert the viewer's attention from the police investigation and redirect it in a different direction.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

We had to work hard to create a hallucionatory, hypnotic rhythm so that you could stop being aware of what was happening, stop connecting one to the other, so that you could feel it stuffy air.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

I did everything I could to distract viewers from looking for a clue.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Wear conditionally divides the film into two parts.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In the first half, secrets accumulate, in the second half, a painful atmosphere of a situation is developed, from which there is no way out.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[6] There is an element of tension and claustrophobia in filming locations and interpersonal relationships:


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

I could focus on the outpost of the empire in the Australian bush, the invasion of an alien landscape, the oppressive nature of this corner of the empire, but as the disappearances caused psychological the situation occupied all my attention, these points receded into the background.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Actors


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

As an aspiring director from the cinematographic province, and also working on a very meager budget, Peter Weir could not count on star-level actors in his film.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Nevertheless, reviewers (and, in particular, the influential The New York Times) noted the successful selection of actors for the film.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[22] The roles of Albert, Michael and Miranda were played by aspiring actors, both of whom later became professional psychologists.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Vivien Gray, who played Miss McGraw, appears as the mysterious Cassandra and in Wear's next film, “The Last Wave” (1977).


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

College students were played by students of schools in South Australia.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

As the director himself notes, only here in modern Australians there is something left of the ideal beauty of the Pre-Raphaelites.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[21] He chose those who resembled photographs and portraits of the Victorian era in their appearance.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[21] Of the twenty girls who played in the film, most of them come from Adelaide.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[21] Although many of them have never played in movies again, their behavior in the frame is devoid of the deliberation, tension and awkwardness generally characteristic of non-professional actors.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The role of Mrs. Appleyard, whose tragic fate mirrored the fate of the entire school, and the Victorian period as a whole, required a tried and tested theater actress, preferably from England (where she came from the heroine herself).


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Initially, the role was planned to be given to Vivienne Merchant, the wife of the famous playwright Pinter, but due to health problems, she was replaced by another Englishwoman of strict stage training, Rachel Roberts.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[6] She largely repeated the fate of her heroine: the loss of her husband, alcoholism, suicide.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Interestingly, the fate of Merchant was similar.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Cinematography


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

During the creation of Picnic by the Hanging Rock and The Last Wave, Peter Weir spoke contemptuously about the possibilities of language, trying to convey as much information as possible with original cinematic receptions.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[11] Language for him is just a shadow of reality, and the story is conducted not so much through dialogues as through pauses and transitions between them.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[~ 52] Visual imagery refuses to obey the task of coherent presentation of the event series and becomes an end in itself.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[10] The sun-drenched images at the beginning of the film (“the most gentle play of light and shadow”, as S. IN. Kudryavtsev) [27] are gradually giving way to the twilight of cramped rooms, which reflects the gradual awareness of the heroes of all the horror of what happened on the rock.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[1] [~ 53]


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Andrey Plakhov described the result obtained by Weir and cameraman Russell Boyd as “the purest example of cinematic impressionism caressing and disturbing the eye.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[3] Landscape views were built and illuminated to imitate the works of Tom Roberts, Arthur Streeton and other artists from the Heidelberg School, which brought together Australian realists and impressionists.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[5] As one of the prototypes of the pictorial solution, the painting “Lost” by Frederick McCubbin (1886) is called.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[5] According to Plakhov, “the landscapes in this painting are as virgin as the missing schoolgirls, and as incomprehensible as the mystery of the emergence of life and its disappearance.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[3] The appearance of girls corresponds to the Victorian ideal of female beauty, known from the paintings of the Pre-Raphaelites.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[19] [~ 54] For some viewers, Pre-Raphaelite canvases also recall the mise-en-scenes built by Weir.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The magazine “American Cameraman” noted the blurred, soft, poetic “picture” that Russell Boyd achieved.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Bertie says that in a dream he saw his sister “as if in a fog”, but the whole film is replete with such smoky imagery.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[29] To achieve this effect, the filmmakers resorted to light-diffusing filters: from time to time it seems that a golden fleur is thrown over the camera.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] The director prefers long, atmospheric angles and highlights the most significant points with a barely noticeable slowdown in frame speed.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] He resorts to this technique, for example, when young men watch girls cross a stream: their slow motion gives the scene an erotic raid, reflecting the desire of peepers to delay memory every detail of what he saw.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[5] [23] [~ 55]


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

When the rock begins to affect adolescents, the density of cinematographic techniques thickens noticeably, reflecting violations in their perception of reality.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The camera peers at the girls passing by from the crevice in the rock, as if placing the viewer inside the rock, equating him with the inner strength of the rock, forcing him to voyeurism.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] The frame speed slows down, destroying the artistic illusion for a moment.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] The camera “goes crazy” — it moves vertically and diagonally, panning, while the phonogram is jammed by the disturbing sounds of Zamfir's flute.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[1] One day, she makes a 330-degree turn, absorbing the details of the surrounding landscape to eventually show the viewer how far the girls have come during this time into the depths of the rock.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

music


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The vinyl record with the film's soundtrack has not been re-released since 1976.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The soundtrack is built on the contrast of the classical music of great European composers (Bach, Mozart, Beethoven) with the ancient sounds of Gheorghe Zamfir's pan flute (see nay).


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[5] [~56] Wear recalls that Zamfir's music was introduced to him by producer Jim McElroy, who heard it himself on TV.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[28] Prior to this, composer Bruce Smeaton planned to accompany the views of the rock with the sounds of Alan Stewell's Celtic harp.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Observers note that the feeling of vague anxiety and anxiety is largely created by the opposition of unusual ethnic music with the textbook melodies of classical composers.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[7] [14] School scenes are most often accompanied by Beethoven's fifth piano concerto (The Emperor), the Fitzgubert's reception in honor of the governor with the sounds of the British anthem and The Little Night Serenade Mozart.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[1] With this counterpoint, the director once again emphasizes the awkwardness of the inclusions of European civilization into the Australian landscape.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Success with viewers and critics


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Picnic by the Hanging Rock as a largely non-profit project was filmed with the participation of the state represented by the Australian Film Commission.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Its budget was less than a million dollars, but by Australian standards of the 1970s it was a significant amount.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[30] It premiered in Adelaide on August 8, 1975.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[31] As a continuation of 1976, Picnic festival screenings took place in Taormina (July), Montreal (August) and Chicago (November).


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[31] In October 1976, Picnic was a success in Britain.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Eventually, 37 countries acquired the rights to show the film.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[20] He won the British Academy and the American Academy of Science Fiction and Horror Awards for Best Cinematography.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[32] Costume designer and sound engineer of the film were also nominated for the first prize, and screenwriter Cliff Green for the second prize.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The American public showed less interest in Picnic than the European public.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Only after the commercial and critical success of P. Weir, the apocalyptic thriller “The Last Wave” (1977), “Picnic by the Hanging Rock” was released in the US.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

This happened in February 1979.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[31] The costume tape with minimal development of action, being deprived of the usual action, did not become an event at the box office, as a result of which in the era of videotapes, the film became a rarity available in the United States very to a few moviegoers.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[14] In the USSR, the premiere took place ten years late — at the 1989 Moscow Film Festival.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In Australia, the film was a steady success and began to be perceived as a national treasure, [~ 57] as the first international film in the history of the country.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[~ 58] Every Valentine's Day, there are outdoor shows for tourists gathered at the foot of the Hanging Rock.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Director's cut


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In November 1998, the Criterion project released a re-edited (or director's) version of Picnic by the Hanging Rock on DVD.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[34] Unlike most director's versions of films, the updated Picnic has not become longer in duration, quite the contrary.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[7] Peter Weir cut out approximately six minutes of screen time from the new version:


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

at the beginning of the film — a small fragment hinting at the special closeness of Poitiers with the missing girls;


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Albert's initial suspicions that Mike followed the girls to the rock and was somehow involved in their disappearance;


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

unnecessary details of Irma's stay in the Fitzgubert house, her recovery and rapprochement with Mike;


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

the scene in the church has been reduced;


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The end of the film featured the sound of breaking glass on the night of Sarah's death and a scene in which Mrs. Appleyard tries to cover up the traces of a crime in her room in the morning.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Instead of the excluded scenes, a few phrases exchanged between Mike and Albert were added, and a very short episode: a reporter tries to photograph Mrs. Appleyard's college, but encounters the resistance of its leader.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The meaning of the changes was to cut off the narrative lines that dissipate the viewer's attention, making the story even more lapidary and consistent.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[7] The night of Sarah's death in the new version is accompanied by dead silence, which, according to Rainer, turns her death into “an ethereal, transcendental change, almost as incomprehensible as disappearances on the rock”, while maintaining certain hints of Mrs. Appleyard's guilt in what happened.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Reviews and criticism


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

In periodicals


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

“Weir's tedious, sunlit images are both seductive and nervous,” said a columnist for the American magazine Newsweek about the film.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[13] He reproached the director for his desire to convey a sense of mystical depth through “mood alone”.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Time magazine praised Picnic for the contrast between the sophisticated artistic manner in which the film is made and its “rather ferocious” theme.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[16] [~ 59] Taimuyu felt “sexual hysteria” under the roof in the film Roger Ebert: “Victorian views on sex when in contact with the terrible secrets of the ancient land generate events that are not in able to accommodate the modern mind.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[7] Vincent Canby, in The New York Times, attributed Weir's film to the genre of Australian Gothic (“romantic horror”) and drew a parallel between it and the works of the American Hawthorne, who the landscapes of the New World were also occupied by questions of the spiritual and moral heritage of their native country.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[22] He saw the uniqueness of Picnic in the fact that Gothic problems were transplanted from northern Europe into the “world of sunlight”.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[22] [~ 60]


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Those who spoke about the film years later (including in connection with the release of the reedited version) rated it even more clearly.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Ebert's Chicago Sun-Times film partner, Jim Emerson, was delighted with the film: “Is there a greater nightmare for the mind than contemplation of a mystery that does not have satisfactory an explanation?” [36] [~ 61] James Berardinelli believes that in this film, Wear touched the mystery of life itself, namely, that not everything in it can be rationally explained.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[14] Among Russian film critics, he spared no colors to describe “Picnic by the Hanging Rock” by S. IN. Kudryavtsev, who called it “one of the most mysterious and beautiful films in the history of world cinema”, “an amazing film poem”, “the triumph of the impressionist style”.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Interpretations by film critics


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

If the first reviewers of Picnic by the Hanging Rock brought the picture closer to the tradition of the European arthouse (Antonioni), the historical distance allows us to see in it a harbinger of the origin of an original Australian cinema.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Weir's film is mentioned in all reviews of “new Australian cinema” as one of the first and most characteristic examples of this trend.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[2] [19] [20] [~ 62] In the wake of the success of Picnic, Australian cinema has become associated with carefully calibrated costume dramas.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[37] [38] Meanwhile, the genre nature of this film is much less unambiguous.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

For Murray, this is more of an example of a “fantasy film” in the spirit of Polanski: by the will of the director, the viewer is forced to hesitate between mutually exclusive explanations of mysterious events — rational and supernatural.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[10] In the literature, you can also find ratings of Picnic as a film with an apocalyptic theme.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[24] [~ 63]


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Michael Bliss, in his extensive study of Weir's work, notes that the world of Picnic is full of antagonisms; it contrasts masculine and feminine, Australian and European civilization and nature.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] The college's outdated, conservative values contrast with the primitive savagery of its natural environment.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The events on the rock can be interpreted as an attempt by natural forces to restore the disturbed balance, to combine the bodily and spiritual principles of human nature completely divorced in the Victorian era.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] In this sense, the death of Mrs. Appleyard and the collapse of her establishment are tantamount to a return to natural state of affairs.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] Everything that seemed so unshakable at the beginning of the film collapses in the course of the action, and the very usual mechanism of cause-effect relationships is constantly questioned.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] [~ 64] Unexplained incidents on the rock inexorably expose the dark side of college life and Victorian (generally Western) civilization, which turns out to be a building built on the sand supplanted sexual impulses and attractions, sometimes sadomasochistic orientation.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[13] [~ 65]


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Thematically similar films


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Stromboli by Roberto Rossellini (1950) - the geological forces of the volcano of the same name make the heroine Ingrid Bergman (foreigner and citizen) feel the emptiness of her life in a Sicilian village, experiencing a powerful epistemological shock.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Adventure (1960) and Photomagnification (1966) are Michelangelo Antonioni's epoch-making films for the history of cinema.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The central event in both films turns into a gaping, leaving more questions than answers in itself.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[20] The earlier film, like Picnic, is divided into two parts, the first of which revolves around a riddle, and the second takes the viewer aside without any explanation.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

“Photomagnification” is declared as a detective story, but all attempts of the protagonist to break through to the truth end in nothing.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Time magazine considers Antonioni's influence on Picnic clear, [16] and Wear himself does not deny his admiration for the Italian director.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Birds (1963) is a psychological thriller by Alfred Hitchcock, in which the mortal threat to people comes from aggressive (for unknown reasons) birds. [24]


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

With Picnic, Hitchcock's film brings birds and people closer to each other and a fundamental refusal to interpret mysterious events.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

“The Bypass” (1971) is a parable film shot in Australia by Nicholas Rogue about the attempts of European teenagers to become related to native nature and civilization.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

As Ebert noted, at the center of both “Bypass” and “Picnic” are the experiences of girls on the verge of maturity.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The Last Wave (1977) is Weir's next film, where behind the surface of Europeanized Australia lies a different, more fundamental reality, about which modern Australians prefer nothing know (Newsweek).


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Society of Dead Poets (1989) is Weir's return to the topic of psychological oppression of students of a school isolated from the outside world.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

As in Picnic, students are driven by a desire to free themselves from the shackles of retrograde education.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[15] Both films feature initiation rituals that take place in a territory forbidden for students.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Puberty of the characters in both films does not lead to the formation of full-fledged sexual relations.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

David Lin's Journey to India (1984) is an adaptation of the famous novel by E.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

M. Forster (1924) about two women who set out to explore the “real” India, and more specifically, the mysterious Marabar caves.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[7] The ongoing conflict between European and native civilizations leads to the fact that a local resident is falsely accused of sexual violence.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

David Lynch's Twin Peaks (1990) is a mystical anti-detective story: the investigation into the murder of a young beauty reveals the dark side of her personality, and the threads of crime lead to other worlds and dimensions.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Jim Emerson calls it, like Picnic, a “symphony of torment” about the fundamental impenetrability of the mystery of the crime.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Suicide Virgins (1999) - Sofia Coppola's film debut echoes Weir's film both plot and imagery.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[39] According to Plakhov, in both films “purity and beauty prefer to leave this world unstained — without any explanation.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

White Ribbon (2009) is a film by Michael Haneke about the consequences of psychological violence against adolescents in a conservative society of the early 20th century.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

As in Weir's work, the real culprit of the inexplicable events of the film is society.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

The central default trick is akin to Picnic.


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

[~ 66] According to Plakhov, “Wear anticipated the sad anti-detectives that became fashionable at the turn of the century.”


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Notes


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

comments


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Sources


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

References


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

on IMDb


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

at Rotten Tomatoes


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

at AllMovie


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Category:Australian drama films


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Category:Films directed by Peter Weir


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Category:Mystery dramas


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Category:Australian horror films


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Category: 1975 horror films


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Category:Australian thriller films


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Category:Films based on novels


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Category:Victorian England films


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Category:Australian independent films


Question: Who wrote the script for Picnic by Hanging Rock?

Picnic by Hanging Rock

Category: 1975 Australian films


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Dizel trip (colloquially “diesel”) is a type of motor-car rolling stock that receives energy from diesel engines.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Diesel trains are not an independent type (class) of railway rolling stock, but are used as rolling stock for passenger transportation in suburban, interregional, local traffic on non-electrified, as well as partially electrified lines, in high-speed intercity traffic, as well as service (repair, track measuring, etc.) transport.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Design


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

A diesel train is formed from motor (performing the function of traction) and trailer cars.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Motor cars are equipped with diesel engines.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Similar to diesel locomotives, various types of gears are used to transfer torque from the diesel shaft to the wheelsets of a motor car — mechanical, hydraulic, electric.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Carriages with control cabins are called head cars.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Motor cars, as a rule, are head cars.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Passengers are accommodated in all cars of the diesel train.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

On some trains, there are compartments for luggage, post offices, as well as bars and restaurants.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

The diesel compartment is separated by noise-insulating partitions from the driver's cab and from the passenger compartment.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Sometimes only one head car is equipped with a power plant in diesel trains.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

The second one has only the driver's cab, equipped with all the devices necessary for remote control of the power plant of another head car.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Thus, in some diesel trains of the DR1P series built by the Riga Carriage Works, the third and fourth trailer cars were equipped with remote control cabins to the need to operate a diesel train as two independent three-car trains, each operating, respectively, on one motor car.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

After the collapse of the USSR and the independence of Latvia and Estonia, due to a sharp reduction in the composition of domestic motor-car trains in these countries, many diesel trains of the series The DR1 were converted into three-car trains with one motor head car and a remote control head car.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Lithuania also circulates the so-called “modernized” diesel trains DR1A in a three-car composition with a car with a remote control cabin, and in the latter twenty-two out of eighty six seats have the status of “superior” seats [1].


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

A four-car composition of a diesel train with one motor head car and a remote control head car is also practiced.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

History


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

USSR


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Before the Great Patriotic War, diesel railcars were operated in the USSR, and in the post-war period, due to reparations, diesel trains began to arrive from Germany and Hungary to service various routes in Belarus, the Baltic States and southern regions of the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

In the 1950s, the Hungarian MAVAG plant built several six-car diesel trains of the DP series, running on the Moscow-Leningrad route.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Later, until the mid-1980s, this plant built several hundred diesel trains of the D and (since the 1960s) D1 series, which operated on many railways of the USSR, and still operate on Ukraine, Moldova, etc.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

In the Soviet Union, the production of diesel trains of the DR1 series was mastered at the Riga Carriage Works in 1963.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Germany


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

In Germany, diesel trains began to be built and operated in the 1930s.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

In particular, the first regular high-speed passenger route was serviced by the Flying Hamburger diesel train On February 17, 1936, the Leipzig diesel train set a world speed record for trains of that time — 205 km/h.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Diesel trains were also built for export, in particular, to Turkey [2].


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Some of the German diesel trains were transferred to the USSR for reparations.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

After the Second World War, the development of diesel trains both in Germany and throughout Europe continued, and new models of such trains are being built and developed to this day.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Hungary


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

At the turn of the 1920s and 1930s, the production of diesel trains was organized by MAVAG in Hungary [3].


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

After the Great Patriotic War, ten Hungarian-made diesel trains, originally built for Argentina, were delivered to the USSR as reparations [4].


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

In the 1950s and 1980s, the same enterprise built many hundreds of diesel trains of the D and D1 series for the USSR.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Production and use


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Russia and the countries of the former USSR


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

In Russia, diesel trains are mass-produced by the Metrovagonmash plant [5] (formerly also the Demikhovsky Machine-Building Plant - by order of Belarus, on the basis of sections of the diesel locomotive 2M62 [6] - and Torzhoksky car building plant (diesel-electric train DT1)); in Ukraine — Luganskteplovoz OJSC [7].


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

In Latvia, several years after the collapse of the USSR, diesel trains were produced by the Riga Carriage Works.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Tver Carriage Works also built trailer cars for diesel trains [8].


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

North America


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

In the United States and Canada, diesel trains are quite widespread and are produced by the Canadian branch of Bombardier and the American Colorado Railcar.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Australia


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

In Australia, diesel trains are often used on medium-length intercity routes.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

The rolling stock is imported from other countries.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Europe


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

In Germany, in 1933, the first high-speed diesel train, the Flying Hamburger, began regular operation, serving the Berlin-Hamburg route.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

In the 1950s and 1960s, the Trans Europe Express network appeared in Europe, connecting cities in Germany, France, Italy and the Netherlands.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

In Germany, Cargo Sprinter diesel freight trains were also produced, which were used as an alternative to freight road transportation on medium-length routes.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Seredin of the 1950s to this day, passenger diesel trains are widespread in the UK.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Diesel trains manufactured by Siemens, Bombardier and Alstom are operated in many European countries, such as Austria, Greece, Denmark, etc.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Asia


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Since the 1980s, diesel trains have been actively built and used in South Korea.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

The manufacturer is Rotem (a division of Hyundai Motor Group Corporation).


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

In addition, the manufacturers of diesel trains are the Indian company Integral Coach Factory, the Japanese Niigata Trensis and the Turkish TYUVASASH.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Malaysia imports Siemens Desiro diesel trains.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

It is planned to build high-speed diesel train lines in Thailand.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

In the 1950s, Israel imported several diesel trains manufactured by Esslingen, Germany.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Due to their lack of reliability, they were later converted into ordinary cars.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

In 1992-1995, 50 IC3 formulations were imported from Denmark, which are actively used.


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

See also


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Railcar


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Rail bus


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Electric train


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Diesel electric train


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Notes


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

Literature


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train

References


Question: When did the first diesel trains appear?

Diesel train


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

Judaism and Christianity


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

The article describes the history of interaction between the two religions, as well as the views of their authoritative figures on each other


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

Comparison between Christianity and Judaism


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

Christianity historically arose in the religious context of Judaism during the Second Temple: Jesus himself (Hebrew:) and his direct followers (apostles) were born and brought up Jews; many Jews, as well as Greeks and Romans [1], perceived them as one of the many Jewish sects [2].


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

Thus, according to, at the trial of the Apostle Paul, Paul himself declares himself a Pharisee () [3], and at the same time he is named on behalf of the high priest and Jewish elders; the term “Nazareth” (Hebrew:) [4] also is repeatedly mentioned as a characteristic of Jesus himself, which seems to correspond to the Jewish status of the Nazirs ().


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

The first “apostles and prophets” who followed His teachings continued to consider themselves Jews by religion, and for them the books included in the Old Testament were the scriptures.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

For Christians, the main sacred text was the translation of the Jewish Bible into Greek, made in Alexandria of Egypt in the 3rd century BC.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

— the so-called Septuagint.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

The Septuagint was recognized as inspired primarily by Jews living outside Palestine, many of whom no longer knew the Hebrew language.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

Christians, even those who knew Hebrew and Aramaic very well, and even those who still use Aramaic in the liturgy, considered and consider the Septuagint to be the main inspired the book because it only says directly and unequivocally that the Messiah will be born a virgin (in all other texts of the Tanakh, this place can be understood as both a “virgin” and a “young woman”) .


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

Subsequently, the accusations of the Jews by Gentile Christians that the Jews deliberately distorted the texts of the Tanakh other than the Septuagint were removed from them, and, starting with Irenaeus of Lyon, still considering the Septuagint to be the main book, they also turned to other canonical texts of the Tanakh in ancient Judaism to understand and interpret the Old Testament, although for the first time a division different from the Septuagint the text and the use of mainly Masoretic text for translation into modern languages was carried out only by Martin Luther.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

[5] The sanctity of the “Law and the Prophets”, as Christians usually referred to the Jewish religious books available through the Septuagint, did not allow for a long time to create new sacred books, and the Christian the doctrine was distributed mainly orally.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

The congregation of Christians in the Epistle to the Hebrews is called a synagogue (the word “Assembly” is given in the synodal translation).


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

While in the gospels of Judeo - Christians and Oxirinha logics, the observance of Jewish rituals, in particular the celebration of the Sabbath, was mandatory for everyone, record which Gnostic heretics became, some of whom were anti-Semites and even sought to reject the Old Testament, not only abandon these demands, but also try to distance themselves from the Jews at all.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

In the 2nd century, supporters of Gnostic teachings spoke out against rituals in general, including even against prayers, in particular, because Christians prayed in synagogues.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

The Gnostics began to write the New Testament, and supporters of Orthodox Christianity also began to write it down to counter the Gnostics.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

At the same time, there was no clear boundary between the Gnostics and the Orthodox as a whole.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

More or less, but not completely, the Gnostics were separated only from Judeo-Christians — Jews and Samaritans and members of their communities of another who continued to pray in synagogues and perform the rituals of Judaism origin.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

However, as a result of the struggle against Gnosticism, accompanied by some concessions by Orthodox Christians to attract believers from the Gnostic communities, the tendency to dissociate themselves from Judaism is especially noticeable after the defeat of the anti-Roman uprising of Bar Kokhba in Judea in 132-135, then clearly affects the descriptions of the trial of Jesus, in the acquittal of Pilate.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

Pilate's acquittal pursued two goals at once: reconciliation with the Roman authorities and accusing the Jews of the death of Christ.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

Although complete separation from Judaism did not immediately occur, and then, and even after the final separation of the Old Testament (when interpreted in accordance with the Holy Tradition of Christians) and Shema remained the basis of the faith of Christians, but Christianity and Judaism gradually interfered, and at the First Council of Nicene, the Fathers of the Church, like the Greco-Roman world, declared the Jews a despicable people, postponed the day off with Saturdays to Sunday, like all faithful subjects of Rome, and also forbade Christians to pray and perform any rituals in synagogues.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

Only then did a formal break with Judaism occur.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

But even after the First Council of Nicene, for some time, the influence and example of Judaism were probably so strong and convincing that, in the opinion of Christian pastors, they represented a significant danger to their flock, especially due to the continued joint conduct of rituals by Catholics, heretics and Jews in synagogues.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

Therefore, the heir to the controversy with the “Jews” in the letters of the New Testament was the fierce criticism of Judaism and the participation of Christians in its rituals in the sermons of such a father of the church as John Chrysostom, almost through 100 years after the First Council of Nicaea.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

Jewish origins and influences on Christian worship


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

Christian worship and traditional forms of public veneration bear a trace of Jewish origin and influence; [8] the very idea of church worship (that is, a gathering of believers for prayers, reading Scriptures and sermons) is borrowed from the synagogue service.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

In Christian worship, the following elements borrowed from Judaism can be distinguished:


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

Reading passages from the Old and New Testaments during the service — Christian version, reading the Torah and the Book of the Prophets — in the synagogue;


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

The important place that Psalms occupy in Christian worship;


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

Some early Christian prayers are borrowings or revisions of Jewish originals: “Apostolic Decrees” (7:35-38); “Didache” (“Teaching of the Twelve Apostles”) ch.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

9-12; Prayer “Our Father” (cf. Kaddish);


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

The Jewish origin of many prayer formulas is obvious.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

For example, amen (Amen), hallelujah (Galilujah), and hosanna (Hosha'na);


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

It is possible to find a commonality of some Christian rituals (sacraments) with Jewish ones, although transformed in a specific Christian spirit.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

For example, the ordinance of baptism (cf. Circumcision and Mikvah);


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

The most important Christian sacrament, the Eucharist, is a memory of Jesus' last meal with his disciples (the Last Supper, identified with the Easter meal) and includes such traditional Jewish elements Passover celebrations like broken bread and a bowl of wine.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

Jewish influence can be seen in the formation of the daily liturgical circle, especially in the service of the hours (or the Liturgy of the Hours in the Western Church).


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

It is also possible that some elements of early Christianity that clearly go beyond the norms of Pharisee Judaism may have come from various forms of sectarian Judaism.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

Fundamental differences


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

The main difference between Judaism and Christianity is made up of the three main dogmas of Christianity: Original Sin, the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, and the Atonement of Sins by His Death.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

For Christians, these three dogmas are designed to solve problems that would otherwise be insoluble.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

From the point of view of Judaism, these problems simply do not exist.


Question: Is the meaning of life in Christianity different from the Jewish one?

Judaism and Christianity

The Doctrine of Original Sin.