Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

However, the Greek clergy in the Ottoman Empire wore long hair not because it was customary in this environment in Byzantium, but for another reason, the opposite.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Long hair in Byzantium was a sign of secular, not spiritual power, and Greek clergymen began to wear it only after the Turkish conquest - since the Patriarchate of Constantinople in The Ottoman Empire was entrusted with administrative responsibility, and thus the clergy were vested with secular power.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

As a result, the tonsure adopted at one time in Byzantium disappears; in Russia, the tonsura (“gumentso”) was adopted before the Nikon reforms (later it is preserved among the Old Believers) [13].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The cultural, historical and geopolitical context of the reform


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Professor N. F. Kapterev, discussing the reasons that led to “a change in the view of Russians on the relative dignity of Greek and Russian piety”, noted:


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The influence of Byzantium in the Orthodox world <... > was based precisely on the fact that it was a cultural center for all Orthodox peoples of the East, from where science, education, higher and most perfect came to them forms of church and social life, etc. Moscow did not imagine anything similar to old Byzantium in this regard.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

She did not know what science and scientific education were, she did not even have a school at all and people who had received the right scientific education; all her educational capital was point of view, a not particularly rich and diverse inheritance that Russians at different times mediocre or directly received from the Greeks, without adding almost exactly anything to it for their part.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Naturally, therefore, that Moscow's primacy and supremacy in the Orthodox world could only be purely external and very conditional [14].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In the late 1640s, Arseny (Sukhanov) from the metochion of the Athos Zograf Monastery in Moldova reported to the Tsar and the Moscow Patriarch about the burning of books of the Moscow press on Mount Athos (and some others Slavic books) as heretical.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Moreover, Patriarch Paisiy of Jerusalem, having conducted an inquiry on the occasion of the incident and not approving the act of the Athos people, nevertheless spoke in the sense that it is Moscow books that will sin in their ranks and rites.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

“In the 17th century, relations with the East became especially lively. <... > Grecophilism was gradually finding more and more supporters in society, and it was becoming more and more sincere in the government itself. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich himself was a staunch Grecophile. <... > Extensive correspondence with the Eastern Patriarchs clearly expresses Alexei Mikhailovich's goal — to bring the Russian Church into full unity with the Greek. The political views of Tsar Alexei, his view of himself as the heir of Byzantium, the governor of God on earth, the defender of all Orthodoxy, who may free Christians from the Turks and become the king in Constantinople, also forced him to strive for such an identity of the Russian and Greek faiths. From the East, the tsar supported his plans. Thus, in 1649, Patriarch Paisiy, on his visit to Moscow, at a reception with the tsar, directly expressed the wish that Alexei Mikhailovich become tsar in Constantinople: “May New Moses be, let us free from captivity “. <... > The reform was put on a fundamentally new and broader ground: the idea was made by the Greek forces to bring Russian church practice in full agreement with the Greek one.” [15] Similar ideas the tsar and patriarch were inspired by the former Ecumenical Patriarch Athanasius III Patellarius, who was in Moscow in 1653, who took a direct part in the right.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Another significant geopolitical factor that pushed the Moscow government to carry out reforms was the accession of Little Russia, which was then under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the See of Constantinople, to the Russian state:


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Little Russia separated from Poland, recognized Alexei Mikhailovich as its tsar and became part of the Moscow state as its inseparable part.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

But in Moscow, the Orthodoxy of the Little Russians, like the Orthodoxy of the then Greeks, aroused strong doubt because the only thing is that the church and ritual practice of the South Russians converged with the then Greek and varied from Moscow [16].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Speaking about the peculiarities of the religiosity of Patriarch Nikon and his contemporaries, Nikolai Kostomarov noted: “After serving as a parish priest for ten years, Nikon involuntarily learned all the rudeness surrounding him Wednesday and took it with him even to the patriarchal throne. In this regard, he was quite a Russian man of his time, and if he was truly pious, then in the old Russian sense. The piety of the Russian man consisted in the most accurate performance of external techniques, which were attributed the symbolic power that gave God's grace; and Nikon's piety did not go far beyond rituals. The letter of worship leads to salvation; therefore, it is necessary that this letter be expressed as correctly as possible” [17].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The answer received by Nikon in 1655 to his 27 questions, which he addressed immediately after the Council of 1654 to Patriarch Paisiy of Constantinople, is characteristic.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The latter “expresses the view of the Greek Church on the rite as an insignificant part of religion, which can have and had different forms <... > As for the answer to the question of triplets, Paisios evaded a certain answer, limiting itself only to explaining the meaning that the Greeks put into triplets. Nikon understood in the sense he wanted Paisios's answer, since he could not rise to the Greek understanding of the rite. Paisiy, on the other hand, did not know the situation in which the reform was carried out and the urgency with which the question of rituals was raised. A Greek theologian and a Russian scribe could not understand each other” [18].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Main features of the reform


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

If in the first half of the 17th century, books in Moscow were edited with the help of already existing Slavic translations, in the late 1640s it was decided to edit books with the help of Greek books.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

For this purpose, under Patriarch Joseph in 1649, Kiev monks were invited from Kiev, led by Epiphany Slavinetsky, who knew Greek; they were joined by tolmach Arseny the Greek.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The work of the references continued continuously under Patriarch Nikon.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Nikon's first steps towards liturgical reform, taken immediately after joining the patriarchate in July 1652, was the study of documents (certificates) on the establishment of the patriarchate in Moscow (which required the unity of the Church of Moscow with the Greek Church) and comparison of the text of the Creed in the editorial office of printed Moscow liturgical books with the text of the Symbol inscribed on the saxcos of Metropolitan Photius [19].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Having discovered discrepancies between them (as well as between the Service Book and other books), Patriarch Nikon decided to begin correcting texts and individual rituals.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Approximately six months after his accession to the patriarchal throne, on February 11, 1653, the Patriarch indicated that chapters on the number of bows at the prayer of St. Ephraim the Syrian and double-finger sign of the cross.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Some of the references expressed their disagreement, as a result, three were dismissed, including Elder Savvaty and Hieromonk Joseph (in the world Ivan Nasedka).


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Ten days later, at the beginning of Great Lent in 1653, the Patriarch sent a “Memory” to Moscow churches to replace part of the prostrations at the prayer of Ephrem the Syrian with waist ones and on the use of triplets sign of the cross instead of a double-finger sign.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Thus began the reform, which later led to a split in the Russian Orthodox Church.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In the course of the reform, the liturgical tradition was changed in the following paragraphs:


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

A large-scale “book on the right”, expressed in the editing of the texts of the Holy Scriptures and liturgical books, which led to changes in the Slavic translations of some texts, in particular the Symbol faith: the union “a” was removed in the words about faith in the Son of God “born, not created”, the Kingdom of God began to be talked about in the future (“there will be no end”), and not in the present tense (“there is no end”), from the 8th member, who speaks of faith in the Holy Spirit, the word “True” is deleted.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Many other minor changes were made, for example, another letter was added to the name “Jesus” (under the title “Ic”) and it was written “Jesus” (under the title “Iis”).


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Replacing the double-finger sign of the cross with a three-finger sign and the abolition of “throws”, or small prostrations - in 1653, Nikon sent a “memory” to all churches in Moscow, which said: “it is not appropriate for throw churches on your knee, but bow to your waist; you would also be baptized with three fingers.”


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Nikon ordered to hold processions in the opposite direction (against the sun, not salting).


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The exclamation “hallelujah” during the service began to be pronounced not twice (pure hallelujah), but three times (tregubaya).


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The number of prosphora on proskomedia and the print style on prosphora have been changed.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Reaction to reform and conciliar decisions


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In July 1653, Nikon convened a Council in his Crusade Chamber, at which Patriarch Nikon's first public clash with Protopope Ivan Neronov, who was invited to the Council, took place, who, having interceded for Protopope Loggin of Murom, began to insult and accuse Nikon; Neronov was supported by a group of other clerics [20].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Faced with resistance, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, at the request of the patriarch, convened a Council chaired by Tsar and Patriarch Nikon in the tsarist chambers in March-April 1654.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The Council recognized the need to correct Russian church books and rituals according to the “old haratein and Greek” models; the question of fingerprinting was not raised at the Council [20].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In February 1656, during the week of Orthodoxy (the first Sunday of Great Lent), Patriarch Makarius of Antioch and other foreign hierarchs who were in Moscow at that time, in the Assumption Cathedral an anathema has been solemnly proclaimed against those who perform the sign of the cross with two fingers.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In April of the same year, Patriarch Nikon convened a council of Russian bishops, at which all those baptized with two fingers were excommunicated and cursed.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

After the exile and death (April 1656) of Bishop Pavel of Kolomna and Kashira, who was severely punished for his dissenting opinion about bows at the Council of 1654, the movement against reforms was headed by several clerics: Protopopes Avvakum Petrov, Longin Muromsky and Daniil Kostromskoy, pop Lazar Romanovsky, Deacon Fedor, monk Epiphany, pop Nikita Dobrynin, nicknamed Pustosvyat, etc.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Opposition to reforms received a new breath after Nikon's unauthorized abandonment of Moscow in 1658; Metropolitan Makariy (Bulgakov), historian of the Russian Church, drawing attention to the fact that Nikon even after the Council of 1656 for years, allowed service in accordance with the pre-reform tradition, noted: “Preachers of schism found strong patronage for themselves in the coming period of inter-patriarchate; they began to sharply attack the Church and its hierarchy, to incite people against it and, through their outrageous activities, forced the ecclesiastical authorities to use canonical measures against them. And it was then that the Russian schism that existed hitherto arose, formed and established again and which, therefore, in the strict sense, began not under Nikon, but after him.” [20]


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The Great Moscow Cathedral of 1667, condemning and deposing Nikon for unauthorized abandonment of the pulpit in 1658 and confirming the decision of the cathedral in 1656 that all those baptized with two fingers are heretics, and anathematized all those who did not accept the reform.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Later, due to state support for church reform, the name of the Russian Church was assigned exclusively to those who made the decisions of the Councils of 1666 and 1667, and adherents of the pre-reform liturgical traditions (Old Believers) began to be called schismatics and persecuted.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Assessment of the reform


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Nikon is a person that disgust me.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

I would be happier if I hadn't heard about his name... Nikon and the Tsar tried to subdue himself: he wanted to become a pope... Nikon caused confusion and division into the domestic peaceful church before him and a holistic single church .


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Triperstia was imposed on us by the Greeks with the help of curses, tortures and executions... Nikon made Alexei the tsar-father a tyrant and torturer of his people.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Boris Kutuzov, church historian and head (regent) of the Spassky Cathedral of the Andronikov Monastery in Moscow, believes that the main political aspect of the reform was the “Byzantine charm”, that is, the conquest of Constantinople and the revival of the Byzantine Empire with the help and expense of Russia.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In this regard, Tsar Alexei wanted to eventually inherit the throne of the Byzantine emperors, and Patriarch Nikon wanted to become Ecumenical Patriarch [21].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Kutuzov believes that the Vatican had a great interest in the reform, which wanted, using Russia as a weapon against Turkey, to strengthen the influence of Catholicism in the East.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Single-believer priest John Mirolyubov, assessing the “book correction”, believes that “the books were not corrected, but were re-edited not according to Greek, but according to Little Russian sources. It was suggested that the Church Slavonic language in its Great Russian version is unintelligible and incomprehensible to modern man. It should be adapted to the vocabulary and phraseological ornate nature of the new secular culture — Baroque culture. <... > If we take pre-split editions, they are more understandable and more concise” [22].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Timeline


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

February 1651 — the council held on February 11, 1649 refused to introduce “unanimity” in the service instead of “polyglaze” in all churches (as demanded by the tsarist confessor Stefan Vonifatyev and like-minded “God-lovers” with him) [23]; however, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich did not approve the cathedral decree of 1649 on the admissibility of “polyvoice” supported by Patriarch Joseph of Moscow.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The latter appealed to Patriarch Parthenius of Constantinople, who resolved this issue in favor of “unanimity” [24].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The cathedral, which gathered in Moscow on February 9, 1651, approved unanimous singing in churches instead of polyvowels [25].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Patriarch Nikon pointed out to omit chapters on the number of bows at the prayer of St. Ephraim the Syrian and the double-finger sign of the cross in the publication of the Followed Psalter.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

years later, 10 days later, at the beginning of Great Lent in 1653, Patriarch Nikon sent a “Memory” to Moscow churches to replace part of the prostrations at the prayer of Ephrem the Sirin with waist ones and on the use triple-finger sign of the cross instead of the double-finger sign.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

September 1653 — Protopope Avvakum is thrown into the basement of the Andronievsky Monastery, where he spent 3 days and 3 nights “without eating or drinking”.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

They are exhorted to accept “new books”, but to no avail.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Patriarch Nikon ordered him to be cut off.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

But the tsar intercedes, and Avvakum Petrov was exiled to Tobolsk.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

1654 — Patriarch Nikon arranges a church council, which decides to hold a book comparison based on ancient Greek and Slavic manuscripts.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Bishop Pavel of Kolomna and Kashira was among the participants of the cathedral.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

At the cathedral, he spoke out against the abolition of prostrations during the Lenten prayer of Ephraim the Syrian.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Since the final wording adopted at the council did not imply deviations from the old Russian and Greek books, he signed cathedral decrees, but added his dissenting opinion: “Humble bishop Pavel Kolomensky and Kashirsky. And what he said at the holy council about the bow, and that charter of the Charoteina as justification put the building and the other written” [26].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

According to [27], the bishop also wrote: “If anyone from the devoted customs of the holy cathedral church bonks, or attaches them to them, or corrupts them in any way, let there be an anathema.”


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

1654 — 1655 — Patriarch Nikon issues a message with questions about the need to unify Russian rituals according to Greek models, sent questions to Patriarch Paisiy of Constantinople [28], who sent conciliar response, where he noted that the difference in rituals is not a crime against dogmas and a sign of heresy and schism; different local churches may well differ in order, for example, time celebrating the liturgy or what fingers the priest should bless [29] [30].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Meanwhile, in March 1655, Nikon publicly opposed duality, ordering the breaking and burning of icons depicting such a finger when performing the sign of the cross.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The Cathedral in Moscow, which took place from March 25 to March 31 [31], approved the text of the new Missionary based on the Greek Servant of the Venetian edition of 1602.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The beginning of 1656 — On the week of the Triumph of Orthodoxy (on the first Sunday of Great Lent) in 1656 — in the Moscow Assumption Cathedral by Patriarch Makarius of Antioch, Patriarch Gabriel of Serbia and Metropolitan Gregory of Nicene solemnly proclaimed an anathema against those who are baptized with two fingers during the service.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The local council, held in Moscow in April May, condemned the double-finger, and cursed all those baptized in double.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Publication of a book entitled “The Tablet”.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Bishop Pavel Kolomensky was transferred under stricter supervision to the Novgorod Khutyn Monastery, where he was apparently killed.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

1664 — Protopop Habakkuk was exiled to Mezen, where he continued his sermon and supported his followers scattered throughout Russia with messages in which he called himself “the slave and messenger of Jesus Christ”, “protosingel of the Russian Church”.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich delivered a speech before the Grand Moscow Church Council, in which he said that in Russia the Orthodox faith was planted by the apostles through Cyril and Methodius, Olga and Vladimir.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The king called this faith pure wheat.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Then he listed the misconceptions of opponents of the reform (“schismatics” or “devil's seed”), who spoke about the church of blasphemy: “as the church is not a church, divine secrets are not secrets, baptism is not baptism, bishops are not bishops, the writings are flattering, the teachings are unrighteous, and all filth and not pious.” The king further said that it was necessary to clean the wheat (church) from the chaff (schismatics), relying on the authority of four “Adamants”: the Eastern Greek patriarchs.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In response, Metropolitan Joachim spoke on behalf of the Russian bishops, who agreed with the tsar, calling the schismatics “enemies and adversaries” of the church, and who asked the tsar to help the bishops conquer the enemies with the help of tsarist power.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Protopop Avvakum appeared before the Bolshoi Moscow Church Council, who refused to repent, and was sentenced into exile to the Pustozersky prison on the Pechora.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

At the cathedral, Pop Lazarus also refused to repent, for which he was exiled to the same prison.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Deacon Theodore of the Annunciation Cathedral was brought to the cathedral, who did not repent at the cathedral, was anathematized, and was exiled to the Nikolo-Ugreshsky Monastery.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Soon he sent his written repentance to the cathedral, was forgiven, but then returned to his previous views, for which he would be cut off in 1667 and sent to Pustozersky prison, into exile, and then burned live in a log house with Protopope Avvakum.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

At the second stage of the Great Moscow Church Council of 1666—1667, Patriarch Macarius of Antioch, together with Paisius, Patriarch of Alexandria, also participating in the work of the Council, managed to impose extremely tough definitions in relation to Russian Old Believers, which actually made the schism in the Russian Church irreversible.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The Council approved the books of the new press, approved new rituals and ranks, and imposed oathemas and anathemas on old books and rituals.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Supporters of the old rituals were declared schismatics and heretics.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The country was on the verge of religious war.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

1667 — due to the refusal of the brethren of the Solovetsky Monastery to accept innovations, the government ordered the confiscation of all estates and property of the monastery.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

years — The tsarist regiments arrived at Solovki and began to siege the monastery (Solovetsky Uprising).


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

November 1671 — Feodosia Morozova, the supreme palace boyar, a representative of one of the sixteen highest aristocratic families of the Moscow state, a firm supporter of the old rite, was was transferred to the Chudov Monastery in the Kremlin, from where, after interrogation, she was sent to detention at the courtyard of the Pskovo-Pechersky Monastery.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

1672 - during the storming of the Paleostrovsky Monastery, from 2000 to 3000 Old Believers died.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

According to the Old Believers point of view (set out at the beginning of the XVIII century), the Old Believers locked themselves in the church, and then burned down, due to a fire when the new believers shelled the church.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

According to the New Believers point of view (set out in the middle of the XIX century), during the siege of the monastery by government troops, the Old Believers themselves staged self-immolation.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The end of 1674 — boyar Morozova, her sister Evdokia Urusova and their associate, the wife of Streltsy Colonel Maria Danilova, were brought to the Yamskaya Dvor, where they tried to convince them by torture on the rack loyalty to the Old Believers.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

By order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Morozov and his sister were deported to Borovsk, where they were imprisoned in an earth prison in the Borovsky city prison, and 14 of their servants for belonging to the old faith at the end of June In 1675, they were burned in a log house.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Evdokia Urusova died of exhaustion.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

years - Feodosia Morozova was also starved to death in an earthen prison, 14 servants of Feodosia Morozova and Evdokia Urusova were burned alive in a log house.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

years — the Solovetsky Monastery was taken by attack, during which about 400 Old Believers were killed and executed.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In 1677 and 1678, at the Small and Grand Local Church Councils of the Russian Church, the Blessed Princess Anna Kashinskaya (nun Sofia in the schema) was decanonized for the fact that the hand of the princess, who died in XIV century, depicted a double-finger, and its open relics lay in the cathedral of Kashin for universal worship.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

She was declared not a saint, the relics were buried and forbidden to serve her, leaving only memorial services, and the church in honor of the princess was renamed.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Moreover, first, when a commission of several people arrived in Kashin, buried the relics and declared her not a saint, closed the church, took away icons depicting St. Anna, and then retroactively held two cathedrals.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Anna Kashinskaya was canonized only in 1649 at the local church council of the Russian Church, then solemnly transferred in the presence of the entire royal family and with a large gathering of people imperishable relics to the cathedral (the tsar went to Kashin twice in 1649 and 1650: for the opening and transfer of the relics), painted holy icons with her image, which stood in the church for worship, wrote a church service to Anna, who was served and prayed to St. Anna, and the newly baptized children were named after Anna.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

1681-1682 — The Council in Moscow under Patriarch Joachim recognized the need for a combined struggle of the spiritual and secular authorities against the increasing “schism”, asked the tsar to confirm the resolutions of the Greater Moscow cathedral in 1667 on the reference of persistent schismatics to the city court, decided to select old printed books and issue corrected books in return, established supervision over the sale of notebooks, which, under the guise of extracts from the Holy Scriptures, contained blasphemy against church books.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

years, Pustozersk — the burning in a log house of Protopope Avvakum and his three comrades in prison (cf. Pustozersky sufferers) Protopop Avvakum at the time of burning, according to legend, predicted a close death to Tsar Fedor Alekseevich.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Tsar Fedor Alekseevich died at the age of 20 without making an order regarding succession to the throne.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The question of succession to the throne caused unrest, which was resolved by the decision to marry two tsars to the kingdom at the same time - the minors Ivan V and Peter I under the regency of their older sister Sophia Alekseevna.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

of the year — debate on faith in the Palace of Facets of the Moscow Kremlin.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The official church was represented by Patriarch Joachim (the main character on the part of the Orthodox was not him, but Athanasius, Bishop of Kholmogory and Vazhesky), and the Old Believer church was represented by Nikita Pustosvyat.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The dispute led to mutual accusation of the parties of heresy and ignorance and, in the end, to swearing and almost a fight.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The Old Believers left the Kremlin with their heads held up and declared their complete victory nationally on Red Square, although in fact the dispute did not come to any result.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Blackmailed by Princess Sophia, the archers retreated from the Old Believers, accusing them of turmoil and desire to restore the archers against the tsars.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

AND. A. Khovansky barely managed to save the rest of the Old Believers, to whom he had previously guaranteed safety.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The next morning, Tsarevna Sophia ordered the capture of the schismatics: Nikita Pustosvyat was executed in the Lobny Mesto, and his associates were sent to monasteries, from where some managed to escape.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In 1685, a decree was issued - “Twelve Articles” of Princess Sophia on the persecution of detractors of the Church, instigators to self-immolation, concealers of schismatics up to the death penalty (some through burning, others with a sword).


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Secret supporters of the Old Believers were ordered to be whipped, and, having deprived their property, exiled to monasteries.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The harbourers of the Old Believers “should be beaten with batogs and, after the confiscation of property, also exiled to the monastery.”


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Obvious opponents of the reform are ordered to be tortured and then executed.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Until 1685, the government suppressed riots and executed several schism leaders, but there was no special law to prosecute schismatics for their faith.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

At the beginning of 1716, the Twelve Articles were repealed and a decree was issued according to which Old Believers can live legally, but are obliged to pay a double tax.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In 1716-1719, Archbishop Pitirim of Nizhny Novgorod went to Kerzhenets for missionary work to the Old Believers with questions.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In 1719, Alexander Dyakon, on behalf of the Kerzhaks, submitted written Nizhny Novgorod answers, which exposed the falsity of both of the aforementioned works.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In the same year, the settlement on Kerzhents of the Old Believers was defeated by the tsarist troops under the leadership of Pitirim.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In 1720, Alexander Deacon was executed, and in the same year a decree was issued to read the false Act on Martin in all churches during the service; whoever doubted Martin's presence, according to the decree, had to burn it.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In 1722, Hieromonk Neophytos was sent to Vyg (Olonets province), to the Old Believers community for missionary work, he brought 106 questions, including again questions about the heretic Martin and Kiev cathedral.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The Denisov brothers, in their Pomor answers, again conducted a detailed analysis of the falsity and forgery of the document, finding many outright clumsy blunders in it, and sent an answer to Peter.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

They read the answer, but the Old Believers were not touched this time.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The Holy Synod issued a law “On Orders on the Appeal of Schismatics to the Orthodox Church”; according to which, when converting to the New Believers: Old Believers baptized by Old Believers must baptized, monks tonsured again; children of registered schismatics (Old Believers) must be forcibly baptized in new believer churches; parents of Old Believers are forbidden to teach their children double under fear of cruel punishment (to which teachers of schismatics were subjected); even those Old Believers who obey throughout the church, but are baptized with two fingers, are considered schismatics outside the church:” Which, although they obey the saints of the church and accept all church sacraments, and the cross on itself depicts two fingers, and not a triple-finger addition: koi with nasty wisdom, and which, out of ignorance, but from perseverance then creates both to write in schism no matter what”; the testimonies of schismatics (Old Believers) are equated with the testimonies of heretics and are not accepted in courts, both church and civil [ 32].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In 1734, the Old Believers on Vetka received Bishop Epiphany through anointing, who appointed 14 priests during the year; then the settlement of the Old Believers was surrounded by tsarist troops; all buildings : houses, cells and churches were burned down; about 300 monks and more than 800 nuns were captured, they were sent to numerous monasteries of the New Believer Church under strict supervision: here they were forcibly taken to churches for church services, exhorted to convert to “Orthodoxy”, kept chained, and sent to overwork.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

All residents of Vetka were captured forty thousand people — men, women and children.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

They were exiled to the Trans-Baikal Territory, to Eastern Siberia, seven thousand kilometers from Vetka.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Epiphany was imprisoned in Kiev in the Pechersk Fortress, where he soon died [33].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

At the end of 1790, Unity of Faith was established - service for ancient Orthodox ranks in the Russian Church was allowed by leniency, the creation of parishes for the ancient Orthodox, and priests began to be ordained for co-religionists (Old Believers united with new believers), while the oldest Orthodox ranks themselves officially continue to be considered heretical in the Russian Church, originating from Armenians and Jews.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In 1846, some of the Old Believers priests in Belaya Krinitsa received through the anointing of the Greek Metropolitan Ambrose, who ordained bishops for the Old Believers; from that moment it originated Belokrinitsky Hierarchy is a modern Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In 1886, the “Explanation” of the Holy Synod was published that allegedly the oaths of the 17th-century cathedrals were imposed not on all those baptized in double, but only on the leaders of the schism who showed resistance to the Church (on in fact, all ancient Orthodox Christians were anathematized in the 17th century).


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In 1905, Nicholas II issued a decree “On Strengthening the Beginnings of Religious Tolerance”, after which the construction of numerous Old Believers churches on the territory began by the forces and means of the Old Believers themselves throughout the Russian Empire.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In 1923, some priests received the second rank of the new believer Archbishop Nikola (Pozdnev) from Renovationism.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In April 1929, a number of resolutions of the Patriarchal Holy Synod were issued: 1. On the recognition of old Russian rituals as saving, as well as new rituals, and equal to them; 2. About the rejection and imputation, as not former, censure expressions related to old rituals and, in particular, to dual-finger, wherever they meet and whoever they are spoken; 3. On the abolition of the oaths of the Moscow Council of 1656 and the Great Moscow Cathedral of 1667, imposed by them on old Russian rituals and on Orthodox Christians adhering to them, and consider these vows, as not former.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In September 1929, Stefan (Rastorguev), Bishop of Irga of the same faith, joined the Old Believer consent led by Nikola (Pozdnev) through anointing.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Then they together begin to ordain bishops and from them the Russian Ancient Orthodox Church originates.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In 1971, the local council of the Russian Orthodox Church removed oaths from ancient rituals (including duality), recognized them as salutary and equal as new, approving all three resolutions of the Patriarchal Holy Synod 23 (10 April 1929 [34]


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In 1974, at the Third All-Diaspora Council of ROCOR, it was proclaimed that ancient liturgical customs and rituals were Orthodox and salutary; prohibitions and oaths imposed in the past on those containing these customs consider invalid, canceled and as not former (oaths were removed from the Old Believers without any reservations, unlike the 1971 Council of the Russian Orthodox Church).


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In October 2000, the ROCOR Council issued a “Message” to adherents of old rituals, in which it confirms the decisions of the 1974 Council, in addition, pleads guilty to the violence committed (lies, slander, torture and murders) to the Old Believers, who suffered for their love for the tradition adopted from pious ancestors, for zealous possession of it; and asks for forgiveness for insults and violence committed by both the authorities and the Priesthood: “Forgive our brothers and sisters, for the transgressions caused to you by hatred. Do not consider us accomplices in the sins of our predecessors, and do not blame us for their unrestrained deeds. Although we are descendants of your persecutors, we are innocent of the calamities that have been inflicted on you. Forgive the grievances, so that we can also be free from the reproach that gravitates over them. We bow at your feet and commit ourselves to your prayers. Forgive those who have offended you with reckless violence, for with our lips they have repented of what they have done to you and ask for forgiveness” [35].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Old Believers' Views on Reform


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

According to the Old Believers, Patriarch Nikon's views on a separate tradition, in this case Greek, as a reference, were similar to the so-called “trilingual heresy” — the doctrine of the possibility the existence of the Holy Scriptures exclusively in the languages in which the inscription on the cross of Christ was made — Hebrew, Greek and Latin.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In both cases, it was a question of abandoning the liturgical tradition that naturally developed in Russia (borrowed from ancient Greek models).


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Such a refusal was completely alien to the Russian church consciousness, since historical Russian churchism was formed on the Cyril and Methodius tradition, in essence of which was the assimilation of Christianity with taking into account the national translation of the Holy Scriptures and the liturgical corps, which uses the local groundwork of the Christian tradition.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In addition, the Old Believers, based on the doctrine of the inextricable link between the external form and the inner content of sacraments and sacraments, since the “Answers of Alexander the Deacon” and the “Pomor Answers” insist on a more accurate symbolic expression of Orthodox dogmas in old rituals.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Thus, according to the Old Believers, the double-finger sign of the cross deeper than the three-finger sign reveals the mystery of Christ's incarnation and death on the cross, for it was not the Trinity that was crucified on the cross, but one of its Faces ( the incarnate God the Son, Jesus Christ).


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Similarly, the pure hallelujah with the attachment of the Slavic translation of the word “hallelujah” (glory to You, God) already contains three times (according to the number of Persons of the Holy Trinity) glorification of God (Donikon's texts there are trelip hallelujah, but without the “glory to You, God” app), while the tregued hallelujah with the “Glory to You, God” app contains the “quadruple” of the Holy Trinity.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

According to a number of church historians of the 19th and 20th centuries (N. F. Kaptereva, E. E. Golubinsky, A. A. Dmitrievsky [36], etc.) the opinion of the Old Believers about the inauthenticity of Nikonova's sources of “right” was confirmed: borrowings were made from Modern Greek and Uniate sources.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Among the Old Believers, the patriarch received the nickname “Nikon-Antichrist” for his actions and the brutal persecution that followed the reform.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The term “Nikonianism”


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

During the liturgical reform, special terms appeared among the Old Believers: Nikonian, Nikonian schism, Nikonian heresy, New Believers - terms with a negative evaluative connotations polemically used by adherents of the Old Believers regarding supporters of liturgical reform in the Russian Orthodox Church of the 17th century.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The name comes from the name of Patriarch Nikon.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The evolution of the attitude of the Russian Orthodox Church towards Old Believers


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The condemnation of supporters of the “old rituals” as non-Orthodox and heretical, carried out by the councils of 1656 and 1666, was finally sanctioned by the Grand Moscow Council in 1667, which approved Patriarch Nikon's reforms, and anathematized everyone who did not make conciliar decisions as heretics and rebellious to the Church.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Hierarchs of the Russian Church in the late 17th and early 18th centuries (cathedral book The Rod, Patriarch Joachim in Uvet Spiritual, Pitirim Nizhny Novgorod in Prashchitsa, Dimitri Rostovsky in Wanted, etc.), following oaths of the Great Moscow Cathedral, especially condemned the following “old rituals”:


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The double-finger sign of the cross as “damn tradition”, “cookie”, “demonoidization”, Arianism, Nestorianism, Macedonianism, “Armenian and Latin command”, etc.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

fervent (double) hallelujah as “heretical and god-disgusting”


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The eight-pointed cross, especially revered by the Old Believers, as “schismatic and Brynsky” [37]


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Since 1800, the Holy Synod to one degree or another began to allow the use of old rituals (unity of faith, co-religionists were allowed to pray in the old way when submitting to the new believer hierarchy).


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The highest decree of Nicholas II, given to the Senate, On strengthening the beginnings of religious tolerance of April 17, 1905, read in particular:


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

To assign the name of the Old Believers, instead of the currently used name of schismatics, to all followers of interpretations and accords that encompass the main dogmas of the Orthodox Church, but do not recognize some accepted rituals and send their services according to old printed books;


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

To recognize that the construction of Old Believers and sectarian houses of worship, as well as permission for repair and their closure, must take place in relation to grounds that exist or will for churches of non-Orthodox confessions.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

“In order to heal church divisions due to old rituals and to calm the conscience of those who use them as much as possible in the fence of the Russian Orthodox Church” Synod under the Deputy Locum Tenens of the Patriarchal On April 23, 1929, Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky), who later became Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, recognized the old rituals as “saving” on April 23, 1929, and the oath prohibitions of the councils of 1656 and 1667. “canceled, as not ex.”


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The local council of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1971, convened to elect a patriarch, specifically considered the issue of “oaths to old rituals and those who adhere to them” and adopted the following decision:


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

To approve the resolution of the Patriarchal Holy Synod of April 23 (10), 1929 on the recognition of old Russian rituals as salutary, like new rituals, and equal to them.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

To approve the resolution of the Patriarchal Holy Synod of April 23 (10), 1929 on the rejection and imputation, as not former, of censure expressions related to old rituals and, in particular, to double fingers, wherever they meet and whoever they speak.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

To approve the resolution of the Patriarchal Holy Synod of April 23 (10), 1929 on the abolition of the oaths of the Moscow Cathedral of 1656 and the Great Moscow Cathedral of 1667, imposed by them on the old Russians rituals and on Orthodox Christians adhering to them, and consider these oaths as not former.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The consecrated local council of the Russian Orthodox Church encompasses with love all those who hold sacred ancient Russian rituals, both members of our holy church and those who call themselves Old Believers, but piously professing the saving Orthodox faith.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The consecrated local council of the Russian Orthodox Church testifies that the saving significance of rituals does not contradict the diversity of their external expression, which has always been inherent in the ancient the undivided Church of Christ and which was not a stumbling block or a source of division in it.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In 1974, a similar decision was made by the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad [38].


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

This abolition of oaths, however, did not lead to the resumption of prayerful communion between any major church jurisdiction of new believers and Old Believers.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

In culture


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

TV series “The Split”, 2011


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Notes


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

References


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Glinchikova A. Schism or “failure of the Russian Reformation”?


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

— M.: Cultural Revolution, 2008.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

— 384 p. — ISBN 978-5-250-06041-7


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Zenkovsky S. A. Russian Old Believers.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

M., 1995.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

The history of the Old Believers Church.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

A short essay.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Izd-e Staroobr.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

metropolises, 1991.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Kelsiev V. N. A collection of government information about schismatics.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Vol.1 — 4. London, 1860—1864.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Kutuzov B.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Article in the Orthodox Encyclopedia (2000)


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

from Nikolai Nikolsky's book.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Lazarev S. E.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

, Kurdyumov O. G. Church schism of the XVII century in works of Russian painting. Scientific Bulletin of Belgorod State University.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

History. Political Science”.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

NO. 19 (216).


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

Release 36.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The schism of the Russian Church

P. 77-83.


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The split of the Russian Church

Category:History of the Russian Church


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The split of the Russian Church

Category:Russian reforms


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The split of the Russian Church

Category:Church schisms


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The split of the Russian Church

Category:History of Old Believers


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The split of the Russian Church

Category:History of the Russian State


Question: What was the reason for holding the Fourth All-Diaspora Council?

The split of the Russian Church

Category:Religion in the Russian State


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

India is located in South Asia, mostly on the Indian subcontinent.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The coast of India, which is more than 7 thousand km long.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

, is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean - the Bay of Bengal from the southeast and the Arabian Sea from the southwest.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The area of India's territory is 3 million 288 thousand km², according to this indicator, the country ranks seventh in the world.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

India is located north of the equator between 6°44' and 35°30' north latitude [1] and 68°7' and 97°25' east longitude.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

Geology


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

Most of India is located within the Precambrian Indian subcontinent plate, which forms the peninsula of the same name and the adjacent Indo-Ganges Plain from the north and is part of the Australian slabs.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The defining geological processes of India began 75 million years ago, when the Indian subcontinent, at that time part of the southern supercontinent of Gondwana, began to drift in the northwest through the then non-existent Indian Ocean, a process that lasted about 50 million years.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

[3] The subsequent collision of the subcontinent with the Eurasian plate and its subduction below it led to the emergence of the Himalayas, the highest mountains on the planet, which now surround India from the north and northeast.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

[3] On the former seabed, just south of the emerging Himalayas, a huge deflection was formed as a result of the movement of the plates, which gradually filled with alluvium [4] and turned into the modern Indo- The Ganges Plain.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

[5] To the west of this plain, separated from it by the Aravalli mountain range, stretches the Tar Desert.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

[6] The original Indian subcontinent plate has survived to this day as the Indian subcontinent, the oldest and geologically most stable part of India, stretching north to the Satpur and Windhya mountain ranges in central India.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

These parallel mountain ranges run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chhota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

[7] The interior of the Indian subcontinent is occupied by the Decan Plateau, divided by discharges into low and medium-altitude mountains with smoothed peaks and extensive flat or wavy plateaus, above which hills and table mountains with steep slopes rise.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

To the west and east, the Dekan Plateau rises, forming, respectively, the Western and Eastern Ghats.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

[8] The slopes of the Gat facing the sea are steep, and those facing the Dean are gentle, cut by river valleys.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The Dean Plateau is home to the oldest mountain formations in India, some more than 1 billion years old.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The dean is rich in deposits of iron, copper, manganese, tungsten ores, bauxite, chromite, mica, gold, diamonds, rare and precious stones, as well as coal, oil and gas.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

Relief


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

Through India, the Himalayas stretch in an arc from north to northeast of the country, forming a natural border with China in three sections interrupted by Nepal and Bhutan, between which, in Sikkim State, is located the highest peak in India, Mount Kanchenjung.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

Karakorum is located in the far north of India in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, mainly in the part of Kashmir held by Pakistan.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

In the northeastern appendix of India are the medium-altitude Assamo-Burma Mountains and the Shillong Plateau.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The main glaciation centers are concentrated in Karakorum and on the southern slopes of the Zaskar ridge in the Himalayas.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

Glaciers are fed by snowfalls during the summer monsoons and snowstorm transfer of snow from the slopes.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The average height of the snow line decreases from 5,300 m in the west to 4,500 m in the east.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

As a result of global warming, glaciers are retreating.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

Hydrology


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

India's inland waters are represented by numerous rivers, which, depending on the nature of nutrition, are divided into “Himalayan”, full-flowing throughout the year, with a mixed snow-glacial and rain food, and “dean”, mainly with rain, monsoon nutrition, large fluctuations in runoff, floods from June to October.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

All major rivers experience a sharp rise in summer, often accompanied by floods.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The Indus River, which gave the country its name, after the partition of British India, was most of Pakistan.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The largest rivers that originate in the Himalayas and mostly flow through India are the Ganges and Brahmaputra, both of which flow into the Bay of Bengal.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

[9] The main tributaries of the Ganges are the Yamuna and Koshi.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

Their low shores cause catastrophic floods every year.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

Other important rivers of the Indian subcontinent are the Godavari, Mahanadi, Kaveri and Krishna, which also flow into the Bay of Bengal, [10] and Narmada and Tapti, which flow into the Arabian Sea [11] — the steep bank of these rivers does not give their waters overflow.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

Many of them are important sources of irrigation.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

There are no significant lakes in India.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

Elder lakes are most often found in the valleys of large rivers; there are also glacial-tectonic lakes in the Himalayas.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The largest lake Sambhar, located in arid Rajasthan, is used for salt residue.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The coast


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The length of the coastline is 7,517 km, of which 5,423 km belong to mainland India, and 2,094 km to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Laccadives Islands [12].


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The coast of mainland India has the following character: 43% sandy beaches, 11% rocky and rocky coast, and 46% watts or swampy coast.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

[12] Weakly dismembered, low, sandy shores have almost no convenient natural harbors, so large ports are located either in the mouths of rivers (Kolkata) or artificially arranged (Chennai).


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The south of the west coast of the Indian subcontinent is called the Malabar coast, the south of the east coast is called the Coromandel Coast.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The most remarkable coastal regions of India are the Great Kach Rann in Western India and the Sundarbans, the swampy lower reaches of the Ganges Delta and Brahmaputra in India and Bangladesh.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

[13] Two archipelagos are part of India: the Lakshadweep coral atolls west of the Malabar coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a chain of volcanic islands in the Andaman Sea.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

Climate


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, causing monsoons.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

[15] The Himalayas act as a barrier to cold Central Asian winds, thus making the climate in most of the Indian subcontinent warmer than at the same latitudes in other regions of the planet.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

[16] [17] The Thar Desert plays a key role in attracting the humid southwesterly summer monsoon winds, which provide much of India with rain between June and October.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

[15] India is dominated by four main climates: humid tropical, dry tropical, subtropical monsoon and alpine.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

In most parts of India, there are three seasons: hot and humid with the dominance of the southwest monsoon (June-October); relatively cool and dry with a predominance of the northeastern trade winds ( November — February); very hot and dry transitional (March-May).


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

During the wet season, more than 80% of the annual rainfall falls.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The windward slopes of the Western Ghats and the Himalayas are most moistened (up to 6000 mm per year), and on the slopes of the Shillong Plateau there is the rainiest place on Earth - Cherrapunji (about 12,000 mm).


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The driest areas are the western part of the Indo-Ganges Plain (less than 100 mm in the Thar Desert, the dry period is 9-10 months) and the central part of the Indian subcontinent (300-500 mm, the dry period is 8-9 months).


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

The amount of precipitation varies greatly from year to year.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

On the plains, the average January temperature increases from north to south from 15 to 27° C, in May everywhere 28-35° C, sometimes reaching 45-48° C.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

During the wet period, temperatures in most parts of the country are 28° C.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

In the mountains at an altitude of 1500 m in January -1° C, in July 23° C, at an altitude of 3,500 m, respectively -8° C and 18° C.


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

Notes


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India

Literature


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India


Question: How many rivers does India have?

Geography of India


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Public Image Ltd.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

(PiL, Public Image Limited) is a British music group founded and led by John Lydon, which he formed with Jah Wobble and Keith Leven after leaving the punk band Sex Pistols.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Subsequently, the band changed frequently, only John Lydon remained its permanent leader.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Their early work is often regarded as part of the most stimulating and innovative music of the post-punk era.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Their 1979 album “Metal Box” was ranked 461 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

NME described Public Image Ltd.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

as “probably the first post-punk band.”


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Group history


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Creating


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The ensemble was created by John Lydon after breaking up with the Sex Pistols during an American tour in the winter of 1978.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Throwing on his famous “Did you ever feel cheated?” After performing “No Fun” (cover of The Stooges) as an encore during one of the concerts, he left the stage, thereby marking his departure from the band.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Lydon by that time was already burdened by punk rock Sex Pistols and intended to perform completely different music.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

According to him, he wanted “Sex Pistols to be the end of rock and roll, which, in his opinion, the Sex Pistols became, however, the audience did not accept this message, being mostly a herd of senile animals.”


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

After breaking up with the Sex Pistols, Rotten spent some time in Jamaica.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

He has repeatedly expressed his love for Jamaican reggae and dub music, which has given rise to rumors that he is going to release a reggae single.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

[1] In fact, in Jamaica, Rotten was close to becoming the vocalist of Devo, whose two musicians (Mark Mothersbau and Bob Casale) were in the same hotel as him.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The initiator of this move was Virgin Records CEO Richard Branson, who invited them to take Rotten as vocalist, taking advantage of their drunkenness of marijuana, which he also offered them to smoke.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

After assessing the whole situation, the musicians rejected the offer.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

[2] Rotten himself, while there, met local musicians and helped them sign a contract with Virgin.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Returning to London, Lydon gave his first interview after breaking up with Sex Pistols to British television, agreeing to answer questions from his longtime acquaintance TV presenter Janet Street-Porter.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

In an interview, he stated that Malcolm McLaren, with whom he was dealing with in court at the time on a number of issues, including the right to use his creative pseudonym is Johnny Rotten.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

However, Rotten has begun to create a new group.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The first person he turned to was his friend John Wardle, who renamed himself Jah Wobble because of his love for reggae and dub, and invited him to form a band.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

They have known each other since the early 1970s, when they were at Hackney School together (he also belonged to Lydon's circle of friends called the John Gang, which included John Lydon, John Wardle, John Gray, and John Simon Ritchie).


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Wobble took on the duties of a bass player, although he did not know how to play the instrument.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The lead guitarist was another acquaintance of Lydon, Keith Levin, whom he met when Levin played The Clash.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The drummer was Canadian student Jim Walker, who was found on an ad in the newspaper “Melody Maker”.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Lydon's nameless band began their first rehearsals in May 1978.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

In July, John officially named the band “Public Image” after Muriel Spark's novel “English: Public Image” [3].


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

A few months later, a prefix was added to the name and the band became Public Image Limited.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

John Lydon also stated that PiL is his more creative side, while the Sex Pistols is his rebellious side.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

He had long expressed his preference for experimental music when he interviewed Tommy Vance on Capital Radio.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The performers he preferred were Can [4], Third Ear Band, August Pablo, Peter Hammill and Peter Tosh.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

According to him, the band should become nothing like the Sex Pistols either musically or morally.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

First Issue (1978)


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The band's debut single, “Public Image”, was released in October 1978 and was well received, peaking at number nine in the UK charts.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The lyrics were written by Lydon while he was still a member of the Sex Pistols and were addressed to critics and Malcolm McLaren [5].


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

After the collapse of the Sex Pistols, Virgin Records focused on Lydon's new project, which at the time had great prospects.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Virgin allocated money for the recording of their debut album.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

In preparation for the recording of their first album, “First Issue”, the band spent their allocated budget long before recording the album began.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

This affected the quality of the material: the songs were recorded in haste, without any preparation.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

According to Leuven, the recordings were spontaneous: “no takes, no effects. Sometimes I don't even know I'm going to play while preparing to compose on the go.”


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

As a result, the album consisted of eight tracks that differed in sound quality, half of which were written and recorded in a hurry.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Under the contract, the album was supposed to last at least thirty minutes, but the band recorded 6 songs, which were eventually stretched: two of the album's compositions were actually a recitation of the poem” Religion” with or without music, and the final album “Fodderstompf” was completely different from the music of the rest of the album.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The song was built around a dense bass part and an unusually high level of percussion, the monotonous 7-minute structure of “Fodderstompf” was animated by the screams, lamentations and mutters of Wobble and Lydon. the latter shares a revelation in the 2nd minute: “We are now trying to finish the album with a minimum of effort, which we are doing very well.”


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The monotonous rhythm brought to the fore was ideal for dance, and it is no coincidence that the song was loved by late visitors to the New York disco club Studio 54.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Paradoxically, it was at this time that Lydon announced that the only modern music he was interested in was disco, and PiL was generally a dance group.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Dennis Morris was invited to be the photographer for the album, who also created the PiL emblem.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The band's longplay was released in December 1978.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Despite criticism in the UK press, the album sold well in the UK and Europe, and peaked at number 22 in the UK charts.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Based on heavy dub/reggae, Jah's bass guitar performance was called “impossible deep”, and Lydon's vocals were called “more silent” than in the Sex Pistols.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The song “Public Image”, previously released as a single, was perceived on the album as an accusatory speech against Malcolm McLaren and his manipulation of John while he was at the Sex Pistols.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The track “Low Life” (with the accusatory lines “Selfish Traitor”, “You Fell in Love with Your Ego” and “Bourgeois Anarchist”) was also seen as an attack on McLaren, but Lydon stated that the text refers to Sid Vicious.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The song “Religion” is a contempt for Catholicism; Lydon came up with the lyrics when he was at the Sex Pistols, but he claimed that other members of the band did not want to use the lyrics.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The last track, “Fodderstompf”, was heavily influenced by dub, includes an eight-minute play based on bass guitar and percussion, played only by Lydon, Wobble and Walker.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The text included an act of condemnation of public outrage, as well as songs about love and teenage apathy.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The track ends with the sound of a fire extinguisher, which was used in the studio during the session when John accidentally lit a fire.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

His concert debut took place on Christmas 1978 at the Rainbow Theater and caused a cold reaction from the audience who came to listen to Johnny Rotten, to which Lydon cut off: “If this is what you want to hear, then fall off. This is history.”


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The band's first lineup stayed together for no more than six months, recording and releasing a single and first album, and Jim Walker left the band in early 1979.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Subsequently, the band's first album was renamed from “Public Image” to “First Issue”.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Metal Box (1979) and Paris au Printemps (1980)


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

After Jim Walker left, the band began looking for a new drummer.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The auditions took place at Rollerball Studios on Tuley Street, near London Bridge.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

David Humphrey was the second drummer the band sent to Manor Studios in Oxfordshire to record two songs, namely “Swan Lake” and “Albatross”.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

“Death Disco” (or “Swan Lake”) was released as a single in 1979 and peaked at number 20 on the UK charts.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The other drummer was Richard Dudensky, who was with the band from April to September 1979.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

At the next session, the band listened to Martin Atkins, with whom the song “Bad Baby” was recorded.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

He later became a regular PiL drummer until 1985.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

“Metal Box” consisted of three 12-inch records packed in a metal container (hence the album's name), and was later re-released in its traditional packaging as a double album “Second Edition”.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The album again consisted of dub/reggae bass parts, with smooth guitar arpeggios and a dark, paranoid stream of vocals.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

“Metal Box” turned out to be more successful than “First Issue”, a viscous and uncompromising album, with randomly scattered sounds of the synthesizer.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The album was designed by Dennis Morris, the band's photographer.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

This was not new, PiL knew exactly what they were doing.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

All of them were big fans of the album, and they realized that packaging, image and sound quality were a vital component of what they wanted to achieve.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

“Metal Box” is often compared to a mix of krautrock with dub and reggae, and although PiL were fans of these genres, these are very lazy comparisons.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

There was not a single recording in the genres that sounded like “Metal Box”.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

There may have been elements that appeared during mixing, but “Metal Box” was much more than that.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Passion and emotion were once again a big part of the album, like the song “Death Disco”, written by John Lydon for his dying mother.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

It's hard not to be touched by his vocals.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Emotions burn the song — confusion, fear, pain.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

A heavy track, even scary in some places, but the song is also good for dancing.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The classics are in full: Jah's bass part and Keith's guitar give rise to “Swan Lake”, the latter used an excerpt from Tchaikovsky's ballet, hence the name of the song.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

PiL gave several concerts and made their first American tour.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Their appearance at a concert in Los Angeles was fraught with an exchange of hostility between John Lydon and the audience.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

PiL said they would only work with local promoters, resisting the assistance of Warner Bros.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

, to their American label.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

And for concerts in Los Angeles and San Francisco, PiL agreed to work with David Ferguson and his independent CD Presents label.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

This business arrangement led the band and label to go to war with Bill Graham in San Francisco.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Graham negotiated with the owners of the venues in which the band was supposed to perform and with government officials to deprive PiL of concerts.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Fearing public discontent over the canceled concerts, the city of San Francisco sponsored the band to perform in other cities.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

On May 17, the band appeared on the teenage show American Bandstand.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

This was the initiative of the show's producers, despite objections from almost all staff and show host Dick Clark.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The band was also not interested in appearing on the show, but did perform.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

They played two songs, “Poptones” and “Careering”.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

The band broke all the rules of the show: John did not sing synchronously with the song, blew his nose into the camera and pulled the entire audience of the show to the stage to the band, and also knocked Clark's microphone to the beat of the music.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

ABC, feeling that the show would be a failure, did not want to air it, but the producers insisted otherwise.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Lydon later commented, “I forgot the lyrics to the song and it was very difficult for me to pretend that I was singing, so I had to improvise.”


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

When asked to introduce themselves, Jah Wobble replied to Clark, “Wobble. Jah Wobble.”


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

They actually met behind the scenes before, apparently Clark came in at the moment Jah fell asleep for a while.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

“I'm Wobble, and who are you?” he asked.


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

“I'm Dick Clark,” said the presenter, then he said, “Okay, now get rid of it!”


Question: How many albums have been released by the British music group Public Image Ltd.?

Public Image Ltd

Rumor has it that Dick Clark asked Larry White before the show, “What should I expect from these dicks?”