Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

In 1986, Lucasfilm Games developed a third-person graphic adventure computer game “Labyrinth: The Computer Game” for Commodore 64, Apple II, MSX and NEC PC-8801 platforms [22]


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

In 1987, an action-adventure Labyrinth game for Famicom, developed by Atlus, was released in Japan.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Criticism


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

The film was received by critics in different ways.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

The Chicago Tribune called it a waste of talent and money [24], the San Francisco Chronicle considered that adults would be bored with the film and children would be frightened [25], Time magazine generally praised the film, that its creators are loyal to the spirit of Walt Disney cartoons [26].


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Chicago Sun-Times columnist Roger Ebert remarked that the film does not have a single and generally not very meaningful plot that breaks up into separate scenes [27], and these scenes are more similar for The Muppet Show than for the real film, especially given the breaks in the plot for the performance of songs.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

[27] [28] However, critics note that the dolls are made of extremely high quality, while noting that Jaret himself looks too contrasting against their background (although the role is played perfectly), and Jennifer looks older than Sarah should be.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

[28] [29] In addition, Jennifer's acting did not suit all critics: during episodes with her, the world around her is perceived as a puppet because of her not very serious attitude to the threats that are taking place; Sarah seems to always know that she can handle the situation anyway.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

After a while, criticism of the film softened, it is recommended for viewing by children of any age.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

[31] [32] [33] [34]


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Honors


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

In 1987, the film was nominated for awards:


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Saturn Award in the nominations “Best Costumes”, “Best Science Fiction Film”


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

BAFTA — Best Special Effects


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Hugo Award — Best Production


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Literature


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Books


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Published reviews


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Chaillet, Jean-Paul.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

In Première (France).


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

(MG), Feb 1987, p.14


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Thomson, Desson.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Too Retro for Comfort.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

At The Washington Post (USA), Vol.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

130, Iss.


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

241, August 3, 2007, p. 33 in the weekly review, (NP)


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Gene Siskel, in the Chicago Tribune, June 30, 1986, p. 3


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Peter Stack, in the San Francisco Chronicle, June 27, 1986, p. 82


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Richard Corliss, Time, July 7, 1986, page 65


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times, June 27, 1986 [27]


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Essay


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

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Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Notes


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

References


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

1986 American films


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

1986 British films


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Category: American adventure films


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Category:British adventure films


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Category:American musical films


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Category:British musicals


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Category:US family films


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Category:UK family movies


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Category: American fantasy films


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Category: British fantasy films


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Category:Labyrinth films


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Category:Kidnapping films


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Category:Lucasfilm films


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Category:Films produced by George Lucas


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Category:Movies in English


Question: What is the name of the main character of the movie “Labyrinth”?

The Labyrinth (film)

Category: Films directed by Jim Henson


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Coordinates:


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The Library of Alexandria (Ancient Greek: Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Latin: Bibliotheca Alexandrina) was one of the largest libraries of antiquity that existed in ancient Alexandria under Alexandria museion in the 3rd century BC


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

— 4th century AD


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Throughout the 3rd century BC


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

the head of the library was traditionally at the same time the tutor of the heir to the throne [1].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

After the Roman conquest of Egypt, the library retained its high importance for the new administration; at least until the beginning of the 3rd century AD.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

, its employees had the privileges of the Ptolemaic era.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Alexandria maintained its status as an intellectual and educational center back in the 5th century.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Actually, there were two library collections: the main one, located in the royal palace in the Brucheion quarter (it was damaged during the war of Julius Caesar in 48 BC), and an auxiliary one, in the Temple of Serapis ( Serapeum), where publicly available funds and educational literature were stored.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The main fund of the library ceased to exist during the hostilities of 273 - Emperor Aurelian completely destroyed Brucheion.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Since the XVIII century, there has been a version that part of the library kept in the Serapeum was destroyed during the clashes of 391 between Christians and pagans, but it is not unequivocally confirmed ancient sources.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

According to legend, the destruction of library collections was completed during the Arab conquest in the first half of the 7th century.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Almost all information about the contents and structure of the Library of Alexandria is contained in scattered ancient sources, which strongly contradict each other.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Not a single text that came directly from the library is known; archaeologists have great difficulty identifying its location.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Ancient sources.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Terminology


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The Library of Alexandria is poorly represented in sources, which mostly date back to the Roman era, when the principles of functioning and acquisition of the library changed [2] [3].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The oldest source containing information about the library is the Letter of Aristeus, which now dates back to the 2nd or 1st century BC.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Fragmentary information is contained in Strabo's Geography, the works of Seneca, Plutarch and Suetonius.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Some anecdotal information is presented in the works of the physician of the II century Galen, as well as Atheneus, and a number of other authors.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

A number of important information is presented in the scholies of the Byzantine scientist of the 12th century John Cetses, but the sources of his information are unknown [4].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In ancient sources, the Library of Alexandria was named differently.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Quite often it is simply referred to as the “Great Library” (Ancient Greek: miğlaη bibiblioqqη), the “royal library”, the “library of Museion”, etc. [5]


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Foundation of the library


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The Library of Alexandria was probably founded on the initiative of King Ptolemy I Soter [6], as follows from Plutarch's Morals (Non posse suaviter vivi, 13, 3).


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Apparently, the meetings at the schools of Plato and Aristotle were a model for the creation of the Library of Alexandria as a state scientific and educational institution.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

When Plato moved the school from Academy's grove to his own home, he founded Museyon, the temple of the muses; Theophrastus built special auditoriums and a library building for the peripatetic school [1].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Peripatetics Demetrius Falersky and possibly Straton of Lampsak took part in the foundation of the Library of Alexandria, but Demetrius could not appear in Alexandria before 297 BC.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

By its appearance, the basis of the library had already been formed, in any case, Epiphany of Cyprus reported that once Ptolemy Philadelphus asked Demetrius how many books were collected in the library.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

He replied that 54,800 scrolls had been collected, but much remained to be obtained and copied [1].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The Library of Alexandria was more of an academy than an ordinary collection of books: scientists who were engaged in both research and teaching lived and worked here.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The library had a staff of copyists who rewrote books; a catalog of books was compiled [7].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

An essential feature of the Library of Alexandria was that its funds were mainly replenished on the spot: Alexandria was the main center of papyrus production in antiquity, and the policy of the Ptolemies was aimed at creating a cadre of trained specialists — scribes and grammar-textologists.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Avl Gellius wrote about this for the first time, who also gave the maximum estimate of the size of the library fund — 700,000 scrolls (Attic Nights, VII, 17, 1-3) [1].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The library and the Museum were created at the same time and had to complement each other.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The museum was a cult institution, but the worship of the Muses was practical in nature, in the form of various scientific and literary activities carried out by full-time scientists and writers.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The closest analogue of this activity was the staging of tragedies in Athens of the classical era as an act of cult rituals of the god Dionysus [1].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

According to Athenaeus, the original basis of the library collection was the Aristotle library bought by Ptolemy (I, 3b); however, this fragment can also be interpreted as the fact that the basis of the fund was the writings of Aristotle himself.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Galen reported a characteristic anecdote, according to which all ships visiting the harbor of Alexandria had to give their books and in return receive copies.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Ptolemy III Everget borrowed from Athens a state copy of the works of the Athenian tragedies and returned only copies, losing a huge pledge of 18 talents [1].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The first curator of the library was Zenodotus of Ephesus (until 234 BC), followed by Eratosthenes of Kirensky (from 236 to 195 BC), Aristophanes of Byzantium (185—180 BC), Aristarchus of Samothrace ( to 146 BC).


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Other outstanding scientists of the Hellenistic era also worked in the library, including Euclid, Heron of Alexandria, Archimedes.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Information about this is provided in the Byzantine encyclopedia Suda.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Oxirinh papyrus 1241 provides another list of Alexandrian librarians, but, according to V. Borukhovich, it cannot serve as a basis for resolving the issue of continuity in the management of the library.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Apollonius of Rhodes is named here the teacher of the first king (instead of the third), and Eratosthenes is named the successor of Apollonius, followed by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus [1].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Library holdings


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In 1819, F. Hosann, studying the manuscript of Plautus's comedies of the 15th century, discovered a Latin scholium containing information about the Library of Alexandria, but it was published much later [8].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Its content is as follows:


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

(Tsar) established two libraries, one outside the royal palace and the other in the palace.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The external library contained 42,800 scrolls, and the one in the palace contained 40,000 “mixed scrolls” (Voluminum commixtorum), “simple and divided” (Simplicium autem et digestorum) 90,000, according to Kallimachus, a royal court librarian who also wrote titles for each scroll [1].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The anonymous author of the similarity referred to the Byzantine scientist John Cetses.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

It is noteworthy that Cetses's Greek text about the Library of Alexandria — part of the similarities to Aristophanes — has been preserved in one of the manuscripts from the collection of the Ambrosian Library in Milan.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

There is a different order of numbers:


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The named king Ptolemy Philadelphus... when he collected books from everywhere with the money of the royal treasury to Alexandria, on the advice of Demetrius Falersky and other elders, gave them a place in two libraries.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In the external library, the number of books was 42,800.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Another library, located inside the palace, had 400,000 “mixed” books (Greek: sumiktu), and 90,000 “simple” and “unmixed”, as described by Kallimachus, who was a court king, later after putting them in order [9].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

It is characteristic that modern researchers tend to trust underestimated estimates of the number of works stored in the library [10].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The concept of “simple”, “mixed” and “unmixed” books stored in the library is also controversial.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

According to V. Borukhovich, “simple” books in the tradition of Alexandrian scientists were called medium-sized scrolls, which included one literary work, while “mixed” books were a collection of scrolls tied or enclosed in one box, as if “mixed” with each other — so that it was necessary to look for the required part of the monument among them [1].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The textual work of the library keepers was inseparable from the cataloging of its contents.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Many books were intentionally attributed by their authors to others (so-called “pseudo-epigraphs”) or did not have an author at all.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Authors often bore the same names, and during the correspondence of manuscripts, the texts were distorted, omissions and additions appeared.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Therefore, Alexandrian grammars, who processed the accumulated book collections, faced the task of bringing the copies they edited as close as possible to the author's original [1].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The interests of librarians included not only Greek works, but also oriental ones.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

It was under Museyon that the Septuagint was translated, and the Egyptian priest Manefon wrote History of Egypt in Greek.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

He was also presumably the founder of the Serapeum branch of the library.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Kallimachus from Kirena was the founder of the scientific bibliography.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In the encyclopedia, the Courts attributed 800 books of works to him, primarily the annotated catalog of the Library of Alexandria — “Tables of those who became famous in all sciences and arts, as well as the fact that they composed”, in 120 books.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The name of each writer in the “Tables” was accompanied by a brief biography, which provided information about his teachers and education.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The work has not survived, but references to it suggest that the catalog was compiled by genre, among which epic poets, lyrical poets, playwrights, philosophers, historians were separately singled out, speakers, etc. There is reason to believe that in the dramatic section, each individual play was assigned a number, while poemetric data (number of lines) were indicated, and the first phrase was given literary monument, which contributed to more reliable identification [1].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

According to Athenaeas, Kallimachus's successors continued his work: Aristophanes of Byzantine wrote the work “To the Tables of Kallimachus”, which contained various additions and amendments to the bibliography compiled by Kallimachus ( Athen., IX, 408).


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Library loss


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In 48-47 BC


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Julius Caesar fought in Egypt, intervening in the dynastic war between Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy XIII Dionysus.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

As a result of the hostilities, a big fire broke out in the city and library, and some of the books burned down.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Ancient authors, describing these events, strongly contradicted each other: according to Seneca (De tranquilitate 9.5), 40,000 books died, while Pavel Orozy (Oros., VI, 15, 3) cited the number of 400,000 books, and Dion Cassius (XLII, 38) claimed that shipyards, warehouses with bread and books (probably intended for shipment to Rome) burned down, but not the library.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Plutarch stated that Mark Anthony replenished the damaged funds at the expense of another largest library in the Hellenistic world, Pergamon, wanting to please Cleopatra [1].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

For about two centuries, the Library of Alexandria existed in a relatively calm atmosphere.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Suetonius's biography of Claudius (42, 2) contains a fragment in which he ordered a new building to be attached to Museyon for rewriting and public reading of the emperor's own works.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

From this, some authors conclude that the decline of the library has already begun [11].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

At the same time, Suetonius reports that after the Roman imperial library was damaged by a fire, Domitian sent specialists to Alexandria to copy and verify the lost texts (” The Life of Twelve Caesars”, “Domitian”, 20).


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

From this, R. Bagnall concluded that in the Roman era, the library lost its religious status and was reoriented to the needs of the education system [12].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In the 2nd century, Emperor Hadrian visited Alexandria and appointed several new members to Museyon.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

There is reason to believe that this policy was continued by his successors Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

However, with the outbreak of the crisis of the Roman Empire, in 216, Emperor Caracalla gave Alexandria to his soldiers for looting, which could also damage the preservation of books.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Under him, the status of curators of the Museum and Library was lowered, and they lost a number of privileges dating back to the era of Alexander the Great [13].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The main library most likely died in 273, when Emperor Aurelian destroyed and burned Brucheion during the capture of Alexandria, suppressing the rebellion of Queen Zenobia; part of the library kept at the temple Serapis, was probably lost later.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The time of the final death of the library is not precisely established [7].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In 391, there were unrest and conflict between pagans and Christians in Alexandria.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

There are various versions of the origin and course of the conflict


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In the end, Patriarch Theophilos of Alexandria received permission from Emperor Theodosius I to destroy pagan temples, which led to the destruction of Serapeum.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Church historian Socrates Scholastik described it this way [14]:


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Relying on this authority, Theophilos used everything to cover the pagan sacraments with disgrace: he tore down the Mithrian temple, destroyed the temple of Serapis... Seeing this, the pagans of Alexandria, and especially people, called philosophers, did not tolerate such an insult and added even greater ones to their previous bloody deeds; ignited by one feeling, all of them, according to the condition made, rushed to Christians and started to commit murders of all kinds.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Christians paid the same for their part...


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Probably, during these events, books that were in the temple died [7].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The pagan author Eunapius of Sardia also wrote about the events.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Both, Socrates and Eunapius, reported the destruction of pagan temples, but there is no mention of the destruction of books.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Moreover, it is not known how many books were in the Serapeum by that time, and whether they were there at all.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Orozia (VI, 15, 32) reports that bookcases could be seen in various temples of Alexandria [1].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

It is known that Museyon and the library existed in some form after the events of 391; in particular, one of the last known intellectuals who worked there was the mathematician and philosopher Theon Alexandria, who died about 405 (information about this is provided in the encyclopedia Courts) [15].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In the work of Chronicon Syriacum, the Syrian bishop of the XIII century Gregory Bar-Ebray, it is reported that the surviving remains of manuscripts died in the 7th-8th centuries under the domination of Muslim Arabs, but reliable information Not about it.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The following legend is widely known: Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab in 641 ordered the commander Amr ibn al-Asu to burn down the Library of Alexandria, saying: “If these books say that if they are in the Quran, they are useless. If they say anything else, they are harmful. Therefore, in both cases, they must be burned” [1].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The Russian historian and Arabist O. G. Bolshakov commented on this as follows [16]:


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Experts are well aware that this is just a pious legend that attributes Umar a “virtuous” act — the destruction of books that contradict the Quran, but in popular literature this legend is sometimes is presented as a historical fact.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

However, neither John Nikussky, who reports a lot about the pogroms and looting during the Arab conquest, nor any other Christian historian hostile to Islam, mentions the fire of the library.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Thus, it is difficult to attribute the loss of the library to a specific event or to blame it exclusively on pagans, Christians or Muslims.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The debate about this is a centuries-old tradition.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In particular, Plutarch blamed Caesar, Edward Gibbon for Christians, Gregory Bar-Abray for Muslims, and the authors of the modern British Encyclopedia placed the main blame on Aurelian [17].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

From the point of view of R. Bagnall, the decline and death of the Library of Alexandria was a long process, natural at its core.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

With the decline of classical philology and the lack of interest among the authorities, there were no funds for the restoration of dilapidated scrolls, which required constant renewal.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In antiquity, papyrus scroll books older than 200 years were considered very rare [11].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Historiography.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Archaeological evidence


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Despite the extremely small amount of reliable information about the Library of Alexandria, over the centuries it has become an archetypal symbol of the repository of knowledge and culture, as well as a symbol of transience being [18].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

This image appeared during the Renaissance and began to be passed on to subsequent generations in an almost unchanged form [19].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The theme of the Library of Alexandria acquired a new dimension in the monumental work “The History of the Decline and Destruction of the Roman Empire” (1776—1789) by Edward Gibbon, in which he accused of destroying the library Christians, not Muslims.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The modern scientific historiography of the Library of Alexandria dates back to 1823, when a small monograph by Gerhard Dedel Historia critica bibliothecae Alexandrinae was published in Leiden.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In 1838, a similar book was published by F. Richl [20], and since then publications on the topic of the Library of Alexandria have become more or less regular.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

A significant contribution to the study of the library was the monograph by the American researcher E.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Parsons, released in 1952 [21].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In 1986, a study by L. Canfora “The Disappeared Library” [22], which became a bestseller, but it was criticized for mixing facts with literary fiction and “nebula” of conclusions [23].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

However, since the book contains almost all ancient sources and describes modern research, the book has been translated into many languages and is regularly reprinted.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In 1990, a large study by Mustafa al-Abbadi was published, which is considered the most fundamental published so far [24].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

From the point of view of archeology, the Library of Alexandria is poorly localized.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

It follows from Strabo's description that the library did not have a separate building at all (at least it is not mentioned).


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Jean-Yves Empereur, the head of the excavations of the royal quarter of ancient Alexandria, was generally skeptical about the possibility of discovering the remains of the Library building [25].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

One of the traces of the Library's material existence is a stone box discovered in 1847.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

It is believed that it was used to store books and is now in the collection of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna [26].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

According to the results of excavations of the Alexandrian Serapeum, it is generally believed that an enfilade of 19 rooms measuring 3 × 4 m, located in the courtyard behind the southern portico, served to store books [27].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In popular culture


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Since the 1980s, the fate of the Library of Alexandria has interested authors of historical and adventure prose.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Novels by Steve Berry [28], Clive Kassler [29], mathematician and historian of science [30], astronomer and writer [31] have been published.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

The Library of Alexandria plays a role in the plot of at least two films on an ancient theme.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In the historical drama Cleopatra (1963), the Egyptian queen calls Caesar a “barbarian” for the library that died during the hostilities, showing her fire.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In 2009, the film “Agora” was released, dedicated to the fate of Hypatia, who worked in the Library of Alexandria according to the plot.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

This film caused many critical responses regarding the correctness of the transmission of historical reality, including an analysis by a professional historian Faith Justice [32].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Modern Library of Alexandria


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

In 2002, in Alexandria, on the proposed site of the old library, the modern Alexandrina Library was built, designed to restore its former greatness and provide free access to knowledge for all comers.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

As a result of the construction of a library in Egypt, a new educational system and a public educational organization independent of the government were created.


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

This institution performs a number of cultural functions [33].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

During the 2011 revolution in Egypt, residents of Alexandria lined up a human chain around the library to protect it from a crowd of marauders who, by setting fire, destroyed everything in their path [33].


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Notes


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Bibliography


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

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Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

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Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

References


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

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Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Category:Ancient Egyptian culture


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Category: Libraries in Egypt


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Category:History of science


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

library


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Category:Alexandria School


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Category:Disappeared libraries


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

Category:3rd-century BC origins


Question: Who founded the Library of Alexandria?

Library of Alexandria

library


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The Black Suprematist Square is the work of Kazimir Malevich, created in 1915 [1] :53, one of the most discussed and most famous paintings in Russian art.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Black Square is part of a series of Suprematist works by Kazimir Malevich, in which the artist explored the basic possibilities of color and composition; it is, according to the idea, part of a triptych, which also includes “Black Circle” and “Black Cross” are present.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Russian avant-garde: entering suprematism


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The period from 1910 to 1913 that preceded the creation of the painting was decisive in the development of the Russian avant-garde.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

At this time, the cubo-futurism movement reached its climax and new artistic trends began to appear.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Cubism and its method of “geometrization” already seemed one-sided to artists.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Some artists sought a more subtle and complex harmony between art and nature.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Others in Cubism were hampered by his constant attachment to the “objectivity” of the image.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Thus, in Russian art, two ways of the movement that began to move towards “pure non-objectivity” were formed.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

One, called constructivism, was headed by V. E.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Tatlin.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Another movement called Suprematism was led by K. Malevich.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The period 1910-1913 in Malevich's work was like a test site: he worked simultaneously in cubism, futurism and in “abstruse realism” (or “alogism”).


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The illogism was realized by Malevich in his new artistic system.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The illogism did not deny logic, but meant that the works were based on logic of a higher order.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Alogism “... also has a law, and a design, and a meaning, and... having known it, we will have works based on a law truly new, abstruse.”


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

— wrote K. S. Malevich [2].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Thus, Malevich's work outlined a tendency towards non-objectivity, to a planar organization of the picture, which led him to Suprematism.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

[3] The original version of the name was the word “supranaturalism”, which probably arose by analogy with the “supramoralism” of the philosopher N. F. Fedorova


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

[4] According to art historian E.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

F. Kovtun, Malevich's Suprematist method was that he looked at the earth as if from the outside.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Therefore, in Suprematist paintings, as in outer space, the idea of “top” and “bottom”, “left” and “right” disappears, and an independent world arises, correlated as equal to the universal world harmony.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In this, Malevich comes into contact with the position of Fedorov, who saw the essence of artistic creativity in the fight against earthly gravity.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The same metaphysical “purification” occurs with color, it loses objective associativity, colors local planes and receives a self-sufficient expression.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The history of the painting


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The last step towards Suprematism was the production of M. IN. Matyushin's “Victory over the Sun”, staged and on December 18 [O.S. 1913] by K. S. Malevich worked on sketches of sets and costumes for this production.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In these sketches, for the first time, the image of a “black square” appeared, which then meant a plastic expression of the victory of active human creativity over the passive form of nature: the black square appeared instead of a sun circle.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

[6] [7].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Based on drawings made during his work on Victory over the Sun in 1913, the artist dated the appearance of the square to 1913: this is the date set by the artist on the back of the canvas, depicting a square.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The artist did not attach any importance to the actual date of creation of the painting.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

He shifted the focus to the date of birth of the very idea of Suprematism.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The author consistently commented on his work: “The main suprematist element. Square. 1913” [8] :10-11.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The painting itself was painted in 1915, among a series of other Suprematist paintings [9], of which it was not even the first in its creation.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

According to researcher A. S. Shatskikh, the painting was finished by Malevich on June 21 [O.S. 1915] [1] :53.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The Suprematist works were written by Malevich for the final futuristic exhibition “0.10”, which opened in St. Petersburg on January 1 [O.S. 1916] at the Art Bureau of N. E. Dobychina”.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The artists who participated in this exhibition were given the opportunity to exhibit many works.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Malevich's friend, artist Ivan Puni, wrote to him: “We have to write a lot now. The room is very large, and if we, 10 people, paint 25 paintings, it will only be” [10].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Thirty-nine Suprematist paintings occupied a separate hall of the exhibition.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Among them, in the most prominent place, in the so-called “red corner”, where icons are usually hung in Russian houses, hung the Black Square.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

With this exhibition, the artist demonstrated the main module of the new plastic system, which forms the style-forming potential of Suprematism.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The three main Suprematist forms — square, circle and cross — were reference forms, stimulating further complication of the Suprematist system, giving rise to new Suprematist forms.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The Black Circle and the Black Cross [11] were created simultaneously with the Black Square and were exhibited at the same exhibition, presenting, together with the square, the three main elements of the Suprematist system.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Attempts by convinced admirers of figurative art alone, who believe that the artist is misleading them, to explore the canvas to find another original version under the upper layer paintings have been performed repeatedly [12].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In autumn 2015, the results of studies (by fluoroscopy) were published, which confirmed the presence of two other color images under the image of the Black Square.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The original image is a cubo-futuristic composition, and the one under the Black Square is a protosuprematist composition.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Scientists also deciphered the inscription on the painting, which is considered the author's (by handwriting).


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The phrase sounds like “The Battle of the Blacks in a Dark Cave” and refers to Alphonse Allais's famous monochrome canvas “The Battle of the Blacks in a Cave in the Middle of Night”, created in 1882, a work that the artist I had never seen it (but I could have heard and appreciated her humor, which is confirmed by the fact that he hastily made a pencil inscription just for memory on the edge of this protosuprematist composition) .


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

“The inscription is made in black pencil on a dried layer of white, consists of three words and was read by us as a “battle of blacks”, presumably “at night”, said an employee of the scientific expertise department Ekaterina Voronina at the presentation of Irina Vakar's book “Kazimir Malevich. Black Suprematist Square.”


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Art historians consider this information “findings in the course of research, thanks to which we see the process of creating this painting in a new way.”


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The title of the exhibition, according to K. S. Malevich, there was the number 10 — the estimated number of participants, as well as “zero forms”, as a sign that by exhibiting Black Square, the artist “is going to reduce everything to zero, and then goes beyond zero” .


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Break with objectivity


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Malevich took the position of a complete break with objectivity, supported by the declaration of the black square as “the first step of pure creativity as a whole” [15].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

It was important for the artist to share the “yesterday of art” and the fundamental novelty of his discovery.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

He, which was characteristic of him, put forward a slogan proclaiming the square “zero forms”: “I have transformed into zero forms, and went beyond zero to non-objective creativity.”


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The concept of “zero forms” (nihil, nothing) was already among the reference for the aesthetics of Russian futurism by this time, and served as “a synonym for the absolute, the transfinite principle and a sign of denial, for futuristic theory declared the reduction to zero of the previous culture.”


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

[16] In Malevich's original Suprematist doctrine, the meaning of zero extended from “nothing” to “everything”.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The “zero” meaning of the black square was also that it became the basic form, the Suprematist “cell”, as Malevich himself called it.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The black square on a white background in Suprematist theory meant “zero”, firstly, because it meant the beginning of objectivity, and secondly, because it meant the end of the traditional subject the artist's thinking.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The square has become an iconic form of Suprematism — and a zero reference point, as is traditionally a mathematical concept.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Plastic laconism made it a zero absolute plastic form.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

At the same time, it was also a “zero” expression of color — black “non-color” on white, understood by the artist as a “desert of nothingness”.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Three squares: black, white and red


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The original name of Black Square, by which it was listed in the catalog, was “Quadrangle”.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Without strictly right angles, from the point of view of pure geometry, it was really a quadrangle, it was not the negligence of the author, but a principled position, the desire to create a dynamic, mobile form [8] :8.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

There are two more basic Suprematist squares — red and white.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The red and white squares were part of the artistic and philosophical triad defined by Malevich.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The painting “Red Square. The picturesque realism of a peasant woman in two dimensions” was also exhibited at the exhibition “0.10”.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

There was also a painting from 1915.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The painting “White Square” (“White on White”) was a manifestation of the “white” period of Suprematism, which began in 1918.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The artist argued: “The Suprematist three squares are the establishment of certain worldviews and worldviews... black as a sign of economy, red as a signal of revolution, and white as pure action.” [17] [18].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Art critic Andreyeva E.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

YU.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

notes that:


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

“Malevich's geometry... surprises with the power of personal, in fact incomparable figurative and plastic expression... Malevich's innovation is not only ideological, but also his own artistic and plastic plan. It creates its own semantic sequence of squares: black on white (meaning the combined beginning and end of the creation of forms, and the inevitable finite of creativity in each particular form), red (peasant, and later revolutionary), white on white (representing “nonsense”, the moment when humanity manages not to “slip overboard the absolute”). Belief in a new pictorial texture, which, like living matter, will go to build the highest form of life, is the second faith of the avant-garde, after faith in dynamism, speed, separation from Earth and objectivity, which collectively lead to a new spiritual cosmos.” [18] :15.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

“Malevich's critics were dominated by those who were not ready to take his pictorial and written prophecies seriously. Many people simply rejoiced at the endless happening of the Russian avant-garde... Until now, even people associated with art and literature, who know the history of the 20th century, allow themselves to think that the author of Cherny square “anyone could become: even a child is unthinkable, at least just a loafer staining paper...” [19] :11.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

However, the first professional review of the appearance of “Black Square” testified that Malevich's idea was immediately deciphered.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Alexander Benois, art critic and founder of the Mir Iskusstva association, wrote in the Rech newspaper of January 9, 1916: “Undoubtedly, this is the icon that gentlemen futurists offer in return madonnas and shameless veneers.” [19].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Author's repetitions


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Subsequently, Malevich, for various purposes, performed several author's repetitions of “Black Square”.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Four variants of the “Black Square” are already known, differing in pattern (?) , texture and color.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Malevich's numerous drawings with a black square are also known (many of them have comments emphasizing the role of the square as a nodal element of Suprematism).


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The square is also included in Malevich's Suprematist multi-figure compositions.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The first painting “Black Square”, 1915, the original from which the author's repetitions were later made, is traditionally considered the very work that hung at the 0.10 exhibition, is stored in the Tretyakovskaya gallery.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The painting is a canvas measuring 79.5 by 79.5 centimeters, which depicts a black square on a white background.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

2. Black Square.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Around 1923.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The work was carried out jointly with A. Leporskaya, K. Rozhdestvensky, N.Suetin.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The State Russian Museum


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

3. Black Square.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

1929 year.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

State Tretyakov Gallery


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

4. Black Square.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The turn of the 1920s — 1930s The State Hermitage


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The second Black Square, 1923, became part of a triptych (along with it duplicates of The Circle and the Cross were created), performed around 1923 to be exhibited at the Venice Biennale.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The dimensions of the second option are 106 by 106 cm. All parts of the triptych of 1923 differed from the original of 1915 in size and proportions; they were the completely new Square, Circle and Cross [19].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

It is believed that the painting was painted by Malevich's closest students — Anna Leporskaya, Konstantin Rozhdestvensky and Nikolai Suetin, under the direction of Kazimir Malevich himself.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In March 1936, along with other 80 paintings by Malevich, these three works were handed over by his wife, N. A. Malevich, to the Russian Museum [20].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The third version of the painting, 1929, is an exact repetition of the author's main work — the first Black Square (also 79.5 by 79.5 cm in size).


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

It was written by K. S. Malevich in 1929 for his solo exhibition, which was being prepared at the Tretyakov Gallery.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

“According to legend, this was done at the request of the then deputy director of the State Tretyakov Gallery Alexey Fedorov-Davydov due to the poor condition of the Black Square of 1915 (craquelure appeared in the painting)... The artist painted it is directly in the halls of the museum; and when working, he allowed himself minor changes in proportions so that the paintings do not look like absolute twins.” [19]


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The fourth version could have been written in 1932, its size is 53.5 by 53.5 cm. It became known much later, in 1993, when a person whose name remains unnamed, and known only to Inkombank, brought the painting to the Samara branch of Inkombank as collateral for a loan.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Subsequently, the owner did not demand the painting, and it became the property of the bank


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

After the ruin of Inkombank in 1998, Malevich's painting became the main asset in settlements with creditors.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The president of the auction house “Gelos”, Oleg Stetsyura, claimed that before the auction he had several applications for the purchase of the “Black Square”, and if “the painting entered the international market, the price would have reached $80 million” [21].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

By agreement with the Russian government, Black Square was withdrawn from public auction and was acquired by Russian billionaire Vladimir Potanin in 2002 for $1 million (about 28 million rubles), and then it was transferred to the State Hermitage for storage by them [22].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Thus, Black Square has become a kind of unit for measuring financial success.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

All author's repetitions of the painting are kept in Russia, in state collections: two works in the Tretyakov Gallery, one in the Russian Museum and one in the Hermitage.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Black square and suprematist rites


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

“Suprematism is so strict, absolute, classical, solemn that only it can express the essence of mystical sensations,” wrote one of the artist's students [18].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Malevich's funeral in 1935 became a fact of art in itself.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

They implemented the idea of “Suprematist rituals”.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Malevich believed that rituals reflected the essence of faith and therefore was an integral part of human life; but traditional rituals seemed to him “belonging to the world of objective thinking” [24] [18] :616.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Malevich wrote that with the help of rituals, art makes an effort to “stand next to death”; which can only be done by Suprematism, which is “so absolute... that it alone can express the essence mystical sensations. He stands completely next to death and defeats it” [18] :617.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The essence of Suprematist rituals is to affirm the mystery of death, its greatness and incomprehensibility, its lofty meaning.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The basis of the new rite was to be installed on the grave “cube as a symbol of eternity”, “a white cube with a square. He does not argue with nature, forest, or sky <... > An absolute form has been found that cannot develop and move.”


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The suprematist sense of the cosmos connects the perfect statics of the cube with the nature that is unchanged in its eternal basis — earth and sky.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Therefore, Malevich bequeathed to bury his ashes surrounded by nature, in the open space.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

A suprematist sarcophagus was made, depicting a black square and a circle.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The artists who painted the coffin, Nikolai Suetin and Konstantin Rozhdestvensky, refused to depict the black cross: “We painted it, put a square and a circle, but did not make a cross, because it would sound too definite at a funeral as a religious symbol.” [18] :303,506,510,512.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Malevich wanted to be buried in a special coffin, he mentioned the “northern cross”, the “gesture of open hands, with which you have to accept death by spreading out on the ground and opening up to the sky so that the figure took the shape of a cross.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

But the carpenter who made the coffin by special order refused to make it due to technical difficulties [18] :303,617.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

K. S. Malevich believed that the best thing he wrote in his life was Black Square.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The funeral procession of Malevich's funeral emphasized the unconditional importance of the Black Square in his life.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

At the civil funeral service in Leningrad, at the head of the coffin, the Black Square (version of 1923) hung on the wall [25] Malevich's body was covered with a white canvas with a black square sewn on it.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

On the lid of the coffin, a “Black Square” was painted on the side of the head.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

During the funeral procession that walked along Nevsky Prospekt from Morskaya Street to Moskovsky Railway Station, the Suprematist sarcophagus was installed on the open platform of a truck with the image of a black square on the hood [26].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

On the car of the train carrying Malevich's coffin to Moscow, a black square was painted, on a white background, signed by K. S. Malevich.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

At a civil funeral service at the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow, the Black Square was fortified on the podium, among the flowers [27] :23-24.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The Suprematist coffin was sent by train to Moscow, where K. S. Malevich was cremated.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Malevich, in the act of cremation of the dead, saw the embodiment of one of the principles of Suprematism — economy, but above all, a “cosmic spectacle”, confirmation of the idea of non-objectivity [18] :617.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

His ashes were buried in a field near the village of Nemchinovka.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In the field above the artist's grave, according to the “Suprematist rituals”, a Suprematist white wooden cube depicting a black square was placed [18] :513 [28].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

During the Great Patriotic War in 1941-1945, the grave disappeared.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Currently, a residential complex has been built on the artist's burial site [29].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Predecessors


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

At the beginning of the 17th century, Robert Fludd, an English mystic philosopher and astrologer, depicted a black quadrilateral to illustrate the pristine darkness of the universe before the advent of this world in his treatise “Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris Metaphysica, physica atque technica Historia” (1617) [30].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Laurence Sterne's book The life and opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, published in 1760, depicts a black vertical rectangle twice.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Thus, two “black” pages were used in the literary work.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Gustave Doré's book-album devoted to the history of Russia in French “Picturesque, Dramatic and Caricature History of Holy Russia Based on the Texts of Chroniclers and Historians Nestor, Sylvester, Karamzin, Segura, etc. in 500 drawings with commentaries” (1854), begins with.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Released in France, was banned in Russia, and in form is considered by many to be a proto-comic book, that is,


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

the predecessor of the comic.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In 1882, Alphonse Allais painted “The Battle of the Blacks in a Cave in the Dead of Night”, which was a black canvas close in shape to a square.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In 1883, he painted the all-white painting “The First Communion of Chlorotic Pale Girls in the Snowy Season”, and in 1884 - the red “Harvesting Tomatoes on the Red Sea Coast by Apoplexy Cardinals”.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Perhaps Malevich's canvas is a dialogue with Alla, as several researchers announced on October 4, 2015 that they discovered on a canvas with a black square a partially preserved inscription “Battle of n... ov...” and interpreted it as “The Battle of the Blacks in the Dark Cave” or as “The Battle of the Blacks at Night” [31] [32] [33].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

According to the location of the blurred record, it was found that Malevich's first Cheka was hanged upside down in the Tretyakov Gallery [34].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The impact


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

During the 20th century, a whole body of works was created that in one way or another refer to the Black Square.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The black square appears in paintings and drawings painted by artists who made up Malevich's circle working in his system: Ivan Klyun, Olga Rozanova, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Lyubov Popova, El Lisitsky, Lev Yudin, Tatyana Glebova, Konstantin Rozhdestvensky, Nikolai Suetin, Vladimir Sterligov and Alexander Rodchenko; as well as in the works of Vasily Kandinsky.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In the second half of the 20th century, the square is quoted in the works of Ivan Chuikov, Eduard Steinberg, Leonid Sokov, Viktor Pivovarov, Yuri Zlotnikov, Oleg Vasiliev, Vladimir Viderman, Vitaly Komar and Alexander Melamid, Vladimir Nemukhin, Vadim Zakharov, Timur Novikov and many other Russian and foreign artists [35] [27] :29-39.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

“In the history of world art, there is probably no painting with a louder fame than Kazimir Malevich's Black Square, there is no work that has caused the appearance of so many other works.. there is no artifact of such enduring relevance.” [27] :29.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

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Black Square was a real milestone in the history of Russian art of the twentieth century” [8] :24.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Malevich's influence after his death was more pronounced in the West than in the Soviet Union, where abstractionism and formalism were scolded under the leadership of the Communist Party.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

As Stalin's power strengthened, the avant-garde lost all support of the authorities, and preference in the visual arts was given to the direction named in 1932. “socialist realism”.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

After the death of I. Stalin, in the conditions of the “thaw”, some signs of freer self-expression in the artistic environment appeared.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Western artists had a “bad” influence on it, which they fought against by attracting satire.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Even artists from the countries of the socialist camp got there.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

When a painting by Polish artist Adam Marczyński “Spring” was seen at an exhibition in Moscow, it clearly appeared in the Crocodile magazine by order from above.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

It follows that the aforementioned picture was indeed shown in a television report, and the cartoon was a kind of signal that it should not be shown.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Visit to N. S. Khrushchev's exhibition of avant-garde artists on December 1, 1962 in the Manege, timed to coincide with the 30th anniversary of the Moscow branch of the Union of Artists of the USSR, with all the consequences showed that “spring” for abstract art in The USSR did not come.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

As a result of the events at the arena exhibition, the Pravda newspaper published a devastating report the next day, which marked the beginning of a new lengthy campaign against formalism and abstractionism.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Shortly after that, an anecdote began to circulate: “1963. An abstractionist artist is walking along a Moscow street, followed by two realists in mufti.”


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

However, the Kremlin took the matter seriously: “Art belongs to the sphere of ideology. And those who think that socialist realism and formalistic, abstractionist movements can peacefully coexist in Soviet art inevitably slide into positions of peace that are alien to us coexistence in the field of ideology,” wrote the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers N. S. Khrushchev in the newspaper Sovetskaya Kultura, April 16, 1964.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

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After its withdrawal six months later, the party's policy in this area did not change and continued into the second half of the 1960s and 1970s, as evidenced by a number of sources.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

For example, on May 20, 1975, it was compiled about attempts to organize exhibitions of works by avant-garde artists in Moscow and measures to counter this activity.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In such harsh conditions, from the thirties to the end of the seventies, not a single work by K. Malevich.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

It is no coincidence that the Paris-Moscow exhibitions in 1979 and Moscow-Paris in 1981 with the show of some works by K. Malevich made a splash from the museum vaults.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The exhibition in Moscow was visited by General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee L. Brezhnev, and many Soviet people saw Chagall, Kandinsky, Malevich and others for the first time.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

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avant-garde artists in the original, could compare them with French artists.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Soviet artists and lovers of fine arts used to be able to view the works of Western abstractionists only in foreign magazines and albums, which hardly fell into their hands.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Obviously, it became clear to many that K. Malevich inspired the avant-garde in the West, and not only did not lag behind, but largely anticipated it.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Malevich as an artist was partially rehabilitated in his native country, and the ideological ban was gradually lifted from him.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

However, after the death of L. Brezhnev's short-term tenure as Secretary General Yu.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Andropov, and then K. Chernenko was marked by tightening the screws, including in the field of art.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

It was only during Gorbachev's “perestroika” that Malevich's first major retrospective took place, an exhibition entitled “Kazimir Malevich. 1878—1935” — first in Leningrad (10.11.—18.12.1988) and in Moscow (29.12.1988) —10.02.1989), and then in Amsterdam (5.03.—29.05.1989).


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The large-scale screening of Black Square and other works by Malevich became a sign of Gorbachev's policy of publicity for Perestroika, which actually began in the field of social and cultural life.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Although Malevich was known in the West, many of his original paintings appeared in foreign exhibitions only after the collapse of the USSR.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The first Black Square (1915) from the Tretyakov Gallery went to the Western exhibition only in 2003. At that time, an exhibition took place in Berlin, New York and Houston.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In 2006, she hosted more than 100 works in Barcelona, including Black Square, Black Cross and Black Circle.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In 2007, Hamburg hosted an exhibition entirely dedicated to the influence of Malevich's Black Square.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

See:.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In addition to the works of Malevich himself and his contemporaries, works by Western European and American artists who were influenced by Malevich's Cheka after 1945 were widely represented there. In 2008, an exhibition “” (“Malevich and His Influence”) took place in Luxembourg.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In October 2013, an exhibition was opened in Amsterdam using the image of the Black Square in.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

This exhibition was also shown in Ii in 2014.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

It could also contain the originals of Black Square in 1923 and 1929. The exhibitions were accompanied by the publication of a catalog, and were captured in other ways, for example.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

An exhibition that took place in London, at the Whitechapel Gallery on 15.I.2015—6.IV.2015, was also dedicated to the centenary of Malevich's Cheka.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In 2014 (1.III—22.VI), an exhibition was held in Basel, Switzerland.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

A 4.X.2015—10.I.2016 Riehen (adjacent to Basel and part of the semi-canton of Basel-Stadt) hosted an exhibition repeating the St. Petersburg exhibition “0.10” in 1915:.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

However, out of 154 objects exhibited in 1915, the doormen managed to collect only a part, but these are not copies, but real originals!


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

A total of 58 objects are exhibited in Riena.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Malevich's Cheka, however, only in the 1929 version. Due to its fragile condition in Moscow, it was decided not to send the original of 1915 to the temporary exhibition.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

For more details, see:, and other press reports.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Some of the images of the exhibits were exhibited by the Swiss on the Internet, including an archival photo of K. Malevich together with Olga Rozanova and Ksenia Boguslavskaya at the exhibition “The Last Futuristic Exhibition of Paintings “0.10"”,.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The original photo is in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, and the photo shows what Malevich looked like just when the public first met his Black A square.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The Neue Zürcher Zeitung newspaper, in turn, published it online.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

At the same time, an exhibition entitled dedicated to Malevich's influence and the centenary of his Black Square was also held in the halls nearby.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The exhibition featured works by 36 artists of the 20th and early 21st centuries, mainly Western ones.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

And on 20.III.2015-09.VIII.2015, an exhibition was held in Tallinn (Estonia) in connection with the centenary of the Cheka Kazimir Malevich.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

About 70 works by K. Malevich, including the Black Square of 1923, were presented in an exhibition held on October 2, 2015 — January 24, 2016 in Bergamo, Italy.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Some of his works were also featured in an exhibition that took place in Ludwigshafen (Germany) on 5.XII.2015—28.III.2016.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

And on 26.II.2016, an exhibition opened in Vienna (Austria).


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

An exhibition with a similar name 12.VII.2015—06.IX.2015 has already been held in Monaco:.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In turn, on 9-11.VI.2016, Malevich Days were held in Kiev with a statement that.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

There was a proposal, which was reported through the media:.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Exhibitions dedicated to the influence of Malevich's Cheka and his work were also held in Russia.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Although it is known that the centenary of Black Square in 2015. “Russian museums have largely ignored” [36].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

But on May 15, 2017, a performance was staged at the State Tretyakov Gallery, which was attended by several young girls who appeared in bloody shorts in the museum hall, where painting by K. Malevich “Black Square” [37].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

And on November 24, 2017 — February 25, 1918, a three-month exhibition was held in Moscow.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In the poster image of the exhibition in the VDNH pavilion “Worker and Kolkhoz Woman”, the artist is presented as a puzzle man.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The original of the picturesque Black Square of 1915 and author's repetitions were absent there, but this could only be seen by paying 300 rubles for the entrance (full ticket).


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

True, the audience was shown a black square, but a small one was drawn in pencil.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Exhibits at VDNH were brought mainly from regional museums, as well as from Russian and foreign private collections, and the State Tretyakov Gallery and the State Russian Museum in works refused [38], although in 2014 and 2015, the originals of the Cheka from the Tretyakov Gallery and the Russian Museum went to England and Switzerland for good money.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

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In honor of the exhibition opening, a collection of badges was released [39].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The Cheka is not there either, but Heart of Moscow, the main brand of city souvenirs, was released earlier, in 2015. The exhibition was held on three floors, and a special exhibition section was devoted to the genealogy of the Malevich, starting with the nobles of the XVI century.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Known fakes


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

In the 1990s, American collector and gallery owner Boris Gribanov, who was sentenced to 10 years in the USSR in the 1970s for selling fake paintings, made an attempt to sell the Minsk museum “author's repetition” Black Square.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The museum sought advice from art critic Milda Vikturina, whose expert opinions at one time became the basis of the evidence base for the conviction of Gribanov, and refused to buy Gribanov [40].


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

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See also


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

The book Nothing


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Alphonse Allais, painting “The Battle of Negroes in a Cave in the Deep of Night”.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

Black square

Notes


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

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Literature


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

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Martineau E. Une philosophie des Suprema.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

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Suprematisme.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

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Paris, 1987.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

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P. 82-97.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint the painting Black Square?

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Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Shakhmatova E.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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//“Delfis” — No. 27 (3) — 2001.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Kurbanovsky A. A. K. S. Malevich and aspects of European theoretical thought of the early 20th century.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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//Russian avant-garde: personality and school.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Petersburg: State Russian Museum Publ., 2003.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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—S.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Elena Ovsyannikova, Alexey Tukanov.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

Black square

Suprematism is the beginning of plastic geometry.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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— P. 29-42.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Sterligov V. About Malevich.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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//Sixteen Fridays: The second wave of the Leningrad avant-garde: In 2 hours. LA (USA), 2010.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Vol. 1, p. 75-78; On weightlessness.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Ibid., Vol. 1, pp. 135—137.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Andreyeva E.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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YU.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Kazimir Malevich.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Black square.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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— SPb.: Arka, 2010.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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— 28 p. — (“One Thousand and One Masterpieces” series).


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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— ISBN 978-5-91208-068-5


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Shatskikh Aleksandra.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Black Square: Malevich and the Origin of Suprematism.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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New Haven, Yale University Press, 2012.


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320 p.


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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References


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Kazimir Malevich —


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Category:Paintings by Kazimir Malevich


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Category:Paintings from the collections of the State Tretyakov Gallery


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Category:Works of suprematism


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Category:Abstractionism


Question: When did Kazimir Severinovich Malevich paint Black Square?

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Category:Russian avant-garde paintings


Question: When was the first cremation done?

Crematorium

A crematorium is an oven for burning (cremation) the dead (people, animals), as well as an institution where such an oven is located.


Question: When was the first cremation done?

Crematorium

In addition to the oven itself, crematoria usually have one or more halls for the farewell ceremony, which can be either secular or include a religious ceremony.


Question: When was the first cremation done?

Crematorium

Description of the cremation process


Question: When was the first cremation done?

Crematorium

The cremation process is the burning of the body of the deceased due to flows of gas heated to high temperatures (870-980° C) supplied to the chamber of cremation furnaces.