Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

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Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

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Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

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Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

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Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

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Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

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Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

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Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

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Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

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Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

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Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

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Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

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Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The more negative the Δ13c value is, the lower the content of the 13C isotope.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In C4 plants, the Δ13c value is about -14 ‰, in C3 plants - about -28 ‰ Since sugar cane is a C4 plant, and sugar beet is a C3 plant, the content of the isotope 13C can be mass- spectrometrically determine the origin of sucrose.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In this way, it is possible, for example, to distinguish real rum (made from sugar cane) from blended rum (with the addition of sugar made from beets) [8].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Special forms of C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

C4 photosynthesis without fender anatomy


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Although most C4 plants have fender anatomy, there are several species that perform the C4 cycle without dividing into lining and mesophyll cells.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

These four plants belong to the subfamily haze: Bienertia cycloptera, Bienertia sinuspersici and Bienertia kavirense.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

They grow in desert, saline areas of the Middle East: B. sinuspersici in various countries of the Persian Gulf, B. cycloptera in Turkey, Afghanistan and Iran, B. kavirense in the Iranian salt desert (Dashte - Kavir), and S. aralocaspica near salt plants in Central Asia.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

They are characterized by a unique C4 mechanism for injecting CO2 within a single cell [24] [25] [26] [27].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

All of the above plants belong to the NAD-MDH biochemical type [28].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Although the cytological structure of the two genera differs, the basic principle in both cases is to use large vacuoles to separate the cell into two compartments.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

S. aralocaspica has very long cells of the palisade parenchyma, divided into two compartments by a large vacuole that occupies almost the entire cell space.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The parenchyma is located in one layer and is more densely packed on the outside of the leaf, but is looser on the inside.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In the region close to the epidermis of the leaf (distal), chloroplasts with a low grain content and without Rubisco are located, here FEP is synthesized from pyruvate using the enzyme pyruvate phosphate dikinase.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In the inner (proximal) section there are ordinary granal chloroplasts and mitochondria, there is Rubisco and the Calvin cycle operates [28].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The genus members have a different structure.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The leaf parenchyma is located in two to three layers.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Most of the cell is filled with vacuoles and broken into a thin cytosolic strip on the periphery and an unusual central compartment with a large number of chloroplasts in the middle.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

A certain analogue of fender anatomy is observed here, large chloroplasts with a reduced amount of grain and an incomplete set of enzymes of the Calvin cycle are located on the periphery, where FEP regenerates, and the center is a cluster of half the size of chloroplasts with normal faces and active Rubisco, where the Calvin cycle takes place.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Together with these chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes are located in the center [28].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In both cases, the actin and microtubular cytoskeleton are responsible for the distribution of two types of chloroplasts throughout the cell.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Also, with unicellular C4 photosynthesis, FEP carboxylase is not isolated, it is evenly distributed throughout the cell.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In this regard, the question arises about the possible mechanism of its inhibition at Rubisco's place of work in order to avoid re-fixation of the released CO2 [28].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Another example of C4 photosynthesis without fender anatomy is the marine green macroalgae Udotea flabellum [29] and unicellular diatom [30].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Optional C4 photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Hydrilla verticillata is a freshwater immersed flowering plant that gathers in large mats below the surface of the water in summer.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Under conditions of high temperature, low CO2 content and high O2, the plant changes from C3- to C4 photosynthesis.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Since Hydrilla verticillata does not have fender anatomy, the whole process takes place within a single cell.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Photosynthesis follows the NADP-MDH biochemical pathway, and the cytoplasm induces the synthesis of FEP-carboxylase, as well as a number of other proteins: malik enzyme, PFDC and aminotransferases.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The main decarboxylating enzyme, NADP-malik enzyme, is located in chloroplasts, and pyruvate phosphate dikinase acts there, which regenerates FEP [31].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Another example of switching between C3- and C4 metabolism is the leafless sedge, which can grow both submerged and on land.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The leaves of this plant are completely reduced and the stems take over the photosynthesis function.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

When growing underwater, it photosynthesizes along the C3 pathway, but on land it passes to C4 metabolism along with the formation of fender anatomy - this process is controlled by abscisic acid.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

At the same time, even simply shoots that are above the water surface can pass to C4 [31].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Combining C4 and CAM


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Metabolism by type of fat (CAM photosynthesis) includes some enzymes of C4 photosynthesis necessary for injection and concentration of CO2.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

However, in the case of CAM plants, the preliminary and final fixation of CO2 is not separated in space, but in time.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Nevertheless, during the day, the CAM pathway and classical C3 photosynthesis can work in parallel in obligate CAM plants.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

There were even species of optional CAM plants (C3-CAM) that switched from C3- to CAM metabolism only in drought or salinization conditions.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In this case, C3 and CAM photosynthesis can occur within one cell.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

There are very few examples of CAM and C4 metabolism occurring in the same plant.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Most C4 plants are represented by cereals in which CAM photosynthesis is never detected, just as typical CAM plants, such as orchids and bromeliads, do not have pure C4 photosynthesis.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Only a few plant species from the genus purslane can use both routes, including Portulaca mundula [32].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In these plants, CAM photosynthesis takes place in the sap filled internal cells of the stem and leaves, where water is stored, while C4 photosynthesis takes place in the outer cells of the leaf.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Thus, even in these plants, both pathways do not work in the same cell, which means that CAM and C4 photosynthesis are incompatible [33].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Several reasons are given as an explanation.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

For example, it would be difficult to precisely regulate both pathways due to their biochemical similarity.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In addition, each of them is based on a different anatomical structure and transport mechanisms that are important for the corresponding function, but cannot be combined in one cell.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Finally, two simultaneous paths of CO2 concentration do not provide an environmental advantage.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

C3-C4 transitional forms


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

A number of C3 plants have typical morphological features of C4 plants, such as the anatomical organization of leaves with the separation of the parenchyma into mesophyll and the lining of the conductive bundle, where they can concentrate carbon dioxide.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In addition, the value of their carbon dioxide compensation point is between those for C3- and C4 plants.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

At the same time, the mechanism they use for concentrating CO2 is completely uncharacteristic of C4 plants [34].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Due to their anatomical similarity, such plants were mistakenly called C3-C4 transitional forms or “C3-C4 hybrids”, although this name is basically not true due to the different biochemistry of the mechanism of CO2 concentration [35].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The concentrating mechanism of these plants is based on the so-called C2 photosynthesis, which uses photorespiration enzymes.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

If Rubisco uses oxygen as a substrate instead of carbon dioxide, 2-phosphoglycolate is formed, which is processed during photorespiration.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In peroxisomes, glycolate is converted to glycine, two glycine molecules are condensed to form serine and CO2 using the glycine decarboxylase complex (GDK).


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In C3-C4 transition plants, active GDK is localized only in the cells of the bundle lining, so that glycine transported from mesophyll is decarboxylated there and enriches CO2 cells.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Mesophyll cells also express GDK proteins, but it is not active here, since one or more expressed subunits contain mutations.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Due to the glycine-serine shuttle and the transport of C2 compounds, this form of metabolism is sometimes called “C2 photosynthesis”.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The advantage of this shuttle mechanism is that CO2 is not released in each cell separately, but is concentrated inside the lining cells.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

As a result, the chance for re-capture of carbon dioxide is significantly increased, Rubisco's working conditions improve, which means that photorespiration and associated energy costs are reduced.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

A similar mechanism aimed at reducing photorespiration has been found in at least the following eight families of higher plants: Aizoaceae, Poaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Cleomaceae [36].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In some plants from the genus (Asteraceae), the glycine shuttle functions along with conventional C4 photosynthesis [37].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Ecology


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

According to the latest data, C4 photosynthesis has independently occurred at least 65 times in 19 different families, and is an unrivaled example of convergent evolution [38] [39].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In many genera, both C3- and C4 species are found.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

C4 plants account for 5% of total plant biomass and 3% of total plant species [40] [41].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

They occupy only 17% of the Earth's surface, but they carry out about 30% of terrestrial photosynthesis [42].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In total, about 8,100 species [43] are known that use the C4 carbon fixation pathway, all of them belong to flowering plants.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Among dicotyledonous plants, only 4.5% of all plants use this route, and 40% among monocotyledonous plants.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Despite this, in the treasure trove of monocotyledonous C4 plants are found only in three families, while in dicotyledonous ones - in 16 families.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The largest group of C4 plants among monocotyledonous plants is undoubtedly herbs; 46% of all herbs use C4 photosynthesis, which corresponds to 60% of all C4 plant species.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

This group includes crops such as corn, sugar cane, millet and sorghum [44] [45].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In the dicotyledonous treasure, the maximum number of C4 species falls on the order of Caryophyllales.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Of all the Caryophyllales families, the richest family in this respect is the Chenopodiaceae family, in which 550 out of 1400 species use C4 photosynthesis.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

About 250 out of 1,000 closely related Amaranthaceae species also use C4 photosynthesis [40] [46].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Most C4 plants grow in the tropics and subtropics below 45° latitude in conditions of high temperatures, lack of water and plenty of sunlight.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

It is in such climatic conditions that they can successfully compete with C3 plants due to the lack of photorespiration.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

However, this does not mean the dominance of C4 metabolism in dry and warm conditions.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Thus, only four species of C4 plants were found in the southeastern Karakum [14].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Speaking about arid and warm places, it should be noted that C4 species grow in moderately arid conditions, when there is water, but it is not always enough.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

CAM plants predominate in extra-arid conditions [8].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Analysis of the flora of North America showed that in California, C4 plants account for 4.38% of all species, and among cereals - 82%, while in the Great Lakes region and Quebec - only 0.17% of all species and 12% among cereals.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

There are practically no C4 species in tropical rain forests [14].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In California's Death Valley, 70% of all growing species are C4 plants [8].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

They also predominate in the southern steppes and savannas.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

C4 species account for more than two-thirds of all grass species below 30° latitude, while above 50° latitude C3 grasses predominate.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

At a latitude of 35—38°, the flora is equally rich in C3- and C4 species [47].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In temperate climates, C4 species are mostly active in late spring and summer.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In contrast, C3 species are active throughout the year.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In habitats with harsh winters, C3 species usually begin to grow several weeks earlier than C4 species.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

As a rule, C4 grasses are rarely found in cold regions, such as in the boreal zone between 50 and 65 degrees latitude or at high altitude.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The exception is the treeless alpine tundra zone with its dry climate.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In addition, the Orinus thoroldii C4 herb has been discovered in Tibet, growing at an altitude of 5,200 meters.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In general, they do not enter the polar and circumpolar regions (beyond the latitude of 65°) [48].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Many C4 plants are resistant to cold, hundreds of C4 perennials are able to survive frost down to -20°C at rest.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

They thrive even in temperate and cool climates, such as the southern coast of New Zealand or the coastal swamps on the Atlantic coast of Canada and the United Kingdom.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In cold and dry conditions, shrubs with C4 photosynthesis grow, for example, species of the genus Atriplex, which can grow as early as April, in the presence of snow and freezing temperatures.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Such plants are especially abundant in the alpine tundra, where they are found in abundance at an altitude of more than 3,500 or even 4,800 meters, as is the case in the Andes.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

When growing at an altitude of more than 3,500 meters, mountain C4 species are able to tolerate night frosts with freezing temperatures and occasional snowfalls, which can occur here even in the middle of summer [47].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The analysis shows that such mountain C4 species grow in certain microsites, often on the southeastern slopes between rocks, where there is no wind, and intense sunlight during the day can heat the leaf is 10—25°C higher than the air temperature, so that photosynthesis takes place at a temperature of 25—35°C.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

An increase in leaf temperature during the day is a prerequisite for the successful competition of such high-mountain plants with C3 species [47].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Abiotic factors


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Photosynthesis depends on a number of abiotic factors that influence each other.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

One such factor is the concentration of CO2, which is recorded during photosynthesis.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

If we assume that the amount of light in excess is not a limiting factor in itself, we can see that there will be an increase in the rate of photosynthesis with an increase in the concentration of CO2 in the environment.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

This process is limited — the rate of photosynthesis reaches saturation, and at sufficiently high concentrations it can even decrease.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

On the other hand, when the concentration of carbon dioxide is too low, its fixation during photosynthesis is balanced by photorespiration and respiration processes.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The point at which both processes are in equilibrium is called the CO2 compensation point.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

C4 plants have an effective mechanism for assimilating CO2 through the enzyme FEP carboxylase and weak photorespiration, so their CO2 compensation point tends to almost zero (< 0.001 volume percent CO2 [49]).


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

As can be seen from the graph, the photosynthesis rate in C4 plants with a low CO2 content increases much faster than that of C3, so at low concentrations of carbon dioxide, C4 plants always have competitive advantage.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

For most higher C3 plants, the CO2 compensation point is at fairly high concentrations and amounts to 0.005—0.015% CO2 [1] in the ambient air.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

On the other hand, the rate of photosynthesis of C4 plants reaches a plateau and stops growing at a CO2 content slightly above its usual concentration in the air, which is due to the complete saturation of the enzyme FEP - carboxylases.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In C3 plants, the rate of photosynthesis continues to increase even after a twofold increase in CO2 content compared to normal.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Their photosynthesis saturation is achieved at approximately 0.05-0.10% CO2 [49].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In this regard, the opinion has been repeatedly expressed that an increase in anthropogenic CO2 emissions shifts the ecological balance in favor of C3 plants [43].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

As already mentioned, due to the injection of carbon dioxide C4, plants can keep the stomata in a more closed position and significantly save water.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Water loss for transpiration in C4 plants is 250—350 g of H2O with an increase in the dry weight of the plant by 1 g, and in C3 — 450—950 g [7].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In C4 plants, the compensation light point is much higher than that of C3 plants, they need much more light to fully exist and grow.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Nevertheless, in high light conditions, they are much higher than C3 plants in terms of photosynthesis intensity and growth rate [50].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Under natural conditions, C4 plants do not achieve light saturation, and on clear days they use light completely even at noon, but the high point of light compensation imposes restrictions on their growth in low light conditions, that is, their growth is limited by light, and only when a severe lack of water causes them to close their stomata, and therefore reduce their carbon dioxide consumption gas, their growth is limited by the CO2 concentration [8].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

It is known that the work of the concentrating mechanism of C4 plants requires additional energy costs in the form of ATP and NADPH: 3 ATP molecules and 2 NADPH molecules per CO2 molecule for the C3 pathway and 5 ATP molecules and 2 NADPH molecules in the case of the C4 pathway.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Be that as it may, the costs pay off, as at high CO2 concentrations at the caboxylation site, the oxygenase reaction is significantly suppressed, and energy losses in photorespiration are significantly reduced.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Therefore, C4 metabolism does not necessarily require large energy consumption; in fact, at elevated temperatures, C4 photosynthesis is energetically more profitable than C3 photosynthesis, as evidenced by the graph temperature dependence of photosynthesis.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The reason for this is that since the oxygen content in the atmosphere is much higher than the carbon dioxide content, Rubisco's oxygenase activity increases more with increasing temperature than carboxylase.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Therefore, in a warm climate, C4 plants, which not only have a reduced need for water supply, but also suppressed photorespiration, have a significant advantage compared to C3 plants [11].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

For most C3 plants in the temperate climatic zone, the temperature optimum of photosynthesis falls on 25—30°C.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In plants with C4- and CAM metabolism, the temperature optimum is 30—35°C [1].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In addition, C4 metabolism provides plants with more efficient use of nitrogen.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Due to the presence of a concentrating mechanism, they need significantly less Rubisco than C3 plants, which compensate for the low concentration of CO2 in the carboxylation site with a high content Rubisco in chloroplasts.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

It is estimated that a C4 plant needs about 13-20% of the amount of Rubisco C3 plant in order to achieve the same photosynthesis rate.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Free nitrogen, which is not consumed by Rubisco, is used to synthesize lumen proteins and water-soluble proteins [51].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

It is calculated that the efficiency of nitrogen use per leaf area in C4 plants is higher than that of C3.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

This, however, does not mean that they contain less nitrogen or that they are associated with nitrogen-poor soils.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

For example, C4 grasses used for sowing lawns are very demanding on the presence of nutrients in the soil, as they have evolved in conditions in which nutrients were abundant [52].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Limited life forms


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

With a few exceptions, all C4 plants are represented by herbs and shrubs - there are no trees among them.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In places where C4 plants predominate, forests are not formed and a completely different landscape is formed.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The exception is members of the genus Euphorbia endemic to Hawaii, reaching a height of 6 to 10 meters.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

is a shade-tolerant tree from Oahu that grows in the shade of other trees; Euphorbia olowaluena grows in dry forests on the island of Hawaii.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Two other species that grow in Hawaii, and can also become small trees up to 4 meters high.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Another exception to the paradigm of the absence of trees among C4 plants is the Haloxylon ammodendron saxaul growing in Kazakhstan, whose old individuals can grow up to 10-12 meters and form dominant, central trunk.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Haloxylon ammodendron forms dense plantations along rivers in Central Asia, sometimes referred to as forests in the broad sense of the word; however, these “forests” are more like tall thickets shrubs and are not typical forests, as in areas with moderate humidity, where trees can grow more than 20 meters in height [53]


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The absence, with a few exceptions, in trees of the C4 path, as well as the low representation of C4 plants in the undergrowth, has long been the subject of discussion.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

It is often hypothesized that due to increased energy requirements, C4 photosynthesis is ineffective in low light conditions.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Although recent data show that C4 plants are indeed slightly less adapted to shading compared to C3 species, this difference is not so significant and does not explain why C4 trees do not were able to form in more open spaces.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Various explanations are put forward from the standpoint of evolution, physiology and ecology, but so far there is no clear answer to this question [53].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Comparison of characteristics of C3-, C4- and CAM plants


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Economic importance


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Among cultivated plants, C4 species (corn, sorghum, some types of millet, sugar cane) are more important than among wild plants, their productivity ranges from 33% (taking into account residues, not used for their intended purpose, such as cereal straw, stems and leaves of root crops) up to 38% of the total productivity of major crops [14].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

These plants also have higher growth rates.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Under optimal irrigation and fertilization conditions, corn and sugar cane crops are the most productive of the known agrocenoses [56].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

C4 plants also include the most resistant weeds, including 8 of the 10 most malicious weeds, such as pig finger and chicken millet [11].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

C4 plants can also be used to produce biofuels, such as corn in the US or sugar cane in Brazil.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Alternatively, the option of growing cold-resistant C4 cereals, such as millet, for the production of cellulosic ethanol is also being considered.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

For example, the yield of cold-resistant cereals from the genus Miscanthus is 15—29 tons of dry matter per hectare per year [57].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

One of the problems associated with the growth of the world's population is the depletion of food supplies, especially since the amount of arable land available for cultivation is steadily decreasing.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

One of the ways to increase yields is to use C4 photosynthesis.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The simplest possible approach is to change wild, uncultivated C4 species in order to create a new crop on their basis.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

For example, breeding methods could be used to breed a rice-like cultivated plant from chicken millet [58].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

An alternative approach is to introduce the C4 path into existing cultivated C3 plants using genetic engineering methods.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Rice, which serves as a grain crop for half of the world, and soybeans, capable of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, are considered as the main candidates for such a transformation.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

To work in this direction, a large international project was assembled, organized on the basis in the Philippines, called “Project C4-Ris”, which includes 12 laboratories from eight countries.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In December 2015, the project announced the creation of a rice cultivar with a rudimentary form of C4 photosynthesis.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

All the main enzymes of the C4 pathway were built into the cells of this variety, although the created plants still rely on C3 photosynthesis for the most part.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Nevertheless, this result showed the fundamental possibility of the C4 cycle in rice [59].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

As of today, all attempts to start a C4 cycle within one cell by simply introducing the appropriate enzymes have either failed or have been extremely ineffective.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The reason for many early failures was the absence in transformable plants of the proteins described above, regulators of the main enzymes of C4 metabolism, which would ensure their adjustment in accordance with the level of illumination and energy state of the cell, as well as regulatory genetic sequences necessary for the correct expression of key proteins.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Another serious obstacle is the absence of any barriers in this scheme against the leakage of CO2 from the cell.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The most obvious solution would be to create a full-fledged fender anatomy, but at the moment the genes responsible for the development of such a structure remain unknown, and their search remains a priority direction [60].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Evolution


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

According to modern geological data, C4 photosynthesis arose in the Oligocene about 30 million years BC [38].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

This period is characterized by a drop in temperature and carbon dioxide concentration (from 1000 ppm (parts per million) to about 300 ppm).


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In addition, the atmospheric concentration of O2 increased from 18% to 21%.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

There were extremely unfavorable conditions for C3 photosynthesis, which contributed to the high intensity of photorespiration.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

It is assumed that it was the low availability of CO2 that was the reason for the beginning of the selection of plants with injection mechanisms, which ultimately led to the emergence of C4- and CAM paths of the modern type.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In addition, the climate of that time became more arid, and open spaces with high light appeared (steppes, empty, prairies, pampas, savannahs).


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The seasonality of the climate and the frequency of fires also increased, which also probably played a significant role in the selection of signs of C4- and CAM species [61].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

A decrease in CO2 concentration is considered an important evolutionary trigger and a common prerequisite for the formation of C4 plants, but not necessarily the main one.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Since C4 photosynthesis has evolved over 30 million years since its first appearance, local factors undoubtedly played an important role.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

There are six global centers that are considered as the nucleus for many C4 Eudicots and some cereals: North America, South America, South Africa, East Africa and Arabia, Central Asia and Australia.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

These are warm and dry regions with a moderately arid climate and regular rainfall during the summer.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Salty, sandy or dry soils contributed to the emergence and spread of C4 plants, another favorable factor was the high level of insolation.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

About 23 million years ago, C4 plants were already widely distributed in Africa, America and South Asia.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The distribution was gradual, especially in the low and middle latitudes [39].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

This type of photosynthesis gained global, ecological significance only after the widespread spread of C4 cereals and the expansion of the influence of C4 plants in meadow ecosystems and savannas.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

This happened at the end of the Miocene and the beginning of the Pliocene about 2 to 8 million years ago.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

It remains controversial whether the decrease in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere was a global common factor for this spread (at least it is an important prerequisite for this).


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Other reasons could well be climate change, the emergence of large herbivores and an increase in the frequency of forest fires [62].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Stages of C4 metabolism formation


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

From an evolutionary point of view, the conversion of C3 plants to C4 is a fairly simple process: all the necessary structural elements and enzymes are already present in C3 plants.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

For example, FEP carboxylase enzymes and chloroplast NADP-malate dehydrogenase are normally present in the closing cells of C3 plants, where they provide the synthesis of malate ions necessary for the opening of stomatal crevices.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Similarly, all plants have malik-enzyme isoforms that are located in the cytosol, chloroplasts or mitochondria and normally provide anaplerotic metabolic pathways.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Strong clustering of C4 species within certain groups, for example, the PACMAD treasure, within which C4 photosynthesis occurred about 18 times [39], indicates that not all C3 plants are equally good are suitable for the occurrence of C4 photosynthesis, and that this requires favorable preadaptations.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

To date, the process of formation of C4 metabolism is as follows: at the first stage, there was an accumulation of favorable preadaptations, such as a high number of veins in the leaf, as well as genome-wide doubling, which resulted in copies of the genes necessary for the C4 pathway.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Subsequently, these copies underwent appropriate specialization.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

At the second stage, protocrantz anatomy was consistently formed: the lining cells increased in size, the number of organelles increased in them, mitochondria shifted and clustering occurred, and chloroplasts.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

It is assumed that such transformations could be beneficial to the plant, as they led to the appearance of a single-celled glycine shuttle, which allowed the plant to release CO2 from photorespiration metabolites in close proximity to chloroplasts.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Such plants are found in nature and their CO2 compensation point is 5— 15% lower than that of typical C3 plants.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

At the third stage, full-fledged C2 photosynthesis occurred: the number of mesophyll cells decreased in relation to the cells of the bundle lining, and GDK was inactivated in mesophyll cells.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

At the fourth stage, full-fledged C4 photosynthesis emerged on the basis of these plants.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

The assumption about the emergence of C4 species from C3-C4 transition forms arose, in particular, on the basis that in some of the latter, the activity of FEP-carboxylase, PFDC and NADP-ME was 2—5 times higher than in C3 species.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

During the final, fifth stage, the new concentrating mechanism was optimized and fine-tuned for the most effective action, which ultimately led to the emergence of full-fledged C4 plants.


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

There should have been an increase in the expression of key enzymes and the emergence of the necessary regulatory mechanisms, an improvement in the kinetic qualities of FEP carboxylase, and a decrease in Rubisco expression in cells mesophyll and change of stomata operating mode [63].


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

See also


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

ABC flower development model


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

CAM photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Photorespiration


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Photosynthesis


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Notes


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Literature


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In Russian


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

In English


Question: Where was the Hatch Slack cycle opened?

C4 photosynthesis

Category:Photosynthesis


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast is divided into cultural and educational, business, ship, event, ecological tourism, excursions.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Manor and park complexes that allow the development of manor tourism are well preserved.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The Silver Necklace of Russia tourist route passes through the region.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Description


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The bulk of tourists visit Vologda (450 thousand people), Kirillovsky District (307 thousand people) and Cherepovets (220 thousand people).


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

[1] Vologda is known as the “city with carved palisade” — one of the main centers of wooden architecture in Russia, distinguished by its stylistic diversity — from classicism to modern.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The Ferapontov Monastery with frescoes of Dionysius is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The ensemble of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery is on the State List of Particularly Valuable Objects of Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of the Russian Federation and is one of the most visited places by tourists.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

15 settlements have bright urban planning ensembles.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Among them are Vologda, Belozersk, Kirillov, Ferapontovo, Totma (which has its own school of temple architecture) and Ustyuzhna.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Cherepovets is the birthplace of artist V. IN. Vereshchagin and his brother N. IN. Vereshchagin, who came up with a recipe for Vologda oil.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

A museum has been opened in their ancestral estate.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Near Cherepovets there is a museum of the poet Igor Severyanin, and in Nikolsky there is the house of the poet Nikolai Rubtsov.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Natural attractions include the Darwin State Reserve, the Russian North National Park.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Only 8% of the region is under protection.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Other attractions are associated with the city of Vytegra (Onega petroglyphs), ancient spiritual rituals are held in the villages of Sizma and Nyuksenitsa, the Ustye is the center of boating skills, Gryazovets is an ancient merchant a town with estates and ancient parks, Tarnoga is famous for the production of honey, Nikolsk is associated with the name of the writer Alexander Yashin and his “Bobrishny Ugor”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Veliky Ustyug became famous as the birthplace of Santa Claus.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The village of Pozharishche, Nyuksensky district, stands out for ethno-cultural events


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

[4] Vytegorsky District has two unique facilities: ATLEK, which is a watershed of the water systems of the Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Caspian Sea, as well as a fifty-meter a cliff on the shore of Lake Onega Andoma Mountain.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

[5] The Lipin Bor — the Kingdom of the Goldfish project is developing in Vashkinsky District.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

According to the assessment of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2007), Vologda, Cherepovets, Velikoustyugsky, Kirillovsky, Vologda districts are the most developed in terms of tourism; Cherepovets, Totemsky, Gryazovetsky and Belozersky districts are medium developed; Ust-Kubinsky, Ustyuzhensky, Sheksninsky, Sokolsky, Vytegorsky, Babaevsky and Chagodoshchensky districts have a low level of development; a very low level of development is noted


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Nikolsky, Syamzhensky, Kharovsky, Mezhdurechensky, Vashkinsky, Babushkinsky, Nyuksensky, Tarnogsky, Kaduysky, Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky, Verkhovazhsky and Vozhegodsky districts.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Vologda oil (has protected regional status) Vologda laceNorthern niello


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Manor tourism


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Eight historical Russian estates have been preserved in the region:


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Bryanchaninov Manor


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Usadba Nesvoyskoye


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Galsky Manor


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

House-museum of I. A. Milyutina


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The house-museum of V.V.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Vereshchagin


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Batyushkov and Kuprin Manor


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Vladimirovka Manor


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Kachalovs' manor “Khvalevskoe”


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Event tourism


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Babayevsky District:


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Interregional festival of Veps culture “The Tree of Life”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Babayevsky district, d. Pyazhozero.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

A festival-walk in the Veps village on the shore of the legendary lake.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Veps pyrgs, Veps folklore, Veps fishing and crafts.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

A traditional holiday that is attended by guests not only from the Vologda Oblast, but also from other volosts.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

“The country of folk dolls”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Babaevsky district, Toropovskoye rural settlement.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

A fabulous show, a meeting with a whole city of folk dolls, an atelier of doll outfits and accessories, a winter exhibition of dollhouses, a fashion show of live dolls.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The holiday “People's Herbalist”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Babayevsky district, p. Borisovo-Sudskoye.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

A cultural and event project with various competitions (Hundred Throwers, Competition for the Best Tea Set, Tara's Herbalist, etc.), folk games and amusements.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Babushkinsky District


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Interdistrict creative contest “We and Space”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Babushkinsky district s.im.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Babushkina.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

A modeling contest on a space theme, as well as a drawing — poster contest.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Events dedicated to the celebration of P.I.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Belyaeva.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Babushkinsky district s.im.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Babushkina.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Within the framework of the program, a scientific and practical conference, a tent camp, a festival of children and youth “Star Rain”, and the work of the tourist route “Roads Have Laid From Here into Space”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

“Spasskaya Yarmarka” Festival.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Babushkinsky district s.im.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Babushkina.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Traditionally, the Festival of Russian Song “Bonfires Ledengi”, an open festival - competition “Your Majesty Grandmother”, exhibitions of folk craftsmen, master classes on TNK are held.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Belozersky District:


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Interregional festival “Byliny Beloozero” as part of the celebration of the City Day.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

g. Belozersk.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

It includes a festival of military skills “Belozerskaya Fortress”, a craft festival “Along Mostovaya Street”, theatrical and concert performances “Epic City”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Fisherman's Festival “Maeksa — Fisherman's Village”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Belozersky district, p. Maex.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Every year, Maeksa celebrates Fisherman's Day on the second Sunday in July.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

This is a holiday for professionals and fishing enthusiasts, for residents and tourists.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The holiday is designed to contribute to the development of rural tourism, the development of the comprehensive tourist project “Gosudarev Rybny Yard”, and the preservation and development of fishing traditions.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Social Documentary Film Festival in memory of V.M.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Shukshin “Man in the Frame”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

g. Belozersk.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Within the framework of the festival, thematic meetings are held with cultural and film figures, screenings of documentaries by filmmakers from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Vologda on socially significant topics are held.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Festival “Oryol readings in memory of the poet S.S. Orlov”, August.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

g. Belozersk.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Oryol readings have been held since the opening of the S. Orlov in Belozersk, traditionally take part in them relatives and friends of the poet - famous writers, poets, actors, public figures from different cities of our country, as well as residents and guests of Belozersk.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Vashkinsky District:


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

“Goldfish Birthday” holiday, June.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Vashkinsky district, p. Lipin Bor.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Inter-district children's holiday.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Velikoustyugsky District:


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Game “School of Magic of the Russian Santa Claus”, St. Veliky Ustyug.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Each guest is offered a “Record Book” with a list of academic disciplines taught at the show facilities of the Patrimony of Santa Claus and city tourist display facilities.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

After receiving “tests” in all subjects, visitors are given certificates of passing the “School of Magic” of the Russian Santa Claus with the title of “Novice Wizard” and a wizard's hat.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

International Competition-Festival of Musical and Artistic Creativity “Visiting a Fairy Tale”, St. Veliky Ustyug.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The contest-festival “Visiting a Fairy Tale” is: - The brightest and most talented artists from all over the country and from abroad; - Free master classes from famous artists and the best teachers; - Competent jury that evaluates the participants' performances in 10 nominations; - Colorful gala concert and award ceremony of the contest-festival; - New impressions and acquaintances.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Extreme festival in Veliky Ustyug, St. Veliky Ustyug.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Santa Claus Extreme Festival is an annual celebration of technical sports.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The Russian Snowmobile Cross Cup, the Russian Jeep Trial Championship and the Santa Claus Country Cross Cup are held in the homeland of the Russian Santa Claus.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

In addition, as part of the Extreme Festival, demonstrations of world freestyle stars on snowmobiles will be held.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Professionals from Sweden, the USA and other countries come to Veliky Ustyug.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Festival “In the Glades of Santa Claus”, the patrimony of Santa Claus.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

All-Russian music festival of children and youth creativity.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The holiday of Russian bast shoes, July, the patrimony of Santa Claus.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

On the first weekend of July, Santa Claus invites you to visit him for the summer holiday of Russian Bast Shoes!


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The Wizard prepares many miracles for his guests.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Bast shoes on the Votchina are everywhere on this day: on the festive Fairy Tales Trail, on the gaming bast glades, on the main stage.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

City Day holiday, Prokopievskaya Fair, St. Veliky Ustyug, Lenin Square, city sites, City mass holiday.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

International campaign “Birthday of Santa Claus”, 18.11.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Velikoustyugsky District, the patrimony of Santa Claus, the holiday “Birthday of Santa Claus” has been held annually on November 18, since 2005.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The events take place in the form of a citywide theatrical festival sequentially at several concert venues, streets and squares.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Every year fairy-tale heroes from Russian regions and foreign countries come to the festival.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The culmination of the holiday is the lighting by Santa Claus of lights on the first New Year tree in Veliky Ustyug, symbolizing the opening of the New Year period in Russia.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Verkhovazhsky district:


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Interregional Alekseevskaya Fair, August.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

s. Verkhovazhye.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Preservation of the historical and cultural heritage of Verkhovazhsky Krai, deepening economic integration and cultural cooperation, strengthening historical ties between Verkhovazhsky district and neighboring regions.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Vozhegodsky District:


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Kid's Cup competition, February.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

p. Vozhega, ski resort “Yenovka”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Regional children's cross-country skiing competitions for the prizes of two-time Olympic champion A. Bogaliy.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The Kid's Cup is two days of stubborn struggle, exciting starts, beautiful finishes, competition with worthy opponents.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

g. Vologda:


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Interregional exhibition of tourist services and hospitality technologies “Gates of the North”, April.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The exhibition is aimed at developing and promoting domestic and inbound tourism programs in the territories of the North-West of Russia, as well as developing interregional cooperation between tourism enterprises business.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The annual International Event “Night of Museums”, May.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Every year, the city of Vologda takes part in the International Event “Night of Museums”.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The program includes concerts, bell ringing, theatrical performances, master classes, work of all exhibitions and expositions.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Festival Theatrical and concert project “Summer in the Kremlin”.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Traditionally, every year with odd numbering Vologda becomes the center of a theatrical festival, in which the best ensembles from Russia and abroad, theaters of Vologda region take part.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Every year, with even numbering, the audience is pleased with both theatrical and concert performances.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Fourth Vologda Festival.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The festival is dedicated to the work of writer Varlaam Shalamov.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

One of the main goals of the festival is to focus on the example of moral behavior, which Varlaam Shalamov has been a model throughout his life.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The festival will bring together different types of art: cinema, theater, photography, contemporary art.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Voice of Crafts International Festival.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Today, the Voice of Crafts is the only festival in Russia where seven competition programs present a full palette of traditional folk crafts.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The Vologda Architecture Days festival is, first of all, a platform for communication.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Architects, heritage advocates, city authorities, journalists, students, urban communities gather around the festival.”


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

VOICES International Young European Film Festival.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The VOICES Festival, the International Feature Film Festival, has become a meeting place for a new generation of European filmmakers.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Every year, the festival presents works by both famous and aspiring filmmakers.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Exhibition “World Ex-libris Congress in Vologda”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The art of an engraved book sign, or ex-libris, has been well known in Vologda since the beginning of the 20th century.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The collection of the ex-libris of the Vologda Regional Art Gallery among art museums is one of the best in the country.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Open festival of poetry and music “Rubtsovskaya Autumn”.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The festival is dedicated to the work of Nikolai Mikhailovich Rubtsov, one of the most famous poets in Vologda region.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The annual open international festival of multimedia creativity “Multimatograf”.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The Multimatograf Festival has been held in Vologda every spring since 2004.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Multimatograf has gained wide popularity in Russia among professional communities (animators, video makers, video artists), as well as far beyond the borders of the country.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

“Multimatograf” is a place where worthwhile works find their audience, and it is also an opportunity for young authors to show themselves and their works, be seen on the big screen, compete with by professionals.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Gavrilinsky International Music Festival.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The festival has been counting down since 1999.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The Vologda Oblast is the birthplace of Valery Gavrilin, an outstanding composer of the second half of the 20th century, the author of the famous ballet Anyuta, vocal and choral works, music for theatrical performances and movies.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The name of Valery Gavrilin runs through the events of the festival: concerts in which the composer's works are heard, creative meetings, the Gavrilinsky Hour of a scientific and practical conference.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

International exhibition-fair “Russian Forest”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

“Russian Forest” is an annual international exhibition-fair that provides products, services and technologies for the timber, pulp and paper and wood processing industries, as well as for enterprises timber industry engineering.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The theme of the exhibition-fair covers all segments of the timber industry complex from reforestation and forest management to a complete waste-free technology for processing wood raw materials and manufacturing processes finished products made of wood and its derivatives.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

“Vologda is the New Year Capital of the Russian North”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Vologodsky District:


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Traditional “Horse Festival”, d. Erofeika holiday.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

People gather here to see a beautiful spectacle — competitions of Russian triples, cheer for participants in sports motorcycle races, witness real competitions in motor racing and traditional homemade equipment competition — Caracat Show.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Snow clunkers competitions are also held here - this is an exciting fun event, where the main emphasis is homemade vehicles based on sledges, ice balls, cheesecakes, decorated in original themes, fun to music descending from a huge 20 meter mountain.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Your Extreme Sound Electronic Music Festival, August


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

s. Striznevo, Every year on the territory of the Y.E.S. Active Recreation and Tourism Center Striznevo hosts the loudest OPEN AIR in the North-West of Russia in the open air — the electronic music festival “YOUR EXTREME SOUND”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Real electronic music stars from the top list of Russia and the World come to the festival.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The best headliners and fans of electronic music gather on one site.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

A tent camp area is organized on the territory of the festival.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Vytegorsky District:


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Interregional Shipbuilding and Shipping Festival for Children and Youth, August.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

g. Vytegra.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The participants are teams of schoolchildren from many regions.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Each team will present a presentation of its activities and hold its own master class on shipbuilding, shipping and maritime history.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The program of the Festival includes: for participants — the School of Adventure competitions and the work of the educational center “Shipbuilders of Prionezhye”; for club leaders — a round table.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Kaduy District:


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Regional rural summer sports games “Vologda Dawns”.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Kirillovsky District:


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Prussian winter “Winter Fortress”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The program includes a festival of snow sculptures “Siversky Tales”, games and entertainment, sports, fist fights and good fun, craftsmen's ranks of blacksmiths, carpenters, potters.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Krasnaya Gorka Easter Festival.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Kirillo-Belozersky Museum-Reserve.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The revival of love and interest in the history and traditions of Russian Orthodox culture, education and charity are the main goals of the Easter festival.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Russian-Chinese festival of Russian song.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Guests of the Kirillo-Belozersky Museum will have an excellent opportunity to get to know Chinese culture better and hear well-known songs performed by foreign guests.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Kirillo-Belozerskaya Siege Festival.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The festival will present a Russian medieval fortress city, whose inhabitants will fight in the battle against the Polish-Lithuanian invaders.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The event that gave the festival its name took place more than four centuries ago and played a significant role in the history of Russia.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The brave defenders of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery not only withstood the long-term siege, but also inflicted a crushing defeat on the enemy's troops.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Festival guests will see all this.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Traditionally, artillery and cavalry will be involved in the reconstruction of the battle.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The audience will enjoy demonstrations of clubs, a historical fashion show and equestrian tournaments, as well as a concert of medieval music.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Interregional historical festival “Sugorye”.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Kirillovsky district, Kuzino pier.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Historical reconstruction clubs from all over the country take part in the interregional historical festival “Sugorye”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The festival program includes a large-scale dramatization of the storming of the Old Russian fortress by the Vikings with a boat dragging, a combat catapult, a ram and a voivode duel.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Festival guests can enjoy the enchanting sounds of medieval musical instruments, feel like a blacksmith and potter, shoot archery and crossbow, try on chain mail and helmet, visit at the “Prince's Court”.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Nikolsky District:


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Interregional Nikolskaya-Ilyinsky Fair, July.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The interregional Nikolskaya-Ilyinsky Fair is a vivid example of the revival of historical traditions.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The modern fair is the brightest and biggest event in the city of Nikolsk.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The number of participants in the holiday reaches ten thousand.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Six hundred outlets, dozens of competitions, interactive workshops, retro platforms.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Nikolskaya-Ilyinsky Fair serves to develop interregional cultural ties.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Interregional festival “Slavyane Pouyuzhya”, August.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The opening of the festival is marked by a theatrical performance near the Ancient Gorodishche and a procession of creative teams to the Central Square.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Within the framework of the festival, there are stages and master classes on primordial Russian folk creative traditions, folk crafts and cuisine of residents of the Pouyuzhye.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Song and vocal competitions are held.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Nyuksensky District:


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

All-Russian Festival of Cultures “Living Antiquity”, June.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

d. Conflagration, The program includes: a ritual procession through the village with traditional songs; walking near the swing: dances, round dances, games; trade in homemade beer and pies; fair of folk applied products creativity; brotherhood in the clearing (with their own treats).


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Sokolsky District:


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Regional festival of national cultures of the peoples of Russia “Glory, birch Rus!” , june.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

A big gala concert with the invitation of creative teams from the districts of the Vologda Oblast with the performance of songs and dances of different peoples of Russia and the former Soviet Union, a drawing contest “My Home is my Russia”, an exhibition of dishes of national cuisine of the peoples of Russia, playgrounds with traditional games of the peoples of Russia, an open-air reading room with an exhibition of books and magazines of different peoples Russia, contests and quizzes.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Tarnogsky District:


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Festival-fair “Tarnoga is the honey capital of Vologda Krai”, August.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Within the framework of the holiday, an exhibition and sale of folk and art crafts, trade in food and industrial goods, as well as a honey festival are organized.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

There are various playgrounds for children and adults.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

In two days, a beekeepers contest is held, which has become highly popular among beekeepers in the region.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Totemsky District:


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

All-Russian Rubtsovsky Readings, January.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

It is dedicated to the birthday of the great poet N.M.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Rubtsova.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Work in sections.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Meetings with creative people — poets, performers of songs based on Rubtsov's poems, artists.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

“Russian America Day” holiday, July.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

g. Totma — California (USA).


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

On the fourth Sunday of July, California, Fort Ross, founded by Totmich Ivanov Alexandrovich Kuskov, celebrates the Day of Russian History.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

By analogy with this event, the Totmichi decided to add another one to the series of summer holidays — the Day of Russian America.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Theatrical performance, workshops, teleconference with Fort Ross (California, USA).


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Interregional rally “School of Travelers Fedor Konyukhov”, August.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Competitions in orienteering, rock climbing, creative competition.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Rubtsovskaya Autumn Festival, September Totma, s. Nikolskoye.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

As part of the regional festival, the arrival of creative teams to Totma and the village. Nikolskoye.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Concert programs.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Ust-Kubinsky District:


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Boat Festival Ust-Kubinsky District Day, July.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The festival is held annually on the second weekend of July on the eve of Fisherman's Day.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The main events of the holiday are the Ustyanskaya Fair, the boat making skills competition, the Interregional Ustyansky sailing regatta for novice yachtsmen, the Ustyanskaya Ukha competition, sand sculpture contest, tourist information exhibition, etc.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Ustyuzhensky District:


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Iron Field Interregional Blacksmithing Festival, August.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

In front of the audience, the metal under the blows of a hammer turns into simple nails, horseshoes, or, obeying the hands of the master, bends into intricate floral patterns.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Competition works of the festival, as a rule, become an ornament of the Cathedral Square of the city - a forged wattle fence with shoes and jugs, an old lantern, a savvy flea, a bench under a fabulous mushroom with butterflies and snails, and the pagan sun is a symbol of peace and goodness.


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Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Kharovsky District:


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Annual “Kubenskaya Ukha Holiday”, July.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Kharovsky district, Sorozhino village.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The holiday takes place on the picturesque bank of the river Sit.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

King Neptune welcomes guests with his retinue, invites them to visit the Fair and purchase various goods.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The contest “Fairytale Stars of the Underwater Kingdom” is being held.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

We invite music and dance lovers to a concert and disco.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

There are playgrounds for children and adults.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

And, of course, treating everyone with fragrant fish soup.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Chagodoshchensky District:


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Interdistrict festival “Chagoda is the Motherland of Gray Cabbage Soup”, August.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Chagoda was marked on the “Delicious Map of Russia” as the birthplace of gray cabbage soup.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

The festival consists of four blocks: 1 block: creative performances of the festival participants; Block 2: culinary skills competition “Chagoda is the birthplace of gray cabbage soup” with the popularization of the traditions of Russian cuisine, such as element of Russian national identity and culture; Block 3: exhibition-sale of objects of arts and crafts “Alley of Masters” with the sale of cuts and tubs for cutting crumbs for the manufacture of cabbage soup ; 4th block: literary exhibition “Our cabbage soup — better not look”.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

g. Cherepovets


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

VII Interregional Festival-Competition of Young Performers of the Russian Romance “Classic Roses” named after Igor Severyanin, March.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Propaganda of romance as a genre of musical art.


Question: Was it possible to visit the Totem Museum Association for free in 2018?

Tourism in the Vologda Oblast

Popularization of Russian national traditions and singing culture.