Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Since 1863, many Taiping princes and military leaders began to run to the Qing camp.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping lost their ability to attack and went on the defensive everywhere.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Qing forces under the leadership of Li Hongzhang and the “Always Victorious Army” by C. Gordon was besieged by Suzhou in July 1863.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

After a four-month siege, the city fell as a result of the betrayal of a group of Taiping commanders.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

After the fall of Suzhou, Taiping commanders began to surrender city after city.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In April 1864, Qing troops took Hangzhou, and in May 1864, Changzhou.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The 40,000-strong Taiping army led by Hong Rengan retreated under the onslaught of the enemy.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Believing that a complete victory is near, the Qing government dissolved Gordon's “army” and focused all efforts on the capital Taiping Tianguo.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The fall of Nanjing


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Nanjing was blocked from all sides.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Since the summer of 1863, famine began in it, and Li Xiucheng, who led its defense, allowed them to leave the city to save civilians.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

It was defended by only up to 4 thousand combat-ready soldiers.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Xiangian Army and Zeng Guoquan's troops that overlaid Nanjing were many times superior to the forces of the Taiping.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Li Xiucheng offered Hong Xiuquan to break into Hubei or Jiangxi to continue the fight there, but this plan was rejected.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

On June 1, 1864, the “Heavenly Prince” committed suicide by taking poison.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Li Xiucheng continued to lead Nanjing's defense for another month and a half.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

On July 19, 1864, Zeng Guoquan's troops blew up the fortress wall and broke into the Heavenly Capital through the breach.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

This was followed by a savage massacre, pogrom and a giant fire.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Li Xiucheng with a small detachment escaped from the burning city, but was soon captured and quartered.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Hong Rengan and the young heir to the throne, the son of Hong Xiuquan, ended their lives on the chopping block.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The Taiping state has collapsed.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Finishing off taiping residues


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

After the fall of Nanjing, two large groups of Taiping troops fought north and south of the Yangtze.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The hundred thousandth southern group, which did not have a single leadership, was defeated in August-October 1864.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Two of its columns did come out of the attack and retreated further south.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

One of them, Li Shixian's 50,000-strong army, made its way to Fujian.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

After capturing Zhangzhou and a number of other cities in the south of the province, it created its base here, which lasted six months.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In May 1865, superior Qing forces managed to defeat Li Shixian's army.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Another part of the southern group, Wang Haiyan's 30,000 army, retreated south and operated for several months on the border of Fujian and Guangdong provinces until it was destroyed in February 1866.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

With the fall of Taiping Tianguo, the Taiping Peasant War finally merged with the Nianjun uprising.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The northern Taiping group under the command of Chen Datai and Lai Wenguang merged in Henan in April 1864 with the Nianjun army commanded by Zhang Zongyu (Zhang Luoxing's nephew - the deceased Nianjun Chief) and Chen Daxi.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

This combined army was unable to break into besieged Nanjing in the spring of 1864.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In November 1864, Qing troops led by the Mongol Sangarinci inflicted a major defeat on her at Hoshan.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

After Chen Decai's suicide, the remaining forces were led by Lai Wenguang and Zhang Zongyu.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

For six months, they waged a successful maneuverable war in five provinces north of the Yangtze, exhausting the enemy with sudden blows.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In May 1865, the rebels completely defeated the Qing troops near Jiaozhou in Shandong Province, in which Sengarinci was killed.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Zeng Guofan was sent to fight the Taiping-Nianjun army, but due to obvious failures, he was soon replaced by Li Hongzhang.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In 1866, the rebel forces split up.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Their Eastern Column under the command of Lai Wenguang successfully fought in Henan, Hubei, Shandong and Jiangsu provinces, but was eventually defeated near Yangzhou in January 1868, Lai Wenguang himself fell into captive and was executed.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The western column numbering about 60 thousand fighters led by Zhang Zongyu in 1866-1867 successfully operated in Henan, Shaanxi and Shanxi.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

To save Lai Wenguang's critical army, the Western Column launched a rapid offensive against Zhili in January 1868, making its way to Beijing.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The capital was placed under siege.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

In March, the rebels were stopped at Baoding, but in April they rushed to Tianjin and reached its nearest approaches.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Thrown south by superior enemy forces, they were trapped between the Grand Canal, the Yellow River, enemy fortification lines and clusters of Qing troops.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

On August 16, 1868, Zhang Zongyu's last troops, exhausted by continuous fighting, died in the Chiping area (northwestern Shandong Province), and their commander committed suicide.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Notes


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Literature


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Ilyushechkin V. P. Taiping Peasant War.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

M., 1967.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

History of the East in 6 volumes.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Volume IV Book 1 “The East in Modern Times (Late 18th — Early 20th Centuries)”.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

M., “Eastern Literature” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2004.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

ISBN 5-02-018387-3


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

History of China/ed.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

A. IN. Meliksetova.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

M., Moscow State University Publishing House, Higher School Publishing House, 2002.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

ISBN 5-211-04413-4


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Kara-Murza G. S. Taiping.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

M., 1950.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Nepomnin O. E.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

History of China: The Qing Age.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

XVII — early XX centuries.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

M., “Eastern Literature” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2005.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

ISBN 5-02-018400-4


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

The New History of China.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

M., 1972.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Taiping Uprising 1850—1864.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

A collection of documents.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

M., 1960.


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

References


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Volynets Alexey


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Volynets Alexey


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Volynets Alexey


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Volynets Alexey


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Volynets Alexey


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Volynets Alexey


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Volynets Alexey


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Volynets Alexey


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Volynets Alexey


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Volynets Alexey


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Volynets Alexey


Question: How long did the Taiping Uprising last?

Taiping rebellion

Volynets Alexey


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranus is the planet in the solar system, the seventh most distant from the Sun, the third largest in diameter, and the fourth largest in mass.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

It was discovered in 1781 by the English astronomer William Herschel and named after the Greek god of the sky Uranus.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranus was the first planet discovered in modern times and with the help of a telescope [1].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

It was discovered by William Herschel on March 13, 1781 [2], thereby expanding the boundaries of the solar system in the eyes of man for the first time since antiquity.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Despite the fact that Uranus is sometimes distinguishable by the naked eye, earlier observers mistook it for a dim star [3].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Unlike the gas giants Saturn and Jupiter, which consist mainly of hydrogen and helium, there is no metallic hydrogen in the depths of Uranus and similar Neptune, but there is a lot of ice in its high-temperature modifications.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

For this reason, experts have identified these two planets as a separate category of “ice giants”.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The basis of Uranus's atmosphere is hydrogen and helium.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In addition, it contains traces of methane and other hydrocarbons, as well as clouds of ice, solid ammonia and hydrogen.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This is the coldest planetary atmosphere in the solar system with a minimum temperature of 49 K (−224° C).


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

It is believed that Uranus has a complex layered cloud structure, where water forms the lower layer and methane forms the upper layer [4].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The subsoil of Uranus consists mainly of ice and rocks.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Like the gas giants of the solar system, Uranus has a system of rings and a magnetosphere, and in addition, 27 satellites.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The orientation of Uranus in space differs from the rest of the planets of the solar system — its axis of rotation lies “on its side” relative to the plane of revolution of this planet around the Sun.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

As a result, the planet faces the Sun alternately by the North Pole, the South Pole, the Equator, or the Middle Latitudes.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In 1986, the American spacecraft Voyager 2 transmitted close-up images of Uranus to Earth.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

They show a planet that is “expressionless” in the visible spectrum without cloud bands and atmospheric storms characteristic of other giant planets [5].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

However, at present, ground-based observations have been able to distinguish signs of seasonal changes and increased weather activity on the planet caused by the approach of Uranus to its equinox.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The wind speed on Uranus can reach 250 m/s (900 km/h) [6].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Discovering the planet


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

People observed Uranus even before William Herschel, but usually mistook it for a star.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The earliest documented evidence of this fact should be considered the records of the English astronomer physicist John Flamstead, who observed it in 1690 at least 6 times, and recorded like star 34 in the constellation Taurus.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

From 1750 to 1769, French astronomer Pierre Charles le Monier observed Uranus 12 times [7].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In total, Uranus was observed 21 times before 1781 [8].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

At the time of his discovery, Herschel participated in observations of parallax stars using a telescope of his own design [9], and on March 13, 1781, he first saw the planet from the garden of his house No. 19 on New York King Street (Bath, Somerset, UK) [10] [11], making the following entry in his magazine [12]:


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In the quartile next to Taurus... Or a misty star, or maybe a comet.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

On March 17, another entry appeared in the magazine [12]:


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

I was looking for a comet or a misty star, and it turned out to be a comet because it changed position.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

On March 22, his letter to Sir William Watson was first read at the Royal Society [13].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This was followed by three more letters (March 29, April 5, and April 26), in which he continued to mention that he had discovered the comet, compared the newly discovered object to planets [14]:


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The first time I saw this comet was 227 times magnified.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

My experience shows that the diameter of stars, unlike planets, does not change proportionally when using lenses with higher magnification; so I used lenses with a magnification of 460 and 932 and found that the size of the comet increased in proportion to the change in optical magnification, suggesting that it is not a star, since the size of the stars taken for comparison did not change.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Moreover, at a higher magnification than its brightness allowed, the comet became blurred, difficult to see, while the stars remained bright and clear — as I knew from the thousands I spent observations.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Repeated observation confirmed my assumptions: it really was a comet.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

On April 23, Herschel received a response from Astronomer Royal Neville Muskelain, which read as follows [15]:


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

I don't know what to call it.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

It can be either an ordinary planet orbiting the Sun in an almost circular orbit, or a comet moving along a very elongated ellipse.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

I haven't noticed a head or a comet's tail yet.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

While Herschel was still cautiously describing the object as a comet, other astronomers suspected that it was some other object.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Russian astronomer Andrey Ivanovich Lexel found that the distance from the Earth to the object exceeds the distance from the Earth to the Sun (astronomical unit) by 18 times and noted that there is not a single comet with perihelion distance of more than 4 astronomical units (currently such objects are known) [16].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Berlin astronomer Johann Bode described the object discovered by Herschel as “a moving star that can be considered similar to a planet orbiting in a circle outside the orbit of Saturn” [17] and concluded that this the orbit is more like a planetary orbit than a comet orbit [18].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

It soon became apparent that the object was indeed a planet.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In 1783, Herschel himself announced the recognition of this fact to the President of the Royal Society Joseph Banks [19]:


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Observations by Europe's most prominent astronomers have proved that the comet I had the honor to point them out in March 1781 is a planet in our solar system.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

For his services, Herschel was awarded King George III a lifetime scholarship of £200, provided that he moved to Windsor so that the royal family had the opportunity to see his telescopes [20].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Name


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Nevile Muskelin wrote a letter to Herschel asking him to do a favor to the astronomical community and give the name of the planet the discovery of which is entirely the merit of this astronomer [21].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In response, Herschel proposed to name the planet “Georgia Sidus” (Latin “George's Star”), or planet George in honor of King George III [22].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

He explained his decision in a letter to Joseph Banks [19]:


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In magnificent antiquity, planets were given the names of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn in honor of mythical heroes and deities.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In our enlightened philosophical time, it would be strange to go back to this tradition and call the recently discovered celestial body Juno, Pallas, Apollo, or Minerva.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

When discussing any incident or notable event, the first thing we consider is when it happened.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

If anyone in the future wonders when this planet was discovered, a good answer to this question would be: “During the reign of George III.”


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

French astronomer Joseph Lalande proposed naming the planet in honor of its discoverer Herschel [23].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Other names were also proposed: for example, Cybele, after the name worn in ancient mythology by the wife of the god Saturn [8].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

German astronomer Johann Bode was the first scientist to propose calling the planet Uranus, in honor of the god of heaven from the Greek pantheon.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

He explained this by the fact that “since Saturn was the father of Jupiter, the new planet should be named after the father of Saturn” [20] [24] [25].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The earliest official name of the planet Uranus is found in a scientific work in 1823, a year after Herschel's death [26] [27].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The former name “Georgia Sidus” or “Georg” was no longer common, although it was used in the UK for almost 70 years [8].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The planet finally began to be called Uranus only after His Majesty's Maritime Almanac Publishing House “HM Nautical Almanac Office” in 1850 itself fixed this name in its lists [24 ].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranus is the only big planet whose name does not come from Roman, but from Greek mythology.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The word “Uranus” is considered an adjective derived from the word “Uranus”.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The astronomical symbol “”, denoting Uranus, is a hybrid of symbols of Mars and the Sun.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The reason for this is that in ancient Greek mythology, the Uranus-sky is under the combined power of the Sun and Mars [28].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The astrological symbol of Uranus, proposed by Lalande in 1784, was explained by Lalande himself in a letter to Herschel as follows [23]:


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This is the globe crowned with the first letter of your name.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean, the name of the planet is literally translated as “Star/Planet of the Heavenly King” [29] [30].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Orbit and rotation


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The average distance of the planet from the Sun is 19.1914 AU.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

(2.8 billion km).


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The period of full rotation of Uranus around the Sun is 84 Earth years.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The distance between Uranus and Earth varies from 2.6 to 3.15 billion km [31].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The semi-major axis of the orbit is 19.229 AU.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

, or about 3 billion kilometers.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The intensity of solar radiation at this distance is 1/400 of the value in Earth's orbit [32].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

For the first time, the elements of the orbit of Uranus were calculated in 1783 by the French astronomer Pierre-Simon Laplace [16], but over time, discrepancies between the calculated and observed positions of the planet were revealed.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In 1841, British John Couch Adams was the first to suggest that calculation errors were caused by the gravitational influence of a planet that had not yet been discovered.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In 1845, the French mathematician Urbain Le Verrier began independent work on calculating the elements of the orbit of Uranus, and on September 23, 1846, Johann Gottfried Halle discovered a new planet, later called Neptune , almost in the same place as Le Verrier predicted [33].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The period of rotation of Uranus around its axis is 17 hours and 14 minutes.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

However, as on other giant planets, very strong winds blow in the upper atmosphere of Uranus in the direction of rotation, reaching speeds of 240 m/s.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Thus, near 60 degrees south latitude, some visible atmospheric parts orbit the planet in just 14 hours [34].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Rotation axis inclination


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The plane of the equator of Uranus is inclined to the plane of its orbit at an angle of 97.86° - that is, the planet rotates retrograde, “lying on its side slightly upside down.”


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This leads to the fact that the seasons change in a completely different way than on other planets in the solar system.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

If other planets can be compared to spinning tops, Uranus is more like a rolling ball.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This anomalous rotation is usually explained by the collision of Uranus with a large planetesimal at an early stage of its formation [35].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

At solstices, one of the poles of the planet is directed towards the Sun.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Only a narrow strip near the equator experiences a rapid change of day and night; at the same time, the Sun there is very low above the horizon, as in the Earth's polar latitudes.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

After six months (Uranium), the situation changes to the opposite: the “polar day” occurs in the other hemisphere.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Each pole for 42 Earth years is in the dark — and another 42 years under the light of the Sun [36].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

At the equinox, the Sun stands “in front” of the equator of Uranus, which gives the same change of day and night as on other planets.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The next equinox on Uranus came on December 7, 2007 [37] [38].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Due to this inclination of the axis, the polar regions of Uranus receive more energy from the Sun during the year than the equatorial regions.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

However, Uranus is warmer in the equatorial regions than in the polar regions.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The mechanism that causes this redistribution of energy is still unknown.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Explanations for the unusual position of the axis of rotation of Uranus also remain hypothetical, although it is usually believed that during the formation of the solar system, a protoplanet about the size of Earth crashed to Uranus and changed its axis of rotation [39].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Many scientists disagree with this hypothesis, as it cannot explain why none of Uranus' moons have the same inclined orbit.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

A hypothesis was proposed that the axis of rotation of the planet for millions of years rocked a large satellite, which was later lost [40].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

During Voyager 2's first visit to Uranus in 1986, the south pole of Uranus was facing the Sun.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This pole is called the “south” pole.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

According to the definition approved by the International Astronomical Union, the south pole is one that is located on a certain side of the plane of the solar system (regardless of the direction of rotation of the planet) [ 41] [42].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Sometimes another convention is used, according to which the direction to the north is determined based on the direction of rotation according to the right hand rule [43].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

By this definition, the pole that was illuminated in 1986 is not the south, but the north pole.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Astronomer Patrick Moore commented on this problem in the following concise way: “Choose any” [44].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Visibility


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

From 1995 to 2006, the apparent magnitude of Uranus fluctuated between +5.6m and +5.9m, that is, the planet was visible to the naked eye at the limit of its capabilities (approximately +6.0m) [45]).


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The angular diameter of the planet was between 3.4 and 3.7 arcseconds (for comparison: Saturn: 16-20 arcseconds, Jupiter: 32-45 arcseconds [45]).


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In a clear dark sky, Uranus is visible to the naked eye in confrontation, and with binoculars it can be observed even in urban conditions [46].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In large amateur telescopes with a lens diameter of 15 to 23 cm, Uranus is seen as a pale blue disc with a pronounced darkening towards the edge.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Larger telescopes with a lens diameter of more than 25 cm can distinguish clouds and see large satellites (Titania and Oberon) [47].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Physical characteristics


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Internal structure


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranus is 14.5 times heavier than Earth, making it the least massive of the giant planets in the solar system.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The density of Uranus, equal to 1.270 g/cm³, puts it in second place after Saturn among the least dense planets in the solar system [48].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Despite the fact that the radius of Uranus is slightly larger than the radius of Neptune, its mass is slightly less [49], which supports the hypothesis that it consists mainly of various ice - water, ammonia and methane [50].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Their mass, according to various estimates, ranges from 9.3 to 13.5 Earth masses [50] [51].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Hydrogen and helium make up only a small part of the total mass (between 0.5 and 1.5 Earth masses [50]); the remaining share (0.5 to 3.7 earth masses [50]) falls on rocks (which are believed to form the core planets).


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The standard model of Uranus assumes that Uranus consists of three parts: in the center there is a stone core, in the middle there is an ice shell, and on the outside there is a hydrogen-helium atmosphere [50] [52].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The core is relatively small, with a mass of about 0.55 to 3.7 Earth masses and a radius of 20% of the radius of the entire planet.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The mantle (ice) makes up most of the planet (60% of the total radius, up to 13.5 Earth masses).


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The atmosphere, with a mass of only 0.5 Earth masses (or, according to other estimates, 1.5 Earth mass), extends to 20% of the radius of Uranus [50] [52].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

At the center of Uranus, the density should increase to 9 g/cm³, the pressure should reach 8 million bar (800 hPa) at a temperature of 5000 K [51] [52].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The ice shell is actually not ice in the generally accepted sense of the word, since it consists of a hot and dense liquid, which is a mixture of water, ammonia and methane [50] [52].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This liquid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called the “ocean of aqueous ammonia” [53].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The composition of Uranus and Neptune is very different from that of Jupiter and Saturn due to the “ice” prevailing over gases, justifying the placement of Uranus and Neptune in the category of ice giants.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Despite the fact that the model described above is the most common, it is not the only one.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Based on observations, other models can also be built — for example, if a significant amount of hydrogen and rock material mixes in an ice mantle, the total mass of ice will be lower, and accordingly, the total mass of hydrogen and rock material is higher [51].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Currently, the data available does not allow us to determine which model is more correct.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The liquid internal structure means that Uranus does not have any solid surface, since the gaseous atmosphere smoothly passes into liquid layers [50].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

However, for the sake of convenience, it was decided to conditionally take a flattened spheroid of rotation as a “surface”, where the pressure is 1 bar.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The equatorial and polar radii of this flattened spheroid are 25,559±4 and 24,973±20 km.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Later in the article, this value will be taken as a zero reference for the Uranus altitude scale [49].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Internal warmth


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The internal heat of Uranus is significantly less than that of other giant planets in the solar system [54] [55].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The planet's heat flux is very low, and the reason for this is now unknown.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Neptune, similar to Uranus in size and composition, emits 2.61 times more thermal energy into space than it receives from the Sun [55].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranus, on the other hand, has very little, if any, excess heat radiation.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The heat flux from Uranus is 0.042 — 0.047 W/m², and this value is less than that of Earth (~0.075 W/m²) [56].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Measurements in the far infrared part of the spectrum showed that Uranus emits only 1.06 ± 0.08% of the energy it receives from the Sun [4] [56].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The lowest temperature recorded in the tropopause of Uranus is 49 K (-224° C), which makes the planet the coldest of all planets in the solar system — even colder than Neptune [4] [56].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

There are two hypotheses that try to explain this phenomenon.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The first of them claims that the alleged collision of the protoplanet with Uranus during the formation of the solar system, which caused a large slope of its axis of rotation, led to scattering initially available heat [57].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The second hypothesis states that there is a layer in the upper layers of Uranus that prevents the heat from the nucleus from reaching the upper layers [50].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

For example, if adjacent layers have different compositions, convective transfer of heat from the core upwards may be difficult [4] [56].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The absence of excessive thermal radiation of the planet makes it much more difficult to determine the temperature of its subsoil, but assuming that the temperature conditions inside Uranus are close to those characteristic of others giant planets, then liquid water may exist there and, therefore, Uranus can be among the planets of the solar system where life is possible [58].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranus rings


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranus has a weakly expressed ring system consisting of very dark particles ranging in diameter from micrometers to fractions of a meter [5].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This is the second ring system found in the solar system (the first was the system of Saturn's rings) [59].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

At the moment, Uranus has 13 rings, the brightest of which is the ε ring (epsilon).


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranus rings are probably very young, as indicated by the gaps between them, as well as differences in their transparency.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This suggests that the rings did not form together with the planet.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Perhaps earlier the rings were one of the satellites of Uranus, which collapsed either in a collision with a celestial body, or under the influence of tidal forces [59] [60].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In 1789, William Herschel claimed to have seen the rings, but this report looks doubtful, as other astronomers could not find them for two centuries later.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The presence of a ring system in Uranus was officially confirmed only on March 10, 1977 by American scientists James L. James L. Elliot, Edward W. Edward W. Dunham and Douglas J.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Douglas J. Mink, who used the Kuiper Onboard Observatory.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The discovery was made by accident - a group of discoverers planned to observe the atmosphere of Uranus when Uranus covered the star SAO 158687.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

However, by analyzing the information received, they found a weakening of the star even before it was covered by Uranus, and this happened several times in a row.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

As a result, 9 rings of Uranus were discovered [61].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

When the Voyager 2 spacecraft arrived in the vicinity of Uranus, two more rings were detected using onboard optics, thereby increasing the total number of known rings to 11 [5].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In December 2005, the Hubble Space Telescope made it possible to discover two more previously unknown rings.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

They are twice as far away as the previously open rings, and therefore are often referred to as the “outer system of Uranus rings.”


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In addition to the rings, Hubble also helped discover two previously unknown small satellites, one of which (Mab) orbits the farthest ring.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Taking into account the last two rings, the total number of Uranus rings is 13 [62].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In April 2006, images of the new rings taken by the Keck Observatory in Hawaii made it possible to distinguish the colors of the outer rings.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

One of them was red and the other (the outermost) was blue [63] [64].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

It is believed that the blue color of the outer ring is due to the fact that it consists of small particles of water ice from the surface of the Mab [63] [65].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The inner rings of the planet appear gray [63].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In the works of the discoverer of Uranus William Herschel, the first mention of rings is found in a record dated February 22, 1789.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In the notes to the observations, he noted that Uranus assumes that Uranus has rings [66].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Herschel also suspected their red color (which was confirmed in 2006 by observations of the Keck Observatory for the penultimate ring).


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Herschel's notes appeared in the Journal of the Royal Society in 1797.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

However, later, for almost two centuries, from 1797 to 1979, rings are not mentioned in the literature at all, which, of course, gives the right to suspect a scientist's mistake [67].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Nevertheless, fairly accurate descriptions of what Herschel saw do not give reason to just discount his observations [63].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

When the Earth crosses the plane of Uranus's rings, they are visible from the edge.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This happened, for example, in 2007-2008 [68].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranus magnetosphere


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Prior to Voyager 2, no measurements of the magnetic field of Uranus were carried out.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Before the spacecraft arrived in orbit of Uranus in 1986, it was assumed that it would correspond to the direction of the solar wind.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In this case, the geomagnetic poles would have to coincide with the geographical poles that lie in the plane of the ecliptic [69].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Voyager 2 measurements made it possible to detect a very specific magnetic field in Uranus, which is not directed from the geometric center of the planet and is inclined 59 degrees relative to the axis of rotation [69] [70] .


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In fact, the magnetic dipole is shifted from the center of the planet to the south pole by about 1/3 of the planet's radius [69].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This unusual geometry results in a very asymmetric magnetic field, where surface tensions in the southern hemisphere can be 0.1 gauss, while in the northern hemisphere it can reach 1.1 gauss Gauss [69].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

On average, this figure is 0.23 Gaussian [69] (for comparison, the Earth's magnetic field is the same in both hemispheres, and the magnetic equator approximately corresponds to the “physical equator” [70]).


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The dipole moment of Uranus is 50 times greater than the Earth moment [69] [70].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In addition to Uranus, a similar shifted and “tilted” magnetic field is also observed in Neptune [70], so it is assumed that this configuration is characteristic of ice giants.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

One theory explains this phenomenon by the fact that the magnetic field of terrestrial planets and other giant planets is generated in the central core, and the magnetic field of the “ice giants” is formed at relatively shallow depths: for example, in the ocean of liquid ammonia, in a thin convective shell surrounding the liquid inner part, which has a stable layered structure [53] [71].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Nevertheless, in terms of the general structure of the magnetosphere, Uranus is similar to other planets in the solar system.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

There is a head shock wave, which is located at a distance of 23 of its radius from Uranus, and a magnetopause (at a distance of 18 radii of Uranus).


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

There are developed magnetic tail and radiation belts [69] [70] [72].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In general, Uranus differs in the structure of the magnetosphere from Jupiter and is more reminiscent of Saturn [69] [70].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The magnetic tail of Uranus stretches millions of kilometers behind the planet and is curved “into a tailspin” by the rotation of the planet [69] [73].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The magnetosphere of Uranus contains charged particles: protons, electrons and a small amount of H2+ ions [70] [72].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

No heavier ions were found during the studies.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Many of these particles are probably taken from the hot thermosphere of Uranus [72].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The energies of ions and electrons can reach 4 and 1.2 mega-electronvolts (MeV), respectively [72].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The density of low-energy ions (that is, ions with an energy of less than 0.001 MeV) in the internal magnetosphere is about 2 ions per cubic centimeter [74].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

An important role in the magnetosphere of Uranus is played by its satellites, which form large cavities in the magnetic field [72].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The flow of particles is high enough to cause the surface of the moons to darken over a period of about 100,000 years [72].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This may be the reason for the dark color of satellites and particles of Uranus's rings [60].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranus has well-developed auroras, which are visible as bright arcs around both polar poles [75].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

However, unlike Jupiter, auroras on Uranus are not significant for the energy balance of the thermosphere [76].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Climate


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

ambience


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Although Uranus does not have a solid surface in the usual sense of the word, the farthest part of the gaseous shell is commonly called its atmosphere [4].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

It is assumed that the atmosphere of Uranus begins at a distance of 300 km from the outer layer at a pressure of 100 bar and a temperature of 320 K [77].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The “atmospheric corona” extends for a distance 2 times the radius from the “surface” with a pressure of 1 bar [78].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The atmosphere can be divided into 3 parts: the troposphere (-300 km — 50 km; pressure is 100 — 0.1 bar), the stratosphere (50 — 4000 km; pressure is 0.1 — 10−10 bar) and the thermosphere/atmospheric crown (4000 — 50,000 km from the surface) [4].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranus has no mesosphere.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Roster


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The composition of Uranus's atmosphere differs markedly from that of the rest of the planet due to the high content of helium and molecular hydrogen [4].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The molar fraction of helium (that is, the ratio of the number of helium atoms to the number of all atoms and molecules) in the upper troposphere is 0.15 ± 0.03 and corresponds to a mass fraction of 0.26 ± 0.05 [4] [56] [79].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This value is very close to the protostellar mass fraction of helium (0.275 ± 0.01) [80].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Helium is not located in the center of the planet, which is typical for other gas giants [4].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The third component of Uranus' atmosphere is methane (CH4) [4].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Methane has well-visible absorption bands in the visible and near infrared spectrum.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

It is 2.3% by the number of molecules (at a pressure level of 1.3 bar) [4] [81] [82].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This ratio decreases significantly with altitude due to the fact that extremely low temperatures cause methane to “freeze out” [83].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The presence of methane, which absorbs light from the red part of the spectrum, gives the planet its green-blue color [84].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The prevalence of less volatile compounds, such as ammonia, water and hydrogen sulfide, in the depths of the atmosphere is poorly known [4] [85].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In addition, traces of ethane (C2H6), methylacetylene (CH3C2H) and diacetylene (C2HC2H) [83] [86] [87] were found in the upper layers of Uranus.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

These hydrocarbons are believed to be a product of methane photolysis by solar ultraviolet radiation [88].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Spectroscopy also found traces of water vapor, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

They probably get to Uranus from external sources (for example, from passing comets) [86] [87] [89].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Troposphere


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The troposphere, the lowest and densest part of the atmosphere, is characterized by a decrease in temperatures with altitude [4].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The temperature drops from 320 K at the very bottom of the troposphere (at a depth of 300 km) to 53 K at an altitude of 50 km [77] [82].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The temperature in the uppermost part of the troposphere (tropopause) varies from 57 to 49 K, depending on latitude [4] [54].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Tropopause is responsible for most of the infrared radiation (in the far infrared part of the spectrum) of the planet and makes it possible to determine the effective temperature of the planet (59.1 ± 0.3 K) [54] [56].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The troposphere has a complex structure: presumably, water clouds can be in the pressure range from 50 to 100 bar, clouds of ammonium hydrosulfide - in the range of 20-40 bar, clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide — in the range of 3-10 bar.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Methane clouds can be located between 1 and 2 bars [4] [77] [81] [90].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The troposphere is a very dynamic part of the atmosphere, and it clearly shows seasonal changes, clouds and strong winds [55].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Upper part of the atmosphere


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

After the tropopause, the stratosphere begins, where the temperature does not decrease, but, on the contrary, increases with altitude: from 53 K in the tropopause to 800—850 K (520° C) [91] in the main part of the thermosphere [78].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The heating of the stratosphere is caused by the absorption of solar infrared and ultraviolet radiation by methane and other hydrocarbons formed due to methane photolysis [83] [88].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In addition, the stratosphere is also heated by the thermosphere [75] [92].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Hydrocarbons occupy a relatively low layer from 100 to 280 km in the range of 10 to 0.1 millibars and temperature ranges between 75 and 170 K [83].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The most common hydrocarbons, acetylene and ethane, are 10−7 in this area relative to hydrogen, the concentration of which here is close to the concentration of methane and carbon monoxide [83] [86] [89].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

For heavier hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and water vapor, this ratio is even three orders of magnitude lower [86].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Ethane and acetylene condense in the colder and lower parts of the stratosphere and tropopause, forming fogs [88].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

However, the concentration of hydrocarbons above these fogs is significantly less than on other giant planets [83] [75].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The parts of the atmosphere farthest from the surface — the thermosphere and the corona — have a temperature of 800—850 K [4] [75], but the reasons for this temperature are still unclear.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Neither solar ultraviolet radiation (neither near nor far of the ultraviolet spectrum) nor auroras can provide the right energy (although low cooling efficiency due to lack of hydrocarbons in the upper stratosphere can contribute [78] [75]).


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In addition to molecular hydrogen, the thermosphere contains a large number of free hydrogen atoms.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Their low mass and high temperature can help explain why the thermosphere extends 50,000 km (two planetary radii) [78] [75].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This extended crown is a unique feature of Uranus [75].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This is the reason for the low dust content in its rings [78].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The Uranus thermosphere and the upper layer of the stratosphere form the ionosphere [82], which is at altitudes from 2,000 to 10,000 km [82].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The ionosphere of Uranus is denser than that of Saturn and Neptune, possibly due to the low concentration of hydrocarbons in the upper stratosphere [75] [93].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The ionosphere is mainly supported by solar ultraviolet radiation and its density depends on solar activity [94].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Auroras are not as frequent and significant here as on Jupiter and Saturn [75] [76].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The atmosphere of Uranus is unusually calm compared to the atmospheres of other giant planets, even compared to Neptune, which is similar in composition and size to Uranus [55].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

When Voyager 2 approached Uranus, it was possible to see only 10 stripes of clouds in the visible part of this planet [5] [95].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This calm in the atmosphere can be explained by the extremely low internal heat.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

It is much smaller than that of other giant planets.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The lowest temperature recorded in the tropopause of Uranus is 49 K (-224° C), making the planet the coldest among the planets in the solar system — even colder than more distant from the Sun by Neptune and Pluto [4] [56].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Atmospheric formations, clouds and winds


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Images taken by Voyager 2 in 1986 showed that the visible southern hemisphere of Uranus can be divided into two regions: a bright “polar hood” and less bright equatorial zones [5].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

These zones are bordered at a latitude of −45°.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The narrow band between −45° and −50°, called the southern “ring”, is the most noticeable feature of the hemisphere and the visible surface in general [5] [96].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The “hood” and ring are believed to be located in the pressure range from 1.3 to 2 bar and are dense clouds of methane [97].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Unfortunately, Voyager 2 approached Uranus during the Southern Polar Summer and was unable to record the Arctic Circle.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

However, at the beginning of the 21st century, when the northern hemisphere of Uranus was able to be seen through the Hubble Space Telescope and telescopes of the Keck Observatory, there was no “hood” or “ring” in this part of the planet was not found [96].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Thus, another asymmetry was noted in the structure of Uranus, especially bright near the south pole and evenly dark in the areas north of the “southern ring” [96].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In addition to the large-scale banded structure of the atmosphere, Voyager 2 noted 10 small bright clouds, most of which were noted a few degrees north of the “southern ring” [5]; In all other respects, Uranus looked like a “dynamically dead” planet.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

However, in the 1990s, the number of recorded bright clouds increased significantly, with most of them found in the northern hemisphere of the planet, which at that time became visible [55].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The first explanation for this (light clouds are easier to see in the northern hemisphere than in the brighter southern hemisphere) was not confirmed.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

There are differences in the structure of the clouds of the two hemispheres [98]: the northern clouds are smaller, brighter and clearer [99].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Apparently, they are located at a higher altitude [99].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The lifetime of the clouds is very different — some of the clouds seen did not last even several hours, while at least one of the southern clouds has survived since Voyager 2 flew near Uranus [ 55] [95].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Recent observations of Neptune and Uranus have shown that there are many similarities between the clouds of these planets [55].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Although the weather on Uranus is calmer, it, like Neptune, was marked with “dark spots” (atmospheric vortices) — in 2006, for the first time, a vortex was seen and photographed in its atmosphere [100].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Tracking various clouds made it possible to identify zonal winds blowing in the upper troposphere of Uranus [55].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

At the equator, winds are retrograde, that is, they blow in the opposite direction to the rotation of the planet, and their speeds (since the movement is back to rotation) are −100 and −50 m/s [55] [96].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Wind speeds tend to zero as the distance from the equator increases up to a latitude of ± 20°, where there is almost no wind.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Winds begin to blow in the direction of rotation of the planet up to the poles [55].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Wind speeds begin to increase, reaching their maximum at latitudes of ±60° and falling almost to zero at the poles [55].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The wind speed at a latitude of −40° ranges from 150 to 200 m/s, and then observations are hampered by the Southern Ring, which shades the clouds with its brightness and does not allow calculating the wind speed closer to the south pole.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The maximum wind speed seen on the planet was recorded in the northern hemisphere at a latitude of +50° and equals more than 240 m/s [55] [96] [101].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Seasonal changes


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

During a short period from March to May 2004, more active cloud appearance was observed in the atmosphere of Uranus, almost like Neptune [99] [102].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Observations recorded wind speeds of up to 229 m/s (824 km/h) and a constant thunderstorm, called the “fireworks display of July 4” [95].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

On August 23, 2006, the Institute for Space Research (Boulder, Colorado, USA) and the University of Wisconsin observed a dark spot on the surface of Uranus, which increased knowledge of the change of seasons on this planet [100].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

It is not known exactly why such an increase in activity occurs — perhaps the “extreme” slope of the Uranus axis leads to “extreme” season changes [38] [103].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

It remains only a matter of time to determine the seasonal variations of Uranus, as the first qualitative information about its atmosphere was obtained less than 84 years ago (the “Uranium Year” lasts 84 Earth years).


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Photometry, begun about half of Uranium's year ago (in the 1950s), showed variations in the brightness of the planet in two ranges: with highs occurring at solstices and lows during equinox time [104].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This periodic variation was noted due to microwave measurements of the troposphere begun in the 1960s [105].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Stratospheric temperature measurements, which appeared in the 1970s, also made it possible to identify maxima during solstices (in particular, in 1986) [92].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Most of these changes are assumed to be due to the asymmetry of the planet [98]


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

However, studies show that seasonal changes in Uranus do not always depend on the factors mentioned above [103].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

During its previous “northern solstice” in 1944, Uranus rose in brightness in the northern hemisphere, which showed that it was not always dim [104].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The visible pole facing the Sun gains brightness during the solstice and darkens rapidly after the equinox [103].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

A detailed analysis of visual and microwave measurements showed that the increase in brightness does not always occur during the solstice.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

There are also changes in meridian albedo [103].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Finally, in the 1990s, when Uranus left the solstice, thanks to the Hubble Space Telescope, it was possible to notice that the southern hemisphere began to darken noticeably, and the northern hemisphere began to become brighter [97], it increased wind speed and more clouds [95], but there was a tendency to clarify [99].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The mechanism governing seasonal changes is still not sufficiently studied [103].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Around the summer and winter solstices, both hemispheres of Uranus are either under sunlight or under the darkness of outer space.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Clearings of sunlit areas are believed to be due to local thickening of fog and methane clouds in the troposphere layers [97].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The bright ring at −45° latitude is also associated with methane clouds [97].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Other changes in the southern polar region may be explained by changes in the lower layers.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Variations in the change in microwave intensity from the planet are likely to be caused by changes in deep tropospheric circulation, because thick polar clouds and fogs can interfere convection [106].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

When the autumnal equinox approaches, the driving forces change, and convection can proceed again [95] [106].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranus Formation


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

There are many arguments that the differences between ice and gas giants originated during the formation of the solar system [107] [108].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

It is believed that the solar system was formed from a giant rotating ball of gas and dust known as the Protosolar Nebula.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Then the ball condensed, and a disk with the Sun in the center was formed [107] [108].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Most of the hydrogen and helium went to form the Sun.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

And dust particles began to gather together to later form protoplanets [107] [108].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

As the planets grew, some of them acquired a gravitational field strong enough to concentrate residual gas around them.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

They continued to collect gas until they reached the limit, and grew exponentially.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The ice giants managed to collect significantly less gas — only a few masses of the Earth.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Thus, their mass did not reach this limit [107] [108] [109].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Modern theories of the formation of the solar system have some difficulties in explaining the formation of Uranus and Neptune.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

These planets are too large for the distance they are from the Sun.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

They may have been closer to the Sun before, but then somehow changed their orbits [107].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

However, new methods of planetary modeling show that Uranus and Neptune could indeed form in their current place, and thus their real dimensions according to these models are not are an obstacle to the theory of the origin of the solar system [108].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranus' moons


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Twenty-seven natural satellites have been discovered in the Uranus system [109].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The names for them are chosen after the names of the characters in the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope [52] [110].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Five main largest satellites can be distinguished: Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania and Oberon [52].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranus's satellite system is the least massive among the gas giant's satellite systems.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Even the total mass of all these five satellites will not be even half the mass of Triton, the moon of Neptune [48].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The largest of Uranus' moons, Titania, has a radius of only 788.9 km, which is less than half the radius of the Earth's moon, although larger than that of Rhea, Saturn's second largest moon.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

All moons have relatively low albedos, ranging from 0.20 for Umbriel to 0.35 for Ariel [5].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The moons of Uranus are made up of ice and rocks in a ratio of about 50 to 50.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Ice may include ammonia and carbon dioxide [60] [111].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Ariel seems to have the youngest surface among the moons, with the least number of craters.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Umbriel's surface, judging by the degree of craterization, is most likely the oldest [5] [60].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Miranda has canyons up to 20 kilometers deep, terraces and a chaotic landscape [5].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

One theory explains this by the fact that Miranda once collided with a celestial body and fell apart, and then “gathered” by the forces of attraction again [60] [112].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranus Research


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Chronology of discoveries


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Research by automatic interplanetary stations


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In 1986, NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft crossed the orbit of Uranus along a flying trajectory and traveled 81,500 km from the surface of the planet.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This is the only visit to the vicinity of Uranus in the history of astronau


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Voyager 2 was launched in 1977, and studied Jupiter and Saturn (and later Neptune) before flying past Uranus.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The device studied the structure and composition of the atmosphere of Uranus [82], discovered 10 new satellites, studied unique weather conditions caused by an axial roll of 97.77°, and studied the ring system [5] [113].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The magnetic field and structure of the magnetosphere and, in particular, the “magnetic tail” caused by transverse rotation were also studied.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Two new rings were discovered and 5 of the largest satellites were photographed [5] [60].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

NASA is currently planning to launch the Uranus orbit and probe in the 2020s.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

A proposal submitted to the European Space Agency by a group of 168 scientists describes a journey to the outer part of the solar system, in which the ultimate target is the planet Uranus [114].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The mission is named Uranus Pathfinder.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

It will allow you to study the unique chemical composition of the planet, its rings and satellites, as well as reveal some of the most important secrets of the planet.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

This mission, in turn, will contribute to increasing our knowledge of the solar system.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The project manager said that the motivation for this mission is to study the giant outer regions of the solar system, about which we know very little.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Depending on the size of the ship, a mission can take 8 to 15 years to reach its destination.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The team hopes that the Uranus Pathfinder mission can be launched in 2021 [115].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranium in culture


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Three years after its discovery, Uranus became the scene of a satirical pamphlet [116].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Since then, Stanley Weinbaum, Ramsey Campbell, Larry Niven [117], Sergey Pavlov, Georgy Gurevich and others have been included in the storyline of his science fiction works [118].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Uranus was chosen as the setting for Journey to the Seventh Planet [118], as well as individual episodes of Space Patrol [119] and Dalek Master Plan (an episode of the television series” Doctor Who”) [120].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

The planet is also mentioned in several comics, anime and computer games.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In astrology, Uranus (symbol —) is considered the steward of the sign of Aquarius [121].


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

See here. Uranus in astrology.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Notes


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Literature


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

References


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Russian-language links


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

G. Burba.


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

//Popular science article in the magazine “Vokrug Sveta”


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

in the news


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

English language links


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Recommended articles from arXiv.org


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Websites


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

upon


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

— Press release with photos of rings, satellites and clouds


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

News from December 22, 2005 about the discovery of new moons and rings:


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

, Space.com


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

, MSNBC


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory photo magazine


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

In the news


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

(in English)


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Category:Uranus


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Category:Gas giants


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1781


Question: How far is Uranus from Earth?

Uranus

Category:Solar System Planets


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Payment for travel in the Moscow Metro, on the Moscow Central Ring (MCC) and the Moscow Monorail is carried out using contactless NFC technology.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

[1] Pass at the station is controlled by automatic turnstiles that read information about paid trips from contactless tickets and transport cards.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

In addition to the common Troika card, the Muscovite's Social Card [2] and the Moscow Universal Electronic Card [3], a mobile phone with the Mobile Ticket service can act as a transport card ” [4], bank cards with Troika applications [3] and ExpressCard [5].


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

At a limited number of stations [6], there are specially marked turnstiles that allow you to pay for trips directly from bank cards of any bank that support MasterCard Contactless, Visa PayWave, as well as using mobile phones using Samsung Pay, Apple Pay [7], Android Pay [8] payment systems.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Throughout history, paper tickets checked by inspectors, turnstiles with accepting coins, turnstiles for accepting tokens and magnetic stripe cards have also been used [9].


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Ticket offices that allow you to purchase tickets and transport cards are located at all metro, MCC and monorail stations; payment is made in cash or by bank cards.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

In addition, machines selling tickets using cards with contactless technology are installed at the stations [10].


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The cost of the trip does not depend on the length of the route and the number of metro transfers.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Also, the cost of one trip includes transfers between the metro, MCC and the monorail, if no more than 90 minutes pass between the start of the trip and the transfer.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

From January 2, 2019, the cost of one trip is: 55 rubles for a ticket for one trip, 38 rubles when paying with the Troika e-wallet and by applying to a bank card, 59 rubles for a ticket 90 minutes (Troika card only), 42 rubles when paying using MasterCard Contactless, Visa payWave, Apple Pay, Samsung Pay, Google Pay [8] [11].


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Means of payment


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

File:Moscow transport ticket - 81-765 Moscow.jpgSingle ticket for a limited number of trips with a stylized train 81-765 “Moscow”


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

File:Moscow transport ticket - Moscow 870.jpgSingle ticket for a limited number of trips issued in honor of Moscow's 870th anniversary


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

File:Moscow ticket 90 minutes.jpg90-minute ticket for one trip


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

File:Moscow transport ticket - city Troika.jpgTroika map with stylized images of Moscow skyscrapers


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Tickets and transport cards are sold in the form of paper and plastic contactless smart cards using Mifare Standard, Mifare Ultralight and Mifare Plus technologies [12] [13].


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Paper tickets


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Paper tickets — single, “90 minutes” and for a calendar month — are sold at ticket offices and vending machines and Mosgortrans.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The single ticket has a fixed limit on the number of trips (1, 2, 20, 40 and 60), and the travel limit can be used for travel on any type of public transport.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

A calendar month ticket allows you to make no more than 70 trips by metro, MCC and monorail during the month and an unlimited number of trips by ground public transport.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

It is not possible to replenish or renew a ticket after the travel limit or expiration date has been reached.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Troika cards


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The Troika transport card is a contactless plastic smart card.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

To pay for the fare, either a pre-deposited amount of money is used — the “Wallet” function, or a ticket recorded on the card.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The “Wallet” allows you to travel within the amount deposited in advance.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

When paying for a trip, a single trip fare is used, except for cases when one metro pass (either MCC or monorail) and an unlimited number of trips by land transport meet 90 minutes — then the “90 minutes” tariff is used.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

It is also possible to record Unified, 90 Minutes tickets, a calendar month ticket on the Troika card with the same fares and with the same features as the corresponding paper tickets.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Tickets with a limited number of nights (1, 3, 7 days, 30, 90, 365 days) are not sold in paper form, but are available for registration at Troika.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

They allow you to make an unlimited number of trips by metro, MCC, monorail and ground public transport in Moscow (except for the Troitsky Administrative District) during the time period.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Cards are distributed at metro, MCC and monorail ticket offices and some ticket offices of Mosgortrans.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

To purchase a card, you must pay a deposit value (as of 2018 — 50 rubles [15]), which is returned when the card is returned to the cashier.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Bank cards


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

There are several ways to use bank cards to pass to metro stations, MCC and monorail.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Bank cards issued by some Moscow banks specifically for use in transport with Express Card and Troika applications allow you to pay for the passage by touching the card on any turnstile system.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

MasterCard Contactless and Visa payWave cards are issued by many banks around the world and can only be used to pay for admission at specially marked turnstiles available at some stations subway.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Bank card with Express Card app


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Bank cards with the Express Card application allow you to pay for trips directly from your bank card account at the rate of one trip of Troika Wallet, while other tariffs and functionality Troika is not supported.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

As of April 2017, 13 Russian banks participate in the program.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Bank card with Troika app


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Bank cards with the Troika application fully support the functionality of the Troika transport card and allow you to purchase tickets recorded on the card and replenish Troika's Wallet, using the card's main account.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Such cards are issued by Sberbank, Russian Standard Bank, Gazmprombank and VTB.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

MasterCard Contactless and Visa payWave cards


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

MasterCard and Visa international payment systems that support MasterCard Contactless and Visa payWave wireless payment technologies can be used to pay for admission to specially turnstiles equipped for this purpose.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Such turnstiles, as of April 2017, are located at dozens of stations and are marked with stickers.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Acquiring is provided by Sberbank and VTB 24.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The fare is paid at a special rate (in 2018 — 40 rubles [18]), the amount is debited directly from the card account.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Mobile phones


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

“Mobile ticket”


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

To pay for admission at all turnstiles, phones that support NFC can be used, which have a special SIM card that supports the Mobile Ticket service.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Such SIM-cards are produced by MTS, Megafon [19] and Beeline operators.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The fare is paid at the Troika Koshelek tariff, the Wallet account balance is maintained in the range of 90-150 rubles by automatically debiting funds from the mobile phone account. [4]


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Apple Pay, Samsung Pay and Android Pay


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Turnstiles equipped to support contactless payment can also be used to pay using smartphones and smartwatches that support Apple Pay [20], Samsung Pay [21] and Android Pay.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

[8] The same rates are used as when paying for a contactless card, as a rule, funds are debited from the bank card linked to the payment system.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

[20] [21]


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Baggage payment


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

According to the rules, a paper baggage ticket is used to pay for baggage, which allows you to carry one piece of baggage that exceeds the free baggage allowance.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

When paying for baggage, the passenger's fare must be paid separately.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

In the subway and on the monorail, each piece of luggage “the sum of measurements of which in length, width and height is in the range from 121 cm to 150 cm” as well as “long items, length of which from 151 cm to 220 cm.”


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

At the MCC, hand luggage “weighing more than 50 kg and (or) the size of which exceeds 180 cm by the sum of three dimensions” is payable.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

[22] However, the actual availability of a baggage ticket when passing through the baggage turnstile is not checked or is rarely checked.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Rates


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

ticketing


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Ticket offices that allow you to purchase tickets and transport cards are located at all metro, MCC and monorail stations; payment is made in cash or by bank cards.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Terminals for buying tickets and recording trips on transport cards have been installed near the ticket offices at metro stations.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The earliest terminals are vending machines with several buttons and a small monochrome display, more modern terminals are computerized and have a large size and availability color touch screen.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The most modern terminals are painted red in the branded style of Moscow transport, and the earlier 1 in blue.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

To check the validity period and number of trips on tickets, AES Prodata ticket verification terminals (now ERG) are located on the walls near the ticket offices, equipped with red matrix LED indicators (similar devices are used as validators in Moscow land public transport) or domestic Shtrikh terminals equipped with color LCD monitors wide application.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

These terminals are painted yellow.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

An old ticket vending machine used in the early 2000s


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Modern ticketing terminal at the metro station “”


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Ticket verification terminal (left on the wall) and new ticket terminals at the Moskva metro station


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Payment control


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Turnstiles


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

AKP-73 turnstiles are used in the Moscow metro (produced by the Experimental Electromechanical Plant of the Moscow Metro, OEMZ, currently it is used only in the form of barrier turnstiles exit) [28], AKP-73M, UT-2000, UT-2005 and UT-2009 manufactured by CJSC Electronic Systems (ELSIE [29]), St. Petersburg.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The AKP-73 and AKP-73M turnstiles are open by default, but when trying to pass unpaid, they slam the doors shut and play the melody of “Polonaise Oginsky” - “Farewell to the Motherland”, while on the back side of the turnstile lights start flashing.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

On the inner sides there are photo sensors based on the photo effect.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The last turnstiles of this type were officially decommissioned in 2018 with the replacement of them with the UT-2009, the most recent ones remained only on Bagrationovskaya.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

UT model turnstiles, which have been installed in the metro since 2002 [31], have rotary swing doors closed by default that open to the entrance when a valid ticket is presented, and at the exit when the passenger crossing the photocell line at the edge of the turnstile.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The turnstiles are equipped with matrix vacuum-luminescent indicators of higher resolution, which, in addition to the number of remaining trips, display the validity period of the ticket.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

At the same time, the current state of the turnstile (passage allowed or not) is displayed by separate solid rectangular LED indicators.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

In the past, before switching to card payments, incandescent lamps were used to display the status of the turnstile, covered with red and green filters.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Initially, card validators were installed on top of turnstiles and the original front panels with indicators based on incandescent lamps remained in place, then validators were installed instead them.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

On the entrance turnstiles on the opposite side of the entrance, there are light indicators that light up or flash when the passenger uses discount tickets.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

This allows inspectors to identify cases of misuse of discount tickets (for example, social cards of a schoolchild, student or Muscovite) by persons who do not visually fit the preferential category citizens.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Old turnstiles of the Moscow metro AKP-73M with partially closed doors and a “hare” jumping over them


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

UT-2005 turnstiles with swivel flaps (metro station “”)


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

UT-2009 turnstiles are the most modern model equipped with high flaps to protect against “hares” (metro station “”)


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Controllers


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

On each turnstile line to the entrance there is a cabin of the controller of automatic checkpoints, which monitors the passage of passengers through the turnstiles and, if necessary, allows children and passengers to pass who have difficulty passing through turnstiles.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

At metro and monorail stations, turnstile lines are usually on duty behind turnstile lines to prevent unpaid passage and monitor the legality of using discount tickets when passing through turnstiles controllers of the State Public Institution “Transport Organizer” [32], who, along with the police, are entitled to impose a fine and seize illegally used discount tickets [33].


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The penalty for stowaway passage through a checkpoint at a metro and monorail station is 1000 rubles, for passing with someone else's social card — 2500 rubles and withdrawing the card.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Controller of automatic checkpoints (in a blue vest) and an employee of the State Public Institution “Transport Organizer”.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Old-style weekend turnstiles in the foreground


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Police officers at the turnstile line


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

History


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Since the opening of the metro in 1935, passengers have been sold paper tickets, which were manually checked and composted by inspectors at the entrance to the station.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

In the same year, experiments began with the use of turnstiles that allowed passengers to pass by tokens.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The mass introduction of token turnstiles began in the late 1950s.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

From January 1, 1961 to April 1, 1991, turnstiles accepted five-kopeck coins, a monthly TAT+metro pass cost 6 rubles, and an ordinary metro pass 3 rubles.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

From April 2, 1991 to March 31, 1992, some of the turnstiles accept 15-kopeck coins, and in part it is necessary to throw three five-kopeck coins in a row.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

However, the price of the metro pass rose only to six rubles.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Since March 1, 1992, turnstiles have been accepting metal tokens, and since November 15 of the same year, plastic tokens.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Since September 1997, paper tickets with a magnetic stripe have been used, and since 1999, contactless transport cards have been used.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The circulation of tokens was finally stopped on February 16, 1999.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Tickets for trips 1, 2 and 5 before January 1, 2008 (for trips 10, 20 and 60 before January 20, 2007) had a magnetic stripe and had to be passed through a mechanical turnstile validator.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

All the necessary information was printed on the back of the ticket — about the validity period of the ticket, the number of trips, and the dates of passage through the turnstiles.