Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Looking at the output values, there is no way to determine how the input signal behaved between samples.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

If it is known that the input signal changes quite slowly relative to the sampling rate, then we can assume that the intermediate values between the samples are somewhere between the values of these samples.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

If the input signal changes rapidly, no assumptions can be made about the intermediate values of the input signal, and therefore it is impossible to uniquely restore the shape of the original signal.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

If the sequence of digital values produced by the ADC is converted back to analog somewhere by a digital-to-analog converter, it is desirable that the received analog signal be the most accurate copy of the original signal.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

If the input signal changes faster than its readings are made, it is impossible to recover the signal accurately, and a false signal will be present at the DAC output.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

False frequency components of the signal (absent in the spectrum of the original signal) are called alias (false frequency, side low-frequency component).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The frequency of false components depends on the difference between the signal frequency and the sampling rate.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example, a 2 kHz sine wave sampled at 1.5 kHz would be played back as a 500 Hz sine wave.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This problem is known as frequency overlap (aliasing).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

To prevent spectra overlapping, the signal supplied to the ADC input must be passed through a low-pass filter to suppress spectral components whose frequency exceeds half the frequency discretization.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This filter is called anti-aliasing filter, and its use is extremely important when building real ADCs.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In general, the use of an analog input filter is interesting not only for this reason.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

It would seem that the digital filter, which is usually used after digitization, has incomparably better parameters.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

But if there are components in the signal that are significantly more powerful than the useful signal and far enough away from it in frequency to be effectively suppressed by an analog filter, such the solution allows you to maintain the dynamic range of the ADC: if the interference is 10 dB stronger than the signal, it will waste, on average, three bits of bit depth.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Although spectra overlapping is in most cases an undesirable effect, it can be used for good.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example, this effect makes it possible to avoid converting the frequency down when digitizing a narrowband high-frequency signal (see the mixer).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

To do this, however, the analog input stages of the ADC must have significantly higher parameters than is required for standard use of the ADC at the main (video or lower) harmonic.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This also requires effective filtering of out-of-band frequencies to the ADC, since after digitization there is no way to identify and/or filter out most of them.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Pseudorandom signal mixing (dither)


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Some characteristics of the ADC can be improved by using the method of mixing a pseudo-random signal (English: dither).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

It consists in adding a small amplitude random noise (white noise) to the analog input signal.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The noise amplitude, as a rule, is chosen at the level of half of the MPR.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The effect of this addition is that the MPR state randomly changes between states 0 and 1 with a very small input signal (without adding noise, the MPR would be in state 0 or 1 for a long time).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

For a signal with mixed noise, instead of simply rounding the signal to the nearest digit, there is a random rounding up or down, with the average time during which the signal is rounded to one or a different level depends on how close the signal is to this level.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Thus, the digitized signal contains information about the amplitude of the signal with a resolution better than the MZR, that is, the effective bit depth of the ADC increases.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The negative side of the technique is the increase in noise in the output signal.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In fact, the quantization error is smeared over several adjacent samples.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This approach is more desirable than simply rounding to the nearest discrete level.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

As a result of using the method of mixing a pseudorandom signal, we have a more accurate reproduction of the signal over time.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Small changes in the signal can be restored from pseudorandom jumps of the MSR by filtering.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In addition, if the noise is determined (the amplitude of the added noise is known exactly at any time), then it can be subtracted from the digitized signal, having previously increased its bit depth, thereby almost completely get rid of the added noise.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Sound signals of very small amplitudes, digitized without a pseudo-random signal, are perceived by ear very distorted and unpleasant.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

When mixing a pseudo-random signal, the true signal strength is represented by the average value of several consecutive samples.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

However, since 2009, due to the reduction in the cost of 24-bit ADCs, which even without dither have a dynamic range of more than 120 dB, which is several orders of magnitude higher than the full hearing range perceived by a person, this technology has lost its relevance in sound engineering.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

At the same time, it is used in RF and microwave technology, where the bit rate of the ADC is usually low due to the high sampling rate.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

A similar process, also called dither or error diffusion, is used to represent halftones of images in computer graphics at low bits per pixel.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

At the same time, the image becomes noisy, but visually perceives it more realistically than the same image obtained by simple quantization.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Oversampling


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

As a rule, signals are digitized at the minimum required sampling rate for reasons of economy, while the quantization noise is white, that is, its power spectral density is uniform distributed throughout the band.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

If you digitize a signal with a sampling rate much higher than the Kotelnikov-Shannon theorem, and then digitally filter it to suppress the spectrum outside the frequency band of the original signal, the signal-to-noise ratio will be better than using the entire band.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Thus, it is possible to achieve an effective resolution greater than the bit depth of the ADC.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Oversampling can also be used to mitigate the requirements for the steepness of the transition from the passband to the suppression band of the anti-aliasing filter.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

To do this, the signal is digitized, for example, at twice the frequency, then digitally filtered, suppressing the frequency components outside the band of the original signal, and finally lowering the frequency discretization by decimation.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADC types


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The following are the main ways to build an electronic ADC:


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Direct conversion ADC


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Direct-Conversion (Flash) ADCs, which are fully parallel to ADCs, contain one comparator for each discrete input signal level.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

At any given time, only comparators corresponding to levels below the input signal level produce an overshoot signal at their output.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Signals from all comparators go either directly to a parallel register, then the code is processed by software, or to a hardware logic encoder that generates the desired digital code in hardware depending on the code at the encoder input.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Data from the encoder is recorded in a parallel register.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The sampling rate of parallel ADCs generally depends on the hardware characteristics of analog and logic elements, as well as on the required sampling rate.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Direct conversion parallel ADCs are the fastest, but usually have a resolution of 8 bits or more, like digital oscilloscopes, as they entail high hardware costs (


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle 2^ {n} -1=2^ {8} -1=255}


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

comparators).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADCs of this type have a very large chip size of the chip, high input capacitance, and can produce short-term errors at the output.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

They are often used for video or other high-frequency signals, and are also widely used in industry to monitor rapidly changing processes in real time.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Professional models can have a resolution of up to 14 bits or higher [5].


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Subbranging Direct-Conversion (Flash) ADCs [6] are partially serial ADCs.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

R. Staffin and R. Lohman R. were proposed in 1956 (Staffin and R. Lohman, “Signal Amplitude Quantizer”, U.S. Patent 2,869,079, Filed December 19, 1956, Issued January 13, 1959) [7].


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Slightly reducing the speed can significantly reduce the number of op-amps to


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

k


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

k


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

k


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle k\ cdot (2^ {n/k} -1) +k-1}


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

, where n is the number of bits of the output code, and k is the number of parallel direct conversion ADCs.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

With 8 bits and 2 ADCs, 31 op-amps will be required.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Two (k=2) or more sub-band steps are used.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

When k=2, the converter is called Half-Flash (Subbranging) ADC.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Second, third, etc. ADCs are used to reduce the quantization error of the first ADC by digitizing this error.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The first step is to perform a coarse (low resolution) conversion.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Next, the difference between the input signal and the analog signal corresponding to the coarse conversion result (from the auxiliary DAC to which the coarse code is applied) is determined.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In the second step, the difference found is multiplied by


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

k


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle 2^ {n/k}}


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

and is undergoing the following transformation.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The resulting code is combined with the coarse code to obtain the full output digital value.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This type of ADC is slower than parallel direct-conversion ADCs, has a high resolution and a small body size.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

To increase the speed of the output digitized data stream in parallel-serial direct-conversion ADCs, the pipeline operation of parallel ADCs is used.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Pipelined Subbranging Direct-Conversion (Flash) ADC) [8] is used in parallel-serial direct conversion ADCs, in contrast to the usual parallel operation mode sequential direct conversion ADC, in which data is transmitted after full conversion, during pipeline operation, partial transformation data is transmitted as soon as it is ready until the end complete transformation.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In 1966, Kinniment et al.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

proposed an architecture for a parallel-serial direct conversion ADC with recirculation (Recirculating ADC Architecture) [9].


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This architecture uses a single subrange parallel direct-conversion ADC.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Subbranging Direct-Conversion (Flash) ADCs, fully serial ADCs (k=n), slower than parallel direct conversion ADCs and slightly slower parallel-serial direct-conversion ADCs, but even more (up to


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

n


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle n\ cdot (2^ {n/n} -1) +n-1=n\ cdot (2^ {1} -1) +n-1=2n-1}


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

, where n is the number of bits of the output code, and k is the number of parallel direct conversion ADCs) reduce the number of op-amps (at 8 bits, 15 op-amps will be required: 8 comparators per op amp and 7 subtractors multipliers by 2 by OH) [10].


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Ternary ADCs of this type are approximately 1.5 times faster than binary ADCs of the same type commensurate in terms of the number of levels and hardware costs [11].


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Sequential approximation ADC


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

A sequential approximation ADC or a bitwise balancing ADC contains a comparator, an auxiliary DAC and a sequential approximation register.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The ADC converts an analog signal into a digital signal in N steps, where N is the bit depth of the ADC.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

At each step, one bit of the required digital value is determined, starting from the PPP (High Significant Digit) and ending with the MSR (Lowest Significant Digit).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The sequence of actions for determining the next bit is as follows.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The auxiliary DAC is set to the analog value formed from the bits already defined in the previous steps; the bit to be defined in this step is set to 1, the lower bits are set to 0.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The value obtained at the auxiliary DAC is compared with the analog input value.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

If the input signal value is greater than the AUX DAC value, the bit being determined is set to 1, otherwise 0.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Thus, determining the final digital value resembles a binary search.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADCs of this type have both high speed and good resolution.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

However, in the absence of a storage sampling device, the error will be significantly greater (imagine that after digitizing the largest bit, the signal begins to change).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Differential encoding ADC


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Differential coding ADCs (English: delta-encoded ADC) contain a reversible counter, the code from which goes to the auxiliary DAC.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The input signal and the signal from the auxiliary DAC are compared on the comparator.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Due to negative feedback from the comparator to the counter, the code on the meter is constantly changing so that the signal from the auxiliary DAC differs as little as possible from the input signal.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

After some time, the signal difference becomes smaller than the MZR, and the counter code is read as the output digital signal of the ADC.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This type of ADC has a very large input range and high resolution, but the conversion time depends on the input signal, although it is limited from above.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In the worst case, the conversion time is Tmax= (2q) /fs, where q is the bit depth of the ADC, fs is the frequency of the counter clock generator.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Differential encoded ADCs are usually a good choice for digitizing real-world signals, as most signals in physical systems are not prone to jumps.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Some ADCs use a combined approach: differential coding and sequential approximation; this works especially well in cases where it is known that high-frequency components in the signal is relatively small.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Sawtooth Comparison ADC


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The sawtooth comparison ADC (some ADCs of this type are called Integrating ADCs, also include serial counting ADCs) contain a sawtooth voltage generator (in ADC sequential counting step voltage generator consisting of a meter and a DAC), a comparator and a time counter.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The sawtooth rises linearly from the lower level to the upper level, then quickly drops to the lower level.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

When the rise starts, the time counter starts.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

When the sawtooth reaches the input signal level, the comparator triggers and stops the counter; the value is read from the counter and fed to the ADC output.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This type of ADC is the simplest in structure and contains the minimum number of elements.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

At the same time, the simplest ADCs of this type have rather low accuracy and are sensitive to temperature and other external parameters.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

To increase accuracy, the sawtooth generator can be built on the basis of a counter and an auxiliary DAC, but this structure has no other advantages compared to an ADC sequential approximation and differential coding ADC.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Charge-balancing ADC


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Charge-balancing ADCs (these include ADC with two-stage integration, ADC with multi-stage integration and some others) contain a stable current generator, a comparator, a current integrator , clock generator and pulse counter.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The transformation takes place in two stages (two-stage integration).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

At the first stage, the input voltage value is converted to a current (proportional to the input voltage), which is supplied to the current integrator, the charge of which is initially zero.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This process lasts for time TN, where T is the period of the clock generator, N is a constant (a large integer that determines the time of charge accumulation).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

After this time, the integrator input is disconnected from the ADC input and connected to the stable current generator.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The polarity of the generator is such that it reduces the charge accumulated in the integrator.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The discharge process lasts until the charge in the integrator decreases to zero.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The discharge time is measured by counting the clock pulses from the moment the discharge begins to reach zero charge on the integrator.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The calculated number of clock pulses will be the output code of the ADC.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

It can be shown that the number of pulses n calculated during the discharge time is: N = UBxN (RI0) −1, where Ubx is the input voltage of the ADC, N is the number of pulses of the accumulation stage (defined above), R is the resistance a resistor that converts the input voltage into current, I0 is the current value from the stable current generator that discharges the integrator at the second stage.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Thus, potentially unstable parameters of the system (primarily the capacitance of the integrator capacitor) are not included in the final expression.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This is a consequence of the two-stage process: the errors introduced at the first and second stages are mutually subtracted.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

There are no strict requirements even for the long-term stability of the clock generator and the bias voltage of the comparator: these parameters should be stable only for a short time, that is, for of each conversion (no more than 2TN).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In fact, the principle of two-stage integration makes it possible to directly convert the ratio of two analog values (input and reference current) into the ratio of numerical codes (n and N in terms defined above) with little or no additional errors.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The typical bit depth of this type of ADC is from 10 to 18 binary bits.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

An additional advantage is the ability to build converters that are insensitive to periodic interference (for example, interference from the mains supply) due to the accurate integration of the input signal for a fixed time interval.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The disadvantage of this type of ADC is the low conversion speed.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Charge balancing ADCs are used in measuring instruments of high accuracy.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Intermediate conversion to pulse repetition rate ADC


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADC with intermediate conversion to pulse repetition rate.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The signal from the sensor passes through a level converter and then through a voltage-frequency converter.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Thus, the input of the logic circuit directly receives a signal, the characteristic of which is only the pulse frequency.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The logic counter receives these pulses for input during the sampling time, thus issuing by its end a code combination numerically equal to the number of pulses that came to the converter for sampling time.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

These ADCs are quite slow and not very accurate, but nevertheless very easy to perform and therefore have a low cost.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Sigma delta ADC


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

A sigma-delta ADC (also called delta-sigma ADC) performs analog-to-digital conversion with a sample rate many times higher than the required one, and by filtering it leaves only the desired spectral band.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Non-electronic ADCs are usually built on the same principles.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Optical ADCs


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

There are optical methods for converting an electrical signal into a code.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

They are based on the ability of some substances to change the refractive index under the influence of an electric field.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In this case, the light beam passing through the substance changes its speed or angle of deviation at the boundary of this substance in accordance with the change in the refractive index.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

There are several ways to record these changes.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example, a line of photodetectors records the deflection of the beam, translating it into a discrete code.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Various interference schemes involving a delayed beam make it possible to evaluate signal changes or build comparators of electrical quantities.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Optical ADCs can be very fast.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADC chips


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

For most ADCs, the bit depth is from 6 to 24 bits, the sampling rate is up to 1 MHz.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Megahertz and Gigahertz ADCs are also available (12-bit 2-channel 1 GSPS ADC cost $238 as of December 2015).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Megahertz ADCs are required in digital video cameras, video capture devices, and digital TV tuners to digitize the full video signal.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Commercial ADCs typically have an output error of ±0.5 to ±1.5 MMR.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

One of the factors that increase the cost of chips is the number of pins, as they force the chip body to be made larger, and each pin must be attached to the chip.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

To reduce the number of pins, ADCs operating at low sample rates often have a serial interface.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The use of a serial ADC often makes it possible to increase the mounting density and create a board with a smaller footprint.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Often, ADC chips have several analog inputs connected inside the chip to a single ADC via an analog multiplexer.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Various ADC models may include sample-hold devices, instrumentation amplifiers or a high-voltage differential input, and other similar circuits.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The use of ADC in sound recording


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADCs are built into most modern recording equipment, as audio processing is usually done on computers; even when using analog recording, the ADC is necessary for translation signal to a PCM stream that will be recorded on an information medium.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Modern ADCs used in sound recording can operate at sampling rates up to 192 kHz.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Many people engaged in this field believe that this indicator is excessive and is used for purely marketing reasons (this is evidenced by the Kotelnikov-Shannon theorem).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

It can be said that an analog audio signal does not contain as much information as can be stored in a digital signal at such a high sampling rate, and often for Hi-Fi audio equipment uses a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz (typical for CDs) or 48 kHz (typical for computer audio).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

However, a wide band is useful for the following, and the wider (larger than the minimum required) band, the stronger the corresponding effect:


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

simplifies and reduces the cost of implementing anti-aliasing filters, allowing them to be made with fewer links or with less steepness in the barrier band, which has a positive effect on the phase characteristic a filter in the passband;


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

simplifies the requirements for accuracy and especially for parasitic parameters of passive electronic components that make up the anti-aliasing filter, for example, less influence of the Q-factor of inductors;


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

makes it possible to reduce the amplitude distortions that inevitably occur due to the presence of a sampling and storage scheme.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Such distortions (nonlinearity of frequency response) are sin (x) /x and relate to the entire bandwidth, so the smaller part of the bandwidth (in frequency) is used (occupied by the payload signal), the less distortion data.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Analog-to-digital converters for sound recording have a wide range of prices — from $5 to $10,000 and more for a dual-channel ADC.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Recording ADCs used in computers can be internal and external.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

There is also a free PulseAudio software package for Linux, which allows you to use auxiliary computers as external DAC/ADC for the main computer with a guaranteed time delays.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Other applications


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Analog-to-digital conversion is used wherever you need to receive an analog signal and process it digitally.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The ADC is an integral part of a digital voltmeter and a multimeter.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Special video ADCs are used in computer TV tuners, video input boards, video cameras to digitize the video signal.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The microphone and line audio inputs of computers are connected to the Audio ADC.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADCs are an integral part of data acquisition systems.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

A sequential approximation ADC with a bit depth of 8-12 bits and a Sigma-delta ADC with a bit depth of 16-24 bits are built into single-chip microcontrollers.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Very fast ADCs are required in digital oscilloscopes (parallel and pipelined ADCs are used)


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Modern scales use ADCs with a bit depth of up to 24 bits, which convert the signal directly from the strain gauge sensor (Sigma-delta ADC).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADCs are part of radio modems and other radio data transmission devices, where they are used in conjunction with the DSP processor as a demodulator.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Ultrafast ADCs are used in digital antenna arrays (SMART antennas) in cellular base stations and radars.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

See also


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Digital to analog converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Quantization (signal processing)


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Discretization


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Delta modulation


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Kotelnikov theorem


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Switched capacitor circuits


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Audio encoding


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Notes


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Literature


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Horowitz P., Hill W. The art of circuitry.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In 3 t: vol. 2.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Translated from English.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

— 4th ed.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Rev.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

and add.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

— M.: Mir, 1993.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

— 371 p. ISBN 5-03-002338-0.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

S. Norsworthy, R. Schreier, G. Temes.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Delta-Sigma Data Converters.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

ISBN 0-7803-1045-4.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Mingliang Liu.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Demystifying Switched-Capacitor Circuits'.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

ISBN 0-7506-7907-7.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Behzad Razavi.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Principles of Data Conversion System Design.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

ISBN 0-7803-1093-4.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

David Johns, Ken Martin.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Analog Integrated Circuit Design.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

ISBN 0-471-14448-7.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Phillip E. Allen, Douglas R. Holberg.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

CMOS Analog Circuit Design.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

ISBN 0-19-511644-5.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Hanzel G. E.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Filter calculation guide.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

USA, 1969.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

/Trans. from English.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

, ed.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

A. E.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Znamensky.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

M.: Sov.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

radio, 1974.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

— 288 p. UDK 621.372.541.061


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

References


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Wolfgang Rice.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

WBC GmbH Components and Technologies Magazine No. 3 2005


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

A simulation showing the effects of sampling frequency and ADC resolution.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

article by Len Staller 2005-02-24.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Tutorial on how flash analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) work.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Category:Interfacing digital and analog systems


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Category:Pulse technology


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Category:Radio measuring instruments


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Category:Converters


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Category:Digital signal processing


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

The Building of the Twelve Colleges is a building on the Universitetskaya Embankment of Vasilyevsky Island in St. Petersburg, built in 1722-1742 to accommodate Peter the Great's colleges.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

The largest monument in size to Peter the Great's Baroque consists of twelve identical three-story sections.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

The overall design was made by Domenico Trezzini; the upper floors were designed by Theodor Schwertfeger.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

In the 18th century, the building was occupied by the highest government bodies.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

After the dissolution of the colleges, they were replaced by the Main Pedagogical Institute and St. Petersburg University.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

12 colleges


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Twelve boards are 12 associations that represent a transitional form from Moscow orders to modern ministries.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

In particular, among them were the “Collegium of Foreign Affairs”, “Manufactory Collegium”, “Military Collegium”, “Admiralty Collegium”, “Justice Collegium”, “Commercial Collegium”, “Berg Collegium” [1], the State Collegium, Collegium, Audit Board, Patrimonial Collegium, Chief Magistrate.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

History


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Construction of the Twelve Colleges building began in 1722 as part of Emperor Peter the Great's plan to create an administrative quarter on Vasilyevsky Island.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

It was assumed that it would house the Senate, the Synod and collegiums.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Initially, the construction was carried out under the leadership of Domenico Trezzini and Theodor Schwertfeger, and completed by Giuseppe Trezzini and Mikhail Zemtsov.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

The first meeting of the boards in the new building took place in 1732.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

The main construction was completed by the mid-1730s.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

In 1737-1741, a two-story gallery was added to the west side of the building.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

In 1804, the building housed the Pedagogical Institute, and in 1835 the building was transferred to St. Petersburg University.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

For this purpose, the complex of colleges was converted under the leadership of Apollon Shchedrin.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Modernity


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

In the post-Soviet period, the building of the Twelve Colleges is considered the main building of St. Petersburg University.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Until now, some faculties of this educational institution are located there.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

It also houses the university's scientific library and some administrative services.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Separate scenes of Georgy Danelia's film Autumn Marathon (1979) were filmed in the building of the Twelve Colleges.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

On the 1805 panorama


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

On the panorama of 1820


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

One of the buildings of St. Petersburg State University


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Corridor


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Petrovsky Hall (Senate Hall).


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

This is the only interior in the Twelve Colleges building that has survived from the 18th century.


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Notes


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Literature


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

References


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Category:Buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Category:University Embankment


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Category:Baroque architecture in Saint Petersburg


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Category:18th century Russian architecture


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Category:Buildings and structures founded in 1722


Question: Who designed the building of the twelve colleges in St. Petersburg?

Twelve Colleges Building

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1742


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova (1892-1985) - Russian applied art artist, painter and graphic artist.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Koltsov's husband, Sergey Vasilievich, is a sculptor, graphic artist and painter.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Biography


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

family


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova — Bychkova (nee Bychkova) was born on April 24, 1892 in a poor Moscow family.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Mother — Irina Afanasyevna Bychkova (nee Sokolova) by birth is a peasant woman in the village of Ruposovo, Ruza Uyezd, Moscow Province.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

From the age of eight, she lived in Moscow, graduated from elementary school, and then was sent to study with a dressmaker.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Irina Afanasyevna's parents ran a small shop in Sokolniki.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

At the age of 15, she married Grigory Yegorovich Bychkov, the artist's future father.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Irina Afanasyevna was a beautiful cheerful woman with a firm character.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

She devoted her life to her family, raising children and then grandchildren.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

His father, Grigory Egorovich Bychkov, was a peasant in the village of Fedorino, Kaluga Province.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

At the age of ten or twelve, he was sent to work in Moscow and until the end of his life worked in the offices of silk ribbon factories.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Before the October Revolution, he served for a long time as a clerk at the Segalov, Schlupper and Co factory in Lefortovo.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

After the revolution, he worked as a defector at the Krasnaya Roza factory.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

He did not have a systematic education, became a self-taught person, read a lot, knew Russian literature, fine arts and architecture, collected art postcards with reproductions of paintings by famous Russian artists.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

In his youth, he himself painted, including portraits of prominent statesmen, architectural monuments, literary heroes.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

His paintings adorned the walls of the apartment.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Newspapers, magazines and subscriptions were always in the house.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

He loved visiting Moscow museums, mainly the Tretyakov Gallery, the Museum of Fine Arts (now the Museum of Fine Arts named after V.I. A. S. Pushkin), in the Historical Museum.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

The family of Grigory Egorovich and Irina Afanasyevna had 8 children, three died in early childhood, the rest lived to old age.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

All children received education, two received secondary education and three received higher education.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Starting the journey


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Alexandra was her first child.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

She left her family early and began to live independently, earning her bread by sewing and needlework.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

She graduated from the three-year City School, then the fifth grade Vocational Handicraft School.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

In 1912, she independently, at her own request, entered the Stroganov School.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

She graduated from the full course of school in 1916, received an established diploma of the first degree and was awarded the title of “scientist draftsman”.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Her teacher was P. P. Pashkov said.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

In 1918-1921 she studied painting at the Higher Art and Technical Workshops (VKHUTEMAS) under A. A. Osmerkin and A. A. Vesnin, according to the drawing by N. P. Ulyanova.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

At various times, her teachers were also D. A. Shcherbanovsky, S. IN. Noakovsky, N. AND. Goloushev A. A. Popova N. AND. Chechelev.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

During her studies, she was engaged in artistic embroidery, thus earning a living.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Her decorative and applied products of this period were demonstrated at exhibitions in Russia (1919) and France (1929).


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Some of them have survived to this day and have found their place in museums in Russia (see below).


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

In the early 1920s, she was fond of theater and ballet and for some time studied ballet art courses herself.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

After graduation, she began her activities in the field of decorative arts.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

In 1922, she worked as a set designer at the Children's Puppet Theater at the People's House.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Pyotr Alekseev, as well as a prop and costume designer at the opera house of the Art and Educational Union of Workers' Organizations — KhPSRO (then a branch of the Bolshoi Theater).


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

In 1924—1926, during the period of unemployment, K. — B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

organized and managed an art embroidery workshop at the labor exchange.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

In addition to purely applied products — pillowcases, lampshades, ladies' hats and other items of women's clothing, several decorative panels were made at this time, the description of which deserves attention.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

“The panels are made on canvas or silk using patchwork technique.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

The abstract pattern of the panel is a combination of figures of various shapes and sizes: triangles, polygons, semicircles, arches, diverging rays, figures of irregular bizarre shape, in some places in the form of rays, stylized flowers.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

The figures are carved from bright multi-colored silk and woolen fabrics, velvet, cloth, brocade.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

The patchwork technique is completed and supplemented with various embroidery seams, such as smooth surface, “goat”, chain stitch, etc.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

that connect individual tissue flaps.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Silk, wool, metal threads, chenille, as well as gold and silver cords, sequins, beads and glass beads are used.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

The work is made in bright, rich colors, there are details of different shades of red, purple, green, yellow, purple, blue, which alternate with black or brown interlayers .


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

The overall impression of festivity is complemented by cords and sequins.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Decorative works by K. — B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

of this time are typical of the Russian avant-garde, which was so common in painting and architecture at that time.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

She successfully transferred this style to decorative art.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Made with great taste and courage in the selection of colors and materials, decorative products by K. — B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

are unique works of applied art that deservedly adorn our museum collection” by O. IN. Vlasova.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

In 1927, K. — B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

by competition, she received an order from the Central Committee of the Union of Mining Workers of the USSR for the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

According to sketches and under the guidance of K. — B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

12 theatrical curtains and 5 banners were made for the Palaces of Culture of Workers of Donbass, the North Caucasus, Kazakhstan and Sweden.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Sister K. — B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

— Zinaida Grigoryevna Bychkova, who participated in this work:


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

The curtains were sewn from grayish or bluish cloth.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

At the bottom, there was a full-width national ornament 70-80 cm wide (machine applique), and in the middle on the curtain there were red silk or velvet medallions by hand applique.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

One medallion depicts a volumetric silver brocade sickle and hammer, and the other medallion depicts the tool of labor of coal miners.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

At the bottom, closer to the ornament, the words “Workers of all countries, unite!” were embroidered with yellow silk stitch stitch


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Paris — an artistic development


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

In 1928, K.-B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

receives a creative trip to Paris for improvement from the People's Commissariat of Education and 28/VIII leaves for France.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

She lived in Paris for four years, where she worked extensively in museums, attended art academies, studied French art, trying to replenish her education.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

The work of K.-B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

The Parisian period is very diverse and has its own personal style.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

At first, she worked in graphics.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

She made various labels for the Trade Mission, covers and book signs for the Pascal printing house.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

A fairy tale by P.P.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Ershov “The Little Humpbacked Horse” with a cover, illustrations and screensavers made by K. — B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

In 1929, an important event took place in the artist's life: her solo exhibition took place at the Irondel Gallery, located on the territory of Palais Royal.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

At the exhibition, she presented her embroideries and graphic works.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

The exhibition was a success and received a resonance in the press (see bibliography).


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

After the exhibition, the artist began to receive numerous orders for drawings for artistic and decorative products from various industrial companies in France and Germany.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Thus, K. — B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

made the following works: drawings for a decorative album by Calvas and drawings of decorative samples for Stablissement I.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Oppenheimer; sportswear models for Hermes; sketches for Le Jordin des Modes magazine; evening shoe models for Studio Medther; envelope drawings for Seidenpapier Fabrik Eislingen Moriz Fleischner (Germany).


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

In addition, she made drawings for costumes, fabrics, dishes, interiors.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

A number of works by K. — B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

were reproduced in various Paris editions (1928—1932): Librairie Gallimard; NRE, Paris, (poster for The Life of D'Artagnan, see illustrations); Impriemerie Pascal, (book by P. P. Ershov “The Little Humpbacked Horse”, labels, covers); Arts et metiers graphicus, (English edition); Mobilier et decoration; Novelle litterairs; Librairie des Arts decoratifs; Dessins 20 planes en Couleurs.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

In Paris, K. — B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

began to paint, and it was here that her outstanding talent as a painter was brightly revealed.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

At this time, the artist created several beautiful canvases in the style of the Russian avant-garde, including Easter Still Life (Memories of Easter), Decorative Still Life with a Blue Glass.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

In addition to fulfilling orders from K. — B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

She worked very productively as a freelance artist.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

She created an original Paris series, consisting of more than 150 works.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

This series is a living testimony to what was seen in Paris and its suburbs.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

In each individual work, the author's attitude to the depicted is captured: either lyrical, then calmly contemplative, and sometimes somewhat ironic.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

The series consists of numerous graphic sheets depicting a wide variety of Parisian people — merchants, cleaners, concierges, flower girls, sailors, soldiers, monks and nuns, circus performers,” night butterflies”, singers, ladies and gentlemen from the upper world (b. car, b. aqua., b. col. kar., b. t., k. g., mixed technique).


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

The series of drawings is dedicated to the then famous black dancer Josephine Baker, depicted at various moments of the dance (b. color car, b. aqua.).


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Particularly noteworthy are a number of gouaches on large cardboard: “Parisian Woman”, “Street Cafe”, “At the Theater”, “At the Ball”, “At the Mirror”, etc.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

This series also includes several picturesque landscapes with views of Paris and its environs (Birches on the Outskirts of Paris, 1930, etc.).


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

During the Paris period, the versatile talent of K. — B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

, as talented both in applied art and in graphics and painting.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

There was a clear ability to convey my somewhat ironic perception of Parisian everyday life, excellent drawing, refined taste, and exceptional hard work.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

The work of K. — B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

did not go unnoticed in France.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Her works have been exhibited at the most prestigious art exhibitions — the Autumn Salon, the Salon of Independent Artists, the Salon of Decorative Artists, private exhibitions (see the “Participation in Exhibitions” section).


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

A number of works by K. — B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

were purchased from exhibitions.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Thus, in 1931, three works were purchased by the famous French artist Paul Signac from the exhibition of the Society of Independent Artists.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

These were compositions made of silk fabrics made using the applique technique.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Two of them depict ships, the third have flowers.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

All works were listed in the catalog under number 392 and cost 250 Fr each.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Paul Signac highly appreciated these works and the abilities of K. — B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

as an artist, as evidenced by an excerpt from his letter to K. — B.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

of March 21, 1931:


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

The harmony of your compositions is excellent.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

You work with great confidence and in full accordance with your nature.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

You have an excellent command of matter and are very good at conveying nature.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

Your ships are really ships, not clogs, and I love ships so much.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

It was a pleasure for me to choose two of your works.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

My wife, also an artist (she is signed by Selmerham Degrange), she also succeeds in flowers, chose your bouquet that delighted her.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

We will welcome you very well in our home.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

My daughter is making her art debut.


Question: In what year was Alexandra Grigoryevna Koltsova-Bychkova born?

Aleksandra Koltsova-Bychkova

She'll be happy to be with you.