Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

Since the 1960s, aluminum alloy armor in the form of rolled plates has been widely used in the structures of light armored combat vehicles of the ground forces - BMD, BRM, infantry fighting vehicles, light tanks and self-propelled guns, as well as on a number of special vehicles created on their basis, which have the ability to land and, in some cases, overcome deep water bodies without preparation.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

The widespread use of aluminum armor was based on a number of its advantages, of which the main ones were: saving the mass of the armored hull made of aluminum alloys in comparison with equally resistant steel; effective protection against penetrating radiation, faster release from induced radiation caused by gamma radiation and neutron fluxes; and less armor than steel armor fragmentation.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

Over the past decades, the nature and methods of warfare have changed significantly.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

The current geopolitical situation related to the struggle for resources dictates the need for the rapid deployment of mobile forces.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

The priority is the requirement to protect the vehicle (crew) from modern weapons, the low level of which is not compensated by any mobility and maneuverability.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

The range of standard means of destruction of equipment of the ground forces has also undergone significant changes.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

Mine resistance and resistance to shock-wave (high-explosive) effects began to occupy an important place.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

Local conflicts of the last decade (Iraq and Afghanistan) have convincingly confirmed the demand for aluminum armor as a material capable of effectively withstanding shock wave loading, characterized by high survivability under the action of high-density fragmentation fields and bullets of automatic infantry weapons, a relatively cheap technology for its production and processing into products at the presence of a fairly wide industrial base for the manufacture of armor, and its relatively low cost, in comparison, for example, with titanium and composite armor.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

It is important to note that when large-caliber armor-piercing shells are fired at tank and anti-tank guns, aluminum alloy plates behave brittle, which is why, as well as because of the large required armor thickness (construction height) reaching, say, 200 mm or more, cannot be used independently as part of welded armored hulls and armored towers of main tanks.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

Requirements for aluminum armor of combat vehicles


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

In addition to a given level of armor properties, one of the main requirements for aluminum armor of combat vehicles is its weldability using a relatively simple technology suitable for mass production of armored hulls.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

Equally important is the requirement for increased resistance to stress corrosion cracking, which is relevant for welded joints of plates made of zinc-containing aluminum alloys.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

Armor thicknesses used


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

Aluminum armor of light category combat vehicles in thicknesses up to 30-45 mm is designed to protect against fragments of 100—122 mm, 152—155 mm high-explosive fragmentation shells of field artillery and 7.62-12.7 mm armor-piercing bullets of automatic infantry weapons.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

If it is necessary to protect the crew of the armored vehicle around from 7.62 mm B-32 armor-piercing bullets (7.62 × 54 mm cartridge) or AP M2 (7.62 × 63 mm cartridge) when firing from distances of 75 — 150 m, aluminum thickness the sides and stern armor plates in practice are 38... 43 mm.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

To protect against 12.7 mm armor-piercing bullets, the thickness of these armor elements must be increased to values not lower than 65... 75 mm.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

In NATO countries, the requirements for the protection of light category vehicles are determined by the STANAG 4569 (Edition 2) standard.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

In foreign tank construction, aluminum armor in thicknesses of 50-70 mm and above is used for differentiated protection against 14.5 mm armor-piercing bullets and small-caliber, caliber from 20 to 30 mm, armor-piercing shells (one-piece and subcaliber APDS-T type) both independently (M113 armored personnel carrier, M551 Sheridan and Scorpion light tanks, AMX-10P infantry fighting vehicle, Simiter BRM) and in combination with steel screens in the form of posted booking, see below.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

In particular, the welded armored hulls of the family of vehicles based on the Scorpion light tank are made of rolled armor plates E74S (since the 1980s 7017 according to the international alloy designation system) with a thickness of 20 to 60 mm [1].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

When replacing the steel armor of the armored hull with aluminum, due to the higher rigidity of aluminum plates and the rejection of a number of parts of the rigid set, the weight of the armored body is reduced by about 25-30 percent (while maintaining bulletproof resistance), even if there are no savings on the armor itself [2].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

The rigidity of the armor plate is generally proportional to the thickness cube, and taking into account the difference in the elastic modulus of steel and aluminum, the aluminum armor plate will be nine times stiffer than a steel armor plate of equal mass.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

The example of the M113 armored personnel carrier (USA) is illustrative.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

Despite the fact that the used armor made of aluminum-magnesium alloy 5083 in terms of resistance to 7.62 mm armor-piercing bullets was slightly inferior to steel armor [3], the assembled M113 armored body, which is equally resistant to steel variant T117, turned out to be 750 kg lighter [4].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

An even greater gain can be obtained by using armor with higher bulletproof resistance, which, in turn, reacts positively to an increase in the strength and hardness of the alloy.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

In addition, the use of curvilinear armor plates obtained by pressing and stamping in the structures of armored hulls makes it possible to further reduce the number of welded joints the complexity of making the machine.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

Bulletproof and anti-gun resistance of aluminum armor


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

The bulletproof and anti-tank resistance of light alloy armor, as well as other types of rolled homogeneous armor, is determined by the combination of its strength, plastic and viscous properties, and not only absolute level of hardness.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

As was determined in the pre-war and war years A.S.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

Zavyalov, P.O.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

Pashkov and employees (TsNII-48), the value of the plastic and viscous properties of armor increases with an increase in the thickness of the armor, the caliber of the striking agent, its impact speed, as well as during the transition to a striking element (fragment) with a blunt head shape [6].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

With an increase in the hardness of aluminum armor (according to Brinell) from 80 to 140 HB units, its bulletproof resistance, determined by the maximum penetration rate, when fired both at normal and at angles is growing.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

At the same time, according to Kaiser Aluminum, the leading manufacturer of 7039 aluminum armor in the United States, homogeneous plates made of aluminum alloys of the Al‒Zn‒Mg system with a strength above 50 kgf/mm2 (HB ≥ 150 units) when fired at 12.7 mm and 20 mm with fragmentation simulators (blunt heads with a height equal to the diameter of the cylinder), they are destroyed with the formation of such significant splitting damage that for armor, practically are unsuitable [7].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armor

With an increase in the caliber of the damaging agent, it is necessary to increase the plasticity and viscosity of the alloy and, accordingly, to reduce the level of its doping.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Thus, to protect against armor-piercing shells of calibers 20-30 mm, the plasticity index (relative elongation), which provides the maximum level of armor resistance, must be at least 8-12%, which corresponds to Brinell hardness of 130-140 HB units (1300-1400 MPa) [8].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Experts have long noticed that the effectiveness of aluminum armor in comparison with steel increases with an increase in the caliber of the armor-piercing bullet.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Thus, when firing a 7.62 mm armor-piercing bullet along the normal at a speed of 840-850 m/s, armor made of heat-strengthened 7039-T64 alloy, which is equally resistant to steel, has a 6% less mass.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

For a 12.7 mm armor-piercing bullet, this advantage is already about 13%, and for a 14.5 mm bullet - 19%.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

English armor made of alloy 7017 from Alcan Co.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

(an improved version of alloy 7039 with increased strength and corrosion resistance) when fired by a 14.5 mm armor-piercing bullet provides a weight gain of 20% compared to equal-resistant steel armor [3].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In the range of angles of 30‒45°, steel armor is more effective when firing 7.62 and 12.7 mm with armor-piercing bullets [9].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Under these conditions, transverse destruction of steel cores of armor-piercing bullets from bending stresses takes place on steel armor.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

This effect, however, is much weaker or absent when firing aluminum alloy armor.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Despite the possibility of destruction of the armor-piercing core from transverse fractures, its ogival part does not work under any conditions of interaction with aluminum armor.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

At angles of fire above 45‒50°, in particular at ricochet angles, aluminum armor again surpasses steel.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

With this in mind, the use of bulletproof aluminum armor in the structures of towers of light vehicles is advisable when their side walls are located at angles (from the vertical) of 50-55°.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

With this design, the maximum saving of the tower mass is achieved.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

An example is the tower of the Fox reconnaissance vehicle, the walls of which are made of bent in shape and welded all-pressed V-shaped profiles [10] [11].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The frontal armor of the Fox vehicle from the front directions of fire can withstand damage by a 14.5 mm armor-piercing bullet when fired from a distance of 200 m [12].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In structures where the angles of inclination of the walls are 30‒45°, it is advisable to use steel armor.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In practice, hybrid structures with an aluminum armored body and a steel turret are used, in particular the Sheridan light tank, the Warrior infantry fighting vehicle (Great Britain) and other vehicles.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

When fired with a 14.5 mm armor-piercing bullet, 7039 aluminum armor surpasses homogeneous steel armor of medium hardness RHA in the entire range of angles of fire.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The maximum gain, reaching 26%, is observed at ricochet angles, which, as with the action of ammunition of other calibers, is due to the relatively lower resistance of the barrier material from the lung alloy in the tangent direction.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Aluminum armor is superior to steel armor when fired with small-caliber armor-piercing shells (all-body types BT, BZT and subcaliber BPS with separation) at large angles close to the ricochet angles, therefore, aluminum plates with a thickness of 50-70 mm are successfully used to protect light machines.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The advantage of aluminum alloy armor is due to their higher specific energy intensity (the amount of energy per unit of the displaced volume of the barrier material), as well as to the higher bending stiffness of aluminum armor plates of the same mass as steel ones.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

At angles of fire exceeding 45—50°, the length of the pothole and the displaced volume of metal on the aluminum armor are significantly larger compared to steel armor under similar collision conditions, which determines the advantage of aluminum armor.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

At the same time, the armor resistance, estimated by the limiting penetration rate by a given means, is generally determined by the expression


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Vα= Vα=0/cosnα,


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

where α is the angle of armor firing (from normal),


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

n — characterizes the shear force of the armor material in the tangent direction.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

To take advantage of aluminum armor in the design of the armored hull, the upper frontal parts (VLD) of the armored hull are located at large (70-80°) angles of inclination, which facilitate the ricocheting caliber and subcaliber armor-piercing shells on them, which is implemented, in particular, in the design of the frontal unit of the AMX-10R and M551 Sheridan infantry fighting vehicles.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Spaced steel screen booking scheme


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

By the early 1980s, an important direction in improving light alloy armor was its use in structural protection schemes — spaced armor with steel screens.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Such protection proved to be in demand with the appearance in the cannon armament of armored combat vehicles of shots with armor-piercing subcaliber shells of the APDS-T type, initially carbide (tungsten carbide on a cobalt bond) - cartridges 20 × 139 mm “Hispano-Suiza” RINT (Switzerland), OPTSOC (France) and DM63 (Germany), in a new generation of small-caliber ammunition, adopted by the early 1980s, were replaced by heavy alloy tungsten alloys - 25 × 137 mm cartridges M791 (USA) and Oerlikon TLB [13].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

This made it possible to significantly increase the armor penetration effect of small-caliber shots, in particular, at large angles (α≥60°) of collision with armor.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

To date, NATO infantry fighting vehicles meet the requirements for the protection of crews of the STANAG 4569 standard, level 4 (side projection, heading angle 90°) and level 5 (frontal projection machines, heading angle ±30°), representing, in fact, the minimum (mandatory) level of requirements.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The latter, in turn, are based on the level of protection implemented in the basic cars of the 1980s M2A1 Bradley (USA) and Marder 1 (Germany).


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Practical examples of using a spaced steel+aluminum armor scheme with steel screens mounted on top of the main bolted aluminum armor are combat infantry vehicles: BMP-3 (Russia), M2 Bradley (USA), Dardo (Italy).


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The purpose of the steel screen (screens) made of high-hardness steel is to take on the main impulse of the striking agent, destabilize the armor-piercing core oriented in the direction velocity vector and, if possible, violation of its integrity or geometry due to destruction or operation.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

At the same time, the main armor, taking into account the actual angle of approach of the ammunition, holds the deployed armor-piercing core or its fragments that have lost its original orientation [14].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In the early 1970s, the US Army Ballistics Laboratory Ballistic Research Laboratory for the XM723 developed [15] and patented [16] armor protection “spaced-laminate steel/aluminum armor system” - spaced armor with hinged steel shields made of multi-hard steel in the frontal part and along the sides of the aluminum armored hull.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

FMC Corporation [17] (USA) applied the development on a number of combat vehicles with an aluminum armored body of its own design: XM765, AIFV, XM723, XM2/XM3 and M2 Bradley.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The protection system consists of an external shield made of multi-hard DPSA steel (with a layer hardness of 60/50 HRC) and internal screens 100-200 mm apart from the main armor and bolted to it.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In terms of resistance to specified weapons, this armor surpassed all armor materials in production at that time [18].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Common to the vehicles of this line was the hard-to-implement requirement to protect the onboard projection of vehicles (heading angle 90°) from 14.5 mm B-32 armor-piercing bullets of the KPVT machine gun.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The difficulty was caused by the excessive overall thickness of aluminum armor, which was at least 100-120 mm, or 35-45 mm of steel, depending on the specified firing distance.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The adopted design solution, based on the use of a spaced protection scheme with crushing screens made of high-hardness steel together with the main armor made of aluminum alloy, made it possible, due to impact on the steel core of 14.5 mm of the B-32 bullet, cause its destruction.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The weight gain obtained at the same time amounted to about 40%.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Later it was found that steel screens of ultra-high hardness (HB ≥600 or HRC 58-62), made of steels of types Armox-600S, Armox-600T or similar in a homogeneous version, provide effective crushing of steel cores of armor-piercing bullets of calibers 12.7 and 14.5 mm and operation of heavy alloy cores of 25 mm subcaliber projectiles of the APDS-T type.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In general, the use in the design of the armored hull and turret of spaced steel+aluminum armor schemes with external steel screens, compared to the basic steel armored hull, made it possible, comparable protection requirements (14.5 mm B-32 bullet for sides; and 20 and 25 mm APDS-T BPS for frontal projection) of two types of infantry fighting vehicles M2A1 Bradley (USA) and Marder 1 (Germany), ensure their implementation with a significantly lower combat weight of the M2 Bradley BMP by 5 tons.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The latter for both cars at the beginning of the 1980s were 22.6 and 27.5 tons, respectively.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Noteworthy is the option developed by 1989 by the Israeli company Rafael and implemented in practice in 1991-1993 to strengthen the protection of the US ILC floating machine AAV7 (LVTP-7).


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Increasing the protection of the vehicle was achieved by installing a set of hinged passive protection on the sides of the armored hull, including inclined sides, on the roof of the landing compartment and on the manhole covers of three crew members AAV7A1.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

EAAK (Enhanced Applique Armor Kit) kit name.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Set weight is 1996 kg. It consists of a large number of steel armor plates (high-hardness steel in a homogeneous version) of small dimensions, installed on the sides wedge-shaped at an angle of 45° from the vertical.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The maximum removal of tiles from the main armor is 215 mm.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Fastening the kit elements to the armored body with bolts.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

As a result of the installation of the EAAK kit for the onboard projection of the machine, in particular, [19]:


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Impenetrability with a probability of 0.95 by a 12.7-mm B-32/DShKM armor-piercing bullet at muzzle velocity.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Impenetration with a probability of 0.95 by a 14.5 mm B-32/KPVT armor-piercing bullet from a distance of 300 m.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Non-penetration with a probability of 0.99 by fragments of 155 mm OF the projectile during an air detonation at a distance of 15 m.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Significant reduction in the armor effect of cumulative weapons due to a decrease in the solid angle of dispersion of armor fragments from 110 to 35°.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

By the beginning of the 2000s, the basic requirement for the new generation of infantry fighting vehicles, the combat weight of which reached 26... 28... 30 tons, was to provide protection in the front sector of fire from 30 mm armor-piercing feathered subcaliber tracer projectile (BOPTS) [20] [21].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Another fundamental requirement is the non-defeat of the frontal projection by means of close combat with a cumulative warhead.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Due to the increased requirements for the protection of new vehicles, the modular principle of building armor protection for the hull and turret is becoming widespread.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

This principle makes it possible to strengthen the protection of the vehicle when the enemy has more effective means of destruction, as well as as as the armor technology improves [22].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Armored modules use design solutions (multi-barrier circuits) and materials that together provide higher dynamic resistance to the introduction of an armor-piercing core of increased elongation (l/d ≥ 10-12), that is, characterized by an increased specific (transverse) load on the armor.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

An example of the use of hinged passive protection modules on the main structure of an armored hull and turret made of aluminum armor is the French VBCI infantry fighting vehicle, the floating armored personnel carrier of the US Marine Corps EFV and new Korean infantry fighting vehicle K21 (NIFV).


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The VBCI Véhicule blindé de combat d'infanterie BMP is equipped with THD armored modules containing steel and titanium barriers (modules can be replaced in the field) and providing protection against small-caliber armor-piercing subcaliber shells and close combat weapons with a cumulative RPG-7 warhead.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Much attention is paid to the mine protection of the bottom of the VBCI armored hull.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The protection of the K21 armored hull is represented by basic aluminum armor made of alloy 2519, and by modules of hinged combined armor ceramic/fiberglass.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Medium to High Hardness Aluminum Armor


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In the world tank industry, two groups of welded aluminum alloys with different levels of strength and hardness are used for the manufacture of homogeneous aluminum armor.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The first group includes non-heat-strengthened aluminum-magnesium alloys and heat-strengthened aluminum-zinc-magnesium alloys of medium hardness.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Alloys of this group are characterized by strength σB 300—420 MPa, Brinell hardness, HB 80-120 units and have the best indicators of anti-fragmentation resistance.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

These include alloys: 5083 and Alcan D54S, Alcan D74S (7020) and 7018.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The second group of alloys, alloys of increased hardness, includes Al-Zn-Mg alloys with a strength level σB 450-500 MPa, which corresponds to Brinell hardness, HB 130-150 units.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

This group of alloys (7039-Т64, E74S (7017), AlZnMg3) surpasses the alloys of the first group in terms of bulletproof and anti-tank resistance, but is inferior to them in terms of anti-fragmentation resistance.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Anti-fragmentation aluminum armor


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Armor made of aluminum alloys of medium hardness is used in the structures of armored hulls and towers of self-propelled artillery mounts (ACS), as well as for the manufacture of some parts of light armored vehicles ( roof, bottom, manhole covers) exposed to preferred splinters or blast effects of mines. For example, the requirements for the protection of horizontal surfaces (roof) of the armored hull and turret of the new Korean K21 type infantry fighting vehicle (series since 2009) set the inviolability of these protection elements when detonated 152 mm high-explosive fragmentation (PF) projectile at a range of 10 m [23].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

For comparison, the armor of a family of combat vehicles based on the Scorpion light tank (Scorpion, Spartan, Simiter), 1972, provided protection against fragments of a 105 mm PF projectile for all directions the approach of fragments during ground or air rupture of the projectile at a range of 30 m [24].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In terms of resistance to fragments, aluminum armor with Brinell hardness, HB 80‒120 units and increased plasticity and toughness characteristics are superior to armor of increased hardness (HB 130-150 units ).


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Armor made of alloy 7039-T64, when fired by a 12.7 mm fragmentation simulator, is inferior to equal-resistant steel armor of medium hardness of the RHA standard, and with equal resistance to it, has a 15 percent greater mass.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

When moving to a 20 mm fragmentation simulator, the loss compared to steel increases to 19 percent.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

This is explained by the nature of the destruction of aluminum armor of increased hardness when pierced by a fragment, which for alloys of this group occurs according to the mixed type of “cork cut - break off”.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In general, splitting lesions are typical for armor plates with increased hardness (reduced ductility and impact strength), pronounced longitudinal-transverse anisotropy of properties, and on Al‒Zn‒Mg alloys metallurically connected with the occurrence planes of refractory intermetallic phases located in parallel layers along the thickness of the rolled plate [25].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Armor Making Alloys


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In the USSR, the beginning of work on aluminum armor is associated with the creation of aviation armor to protect the post-war generation of combat aircraft from small-caliber, 20-37 mm caliber shells, aircraft cannons and bullets 12.7 mm machine guns.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

ABA-1 armor was created at the All-Union Institute of Aviation Materials (VIAM) on the basis of high-strength aluminum alloy B-95 in 1948, the first pressed B-95 strips were obtained in 1947.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The nominal hardness of ABA-1 armor according to Brinell HB is 170 units.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

When developing armor, its weldability was not required.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Since 1949, work has been carried out to create anti-fragmentation aluminum armor to protect against fragments of anti-aircraft shells (large-caliber anti-aircraft artillery), in the same years, the APBA-1 armor was adopted ( aviation anti-fragmentation armor aluminum) based on AMg-6 alloy.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Works supervisor N. M. Sklyarov said.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

For the first time, the APBA-1 armor was used on the IL-28 jet bomber, adopted in 1950.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Due to the curtailment of the aviation sector in the late 1950s, work on the creation of these materials in the Aviation Industry did not receive further development.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In the period 1955—1958, TsNII-48 conducted studies of the protective properties of armor barriers made of aluminum alloys for structural purposes in the interests of shipbuilding [26].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In addition to traditional means of testing with armor-piercing bullets, small-caliber shells and fragments, an assessment of aluminum armor for explosion resistance was carried out.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In the course of extensive research, I. IN. Korchazhinskaya determined the conditions for the existence of the weight advantages of aluminum alloys, as well as their specific values relative to rolled steel armor.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

It is concluded that depending on the test conditions (armor destruction means, the relative thickness of the barrier and the angle of fire), the advantages are shown by certain aluminum alloys with different combinations of strength and plastic properties.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Alloys with improved plastic properties, in particular D-16 alloy, are more suitable for anti-fragmentation armor.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Abroad, Kaiser Aluminum's non-heat-strengthened aluminum-magnesium alloys (magnalia) grades 5083 and 5456 in the United States and D54S in the UK, containing about 4-5.5% Mg, were the first aluminum alloys, modified and used in the late 1950s for the manufacture of armored hulls of light vehicles (armored personnel carriers M113 and M114, self-propelled guns M-109, floating amphibious assault vehicle LVTP-7) due to their good weldability, manufacturability and high corrosion resistance.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In the United States, armor made of alloys 5083 and 5456 in thicknesses from 13 to 76 mm is produced according to military specifications MIL-A-46027K [27] and belongs to first-generation aluminum armor.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The specification contains the minimum values of the maximum penetration rates (V50‒2σ) for plates of various thicknesses.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Hardening of armor is achieved by hardening during cold rolling (5083-H131, where H131 is the processing mode), which, however, is removed at the welding points of armor plates.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

A number of difficulties associated with the hardening of thick plates with reductions of about 10-20 percent prevent the production of armor parts in the form of large profiles and forgings of complex shape, the tendency to expanded the use of which is observed in the production of modern lightly armored vehicles.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

These shortcomings are devoid of armor made of thermally hardened alloys of the aluminum-zinc-magnesium system alloys with a total content of alloying elements (Zn+Mg) of the order of 6-9%, capable restore the strength of welded joints during subsequent artificial aging.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Depending on the composition and heat treatment mode, armor of medium or increased hardness can be obtained from Al-Zn-Mg alloys.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In addition to plates obtained by hot rolling, pressed and stamped armor plates are obtained from these alloys.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Hardening of parts is carried out by means of heat treatment consisting of hardening and subsequent artificial aging.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

When quenching and holding at temperatures of 450—470°C, zinc and magnesium are transferred to a solid solution.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Subsequent artificial aging in the temperature range of 90-180°C leads to the decomposition of the solid solution with the release of the strengthening phase MgZn2.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In the USSR, the task of studying the possibility of using light alloys for the manufacture of armored hulls of light tanks and other light category armored personnel carriers was entrusted to the “Moscow branch of VNII-100” (in present “Research Institute of Steel”) in the late 1950s.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Research work on this topic began at the branch in 1959 and was carried out under the leadership of I.I.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Terekhina, O.I.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Alekseev, V.I.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Lichterman and L.A.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Friedland.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The first experience with the use of aluminum in tank construction was associated with the development and testing of the aluminum hull of the floating tank PT-76 made of structural aluminum alloy D20.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

This hull was manufactured in 1961 at the VNII-100 branch, after which it underwent a full cycle of tests, showing the prospects of using aluminum armor in tank construction.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Later, in the period 1962-1965, the VNII-100 branch developed aluminum armor based on a high-strength alloy of the Al-Zn‒Mg triple system [28].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The work was conducted under the supervision of B.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

D. Chukhina [2] [29].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The alloy was standardized under the name ABT-101 (aluminum tank armor) or, according to a single universal classification, 1901.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

ABT-101 armor became the basis for designing a series of lightly armored landing combat vehicles (BMD-1, BMD-2 and BMD-3).


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

ABT-101 alloy relates to heat-strengthened deformable and complex-alloyed alloys of the Al‒Zn‒Mg system.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

A further development of ABT-101 armor was the ABT-102 or 1903 anti-tank armor.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

They supervised the development of armor by B.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

D. Chukhin and A. A. Artsruni [2] [30].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In the period 1960‒1970, aluminum armor based on heat-strengthened Al-Zn‒Mg alloys was developed and mastered by the industry of most developed countries, including the United States (alloy 7039), Great Britain ( E74 and Alcan-X169), France (Cegedur Pechiney AZ5G alloy) and Germany [9] [31] (AlZnMg1 [32], AlZnMg3 and VAW Constructal 21/62 alloys).


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In the United States, armor made of Al-4.5% Zn‒2.5 Mg alloy, under the designation 7039, is available in thicknesses from 13 to 100 mm according to military specifications MIL-A-46063, it is classified as second-generation aluminum armor.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The 7039 armor is made of the inclined sides of the M2 and M3 Bradley combat vehicles.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In the UK, for the armor of the family of light vehicles “Scorpion”, “Fox”, “Simiter” and the Spanish BMR600, Alcan has developed an aluminum alloy E74S (currently 7017) and bulletproof armor made of it, originally produced under the designation X3034 and, in turn, based on Hiduminium-48 alloy with a nominal composition Al-4.5Zn-2.5Mg-0.2Mn-0.15Cr [33].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

When developing armor at the request of the British Research Center for Armored Vehicles FVRDE, the level of bulletproof resistance and, accordingly, hardness should have exceeded the properties of American armor 7039-T64.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The strength of the E74S armor according to military specifications FVRDE-1318 (hereinafter referred to as TU MVEE 1318) is σB = 480 MPa [34].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

It was noted that the disadvantages of the alloy include its low hardenability, i.e. the possibility of heat treatment of parts for a solid solution followed by artificial aging [35], which limited maximum armor thickness of 60 mm.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Currently, Alcan produces aluminum armor made of alloy 7017 (nominal composition Al-5.0Zn-2.3Mg-0.3Mn), mass density 2.78 g/cm3 according to military specifications TL 2350-0004, in the state of T651 is also superior in strength and resistance to corrosion cracking alloy 7039-T64, and supplied in thicknesses exceeding 60 mm [36].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

According to MIL-DTL-32505 with a thickness of up to 120 mm [37].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In addition, the company produces heat-strengthened alloys of medium hardness: 7020 with a strength of σB 400 MPa, armor from which is supplied mainly to France and Germany, and 7018 with a strength of σB 360 MPa, designed for parts and structural elements subjected to preferred shock wave action [3].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The strength and hardness of aluminum armor in the hardened and aged state depend on the total content of zinc and magnesium.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

With similar heat treatment modes, higher strength corresponds to a higher content of zinc and magnesium.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In practice, however, the total content of these elements does not exceed 7-8 per cent.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

A higher content is due to an increase in anisotropy of mechanical characteristics and the associated tendency to form rear splits, an increased tendency to corrosion under stress, as well as to embrittlement of the heat-affected zone during welding.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

For a given content of zinc and magnesium, the maximum strength is achieved in the range of Zn/Mg ratios from 2.0 to 4.0, which is related to the amount of MgZn2 phase strengthening the alloy matrix.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The plasticity and impact strength of alloys heat-treated according to the two-stage aging regime depend to a greater extent on the Zn/Mg ratio.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

With a constant total content of zinc and magnesium, with increased values of the Zn/Mg ratio, better plasticity and impact strength can be achieved [38].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

For different brands of tank armor, the range of Zn/Mg ratios ranges from 1.4 to 3.8.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Heat-strengthened alloys with a total content (Zn+Mg) of 6-7 percent and above are sensitive to stress corrosion, therefore, when designing welded armored structures made of thick plates, it is mandatory the maximum permissible values of tensile stresses acting in the most dangerous direction along the thickness of the slab are taken into account.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

An increase in stress corrosion resistance along with optimal indicators of strength and plastic properties is achieved on Al-Zn-Mg alloys as a result of two-stage artificial aging with a higher final aging temperature.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Third-generation aluminum armor


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In the late 1970s, work was intensified in the United States to create heat-strengthened welded aluminum alloys of another alloying system, aluminum-copper-manganese, which, at the best, relative to the alloy 7039, mechanical properties and armor resistance, would have increased resistance to stress corrosion cracking, generally at the level of alloy 5083.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Through the efforts of Alcoa, two new alloys were obtained: 2219-T851 and 2519-T87, and a technology for obtaining armor from them was developed.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

As a result of the industrial development of new alloys (Alcoa together with FMC), by 1986, a high-strength alloy 2519-T87 was obtained, passed field tests and adopted (here T87 is the thermal mode processing) of the nominal composition of Al — 5.8Cu — 0.30Mn — 0.40Mg, and armor based on it, which is an alternative to 7039-T64 armor in the armored hull production of light armored vehicles [39] [40].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Alloy 2519-T87 in the form of plates, pressed profiles and forgings was used in the United States as a basic structural and armor material in the creation of an amphibious armored personnel carrier of the EFV Marine Corps with combat weighing 34.5 tons. The armored body of the new Korean infantry fighting vehicle K21 is made of the same armor, the combat weight of which is 26 tons. The K21 frontal projection provides protection against 30-mm BPS with the Kerner brand separation of the 2A72 gun [41], and the onboard projection from 14.5 mm B-32 armor-piercing bullets of the KPVT machine gun.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Alloy 2519 armor in thicknesses from 13 to 100 mm is currently produced according to military specifications MIL-DTL-46192C, and in the United States it is classified as third-generation aluminum armor [42] [43].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

When developing the EFV machine, thanks to a whole range of innovative design, materials science and technological solutions, it was possible to ensure a high level of its protection: 14.5 mm B-32, all around from a distance 300 m; 30 mm BOPTS in the front sector of shelling from a distance of 1000 m (according to expert estimates, the non-penetration distance is significantly overestimated); PG-7/RPG-7 is around.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The experience of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, taking into account the specifics of these theaters, revealed the need to create light armor with increased armor properties and, at the same time, increased resistance to high-explosive action.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

The possibility of further improving the armor properties of high-strength aluminum alloys was found in the Al-Cu-Mg-Mn group of alloys, additionally alloyed with small additives (0.2 — 0.5% by weight) of silver [44 ].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Alloy 2139-T8, which has an increased fracture toughness, was developed in the United States under contracts with NASA, and plates from it with a thickness of 25 to 150 mm are produced by Alcan Rolled Products [45].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Tests of alloy 2139-T8 armor plates, conducted in the USA and Europe, showed the best combination of bulletproof and fragmentation resistance characteristics compared to serial aluminum armor, associated with a more energy-intensive mechanism of deformation and destruction of the armor material during penetration, determined, in turn, by the optimal balance of strength and fracture toughness of the alloy [46].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Stryker Project Management (US Army) and General Dynamics Land Systems have certified alloy 2139 armor for use in MPK mine protection kits designed for the MPK family vehicles based on the Stryker wheeled AFV.


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

At the beginning of 2012, the troops had deployed more than 2,000 such kits, the total weight of which exceeded 2,000 tons [43].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

In addition, armor 2139 is planned to be used as part of the modernization programs of the M2 Bradley BMP when repairing and replacing armored hull parts made of armor 7039 [43].


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Notes


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Category:Armor


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Category:Aluminum alloys


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Category:Military equipment


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Category:Military technology


Question: What is the maximum thickness of aluminum armor?

Aluminum armour

Category:Ballistics


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Domestic horse (Latin: Equus ferus caballus) is an animal from the horse family of the odd-hoofed order, domesticated and the only surviving subspecies of wild horse (Equus ferus) that died out in the wild , with the exception of a small population of Przhevalsky's horse.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

It has been used by humans to the present day.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

General information


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Horses (Equus) in the broad sense of the word are the only living genus of the family of equine, or odd-hoofed animals (Equidae s. Solidungula), the order of odd-hoofed animals (Perissodactyla).


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

As the second name of the family shows, its most characteristic feature is its legs, which have only one fully developed and clothed finger.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The skull is elongated and has a relatively long front part.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

For a long time, horses were among the most economically important pets for humans, but their importance fell due to the development of mechanization.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

A male horse is called a stallion, or (colloquially) a horse.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The female is a mare.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

A neutered stallion is called gelding.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

A horse cub is a foal.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In nature, a horse is a resident of large, open spaces of steppes or prairies, fleeing in case of danger.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The science that studies horses is called hippology.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The room for keeping a domesticated horse is called a stable.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Origins


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The evolution of horses is studied in detail from fossils from America, dating back to all periods of the Cenozoic era.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

During this time, America was inhabited by a variety of horse-like mammals, but all of them died out before the discovery of America by Europeans.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The original progenitors of the horse, which had not yet been found, according to the March, had five toes on their front and hind legs.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The oldest known progenitor of the horse, Eohippus of the Lower Eocene, was the size of a fox and had 4 well-developed fingers and a rudiment of 5 on the front legs, and 3 on the hind legs.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Higher in the Eocene are the remains of Orohippus of the same size, but with 4 toes on the forelegs and 3 on the hind toes.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In the Upper Eocene, Epihippus is found with the same legs, but different in teeth.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

At the border of the Miocene, Mesohippus was found, the size of a sheep, with 3 developed and 1 rudimentary finger on the front and 3 on the hind legs, slightly higher - Miohippus, or Anchitherium, which has a slate bone 5- th, or outer, finger has decreased to a short rudiment.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In the Pliocene, Protohippus, or Hipparion, the size of a donkey, with 3 toes on the front and hind legs, abounded, and even higher, in the Pliocene, there is a close relative of the modern horse, the genus Pliohippus with 1 with a developed finger, and even higher are real horses (Equus), the size of modern ones, which end this series.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Fossil remains of forms considered to be the progenitors of the horse or belonging to side branches close to them (as some researchers consider hipparion) are known in other parts of the world.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

It is believed that the ancestor of a domestic horse is an extinct species of wild horse - tarpan.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

According to, all modern horse breeds come from four subspecies:


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

riding horse (Latin: Equus caballus mosbachensis, Mosbach horse),


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

eastern horse (Latin: Equus caballus caballus),


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

(Latin: Equus caballus pumpelli)


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

tarpana (Latin: Equus caballus ferus) [1].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The most ancient culture that tamed a horse was considered by some authors to be the Botay culture, which existed in the period between 3700 and 3000 BC.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

in the north of modern Kazakhstan [2] [3].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

However, according to a study of ancient DNA, it turned out that Botay horses are not related to a domestic horse, but are related to Przhevalsky's wild horse [4] [5].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

According to other sources, it is assumed that for the first time the horse was tamed by ancient people in the Southern Urals at the sites of the Pribelsk culture Mullino II and Davlekanovo II (the territory of Bashkortostan).


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The oldest remains of a horse were also found there, which date back to the 7th-6th millennium BC.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In the steppes of Eurasia, horses were domesticated many thousands of years before they reached the south, in the territory of the spread of ancient Middle Eastern civilizations [6].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Quite often, domestic horses have evasions that bring them closer to the wild members of the family.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Most often, these evasions, considered as atavism (that is, a return to the characteristics of ancestors), relate to the color of the coat; this includes, for example, the appearance in horses of a light suit of a dark stripe along the back , sometimes with a few stripes on the shoulders.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Some consider the suit in apples to be an atavistic phenomenon, considering specks as remnants of striping.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

There are occasionally sharper and more striking cases of atavism - it is polydactyly, that is, the appearance of 1 or more extra fingers; according to the March, the 2nd (inner) finger is most often found with quite developed metacarpal or metatarsal bones, fully developed finger joints and a hoof, which, however, rarely touches the ground.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In the case of developing 2 extra fingers on the sides of the middle leg, the leg resembles the leg of the hipparion.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Distribution


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In some regions, the horse is found in the wild.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Pets are distributed throughout the country in a variety of breeds, which differ greatly in size, build, head shape, color, etc. and in places went wild.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In Europe, wild or feral horses — tarpans — were found in the first half of the last century.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Przhevalsky also met wild horses in the province of Gansu.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

260px|left|horse in Voronezh region|thumb


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The ease with which horses left to themselves, under any favorable conditions, return to the wild and begin to lead a lifestyle that is no different from the image the lives of wild members of the family.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Wild pampas horses in South America are called cymarrons.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In Paraguay, wild horses are believed to be not alive because of one fly laying eggs in the unhealed navel of newborn foals, which kills the latter; domestic animals live in a semi-wild state (mustangs), large herds consisting of small groups (1 stallion and 12-18 mares).


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Wild horses inhabit further north of Llanosa.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The same was observed on a smaller scale in Mexico and the Falkland Islands (here horses were crushed under the influence of a more severe climate).


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In Russia, a herd of feral horses lives in the Rostov Reserve.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Description


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The horse's head is elongated, dry, with large lively eyes, wide nostrils and large or medium-sized pointed and very mobile ears.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

A domestic horse has moderate ears (much less than half of the head), the mane is long, overhanging, the neck is long muscular, the body is rounded, the tail is covered with long hair from the base; suits are extremely different: black, red, bay, gray, etc.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

, often with white spots on the head and legs, except for stripes on the shoulders, back and legs.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The legs are high, of moderate thickness, slender; there is no first and fifth toe at all, from 2 and 4 there are only rudiments (rudiments) in the form of rod-shaped bones of the pastern and metatarsus (the so-called slate) adjacent to thick metacarpal or metatarsal bone of a highly developed middle finger; the hoof wears only the end of the middle finger (therefore the entire weight of the body rests on them); on the inside of the wrists and heels there are horny callous thickenings, cones (horny places are also behind the junction of the finger with the overlying parts).


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The stomach is simple, there is no gallbladder, and the cecum is highly developed.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The testicles are enclosed in the scrotum.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The uterus is bicorned, the placenta is diffuse.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The brain is relatively small, and the cerebral hemispheres (covered with convolutions) do not cover the cerebellum.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Mental abilities, however, are quite highly developed.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Of the senses, hearing is best developed, then vision, and finally the sense of smell.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Wild animals related here live in herds, usually small, of several females led by a male, mainly in steppe areas, are very fast and cautious.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The horse has hair of various lengths on its body: short thick — cover (coat), long bangs, mane and tail hair — protective and long sparse hair near the lips, nostrils and eyes — tactile.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The color of this hair determines the suit.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

By old age, horses, like humans, turn gray.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The intensity of the color of the hair cover also changes according to the seasons: in winter it is lighter, in summer it is darker.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

A horse lives on average 25-30 years, among some pony breeds there are animals that live to 40 years.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The most reliably known longevity record among horses is 62 years.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

This is how long a horse named Old Billy lived.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

He was born in 1760 in Lancashire from a Cleveland bay mare and stallion of oriental origin.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

He towed barges until 1819, then transferred to the farm in Lachford, where he fell on November 27, 1822.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Old Billy's skull is kept in the Manchester Museum.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The growth of horses depends on the breed, nutrition and care features.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The better nutrition and care, the bigger the horses become.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In total, domestic horses are from 150 to 185 cm tall, ponies from 120 to 150 cm. However, in different countries, ponies are classified as horses with different heights at the withers.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

For example, in the US, a pony is considered to be any horse whose height at the withers is below 142 cm. In the UK, some pony breeds are up to 152 cm tall at the withers. The largest among horses are English heavy trucks of the Shire breed.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Their height ranges from 175 to 190 cm. The heaviest was a stallion of the Belgian heavy truck Brooklyn Supreme born in 1928.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

With a height of 198 cm, he weighed 1440 kg.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The smallest are falabella horses bred in Argentina, whose representatives grow up to 70-76 cm. The smallest among them is the stallion Little Pumpkin (Pumpkin).


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

His height was 35.5 cm and weighed 9.07 kg.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The average weight of a pony is 100-200 kg. Large riding and light harness horses weigh an average of 400-600 kg. Heavy breeds reach a weight of 700—900 kg. The heaviest horses are the shirs — over 1400 kg.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

You can calculate the weight of a horse using formula A. Motorina: weight (kg) = chest girth (cm) × 6 — 620.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

This formula is more suitable for calculating the weight of half-blooded, sports and light harness horses.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The habitat


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Steppe horses graze all year round in the steppe and are only rarely fed with hay.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Harsh winters, snowstorms and especially ice, which is not uncommon in the steppes, greatly prevent horses from getting food from under the snow.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Under such conditions, animals turn into real skeletons by the end of winter, and many of them, especially young ones, die.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

During the summer, they again feed their bodies, and often even the uterus look like well-fed.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Gaits


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Horses can use different gaits, or “gaits” when moving.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The main gaits of the horse are: step, lynx, gallop and amble.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Gaits are divided into natural and artificial.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Meals


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The horse is considered a herbivorous animal.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

On pasture, she eats 25 to 100 kg of grass per day.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Depending on age and live weight, the horse drinks an average of 30-60 liters of water per day in summer and 20-25 liters in winter.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

It takes 4-5 acres of land to feed a horse, about 2 hectares.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The horse's food consists mainly of oats and hay, although the latter is sometimes replaced by straw.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Many times they tried to replace oats with some other grain feed, but all such attempts were unsuccessful.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Only in Italy, Spain and Portugal, especially in the East, barley is as almost exceptional as oats, horse food.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Reproduction and development


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Horse pregnancy lasts approximately 335—340 days (11 months).


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Usually a mare gives birth to one, less often two foals.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Foals are usually born 2 to 7 days later than fillies.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The foal is born sighted and can stand and walk in a few minutes; it sucks 4-6 months, during which its milk teeth appear, and the middle pair erupts from the milk incisors after 8-14 days after birth, following another 2-3 weeks; 5-6 months after birth, the external ones erupt.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The middle incisors are replaced about 2 ½ years, the next about 3 ½, the extreme about 4 ½, along with them the canines erupt; then the age is determined by the pits on the incisors, in the lower jaw, on the inner pair incisors, they are erased at the age of 5-6 years, at the middle at 7 years, on the outer at 8; then, in the same sequence, the pits on the incisors of the upper jaw are erased, and from 11-12 years, when the pits disappear at all incisors, age is difficult to determine.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

A horse becomes capable of reproduction at the age of 3.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Horse physiology


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The body temperature of a healthy horse is between 37.5 and 38.5°C.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

There are about 212 bones in the skeleton (according to various sources from 205 to 252).


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

There are no clavicle bones, which allows the horse to make a large seizure of space with its forelimbs.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The volume of the horse's lungs can reach 50 liters. At rest, the horse breathes about 8 to 16 times per minute.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

During a rapid jump or other exercise, the respiratory rate increases 5-7 times.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The horse's heart weighs an average of 4-5 kg, in individuals up to 8 kg. At rest, the horse's heart rate is 30-40 per minute.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

During a rapid jump, the frequency of blows increases to 120-130 per minute, while up to 150 liters of blood pass through the heart.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The dental system consists of 3/3 incisors, 1/1 canines (may be absent), 6/6 or 7/7 of the root; incisors with an even chewing surface, on which there is a transversely oval fossa; canines are small and obtuse; molars are long, tetrahedral, prismatic with 4 convoluted enamel folds on the chewing surface; the upper teeth, in addition, with an appendage inner column of enamel substance.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Mares sometimes have fangs.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Not all horses have second premolars — “tops”.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

They prevent the use of iron to control the horse, as their contact with the bits causes great pain to the horse.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

There is a practice of removing tops surgically.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Character, temperament


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The temperament of horses is determined by the type of their higher nervous activity.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In horses, the type of higher nervous activity is congenital and does not change with age.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

There are four in total:


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

strong balanced mobile (corresponds to sanguine);


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

strong balanced inert (phlegmatic);


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

strong unbalanced (choleric);


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

weak (corresponds to melancholic).


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The types of higher nervous activity do not depend on suit, but are the result of inherited (genotypic) and individually acquired (phenotypic) traits.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The type of higher nervous activity of a horse, the state of the nervous system, the constitution determine its working qualities and ability to obey


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

It is better when the horse is calm, even phlegmatic, than hot, unrestrained.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

If the horse's character can change depending on the conditions of detention, on which hands it falls into, as well as with age, then the type of higher nervous activity remains unchanged.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Relationships with other animals


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In the rural farmstead, horses winter together with cows and sheep, separated only by light wooden partitions.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In the meadow, they also graze peacefully nearby, as they need different types of herbs: horses prefer juicy ones, goats and sheep prefer thorny ones.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

They also eat grass at different heights [8].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Sometimes horses in the stable are attacked by a weasel who loves horse sweat.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

It tickles horses, exhausting them, so that they are covered with foam, and manes and tails become tangled [8].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

To save horses from this scourge, they resort to the proven trick of cavalrymen - they keep a goat in the stable, the smell of which affection does not like.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

A cat living in a stable eliminates rodents that spoil grain feed for horses and spread infections; there are no rustles made by rodents that frighten horses, there is no unpleasant, specific smell [8].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Dogs have long been known as good helpers in protecting horses.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

They are especially needed in South and Central America — at night people and pets, including horses, are attacked by vampires.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

They bite the victim and drink blood from wounds, and can also infect rabies and a number of other dangerous diseases.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Dogs, due to their ability to catch the ultrasound emitted by these bats even in sleep, drive them away in time [8].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Horse hunting is an example of pet fellowship.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

A well-trained hunting horse is not only a means of transportation, it rushes after the dogs after the beast at the first message of the rider (and sometimes itself).


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Trained animals work smoothly.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In Central Asia, “saddle hunting” is still common: a hunter carries the dog with him on a horse so as not to get tired.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

From the height of its position, the dog observes the surroundings, and when it sees the prey, jumps off and chases it [8].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Dogs and herding horses work together to protect livestock.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Horses are pre-trained to develop their innate abilities.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Unquestioningly obeying the commands of shepherds and herdsmen, animals control a flock of sheep or a herd of horses.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Border guards, geologists, travelers use horses and dogs in tandem.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The friendly relationship is explained by the fact that these animals belong to different consumer poles: carnivores and herbivores.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In addition, their behavior is largely determined by a person, driving certain instincts into their framework and creating a calm, friendly atmosphere.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Although individual incidents cannot be avoided, a horse can kick an annoying dog.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

But the dog learns a lesson and no longer climbs to the horse.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

There are conflicts with cloven-hoofed animals: for example, with bulls in cowboy sports — rodeo, and in everyday life — with ordinary cows [8].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

A horse is a very peaceful creature, but it knows how to stand up for itself.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

When colliding with a predator, the horse uses hooves and teeth.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Shoal (herd) stallions rush at opponents especially boldly.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In the arsenal of self-defense are the rage and courage of shoal stallions rushing at predators, a “square” stand in a herd, when adult animals knock foals into a heap in the center of the circle, and they themselves become tight to each other to a friend with their hind legs out.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

But more often horses just try to get away from danger.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

They are helped by their natural ability to run fast.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

And so many horses saved their riders in this way [8].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The horse can be trained to work in the same room with tigers, bears, lions.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

It is not difficult to teach a horse to understand and execute commands such as “Accept!” , “Step by step!” , “Trot!” , “Gallop!” , “Stop!” [8].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Relationships with people


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

According to scientists from Norway, horses can communicate with people using symbols, communicating their desires, they are able to make meaningful choices and understand its consequences.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Horse breeds


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Structurally, the horse world consists of breeds, breed groups and interbreed hybrids — the latter are often simply called mongrel [8].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Horse breeds are very diverse and numerous.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

There are also several types of horses for their intended purpose.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Hobby class walking horses are used for leisure.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

For tourism, horse riding — sports horses, for hippodrome tests — race and trotting.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In Russia, these include a fifth of the 2 million horse population.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

There are about 1.5 million working horses in Russia, although the need for them is three to four times higher [8].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Due to perestroika, the collapse of the USSR and economic devastation, all stud farms that raise thoroughbred horses fell into decline, and in most villages there were no workhorses left.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Today, not only many local (aboriginal) breeds are on the verge of extinction - Kuznetsk, Narym, Pechora, Mezen, Obvinskaya, Vyatka, but also such famous factory breeds as Vladimir and Soviet heavy trucks (each of them has less than 200 purebred mares left), riding - Terek (a little more than a hundred mares) and Kabardian (fifty purebred mares).


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The pride of Russia, the Oryol trotting breed, which turned 225 years old in 2001, is going through hard times [8].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In 1993, there were 427 breeds of horses around the world, and about a seventh of them were bred in the former USSR.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Now there are only three dozen domestic breeds left in Russia, including Budyonovo and Russian riding breeds.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Several world-famous - Yakut, purebred horse, Arab, Akhal-Teke, Trakehner, Hanover, American trotting, Percheron, Shetland pony, single specimens of such breeds, as Oldenburg, Bavarian, French riding, Tennessee, Quaterhorse, Andalusian.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Only 18% of horses of the total number are used for breeding.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Using


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Endurance, speed of movement and high ability to useful productivity make the horse a versatile working animal and make it possible to use it in agriculture and other industries industry, as well as in military affairs and for sports purposes.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

When choosing a manpower, the horse is still given priority.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Only in some cases, when a particularly smooth and smooth ride is required, for example, in machine work or when transporting packs in mountainous places or deserts, does the horse, due to its lively temperament is inferior to the more phlegmatic mule and ox and the less demanding camel.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Despite mechanization and automation, workhorses are still needed for transporting small cargo, plowing vegetable gardens and inconveniences, harvesting hay in hard-to-reach places, in small forest glades , when taking out hay, moving along mountain paths, grazing animals.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

They are necessary for veterinarians, foresters and other specialists, especially in taiga and mountainous areas [8].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The diverse needs of people throughout the history of their communication with the horse have made it necessary to create and form highly specialized horse breeds in accordance with the requirements of the time.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Hence such a variety of domestic horses — fast allure, dry riding horses were needed for cavalry.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Heavy and heavy-duty breeds carried and carried heavy loads.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Lightly harnessed, lynx-prone horses were suitable for light carts and carriages for transporting people.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Large, stately and slower riding horses were suitable for a heavy rider (for example, a knight clad in armor), and they were also suitable for a colorful military parade in the square, where the rider, first of all, it is necessary to “show” yourself.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Smaller and ugly horses with many “flaws” in the exterior, but much more hardy and tolerant of meager feed horses of mountainous and steppe regions were suitable for long migrations and could carry heavy packs on themselves.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Mountain horses also easily passed along narrow mountain paths with the rider and packs, fearlessly jumping over the abyss.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

People tried to bring horses out and accustom them to a variety of, sometimes even too specific needs.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

For example, in Iceland, the existing ancient breed of Icelandic horses — small, shaggy animals — has been used by locals in the fields for centuries.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The need for a light sled horse, running a confident trot or amble and thus convenient for transporting people in carriages, not only led to the fact that in some countries it was possible to breed such horses, but also gave the development of such a powerful global industry today as trotters and pacers.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

[10] The desire to get a riding horse as fast as possible at a gallop led to the fact that the first races appeared, and later at these races the right breed was bred — the fastest today thoroughbred riding horses.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Horse racing tests also bore fruit — horses that have passed races in several generations have become larger in height, more harmonious and enduring.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

People in the past used horses on vacation for horse hunting, walking, jousting tournaments, horse competitions [8].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The last “requirement” of a person for a horse — ultra-short stature — is just a tribute to fashion.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The famous falabella ponies the size of a small dog were bred in the 1950s in Argentina as an experiment, and now these mini-horses have become popular in all parts of the world and have become very expensive.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

They are not suitable even for a very young child — it's hard.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

But they can be kept in a city apartment and walked like dogs.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Riding a horse is good for your health.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

This was noted by Plato (427—347 BC) and Pliny the Elder (23—79 BC).


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Horse riding is good for the stomach and joints, improves posture and respiratory function, reduces the risk of hypertension and myocardial infarction.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Therapeutic horse riding is called riding therapy (from English: ride - horse riding), or hippotherapy (from Ancient Greek: hippos (hippos) - horse).


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In addition, horse riding has a good effect on the state of the vestibular apparatus and gives the body the necessary physical activity.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

For people with disabilities, horse riding brings the joy of movement, which for the most part they do not have [8].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Equestrian business (horse breeding and horse breeding) is developed in a number of countries in Asia, Europe, South and North America [8].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Eating horses


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Horses are also valuable as productive animals.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In Russia, productive horse breeding accounts for 7% of all horse breeding, supplying valuable dietary meat.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In Western culture, horses are eaten only as pet food (especially for dogs), although some peoples eat horse meat and milk as food.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Koumiss made from mare's milk is considered a healing drink (it has a tonic and therapeutic effect, heals those suffering from diseases of the lungs and stomach).


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Recently, mares' milk has been used to feed infants.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Not every mare can give the milk necessary in terms of composition and quantity to make an excellent koumiss.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In Russia, Yakut, Bashkir and Mongolian horses are used for these purposes.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The production of horse meat (horse meat) is concentrated mainly in Mongolia, the states of Transcaucasia and Central Asia, as well as Russia (Yakutia, Tuva).


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Horse meat is added to many varieties of smoked sausages.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In Italy, France, Belgium, Japan and Yakutia, horse meat is considered an important food product due to its special chemical composition.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Horse meat helps the liver recover from jaundice, horse fat is used for frostbite and colds.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Thanks to horses, people receive valuable raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry, including for the production of antidiphtheria serum [8].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

It is forbidden to eat horse meat in Turkmenistan [11].


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Horses at war


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The use of horses in battles began in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. e.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In the 10th century BC


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

the first horsemen also appeared there.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Since then, horses have been used for military purposes (for transport or for combat) by all peoples without exception that inhabited the areas where horses lived.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Horses have become a state treasure: if there are no good horses, there will be no victories in the war.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Therefore, taking care of the horse has always been paramount for every warrior.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

People developed horses, constantly improving all the qualities of a riding horse, both internal and external.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The importance of the horse as a pack and draft animal remained until the early 1950s. The 20th century is huge.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

By the beginning of World War II, the artillery of the infantry divisions of all warring countries was horse-drawn.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

In 1941, the only cavalry division of the Wehrmacht at that time, being part of Guderian's tank group, advanced through the impassable terrain of the Pripyat swamps.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

The horse is able to move in almost any terrain, unlike cars.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Therefore, it is often used in mountain hunters as a pack animal.


Question: How much wool does one sheep get per year on average?

Domestic horse

Nowadays, horses are used by the police of most developed countries where any other mode of transport is useless.