Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

Byzantine chronicler Theophanes in his Chronography describes the division of the Cross as follows:


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

The most benevolent Elena, with fear and great joy, erected a life-giving tree, took part of it with nails to her son, while the other, putting it in a silver ark, handed it to Bishop Macarius, in memory of the future generations.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

At the same time, she ordered the erection of churches on the Holy Sepulcher, the frontal place, and in the name of her son where the life-giving tree was found; also in Bethlehem and on the Mount of Olives, and then returned to the glorious Konstantin.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

He greeted her with great joy, put part of the life-giving tree in a golden ark and gave it to the bishop for preservation, forged some nails into his helmet, and inserted others into the bridle of his horse [31].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

The remaining part of the Cross in Jerusalem stayed there for a long time and was exhibited for worship by the people [62].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

This is evidenced by the message of Cyril of Jerusalem, as well as the story of the noble pilgrim of the IV century Sylvia (or Etheria).


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

It tells about the rite of worship of the tree of the Holy Cross on Good Friday, as well as measures that were taken against the theft of particles of the tree by pilgrims.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

At Calvary, a pulpit is delivered to the bishop behind the Cross before six o'clock in the morning.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

The bishop sits on this pulpit, a table covered with a handkerchief is placed in front of him, deacons stand around the table and a silver gilded ark is brought, in which the holy tree of the Cross is located; is removed; both the tree of the Cross and the plank (titulus) are placed on the table.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

So, when it is laid on the table, the bishop, sitting, holds the ends of the holy tree with his own hands; the deacons who stand around guard.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

It is so protected because there is a custom according to which all the people, coming alone, both faithful and announced, lean to the table, snatch the holy tree and pass.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

And since, they say, I don't know when, someone gnawed off and stole a particle of the holy tree, that's why now the deacons standing around are guarding so that no one of the suitable ones dares to do the same.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

And so all the people come one by one, all admiring and touching first with their brows, then with the eyes of the Cross and the plank, and kissing the Cross, pass; but no one reaches out to touch [63].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

However, these precautions did not prevent the separation of the Cross wood.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

Church tradition believes that the practice of separating particles from it began under Empress Helena — on the way to Constantinople, she left its particles in the monasteries she founded.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

Thus, according to legend, in 327, when the Stavrovouni Monastery (Mount of the Cross) was founded in Cyprus, she, at the behest of an angel who appeared to her in a dream, left a particle of the Life-Giving Cross in it [64].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

As Cyril of Jerusalem (IV century) testifies, already in his time small parts of the Life-Giving Cross were distributed among Christians [65].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

John Chrysostom also said that many believers had particles of the Life-Giving Cross: “Many, both husbands and wives, having received a small particle of this tree and overlaid it with gold, hang it around their necks” [26].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

Pauline Nolansky in 403 sent a particle of the Holy Cross to his friend Sulpicius Severus, telling in a letter the history of its discovery.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

Pauline also reports that although many particles separate from the Cross, its original most of it is miraculously preserved [66].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

In Constantinople, a special stavroteka (known as Limurg) was created in the imperial treasury during the reign of Konstantin Bagryanorodny, where many particles of the Life-Giving Cross were stored Christ, which were taken for placement in a reliquary, donated on behalf of the emperor [67].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

The “disappearance” of the tree


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

The Jerusalem part of the Cross continued to be kept in the Church of the Resurrection, as evidenced by the presence in the 9th century among its clergy of two elders, guardians who guarded the Cross of the Lord.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

A brief history of the Life-Giving Tree in Jerusalem is described in a letter dated 1108 or 1109 by Ansell, cantor of the Holy Sepulcher:


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

The left [cross] was kidnapped by Kosdroy [the Persian king of Khosrov], during the ruin of Jerusalem, and took him to Persida.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

Which Eraclius [Byzantine Emperor Heraclius], after the murder of Cosdroy, returned to Jerusalem and established in the Frontal Place for the worship of the Christian people.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

However, after the death of Eraclius, the people of infidels suppressed Christians so much that they intended to eradicate the name of Christ and destroy the memory of the Cross and the Tomb.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

So, after laying a pile of logs, they burned part of the Tomb, and they wanted to burn the Cross in a similar way, but the Christians hid it, which caused many of them to be killed.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

Finally, the Christians, after consulting, cutting them, divided them into many parts and distributed the faithful to churches... So, in Constantinople, in addition to the imperial cross, there are three crosses from here, in Cyprus there are two, on Crete — one, in Antioch — three, in Edessa one, in Alexandria one, in Ascalon one, in Damascus one, in Jerusalem — four; Syrians have one, Greeks of Saint Sava — one, monks from Jehoshaphat valley — one ; we Latins, at the Holy Sepulcher have one, which has one and a half span of length and one finger of width and thickness as much.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

Patriarch Georgianov also has one; Tsar Georgianov [Georgian King David] had one, which you now have by the grace of God [Notre Dame Cathedral] [68].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

Thus, the Jerusalem Cross was in Persian captivity from 614 to 628 [69], until it was given back by the Persian commander Horyam in exchange for a promise by the Byzantines to help him with troops in internal turmoil.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

However, 10 years later, in 638, Jerusalem surrendered to the Arab army, which began the victorious spread of Muslim faith in the East.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

The cross was divided into parts and taken by ships to Constantinople and other places.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

After a while, one of the units was returned back to Jerusalem, where it was kept until the Crusades.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

The Jerusalem part of the Cross was lost in 1187 at the Battle of Hattin, when, after the defeat of the knightly army, the shrine was apparently captured by Muslims, according to Frank Yernul, a participant in that battle [ 70].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

Yernul also tells the story of a Templar who, a few years after the battle, reported that he had buried the Cross and could indicate that place.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

However, the search was unsuccessful.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

The Constantinople part of the Cross was stolen in 1204 after the crusaders looted the capital of Byzantium [71].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

It became a source for some particles of the Life-Giving Cross of Western Europe.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

Academician F. AND. Ouspensky, in his work “The History of the Crusades”, describing the theft of relics from churches in Constantinople, also mentions the stolen particles of the Cross [72].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

Reliquaries


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

At the Orthodox Church


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

Reliquary crosses with a particle of the Life-Giving Cross have been known for a long time.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

Many Byzantine emperors and other members of the royal family had them.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

In Russia, this relic probably became known for a long time — in one of the earliest monuments (1st half of the 11th century) of Old Russian literature, Metropolitan Hilarion's Tale of Law and Grace, there is a mention of the Life-Giving Cross: “He [Emperor Constantine] and his mother Elena brought the Cross from Jerusalem [and], having sent out all over the world, confirmed the faith.”


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

One of the first relics of the Life-Giving Tree in Russia was a particle in the cross of Euphrosyne of Polotsk, brought in the 12th century from Jerusalem, among other relics [73].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

The Life-Giving Cross

A particle of the tree of the Cross was placed in the Ark of Dionysius, which in the wills of the Moscow Grand Dukes of the 15th century topped the list of inherited shrines [74], and in the 17th and early 20th centuries was one of the most important shrines of the Annunciation Cathedral.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

During the period of Nikon's Patriarchate, reliquary crosses began to be made in Russia “by the measure and likeness of the Cross of Christ” [75].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

One of them was the Kiysky Cross, where, in addition to a particle of the Life-Giving Cross, 108 particles of the relics of saints and 16 stones from the sites of biblical events were placed [76].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Since the first half of the 19th century, Russian pilgrims to the Holy Land, from among especially eminent persons, received crosses from the Patriarch of Jerusalem with a particle of the Tree of the Cross of the Lord as a blessing, and later awards [77].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

The Order of the Cross with a particle of the Life-Giving Tree is currently the highest award of the Church of Jerusalem.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

At the Catholic Church


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

The Jerusalem and Constantinople parts of the Life-Giving Cross became the source for the creation of relics revered in Western Europe.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

As a rule, reliquaries were made in the form of a cross, sometimes richly decorated.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Particles of the Life-Giving Cross formed a fragment of the relic, or were embedded inside.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

The origin of four such relics from a fragment of the Life-Giving Cross taken by the Crusaders from Byzantium is documented.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

They are kept in the Basilica of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme in Rome, Notre Dame Cathedral and the cathedrals of Pisa and Florence.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

When studying these relics, it was confirmed that all particles of the Life-Giving Cross consist of olive wood [78].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

The fragment of the Cross, which is kept in the reliquary of the Austrian Cistercian monastery Heiligenkreuz, is one of the few that comes directly from the Jerusalem part of the Tree.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

This fragment was presented by King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem to Duke Leopold V of Austria [79].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

The most famous relics containing parts of the Cross are also kept in the Spanish Franciscan monastery of Santo Toribio de Liébana in Cantabria, Vienna's Hofburg, Brussels and Venice.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

The particles of the Life-Giving Cross are currently


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Throughout its history, the tree of the Life-Giving Cross has been divided into particles of different sizes, which can now be found in many temples and monasteries around the world.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

It is possible that there are counterfeits among them, but their number is difficult to determine.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Church reformer Jean Calvin polemically stated in the 16th century in his Treatise on Relics that a cargo ship could be built from numerous parts of the Cross [80] [81].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

However, a researcher of the late XIX century in his work “Memory of the Instruments of Christ's Passion” (French: “Mémoire sur les instruments de la passion de la N.-S. J.-C.”) [82] reports that the total weight of all documented fragments of the Cross is only about a third of the volume of the Cross [83] [84].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Storage locations by country


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

This short list presents the most famous places in Christendom for storing particles of the Life-Giving Cross.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

CountryTemple (Monastery) AustriaHeiligenkreutz [79] ArmeniaEtchmiadzin [85] BelgiumOnthaalkerk Church in Bruges [86] GermanyChurch of Saint Cecilia, Dusseldorf [87] GreeceAthos monasteries: Iveron, Dionysios, Kotlumush, Xiropotam (part pierced with a nail), Philotheos, Simonopetra, St. Paul, Stavronikita and Esphygman are single particles; Great Laurus, Vatopedus, Hilandar, Pantocrator, Zograph and Caracal are several particles [88] , Sarmago Monastery [89] GeorgiaSvetitskhoveli Cathedral (particle).


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

According to legend, part of the Cross, one of the nails, as well as the foot of the Cross were presented to Georgia by Emperor Constantine.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

The foot was lost under the Georgian king George XII [90] IsraelChurch of the Holy Sepulcher is the largest known part of the Cross [90] SpainSanto Toribio de Liébana Monastery, Cantabria [91] ItalyRome: Cathedral Peter's Basilica, Basilica of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme [92], Pisa Cathedral, Santa Maria del Fiore in FlorenceCyprusStavrovouni Monastery (a particle, according to legend, left by St. Helena at the foundation Monastery), the Church of the Holy Cross in the village of Lefkara, the church in the village of TokhniLatviaCathedral of the Old Believers Grebenshikov Community in Riga.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

RussiaAlexander Svirsky Monastery [93], Annunciation Monastery (Nizhny Novgorod) [94], Holy Cross Monastery (Nizhny Novgorod), Epiphany Cathedral in Yelokhovo [95], Voskresensko-Fedorovsky Monastery, Holy Cross Monastery (Yekaterinburg) [96], Pokrovsky Alexander Nevsky Monastery, Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Anastasia Uzoreshitelnitsa Church (Pskov), Krestovozdvizhensky Kyltovsky Convent [97], Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh in Krapivniki.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

UkraineCross Exaltation Church (Vinnitsa) [98], Holy Cross Cathedral (Uzhgorod), Assumption Cathedral (Mukachevo) [99], Holy Dormition Pochaev Lavra Holy Cross Church (Holy Assumption Kiev- Pechersk Lavra) FranceNotre Dame Cathedral [100], Abbey of the Holy Cross, Poitiers (particle, since 568) [101], Church of St. Claudius, Paris (a particle brought from Jerusalem on July 28, 1109) [102] MontenegroCetinje is a particle that previously belonged to the Order of Malta, then located in Russia (Winter Palace and Gatchina, until 1917) [103]


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

In painting


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

The most famous account of the history of the Cross is the Piero della Francesca cycle in the Basilica of San Francesco in Arezzo.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Of the cycles that preceded the work of Piero della Francesca, the most famous are the frescoes by Agnolo Gaddi, commissioned by the Franciscans in the Church of Santa Croce in Florence, the frescoes by Chenny di Francesco in the Church of San Francesco in Volterra, as well as the later History of the Life-Giving Cross, written by Masolino in Sant'Agostino in Empoli (1424).


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Miscellaneous


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

In 2006, a particle of the Life-Giving Cross was delivered to Earth orbit [104].


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

See also


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Media related to Holy Cross at Wikimedia Commons


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Judas Kiriac


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Kiysky cross


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Crucifixion (arts and crafts)


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

The Crucifixion


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Santa Croce in Gerusalemme


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Jesus' Execution Instrument


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Christian relics


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Notes


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Literature


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Barbara Baert.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

, Leiden: Brill, 2004, ISBN 90-04-12469-1


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

References


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Derevensky B.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

G.: a selection of evidence on the history of the discovery of the Cross.


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Category:Christian relics


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Category:Instruments of Passion


Question: Where did Empress Helena find the Life-Giving Cross?

Life-Giving Cross

Category:Cross in Christianity


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Raymond Weil is a Swiss company engaged in the production, distribution and sale of luxury watches.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

It was founded in 1976 in Geneva by Raymond Weil and today is one of the last independent manufacturers of Swiss premium watches.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

History


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

1976 — In the midst of the watchmaking crisis, Raymond Weil creates a company named after its founder and his grandson Raphael Weil.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

1982 — Oliver Bernheim, Raymond Weil's son-in-law, joins the family firm.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 1996, he will become President and CEO of the company.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

1983 — The Amadeus watch collection is released, dedicated to the film of the same name directed by Milos Forman.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

1986 — Release of the “Othello” collection.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

This watch model with an ultra-thin case will play a decisive role in the brand's entry into the international market.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

1988 — Creation of the Traviata model, which radically changed the aesthetic trends that existed at that time.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

1991 — Release of the “Parsifal” collection.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

1993 — Raphael Weil creates his own division specializing in a specific type of automatic watch movement.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

1994 — The Precision Movements advertising campaign led by John Booth wins the London International Advertising Awards.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

1995 — Release of the “Tango” collection.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

1996 — Release of the “W1" collection.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Of particular interest is the model design.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

1998 — Release of the Saxo collection.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Creating the Don Giovanni collection.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

1999 — The creation of the Research and Development Department, which gave Raymond Weil full control over all stages of the development process for new watch models.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Development of a complication for the GMT function in the Don Giovanni Così Grande model with a “jumping” hour.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Creation of a convenient system of interchangeable watch bracelets from the women's collection “Shine”.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

2001 — The Othello model was released in honor of the 25th anniversary of the brand.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

2003 — International presentation of the new Parsifal collection.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

2006 — Eli and Pierre Bernheim, grandchildren of Raymond Weil, join the company.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Release of the women's collection “Shine”.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Creation of the Raymond Weil Club, the first club created by a watch manufacturer.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

2007 — The release of the Nabucco and Freelancer collections.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Rebranding the company and creating a new brand slogan: Independence is a state of mind.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The first presentation of the RW Club International Photography Award.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

2009 — Creation of the Nabucco Rivoluzione special series.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Release of a new collection of women's watches “Noemia”.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Release of the new model “Don Giovanni Così Grande” with a “jumping” hour.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

2010 — Creation of Nabucco Va, Pensiero and Freelancer Summertime special series.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

2011 — Release of the Jasmine collection and the special Maestro 35th anniversary series.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

2012 — Launch of another advertising campaign depicting new watch models surrounded by score sheets.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The release of the Maestro Phase de Lune Semainer collection, the first automatic watch from RAYMOND WEIL with date, day of the week, month, week and moon phase.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

2013 — Release of a film about the brand “Accuracy is My Inspiration” and the launch of a microsite that draws a parallel between the creation of music and watches.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

[7] [8] [9]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

2014 — Release of the Toccata collection.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Eli Bernheim, grandson of Raymond Weil, takes over the company.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

[10] [11] [12] [13]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Creating


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 1976, during the watchmaking crisis, Raymond Weil founded the company and named it by his own name.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

After that, he set up a distribution network first in Europe and then around the world.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 1982, Weil's son-in-law Oliver Bernheim joined the family business, who worked for several years at Heineken and Unilever in marketing.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 1996, he became President and CEO of the company and began to develop a strategy for the brand's global presence.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 2006, Oliver Bernheim's sons Eli and Pierre joined the company.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Eli Bernheim (co-founder of 88 RUE DU RHONE), acting as marketing director, develops a brand development strategy, trying to preserve the corporate identity of the family enterprises.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Pierre becomes Sales Director, travels a lot and explores new markets.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

[16] [17]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Development


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Raymond Weil Genève first opened offices in Europe and the UK, then in the United Arab Emirates, and in the early 1980s in the United States of America, India and throughout to the world.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 1999 Oliver Bernheim set up a research and development department to take full control of the watch production process.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Projects proposed by the research and development department include the following complications: the patented GMT (GMT) function for the two time zones of the Don Giovanni Così Grande model a system of interchangeable bracelets for the Shine collection, the complication of the automatic movement is the indication of the moon phase for the Maestro collection.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 2009, the company opened a subsidiary in the United States, RW USA Corp.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

, and discontinued its cooperation with its original distributor.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In addition, RW India Pvt was established in 2010.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Ltd.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

(100 per cent subsidiary in Bangalore) and opened several exclusive boutiques in Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Raymond Weil Genève watches are currently sold all over the world.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

[19] [20] [21] [22]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 2013, the brand terminated its distribution agreement for the UK and switched to a management agreement, creating a subsidiary of R. WEIL DISTRIBUTION UK LTD in April.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In addition to the above, the company is expanding its online presence.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

This is the first luxury watch brand to open a customer service club.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The first luxury watch brand to appear on Foursquare and use the Fcommerce platform (Facebook commerce).


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In September 2007, RAYMOND WEIL became the first luxury watch manufacturer to create an island in the Second Life virtual world.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The brand's presence on Second Life and other social media platforms is part of a strategic plan to develop new communication channels in order to establish closer communication with customers and informing about brand values.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

[24] [25] [26]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Key persons


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Raymond Weil (founder) was born in Geneva in 1926. After graduating in commerce in 1949, he joined Camy Watch S.A., a Swiss watch company, where he worked for 26 years as a manager .


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 1976, during a crisis that affected the watch industry, he decided to start his own company.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Raymond Weil has held several senior positions in various professional organizations, namely President of the Union of Geneva Watch Manufacturers, Vice President of the Training Center for Specialists (CFH) and a member of the Watch Industry Federation (FH) and other employers 'associations.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In addition, until 1995, he was President of the Exhibitors Committee of the International Watch and Jewellery Show in Basel.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Raymond Weil is married and has 2 daughters and 6 grandchildren.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

He is fond of classical music and opera, as well as contemporary art.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

He likes to fly his plane, which he received the right to fly at the age of 56.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Oliver Bernheim (President).


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Born in 1954 in Strasbourg, France, he received a law degree from the Strasbourg School of Management.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

He started his career in Kronenburg before moving to Unilever in Paris as Marketing Development Manager.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 1982, he joined Raymond Weil Genève S.A., and in 1996 he became its President and CEO.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Its task was to change, develop and affirm the image and international presence of the family brand without losing its uniqueness.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Sharing Mr. Veil's interest in music and art, Oliver Bernheim gave the brand's universe an appropriate direction.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 1999, he founded the Research and Development Department.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Oliver Bernheim is half Swiss and French and is married to Mr. Veil's eldest daughter Diana, a professional pianist.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

They have three children, Eli, Pierre and Noemi.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Eli Bernheim (CEO) is Oliver Bernheim's eldest son.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

After graduating from the prestigious École hôtelière de Lausanne Institute and establishing his own textile import and export company in 2006. Ali has joined the family business.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Its task is to plan the strategic development of the brand.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Like his father and grandfather, Ali loves music and has a professional diploma in cello.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

His various projects and developments include updating collections, making changes to the corporate identity of Raymond Weil Genève, creating new advertising campaigns for women and men watch models featuring famous Swiss photographer Joël von Allmen and the Nabucco promotional collection.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In April 2014, Eli Bernheim became CEO of the company.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

[12] [13] [24]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Pierre Bernheim (Managing Director) is Mr. Weil's grandson and middle son of Oliver Bernheim, who joined the company in 2006. In addition to accounting studies, Pierre completed a course in international entrepreneurship and administration at the La Haute École de Gestion Graduate School of Management in Geneva.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

With an interest in the financial sector, he worked in the corporate asset management department at Mirabaud Bank, one of Switzerland's most popular private banks.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

He is fond of aviation and has received several certificates in air transport management: an aircraft control certificate, a certificate for aerobatics and a certificate for seaplane control.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

[17] [24]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Collections


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Toccata (2014): Created in 1996, the Toccata collection was updated and re-released in 2014.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

It embodies a tribute to the art of composing.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

This watch model includes a quartz movement. [10] [11]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Jasmine (2011): The Jasmine women's watch collection offers models in two diameters with an automatic movement and a quartz version.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Maestro (2010): The Maestro collection includes women's and men's models.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 2011, it was supplemented with the Maestro phase de lune watch, which, as the name suggests, is equipped with a function to indicate the phase of the moon.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The same year was marked by the creation of the anniversary edition of Maestro watches in honor of the company's 35th anniversary in the watch industry, as well as a special edition to help the International Cancer Union (UICC) ).


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Noemia (2009): The collection is dedicated to Mr. Vale's granddaughter, Noemi.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

It is presented by women's watch models of two diameters, made exclusively in quartz design.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

A special issue of Noemia Sweet October was developed in 2010 to help the Breast Cancer Foundation named after A.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Susan G. Komen — Komen for the Cure.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Nabucco (2007): A collection of men's mechanical watches with a diameter of 46 mm and water resistance to 200 meters.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Freelancer (2007): A collection of automatic watches for men and women.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

It was created by Raymond Vel's grandchildren in his honor.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In some watches from the Freelancer collection, the movement is clearly visible [3]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Shine (2006): A collection of women's watches with interchangeable bracelets.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Each watch comes complete with a metal bracelet and an alligator leather bracelet.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The watch case is made of 18K rose gold and set with diamonds.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

This collection is currently discontinued.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Don Giovanni Così Grande: A collection of men's watches that became the official watch of the annual Brit Awards in 2009.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The models from the Don Giovanni Così Grande collection are completely mechanical.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Don Giovanni (1998): Raymond Weil Genève created this collection 14 years after the release of Amadeus, this time paying tribute to the Austrian composer Mozart.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Flamenco (1998): This watch collection once again demonstrates Raymond Weil Genève's dedication to art. Presented by women's and men's models.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Saxo (1998): The Saxo Collection was launched as a tribute to jazz music, featuring automatic or quartz models for men and women.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Allegro (1998): The Allegro collection of women's and men's watches is mainly represented by steel and gold plated models equipped with a chronograph function, automatic winding or in quartz version.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Tema (1998): The Tema collection is represented by women's Art Deco models.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

This is the first RAYMOND WEIL watch collection with a jewelry-like design.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

It is made exclusively in quartz design.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

W1 (1997): The W1 collection was conceived to give the brand a touch of novelty and attract the attention of the younger and stylish generation.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

It is presented in men's and women's models with dials in 6 different shades.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The W1 models were Raymond Weil Genève's first watch, partially made of carbon fiber.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Duo jubilee (1996): A limited edition of the anniversary collection was designed to celebrate the brand's 20th anniversary.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Date dial with two different time zones and dual quartz movement.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Tango (1995): A collection that includes both classic models and models made in a more modern style. [2]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Tradition (1994): Models from the Tradition collection are available in both mechanical and quartz versions.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Models with quartz movement have a round shape and have a simpler design than mechanical models [2]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Parsifal (1991): A collection of self-winding mechanical watches that includes models for both men and women [2]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Traviata (1988): Due to the fact that the dials were decorated with colors of different shades, this collection was often referred to as “stained glass”.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

It is presented exclusively by women's watch models, which are currently discontinued.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Othello (1986): This anniversary collection was launched to celebrate the 10th anniversary of Raymond Weil Genève, which introduced its first complication of the watch movement, the moon phase indication (Othello Collection moon phase).


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The Othello watch has become popular due to its ultra-thin case (1.2 mm thick).


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 2001, the collection was re-released in honor of the brand's 25th anniversary and on this occasion was associated with the music group Bond.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

This collection is currently discontinued.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Fidelio (1985): The collection was named after Beethoven's only opera.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The watch models had both round and rectangular cases.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Amadeus (1983): This collection began the tradition of naming collections, drawing inspiration from music and art.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Named after Austrian classical music composer Mozart, the collection was dedicated to the critically acclaimed film of the same name directed by Milos Forman.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 1992, the Amadeus 200 collection was released, the first sports watch model (water resistant to 200 meters).


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Golden Eagle (1979): — The watches in this collection were produced exclusively in quartz and featured an octagonal sporty case.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Special models


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Don Giovanni Così Grande: A new high-tech mechanical watch with a sophisticated design.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The hour hand is replaced by a large window with numbers at 12 o'clock.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

On the back of the case, you can see a clock movement protected by a sapphire crystal.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The watch comes with one of two bracelets to choose from: a black alligator bracelet or a steel bracelet with double-push security. [3]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Nabucco Rivoluzione: Nabucco Rivoluzione watches feature the characteristic design of a mechanical watch from the Nabucco collection.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The case with a diameter of 46 mm and a round bezel with a tachometer are made of high-strength materials: titanium, steel and carbon fiber.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Three timers and a date window are located under the double-sided sapphire crystal with an anti-reflective coating 2.5 mm thick.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The Nabucco Rivoluzione watch comes with a Nile crocodile leather bracelet.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Nabucco Cuore Caldo: The Nabucco Cuore Caldo dual two-second chronograph features a 42-hour power reserve indicator and timer.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

This limited edition Nabucco collection is crafted from steel, titanium, carbon fiber and 18K rose gold.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The dial is reliably protected by a sapphire crystal with an anti-reflective coating 2.5 mm thick.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Automatic chronograph from the Freelancer collection: The distinctive features of the automatic chronograph from the Freelancer collection are an automatic winding movement that performs 28,800 vibrations in hour, and a power reserve of 46 hours.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The chronograph starts and stops by simply pressing the button at 2 o'clock.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

You can reset its value to zero using the button at 4 o'clock.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The case diameter of this watch is 42 mm.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

They come with two different types of bracelets to choose from: a dark brown leather strap or a steel bracelet with double-push security.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Shine: The “Shine” women's watch collection includes quadrangular models protected by curved glass and encrusted with diamonds.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Each watch comes complete with a satin bracelet and a polished steel bracelet, which are easily replaced thanks to the patented interchangeable bracelet system.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

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Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The watch was first associated with art in 1983 when Amadeus launched an advertising campaign dedicated to the film of the same name directed by Milos Forman.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

From that moment on, almost all the names of the collections have been associated with music.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 1989, the brand launched the Eternity advertising campaign in Iceland and associated it with a new slogan: “When time is part of the universe”.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The clock was filmed using elements such as water, earth, air and fire.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 1994, the Precision Movements advertising campaign was launched, which is probably one of the most popular, as it was directed by John Booth with the participation of by renowned photographer Lua Greenfield.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The image of the dancers in flight symbolized the spirit of the advertising campaign.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 1995, the campaign won the London International Advertising Award.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

It confirmed RAYMOND WEIL's image as a brand committed to art.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

[28] [29]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 1998, the Celebrate the Moment advertising campaign was launched, highlighting Raymond Weil Genève's commitment to music, art and culture.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The Time to Celebrate ad campaign was released in 2003. The shooting was based on an image of the clock against a black background with sharp shadows.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 2005, actress Charlize Theron took part in the Raymond Weil Genève advertising campaign and became the brand representative for several months.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Nabucco's new advertising campaign and the Independence is a State of Mind slogan was released in 2007. It demonstrates the Nabucco owner's desire for freedom and independence.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Precision is my inspiration (2011) is the latest advertising campaign created by the brand that depicts a man and a woman in a musically rich universe.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The shooting took place in Victoria Hall in Geneva.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The brand changed its old slogan “Independence is a state of mind” to a new one: “Accuracy is my inspiration”.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

[30] [31] [32] [33] [34]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 2013, along with the launch of a special microsite, a corporate film of the same name was released, telling about the brand's attachment to music.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The film draws a parallel between the creation of a watch and a piece of music.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

This microsite has won several awards.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

[35] [36]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Charity auctions


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The fight against cancer.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The company took part in several charity events, most of which were dedicated to the fight against cancer, and for several years organized online sales of watches released limited edition.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The funds raised were directed to charitable organizations such as the International Union against Cancer (UICC), Komen for the Cure (Movement Against Breast Cancer named after A. Susan Komen), the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, the Singapore Society for Research on Cancer and the Oncohematology Department of the University Hospital of Geneva (HUG).


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

[37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Oncology and Hematology Department of the University Hospital of Geneva (HUG).


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In addition to organizing online sales in support of the Oncology and Hematology Department of the University Hospital of Geneva, the brand has taken other actions.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

As part of BASELWORLD 2012, Raymond Weil Genève offered for sale on its Facebook page a Maestro watch in the amount of 5 pieces engraved with the inscription maestro Mouvement d'Espoir — Edition Spéciale 2012.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The proceeds from the sale were doubled by Raymond Weil Genève and donated to the Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department of the University Hospital of Geneva.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

VH1 Save The Music Foundation (“Save the Music”).


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Because the heart of the brand's universe has always been filled with music, as evidenced by the names of the watch collections and various advertising campaigns, as well as to assert its impact on the world around us In 2011, Raymond Weil Genève began collaborating with the VH1 Save The Music Foundation to conduct charitable activities to restore music education programs in the United States of America.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The collaboration began in 2011 with a request on the brand's official Facebook page.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

By pressing the button, fans could add $1 to the counter total.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The meter was updated with each new click and showed the amount Raymond Weil Genève had to contribute as a donation.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In addition, the Swiss manufacturer partnered with the Elle Women Awards at a music show organized by the VH1 Save The Music Foundation in Hollywood in April 2012 and exhibited auction sale of watches signed by celebrities (among which were Jesse Jay, Ellie Goulding, Nicole Scherzinger, and Oh Land).


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The proceeds from the auction sale were donated to the VH1 Save The Music Foundation.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

[44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy Center.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Nordoff-Robbins is one of the UK's largest music-oriented charities.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Since 2000, RAYMOND WEIL has partnered to create exclusive watch models with the participation of celebrities such as singer Lemar and Jamiroquai lead singer Jay Kay.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The watch was put up for auction during the annual Silver Clef Lunch Awards, and the proceeds from the sale were donated to the Nordoff-Robbins Center.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

[50] [51] In 2013, the Vampire Weekend music group was awarded the RAYMOND WEIL International Artist Award.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

World Wildlife Fund (WWF).


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 2007, Raymond Weil Genève became an official partner of the Panda Ball Gala held by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) in Montrex, Switzerland.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

As part of the event, the Panda Ball lottery was organized to raise funds aimed at protecting the Mediterranean Sea, and RAYMOND WEIL awarded the main prize — a watch Parsifal, plated in 18 carat gold and set with diamonds.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Participation in art and music


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Albert Hall has strengthened its position as a brand that takes an active part in the music industry [54]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Wired.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 2013, RAYMOND WEIL began a partnership with Wired, a London-based live music platform that promotes musicians. [55] [56] [57]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Celebrity Charades: In 2012 and 2013 RAYMOND WEIL became a partner of the Labyrinth Theater Company and other participants in the annual Annual Benefit Gala meeting.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 1986, Mr. Vale created the Bourse RW to support young musicians by giving them the opportunity to perform solo concerts live or on the radio.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Brit Awards.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Since 2008, Raymond Weil Genève has been an official watch brand partner of the Brit Awards, the UK's annual music awards ceremony.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Every year, the company creates a special edition of watches to give as a reward to every presenter, nominee and musician.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 2012, in London, before the awards ceremony, the company organized and hosted a Pre-brit dinner party with several of the most successful British musicians. [59] [60] [61] [62]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Classic Brit Awards.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 2011, Raymond Weil Genève strengthened its collaboration with the British Recording Association (BPI) through the Brit Awards, becoming a partner of the Classic Brit Awards, the annual award ceremony British music awards in the field of classical music.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Raymond Weil Genève presented a special edition Maestro watch, produced in a limited edition, to performers, presenters and winners of the event.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Each watch was engraved with the 2011 Classic BRIT Awards logo. [63]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Live From the Artists Den: RAYMOND WEIL is a partner of the American television music show “Live from the Artists Den”. [64] [65]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

SSE Hydro: RAYMOND WEIL is the official watch partner of the SSE Hydro concert complex in Glasgow, Scotland.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

[66] [67]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Distinctions and awards


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 2007, the Canton of Geneva and the Authority for Industry and Technology Development (OPI), together with the Geneva Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CCIG), awarded the Geneva watch manufacturer the Industry Award 2007.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The main purpose of the Industry Award, originally proposed by the City of Geneva in 1985, is to encourage and promote Geneva's industrial innovation organizations that are able to adapt to changing conditions.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

At the end of the easyJet Reader Awards survey, launched in the summer of 2009, Raymond Weil Genève was selected as easyJet passengers in 2010 as the best watch brand.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Passengers voted online, choosing their favorite products, seats and services.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The Swiss watch manufacturer received 110,000 votes.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

[68] [69]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The microsite dedicated to the advertising campaign under the motto “Accuracy is my inspiration” has won various design and innovation awards: FWA Award (FWA Best Site of the Day), CSSA (Best Site of the Day) site”), Awwwards (as “Best Site of the Day”), French Design Index (as “Best Site of the Day”), html Inspiration (as “Most Favorite Site”), One Page Love (as “Most Favorite Site”) CSSWINNER (as “Winner of the Day”) , Design Licks (as “Best Website of the Day”).


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

[70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76]


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Brief information on international activities


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The company is headquartered in Geneva and has offices in 90 countries around the world.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Raymond Weil stores are now open in Dubai, Doha, Abu Dhabi, Oman, Lahore and Singapore, and their number is constantly growing.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Raymond Weil sales in all markets are steadily increasing.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

In 2011, it was about 200 million Swiss francs.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

The company pays special attention to the development of markets in Asia, Russia and India due to the high economic potential of these regions.


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

References


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Notes


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Category:Swiss Companies


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Category:Watch brands


Question: When did Raymond Weil open its first facility in the US?

Raymond Weil

Category:Swiss watch manufacturers


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinovsky

Vikenty Konstantin (Kastus) Semenovich Kalinovsky (Polish: Wincenty Konstantin Kalinowski; January 21 (February 2) 1838, Mostovlyany, Grodno Uyezd, Grodno Province, Russian Empire - 10 (22) March 1864, Vilna, Vilna Province, Russian Empire) - Belarusian revolutionary, publicist, poet, leader of the liberation uprising of the Belarusian-Lithuanian people during the uprising of 1863 on territories of the Kingdom of Poland and the Western Territory of the Russian Empire.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinovsky

Ancestry and family


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinovsky

The Kalinowski family comes from Masovia (Poland) [1], where it is mentioned since the end of the XV century.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinovsky

Subsequently, it was divided into 13 branches, included in parts I and IV of the genealogy book of Vilna, Grodno, Vitebsk, Volyn, Kovno, Minsk, Mogilev and Podolsk provinces [2] and in the lists of nobles Kingdom of Poland.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinovsky

Kalinovsky's ancestors owned the Kalinovo estate on Branska land in the border of Belarus and Poland for almost a hundred years, but in the second half of the 18th century the estate was sold [3].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinovsky

His father is a landless nobleman from Grodno, owner of a small weaving manufactory Semyon Kalinowski (Belarusian: Simon (Syamyon) Kalinouski, Polish: Szymon Kalinowski); mother, Veronika Rybinskaya, died when Konstantin was 5 years old.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinovsky

Konstantin Semenovich Kalinowski was born on the estate of Mostovlyany (now a village in the Podlaskie Voivodeship of Poland).


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinovsky

There is no consensus among modern historians about Kalinovsky's nationality.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinovsky

Some consider him a Belarusian [4], while others consider him a Pole [5] [6].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinovsky

Kalinovsky's contemporary, Major General V. F. Ratch in his report to Vilna Governor-General M. N. Muravyov argued the following: “Konstantin Kalinovsky, with the mood of the Herzen school, at the head of the most ambitious personalities from the Red Litvins, persistently pursued the idea of Lithuania's independence” [7] (“Lithuania ” and “litvin” in this case is meant in the historical sense, that is, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which included the territories of present-day Lithuania and Belarus).


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinovsky

Kalinouski has never been mentioned in the newspaper Nasha Niva, which became the first national Belarusian newspaper.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinovsky

Perhaps the first source in which Kalinouski was tried to give “Belarusianism” was the article “In Memory of the Fair” by V. YU.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinovsky

Lastovsky in the newspaper Goman No. 1 of February 15, 1916.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinovsky

The same Lastovsky first called him Kastsyuk, from whom Kastus was then formed [8].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

There is no consensus on the form of Kalinovsky's name Kastus, which is common in Belarus [9].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Doctor of Historical Sciences Alexander Kravtsevich claims as a proven fact that according to the documents this form of the name was used in the Kalinovsky family [10], but does not specify according to which one.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Biography


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

He graduated from the Svisloch Pro-Gymnasium in 1856 [11] In 1856—1860 he studied at the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg University.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

During his student years, together with his older brother Viktor Kalinovsky, he actively participated in the activities of student communities and revolutionary circles, became close to Zygmunt Serakovsky, Yaroslav Dombrovsky, V. Vrublevsky.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinovsky's worldview was formed in the context of the growth of the peasant movement, under the influence of the ideas of Russian radical publicists N. G. Chernyshevsky, A. AND. Herzen and under the influence of the traditions of the Polish national liberation movement.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Returning to his homeland, Kalinovsky, together with Vrublevsky and others, in 1861 created revolutionary circles in Grodno and Vilna provinces, which were part of a single conspiracy organization.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In 1862 Kalinovsky headed the Movement Committee that headed this organization (later called the Lithuanian Provincial Committee).


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In 1862—1863, he supervised the publication and distribution of Mużyckaja prauda, the first illegal revolutionary newspaper in the Belarusian language (the Belarusian Latin alphabet was used).


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinouski actively supported the national liberation struggle of the Polish people.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

He participated [5] in the publication of the Polish-language newspaper Znamya Svobody, intended for the Polish population [12].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

K. Kalinouski believed that the advanced revolutionary forces in Belarus should focus on Poland and the Polish revolutionary movement, which can guarantee self-government to residents of Belarusian-Lithuanian lands [13].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinouski's motto was the words: “The Polish cause is our business, it is a matter of freedom” [14].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Having led the uprising in 1863 on the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the territory of modern Belarus and Lithuania), Kalinovsky called for the widespread involvement of peasants in the struggle, for the spread uprisings to the east and north of the borders of the North-West Territory.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The peasants, however, for the most part did not accept the uprising, and sometimes even fought together with the tsarist troops against Kalinovsky's detachments [15].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In the face of brutal actions of government forces, being in deep underground, Kalinovsky led the rebels until his arrest, which occurred on the night of (16-17) January 28-29, 1864.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

During the investigation, he was firm and confident.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In exchange for a commutation of the sentence, he refused to give safe houses and passwords, as well as the names of other leaders of the uprising.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

42 days after his arrest, on March 12, 1864, he was sentenced to death by firing squad.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

However, the next day, at the personal request of M. N. Muravyov's execution was replaced by public hanging.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Sentenced to death, Konstantin Kalinovsky continued to fight, addressing the people with “Letters from under the gallows”.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

It follows from the letters that Kalinouski did not recognize the Russian government as his own for Belarusians.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

He called on the Belarusian people to fight “for their God, for their right,... for their Motherland” [16] [17].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

On March 10 (22), 1864, he was executed by hanging in Vilna on Lukish Square.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

During the last announcement of the verdict, after the words “to sentence the nobleman Kalinovsky...” he shouted his famous phrase “We do not have nobles, we are all equal!” (Belarusian: We have nyama dvaran, we have a moustache!) [18].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinovsky's publicistic and publishing activities


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinouski's printed heritage includes seven issues of the Belarusian-language leaflet newspaper Muzhitskaya Pravda (Belarusian: “Mużyckaja prauda”), “Letters from Under the Gallows” (the general name, which was was given by one of the leaders of the uprising, Agathon Giller, who in 1869 published letters that K. Kalinovsky sent during his period under investigation until hanging on March 10 (22), 1864), and also the Polish-language newspaper Znamya Svobody (Polish: “Chorągiew swobody”), in which K. Kalinovsky.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In addition, revolutionary instructions and appeals prepared under his leadership are known [3].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In Polish historiography, it is widely believed that “Letter from Jaska the master from Vilnia to the peasants of the Polish land” (Belarusian: “Pismo ad Jaska haspadara s pad Wilni da mużykow ziemli polskoj”) is also widely believed belongs to Kalinovsky's journalism, at the same time, most Belarusian researchers are of the opinion that the authorship of this letter does not belong to Kalinovsky [3] [19] [20] [21].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

They base this conclusion on the fact that the letter bears a stamp of the Warsaw publishing house of the rebel National Government [9] [21], thus knowing about the popularity of the signature “Yaska master from under Vilny”, the “whites” could use it for their own purposes [9].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

It is widely believed that issues relevant to peasants were covered in Muzhitskaya Pravda extremely briefly, logically, consistently, sometimes deliberately rude in a peasant way.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The newspaper is characterized by a propaganda style designed for the environment of illiterate and illiterate peasants [17] [19] [22].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

At the same time, historian Gronsky concluded that the publication of “Muzhitskaya Pravda” was a purely propaganda action, which is confirmed by the existence of the “Banner of Freedom”, which was designed for Polish-speaking nobles and citizens and carried a completely different content.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The principle of equality of estates was mentioned in the newspaper, but “without prejudice to anyone's property” [5].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Historiography about K. Kalinovsky


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In historiography, the uprising of 1863—1864 is devoted to numerous and at the same time rather contradictory literature, presented mainly by Polish and Russian authors.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In Russian historiography, information about Kalinovsky appeared thanks to the work of members of the investigative commission that interrogated the rebels.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The image created as a result of her activity was fully reflected in the work of V. Ratch, from where it moved to the pages of fiction.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

As a nihilist and fanatic of the revolutionary idea (according to V. Krestovsky) Kalinovsky received the completed design in pre-revolutionary Russian historiography in the work of P. Bryantseva [23].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Polish contemporaries portrayed Kalinowski as a gifted person, fully devoted to the uprising [24].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Jozef Yanovsky (1832—1914), who was Secretary of the National Government in 1863-1864, called the rebel “a man devoted soul and body to the idea of liberating the people, a true apostle of the Belarusian people , a real hero of the uprising of 1863” [25].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The formation of Belarusian historiography about the uprising took place in the 1920s. In popular literature of that time (in particular, V. Lastovsky [26]) Kalinovsky is characterized as a national hero, the first Belarusian revolutionary and leader of the peasant anti-landlord uprising.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The first serious scientific analysis of the events of the uprising and the views of K. Kalinovsky was undertaken in articles and monographs by Vsevolod Ignatovsky.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

He described the uprising as bourgeois democratic, and Kalinovsky as a Belarusian revolutionary democrat, an ideologist of the left “reds”, who on certain issues was forced to go to a compromise with the right wing of the Whites.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

At the same time, there were other assessments of the uprising: for example, the Belarusian Soviet historian Samuil Ogursky in his book “Narysy pa historyi ravalutsyynaga ruhu in Belarus (1863—1917)” stated that the uprising 1863 was organized by Polish landowners and Catholic clergy and took place under Polish chauvinistic slogans, the author called Kalinowski a “mythical hero” and a “Polish chauvinist” a similar opinion was shared by Russian monarchical authors [19].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In the 1930s, in the BSSR, K. Kalinovsky was assessed as a reactionary figure [19].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

His return to the ranks of positive characters in the history of Belarus is associated with the work of Russian scientist S. N. Dranitsyn, in which Kalinovsky was called a “famous Jacobin” and “revolutionary democrat”, which was reflected in the first edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia [27].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

This officially lifted the ban on studying the personality of the rebel in the BSSR, which was used by I. F. Lochmel.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In his works of the late 1930s, K. Kalinouski appeared as the most radical leader of the uprising, spokesman and defender of the interests of the Belarusian peasantry.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In the post-war period, a significant contribution to the development of the history of the uprising and scientific biography of K. Kalinovsky was introduced by Belarusian historians Vladimir Pertsev, Anatoly Smirnov, Ivan Lushchitsky, Gennady Kiselyov [28], Susanna Sambuk.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Conclusions were drawn about the hostility of K. Kalinovsky to the gentry national liberation movement and the revolutionary's non-recognition of the leading role of the Warsaw Committee and its program.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinovsky was described as the creator of the free Belarusian press and the largest representative of the advanced public opinion of Belarus in the 19th century. At the same time, the presence of K. Kalinovsky slogans for the state independence of Lithuania and Belarus, it was claimed that Kalinovsky was attributed to him by “ideologists of autocracy and Polish nationalists”.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

With the introduction into scientific use of a multi-volume collection of documents and materials dedicated to the uprising, there was a significant clarification of the conclusions drawn earlier.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Thus, historian A. Smirnov recognized and positively assessed the production of K. Kalinovsky of the issue of the formation of an independent Lithuanian-Belarusian Republic.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

However, the 2nd volume of the History of the Byelorussian SSR (Minsk, 1972) does not mention the positions of the Belarusian revolutionary democrats on the national issue on the eve and during the uprising.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In parallel with these processes, a different opinion was formed in the publications of the 1960s.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

So, M. Misko said that K. Kalinovsky considered Lithuania and Belarus as part of Poland and fully shared the program of the Polish insurgent government, which provided for the inclusion of Belarusian-Lithuanian lands in the Polish state and the preservation of landlord land ownership.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

At the same time M. Misko completely ignored the known facts that testify to the acute conflict between the Kalinovsky and Vilna rebel center as a whole with the Warsaw Central National Committee [19].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

It is widely believed that this conflict was the result of the discrepancy between the views of K. Kalinovsky with the program of the Warsaw Central Committee.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In particular, Kalinovsky advocated the independence of the Belarusian-Lithuanian lands and revolutionary democratic ways to solve the agrarian issue [3] [12] [19] [29].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Based on historical sources, the proof of this interpretation of the conflict was cited by M. Scourge.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The historian points out that in the book of the Russian Major General V. Ratcha, who could use all the documents of the investigation, noted the following: Kalinovsky “persistently pursued the idea of independence of Lithuania”, his party “decided to finally get rid of Warsaw guardianship.”


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

“Kalinouski,” wrote Ratch, “took over the dictatorship. The Warsaw government was supposed to <... > receive a message that Lithuania and Belarus are an independent state.”


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

According to Ratch, Kalinovsky decisively associated the success of the uprising with the active participation of the peasant masses in it, with the creation of a peasant organization, and in this regard advocated the transfer of the entire land to the peasantry.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

He did not hope to know and spoke in favor of eliminating “this rotten and depraved caste.”


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Then M. Beach consistently cites similar opinions about K. Kalinovsky, Secretary of the Warsaw Government Jozef Yanovsky and the leader of the Lithuanian-Belarusian “whites” Jakub Geishtar:


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinovsky “did not want to have anything to do with the nobility, but relied only on the people. I understood Lithuania's connection with Poland only as federal — with full independence of Lithuania. He did not fully recognize the authority of the Central Committee, did not want to accept any orders or instructions from there. This is Kalinovsky's position, which not everyone in the Committee (LPK — M. B.) were fully shared, was a reason for misunderstandings”


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

“It was a hot-tempered nature, but fair, without any shadow of hypocrisy. He is devoted to the people with soul and heart, but a supporter of extreme revolutionary theories, who did not stop even at the outbreak of a civil war and thought about Lithuania's independence. He was an incomparable, exemplary conspirator, the soul of the Committee... When I first met, he proved to me that the participation of nobility and landowners in the uprising is not only unnecessary, but also harmful. The people will win their own freedom and demand property from the landowners”


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

M. Beach points out that Oscar Aveide, a member of the CSC, testified to the extreme aggravation of relations between the timber industry and the CSC at the end of 1862 in his testimony to the commission of inquiry in January 1865. In particular, he referred to the facts of the removal from the timber industry of Warsaw Commissioner Nestor Dzyuleran, and then his successor, noted the firmness and determination with which the timber industry demanded equality in relations with Warsaw and the transfer of the Bialystok Voivodeship to the subordination of Vilna.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

It was Aveide, on behalf of the CSC, who negotiated the status with the commissioners of the timber industry Edmund Veriga, and then with Boleslav Dluski.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The first of them made fundamental concessions and agreed to the status according to which Vilna fell into complete subordination to Warsaw.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Only on the issue of the timing of the uprising, the consent of the Lithuanian representative in the CSC was mandatory.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In another case, Lithuania was not obliged to accept the term appointed in Warsaw.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The timber industry rejected this agreement and sent B.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Dluski.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

“Due to some blind firmness of both him and the Vilensky committee in these unreasonable, in our opinion, demands,” Aveide noted, “despite all my efforts, I made all possible concessions from the The Central Committee did not have time to reach an agreement with Dluski within two or three weeks. This circumstance was a real and great harm to the revolution, because until the very moment of the uprising [agreement] between Vilna and Warsaw did not happen” [19].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Similar opinions about the causes of the conflict are widespread in Polish and Lithuanian historiography.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In particular, they were pointed out by V. Pshiborowski, A. Yanulaitis, V. Kardovich, K. Kankalevsky, S. Kenevich, editors of the Polish Biographical Dictionary, etc.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

historians [30].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

However, some historians offer other explanations for this conflict.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

So, A. Gronsky writes that “Warsaw subdued part of the territory previously controlled from Vilna, and began to collect money there. Naturally, full of ambition and youthful maximalism, V.-K. Kalinovsky could not tolerate the fact that a region that could provide financial support had gone out of his control. For some reason, Belarusian historians perceive this fact as proof of K. Kalinovsky of Belarusian ideas. In fact, it was only a question of rejection of Warsaw as a phenomenon that prevents a young and ambitious person from making the “right” course of history” [31].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

A different opinion was expressed in 1923 by Professor of Vilna University S. Kostelkovsky.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

He argued that there could be no question of Vilna's desire to isolate himself from Warsaw.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

“I think,” wrote Kostelkowski, “that in 1863 it is possible to oppose the rebel government in Warsaw to the same government in Vilna not as the Polish national government to the Lithuanian national government, but only as a government to the central provincial government... There was not even a talk about the formation of an independent, let alone hostile to Poland, Lithuanian states... Kalinovsky's isolation was based only on the difference in rebel tactics and was associated with certain personal ambitions.”