Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

All members of Vartanyan's group were mobilized to prevent a terrorist act.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

The Wehrmacht's ambitious plans did not come true.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Vartanyan's agents, together with the British from MI6, directed and deciphered all their messages.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Shortly after a long search for a radio transmitter, the entire group was captured and forced to work with Berlin “under the hood”.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

At the same time, in order to prevent the landing of the second group, during the interception of which losses on both sides could not be avoided, they were given the opportunity to convey that they had been disclosed [19].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Upon learning of the failure, Berlin abandoned its plans.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

As a result of the operation, a group of young men led by 19-year-old Vartanyan thwarted one of the most secret operations of the Third Reich.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

A few days before the conference, German agents were arrested in Tehran.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Resident Franz Mayer was the last to be taken, who went underground: he was found in an Armenian cemetery, where he painted and released his beard and worked as a gravedigger [6].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Of the large number of agents found, some were arrested, and most were converted.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Some were handed over to the British, while others were taken to the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In 1979, the figure of Vartanyan, then known only to a narrow circle of professionals, was used as a prototype of the main character by the creators of the Soviet-French action-packed film Tehran-43 and the leading role of a Soviet intelligence officer, actor Igor Kostolevsky [20].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

According to Vartanyan himself, he got acquainted with the feature film when it had already been shot, and complained that the city of Tehran did not look very reliable in the film, too “shabby”.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In addition, Vartanyan pointed out, there are too many shots in the film, but in fact “a scout ceases to be a scout if he starts using weapons” [10].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Post-war


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

On June 30, 1946, Gevorg Andreevich married Gohar Levonovna, a girl who had been a member of the Light Cavalry reconnaissance group since 1942.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

They first got married in an Armenian church in Tehran, officially signed in 1952 in Yerevan; subsequently, in order to obtain new documents, this marriage was registered two more times under different names in other countries.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

It was not possible to have children because of work, which the couple always regretted [13] [2] [4].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In her further illegal activities, Gohar Vartanyan performed the functions of a radio operator with her husband, masterfully mastered the skill of transmitting radiograms, including in unsuitable and field conditions.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

The radio transmitter was converted from a simple radio receiver [21] [12].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

The service in Iran lasted from 1940 to 1951, and the Vartanyans never returned to Iran again [22].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

For Gevorg and his wife, the Iranian period was the most important stage in life.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

This is where their professional development as high-class scouts took place.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

This is where their career in foreign intelligence began.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

When the situation in Iran became calmer, the Vartanyan couple asked the Center to allow them to return to the Soviet Union to receive higher education.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In 1951, they came to the Armenian SSR and entered the Faculty of Foreign Languages of Yerevan State University.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

After graduating from university in 1957, they received an offer to work abroad again as illegal immigrants and agreed [22].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Since both spoke Persian as their native language, the Vartanians were abroad with documents that listed them as Iranians [13].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

This was followed by three decades of illegal intelligence work in the West, the Far and Middle East.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In 1957-1960, the Vartanyans worked in Japan, where 33-year-old Gevorg legalized as a student at a local university, received a student card and a residence permit, and at the same time was engaged in business [13] [22].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In the 1960s, the Vartanyans operated in India, then during the aggravation of the Arab-Israeli conflict, worked in the Middle East, the activities of illegal immigrants were directly supervised by the chief of the Soviet external intelligence Alexander Sakharovsky.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Returning to Europe, the Vartanyans initially found themselves in Switzerland, and then legalized in France.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

According to legend, they presented themselves as Iranians who fled their homeland due to political persecution of the left, then “legends” as entrepreneurs specializing in the commercial trade of elite carpets [13].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

After traveling through a number of European countries, only then did the Vartanyans go to their main place of work in Southern Europe.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Italy became their main illegal base for many years, from where the Vartanyans periodically traveled to a number of other countries to carry out reconnaissance tasks [13].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

It took the first five years for the couple to legalize, establish a business, acquire the necessary connections, establish themselves as wealthy people who dress exquisitely and wear jewelry with taste, able to provide services, give advice and recommendations of an economic nature; many turned to Gevorg Andreevich with questions about investing money [13] [11].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

The Vartanians then focused on creating a circle of acquaintances, including influential persons through whom it is possible to reach sources of information, gradually integrated into the environment close to the military - political circles of figures, businessmen and journalists.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Sociability, external openness, elegant expensive costumes, courtesy visits to ambassadors and diplomats, Caucasian sense of humor, exceptional talent for improvisation in conversation, emotional attitude to people, and in some cases, the ability to present a present, help with money, “treat on time”, say the right words, offer extra money [13] helped Gevorg Andreevich to have any interlocutors.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In order to meet the right people in a relaxed and relaxed leisure environment, Vartanyans had to visit clubs in a variety of sports (tennis, swimming, golf, etc.) [12].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

As Vartanyan recalled, marital status significantly increased respectability and expanded his ability to collect intelligence information: according to etiquette widespread in Southern Europe, many private private events (dinner parties, dinners, cocktails, parties) with dignitaries and influencers (especially archbishops and cardinals) could be invited strictly accompanied by his wife; the appearance at the evening of an elderly lonely gentleman asking a lot of questions would look bad manners.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In many cases, Gohar made the necessary acquaintances with secret carriers through their wives under a plausible pretext, and then Gevorg unobtrusively joined conversations in a family format [18] [12].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

For all subsequent years, Gevorg and Gohar Vartanyan worked together under the pseudonyms Henri and Anita, without allowing a single failure, and were never arrested anywhere [13].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In 1975-1979, the Vartanyans worked in Italy, providing Soviet intelligence with information about the southern flank of NATO.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Having occupied a fairly high position in society, we knew and communicated with the Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Armed Forces of NATO in Southern Europe, American Admiral S. Turner, Italian ministers, Italian President J.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Leone, and media mogul S. Berlusconi.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Vartanyan recalled:


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In Italy, the Vartanyans received citizenship and passports that allowed them to travel around the world without any problems.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

On the instructions of illegal intelligence, the couple periodically traveled to the United States, where Gevorg Andreevich was named Tom [12].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

When traveling to the United States, the couple enjoyed the assistance of unsuspecting American naval officers, and once Vartanyan even flew to the United States on a Turner plane [13].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In many cases, contacts that lasted for decades brought an effect: for example, in the United States, Gevorg Andreevich, according to Gohar Vartanyan, managed to recruit a senior CIA officer whom he knew with childhood, buying gifts for a boy [13].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In the spring of 1978, in Rome, during a police operation against the “red brigades” that kidnapped and then killed retired Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro, a carabinier while inspecting Vartanyan's car ( confidentially trying to establish a dialogue with the kidnappers and save Moreau) accidentally forgot a machine gun in his trunk, which was then found at the next post by another policeman, which almost turned for scout trouble.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Vartanyan himself spoke about this anecdotal incident in an interview with Rossiyskaya Gazeta [11].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

By the beginning of the 1980s, the Vartanyans had to prepare for a new move and urgently learn German, for this purpose they were recalled to the USSR for some time, studied the language for eight hours a day, and coped with learning German in 8 months.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

The couple completed their intelligence activities in West Germany.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

This country was the main bridgehead of NATO, and the most powerful group of the bloc's armed forces was stationed here.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

American strategists, fearing to receive a retaliatory nuclear strike from the USSR on their territory, decided to deploy medium-range ballistic missiles in West Germany.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

108 launchers for Pershing-2 missiles were deployed at three missile operating bases.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

A particular risk factor for the USSR was that the flight time of Pershing-2 missiles from launch positions in wooded areas of Bavaria to facilities in the center of the European part of the Soviet Union was only 8-10 minutes, which made them an extremely dangerous weapon of the first strike [23].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Vartanyan managed to recruit or make acquaintance with a number of high-ranking military officials who had information about the organization, combat composition, deployment and armament of NATO troops, their plans combat training, theater equipment, location and plans for the construction of medium - range missile positions and nuclear weapons storage facilities.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

The efforts of politicians, diplomats and intelligence officers, including Vartanyans, contributed to the signing in December 1987 by the leaders of the USSR and the United States of the Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles [13] [14] [22] [ 24] [25].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In total, the Vartanyans obtained secret information about several NATO bases in Europe, primarily in Italy, Greece and Germany.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Gevorg Andreevich was friends with officers from different intelligence services of the world, remaining for them either an Iranian businessman or a Spanish journalist.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

He was lucky, did not meet a traitor on his way, and almost never did a vigilant scout risk being exposed.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

High professionalism allowed Vartanyans to act with intellectual and analytical methods for all 30 years of illegal work, to do without the use of weapons or threats.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

The care of the Center, which always carefully took care of one of the best Soviet intelligence officers, sometimes caused him trouble: in a number of interviews, Vartanyan, usually avoiding geographical reference, mentioned binding with the residency around the turnout in West Berlin, when, fearing failure, colleagues almost took him forcibly to Moscow out of unnecessary precaution [22].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

During his work abroad, Vartanyan has visited about a hundred countries.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Periodically, the couple was recalled to the USSR, where they mastered new methods of operational illegal work, underwent linguistic training; every few years they went on vacation to Armenia [13].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

The main conspiracy activities of intelligence spouses in the 30 post-war years were concentrated in several dozen countries, including Italy, Spain, France, Greece, Switzerland, Germany, the USA, Japan, India [26], Syria and Lebanon, and in the rest Gohar and Gevorg Vartanyans passed through [13] [10] [17] [22] [27].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In 1986, Gevorg and Gohar Vartanyans finally completed their illegal activities abroad and returned to the USSR, all their property contained two tourist suitcases [10].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Recognition


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In 1957, after graduating from his studies in Yerevan, Gevorg Andreevich wanted to go to illegal service as a security officer and raised this issue with the leadership.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

However, then the authorities decided that it would be easier, more convenient and safer for him to work abroad as a “free bird”.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In 1958, Vartanyan joined the CPSU [13].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In 1968, he received the military rank of “captain” [22], in 1975 he was awarded the military rank of “colonel” [2].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (“closed”) of May 28, 1984, Colonel Georgy Vartanyan for the results achieved in collecting intelligence data and the courage and heroism shown at the same time Andreevich was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the award of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal (No. 11511).


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Gohar Vartanyan was awarded the Order of the Red Banner [13].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Vartanyan had personal friendship with the heads of Soviet illegal intelligence Anatoly Lazarev, Yuri Drozdov, Leonid Shebarshin, the head of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation Yevgeny Primakov, especially Gevorg Andreevich highlighted their ability to take responsibility, take risks, thanks to which “great things were done” [22].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Remaining “closed” to the public until 2000, Vartanyan continued to be useful to the Motherland in retirement, training future illegal agents in the Foreign Intelligence Service to work abroad.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Gevorg Vartanyan spoke about his activities: [1]


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Intelligence is not only romantic, but above all one of the most effective ways to protect the Fatherland... It is a job for true patriots, people who are convinced and selfless.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

You can't help but fall in love with this kind of job.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Despite the fact that in 1986 the Vartanyan couple finally completed their intelligence work abroad and returned to the USSR, a number of politicians, military personnel and diplomats with whom they contacted in the West, continue to remain public figures after their resignation, engage in socio-political and humanitarian activities in their countries, including in the direction of friendly relations with Russia.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Since 1992, Gevorg Vartanyan has been retired.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

He lived with his wife in a quiet alley near Prospekt Mira in Moscow.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

He often visited his historical homeland and personally urged the first President of Armenia L. Ter-Petrosyan to create an intelligence service for the independent state [13].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

On December 20, 2000, on the 80th anniversary of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia (SVR), the name of Gevorg Vartanyan was declassified [1].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

However, the culmination of his professional career as an illegal immigrant in the 1970s in Italy was not reported until 2010, mainly due to the continuation of the political activities of an old acquaintance Vartanyan, Italian Prime Minister S.Berlusconi.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

For the first time, Major General of the Foreign Intelligence Service Yuri Drozdov, who headed Soviet illegal intelligence from 1979 to 1991, spoke about the work of a Soviet intelligence officer in Italy directed against NATO in his memoirs [13 ] [14] [27].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In 2006, the film “More Than Love. Life is classified as “secret”” [18].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

On October 9, 2007, Churchill's granddaughter, British TV journalist and producer Celia Sandis visited Vartanyan at the office of the SVR press bureau in Moscow and personally thanked Gevorg Andreevich for his rescue of my grandfather's life.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Vartanyan gave the English crew a big interview for a film about the relationship between Churchill and Stalin.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Communicating at public events with foreign guests, Gevorg Andreevich did not like being called a “Russian spy”, he preferred to recommend himself: “I am a professional illegal intelligence officer” [13].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In May 2010, Channel One shot a two-part documentary drama “True Story. Tehran-43”, premiered on January 24 and 25, 2011; the film was consulted by the Vartanyan spouses [13].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Among the 8 main languages Vartanyan spoke fluently [12], he himself named Russian, Armenian, English, Italian and Farsi; [10].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Gohar mentioned that they also successfully mastered German and Arabic [13].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

According to Gevorg Andreevich's lifetime biographer, journalist Nikolai Dolgopolov, Vartanyan spoke English with an American accent [13].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

“When you know a couple of languages, the rest are easy. When we left Moscow on a business trip for the second time, we knew only English and Farsi. And then we quickly mastered the rest. When you find yourself in a different language environment, if you don't want to, you begin to understand the language. The main thing here is not to be shy, talk in their language with might and main,” Vartanyan advised future intelligence officers after finishing his career [12].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

The couple lived happily together for 65 years.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

The Vartanyans did not have children of their own.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

The daughter of her niece Anahit (brother Gohar), Margarita, was perceived by the couple of scouts as a granddaughter [10] [13].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Death


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan died on January 10, 2012 at the age of 88 from cancer at the Botkin Hospital in Moscow [17] [28] [29].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

He was buried at Troyekurovskoye Cemetery in Moscow on January 13, 2012.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

The funeral was attended by Prime Minister of Russia V.V.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Putin, who personally knew Vartanyan from his conspiracy work in Germany; the Prime Minister laid flowers at the coffin and expressed his condolences to his relatives.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

There were also heads of the Foreign Intelligence Service, the Ambassador of Armenia to Russia, colleagues [30].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Facts


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Gevorg Vartanyan is called the third intelligence officer awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union after Richard Sorge and Nikolai Kuznetsov [8] (or the second after Kuznetsov, since Vartanyan and Kuznetsov worked on line preceding the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), while Sorge worked from military intelligence (GRU)) [5] [7].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

The least studied and covered in open sources remains the illegal activities of the Vartanyan spouses in Japan (1957—1960), as well as in the 1960s in India, Syria and Lebanon [13].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Vartanyan's period of residence abroad as an illegal intelligence officer was 43 years [31].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

memento


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

On October 24, 2012, a monument to Vartanyan was unveiled at Troyekurovskoye Cemetery in Moscow.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

The author of the monument of the sculptural composition was People's Artist of Russia, laureate of the state prize, member of the Council for Culture under the President of Russia A. N. Kovalchuk.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

The ceremony was attended by veterans of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, cultural and art figures, friends and relatives of the intelligence officer [32].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

On October 27, 2012, a solemn ceremony of laying the personal Star to Gevorg Vartanyan took place on Prospekt Zvezd in Rostov-on-Don [33].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

In 2013, the Ministry of Defense of Armenia established the departmental medal “Gevorg Vardanyan” in memory of the intelligence officer.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Materials about the operations of the Vartanyan spouses are presented in the Museum of the History of Security Agencies of Armenia [34].


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

On May 17, 2014, a memorial plaque was installed in the center of Yerevan, on the building of Yerevan State Linguistic University named after Valery Bryusov (Tumanyan Street, 42).


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Honors


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Hero of the Soviet Union


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Order “For Merit to the Fatherland” IV degree [5]


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Order of Lenin


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Order of the Red Banner [3]


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Order of the Patriotic War II degree [3]


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Order of Honor (Armenia) [8]


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Medal “For the Defence of the Caucasus” [3]


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Medal “For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941—1945” [3]


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Other medals of the USSR, Russia and the Republic of Armenia


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Honorary Security Officer of the USSR [3]


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Honorary State Security Officer [3]


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Honorary Citizen of Rostov-on-Don


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

See also


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

List of Armenian heroes of the Great Patriotic War


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Notes


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Literature


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Noah's Ark.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Information and analytical newspaper of the Armenian diaspora of the CIS countries.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

N 11—12 (69—70), December 2003; N 09 (91), September 2005.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Amirkhanyan M. D. Armenians are Heroes of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Er.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

, 2005.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

— 202 p.: ISBN 99930-4-342-7.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Kuznetsov Yu.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

: 2003.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

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Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

References


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

It's a true story.


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

on YouTube


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Category:WWII scouts


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Category: Soviet intelligence officers


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Category:Security officers


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Category:Personals:Espionage


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Category: Burials at Troyekurovskoye Cemetery


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Category:Honorary Citizens of Rostov-on-Don


Question: In what year did Gevorg Andreevich Vartanyan die?

Gevorg Vartanyan

Category:Illegal scouts


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

A tapestry (French: gobelin), or trellis, is one of the types of decorative and applied art, a one-sided lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, woven by hand with a cross interlacing threads [1] :5.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The weaver passes the weft thread through the warp, creating both the image and the fabric itself at the same time.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, tapestry is defined as “a handmade woven carpet on which a painting and deliberately prepared cardboard are reproduced with multi-colored wool and partly silk a more or less well-known artist” [2].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The tapestries were made of wool, silk, and sometimes gold or silver threads were inserted into them.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Currently, a wide variety of materials are used for the manufacture of carpets by hand: threads made of synthetic and artificial fibers are preferred, natural ones are used to a lesser extent materials [3] :13.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The hand weaving technique is laborious, one craftsman can produce about 1-1.5 m² (depending on the density) of the trellis per year, so these products are available only to wealthy customers.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

And at present, handmade tapestry (trellis) continues to be an expensive work [4].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

From the Middle Ages to the 19th century, it was practiced to produce tapestries in cycles (ensembles), into which products related to the same topic were combined.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

This set of tapestries was designed to decorate the room in the same style.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The number of tapestries in the ensemble depended on the size of the rooms in which they were supposed to be placed.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the same style as wall trellises, canopies, curtains, pillow cases were made, which also made up the set [4].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Etymology of terms


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Different terms have been used to define woven carpet at different times and in different countries.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In Greek and Latin, the words “tapes” (Ancient Greek: τpis) and “tapetum” (Latin: tapetum) respectively meant both a carpet and a bedspread, a tablecloth.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

They later became the basis in different languages for the designation of tapestry weaving works [1] :7.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

According to the name of the city of Arras, where the production of bright tapestries using gold and silver threads flourished in the 14th century, such carpets in Europe were called arrazi, arezzi or arras (Spanish: drap de raz, English: arras) [4], and in Italy, any lint-free carpets are called “arezzi”, “arras” and are currently [3] :43.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the XVI century, the word verdura arose (from French: verdure - greens, grass, foliage).


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Initially, this was the name given to images of animals and birds against the background of nature, but soon this name was assigned to the works of tapestry weaving themselves, originating from Oudenaarde, the production center verdur from the 17th century [1] :16.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The word “tapestry” originated in France in the XVII century, when the royal tapestry manufactory opened there.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The manufactory's products were very popular, and in some countries everything that was done using the trellis weaving technique was called tapestry.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

According to experts, the term “tapestry” should mean only the works of the Gobelins Manufactory, yet others should be called tapestries.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Currently, the French term tapisserie (English: tapestry, German: Bildteppich) refers to all artistic textiles.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In Russia, the term “tapestry” has been adopted in the scientific literature, while the word “tapestry” is more often used in widespread use [1] :8.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

This is also the name of modern author's carpets [3] :7.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The word “tapestry” came to Russian in the 18th century from Polish (Polish: szralera, szraler), German (German: Spallier) or Italian (Italian: Spaliera) languages [5].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Initially, this was the name of straight rows of trimmed garden trees or shrubs or wooden trellises to support tree trunks or branches [6].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In Russian, two terms are simultaneously used: “trellis” and “tapestry”, which denoted any woven work, including upholstery for furniture.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Later, the same name was given to the canvas made on a machine (tapestry fabric) [7].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

History


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Egypt


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The principle of tapestry weaving was well known to the ancient Egyptians.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the tomb of Thutmose IV (c. 1483—1411 BC), a linen veil with a pattern of scarabs and lotuses [K 1] was found, and in the tomb of Tutankhamen (c. 1323 BC), a dress and gloves made in tapestry technique [1] :9 [4].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Only according to the reviews of ancient authors, it is known about the high art of the creators of Babylonian and Assyrian carpets.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

According to some researchers, the ancient Egyptians adopted the skills of tapestry weaving from the peoples who inhabited Mesopotamia.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since there is no data on the mass production of such products in Egypt until the 4th century, it is possible that until that time immigrants from other lands were engaged in tapestry weaving [4].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The period from the 4th to the 7th century is considered to be the heyday of tapestry art in Egypt


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The Coptic fabrics combine the traditions of Ancient Egypt and the Hellenistic era.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Not whole products have survived to this day, but small double-sided panel inserts made with woolen thread on a linen base and characterized by an elegant thin pattern.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The compositions were also woven directly into the fabric.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The source of the subjects for Coptic fabrics was ancient myths, images of fruits, flowers, animals, ornamental compositions were widespread [8].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Later, Christian stories appeared.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

It is possible that Coptic weavers used ready-made samples to create their works, making some changes to each product [8].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Some Coptic fabrics are made in terry technique, where the weft thread loops the warp thread and stretches, and the loops are usually not cut.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Coptic terry knots are used by contemporary textile artists [9] :82.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Boucle fabrics are also known: the weft did not stretch and hung freely with a loop between the warp threads, and the weft thread was sewn [9] :80 to fix the loop of the [K 2] weft thread.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Tapestry weaving was also known in ancient Greece.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Evidence of this is Homer's poem “The Odyssey” (c. VIII century BC).


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Odysseus's wife Penelope weaves a shroud for her father-in-law Laerta, which, as can be seen in one of the vase-painted drawings, is nothing more than a patterned fabric made by linen weave.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The goddess Athena was considered the patroness of weaving.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The Roman poet Ovid in the fifth book “Metamorphosis” mentions the looms on which Athena Pallas and Arachne work during their mythological competition, and also describes in detail the plots that were woven by them [4] [10].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The Latin terms of carpet weaving are of ancient Greek origin, so it is believed that the Romans got acquainted with the tapestry in Greece [4].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Dokolumbova America


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In America, the earliest products created on the principle of tapestry weaving from wool and cotton by the inhabitants of ancient Peru date back to 2500 BC.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Peruvian products are a border for decorating a costume, sometimes it completely covered clothes.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

This is how unki, like a poncho, were decorated.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Fragments of wall carpets have also been preserved [4].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The interlacing density of samples discovered by archaeologists reaches 200 weft threads per 1 cm of warp [1] :9, the Britannica encyclopedia indicates the density range of Peruvian woven products from 60 to 100 threads duck per square centimeter [4].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the 6th-7th centuries, the technique of tapestry weaving was finally developed.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The largest number of samples discovered by archaeologists in coastal burials dates back to the 8th-12th centuries [4].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The shrouds found in 1927 in the so-called “Paracas Necropolis” have been preserved due to the arid climate of the area.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

According to archaeologist Julio Tello, the necropolises housed the tombs of representatives of the nobility and clergymen.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The blankets from Paracas Necropolis, measuring about 2.5 m by 1 m, are made of wool in 5-6 colors.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

For many centuries, the paints have not lost their brightness, and the canvas itself has remained elastic.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

There is no doubt that the covers were created specifically for burial.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Stylized images of people and animals on them may have had ritual significance [11] :309—310.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

According to Spanish reports dating back to the colonization period, as well as drawings on ancient Peruvian ceramics, women were engaged in weaving.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Primitive looms were used for the work, but the art of the craftsmen was extremely high.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Preference was given to compositions built on color contrasts, especially for woven products of the Inca Empire of the XIII-XVI centuries [4].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

To this day, the folk weaving of Peru has preserved mythological motifs traditional for this area with zoomorphic and anthropomorphic figures and geometric ornaments.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Floral ornaments, like many centuries ago, are extremely rare.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Only dyes of natural origin are used for dyeing threads, so the products have a harmoniously balanced color [1] :9.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Far East


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In China, silk products made using the tapestry weaving technique, kesa, have been known since the Han era [1] :9.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

According to Britannica, the earliest samples of kesa date back to the Tang Dynasty [4].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since only silk threads were used for the kesa (the base was raw silk, the weft was colored threads), they were very thin and elastic, with up to 116 weft threads per centimeter of woven panel [1] :9.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Chinese tapestry weaving is characterized by complex landscape or plant compositions in sophisticated colors [1] :9—10.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

This technique was used to create not only panels, but also clothes [12].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The change in the color of the threads when weaving the kesa occurred without the adhesion of the weft throws to each other: vertical gaps, the so-called relays, were obtained at the color boundaries, hence the name of the products ( kesy — “cut silk”) [4].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Chinese silk became known in Japan by the beginning of the 3rd century, and during the Nara period, local tapestry fabrics were already produced in this country [1] :10.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The Britannica encyclopedia indicates that woven goods like Chinese (tsuzure-nishiki, polychrome tapestry) appeared in Japan during the Muromachi period.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

They differed from the kesa in their relief surface, since cotton thread was used for the weft, wrapped either with silk or a thread made of precious metals.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

These fabrics were used to make festive clothes and gift wrappers in Japan [4].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Europe.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Middle Ages


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The history of the European tapestry began during the Crusades, when the works of oriental masters were brought as trophies by the Crusaders.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Europeans also got acquainted with the art of making lint-free carpets through Arab Spain [1] :10.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

If in Egypt and pre-Columbian America, works made using the technique of trellis weaving most often served as an ornament (costume, dwelling), in medieval Europe, the trellis became a product of decorative monumental [1] :6.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In southern Europe, the walls were covered with paintings, in the north, tapestries not only decorated the walls of cathedrals, and then castles and palaces, but also performed a purely utilitarian function, preserving heat, protecting against drafts.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Trellises were upholstered in walls, bed canopies were also made of them, and large rooms were separated by partitions [K 3].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

They were even taken on military campaigns, where they were used in the construction of tents of the nobility.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Medieval European tapestry is a large-format product, the length of which far exceeds its height [3] :18 [K 4].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Germany


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The earliest European tapestry from St.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Gereon in Cologne was made by Rhine craftsmen in the 11th century.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Some of its motifs (images of fantastic animals) are similar to those of Byzantine fabrics of the 9th—10th centuries.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The tapestries of this era, created on church orders, are characterized by monumentality, a planar image, a limited and bright color scheme, the conventionality of the figures of the characters, differences in their size, dictated by the medieval hierarchy.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Stylistically, the tapestries of the Romanesque period are associated with book miniatures and wall paintings.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The background is without perspective depth, there is no detail, the figures of the characters are somewhat angular.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The main motifs: patterns, floral ornaments borrowed from book miniatures and from oriental and Italian fabrics, and the ornament decorated all elements of the image; heraldic signs; main colors — red and blue.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The density of the base did not exceed 5 threads per centimeter, which made the trellis pattern rough, simplified [1] :10.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Biblical and historical stories were popular.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

One of the main customers of the first tapestries was the church.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The earliest European lint-free rugs come from Germany.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

They were produced by craftsmen who lived in the homes of the nobility, wandering weavers or artisans in small workshops, including monasteries.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Weavers did without the services of cardboard artists [3] :18, each work, completely done by one or more craftsmen, retains unique features of individual style [1] :6.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The peculiarity of early tapestries is a black or colored outline that frames the details.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The folds of robes, color transitions were conveyed using such a hand weaving technique as hatching (stretching) with thin stripes [3] :19, when in the canvas weft threads of the same color enter into the area of the other, creating a third color by optical mixing [9] :75.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

A little later, tapestry weaving came to Scandinavia, then production spread to Flanders and France.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

with a symbolic image of twelve months (only two subjects have survived) from the Church of Baldischol (Norway), according to researchers, could be created around 1180 by German weavers.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

But in the ornaments that frame the images, there is a connection with the traditions of Norwegian folk weaving, it is possible that by this time Scandinavia had already had its own masters [1] :10.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

France


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The book miniature served as a model for the grandiose cycle (with a total size of 5.5x144 m) of the Anzhers Apocalypse tapestries (c. 1380), a monument of Gothic decorative and applied art.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The tapestries commissioned by Nicolas Bataili's Parisian weavers by Louis I of Anjou were created from the illustrations of the 10th-century Spanish manuscript Commentary on the Apocalypse by Beatus of Liebana.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The miniatures of the Apocalypse, translated into tapestries, received a new, unexpectedly softened sound [1] :11—12.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

With a rather limited set of colors and using no more than five shades of each of them, Bataille achieved a harmonious combination of narrative and decorative principles in this cycle of tapestries [1]: 11.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

At the end of the 14th century, tapestry weaving became a significant branch of handicraft production.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Carpets are widely used not only in creating interiors, but also in decorating cities during religious processions, jousting tournaments, holidays.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The first large manufactories appeared, where cardboard makers work together with dyers, artists and weavers, who translate the sketch into cardboard corresponding to the size of the future trellis.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The weaver often took on the functions of both a dyer and an artist, tinting the wool to achieve the right tone, changing the color scheme of the trellis, and sometimes its composition [1] :12.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the 15th century, the production of French tapestries moved from Paris to cities located in the Loire basin due to the Hundred Years' War.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Here, in the second half of the century, a special type of tapestries appeared, called “mille fleur” (French mille fleur, which means “thousand flowers”).


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

On a dark green, blue or red background, along the decorative border that frames the trellis, many small flowers, bouquets, berries are scattered, often depicted with botanical accuracy.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

It is not uncommon for small animals to be added to plants.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The subjects for these tapestries were very diverse: ancient myths, biblical stories, allegories, life scenes, literary motifs [3] :29.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

There is an assumption that the millefleurs appeared under the influence of a long custom that existed in France: the procession route on the day of the Feast of the Body of Christ was decorated with fabrics with many attached to them fresh flowers [16].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

One of the most famous Millefleurs is the Lady with a Unicorn series of six tapestries, created in Touraine (currently stored at the Cluny Museum, Paris).


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Allegorical compositions, which carry symbolism that can be interpreted in different ways, unfold on a conventional dark blue oval island that stands out against a pink-red background.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Both the island and the background of the trellis are dotted with many small flowers.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

“In this cycle of tapestries, compared to all previous ones, not only the nature of the images, but also the nature of the plastic thinking of the creators has transformed and became more complicated. Undoubtedly, the continuity of the traditions of Gothic miniature is preserved, but the plot motivations, artistic and technical means of them are expanding in a completely new way and, most importantly, individualizing incarnations. Truthfulness and convention, pictorial and ornamentality, flatness and depth are harmoniously intertwined here” [1] :14.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

IN. AND. Savitskaya The type of carpet composition of this cycle did not go out of fashion for a long time and was repeated in the workshops of Aubusson and Felten in wall tapestries, curtains, pillow fabrics [1] :14.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Flanders


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

By the end of the 15th century, Flanders, where the production of tapestries was supported not by individual private orders, but by city workshops, became the main center of artistic weaving and held the lead for three centuries.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Flemish tapestries were produced in huge quantities, primarily in weaving centers such as Bruges and Antwerp [1] :14.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Along with Paris, Arras became the center of tapestry weaving in the 14th century.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The products of Arras masters are characterized by pronounced decorativeness, the use of color contrasts, metaphorical plots, and the lack of details of everyday life [3] :43.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Weavers from Arras introduced so-called “Cypriot gold” into the trellis fabric — twisted linen or silk wrapped in flattened gold or silver wire [1] :15.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The inclusion of precious metal threads in fabric dates back to the Bronze Age [3] :14.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the East, fabrics with the addition of gold and silver threads were also produced [17]


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

“Obviously, Arras did not invent this kind of jewelry, which consists in connecting gold and silver threads with silk; but let's say that Arras has changed this system so much, as well as the general system of weaving trellises, that something new has actually been created” [18].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

E.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

van Drival.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Tapestry weaving flourished in Arras during the reign of the Dukes of Burgundy, and ended in 1477, when Louis XI ravaged the city, and many craftsmen moved to Flanders [3] :43.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since the 14th century, Brussels has become a major center for the production of tapestries.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The further development of Flemish tapestries was significantly influenced by the work of the masters of the Northern Renaissance: Jan van Eyck, Hugo van der Goes, Rogier van der Weyden, Mömling, Jan van Room.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In Brussels, a start was made to make carpets based on paintings by famous artists.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The distinctive features of Brussels tapestries: complex multi-figure compositions, where the characters fill the entire field of the carpet; a certain style in the depiction of the faces and clothes of characters dressed exclusively in costumes that match the fashion of the time; the must-have herbs and flowers in the foreground.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Allegorical subjects, ancient and biblical themes were very popular.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The border of the carpets is narrow, usually decorated with images of fruits and flowers.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the 16th century, Brussels weavers worked with yarn dyed in 20-30 tones, and silk, gold and silver threads were added to the wool [1] :14—15 [3] :72.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

One of the most famous tapestry cycles (9 carpets, ca. 1520) created in Brussels is David and Bathsheba [3] :72 [19].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Revival


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Flemish weavers had a modest palette of only six colors, but using etching methods and a special weaving technique — stretching (shading), they achieved amazing pictorial effects.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The cycle “”, performed in the workshop of Peter van Aelst II (c. 1472—1532) [20] in Brussels based on Raphael's compositions commissioned by Pope Leo X to decorate the Sistine Chapel, determined further development of artistic weaving towards monumentalism and, at the same time, the beginning of the rapprochement of the tapestry, in which they now sought to convey perspective, chiaroscuro effects, volume, with the picturesque painting [21].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The cardboards for Acts of the Apostles were prepared for work by Bernard van Orley, the author of a series of tapestries, including Maximilian's Hunt, Battle of Pavia and The Foundation of Rome.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Thanks to Raphael, the tapestry has woven borders with decorative grotesque motifs (French: grotesque - bizarre) [K 5].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

They were modeled on grotesques from frescoes in the Vatican Loggias created by Raphael and his assistants [1] :16.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The tapestry gets its “frame”, and this circumstance brings the lint-free carpet closer to the works of easel painting [1] :63.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In France, Holland and Flanders, tapestries with realistic landscapes and still lifes are becoming popular.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The background of the tapestries, formerly smooth or ornamental, gradually became landscape by the end of the 15th century.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Later, tapestries appear, where the main theme is the image of nature [3] :50.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The first verduras [K 6] (French: verdure - foliage, greens) were created in Brussels manufactories.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The construction of the verdura landscape is made on the same principle as the backstage landscape in painting.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

For the foreground, brighter (green) and dark (brown) tones were chosen, they were replaced by lighter greens in the background, and for the far third, pale blue was used.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The harmonious landscape, made with attention to the smallest details, was complemented by images of real and fantastic animals, sometimes entering into battle.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Often these scenes had a heraldic meaning [3] :50.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

One of the centers of verdur production in the 17th century was the Flemish city of Oudenaarde.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Verduras from Oudenaarde have a special flavor, dominated by green and brown tones, complemented by blue-green and yellowish-cream shades; of the animals, pheasants, herons, deer, roosters and peacocks; from plants — oaks, poppies, maples.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The material for Oudenaard tapestries, unlike, for example, Brussels, was of lower quality, but the rough texture gives them a special charm [1] :16—17.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Willem, a representative of the famous Pannemaker family of weavers, became one of the first verdura masters in Brussels.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

He worked with silk dyed in various colors, actively used gold and silver threads in his works [1] :16 [19].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Remarkable examples of verdur tapestries were created in Flanders in the middle of the 16th century for the royal palace on Wawel [1] :16.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The complex of tapestries ordered by King Sigismund August in Flanders (Brussels) is made on cardboard by Willem Tons and Michael Coxy, and work on it began in the 1920s of the 16th century.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The complete set consisted of three hundred and fifty-six tapestries.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The peculiarity of this ensemble is that it was created specifically for certain rooms, each product was strictly assigned its place in the interior.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

At that time, the so-called “trellis hanging” came into fashion, when the entire wall was hidden under carpets, so trellises for piers between windows, placement above doors, etc. were also included in the kit. [K 7] The halls of the Wawel Royal Castle are a rare case of preserving Renaissance interiors to this day [1] :62.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the 16th century, tapestries from Tournai gained popularity, and weavers from Flanders and France worked together in this city.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Some of the most famous masters of the Tour were Pasquier Guernier, whose name is associated with the emergence of new carpet weaving techniques [K 8], and his four sons [1] :17.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Baroque


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The development of Baroque style in the tapestry is associated with the names of Rubens and his employees and students Jacob Jordaens, Frans Snyders, Cornelis Schute, Justus van Egmont, as well as French artists Charles Lebrun and Simon Vouet.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The series “The History of Decius Musa”, “The History of Constantine”, “The Apotheosis of the Eucharist”, “The History of Achilles” were made on Rubens cardboard in Brussels and Paris.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Expressive dynamic composition, expressive movements of the characters, unexpected distribution of chiaroscuro, bold color scheme are the distinctive features of Rubens tapestries, for their transmission from the weaver the highest skill was required, and sometimes the improvement of traditional weaving techniques [1] :17 [24].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In accordance with the aesthetics of the era, the tapestry is firmly connected with the architectural environment for which it was created, and can no longer exist in isolation from it.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The impression of the tapestry, as a theatrical scenery, is emphasized by the enlargement of the foregrounds, the fascination with the effects of illusionism, and the transmission of a light-air perspective.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Instead of framing, Simon Vouet creates portals for tapestries depicting sculptural motifs: caryatids, Atlanteans, flower garlands, monochrome arabesques (grisaille), combining woven products with the decor of the room for which they are intended, stucco decorations of walls and ceilings [1] :64 [25].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In his cardboards for the series “The Feats of Odysseus”, “The Story of Rinaldo and Armida”, “Scenes from the Old Testament”, Vouet paid great attention to the development of landscape backgrounds, the construction of complex multi-figure compositions [1] :17 .


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since 1619, it was opened in the English city of Mortlake in Surrey, where Flemish weavers worked under the leadership of Philip de Mecht, invited by Yakov I.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Later, English craftsmen worked at the manufactory.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The products of this enterprise were marked with a red cross on a white background.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Carpets based on Rubens cardboard were originally produced here.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In 1630-1632, the first English series of six tapestries, Gero and Leander, was made in Mortlake based on sketches by Francis Klein [K 9].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In 1630, King Charles I bought Raphael's cardboards Acts of the Apostles in Brussels, and in 1637-1638 replicas of the famous cycle were woven on them at the manufactory.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Antonis Van Dyck created sketches for Baroque borders for these tapestries, and tapestries with historical subjects were woven according to his sketches [1] :20 [3] :79 [26].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In 1658, in the French town of Mensy, the owners of the dye house, the Gobelin family, founded a workshop that carried out orders for the production of tapestries mainly for Nicolas Fouquet Vaux-le-Vicomte Castle.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

It was led by Charles Lebrun.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

At the suggestion of Colbert, who replaced Fouquet, in 1662, Louis XIV bought a dye house (Hotel Tapestry) and a weaving house for the treasury and created the Royal Manufactory of Tapestries and Furniture [K 10].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

This is how France's largest tapestry manufactory appeared, the first industrial production of carpets, located in the Paris suburb of Saint-Marcel.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since the middle of the 17th century, France has become a trendsetter in the production of tapestries for a long time, and carpet weaving, like other types of arts and crafts, has been developing in strict accordance with the requirements of court norms in the direction of splendor, maximum theatricalization [1] :65.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The works of the Gobelins Manufactory, due to their high cost, were used almost exclusively for the decoration of royal palaces and gifts, and only rarely went on sale.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Despite the significant costs of maintaining the manufactory and the lack of profit, it continued to exist under all regimes.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In 1663, Lebrun, the “first painter of the king”, was appointed at the head of the Royal Manufactory of Tapestries and Furniture.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Lebrun was not only the head of the enterprise, but his sketches and cardboard were used to create such series of tapestries as “The Seasons”, “Royal Castles”, “The History of Alexander the Great”, “The History of Louis XIV”.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Lebrun, understanding the specifics of the tapestry, retained a certain share of the conventionality of the image and color in his cardboard for wall carpets [27].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

For cartoners of the manufactory, a division was introduced into masters of a certain genre: landscape, architectural motifs, ornament [1] :17.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

A distinctive feature of the manufactory's products is the royal lily woven in the corners or in the center at the upper edge [1] :17—18.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In 1664, the Beauvais Manufactory, which worked for the royal court, received royal privileges, and in 1665, the manufactory in Aubusson, which produced products mainly for customers from the province [1] :17—18.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The Aubusson manufactory specialized in copies of landscapes from Flanders (including Verdur Oudenaarde) and furniture fabrics from Beauvais [1] :18—19.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Rococo


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the first half of the 18th century, the artsy and pompous Baroque style was replaced by a more elegant, intimate trend — rococo:... to the extreme a sophisticated decorative style, in the forms of which, however, disappeared last remnant of expediency.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

E.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Kon-Wiener [28].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Representative halls are replaced by a chamber salon, a boudoir, and an office.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Stable stability disappears in the interior, the new style does not recognize a flat wall, hiding it behind a bizarre ornament, a mirror, a landscape painting with a perspective that takes the viewer's gaze into the distance.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The tapestry is losing its monumentality, multi-figure compositions are becoming a thing of the past, heroic plots are inferior to gallant scenes and pastorals with idyllic landscapes and finely worked out details [29].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since the 1730s, French tapestry weaving has been dominated by the desire to convey the picturesque original in the trellis as accurately as possible.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The density of the fabric increases as much as possible, the yarn is dyed in thousands of different finest color nuances (by the end of the century there were 14,600 shades).


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

One of those who insisted on a literal reproduction of the painting was the artist and director (1733—1755) of the Paris manufactory Jean-Baptiste Oudry, who fought in every possible way against ancient weaving methods, in his opinion, made the color of the tapestry “terrible” and led to “an unbearable variegation of colors, bright and mutually incompatible.”


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

On his initiative, a color scale was introduced, where each shade had its own number.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The auxiliary templates that the weaver had to adhere strictly to contained fragments outlined and numbered according to this scale.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Thus, the creative initiative of the weaver was excluded from the process of creating the trellis — now he copied the painting without the right to correct and change anything, and the trellis itself turned into imitation of painting and even received a woven “frame” under the baguette [1] :19 [3] :92.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Francois Boucher, a famous artist, a prominent representative of the Rococo style, worked for French manufactories, who was at the head of the Royal Manufactory in 1755—1770.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

According to his sketches, tapestry cycles were released - “The Story of Psyche”, “Love of the Gods” (Beauvais, 73 tapestries of this series were produced in 23 years) and three tapestries as a gift to the Chinese emperor (“Chinese Series”) in fashionable chinoiserie style (Aubusson) [1] :18—19 [3] :92.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the 18th century, the royal tapestry manufactory was founded in Madrid.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

She is best known for sketching cardboard for her by Francisco Goya [1] :20 [30].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Petersburg manufactory


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In Russia, the first manufactory for the production of tapestries for palace interiors appeared under Peter the Great: in 1716, masters of the Royal Tapestry Manufactory were invited from France, with whom five-year contracts were concluded, which, in addition to the actual work, provided for training Russian weavers.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The first director of the manufactory was Philippe Begagle, who arrived in St. Petersburg in 1717 and played a significant role in the development of Russian tapestry art [31].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

At first, the weavers of the manufactory did not have tools to work, they were not paid salaries; material for work had to be purchased abroad.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since the beginning of the 1720s, Russian students have already helped to weave tapestries [3] :101.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Finished products were signed only by foreign craftsmen [31], so the names of Russian students — Ivan Kobylyakov, Filat Kadyshev, Mikhail Akhmanov, Sergey Klimov — are known only from archival documents [3]: 101.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

It took years to learn skills: Ivan Kobylyakov was able to apply for transfer to apprenticeship only after twelve years of apprenticeship.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Each of the weavers specialized in depicting certain motifs, the execution of the faces and figures of the characters was considered the most difficult and was trusted by experienced workers.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Four craftsmen weaved one square arshin of trellis for about a month [3] :101.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In 1722, the Shpalernaya Manufactory was transferred to the management of the Manufactory Board.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

By 1725, 5 French craftsmen and 22 Russian students worked in the production, “reaching perfection”.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In 1730, the manufactory was transferred from Ekateringof to St. Petersburg, to Pervaya Beregovaya Street (now Shpalernaya) [3] :101.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

There are five workshops behind the Liteiny Dvor: ten machine tools and a dye house.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

After the death of F. Begagl in 1732, all work at the manufactory was carried out only by Russian specialists.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since 1733, painter Dmitry Solovyov worked as a cardboard maker at the manufactory.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Despite the fact that he was helped by his son and several students, cardboard for the production of tapestries was constantly not enough [31].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

It was practiced to make products both based on paintings from the Hermitage collection [3] :104 and according to ready-made Western European models [31].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the 1740s, the manufactory was in decline: the demand for its products fell sharply, finished products that were not used filled the warehouse.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the second half of the decade, only two weavers were provided with jobs.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the 1750s, due to the shortage of cardboard, the manufactory repeated the works previously created here, and also made copies from the early (16th—17th centuries) Western European tapestries, while repeating mistakes original [31].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In 1755, by order of Elizaveta Petrovna, the production of tapestries for the premises of the new Winter Palace was revived, and for this purpose, the help of craftsmen from France was again resorted to [3] :102.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

On January 7, 1761, according to Stelin's diary (which he kept under the name of State Councilor Misere), “a new tapestry master (woven wallpaper) (d'araz), Mr. Bande, came to St. Petersburg” [32] :53.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Peter III drew attention to the manufactory almost immediately after his accession to the throne.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Stelin points out that the emperor “visits the à la Gobelins wallpaper factory, built by Peter the Great, but which fell into disrepair after his death and was only put in order again by Empress Elizabeth. He takes her under his special patronage and appoints her director of his former valet Bressan. Orders two large pieces of haute lisse for the two front walls in the new Winter Palace. One of them was supposed to represent the accession to the throne of Empress Elizabeth, and the other - his own (length from 3 to 4 fathoms, height - 1/2 fathoms). State Councilor Stelin was supposed to make an allegorical drawing, the emperor approved and instructed Director Bressan to order two large paintings based on it in Paris” [32] :39.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The manufactory flourished in the 1760s and 1770s, by that time domestic weavers, cardboard makers and artists worked on it.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

At the St. Petersburg Manufactory, a genre rare for a tapestry was cultivated — portrait, which required special skill from the weaver when performing the model's face.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Portraits of reigners and people close to the court were mainly produced [1] :20—21.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

French diplomat M.-D.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Corberon, who visited the manufactory in April 1776, gave the following impressions of the visit:


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

On Saturday morning, I visited the production of tapestry carpets woven in the image of Savener carpets.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

This institution is headed by Bressan, an Italian.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

I talked to him and he told me that this factory employs 200 people.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

I didn't see them, but I noticed two huge rooms with twenty windows on each side, where the machines were arranged in great order so that the owner from the middle of the hall could look at everything what is being done around.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

I was shown a few samples of embroideries that I did not like.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The faces on them, in terms of shape and color, are very poorly executed; it turns out that these works are very expensive [32] :116.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the 1920s, due to a new drop in demand for the manufactory's products, it did not generate income at all.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since 1827, the loss ratio of production increased, and in 1858 the manufactory was closed.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

A total of 205 tapestries were produced at the St. Petersburg Manufactory [3] :102.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Russian museums hold a little more than a hundred tapestries of domestic production, about half of them in the Hermitage collection.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

19th century.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Attempts to revive tapestry weaving


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The development of machine production in the second half of the 19th century, as well as changes in the fashion and tastes of customers, led to the decline of tapestry manufactories.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

One of those who made the first attempt to revive the art of classical medieval weaving was William Morris.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

He mastered the craft of a weaver himself, working at home for several hours a day on a loom.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In 1881, Morris opened a tapestry workshop at Merton Abbey.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Believing that creativity is inherent in any person, he encouraged the initiative of the workers of the enterprise in every possible way.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

At Merton Abbey, tapestries were created in the same way as in the Middle Ages.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Morris himself combined the functions of an artist, weaver and dyer, going back to a time when the tapestry was the result of the concerted efforts of several craftsmen, and the weaver did not act as a copyist.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In this sense, Morris anticipated the reform of tapestry weaving of the 20th century.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The most famous are Morris tapestry cycles based on biblical stories and based on the legends of the Arthur cycle [1] :21—22.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

According to the photo of the artist's sketch, almost all the picturesque sketches for Merton tapestries were made by Burne-Jones, enlarged to the size of the future product, and the composition was clarified.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Details, ornaments, and color of the tapestry were worked out by Morris and his student, designer John Dirl [21].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In 1893, the artist Mayol opened a small tapestry workshop in Banyuls-sur-Mer.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Inspired by the Cluny Museum's carpet collection, he sought to counter mass machine production with handmade products.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Mayol created sketches and cardboards for carpets, searched for the most suitable raw materials, experimented with dyes of plant origin (he discovered a new way to produce red paint), expanding color range of the workshop's products.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Tapestries made on Maillol's cardboard — “Music” and “The Enchanted Garden” — were exhibited at the Brussels exhibition “The Group of Twelve” and received favorable reviews from critics.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Maillol carpets are characterized by smoothly curving lines of the pattern, stylization of the image under plant forms.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Economic difficulties, dependence on the availability of orders, and vision problems forced Mayol to close the workshop in 1900 [33].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The first half of the 20th century.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Tapestry reform.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Jean Lursa


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Since the mid-1920s, repeated attempts have been made to modernize the art of tapestry.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Marius Martin, director of the Aubusson School of Decorative Arts, has developed his own program for the renewal of tapestry weaving.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Martin considered the most important of the properties of the tapestry to be its expressiveness, which was lost in the XVIII-XIX centuries.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The restoration of the decorative character of the ancient Martin craft was to be facilitated by a reduction in the number of colors used and their nuances, as well as the restoration of ancient weaving techniques.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Martin was opposed, and quite successfully, by the cardboard makers of the Aubusson manufactory, who advocated the accurate reproduction of picturesque cardboard in the trellis [1] :23.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In 1924, Raoul Dufy made sketches for the manufactory in Beauvais of the Paris ensemble, which included a screen, a trellis, and upholstery for chairs.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The result disappointed the artist, in his opinion, after reproducing his sketches in woven products, it turned out to be “too literal and too dry reproduction”.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The same thing happened to the tapestry View of Paris (Dufy, 1934).


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Dufy considered the key to success in the development of tapestry art and bringing it out of the crisis to be the transfer of initiative in the embodiment of cardboard to the weaver, who was supposed to become a co-author of the artist [1] :23.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Marie Cuttoli (French: Marie Cuttoli) tried to give new life to the art of tapestry [K 11].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In 1933, she approached famous artists of the time with a proposal to reproduce their works at the Aubusson Manufactory.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

However, this time it was reduced to the usual copying of paintings [1] :24.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

A few decades after Morris, Jean Lursa, a reformer of the art of artistic weaving, after unsuccessful experiments to return the tapestry to its monumental and decorative significance, also turned to the experience of masters of the Middle Ages


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Studying the Angers Apocalypse cycle, as well as the basics of trellis weaving under the guidance of François Tabard, a hereditary master from the Aubusson manufactory, Lurs bred four basic principles for the success of the trellis.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Lursa was convinced that the nature of the tapestry was different from the nature of painting — it simply could not accurately copy the painting.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The trellis should be associated with the architectural environment for which it is intended, the cardboard is created in the full size of the future trellis (and cardboard with the designation was introduced instead of picturesque cardboard areas of different colors with contours and assigning numbers to them) [3] :101, the weaving structure should approach the structure of the works of medieval masters, that is, be quite large.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

According to Lurs, the tapestry: “... an object that is essentially a cloth. Her task is to dress a part of the building, which, of course, would lack something sensual and passionate without this decoration; in short, lacked charm [...] The most important thing in mastering the wall surface is never to mix an easel painting with a wall trellis: their technique is the opposite, their aesthetics are completely different” [1] :65.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The decrease in weaving density had not only a purely decorative, but also an economic effect — the speed of trellis execution increased to 1 m per month, the cost of production decreased, and new customers appeared [3 ] :101.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

According to Lurs himself, he introduced the art of tapestry to about a hundred artists from different countries.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

However, Jean Picard-Ledoux, Marc Saint-Saëns, Marcel Gromer, Dom Robert (French: Dom) implemented his theory most consistently, while remaining masters with unique author's handwriting Robert) [1] :29.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Jean Lursa took the art of tapestries to a new level and became the first artist of modern tapestries.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

He created about a thousand cardboards for tapestries.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

His last work is the grandiose cycle Song of Peace, completed after his death [1] :27.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Lursa founded the Association of Cardboard Artists of France in 1945.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

He became one of the founders of the CITAM International Center for Ancient and Modern Tapiseries (Lausanne, 1961) and the initiator of the CITAM Tapiseries Biennale since 1962, the largest show of artists, working in the field of artistic weaving [1] :29.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Le Corbusier has been working in the field of artistic weaving since 1945.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

His first cardboards for the Aubusson manufactory, where Lursa was reviving tapestry production at the time, were small in size.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In 1955, Corbusier designed a monumental series of nine panels for the Supreme Court in Chandigarh, in which he turned to the play of lines and pure colors.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In this work, Corbusier demonstrated the coincidence of his views with Lurs's views on the tapestry as an integral part of architecture [1] :28.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Second half of the 20th and 21st centuries


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the 1950s and 1960s, France lost its leading position in the field of artistic textiles.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The second turn in the development of tapiseries of the 20th century was made by masters from Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, Japan, and the USA


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

This period is characterized by increased attention to the plastic properties of the trellis, the use of non-traditional modern materials, including non-textile ones, and a return to ancient weaving techniques ( for example, macrame).


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The tapestry is no longer an object with a specific functional purpose, it becomes an artistic object (English: art object).


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Moreover, the work is performed from beginning to end by one artist — this condition expands his creative capabilities.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The modern tapestry has gone from a two-dimensional work through an object resembling a sculpture to an environment, a tapiseria-environment that can be penetrated and studied from the inside.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

As an artistic object, the environment has the strongest emotional impact on the viewer.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Some researchers distinguish between three subspecies of the tapiseria-environment: architectural environment, costume and experimental [34] [35].


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

A separate chapter in the history of the tapestry consists of works made in the countries of the former Soviet camp.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Significant success was achieved by masters from Poland (Abakanovich) and Hungary.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

In the USSR, the founder of modern tapestry can rightly be considered the Latvian artist Rudolf Heimrats, who in the early 60s of the XX century, together with Georg Barkans, laid down its aesthetic principles [1] :57.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Heimrat's works combined the traditions of classical tapestry and the technique of national Latvian weaving [3] :118.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

As a teacher, Heimrat was able to identify the individual features inherent in the future master, and brought up a whole galaxy of tapestry artists (Wigner, Bogustov) [3] :117.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Original tapestry schools existed in other regions of the Soviet Union — Estonia (Erm, Reemets [1] :54), Lithuania (Balchikonis [1] :56, Gedrimene) (in general, the Baltic school took a lot from the French tapestries revived by Jean Lurs, and Polish tapiseries of the 60s), Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia (Kandareli), Moscow and St. Petersburg.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Currently, there are two types of handmade tapestry.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

On the one hand, these are author's works, on the other hand, the reproduction of historical tapestries in factories located mainly in the countries of Southeast Asia.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

Designer tapestries, in turn, have two divergent trends.


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

One of them follows the main trends of contemporary art, becoming full-fledged installations of postmodern art (Abakanovich, Sidars).


Question: When was the first tapestry created?

Tapestry

The second proclaims a return to traditional tapestry weaving, minimizing technological experiments.