Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Territories outside the Misty Continent — Outer, Lost, and Forgotten Continents — are initially closed and become available only in the middle of the game.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Some locations, such as the parallel world of Terra and Memoria's dreamworld, are outside the main world.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

There are four factions on the Foggy Continent: Alexandria, Lindblum, Burmezia and Claire.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Each state is fenced by mountain ranges; the Kleiran civilization is located on a giant tree in the desert, protected by a sand vortex caused by local sorcerers.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In addition to humans, Gay is home to many other fantasy peoples, many of which are anthropomorphic.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Burmecians, humanoid rats, inhabit the lands of Burmezia and Claire.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Kleirans are distinguished by their love of dancing, and during the outbreak of hostilities they receive Burmese refugees.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Dwarves are stunted humanoid creatures that have settled in the village of Conde Piti on the Outer Continent.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Genomes are repositories for terran souls designed to move the latter to Gaia.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Summoners are a race similar to humans, but characterized by the presence of a horn on its head.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

It is represented in the game by only two characters (Garnet and Eiko) - all the others were destroyed during the Terrans attack on the capital Madine Sari.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

And finally, the ku-a-large race is androgynous [9] creatures with a huge long tongue that are great gourmets.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

They live in reed swamps around the world, where they catch and eat frogs.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

From the very beginning, the authors of Final Fantasy IX made a bias in favor of creating a more “fantasy-oriented” world, radically different from the previous parts of the series, published for the console PlayStation.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The game moves away from the futuristic styles of Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy VIII and is imbued with the spirit of the Middle Ages [4].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Some mechanical technologies are just about to emerge, while wind and water remain the main sources of energy; some engines also operate on ubiquitous fog [10].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Continuing the theme of the Middle Ages, many elements of German-Scandinavian and North European mythology were involved in the setting.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

At the same time, the world of Final Fantasy IX resembles Enlightenment Europe no less than medieval Europe: the game shows a primitive but rapidly developing industry, scientists, and a developed absolute monarchy, the costumes of most characters evoke associations more with the XVII-XIX centuries than with the Middle Ages.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Especially for this purpose, the chief director of the project focused the development team's attention on European history, considering it very “deep” and “dramatic” [11].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The official website of Final Fantasy IX also claims that the planning of the game world was carried out by mixing the most successful findings of previous parts of the series with new game elements [9].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Characters


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Eight main characters play the main role in Final Fantasy IX:


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

- An optimistic and very friendly guy with a monkey tail and monkey habits, a good friend and an outstanding fighter, a member of a group of robbers called Tantalus.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

As a homeless child, he asked to join the gang and found shelter with the ataman of Baku.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

She pays great attention to the female sex.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

(nicknamed “Dagger” - Dagger) - Princess of Alexandria, who has an inexplicable connection with the Eidolons;


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

- a mysterious little man, predisposed to black magic and, as it turns out later, a prototype of combat Black Mages;


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

— captain of the Knights of Pluto military unit, as well as a guard of Alexandria Castle and personally Princess Garnet;


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

— Dragoon knight from Burmezia;


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

— a representative of the Ku-a-Large race, sent on a trip by Master Ku to study culinary recipes from different countries;


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

A six-year-old girl living in the village of Madain Sari, the ruins of the ancient summoner capital, the last of the Eidolon summoner family, not counting Dagger;


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

is a gloomy bounty hunter who fell into crime after being accused of theft that Zidane actually committed.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Important characters are also:


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Regent is the charismatic leader of the Lindblum kingdom;


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

— despotic Queen of Alexandria, adopted mother of Garnet;


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The general is the brutal commander-in-chief of the female knights of Alexandria;


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

— an artificial man, Vladyka Terra;


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

- The main antagonist of the game.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

There are also many secondary characters in the game, which also have a certain impact on the plot.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

During development, the authors paid great attention to the characters.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The return to their roots had a strong impact on them, the appearance took on a touch of comic.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Uematsu said about this that realism had to be sacrificed to achieve comic.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In this regard, the developers tried especially carefully to work out the characters, as they feared that fans accustomed to the realism of Final Fantasy VIII might not like this interpretation [11].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The plot


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The story of Final Fantasy IX begins with the fact that Zidane, along with the “theater troupe” Tantalus, kidnaps Princess Garnet at the celebration of her sixteenth birthday.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

During the kidnapping, it turns out that the princess herself was going to escape from home and go to Lindblum to visit Regent Sid [12].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

But a theatrical aircraft, Prima Vista, damaged during an escape from Alexandria, crashes and crashes in an ominous forest.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

After that, Zidane leaves his gang for a while and with Garnet goes to Lindblum [13], accompanied by Vivi and Steiner, who were nearby from the very beginning of the kidnapping.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

During the journey, Princess Garnet takes the nickname “Dagger” (dagger) and tries to merge with the common people [14].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The batch ends up in a factory for the production of black magicians, which are produced for the needs of the army of Alexandria.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The Queen sends three of the most powerful black magicians to return Garnet, but to no avail.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In Lindblum, Zidane meets his old friend Freya and participates in the annual monster hunting championship.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Regent Sid, jealousy turned into a glop by his wife [15], accepts the party.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

It turns out that it was he who hired the bandits of Tantalus for kidnapping, as he was excited by the increasing aggression of Queen Brana [16].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Suddenly, the heroes learn that Burmezia (a neighboring kingdom) was attacked by the Alexandrian army.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Dagger and Steiner go to Alexandria to dissuade the Queen from waging war [17].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

And Zidane, Vivi and Freya are heading for Burmezia.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Here they meet Queen Brana, Beatrice and a strange person who helps the Alexandrians in the war - Kuja.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Dagger and Steiner safely reach Alexandria, but Queen Bran refuses to stop hostilities, she removes the Eidolons from the body of the princess [18] and attacks the kingdom with their help Claira.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

After visiting Claira, Zidane, Freya and Vivi go to Alexandria, save Dagger and retreat with her to the attacked Lindblum [19].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Regent Sid tells the heroes that behind all Brana's atrocities is a weapon supplier, the same man named Kuja [20].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The party goes through an underground tunnel to the Outer Continent, where the villain is allegedly the headquarters of the villain [21].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

On the way, a new character, Quinina, joins the group.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The road brings the heroes together with a six-year-old girl Eiko, who lives alone in the ruin village of Madain Sari and is the last survivor of her race.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The party infiltrates the Tree of Iifa and destroys the source of the evil fog [22].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

It also turns out that the fog was used by Cooji to create an army of black magicians [23].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Upon returning to Madine Sari, there is a clash with assassin Amaranth, who was hired by Bran to capture Dagger, who soon joins the party for his personal reasons.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Dagger is gradually beginning to realize that she also belongs to the race of callers, and she is also from Madine Sari.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Near the Tree of Iifa, Queen Brana deploys her fleet against Cooji and attacks him with the most powerful eidolon Bagamut [24].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

But Kuja, with the help of a huge aircraft, takes power over Bahamut, kills Brana and destroys her fleet [25].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The party returns to Alexandria and Garnet becomes Queen.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

After a while, Kuja attacks Alexandria with the help of Bahamut, Eiko and Garnet summon the legendary Eidolon Alexander to protect the city.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Kuja is trying to take control of Alexander, but he is hampered by a mysterious old man named Garland, who destroys Eidolon and most of the settlement [26].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Cooja needs strong eidolons to defeat Garland, and he focuses on Eiko [27].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The heroes go to the deserted shelter of Coogee, but he deceives them and runs away with the girl.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

During the extraction of eidolons, pocket mugle Eiko Mog falls into a trance and turns into its real form, Madin's eidolon, thus interrupting the process [28].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

At the same time, the villain leaves the scene and goes to continue the confrontation with Garland [29].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The party saves Eiko and finds Hilda, who turns Sid back into a human - now he can finish the construction of a flying ship that works without the effects of fog [30].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

With Hilda's blessing, the party pursues Kuja in Terra, a mysterious parallel world made possible by the opening of an interdimensional portal [31].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In the Terran city of Bran Bal, it turns out that Garland was created by the Terrans to connect the two worlds of Terra and Gaia, since the first was on the verge of complete extinction.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Garland created genomes that at some time were to become carriers of terran souls [32].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Both the existence of the Iifa tree [33], the phenomenon of the Fog [34], and the destruction of the eidolons [35] were all subordinated to one goal, even the actions of Zidane and Cooji were a foregone conclusion in advance [36].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Kuja, however, collects the necessary number of souls and falls into a trance [37].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

When he gains strength, he deprives Garland of his life, but before his death he manages to talk about the limitations of Coogee's life and that Zidane should have taken over his functions in the future [38].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In a rage, the villain destroys Terra, while the heroes save the genomes and return to Gaia.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Upon returning, it turns out that the fog is now enveloping the whole world.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Teaming up with the forces of Burmezia, Lindblum and Alexandria, the characters go to the Tree of Iifa, from where they teleport to a dream world called Memorial.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The spirit of Garland leads a game to Kuja, who, after defeat, destroys the crystal of life [39] and activates Necron, an absolute evil that seeks to destroy all living things [40].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The victory over Necron leads to the destruction of the Memorial and the Tree of Iifa, Kuja uses the remnants of his strength to save the heroes, Zidane rushes to his aid and is buried with him [41].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

After a while, Alexandria rebuilds, and the Tantalus troupe performs in front of Queen Garnet.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

During the performance, one of the actors takes off his robe and turns out to be Zidane.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The final video shows the meeting between Zidane and Garnet.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Other scenes show surviving Vivi clones; Steiner and Beatrice return to their old job as guards; Eiko is adopted regent Sid and Hilda; Freya reunites with her long-standing love, Gray Fratley; and Quinina settles in the kitchen of Alexandria Castle.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Graphics


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Final Fantasy IX was created in the late era of 32/64-bit gaming systems, and Square had released more than two dozen games on PlayStation by this time [42], so the developers who answered for performance and speed, understood the technical capabilities of the console perfectly and were able to achieve truly good results in terms of visualization [4].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In general, the engine remains the same as in Final Fantasy VIII: world map journeys and battles are still fully 3D and displayed as a trimetric projection, while inside game locations (cities, caves, dungeons, etc.), the three-dimensional figures of the characters move against the background of pre-render two-dimensional images.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The overall quality of texture drawing and the detail of volumetric objects have undergone changes, and the number of character polygons, in particular, has almost doubled [1].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Cinematic plot inserts are still made using fully mobile video technology [43].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Development and release


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Square began work on Final Fantasy IX even before the release of its predecessor, Final Fantasy VIII [11].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Since many employees did not live in Japan, but in the United States, Honolulu, Hawaii, was chosen as a compromise as the development site [11].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The game was the last of its series on PlayStation, so I wanted to reflect all the best moments from the previous installments.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Final Fantasy IX is called Sakaguchi's favorite game, he said that it was “close to perfect Final Fantasy” [44].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The main reason for the introduction of radical changes was the desire to attract new fans and developers to the series [11].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The desire to make a publicly understandable story with a deep study of the characters resulted in the creation of a system of “Real-time Events” [11].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

At the initial stage of design, the developers did not want to call the game “Final Fantasy IX” because they were afraid that the deviation from the realism of Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy VIII could alienate many old fans.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

This policy made the public think that the new project would be only a “side game” of the great series [45].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

And only in 1999, Square officially confirmed that the game would be called “Final Fantasy IX”, and would be presented in 2000 as a full-fledged continuation of the “last fantasy”.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Before the release, the developers took a long time to set up and test the game, the ending, for example, changed seven times [11].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In Japan, Final Fantasy IX was released on July 7, 2000, and immediately after that, English localization began, which was taken over by a subsidiary of Square EA, which arose as a result of a collaboration with by Electronic Arts.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The presentation of the North American version of Final Fantasy IX took place on October 7 in a shopping center in San Francisco [46], but the official release in North America was artificially delayed until November 14 , so as not to coincide with the release of Dragon Quest VII by rival company Enix.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

On the day of the release, a grand celebration was organized: gift souvenirs were issued especially for it in a limited edition, and some fans dressed in costumes of their favorite characters for such an event.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In Canada, defective copies of Final Fantasy IX were first released (without an English-language technical manual), but after clarifying this fact, Square filled Canadian warehouses with additional English instructions in just a few days [47].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Active promotion of the game was also organized after the release.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Since March 4, 2000, Final Fantasy IX characters have been actively used in Coca-Cola commercials, and the figures of some characters have also been used as prizes in their marketing companies [48].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In the same year, IGN awarded participants in its competitions with dolls and figurines from the “last fantasy” [49].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Final Fantasy IX became the basis for the creation of an interactive Internet portal PlayOnline.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

This service was originally created by Square to serve the upcoming Final Fantasy X online game, but the company abandoned this project, which was included in GameSpy's list of “5 dumbest events in the gaming industry “, and the site was put at the disposal of Final Fantasy IX.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The subsidiaries of BradyGames and Piggyback Interactive developed complete game guides, and everyone who bought an official printed edition of the guide could log in and watch interesting facts, secrets, and other information about the game.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

At one time, this caused rage among fans, as the guide was quite expensive, and many people wanted to learn the secrets [50].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

On December 31, 2015, the reissue of Final Fantasy IX for Windows, iOS and Android platforms was announced.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The main features will be: high resolution, improved interface, list of achievements, autosave, “high speed” mode, etc.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

[51] It was released on February 9, 2016.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Musical accompaniment


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The music for Final Fantasy IX was written by the composer and was his last exclusive work for the “last fantasy”.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In an interview, Uematsu said that it is quite easy to create a soundtrack for the game, you need to write eight songs for each of the characters, the exciting theme of the battle, the sad melody, the theme of the sudden dangers and about ten other tracks.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

However, he spent a whole year working, composing and recording about 160 melodies, 140 of which were used in the game [53] [54].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The composer composed music on the piano in two completely different ways: “Most often I wrote the sound series for specific scenes in the game, but sometimes the screenwriter had to adjust the game events to the music I wrote” [54].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Uematsu said that in Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy VIII, the main task was to convey the realism of what was happening, but Final Fantasy IX is, first of all, a fantasy, and insert a lot of serious ones into it melodies would be stupid, more fun tracks should dominate.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The entire soundtrack was written under the influence of medieval music.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

To gain inspiration, Uematsu specially traveled to Europe, saw the old castles of Germany and other antiquities of those times.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

But he did not write music in a pure medieval style, because he thought that it would only make an “imbalance” and would be “boring”.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

During the recording, in addition to the usual classical instruments, quite rare ones, such as kazoo and cymbals, were also used.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Uematsu also included some motifs from the previous parts, such as the Gulug Volcano theme from the first part, the Pandemonium theme from the second, or the Rufus Welcoming Ceremony theme from the seventh [53] [54 ].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Uematsu has repeatedly said that Final Fantasy IX is his favorite work [55].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The original soundtrack for the game contained 110 audio tracks [56].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The later released album, “Final Fantasy IX Original Soundtrack PLUS”, included 42 more tracks that were not originally included in the original set [57].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

As in Final Fantasy VIII and Final Fantasy X, Final Fantasy IX has the main theme - the ballad “Melodies of Life”.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The music for it was composed by Nobuo Uematsu, the lyrics were written (in Japanese) by Alexander O. Smith (in English), and performed by a famous Japanese singer.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The Japanese version of the song was also played at the Japanese premiere of the game, and the English version at the North American and European premieres.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Reviews and criticism


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Despite the fact that Final Fantasy IX was the sales leader for some time [58], it no longer sold as well in Japan and North America as Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy VIII [59] [60].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

By March 31, 2003, the game had sold 5.08 million copies worldwide.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

On the list of the best games of all time, it was ranked 24th among readers of the Japanese magazine Famitsu [62] and 42nd among visitors to GameFAQs [63].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The Metacritic evaluation resource gave the game a rating of 94%, which was the best performance among all Final Fantasy on this site [64].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Reviews of the game, in general, were rather positive, with critics praising the graphics and traditional nostalgic elements.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

All reviewers agreed that the game's strengths are gameplay, character development, and visual effects.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

GameSpot did not like the combat system, in which the characters, in their opinion, do not interact enough with each other and with the enemy [5].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

IGN pointed out that battles are too long and monotonous battles quickly get bored; RPGFan criticized the “trance” system, which does not really help in battles with the strong opponents [4] [65].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The characters and graphics received only positive reviews.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Despite the fact that the style of the characters is very different from other parts of Final Fantasy, IGN found them very pleasant and cute [4].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

GameSpot noted that there is a lot of humor in the dialogues and behavior of the characters [5].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

With regard to the new Live Events system, IGN concluded that it helped to better understand the characters and emotions of the characters [4].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The severely deformed appearance of the characters, significantly changed in favor of “cartoonish” and “comic”, was recognized as perfectly traced and animated.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Appreciation was also given to the artists' brilliant backgrounds and character animations, which combine perfectly with each other [65].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

On the other hand, many critics did not like the plot, largely based on previous Final Fantasy and many other games of this genre.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Some elements, such as aggressive kingdoms and mysterious villains, are abundant in previous parts and are simply tired [65].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

GameSpot considered that the main villain looked the least threatening of all the previous ones [5], IGN, in turn, noted that he was a mixture of features of other villains in the series [4].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The sound of the game also received an ambiguous opinion.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Some reviewers, such as RPGFan, found the sound effects and music “uninspiring, boring and irritable”, IGN and GameSpot found only a handful of tracks memorable, while GamePro did not skimp on praise, saying that the soundtrack “guides the player's emotions through the plot, from battles... to comedy” [4] [5] [66].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The composer was cautiously criticized for slipping into repetition and simplification of previously composed musical themes, but this trend was justified by the desire to evoke nostalgic feelings early Final Fantasy fans [4] [5] [66].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Negative reviews were given to the game guide, which forced people to register on the relevant site to obtain the necessary information.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Tetra Master's built-in card game has been severely criticized, which, according to GameSpot, has become only a miserable semblance of Final Fantasy VIII's Triple Triad [5].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Notes


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

References


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

(in English)


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

in the Wikia encyclopedia (in English)


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

— section on the site


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

— section on the site


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

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Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The evolutionary theory of asymmetry by V. A. Geodakan

The evolutionary theory of asymmetrization of organisms, brain and paired organs was proposed by V. Geodakan in 1993 [1] The theory explains from a single point of view many phenomena associated with the asymmetry of the brain [2], hands, [3] and other paired organs of animals.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

[4] [5]


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Like the evolutionary theory of sex and sex chromosomes, the theory of asymmetry is based on the principle of conjugate subsystems that evolve asynchronously.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The asymmetry along the left-right axis is associated with the asynchronous evolution of the sides of the body.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Evolution in the male sex begins and ends earlier than in the female.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Signs in phylogenesis appear first in the genotype of males, and only then, after many generations, are transmitted to females.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Similarly, control centers (dominance) with new functions appear first in the left hemisphere, and then move to the right hemisphere.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

This phylogenetic time shift creates sexual dimorphism in the population and lateral dimorphism for the brain and body.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The criterion for localization of functions by hemispheres is their evolutionary age: young functions are controlled by the left hemisphere, and the old ones are controlled by the right hemisphere.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The theory makes it possible to establish a connection between the asymmetry of the brain, hands, and other paired organs with sex, ontogenesis and phylogenesis and successfully explain many known facts and predict new facts.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The theory makes it possible to understand the biological foundations of terrorism and is practically the only biological evolutionary theory in this area.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The theory predicted translocation of dominance from the left hemisphere to the right hemisphere, as well as translocation in the hypothalamus, was confirmed in the works of Acad. P. IN. Simonova [7] and I. IN. Pavlova.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

[8] The authors write: “... the Geodakan law is equally valid for philo, ontogenesis, and the process of individual learning.”


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Since 1993, more than 20 works on the theory of asymmetry have been published, and reports have been made at many domestic and international congresses, conferences and symposia.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

[9] The theory was included in textbooks [10] [11] and teaching programs of a number of universities and institutes (Moscow State University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Kharkiv National University, KrasSU).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

[12] The theory has been repeatedly written on the pages of periodicals.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

[13] [14] [15] [16] [17] The program on the Theory of Brain Asymmetry was shown on television in the program A. Gordon.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Key points


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Asymmetrization is not a particular, purely human phenomenon, but a general biological evolutionary phenomenon inherent in all living systems.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The evolution of any structures (and information flows) goes from symmetry to asymmetry.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

For example, this trend can be observed in the phylogenesis of flowers and leaves of plants, as well as in embryogenesis of animals and humans.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

In phylogenesis, the asymmetry of organisms naturally grows along all axes (I - back-belly, II - nose-tail and III - left-right).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

IN. N. Beklemishev in his classical work identified three types of symmetry (spherical, radial, bilateral) and placed them in an evolutionary series, placing a completely asymmetrical amoeba at its beginning.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

[19] Geodakyan believes that the series should begin with the oldest type of spherical symmetry and end with the most evolutionarily progressive type of triaxial asymmetry (lack of symmetry for all three axes).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The asymmetry along the top-bottom axis occurred under the influence of the gravity field.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Asymmetrization along the front-rear axis occurred when interacting with the spatial field, when it was necessary to move quickly (escape from the predator, catch up with the prey).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

As a result, the main receptors and the brain were in the front of the body.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Left-right asymmetry occurs in time, that is, one side (organ) is evolutionarily more advanced, “avant-garde” (as it were, in the future), and the other side is “rearguard” (back in past).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Triaxially asymmetric organisms retain two previous asymmetries.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Lateral asymmetry appears against the background of the previous two (back-belly and nose-tail) and therefore must extend from front to back.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

At the same time, lateral asymmetrization, like sexual differentiation, goes from the lower levels of organization to the higher levels (function → organ → body → population).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Evolution and drift of new features


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

During the transition from spherical to radial symmetry, asymmetry occurs only along one axis: from the bottom to the top.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

At the subsequent transition to bilateral symmetry, another axis is added: back-forward.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Lateral asymmetry adds a third right-left axis.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Based on the analysis of experimental data, Geodakan classifies the lower end, posterior part, right hemisphere of the brain and left side of the body to conservative subsystems.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

At the same time, the flows of new information coming from the environment to the operational subsystems (upper end, front part of the body, left hemisphere of the brain and right side of the body) are directed from top to bottom, front to back and from left to right for the brain (right to left for the body).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

A new sign appears at the operative end and, if it is not needed there, drifts in phylogenesis to the conservative end.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

For example, for a linear (one axis of asymmetry) organism — hydra, oriented along the gravitational field, the asymmetry vector will be directed vertically from bottom to top, that is, from the sole to the mouth, surrounded by a whisk of tentacles.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The mouth is the operative end, where a new sign appears.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

If a new sign is a brain or receptor, it remains at the operative end.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

All other signs in the process of phylogenesis should drift to the conservative subsystem.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The older the sign, the closer it will be to the sole.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Since hydra had all three types of reproduction: the oldest, asexual (budding), hermaphroditic, and, at the youngest, bisexual, the kidneys should be below, the ovaries higher, and the testes even higher.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Asymmetry of functions and paired organs


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Elementary unit of dominance


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Dominance is a form of asymmetry.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The dominant hemisphere or organ performs its functions better and is therefore more preferable.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The asymmetry of unpaired organs can only be morphological: by their location, shape or orientation.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

In paired organs, an asymmetry of size and function is also possible.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

If an organ has more than one function, they may have different direction and magnitude of dominance.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

For example, a person can be strongly right-handed in one function (write), a weakly left-handed person for another (grab), and an ambidexter (symmetrical) for the third.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Therefore, the elementary unit (carrier) of asymmetry is a function (and not an organ as is usually considered).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The asymmetry of an organ is a vector sum of asymmetries of its various functions.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Body asymmetry is the same sum of organ asymmetries.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Population asymmetry is the asymmetry of the number, dispersions and lateral dimorphism of subpopulations of asymmetric organisms (say, left-handed and right-handed).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Of the four levels of asymmetry: function, organ, organism and population, in the “pure” form, dominance is only in functions, the rest are mosaics — some average characteristics determined in total by number, direction and degree of dominance of their functions.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Conservative operational specialization of hemispheres


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

With regard to the brain, the oldest of its 3 asymmetries is the cortex of the subcortex, then the forehead is the back of the head and the youngest is the lateral.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

At the same time, the subcortex, occipital regions and right hemisphere represent conservative subsystems and functions controlled by the operational hemisphere should be evolutionarily “younger” than the functions controlled conservative.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Phases of function evolution and hemispheric dominance


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

All existing theories believe that brain asymmetry is a consequence of the fact that some functions are in the left hemisphere, others in the right hemisphere, that is, asymmetry is created by different functions.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

However, it is known that there are functions that are found in both the left and right hemispheres.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

According to the new concept, asymmetry is a consequence of asynchronous evolution, so any function can be in any hemisphere at a certain time.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

At the same time, asymmetry is created not by the functions themselves, but by the evolutionary phases of these


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The dominance of the hemispheres is determined, first of all, by the amount of information - the hemisphere with more information dominates.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The second place is perfection of performance.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The “age principle” of hemisphere specialization in phylogenesis


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

In the stable phase of evolution, the function is absent in both hemispheres (symmetry).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

When there is a need to search for a function, the left hemisphere (search) begins to dominate.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

New functions first occur in men, and their control centers are in the left hemisphere.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

After many generations, after being tested and selected there, they move to the left hemisphere of the female sex.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The transition from initial bilaterality to the left hemisphere (asymmetry) is a dislocation phase of function evolution.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

This phase is dominated by the left hemisphere, as only it has information about newborn function.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

When the function has been tested, information about it passes through the corpus callosum to the right hemisphere, first in men and later in women.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

If there was one version of the function in the left hemisphere and it entered the right hemisphere, remaining also in the left hemisphere, then the amount of information in the hemispheres is leveled, but the dominance translocates to the right hemisphere hemisphere because of its perfection.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

If there were several versions of the function in the left hemisphere, they translocate to the right hemisphere, starting from the earliest versions.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

At the same time, the amount of information may be greater in the left hemisphere, and the slow execution of the new version will compete with the fast one — the old version.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

When the amount of information and perfection of performance begin to prevail in the right hemisphere, dominance is translocated, that is, the left hemisphere brain for this function turns into right hemisphere.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

This is the translocation phase of the function.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

If the function is later lost (first in men and later in women), its center is removed first from the left hemisphere and then from the right hemisphere, and the asymmetry disappears.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

This is the relocation phase of function evolution.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

This phase is dominated by the right hemisphere, as it still has information about the function.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

When the function is completely lost, the left hemisphere begins to dominate again (stable phase).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Function transitions between hemispheres in ontogeny


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The left hemisphere is social, ontogenetic (phenotypic), so the embryo is almost empty (filled after birth).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The right hemisphere is biological, phylogenetic (genotypic), so the embryo has a lot of old information.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

After birth, sooner or later, the left hemisphere will inevitably be equal to the right hemisphere and ahead of it.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Therefore, at some age, translocation must occur, the right hemisphere newborn must become a left hemisphere child.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

This means that in ontogenesis, in principle, three translocations are possible.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The first is postnatal, from the embryonic right hemisphere to the “child” left hemisphere (in total, for all functions).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The second is the transition of a separate function from the children's left hemisphere to the mature right hemisphere.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

And the third is in case of loss of function, in the opposite direction: from the adult right hemisphere to senile involution (symmetry).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

As the function disappears, asymmetry also disappears.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Hemisphere dominance


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Brain asymmetrization leads to two types of dominance: left hemisphere and right hemisphere.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The vast majority of people, regardless of hand, are dominated by the left hemisphere (for example, there is a speech center of more than 95% of right-handed people and about 80% of left-handed people).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Right hemisphere dominance occurs in about 1% of people.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Approximately the same number of people who have symmetrical hemispheres that do not have dominance.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The theory treats hemisphere as an analogue of the genotype, with which a child is born.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The evolutionary role of corpus callosum, counter and ipsi connections


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Counter communications.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

If we assume that management can improve with the improvement of blood supply to the brain, then negative feedback is formed, ensuring the symmetry (proportionality) of the hands and other organs.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Therefore, the evolutionary meaning of crossing the nerve pathways is to ensure lateral symmetry of bilaterally symmetrical and existing levels of asymmetry of organisms.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The corpus callosum creates a sequential connection of the hemispheres and dichronism, that is, the asymmetry of the phases of evolution.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The evolutionary role of IPSI connections is the creation of adaptability and positive feedback that changes the equilibrium state.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

CIS-trans organisms


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Everything that has been said so far related to the intra-pair asymmetry of one paired organ.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

At the level of two (or more) pairs of paired organs (for example, hemispheres and hands), interpair relations create a new type of asymmetry - cis-trance (positional or structural asymmetry).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Four different phenotypes appear depending on whether the dominant hemisphere and arm are located on the same side of the body (cis position) or on the opposite side (trans position).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Examining another paired organ, say legs, would double the number of phenotypes.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Genotypic hemisphere and phenotypic hand


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

As already mentioned, the theory treats hemisphere as an analogue of the genotype with which a child is born.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The hand and asymmetry of other organs, as components of the phenotype, are realized during fetal development, depending on environmental conditions.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The genotype is more fundamental than the phenotype, and the asymmetry of the hemispheres is more fundamental than the asymmetry of the hands.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Under optimal conditions, in the first trimester of pregnancy, the dominance of the hand (other organ) appears in the trans position to the dominant hemisphere: the left hemisphere is the right hand, and in extreme conditions, with psychological and environmental stress of a pregnant mother — in the cis position: left hemisphere — left hand.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The former happens about 10 times more often than the second.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Not left-right hand, but cis-trans hand


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

An analysis of the frequencies and variances of four combinations of hemisphere and hand shows that left-right hand does not play any role, and changes haphazardly.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

First of all, hemisphere is decisive, secondly cis-trance hand, that is, the hand should not be attributed to the body: left or right, which does not matter, but in relation to dominant hemisphere.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

It is trans- and cis individuals that should be considered true right-handed and left-handed, and not right-handed and left-handed, as all existing theories do.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Population asymmetry


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

At the population level, evolution creates one subsystem for a stable (optimal) environment, specialized for preserving the (old) and the second for the unstable (extreme) environment, for changing (innovations) .


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

At the gene level, this is the female-male sex (individuals, organs, cells, hormones), and at the behavioral and psychological level, the right and left hemispheres, subordinate and dominant functions, organs, trans and cis individuals.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

By analogy with the three main characteristics of a sexed population (sex ratio, sex dispersion and sexual dimorphism), in the society of cis-trans individuals, it is possible to distinguish the ratio of laterality (SL,% cis of individuals), variance of laterality (DL) and lateral dimorphism (LD).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Usually, three values of these parameters are distinguished for three moments of ontogenesis: for zygotes - primary (SL1), for newborns - secondary (SL2) and adults of reproductive age - tertiary (SL3).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

By analogy with the “Environmental Rule for Gender Differentiation”, Geodakyan formulates the “Environmental Rule of Lateral Differentiation”, which describes the behavior of cis-trans subpopulations (left-handed and right-handed) in stable and volatile environment that regulates the behavioral evolutionary plasticity of society.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Behavioral dominance regulation


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

According to the generalized environmental rule, the role of conservative subsystems (females, right hemisphere, left hemisphere dominance, trans individuals) should grow in the optimal environment, and in extreme, on the contrary, operational, reformist (males, left hemisphere, right hemisphere, cis individuals).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

By gender, this is manifested in the transition from matriarchy to patriarchy.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

For example, in elephants, in an optimal environment, the herd is headed by an old female, and in an extreme environment by a male.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

[5] Matriarchy is more common on islands, in forest and mountain isolates (where there are no neighbors and wars).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The same applies to asymmetry: in a calm environment, the socio-cultural, rational, but slow, left hemisphere dominates, and in a stressful situation, there is a switch to biological, automatic, fast right.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Confirmation and explanation of known facts


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Existence of information flows causing asymmetry


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

In hydras, the oldest reproductive organs are located lowest, then slightly higher, the ovaries, and even higher the testes.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

In earthworms, the ovaries are closer to the tail (in the 13th segment) than the testes (in the 10th segment).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The black color of the back of initially white penguins appears on the head, then spills to the tail.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

In whales, cubs of some species darken from the head (gray whales), others lighten (beluga whales).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The defeat of the frontal brain in women and the occipital region in men with aphasia and apraxia [21] suggests that in women the centers of these diseases are still in the anterior lobe, and in men already in the posterior lobe.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Hemispheric distribution of functions and brain asymmetry


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Most left hemisphere functions are clearly evolutionarily younger than right hemisphere functions.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The left hemisphere (in normal right-handed) serves for semantic perception and reproduction of speech, writing, subtle motor control of the fingers of both hands, self-awareness, arithmetic counting, logical , analytical, abstract thinking, musical composition, color space, positive emotions.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

It processes information consistently, understands tense, verbs well, is capable of false “statements”, and turning it off leads to depression.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Right hemisphere — for spatial and visual functions, intuition, music, intonation features of speech, rough movements of the whole hand, emotional-holistic perception, synthetic, situational thinking, negative emotions.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

It processes information simultaneously (holistically), hardly understands verbs, abstract terms, is not capable of making false statements, and turning it off leads to euphoria.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

[22] [23] [24] [25] Geodakan compares emotions: negative—positive; understanding: space—time, nouns—verbs, space of colors; the ability to say: true—false.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Both in phylogenesis and ontogeny, the former appear before the latter.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

In newborns, crying precedes a smile, kittens have a plaintive squeak ahead of purring, in puppies, whining begins three months earlier than wagging their tails.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

With functional oppression of the brain, negative emotions are the last to disappear and are restored first, [22] which means an older age.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Understanding space is easier than tense; nouns are simpler than verbs; true utterances are simpler than false ones.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Orientation in space comes earlier than in time; the first words of the child are more often nouns, lies appear later.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The space of colors, also, apparently, can be considered an evolutionarily new acquisition.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The characters in the Iliad and The Odyssey used a very narrow range of colors.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The left eye is more sensitive to simple signals (a flash of light), and the right eye is more sensitive to complex signals (words, numbers) [26] (old and new stimuli).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The left eye is more sensitive to ordinary words, and the right eye is more sensitive to brands (old and new words).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Environmental sounds (the sound of rain, sea, dog barking, coughing, etc.) are better heard by the left ear, and semantic sounds (words, numbers) are heard better by the right ear [27] [28] [29] (old and new sounds).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

In a person, according to speech dichotic signals, in the early days, the advantage of the right ear is observed, and a week later, the left ear.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

[24] Familiar objects are better recognized by the left hand by the touch, and strangers are recognized by the right hand [26] [30] (old and new objects).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Paired organ asymmetry


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

According to Geodakyan, with the specialization of paired organs, the right organ acquires a new function, while the left organ retains the old one.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

As an example, he cites the fact that dolphins ovulate mainly the left ovary, while the sperm whale retains only the left nostril.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Monkeys take food more often with their left hand, and manipulate with their right hand, [31] [32] [33] [34] since right-handed in “instrumental” (new) functions should be higher than for “non-instrumental” (old) functions.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Siamangs, chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas prefer the right limb to start ground traffic, [31] is a new feature.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The fact that children under 12 years of age have a larger right thigh bone, and after 13 of the left (the transition of “child right” to “adult left-legged”) [35] is explained by the translocation of the upright walking control center from the left hemisphere to the right.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Reverse translocation is observed for lost functions, for example, with a dying sign of smell in humans or with a grasping reflex that is stronger in the left hand.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The high dispersion of left-handed people is confirmed by: their increased percentage (as well as men) among geniuses and demented people (children unable to learn to read are left-handed boys), their shorter life expectancy (almost at 9 years) and a low reproduction index (left-handed people averaged 1.62 children by the age of 45, 2.03 in right-handed people), increased susceptibility to many diseases (immune, nervous) and accidents.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The same is evidenced by the results of 7-year anthropometric studies of the frequencies of extreme phenotypes depending on hand and sex in 6,000 children by height, weight and head circumference.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

In all three parameters, the variance of left-handed people was wider than that of right-handed ones.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Of the 42 groups (2 sexes, 3 traits, 7 ages), left-handed had a higher variance in 33, right-handed in 5, and in 4 groups the variances were equal.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Predictions [5]


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The combined application of gender and asymmetry theories makes it possible to link these two phenomena and make some predictions.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Some of them are confirmed by well-known literature data and specially staged experiments, while others have not yet been tested.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

If there are dioecious triaxially asymmetric plants, then they must have sexual dimorphism for all signs that have lateral dimorphism (the rule of conjugate dimorphisms).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Basset and Spaniels should have the longest ear in males, and the shortest ear should be left in females.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

In all cases of environmental and psychological stress and discomfort: among racial, multinational hybrids, in highland, seismic, ecologically unfavorable areas, after earthquakes, wars, genocide, famine, resettlement and other natural and social shifts, the birth rate (and mortality) of male sex and the birth rate of left - handed people must increase.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Since a person's sense of smell is lost, it should be better in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

It also follows from gender theory that women should have a better sense of smell than men, and children should have a better sense of smell than adults.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

People's teeth are gradually getting smaller.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Therefore, men should have the smallest teeth on the right, and the largest teeth in women on the left.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Since the eyes evolved gradually from side (like horses) to the face, men, on average, have eyes slightly closer to the nose than women.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

At the same time, the right eye is always slightly closer to the nose than the left eye, as well as the right ear is usually slightly higher than the left ear.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Peripheral vision in women is better developed, and the eye is worse than in men.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Unconditioned reflexes are older than conditioned ones, so they should be stronger on the left, and conditioned reflexes on the right.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The transition (translocation) of dominance from the left hemisphere to the right hemisphere was confirmed by studying the development of a conditioned reflex in humans, dogs and cats by the method of evoked potentials and EEG.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

[7] A similar translocation was later discovered in the hypothalamus.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Since the right hemisphere is biological, species, phylogenetic, and the left hemisphere is socio-cultural, ethnic, ontogenetic, the dispersion in the population should be greater in the left hemispheres.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

This prediction was confirmed in three ethnic groups (Indians, Blacks and Whites, a total of 1,220 people) in America.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

[24] and when studying the northern peoples of Russia.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The transition in philo- and ontogenesis from ambidexterity to right-handed and further to left-handed makes it possible to predict the existence of a right-handed intermediate phase for all functions of the left hand, and the absence of a similar left-handed phase according to the functions of the right hand.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Learning the new skill of the left-handed right hand should be more effective when exercising the left hand than the right hand.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

According to the new functions of the legs, say, writing or drawing on the sand, taking and shifting objects, the theory predicts legality.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

If the two left halves of a portrait make the first whole face and the two right halves make the second, then the first will look more like a mother and sisters, the second looks more like a father and brothers.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Not only in “manual” (boxing, golf, tennis), but also in any (“non-manual”) sport (chess, football, running, jumping), there should be many left-handed people among record holders.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Diseases and anomalies in the development of paired organs that are “atavistic” in nature should occur more often in women, somatic on the left, brain (mental) on the right, and “futuristic” (“search”, diseases of the eyelid , civilization, urbanization) on the contrary, in men, somatic on the right, mental on the left.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The psychology of trans individuals (right-handed) should be typically female, adaptive in a stable environment, a rational conservation strategy (conservatism, law-abiding conformism, collectivism).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The psychology of cis individuals (left-handed) is a typically male, adaptive in a changing environment, an irrational strategy of change (reformers, dissidents, individualists, rebels, extremists, marginals who are not walking in leg).


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

There should be more left-handed men among the leaders of associations.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Criticism and attitude towards other theories


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Gershwind and Galaburda's theory, which is very popular in the West and widely cited, linking left-handed with increased testosterone levels, discusses the mechanisms of the phenomenon that in Geodakan's theory are almost are being discussed.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

[38] V. Geodakyan noted that the theories contradict Z. IN. Denisova, who showed that the centers of music and humor are located in the right hemisphere, [22] while according to the theory of asymmetry in the right hemisphere there should be old, “non-creative” versions, and creative must be in the left hemisphere.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Also, at first glance, testicular asymmetry contradicts the theory.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

In theory, the right testicle should lead when descending from the abdominal cavity and should accordingly fall lower.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Since it is noted that a person has a larger and heavier right testicle than the left testicle, it can also be assumed that it will be located lower.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

[39] However, in a number of studies, it has been found that in humans, the right testicle is more often higher than the left testicle and has more developed muscles, which can explain the observed picture.


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

[39] [40] [41] [42]


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Literature


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

See also


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Prevailing hand


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Lefty


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Right-handed


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Ambidexter


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Symmetry (biology)


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Radial symmetry


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Laterality


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Chirality (chemistry)


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Interhemispheric asymmetry


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The evolutionary theory of gender by V. A. Geodakan


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

The evolutionary theory of nomadic genes by V. A. Geodakan


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

References


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Category:Alternative evolutionary concepts


Question: What is the principle on which evolutionary gender theory is based?

Category:Symmetry (biology)


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Cultural grapes (Latin: Vítis vinífera) is a species of perennial shrub vines from the genus Grapes of the Grape family.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Grape fruits are used fresh for food, and are also processed into raisins, grape juice, wine, jam, marinades, compotes, various drinks (alcoholic and non-alcoholic), as well as wine vinegar, including balsamic.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Oil is squeezed out of grape seeds, and the grape leaf is used to make dolma, cabbage rolls and other stuffed dishes.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Distribution and habitat


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Cultivated grapes grow in temperate and subtropical regions and are widely cultivated in many countries on all continents.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Grapes are usually grown on a trellis.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

In the wild, cultivated grapes are unknown.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Scientists have found that its varieties originated from a wild Eurasian species - Forest Grape, which grows along the entire northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and further east to the southern Caspian coast.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

On the territory of the former USSR, forest grapes are found in the Carpathians, Moldova, Crimea, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, in the Caucasus and in the south-west of Turkmenistan.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Modern cultivated grapes differ from all wild grapes by the overwhelming predominance of bisexual flowers, is a wind-pollinated, insect-pollinated and self-pollinating plant.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Even cleistogamous (pollination with a closed flower) forms of grapes have been established.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Botanical description


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Under favorable conditions in the south, the vine of grapes reaches 30-40 meters in length, in central Russia, as a rule, only 1.5—3 m. The vine is attached by means of antennae that wrap around the supports.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The bark on old trunks is brown, deeply grooved, with a separating crust, on young trunks it is yellowish or reddish.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Leaves are alternate, petiolate, whole, three- or five-lobed.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The flowers are small, bisexual, greenish, collected in a loose or dense broom.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Grapes bloom in May-June, bears fruit in August-September, some varieties in October.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Flower formula:


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

K


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

C


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

A


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

G


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

the


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

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Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Grape fruits - juicy berries with 1-4 small seeds (in some varieties there are no seeds) - are collected in clusters that vary greatly in shape, color: they can be green, pink, yellow, dark- red, black-violet (usually with a waxy coating).


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Until 1863 (before the appearance in Europe of the pest - phylloxera), cultivated grapes lived until 130-150 years.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

ripening crop


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

grapes after watering


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

young vine


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

grape mustache


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

ovary


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

young leaf


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Economic value and application


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The grapes are eaten fresh or dried, turning them into raisins.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Grape fruits are raw materials for making wine.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Compotes, juices, marinades are prepared from grapes.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Used for decorative purposes.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

There are many varieties and hybrids of grapes, including without seeds — kishmish and korinka.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Grape juice contains a large amount of glucose, fructose, which are easily absorbed by the body, potassium cations, organic acids, trace elements.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The secondary product when juice is obtained — cake — goes to livestock feed.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

White, rosé and red wines are obtained from grape juice by alcoholic fermentation, and after distillation, a variety of distillates (including brandy, cognac, armagnac, grappa, rakia, chacha, pisco, mark, grape vodka).


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Grapes contain up to 20% sugar, vitamins C, B, enzymes, trace elements, malic and other organic acids, tannins.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Berries of sweet grape varieties are contraindicated for people with diabetes mellitus, acute dysentery, diarrhea and hypertension.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Winemaking waste (pomace, yeast residue, etc.) find practical use as a raw material for the production of alcohol and tartaric lime.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Frankfurt mob, copper bright, tar can also be obtained from waste [2].


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Tartar obtained from tartaric lime crystallizes in barrels during the aging of wines and is released when the juice is boiled in vacuum apparatuses [2].


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Grape seeds (“seeds”) are used to produce fatty oil suitable for food and technical purposes [2].


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Tartaric acid is obtained from leaves and green shoots, the amount of which in these organs is 1.9-2.4% (translated into dry matter) [2].


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Grape cultivation


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The plot of land on which grapes are grown is called a vineyard.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Since Columella's time, special trellises have been used as a support for long curly vines.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Grapes are propagated by almost all known methods - both by seeds and vegetatively - by cuttings, layering, grafting.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The Guinness Book of Records states that the oldest vine in the world grows and bears fruit in the center of the Slovenian city of Maribor, on the banks of the Drava River [3].


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The unique wine regions of the Wachau and Lavaux, where viticulture traditions go back centuries, are protected by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Other regions famous all over the world for their wines are Tokay, Champagne, Burgundy, Medoc, Beaujolais, Rioja, Tuscany, Rheingau.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Historical background


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

According to archaeological sources, scientists believe that viticulture originated in ancient Egypt 6000 years BC.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

At the feasts of the ancient Egyptians, various types of wine and beer were also served next to many dishes.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

At the time of the Pharaohs, vineyards stretched up the Nile to the rapids.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The neighboring countries of Egypt did not leave such ancient archaeological sources, but they also mention, in particular, that during the construction of Solomon's temple, workers were given 20,000 baht of wine.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

This is proof that for almost 1000 years BC. e.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

winemaking existed in the Mediterranean.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Viticulture was especially developed in ancient Greece.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Greek literature often refers to wine, in particular, Homer's Odyssey contains many poems mentioning wine.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

On Achilles' shield, skillful Hephaestus, among other images, made “a marvelous large vineyard, aggravated with sweet fruit”, “black bunches hung in it.”


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Grape varieties


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The grape variety is the lowest systematic unit used to describe the diversity of cultivated grapes.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

It characterizes a distinctive set of inherited morphological, biological and economic characteristics.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

In total, more than 3,000 grape varieties grow on the territory of Russia and the CIS countries.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

By origin, breeding methods and biological characteristics, they distinguish:


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

population varieties are most often ancient, local varieties, represent a set of clones that preserve local characteristics and adaptability to certain conditions;


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

clone varieties are vegetative offspring identified among plants according to one valuable essential feature (less often several).


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Clone mixes are the majority of cultivated varieties.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

hybrid varieties are specially selected offspring from crossing two or more plants that have inherited valuable properties from their parents.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

According to the properties of berries and the preferential use of the products obtained from them, grape varieties are divided into:


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

table varieties.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

They are grown mainly for fresh consumption.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

These are usually large-berry, large-sized varieties of attractive appearance and very high taste qualities;


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

technical grades.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

They are grown for making wine, juices, etc. The main distinguishing feature of such varieties is a high percentage of juice in the berry (75-85% of its total weight).


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The bunches and berries are small, most technical varieties have a fairly high yield;


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

seedless varieties.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

They are grown for fresh consumption and dried products;


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

universal varieties.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

These varieties are grown both for fresh consumption and for processing.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

According to the size characteristics of bunches and berries, universal varieties are larger than technical ones, but smaller than table ones.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

have a fairly juicy flesh.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

It's an ordinary taste.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

It is a combination of sweetness and acid in various ratios, without any other distinctive features.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Among grape varieties with an ordinary taste, a group of varieties with a neutral taste is sometimes distinguished, which is often called “simple”.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Muscat flavor.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The taste and aroma are more or less clearly expressed in the nutmeg hue.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Nightshade flavor.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

There is a herbaceous flavor that resembles the taste of nightshade berries.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Isabel flavor.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

There is a more or less pronounced characteristic taste, somewhat reminiscent of strawberry, pineapple or blackcurrant.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

This taste is inherent in berries of all varieties of the American species, as well as interspecies hybrids with it, a typical representative of which is the widespread Isabella variety (hence the name” isabelny”).


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Varieties with an isabel flavor most often have slimy flesh.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

A science that studies the diversity of grapes — varieties, shapes and clones — at the level of populations and species, as well as studying the patterns of variability of traits and properties under the influence of environmental conditions and human activity is called ampelography.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Modern cultivated grapes can be divided into table and wine (technical) varieties.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

There are more than 8,000 grape varieties in the world.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

The most widespread are:


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Muscat is a group of grape varieties with a strong characteristic (“nutmeg”) aroma of berries, reminiscent of musk.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Riesling is a white grape variety, as well as a type of wine made from it.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Feteasca is a technical grape variety and wine from this variety.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Isabella is an American grape variety, black berries, with mucous pulp and a specific smell, ripen late, are consumed fresh; they are used in winemaking.


Question: What are the vitamins in grapes?

Cultivated grapes

Varieties of American selection 'Kay Gray' and 'Kee-Wan-din' can withstand frosts up to -37° C, in the 'Mars' variety at a temperature of -30.7° C, about 63.2% of the eyes remain.