Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

High clay plains are filled with heather, there are forests of ordinary pine, water lilies and pondweed grow on the banks of the marches.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

[1] [3]


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

On brown, volcanic and, in places, dark colored soils of the Apennines, Sicily and Sardinia up to an altitude of 500-600, vegetation is represented by groves of evergreen stone and cork oak, closer to the coast pine, olive, oleander, carob, mastic tree and Alep pine are common.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

At altitudes of 1000-1500, forests of oak, beech and chestnut predominate, and above 2000 - mountain coniferous-deciduous forests made of beech, spruce, fir and pine.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

There are also remnants of ancient forests, where white ash, white poplar and oriental sycamore are among others.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Extensive beech forests are found in Calabria (in the La Sila and Aspromonte massifs) and Puglia, white fir and various types of pine trees are common in Abruzzo and Calabria.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Italian alder is found in Southern Italy, and Sicilian fir is found in Sicily.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the Apennines, the destroyed forest was replaced by shrubs called maquis, in Sardinia and the Apulian Plain, steppe plants such as feather grass.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In the upper areas of high massifs, mountain meadow soils with subalpine meadows are found, for example in Calabria and Basilicate, where peas, bentgrass and white asphodel grow.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Papyrus is common in freshwater reservoirs in Sicily.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

[1] [3]


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In 2005, arable land occupied 26.41% of the country's territory, and permanent cereals were grown by 9.09%.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

27.5 thousand km² are irrigated (2003).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Animal world


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Wild animals live mainly in mountainous areas, in the Alps there are marmot, wild cat, stone and forest marten, ermine and ferret.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Of the larger mammals in the Alps, there are alpine mountain goat (protected in the Gran Paradiso National Park), chamois, roe deer, lynx, foxes and wolves, and brown occurs in Abruzzo bear.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Hares and squirrels are common, and large horseshoes are found in caves.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Fallow deer, mouflons and wild boars live in Sardinia.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

[1] [3]


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Italy is home to a total of 400 birds, including mountain partridge, black grouse, golden eagle and capercaillie.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Reptiles are represented by vipers, amphibians - alpine salamander and alpine newt.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Freshwater fish include trout, sturgeon and eel.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In addition to common marine fish, such as common red mullet and sea crucian, there are also white sharks and swordfish (especially in the southern part).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

In addition, species such as tuna, mackerel, sardine and flounder are of interest for commercial fishing.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Invertebrates are represented by red corals and sponges.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

[1] [3]


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Ecological situation and nature conservation areas


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The environmental situation in Italy is influenced by such factors as air pollution due to industrial emissions (sulfur oxide, etc.), pollution of rivers and coastal waters by industrial and agricultural sewage, acid rain and insufficient sewage treatment plants.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The total area of national parks is about 200,000 hectares (1969).


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Alpine landscapes, glaciers, representatives of alpine flora and fauna are protected in the Gran Paradiso and Stelvio Alpine National Parks, as well as Abruzzo Abruzzo.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

The Circeo National Park on the Tyrrhenian Coast is designed to protect oak and pine forests, dwarf palm trees and coastal dunes.


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Notes


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

References


Question: How many seas wash the shores of Italy?

Geography of Italy

Coordinates:


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: Rkaleitis Phisios, 544-483 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The founder of the first historical or original form of dialectics.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus was known as Gloomy or Dark (Aristotle's Ancient Greek: Soteinos Legomenos Rkleitis), and his philosophical system contrasted with the ideas of Democritus, which was noticed next generations.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

His only work, from which only a few dozen quote fragments have been preserved [1], is the book “On Nature”, which consisted of three parts (“On Nature”, “On the State”, “On God”).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

He is credited with the authorship of the famous phrase “Everything flows, everything changes” (Ancient Greek: Penta ka oddn muñei, Latin: Omnia fluunt, omnia mutantur) [2] [3].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Biography


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

There is little reliable information about the life of Heraclitus.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

He was born and lived in the Asia Minor city of Ephesus, his acme falls on the 69th Olympiad (504—501 BC), from which we can roughly derive his date of birth (circa 540 BC) According to some reports, he belonged to the family of Basileus (king priests with purely nominal power at the time of Heraclitus), descendants of Androcles, but voluntarily renounced privileges related to origin , in favor of his brother.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Diogenes Laertes reports that Heraclitus, “hating people, retired and began to live in the mountains, feeding on reality and herbs.”


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

He also writes that Parmenides's disciple Melissa came to the philosopher in his voluntary exile and “introduced Heraclitus to the Ephesians who did not want to know him” [4].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Biographers emphasize that Heraclitus “was not anyone's listener” [4].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Apparently, he was familiar with the views of the philosophers of the Miletus School, Pythagoras, Xenophanes.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Most likely, he also did not have direct disciples, but his intellectual influence on subsequent generations of ancient thinkers is significant.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were familiar with Heraclitus's work, and his follower Cratil became the hero of Plato's dialogue of the same name.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Some researchers interpret gloomy and contradictory legends about the circumstances of the death of Heraclitus (“ordered to be coated with manure and, lying down like this, died”, “became the prey of dogs”) as evidence of that the philosopher was buried according to Zoroastrian customs.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Traces of Zoroastrian influence are also found in some fragments of Heraclitus [5].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Emperor Marcus Aurelius writes in his memoirs that Heraclitus died of dropsy, and was smeared with manure as a remedy for illness [6].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus is one of the founders of dialectics.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The Teaching of Heraclitus


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Since antiquity, thanks primarily to Aristotle's testimonies, Heraclitus has been known for five doctrines most important for the general interpretation of his teachings:


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Fire is the beginning (Ancient Greek: rc) or the original material cause of the world [7].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

There are periodic episodes of the world fire (Ancient Greek: kprosis), during which space is destroyed in order to be reborn again [8].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Everything is a stream (so called Doctrine or Flow Theory) [9].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The identity of opposites [10].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Violation of the law of contradiction [11].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

This doctrine is more a consequence of (3) and (4) than an independent provision of the teachings of Heraclitus.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Modern interpretations are often based on the recognition of partially or completely insolvent of all these provisions by Heraclitus, and are characterized by the refutation of each of these doctrines.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

In particular, F. Schleiermacher rejected (1) and (2), Hegel — (2), J. Burnet — (2), (4), (5), K. Reinhardt, J. Kirk and M. Marcovich reject the validity of all five [12].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

In general, the teachings of Heraclitus can be reduced to the following key positions, which most researchers agree with [13]:


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

People try to comprehend the subject connection of things: this is expressed in the Logos as a formula or element of ordering, establishing common to all things (Fr. 1, 2, 50 DK).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus speaks of himself as someone who has access to the most important truth about the structure of the world of which man is a part, knows how to establish this truth.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The main ability of a person is to recognize the truth that is “common”.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Logos is the criterion of truth, the final point of the method of ordering things.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The technical meaning of the word is “speech”, “attitude”, “calculation”, “proportion”.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The Logos probably relied on Heraclitus as an actual component of things, and in many ways correlated with the primary cosmic component, fire.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Various types of evidence of the essential unity of opposites (fr. 61, 111, 88; 57; 103, 48, 126, 99);


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus establishes 4 different types of connection between obvious opposites:


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

a) the same things produce the opposite effect “The sea is the purest and dirtiest water: drinking and saving for fish, undrinkable and destructive for people” (61 DK) “Pigs enjoy mud more than pure water” (13 DK) “The most beautiful of monkeys is ugly compared to another genus” (79 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

b) various aspects of the same things can find opposite descriptions (writing is linear and rounded).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

c) good and desirable things, such as health or rest, look possible only if we recognize their opposite: “Illness makes health pleasant and good, hunger — satiety, fatigue — rest” (111 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

d) some opposites are essentially related (literally “to be the same”), as they follow each other, are persecuted by each other and nothing but themselves.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

So hot-cold is a hot-cold continuum, these opposites have one essence, one thing in common for the whole couple — temperature.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Also, a day-night couple - the temporal value of “day” will be common to the opposites included in it.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

All these types of opposites can be reduced to two large groups:


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(i — a-b) opposites that are inherent or simultaneously produced by one subject;


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(ii — d) opposites that are connected through existence in different states into one stable process.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Each pair of opposites is so.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

forms both unity and multiplicity.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Different pairs of opposites form an internal relationship “Conjugations (Ancient Greek: suonies): whole and non-whole, converging divergent, consonant insonant, of everything — one, of one — all” (10 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Sunies [14] is letters.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

“things put together”, relationships.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Such “things taken together” must first of all be opposites: what is given with night is day (Heraclitus expresses here what we could call “simple qualities” and which he was then able to classify them as opposites; that is, these are all those changes that can be correlated as occurring between opposites).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Thus, “things taken together” are really described in one sense as “whole”, that is, forming one continuum, in another sense, as “not a whole”, as individual components.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Applying these alternative analyzes to the conglomeration of “things taken together” one can see, that “from all things unity is formed”, and also, that from this unity (in) can stand out the external, discrete, multiple aspect of things (“all”, parte).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

There is some relationship between God and the number of pairs of opposites “God: day-night, winter-summer, war-peace, excess need (that is, all opposites are the meaning); it changes as if when will mix with incense, named after the smell of each [of them]” (67 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Unlike the teachings of Xenophanes, Heraclitus's god looks like immanent to things or as the sum of pairs of opposites.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus did not associate God with the need for worship or service.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

God is not essentially different from the logos, and among other things, the logos collects things and makes them opposites, the relationship between them is proportional and balanced.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

God is a common connecting element for all opposite ends of any opposition.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Thus, the total multiplicity of things forms a single, connected, definite complex — unity.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The unity of things is obvious, it lies directly on the surface and depends on balanced interactions between opposites (Fr. 54, 123, 51 DK).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

At the same time, the implicit type of connection between opposites is stronger than the obvious type of connection “Hidden harmony is better than explicit” (54 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The general equilibrium in space can be maintained only if changes in one direction eventually lead to a change in the other, that is, if there is an endless “enmity” between opposites (Fr. 80, 53).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The image of the river (“Flow Theory”) illustrates the kind of unity that depends on the preservation of measure and equilibrium in changes (Fr. 12).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The world is an ever-living fire, parts of which always fade to the forms of the other two main components of the world, water and earth.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Changes between fire, sea and land establish a balance between each other; pure, or etheric fire, plays a decisive role.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Astronomy.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Celestial bodies are bowls of fire fed by evaporation from the sea; astronomical events also have their measure.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Wisdom is a true understanding of how the world works.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Only God can be wise, man is endowed with reason (fores) and intuition (nos), but not wisdom.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

“Wisdom is to know everything as one” (50 DK) “Only one thing can be considered wise: The mind that can rule the entire universe [all through everything] — eñai γρ tsofion, ipistasii ganma, dipanthon” (41 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Souls are made of fire; they arise from it and return to it, moisture completely absorbed by the soul leads it to death.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The fire of the soul is related to the fire of the world.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Those who are awake, asleep and dead are correlated according to the degree of fiery in the soul.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

In a dream, souls are partially separated from the world fire, and so on, their activity is reduced.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Virtuous souls do not become water after the death of the body; on the contrary, they live by connecting with cosmic fire.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The worship of traditional religion is foolish, although it can inadvertently point to the truth (Fr. 5, 14, 15, 93 DK).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Ethical and policy guidelines that suggest that self-understanding and moderation should be recognized as the main ideals.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus' Criticism of Miletus's Philosophy and the Doctrine of Fire


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The doctrine of the fire of Heraclitus can be understood as a response to the early Ionian (Miletus) philosophers.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The philosophers of Miletus (a city near Ephesus), Thales, Anaximander, Anaximen believed that there was some initial primordial substance or primary element that becomes any other thing.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The world as we know it is an orderly combination of various elements or substances produced by the primary element, primary matter.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

For Miletus, explaining the world and its phenomena meant simply showing how everything happens, arises or transforms from the original substance, as is the case with Thales water or air Anaximene.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus seems to follow this pattern of explaining the world when he views the world as an “eternally living fire” (B 30 DK) and argues that “Lightning controls all things”, alluding to the controlling power of fire ( B 64 DK).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

But the choice of fire as the original primordial substance is extremely strange: the primordial substance must be stable and stable, preserving its essential qualities, while fire is unstable and extremely variable, being a symbol of change and process.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus notes:


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

“All things are secured by fire, and fire [on bail] of all things, as if [secured] gold is property and [secured] property is gold” (B 90 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

We can measure all things in relation to fire as a standard; there is an equivalence between gold and all things, but things are not identical to gold.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Similarly, fire provides a standard of value for other elements, but is not identical to them.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Fire plays an essential role in the teachings of Heraclitus, but it is not an exclusive and unique source for other things, as all things or elements are equivalent.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Fire is more important as a symbol than as a primary element.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Fire is constantly changing, just like the rest of the elements.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

One substance is transformed into another in a certain cycle of changes.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

What carries permanence is not a primary element, but a universal process of change itself.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

There is a kind of permanent law of transformation that can be correlated with the Logos.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus could say that the Miletus correctly believed that one element converts to another through a series of transformations, but they incorrectly deduced from this the existence of some primary element as the only source for everything that exists.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

If A is source B and B is source C and C refers to B and then A, then B is similar to source A and C, and C is the source for A and B. There is no particular reason to promote one item or substance as a reimbursement for the consumption of another substance.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

It is important to note that any substance can go to any other substance.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The only constant in this process is the law of change, which establishes the order and sequence of changes.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

If this is really what Heraclitus kept in mind when developing his philosophical system, then he goes far beyond the usual physical theory of his predecessors, and rather builds a system with a more a subtle understanding of metaphysics [15].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The Teaching of Fire and the Logos


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

According to his teachings, everything came from fire and is in a state of constant change.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Fire is the most dynamic and changeable of all elements.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Therefore, for Heraclitus, fire became the original of the world, while water is only one of its states.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Fire thickens into air, air turns into water, water into earth (the “way down”, which is replaced by the “way up”).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The Earth itself, on which we live, was once a hot part of the general fire, but then it cooled down.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Philosophers are companions of the gods.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The Logos — both the mind and the Word — has the function of controlling (things, processes, space).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Through Socrates and the Stoics, this idea of Heraclitus apparently passed to the Targums, and from there to the Christian doctrine of the Logos, the second person of the Most Holy Trinity [16].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Sextus.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

adv.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

math.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

VII 132; Hippolyt.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Refiitatio IX 9.1 tu δε loγo.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

“But although this logos exists forever, people do not understand it before listening to it and listening to it once. For although all (people/) come face to face with this logo, they look unfamiliar with it even when they try to understand the words and deeds I am talking about, dismembering them according to nature and clearly expressing what they are like. As for the rest of the people, they do not realize what they are doing in reality, just as they forget what they are doing in their dreams.”


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The idea of universal variability and movement


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus believed that things were constantly changing.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The provision on universal variability was associated by Heraclitus with the idea of internal duality of things and processes on opposite sides, with their interaction.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus believed that everything in life arises from opposites and is known through them: “Illness makes health pleasant and good, hunger makes satiety, fatigue makes rest.”


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The Logos as a whole is a unity of opposites, a systemically important connection.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

“Listening not to me, but to the Logos, it is wise to admit that everything is one” [16].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Sayings


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

I prefer what you can see, hear, learn.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(55 DK [17])


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Nature loves to hide.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(123 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Secret harmony is better than explicit harmony.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(54 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

I've been looking for myself.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(101 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Eyes and ears are bad witnesses for people if their souls are barbaric.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(107 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

I must know that war is generally accepted, that enmity is the law (djika), and that everything arises through enmity and reciprocal.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(80 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

War is the father of all, the king of all: it declares some gods, others people, some slaves, others free.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(53 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

On those entering the same rivers, one water flows one time, another time another (12 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Age is a child playing, throwing dice, a child on the throne.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(52 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Personality (θos) is the deity of man.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(119 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The people must fight for the violated law, like for a wall (city).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(44 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Born to live, they are doomed to death (or rather, to rest), and leave children to have a [new] death (20 DK)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Polyknowledge does not teach the mind.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(40 DK, often mistakenly attributed to Lomonosov)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(Based on publication: Fragments of Early Greek Philosophers, M., Nauka, 1989)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

This cosmos, the same for everyone, was not created by any of the gods or people, but it has always been, is and will be forever living fire, flaring up measures and extinguishing measures.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

For the waking, there is one common world (Ancient Greek: koins kosmos), and of the sleepers, each turns away into his own (Ancient Greek: dios kosmos) [19].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Essay


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Later authors (from Aristotle and Plutarch to Clement of Alexandria and Hippolytus of Rome) have numerous (about 100 in total) quotes and periphrases from his work.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Experiments in collecting and systematizing these fragments have been undertaken since the beginning of the 19th century, and a significant milestone on the way to studying the heritage of Heraclitus was the works of F. Schleiermacher [20].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

But the pinnacle of these studies was the classic work of Hermann Diels (Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, first edition in 1903).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

During the 20th century, the collection of Heraclitan fragments was repeatedly supplemented, and attempts were also made to reconstruct their original order, recreate the structure and content of the source text (Markovich, Muravyov).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Diogenes Laertes cites several titles of Heraclitus's work: “The Muses”, “On Nature”, “The Rule of Insinful Charter to Live” and a number of other options; most likely, all of them do not belong to the author.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

He also writes that Heraclitus's “poem” “is divided into three arguments: about everything, about the state and about the deity.”


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

According to him, Heraclitus placed his book “in the sanctuary of Artemis, taking care (as they say) to write it as dark as possible so that only those who can access it” [4].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Diogenes Laertes preserved the epigram characterizing the work of Heraclitus:


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Take your time to read to the end of Heraclitus-the Ephesus —


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

His book is a path that is difficult for the foot,


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Darkness is hopeless and darkness.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

But if you're dedicated


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

He introduces you to this path - it is lighter than the sun.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(D.L. IX, 16)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The same Deogenes Laertsky reports that Socrates allegedly read Heraclitus's work, and after reading it he said: “What I understood is great; which I probably did not understand either. Only, really, for such a book you need to be a Delos diver” [21].


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Iconography


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Weeping Heraclitus and laughing Democritus


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

memento


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

In 1935. The International Astronomical Union named Heraclitus a crater on the visible side of the Moon.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Notes


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Literature


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Excerpt collections and translations


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Tsereteli F. Doxography (Appendix)//Tannery P. The first steps of ancient Greek science.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

SPb., 1902.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

/Heraclitus: p. 59-69, 25-28.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus of Ephesus.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Fragments/Transl. Vladimir Nilander.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Moscow: Musaget Publishing House, 1910.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

147 p.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus//Dosocratics.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The first Greek thinkers in their creations, in the testimonies of antiquity and in the light of the latest research.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

H. I (Pre-Eleate period) /Historical and critical review and translation of fragments, doxographic and biographical material by Alexander Makovelsky.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Kazan: Publication of M. A. Golubeva, 1914.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

211 p. P. 116—180.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Fragments of Heraclitus/Transl. P. Blonsky//“Hermes”.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

VOL. 18.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

p. 58-67.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Ancient philosophers (texts) /Per. M. A. Dynnik.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

M., 1935.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

/Heraclitus: p. 5-18.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Fragments of Heraclitus//Materialists of Ancient Greece.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Collection of texts by Heraclitus, Democritus and Epicurus/General edition and introductory article by M. A. Dynnik; USSR Academy of Sciences.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Institute of Philosophy.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Moscow: State Publishing House of Political Literature.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

240 p./Per. M. A. Dynnik.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

P. 39-52.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus of Ephesus.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Fragments of the work, later known as “The Muses” or “On Nature”.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

/Per. S. Muravyov.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

//Titus Lucretius Kar.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

About the nature of things.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— M.: “Fiction”, 1983.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(Library of Ancient Literature).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— P. 237—268.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

A translation.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

P. 361-371.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Comment.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus//Fragments of early Greek philosophers.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

H 1.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

/Per. A. IN. Lebedeva.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1989.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— No. 22.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— P. 176—257.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus of Ephesus: the whole legacy: in original languages and in Russ.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

trans.: krat.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

ed.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

/predg.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

S. N. Muravyov said.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— M.: Ad Marginem Press LLC, 2012.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— 416 p.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

ISBN 978-5-91103-112-1


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Lebedev A. IN. Heraclitus Logos.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Reconstruction of thought and word (with a new critical edition of fragments).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— SPb.: Nauka, 2014.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— 533 p. — (Ser. “The Word of Things”).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

ISBN 978-5-02-038399-9


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Marcovich M. Heraclitus: Greek text with a short comment including fresh addenda, corrigenda and a select bibliography (1967—2000) /2 ed.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Sankt Austin: Academia-Verlag, 2001.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(International Pre-Platonic Studies; Vol. 2).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

677 p.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

ISBN 3-89665-171-4.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Robinson, T.M. Heraclitus: Fragments: A Text and Translation with a Comment.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

ISBN 0-8020-6913-4.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

explorations


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Bibliography:


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Evangelos N. Roussos.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraklit-Bibliographie.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— Darmstadt, 1971.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

ISBN 3-534-05585-3.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Francesco De Martino, Livio Rossetti, Pierpaolo Rosati.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Eraclito.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Bibliografia 1970-1984 e complementi 1621-1969.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— Neapel, 1986.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Monographs:


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Akhutin A. IN. Ancient principles of philosophy.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— SPb.: Nauka, 2010.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Dynnik M. A. The dialectics of Heraclitus of Ephesus.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— MOSCOW: RANION, 1929.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— 205 p.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Cassidy F. X.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Philosophical and aesthetic views of Heraclitus of Ephesus.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

2500 years since his birth.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— M.: Izd-vo AH, 1963.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— 164 p.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

2-e izd.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

called Heraclitus.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— M.: Thought, 1982.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— 199 p. (Thinkers of the past)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

3-e izd.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

, Ext.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— SPb.: Aletheia, 2004.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(The Ancient Library. Research)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Wolf M. N. Epistemology of Heraclitus of Ephesus//Rationalism and irrationalism in ancient philosophy: monograph/V. P. Goran M. N. Wolf et al.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

; Ros.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Academician of Sciences, Sib.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

giving away.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

In-t philos.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

and rights.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— Novosibirsk, SB RAS Publ., 2010.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— 386 p. — Chapter II.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— P. 67-119.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

ISBN 978-5-7692-1144-7.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Wolf M. N. Philosophical search: Heraclitus and Parmenides.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

SPb.: RKhGA Publishing House, 2012.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

382 p. ISBN 978-5-88812-558-8


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Lebedev A. IN. Heraclitus Logos Reconstruction of thought and word (with new critical edition of fragments).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— SPb.: Nauka, 2014.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— 533 ISBN 978-5-02-038399-9


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Articles and dissertations:


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Bakina V. AND. The cosmological teachings of Heraclitus of Ephesus. Moscow University Bulletin.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— Ser.7.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— Philosophy.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— 1998.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— No. 4.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— P.42-55.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Bakina V. AND. The philosophical doctrine of Heraclitus of Ephesus about the universe in the context of ancient culture.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Avtoref.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

diss.... c.philos.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

n. — M., 1995.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Guseva A. A. Some of Heraclitus's terms translated by V. O. Nilander.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— No. 9.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— December 2010.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Kabisov R. S. Heraclitus Logos and the Science of Logic//Philosophy and Society.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Philosophy and society.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— MOSCOW, 1998.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— No. 3.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— PP.135-154.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Kamelchuk Ye.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

N. Heraclitus as a rationalist: a way of argumentation//Humanities in Siberia.2001.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

No. 1.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Cassidy F. X.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

, Kondzelka V.V.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus and the Ancient East//Philosophical sciences.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— 1981.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— No. 5.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— PP.94-100.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Cassidy F. X.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus and dialectical materialism. Voprosy filosofii.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— 2009.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— No. 3.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— PP.142-146.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Lapteva M. YU.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus//Lapteva M. YU.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

At the origins of ancient Greek civilization: Ionia 11th-6th centuries BC


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— SPb.: IC “Humanitarian Academy”, 2009.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— PP.383-396.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Lebedev A. IN. ΗΓΜΑ SUMΦUSΩMENON.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

A new fragment of Heraclitus (reconstruction of metallurgical metaphors in cosmogonic fragments of Heraclitus).


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

//Herald of Ancient History.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— 1979.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— № 2; 1980.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— No. 1.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Lebedev A. IN. PIRATA (on the denotate of the term uc in cosmological fragments of Heraclitus 66-67 Mch) //Text Structure.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— MOSCOW, 1980.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— PP. 118—147.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Lebedev A. IN. Heraclitus' agonal cosmos model//Historical and Philosophical Yearbook '87.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— MOSCOW, 1987.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Muravyov S. N. Syllabo-tonicity of the rhythmic prose of Heraclitus of Ephesus//Antiquity and modernity.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

To the 80th anniversary of Fyodor Alexandrovich Petrovsky.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— MOSCOW, 1972.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— P. 236—251.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Muravyov S. N. Heraclitus's poetics: phonemic level//The Balkans in the context of the Mediterranean: Abstracts and preliminary materials for the symposium.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— MOSCOW, 1986.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— PP.58-65.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Muravyov S. N. Hidden harmony.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Preparatory materials for the description of the poetics of Heraclitus at the level of phonemes. Paleobalcanism and Antiquity.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— M: Nauka, 1989.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— C.145-164.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

ISBN 5-02-010950-9.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Muravyov S. N.Traditio Heraclitea (A): Collection of ancient sources about Heraclitus//Vestnik drevnei istorii.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— 1992.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— No. 1.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— P.36-52.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Murzin N. N. Gods and philosophers: Heraclitus' cuisine//.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— No. 9.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— December 2010.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Poznyak I. B.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The dialectics of Heraclitus.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Avtoref.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

diss.... c.philos.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

n. — L., 1955.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Kholtzman A. Similarities and differences between the teachings on opposites of Heraclitus and Nikolai Kuzansky. Verbum.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— SPb., 2007.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— Vol.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

The legacy of Nikolai Kuzansky and the traditions of European philosophizing.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— P. 55-69.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

References


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

(original, English: and French translations)


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Per. M. A. Dynnik


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Heraclitus//Ed.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

podg.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

A. IN. Lebedev said.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1989.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— (Monuments of Philosophical Thought.) — ISBN 5-02-008030-6


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

* Excerpts:,,,


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

— A site dedicated to Heraclitus and the study of his worldview, his way of thinking.


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Category:Presocratics


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Category:Ancient Greek philosophers


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Category:Ancient Greek philosophers


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Category:6th-century BC philosophers


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Category:5th-century BC philosophers


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Category:Characters in “Divine Comedy”


Question: What is Socrates's most famous teaching?

Heraclitus

Category: 480s BC deaths


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

Swifts [1] [2], or crested swifts [3] (Latin: Hemiprocne), are a genus of birds that are the only bird in the family of crested swifts [4] [3] [5] [6] [6] [1] [6] [1] [2] (Hemiprocnidae) row swift.


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

Birds with a body length of 16 cm of eared cleho to 33 cm in a mustachioed tree swift and weighing up to 90 g.


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

There is a small tuft on the head.


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

The legs are small, 4 tenacious toes pointing forward.


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

Swifts build a small nest from leaves, feathers and pieces of bark glued together with saliva.


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

The only egg in the nest is also fixed with saliva; both parents incubate, sitting on a branch and warming the egg with the back of the abdomen.


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

The basis of nutrition is insects, such as flies, small beetles, ants, etc.


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

, which birds catch by rushing from the perch.


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

Grading


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

As of November 2018, 4 species are included in the genus [9]:


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

habitat


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

Three species are distributed in South and Southeast Asia.


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

Crested Kleho is located in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, China, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia.


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

Eared Kleho is located on the territory of Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Brunei.


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

A brilliant cleho is found in Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Brunei.


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

The mustachioed tree swift lives to the east — in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

Illustrations


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

Hemiprocne comata


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

Hemiprocne coronata


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

Hemiprocne mystacea


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

Notes


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

Literature


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

Category:Birds


Question: Does the tree swift eat bees?

Wood swifts

Category:Bird families


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Naryshkina

Tsarina Natalia Kirillovna, nee Naryshkina (—) is a Russian queen, the second wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, and the mother of Peter I.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Naryshkina

Biography


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Naryshkina

Daughter of small-local nobles Kirill Poliektovich Naryshkin and his wife Anna Leontyevna, nee Leontyeva.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Naryshkina

In the description of Jacob Reitenfels: “This is a woman in the most blooming years, stately tall, bulging with black eyes, her face is pleasant, her mouth is round, her brow is high, in all members there is elegant proportionality, the voice is sonorous and pleasant, and the manners are the most graceful” [1].


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Naryshkina

Natalia Kirillovna was brought up in the Moscow house of her distant relative, boyar Artamon Matveev, where Alexey Mikhailovich is believed to have seen her.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Natalia Kirillovna was called to a bride review collected from all over the country and married the tsar on January 22, 1671 [2], when she was 19 years old.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Three children were born from this marriage.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

After the death of Alexey Mikhailovich, an alarming time came for Natalia Kirillovna; she had to become the head of the Naryshkins, who unsuccessfully fought with the Miloslavskys.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Under Fedor Alekseevich, Natalia Kirillovna lived with her son mainly in the villages of Kolomenskoye and Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

During the Streltsy riot in 1682, many relatives of Natalia Kirillovna were killed.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

As a result, both brothers, Peter and Ivan, were proclaimed tsars, and Ivan was declared the “eldest” tsar.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

And then Sophia became the regent, who was actually the sovereign ruler and completely removed Natalia Kirillovna from governing the country.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Friction between the royal “courts” in Moscow and Preobrazhensky did not stop.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

In 1689, at the insistence and direction of the Naryshkins and personally Natalia Kirillovna, Peter's first marriage with Evdokia Lopukhina took place.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

The disgraced position of the widow queen continued until Peter's triumph over Sophia, in 1689.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

But, having won this victory, the 17-year-old tsar prefers to engage mainly in a funny army and the construction of a funny fleet on Lake Pleshcheevo [3], and leaves the entire burden of state worries on the discretion of the mother, who, in turn, entrusts them to her relatives, Naryshkin.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

In the sketches of The Story of Tsar Pyotr Alekseevich and People Close to Him in 1682—1694, Prince B.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

AND. Kurakin gives this characteristic to N. K. and its board:


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

This princess was of a kind temperament, virtuous, just not diligent or skillful in business, and a light mind.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

For the sake of that, she handed over the rule of the entire state to her brother, boyar Lev Naryshkin, and other ministers... The rule of this Tsarina Natalia Kirillovna was very dishonest, dissatisfied with the people, and offended.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

And at that time, the wrong rule from the judges began, and the bribery is great, and the theft of the state, which to this day continues with multiplication, and it is difficult to remove his ulcer.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Although during this period there were no traces of Natalia Kirillovna's state activity, her influence on Peter was quite significant, as can be seen from their correspondence.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

[4] With his absences and especially sea voyages, he often upset his loving mother.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Natalia Kirillovna died at the age of 43 on February 4, 1694 from heart disease.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

After the death of his mother, Peter assumes full power.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Progeny


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Pyotr Alekseevich (1672—1725) - the future Russian Emperor Peter I


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Natalya Alekseyevna (1673—1716)


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Feodora Alekseevna (1674—1677) was born in September 1674, died in November 1677.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

In culture


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

A. N. Tolstoy.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Peter the Great (1934)


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

N. M. Moleva, Sovereign Sophia (2000)


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

R. R. Gordin, The Game of Fate (2001)


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

T. T. Napolova, “The Stepmother Queen” (2006)


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

movie


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

E.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Talanova — “Peter the Great”.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Tamara Makarova — “Peter's Youth”, “At the Beginning of Glorious Deeds”.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Lilly Palmer — Peter the Great.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Evgenia Kazarina — “Schism”.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Alexandra Platonova — “The Romanovs. Film Two”.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Notes


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Literature


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

References


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

/Publ.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

and note.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

AND. D. Belyaeva//Russkaya Starina, 1871.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

— VOL. 4.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

— No. 11.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

— P. 578—582.


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Natalya Kirillovna


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Category:Queens from the Romanov dynasty


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Category:Alexey Mikhailovich


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Category: Burials at the Ascension Monastery of the Moscow Kremlin


Question: What was the name of Peter the Great's mother?

Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina

Category:Regents of Russia


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Nazi racial politics is a policy of racial discrimination and xenophobia in Nazi Germany, based on the concept of racial hygiene.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

In many European and American countries, racism was not banned in the 19th century and early 20th centuries, and with the coming to power of the Nazis in Germany, it received state support.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The concept of racial hygiene implied the need to divide people into members of the higher race and lower elements and the need for appropriate selection.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

According to this concept, the former should be artificially supported, while the reproduction of the latter had to be prevented; the mixing of races had undesirable consequences.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

This concept also required sterilization or destruction of alcoholics, epileptics, people with various hereditary diseases, demented people.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The desire to maintain “racial hygiene” was manifested in State programmes for the forced extermination of various categories of citizens (see para. “T-4 Killing Program”).


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

In accordance with the principles of “racial hygiene”, Jews were the main targets of persecution, who were deprived of citizenship rights, the opportunity to work in the public service, own business, marry Germans (Germans) and study at public educational institutions.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Their property and businesses were registered and confiscated.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Acts of violence were constantly committed, and official propaganda incited (or fueled) feelings of prejudice and hatred towards Jews among ethnic Germans.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Later, Jews were systematically exterminated.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Similar acts were committed against Roma, the mentally ill, disabled, homosexuals and a number of other categories of people considered “inferior”.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

During the Second World War, repressions carried out for these reasons began to be carried out not only in Nazi Germany, but also in the lands occupied by it, where the division into higher and lower races affected civilians and prisoners of war.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Ideological forerunners


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Although the term “eugenics” was coined only in 1883 by Francis Galton, the idea of selecting people by hereditary characteristics dates back to antiquity, and is discussed, for example, in Plato's “State”, and later in Thomas More's Utopia and Tommaso Campanella's City of the Sun [1].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Joseph de Gobineau's Experience on the Inequality of Human Races for the first time combined the idea of eugenics with general observations of external differences between people of different peoples, marking the beginning of theories of racism (both biological and spiritual), which was successful in Europe until the end of World War II.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Herder (1744—1803), Fichte (1762—1814) and other German romantics believed that each nation had its own specific genius (spirit), captured in the deep past, which should express yourself in the national spirit (German: Volksgeist).


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The national spirit, according to their philosophy, is a superpower and has its own spiritual universe, whose external form is manifested in the national culture.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Such irrationalist teachings have become correlated with the doctrine of origin.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Richard Wagner (1813—1883), the German composer, had a certain influence in the spread of this kind of racism, who believed that the heroic German spirit was brought along with Nordic blood.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Subsequently, Hitler's youthful fascination with Wagner's music grew into a reverence for his ideas [2].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The crisis after the First World War and the ideology of the NSDAP


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

At the beginning of the 20th century, articles and brochures outlining racial theory were very widespread in Germany, which praised the Germanic race and humiliated the Semitic race — the Jews in every possible way.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Jews were classified as an inferior, “inferior” race.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The results of the First World War intensified racist sentiment.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Racist writers, disappointed by the defeat, sang the noble German soldier with pure blood.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Jews were portrayed as the culprits of all the troubles that befell Germany.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Thus, stereotypes of a positive German Aryan hero and a negative Jew were formed.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

This theory of superiority of the “race of masters” was adopted by the Nazis.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Although the dominant ideology of the National Socialists was anti-Semitism, other peoples that were declared inferior were also considered enemies: the French (as “Negroids”), the Slavs (as “incapable of creativity”) and etc. [3]


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Attitudes towards Jews


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Anti-Semitic ideas, popular as early as the 19th century among German nationalists, were supported by some geneticists (see Fig. Racial hygiene), who also actively promoted them, which served as a support for the authorities pursuing racial policy.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The key book that influenced the formation of racial anti-Semitism of German National Socialists was Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts by H.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

S. Chamberlain [4] where he developed two main topics: the Aryans as creators and carriers of civilization, and Jews as a negative racial force, a destructive and degenerate factor in history.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The NSDAP's “25 Points” program stated that “no Jew can be classified as a German nation, nor be a citizen of Germany”, and that the party is fighting the “Jewish-materialistic spirit.”


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Jews were seen as the complete antipode of the Germans, they were credited with consumer-parasitic existence.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Due to the fact that Jews were declared a danger not only for Germans, but also for all mankind, the Nazis took on the role of “saving the human race.”


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Democratic institutions, free trade unions, individual freedoms and individual rights were declared created by “world Jewry” or generated by the “Jewish spirit” [3].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The danger of racial anti-Semitism by the Nazis before they came to power in 1933, and even in the first time after it, was not obvious to all Jews.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Thus, the newspaper Judische Rundschau already in August 1933 announced the hope that the Nazis would respect the rights of ethnic minorities [4].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Jews were consistently excluded from the political and economic life of the Third Reich, as well as from the fields of science and art.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Marxism and other rationalist branches of philosophy were called “racially alien” as “generated by the Talmud.”


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Exact sciences were evaluated according to the same criteria, and the concept of “Aryan physics” was used, opposed to “Jewish” (in particular the theory of relativity).


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

A number of new trends in fine arts (surrealism, Dadaism, expressionism), which were combined under the name “degenerative art”, were declared Jewish roots [3].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Open physical persecution of Jews began in 1938 during the so - called Kristallnacht, which was preceded by the invalidation of Jewish passports and the deportation of Jewish citizens, Polish citizens.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

After the attack on Poland in September 1939, the head of the General Directorate of Security of the Reich (RSHA) R. Heydrich ordered the concentration of Polish Jews in the ghetto.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

In the following months, all Jews in Poland aged 14-60 were sent to forced labor, and Jewish bank accounts were frozen [5]


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

As Germany seized other countries, Jews were persecuted there, depending on local initiatives and German pressure.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The plan for the complete extermination of Jews, apparently, took shape by the beginning of the war with the Soviet Union.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

At the same time, the Jews of the Soviet Union were subject to extermination, first of all, as “carriers of Bolshevism”.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

For the mass extermination of Jews (and other “racially undesirable” elements, as well as resistance participants), special units were created - the Einsatz group, assisted by soldiers of the Wehrmacht and local collaborators.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

As a result, most of the Soviet Jews who remained in the occupied territory were exterminated.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

In 1942, most Jews in Eastern and Central Europe were exterminated, as well as a significant part of Jews in Western Europe.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

In 1943-1944, the shortage of workers led to a temporary review of the “final solution to the Jewish question”.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Himmler ordered the use of the labor of the remaining Jews in the interests of the war economy and even offered to release some Jews in exchange for political concessions (for example, a separate peace with the West) or for a colossal ransom.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Towards the end of the war, some Nazi leaders tried to use Jews to establish contact with the allies, but others (Hitler in particular) continued to demand the total destruction of survivors.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Against the background of the Soviet offensive, the SS liquidated the last ghettos and labor camps and destroyed traces of the crimes committed [5].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

In addition to executions, such methods of murder as exhaust gas poisoning in special vehicles (“murderers”), “gas chambers” were used.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Living conditions in ghettos and concentration camps were also designed to die from malnutrition and disease.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Estimates of the number of victims among Jews ranged from 4.2 million to 8 million people.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The number of “six million people” is enshrined in the verdicts of the Nuremberg trials [5].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Attitudes towards Gypsies


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Gypsies were also perceived from the point of view of Nazi racial theory as a threat to the racial purity of the Germans.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Since official propaganda proclaimed the Germans to be members of a pure Aryan race who came from the north and captured India, a well-known difficulty for Nazi theorists was that the Gypsies, generally speaking, are much more direct immigrants from India; they are close to its current population from an objective racial point of view and speak the language of the Indo-Aryan group — therefore Gypsies, at least, are no less Aryans than the Germans themselves.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The solution was found in the solution according to which the gypsies living in Europe are the fruit of the mixing of the Aryan tribe with the lowest races around the world — this seems to explain their vagrancy and asociality.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Nazi racial theorist Hans Gunther also wrote about this.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

[6] A special commission recommended the separation of “Gypsy” (German: Zigeunertum) from the German people.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The “inferiority” of Roma was justified by German psychologists Robert Ritter and his assistant Eva Justin


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Between 1935 and 1938, the police and social welfare authorities began to place Roma in detention camps, in particular in the Marzahn camp


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Since March 1936, Roma have been subject to the provisions of the so-called “Nuremberg Laws” (German. Nürnberger Gesetze) on citizenship and race, which prohibit them from marrying Germans and participating in elections, Roma are deprived of citizenship of the Third Reich.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

On May 16, 1938, by order of the Reichsfuhrer SS Himmler, a department for combating the “gypsy threat” was included in the Berlin Criminal Investigation Department.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The first law directly and directly directed against the Roma was Himmler's Circular of December 8, 1938 “On Combating the Gypsy Threat”.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

It spoke of “resolving the Roma issue on the basis of racial principles”.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

In the second half of the 1930s, forced sterilization of Roma began, in particular by injecting a dirty needle into the uterus, which often led to death from blood poisoning.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

On April 27, 1940, by order of Himmler, the first deportations of Sinti and Roma to Poland began — to labor and concentration camps, as well as to Jewish ghettos.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Polish Roma are also placed in ghettos, and property is seized.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Later, Gypsies, like Jews, were sent from the ghetto to death camps.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

In the autumn of 1941, along with the massacres of Jews, mass murders of Roma began in the occupied territories of the USSR.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The Einsatzgruppen destroyed the camps they met on the way.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

In Germany, arrests of Roma began in 1943, and those arrested were sent to Auschwitz.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Along with Jews and Serbs, the Ustasha regime in Croatia was also engaged in the extermination of Roma.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Estimates of the number of Roma killed range from 200,000 to 1,500,000.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Attitude towards Slavs


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The question of the attitude of the Nazis towards the Slavic peoples has been poorly studied.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

This led to the fact that in the 90s, ideas began to spread in right-wing radical circles that the Slavs were allegedly recognized as racially equal with the Germans and fought “for the purity of Aryan blood” .


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The ideas of “second-rate” and “racial inferiority” of the Slavs are recorded in the works of Gobino.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The main idea of a number of racial theorists was that the Proto-Slavs belonged to the Nordic race, but by now the Slavs have completely lost this component [7].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Hitler's “My Struggle” already contains the idea of racial superiority of German elements over Slavic elements in Russia [7] [8].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

In 1940, Hermann Rauschning's book Voice of Destruction was published in New York [9], which quotes Hitler that “preventing the development of the Slavic races” is one of the main tasks of the German States [10].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Himmler's plans are known, set out in the secret memorandum “Some Thoughts on the Treatment of Foreigners in the East”, in particular, on the division of the population of Eastern Europe into small groups and the subsequent the destruction of these groups.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

After the extermination of the Jews, it was planned to destroy Kashubs, Gurals, Lemks, etc. The memorandum also contained a proposal to limit the education of “foreigners” to “a score of up to 500”, writing their name and knowledge of the “law of God”.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Reading skill was called superfluous [11] [12].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

According to the American historian John Connelly, in the early works of Hitler and other Nazis one can find not too many attacks against the Slavic peoples.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

He also believes that initially Nazi ideologists made almost no difference between different groups of the Slavic population; in practice, however, the attitude towards different peoples was different, being dictated, as a rule, by opportunistic considerations [8].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

According to Connelly, before the outbreak of World War II, the Nazis, most likely, did not have consistent plans to implement a racial policy towards the Slavs, although they considered them the lowest group of peoples.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

After the destruction of Poland, Poles and Slavs as a whole gradually became “non-European peoples” in the eyes of the Nazis [8].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Himmler's famous speech in Poznan on October 4, 1943 reflects the perception of the Slavs as slaves, and there are also racial motives in it.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Hitler's statements contain the following expressions: “low-quality human material”, “a mixed people on the basis of an inferior race with drops of our blood, unable to maintain order and self-government” [7] [13].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Only Polish, Russian and Ukrainian Ostarbeiters were subject to the death penalty for having sex with the German population.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Reichskommissar of Ukraine Erich Koch called Ukrainians “racially inferior”, considering them little different from animals and hunted them on special reservations [14] (despite the fact that in the Galicia district in In 1939, the formation of the Ukrainian Central Committee was allowed and Ukrainians were in a privileged position in relation to the Poles) [8].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Changes in attitude also occurred on the basis of observation of hair color, eye color and anthropometric indicators of local residents [8].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Connelly notes that Slovaks, Croats and Bulgarians had their own puppet states and entered the war on the side of the Axis (while the Croats simultaneously pursued other southern Slavs - Serbs), and the regime in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was noticeably softer than that established in the Governor-General and in the occupied territory of the USSR [8].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The reason for such an inconsistent policy towards the Slavs, according to Connelly, can be called the fact that Southeast Europe was not part of Hitler's plans to occupy “living space” and until 1943 it was primarily within the sphere of Italian influence.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The relatively soft regime in relation to Slovaks and Czechs was dictated by the interests of the military economy and the compliance of these peoples.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

At the same time, the cities of the Soviet Union, as territories of “living space” on the contrary, were to be destroyed, and the territory was devastated and then inhabited by rural German residents [8].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Among the Slavs, Poles were among the most affected.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

From 1939 to 1945, at least 1.5 million Polish citizens were deported to Germany for forced labor.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Hundreds of thousands more were imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

According to some estimates, during World War II, the Nazis killed at least 1.9 million non-Jewish Poles.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

It should be noted that in 1943, after heavy defeats on the Eastern Front, the Nazis officially allowed representatives of all Slavic peoples, except Poles, to serve in the Waffen-SS (by that time units , staffed by ethnic Ukrainians, were already part of the Wehrmacht - for example, the battalions “Nachtigal” and “Roland”).


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Attitude towards other nations


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

D. B.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Levin noted that the Nazis had abusive nicknames for every nation.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Thus, they called the British “a degenerated tribe of plutocrats”, the French - “Negroids”, Italians - “people of spoiled blood and poisoned soul”, Romanians, Hungarians and Turks - “monkeys” [15].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

According to the testimony of a former prisoner, the principle of racial segregation was fully observed in prisons.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Prisoners were divided into four categories (according to the presence of “Nordic impurity”): the first was Germans (higher race, Ubermen), the second was Dutch, Danes, Norwegians (although pure Nordic race, but not Ubermen) , the third is the French, Belgians, Italians (semi-Nordic race), the fourth is Russians, Poles, Czechs (only traces of Nordic blood, for the most part - Untermen) “[7].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

In July 1941, the Reichsfuhrer Himmler gave a speech to the SS from the Nord combat group going to the Eastern Front, in which he instructed them to the war and stated that “on the other side there is a 180 - a million people, a mixture of races and peoples whose names are unpronounceable and whose physical essence is such that the only thing you can do with them is to shoot them without any pity or mercy.”


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

He also listed Huns, Hungarians, Tatars, Mongols and Russians as “subhumans”:


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

When you, my friends, fight in the East, you continue the same struggle against the same subhumanity, against the same lower races that once acted under the name of the Huns, later 1000 years ago in the time of Kings Henry and Otto I, under the name of the Hungarians, and later under the name of the Tatars; then they appeared again under the name of Genghis Khan and the Mongols.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Today they are called Russians under the political banner of Bolshevism.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

—Reichsfuhrer Heinrich Himmler's performance in Stettin on July 13, 1941 [13] [16]


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Among Soviet prisoners of war, Asians from Central Asia and Transcaucasia were especially often killed and abused [17].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Descendants of black Entente soldiers and German women, who were called “Rhineland Bastards”, have been forcibly sterilized since 1937.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

However, racial theory has been rebuilt for the sake of current foreign policy.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

In particular, if Italians were originally classified as a “low-value Mediterranean race”, and the Japanese were awarded contemptuous nicknames, as they approached Italy and Japan, these peoples began to be attributed respectively, to the descendants of the Romans and the “chosen race” [18].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The Germans themselves also did not escape persecution on the basis of ideas about “racial usefulness”.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Within the framework of racial hygiene, people with mental disorders and hereditary diseases were to be sterilized and destroyed, and later also disabled people and ill for more than 5 years.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

One of the last eugenic decrees of the Fuhrer in 1945 was on the extermination of Germans suffering from pulmonary diseases [19].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

The principles of racist ideology of the Nazis


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

1. Belief in the superiority of one, less often than several races, over others.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

This belief is usually combined with a hierarchical classification of racial groups.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Thus, blacks and Arabs were classified by the Nazis as an inferior race, and Jews were generally excluded from the hierarchical ladder and were outlawed (Nuremberg Laws, Holocaust) [20].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

2. The idea that the superiority of some and the inferiority of others are biological or bioanthropological in nature.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

This conclusion stems from the belief that superiority and inferiority cannot be eradicated and cannot be changed, for example, under the influence of social environment or upbringing.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

3. The idea that collective biological inequality is reflected in social order and culture and that biological superiority is expressed in the creation of a “higher civilization” that in itself indicates biological superiority.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

This “higher civilization” was called by Nazi ideologists the “millennial Reich” or “Third Reich”.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

This idea establishes a direct relationship between biology and social conditions (appeared in eugenics) [21] [22].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

4. Belief in the legitimacy of the domination of the higher races over the lower [21].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

5. Believing that there are “pure” races, and mixing inevitably has a negative impact on them (decline, degeneration, etc.).


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

“A fatal blow is mixed with foreign blood” (Himmler) [21].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Timeline of events


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

On April 7, 1933, it was adopted, according to which it was ordered the dismissal of all non-Aryan officials, with rare exceptions.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

Anyone who had at least one Jewish ancestor was considered a Non-Aryan [23].


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

On June 29, 1933, Richard Darre, as head of the Department of Agrarian Policy, issued an inheritance law, according to which land plots from 7.5 to 125 hectares can be assigned to their owners for life and be inherited only if the owners can prove the purity of their blood before 1800.


Question: Was Hitler a purebred German?

Nazi race policy

This law covers more than 60% of the total agricultural territory in Germany.