Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

And this is what he calls creativity.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In Interview with the Vampire (1976), Anne Rice mentions absinthe, emphasizing its detrimental nature to health.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

After drinking blood “contaminated” with bitter wormwood extract, the vampire Lestat feels acute poisoning that threatens his life (this is not true, the life of the vampire Lestat was threatened that he drank the blood of a dead man, death which was disguised as absinthe).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

A famous absinthe lover was the world-famous American novelist Ernest Hemingway.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

While living in Cuba and working on his work The Old Man and the Sea, he ordered absinthe from neighboring Florida and cooked it in a classic way — with a special fountain, which lets water in a thin stream to dilute absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In his book Death in the Afternoon, there are words like “With age, it was becoming more and more difficult to enter the ring without drinking three or four absinthe, which, inflaming my courage, somewhat upset my reflexes.”


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Also in his novel “For Whom the Bell Tolls,” Hemingway gave protagonist Robert Jordan the habit of drinking absinthe in the evenings in the peculiar way given above.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

And in Garden of Eden, Hemingway recommends putting a glass of ice and a small hole at the bottom on a glass of absinthe so that the water drips gradually.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The writer even came up with a cocktail “Death in the Afternoon” for a collection about the favorite drinks of celebrities.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

“Pour one shot of absinthe into a champagne glass. Add the ice-cold champagne, shake slightly until it reaches an opal turbidity. Slowly drink three to five glasses of this cocktail.”


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Cinematography and TV


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The Grand Hotel (1932) is directed by Edmund Goulding, starring Greta Garbo (scene in a Berlin bar).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992) (seduction scene).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Total Eclipse (1995) begins with a scene in which a bartender prepares absinthe to Paul Verlaine.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

From Hell (2001).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The film is based on the graphic novel of the same name by Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell, while Alan Moore expressed dissatisfaction with the fact that the character of Inspector Fred Abberline, presented by Moore in his graphic novel, turned into a “gushing absinthe dandy and a regular in opium brothels” performed by Johnny Depp.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Moulin Rouge! (2001).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

“Handsome Alfie, or What Men Want” (2004), characters Jude Law and Susan Sarandon use absinthe in one of the scenes.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Episode 5 of Season 1 of the sitcom Black's Bookstore (2000).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Episode 22 of the 6 sitcom How I Met Your Mother (2005—2014).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Episode 6 (“Absinthe Makes the Heart Grow Fonder”) season 1 of “California”.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Eurotrip stage in Bratislava.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

14 episode 1 season of Highlander (1992-1998)


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

comments


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Notes


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Literature


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Marie-Claude Delahaye: L'Absinthe, histoire de la Fée verte, Paris, Berger-Levrault, 1983.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

References


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Category:Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Category:Alcoholic drinks


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Prenatal screening is a type of screening, a set of medical studies (laboratory, ultrasound) aimed at identifying a risk group for the development of fetal malformations during pregnancy.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

The word “prenatal” means “prenatal” and the word “screening” means “screening.”


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

In medicine, screening is understood as simple, safe mass (large population group) studies in order to identify high-risk groups.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Prenatal screening is performed during pregnancy and is aimed at identifying complications of pregnancy, including the development of fetal malformations.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Prenatal screening identifies groups of patients who have a higher risk of developing fetal malformations than others.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Based on the results of the screening, a decision is made to conduct a more detailed examination and consultations (invasive research methods, geneticist consultation).


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Invasive research methods (chorionic villus biopsy and amniocentesis) for detecting fetal malformations (for example, Down syndrome) make it possible to diagnose the disease in early pregnancy, but these methods are associated with a number of possible complications (miscarriage, development of group or rhesus conflict, infection of the fetus, etc.).


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

That is why these studies are prescribed only at a high risk of pathology.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

The presence of a high risk does not mean the presence of a defect in the fetus, but only requires closer attention and additional consultations and examinations.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

The more information is used to calculate the risk, the more accurate the result will be.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

To determine the term, it is advisable to use a first-trimester ultrasound.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

In the first trimester, it is important to have an ultrasound report with a TVP measurement.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

And in the second trimester, it is desirable to conduct not a double or triple, but a quadruple test (AFP, hCG, inhibin A, free estriol).


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Types of studies as part of prenatal screening


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Biochemical blood tests


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Ultrasound examinations.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

The complex of biochemical and ultrasound studies is a combined screening.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Types of prenatal screening according to the timing of studies


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Prenatal screening of the first trimester of pregnancy (11-13+6 weeks gestation).


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

This includes double or triple tests of the first trimester of pregnancy.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Prenatal screening of the second trimester of pregnancy (16-18 weeks gestation).


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

This includes double, triple, or quadruple tests of the second trimester of pregnancy.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

The complex of studies of the first and second trimester is an integral (combined) calculation of risk.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

What risks are calculated during prenatal screening


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Down syndrome (first and second trimester)


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Edwards syndrome (first and second trimester)


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Neural tube defects (anencephaly) (second trimester only)


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Smith Lemley-Opitz syndrome


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Nemolar triploidy


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Patau syndrome


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Biochemical (hormonal) indicators of prenatal screening


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

In the first trimester, a free β-subunit of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), PAPP-A (pregnancy associated plasma protein A), pregnancy-associated plasma protein A)


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

In the second trimester, total hCG or free β-subunit of hCG, free estriol, inhibin A, AFP (alphafetoprotein)


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

How risks are calculated


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

The risk calculation consists of the following steps: You donate blood and do an ultrasound.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

When donating blood, a questionnaire must be filled out, where you specify data that are important both for calculating the gestational age and for calculating the risks of defects.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

From the biomaterial you handed over, the tests necessary for your period are carried out.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Then all information is entered into a special computer program, where risks are calculated.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

All results are analyzed by a doctor, after which they are given to you on a letterhead.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

The prenatal screening form will contain information on the age-related risk for pathology (the risk of pathology changes with age), biochemical values, MOM values (see below), risk values for diseases.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Simply defining indicators is not enough to determine risks: there is too much error.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

At the first stage of the calculation, all the indicators obtained are entered into the program, where the so-called MOM (multiple of median) is calculated.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

MoM shows the degree of deviation of each indicator from the median (the population average value for a given gestation period).


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

MoM formula: MOM = [Patient serum value]/[Median value for gestational age] For example, the median is 2 and the value is 1.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

MOhm will be 0.5.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

If the patient's MOM value is close to one, then the value of the indicator is close to the population average, if above one, it is above the population average, if below one, it is below the average.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

At the second stage, this value of MoM is adjusted taking into account various factors (body weight, race, IVF, diabetes mellitus, smoking, number of fetuses, etc.).


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

The above value (0.5) may change in one direction or another.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

At the third stage, risks are calculated based on the calculated MoM.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

According to various indicators, MOMs take part in calculating the risks of different types of pathology.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

For a more accurate risk assessment, it is important to complete the questionnaire correctly and completely.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

For various defects and conditions of MoM, a combined deviation of MOM of different indicators from the average is observed.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

These combinations are referred to as MOM profiles.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

The more “similar” the patient's profile to the profile for a particular pathology, the higher the risk.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

For example, with Down syndrome in the first trimester, there is a decrease in PAPP-A and an increase in hCG, in the second trimester, an increase in hCG, inhibin A, and a decrease in free estriol.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Various conditions, as well as the intake of certain drugs, can affect the value of the indicators, therefore, the value of MoM.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Therefore, the interpretation of the screening should be performed by a doctor.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

It is mandatory to do an ultrasound on the day of screening or in the days coming to it.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

It is necessary to meet the correct deadlines for blood donation and ultrasound.


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

See also


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Prenatal diagnosis


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

References


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

(in English)


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

//NHS (in English)


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

//Nature Education 1 (1) :106, 2008


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Category:Gynecology


Question: What month of pregnancy is prenatal screening done?

Prenatal screening

Category:Obstetrics


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka (Sanskrit:, Aśoka, “[born] without pain”) was the ruler of the Maurian Empire from 273 to 232 BC.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

After a series of military successes, Ashoka subdued a large part of South Asia from present-day Afghanistan to Bengal and further south to Mysore.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka is known primarily as a great patron of Buddhism.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

According to modern researchers, this ruler did more than anyone else to turn Buddhism into a world religion [1].


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Historical sources


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The biographical information about Ashoka below comes from Buddhist literature compiled hundreds of years after Ashoka's death.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Their reliability is not confirmed by anything.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Buddhist writers sought to emphasize Ashoka's bloodlust before he accepted “true faith.”


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

In this hagiographic tradition, Ashoka's life path reproduces the Buddha's path from ignorance to enlightenment.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Much more reliable historical information about Ashoka is provided by 33 inscriptions made on his order in different parts of his state (the so-called edicts of Ashoka).


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

However, they do not mention Ashoka's name.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

In the 19th century, scholars found that the publisher of edicts and the great king Ashoka, known from the writings of Buddhists, are the same person.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Biography


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Origins and childhood


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka was Chandragupta's grandson and Bindusara's son.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka's mother was Subhadrangi, the daughter of a poor Brahmin named Champakanagar.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

According to legend, her father gave her to the harem because he was predicted that his daughter's son would become a great ruler.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka's status in the harem was very low: he had many brothers from the king's more noble wives, and an older brother from the same mother.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

As a child, Ashoka was a very lively and frisky child, and it was very difficult to cope with him.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The only thing he had a heart for was hunting, and soon he became a skilled hunter.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka wasn't handsome.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

But no prince was superior to him in valor, courage, dignity, love of adventure and mastery in management.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Therefore, Ashoka was loved and respected by all officials and ordinary people.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Bindusara noticed his ability to govern, and although Ashoka was young, he appointed him governor of Avanti [2].


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Coming to power


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Arriving in Ujjain, the capital of Avanti, Ashoka proved to be an excellent ruler.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

He married Shakya Kumari, the daughter of a wealthy merchant, who gave birth to him two children, Mahendra and Sanghamitra.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Taxila's citizens rebelled against Magadha's rule.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Bindusara's eldest son, Sushima, was unable to calm the people down.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Then Bindusara sent Ashok to suppress the rebellion.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Although Ashoka did not have enough strength, he boldly approached the city and besieged it, and the city was taken.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Taxila's citizens did not oppose Ashoka, but gave him a great welcome.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The Taxila uprising showed Sushima's inability to govern the country.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

At the council of advisers, it became clear that if Sushima became king, there would be no justice in the empire, which would cause the state to be shaken by uprisings and decline.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

So they told Ashoka that his father was about to die and that he hurried to his father's box.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The Emperor of Bindusar died in 272 BC.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka, who came to Pataliputra from Ujain at the request of Radhagupta, the head of government, was crowned King of Magadha after the death of his father.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Sources cite contradictory information about further events.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Perhaps Sushima learned of his father's death and realized that Ashoka could be crowned king.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

But he was killed while trying to take over the city.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ceylon chronicles report that this rivalry continued after Ashoka seized the Magadha throne.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

As a result, Ashoka's official coronation took place only four years after he seized power.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Legend has it that Ashoka killed all his brothers for the sake of power over the empire, although, on the other hand, there is no historical evidence to support this information.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The inscriptions on the stone, made at his order, mention the Ashoka brothers with love.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

On the fifth day of the third month of Justamas, 268 BC


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka's coronation took place.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Kalinga


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Eight years after his accession to the throne, Ashoka declared war on the state of Kalinga (Orissa).


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

In his edict, Ashoka reports that 150,000 people were captured and more than 100,000 people were killed during the war.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The accession of Kalinga, a strategically and commercially important area, contributed to the strengthening of the empire.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Kalinga stubbornly resisted Ashoka.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

This region was part of the Nand state, and then it managed to achieve independence.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

In a special edict dedicated to the conquest of Kalinga, Ashoka himself admitted that severe penalties were applied to both the common people and the nobility, who also did not want to accept the power of the Maurians.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka even had to take special measures to defuse the situation in the conquered region.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Kalinga was given greater independence, but the emperor personally checked the activities of local officials, making sure, in his own words, “that there was no unreasonable imprisonment urban dwellers and causing unreasonable suffering.”


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Tradition believes that after seeing the many corpses, suffering and destruction caused, Ashoka felt a lot of remorse, which led him to accept Buddhism and strengthen his faith.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

“... Devanampiya Piyadasi conquered Kalinga eight years after his accession to the throne. One hundred and fifty thousand were expelled, one hundred thousand were killed, and many more died. After Kalinga was conquered, Devanampiya felt a strong attraction to the dharma, felt a favor for the dharma and the instructions in it. Today, Devanampiya deeply mourns the conquest of Kalinga.”


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Domestic policy


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

In his edicts, Ashoka emphasizes that instead of hunting, which his predecessors indulged in on the throne, he spent time on pilgrimages to shrines of Buddhism and traveling around his country to inspecting the situation of their subjects [3].


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka's edicts are unprecedented in that the monarch focuses not on suppressing dissent, but on ensuring the well-being of his subjects, on caring for the weak and the poor [4].


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

In one of the inscriptions, Ashoka calls for respect for any religion.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka banned forced labor.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

A list of protected animals was compiled, hunting for pleasure and aimlessly burning forests were prohibited.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The production and export of medical raw materials for use not only for medical needs, but also in veterinary medicine was established, and a network of relevant medical institutions was created.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka preferred pilgrimages, distribution of gifts and meetings with ordinary people to the entertainment of the former rulers.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Throughout the empire, Ashoka initiated the construction of social facilities.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

A network of free hotels, canals, irrigation systems, etc. was created. The all-India road system has also been updated.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

But Ashoka considered his greatest merit to be the activity aimed at correcting morals, which he deployed among his subjects:


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

“... The Dharma has been multiplied by two means: through dharma-based commands and through persuasion. Of these two, commands give little, while persuasion gives much. Based on the dharma, I've commanded animal protection, and so much more. But it is thanks to the persuasion that the people have increased the dharma not to kill or harm living beings.”


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

“... Along the roads, I planted banyan trees to give shade and laid mango groves. Every eight crosses, he arranged wells and hotels, and in different places water tanks for people and animals. But these are only small achievements. Similar benefits were done by former kings. I did it for people to follow the dharma.”


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka even created something similar to the institution of human rights defenders.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

To do this, he expanded the number of supreme government officials (mahamatras) by adding “mahamatra dharma” to them.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Their duties were to teach in the practice of dharma, as well as to ensure justice in all corners of the empire.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Including the Inspectorate of Prisons:


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

“... They monitor the decent maintenance of prisoners and their release, and if the Mahamatras think, “This is necessary to support the family,” “This was negotiated,” “This is old,” then they make sure that such prisoners released.”


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Expanding the borders of the Mauryan Empire


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The Mauri Empire included a vast territory.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Within the framework of a single State entity, peoples and tribes with different ethnic, linguistic and cultural differences and following different religious beliefs, traditions, customs.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Judging by the inscriptions of Ashoka, as well as “Arthashastra”, by this period there was already an idea of a significant state in territory headed by “the ruler of the land, whose power extended to huge areas — from the southern ocean to the peaks of the Himalayas” The authors of political treatises have already developed in detail the doctrine of the borders of the state, its relations with close and distant neighbors.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

To determine the boundaries of the Mauryan Empire under Ashok, the main materials are the edicts of the emperor.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Some information has also been preserved in the reports of ancient authors telling about the Chandragupta period.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The data of Chinese travelers are of particular value, especially if they are confirmed by epigraphic or archaeological materials.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka's edicts mention the Yons and Cambodians several times as peoples living in the west of the country.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Yons meant the Greeks, whose settlements were located in Arachosia.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Greek versions of Ashoka's edicts were intended for the Greek population.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Some researchers believe that the yons of the Ashoka period were descendants of those Greek settlers who settled here under Alexander the Great.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka's edict was also found in Lampak (near present-day Jalalabad), which confirmed the fact that Paropamis entered the Maurya Empire (previously this was known only from ancient sources telling on the results of the truce between Chandragupta and Seleucus).


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Based on the evidence of the late Kashmiri chronicle of Rajatarangini and the diaries of Chinese pilgrims, it can be assumed that part of Kashmir was part of the Ashoka Empire.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

According to tradition, under Ashok, the main city of Kashmir, Srinagar, was built.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

His State also included parts of Nepal.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Epigraphy and written sources make it possible to include the territory of modern Bengal in the empire.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The findings of Ashoka's edicts in South India helped establish the southern border of the empire.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Conventionally, it can be held south of the modern Chitaldrug County.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

In the south, the empire was bordered by the states of Chola, Keralaputra, and Satyaputra, which are mentioned in Ashoka's edicts as not part of his state.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

However, Mauria maintained close contacts with these areas.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Buddhist stupas were built there, and preachers were sent there.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Diplomatic relations were maintained with many countries, including the Hellenistic states of the West, Ceylon, some regions of Central Asia, etc.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

In one of his edicts, Ashoka, while giving instructions to officials, says:


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

“... People in unconquered territories may think, 'What are the king's intentions regarding us? ' “My only intention is for them to live without fear of me, to be able to trust me, and that I can give them happiness, not grief. Moreover, they must understand that the king will forgive those who can be forgiven.”


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

“... You must perform your duties and assure them as follows: “The king is like a father. He feels the same way he feels about us as he feels about himself. We're like his own children to him.”


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka maintained close diplomatic relations with many countries.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

His edicts mention the Seleucid king Antiochus (Antiochus II Theos is the grandson of Seleucus), the ruler of Egypt Ptolemy (Ptolemy II Philadelphus), the king of Macedonia Antigonus II Gonat, the king of Cyrena the Magician and the king of Epirus Aleksandr.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Mauryan ambassadors (duta) were sent to various countries to spread Buddhism.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

“... From now on, Devanampiya considers the victory of the dharma to be the best victory. And it was conquered inside, on the borders, and even six hundred yojanas, ruled by the Greek king Antiochus, and beyond, where four kings rule, namely Ptolemy, Antigonus, the Magician, and Alexander.”


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Very close ties were with Ceylon, where Ashoka sent a special mission led by his son Mahendra to spread Buddhism.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

In response, King Tissa of Ceylon accepted his title “dear to the gods” (Devanampiya) in honor of Ashoka and sent his embassy to Pataliputra.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Adopting Buddhism


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The Mauryan period is associated with the widespread spread of Buddhism in India.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Having emerged several centuries before the Mauryan era as a small sect of wandering monks, Buddhism by the 3rd century BC became one of the main trends in the spiritual life of ancient Indian society.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

At this time, there was an organized Buddhist community, the sangha, and the main canonical works were formalized.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

According to various sources, Ashoka did not immediately adopt Buddhism.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

At his father's court, he studied with scientists from various schools — orthodox and so-called heretical directions.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka then visited the Buddhist community, learned the basics of Buddha's teachings and became an upasaka, that is, a secular follower of Buddhism.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

In edicts, he himself talks about the evolution of his views.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

At first, the emperor did not pay much attention to the Buddhist community, but then, after a personal acquaintance with the life of Buddhist monks in the capital, he began to actively support Buddhists and help the community.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Particularly interest in Buddhist teaching and its ethical standards increased after the war with Kalinga, when the policy of dharmavijaya, the dissemination of basic norms of behavior (dharma), acquired special importance, although Ashoka became a Buddhist before the war broke out.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

As a Buddhist, Ashoka remained a layman throughout his reign and did not let go of the reins.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The opinion of some scholars that Ashoka allegedly was a monk king who left for a Buddhist monastery at the end of his reign contradicts the available materials of the sources.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Equally wrong is the view that Buddhism under Ashoka was the state religion.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

By providing special protection to the Buddhist community, Ashoka did not turn Buddhism into a state religion.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The main feature of his religious policy was tolerance, and he adhered to this policy during most of his reign.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

“... Whoever praises his religion because of excessive devotion and defames others by thinking, “I will glorify my religion in this way,” only harms his own religion. Therefore, it is useful to discuss. Doctrines taught by others should be listened to and respected. Devanampiya Piyadashi commands everyone to understand the fundamental doctrines of other religions.”


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

In his edicts, Ashoka advocates the unification of all sects, not through violence, but as a result of the development of the main principles of their teachings.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Judging by the edicts, Ashoka donated caves to the Ajiviks, who during this period were one of the main rivals of the Buddhists and enjoyed significant influence among the people.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

It is also known from the edicts that the king sent his representatives to the Jain communities and to the brahmanas.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

It was the policy of religious tolerance with the skillful control of the state over the life of various religious sects that allowed Ashoka to avoid conflict with a strong stratum of brahmanas, with Ajiviks, Jains and at the same time, to strengthen Buddhism in particular.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

When, in the last years of his reign, Ashoka retreated from the policy of tolerance and began to pursue a clearly pro-Buddhist policy, this caused strong opposition among adherents of other religions and led to difficult consequences for the king and his power.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

At the end of his reign, Ashoka comes into very close contact with the Buddhist community and, according to some reports, having deviated from his previous principles, even begins persecution against the Ajiviks and Jains.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The relationship between Buddhists and representatives of other religions during this period became sharply complicated.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Certain difficulties have also arisen among Buddhists themselves: sources tell of a clash of followers of different Buddhist schools.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

In this regard, the emperor closely monitored the integrity of the Buddhist community.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

He issues a special decree on the fight against schismatics — monks and nuns who undermined the unity of the sangha.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

By decree, they were to be expelled from the community.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

At the same time, Ashoka recommends that Buddhist monks study Buddhist texts closely and cites a number of Buddhist canonical works that deal mainly with disciplinary issues.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

According to Buddhist tradition, during the reign of Ashoka, the Third Buddhist Council was held in Pataliputra.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka was the first king of India to understand the importance of Buddhism in strengthening the empire and helped spread it.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Most of his edicts were directed not to monks, but to laity.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Therefore, the inscriptions do not mention nirvana, the four noble truths, the octal path, and other special concepts.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The main thing is the practical orientation of the inscriptions, which the emperor himself called “edicts on the dharma”.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Empire's Fate


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

According to later Buddhist writings, by the end of his reign, King Ashoka, by giving generous gifts to the Buddhist community for the Buddha's teachings to flourish, ravaged the state treasury.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

During this period, Ashoka's grandson Sampadi (Samirati, Samprati) became the heir to the throne.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The royal dignitaries informed him of the excessive gifts of the emperor and demanded that they be canceled immediately.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

By order of Sampadi, Ashoka's orders to grant grants to the Buddhist community were not implemented.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

In fact, power was concentrated in the hands of Sampadi.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka, according to sources, bitterly had to admit that his orders had become only a dead letter, and he lost his kingdom and power, although formally he remained king.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

According to Buddhist tradition, Sampadi was a follower of Jainism and was supported by major dignitaries.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

At that time, a difficult financial situation was created in the country, and uprisings broke out.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

One of the major unrest occurred in Taxila, where the dissatisfied was led by a local ruler.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

According to Buddhist legends, Queen Tishyarakshita, also an opponent of Buddhism, also took part in the conspiracy against the king.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

It is significant that in one of the latest edicts, the order is given not on behalf of Ashoka, as before, but on behalf of the Queen.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The order concerned various gifts, that is, an acute issue that, judging by Buddhist texts, formally led to a conflict between the king and his entourage.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

It can be assumed that the coincidence of the epigraphic evidence and the data of the Buddhist tradition is far from accidental.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

They reflect the real picture of the last years of Ashoka's reign.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

His heirs, obviously, have not managed to preserve the unity of the empire.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Based on sources, it can be assumed that the empire split into two parts - the eastern with the center in Pataliputra and the western with the center in Taxila.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Evidence from sources about Ashoka's direct heirs is contradictory, but there is reason to believe that Sampadi, or Dasaratha, whom some Puranas consider the son and successor of Ashoka, became king in Pataliputra.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Like Ashoka, Dasaratha bore the title “dear to the gods” and patronized the Ajiviks, as evidenced by his edicts of donating caves to them.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Heritage


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

After Ashoka's death, the Mauryan Empire gradually fell into decline and fell in 180 BC. e.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

as a result of a conspiracy.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

In just a few centuries, the Brahmins managed to erase the memory of India's first unifier, who gathered under his scepter more Indian lands than anyone before the colonization of the peninsula by the British began.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

To some extent, he suffered the fate of Akhenaten.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The hostility of the Brahmins has an explanation: in his edicts, Ashoka ignored the caste system and prohibited traditional Hindu sacrifices; his entire ideology was aimed at undermining positions brahmanism.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

This figure was again written in history by the Englishman James Prinsep, who deciphered the edicts on the columns in 1837 and established the authorship of Ashoka.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Modern Indian textbooks mention the great ruler only in passing [4], although Jawaharlal Nehru insisted that the coat of arms of India depict the top of Ashoka's column in Sarnath.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Buddhist countries better preserved his memory.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

The Buddhist monarchs of China, Ceylon and Cambodia considered Ashoka their model.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

In the Buddhist tradition, he is considered as the ideal of a pious monarch who built the first stupas and established pilgrimages to Buddha's shrines.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Notes


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

See also


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka inscriptions


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Ashoka Monastery


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Literature


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Mohanachand Kiranagi.


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Category:People from Ancient India


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Category:Maurya


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Category:Nepal people


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Category:Buddhist figures


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Category:Emperors


Question: What was Ashok's mother's name?

Ashoka

Category:3rd-century BC Asian rulers


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

1C (pronounced one es) is a Russian company specializing in the distribution, support and development of computer programs and databases for business and home purposes.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

Legal form: limited liability company.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

The founder and director of the company is Boris Nuraliev.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

The company name originated from the name of its own search program: it took no more than 1 second to obtain information [1].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

The firm also owns SoftClub and Buka.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

The company was founded in 1991 in Russia and employs 1000 people.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

The founder and director is Boris Georgievich Nuraliev.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

History


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

The company was founded in 1991 [3] in Russia.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

In March 2007, 1C and Bitrix created a joint venture 1C-Bitrix with equal equity participation of the parties (50/50) [4].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

On July 17, 2008, it was announced that 1C would acquire 100% of the well-known Russian developer of computer games, Buka.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

According to the Vedomosti newspaper, the deal amounted to about $80-90 million [5].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

On February 24, 2009, it was announced that it would merge with Soft Club [6].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

On April 30, 2010, the Russian publishing house Snowball Studios and 1C-SoftClub announced the signing of an agreement on the merger of companies [7].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

As of 2010, according to the company itself, 1C owned or had shares in more than 300 IT companies in Russia, the CIS and abroad (for example, in Vietnam [8]).


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

In May 2011, 1C became one of the owners of Lognex LLC (the creator of the MySklad trade automation cloud service), having bought a stake from the former co-owner, the Ambient Sound investment fund Investments [9].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

In 2012, 1C acquired 51% of Megaplan, a developer of cloud services for business management [10], and created a joint venture with Agent Plus [11].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

In August 2014, 1C became one of the owners of STK-Lab (the creator of the online service for preparing documents for registering a business regberry.ru), later renamed 1C-Start [12].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

In December 2015, 1C became one of the owners of the UMI group of companies (the creator of services and products UMI.ru, UMI.WS, UMI.CMS, UMI.Cloud), buying a stake from previous co-owners, including of Prostor Capital venture fund [13]


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

By 2015, according to Boris Nuraliev, director of the company, the number of subsidiaries and joint ventures of 1C is about 200 companies [14].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

In April 2016, 1C bought 27.06% of Megaplan and increased its stake in the company to 99%.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

In August of the same year, a controlling stake in Quick Resto, a restaurant business automation service, was acquired.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

In October, 1C announced the purchase of a controlling stake in the developer of the cloud CRM system amoCRM [15].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

Activities


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

Development


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

Of the 1C's own developments, the most famous are the programs of the 1C: Enterprise system, as well as products for the educational sphere: a series of training programs “1C: Tutor”, the “1C: School” series on the platform” 1C: Education”.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

1C develops, translates and publishes various computer games.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

Affiliate network


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

1C works with users through an affiliate network that includes:


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

more than 10,000 permanent dealers in 600 cities of the former USSR;


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

more than 6,000 enterprises of the 1C: Franchising network certified by 1C to provide comprehensive automation services based on management and accounting software products at enterprises;


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

production competence centers;


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

competence centers for budget accounting;


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

construction competence centers;


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

document management competence centers;


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

Trade Competence Centers;


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

Competence centers for education;


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

medical competence centers [16];


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

regional reporting competence centers;


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

certified training centers for 1C:Enterprise products;


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

more than 1,200 authorized training centers;


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

more than 200 authorized certification centers within the framework of the 1C: Professional project;


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

service partners and service centers;


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

distributors in the regions;


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

more than 280 stores of the 1C:Multimedia Association in 100 cities (retail sales of programs for home computers).


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

1C Interest is a chain of multimedia supermarkets and an online store selling games for computers, game consoles, software, movies, music, books, etc.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

The fight against “piracy”


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

In 2008, the distribution of 1C products through the Russian bittorrent tracker rutracker.org (then torrents.ru) was banned [17].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

In 2016, this agreement was canceled at the initiative of the Moscow City Court (case number 3-0726/2015).


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

Performance indicators


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

At the end of 2007, the company occupies 14.4% of the Russian ERP market in monetary terms [18].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

In 2008, the company took the second place in the ERP market of Russia, increasing its share to 18.7% in monetary terms [19].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

According to CNews Analytics, 1C's revenue in 2008 amounted to 10.12 billion rubles. (about $406 million).


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

While sales amounted to $370 million in 2007 and $190 million in 2006 [20].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

According to the Kommersant newspaper, in 2008, the company's net profit amounted to $55 million [21].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

The largest growth — 34% — was in the multimedia software segment.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

The business software segment grew by 8%, distribution remained almost at the level of 2007 — an increase of 1% [22].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

According to Kommersant, revenue for the first quarter of 2009 fell by 39% compared to the same period in 2008 [23].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

According to Andrey Zubkov, Managing Partner of Moorgate Capital, in the summer of 2008, the company was valued at least a billion dollars, but as of June 2009 it was worth $500-600 million [21] [24].


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

YearRevenueProfit2006$190 million/d2007$370 million/d2008$406 million$55 million2009n/d (~$362 million) n/d2010n/a (~$608 million) n/d2011n/a (~$790 million) n/d2018n/d (~$775 million) /45 billion rubles/d


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

See also


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

Built-in 1C:Enterprise programming language


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

Notes


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

References


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

RBC.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

//Expert.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

— 2001.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

— No. 37.


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

Category:Russian software companies


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

Category:Russian video game producers


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

Category:Localization companies


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

Category:Video game publishers


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

Category:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology bases


Question: In which city was the 1C:Enterprise program created?

1C

Category:Manufacturers of ERP systems


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The Battle of Antietam (English: Battle of Antietam), the Battle of Sharpsburg ["i” 1] was a battle of the Maryland Campaign during the American Civil War.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

It occurred 17 near Sharpsburgh, Maryland and the English: Antietam Creek, between the Federal Army (Commander George McClellan) and the Confederate Army (Commander Robert Lee).


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

It was the first major battle in the North and remained the bloodiest one-day battle in American history, killing about 3,600 people on both sides [1].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Military historian S. Morison believes that one of the reasons for the defeat of the Southerners is that General Lee underestimated the importance of rifled weapons (rifles) in combat in open plains [2].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The environment before the start of the battle


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

General Lee's Northern Virginia Army (about 55,000 men [3]) entered Maryland on September 4, 1862, after the defeat of the federal army at Bull Run on August 29.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Lee's idea was to win over the population of the state, who had some sympathy for the Confederacy.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The success of the campaign could also have an impact on the upcoming presidential elections in the North.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

At the same time, there was hope that the transfer of hostilities to the territory of the North would affect the position of England and France, which had not yet intervened in the course of the war [4].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Knowing the slowness and uncertainty of Federal Commander-in-Chief McClellan, Lee ventured to divide his army into parts and act simultaneously in several directions.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

However, by pure chance, two federation soldiers (Corporal Barton Mitchell and Sergeant John Bloss) found a lost copy of Special Order 191, which detailed General Lee's entire plan.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

General McClellan saw this as an opportunity to destroy the Confederate army in parts and ordered an immediate offensive [5].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The sudden offensive of the Army of the Potomac confused the plans of the army of the South.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Lee was forced to hastily retreat to join units of General Jackson.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

In the Battle of South Mountain, the Southerners managed to delay the advance of McClellan's army and win one day.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The only way to retreat to Virginia was through Sharpsburgh and Shepardstown, but in the event of a rapid retreat of the army, McClose's division could be cut off from the crossings and destroyed.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Lee decided to retreat to Sharpsberg and wait for Jackson and McClose there [6].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Jackson managed to take Fort Harpers Ferry, which allowed him to transfer part of his forces (Lawton and Jones divisions) to the aid of Lee.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The McLeose and Anderson divisions approached only at dawn, after the start of the battle [7], and the Hill Light Division at 14:30, at the very end [8].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Thus, by the morning of September 17, the Army of Northern Virginia had managed to concentrate and did not allow itself to be broken into parts, but was still twice as large as the enemy [9].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Forces of the parties


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Union Forces


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The Army of the Potomac had 6 infantry corps [10].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Major General Joseph Hooker I Corps from three divisions;


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Major General Edwin Sumner II Corps from three divisions;


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Major General Fitzjohn Porter V Corps from three divisions;


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

General William Franklin's VI Corps of three divisions;


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Ambrose Burnside's IX Corps of four divisions;


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Joseph Mansfield's XII Corps of two divisions;


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Cavalry Division of Brigadier General Alfred Pleasanton (Charles Whiting, John Farnsworth, Richard Rush, Andrew McReynolds and Benjamin Davis Brigades).


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

A total of 75,000 people [9] [11].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Confederate forces


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The Northern Virginia Army consisted of ten infantry divisions, combined into two “wings” (corps), Jeb Stewart's cavalry and an artillery reserve under the command of General William Pendleton.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The Second Corps distributed artillery into divisions, while the First Corps kept it under corps control.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The army of the South numbered from 35 thousand [9] by the beginning of the battle to 52 thousand. Sometimes there is an average score of 45,000 ["i” 2].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

General Lee himself wrote in the report that the army numbered “less than 40,000 people” [12].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

General John Gordon wrote in his memoirs that the army of the North numbered 60,000 men, and the army of the South - 35,000 [13].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

According to statistics from historian Joseph Pierrot, the Longstreet Corps numbered 17,146 people, Jackson's corps - 14,584.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

If we add reserve artillery, it will be 32,851 people.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

This data does not take into account cavalry, the number of which is not known with certainty, but is usually taken as 4,500 people [14].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

According to historians, representatives of 24 nationalities participated in the Battle of Antietam.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

In particular, the 12th South Carolina Division included a number of Catoba Indians [15].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The Battle


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Deployment of forces


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

On September 15, General Lee deployed all his forces on the gentle hills along the Antitham Creek River.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

It was a convenient position, but it could not be called impregnable.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The river was a minor obstacle: it was 18-30 meters wide, and several fords and stone bridges led through it.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The danger was also that behind the Confederate army was the Potomac River with a single crossing (Botelers Ford).


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

On September 15, General Lee had only 18,000 men at his disposal, a third of the entire Army of Northern Virginia [16].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

McClellan later wrote: “Their position in the corner formed by the Potomac and Antitem rivers in such a way that the flanks and rear were covered by these rivers was one of the strongest in this part of the country, which well suited for defensive warfare” [17].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The first two federal divisions appeared at noon on September 15, and the rest of the army in the evening.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Longstreet recalled [18]:


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Their number increased, the blue sea grew larger until it occupied all the space you could see, and McClellan's huge army flooded the valley from the mountains peaks to the banks of the stream.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The sight of these mighty forces <... > was awe-inspiring.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

If the Feds had attacked on the morning of the 16th, they would have an overwhelming numerical advantage, but McClellan's legendary caution — who thought Lee had 100,000 men in his army — led to the attack being postponed for a day [19].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

This made it possible for the southerners to better strengthen their positions.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

In addition, Longstreet's corps managed to arrive from Hagerstown, and Jackson's corps (minus Hill's division) - approached from Harpers Ferry.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Jackson now defended the left flank, which rested on the Potomac, and Longstreet - the right, south, which rested on Antitem.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The entire defense line stretches for 6 kilometers (4.5 miles) [20].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

On the field at Dunker Church was stationed, exhausted by fighting, hungry division of the Confederates Hood.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

An hour before sunset on September 16, the First Corps of the Army of the Potomac crossed the Antitem River and engaged in a shootout with Hood's brigades, which lasted until night.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

After the fight, Hood asked Jackson to send a replacement for his division and give it at least a night to cook his own food.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Jackson immediately sent Lawton's division there: the Douglas, Walker and Hays brigades.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

“He demanded, however, that I come back as soon as necessary,” Hood later recalled [21].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

McClellan's plan, he said, was to attack the enemy's left flank with Hooker and Mansfield corps, supported by Sumner's corps and, if necessary, Franklin.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

If all went well, it was planned to send Burnside's corps to attack the enemy's right flank and go to the rear.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

If one of these attacks was successful, it was supposed to attack the center with the rest of the available forces [22].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The evening attack, in a sense, betrayed McClellan's intentions.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Lee realized that we should expect an attack on the left flank and transferred part of his forces there.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

At the same time, he sent messengers to Harpers Ferry to Hill and McClose, informing them that they were urgently needed near Sharpsberg [23].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

September 17th.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Morning


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The battle began at dawn, around 05:30, September 17, with an attack by Joseph Hooker's First Federal Corps.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Hooker moved to the plateau where Danker Church, a building belonging to a German Baptist church, was located.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Hooker had about 8,600 people, a little more than Jackson (7,700), but this slight advantage was nullified by the strong defensive positions of the southerners (Pierro writes about 9438 at Hooker [14], Mal writes about 12,500 for Hooker and 4,000 for Jackson [24]).


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Ebner Doubleday's division advanced on the right flank of the corps, James Rickett's division on the left, and George Meade's Pennsylvania division in the center and slightly behind.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Jackson's Lawton divisions (former Ewell's division) and Jones stood in defense; the first blow of the Federal Corps was taken by the Douglas, Walker, and Hays brigades.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Between the two armies on this site was David Miller's cornfield.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The corn has already grown and ripened, but it has not been harvested in time.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

This field will become famous as the site of the fiercest battle in that bloodiest battle of war [26] [27].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

As soon as the first soldiers of the Union appeared in the cornfield, an artillery duel began.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The Confederates fired Jeb Stewart batteries from the west and four batteries of Colonel Stephen Lee from the heights of Dunker Church from the south.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The Feds were responsible for nine batteries from the ridge behind Northwood and four batteries of Parrot's 20-pound guns from positions 3 kilometers east of Antitham Creek.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

“The batteries opened fire from the front from the forest with shells and buckshot, and our troops were forced to stand for an hour under a terrifying hurricane of shells, buckshot and musket bullets,” Jackson wrote [28].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Seeing Confederate soldiers in a cornfield, Hooker ordered to pull up artillery and cover the field with card volleys.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Pennsylvania 1st Brigade Meade (Brigadier General Truman Seymour) began advancing through Eastwood Forest and exchanged fire with General James Walker's Alabama, Georgians and North Carolina brigade .


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

As soon as Walker's brigade threw the Northerners back, the Ricketts division (the brigades of Abram Durier, William Christian and George Hartsuff) entered the cornfield, but was forced to stop there.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

“The division reached the far edge of the forest,” Rickett wrote in the report, “and stood under terrifying fire for four hours until they ran out of ammunition and reinforcements came. Then it retreated to replenish ammunition... and was no longer used that day” [29].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The federal brigade of Abram Durier entered the cornfield, but fell directly under the volley of the Georgian brigade of Colonel Marcellus Douglas.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Having come under targeted fire from a distance of 230 meters and without reinforcements, Durier began to retreat [30].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Durier's expected reinforcements are Hartsuff's and Christian's brigades.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

They were unable to approach the battlefield in time, as Hartsuff was wounded and Christian suddenly panicked and left the battlefield.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Subsequently, he was found hiding behind trees.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

On the same evening, Ricketts removed Christian from command [31].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

In the absence of the general, Colonel Peter Lill took command of the brigade.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

When the brigades were built and sent to attack, only the remnants of Lawton's division stood in their way: General Douglas was killed, General Walker was wounded, Lawton himself was seriously wounded; he surrendered command Jubala Early and left the battlefield.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

However, Harry Hayes's Louisiana Tiger brigade remained — they rushed to the attack and knocked the feds out to Eastwood.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The 12th Massachusetts Regiment suffered the heaviest losses that day — 67% of its composition.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Hayes's brigade also came under artillery fire and retreated from the field.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Of the 500 members of the brigade, 323 died on the field [32].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

This is how the attack of Rickett's division ended unsuccessfully.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

In the area of the cornfield, the northerners stalled, but they were more successful a few hundred yards east.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Gibbon's 4th Brigade (Iron Brigade from Doubleday Division) managed to push back Jackson's soldiers.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

But they were stopped by an attack by 1,150 soldiers of the Stark Brigade, who opened fire on them from a distance of 30 meters.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

With intense fire, the Iron Brigade stopped the attack, and General Stark himself was fatally wounded.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The feds resumed the offensive and managed to break through Jackson's defensive line, so the entire defense of the southerners in this area could collapse at any moment.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Despite serious losses, Hooker's corps confidently moved forward, into the gap between Early's Brigade and Daniel Hill's division.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

“This threatened immediate defeat” [33].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Around 07:00, the Southerners received reinforcements: the divisions of McLeose and Anderson began to stay from Harpers Ferry, but it took time to buy time to put them into action.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Around 07:15, General Lee decided to weaken the right flank and sent George Anderson's Georgia brigade from the right flank to help Jackson [33].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Meanwhile, Jackson no longer had his own units, but he remembered Hood's Texas division and ordered them to attack the advancing units of Hooker.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Hood's brigades, who participated in the evening shootout, did not have time to sleep and cook their own food.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

“... an officer from Lawton's headquarters rushed to me and said, 'General Lawton sends his congratulations and asks you to come to support him. ' It sounded: “To arms! “, and my soldiers were forced to go into battle again, leaving all uncooked food in the camp” [21].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Texans entered the cornfield and opened fire on the Northerners, who already considered themselves winners.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The Gibbon, Phelps and Hoffman brigades were immediately disorganized and began to retreat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

However, there were too few Texans (2,000), and they also lost the organization.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

It was especially difficult for the 1st Texas Regiment, which came under Pennsylvania fire and retreated, losing the banner.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Of the 226 soldiers of the regiment, 186 died.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Losses in other Hood regiments were also high: the 5th Texas Regiment lost 86 people out of 175, the 4th Texas - 100 out of 200.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Hood subsequently told General Lee, “My division is almost wiped off the face of the earth” [34].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Hood's division was half dead, but it stopped Doubleday and forced Rickett and Meade to retreat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

As a result, by 7 o'clock in the morning, the 12,000-strong corps of the northerners was defeated and lost its combat effectiveness.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The corps lost 2,470 people killed and wounded, including General Hooker.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

About 7,000 people remained in the building [35].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Then Hooker sent on the offensive the XII Corps of Mansfield, which numbered 7,200 people.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Mansfield himself was almost immediately killed by an accidental bullet, and Alfeus Williams took command.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Hooker gave him orders just before he was shot.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The XII Corps launched an offensive.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Green's division entered Eastwood, briefly lingered, meeting resistance from soldiers Lawton and Daniel Hill, but federal artillery helped Green break the resistance of the Confederates.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

By this time, Lawton's division had almost ceased to exist, many generals and colonels and Lawton himself were wounded.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

He surrendered command of the division to Jubal Early, who temporarily handed over his brigade to William Smith.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The XII Federal Corps passed through Eastwood and entered the cornfield.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Here he met the remnants of Hood's division, which began to retreat, shooting back.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Green has reached a plateau at Dunker Church.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

At the same time, the Sedgwick Federal Division (5,400 people) from the corps of General Sumner entered the cornfield.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

“Sumner was so eager to get into the heat as soon as possible that he decided to personally lead the attack and completely forgot about the duties of the corps commander. With his head exposed, with a hat in his hand, he rode just behind the first line of Sedgwick's division, arousing delight and admiration among his soldiers, while French's Second Division stopped east of Dunker Church, stumbling upon D. Hilla. But the Forest Buffalo completely lost sight of it” [9].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Green was close to capturing Dunker Church, but at that moment he was attacked by the last reserve of the left flank of the Southerners, the Jubal Early Brigade.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Early had little chance of success, but he managed to stop the feds.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

At that time, at about 07:30, McLeose's divisions came in.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Reinforced along the way by another brigade, this division numbered 6,500 people.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

This was General Lee's last reserve: “all the reserves that came up were thrown into battle, and there was no certainty that they would stop this flow,” Douglas Freeman wrote about this moment of the battle [33].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

McLeose deployed troops into the battle line and attacked Green's federal division.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Inexperienced soldiers of the XII Corps fled.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Continuing the offensive, McLeose attacked the right flank of Sedgwick's division.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Howard's Philadelphia Brigade ran first, followed by all the other brigades.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Subsequently, McClellan described what was happening as follows: “Entering the forest west of the road and throwing back the enemy, the front line came under musket fire from enemy fortifications and batteries on the hill. At the same time, a large column of the enemy managed to push back parts of the Green division and went to the rear and flank of the Sedgwick division.”


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

On this occasion, Early later noted that there were no earth fortifications during the battle, they were built only the next day, fearing a repeat of enemy attacks [36].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

McClose managed to overturn the enemy, drive him back and regain lost positions.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

“The enemy on my left flank did not launch any more offensives, except for individual demonstrations,” Jackson wrote in the report [37].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

McLeose's attack was supported, in particular, by William Pogue's artillery battery, of which only one gun remained during the battle, so the battery was sent to the rear.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Robert Lee Jr., the son of General Lee, served as first lieutenant in this battery, who became one of the few survivors.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

General Lee ordered Captain Pogue to take fresh horses and return to his positions.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

“General, would you like to send us back?” Lee Jr. asked.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

“Yes, my son,” said Lee, “and you must do everything you can to make these people leave” [38].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

September 17th.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

day


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

At noon, the main load fell on the center of the Confederate line.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Here was the French division of Sumner's II Corps, which broke away from Sedgwick's division and leaned heavily to the left.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The positions she was going to were held by Daniel Hill's division.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

There were five brigades standing here in the morning, but at 07:00 Hill sent Roswell Ripley's brigade to help Jackson, and half an hour later, the Colkitt Brigade and McRae Brigade (former Garland Brigade) left there.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Hill now had only two brigades, about 2,500 men, and placed them along the “flooded road” of Sanken Road (English: Sunken road), which was something of a natural trench ["i” 3].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Gary Gallagher writes that there was a hill in front of the positions of the Southerners and that if they were armed with rifled rifles, it would be more profitable to occupy this height; however, the southerners guns in this area were in mostly smoothbore, and the height prevented the northerners from shooting from a long distance [39].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

On the right flank was George Bujwin Anderson's North Carolina Brigade, and on the left - Robert Rhodes's Alabama Brigade, including Edward O'Neill's 26th Alabama Regiment and Colonel's 6th Alabama Regiment John Gordon.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

When General Lee went to personally inspect the site, Gordon told him the famous: “These people will stay here, General, until the sun goes down or until the victory is won! ” [40]


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Behind Hill's positions were the corn field of Pieper's farm and the farm itself, ahead, 500 meters later, Rowlet's farm.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Hill unfurled a picket chain near this farm.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

At 07:30, French's division began crossing Antitham Creek, and an hour later, Richardson's division, the third division of the Sumner Corps, began the crossing.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

French was supposed to cover Green's left flank, but on the way to his position, French's men came under fire from the Southerners, and French ordered an attack on the enemy [41].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

At about 9:30am, French's division turned to attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

French decided to carry out a classic bayonet attack in the spirit of the Napoleonic wars: his three brigades, built in columns, reached the line and turned in three consecutive lines.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The first was Max Weber's brigade, then the unshot brigade of Dwight Morris, followed by Nathan Kimbell's brigade.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The brigades launched a frontal attack in tightly closed rows, which was an undesirable tactic at that time, but, as Ethan Rafews wrote, French had no other choice in this situation [42].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

“The banners flying over them had not yet dimmed with the dust and smoke of battles,” wrote Colonel Gordon. “The bayonets sparkled in the sun like polished silver, with a clear step, keeping an alignment as at a festive parade, this magnificent formation moved in the attack in the leg to the uterine roar of drumbeat... [43]


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Colonel John Andrews of Weber's advance brigade later wrote: “We confidently advanced through thickets and cornfields, sweeping away everything in our path, and met an enemy that was built in two lines on a road, or rather a lowland, which was 4 feet below the surrounding area, and its third line was in the fields behind. The terrain behind the road was higher, so they could shoot over the heads of their people on the road” [44].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The attack fell mainly on the Rhodes Brigade.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Colonel John Gordon guessed that the enemy was advancing with unloaded guns and told his men to let the enemy as close as possible “so that each bullet does its job” [45].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Letting the enemy so close that buttoned eagles could be seen, Gordon commanded “Fire!”


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The effect of this volley “... was terrifying. The entire front line, with rare exceptions, was swept away. <... > And before the back lines recovered from the shock, my men enthusiastically jumped to their feet and opened fire on the enemy” [45].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Morell's brigade immediately withdrew, keeping order.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The losses of the Northerners were huge, while Gordon's regiment did not receive a single scratch.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The Kimbell and Weber brigades retreated to the original line, regrouped and again launched the attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

In total, French launched 4 attacks and only after that ordered to load rifles and open fire.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

In total, French lost 1,750 of his 5,700 men during these attacks [46].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

At 10:30, both sides received reinforcements.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The Israel Richardson division came to the aid of French, and to help Daniel Hill, General Lee sent Richard Anderson's reserve division, about 3,400 people.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

However, on the way, Anderson was wounded and handed over command to Roger Prior.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

At the same time, General George Bugwin Anderson was fatally wounded on Sunken Road.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Command passed to Colonel Charles Tew, commander of the 2nd North Carolina Regiment, but when he was told, “Tew, who was standing at his full height, took off his hat and responded with a gallant bow, and immediately fell, wounded in the head” [47].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Brian Grimes took command.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Roger Prior did not know what orders were given to Anderson and where to send the division.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Without being a professional military man and without combat experience, he was unable to manage brigades, which as a result were disorganized and uncontrollable [48].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Ambrose Wright's brigade approached and stood to the right of George Anderson's brigade, the rest of Richard Anderson's brigades stood just behind.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

According to some historians, the Prior and Possey Brigades joined the battle late, so only Wright's brigade fought seriously [49]


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Anderson's division has broken up, and this is especially evident from the reports of the brigades: they are gone.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

There is no report from the divisional commander, there are not even reports from the commanders of all six brigades.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

There is only a report from one of the 26 regiments... only one of the possible 33 documents.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

This gap sadens historians, but it also shows the actual uncontrollability of the division on the 17th.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

At this very time, Israel Richardson's division appeared on French's left flank, about 4,000 people.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The offensive was led by the Irish brigade of Thomas Meager.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

They marched under emerald green banners, and regimental chaplain William Corby drove around in front of the ranks, promising remission of sins to those who were going to die.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The brigade stood under enemy fire for 40 minutes, lost 570 people and retreated.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Richardson then sent John Caldwell's brigade forward, and this time the offensive was more successful.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

By this time, almost all Confederate generals in the area had been wounded: not only Richard Anderson and George Anderson, but also Colonel John Gordon.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Rhodes was shot in the thigh, but did not leave the battlefield.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Left almost without commanders, Anderson's division began to retreat.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Caldwell's brigade bypassed the right flank of the Confederate line.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Colonel Francis Barlow, advancing at the head of 350 men from the 61st and 64th New York regiments, noticed a weak point in the enemy's defense and captured a section of Sunken Road, opening enfilade fire on the trenches the enemy.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

“We shot them like sheep in a pen,” the northerner soldier later recalled, “if the bullet first flew by, it could ricochet off the ravine wall and then hit the target anyway [51].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

To save the flank, Rhodes ordered James Lightfoot (General Gordon's successor) to bend the line of defense, but Lightfoot misunderstood the order and his units began to retreat, leading to a retreat and the rest of the brigade regiments


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The defense line collapsed, the Southerners began to retreat to Sharpsberg.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

“The gap that arose in the center was as dangerous as the one that had previously formed on the left flank,” Freeman wrote, “and there was nothing to close it with. The defeat seemed inevitable” [33].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The entire line of defense of Daniel Hill's division on Sunken Road collapsed, and Hill then ordered the McRae Brigades (former Garland Brigade) and Cook, the last controlled units, to attack the advancing enemy in flank; two small brigades hit in the direction of Rowlett's farm and forced Barlow's 61/64 New York regiments to stop and turn front to the right.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

General Richardson ordered Graham's battery to move the fire to the right to repel the attack to the flank [52].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Now the retreating defenders of Sunken Road were marching the 57th and 66th New York Regiments of the Brook Brigade, followed by the 81st Pennsylvania and 5th New Hampshire Regiments of the Caldwell Brigade.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

These units began to pursue the retreating enemy, but came under massive artillery fire, hastily organized by Longstreet [52].


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

“Lucky for the Southerners, Longstreet was in the right place at the right time. He told the officers of his staff to dismount and stand for the guns. While the general himself held the horses of his adjutants and orderlies, they loaded cannons and fired at the enemy, literally preventing him from leaning out from behind the crest of the hill [53].”


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Longstreet took advantage of two “Napoleons” of Captain Miller's battery, which in the morning stood between a cornfield and an apple orchard.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

The battery was badly damaged by federal sniper fire and Miller remained with it the only officer.


Question: Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Battle of Antietam

Now “this small battery fired so decisively and quickly, as if it understood that it had to contain thousands of feds, or the battle would be lost,” Longstreet later recalled.