Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Abbess Taisia is the author of many spiritual books: Letters to the New-Beginning Nun, Spiritual Poems, a Study on John the Theologian, Conversations with Fr. John of Kronstadt”, autobiographical notes.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

After reading Matushka Taisia's “Cell Notes”, Father John wrote on them: “Wonderful, beautiful, divine! Print as a general edification” (they were first published in 1915).


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

In addition to her many talents, Abbess Taisia also had a rare poetic gift.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Matushka is the author of the akathist to the Holy Righteous Simeon the Theologian.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

She left a rich poetic heritage: her poems were regularly published in spiritual magazines and published in separate books in 1906.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Not being a professional poet, Matushka poured out in verse her innermost spiritual experiences, her experience of communion with God, and knowledge of God.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Her poetic work is extremely diverse: there are lyrical landscape sketches, philosophical reflections, and the pain of a grieving heart, and plot poetic narratives.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

This is a prayer-poem, a confession poem, a sermon poem.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

This is the spiritual life of a great ascetic, expressed in the language of poetry that we can understand.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

The spiritual poems of Matushka Taisia were highly appreciated by the righteous John of Kronstadt, considering her talent given by God.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Matushka Taisia often sent Father John new poems in the manuscript before publication.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

To one of these poems sent for Christmas in 1898, the priest replied: “Beautiful poems of the Most Holy Mother to the Virgin! Yes, Mother! The Lord has given you five talents and you return them hundredfold” [17].


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Matushka is also the author of many works on church history, in particular: “Historical Description of John the Baptist First-Class Leushinsky Convent”, “Tales of Ancient Ferapontov Mother of God's Nativity Monastery”, etc.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

She compiled “Biography of the fool's elder Evdokia Rodionova, who lived at the beginning of the founding of John the Baptist Leushinsky First-Class Convent of the Cherepovets Uyezd of the Novgorod Province.”


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Abbess Taisia wrote many reports for newspapers and magazines about the visit of the hierarchy to the monasteries entrusted to her care: Description of His visit to the Leushinsky Convent of the Cherepovets Uyezd His Eminence, His Eminence Guriy Archbishop of Novgorod and Starorussky, during his trip to view churches and monasteries in Cherepovets, Kirillovsky and Belozersky districts in May and June 1901//Novgorod Diocesan Gazette.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

— 1901.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

— No. 13.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

— P. 845-862; Restoration of the ancient Ferapontov monastery//Addition to the church gazette.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

P.2041-2043; Visit by Eminence Theognost, Archbishop of Novgorod, to the Leushinsky Convent and test at the Leushinsky Teachers' School for Girls, June 22-25, 1894/// Additions to church records.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

— 1894.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

— No. 29.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

— PP. 987-991.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

et al.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Works by Abbess Taisia


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Notes


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Literature


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Letters from Abbess Taisia to Father John of Kronstadt.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Works by Abbess Taisiya (Solopova).


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

M., Ventana-Graf Publ., 2006.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

256 p.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Maltsev M. G. Biography of Taisia (Solopova), Abbess of the Leushinsky Monastery.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

SPb., IPK Biont Publ., 2016.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

760 p.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Abbess Taisia (Solopova).


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Collected works: in 3 vols. Petersburg, Society for the Memory of Abbess Taisia, 2017.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Spiritual flower garden.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Sayings of Abbess Taisia.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Originator: E.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

A. Silina.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Petersburg, Commission for the Canonization of Devotees of Piety of the Cherepovets Diocese, Satis, 2017.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

124 p.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

References


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Site of the Cathedral of St. Athanasius and Theodosius of Cherepovets.


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Website of the Commission for the Canonization of Devotees of Piety of the Cherepovets Diocese


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Site of the Novo-Leushinsky John the Baptist Convent


Question: What did contemporaries call Abbess Taisia?

Taisia (Solopova)

Category:Abbesses of the Russian Orthodox Church


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Coordinates:


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

was founded in 1878.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

[1] The Tokyo Stock Exchange is a non-profit membership organization that is a legal entity and has broad self-government rights.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The exchange is part of the Federation of Stock Exchanges of Asia and Oceania [2].


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

In 2012, the Tokyo Stock Exchange took over the Osaka Stock Exchange, and the combined company, founded on January 1, 2013, was named Japan Exchange Group, Inc.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Exchange members


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The members of the exchange are:


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

regular members (securities companies that can conduct transactions both at their own expense and in the interests of the client);


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

site members (securities companies that are intermediaries between regular members of the exchange);


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

special members (companies that link stock markets, execute orders on the Tokyo Stock Exchange that cannot be executed on regional exchanges) and other members;


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

non-bank securities companies (associated with banks);


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Exchange activity


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The Tokyo Stock Exchange is second only to the New York market in terms of market capitalization.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

As of 2017, it traded securities of 3,560 Japanese companies, including securities of 6 foreign companies [4].


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Among the largest companies that have placed their shares on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, you can find many transnational giants from various industries: automobile concerns Honda, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Toyota, manufacturers of high-tech devices Konica Minolta, Nikon, Olympus, Casio, Sony, the largest Japanese banks and other financial institutions.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The Tokyo Stock Exchange accounts for more than 80% of the country's exchange turnover.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The main sellers and buyers are institutional holders of securities.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

In Japan, individual owners have only 20% of publicly traded shares, and 80% are owned by financial institutions, insurance companies and corporations.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Shareholders do not expect dividends (at the beginning of 1990 they were 70 times less than the market value of shares), but on an increase in the price of shares and income from the sale of shares at a higher exchange rate (the average annual income per share sold in 1980-1994 was 34.7%).


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The main method of trading is an open double auction, trading with the voice of the stock crowd “zaraba”.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Up to 80% of all shares traded in the country are sold and bought on the Tokyo Stock Exchange.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Of the 1.3-1.5 million joint-stock firms in Japan, 1,517 are registered here, but they account for more than 25% of all goods and services produced.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

In 2005, the Tokyo Stock Exchange took an honorable second place in the world classification of the largest stock markets in the world.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

It includes 2,500 companies that generate more than $3,000 billion in revenue annually.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Stock exchange history


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Start of the journey


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

In May 1878, the first building of Japan's new financial institution, the stock exchange, was opened in Tokyo.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The first owners and managers of the Tokyo Stock Exchange were Okuma Shigenobu, Japanese Minister of Finance of the time, and Shibusawa Eiichi, a corporate lawyer.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Initially, stock traders who gathered at the stock exchange wore exclusively national clothes — kimono.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

In the mid-90s of the 19th century, the stock exchange moved to a new building, and its structure changed from a partnership of two partners to a joint-stock company with a limited number of owners.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Over time, more government bonds appear — as in many countries at the time, the Japanese government took care of its military power and began to increase defense budgets by attracting funds from large capitalists.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Post-war years


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

By the outbreak of World War II, there were 11 stock exchanges in Japan.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

However, after the first war years, it became clear that it is ineffective to have so many disparate platforms trading securities.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

In 1943, it was decided to merge all exchanges into one on the basis of Tokyo.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Although, as the near future has shown, this could not have been done — the combined stock exchange closed shortly after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The building of the Tokyo Stock Exchange was occupied by the US military.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Until January 1948, it housed the headquarters of the occupation forces, which ruled the country until the transfer of all power to the Japanese government in the early 1950s.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

At the same time, securities trading in the country continued, however, all transactions were concluded not publicly on a common exchange platform, but between specific investors and owners of shares and bonds.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The post-war Asian miracle — the rapid growth of the economic and financial systems of the largest countries in the region — naturally affected Japan as well.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The country began to become a leader in the world economy due to its technological developments and progressive innovations.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Although the stock exchange itself did not even have electronic displays until 1974, and prices for all securities were written in ordinary chalk on a black board, the value of shares of Japanese companies has been constantly growing since 1968.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

It was at this time that the Japanese government introduced the necessary restrictions on the activities of brokers and some new rules for conducting exchange transactions.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The increase in securities was especially noticeable in the period from 1983 to 1990 — over these seven years, the Tokyo Stock Exchange became the first in the world in terms of market capitalization of companies listed here (60% of the volume of the world stock market was concentrated in the capital of Japan).


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The successful strategy of competitors from New York soon changed the situation, but the second place was firmly entrenched in the Tokyo Stock Exchange.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Electronic era


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

On April 30, 1999, Japan's largest stock exchange ended the era of “live” trading - the platforms where brokers who conducted transactions were located were closed.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

All trade has moved to the electronic market.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Several times, the use of electronic systems has led to serious disruptions in trading processes.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Thus, on November 1, 2005, the exchange was able to work only an hour and a half.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

90 minutes after the opening of trading, the computer trading system installed the day before, developed by Fujitsu, failed.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The stock exchange stopped for four and a half hours, which was a record downtime in the recent history of the Tokyo Stock Exchange.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Another unpleasant case occurred due to the fact that during the IPO of J-Com on December 8, 2005, an employee of Mizuho Securities, which provided technical support for the placement of shares, introduced when putting up securities for sale, erroneous data.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Instead of setting the price of one share at 610,000 yen, he put up 610,000 shares for 1 yen.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

In the very first seconds of trading, the most resourceful and fastest brokers began to buy J-Com shares for a pittance.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The exchange administrators understood the mistake and tried to cancel the transactions made.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

However, despite the efforts made, J-Com lost $347 million, an amount equally reimbursed to the issuer by the Tokyo Stock Exchange and Mizuho Securities.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The last major failure occurred on the Tokyo stock exchange in January 2006, when the number of transactions conducted on it reached 4.5 million and trading stopped for 20 minutes.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The Government of Japan has obliged the owners of the exchange to prepare a program to improve the computer system that would prevent such failures in the future.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Companies listing


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange are divided into three large groups: the First Section (the largest capitalization companies), the Second Section (medium-sized companies) and the Mothers section (in this English the word (“moms”) on the Tokyo Stock Exchange refers to the fastest growing companies and industries of the market - the term arose from an inaccurate abbreviation for the corresponding concept Market of the High-Growth and Emerging Stocks).


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Approximately 65% of issuers are included in the First Section, the least number of companies fall into the “parent” list.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The value of all securities traded on the Tokyo Stock Exchange as of March 2018 is 6.22 trillion US dollars [5].


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

NIKKEI and TOPIX stock indices


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The main indicators of the state of affairs on the Tokyo Stock Exchange are two main indices: NIKKEI 225 and TOPIX.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Of these, NIKKEI became the most popular among investors and brokers, of course, which is calculated as the weighted average of share prices of 225 of the most actively traded companies of the Tokyo Stock Exchange exchanges.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

On September 7, 1950, the index was first published under the name TSE Adjusted Stock Price Average, and since 1970 it has been calculated by the Japanese newspaper Nihon Keizai Shimbun.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The new name of the indicator, NIKKEI, came from the abbreviated name of the newspaper.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The TOPIX Index is calculated by the Tokyo Stock Exchange itself as the weighted average of the stock prices of all free-float companies in the First Section of the Exchange.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

This indicator was first published on July 1, 1969 with a value of 100 points [6].


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Today, TOPIX is calculated every 15 seconds [7].


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Events and incidents on the Tokyo Stock Exchange


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

1945 year


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

On August 10, American atomic bombings forced the suspension of the exchange, and the empty premises of the exchange were occupied by the US military.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Until January 1948, the stock exchange building housed the headquarters of the occupation forces, which ruled the country until the early 1950s, when powers were gradually transferred to the Japanese government.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

1999 year


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

On April 30, the trading floor of the exchange was closed


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

This became possible due to the continued computerization of the exchange.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Since then, all transactions on the exchange have been carried out in electronic systems, and the exotic symbol of the exchange — kimono clerks working on the trading floor — can now be seen only on special occasions.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

2005 year


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

On November 1, due to a failure in the trading system before the opening of the exchange, trading on the exchange was not held for almost the whole day.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Year 2006


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

In January, the number of transactions concluded on the exchange exceeded its limit of 4.5 million, and trading stopped for 20 minutes.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The Japanese financial regulator then ordered the stock exchange to prepare a report on measures to modernize the computer system in order to prevent disruptions in the future.


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

See also


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Osaka Stock Exchange


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Nagoya Stock Exchange


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Notes


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

References


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

(in English)


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Category:Stock Exchanges


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Category:East Asian Stock Exchanges


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Category:Economy of Japan


Question: What is the currency in Tokyo?

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Category:Tokyo Prefecture


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The Rosenkreuzer (Order of the Rose and Cross) is a theological and secret mystical society, according to legend, founded in Germany in the late Middle Ages by a certain Christian Rosicrutz [1].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

It sets itself the tasks of improving Christianity and achieving lasting prosperity for states and individuals.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The origins of Rosicrucianism can be traced to two manifestos that became widespread in Germany between 1607 and 1616 [2].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

They were called “” (Glory of the RC Brotherhood) and “” (RC Brotherhood Religion).


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In 1616, the allegorical treatise “The Chemical Wedding of Christian Rosicrucian” was added to them.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

It follows from these texts that since ancient times in Europe there has been a “most revered order” of mystical philosophers and scientists who aim at the “worldwide reformation of mankind.”


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

According to the Rosicrucians, their teachings are based “on ancient esoteric truths” that are “hidden from ordinary man, provide an understanding of nature, the physical universe and the spiritual kingdom” [3], which is partly symbolized by the emblem of the brotherhood — the rose blooming on the cross.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In the first centuries of its existence, Rosicrucianism was closely associated with Lutheranism and Protestantism in general.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Francis Yates sees the Rosicrucians of the 17th century as predecessors of the Enlightenment [4].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

According to historian David Stevenson, this cultural movement had a significant impact on the formation in Scotland of a similar mystical society — Freemasonry [1].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Subsequently, many secret societies performed their continuity and rituals in whole or in part from the German Rosicrucians of the 16th—17th centuries. (and through them, from templars or even knights of the Round Table).


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Three manifestos


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The text of Fama Fraternitatis tells the legend of a German scholar and mystical philosopher called “Brother C.R.C.” (Only in the third manifesto his name is deciphered as Christian Rosicrutz, which literally means “Rose Crest”).


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

It is claimed that “our Christian Father” was born in 1378 and lived 106 years.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The first manifesto stated that Christian was originally raised in a monastery and then went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

However, he preferred to travel to Jerusalem to communicate with the sages of Damascus, Fez and the mysterious Damkar.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Returning to his homeland together with three disciples, he created the “brotherhood of the rose and the cross”, the main goal of which was to understand divine wisdom, reveal the secrets of nature and help people.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Traditionally, the date of creation of the brotherhood is 1407.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

According to legend, during the lifetime of Christian Rosicrutz, the “Order of the Rose and Cross” consisted of no more than eight members, each of whom was a doctor or a bachelor.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

All of them vowed not to charge fees for the sick, keep the brotherhood secret, and find a replacement before they died.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In 1484, Rosicrutz died, and it was not until 120 years later that his grave with secret books (according to his prediction) was discovered by his followers.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

On his mausoleum, the Latin motto was derived: “We are born from God. We die in Christ. We are resurrected in the Holy Spirit.”


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

It is believed [5] that the first manifesto of the Rosicrucians was written under the influence of the sealant philosopher Heinrich Kunrat of Hamburg, author of Amphitheatrum Sapientiae Aeternae (1609), and, in turn, was influenced by the Englishman John Dee, author of “” (1564), also mentioned in the Chemical Wedding of Christian Rosicrucian.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The author of the manifesto compared the secret scriptures of the brotherhood with the works of Paracelsus.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Three Rosicrucian manifestos, which appeared in Germany at the beginning of the 17th century, attracted the keen interest of contemporaries.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Many prominent scientists and philosophers of the time tried to confirm the real existence of the mysterious brotherhood — and later some of them (such as Michael Mayer, a life physician and secretary Emperor Rudolf II) assured that they had succeeded.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Much more often, manifestos were regarded as a hoax or allegory [~ 1] (this was, for example, Francis Bacon's attitude towards them [6]), and the real existence of a secret society was denied.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

“The Rosicrucian manifestos were conceived (at least according to their alleged authors) as an intellectual game, a more or less comic literary experience in the spirit of the utopian genre,” says Umberto Eco [7].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The authorship of the Chemical Wedding was attributed to himself by the Lutheran theologian Johann Valentin Andrea (1586—1654), who described this work as a play of the idle mind.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In his later works, he mocks alchemy and places it on a par with music, art, theater, and astrology as the lightest disciplines.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Francis Yates disputes his authorship [4], and this opinion is the most common [8].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The emblem of the rose blooming on the cross was used more than 80 years before the publication of the first manifesto, in the Portuguese monastery of the Order of Christ (Convento de Cristo) [9] [10].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

This order is the legal successor of the Knights Templar in Portugal.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In 1530, Paracelsus's secondary work, Prognosticatio Eximii Doctoris Paracelsi, was published, which also contains the image of a double cross on a blooming rose [11].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Rosicrucians in the 17th and 18th centuries


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Rosicrucian works, which appeared during the 17th century, literally and figuratively describe nine stages of involutive-evolutionary transmutation of the human ternary body, the ternary soul and Trinity spirit, which is the traditional concept of the “initiation path” in many secret teachings.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Manifestos of the early 17th century attracted attention in many parts of Europe.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The idea of the existence of a secret brotherhood of alchemists and sages who sought to improve the arts, sciences, religion and mental life of their states then seemed new and in demand, because the continent was ravaged by political and religious strife.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The manifestos were repeatedly reprinted, which stimulated the emergence of new texts, the authors of which sought to confirm or deny the existence of a secret brotherhood.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The peak of interest in the secret society was reached in 1622, when two posters successively appeared on the walls of buildings in the central square of Paris for several days.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The first read: “We, the Representatives of the Supreme Collegium of the Rose-Cross, are really, clearly and invisibly, in this city (...)”, and the second poster ended with the words: “Thoughts together with the true desire of the seeker, will lead us to him, and him to us” [12].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

For understanding the reaction to the manifestos of the Rosicrucians, the most important are the works of Michael Mayer (1568—1622) of Germany; Robert Flodd (1574—1637) and Elias Ashmolus (1617—1692) of England.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Among others, Gotthard Artusius, Julius Sperber, Gabriel Node, Thomas Vaughn talked about Rosicrucianism [13].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Thus, Ashmol was convinced of the real existence of the secret society of the Rose and the Cross [14].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Another prominent apologist for Rosicrucianism is Michael Mayer.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

He insisted that the R.C. brothers existed to develop sacred arts and sciences, including alchemy.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

However, Mayer himself never announced his own attempts to obtain precious metals (as well as Heinrich Kunrat and other alleged Rosicrucians): the texts of the Rosicrucian circle emphasize is done on spiritual alchemy as a kind of symbol of the transformation (transformation) of the human soul.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

It is possible to speak with full confidence about the existence of Rosicrucian organizations only from the beginning of the 18th century.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In 1710, Silesian pastor Sigmund Richter, under the pseudonym Sincerus Renatus (“sincerely converted”), published a treatise entitled Theoretical and Practical Theosophy. True and complete preparation of the Philosopher's Stone of Brotherhood from the Order of the Gold-Pink Cross” [15].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In the essay, consisting of 52 articles, Richter introduced himself as a member of this brotherhood and reported that it consists of separate branches, each of which includes 31 adepts.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The brotherhood is ruled by the “emperor”, and only Freemasons in the degree of master are admitted to it [~ 2].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Two other milestones in the development of the Rosicrucian doctrine of the 18th century are Georg von Welling's Opus magocabalisticum et theosophicum (1719, consideration of the alchemy and teachings of Paracelsus) and Aureum Vellus oder Goldenes Vliess” (1749, published under a pseudonym).


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Writers of the XVII century, sympathetic to the Rosicrucians, were puzzled by the lack of any real evidence of the existence of a secret society in modern Europe.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The author of the pamphlet “Pia et Utilissima Admonitio de Fratribus Rosae Crucis” (1618) explained this by the fact that the Rosicrucians left for the East due to the upheavals associated with the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Sigmund Richter mentioned above also repeats this legend, as does the researcher of the occult Rene Guenon [16].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

At the same time, Arthur Edward Waite (a prominent historian of Freemasonry and Martinist) was extremely skeptical about the legends about the connection of the Rosicrucians with the East [17].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Many neo-Rosicrucian societies were formed on the basis of speculations about continuity in the 19th and 20th centuries.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

They claim to continue the occult tradition, supposedly coming from the College of the Invisible or continuity from the “Unknown Higher” (Supèrieur Inconnu), “secret leaders”, etc.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Order of the Golden and Pink Cross


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Silesian pietist and alchemist Sigmund Richter in 1710, in Wroclaw, under the pseudonym Sincerus Renatus (“Sincerely Converted”), published the work “The True and Complete Preparation of the Philosopher's Stone of Brothers from Order of the Golden and Pink Cross” (“Die wahrhaffte und vollkommene Bereitung des Philosophischen Steins der Brüderschaft aus dem Orden des Gülden-und Rosen-Creutzes”).


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

It follows from this work that Richter founded in Prague at the beginning of the 18th century the first documented Rosicrucian organization — the Order of the Golden and Pink Cross as a hierarchical secret a society with an inner circle, identification marks and secret alchemical studies, materials on which were issued only to those who reached high degrees, that is, fell into the same inner circle.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

However, in addition to the aforementioned work by Richter, no other evidence of the activities of this organization was found, either because of its deep concealment, or due to the small number of initiates.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In the treatise Aureum vellus (1749), the German mystic Hermann Fictuld tried to fit Rosicrucianism into the context of other hermetic teachings and produce the “Order of the Cross and Rose” from the Order of the Golden Fleece, established in Burgundy in the 15th century [18].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The author of the treatise enjoyed significant influence in Sulzbach and Marburg (the then centers of German Freemasonry) and corresponded with theologian Etinger [19].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

He argued that it was the Rosicrucians who created Freemasonry and only they knew the true meaning of Masonic symbolism.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Under the influence of Fictuld's works, Rosicrucian societies began to integrate with Masonic societies in continental Europe [20].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

German historian Arnold Marx writes: “Most likely, Ficktuld entered into communion with the [Richter] brotherhood, which until then existed in complete secrecy, around 1747 — and first gave it structural organization, if he did not create a new brotherhood at all under the old name” [21].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

According to Marx's calculations, the renewed (or newly founded) Golden and Pink Cross Society arose in 1756 or 1757 [20].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The earliest document testifying to the integration of the Rosicrucians with Freemasons dates back to 1761 [20].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

It was discovered at the end of the XIX century by the historian of Freemasonry Ludwig Abafi, working in the archive of the Hungarian Counts Festetics.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In this note, a member of the “Prague Community” outlines the rituals of the Order of the Rosicrucians and lists its “fathers” who live in Prague, Regensburg and Frankfurt [~ 3]; many of them were at the same time members of Masonic lodges.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The charter of the society he cites almost verbatim coincides with the charter of the Society of Unknown Philosophes inconnus, which was published by Baron de Chudi in 1766, and probably has a French origin [20].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

After improving the hierarchy of the Order, the Rosicrucians are declared in Silesia and eventually penetrate into Berlin, Hungary, Poland and Russia [20].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In 1767 and 1777, the first known attempts were made to transform the Order of the Rosicrucians.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The most prominent apologist for the renewed Rosicrucianism was the Marburg professor of medicine Friedrich Schroeder (1733—1778).


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

According to the characteristics of V. N. Pertsev, the highest flourishing of the doctrine occurred during the reign in Prussia of the mystical King Frederick Wilhelm II: Rosicrucianism “died with him, and only its miserable remnants are still continued to exist in some places” [22].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

At the end of the 18th century, members of the Order of the Golden and Pink Cross claimed that Rosicrucianism was founded by followers of the Egyptian sage Ormusse and Licht-Weise, who emigrated to Scotland under the name “Builders from the East”.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

After that, the original order allegedly disappeared until it was restored by Oliver Cromwell as Freemasonry.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The Golden and Pink Cross Society also developed modern symbols of Rosicrucianism, set out in the treatise Geheime Figuren der Rosenkreuzer (Altona, 1785).


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Rosicrucian degree in Freemasonry


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

“Knight of the Rose and Cross” is 18° in the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The first mention of this degree dates back to 1765.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Gradus entered ritual practice and became widespread after 1780.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

After 1782, Freemasonry added Egyptian, Greek and Druidic mysteries to its ritual practice [23].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Marconi de Negre [24] and his father Gabriel Marconi established the Masonic Charter of Memphis in 1839, based on earlier alchemical and hermetic studies of the Rosicrucian scientist Baron de Westeroda.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Thus, the Knight of the Rose and Cross degree also appeared in Egyptian Freemasonry.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

This degree, as well as in the DPSU, is practiced either at 18° or 17° [25].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The Knight of the Rose and Cross degree is found in the additional orders of the French Rite.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Thus, initiation into it takes place in the 4th Order of this Statute [26].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Selected Cohens and Martinism


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

From 1754 until his death in 1774, Jacques de Lieron Joachim de la Tour de la Case Dom Martinez de Pasqualis was a hereditary Mason who inherited from his father a patent allegedly issued by Karl Stewart and giving him the right to “build temples for the glory of the Great Architect,” worked tirelessly to establish and promote his Order of the Knights of Freemasons of the selected Cohens of the Universe.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Martinez de Pascualli intended his doctrine for the occult elite, which included Freemasons from among his contemporaries.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

It was they who became members of the Order of Chosen Cohens.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

This order quickly gained an excellent reputation among French Freemasons, but theurgical practices were intended only for those who reached the highest degrees of the order.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Until 1761, Chosen Cohens were located in Montpellier, Paris, Lyon, Bordeaux, Marseille and Avignon.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In 1761, Martinez de Pasqualli built a special temple in Avignon, where he lived until 1766.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

At that time, the Order of Chosen Cohens acted as a superstructure of higher degrees for some Masonic lodges:


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The first class contained three ordinary degrees of symbolic Freemasonry and an additional degree of the Grand Chosen, or Exceptional Master.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The second grade contained so-called threshold degrees: cohen apprentice, cohen apprentice, cohen master.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

They were typically Masonic, but contained hints of the underlying secret teaching.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The third grade contained temple degrees: Grand Master of Selected Cohens, Knight, and Commander of the East.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In the catechism, the general teaching of Martinez de Pasqualli was set out in Masonic form.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

This teaching is explained in the only book of the House of Martinez, On the Reintegration of Beings, which is a commentary on the Pentateuch of Moses.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Cleansing fasting, such as prescribed to the Levites in the Old Testament, and exorcism rituals were used against individual and collective evil.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The secret degree of the order contained the degree of the rose-cross, which should not be confused with the degree of the Rosicrucian, a term peculiarly understood in Masonic and Rosicrucian circles.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

At this degree, the initiator comes into contact with spiritual plans that lie outside the physical, through magical invocation, or theurgy.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

He brings heavenly powers into his aura and the aura of the earth.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Visual and auditory manifestations, called “signs”, allow a person with a Réau-Croix degree to assess the level of his own evolution and the evolution of other “operators”, and thereby determine whether whether he or they regain their original strength and be reintegrated.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The Order's great goal is to obtain the blissful vision of the Redeemer, Jesus Christ, in response to magical invocations.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The Rose-Croix degree is the highest initiation in the Martinism system, and this degree of initiation is also called the degree of the knight of the golden and pink cross, which gives a very obvious reference to the Rosicrucian German brotherhoods.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In 1768, Jean-Baptiste Villermoz was initiated to this extent by Bacon de Chivalerie.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Louis Claude de Saint-Martin began his ascent in degrees in 1765 and quickly reached the degree of Commander of the East.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

From 1769 to 1770, Cohen groups in France grew rapidly.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In 1772, Saint Martin was also ordained to the Reaux-Croix degree.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Grenville, one of Pasqualli's most dedicated assistants, also reached the Reaux-Croix degree.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Subsequently, Jean-Baptiste Villermoz, at the establishment of C.B.C.S. created the degree of rose-cross for the Scottish Rite, from where it has already spread to other jurisdictions.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In 1888, Stanislas de Guaita, in alliance with Gerard Ankoss (Papus) and Joseph Peladan on the basis of continuity from Saint Martin, founded the Kabbalistic Order of the Rose+Cross.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The Rosicrucian Order of Stanislas de Guaita conducted classes on Kabbalah, an Esoteric form of Jewish mysticism, the purpose of which is to reveal the hidden mystical ability to penetrate the essence the Hebrew Bible and divine nature.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The Order also conducted exams and awarded university degrees for Kabbalah classes.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

De Guaita had an extensive personal library filled with books on metaphysical problems, magic, and the “secret sciences.”


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

His contemporaries called him the “Prince of Rosicrucianism”, as he paid great attention to the study of Rosicrucianism.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

At the same time, in 1891, Papus created L'ordre des Superieurs Inconnus, which became known as the Order of the Martinists.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

It is based on a declining charter at the time: Elus-Cohens or Martinez de Pasqualis's Chosen Cohens, and on the Martinist continuity of Louis Claude de Saint-Martin.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The Order of the Martinists has three degrees of initiation.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Papus claimed that he inherited the originals of Pasqually's works, and received the line of succession from St. Martin from his friend Henry Viscount Delaag.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Delaag himself claimed that his maternal grandfather was introduced into the order directly by Saint Martin, and in 1887 he even tried to restore the order on his own.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Having stood the test of time, the Order continues its work today.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In 1909, the Italian Philosophical Charter was founded in Florence.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Among its hierarchy is the Italian Rose+Cross degree, mostly based on the esoteric heritage of the Italian Renaissance, which soon developed as a fifth.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

This charter is now governed by Michele Moramarco, who extensively addressed the issue of Rosicrucianism in his Nuova Enciclopedia Massonica (1989—1995).


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Modern societies


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The diverse groups that associated themselves with the “Rosencaecrucian tradition” can be divided into three categories: esoteric-Christian Rosicrucian societies that profess Christ; Masonic Rosicrucian societies such as Societas Rosicruciana; initiative societies such as Golden Dawn and Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Esoteric Christian Rosicrucian societies contain esoteric knowledge related to the internal teachings of Christianity [27].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In 1909, Max Handel broke with Dr. Steiner and created the Rosicrucian Brotherhood, headquartered in Oceanside, California.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In the same year, he published his main work, The Cosmoconcept of the Rosicrucians, which claims to present a universal scheme of the evolutionary processes of man and the Universe.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Other Christian-Rosicrucian societies include: the Anthroposophical Society (1912), Lectorium Rosicrucianum (1924), the Archaeosophical Society (1968).


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Freemasonic Rosicrucian formations that provide training through direct education and/or through the practice of symbolic-initiative travel:


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia (1866), in Scotia (SRIS; Scotland), in Civitatibus Foederatis (MSRICF/SRICF; USA) etc.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

This Masonic esoteric society reissued the Rosicrucian manifestos in 1923.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Arthur Edward Waite is a well-known member.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Initiative societies that follow the system of degrees in training and contain initiations:


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The Rosicrucian Order, AMORC, founded in the United States in 1915;


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Rosicrucian Order of the Golden Dawn (2008), an Order based in California.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Many of today's Rosicrucian societies share the doctrine of the pentagramaton and claim a direct transmission line for the secret building from the “early branches of the ancient Rosicrucian Order” in England, France, Egypt and other countries.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Some groups prefer to talk about only spiritual affiliation with the true and invisible Rosicrucian Order.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Rose-Cross Brotherhood, Fraternitas Rosae Crucis (1861);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Rosicrucian Society of England, Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia (SRIA) (1860—1865) [28];


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Rosicrucian Society of the United States, Societas Rosicruciana in Civitatibus Foederatis (SRICF) (1879) [28];


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Kabbalistic Order of the Rose-Cross, Cabalistic Order of the Rosicrucian (Kabbalistique de la Rose Croix) (1888);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Builders of the Adytum — “Builders of the Holy of Holies” are followers of the teachings of the Golden Dawn, with direct succession from Mathers.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Their Temple existed in the USA, was loyal to Mathers and the Ahathor Temple of the Golden Dawn in Paris (1888);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (1888);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Rosicrucian Society of America, Societas Rosicruciana in America (SRIA) (1889);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Order of the Rose Cross Order (1889);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Order of the Temple and the Grail and the Catholic Order of the Rose-Cross (“Catholic” in the sense of “universal”), Order of the Temple & the Graal and of the Catholic Order of the Rose-Croix (L'ordre de la Rose Croix Catholique et Esthetique, du Temple et du Graal) (CRC) (1890);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Rose-Cross Alchemical Society (Alchemical Association of France), Alchemical Rose-Croix Society (Association Alchimique de France) (1896);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Rose-Cross of the East, Rose-Croix de l'Orient (Rose-Cross of the East) (RCO)?


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Order of the Golden and Pink Cross (Ancient Secret Order of the Red Rose and Golden Cross), Ordo Aureæ & Rosæ Crucis (Antique Arcanæ Ordinis Rosæ Rubeæ et Aureæ Crucis) (OARC)?


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Rosicrucian Brotherhood (Christian Mystics Association), Rosicrucian Fellowship (Association of Christian Mystics) (1909) [29];


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Order of the Temple of the Rose-Cross, Order of the Temple of the Rosy Cross (1912) [28];


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Rose-Cross Brotherhood, Fraternitas Rosæ Crucis (FRC) (1920);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Rosicrucian Order Crotona Fellowship (1924);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Fraternitas Rosicruciana Antiqua (FRA) (1927);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The Saint Paul Rosicrucian Fellowship (Fraternidade Rosacruciana São Paulo) (1929);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Orden Rosacruz — Rose Cross Order (1988);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Swedish Misraim Alliance (Svenska Misraimförbundet) (1988);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Ancient Order of the Rosicrucians (1989);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Confraternity Rosae+Crucis (CR+C) (1989);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Confraternity of the Rose Cross (1996);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The Sophia Guild (2000);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Order of the Hermetic Gold and Rose+Cross (2002);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Sodalitas Rosae Crucis (S.R.C.) et Solis Alati (S.S.A.) (2002-2003);


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Knights of the Militia Crucifera Evangelica;


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Ancient Rosae Crucis (ARC),?


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

There are other Rosicrucian societies that are not listed here.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Some people don't use the word “Rosicrucian” in their own name.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Some of these groups may be disbanded or inactive.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Rosicrucians in Russia


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The number of Rosicrucians among Russian Freemasons of the XVIII-XIX centuries was very small.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The first Rosicrucian in Russia was Ivan Schwartz (1751—1784), a native of Transylvania.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In 1781, in Berlin, he was admitted to the Order of the Golden and Pink Cross, and in October of the same year he received a certificate for the right to be considered his only plenipotentiary representative “throughout the Imperial - the Russian state and its lands” [30].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

After Schwartz's death, the championship in the inner steps of the Order passed to the Moscow group of N. AND. Novikova [31].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Novikov claimed that the mystical Field Marshal Repnin was the first to discover to him that “true Freemasonry is the mystery of the Rosicrucians”, warning, however, that “true Rosicrucians... very hard to find, and joining their society is even harder” [32].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

At the end of 1906, Dr. Steiner gave a number of lectures on Christian Rosicrucian in Paris; one of them was translated into Russian at the same time by his student A. R. Minclova.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Arriving in Russia as an emissary of the Order [33], Minclova promised to join the brotherhood of roses and cross leading Russian symbolists — Vyacheslav Ivanov in St. Petersburg (identified with Rosa [34]) and Andrey Bely in Moscow (identified with the Cross).


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

She painted them dizzying prospects for creating a “new order” on the ruins of the old one [35]:


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

“The armament of the Knights formed a circle of knights: the Round Table in which the Grail appeared; first kept by the Knights of the Grail, then by the Knights Templar, and ultimately by the Rosicrucians. the generation (Kunrat, van Helmont and others) is quite developed; the line went underground, as they say; and it was the Eastern Brotherhood, which actually dedicated Novikov. Minclova, the three of us will form a real triangle for the construction of the temple of the knights; circles will gather around these “two”; Minclova will communicate with the Brotherhood of the Initiates.”


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Minclova also conveyed to her followers in Russia the three-part motto of the Rosicrucians: “Ex Deo Nascimur (E.D.N.) In Christo mortimur (I.C.M.) In Spiritu Sancto Renascimur (I.S.S.R.)”


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Ivanov signed letters to other adherents of the secret teaching I.C.M., and Bely signed I.S.S.R. Bely ended his story “The Cat Letaev” (1915-16) with the words: “In Christ we die to be resurrected in the Spirit” [36].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

During this period, the motif of the rose and the cross became one of the defining motifs in Ivanov's poetry [37], and Alexander Blok, fascinated by mystical teachings, created his favorite brainchild in 1912, the play The Rose and the Cross [38].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The first circle of followers of the Rosicrucian doctrine in Russia in modern times was organized in Ozerki near St. Petersburg in 1907 by a pharmacist employee Alexander Kordig [39].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The conspiracy theory ranks the Rosicrucians among the driving forces of the Russian revolution of 1917 [40].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Before her disappearance in 1910, Minclova said that “she allegedly had a conversation with one of the Grand Dukes [41] and that this latter allegedly raised the question of what we should do with our homeland and what do with Tsar Nicholas II” [42].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In 1905. Ellis and N. P. Kiselyov planned to write the first history of Rosicrucianism in Russian.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

This idea was fulfilled years later by Kiselyov, but only partially in the form of the work “From the History of Russian Rosicrucianism” [43].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Thanks to the surviving order documents and texts, the spiritual brotherhood of quasi-Rosicrucians “Lux Astralis” is known, founded by the poet B.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

M. Zubakin and existed from 1912 to 1937. From 1916 to 1933, there was an Order of the Moscow Rosicrucians Manichaeists (Orionians), whose members developed ceremonial magic [40].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Under the leadership of V. K. Chekhovsky and E.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

K. Tehran in the general circle of mystical, religious and occult movements, organizations and groups operating in Russia in the 1920s, from 1925 to 1928, there was the Rosicrucian Order “Amish Redevivus” who set himself the task of experimentally mastering the occult forces of nature, in practice reviving the fullness of ancient initiation lost over the centuries and “conducted laboratory experiments on the transfer thoughts at a distance, exteriorization, cultivation of elementals, operational magic” [40].


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

One of the last Rosicrucians in Russia was D. S. Nedovich, Lev Kopelev writes about his meeting with him in Butyrskaya prison in his book “Keep Forever”.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

See also


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

The Invisible Collegium


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Pentagrammaton


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Order of the Rose and Cross


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Martinism


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Martinez de Pasqualli


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Louis Claude de Saint Martin


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Jean-Baptiste Villermoz


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Alchemy


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Esoteric Christianity


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Max Handel


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Notes


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

comments


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Sources


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Literature


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In Russian


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Manly P. Hall.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

An encyclopedic presentation of Masonic, Hermetic, Kabbalistic and Rosicrucian symbolic philosophy.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

— Moscow: Eksmo, Midgard, 2007.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

— P. 8.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

— 864 p. — ISBN 5699221395, ISBN 9785699221394.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Semeka A. IN. Russian Rosicrucians and the works of Empress Catherine II against Freemasonry.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

— SPb.: Senate type.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

, 1902.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

— 60 p.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Tarasov Ye.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

AND. Moscow Society of Rosicrucians//Freemasonry in its Past and Present.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

VOL. 2.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

— MOSCOW, 1915.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

P. 1—26.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Frances Yates.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

— M.: Aletheia, Enigma, 1999.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

(per.)


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

(per.)


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

(per.)


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

(per.)


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

(per.)


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Kondakov Yu.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

E.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Martinists, Rosicrucians, and “internal Christians” in Russia in the late 18th and early 19th centuries SPb.: Publishing House of the Russian State Pedagogical University im.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

A. AND. Herzen, 2011.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

— 499 p. — 100 copies


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

— ISBN 978-5-8064-1731-3


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Kondakov Yu.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

E.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Order of the Golden and Pink Cross in Russia.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Theoretical degree of Solomon Sciences.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Petersburg, Asterion.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

— 616 p. — 200 copies


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

— ISBN 978-5-906152-24-4


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Kondakov Yu.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

E.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Secret instructions of Russian Rosicrucians of the XVIII—XIX centuries/Scientific.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

ed.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

E.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

L. Kuzmishin said.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

— Moscow: Ganga, 2018.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

— 570 p. ISBN 978-5-907059-18-4


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Halturin Yu.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

L., Kuchurin V. V., Rodichenkov Yu.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

F. “Heavenly Science”: European alchemy and Russian Rosicrucianism in the 17th—19th centuries.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

SPb.: RKhGA Publ., 2015.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

— 380 p. — ISBN 978-5-88812-704-9


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

In foreign languages


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Guhrauer, “Ueber Sinn u. Zweck der Fama Fraternitatis” (in Niedner's “Zeitschrift für historische Theologie”, 1852)


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Glökler, “Joh. Wal. Andrea” (Stuttgart, 1886)


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Mystical Order of the Company and in Soviet Russia (second edition, documents 1922—1937)


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

, was reprinted by Routledge in New York in 2002.


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

, reprinted in 1960 by Society of Metaphysicians, Hastings, England, ISBN 1-85228-705-5; reprinted in 2000 by Garber Communications, Blauvelt, New York, ISBN 0-89345-018-9; see from The Internet Sacred Text Archive


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

References


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Category:Occultism


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Category:Martinism


Question: What was the pseudonym of the alchemist Sigmund Richter?

Rosicrucians

Category:Esoteric schools


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Gangster Petersburg. Movie 3. Antibiotic Collapse

Gangster Petersburg.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Movie 3.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

The collapse of the Antibiotic is a Russian miniseries in 2001 based on the novels “The Writer” and “The Inventor” by Andrey Konstantinov.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

The premiere took place on September 29, 2001 on TV-6.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

The main roles


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Lev Borisov — Viktor Pavlovich Govorov, nicknamed “Antibiotic” (episodes 1—8)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Alexander Domogarov — journalist Andrey Viktorovich Seregin (Obnorsky) (all episodes)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Evgeny Sidikhin — Head of the 15th Department of the RUOP, Major (from the end of series 8, Lieutenant Colonel) Nikita Nikitich Kudasov (series 1—5, 7—8)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Supporting roles


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Lev Durov — Vasily Mikhailovich Korablev (series 2-5) (killed by “Cartilage” in episode 5)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Nikolai Rudik — “Skull”, head of the security service of Antibiotic (episodes 3-4, 7-8) (killed by Seryogin in episode 8)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Andrey Tolubeev — Deputy.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Head of the RUOP, Colonel Gennady Petrovich Vashchanov (series 1-2, 5-7) (arrested in the 7th series by MB officers)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Vasily Reutov — Viktor Anatolyevich Savelyev, an operative of the 15th department of the RUOP (series 1—5, 7—8)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Yuri Tarasov — Vadim Romanovich Rezakov, an operative of the 15th department of the RUOP (series 1—5, 7—8)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Oleg Andreev — RUOP operative (series 1, 3—4, 7—8)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Olga Ponizova — Dasha, actress (1 episode)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Ksenia Rappoport — Rachel Dallet (Svetlana Igorevna Vorontsova), friend of Ekaterina Zvantseva (episodes 2-6)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Boris Birman — Sasha Soldier (Alexander Maltsev) (3-4, 7 episodes)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Viktor Smirnov — Director of TKK LTD Dmitry Maksimovich Burtsev (series 5-7) (killed in the 7th episode by the killer “Bes”)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Vladimir Tatosov — Moisey Gutman (6 episode)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Rudolf Furmanov — Grigory Anatolyevich “Pleishner” (episodes 5-7) (killed in the 7th episode by Burtsev's masked men)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Igor Grigoriev — Konstantin Alekseevich Olafsson (episodes 5-7)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Alexander Chaban — Major of the Ministry of Security Arkady Sergeevich Nazarov (series 5—8) (shot himself in episode 8)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Nikolay Ustinov — Valera “Babuin” (episodes 1, 3, 7, 8)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Malcolm Dixelius — Swedish journalist Lars Tingson (episodes 1-6)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Valery Kukhareshin — Deputy


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Chief of RUOP, Lieutenant Colonel Serafim Danilovich Leikin (4 series)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Sergei Trebesov is a bandit “Khryashch” (killed by an accomplice shot in the temple in episode 5)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Pavel Badyrov — Pasha, bodyguard of Antibiotic (episodes 3—8) (Arrested)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Stanislav Sadalsky — warehouse manager Butov (episode 8) (not credited)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Polina Sidikhina — Nikita Kudasov's daughter (2 episode)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Alexander Shulga is a member of the Skull gang (episodes 7—8)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Nikolay Godovikov is the driver of the blue Niva, reporting on the radio about the movement of Govorov's motorcade (episode 7) (not credited)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Sergey Pioro — Man in the Restaurant Refrigerator (Episode 2) (not credited)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Alexander Bolonin — Professor (episodes 1-2)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Evgeny Chudakov — Petrovich, Govorov's friend (1 episode)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Vladimir Kosmidailo — Vegas Casino Administrator (Episode 7)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Natalia Lyzhina - Anya, Kudasov's wife (episodes 1 and 2)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Alexander Ivanov — Misha waiter, Obnorsky's informant (series 2)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Tatyana Polonskaya is a waitress, Misha's girlfriend (episode 2)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Alexander Ryazantsev — Anatoly Vasilyevich, Investigator of the Ministry of Security (2 series)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Vyacheslav Pavlov — Igor Ivanovich, General of the Ministry of Security (2 series)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Oksana Polevikova — Swedish journalist Sibylla (episodes 1—6)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Vitaly Gordienko — Vyacheslav, Investigator of the Prosecutor's Office of St. Petersburg (Episode 3)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Alexey Osokin — bodyguard of Antibiotic (episodes 3—8)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Anatoly Ilchenko — Lyosha, Kudasov's driver (series 1—4 and 7—8)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Alexander Tsybulsky — Maxim, employee of the 15th department of the RUEP (series 3-4 and 7-8)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Ruslan Ibragimov — Rustamov, employee of the 15th department of the RUEP (series 3-4 and 7-8)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Olga Lalazarova — Marina, employee of the 15th department of the RUEP (episodes 3-4 and 7-8)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Denis Fedorovich — Pyotr Andreevich, business partner of Olafsson (episodes 5-6)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

E.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Skvortsova — prostitute Milka (episodes 5-7) (kidnapped by Govorov's guards and then killed)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Dmitry Gotsdiner — Chief of Terminal, Senior Advisor of 3rd Rank Zertsalov (8 series)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Tikhon Oskin — Bodrov, Lieutenant from the Department for Combating Economic Crimes (Episode 8)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Elena Pavlovskaya — Tamara Aleksandrovna, Liaison Office Employee (Episode 1)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Nora Gryakalova — Vashchanov's wife (episode 7)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Alexander Borisov — Colonel Poletaev, scolding Kudasov (episode 1)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Voicing


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Artur Vakha — Pasha, Antibiotic bodyguard, masked thug


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Igor Dobryakov — Valera “Babuin”, Lieutenant Colonel Leikin, some cameo roles


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Yan Tsapnik — Prosecutor's Office investigator Vyacheslav, news announcer, voice-over into Russian


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Film crew


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Scriptwriter: Andrey Konstantinov (not credited)


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Director: Viktor Sergeev


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Director of photography: Yuri Shaygardanov


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Production designer: Viktor Zhelobinsky


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Composer: Igor Kornelyuk


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Sound engineer: Asya Zvereva


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Editor: Galina Tanayeva


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Make-up artist:


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Producer: Vladimir Dostal, Leonid Markin


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Summary


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

1993—1994 years.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Starting with the dossier transferred by Chelishchev shortly before his death, Seregin collects the necessary documentation for Govorov and agrees with the head of the 15th department of the RUOP Nikita Kudasov, who wants put an Antibiotic in jail for life.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Its employees catch a hired killer - old man Korablev, who was ordered by Govorov.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

But Kudasov does not have time to reach the customer through it, Korableva is killed by the Skull man.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Meanwhile, journalist Obnorsky finds the same customer named Rachel Dallet.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

They have a relationship, and together they prepare a plan for revenge on Antibiotic.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Through the businessman “Pleishner”, they draw Govorov into the deal of one company supplying “left” vodka.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Antibiotic is attacked by unknown persons.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

He thinks that these are “lawless” from the firm.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Antibiotic people kill the director of the firm Burtsev.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Viktor Savelyev, an employee of the 15th department of the RUOP, catches the murderer.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Andrey calls Kudasov and asks for a meeting.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

On the same day, he is kidnapped by Skull men.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Meanwhile, RUOP employees find vodka in the warehouse and take readings from the warehouse manager.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Kudasov, not seeing Andrei at the appointed place, realizes that something has happened to him.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

He comes to the apartment from which Obnorsky and Dallet watched Korablev and finds all the papers for Antibiotic.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Thus, he has every reason to detain the elusive Govorov and his assistant Skull.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Andrei, meanwhile, is severely beaten in the garage, Govorov orders to kill the journalist.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Seryogin, meanwhile, kills Skulls with the same pistol with which he killed lawyers Zvantsev and Chelishchev.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Kudasov detains Antibiotic and his entire mafia.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

The major becomes a lieutenant colonel, and Seryogin is treated.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Episode 1


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

November 1993 of the year.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Nikita Kudasov, who heads the special 15th department for the development of criminal authorities of the Regional Directorate for Organized Crime (RUOP), constantly has to overcome a strange inertia superiors as soon as it comes to the underworld tycoons.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

There are problems with the case of criminal authority Mukhin (“Mukha”), recently imprisoned in Kresty.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

The “antibiotic” uses all means to get the bandit he needs so much out of prison.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Kudasov received a selection of documents for this character from journalist Andrey Seryogin along with a request to involve him in the development of Antibiotic's activities.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Andrei told Kudasov that there was a second copy of the dossier, but it was taken away by Kudasov's chief, Colonel Vashchanov, who works for Antibiotic.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Dasha, Nikita's mistress, arrives from Moscow.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

She tells Kudasov that she has received an offer to star in a film that Mukhin could give money to shoot.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Nikita tries to convince Dasha that Mukhin is a bandit, and his friends are trying to use her to threaten a loved one.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Episode 2


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

A woman comes to the dacha to a lonely pensioner Korablev, who introduced herself as a friend of his deceased friend Vadim Goncharov, and handed over the task from the deceased: to kill the leader of the St. Petersburg mafia Viktor Pavlovich Govorova — “Antibiotic”, which killed lawyers Sergei Chelishchev and Oleg Zvantsev, whose photos were in the medallion presented by the woman.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Korablev accepts the offer.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Kudasov's wife is sent dirt, and the case is going to divorce.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Vashchanov is under the supervision of underground special services (a portrait of Andropov hangs in the office of the head of the department of this underground) - his conversation with Antibiotic is wiretapped.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Vashchanov travels to Finland to exchange experience.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Andrey is trying to prove to Kudasov that Vashchanov is an Antibiotic person.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Investigators establish that Antibiotic is being followed by an old man.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Kudasov instructs his assistants, Savelyev and Rezakov, to monitor the old man.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Episode 3


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Korablev followed the Antibiotic for several days, studying all its routes.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Finally, he was going to carry out the murder of the “client”.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Having a habit of having lunch in the river restaurant “Flagman”, “Antibiotic” did not break the tradition this time either.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Korablev chose the attic in front of the restaurant.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

There he brought a rifle with a telescopic sight, but managed to fire only one shot, injuring the doorman of the restaurant.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Special forces trained by Kudasov arrested the shooter, and “Antibiotic” realized that this time the “cops” saved his life.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Looking closely at Korablev, Kudasov remembered that he had already met this man 10 years ago at the Varshavsky railway station.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Then Korablev pushed one of the operatives under the train.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

On that day, the people of Antibiotic were going to kill Korablev, but he miraculously managed to escape.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Interrogating Korablev, Kudasov found that Korablev was acting then on the instructions of the same Antibiotic, which he did not even know in the eye.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Andrei brings the Swedish film crew together with a criminal gang, the leader of which is his acquaintance.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

The Swedes interview a gang and shoot a specially played “showdown” for their film.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

The antibiotic is eager to know who “ordered” it, and for this it needs a living Ship.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

“Antibiotic” instructs “Skull” to snatch the murderer from the hands of the police and deliver him to him.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Episode 4


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Korablev agrees to give Kudasov a woman who “ordered” an “Antibiotic”.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

According to the plan, this should happen during her next meeting with Korablev.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Andrey Seregin learns about this operation from Kudasov.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Meanwhile, Andrei is eager to meet a mysterious Israeli woman who settled in one of the hotels.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

There he tells her a story about Sergei Chelishchev, Oleg Zvantsev and Katya Zvantseva.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

He mistakenly thinks that Rachel is Katya, who is actually her friend.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

The antibiotic learns about the place and time of the operation of the special services and orders to put the sniper on the roof to destroy Korablev if he goes to a meeting.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Episode 5


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

The sniper of “Antibiotic” killed Korablev, then, trying to escape, was killed by an accomplice, and the accomplice tried to escape, but was killed by operatives.


Question: What was the name of Igor Mikhailovich Vorontsov's wife?

Andrei, realizing that the special services would begin checking nearby houses, ordered Rachel to undress, undressed himself, and before the operatives who broke in they appeared as a love couple.