Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The monks Karos and Dorotheos mentioned above, who proposed Latin: unus de Trinitate passus est came, claimed that they would not accept any other post-Lenicaean formula, as Timothy taught them Tomiisky, who baptized them [14].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The answer to the “Codex Encyclicus” of Pope Leo I (457/458) by Bishop Theotimos of Tomia has also been preserved.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

According to the interpretation of this text by the German historian E.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Schwartz, Theotim makes the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon, although this interpretation is not accepted by everyone and, perhaps, Theotim limited himself to recognizing only the decisions of the Council of Ephesus [15].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

It follows from this that Bishop Thomis could accept the theopaschist formula [16].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

An indirect indication of the Christological orientation of Little Scythia can be the extensive construction activities of Emperor Anastasia I in this province.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Archaeological findings [17] suggest that Bishop Patern, accused by Scythian monks of heresy in 519, held his post under Anastasia [16].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The German Catholic historian V. Shurr also tried to justify the connection of theopaschism in Scythia with the influence of the monks of Syria and Palestine [18].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Timeline of events


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In Constantinople


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The monks arrived in Constantinople in the second half of 518 or early 519, before the arrival of papal legates on March 25, 519 [19].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

A number of researchers suggested that they arrived in the capital earlier, together with Vitalian, although there is no justification for this [20].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Initially, their stated goal was to achieve a resolution of their dispute with Tomis Patern.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

It soon became clear that their main task was to end the dispute between supporters and opponents of the Council of Chalcedon, for which they demanded to adopt a theopaschist formula.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

They immediately attracted attention, accusing a certain Deacon Victor, a strict Chalcedonite, of Nestorianism for refusing to fulfill the messages of Pope Leo I and Cyril of Alexandria their requirements.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The influential Vitalian, who positioned himself as a strong supporter of Orthodoxy, was a relative of one of the monks and at the same time was in conflict with Patern.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Perhaps because of this, Vitalian encouraged the monks to aggravate the conflict, although the details of his relationship with them are completely hypothetical [21] [22].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The arrival of the monks came at the height of another intra-church conflict.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

After the expulsion of Bishop Sevirus of Antioch from his pulpit, this important church post had been vacant for several months.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

From Gormizd's correspondence with Deacon Dioskorom, it is known that the latter was considered as one of the possible candidates.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Perhaps the protracted resolution of this issue was due to the situation that became more complicated after the arrival of the monks and the opposition of Vitalian and the Scythian monks to the election of Dioscorus, which can be confirmed in letters from Collectio Avellana.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

At the end of June 519, legates informed the Pope about the election of Paul Judea [23].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The monks offered legates who arrived in March 519 to sign a document drawn up by Maxentius, the full name of which, Latin: Libellus fidei oblatus legatis apostolicae sedis Constantinopolim queue accipere noluerunt (“Petition for Faith to the Ambassadors of the Apostolic See in Constantinople, which they refused to accept”) indicates that the papal envoys rejected it.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The purpose of this document, as stated in its prologue, was to supplement the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon with a theopaschist formula for a more effective fight against heresies.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The main part of the document cited quotes from the works of the Church Fathers in support of this view [24].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In the spring of 519, a number of meetings were held to reconcile monks, Patern of Tomiysky, Vitalian, Victor, legates and Patriarch John II.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The only source of information about these meetings is the reports of legates to Gormizdu.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Their firm position was that nothing could be added to the decisions of the four ecumenical councils [25].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Additional details of the events are known from a joint letter sent after their departure to Rome on June 29 by legates and Deacon Dioskorom.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

It turns out that by order of Emperor Justine I and Vitalian, several fruitless discussions were organized, in which, against their will and the instructions of the Pope, legates were involved.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The letter calls on the Pope to be careful in this case, which “terrified the Orthodox Church of Constantinople”.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

On the same day, a letter to Pope Justinian is dated, which also contains warnings against the cunning of the monks.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

However, a few days later, in early July, Justinian's position changed to the opposite, and he sent a new letter in which he expressed the opinion that the formula of the Scythian monks could be a panacea in the dispute two parties and give the empire religious peace.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Perhaps the position of the future emperor changed under the influence of Vitalian, but after the assassination of the latter, Justinian continued to adhere to it [26].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In Rome


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Failing to achieve their goal in Constantinople, the monks went to Rome in the summer of 519 to address the Pope directly.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Together with them, letters were sent to Rome — an unpreserved positive recommendation from Vitalian, two letters from legates, extremely hostile to the monks, and a letter from Justinian.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Legates warned the Pope against dangerous innovations and a return to the times of Eutychius [27].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Justinian's letter described monks as people who “... care more about creating conflict than about piety and God's peace [...]; because the idle chatter of those who rush to innovate the church, leads to the widespread excitement of the crowd.”


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

However, a few days later, Justinian wrote two new letters, in a more favorable tone for the monks, expressing hope for peace between churches.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

According to E.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Schwartz, the first letter was written under the influence of Dioscorus, and the subsequent ones under the influence of Vitalian [28].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

At the beginning of the mission, the Scythian monks were successful — Pope Gormizd received Maxentius's Libellus fidei [29].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Further events are less well known.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

It is known that during their 14-month stay in Rome, the monks developed a vigorous activity, promoting their formula among the population of the city and even in the Senate [30].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

They met and involved their compatriot, Dionysius the Little, in their mission, and corresponded with the African bishops expelled to Sardinia by the king of vandals Trazamund [31].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The message they wrote is known as Latin: Epistula scytharum monachorum ad episcopos [32].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Pretty soon they tired Gormizd, and in September 519 he wrote a letter to Justinian in which he said that although he would be happy to send the monks back, they refused to leave for fear of some ambushes along the way that threaten their lives.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Therefore, the Pope, not wanting to expel them by force, will wait for the return of his legates in order to carefully consider this problem with their help.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Neither in this letter nor in subsequent letters, the Pope expressed his attitude to the theological side of the issue.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

This evasion somewhat annoyed Justinian, who, in a letter dated October 19, 519, asked the Pope for a definite answer according to the formula “unus de trinitate”.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

He also asked to send the monks back, adding that they were not in danger along the way.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

A letter sent by Dioscorus on the same day shows that he retained a negative attitude towards the monks: “If anyone asks Maxentius, who claims to be the rector in some community, among what kind of monks he lived, or who ordained him a monk, he will not be able to answer. The same darkness is with Achilles” [30].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

It is not known exactly when the monks left Rome.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Based on the surviving letters, it can be concluded that in December 519 they were going to Constantinople, and in August of the following year they were still on their way [33].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

August 520 dates back to Gormizd's letter to the African Bishop Posessor, in which he sharply condemns the views and behavior of the monks.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

According to the Pope, it was the people of Rome who forced them to leave the city.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Maxentius's surviving response to this letter presents a different version of events — in his opinion, the change in the Pope's attitude to monks occurred under the influence of Dioscorus [34].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In January 520, Emperor Justin I reported to Rome that a large number of petitions were coming to Constantinople from the eastern provinces about the “unus de trinitate”.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In order to make this formula more attractive to Rome, Justinian sent a letter in July 520, referring to Augustine, proposing the interpretation of the word “unus” as “una de Trinitate persona” (“one person from Trinity”).


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

After a long delay, by letter dated March 521, the Pope again refused to supplement the provisions contained in the message of Pope Leo I and the Council of Chalcedon [35].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Members of the group of monks


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

For the first time, monks are mentioned in Dioscorus's letter to Pope Gormizd.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

It mentions only Leonty, a relative of the influential commander Vitalian at that time [36].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

More detailed information is contained in a letter from the nephew of Emperor Justine, the future Emperor Justinian, also to Gormizd: “... The names of these monks are:


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Achilles, John, Leonty and Mauritius.”


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In similarity to this place, “Maxentius” has been added to the name “Mauritius” [37].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

John Maxentius


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

It is traditionally believed that the leader of the Scythian monks was.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

There is no reliable information about his life outside the events under consideration.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In addition to the Libellus fidei document mentioned above, he is the author of four more works on various dogmatic issues [38].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Historian A. A. Vasiliev suggested that later Emperor Justinian I (528-565) made Maxentius bishop of Scythia Minor [39].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Cardinal R. Bellarmine, Archbishop J.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Ashsher and some others mistakenly believed that Maxentius was an elder in Antioch.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

This mistake was probably related to the mention in Libellus fidei of Patriarch Flavian of Antioch [38].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Leonty


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

At the end of the 19th century, interest in the theologian of the 6th century Leonty of Byzantine increased.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The author of the first monograph dedicated to this church writer proposed a version that it was the same Leonty, who belonged to the number of the Scythian monks [37].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

As a justification for this hypothesis, Loofs pointed to the proximity of the views expressed in Leonty's works to the views of John Maxentius, as well as Leonty's defense of the theopaschist formula [37].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Analyzing these arguments, the author of the first study on Leonty of Byzantine in Russian V. A. Sokolov agrees that the views of Leonty and Maxentius are really close, but this may be a simple consequence of the fact that Leonty had his works in his hands [37], and about theopaschism, he notes that” Leonty never thought, like Maxentius, to see in the theopaschist formula the slogan of his doctrine, and if he once stopped at it, it only shows that “it hides under honey Eutychian poison “” [37].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Other arguments against this identification are Justinian's words from another letter: “These are monks only in appearance, and they have no skill in disputes”, as well as chronological inconsistencies [37].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Nevertheless, this theory about the identity of the church writer Leonty of Byzantine and the Scythian monk Leonty was shared by many historians of the XIX and early XX centuries.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

So it was believed (1908) [40], V. Ermony, Y.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Junglass (1908) and (1938).


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In 1975, a prominent Catholic theologian A. Grillmeier rejected this version without providing additional arguments [41].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Currently, this identification is not considered among the theories about the personality of Leonty of Byzantine.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (1980) does not provide any information about Leontia-Scythian monk, except that he was a relative of Vitalian [42].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Dionysius the Little


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Dionysius the Little, also a native of Scythia Minor, known as the founder of the chronology system from the Nativity of Christ, arrived in Rome before his compatriots.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Sharing the views of the Scythian monks, he wrote about them: “Scythia, terrible for its cold and barbarians, gave birth to four people, always burning with the heat of their hearts and wonderful tranquility of their manners” [43].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In this regard, researchers note that Dionysius does not define himself or monks as “barbarians”.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Describing his stay in Rome, John Maxentius expresses his vision of the world as follows: he and Dionysius the Scythians, because they are from Scythia [44].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Dionysius's friend, Grecophile Boethius, supported the theological views of the monks [44].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Dionysius assisted the monks in translating into Latin a number of important Christological documents previously unknown in the West, including Proclus of Constantinople's “Message to Armenians on Faith” and “The Twelve anathematisms” by Kirill of Alexandria [32].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The teachings of Scythian monks


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The teachings of the Scythian monks are being reconstructed on the basis of two surviving documents compiled by them: Libellus fidei and Epistula.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

It can be seen from them that the monks were staunch Chalcedonites who agreed with the decisions of the IV Ecumenical Council on the two natures of Jesus Christ and the teachings of Pope Leo (440—461).


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

At the same time, they accepted Cyril of Alexandria's Twelve Anathematisms, and, like Cyril, they proclaimed the union of dispassionate God with suffering human nature.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Accordingly, they attributed both miracles and suffering to the Logos embodied in this way.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

At the same time, the monks recognized the correct name of the Virgin Mary “Latin: vere et proprie” (Latin: vere et proprie) the Theotokos, who gave birth to God not only “by grace”, as the Nestorians believed, but also “by nature” [45].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The monks completely excluded the difference between the concepts of “hypostasis” and “face”, which meant that Christ was one of the hypostases of the Trinity.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

According to Maxentius, the Orthodox denies that the Deity “dwelt” in Christ, as the heretics Nestorius and Theodore of Mopsuestia believed, and Jesus was God from the moment of birth [45].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Actually, the theopaschist formula is contained in Libellus fidei: Latin: Unus est Christus de trinitate, qui pro nobis passus est carne.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In support of this wording, Maxentius quotes Proclus of Constantinople's “Message to Armenians on Faith” three times.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Although Maxentius's quotes are not contained in this particular work by Proclus, elsewhere he admitted that “one of the Trinity has been incarnated” [45].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The consequences


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In 523 or a little earlier, Justinian issued an edict clearly stating that one of the Trinity suffered flesh [39].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

It was, in the words of A. Garnaka, “enotikon” [46].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

After Justinian became the sole ruler of the empire in 527, the theopaschist formula was included in all documents related to Christology [47].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

According to Viktor Tunnunsky, Empress Theodora demanded recognition of this formula.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The Justinian Code (I.15) contains a creed dating back to about 527, explicitly containing unium ex trinidate.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

On March 15, 533, the emperor issued an edict addressed to the citizens of Constantinople and other major cities of the empire, which also contained “one of the Trinity, God the Logos, became flesh.”


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In 532, at the cathedral in Rome, the position of the Scythian monks was approved by the Western Church.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In June 533, Justinian sent Bishops Demetrius and Hypatius to Rome with a letter in which he asked Pope John II to recognize the Scythian monks and condemn the Unsleeping.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

One of the Sleepless, Cyrus, who arrived in Rome for the opposite purpose, was accused of heresy, and since the Sleepless refused to repent, they were excommunicated until they admitted their mistake.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

In 534, John II claimed that these views had always been adhered to by the Orthodox.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

The Ecumenical Second Council of Constantinople in 553 anathematized everyone who questioned this [38].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Among Christian historians of the following centuries, the activities of Scythian monks deserved contradictory assessments.


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

Cardinal Baronius (16th century) spoke sharply negatively about them, while another Catholic cardinal historian, who lived a century later, justified the Orthodoxy of Maxentius and his brethren [38].


Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

Scythian monks

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Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

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Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

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Question: What was the name of the first Scythian monk who lived on the territory of the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the 6th century?

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Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Generation theory is a theory developed and describes recurring generation cycles in US history.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Strauss and Howe first spoke about the theory in 1991, when their joint book Generations was published, which retells US history as a series of biographies of different generations dating back to 1584.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[1] In 1997, The Fourth Transformation was published, in which the authors develop theory and write about the four-part generation cycle and repetitive behaviors in US history.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Generation Theory describes the history of the United States, including 13 colonies.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

It is this geographical area that was best studied, but Strauss and Howe also studied generational trends in other countries and found similar cycles in some developed countries.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Despite the fact that the works of the authors were widely used and recognized, the theory was met in different ways in academic circles: some admired the “bold and original statement”, others — criticized the theory of generations.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[4] [5] The latter drew attention to the lack of accurate empirical data [6], and also accused the authors of embellishing the real differences between generations.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

History


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

William Strauss and Neil Howe have collaborated since the late 1980s, when they began work on Generations, which considers US history as a sequence of generational biographies.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Prior to that, both authors wrote about generations: Strauss about the baby boom generation and soldiers of the Vietnam War, and Howe about the Greatest Generation and federal subsidy programs.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[8] Researchers' interest in generations as a broader topic arose after they met in Washington and discussed the links between their previous work.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

They wondered why baby boomers and members of the Greatest Generation have different views of the world and what experience has influenced their worldview.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

They were also concerned about whether there were generations that behaved this way, and their research showed that there are actually historical analogies between the past and the present generations.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

As a result, both authors discovered a recurring pattern of behavior of four types of generations in Anglo-American history, each of which has a special collective image and a corresponding cycle of four different types of the era, each with its own mood.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The fundamentals of this theory were set out in the book Generations (1991).


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Strauss and Howe offered a detailed analysis of the theory of generations and elaborated terminology in their 1997 book The Fourth Transformation.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[8] [10]


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Generations helped popularize the idea that people of a certain age group tend to share a special set of beliefs, relationships, values and behaviors, as they grew up in the same historical conditions.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In the mid-1990s. Strauss and Howe began to receive requests from organizations that wanted to know how understanding generational characteristics could solve their strategic problems.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Researchers were recognized as pioneers in the field and often spoke at conferences and events [7], and also opened the consulting company LifeCourse Associates.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Works


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Strauss and Howe's first book, Generations (1991), tells about the history of the United States as a change in Anglo-American generational biographies, from 1584 to the present, and reveals a recurring generation cycle in the history of the country.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The authors recognize a model of four recurring phases, types of generations and cycles of spiritual Awakening and Crises of secular society from the founding of the colonies to the present [1].


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In 1993, the authors' second book, The Thirteenth Generation (13th Gen: Abort, Retry, Ignore, Fail), was published, dedicated to the study of Generation X, a generation of people born between 1961 and 1981. (this generation is called the thirteenth in the United States, as it was the thirteenth since the birth of the American nation).


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The book shows how historical events and changes — members of this generation were children during the so-called revolution of consciousness — shaped their pragmatism [12].


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In 1997, Strauss and Howe published The Fourth Turning: An American Prophecy, which explored in more detail the ideas expressed in Generations.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The authors began to use more colorful names for generational archetypes, for example, Citizens became Heroes, Adapters became Artists, and also began to call generation cycles transformations.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The title referring to the first book refers to a crisis period that, according to researchers, should have begun after the change of millennia [2].


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In 2000, the authors published Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

It examines the nature of the generation that was then coming of age and whose senior members graduated from high school in 2000.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Strauss and Howe show how today's teenagers and young adults are redefining the concept of youth: pessimism and alienation of their parents are being replaced by optimism and an active life position.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Researchers note that the millennial generation has high demands on the world; its members are less cruel, vulgar and sexually concerned than the adolescent culture that adults create for them.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Over the next decade, they will change the understanding of youth.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

According to the authors, the Millennium generation can become the new Great Generation [13].


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Generation: Defining


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Strauss and Howe define a generation as the collection of all people born in a period of about 20 years, or one phase of life: childhood, youth, middle age, and old age.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

A generation can be identified if it meets three criteria.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

First, representatives of the same generation share one historical era: they face the same key historical events and social trends, while in the same phases of life.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Second, they share certain common beliefs and behaviors.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Third, knowing the experiences and characteristics they share with their peers, members of the same generation will also share a sense of belonging to this generation.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Strauss and Howe claim that they developed their definition of generation on the basis of the works of various authors and thinkers, from ancient writers like Polybius and Ibn Khaldun to relatively modern social theorists such as JosM-CM- Ortega y Gasset, Carl Mannheim, John Stuart Mill, Emile Littre, Auguste Comte and FranM-CM-'ois Mantre.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Generational transformations and archetypes


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Transformations


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

While working on Generations, Strauss and Howe discovered a pattern in the development of generations, which was influenced by historical events related directly to generations.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The authors called this model transformations (or periods).


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In Generations and in more detail in The Fourth Transformation, they reveal a four-stage cycle of social and mood eras (transformations).


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Rise


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

According to Strauss and Howe, the first transformation is Rise.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

This is a post-crisis period when institutions are strong and individualism is weak.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Society is confident in what it wants to achieve together, but people who are not part of this movement often suffer from the need to follow rules common to all.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

According to the authors, the most recent Rise was observed in the United States after World War II and ended with the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Awakening


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

According to the theory, the second transformation is Awakening.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

This is a period when institutions are under attack in the name of personal and spiritual autonomy.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

As soon as society reaches its peak, people suddenly become tired of discipline and want to regain their individuality.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Young activists look at the Rise as an era of cultural and spiritual poverty.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Strauss and Howe believe that the recent Awakening was a “revolution of consciousness” that spans the period from the mid-1960s (university and city protests) to Ronald Reagan's re-election.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Recession


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

According to Strauss and Howe, the third transformation is Recession.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The mood of this period is very much the opposite of the Rise: institutions are weak and lacking trust, while individualism is flourishing.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The ups follow the Crises, so society is eager to unite and build.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Recessions are replacing Awakenings, which is why society is divided and wants to enjoy life.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[20] The authors note that the last recession corresponded to the period of the economic boom in the United States and lasted from the mid-1980s to the late 2000s.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Crisis


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

According to researchers, the fourth transformation is Crisis.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

This is a period when institutional structures have been destroyed and re-established for the survival of the nation.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Civic authorities come to their senses, culture changes direction and serves the needs of society, and people are gradually beginning to recognize themselves as members of a larger group.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[21] In the United States, the last Crisis began with the stock market crash of 1929 and ended with the end of World War II.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The greatest generation, born in 1901-1924, reached adulthood during this period.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Their confidence, optimism and desire for unity were the embodiment of the spirit of this era.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[22] According to the authors, Generation Y is very similar to the youth of the Greatest Generation.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

This is especially true for such features as increased involvement in civic engagement, improved behavior and collective confidence.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Cycle


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Each period lasts 20-22 years.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Four periods make up a full cycle, lasting approximately 80-90 years [24], which the authors call saeculum, which in Latin means “long human life” and “natural age”.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The change of generations sets in motion the cycle of transformations and determines its periodicity.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

As soon as each generation enters the next phase of life (and a new social role), mood and behavior change fundamentally, allowing the new generation to express themselves.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Consequently, there is a relationship between historical events and generational types.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Historical events shape generations in childhood and youth; then, as parents and leaders in the middle of life and old age, generations shape history.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Each of the four transformations has a special mood, which is repeated each new cycle.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Strauss and Howe called these periods “seasons of history”.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

They compared the awakening to summer, and the Crisis to winter.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Rise and Bust are transitional seasons similar to spring and autumn.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[27] Strauss and Howe discovered 26 Transformations in seven cycles of Anglo-American history from 1435 to the present day.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Strauss and Howe's ideas are based on the change of two different transformations — Crises and Awakenings.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Both of these periods are characterized by the fact that people who survived them observed historical events that greatly changed their social environment.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[28] Crises are periods marked by serious civil upheavals, when society focuses on reorganizing the outside world of institutions and public behavior (the last American The crisis lasted from the Great Depression to the end of World War II).


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Awakenings are periods marked by cultural and religious renewal, when society focuses on changing the inner world of values and personal behavior (the last American The awakening coincides with the “revolution of consciousness” of the 1960s and 1970s).


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[29] During Crises, the existence of danger leads to consensus in society, the practice of personal sacrifice, and a strict institutional order.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

During the Awakenings, the practice of individualism is gaining popularity, and the institutional order is attacked by new social ideals and spiritual tasks.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[30] According to the authors, about every 80-90 years (the long life of one person), a national Crisis occurs in American society.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

40-45 years before the Crisis, society is experiencing an Awakening.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In describing this cycle of Crises and Awakenings, Strauss and Howe drew on the work of other historians and sociologists who discovered long cycles in American and European history.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The Strauss-Howe Crises cycle can be correlated with the long cycles of war studied by scientists such as Arnold Toynbee and Quincy Wright, and with the geopolitical cycles pursued by William R. Thompson and George Modelsky.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[31] Strauss and Howe argue that their cycle of Awakenings is consistent with Anthony Wallace's work on “moments of revival” [32].


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The authors also state that the recurring Crises and Recessions refer to two-part cycles in politics (Walter Dean Burnham, Arthur Schlesinger father and son), international relations (Frank Klingberg) and economics (Nikolay Kondratyev).


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Strauss and Howe also took into account long-term fluctuations in criminology and substance abuse.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Archetypes


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Strauss and Howe identify 4 types of generational archetypes that are repeated sequentially in the rhythm of the cycle of Crises and Awakenings.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In Generations, the authors call these archetypes Idealist, Reactive, Civic, and Adaptable [34].


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In The Fourth Transformation, they change the terminology: the Prophet, the Wanderer, the Hero, and the Artist appear.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[35] The generation of each archetype shares not only a place in history, but also basic attitudes towards family, risk, culture, values and civic engagement.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Generations with the same historical experience at the beginning of life form a collective portrait and live according to similar life scenarios.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[36] To date, Strauss and Howe have discovered 25 generations in Anglo-American history, each with a corresponding archetype.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The authors describe archetypes as follows:


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Prophet


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

A generation of prophets is born towards the end of the Crisis, at a time of revitalization of society and consensus on a new social order.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

As children of the post-crisis period, prophets are spoiled at a young age, reaching adulthood as young eccentric harbingers of Awakening.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In the middle of life, they focus on morality and principles, and at the end of their lives, as elders, they lead another Crisis.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Wanderer


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The Wanderer Generation is born in the Age of Rise, a time of social ideals and spiritual quest, when young people fiercely criticize the established order.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Wanderers grow up unprotected children during the Awakening period, come of age as alienated young people of the Post-Awakening era, become pragmatic adult leaders in Crisis and meet old age after this period with a large reserve of vitality.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Hero


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

A generation of Heroes is born after Awakening, during the Recession, a period of individual pragmatism, self-confidence and non-interference.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Heroes grow up as highly protected children of Post-awakening, reach adulthood as young optimists focused on the interests of the group during the Crisis, become energetic and extremely confident adults and become politically powerful older people meeting the next Awakening.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Artist


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The generation of Artists is born after the Recession, during the Crisis, when serious threats simplify social and political complex schemes in favor of public consensus, institutions engaged in active activities, and ethics and individuality sacrificed.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Child artists are overly protected by adults engaged in the Crisis, they reach adulthood as socialized adapters in the post-crisis world, become adult leaders focused on active during Awakening and becoming sensible seniors in the post-awakening era.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

findings


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The average life expectancy is 80 years, and consists of four periods lasting ~ 20 years:


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

childhood → youth → middle age → old age;


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

A generation is a collection of people who are born every 20 years:


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Baby Boomers → Generation X → Generation Y → Generation Z.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Each generation goes through 4 transformations:


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Rise → Awakening → Recession → Crisis.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

A generation is considered dominant or recessive depending on the transformation it experienced in its youth.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

However, when the younger generation reaches adulthood and determines their collective portrait, the adult generation opposite the former reaches its peak.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The dominant generation: independent behavior and the main role in shaping the era.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The recessive generation: a dependent role in shaping the era.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Dominant generations: The Prophet is the Age of Awakening; the Hero is the Age of Crisis.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Recessive generations: Wanderer — Recession, Artist — Rise.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Generations in Anglo-American history


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Note (0): According to the table below, generational types in Anglo-American history have maintained a repetitive order of transformations for 500 years, with only one deviation in the Civil wars.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The reasons for this lie in the very experience of the conflict: the generation of Heroes has demonstrated the worst qualities of their collective character, and their children, representatives of the Progressive Generation, grew up sooner intimidated than noble, as their archetype suggested.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Note (1): Strauss and Howe use the term “13th Generation” instead of the more commonly used “Generation X” in their book, which was published just a few weeks before Douglas Copeland's work” Generation X”.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The generation received this serial number, as it was the thirteenth since the independence of the United States.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Note (2): Although there is currently no common name for this generation, the Millennials (a name coined by Strauss and Howe) have become widespread in the United States.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Other names are Generation Y (as it follows Generation X) and Internet Generation.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Note (3): Howe and Strauss, in Generations, suggested that people born or will be born between the early 2000s and the 2020s be called the New Silent Generation.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Now Howe calls them the generation of the Motherland.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The basic duration of influence of both generations and transformations is about 20 years, which corresponds to the socially and biologically determined phases of human life.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

This is why it has remained the same for centuries.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[39] Some, however, argue that the increasing pace of technological progress in recent decades will reduce the duration of a generation's influence.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[40] According to Strauss and Howe, however, this is not going to happen.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

As long as a child becomes an adult at 20, a middle-aged person at 40, and an elderly person at 60, the basic length of generations and transformations will remain unchanged.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

However, in The Fourth Transformation, Strauss and Howe emphasize that there are no exact boundaries separating one generation from another.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The rhythm of the development of generations cannot be predicted, as in physics or astronomy, but it is similar to biological cycles, where only certain intervals can be distinguished.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Strauss and Howe compare the length of cycles with the seasons: just as winter can come earlier or later and be more or less severe in any year, transformations occur in different ways time.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The theory of generations in Russia


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Despite the fact that the theory of generations of Strauss and Howe was originally aimed at studying Anglo-American history, it has become widespread in many countries of the world, including Russia.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

“The theory of generations after the United States was first tested in South Africa, then in the countries of the Asian tigers, and then in Europe and Russia. The values of generations are similar in all countries. The fact is that there are key events and phenomena in the world (the emergence of the Internet, the spread of mobile communications) that are common to different countries. The generational change takes place almost in the same mode around the world,” says Evgenia Shamis, coordinator of the Theory of Generations in Russia — Rugenerations project.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[42] [43]


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In Russia, unlike the United States, the theory of generations is studied not by historians, but by marketers, advertising and public relations specialists and HR managers who apply it in practice [44].


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

For example, the Ural Bank for Reconstruction and Development [45] and VimpelCom [46] changed their HR strategy to attract and retain employees from the Millennium generation: free schedule, constant training in a playful way, gamification of career growth, use of social media opportunities.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

However, not all Russian experts welcomed the theory positively.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Thus, Irina Khodareva, Head of the HR Department of Tible Group Holding, believes: “You can partially listen to this theory, but in its pure form we do not apply it in practice. It generalizes entire layers of people too much, without taking into account either the psychological type, nor temperament, nor personal motives and social priorities.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[47] In addition, at the moment, the theoretical foundations of the Strauss-Howe concept need to be adapted to the Russian conditions of historical development.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

One of these generations includes the Children of Perestroika [48] [49].


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Based on the results of several interdisciplinary studies, alternative interpretations of the fundamental characteristics of Russian generations are proposed, each of which is a contemporary of the fateful a historical event that significantly changes either the foundations of life of the country as a whole or the rules of life in a certain period of time.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Several options are proposed to describe domestic generations: the generation of winners, the generation of the Cold War, the generation of Perestroika, the first non-Soviet generation (Children of Perestroika), digital generation [50], the last Soviet generation [51], the “generation of extra people” [52].


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

It should be noted that the study of domestic generations was first carried out in the late USSR by sociologists at the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences [53] [54].


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The most studied from a socio-anthropological point of view is the generation of “Soviet baby boomers” (born in the 1950s).


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The first socio-anthropological study of this generation was carried out by Alexey Yurchak [51].


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

According to his theory, it is with this generation that the gradual collapse of the entire Soviet system begins, as the “authoritative discourse” characteristic of previous Soviet generations.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Donald Raleigh's book [55] contains an analysis of in-depth biographical interviews with representatives of this generation, conducted among graduates of two prestigious, by Soviet standards, schools in Moscow and Saratov.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The works of Dmitry Travin and Vladimir Gelman also made a great contribution to the study of the anthropology of the generation of “Soviet baby boomers of the 1950s” [56] [57].


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The study of the “last Soviet generation” of the late 1960s and early 1970s, conducted by Mikhail Anipkin [52], is still the only anthropological study of this generation.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

M. Anipkin uses the metaphor “generation of extra people” and analyzes the characteristics of this “excess”, derived on the basis of in-depth interviews.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Criticism


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Strauss and Howe's theory received mixed assessments.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Many reviewers have appreciated the ambition and accessibility of books and authors' theories.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Former US Vice President Albert Gore (graduated from Harvard with Strauss) called Generations the most inspiring book on American history he has ever read.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

He even sent a copy of the work to each congressman.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[7] The theory has had an impact on generational research, marketing and business literature.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

However, it has been criticized by a number of historians, as well as some political scientists and journalists for its deterministic approach, non-compliance with Popper's criterion and refusal to rely on accurate empirical evidence.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[58] [59] [60]


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Generations


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

After the publication of Generations's first book, Martin Keller, a history professor at Brandeis University, said the authors “did their homework.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

He noted that their theory can be considered as pop sociology and that it “will attract criticism. But it is almost always true that the wider you put the network, the more holes it will have. And I admire the authors' audacity.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[61] Harvard sociologist David Risman stated that the book is “an impressive collection of many passages from theories and historical works.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Publishers Weekly called Generations “as vague as the newspaper horoscope.” [62]


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The Times Literary Supplement found the book “fascinating”.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The Fourth Transformation


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In a review for The Boston Globe, historian David Kaiser called The Fourth Transformation “a provocative and extremely exciting review of US history.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

“Strauss and Howe have decided to take a risk,” says Kaiser.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

“If the US lives peacefully until 2015, its work will be forgotten, but if it is right, it will take its place among the great American prophets” [64].


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Kaiser later stated that Strauss and Howe's predictions became a reality, according to his own analysis of events such as the September 11 terrorist attack, [65] the 2008 financial crisis [66] and recent political difficulties in the country [67].


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Literary critic of The New York Times Michael Lind wrote that the theory is very vague and moves into the realm of pseudoscience.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[60] Lind argued that the theory was “misleading” and “does not meet Popper's test,” although he believed that the authors made some interesting assumptions about US history.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The Thirteenth Generation


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In 1993, journalist Andrew Leonard reviewed the book The Thirteenth Generation.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

He wrote: “Since the authors (Strauss and Howe) continue to attack the culture of the 1960s and 1970s and gloat, mocking their own generation over and over again, they present a caricature image of baby -boomers as long-haired, sexually anxious hedonists and carriers of the counterculture — we see their real intentions. They are especially clear in the part where researchers talk about how the thirteenth generation can affect the future: “The thirteenth generation will change the frantic centrifugal trends of culture their youth. It will tidy up entertainment, simplify culture, reinvent the main symbols of national unity, confirm rituals connecting families and neighbors, and re-erect barriers to protect the cozy and cozy life of communities from unwanted riots.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

68] Also in 1993, Jim Cormier reviewed the book for the Globe and Mail: “Strauss and Howe, when describing their generation, did not add in-depth analysis to previous pop observations. But by hastily bringing together the wider range of problems of the group they call the thirteenth generation, they have created a valuable ABC book for retrogrades that feel out of reach.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Cormier believed that the authors “raised new questions and found answers about a generation that does not want to be a generation. In any case, they honestly, humorously and sensitively tried to bridge the deep gap between twenties and forties.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In 1993, Charles Lawrence wrote in The Daily Telegraph that in The Thirteenth Generation, Strauss and Howe offered this younger generation a “relatively neutral definition as the thirteenth generation since the founding fathers.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

70] According to Alexander Ferron's Eye Magazine review, the book is “the work of two high-class historians. Although its main theme is the thirteenth generation, this work can be seen as a very well-written and comprehensive US history of 1960—1981, which views the era through different prisms instead of familiar historical stories (war, politics, famine, etc.)”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Twenty years later, John Miller of the Longitudinal Study of American Youth [72] (an organization that studies American youth and created by the National Science Endowment) wrote that the concept of “Generation X” by Strauss and Howe (though they called it thirteenth) is widely used in both popular and scientific literature.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

“The Rise of the Millenium Generation”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Journalist David Brooks wrote a review of the book about the next generation “The Rise of the Millennium Generation” (2000): “This is not a good book if by “good” you mean a book in which the authors carefully work with facts and confirm their conclusions with numbers. But this is a very good bad book. The reader will find real nuggets in it. It is brilliantly written. And if you move away from the senseless muttering about generations, this book will point to the changes that seem to be taking place.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[58] Brooks also wrote that authors treat generations differently: “To tell the truth, we can conclude that the United States seemed to have two greatest generations at the beginning and end of the century and the two most miserable in the middle of it.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In 2001, critic Dina Gomez wrote for NEA Today that Strauss and Howe “convincingly” told their theory using “fascinating analysis of popular culture.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

While acknowledging the authors' tendency to over-generalize, Gomez also argues that “it is difficult to resist optimistic visions of the future for our children. Many of the theories they wrote about in their previous two books, Generations and The Fourth Transformation, have really become a reality.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

General criticism of the theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In 1991, journalist Jonathan Alter wrote for Newsweek that Generations was “a provocative, witty, and fascinating analysis of the rhythms of American life.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Nevertheless, the critic is also sure that this book is “a carefully invented historical horoscope that will not withstand the test of an attentive researcher.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

He believes: “These consistent “characters of the same age” are often ridiculous, but the book provides a lot of new information that US history is cyclical, as Arthur has long argued Meyer Schlesinger and others.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

He also noted: “The boundaries between generations are completely conditional. The authors brought together everyone born between 1943 and 1961 (Baby Boomers) into a group in which the oldest and youngest members have little in common. The authors' predictions are superficial and ill-considered.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Alter concluded: “As fascinating and informative as the study may seem, the truth about generational generalizations is that they are generally unsatisfactory.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[75] Arthur Levin, former chairman of Columbia University College of Education, said: “Images of generations are stereotypes. There are some differences that can be seen, but you can still find more similarities between students in the past and present. But if you did write a book about it, who would be interested in it?”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Responding to reproaches of stereotyping and generalization, the authors argued: “We have never tried to say that any of the generations is monochrome. It is obvious that it includes completely different people. But if we look at generation as a social community, we see that it is at least as powerful (and we believe it is more powerful) as economic and social classes, races, gender, religion and political parties.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In 1991, Gerald Purshell wrote: “Generations can be guaranteed to attract fans of popular history and social sciences.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Among professional historians, it will be more difficult.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Researchers of a particular era will take with hostility the idea that their era is similar to some others.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The Ivy League has long since adopted comprehensive historical theories, and the lack of academic rank will not play into the hands of authors either.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Their generation quartet is both “too clumsy” and “overly honed,” said the historian from Yale University.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

“Predictions are for the prophets,” William McLagin, once a professor of history at Brown University, wrote with a grin, saying that there is no need to think “as if you put together enough data and by supplementing them with enough diagrams and diagrams, you have turned your story into a science.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The book is likely to be greeted more favorably by sociologists and political scientists.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

David Risman and Richard Neustadt positively assessed the theory.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Sociologist Risman found in the work “an impressive set of many excerpts from theories and historical works.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Political analyst Neustadt noted that Strauss and Howe “ask damn important questions, and I respect them for that.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Responding to criticism in 1991, William Strauss admitted that some historians may not like their theory, which the authors presented as a new point of view on US history and which responded to the need for a holistic vision of this subject:


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

People are looking for a new way to feel involved in US history.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

That's the problem.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

It's like we've been drifting in the ocean for the past 10 years, and we think history has been talked about as a set of mini-stories in recent decades, but people are not interested in mini-stories.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

They're looking for a complete vision.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

We haven't had a complete vision for decades, and we try to show it in our book.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Historians who will love our book — and I'm sure academics will accept it differently because we're talking about completely new things — but the historians who will accept it are people which themselves focus more on the cycle of human life than on successive events.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Good examples of such people are Morton Keller of Brandeis University and David Hackett Fisher.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

They noticed that the theory is not about generations, but the changes that occur over time in how Americans treated children and the elderly and how they tried to fit their relationship into historical process.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In 1993, Gregg Aanestad wrote in his doctoral dissertation that he was “delighted” with the ambition of Generations, their “charm” and “colorfulness”, but he felt that when choosing information, the authors were the error of incomplete proof was made and that the authors did not take into account key factors, such as the number of generations, their relative acceleration of development, or the role of accidents.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In 2006, Frank Giancola wrote an article in Human Resource Planning (an academic journal) claiming that “despite its popularity, the overall distinction between generations is not supported results of empirical studies”.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In 2016, an article was published in which the differences between generations observed from the perspective of the employer are explained by the development of working conditions initiated by the employers themselves.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[79] In the article, this development is explained by the competition of firms in the job market for obtaining more highly qualified employees.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

New working conditions as a product in this market have a classic product life cycle, and when they become mass, the standard expectations of employees change accordingly.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Strauss and Howe's theory (as well as the study of generations in general) is criticized for not reflecting the reality of every person in each generation, regardless of race, color, nationality, religion, gender, age, disability and genetic information.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[80] Hoover takes the study of Generation Y as an example: “Interpreters of the theory are accustomed to calling Generation Y white rich teenagers who do great things while they grow up in prosperous suburbs who feel anxious when applying to high-competition colleges and who easily handle multitasking while their parents are comforting flutter over them. However, this is not the name given to adolescents who belong to minorities, or the poor, or those who have never won a spelling contest. Students from cities and towns that have nothing to do with Fairfax County, Virginia, are not named so either. Or those who don't understand technology. Or those who are struggling to complete high school. Or someone who never thought about college. Or those who commit crimes. Or those who suffer from a lack of parental attention. Or those who drop out of college. They're not all Gen Y?” [5]


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

However, in the 2000 book The Rise of the Millennium Generation, Strauss and Howe drew attention to the children of immigrants in the United States who belong to this generation and “are experiencing frightening difficulties.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

[81] They wrote that “a third do not have health insurance, they live below the poverty line and live in overcrowded dwellings.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

In 1991, professor and employee of The New York Times Jay Dolan criticized Generations for not talking about classes, race, and gender, to which Neil Howe replied that “generations are much more are more effective than these generalizations to talk about how people thought and behaved. It should be understood that most historians have never considered history as a change of generations. They prefer to talk about it as a smooth change of 55-year-old leaders who have always thought and acted the same way — but this was not and is not true. If you look at how 55-year-old American leaders acted in the 1960s: enthusiastic and confident John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, and Hubert Humphrey, and compare them with today's indecisive and by insecure leaders in Congress, I think you're going to have to admit that 55-year-olds don't always act the same way and that you're faced with powerful generational forces that explain why a generation veterans and war heroes and other generations whose representatives have reached adulthood under completely different circumstances behave differently in the world.”


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Notes


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Literature


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Howe, Neil; Strauss, William (1991).


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

New York: William Morrow & Company.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

ISBN 978-0-688-11912-6.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Howe, Neil; Strauss, William (1993).


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

13th Gen: Abort, Retry, Ignore, Fail?


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Vintage Books.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

ISBN 978-0-679-74365-1.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Howe, Neil; Strauss, William (1997).


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

The Fourth Turning: What the Cycles of History Tell Us About America's Next Rendezvous with Destiny.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

New York: Broadway Books.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

ISBN 978-0-7679-0046-1.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Howe, Neil; Strauss, William (2000).


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

ISBN 978-0-375-70719-3.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Howe, Neil; Strauss, William (2007).


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Millennials & K-12 Schools: Educational Strategies for a New Generation.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Great Falls: LifeCourse Associates.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

ISBN 978-0-9712606-5-8.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Howe, Neil; Strauss, William (2007), “The Next Twenty Years: How Customer and Workforce Attitudes Will Evolve”, Harvard Business Review: 41-52


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Howe, Neil; Strauss, William (2008).


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Millennials Go to College: Strategies for a New Generation on Campus (2nd ed.).


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Great Falls: LifeCourse Associates.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

ISBN 978-0-9712606-1-0.


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Category:Demographics


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Category:Sociology


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Category:U.S. History


Question: Neil Howe finished what?

Generations theory

Category:Cultural generations


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Belarus [1] (Belarusian: Belarus), the official name is the Republic of Belarus (Belarusian: Respublika Belarus), is a state in Eastern Europe.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

As of January 1, 2018, the population is 9,491,823 people [2], the territory is 207,600 km².


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

It ranks ninety-third in terms of population and eighty-fourth in terms of territory in the world.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The capital and largest city of the state is Minsk.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Belarusian and Russian are the official languages.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

A unitary state, a presidential republic.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

On July 20, 1994, Alexander Lukashenko took the post of president, who later also won the elections of 2001, 2006, 2010 and 2015.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

It is divided into 6 regions, and Minsk has a special status of a city of republican subordination.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In the north-west, the republic borders Lithuania, in the west with Poland, in the north with Latvia, in the east with Russia, in the south with Ukraine.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

GDP at purchasing power parity for 2013 amounted to 166.786 billion US dollars (about 17,620 US dollars per capita).


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The monetary unit is the Belarusian ruble.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

On January 1, 1919, the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic was created, which became one of the 4 Soviet republics that signed the Treaty on the Establishment of the USSR on December 30, 1922.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

On September 19, 1991, the country became known as the “Republic of Belarus”, at the same time a new coat of arms and flag were adopted (replaced by a modern coat of arms and flag on June 7, 1995 by referendum), and also a new constitution and a civil passport.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

On December 8, 1991, Belarus, together with the RSFSR and Ukraine, signed an Agreement on the Establishment of the CIS.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

It is a founding member of the UN, the CIS, the CSTO, the Union State, the Eurasian Economic Community (now abolished) and its successor, the EAEU.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Name


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

The name of the state comes from the phrase “Belaya Rus”, known since the middle of the XIII century and used in relation to various regions of Russia.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Until the end of the XV century, most of the references to “Belaya Rus” (Alba Russia) came from Western Europe and belonged to the territory of the Novgorod Republic [3].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In relation to part of the modern territory of Belarus, namely the Podvinskaya land (present-day Vitebsk region), the name “Belaya Rus” was first used since the end of the XIV century.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

In the XV-XVIII centuries, the term also referred to the Principality of Moscow.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Muscovy, locally called Moscow, the vast city, capital and metropolis of all white Russia, subject to the Grand Duke of Muscovites, together with the region or principality received its name from the flowing here is a local river called Moscow [4].


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

Since the 1620s, the term began to be assigned to the eastern (Podvinsko-Podniprovsky) lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.


Question: Where is the Belarus Publishing House located at the moment?

Belorussia

To designate the inhabitants of Belaya Rus during this period, the term “Belarusians” was used, at the same time the names “Lithuanians” (“Litvins”) and “Russians” (“Ruthenians”) continued to be used.