Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1944, Russell returned from the United States to England, and began teaching at Trinity College, University of Cambridge, from where he was fired for anti-militaristic protests at the time of the first world war.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Despite his old age (in 1942 he turned 70 years old), Russell, thanks to his social activities, became one of the most famous Englishmen.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Among the great many books he published are Philosophy and Politics (1947), Springs of Human Activity (1952) and Human Knowledge. Its scope and boundaries” (1948).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell gives a series of radio lectures, later collected in Power and Personality (1949).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Until 1954, Russell supported the policy of the Cold War, convinced that this could prevent World War III.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell criticizes the USSR very sharply, advocates world domination of the United States of America and even considers it necessary to force the USSR, under the threat of atomic strikes, to obey the dictates of the United States [29].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1948, Russell said in a speech that if the USSR continued its aggression in Eastern Europe, it would be morally worse to start a war when the USSR acquired an atomic bomb than before because in the war against the USSR, which does not yet have an atomic bomb, the victory of the West will be faster and bloodless [30].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

This caused different interpretations and disputes as to whether Russell approves of the first strike against the USSR or merely points to the need to use the US nuclear arsenal to intimidate the Soviet Union [31].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

However, immediately after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki from 1945 to 1948, Russell wrote letters and published articles in newspapers, unequivocally claiming that it was morally justified and correct to start a war against the USSR with the use of nuclear weapons, so far the USSR does not have an atomic bomb, but the United States does.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

It was only when the USSR tested the atomic bomb that Russell changed his position and began to advocate a complete ban on nuclear weapons [32].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In a short article, “Why Am I Not a Communist?” , directed against countries that declare their commitment to communism, Russell wrote:


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1917 Russia, however, the proletariat accounted for a small percentage of the population — the vast majority were peasants.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Then the Bolshevik Party announced that it carried the class consciousness of the entire proletariat, and a small committee of its leaders had the class consciousness of the entire Bolshevik Party.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The dictatorship of the proletariat thus became the dictatorship of this committee, and, ultimately, one person — Stalin.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

As the only proletarian with a class identity, Stalin sentenced millions of peasants to starvation, and millions of others to forced labor in concentration camps.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

He even went to the point of repealing generally accepted laws of heredity and replacing them with new ones so that the rudimentary plasma obeyed the orders of the Soviet authorities, and not this reactionary priest Mendel.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

I can't understand at all how it happened that some humanists and intellectuals find something to admire in this huge slave camp created by Stalin.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

At the same time, Bertrand Russell considered himself a supporter of social democracy.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

His criticism of communism at this time comes down to criticism of Marxism.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In fact, Russell was awarded the Order of Merit on June 9, 1949 for contributing to the official regime and promoting Britain's views on the Cold War.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1950, 78-year-old Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his book Marriage and Morality (1929) and journalistic activities:


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In recognition of his diverse and significant works, in which he defends humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In one of the books in which he criticizes the optimistic view of the development of civilization, “The Impact of Science on Society” (1951, Russian ed. 1952), Russell warns that science can create not only good.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In particular, he writes that “those in power” can theoretically try to create a nation of slaves using a eugenistic method, after which criticism of the authorities “will become psychologically impossible” and, concludes Russell , the rebellion of the “slave race” will be as incredible as the “rebellion of sheep against the lamb producer” [33].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1952, Russell, 80, married Edith Finch, a writer from the United States, for the fourth time.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

They're moving to North Wales.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

1954—1970 years.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Active struggle for peace


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

After testing a hydrogen bomb and correspondence with Frederick Joliot-Curie, Russell, using his journalistic talent and great authority, begins to resolutely oppose nuclear weapons, addresses Radio (December 24, 1954) to all residents of England and the world with the “Manifesto of the Struggle for Peace against Nuclear War”, in which he argued that there could be no winner in a future war.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The issue of ways to lasting peace was also raised with great urgency in the famous statement prepared by Russell and signed by Einstein two days before the latter's death, and then by other major scientists.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

This document was announced in London at a press conference of scientists around the world against the threat of nuclear war (1955) as the “Russell-Einstein Declaration”.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Among other things, it says:


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

We want this to be understood both in the East and in the West.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

We demand that governments around the world recognize and state publicly that they will not seek to achieve their goals through war.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

And we call on them, in accordance with this, to seek peaceful ways to resolve the differences existing between them...


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1957, after discussion at the first conference of scientists in the Canadian village of Pugwash, it was adopted as the “Manifesto of the Struggle for Peace” by all scientists on the planet, marking the beginning of the Pugwash movement .


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In the 1950s and 1960s, when the world faced the prospect of a third world war with nuclear weapons more than ever, the activities of Russell, one of the most influential fighters for peace, were difficult overestimate.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell was a member of the nuclear disarmament movement (1958) and the Committee of the Hundred (1960).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell corresponded, communicated, met and discussed with the leaders of the largest countries of the world, and the international authority is huge.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Since 1961, Russell has defended the concept of an international authoritative forum, similar to the UN.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1961, an 89-year-old Nobel laureate was sentenced to seven days in prison for participating in one of the anti-war actions.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The magistrate proposed to replace it with a “promise of good behavior”, but Russell refused [34] [35].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1962, during the aggravation of the Caribbean crisis, Russell directly appealed to Kennedy and Khrushchev with an appeal to immediately enter into negotiations.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In the summer of 1963, work began on the creation, which was supposed to take care of the whole range of issues that until that time constituted the activities of Russell and his associates.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Ralf Schenmann played a special role in the creation of the organization.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The founders of the foundation decided that it should bear the name of Bertrand Russell, despite his own objections.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

UN Secretary General U Thant wrote about this:


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

It is gratifying to learn that it is planned to establish a fund named after Lord Russell... Lord Russell was one of the first to realize the madness and danger of unlimited accumulation of nuclear weapons.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Christopher Farley, co-founder of the Foundation, wrote about Russell:


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In many countries that lacked civil liberties or were under the patronage of powerful neighbors, Russell was revered as a national hero.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell welcomed democratic reforms in Czechoslovakia and condemned the introduction of troops into Czechoslovakia.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 1963, Russell began to protest against American participation in the Vietnam War.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Together with Jean Paul Sartre, he created the International Tribunal for the Investigation of War Crimes in Vietnam.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Since that time, the West, trying to reduce the respect of the common people for the famous anti-militarist, has sanctioned sharp attacks against Russell.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

For the rest of his life, Russell endured all sorts of hints and direct statements that “the old man is out of his mind.”


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The reputable New York Times even published an offensive article, “Corpse on a Horse.”


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Although the level of his social activity in the last years of his life is no less, if not more, higher than in his youth, completely refutes these rumors.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

For example, celebrating his 80th birthday (1952), he managed to publish more than two dozen books, including Portraits from Memory (1956), Fact and Fiction (1962).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

A year before his death, Russell managed to publish the last, third volume of Autobiography (1967—1969), which is still considered one of his most famous works, since in addition to biographical data about life, he has elements of the whole complex evolution of views.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

After living for almost a century, initially due to his origin, Russell lived in the epicenter of all world events from an early youth, making Autobiography a truly great work.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell died of influenza near Penrindihydrate, Wales, on February 2, 1970.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Philosophical component of the worldview


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Philosophy, according to Russell, occupies a “no man's land” between science and theology, trying to give answers that meet the requirements of scientific character to questions in which theology is powerless.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Although philosophy is not a science, it does represent a certain spiritual force that has a significant impact on society and its history.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell recognizes the mutual relationship between philosophy and the political and social conditions for the development of society.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The history of philosophy, according to Russell, is the story of original concepts of outstanding creative personalities who have a significant impact on social life with their systems.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell considers seclericalism and the desire to put theoretical and cognitive research on the basis of logic to be the most fruitful traditions in the history of philosophy.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell's books Problems of Philosophy (1912) and History of Western Philosophy (1945) are still considered the best introduction to philosophy in Anglo-Saxon countries.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Early views


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell went through a complex evolution of views, which he himself defined as a transition from Plato's interpretation of Pythagoreism to humism.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

After a brief fascination with Hegelianism in his English version, Russell switched to Plato's version of absolute idealism [36], and then, under the influence of Moore, Maynong, Whitehead, to neo-realism [37].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell was one of the creators of the concept of logical atomism, which explains the need to transfer the logical structure of language to reality and to create an ontological doctrines.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

As Russell himself pointed out: “I will try to formulate... a certain kind of logical doctrine and on the basis of this... a certain kind of metaphysics” [38].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Logical atomism is formulated in the works “Our Knowledge of the Outside World” (1914), “Philosophy of Logical Atomism” (1918), “Mysticism and Logic” (1918).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

This concept was later developed by Wittgenstein


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

During this period, Russell made a huge contribution to the creation of mathematical logic, writing (with Whitehead) the fundamental three-volume work Principia Mathematica (1910—1913), in which Russell proves compliance of the principles of mathematics with the principles of logic and the ability to define the basic concepts of mathematics in terms of logic.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell solved the problem of existence with the help of his doctrine of descriptive definitions (close to nominalism).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

At the same time, Russell tried to remove the opposition between objective and subjective existence in the concept of “existence in general”: “There is only one “real” world, Shakespeare's imagination is part of it; similarly real are the thoughts he had when he wrote Hamlet. In the same way, the thoughts we have when we read this tragedy are real” [39].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In the 1910s and 1920s, Russell formulated the concept of logical atomism, but did not accept conventionalism and physicalism, in their extreme form leading to solipsism.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The further evolution of Russell's views consisted in increasingly limiting the areas of reality that are attributed to ontologically independent existence: if at first Russell taught about a special being ( subsisting) of a kind of “a priori” logical relationship, then in the 1920s and 1930s, getting closer to neopositivism, Russell, after hesitation, recognized reality only for sensory data (sense-data, particulars), which are part of the so - called “neutral” facts (events).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The proximity of Russell's philosophy to neopositivism was expressed in the fact that for him the most important philosophical problem was the justification of scientific knowledge in the sensory experience of the subject.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

This was manifested in close attention to the study of the content and structure of the experience.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

At an early stage, Russell believed that in the structure of experience, along with sensory data, there are universals.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In the future, the main subject of attention for him was the problem of transition from direct experience, which has an individual, “personal” character, to generally significant natural scientific knowledge.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Therefore, in the later period, Russell put forward and defended the views that such hidden elements as “principles of undemonstrative inference” or” postulates of scientific conclusion”.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In general, Russell played a significant role in the formation of the British type of neopositivism (logical positivism), on the one hand, positivist interpreting the results of his logical and mathematical research, on the other hand, correcting with his criticism the “overly” subjectivist conclusions of the Vienna Circle.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In particular, he opposed the sweeping characterization of the problems of traditional philosophy as pseudo-problems.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The concept of neutral monism developed in his books “The analysis of mind” (L., 1927), “An outline of philosophy” (L., 1927), “An outline of philosophy” (L., 1927) saw the concept of neutral monism in the concepts of “spirit” and” matter” were only logical constructions from sensory data and was close to James's pragmatism and mahism.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

It differed from the latter mainly in a peculiar terminology: “I believe,” Russell wrote, “that matter is less material, and spirit is less spiritual than it is believed...” [40].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

At the same time, Russell called for the abandonment of materialism, which he considered incompatible with scientific discoveries made in relativistic and quantum physics [41] [42].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

He also rejected idealism, but from the standpoint of another science — psychology [43].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell became one of the most famous naturalists of the 20th century, while his version of naturalism was non-materialistic [44] [45].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Developing views


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In the 1940s and 1950s, Russell turned to Huma's ideas.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell admits the existence of “facts” that, unlike “experience”, are objective, but their objectivity is based only on “faith” in the existence of the outside world [46].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In the work “Human Knowledge. Its sphere and boundaries” (L., 1948; Russian translation:, 1957) Russell formulates five postulates of the scientific method of cognition of the “physical world”, which, in his opinion, form preconditions for plausibility inductive generalizations in the form of which cognition is carried out (Russell B. Human knowledge. —, 1957. — Page 453—540.).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell's philosophical evolution corresponded to changes in the content of his persistently carried out extensive program of applying mathematical logic to theoretical and cognitive research.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

At the neo-realist and positivist stages of its evolution, this program led to the dissolution of the theory of knowledge into logical analysis (along with Moore, Russell was the founder of the logical analysis of philosophy).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Basically, the philosophy of mature Russell is formed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell's theory of knowledge is largely an attempt to combine two different principles — the principle of empiricism, according to which all our knowledge comes from experience, and belief, traditionally which is considered rationalist, that logic is the essence of philosophy.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

One of the first results of applying the logical apparatus to solving philosophical problems was the theory of descriptions (descriptions).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The most important element of Russell's theory of knowledge was the concept of knowledge-acquaintance — the doctrine of direct knowledge in experience of certain objects: sensory data and universals.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Objects directly cognizable in the experiment were first considered by Russell also as ontological units.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell thought of simple elements of experience as a kind of building blocks that make up the entire body of natural science knowledge.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In later works, he partially abandoned the doctrine of direct knowledge in experience of objects such as universals, considering as true objects of knowledge only “complete complexes of coexistence”, which were seen as certain sets of qualities.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell defined his late philosophical position as realism and logical atomism (partly under the influence of Wittgenstein), since the “picture of the world” is a collection of logical statements.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell accepts the theory of external relations, which resulted in the assertion of the existence of substantively neutral elements of the world, in which there is a functional distinction between the subjective and objective.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The theory itself was interrelated with the division of being into “existing” (physical things and the content of consciousness) and “ideally existing” (mathematical and logical objects, relationships, past and future events, delusions, illusions, centaurs, round squares) [47].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Ethics


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In the field of ethics, Russell took a position of emotion.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In the late period of his socio-political activity, he became known as a critic of Western civilization, saw its main vice in the hypertrophied development of production science in the absence genuinely humanistic values and ideals.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

He opposed the opposition of the sphere of reason and feelings, facts and values, as well as for a closer connection between ethics and politics.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

He called for the abandonment of the principle of force as a means of solving international political problems.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell was convinced that proposals that affirm the desirability of something as an ethical goal or an intrinsically significant or ultimate good are the essence of expressing emotions and therefore cannot be true or false.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

However, this does not mean that we should strive to overcome ethical feelings.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell considered the motive for his own activity to unite and harmonize the desires of human beings as much as possible.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Anticlericalism.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Atheism


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

A large place in Russell's work was occupied by criticism of religion and the Christian Church, in which he saw as a means of suppressing the human person.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In atheistic circles, Russell is revered as one of the most influential atheists.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell is the author of numerous books dedicated to the defense of atheism.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

One of his most famous works is Why I Am Not a Christian.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Also known is the humorous anti-religious story “The Nightmare of the Theologian” (1961).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Mass Psychology and Consent Engineering


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In his lectures from 1938 to 1944, Bertrand Russell highlighted the importance of mass psychology in the political context, and attributed “education” to one of the modern methods of propaganda.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In his forecasts for the future, he accurately noted the growing role of the press, cinema and radio: I think that the psychology of the masses will become politically extremely important... Its importance has increased enormously since development of modern propaganda methods.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Among them, the most important is what is called “education”.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Religion still plays a role, but less and less, but the role of the press, film and radio is increasing... Russell noted that in the future, the social system will be fully controlled and managed, and the family institution would be a hindrance in this regard.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

He singled out a special role in consent engineering to music: Social psychologists of the future will lead various classes of schoolchildren, where they will practice various methods of developing confidence that snow black.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Various results will be obtained very quickly.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

First, it will be proved that the family is in the way.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Secondly, the treatment will not give significant results if it begins after the age of ten.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Third, poems set to music with repetitions are very effective.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Fourth, the opinion that the snow is white should be considered a manifestation of a painful tendency to eccentricity.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

But I got ahead... Scientists of the future will have to hone these maxims and calculate exactly what it will cost to convince one student that the snow is black, and how much cheaper it will be to convince him that snow dark grey [48]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

See also


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Logicism


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Logical atomism


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell's paradox


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell teapot


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Type theory


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

History of Western philosophy


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The New Left


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russian bibliography


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Until the 1940s, his name was transmitted in Russian publications as Rössel.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Works by Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

German Social Democracy.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

, Moscow: E.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

D.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Myagkov's “The Bell”, 1905.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

(page 46 - abbreviated retelling).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

/Perev.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

from English V. Figner; editorial and foreword by V. Canelya.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Petersburg, 1906.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- XXIV+137 c.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

(In 1910, this translation was reprinted unchanged as part of Essays on German History.)


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

German Social Democracy: [6 lectures, read in 1896 in London. schools of economic and political sciences] /Trans.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

and the foreword of A. Kamensky.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- Saint Petersburg, 1906.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- 2, XII, 147 p.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

New work on the beginnings of mathematics.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

/Transl.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

AV


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

[=AV Vasiliev] //New ideas in mathematics.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The first collection: Mathematics.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Method, problems and its significance.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- St. Petersburg: Book Publishing House “Education”, 1913.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- P. 84-105.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Problems of philosophy.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

/Transl.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

S.I.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Stein [=].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Petersburg, 1914.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

[In addition to this edition, this work has two modern translations: A.F. Gryaznov (2000) and V.V. Tselishchev (2001)]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

//D.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

B.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Holden [=J.B.S. Haldane] and Bertrand Rössel.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Daedalus and Icarus (the future of science).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

/Translated from English by M.S.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Gorevoy.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Leningrad-Moscow: Petrograd Publishing House, 1926.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- P. 63-95.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The impact of science on society/Editorial board, notes and foreword.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

E.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

A.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Arab-Ogly.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Translated from English.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

V.A.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Onyshko.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

—: Publishing house of foreign literature, 1952.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- 59 p.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

[Abridged edition marked “Sent to a Special List”; original title: Impact of Science on Society.]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Human knowledge.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Its scope and boundaries [Human Knowledge. Its scope and limits]:


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Human knowledge.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Its scope and borders/Ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

E.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Kohlman, translated from English.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

N.V.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Vorobyov.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

—: Publishing house of foreign literature, 1957.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— 555 p. [Publication with the stamp “for scientific libraries”.]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Human knowledge: its sphere and borders/Ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

A.F.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Gryaznov, translated from English.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

N.V.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Vorobyov.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

—: TERRA — Kn.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Club: Respublika, 2000.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— 463 p. The decree.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

names: p. 461-462.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Human knowledge: its scope and boundaries.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— K.: Nika-Center, 2001.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— 555 p. Predm.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- names.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

decree.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

: pp. 543-553.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Why Am I Am Not a Christian [Why I am not a Christian]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Why Am I Not a Christian/Trans. from English.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

I.Z


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Romanova.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

—: Publishing house of foreign literature, 1958.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- 30 p.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Why I Am Not a Christian: Selected Atheistic Works/Transl. from English.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

I.Z


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Romanova; comp.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

, auth. predisl.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

and note.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

A. A. Yakovlev.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

—: Politizdat, 1987.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- 333 p.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Why am I not a Christian.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- Moscow: The Devastator, 2016.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- 290 p.; 500 copies; ISBN 978-5-87399-132-7.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

History of Western Philosophy:


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

History of Western philosophy.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

/Ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

V.F.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Asmus, per. A.N.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Chanyshev N.A.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Kleinman V.M.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Zakladnaya, I.Z.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Romanov T.A.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Burova V.S.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Shvyrev, V.K.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Hey, Finn.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- M: Ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

foreign lit.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

, 1959.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- 935 p. [Publication with the stamp “for scientific libraries”.]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

History of Western philosophy.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

/Ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

IN. Chalidze.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

New York: Chalidze Publications, 1981.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— 855 p.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

History of Western philosophy.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Rostov-on-Don: Myth, 1998


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

In 3 vol.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

/Nauch.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

IN. IN. Tselishchev.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— Novosibirsk: Publishing House of Novosib.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

un-ta, 2001.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

History of Western philosophy.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

/Ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Smolenkov V. E.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

, an accomplice.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

art.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Svetlov R. V. - St. Petersburg: Azbuka Publ., 2001 - 956 p.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Common sense and nuclear war/Trans. from English.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

IN. M. Karzinkina [49].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

—: Publishing house of foreign literature (IL), 1959.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- 77 p. [Abbreviated edition marked “Sent to a special list”; original title: Common sense and nuclear warfare, English edition volume - 109 p.]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Practice and theory of Bolshevism/Author. postsl.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

IN. S. Markov; USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauch.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Advice “History of Revolutions and Social Movements”, translated from English.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

AND. YU.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Vorobyova, I. E.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Zadorozhnyuk, Y.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

G. Kazantseva.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

—: Nauka, 1991.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

A dictionary of reason, matter and morality.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

/General edition and afterword by A. A. Vasilchenko.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

—: Port-Royal 1996.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- 363 p., Bibliography.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

p. 351-355., Decree.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

at the end of vol.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Practice and Theory of Bolshevism: Izbr.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

pages/Trans. from English.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

AND. YU.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Vorobyova, I. E.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Zadorozhnyuk, Y.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

G. Kazantseva.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Preface.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

, afterwards.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

and note.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

B.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Gilenson.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

—: Panorama, 1998.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Western Wisdom: Ist.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

researched.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Western philosophy in connection with societies.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

and watered.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

circumstances/Ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

P. Fulkes; [Vstup. st., per. O.N. Ornatskaya].


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

—: Republic, 1998.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- 476 p. ISBN 5-250-02648-6


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The philosophy of logical atomism.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

/Per., comment.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

and afterwards.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— Tomsk: Aquarius, 1999.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— 191 p. ISBN 5-7137-0127-1


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The art of thinking/LS.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

, comp.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

and preface.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

O. A. Nazarova; translated from English.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Kozlova E.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

N., Nazarova O.A.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

, Sychevoy S.G.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

, drawings by Deniska [sic!] Nazarova, 2-e ispr.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

. —: Idea-Press: Intellectual Book House, 1999.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- 240 p. — ISBN 5-733-0007-8.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

[Original title: The Art of Philosophizing and other Essays.]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The study of meaning and truth/LS.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

scientific


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

and note.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

E.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

E.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Lednikova.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

—: Idea-Press: Intellectual Book House, 1999.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— 399 p. Item.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

decree.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

: p. 395-399.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

//“Foreign Literature”, 2000, No. 12.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

C. 97 TO 240.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

[Contains less than one-fifth of the original text. Translation of excerpts from the 1st volume — T.Ya.Kazavchinskaya, from 2-3 vols. — N.A.Tsyrkun.]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Problems of Philosophy [The Problems of Philosophy, see also information about the pre-revolutionary publication above]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Problems of philosophy.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

/Ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

A.F.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Gryaznov said.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— MOSCOW: 2000.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Problems of philosophy.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

/Ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

V.V.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Tselishchev.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2001.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— 109 p.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Marriage and Moral/Transl. YU.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

IN. Dubrovina.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

—: Kraft+, 2004.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- 272 p. [= Marriage and morals]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Foundations of mathematics: in 3 vols/Alfred N. Bertrand Russell Whitehead; translated from English by A.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

YU.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

N. Radaeva, I. S. Frolova; ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

G. P. Yarovoy, Yu.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

N. Radaeva.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- Samara: By myself.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

un-t, 2005-2006.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- 721+737+459 p.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

[=Principia Mathematica]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Introduction to mathematical philosophy.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Selected works.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

/The entrance of Art.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

V.A.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Surovtseva.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— Siberian University Publishing House, 2007.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- 262 p. ISBN 978-5-379-00306-7


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Mastering Happiness [The Conquest of Happiness]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

(2013) network translation by E.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Kuzmina.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Winning happiness.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

A. S. Vasilenko and V. M. Nikitina.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

M: 2015.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— 160 p.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

About Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Colman E.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Russell is a squire of imperialism.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

//Questions of philosophy.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

No. 2.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Narsky I. S. Bertrand Russell's philosophy.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— 1962.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Tsverianishvili A. G. Liang Shumin and Bertrand Russell on Chinese and Western Cultures//Developing Countries.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Politics and ideology.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— 1985.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Yuan Weishi Russell in China//Philosophical sciences.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— 1990.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— No. 12.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Kolesnikov A. S. Philosophy of Bertrand Russell/Scientific.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

ME.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

A. Slinin.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

—: Publishing house of Leningrad State University, 1991.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Velembovskaya Yu.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

A.//New and Contemporary History.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— 1999.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— No. 6.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Rozanova M. S. Modern philosophy and literature.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The work of Bertrand Russell/Ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

B.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

G. Sokolova.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

—: Ed.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

St. Petersburg house.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

State University Publ., 2004.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

- 160 p.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Krysova Yu.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

A. The formation of liberal ideas in the philosophy of Bertrand Russell//Comparative vision of the history of philosophy.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— 2008.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— P. 119-125.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— ISBN 978-5-93682-457-9


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

English-language literature


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Main sources


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— Russell's bibliography, which contains, among other things, the imprints of translated publications.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Blackwell, Kenneth, Harry Ruja, and Sheila Turcon.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

A bibliography of Bertrand Russell.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

3 vol.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

London: Routledge.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— The most complete bibliography of Russell's English publications makes it easy to identify works that came out under different headings using alphanumeric codes (for example, editors of American publications often changed Russell's headlines to more understandable to their audience, as in the case of the book “Principles for Restructuring Society”, which in the United States was called “Why People Fight”).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— Russell's scientific collection.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

is an indexed journal of research on Russell, published by McMaster University in Canada.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

It has been published since 1971, and some of the materials are available online.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

is the public catalog of the Russell Archive.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Russell and his world.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

London: 1981.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— Russell's biography in photographs (more than 100 photos).


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

My Father Bertrand Russell.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Bristol: Thoemmes, 1996.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

[Russell's daughter's memories]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell, Dora.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

The tamarisk tree.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

L.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

: Virago, 1981.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

[The memories of Russell's second wife]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Crawshay-Williams, Rupert.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell Remembered.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

London: Oxford U.P., 1970.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

[Russell's Neighbor's Memories]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Chao, Yuen Ren.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

With Bertrand Russell in China.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

[Memories of Russell's Chinese Translator]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Interpretation and criticism


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

“Russell and His Biographers”.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Russell: the Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

16, no.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

[Critical review of Russell's most important biographies]


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Ayer, Alfred Jules.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Russell.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

New York: The Viking Press.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

— XII, 168 p.


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Notes


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

References


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

(in English)


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

(in English)


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

at Curlie (in English)


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Category:Nobel Prize Winners in Literature


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Category:Honorary Members of the British Academy


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

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Bertrand Russell

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Bertrand Russell

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Bertrand Russell

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Category: Kalinga Prize winners


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Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

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Bertrand Russell

Bertrand


Question: How many children did Bertran Arthur William Rassel have?

Bertrand Russell

Category:Deaths from influenza


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The monetary system of the Russian Empire in 1885—1896

The tender system of the Russian Empire (1885—1896) consisted of the main currency, the paper [1] ruble, and the auxiliary currency, the metal gold ruble; the mutual exchange rate of these two currencies was determined by the market.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The use of gold currency was allowed only in foreign trade turnover.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Formally, the paper ruble was called a credit card (that is, a banknote exchanged for a ringing coin) and was considered silver, and its exchange rate against gold was fixed, that is, the monetary system is legally was bimetallic.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In fact, the state did not exchange the credit ruble for gold or silver, and full-fledged silver coins were out of circulation.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The paper ruble was supplemented by an auxiliary incomplete silver coin and a copper coin.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The system began operating in 1885, with a slight devaluation of the gold ruble, and ceased to operate in 1897, after its transformation into a monometallic gold monetary system.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The Background of the Monetary System of 1885


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Since 1843, Russia has had a monetary system with full-fledged silver and gold (imperials, chervonets) coins, as well as with state credit cards freely exchanged for both types coins.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The main currency was the ruble silver, which since 1762 [2] contained 4 spools 21 shares (17.995 grams) of pure silver, that is, the price of silver was 5.557 kopecks per gram.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The ten-ruble gold imperial since 1763 (in 1839-1869 it officially cost 10 rubles 30 kopecks) [3] was minted in the 88th spool sample (approximately 917 metric) contained 2 spools 78 shares (11.988 grams) of pure gold, which amounted to 1.199 grams of gold in the ruble and 83.403 kopecks per gram of gold.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The denomination of the gold imperial was expressed in silver rubles.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The ratio of gold to silver at the nominal exchange rate of the coin was 1:15, and taking into account the official 3% crap, it was 1:15 .45 [4], which approximately corresponded to the global market ratio of prices for the two metals ( for example, France officially adopted a ratio of 1:15 .5 [5]).


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The monetary system was transitional in nature and combined the signs of silver monometallism and bimetallism.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

On the one hand, the ratio of the value of silver and gold was fixed by law, both metals were subject to the right of free minting, the treasury was obliged to accept the gold coin in all payments, circulation, as well as in the metal reserve of the state, silver and gold coins were represented approximately equally — all these are signs of bimetallism.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

On the other hand, the law recognized the gold coin as an optional currency, and in transactions between individuals it was used only with the consent of both parties.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In addition, the nominal value of the gold coin was 3% lower than the rate at which the treasury issued and accepted this coin, which could theoretically indicate a right reserved by the state in the future change this course.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In the eyes of the population, the coin and banknote ruble in silver was a continuation of the silver coin ruble that circulated until 1843.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

All these circumstances made it possible to consider Russian money circulation as silver monometallism [6].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In 1854, the banking system of Russia began to experience difficulties: with the beginning of international complications that preceded the Crimean War, the ruble exchange rate against European currencies fell, and the population began to actively exchange credit tickets for coins.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In response, the government began to impose various restrictions on the amounts and conditions of exchange, mainly with regard to the gold coin.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Finally, in 1858, the exchange of credit cards for gold and silver was completely stopped.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Credit notes turned into paper (fiat, unsecured) money, and the ratio of the value of silver and gold to them was now determined by the market.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The metal in a gold and full-weight silver coin now cost more than their face value, and therefore these types of coins have withdrawn from domestic money circulation - now the population considered them as bars precious metals.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The treasury continued to use the imperials to pay coupon income on government loans denominated in gold.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

From May 1862 to November 1863, the government, in an attempt to restore metal money circulation, exchanged credit tickets for a ringing coin, but after the exhaustion of the bargaining fund, refused your plans.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Formally, the ruble was still considered credit (secured), but in fact it became paper (unsecured) [7].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In 1877, the state demanded to pay customs duties with a Russian gold coin, after which, in general terms, the system of money circulation was formed that will be, with small modifications, to be valid until 1897.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

This system was two-track with a floating exchange rate (in financial practice at that time, crap was often taken into account instead of the exchange rate) [8] currencies among themselves, with a paper ruble as the main currency and with a gold coin ruble as a special currency for foreign trade.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The silver ruble, which was formally the main currency, actually disappeared from circulation and was used only for accounting purposes.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Bimetallic money circulation in Russia ceased to exist due to lack of public finances.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

But it was impossible to restore it for another reason: since the beginning of the 1860s, silver production has increased in the world, and, thanks to new technologies, its cost has fallen.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

As a result, silver, which historically treated gold as 1:15, began to fall in price since the late 1860s.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The first two times (in the 1870s and 1880s), it fell in price by jumps, to 1:18 and 1:20, and since the beginning of the 1890s it smoothly went down and fell to 1:30 in 5-7 years [9].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Already in the first half of the 1870s, countries that had bimetallic circulation closed the free exchange for silver and thereby switched to the gold standard [10].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Paper and money circulation in the second period of its existence in Russia (the first was associated with bank notes, the second captured 1858-1896) was found in other developed countries.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In France, unsecured paper money circulated in 1848-1850 and 1870-1878, in Austria in 1848-1892, in Italy in 1866-1881; in 1892 Italy was unable to keep free exchange of banknotes for gold and again switched to paper and money circulation.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

At some stages of paper and money circulation in these countries, there was a parallel gold currency, approximately on the same grounds as in Russia.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In the United States, unsecured paper dollars (greenbacks) appeared in 1860, in 1879 their circulation was limited, and the exchange rate was aligned with the exchange rate of the gold dollar [11].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In 1885, the monetary system of Russia was modified.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The gold content in the imperial was reduced from 11.988 grams to 11.614 grams (by 3.1%), after which the ratio between silver and gold increased to 1:15 ,495.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

This ratio was adopted to establish the denomination of coins in the bimetallic circulation of European countries (by this time already reformed in many countries into gold).


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The gold content of the coin was increased from 86.8% to 90% by weight, the silver content in the full silver coin was reduced from 91.7% to 90%, which led the coin to continental standards Europe.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

This made it possible to mint a Russian coin to a foreign one (and vice versa) without the cost of refining and alloying the metal, which led to an increase in the attractiveness of the coin for international trade turnover [12].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The structure of the monetary system of 1885


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Formal legal structure of the monetary system


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

money


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The main currency was the silver ruble, issued in the form of state credit cards, a gold coin (imperial) and a full-fledged silver coin.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The ruble contained 4 spools 21 shares (17.995 grams) of pure silver, that is, the price of silver was 5.557 kopecks per gram.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The ten-ruble gold imperial contained 2 spools of 69.36 shares (11.614 grams) of pure gold, which amounted to 1.1614 grams of gold in the ruble and 86.103 kopecks per gram of gold.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Although the imperial was physically a gold coin, its formal denomination was expressed in silver rubles.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The ratio of gold to silver at the nominal exchange rate of the coin was 1:15 ,495 [12].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Credit tickets were theoretically issued in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 rubles; there was no 50-ruble bill in real turnover [13].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The gold coin was minted in denominations of 10 rubles (imperial) and 5 rubles (semi-imperial).


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The gold coin contained 90% gold and 10% ligature metal (copper) by weight, that is, it was 1,111 times heavier than its gold content.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

A full-fledged (bank) silver coin was minted in denominations of 1 ruble, 50 and 25 kopecks.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The silver coin contained 90% silver and 10% ligature metal (copper) by weight, that is, it was 1,111 times heavier than its silver content.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

A full-fledged silver coin was accepted in all payments (without the consent of the second party) in the amount of no more than 25 rubles in each payment [12].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The treasury had the obligation to mint a gold and full-fledged silver coin from metal brought by individuals (the so-called free minting of a coin).


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The gold coin was minted at the request of individuals for 0.96% of the nominal price of gold (136 rubles per pound of pure gold), a silver coin - for 6.59% of the nominal price of silver (60 rubles per pound of net silver); not including technical costs for gold refining.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The ratio of gold to silver at the rate of minting into the coin was 1:16 .43 [12].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The change coin was made of silver (incomplete coin) and copper.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The silver change coin was minted in denominations of 20, 15, 10 and 5 kopecks.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The coin consisted by weight of 50% silver and 50% copper.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The content of pure silver in the change coin was two times lower than in a full-fledged (bank) coin — 8.998 grams in the ruble.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The copper coin was minted in denominations of 5, 3, 2 and 1 kopecks, half a penny and a quarter of a penny.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The ruble in a copper coin weighed 327.61 grams.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The change coin was accepted in all payments (without the consent of the second party) in the amount of no more than three rubles in each payment [12].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The state was not obliged to keep a bargaining metal fund against the issued credit notes and did not limit their issue by any pre-announced rules; each individual issue of credit money was approved by a special legislative act to be published.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The issuance of gold money into circulation, due to the existence of the institution of free minting of coins at the request of individuals, did not require legislative approval.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The theoretical parity value of the gold ruble in gold world currencies was:


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

59.12 English pennies (at 240 pence in pounds),


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

4.00 francs,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

DM 3.24,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

1.92 Netherlands guilders,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

3.81 Austro-Hungarian krona (since 1892),


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

0.773 US dollars.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The reverse value, that is, the theoretical parity value of gold currencies in gold rubles, was:


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

4 rubles 06 gold penny per pound,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

25 kopecks per franc,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

30.87 kopecks for the German mark,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

52.08 kopecks for the Dutch guilder,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

26.25 kopecks for the Austro-Hungarian krona,


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

1 ruble 29.4 kopecks per US dollar [14].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In 1888-1889, credit tickets in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10 and 25 rubles were exchanged for new ones (model 1887).


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

This technical measure had no monetary significance.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Securities with the characteristics of money


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In addition to rubles, two more types of government securities that had some properties of money participated in the money turnover.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Metal deposit receipts were issued to gold miners who handed over the mined gold to state gold alloys laboratories, usually located directly in the areas of gold mines.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Receipts gave the right to receive the corresponding amount of gold in a gold coin at the offices of the State Bank in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Odessa, Riga, Rostov and Warsaw.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Receipts were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 rubles [15].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Receipts did not expire, since April 1895 they could be used in transactions between individuals (with the consent of both parties) and were accepted by the state at face value in all payments, which made their surrogate of a limited-circulation gold coin.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Tickets of the State Treasury (the so-called series) were government interest securities, bringing 4.32% (since 1887 — 3.79%, since 1894 — 3%) per annum.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Tickets were issued in separate series, for a period of 8, 6 years and 4 years; after the expiration of the issue period, tickets were subject to either redemption or replacement for the next issues under similar conditions at the discretion of the treasury.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Interest on 8- and 6-year tickets was paid annually, on cut-off coupons, for 4-year tickets — simultaneously with the purchase of the ticket.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Tickets were issued in denominations of 50 and 100 rubles.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Tickets were issued by the state (at the request of the recipient) at face value for all payments and were accepted (since 1894) by the state for all payments, at face value and taking into account the accumulated interest.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Tickets could be used in transactions between individuals (with the consent of both parties).


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

In 1896, tickets worth 216 million rubles were in circulation [16].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Coin circulation was regulated by the Coin Charter, and the circulation of banknotes and government securities was regulated by the Credit Charter.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The actual structure of the monetary system


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The actual structure of the monetary system was determined by the fact that since 1858, the treasury refused to freely exchange credit tickets for silver and gold.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

After that, credit notes and change coins turned into fiat currency exchanged for gold and silver at the market rate, but not backed by precious metals.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Credit cards remained an inscription that they were freely exchanged for gold and silver coins (this inscription was preserved even on tickets of the 1887 model); but this promise was not actually was executed by the state [17].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The value of the gold (denominated in a gold coin) ruble, rigidly related to the price of gold, rose higher relative to the credit (expressed in inferior credit notes and bargaining chips) ruble denomination, that is, gold and credit currencies have become independent.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The Imperial, which formally had a nominal value in silver rubles, was now in fact denominated in a currency not provided for by the current legislation — gold rubles.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The ruble in credit cards became, also outside the terminology of the laws of that time, called the credit ruble.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The market value of a full-fledged silver coin, associated with the ratio of market prices for gold and silver, turned out to be related to the price of the gold ruble.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

From 1860 to 1893, the market value of silver in a full-weight silver coin was higher than its face value.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

This led to the fact that a full-fledged silver coin bought by silver merchants disappeared from circulation.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

At the same time, the value of silver in a bargaining silver coin was lower than the face value, so such a coin remained in circulation.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The ruble in a full-fledged coin, having turned into almost a conventional calculation value (counting currency), continued to be called the silver ruble.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

Back in 1876, the government stopped minting from private silver as unnecessary, and in 1881 it reopened it, buying silver at the exchange price (that is, the silver bearer had to buy metal for an amount greater than the nominal value of the coin issued to it); the volume of minting was small, and the entire coin went to China, which retained silver money circulation, where it was used in foreign trade calculations as a silver bar [18].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The rule on the content of gold in the gold ruble described in the Coin Charter remained in force; the rule on the content of silver in the credit ruble did not correspond to reality, since the ruble was not exchanged for silver at a hard rate; the norm on the content of silver in a full-fledged coin has lost its actual value, as this coin has withdrawn from circulation.


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The country has practically switched to two-track circulation (credit ruble and gold ruble), with a free market exchange rate to each other, with a third theoretical unit of account — the silver ruble [19].


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

The state, considering it necessary to combat speculation on the exchange rate of the credit ruble (relative to the gold ruble), prohibited the use of the gold ruble in internal settlements, nominating transactions (except foreign trade) in gold ruble or metal gold, open gold accounts with banks (except for foreign trade needs), make exchange transactions with gold (except for simple delivery transactions).


Question: Since what year did the monetary system begin to operate in Russia?

At the same time, the state used the imperials to pay interest on government loans denominated in gold.