Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, just under 200 B-17s were in service with the US Army [12], but production accelerated significantly, and the B-17 was the first truly mass-produced large by plane [22] [23].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The aircraft participated in battles over all theaters of World War II and its production ended only in May 1945.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

A total of 12,731 aircraft were produced at Boeing, Douglas and Lockheed [24] factories.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Design


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The aircraft immediately became a legend, in particular, due to its ability to return to the airfield even in case of significant damage (for example, there were cases when the aircraft returned to the base with one operating an engine of four, with huge holes in the hull and an almost destroyed tail unit).


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Nine (later twelve) Browning M2 12.7 mm machine guns provided sufficient protection [Note 1].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

There was weak defense in the front during a frontal attack of fighters: out of 27 fragments of armor protection and anti-aircraft screens, none protected the crew from frontal attack.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

When hitting the frontal part with a cannon or even a machine gun, the crew was completely unprotected.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Another characteristic feature of the B-17 was the use of a high-precision bomb sight of the Norden system.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The sight made it possible to carry out effective bombing from a height of more than seven kilometers.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The B-17's design has undergone eight significant successive changes during the production process.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The latter variant, the B-17G, differed from its predecessor by a nasal ventral rifle mount with two 12.7 mm M2 Browning machine guns, which eliminated the main vulnerable direction from the front attack.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

On the basis of the B-17, a whole “combine” of the jammer was created for jamming German gun aiming stations of the Würzburg type.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Eighteen transmitters, reconnaissance receivers were put on board, and so many antennas had to be installed that the plane all “bristled” and received the nickname “flying porcupine”.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

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Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

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Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Combat use


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

During World War II, the first B-17s were used by the Royal Air Force in 1941; the 8th and 15th Air Forces of the United States in 1942.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The main combat use is daytime strategic bombing of German industry.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

They were also used during the Normandy landing to strike German air defense airfields (Operation Pointblank).


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

During World War II, the B-17 armed 32 combat groups, with a maximum of units in service in August 1944, 4,574 US Air Force aircraft worldwide [25], and a total of 650,195 tons of bombs were dropped on targets in Europe.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

For comparison, the B-24 Liberator dropped 451,691 tons, all other US Air Force dropped 420,520 tons.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

About 4,750 units, or one-third, of the B-17s were lost in combat.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

British Royal Air Force


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The Royal Air Force entered World War II without its own heavy bombers: the Stirlings and Halifaxes entered service only in 1941.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Therefore, in 1940, the KVVS entered into an agreement with the US Army Air Corps for the supply of 20 B-17 units, designated as Fortress 1 (English: Fortress I).


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The B-17s were first used in the attack on Wilhelmshaven on July 8, 1941 [20] [26] [27].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The Americans usually flew at an altitude of 6,000 m, but the British preferred 9,000 m, which reduced the risk of interception by fighters [28].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

However, the high altitude reduced the accuracy of bombing, and the lubricant in the machine guns froze due to the low temperature [29].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

On July 24, another target was struck — military facilities in Brest, but again to no avail.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Until September 1941, the Royal Air Force lost eight B-17Cs in battle and accidents, as a result, the bomber command abandoned daytime operations.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The remaining aircraft were distributed among various services, including coastal defense [29].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The experience gained has shown that the B-17C needs to be improved: strengthening armor, increasing the bomb load and developing new methods of targeted bombing; all this was implemented in subsequent versions .


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The US Air Command still hoped to use the B-17 as a day bomber [28].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The Bomber Command handed over the remaining Fortress 1 to coastal aviation for use as a long-range patrol aircraft.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Later, an additional 19 units of Fortress type 2 and 45 units of Fortress type 2A (B-17F and B-17E were transferred, in this order — the VKA ordered a model with the letter 'F' before ordering with the letter 'E') [30].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

A fortress from the 206th Squadron of the Royal Air Force sank the German submarine U-627 on October 27, 1942, the first of 11 submarines recorded on the account of the Fortresses from the Royal Air Force throughout wars [31].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

USA AIR FORCE


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The Air Corps (renamed the US Army Air Force in 1941) used the B-17 and other bombers to attack from high altitude with the then secret Norden bombsight, which included a gyrostabilized analog computing device.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The sight automatically calculated the reset moment based on the data entered by the operator.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In order for the calculation to be accurate, it was necessary to fly horizontally in a straight line and at a constant speed.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

To do this, when approaching the drop point, the scorer turned on the sight in autopilot mode, making only minor adjustments to the course.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

When the design point was reached, the sight automatically dropped bombs [32].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The US Air Force began to build up its forces in Europe with the B-17E shortly after entering the war.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The first aircraft of the 8th Air Army arrived in Upper Wycombe (English: High Wycombe), England on May 12, 1942, where they formed the 97th Bomber Group [1].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

On August 17, 1942, 18 B-17E aircraft from Bomber Group 97, including English: Yankee Doodle, led by Major Paul Tibbets and Brigadier General Eyre Iker and accompanied by Royal Air Force spitfires flew on the first raid, aiming at a railway marshalling yard near Rouen, France [1] [33].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The operation was successful, only two aircraft suffered minor damage.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Collaborative actions


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Two different strategies of the US and British Air Force were discussed at a conference in Casablanca in January 1943.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

As a result, a plan was developed for Operation Pointblank, aimed at joint air strikes that would weaken the Wehrmacht and ensure air superiority during ground operations.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Operation Pointblank began with strikes on targets in Western Europe.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

General Eira Iker identified German aircraft factories as the highest priority goals, especially those producing fighters, engine factories and ball bearing plants.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

On April 17, 1943, an attempt to attack the Focke-Wulf plant near Bremen with 115 fortresses failed; 16 aircraft were shot down and 48 were damaged [34].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

However, more than half of the Luftwaffe fighters were engaged in repelling bomber attacks.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Due to the fact that the bombing of airfields very slightly weakened the combat effectiveness of German fighters, it was decided to create additional groups of B-17 bombers.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Iker defined industrial goals far beyond the German border as his main goals.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The 8th Air Army attacked ball bearing plants in Schweinfurt in hopes of causing significant damage to production.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The first air raid on August 17, 1943 did not lead to sufficient destruction of factories, and about 300 Luftwaffe fighters were sent to intercept 230 B-17 aircraft.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

36 planes with 360 crew members on board were shot down.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In total, together with those shot down earlier in the day during the raid on Regensburg, losses amounted to 60 B-17 units.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The second attempt on October 14, 1943 was soon called “Black Thursday” [35].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Of the 291 Fortresses that attacked, 59 were shot down over Germany, one drowned in the English Channel, 5 crashed in England and 12 were written off due to combat damage or landing damage.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

A total of 77 cars were lost.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

122 bombers needed repair.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Of the 2,900 crew, 650 did not return to the base, some of them were captured.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Five were killed and 43 wounded from the aircraft that returned to the airfields, 594 were reported missing.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Only 33 B-17s returned undamaged.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The losses of the pilots were difficult to compensate and the US Air Force, fearing large losses from enemy fighter aircraft during day raids, postponed the bombing of targets deep in Germany until escort fighters that could accompany bombers all the way from the airfield to the target and back.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The 8th Air Army lost 176 bombers in October 1943 [36].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Almost the same heavy losses were suffered by the 8th Air Army on January 11, 1944 during the attack of Oschersleben, Halberstadt and Braunschweig.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The operation was canceled shortly after the start due to worsening weather, but the first wave of bombers had already entered the enemy's air defense zone and was forced to continue the operation.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Most of the escort fighters turned back or could not meet the bombers, as a result of which 60 B-17s were shot down [37] [38].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The third raid on Schweinfurt on 24 February 1944 was later called “Big Week”.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

With an escort of P-51 Mustang and P-47 Thunderbolt fighters equipped with outboard fuel tanks to increase range, only 11 of the 231 B-17s participating in the operation were shot down [39].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

escort fighters reduced the percentage of casualties from 30 to 7, only 274 B-17s were lost in 3,500 sorties during Big Week [40].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In September 1944, 27 of the 40 bomber groups of the 8th Air Army and 6 of the 21 of the 15th Air Army used the B-17.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Losses from enemy anti-aircraft fire continued to disable many bombers throughout 1944, but by April 27, 1945 (two days after the last air raid involving heavy bombers), losses have become so low that it became possible to stop the constant replenishment of new aircraft and reduce the number of bombers in the bomber group.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

39] The Allied joint bombing attack was successfully completed [39].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Pacific theater of operations


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Only five B-17 groups operated in the Southeast Pacific and all of them were replaced by other types (B-24) in 1943.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

On December 7, 1941, a group of twelve B-17s from Reconnaissance Squadrons 38 and 88 relocated to Pearl Harbor from Hamilton Airfield, California, at the height of the Japanese attack.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Leonard Hamston, 2nd pilot on Senior Lieutenant Robert Richards B-17C, bn 40-2049, reported that the fleet fired 21 salute volleys in honor of their arrival, but he quickly realized that Pearl Harbor had been attacked.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Almost immediately, the Fortresses were fiercely shelled by their anti-aircraft gunners, but without much success — not a single crew member was injured, except for abrasions.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The planes were forced to turn back to Bellows airfield.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Most of the aircraft returned to service after a short repair, with the exception of BN 40-2049, which received more than 200 bullet hits and no longer flew.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Ten of the twelve Fortresses survived the attack [42].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Throughout 1941, the Far Eastern Air Army (TWO, English: Far East Air Force), based at Clark military base in the Philippines, had 35 B-17 units, the Department of Armaments planned increasing their number to 165.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

When the TWO received reports of the attack on Pearl Harbor, General Lewis Brerton sent his fighters and bombers on various reconnaissance and patrol missions in order to protect them from destruction at airfields.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Bretron planned to use the B-17 to raid Japanese airfields in Formosa, in accordance with the directives of the Rainbow 5 plan, but General Douglas MacArthur banned the attack.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

A series of discussions, accompanied by incorrect reports of air raids, greatly delayed permission to attack.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

At a time when the B-17s, accompanied by Curtiss P-40 fighters, were ready to take off, they were attacked by Japanese bombers from the 11th Japanese Air Fleet.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The TWO lost most of its aircraft during the first strike, and was almost destroyed in the next few days.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Another battle at the beginning of the Pacific War took place on December 10, 1941.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

According to the information received, Colin Kelly sent his B-17 to the Japanese battleship Haruna.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Later it became known that there was only a bomb hit, and another ship, the cruiser Ashigara; however, Kelly was glorified as a hero.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

His B-17C (bn 40-2045) crashed 10 km from Clark Airfield after Kelly kept the burning Fortress in the air long enough for the other crew members to leave the plane.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Kelly was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross [43].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The downed fortress was counted to the Japanese asu Saburo Sakai [44].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

At the beginning of the war, the B-17s operated with little effectiveness, especially in the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

B-17s of the 5th Air Army were busy attacking Japanese supply lines.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The tactics of bombing from high altitude were used, but the low percentage of hitting the target soon became clear.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

However, the B-17s flew at altitudes inaccessible to Japanese A6M Zero fighters and had protective weapons that made it easy to fight weakly protected fighters.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

On March 2, 1943, six B-17s from the 64th Squadron attacked a large Japanese convoy from an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft).


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

This was the first stage of a battle in the Bismarck Sea, off the coast of New Guinea.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

A topmast method of bombing was used, which made it possible to sink three merchant ships, including Kyokuse Maru.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

One B-17 was shot down by an A6M Zero fighter, the fighter pilot shot the B-17 crew who left the falling car by parachute [45].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Later, 13 B-17s attacked the convoy from medium altitude and forced the ships to disperse and lengthen the route.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Subsequently, the convoy was destroyed jointly by Beaufighter fighters of the Royal Australian Air Force and the B-25 Mitchell topmast bombing of the US Air Force from a height of 30 meters (100 ft), the B-17 counted five hits from high altitudes [46].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The maximum B-17 of 168 aircraft in the Pacific theater of operations was in September 1942, by mid-1943 all groups had been converted to other types (B-24).


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In the Luftwaffe


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

During World War II, as a result of forced landings, the Germans captured about 40 B-17 bombers, about a dozen of them flew with the Luftwaffe after restoration repairs.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The aircraft were marked with German identification marks and were codenamed “Dornier Do 200” [47].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The captured B-17s were mainly used by the Kampfgeschwader 200 squadron for covert operations and reconnaissance tasks [47].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

One of the B-17 bombers of the KG200 squadron, tail number A3+FB, was interned by Spain until the end of the war after landing on June 27, 1944 at Valencia airport.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Some captured B-17s with Allied markings were used by the Germans to infiltrate bombers to track their course and altitude.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

At first, this tactic brought some success, but the B-17 crews quickly developed and implemented an identification procedure and rules for opening fire on “strange” aircraft trying to join the ranks [ 1].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The B-17s were also used by the Germans to study the vulnerabilities of bombers and train fighter pilots [48].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

At the end of the war, Allied forces found several surviving German B-17s.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

USSR


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The US did not supply B-17s to the Soviet Union, but at least 73 aircraft were used by the USSR Air Force.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

These vehicles made an emergency landing due to mechanical problems after bombing targets in Germany.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The Soviet Air Force restored 23 units to operational condition, but only one aircraft was used for its intended purpose by the Bryansk Aviation Regiment in 1945.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

B-17-G-50-DL number 44-6316 entered 45 TBAs on February 11, 1945.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

When the plane was found, first of all, red stars were applied to the sides of the fuselage.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The remaining markings indicate that the aircraft belonged to the 358th Bomber Squadron of the 303rd Bomber Group.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In 1946, they were transferred to the Kazan Aviation Plant to help copy the Boeing B-29 [49].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Israel Air Force


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In 1948, several B-17s entered service with the Israeli Air Force.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

They were quite actively used during the first Arab-Israeli war (1948-1949) and occasionally during the Sinai campaign of 1956.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Bomber protection


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Prior to the advent of long-range escort fighters, only 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns were armed with B-17 fighters to protect against attacks by enemy fighters.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

During the war, Boeing used crew reports to improve weapons and armor the aircraft [50].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The number of defensive machine guns increased from four 12.7 mm and one 7.62 mm bow modification of the B-17C to 13 12.7 mm machine guns in the B-17G modification.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

However, heavy bombers could not effectively evade fighter attacks, moreover, they had to maintain a constant speed and altitude on a combat course for accurate bombing, therefore, a single aircraft could not effectively defend itself against an attack aimed at it.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

After examining the downed B-17 and B-24 bombers, the Luftwaffe officers came to the conclusion that at least 20 hits from the rear hemisphere of the 20-mm MG 151 cannon shells were needed to defeat the heavy bomber ( pilots with medium rifle training hit the bomber only 2% of the shells fired at the target, so for a confident defeat of the aircraft, it was necessary to fire at least 1000 at the target shells).


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

At the same time, the effective firing range of the fighters did not exceed 400 m, while the bomber shooters opened fire from a distance of 1000 m.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

However, German pilots found that 4-5 hits were enough to hit a bomber from a less protected front hemisphere [51].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

However, the attack of the B-17 battle formation “head-on” was far from an easy task.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

At a approach speed of about 200 m/s (700 km/h), no more than 2 seconds were given for aiming and firing.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

After the attack, it was still necessary to evade the collision, which, given the size of the B-17, was also difficult.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Studies conducted in 1943 showed that more than half of the bombers were shot down after losing protection from their group [52].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

To solve this problem, the command of the US Higher Attestation Commission developed the Combat box system (Battle Box), in which the bombers were staggered, providing each other with protection with defensive weapons.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

As a result, attacking large groups of bombers became a very difficult task for Luftwaffe pilots [34] [53].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

However, in order to maintain fire interaction, the bombers had to strictly maintain their place in the ranks, which prevented anti-aircraft maneuvering, making them vulnerable to anti-aircraft fire artillery.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

As a result, the losses of the B-17 in some sorties exceeded 25%, for example, in the second raid on Schweinfurt, 60 aircraft out of 291 were lost [54].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

High losses persisted until the bombers received effective long-range escort fighters (especially the P-51 Mustang), which led to the degradation of the Luftwaffe as an effective means interception, between February and June 1944.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The B-17s were famous for their ability to reach targets and return home despite combat damage.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The pilot of one of the bombers of the 8th Air Army, Wally Hoffman, said that the plane could have been cut and used by enemy fire, but was able to take its crew home [55].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Martin Kaydin talks about an incident when the B-17 collided in the air with the FW-190 that attacked it, lost one of the engines, and suffered severe damage to the right stabilizer and keel.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

As a result of the collision, the aircraft lost its place in service.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The crews who saw this reported that the B-17 crashed, but the plane was able to reach the base, returning the crew home without any injuries [56].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The strength of the B-17 fully compensated for the shorter range and bomb load compared to the Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bombers and the British Avro Lancaster.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

There are many stories about returning bombers with shot off parts of the plumage, one engine running, or without significant areas of the wing [57].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

This survivability, together with the massive use in the operations of the 8th Air Army, as well as the fame of the Memphis Belle aircraft, which made 25 raids on targets in Europe, made the B-17 one of the most famous bombers.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The latter variant, the B-17G, differed from its predecessor by a nasal ventral rifle mount with two 12.7 mm M2 Browning machine guns, which eliminated the main vulnerable direction from the front attack.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Performance characteristics


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The following specifications correspond to the B-17G modification:


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Technical specifications


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Crew: 10 people (ship commander, 2nd pilot, navigator (bow turret shooter), scorer (bow turret shooter), flight engineer (upper turret shooter), radio gunner, ventral turret shooter, flight gunner (left), flight gunner (right), tail turret shooter)


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Length: 22.66 m


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Wingspan: 31.62 m


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Height: 5.82 m


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Wing area: 131.92 m²


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Wing profile: NACA 0018/NACA 0010


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Empty weight:


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Curb weight:


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Maximum take-off weight:


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Engines: 4× Wright R-1820-97 “Cyclone” turbocharged piston engines (895 kW) each


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Flight performance


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Maximum speed: 516 km/h


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Cruising speed: 400 km/h


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Battle radius: from bombs


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Service ceiling:


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Rate of climb: 4.6 m/s


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Wing load: 185.7 kg/m²


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Thrust-to-weight ratio: 150 W/kg


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Arming


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Machine guns: 12×12.7 mm (0.5 in) Browning M2


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Bomb load: theoretically up to.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Almost rarely exceeded [58]


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Operators


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

(interned aircraft as a passenger liner)


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

(at least three captured aircraft)


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

quotations


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Peak again, conclusion, fire at one bomber.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

This time I hit it!


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

I saw the shells exploding, a chain of black and red glomeruli ran through the fuselage.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Now it's sure to fall down!


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Pieces of metal are big sheets!


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

— flew away from the bomber and tumbled in a turbulent jet.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The lower and upper turrets fell silent after these hits.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

And nothing!


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

No fire, no smoke tail...


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The B-17 held firmly in service.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

We turned around and gained altitude, after which we started the third run.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The enemy formation seemed impenetrable, as if nothing was happening.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The third time I fired at an already attacked bomber, and again achieved several hits.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Through the sight, I saw shells exploding, ripping open the metal on the wings and fuselage.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

I slipped past the bomber, made a gentle turn and began to gain altitude again.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The plane still kept its place in service!


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

No fire, no smoke.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Every time we rushed at enemy bombers, their shooters opened furious fire, but they were prevented by their planes flying too close to each other.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

That's why my Zero didn't get any hits.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Then I repeated the attack twice more, coming out of the peak with a coup.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Uehara was on my right.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Each time we fired cannons and machine guns.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Each time we saw our projectiles and bullets hit the target.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

And every time without any visible effect.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

We have already completed the sixth round, when the B-17 eight was divided into 2 levels.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Four planes turned to the right and the remaining 4 to the left.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Uehara waved excitedly, pointing to the four turned to the right.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

A thin black trickle stretched from the left engine of the third bomber.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

We got it after all!


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

I turned around to catch up with the four, and again moved the Gaza Strip all the way, quickly catching up with the damaged plane.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

It was really seriously injured and has now begun to lag behind the other 3 cars.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

When I approached, I saw that the tail turret was broken, its machine guns were silent.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

At maximum speed, I came 50 yards away and pressed the triggers.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Every projectile I fired, every bullet I shot hit the target.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Suddenly, a cloud of black smoke flew out of the fuselage, he pecked his nose and went down, hiding behind a layer of thick clouds.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

My superiors counted me a “probably shot down” plane.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

But two days later, a Japanese reconnaissance aircraft reported that it had found a B-17 that had made an emergency landing on a small island between Balikpapan and Surabaya.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In popular culture


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In music


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

One of the most popular songs of World War II is dedicated to the B-17 bomber: “Comin' In On A Wing And A Prayer” (Russian version - “Bombers”).


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The meeting of B-17 and Messerschmitt Bf-109 G-6 in 1943 is dedicated to the song of the Swedish power metal band Sabaton -


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

At the movies


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The movie “Memphis Pretty Woman” is dedicated to the plane.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Howard Hawkes's film Air Force (1943), winner of the Academy Award for Best Editing.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The feature film “The Fortress”.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

“War Lover” feature film based on the novel by John Hersey


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The bomber is shown in Gerard Uri's comedy “The Big Walk”.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The 1949 film Vertical Takeoff (another translation of the title “From Above, Right on the Course”) starring Gregory Peck.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

“Amazing Stories — The Mission” (directed by Steven Spielberg, release date: November 3, 1985).


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In Richard Attenborough's drama “”, the fate of the characters is intertwined around the B-17, which crashed in 1944 near Belfast.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

One of the scenes of the cartoon “Heavy Metal” takes place on board the B-17.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In the animated series “G1”, in the series “Brawler's Squad”, the transformer Brawler used this aircraft as a new body for the action movie Explosion.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

At the same time, this aircraft was transformed into a Shuttle.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

“Flying Fortress” USA (2012)


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In literature


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

A novel by John Hersey.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Hersey J. The War Lover (1959)


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Mickey Spillane's novel “Romance with the Dragon Lady” is about the demobilized crew of the B-17E Lady Dragon aircraft, who bought his aircraft from the US Air Force after the end of the war and restored it to the perfect flight states.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In video games


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In one of the missions of Call of Duty: Second Front, the player was assigned the role of airborne shooter B-17 [59].


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The virtual model of the B-17G aircraft was recreated by A2A Simulations for the Microsoft Flight Simulator X. The model is absolutely accurate, both in terms of visual design of the fuselage and cockpit, and in terms of the control of all systems and the dynamics of behavior in the air.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

It is one of the best aircraft models for this popular flight simulator.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

There are computer games “B-17 Flying Fortress” [60] and “B-17 Flying Fortress 2”


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In one of the missions of Battlefield 1942 (El Alamein), the British have one B-17 at the airfield.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

It is also available at the field airfield on the Ghazal mission, and on the map of Bocage for the British


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In War Thunder, you can explore and buy various modifications of this aircraft (B-17E, B-17E late, B-17G)


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In Civilization 5, playing as Washington, USA, you can explore and buy this aircraft.


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

In War Front — Turning Point for America in the form of air support (bombing).


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

It is present in the strategy games “Steel Monsters” (a full-fledged unit with the ability to build, upgrade, manual control) and “Blitzkrieg” (summoned for an air strike).


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Comparison with other similar aircraft


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

See also


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Memphis Belle


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Avro Lancaster


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Strategic bombing during World War II


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Literature


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

References


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

//Free press


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

from the museum in Duxford, UK


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

(video)


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

//military.com (video)


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Notes


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

comments


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Sources


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Category:Boeing aircraft


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

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Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Boeing


Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

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Question: When did the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress make its first flight?

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

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Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

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Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Category:Sperry Military Products


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The Vethia Testament is the first, oldest of the two (along with the New Testament) parts of the Christian Bible, borrowed in Christianity from the Tanakh (ancient Jewish Holy Scriptures) and in Orthodoxy and Catholicism from other ancient Jewish religious books.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The Old Testament in all Christian denominations includes 39 books of the Tanakh, which is the common sacred text of Judaism and Christianity.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In addition, in Orthodoxy and Catholicism, additional books are included in the Old Testament, called non-canonical in Orthodoxy, and deuterocanonical in Catholicism [1].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In Protestantism, there are no additional books in the Old Testament, and the composition of the books of the Old Testament fully corresponds to the composition of the books of the Tanakh [2].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The books of the Tanakh were written between the 13th and 5th centuries BC.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

in Hebrew, with the exception of some parts of Daniel and Ezra [3] written in Aramaic [1] [4].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Non-canonical or deuterocanonical books were written in the last four centuries BC. e.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

, partly in Hebrew, partly in ancient Greek [1] [5].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Later, in the period from the 3rd century BC.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

to 1st century BC


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

, books written in Hebrew have been translated into ancient Greek [6].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

This translation (Septuagint) was used by early Christians [7] in the formation of the Old Testament and played an important role in the formation of the Christian canon.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

From a Christian point of view, the Old Testament is a monument to the first of God's three revelations, which is God's preparatory discovery of Himself and His will to people [8].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Origin of the term


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The term “Old Testament” is a tracing paper from Ancient Greek: Palai Diaθka in Old Slavonic (Church Slavonic: vetkh - “old”, “ancient” [9]).


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The ancient Greek word literally means “the former, the one that was before”, and means “testament”, “agreement”, “contract” or “covenant” [10].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

With this word, the creators of the Septuagint conveyed [11] the Hebrew word (Brit, “contract, agreement” [12]).


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In the biblical world, the “covenant” (Hebrew: “Brit” [13]) was a widespread type of relationship, expressed in a solemn agreement between the parties, accompanied by oaths.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

A covenant made between people often meant a mutual agreement of cooperation or peace.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Such a covenant could be a contract between individuals (,), an agreement between a king and a private person (,), or a treaty between kings or states (,).


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Another type of covenant meant a solemn promise of a unilateral nature, a kind of “oath” in which one of the parties undertook to perform certain actions ().


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

A special kind was the covenant made between God and man.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

This covenant is similar to a treaty on the granting of rights by the ruler to his subjects, which is widespread in the Middle East ().


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

For the first time, the term “Old Testament” (Ancient Greek: Palai Diathka) appears in, where it is associated with the Law of Moses recorded in the Pentateuch, and perhaps the author traditionally understands it as obligations. imposed by God on the people (cf.).


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In the allegory of Sarah and Hagar, the Apostle Paul contrasts the Sinai Testament, a new covenant for Israel that is no longer an obligation imposed, but is based on a living relationship between God and man.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

With regard to the books of Jewish scriptures and Christian works, the terms “Old Testament” (Palai Diathka) and “New Testament” (Kain Diaetka) first appeared in the 2nd century AD.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

in the works of early Christian writers (Meliton of Sardia, Origen [14]).


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

According to Christian tradition, the division of the Holy Scriptures into the New and Old Testaments is based on verses from the Book of the Prophet Jeremiah ([15]).


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The content of the Old Testament (Tanakh)


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Pentateuch (Torah)


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

From the creation of the world and man to the arrival of Jews in Moab.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

This book describes: the fall of sin, the expulsion of Adam and Eve from paradise, the Flood and Noah's Ark, the lives of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Joseph is in Egypt.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The division of Israel into knees.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Prophets (Neviim)


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

From conquering Canaan to dividing Israel into two kingdoms.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Events: the settlement of the tribes of Israel, the foundation of the kingdom, the reign of David and Solomon.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The foundation of Jerusalem and the construction of the First Temple.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The division of Israel into two kingdoms.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Scriptures (Ktuvim)


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

From dividing kingdoms to restoring the Second Temple.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The Babylonian captivity, the destruction of the First Temple.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In 515 BC


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

— The construction of the Second Temple by Zerubbabel after the fall of Babylon.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Events of Esther during the reign of Artaxerxes (465—424 BC).


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The prophets Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Authorship


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The books of the Old Testament have been written by several dozen authors over the centuries.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Most books, according to tradition, had their own authors, who were indicated in the title of the book.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Some modern researchers are of the opinion that most books in the Old Testament were written by anonymous authors.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

[16] [17] [18] [19]


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Text sources


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The text of the Old Testament has survived to us in many ancient and medieval manuscripts used in modern publications.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

This includes texts in Hebrew and ancient translations, among which the most important are the Septuagint, a translation into ancient Greek made in Alexandria in the 3rd and 1st centuries BC.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

, Vulgate is a translation into Latin made by Jerome Stridonsky in the late 4th and early 5th centuries AD


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

, Targums — translations into Aramaic and Peschitta — a Syrian translation made among early Christians in the 2nd century AD.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Among the manuscripts in Hebrew, an important place is occupied by medieval manuscripts of the Masoretic text, the official text of Judaism, among which Leningrad is considered the most authoritative and the Aleppo Codes.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The oldest sources of Old Testament text are the Qumran manuscripts, which contain fragments of all books in the Old Testament, with the exception of Esther and Nehemiah, as well as the full text of Isaiah.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

An important place among the sources of the Old Testament is occupied by the Samaritan Pentateuch, a Hebrew text of the Pentateuch, recorded in one of the varieties of PaleoJewish writing (Samaritan script) and preserved by the Samaritan community.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Church Slavonic translations of the Old Testament — the Gennadiev Bible, the Ostroh Bible and the Elizabethan Bible — were made from the Septuagint.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Modern Russian translations — The Synodal translation and the translation of the Russian Bible Society are made on the basis of the Masoretic text.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Old Testament Canon


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The canon of the Old Testament is a collection of Old Testament books recognized by the Church as God-inspired (that is, containing the immutable truth).


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The list of canonical Old Testament books is already found in Origen's doxography [20].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The inspiration of the books of the Old Testament canon, as well as its continuity, is noted in the New Testament ([21]), as well as by early Christian historians and theologians [22] [23].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Currently, there are three canons of the Old Testament, differing in composition and origin:


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The Jewish canon (Tanakh), formed BC


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

in Judaism; [24] and adopted in the Orthodox Church and Protestant Churches.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

A Catholic canon based on the Jewish canon and Deuterocanonical books translated by the Seventy (Septuagint or the Canon of Alexandria), but not included in the Jewish canon [1].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In the history of the formation of the canon of the Old Testament, two stages are clearly distinguished: the formation of the canon in the Jewish environment and the adoption of this canon by the Christian Church.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Jewish canon


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The Jewish canon is divided into three parts according to the genre and time of writing certain books.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Law or Torah including the Pentateuch of Moses


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Prophets or Neviim, which includes, in addition to prophetic ones, some books that are now considered historical chronicles.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Neviim, in turn, is divided into three sections.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Ancient Prophets: Books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel 1 and 2 (Kings 1 and 2), and Kings 1 and 2 (Kings 3 and 4)


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Later prophets, including 3 books of “great prophets” (Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel) and 12 “minor prophets”.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In the manuscripts, the “minor prophets” made one scroll and were considered one book.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Scriptures or Ktuvim, including works by the wise men of Israel and prayer poetry.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

As part of Ktuvim, there is a collection of “five scrolls”, including the books Song of Songs, Ruth, Lament of Jeremiah, Ecclesiastes and Esther, collected in accordance with the annual cycle of readings in the synagogue.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The first letters of the names of these three parts of Scripture (Torah, Neviim, Ktuvim) in the Jewish canon make up the word Tanah.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The Jewish tradition often refers to books by their first word.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The division of the Tanakh into three parts is witnessed by many ancient authors at the turn of our era.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

We find a mention of “the law, prophets, and other books” in the Wisdom of Jesus, son of Sirach, written around 190 BC.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Luke the Evangelist quotes Jesus in the last chapter of his Gospel: “Everything written about Me in the Law of Moses and in the Prophets and Psalms must be fulfilled”.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

However, in most cases, evangelists use the term “law and prophets.”


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Three sections of the Tanakh are also called Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BC — c. 50 AD) and Josephus Flavius (37 AD —?).


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Conventionally, the books of Judges and Ruth, Jeremiah, and the Lamentations of Jeremiah, Ezra, and Nehemiah are considered in pairs as one book by common author, so that the total number of books of the Tanakh is equal to 22, according to the number of letters of the Hebrew alphabet.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Many ancient authors have 24 books in the Tanakh.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

All books of the Jewish canon were initially generally recognized in all Christian communities.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Canon of Alexandria (Septuagint)


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The Alexandrian Canon (Septuagint) was adopted at the turn of our era among the Jews of Alexandria who adhered to Hellenistic Judaism, and formed the basis of the Christian canon of the Old Testament (this applies to both text, as well as the composition and headings of books).


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

It differs from the Jewish Tanakh in terms of their location and individual texts, as well as in the composition of the books included.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

After the destruction of the Second Temple, the Alexandrian canon was not accepted by Judaism and remained only in the lists of Christian origin.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Structurally, the Alexandrian canon is distinguished by the fact that the books Neviim and Ktuvim are redistributed between sections in accordance with a different idea of genres than in the Tanakh.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

These are 39 [25] books, which are the following sections:


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Legally Positive Books (Pentateuch) (Genesis Deuteronomy)


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Historical books (Joshua Esther)


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Teaching (poetic) books (Job — The Book of Solomon's Proverbs — The Book of Ecclesiastes)


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Prophetic books (Isaia-Malachi)


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In addition, a number of books have been added to the canon in whole or significantly textually supplemented.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Thus, the Second Chronicles includes the Manasseh prayer, which is often used in Eastern Christian worship.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The book of Esther adds the Prologue (follows Chapter 1), a list of Artaxerxes's decree on the extermination of the Jews (follows between verse 13 and 14 of Chapter 3), the prayer of Mordecai and Esther (follows in completion of Chapter 4) and a list of Artaxerxes's 2nd Decree repealing his first decree (follows between verse 12 and 13 of Chapter 8).


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The book of the prophet Daniel added: the song of 3 youths in the foot (follows between verses 23 and 24 of the 3rd chapter, corresponds to verses 24-91 in the Russian full Synodal translation) and 2 additional chapters - 13th o Susanna and the 14th is about Vila and the Dragon.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The last Psalm 151 has been added to the Psalms.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Completely absent from the Hebrew Bible, but there are the Septuagint of the books of Tobit and Judith, the Wisdom of Solomon, and the Wisdom of Jesus, the son of Sirach, the prophet Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremiah, the Second Book of Ezra, and Maccabees books [26].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The Slavic and Russian Bible as part of the Old Testament includes 39 canonical (Tanakh books) and 11 non-canonical books, which differs from the Roman Catholic Church, which has 39 in the New Vulgate books of the Tanakh and 7 Deuterocanonical books (Tobitus, Judith, Wisdom of Solomon, Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach, the book of the prophet Baruch along with the Epistle of Jeremiah, the first and second books of Maccabees), which are recognized in Catholicism as the same authority as the books of the Jewish canon and inspired by God [27].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Protestant canon


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

During the Reformation era, the prevailing idea in the West about the canonicity and authority of biblical books is undergoing a radical revision.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Jacob van Liesveldt in 1526 and Martin Luther in 1534 published Bibles that include only books of the Jewish canon in the Old Testament.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Books that are not included in the Jewish canon receive in the Protestant tradition the name apocrypha, a term enshrined in the Eastern Christian tradition in late (2nd century BC — 1st century AD) literature, never which was not part of the Alexandrian and Christian canons.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Old Testament books


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Tanakh books


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The books of the Tanakh are the same in all Christian denominations (excluding translation and the presence of additional passages) and are recognized in them as canonical (inspired by God).


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Tanah booksTitle


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

in Slavic [2] and Russian Bible [28] Title


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

in Novaya Vulgate [29] Title


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

in English language publications


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Bibles [30] Title


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

in the Greek Bible [31] Rus.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Eng.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Name


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

in the tanahPentateuch of GenesisGenesis — “origin”, “beginning” [32] Gen.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Genrasheet (Bereishit [33]; Beresheet — “At the Beginning” [32]) Book OriginExodusExodus — “Exit” [34] Ex.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Exhibit (Shemot — “And here are the names” [34]) Book LevitLeviticusLeviticusLev.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Levіră (Vaikra; Vaiikra — “And called...” [35]) Book NumerInumbers — “numbers” [36] Number.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Numb (Be-Midbar — “In the Desert” [37]) DeuteronomiideuteronomyAuthor.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Deutprim (Devarim; Debarim — “Words” [38]) Book of Jesus NavinIosueJoshuanav.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Joshua (Yeoshua) Book of Judges of IsraelIudicumJudges Court.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Judgfim (Shoftim — “judges” [39]) Book by Rufruthruthruf.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Ruth (Ruth) First Book of Kingdoms Samuelis1 Samuel1Tsar1Samuel (Shmuel I) Second Book of KingsII Samuelis2 Samuel2Tsar2Samuel in (Shmuel II) Third Book of KingsI Regum1 Kings3Kings1Kings1KingsChildren (Melachim I - “Kings” [40]) Fourth Book of KingsII Regum2 Kings4Kings2Kings in (Melachim II) 1st Chronicles Paralipomenon1 Chronicles1Par1Chronon Ayamim I) 2nd Chronicles II Paralipomenon2 Chronicles2Par2Chronon (Divrey Ayyamim II) Book of Ridesdraeezraezdezraezraezraezraezraezraezraezraz (Ezra - “help” [41]) Book Neheminehemihemihemirezraz Aenehemiahnehnehnehneh (Nehemia) Book Esther Estherestheresphesther (Esther) Book of JovaiobjobjobyovJobyovjobyin (Iov) Psalmsalmorumpsalmsps/PsalpsBook of ProverbiorumProverbsProverbs Pritprov ( Michelay) Book of EcclesiaStecclesiasteSecclesiastesSecclesiastecclesKoelet Song of SolomonCanticum CanticorumSong of Solomon


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

(Song of Songs) Song Song (Shir Hashirim) The Book of the Prophet Isaiaiaeisaiahis/Isaiaiaiaiahis/Isaiaiaiaiahis (Yeshayahu) The Book of the Prophet Jeremiaejeremiaejeremiahierjerjerjerjer Irmiyahu (Irmiyau) Crying JeremiaLamentationEslamentationsLamentationsLamentationsLamentationsLamentationsLamentationsLamentaizezeki (Yehezkel) The Book of the Prophet Daniel DanielisDanielisDanieldanieldanieldaniezezeki (Daniel) The Book of the Prophet Osiioseehoseaoshoshoshoshoshoshosis (Joshea) Book of the Prophet Joeljoeiljoeljoeljoel (Yoel) The Book of the Prophet Amosamosamosamosamosamosamos (Amos) Book of the Prophet AvdiaAbdiaeobadiahavdobadiahavdobadia Ovadia (Ovadia) Book of the Prophet Jonyaejonahionajonajonajonajonah (Yona) Book of the Prophet Michaeaemicahmihmicah (Micah) The Book of the Prophet Naumanahumnahumnahumnahumnahumnahumnahumnahumnyh (Nahum) Book of the Prophet HabakkuchabakkukavhabhabakkukavhababababababababakkukavhabhababababababababababababababababababababababababababababHawakuk Book The Prophet ZephoniaezephaniahSofzephaniahSofzephaniah (Safaniah) Book of the Prophet Haggaeihaggaiagghaggai (Hagai) The Book of the Prophet Zachariaezechariahzechariahzechechechariahzechecha (Zehariah)) Book of the Prophet Malachiaemalachimalachimalalachimalmalmalmalmalmalmalmalmalachimalachimalachimalachimalalachimal


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Additional excerpts in these books are available in Orthodox and Catholic editions of the Old Testament, but are absent in Protestant publications [2].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In Catholicism, these additions are recognized as inspired by God, in Orthodoxy they are not inspired by God [27].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Additional excerpts in Orthodox and Catholic editions of the Old Testament can be found in Esther (,,,,,), in the book of the Prophet Daniel: the Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Youths (), the story of Susanna (), the story of Vila and the Dragon () [43].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In addition, Orthodox editions of the Old Testament include Psalm 151 and Manasseh's prayer at the end of Book 2 Chronicles [2], which are absent from the New Vulgate.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In the ecumenical editions of the Bible: The Revised Standard Version of the Bible and the New Corrected Standard Version of the Bible, these passages are placed in a separate section called “Apocrypha” along with additional books of the Old Testament [44].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Additional Old Testament Books


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In addition to canonical books, Orthodox and Catholic editions of the Old Testament include additional books, the number of which varies in different Bibles.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In the Russian Synodal translation of the Bible, these books are called non-canonical, in Catholicism they are called deuterocanonical.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In Catholicism, these books are recognized as inspired by God, in Orthodoxy they are not inspired by God (but useful and edifying), in Protestantism they are considered exclusively human work and are not included in the number of books in the Old Testament [1] [27].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

However, they are in a separate section in the ecumenical editions of the Bible: the Revised Standard Version and the New Corrected Standard Version of the Bible.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The latter received the approval of thirty-three Protestant churches, the American and Canadian Conferences of Catholic Bishops and the blessing of the Primate of the Greek Orthodox Church [45].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Ten non-canonical books of the Slavic-Russian Bible have been translated from Greek (Septuagints), the Third Book of Ezra has been translated from Latin [46].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The table shows the titles of additional books of the Old Testament in the Slavic-Russian Bible, the Greek Bible, the New Vulgate, and the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Additional books of the Old TestaRussian nameEslavyanskaya [2]


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Old Testament

and the Russian Bible [28] Title


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

in the Greek Bible [31] Title


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

in Novaya Vulgate [29] Title


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

in the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

(separate section) [44] The Second Book of RidesDras A'No1 EsdrasBook of TovitaestthobistobitBook of JudaesiudithJudithBook of Wisdom Solomonaestosofilomontosapientiaewism of SolomonBook of Wisdom of Jesus, Son of SirachovaSophia SierecclesiasticRussirach (Ecclesiasticus) Epistle Jeremiae


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

(included in the sixth chapter in the book of Baruch) Letter of JeremiahBook of the Prophet BaruhaeβarucbaruchBaruchThe first book of MaccabaeesThe first book of MaccabaeesThe second book of MaccabaeesThe second book of Maccabaeismathmaααωn Β'II Maccabaeorum2 MaccabeesThird Book of MaccabaiskaThere is a Maccabaeωn γ'No3 MaccabeesThe fourth book of MaccabeesThe fourth book of Maccabaiskaianetμαkaβαωn Δ'


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

(in appendix) No4 MaccabeesThird Book of RidingNoNo2 Esdras


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The second and third books of Ezra were appended to the Vulgate with the titles of the third and fourth books of Ezra, respectively, without giving them canonical status [2].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Texts and translations


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The modern Hebrew Bible is based on a Masoretic text, which was compiled on the basis of earlier texts of the Jewish Bible and approved in the 10th century AD.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

[47] [48]


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In the 3rd century BC


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

At the behest of the Egyptian king Ptolomew Philadelphus, the books of the Tanakh were translated from Hebrew into Greek.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Since there were 72 translators, according to ancient testimonies, or, rounding, 70, this translation is called the translation of the Seventy (Septuagint) [49].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

According to legend, the translation was completed in 72 days.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

This translation later included other Jewish books written in the 3rd and 1st centuries BC.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

, as well as books originally written in Greek (non - canonical books).


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

This is the translation used by the authors of the New Testament.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

According to some estimates, of 235 Old Testament quotes in the New Testament, 215 are taken from the Septuagint and only 20 are from the Hebrew text [47].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

From the first translations of the Bible into Latin, an ancient Italian translation is known, in which the Latin translation of books of the Old Testament was made from the Septuagint.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Soon this translation was replaced by the translation of Blessed Jerome Stridon, who translated Old Testament books from the Hebrew original into Latin, but also used ancient Greek texts.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

This translation was completed by 405 and was later called “Vulgate” (that is, “generally accepted”) [47].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The Old Testament of the Slavic Bible is translated from the Septuagint, but this translation is influenced by numerous influences from the Vulgate [50].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In the Synodal translation of the Bible into Russian, made in the 19th century, the canonical books of the Old Testament are translated from the Hebrew Bible (Masoretic text), but in some cases from the Septuagint (for example, ), ten non-canonical books have been translated from Greek (Septuagint), but one (Ezra 3) has been translated from Latin [51] [52].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In the Russian Orthodox Church, the Synodal translation is not used in divine services.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Biblical critique of the Old Testament


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Biblical criticism examines directly the text of the Bible to determine authorship, timing of compilation and author's intentions.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

It should be distinguished from criticism of the Bible, which denies it as a source of information or a code of moral conduct, as it may contain translation errors [53].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

In the 17th century. Thomas Hobbes collected all the evidence available that Moses could not write the bulk of the Torah.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Shortly thereafter, Baruch Spinoza published a critical analysis in which he argued that the problem parts of the Bible are not isolated cases that can be analyzed one by one, but a common place in all five books: “The fact that the Pentateuch is not written by Moses is clear as the sun at noon” [54] [55].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

At the same time, archaeological discoveries confirmed that most of the stories of the Pentateuch of Moses are consistent with the historical, cultural and literary data of the second millennium BC.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

An ancient tradition shows that Moses himself was the author of the Pentateuch.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

This is indicated by the phrases “the book of Moses” or “the book of the Law of Moses” in later Scriptures of the Old Testament (,,) and the New Testament ().


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The story of his death (), according to some ancient Jewish interpreters, belongs to Joshua, according to most people, was recorded by Moses himself, just as he predicted events a much more distant future [56].


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

See also


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Torah


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Pentateuch


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Tanah


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

New Testament


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Old Testament Church


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Bible chronology


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Notes


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Literature


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Shifman I. SH.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

“The Old Testament and Its World”, ed.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

SPbU, 2007.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Tantlevsky I. R. “Introduction to the Pentateuch”, M. RSUH, 2000.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Tov, E.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Textology of the Old Testament.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

— M.: BBI, 2003


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

“Teaching. The Pentateuch of Moses”.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Transl., introduction and commentary by I. SH.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Shifman, M. Republic, 1993.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Shchedrovitsky D. IN. Introduction to the Old Testament.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

The Pentateuch of Moses: T.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

1. The Book of Genesis.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Ed.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

6th; T.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

2. Book Exodus.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Ed.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

5th; T.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

3. Books of Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Ed.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

5/M: Oklik, 2010.


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Old Testament

— 1088 p. — Bibliography.


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Old Testament

98 names


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Old Testament

— ISBN 978-5-91349-010-0; 978-5-91349-004-9 (vol. 1-3).


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

F. Vigourou.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

A guide to reading and studying the Bible.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

— MOSCOW, 1916


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Freedman D.N., Myers A.C., Beck A. B. “Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible”, Eerdmans, 2000.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

J.A. Mendenhall.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

“Covenant Forms in Israelite Tradition”, Biblical Archaeologist 17, 1954


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

D.R. Hillers.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

“Covenant: The History of a Biblical Idea”, Baltimore, 1969


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

L. Perlitt.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

“Covenant” in “Encyclopedia of Christianity”, Grand Rapids, Eerdmans-Brill, 1998


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

E.W. Nicholson.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

“God and His People: Covenant and Theology in the Old Testament”, Oxford University Press, 1988


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Herman Ridderbos.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

“The Epistle of Paul to the Churches of Galatia”, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1953


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

E.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Yang.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

“Introduction to the Old Testament”, Zaoksky Theological Academy, 1998


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Arthur G. Patzia.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

“The making of the New Testament: origin, collection, text & canon”


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

William J. Leffler, Paul H. Jones.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

“The structure of religion: Judaism and Christianity”


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Geoffrey W. Bromiley.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

“International Standard Bible Encyclopedia”.


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

References


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

(in English)


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

, Dmitry Shchedrovitsky


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

, Dmitry Shchedrovitsky


Question: When was the Old Testament written?

Old Testament

Interpretations


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

Olympic symbols are attributes of the Olympic Games used by the International Olympic Committee to promote the idea of the Olympic movement around the world.


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

Olympic symbols include flag (rings), anthem, oath, slogan, medals, fire, laurel branch, fireworks, talismans, emblem [1].


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

Any use of Olympic symbols for commercial purposes is prohibited by the Olympic Charter.


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

Flag and emblem


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

The flag is a white silk cloth with an Olympic emblem embroidered on it.


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

The emblem was presented at the Paris Congress to the International Olympic Committee by Pierre de Coubertin in 1914.


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

The Olympic emblem and Olympic flag were first presented at the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp.


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

The 1920 flag, presented at the Antwerp Games, was changed to a new Olympic flag in 1988, presented at the Olympic Games in Seoul.


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

The old flag is now kept in the Olympic Museum in Lausanne [2].


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

The flag of the Olympic movement is a white field, in the center of which is placed the Olympic emblem: 5 intertwined rings arranged in two rows (three in the upper, two in the lower).


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

The colors of the rings (from left to right): blue, yellow, black, green, red.


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

The rings symbolize the union (unity) of the five parts of the world and the global character of the Olympic Games


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

The rings are connected in a chain, in the shape of the letter W, with the extreme (blue, red) each intersecting with only one other ring, and the one located in the center - each with two rings.


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

The rings symbolize five continents.


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

However, contrary to popular theory, each of the rings does not belong to a particular continent [3].


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

Six colors (together with the white background of the canvas) are combined in such a way that they represent the national colors of all countries of the world without exception.


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

Until 1951, the official directory claimed that the colors of the rings corresponded to different parts of the world: Europe blue, Asia yellow, Africa black, Australia green, and America red.


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

However, this was later removed from there, as there was no evidence that Pierre de Coubertin meant this distribution of colors [4].


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

Hymn


Question: When did the Olympic rings appear?

Olympic symbols

Right|Olympic anthem