Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin's poem Giordano Bruno, written in 1906, contains lines that largely determine the author's worldview: “There is always longing in my joy, /There is always a mysterious sweetness in longing!” This antinomy allowed the writer to create many contrasting combinations (there are about 100,000 words in the dictionary of his epithets [46]), showing that a person can get along synchronously directly opposite emotions, passions and experiences: “sadly funny songs”, “heart beat wildly joyfully”, “mockingly sad cuckoos”, “plaintively joyful screech”, “mysteriously bright wilds”,” painfully happy excitement”, “sad and festive”, “sultry and cold wind”, “happiness of guilt”, “unhappy happiness”, “horror of delight”, “joyful anger”, “cried enthusiastically” [47].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

One of the features of the mature Bunin's work was his ability to organize sudden endings in his works.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

For example, the beginning of the story “Rusya” (1940), which is the memories of an unnamed hero who once worked as a tutor at a station near Podolsk, looks completely ordinary: a train stop, a lazy dialogue between a passenger and his wife, a conductor with a lantern.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

However, gradually, through the sleeping intonation, signs of mysticism begin to appear.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The hero mentally goes into the past, and the same area “magically blooms”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Then a girl artist, whose real name is Marusya, appears in his mind.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The reduction is rooted either in Russia or mermaids, and the heroine herself, living among the swamps, is “picturesque, even icon painting”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

A forgotten love story twenty years ago, which ended in a dramatic parting, turns into a stopped “beautiful moment” thanks to the train stop [43].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Picturesque prose


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Literary critics drew attention to the picturesqueness of Bunin's prose.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Thus, Oleg Mikhailov wrote that Mikhail Nesterov could become the best illustrator for some Bunin stories of the 1910s.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Gallery of martyrs and righteous people created by the writer (including farmhand Averky from Thin Grass, crooked beggar Anisya from The Merry Yard, sentimental servant Arseny from The Saints, osanist beautiful Aglaya from the story of the same name) reminds the heroes of the Nesterov canvas “In Russia. The soul of the people” [34].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Tatyana Marchenko, there is also a certain relationship between Bunin's landscapes and the works of Viktor Vasnetsov, with whom the writer knew personally.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

However, according to his inner worldview, Ivan Alekseevich's prose is closer to the paintings of Mikhail Vrubel.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

For example, his work “Pan” (as well as “Bogatyr”, “Lilac”, “Queen Volkhov”) reflects the pagan element of the story “Rus” to a greater extent than Vasnetsov's Alyonushka, says Marchenko.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Vasnetsov's painting, which depicts a girl sitting near a sedge reservoir, correlates well with the content of Rusi, while Pan allows you to “look into the mysterious essence of things” [43].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Effects


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Speaking about the influences that are found in Bunin's prose, researchers most often call the surnames of Lev Tolstoy, Chekhov, Turgenev, Gogol.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Oleg Mikhailov, the Bunin image of a person — with its multi-layered and inexhaustible — largely comes from Tolstoy's idea of “character fluidity” [34].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Critic Alexander Izmailov wrote that Ivan Alekseevich is “one of many fascinated, enchanted, fascinated by Chekhov” [48].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In Bunin's early plotless stories, critics heard either the intonations of Turgenev's poems in prose, or the author's voice from lyrical digressions in the poem “Dead Souls” [34].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin himself wrote that for all his love for Russian literature, he “never imitated anyone” [48].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

When literary critic Peter Bitsilli drew attention to some similarity between Mitina of Love and Tolstoy's The Devil, which begins with the words “And I tell you that anyone who looks at a woman with lust, he had already committed adultery with her in his heart,” Ivan Alekseevich replied: “Of course, without Tolstoy, without Turgenev, without Pushkin, we would not write as we write... And if we talk about assimilation, it is Tolstoy, is it true?” [43]


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Critics and some colleagues of Bunin argued that his late work collected so many hidden quotes, reminiscences and images borrowed from Russian classics that it is time to talk about” elementary epigonism”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

For example, Nina Berberova claimed that Ivan Alekseevich “created beauty in primitive forms that were ready and already existed before him.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Objecting to those who reproached the writer for “repetitions” and “revision of traditions”, literary critic Yuri Lotman noted: “It is in this perspective that Bunin is an innovator who wants to be the successor of the great classical tradition in the era of modernism, but in order to rewrite this whole tradition anew” [43].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Relationships with contemporaries


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin and Gorky


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

For decades, Bunin's name was often mentioned — in different contexts — next to Gorky.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In their relationship, researchers identify a number of key stages: the period of gradual rapprochement (the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries) was replaced by a time of very close communication (1900s), followed by a break (1917) with complete rejection of each other's views, accompanied by public, sometimes very harsh assessments [49].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The writers met in Yalta in 1899; according to Bunin's memoirs, Gorky, in a sentimental mood, said at the first meeting: “You are the last writer from the nobility, that culture that gave Pushkin and Tolstoy to the world” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

A few days later, Ivan Alekseevich sent Gorky his book “Under the Open Air” [1]; correspondence began, which lasted about eighteen years [4].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Alexey Maksimovich's responses to Bunin's early works were mostly friendly.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

For example, after reading the story “Antonov Apples”, Gorky wrote: “This is good. Here Ivan Bunin, like a young god, sang” [4].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Feeling growing sympathy for Alexey Maksimovich, Bunin dedicated his poem “Leaf Fall” to him.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Gorky, in turn, invited the young writer to cooperate in the magazine “Life”; then the publishing house “Znanie” headed by him began publishing a collection of works by Bunin.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Since 1902, the names of Gorky and Bunin often stood side by side in newspaper news: writers were considered representatives of the same literary group; Ivan Alekseevich attended premieres of performances, based on plays by Alexey Maksimovich [49].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1909, Bunin and Muromtseva went to travel to Italy.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

On the island of Capri, the couple visited Gorky, who lived there, who, talking about this meeting in a letter addressed to Ekaterina Peshkova, noted that Ivan Alekseevich is still active and pleases him.” his serious attitude to literature and the word” [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Muromtseva, recalling the long dialogues at Spinolla's Villa, noted that at that time Alexey Maksimovich and her husband “looked at many things differently, but still they really loved the main thing” [49].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The last meeting between Bunin and Gorky took place in April 1917 in Petrograd.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Ivan Alekseevich's memoirs, on the day of his departure from the capital, Alexey Maksimovich organized a large meeting at the Mikhailovsky Theater, at which he introduced special guests — Bunin and Fedor Chaliapin .


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The audience in the hall seemed doubtful to Ivan Alekseevich (as well as Gorky's speech addressed to the audience and began with the word “Comrades!”) , but they broke up quite amicably.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the first post-revolutionary days, Gorky arrived in Moscow and expressed a desire to meet with Bunin, who in response asked to convey through Ekaterina Peshkova that he considered “relations with him forever over” [49 ].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Since then, Gorky has become Bunin's opponent in absentia: in journalism of the 1920s, Ivan Alekseevich mentioned him mainly as a “propagandist of Soviet power” [49].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Alexey Maksimovich also remotely argued with his former friend: in a letter sent to his secretary Pyotr Kryuchkov, he noted that Bunin was “wildly brutalized”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In another letter addressed to Konstantin Fedin, Gorky gave very harsh assessments to emigrant writers: “B. Zaitsev ineptly writes the lives of saints. Shmelev is something unbearably hysterical. Kuprin does not write — he drinks. Bunin rewrites the Kreutzer Sonata under the title “Mitina Lyubov”. Aldanov also writes off L. Tolstoy” [49].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin and Chekhov


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin wrote several essays about A. P. Chekhov, included a separate chapter about Anton Pavlovich in his Memoirs and planned to prepare a large work dedicated to him.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Muromtseva's memoirs, in the 1950s, her husband managed to purchase Chekhov's Complete Works published by the State Litizdat, as well as a book in which his letters were published: “We re-read them... sleepless nights Ivan Alekseevich... made notes on scraps of paper, sometimes even on cigarette boxes — recalled conversations with Chekhov” [40].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Their first meeting took place in Moscow in 1895 [1], and the rapprochement began in 1899, when Bunin arrived in Yalta.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Quite quickly, Ivan Alekseevich became his man in Chekhov's house — he stayed at his dacha in Autka even when Anton Pavlovich was away [1] [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In his memoirs, Bunin admitted that he did not have such warm relations with any of his fellow writers as with Chekhov [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Anton Pavlovich came up with a playful nickname for his comrade - “Mr. Marquis Bukishon” (sometimes simply “Marquis”), and called himself the “Aan landowner” [50].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Nikolai Teleshov, who visited Chekhov before his departure to Badenweiler, Anton Pavlovich already knew about his fatal illness.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Saying goodbye, he asked to bow to the participants of the literary circle “Sreda”, as well as tell Bunin to “write and write”: “A great writer will come out of him. So tell him for me. Don't forget” [51].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Ivan Alekseevich, who was in the village of Ognevka in the summer of 1904, learned about Chekhov's death from the newspaper: “I unfolded it...” and suddenly an ice razor slashed my heart like an ice razor.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

A few days later, he received a letter from Gorky — Alexey Maksimovich said that writers were beginning preparations for the release of memoirs about Chekhov, and asked Bunin to take part in this work [1].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In November, after reading the manuscript sent by Ivan Alekseevich, Gorky noted that his essay about Anton Pavlovich was written very carefully [40].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Researchers tried to determine the degree of influence of Chekhov on Bunin's work


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Thus, writer Valery Geideko drew attention to the poetic nature of the prose of both, the “rhythmic organization of speech” characteristic of both writers [50], as well as their attraction to impressionism [50].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Literary critic Oleg Mikhailov, on the contrary, argued that the creative handwriting of Chekhov and Bunin is completely different — writers have neither thematic nor stylistic kinship; the only thing that brings them together is this is the “direction of general searches” [4].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Chekhov himself in one of the conversations with Bunin noted that they “look like a greyhound to a hound”: “I could not steal a single word from you. You're sharper than me. You write: “the sea smelled of watermelon”... It's wonderful, and I wouldn't say so” [4].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin and Nabokov


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin's relationship with Vladimir Nabokov is interpreted by researchers in different ways.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

If literary critic Maxim Schraer sees them as “the poetics of rivalry” [52], philologist Olga Kirillina finds similarities at the level of the “nervous system and blood circulation” [53].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Communication between the two writers for a long time was in absentia.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

At the end of 1920, Nabokov's father, Vladimir Dmitrievich, asked Ivan Alekseevich to assess his son's poem, published in the Berlin newspaper Rul.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In response, Bunin sent Nabokov not only a warm, encouraging letter, but also his book “Mr. from San Francisco”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Correspondence began, in which in the spring of 1921, twenty-two-year-old Vladimir Nabokov joined, published under the pseudonym “Vladimir Sirin”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In his first letter, the aspiring poet called Bunin “the only writer who calmly serves the beautiful in our blasphemous age” [52].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1926, Nabokov's first novel “Mashenka” was published, which, according to researchers, is “the most Bunin” work of Vladimir Vladimirovich.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

On the copy presented to Bunin, the author wrote: “Do not judge me too harshly, please. With all your heart, V. Nabokov” [52].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Three years later, Nabokov, who published the collection “The Return of Chorba”, sent Bunin a book with a dedication inscription: “To the Great Master from a diligent student” [52].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Nabokov's story “Offence” (1931) [52] was dedicated to Ivan Alekseevich.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Vladimir Vladimirovich also reacted very positively to Bunin's award of the Nobel Prize — a telegram sent to Grasse read: “I am so happy that you received it!” At the end of 1933, the first meeting of the two writers took place - Bunin arrived in Berlin for an event organized in his honor by publicist Joseph Hessen, and during the celebrations met Nabokov personally [52 ].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Then the cooling period began.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Olga Kirillina, evidence of the changed relationship is Nabokov's dedication inscriptions - the previous enthusiastic confessions have disappeared from them, and intonations have become different.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Having released the novel “Invitation to a Beheading” (1936), he wrote on the volume sent to Bunin: “Dear Ivan Alekseevich Bunin with the best greetings from the author” [53].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

There was no complete rupture, although mutual irritation grew.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Tension was created, among other things, due to public attempts by the emigrant community to determine which of the writers owns the main place on the literary Olympus.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

For example, in the second half of the 1930s, Mark Aldanov urged Bunin to admit that the championship had passed to Nabokov [53].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In his autobiographical book “Other Shores” (1954), Nabokov spoke about one of the meetings with Bunin, which took place in 1936 in a Parisian restaurant.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

It was initiated by Ivan Alekseevich.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The lunch made a heavy impression on Nabokov: “Unfortunately, I do not tolerate restaurants, vodka, snacks, music — and intimate conversations. Bunin was puzzled by my indifference to hazel grouses and my refusal to open my soul. By the end of lunch, we were already unbearably bored with each other.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Nabokov also included the same fragment — with some changes — in the second version of his memoirs — “Memory, Speak”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Maxim Schraer, this meeting demonstrated that the creative dialogues between writers are over, and in a human way they have completely moved away from each other [52].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Nevertheless, their literary rivalry continued, and the publication of the book “Dark Alleys” was, according to Schraer, Bunin's attempt to “equalize the score with Nabokov.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In one of the letters sent shortly before the war to American Slavist Elizaveta Malozyomova, Ivan Alekseevich remarked: “If it were not for me, there would be no Sirin.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Around the same period, Nabokov, who was asked in a written interview to talk about Bunin's influence on his work, said that he was not one of the followers of Ivan Alekseevich [52].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1951, an event dedicated to Bunin's 80th birthday was being prepared in New York.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Mark Aldanov invited Nabokov to read some work of the jubilee at this evening.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Nabokov refused in writing:


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

As you know, I'm not a big fan of I. A. I really appreciate his poems, but prose... or memories in the alley... you say that he is 80 years old, that he is sick and poor.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

You are much kinder and more lenient than me — but enter my position: how can I say in front of a bunch of more or less mutual acquaintances a jubilee, that is, completely golden, word about a person who is all over I am alien to my warehouse, and about the novelist whom I put below Turgenev?


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin and Kataev


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Valentin Kataev, like Nabokov, was considered the writer who most accurately perceived Bunin's lessons [54].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Seventeen-year-old Kataev, who first heard about Ivan Alekseevich's poems from the poet Alexander Fedorov, came to Bunin himself in 1914, who was in Odessa at that time [54].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Subsequently, talking about his acquaintance with the writer in the book “The Grass of Oblivion”, Valentin Petrovich mentioned that he was faced with “a forty-year-old gentleman, dry, bilious, dapper”, dressed in trousers, sewn by a good tailor, and English yellow low shoes [55].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Galina Kuznetsova noted in her diary entries that Bunin also remembered well the moment a young man appeared in his house, who gave him a notebook with poems and bluntly said: “I am writing... imitating you” [54].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The audience was short, but when Kataev came to Ivan Alekseevich two weeks later for an answer, the “first miracle” happened in his life: Bunin invited him to find time for an additional conversation [55].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

From that moment on, their communication began, which lasted intermittently until 1920.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1915, Kataev dedicated a poem to Bunin “And the days flow in a dull series”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

A year later, the newspaper Yuzhnaya Mysl published his small work, which contained the lines: “And at home there is tea and voluntary captivity. /Sonnet sketched in a notebook the day before, /So, in black... Thoughtful Verlaine , /Singing Block yes lonely Bunin” [54].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

When Bunin and Muromtseva, along with other refugees, reached Odessa in 1918, meetings became almost daily: Kataev brought new poems to the writer, and he worked a lot on his manuscripts, made notes, made edits, gave advice, including on additional reading.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

“Dedication to disciples”, according to Valentin Petrovich, occurred only after he heard the first praise from Bunin [54].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Kataev became a member of the Odessa literary circle “Sreda”, at the meetings of which Ivan Alekseevich was invariably present.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Conversations there were very free, and Bunin recorded them in his diary.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to writer Sergei Shargunov, who compared Bunin's daily records with the version that was prepared for the book “Cursed Days”, Ivan Alekseevich deliberately removed from the final version some very sharp Kataev's remarks — the writer did not want to “set up the “literary godson” who remained in Soviet Russia” [54].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

While in France, Muromtseva sorted out the exported archives and, among the numerous envelopes, found a letter from Kataev “from the white front”, dated October 1919.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

It began with the words: “Dear teacher Ivan Alekseevich” [54].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin, leaving Odessa on the steamer Sparta, could not say goodbye to his student before leaving: in the winter of 1920, he fell ill with typhus and was hospitalized, and later, as a former tsarist officer, to prison [54].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

They never met again.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

At the same time, Ivan Alekseevich followed Kataev's work - according to Muromtseva, having received the book “The Lonely Sail Is White” (in which the author tried to “cross the plot of Pinkerton with Bunin's artistry” [54 ]), the writer read it aloud, with comments: “Well, who else can do this?” [54].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1958, Kataev and his wife Esther Davydovna visited Vera Nikolaevna in Paris.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Muromtseva said that in the perception of her husband Valentin Petrovich remained a young man forever, so Bunin could not imagine that his student became a father: “Ivan Alekseevich thought it somehow incredible: Vali Kataev's children!” [54].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

For at least half a century, Bunin was not only a Teacher for Kataev, but also a kind of artistic idol, the embodiment of a certain artistic ideal... “Writing is good” for Kataev is always meant “writing like Bunin.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

(Of course, without imitating Bunin, copying him, reproducing his manner, but, if possible, achieving the same stereoscopic volume and accuracy in his descriptions, discovering the ability to find for each of its visual reactions is the most accurate verbal expression.) [56]


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin and emigrant writers


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin made some efforts to help some Russian writers move to France.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Among them was Alexander Kuprin, a writer whose creative development took place in the same years as Ivan Alekseevich.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Their relationship was by no means cloudless — as Muromtseva wrote, “it took Dostoevsky himself to understand everything” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1920, when he arrived in Paris, Kuprin settled in the same house where Bunin lived, and even on the same floor as him [57].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Perhaps this neighborhood sometimes burdened Ivan Alekseevich, who was accustomed to clearly planning his working day and had to watch the constant visits of guests who came to Kuprin.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Nevertheless, after receiving the Nobel Prize, Bunin brought Alexander Ivanovich 5,000 francs.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Kuprin's daughter Ksenia Alexandrovna, this money helped their family a lot, whose financial situation was difficult [57].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Kuprin's return to the USSR in 1937 caused a great resonance among the emigrant environment - opinions about his act were divided.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin, unlike some colleagues, refused to condemn the “old sick man”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In his memoirs, he talked about Kuprin as an artist who was characterized by “warm kindness to everything living” [57].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

On Bunin's recommendation, Boris Zaitsev, a novelist, also moved to Paris in 1923, in whose Moscow house Ivan Alekseevich once met Muromtseva.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

For a long time, Zaitsev and Bunin communicated very closely, were considered literary like-minded people, and together participated in the activities of the French Writers' Union [58].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

When news came from Stockholm that Ivan Alekseevich had been awarded the Nobel Prize, Zaitsev was one of the first to inform the public about this, transmitting urgent news under the heading “Bunin is crowned” to “Vozrozhdenie” newspaper [58].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

A serious quarrel between writers occurred in 1947, when Ivan Alekseevich left the Writers' Union in protest against the exclusion from it of those who in the post-war period decided to accept the Soviet citizenship.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Leonid Zurov, Alexander Bakhrakh, Georgy Adamovich, Vadim Andreev left the union together with them.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Zaitsev, as chairman of this organization, did not approve of Bunin's act.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

He tried to explain to him in writing, but the dialogues led to a final break [58].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin also took measures for the relocation of novelist Ivan Shmelev.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The rapprochement of writers occurred in the post-revolutionary period, when they both collaborated with the Odessa newspaper “Yuzhnoye Slovo”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

While leaving Russia, Bunin received a power of attorney from Shmelev to publish his books abroad.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1923, Shmelev moved to France and lived for several months — at the insistence of Ivan Alekseevich — in his villa in Grasse, where he worked on the book The Sun of the Dead [58].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Their relationship was sometimes uneven, in many situations they acted as opponents.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

For example, in 1927, after Pyotr Struve left the newspaper Vozrozhdenie, Bunin refused to participate in the activities of this publication; Shmelev believed that this approach was beneficial to his opponents.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1946, Ivan Sergeevich reacted extremely negatively to Bunin's agreement to meet with Soviet Ambassador Alexander Bogomolov.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The difference in approaches to some life issues was also reflected in his work: for example, arguing with Bunin's frankness when describing the hero's sensual experiences in Mitina's Love, Shmelev in his book” Love Story” (1927) demonstrated rejection of “sinful passion”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Shmelev perceived Bunin's book “Dark Alleys” as pornography [58].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin did not communicate with the acmeist poet Georgy Adamovich in the pre-revolutionary period.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to Adamovich, once he saw Ivan Alekseevich in the St. Petersburg artistic cafe “Prival of Comedians”, he did not try to get acquainted, because the founder of the school of acmeism Nikolai Gumilyov did not welcome “possible extraneous influences” [59].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In France, Adamovich, who was seriously engaged in literary criticism, devoted a number of works to Bunin; he did not always react approvingly to Georgy Viktorovich's reviews.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

However, Bunin and Adamovich acted as like-minded people on a number of key issues, especially during the post-war split in the emigrant environment.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

After the death of Ivan Alekseevich, Georgy Viktorovich supported the writer's widow, advised Muromtseva during her work on memories of Bunin, and defended her from opponents [59].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin met the poet Vladislav Khodasevich in 1906, but until moving to France, their relationship was superficial [60].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In exile, their rapprochement took place, Bunin invited Vladislav Felitsianovich to Grasse, in the second half of the 1920s, writers corresponded.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Some cooling occurred after in a review of the Bunin collection “Selected Poems”, written in 1929, Khodasevich praised Ivan Alekseevich as a novelist and very restrained - as a poet [60].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Vladimir Nabokov, in one of his letters to his wife, told about his visit to Murat's Parisian cafe in 1936: “There I caught a glimpse of Khodasevich, who turned very yellow; Bunin hates him.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Researchers claimed that, on the contrary, Ivan Alekseevich helped Vladislav Felitsianovich with money, they met at literary events, exchanged books [60].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Writer Nina Berberova in her book “My Italics” (1972) recalled Bunin as an extremely ambitious, wayward, capricious person [61].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Their communication began in 1927, when Khodasevich and his wife Berberova arrived at Villa Belvedere in Grasse.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Judging by Muromtseva's diaries, Nina Nikolaevna made a pleasant impression on the owners of the villa: “Simple, sweet, well-mannered” [61].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

During the war, Berberova, together with Boris Zaitsev, participated in the rescue of the Bunin archive, stored in the Turgenev Library [61].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the post-war period, Bunin and Berberova, as noted by literary critic Maxim Shraer, found themselves “in hostile camps of Russian emigration” [61].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In her memoirs, Berberova wrote: “I try to avoid collapse, and it began for Bunin on the day... when S. K. Makovsky picked him up to take him to Soviet Ambassador Bogomolov to drink to Stalin's health” [61].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The fate of archive


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin's archive was fragmented.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In May 1918, Ivan Alekseevich, leaving Moscow with Muromtseva, handed over a significant part of his documents (previously stored in the Moscow branch of Credit Bank of Lyon) to his elder brother.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin took with him to Odessa and then to Paris only some materials, including letters and youth diaries.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Yuliy Alekseevich died in 1921.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin's pre-revolutionary manuscripts, photographs, drafts, magazine and newspaper publications with reviews from critics, books with dedication inscriptions remained in his house were transferred to translator Nikolai Pusheshnikov, whose mother was a cousin Ivan Alekseevich.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Pusheshnikov passed away in 1939.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Since the late 1940s, his family began to transfer manuscripts and autographs to the Central State Archive of Literature and Art and other state repositories.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In addition, some documents were transferred from the Pusheshnikovs to private collections [62].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In France, a new archive of Bunin was formed, which remained after the death of the writer with his widow.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

During the early “thaw”, Muromtseva agreed to send her husband's materials to the Soviet Union in small batches - they were received by the TsGALI, the Institute of World Literature named after A. M. Gorky, the State Literary Museum and other institutions.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

After the death of Vera Nikolaevna in 1961, Leonid Zurov became the heir to the archive [62], who, in turn, bequeathed it to Milica Green, a teacher at the University of Edinburgh.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In the early 1970s, she took dozens of boxes of scattered materials from Paris to Edinburgh and for several years inventoried and systematized them; only a catalog that reproduces the list of documents it had received consisted of 393 pages.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Under the editorship of Militsa Green, a three-volume book “Through the Mouth of the Bunins” (Frankfurt am Main, “Posev”, 1977—1982) was published, containing diary entries by Ivan Alekseevich and Vera Nikolaevna [63].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Milica Green, who died in 1998, handed over Bunin's archive to Leeds University during her lifetime [64].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin and Soviet censorship


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin was under the scrutiny of Soviet censorship for decades.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Two years after the writer's departure from Russia, the Main Directorate for Literature and Publishing Houses (Glavlit) was established, a body that controlled all printed materials published in USSR.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The first circular issued by Glavlit prescribed a ban on “the import from abroad... of works that are definitely hostile to Soviet power.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1923, the censorship department published a secret bulletin containing a detailed review of books written by emigrant writers.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin was also mentioned in the document.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

An employee of Glavlit, who prepared the certificate, noted that pre-revolutionary works included in his collection “The Scream” (Berlin, Slovo Publishing House, 1921) cannot be allowed to be published, because the author” naturalistic stories” tried to “find a justification for a revolutionary catastrophe” in them [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1923, poet Pyotr Oreshin prepared an almanac “Village in Russian Poetry”, in which he collected poems by Bunin, Balmont and other authors.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The political editor of the State Publishing House, who considered the handwritten version of the book, ordered to remove all the works of emigrant poets from it.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The rework of “The Village...” did not take place, and the publication was never published [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Some softening of ideological attitudes occurred during the NEP period, when publishing cooperatives managed to print several works by Bunin, including “Mr. from San Francisco” and “Dreams Chang.”


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The instructions of censors were not always fulfilled at that time.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

For example, Glavlit did not recommend Mitina's Love for release, because “its author is a White Guard emigrant”, but the story written in Paris was published in 1926 by the Leningrad publishing house Priboy [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Very tough measures against emigrant writers were taken in the 1920s by Glavpolitical Education, created under the People's Commissariat of Education.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

This institution periodically conducted an audit of libraries, saving them from “counter-revolutionary literature”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin's name invariably appeared in the lists sent by the State Litsveshvet and accompanied by a demand to “clear the funds”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

After 1928, his books were not published in the USSR for almost three decades.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Anatoly Lunacharsky, People's Commissar of Education, spoke about the position of the Soviet authorities towards Ivan Alekseevich, who reported in the journal Vestnik Foreign Literature (1928, No. 3) that Bunin is a “landowner... who knows that his class is bulging out with life” [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The gradual return of Ivan Alekseevich's works to the Soviet reader began during the “thaw” - for example, in 1956, a collection of his works was published in five volumes, which included novels and stories written both in pre-revolutionary Russia and in France.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1961, the Tarussky Pages almanac was published in Kaluga, containing Paustovsky's essay Ivan Bunin.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The publication of the collection led to the dismissal of the editor-in-chief of Kaluga Book Publishing House; the director of the enterprise received a reprimand “for losing vigilance”.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Nevertheless, in the following decades, a significant part of the writer's creative heritage (including the novel “Life of Arsenyev” and the book “Dark Alleys”) became available to the Soviet reader.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The exception was the diary “Cursed Days”, which was published only in the late 1980s in several magazines at once [6].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Bunin and cinema


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Researchers drew attention to the fact that Bunin's prose is cinematic — it is no coincidence that the concepts of “close-up” and “general plan” were used in relation to his stories [65] [66] [67] [68].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

For the first time, the possibility of a film adaptation of Bunin's work appeared in October 1933, when a Hollywood producer informed Ivan Alekseevich about his readiness to buy the story “Mr. from San Francisco” from him.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The writer sought advice from Mark Aldanov, who gave recommendations on drawing up a power of attorney and disposing of copyright.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

However, it did not go beyond a brief dialogue with a representative of the film company [69].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Later Bunin mentioned a possible film adaptation of his stories such as “On the Road” and “The Case of Cornet Elagin”, but these plans remained unrealized [65].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Soviet and Russian filmmakers began to turn to Bunin's work since the 1960s, but successful screen adaptations, according to journalist V. Nuriev (Nezavisimaya Gazeta), there was not much [70].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Vasily Pichul, as a student at VGIK, shot the educational short film Mitina Lyubov in 1981 [71].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1989, the film “Non-Urgent Spring” was released, based on the story of the same name, as well as the works “Russia”, “Prince in Princes”, “Flies”, “Cranes”, “Caucasus”, the novel “Sukhodol” and Bunin's diary entries (directed by Vladimir Tolkachikov) [72].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

In 1994, the melodrama Dedication to Love (directed by Lev Tsutsulkovsky) was shot; the film was based on the stories “Light Breath”, “Cold Autumn” and “Rus” [73].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

A year later, director Boris Yashin presented the film “Meshchersky”, based on Bunin's stories “Natalie”, “Tanya”, “In Paris” [74].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

A very notable event was the release in 2011 of the film Sukhodol (directed by Alexandra Strelyanaya), based on Bunin's story of the same name.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The film won a number of awards at film festivals, as well as received the attention of critics.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Their opinions about Alexandra Strelina's work were divided: some called the film “an ethnographic study, as if specially created for great aesthetic pleasure”; others regarded it as a “cumbersome stylization” [70].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

Nikita Mikhalkov's film Sunstroke, shot in 2014 based on the story of the same name and the book Cursed Days, caused a lot of feedback.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

According to publicist Leonid Radzikhovsky, Mikhalkov was not mistaken in deciding to combine a work about love with diary entries: “Bunin's stories about love (especially “Dark Alleys”, but also “Sunstroke” written in 1925) are illuminated by this very Sun, this sunset fire that destroyed both heroes and “a country that does not exist” and where they lived and “breathed easily” [75].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

The complex story of the relationship between Bunin and his loved ones, based on Muromtseva's diary entries, became the plot of the film “Diary of His Wife” (directed by Alexey Uchitel).


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

Scriptwriter Dunya Smirnova said that she had the idea for the film in Paris; after sharing her idea with Alexey Uchitel, she offered to take on the role of writer her father, director Andrey Smirnov, who is well acquainted with Bunin's work.


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

The film and its creators received a number of festival awards and film awards [76] [77].


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

Notes


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

Literature


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

Ivan


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

Category:People from Lipetsk Oblast


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Ivan Bunin

Category:Cultural figures of the Oryol region


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Ivan Bunin

Category:Poets and writers of Voronezh


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

Category:Russian writers of the 19th century


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

Category:Immigrated to France from Russia


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

Category:Russian poets of the first wave of emigration


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

Category:Russian emigrants of the first wave in France


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

Category:Russian writers of the first wave of emigration


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

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Ivan Bunin

Category:Nobel Prize Winners in Literature


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

Category:Nobel laureates from Russia


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

Category:Honorary Academicians of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

Burials at Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois Cemetery


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

Category:Censorship in the USSR


Question: Who was Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's father?

Ivan Bunin

Category:Novelists


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Ivan Bunin

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Ivan Bunin

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Ivan Bunin

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Ivan Bunin

Category:Banknote personalities


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The “A” system is the first experimental complex of strategic missile defense in the USSR.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

It was deployed in 1955-1960 at a specially built GNIIP-10 test site (Test Site A, Sary-Shagan).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

A major system project was significantly ahead of its time in terms of a lot of technical innovations and played a decisive role in the further development of the USSR anti-missile systems.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

On March 4, 1961, the B-1000 missile of System A intercepted the warhead of the R-12 (8K63) medium-range ballistic missile for the first time in the world.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The chief designer of the complex is Grigory Vasilievich Kisunko.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Background


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The first ballistic missiles [1]


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

For the first time, England faced the problem of missile defense during the Second World War, which was shelled by Germany with V-1 cruise missiles and the first V-2 combat ballistic missiles (BR).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The task of fighting the V-1 was generally solved by means of anti-aircraft defense.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The task of combating the V-2 did not receive a solution, there were no means of influencing the ballistic missile (BR) in flight, the only opposition was to identify and periodically bomb launch sites and rocket plants.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The United States could face a similar problem in the event of a prolongation of the war and the successful creation by Germany of promising long-range missiles A-9/A-10.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Project by G. M. Mozharovsky [2]


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

In the USSR, the first studies of the possibility of creating a missile defense (ABM) were carried out in 1945-1949 as part of the Anti-Fau project.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

At the Academy.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Zhukovsky, by the forces of the special equipment bureau under the leadership of Georgy Mironovich Mozharovsky, developed a missile defense project for the district, consisting of an long-range detection radar, a short-range radar a target, a counting device and an anti-missile, which was supposed to be used specially designed “torpedo fighters” with a homing system and a non-nuclear guided warhead.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

At the Research Institute-20 of the People's Commissariat of Armaments for missile defense purposes, a draft design of a powerful Pluton radar with a range of more than 1000 km was


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The projects did not receive practical continuation for a number of reasons:


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The combat capabilities of ballistic missiles at that time were not so high as to pose an immediate threat.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

They could not carry a nuclear charge, for non-nuclear warheads they had too low accuracy.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

As a result of the research, the prohibitively high complexity of tasks for the technology of that time, the novelty of the problems, the lack of basic research and reliable experimental data were revealed, for which you can rely on your work.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Since August 1950, the main efforts of the developers have been aimed at creating the Moscow Berkut air defense system (S-25) [3] against bomber aircraft, which at that time was the only means of delivery nuclear warheads.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

There were no resources for simultaneous work on two complex and expensive projects of air defense and missile defense systems.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

“Seven Marshals Letter”


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

In the early 1950s, the problem of missile defense (ABM) was particularly acute.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The United States has begun developing the Tor and Jupiter ballistic missiles with a range of 2,800 km and warheads with a capacity of 1.0 - 1.5 Mt.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The deployment of such missiles at military bases in Turkey, Italy and England (this happened in the early 60s) made it possible to completely keep the European part of the USSR at gunpoint.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

An intercontinental ballistic missile with nuclear equipment became an absolute weapon due to its huge destructive capabilities, invulnerability in flight and the possibility of use with unattainable ranges, secretly and suddenly.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

In August 1953, the Central Committee of the CPSU received an official appeal from the top military leadership of the USSR, the so-called “letter of seven marshals”.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The appeal was signed by: Chief of the General Staff of D. Sokolovsky, 1st Deputy.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Defense Minister G. K. Zhukov, Deputy


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Minister of Defense AM Vasilevsky, Commander of Artillery M. AND. Nedelin, Chairman of the Military Council of the S. Konev, Air Defense Commander K. A. Vershinin and Deputy Air Defense Commander N. D. Yakovlev.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The letter said:


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

In the near future, a potential enemy is expected to have long-range ballistic missiles as the main means of delivering nuclear charges to strategically important facilities in our country.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

But the air defense systems that we have in service and are being developed again cannot fight ballistic missiles... [4]


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Resumption of anti-missile research


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

In September 1953, the letter of marshals was discussed at the Scientific and Technical Council of the Third Main Directorate under the Council of Ministers of the USSR (STC Glavspetsmash).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Against the background of skeptical and sharply negative assessments of many well-known scientists (“This is as stupid as shooting a projectile at a projectile” - Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences A. L. Mints, “Incredible nonsense, stupid imagination is offered by marshals. These are simply unsolvable puzzles and that's all” — Chief Designer of S-25 A. A. Raspletin) [5], the topic of missile defense was actively supported by the young (34 years old) head of the radio engineering department No. 31 of KB-1, Colonel Grigory Vasilyevich Kisunko.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Based on his calculations, he expressed confidence that the creation of a radar capable of detecting and tracking ballistic missiles is possible in the near future.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The result was the decision to start prospecting in KB-1 (supervisors A. S. Yelyan, S. M. Vladimirsky [6]) and the Radio Engineering Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Director A. L. Mints).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

With the active support of the Minister of Defense Industry of the USSR Dmitry Ustinov, a number of resolutions of the country's top leadership followed, which led to a sharp increase in the scale of work.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

In December 1953, in KB-1, under the guidance of Doctor of Technical Sciences N. A. Livshits created a laboratory for the study of missile defense problems.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

At the beginning of 1955, the concept of the initial stage was developed, which was based on the idea of creating a training ground complex as an experimental base for obtaining a scientific reserve for building a combat anti - missile system.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

On July 7, 1955, an order was issued by the Minister of Defense Industry D. F. Ustinov on the creation of a target unit as part of KB-1 with the task of conducting research in the field of missile defense — SKB-30.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

System “A” project


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

In the first quarter of 1956. SKB-30 has developed a draft design of the missile defense system and an updated hardware list of its technological means.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Unlike Mozharovsky's concept, the homing of anti-missiles was not used, since the state of technology of those years did not allow the creation of a homing system capable of working with such small and speed targets.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

In addition, the radar characteristics of ballistic missile warheads have not been studied.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Interception control was entrusted to a ground-based computer complex connected by radio command lines to an anti-missile, target tracking radars and anti-missile radars.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The problem of the highest accuracy of radar tracking (the permissible error is several meters at ranges up to 100 kilometers) was solved by the simultaneous use of three spaced on the ground radars in combination with signal processing on a digital computer in real time (three-range method).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The system has a fixed interception height of 25 km.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The higher boundary required the development of a fundamentally new trans-atmospheric interception missile, which was the goal of the next stage, a lower limit was impossible, since the explosion of nuclear warheads The BR could occur at altitudes up to 10 km.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

For the same reason, a non-nuclear warhead (BC) was developed for the anti-missile, since 1956, experiments have been conducted at KB-11 (Arzamas-16) to fire the MS of the R-5 ballistic missile with a nuclear charge high-speed splinters.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

On August 17, 1956, the CPSU Central Committee issued a resolution on the creation of an experimental missile defense system and a test site for it in the area of Lake Balkhash.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

In the resolution, the missile defense system received the code name System “A”, the test site - Polygon “A”.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Grigory Kisunko was appointed Chief Designer.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Deployment of the complex at the Balkhash test site


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The creation of missile defense was considered by the leadership of the USSR as one of the most important strategic tasks, the implementation of which should ensure the long-term stability of the state [7] and work on the creation of the “A” system were characterized by high intensity.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

At the beginning of 1956, a special commission selected the area of the Karaganda and Dzhambul regions of the Kazakh SSR within the eastern and central parts of the desert to place the test site and the missile defense system Betpak-Dala (Hungry Steppe), west of Lake Balkhash.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The fall points of combat units of promising ballistic missiles launched from the Kapustin Yar and Plesetsk test sites were planned here.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Later, the landfill received the unofficial name Sary-Shagan, after the nearest settlement.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

In March 1956, military surveyors conducted a reconnaissance of the location of the test site facilities.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

On July 5, 1956, the leadership of the 32nd Department of Engineering Works (UIR-32) arrived at the Sary-Shagan station, headed by the head of construction, Colonel A. A. Gubenko and trains with construction battalions and equipment began to arrive.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

On July 30, 1956, a directive of the General Staff of the ORG/6/40258 was issued on the formation of the State Research Test Site No. 10 (GNIIP No. 10, military unit 03080) and its subordination to the 4th Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Defense.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

This day is considered the day of the creation of the landfill and the annual holiday of military unit 03080.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

On August 17, 1956, a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR determined the composition of cooperation between the developers of


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Lead developer — KB-1 (SKB-30), G. IN. Kisunko, Anti-missile — MKB “Fakel”, (P. D. Grushin).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Long-range radar — NIIDAR, V. AND. Markov said.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Computers — ITM and VT, (S. A. Lebedev).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Communication and data transmission — (S. A. Adzhemov), (F. P. Lipsman).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

For coordination, a special ordering department has been organized at the 4th Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense (M. G. Mymrin, M. AND. Nenashev).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

For the manufacture and installation of technical means, new production facilities and installation and adjustment organizations were created: GPTP Granit (V. N. Kazantsev), Special Directorate of the Ministry of Radio Industry (V. G. Dudko), Minmontazhspetsstroy (B. IN. Bakin) and others.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Work at the test site began with the creation of head facilities: Sary-Shagan station, 137 km junction (contractor's bases), site No. 2 (experimental radar RE-1), peninsula site No. 4v (future Priozyorsk).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The scale of the work developed soon surpassed Tyuratam, Kapustin Yar and Semipalatinsk.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

By the beginning of 1957, 75 construction battalions (about 40,000 people), 5,000 units, were working at the facilities.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

vehicles, and hundreds of units of construction equipment.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The construction of the sites began with dugouts and tents, then temporary SR-2 shield barracks and capital structures were erected.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The work was complicated by an acute shortage of quality water and a sharply continental climate with heat, dust storms in summer, severe frosts (up to -40°C) and winds in winter.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

By mid-1957, the total number of military builders and industry representatives at the training ground reached 150,000 people [8].


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

332 permanent buildings were under construction at 18 sites.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Large-scale construction of the city of Priozyorsk has begun.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Great crowding, lack of accommodation and lack of water caused an outbreak of dysentery, which peaked in 1957-1958, the incidence began to decline by 1960, after the creation of a network of pumping stations stations (artesian and in Balkhash) with filtration, chlorination by water pipelines and sewerage.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

At the same time, the production of equipment at the research institute of cooperation manufacturers was completed.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

All main equipment was initially delivered to the Moscow complex stand of the A system (ISS), specially created on the basis of SKB-30, KB-1 and ITM and VT.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The elements were docked through the standard data transmission system (SPD) and tuned by subsystems in simulation mode using the M-40 computer model in the ITM and VT building and the electronic model B-1000 anti-missiles.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

At the stand, an initial check and debugging of the operating mode and algorithms for the functioning of system “A” was carried out, errors and inconsistencies in the elements of the complex were identified and corrected, and private algorithms for the general combat program.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Comprehensive work on the ISS was carried out during 1957-1958.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

By mid-1958, the main construction and installation work within the framework of the “A” system was completed, about 30 technical sites with life support systems, communications and a road network were built.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

By the autumn of 1959, all seven functional elements of the system were connected to the SPD, the M-40 control computer was put into operation, and conditions were created for starting tests.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Test stages


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The first radar observations of ballistic missiles


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The lack of data on radar images of ballistic targets forced, at a faster pace, to deploy a special experimental radar RE-1 at the test site (after modernization in 1958. was called RE-2).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

On July 7, 1957, the R-2 missile was launched from a temporary launcher, and the ER for the first time “saw” a ballistic target.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The possibility of locating ballistic missiles was practically confirmed, the EPR of the missile's warheads and hulls was evaluated, and the statistical data necessary for the development of precision guidance radars were obtained (PTN).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

In addition to the postings of ballistic missiles, in 1958, for the first time, the RE-2 located the Soviet ISZ-3 in Earth orbit, and used target designation from.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Data on target posting were recorded and processed in KB-1 on the Strela computer.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

August 6, 1958 The Danube-2 long-range detection radar went on air for the first time and detected an R-5 ballistic missile in flight at a distance of 1000 km.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

On November 6, the first formation of target designation on RTN was carried out.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

A series of unsuccessful works of the initial stage


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Trial and adjustment wiring of ballistic missiles R-2, R-5 and R-12 by the “A” system began in August 1958.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

On May 12, 1960, the first launch of the B-1000 anti-missile took place along a trajectory set from the computer, due to flaws in the program (OBP), the missile received an unacceptable command and soon collapsed in flight from overload.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

At the end of June 1960, the first joint posting of the R-5 missile of the Danube-2 radar and RTN took place.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

By the autumn of 1960, tests on the functional subsystems of the complex were completed.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The first combat operation of the system, on November 5, 1960, was disrupted due to the accident of the R-5 target missile, which “collapsed” at half a given range without entering the coverage area of the “A” system, followed about twenty more failed jobs.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

On the night of November 24-25, 1960, the first successful comprehensive work was carried out with the interception of the R-5 missile.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Despite the fact that the target passed within the calculated radius of destruction of the B-1000, there was no interception, the combat unit of the anti-missile design A. IN. Voronova was not effective enough.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The following PR were equipped with a new BC designed by Kozorezov.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

This was followed by a number of unsuccessful works.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

December 8th.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Malfunction of the M-40 computer.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

December 10th.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Failure of the PMK-60 anti-missile program mechanism.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

December 17th.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Failure of the receiver unit in one of the RTN.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

December 22nd.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Error of the Danube-2 RDO operator.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

December 23rd.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Missile second stage engine failure.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Despite the fact that each failure was carefully analyzed and improvements were made, the main reason for the failures was the poor quality of components.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Seeking to get a positive result before the new year 1961.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

G. IN. Kisunko decides to conduct a continuous week-long run of the entire system in the “Combat Work” mode in order to identify unreliable elements.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The number of failures fell sharply, but the decisive launch, on December 31, was again unsuccessful due to an error by the operator of one of the RTN.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

January 13th.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Missile responder signal disappears at 38.4 seconds of flight.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

January 14, January 18, February 22 and March 2.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The failures are related to the unresolved problem of radar selection of the missile's warhead and body.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The system and its ground components worked flawlessly.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

OKB-30 is developing equipment for automatic target selection for RTN.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Kisunko's project faced a serious threat, and in 1960 his opponent, the future Minister of Radio Industry V. D. Kalmykov managed to transfer KB-1 and its SKB-30 to his State Committee, and supporters of alternative missile defense systems Raspletin and Chelomey became more active.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The first hit of a ballistic target


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

It happened on March 4, 1961.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The interception was carried out 60 km from the missile launch pad.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

According to the recording equipment, the miss was 31.8 m to the left and 2.2 m in height with an estimated radius of 75 meters.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The warhead of the R-12 missile with the weight equivalent of a nuclear charge collapsed and partially burned down in flight.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The dual target selection equipment has not yet been installed, and the missile body was being removed in the R-12.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

An interesting feature was that during the operation, the combat program stopped due to a computer malfunction. The failure occurred about the 4th minute of the cycle, before starting the build subroutine the trajectory of the anti-missile, one of the lamps exploded in the RAM control device of the M-40 computer.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The lamp was replaced by duty personnel and the computer was restarted.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

To be able to quickly restart, intermediate data necessary for the resumption of the combat program were periodically recorded on the magnetic drum, and special panels in which backup lamps were heated (to speed up commissioning).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

After the restart, the system entered the combat cycle again and completed it successfully within 145 seconds.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

For the first time in world practice, the possibility of intercepting and fairly effectively destroying warheads of ballistic missiles has been demonstrated.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Comprehensive experimental works


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

System “A” tests continued until 1964. Most of them are in the interests of the designed A-35 missile defense system and the creation of systems for overcoming the enemy's missile defense system.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

In total, about 100 anti-missiles were fired during the test period.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

After March 4, 1961, 16 launches were carried out at real targets, 11 of them were recognized as successful, 6 ended in the defeat of the target [10], and on March 26, an R-5 missile with a combat TNT charge of 500 kg was destroyed in flight. In April 1961, experimental combat work was carried out with the guidance of only one RTN-1 (OBP-16) with an improved system for determining angular coordinates.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Acceptable accuracy has been achieved provided that anti-missiles are equipped with a nuclear warhead.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Algorithms and programs for pointing the missile across the field of the long-range detection station, using a thermal homing head and a radio detonator to detonate the missile warhead were worked out.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

In 1961—1962, comprehensive tests of missile defense systems were carried out using the R-12 BR [11].


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Operation Mole equipping the missile warhead with an active generator of interference emitted in response to PTN probing pulses.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Operation Verba ejection of inflatable and dipole false targets.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Operation “Cactus” application of radar absorbing coatings to the warhead of the BR.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Based on the data accumulated during the tests, mathematical models of the system elements were developed that have high accuracy in simulating real processes.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Radar simulators, targets and anti-missiles, command transmission systems, on-board missile equipment, etc.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

were modeled using analog (widely used AVM “Electron”) and digital computers and were able to operate in real time.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Complex testing and modeling stands (KIMS) have been created at the Balkhash test site and in Moscow that can interact with each other through the government communication line.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Testing using mathematical models made it possible to abandon many complex and expensive complex field work, as well as to conduct a semi-full-scale experiment with the launch of a missile at a conventional target or by pointing a conventional missile at a real target.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Since August 1963, the means of the “A” system began to be involved in work on the control of outer space, the detection and determination of the coordinates of space objects, the assessment of elements orbits, prediction of motion parameters, studies of radar characteristics and possibilities for identification and selection of space targets.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

K-series nuclear explosion tests


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

System A participated in tests “K” during which two series of nuclear explosions were carried out in space.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Within the framework of System A, the purpose of the tests was to obtain reliable data on the damaging effect of high-altitude nuclear explosions (NV) and their impact on the radio engineering means of missile defense systems.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

To solve these problems, during each operation, two R-12 ballistic missiles were launched from the launch tables of the Kapustin-Yar test site along the same trajectory with a launch gap of 0.15-0.3 seconds.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The nuclear warhead of the first of them exploded, its explosion affected the MS of the second BR with destructive recorders.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The explosion took place in the area of the Sary-Shagan test site, approximately above site No. 2. The means of the “A” system were supposed to detect the MS of the second BR against the background of a cloud of a nuclear explosion and point the B-1000 anti-missile at it.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

October 1961: “Operation K-1” - an explosion at an altitude of 300 km and “Operation K-2” explosion at an altitude of 150 km.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The power of the SBCH was 1.2 kt.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

1962: Operation K-3 (October 22) - explosion at an altitude of 300 km, “Operation K-4” (October 28) explosion at an altitude of 150 km, “Operation K-5” (November 1) explosion at an altitude of 80 km with significantly higher charge powers.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

During operations “K”, a very valuable material was obtained, carefully processed and used in the development and modernization of missile defense and early warning systems.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Long-range detection stations of the meter wavelength range “Danube-2”, and especially “CSO-P”, were “blinded” by a nuclear explosion from ionized formations in the atmosphere for tens of minutes.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The impact on precision guidance radars operating in the centimeter range was insignificant.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The test results required an increase in the frequencies of the radar before combat missile defense systems.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

In addition, the operations involved transported radars of various frequency bands and purposes, various communication and electronic equipment concentrated along the flight route of the BR and near the epicenter detonation of the SBS.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Representatives of wildlife were also accommodated in the same area.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Ionospheric stations operated along the flight path, weather balloons and geophysical rockets were launched.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Complex decommissioning and current condition


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The tests of the “K” series were the last on the topic of missile defense, it was decided to write off System “A”, but in the interests of space exploration and improvement of rocket technology, it was used until 1966 of the year.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Satellite and BR, Soviet and American, were wired, then the equipment was dismantled, part of it was sent to scrap metal, some to other organizations, educational laboratories of military and civilian universities.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The principles tested as part of the “A” system formed the basis for the construction of radar means of the A-35 missile defense system, which began to be created in 1960.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The antennas of the target channels and anti-missiles of one of the RTN were transferred to the Physico-Technical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Also, on the basis of the target channel radar, the country's largest full-turn radio telescope RT-15 and an experimental radar, RE-3, were created, located at the Kamchatka Kura test site, which worked in conjunction with the MP-40 computer (semiconductor clone of the M-40 tube computer).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

In 1961, a scientific documentary film was shot about the “A” system, which was shown by N. S. Khrushchev on his birthday on April 17, 1962.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Since 1962, the work of the creators of the complex has been presented for the Lenin Prize as a pioneer in the field of missile defense and received it from the fifth call in 1966.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

In g. Priozersk erected a monument to the B-1000 missile on the standard SM-71P launcher.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Currently, the landfill is located on the territory of Kazakhstan, and Russia rents some sites.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The facilities of Sistema A have been mostly destroyed, the buildings at the most remote site No. 2 are the best preserved, and until recently there was still a RTN dome there.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

On February 19, 2009, a museum of the history of the creation of missile defense “Stars in the Desert” was opened in one of the Moscow schools (secondary school No. 1051).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Algorithm of operation and general combat program (UBP)


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The novelty of System A was “full digitalization”.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

For the first time in the USSR, a digital computer was used as a manager; previously, computers were used exclusively to speed up calculations.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

This made it possible to implement a complex algorithm of work with minimal human participation and required the development of appropriate software — the General Combat Program (UBP).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The OBP was launched on the M-40 mainframe computer and consisted of about a dozen subprograms united by a common combat algorithm (RTN target designation, calculation of the time and point of meeting of the anti-missile with the target, conclusion anti-missiles to the meeting point, etc.), which solved all the tasks of controlling the elements of the “A” system.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The algorithm for the operation of the anti-missile system looked like this:


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Before the interception began, the Danube-2 long-range detection radar was turned on and the M-40 computer (GKVP) launched a general combat program into standby mode.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

As soon as the Danube-2 radar, at a distance of 1000-1500 km, detected the target, the computer received its preliminary coordinates and, using the pre-emptive coordinates, calculated the installation angles of narrowly focused antennas of the three precision guidance radars (PTN).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

At a distance of about 700 km, RTN detected a target, operators using radar images isolated a warhead from a complex target (warhead, missile body and its fragments) and captured it on auto support.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

Three RTN deployed on the ground determined the distance to the target with high accuracy, and the computer calculated the trajectory of the warhead from these data (the so-called. “Three-range method” or triangulation).


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The computer prolonged the target trajectory, determined the point of impact and its entry into the defense zone of the launch position, calculated the trajectory of the missile's withdrawal, deployed the launcher in the right direction, after which it calculated the moment and issued a command to launch an anti-missile.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

After the launch, the missile was initially captured for auto-escort by the missile sighting station (RSRP), which was located at the launch position.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

According to her data, the angles of installation of antennas for anti-missile escort radars were calculated, which were located on sites near the RTN and controlled the missile according to the same principle of “three ranges” .


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

After the start of tracking the missile with radars on the RTN and the B-1000 was brought to the prolonged target trajectory, the accurate guidance mode was launched on collision courses, which lasted 12-14 seconds.


Question: Who was the founder of the missile defense system in the USSR?

“A” system

The computer calculated the moment and issued a command to detonate the combat unit.