Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Christian admitted the newborn, but the Queen's scandalous behavior, as well as the girl's resemblance to Struense, made the courtiers think that he was her biological father [2]; among themselves the courtiers called the princess nothing more than “little Struenze” [8].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

However, when the trial against the Queen was going on, Louise Augusta was not mentioned in any document [16]; Struense had previously given “satisfactory answers” about the circumstances of the birth of the princess [ 18].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Shortly after the birth of Louise Augusta, very bold accusations began to be made against the Queen and her lover: rumors spread at and outside the court that Carolina Matilda and Struense were going lock the king and proclaim the queen regent; these rumors were absurd in themselves, since the king was more of a protection than an obstacle for lovers.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

By the end of 1771, the lovers began to worry, and Carolina Matilda suspected that the king's stepmother, Juliana Maria, was plotting against her and Struense.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In October, Struense believed that it was necessary to abolish freedom of the press, which was one of his most striking reforms [16].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Then, driven almost to despair by suspicion, Johann Friedrich rushed at the Queen's feet, begging her to allow him to leave the country for their common good, but Carolina Matilda refused let him go.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

At the same time, he admitted to one of his associates that it was only thanks to the support of the Queen that he retained his post.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

On November 30, the court moved to Fredericksburg Palace, where security measures were increased by order of Struense.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Then, the order to disband the guard led to the fact that on Christmas Eve, the military marched to Fredericksburg, and it became clear to the court what the real mood of the people was.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

At the same time, there were rumors that the British diplomat offered Struenza a large sum of money if he left the country, but there is no documentary evidence of this [17].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The court returned to Copenhagen on January 8, 1772.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

By this point, Johann Friedrich and Carolina Mathilde were already on the verge of death.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In early January, a former Struense supporter, dissatisfied with his fate and the fact that Struense did not accept his political views, decided to overthrow the favorite.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

He provided the Dowager Queen Juliana Mary, who watched the proceedings from Fredensborg over the summer, where she lived in solitude with her son, fake evidence that lovers were going to overthrow the king, which prompted Julian Mary to organize a conspiracy [16].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The details of the case were agreed on January 15 at the Palace of the Dowager Queen, and the conspiracy was scheduled for the night of 16-17 January after the end of the masquerade ball in Christiansborg.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Although Rantzau began to doubt at the last moment, everything went according to plan: Struense, Brandt and their accomplices (both actual and alleged) were arrested at the appointed time [19].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

On the same night, the Queen was captured by Rantzau with cynical cruelty and, together with her little daughter, was hastily escorted by soldiers to Kronborg Castle Prison near Helsingor [16], where she was locked in chambers under security.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

As they later said at court, on the evening of January 17, Carolina Matilda saw Copenhagen from a window in the distance, where festive illumination was lit in honor of the fall of the Queen.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In Kronborg, only Kate visited the Queen, and loneliness was brightened up by a little daughter [18].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The Queen's imprisonment was necessary to overthrow Struense: although he gained power not because of his connection with Carolina Matilda, but because of his influence on the sick king, the Queen was powerful an ally of Johann Friedrich, so it had to be removed at the same time [16].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Divorce and exile


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Struense's interrogation began on February 20, but he confessed to “criminal familiarity” to the Queen no earlier than three days later.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In the future, Johann Friedrich tried to shift as much responsibility for adultery as possible to Carolina Matilda.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

At the same time, Struense's main political accomplice, Evenold Brandt, was interrogated, who said that Johann Friedrich had confessed to him of his crimes.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

After Struense's confession, a commission of four people was sent to the Queen.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

At their first visit, probably on Keith's advice, Carolina Matilda refused to say anything, replied that she “does not recognize anyone's court except for the court of the king” [18].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

On subsequent visits to the commission, the Queen denied any connection with Johann Friedrich in order to save him [8].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

On March 9, Carolina Matilda was presented with a confession signed by Struense; the Queen also signed a confession and took most of the blame, hoping to mitigate the fate of her lover [ 18].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

On 24 March, the Queen was indicted in a court of thirty-five members of the nobility; on 2 April, she was provided with a lawyer who stated that the Queen was innocent and that the confession gave under pressure [8] and exclusively to protect Struense [18].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The court's decision was delivered on April 6 [2] and brought to the attention of the Queen two days later: Carolina Matilda's marriage to Christian VII was declared invalid [5], although there was neither dynastic nor moral reasons [16]; in addition, the name of the former Queen was no longer mentioned during services.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Struense and Brandt were sentenced to death on April 28.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

As Carolina Matilda later recalled, being locked again in Kronborg, she intuitively knew about the death of her lover [18].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In the UK, the news of the arrest of Carolina Matilda was met with great excitement.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

After Carolina Matilda's divorce, Robert Murray Kate began negotiations for her release by order of George III [20], but did not succeed.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

At the same time, George III was provided with indisputable evidence of his sister's guilt, and it was also reported that Carolina Matilda could no longer stay at the Danish court.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

According to the decision of the party that came to power after the death of Struenze, the former Queen was to go into exile in Aalborg in North Jutland, but the British court was categorically against this and even threatened to break off diplomatic relations and military intervention [16].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

A British squadron moved to the shores of Copenhagen, but a few hours before its arrival, George III was informed that the Danish government guaranteed freedom to the Queen [21].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Keith also managed to secure the return of the dowry [16], the appointment of a pension to Carolina Matilda and the right to retain her royal title [21].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

By May 1772, the British and Danish governments managed to resolve the issue of Carolina Matilda's place of residence - at the suggestion of George III, the new residence of his “criminal sister” was to be the castle Celle in Hanover [16].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

On May 3, the former Queen, accompanied by Keith and a delegation of Danish nobles, departed Helsingor on two frigates and one sloop; Carolina Matilda's children, including Little Struensee, remained in Copenhagen and never saw their mother again.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In Stade, where Carolina Matilda arrived on June 5 and where a Danish escort left her, the former Queen was greeted with a lavish ceremony, and she organized a reception the next day.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

From Stade, Carolina Matilda went to Görde, where the Elector's hunting estate was located, where she stayed for several months before finally going to Celle.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

On October 20, 1772, Carolina Matilda made a solemn entrance to the city, where a proper court had already been organized for her; she rarely left the city and most often visited Hanover, wearing official character [21].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Caroline Mathilde's life in Celle was very quiet.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Here she finally reunited with her beloved maid of honor Louise von Plessen.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The former Queen was often visited by numerous relatives and friends, including her sister Augusta, who, according to many contemporaries, was assigned by George III to her younger sister to keep an eye on her.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Carolina Matilda's main entertainment in Celle was a small theater, which was built specifically for her on the castle grounds, as well as numerous books in German and English.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Kate, who visited Carolina Matilda in November 1772, later told Lord Suffolk that he found her in a happy mood and did not want to have any connection with the Danish court, except for those are directly related to the well-being of her children [21].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Although Carolina Matilda was no longer Queen, she still played an important role in Danish politics, as she was the mother of the heir to the Danish throne [16].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In September 1774, she was visited by a traveler and adventurer, during which he collected a large amount of information about the life of Carolina Matilda in Denmark, which later formed the basis of his memoirs.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

He returned in October as a secret agent of Danish nobles exiled to Hamburg and Copenhagen oppositionists who longed for changes that were supposed to restore Carolina Matilda to the throne [21].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The former queen was not controlled from Copenhagen, so she was willing to act, but only with the consent of her royal brother.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In addition, she feared for the lives of her children.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

George III was ready to support his sister and the plan of the conspirators, but on condition that before taking action, the latter gained sufficient strength in their homeland [22].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Roxell visited Carolina Matilda three more times and discussed the details of the plan with her; then he went to London, where he was going to discuss the plan with George III [21].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Together with him, Carolina Matilda sent a letter to her brother asking for more support from the UK [22] “for the happiness of her son” [8].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

While waiting for an audience with the king in London, Roxell learned of the death of Carolina Matilda [21].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Carolina Matilda suddenly died of scarlet fever on May 10 [4] [7] [8] or May 11 [21] 1775 [23] [5].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

While on her deathbed, she wrote a letter to her brother, in which she spoke of her innocence.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Carolina Matilda was buried in the crypt of the city's church of St. Mary in Celle next to her great-grandmother Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Zell, who, like Carolina Matilda, was divorced and exiled to Celle [24].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Order of Matilda


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

On January 29, 1771, in honor of the birthday of her husband, Carolina Matilda established an order in her name.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The Order had one class, and was intended to award members of the royal family and their closest associates.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The badge of the order was a monogram “M”, framed by a circle of precious stones and branches covered with green enamel.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The order's ribbon was pink with three silver stripes.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Men wore the order on a ribbon around their necks, ladies wore the order with a bow on their chest.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The Order's charter consisted of seven articles and was written in French.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The Order was awarded once, on the same day, at a dinner in honor of the king's birthday: it was received by twelve people, including Carolina Matilda herself, Struense, Christian, the Dowager Queen Juliana Maria, King Frederick's half-brother, as well as close friends of Struense.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

After the coup of 1772, in which Struense was executed and Carolina Matilda was divorced and expelled from the country, de facto power passed to the Dowager Queen's Party, and the Order was abolished [25].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In culture and art


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In art


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The love triangle of Christian VII, Carolina Mathilda and Struenza is dedicated to the painting “Scene at the Court of Christian VII” (1873) by Danish artist Christian Cartman.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The painting is currently part of the collection of the Den Hirschsprungske Samling Museum in Copenhagen, Denmark [26].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

There were at least three author's copies of this painting; Tsartman's sketches for the images of the Queen and the Royal Physician have also been preserved [27].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The picture shows the Queen and Struenze while away their time playing chess, while the king teases the parrot, which is a traditional symbol of voluptuousness and frivolity.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Carolina Matilda reflects on the move in the game, Struense gazes intently at the Queen; noticeably hidden psychological tension in the relationship between the characters, which should lead to a bloody interchange.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In a woman standing at a chessboard table and looking unhappily at the queen and her lover, we can assume the stepmother of the king Juliana Maria of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The Danish royal court, having learned about the work on the plot, warned the artist that he should be extremely careful in interpreting events, since the painting could hurt the feelings of the royal family and to discredit it in the eyes of her subjects.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The discontent of the court itself was aroused by the image of the king cheekily falling apart on the couch.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

All this caused serious concern to the artist.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

When he later learned that someone who did not want to reveal his name was considering buying the painting for a very substantial amount of money, he decided that this would be done only to hide a picture from the public.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

He thanked for his interest in the film, but said a firm “no” to the buyer [28].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Carolina Matilda is also dedicated to the music collection Sei Ariette Italiane composte e dedicate a S.A.R. Carolina Principessa Reale de Danimarca e Norvegiaa, the author of which is allegedly composer Giovanni Battista Piantanida [29], and Peter Maxwell Davis.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In popular culture


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Carolina Matilda is one of the key characters in several films: (1935; played by Madeline Carroll) [30], Ruler Without a Crown (1957; played by Odile Versoix) [31] and The Royal novel” (2012; played by Alicia Vikander) [32].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Carolina Matilda is also the main character of several novels: “The Queen's Favorite” (1935) [33], “The Queen's Doctor” by Edgar Maas (1948) [34], “Carolina Matilda” by G.V. Blackstone (1955) [35], “The Forgotten Queen” Nora Lofts (1969) [36], “” Per Catch Enqvist (1999) [37] and “Princess of Blood” (2000) [38].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Coat of arms


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The coat of arms of Carolina Mathilda consists of the coat of arms of her husband King Christian VII and the royal coat of arms of Great Britain (Hanover Dynasty).


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The coat of arms is covered with a scarlet velvet robe on ermine fur, topped with a Danish royal crown.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Above the shield is a gold helmet with a crest in the form of the Danish royal crown with a silver-scarlet hint.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

On the right is the Danish royal coat of arms.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The shield is four-part, divided by a silver cross on a scarlet background (Dannebrog); in the first part, in a golden field, there are three crowned azure leopard lions [walking lions on the alert], armed with scarlet and surrounded by scarlet hearts (Denmark); in the second part in a scarlet field there is a golden lion, crowned and armed with gold, holding a silver halberd with a golden shaft in its front paws (Norway); of the third part in two: at the top — in the azure field there are three golden crowns (Kalmar Union), below — in a golden field there are two azure leopards [walking lions on the alert], armed with scarlet one above the other (Schleswig) ; in the fourth part in two: above is an azure leopard [walking lion on the alert] in a golden field, armed with scarlet and sneaking through nine scarlet hearts (the Kingdom is ready), below in a scarlet field golden, gold-crowned dragon (Realm of the Vandals).


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The shield is burdened with a three-part shield, on top of which there is a dissected shield (on the left there are two scarlet belts [Oldenburg] in the golden field, on the right there is a golden cross [Delmenhorst] in the azure field); the first part in the scarlet field is a crossed shield (silver at the top, scarlet below) surrounded by parts of a nettle leaf (Holstein); in the second part, in the scarlet field, there is a silver swan topped like collar with a gold crown (Stormarn); in the third part in a scarlet field there is a silver rider in armor on a silver horse with a sword of the same metal raised in his right hand above his head, an azure shield in his left hand with a golden double cross, azure saddle and bridle, sword handle, stirrups, harness connections and other details are gold (Chase) [39].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

On the left is the British royal coat of arms of the Hanover dynasty.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Four-part shield.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In the first part, the combination side by side: on the right in a scarlet field there are three golden leopards armed with azure [walking lions on the alert], one above the other [England]; on the left in the golden field scarlet, armed azure rising lion surrounded by a double blooming and anti-blooming inner border [Scotland]; in the second part there are three golden lilies in an azure field [the royal coat of arms of France]; in the third part - in azure field gold harp with silver strings [Ireland]; in the fourth part the coat of arms of the Electors of Hanover (in the three-part shield there is a scarlet shield with a golden crown of Charlemagne [treasurer's distinctive sign Holy Roman Empire, the position held by the ancestors of King George II]: in the first part, two golden azure-armed leopards [walking lions on the alert], one above the other [Braunschweig]; in the second part — in a golden field sown with scarlet hearts, an azure lion armed with scarlet [Luneburg]; in the third part, a silver running horse in a scarlet field [Westphalia])) [40].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Genealogy


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

comments


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Notes


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Literature


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

References


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Category:Posthumous children


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Category:Hanover Dynasty


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Category:Oldenburgs


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Category:Deaths from scarlet fever


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

A biosensor is an analytical device that uses reactions of these compounds catalyzed by enzymes, immunochemical reactions, or reactions that take place in organelles, cells or tissues [1].


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

In biosensors, the biological component is combined with a physico-chemical converter.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Biosensors consist of three parts:


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

bioselective element (biological material such as tissues, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc.), material of biological origin or biomimics).


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

A sensitive element can be created using bioengineering.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

transducer (works on physico-chemical principles; optical, piezoelectric, electrochemical, etc.) that converts the signal that appears as a result of the interaction of the analyte with a bioselective element, into another signal that is easier to measure;


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

connected electronics, which is primarily responsible for displaying results in a user-friendly way.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

The best-known example of a commercial biosensor is a blood glucose biosensor that uses the glucose oxidase enzyme to break down blood glucose.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

During the cleavage process, the enzyme first oxidizes glucose and uses two electrons to reduce FAD (a component of the enzyme) to FAD·H2, which, in turn, is oxidized in several stages by an electrode.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

The resulting current is proportional to the glucose concentration.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

In this case, the electrode is a converter, and the enzyme is a bioselective element.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Recently, arrays of many different detector molecules have been used in so-called electronic noses, where response sets from detectors are used to determine substances.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Modern electronic noses, however, do not use biological material (that is, they are chemosensors).


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

A domestic canary, which was used by miners to warn of a gas leak, can be considered a biosensor.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Many of the modern biosensors work on the same principle, that is, they use organisms that react to significantly lower concentrations of toxic substances than humans do, warning so about the presence of poison.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

These devices can be used for environmental monitoring, determination of minor impurities of petroleum products and at wastewater treatment plants.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Classification of biosensors


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Depending on the type of transducer, biosensors are classified into optical, acoustic, calorimetric, thermal and electrochemical.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Electrochemical biosensors, in turn, are divided into potentiometric, amperometric and conductometric.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Optical biosensors


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

The principle of operation of most optical biosensors is based on the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

This effect can be achieved by irradiating the surface of glass plastic with a thin coating of metallic gold, or other noble metal, with a laser light beam of a certain wavelength, due to which, during its partial sorption, electron waves (surface plasmons) are created.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

As a rule, the effect of plasmon resonance occurs not only at a certain wavelength of laser radiation, but also at a specific value of the angle of incident light and depends on the physical characteristics the surface of the metal film to which the analyte was attached as a result of the reaction.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Sensors based on surface plasmon resonance are a chip that consists of a plastic cassette carrying a glass plate, one side of which is covered with a microscopically thin layer metallic gold and has the ability to interact with the optical part of the electronic sensor of the device.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

The opposite side of the glass sensor plate is connected to the liquid flow system of the device, into which the sample enters, while the sample substances dissolved in the liquid are directly contact the plate surface.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

The surface of the opposite side of the glass plate, as a rule, has a polymer coating.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Often, a layer of carboxymethyldextran or another chemically similar substance acts as such a polymer coating.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

A beam of light with a fixed wavelength, falling on the surface of the plate, is reflected from the gold-plated side of the glass chip at an angle of total internal reflection, and is detected electronically the hardware part of the device.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

At the same time, the beam of light induces a disappearing wave that penetrates through the glass plate into the solution near its surface.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

The refractive index of the flow side of a sensor chip directly affects the behavior of light reflected from the gold-plated side.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

The binding of substances to the surface of the flow side of the chip affects the refractive index, which can be recorded by optical equipment; thus biological interactions can be measured with a high level of sensitivity.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Other disappearing wave biosensors have been commercialized using waveguides in which the constant of light propagation through the waveguide changes as molecules are absorbed to the surface waveguide.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

For example, in double polarization interferometry, two waveguides are used, one of which is isolated and is a reference waveguide, and the second waveguide is in direct contact with the sample under study.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Comparing the speed constants of light propagation in both waveguides, a conclusion is made about the analyte concentration.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Optical biosensors are mainly based on a change in the absorption or fluorescence of the corresponding indicator component and do not need complete internal reflection.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

For example, a fully functioning prototype of a device for determining casein in milk has been developed.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

The device is based on detecting changes in the absorption of the gold layer.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

[4] A widely used research tool in molecular biology, the DNA microchip, can also be considered an optical biosensor.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Electrochemical biosensors


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Electrochemical biosensors are usually based on the enzymatic catalysis of a reaction in which electrons are released or absorbed (the enzymes used belong to the class of oxidoreductases).


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

The biosensor usually includes three electrodes: a reference electrode, a working electrode and an auxiliary electrode.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Biological material is applied to the surface of the working electrode, which specifically reacts with the analyte.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Charged reaction products create a potential on the working electrode, which is subtracted from the potential on the reference electrode to obtain an output signal.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

It is also used to measure the current strength (in this case, the intensity of the electron flux is proportional to the concentration of the analyte) at a constant potential or the potential can be measured at zero current (this gives a logarithmic response).


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

It should be noted that the potential of the electrodes is affected by the charge of their environment, which is often used.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Moreover, it is possible to directly electrically determine small peptides and proteins by their characteristic charge using biologically modified ion-selective field-effect transistors (ISPT).


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Other types of biosensors


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Piezoelectric sensors use crystals that are elastically deformed when exposed to an electrical potential.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

A variable potential at a certain frequency causes a standing wave in the crystal.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

This frequency is largely dependent on the elastic properties of the crystal, so if the crystal is coated with a biological recognition element, a large amount of analyte is attached to the receptor will lead to a change in the resonant frequency, which serves as a binding signal.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Thermal and magnetic biosensors are practically uncommon.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

See also


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Multiplex analysis


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Notes


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Literature


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Banika F.-G.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

. Chemical and biological sensors: fundamentals and applications.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Technosphere, Moscow, 2014; Price: 869.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

ISBN 978-5-94836-380-6


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Budnikov G.K.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Biosensors as a new type of analytical devices//Sorosov Educational Journal, 1996, No. 12, p.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Varfolomeev S.D.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Biosensors//Sorosov Educational Journal, 1997, No. 1, p.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Kompanets O.N.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

//Advances in Physical Sciences, 2004, vol. 174, no. 6, p.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Voronov V. K., Podoplelov A. IN. Physics at the Turn of Millennia: Condensed State, 2nd ed.


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

, M.: LKI, 2012, 336 p., ISBN 978-5-382-01365-7


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Category:Sensors


Question: What is a biosensor?

Biosensor

Category:Biotechnology


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Ernst Johann Biron (German: Ernst Johann von Biron; November 23, 1690, Kalnceem Manor (Duchy of Courland and Semigalia, now Kalnciems, Latvia) — December 28, 1772, Mitava Palace, Duchy of Courland) — favorite of the Russian Empress Anna Ioannovna, regent of the Russian Empire in October-November 1740, Count of the Holy Roman Empire (since 1730), Duke of Courland and Semigalia since 1737.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

In 1740-1761 he was in exile.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Biography


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

It comes from small-scale Ostsee nobles (see Fig. Birona).


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Bühren changed his family surname Biren or Buren German: Bühren to the French von Biron, in tune with the surname of the family of French dukes.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

From 1718 he served at the court of Duchess Anna in Courland, and in 1730 he came to Russia as chief chamberlain of her court.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

He had a huge influence on the Empress.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

In 1737, with the assistance of Anna Ioannovna, he was elected Duke of Courland, which he ruled from St. Petersburg.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

According to the will of Anna Ioannovna, Biron, after her death (October 17, 1740), became regent under the minor Emperor Ivan VI Antonovich, which caused discontent among the Russian nobility.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

As a result of the struggle for power, which resulted in a palace coup, Biron was arrested in 1740.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Ivan VI's mother, Anna Leopoldovna, became the ruler.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

On charges of “seizing the regency” and seeking to seize the throne, Biron was sentenced to death, replaced by exile to Pelym, and from 1742 to Yaroslavl.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Peter III returned Biron to St. Petersburg; Catherine II restored him to the ducal throne of Courland.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Childhood and adolescence


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

The second son of Karl von Biren (Buren) and Hedwig-Katharina, nee von der Raab, was born


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

1690 at the Kalnceem ancestral manor in Courland (near the current village of Kalnciems, Latvia).


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Information about his life before 1718 is fragmented and difficult to verify.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

It is reported that Ernst Johann was sent to study at the University of Königsberg, but his name has not yet been found on the student lists [1].


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

K. Manstein claims that young Biron tried to get the position of a cadet chamber with the wife of Alexei Petrovich, the heir to the Russian throne, but he was refused due to his low origin [2].


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Princess Natalia Dolgorukova writes in her memoirs that Biron was engaged in shoemaking and even sewed boots for her uncle [3], which is also not confirmed in other sources.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Career start


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

According to the memoirs of Biron himself [4], by 1740 he had been in the service of Anna Ioannovna for 22 years, which allows us to attribute to 1718 his appearance at the Courland court, where he was accepted under patronage Chancellor of Courland Hermann von Keyserling, or, according to other sources, Chief Hofmeister of the Duchess of Courland Peter Bestuzhev-Ryumin [5].


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Biron held the positions of secretary of the Duchess, managing her estate of Würtzau (Virzava) since 1720, in 1722 he was appointed cadet chamber, chief cadet chamber (by 1726), then chamberlain after 1727.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

On February 25, 1723, he married Duchess Anna's maid of honor, Benigne Gottlieb von Trotta-Treiden (1703—1782), who, according to the official version, gave birth to him three children.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Around 1722, while in Königsberg, he participated in a street fight with city guards, as a result of which one guard was killed.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

He spent several months in prison, from where he was released with the obligation to pay a fine of 700 Reichstalers, about which his letter has been preserved in the archive of P. ME.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Dashkova [6].


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

On behalf of Duchess Anna, as well as accompanying her on trips, he visited Russia several times, where he gained fame at the imperial court, including as a connoisseur of horses [5].


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Favorite of the Duchess of Courland


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

When Anna was elected to the Russian throne, she took Biron with her to Russia and, on the occasion of her coronation, appointed him [April 28, 1730] chief chamberlain (then it was a court position, not a rank), “with the rank of full general.”


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

At the court of Anna Ioannovna


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

In the same year, Biron received a diploma for the title of Count of the Holy Roman Empire.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

In 1737, with the assistance of Russia, he was elected by the Courland nobility to replace the last Duke of the von Kettler family, Ferdinand, and since that time became known as “God's grace Ernst-Johann Duke Kurlyandsky”.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

King Augustus III of Poland, who owes his throne to Russia, agreed to recognize this candidacy.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

It was beneficial for Russia to have a person at the head of Courland who would be completely dependent on it.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Peter the Great was also striving for this.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, Biron ruled his state from St. Petersburg.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

As Duke of Courland, he was always loyal to the interests of Russia and did not allow himself to be captivated by gifts either to the Prussian king or the Holy Roman Emperor.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

State activity.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Bironovshchina


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Persons who wrote about the reign of Anna Ioannovna in the second half of the 18th century depict Biron as an evil genius of Russia since his appearance here (Princess N. Dolgorukova, Minich, his adjutant Manstein, etc.).


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

According to these authors, Biron was a man extremely rude, uneducated, selfish and bloodthirsty.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

It was charged with accusations of domination by foreigners, atrocities and executions allegedly committed by order of a temporary foreigner, embezzlement and ruin of the Russian people.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

The state was indeed ruled by foreign ministers (Minich and Osterman), but they were nominated by Peter the Great, learned his traditions and acted in the interests of Russia; moreover, they were shared with Biron irreconcilable enmity.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Biron did not take the masses of Courland with him to St. Petersburg, and they did not constitute anything cohesive, similar to what the Holsteins later under Peter III did.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

The presidents of most boards, like most senators, were Russian.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

There were many foreigners in the army and among diplomats, but there were many of them there under Peter the Great.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Biron had a very low opinion of the Russians and did not hide it; but at the same time, an informed witness like Lady Rondo notes his desire not to annoy the Russians with disrespect for their rituals.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

This confirms the news of other foreigners that he was looking for popularity.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Finally, it was supported by many Russian statesmen, for example, Anisim Maslov, an advanced person in the peasant issue.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Biron supported Prince Shakhovsky in Ukraine against Minich and introduced Bestuzhev-Ryumin against Osterman into the Cabinet of Ministers.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

There were a lot of political persecutions during Anna's reign, but Biron was not interested in them.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

The Empress and persons to whom she owed unlimited power were personally interested in them (S. A. Saltykov, Feofan Prokopovich, Count G. AND. Golovkin, especially Osterman; among the informers were such people as Tatishchev and Minich).


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Having few rights to the throne, the Empress was very jealous of what the people said about her rights.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

True, in cases of insult to majesty, the name of Biron and his attitude to the Empress constantly appear, but in these cases the Empress herself is offended, not Biron.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

And later, under Empress Elizabeth, they whipped and cut the tongues of those who spoke about Biron's relationship with her predecessor.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

In the Volynsky case, Biron's complaint appeared, but it was a very insignificant fact among the mass of other charges.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Some persons under Anna were undoubtedly obliged to get rid of disgrace to Biron (for example, Kurakin).


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Stories about Biron's terrible greed are based mainly on the unfounded statement of historian Boltin that Biron took arrears of many millions of rubles, and the state completely ruined.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Similarly, Tatishchev's accusation that Biron, with the help of his client Schemberg, exploited the best Russian mining plants and other industries in his favor has not been proven.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

But there is clear evidence that he repeatedly rejected large cash gifts, very common at the time.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Of the Tsar's gifts, the largest was 500,000 rubles granted to him on the occasion of the conclusion of peace with Turkey, of which, however, he received only 100,000 rubles.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Biron's activity under Anna Ioannovna and the degree of his influence are very little amenable to accurate determination.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

In any case, the idea of his regency was put forward not by the Germans, but by Russian nobles (Cabinet Minister Prince A. M. Cherkassky, Prosecutor General Prince N. YU. Trubetskoy, Prince Kurakin, Count Golovin, Count M. Golovkin and especially Bestuzhev-Ryumin).


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Regent of the Russian Empire


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Having become regent after the death of Empress Anna by virtue of her will (in October 1740), Biron sought popularity among Russian society and began to do business conscientiously.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

The French envoy Chetardi, who did not like him, writes: “He is constantly busy doing what can make him pleasing to the people; the latter suffered a lot from the difficulties and slowness that distinguished his conduct business here; in order to shorten the paperwork, Biron went to the Senate for the third day, stayed there for at least four hours, and will now appear there every Thursday.”


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Indeed, the first measures of the regent differed, as noted by S. M. Solovyov, humanity.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Fall and arrest


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

However, from the very beginning of his reign, misunderstandings began between him and the parents of Emperor John Antonovich.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

A conspiracy was opened to eliminate the regent and replace him with the Prince of Braunschweig or his wife.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

There was no doubt that the prince had connections with the conspirators.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Biron appealed to the meeting of the Cabinet, the Senate and the Generals, which unanimously sided with him.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

The father of the emperor had to publicly listen to an extremely harsh remark from the head of the Secret Chancellery A. AND. Ushakova.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Meanwhile, the mother of the emperor, Anna Leopoldovna, offered his services the old Field Marshal Count Christopher Minich, who arrested the Duke of Courland together with his wife on the night of the year.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Minich entered the chambers and went to the bed in the middle — Birona's spouses were lying on the bed.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

They slept so soundly that they did not hear the Field Marshal's footsteps.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

He came up to them and shouted “Wake up!” Biron woke up and said angrily, “What? What do you want? How dare you?” But when he saw the soldiers entering the room, he understood everything, screamed in fear, and climbed under the bed.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

He was pulled out, a handkerchief was put in his mouth, put in a sleigh standing at the doorstep of the palace and taken to the guardhouse.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Biron was brought to trial, and he was accused, as Shetardi aptly put it, even for accepting awards and gifts from the Empress.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

The main charges against Biron were as follows: “seizure” of the regency, “negligence” about the health of the late sovereign, the desire to remove the royal surname from Russia in order to seize the throne and oppression of Russians.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

The manifesto “on the wines of the former Duke of Courland” was published.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

He was sentenced to death by quartering, but was pardoned by a manifesto, and his execution was replaced by eternal exile to Pelym, three thousand miles from St. Petersburg.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

He fell into a dark mood and began to prepare for death.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

When Elizabeth ascended the throne, to whom he had provided some services in the past, she remembered the exile and transferred him to live in Yaroslavl, but did not dare to grant him complete freedom.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

The fallen temporary worker wrote a note for the sovereign, in which he justified the charges against him, including the seizure of the regency.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Subsequently, Catherine II found this note trustworthy.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Returning from exile.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Recent years


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Peter III summoned Biron to St. Petersburg, returned him orders and insignia, but did not return the Duchy of Courland, which he intended to his uncle, Duke George of Holstein.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Catherine II restored the former temporary worker on the ducal throne of Courland, and Biron undertook to pass Russian troops through Courland, not to enter into any relations with the enemies of Russia, and to provide tolerance for the Orthodox and allow the construction of an Orthodox church.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

These conditions caused the greatest displeasure of the Courland nobility.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

He renounced power in favor of his son Peter.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Biron soon died, 82 years old, in Mitava, where he was buried in the ducal crypt.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

His coffin was later opened, and the body turned out to be surprisingly preserved.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Even St. Andrew's mantle, in which he bequeathed to bury himself, has been fully preserved.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Characterization


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

The word “Bironovshchina” is not folk; folk songs or legends about the time of Biron have not been preserved.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

In the cases where Biron's relations with the sovereign appeared, were involved almost exclusively Guards soldiers, nobles and officials, dissatisfied with the severity of Empress Anna towards them.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Alexander Pushkin made the following remark in this regard: “He (Biron) had the misfortune of being a German; he was blamed for all the horror of Anna's reign, which was in the spirit of his time and in the customs of the people.”


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

In the memories of contemporaries


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Count Minich:


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

He had two passions: one, very noble, for horses and horseback riding... The Duke convinced Her Majesty to make high costs for the construction of horse farms in Russia, where there was a shortage of horses.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Breeding stallions for factories were delivered from Spain, England, Naples, Germany, Persia, Turkey and Arabia.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

It would be desirable for these magnificent plants to be maintained after it.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

His second passion was playing.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

He could not spend a single day without cards and played the big game at all, finding benefits in it, which often put those he chose as his partners in a very difficult position.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

He was quite beautiful in appearance, insinuating and very devoted to the Empress, whom he never left without leaving his wife around her instead.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Spanish Ambassador Duke of Lyria:


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

He was very polite in conversion; had a good upbringing; loved the glory of his sovereign and wanted to be pleasant to everyone; but he had little intelligence, and therefore allowed others to control himself to the point that he could not to distinguish between bad advice and good advice.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Despite all this, he was kind in treatment; his appearance was pleasant; he was ambitious, with more vanity.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Family and descendants


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Among historians of the 19th century (for example, P. IN. Dolgorukov), there was an opinion that in fact Benigna Gottlieb was childless, and the wedding was arranged in such a way as to avoid rumors about Duchess Anna, who was a widow after the death of the Duke of Courland's husband almost immediately after the wedding.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

The children of the Biron family were born to Duchess Anna, and Benigna, closer to the appearance of the child, wore pillows under her dress, pretending to be pregnant.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

At the same time, modern researchers (for example, I. Kurukin), based on Biron's correspondence with his wife and a thorough study of the facts, claim that at least two older children were born to Benigna Biron.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

For example, the eldest son Peter was born on February 15, 1724 in Mitava, while Biron and Duchess Anna were in Moscow for the coronation of Ekaterina Alekseevna.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Also, no direct evidence has been found that the mother of Karl Ernst's youngest son was Anna.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Pyotr Biron is a son


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Hedwig Elizaveta Biron, married Ekaterina Ivanovna Cherkasova — daughter


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Carl Ernst Biron is a son


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Katharina-Friederika-Wilhelmina Biron — granddaughter


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Dorothea Biron is a granddaughter


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Descendants of the Biron family still exist today.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

In 1990, 12 of his descendants from around the world gathered at the Rundale Palace to celebrate Biron's 300th anniversary.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

In cinema


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

David Guramishvili, 1945, GSSR, Tbilisi Film Studio, director Nikoloz Sanishvili.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Yakov Malyutin plays the role of Biron.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

“The Ballad of Bering and His Friends”, 1970, USSR, director Yuri Shvyrev.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Gennady Sergeev plays the role of Biron.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Demidovs, 1983, USSR, director Yaropolk Lapshin.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Mikhail Kozakov plays the role of Biron.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Secrets of Palace Coups (2000—2013, Russia; directed by Svetlana Druzhinina), Alexander Lazarev (Jr.) as Biron.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

The Romanovs (Documentary Series), 2013, Russia, directed by Maxim Bespaly, an 8-episode documentary and feature television film dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Notes


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Literature


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Anisimov Ye.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

IN. Anna Ioannovna.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— M.: Young Guard, 2004.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— 2nd ed.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— 362 p. — (ZhZL).


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— ISBN 5-235-02649-7.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Kurukin I. Biron.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— M.: Young Guard, 2014.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— 2nd ed.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— 428 p.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— (ZHZL).


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— ISBN 978-5-235-03679-6.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Pavlenko N. AND. Passions at the throne.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— Moscow: Rodina, 1996.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— 320 p.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Soloviev V. S. Grenadier company captain.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

References


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Buhler F. //Russkaya starina 1873.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— VOL. 7.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— No. 1.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— P. 52—66.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

//Russian Archive 1867.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— Vol.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— Stb.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Pikul V. Word and Deed.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

//Russkaya starina, 1871.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— VOL. 3.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— No. 5.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

— PP. 537-561.


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Category:Rulers of Latvia


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Category:Romanovs Favorites and Lovers


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Category:18th century history


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Category:University of Königsberg alumni


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Johann Ernst


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Category:Exiled to Yaroslavl


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Category:Regents of Russia


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Category:Ober Chamberlain (Russia)


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Category:Sentenced to death


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Category:Exiled to Siberia


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Category: Burials in Jelgava


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Category:Deprived of the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky


Question: Who is Biron?

Ernst Johann Biron

Category:Deprived of the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-Called


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Dental floss (floss) is a special thread for cleaning the interdental spaces from plaque [1].


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Using a toothbrush makes it possible to clean only three of the five surfaces of a person's tooth.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

The remaining two surfaces between the teeth need special care, as plaque and food pieces from the interdental spaces cannot be removed with a brush.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Therefore, tooth decay often begins here.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

The use of the thread for the treatment or prevention of gingivitis is impractical [2].


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Today, dental floss is the main means for cleaning the interdental spaces (approximate surfaces) of teeth.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

It is desirable to use it after each meal.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Or at least during your evening teeth brushing.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Contraindications to the use of floss


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Before use, make sure that there are no contraindications.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

These include:


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Periodontal disease and bleeding gums.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Frequent use of floss leads to the appearance of wounds on the gums, the development of inflammation in the oral cavity.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Tooth decay.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

The danger of flossing is explained by the probability of chipping off pieces from the teeth.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Crowns or bridges.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Orthodontic microprostheses involve the use of a dental accessory superfloss, which combines the functions of various types of this product.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Materials and types


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Dental floss is made from natural silk or artificial fibers (acetate, nylon, nylon).


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Dental floss can be of the following types:


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

waxed — impregnated with wax, which makes it easier to penetrate narrow gaps


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

unwaxed — cleans better


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

By cross section, dental floss can be:


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

round — for wide spaces


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

flat — for narrow gaps


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

volumetric - increases in diameter (swells) when it comes into contact with moisture (saliva)


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

tape-shaped — for wide gaps (diastemas and three)


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Dental floss also differs in the composition of the thread


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Impregnated.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

These are threads that are impregnated with special compounds.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

These can be simple fragrances designed to freshen breath, antiseptics that kill bacteria or fluorine-containing ingredients that strengthen dental tissues and prevent caries development.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Menthol thread leaves a pleasant taste and a feeling of freshness in the mouth.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

The fluoride thread strengthens the enamel and prevents tooth decay.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Impregnation with red pepper extract (capsaicin) is designed to improve blood circulation in the gums.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

It is possible to cut the gum with a thread, leaving a hard-to-heal wound, so you need to be especially careful with pepper impregnation.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Unimpregnated.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

No additional chemical compounds are used in the fiber.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Most often, dental floss is produced in small rolls with a built-in cutter in the form of a protruding tongue (like a needle on an all-metal button, but at an acute angle and with a rounded end).


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Methodology of application


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

A thread 20-30 cm long is wound on the middle fingers and pulled with the thumb of the right and index left.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

In a taut state, the thread is inserted into the interdental space, gently lowered until contact with the gum (without damaging the gum), pressed against the contact surface of the tooth and in this position, 6-7 movements are made in anteroposterior direction to the cutting edge.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

The thread is promoted moderately so as not to injure the gum.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

This is how all the teeth pass through.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

In case of gum disease, the doctor may recommend cleaning the interdental spaces with a special brush.


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

See also


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Personal oral hygiene


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Teeth cleaning technique


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Notes


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Literature


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

/Cochrane Oral Health Group, 2011 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008829.pub2


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

References


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

/American Dental Institute, 2017 (in English)


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

/Rules for the selection and technique of using dental floss


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Category:Oral Hygiene


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Category:Personal care items


Question: Who came up with dental floss?

Dental floss

Category:Teeth


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

“Roadside Picnic” is a fantastic story by the Strugatsky brothers, first published in 1972.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The story is the leader among other works of authors in terms of the number of translations into foreign languages and publications outside the former USSR.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

As of 2003, Boris Strugatsky counted 55 editions of Picnic in 22 countries [1].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The story is published in English in translation.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The preface to the first American edition (MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1977) was written by Theodore Sturgeon.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The afterword to the German edition of 1977 was written by Stanislav Lem, who highly appreciated this work [2].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Based on the story, director Andrei Tarkovsky shot the film Stalker in 1979, and the Strugatsky brothers wrote the script.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The term “stalker” has steadily entered the Russian language and, according to the authors, has become the most popular neologisms they created.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

In the context of the book, a stalker is a person who, violating prohibitions, enters the Zone and removes various artifacts from it, which he usually sells later and thereby makes a living.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

In Russian, after Tarkovsky's film, this term acquired the meaning of a guide who navigates various forbidden and little-known places and territories, and later stalkers were also called stalkers industrial tourism enthusiasts, especially those visiting abandoned sites and ghost towns.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Creating and publishing


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The work was written by the Strugatsky brothers in 1971 (the first sketches were made from January 18 to January 27 in Leningrad, the final version was completed from October 28 to November 3 in Komarovo) [3].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

It was first published with a continuation in 1972 in the Leningrad magazine Aurora [4].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

For the first time, an excerpt (a fragment of the prologue and the beginning of the first part) was published as part of the 25th volume of the Library of Modern Fiction (1973) [


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The story was also published in the newspaper Youth of Estonia (Tallinn) from December 1977 to February 1978.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Roadside Picnic could not be published as a book publication in the Soviet Union (the first English-language edition was published in the United States in 1977 [7]) for eight years — the first contract to publish it as part of the collection was concluded by the authors with the Molodaya Gvardiya publishing house in 1972, the finished manuscript was approved and first edited in 1973, but due to subsequent numerous delays and outright sabotage of the new editorial staff [3], the collection called “Unassigned Meetings” was published only in 1980 [8] in a changed composition and with numerous corrections to the text of “Picnic”, often unreasonable (for example, the name of the city “Harmont” was changed to “Marmont”, the name of the stalker group “Warr” to “Fan”, etc.), and in other cases reflecting aesthetic and ideological attitudes editors (“rough” remarks of the characters have been removed, “materialistic” explanations have been added for some phenomena generated by the Zone, etc.) [9].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

A significant part of the documentary materials related to the history of this publication (including the authors' correspondence with the editors discussing the claims and the proposed amendment) was published as part of the project” Unknown Strugatsky” [9].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Then the story was published in 1984 in the collection “A Billion Years Before the End of the World” (: “Soviet Writer”, the collection was also reprinted in 1985) [10] according to the text of a magazine publication and in 1988 in “Tales” collection (: “Lenizdat”) [11].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

In 1989, the Yuridicheskaya Literatura publishing house published two publications under different covers [12] [13] an author's collection with “Roadside Picnic”, the text of which was significantly different from all before and subsequently published versions — this was due to the fact that Arkady Strugatsky (probably by mistake) submitted one of the draft versions to the publishing house [9].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Subsequently, the work was regularly reprinted.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The fully restored and closest to the author's idea was published in the complete collection of works published by the Moscow publishing house Text in 1991 — the so-called “white” edition — volume 7, in book series Worlds of the Strugatsky Brothers (1997), and is also included (with some corrections) in the so-called “black” collection of works by the Strugatsky, published in 2000-2003.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

This text has been used in all subsequent editions of recent years.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The plot


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The story takes place on Earth presumably in the 1970s in the town of Harmont, in a fictional English-speaking country [14].


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Approximately 13 years [15] before the events described in the book begin, six “zones” appear in several places on the globe — areas in which strange phenomena begin to occur that violate known laws of physics.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The zones are located along a smooth line on the Earth's surface, a projection of the so-called Pilman radiant, a point lying on a straight line connecting Earth and Deneb.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

It quickly became clear that people and animals could not live in the Zones, and the entire population was urgently evacuated from them.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The territories of the Zones were fenced, taken under strict protection and officially became the subject of careful scientific study.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

It is also very quickly discovered that there are many artifacts of unknown purpose in the Zones.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Some of them are very useful — for example, they can treat diseases, some are just strange toys, and some are extremely dangerous.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

It is assumed that the Zones were created by representatives of extraterrestrial civilization, and many hypotheses are being built that explain in different ways what they are and how aliens need to contact inhabitants of the Earth.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

One of the characters in the book, Nobel Prize winner Dr. Valentin Pilman, figuratively assumes that all artifacts — “dummies”, “such”, “bracelets” — are just space debris left by aliens on planet Earth during an accidental visit, akin to empty cans and bottles forgotten after a human picnic on the side of the road.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

One of the main topics is the moral choice of those in whose hands the artifacts of the Zone fall, how they will be used by humanity, which, strictly speaking, does not understand the purpose of these dangerous things, it is not known why they were abandoned by aliens.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

One of the Zones is located within the city of Harmont.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The main character of the book Radrick Shewhart, a resident of Harmont, becomes a stalker, that is, he makes a living by removing artifacts from the Zone that have unusual properties and are sold for a lot of money.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The plot of the work is built as a description of episodes of Shewhart's life from 23 years to 31 years.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

For most of his life, he was an illegal stalker, a criminal, was in prison, and in his youth was an official employee of the Institute of Extraterrestrial Cultures.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Stalkers, as a rule, give birth to children with numerous physical and biological deviations from the norm, and medicine cannot find the reasons for this (in particular, radiation and chemical impurities in atmosphere there is no Zone).


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Shewhart's only daughter, Maria (Monkey), suffered the same fate.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Radrick loves his wife and daughter, but periodically loses contact with his family due to prison terms.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

However, he cannot refuse to go to the Zone, which destroyed his life, partly because of his desire to receive a lot of money and not count it, but mainly because of the magnetic attraction of the Zone, understandable only to a real stalker.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

In the Zone, he feels in his place and can no longer be without it.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

At the end of the book, Shewhart plans and carries out his final mission in the Zone: he decides to find the Golden Ball, an artifact that, according to legend, can fulfill the deepest desire of his will find out.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Shewhart goes to Shar, completely disappointed in his life and in people as a last hope.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The challenge of the mission lies not only in the fact that the road to the Ball is deadly, but also in the fact that the last trap on the way to it requires sacrifice — one human life.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

And Shewhart makes this sacrifice in the form of his companion, a young man who asked to be his disciple - Arthur Barbridge.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Arthur's father is the oldest stalker nicknamed Vulture, known for the fact that those who went with him to the Zone often did not return.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Barbridge has two normal healthy children, an exception among stalkers.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Barbridge secretly told Shewhart that he begged his children from the Golden Ball.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

He can no longer reach the place where the artifact is located, losing both legs in the Zone — then Radrick pulled him out on himself.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The vulture revealed to Shewhart the whereabouts of Shar and the traps set on the way to him, one of which requires a “sacrifice” (“meat grinder”), not only out of gratitude - he hopes that Shewhart will be able to get his legs back.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Barbridge doesn't know Radrick took Arthur with him.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The finale of the book remains open — Arthur dies in a “meat grinder”, Radrick crawls up to the Ball, trying in vain to formulate his deepest desire.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

He remembers his whole crippled life, tries to remember something bright, but he does not succeed.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

As a result, he can think of nothing but what Arthur exclaimed a few seconds before his death: “HAPPINESS FOR EVERYONE, FOR FREE, AND LET NO ONE LEAVE OFFENDED!”


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Zone


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The “Zone” is a section of terrain on Earth, the result of the so-called Visit.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

There are six Zones on Earth.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Zones are uninhabited, people and animals cannot live in them.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Many of those who did not have time to evacuate from the Zones in time suffered — went blind, suffered diseases unknown to mankind.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

There is a legend that people who survived mutations remained in one of the areas of the Zone.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The Zone, which originated near the city of Harmont, includes urban ruins, a factory building, a quarry, desert plains and mountains.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Its area is estimated to be hundreds of square kilometers.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The zone contains a large number of anomalies, including various “traps” that pose a danger to humans.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The location of anomalies in the zone is constantly changing, despite the fact that the area seems “static” in the presence of people.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The Zone has its own well-defined boundary, that is, no anomalies (for example, “burning fluff” carried by the wind), which at first glance move randomly through the Zone, never cross its boundaries .


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The zone is also surrounded by a “perimeter”, which is guarded by the military.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Officially, it could be accessed through the “predzone” of the Institute of Extraterrestrial Cultures located next to it.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

There is no increased electromagnetic or radiation background in the Zone.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Stalkers who visit the Zone at their own peril and risk navigate it due to their extremely developed reflexes, intuition and, perhaps, some kind of hypersensitivity (Radrick Shewhart describes himself sudden attacks, when he began to distinguish smells as well as a dog).


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

A typical way to forge a new route in the Zone is to throw nuts in front of you that can detect dangerous fluctuations such as “mosquito bald spots” (areas of increased gravity).


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Heroes of the work


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Alois McNough is an authorized agent of the Bureau of Immigration.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

He encouraged the Harmonts to leave the Zone.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

At the same time, the Bureau provided lifting funds, employment, and the opportunity to study for young people.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Subsequently, with the establishment of a link between the increase in the number of emigrants from the Zones in certain regions with an increase in the number of natural and man-made adverse incidents and disasters in them, emigration was is prohibited.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Arthur Barbridge (Archibald in some versions of the book) is the son of Vulture Barbridge.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

It was “asked” by dad from the Golden Ball.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

A young idealist.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Radrick Shewhart had a very low opinion of him — another romantic fool who “got carried away by the Zone” without knowing what it was.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

But after Arthur's death at the Golden Ball, Shewhart had to repeat his phrase... What this led to, and whether “happiness for everyone” is possible at all, the authors are silent — the book ends there.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Benny is an employee in Richard G. Noonana.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The exact occupation is not mentioned — something between a doorman, a waiter and a bouncer.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

He can't hear well.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Noonan himself considers him an old man and is considering whether to retire him.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Mr. Lemchen is Richard Noonan's supervisor as an agent.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Noonan himself is named for his general rank.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Supervises a secret service that controls the flow of artifacts from the Zone.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

He knows every stalker by name and nickname.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Guta Shewhart is Red Shewhart's wife and the object of his constant care.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

She can hardly withstand the troubles that have fallen on her.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Gutalin is a huge black man, a friend of Red, coordinator of the Militant Angels Society.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

“Stalker on the contrary” — buys artifacts and returns them to the Zone.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

James Catterfield, the Butcher is a surgeon, was a luminary of his state.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The world's first doctor specializing in non-human diseases.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

I was able to achieve this when I studied previously unknown diseases, deformities and damage to the human body on crippled stalkers.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

He took the fee not only with money, but also with “habar” (artifacts), which he used in his medicine.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Dina Barbridge is the daughter of Vulture Barbridge.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

A beautiful and very cynical young woman, unlike her romantic and open brother, “leads an absent-minded lifestyle”.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Dr. Valentin Pilman is a researcher of the phenomena of the Zone, a Nobel Prize winner in physics, allegedly the discoverer of the Pilman radiant, although he denies it.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Dr. Kirill Panov is a Soviet researcher who proved that a “dummy” is a magnetic trap.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

He was friends with Shewhart during his time at MIVK.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

He died tragically from a broken heart after one of his trips to the Zone (presumably as a result of contact with the “silver web”).


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Radrick blamed himself for his death and probably quit his job at the Institute after that.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Dr. Sam Douglas is a member of MICS.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Died under unspecified circumstances 12 years after the Visit.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Kirill “blamed” him with information about the discovery of a “complete dummy” in order to remove Radrick's suspicions that he was a stalker.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Captain Willy Herzog is the Institute's Chief of Security.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Captain Quarterblood is one of the police officers guarding the Zone from stalker visits.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

He constantly tries to convince Shewhart to quit stalking.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Both times Red goes to jail, Quarterblood catches him.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Bony Phil is an artifact buyer.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Creon Maltese is a stalker.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

At the beginning of the book, he tried to become a student of Shewhart, but was refused.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Later he became the most experienced stalker of the survivors, contacted Vulture Barbridge and, under the guise of “officer picnics”, trained novice stalkers.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

He took care of Dina Barbridge without much success.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Madame is one of the employees of a brothel (apparently “mother”) owned by Noonan.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Maria Shewhart is the daughter of Radrick Shewhart.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

The monkey is her nickname: the children of the stalkers were not full-fledged people, and Shewhart's daughter looked like a monkey.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

In early childhood, she behaved like a normal girl, differing from other children only in appearance.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

By the end of the book, she loses the ability to speak and communicate with people in any way.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

She obviously loves the company of the risen from the dead Father Shewhart, one of the creatures of the Zone (see below).


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Mosol Katyusha (real name Rafael) is the manager in the glove compartment of Richard G. Noonana.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

His duties also included buying swag from “tamed” young stalkers, as well as observing the actions of veteran stalkers.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

He was nicknamed Mosl for his monstrous fists, and Katyusha he called himself in full confidence that this was the name of the great Mongolian kings.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Austin is Dr. Panov's lab assistant.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Dad Shewhart is Radrick's father, a local factory worker who died before the Visit and later returned home as a “dummy” (a living dead man from the Zone, see below).


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

Richard Herbert Noonan works undercover, the official legend is a representative of electronic equipment suppliers at the Harmont branch of MIVK.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

In fact, an employee of a company or, perhaps, a special service that secretly controls the activities of stalkers.


Question: What is the name of the main character of Roadside Picnic?

Roadside picnic

I became friends with Radrick to get information.