Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In addition, each air detachment received its own, “elements of quick identification” in the form of individual coloring of the steering wheels (multi-colored stripes, black and white squares, etc.).


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Tkachev developed a system of interaction between aviation and ground troops using visual signals, at that time there was no radio communication on aircraft.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In particular, a method of signaling to pilots from the ground was introduced using geometric figures laid out of white panels that are clearly distinguishable from a great height.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

For example, the letter “T” laid out near the headquarters of a regiment or division meant that the commander of the unit required the pilot to immediately land to transmit an important message.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The shape of the figures periodically changed to prevent the Reds from misleading the pilots or lure them into a trap with the help of false signals.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Aviators, in turn, transmitted reports and orders to the ground using dropped pennants or various combinations of colored flares.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

And when local craftsmen installed radio stations on two aircraft in the Simferopol aircraft fleet, the efficiency and efficiency of air reconnaissance increased even more.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

It should be noted that neither other white armies nor the Reds had such a clear and well-established system of relationship “between heaven and earth” as the one organized by Tkachev.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

No less attention was paid to strengthening military discipline, which was noticeably shaken after the heavy defeats of the white army in the winter of 1919-20.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Thus, according to the order of the air darma, aviators who allowed themselves to appear at the airfield under the influence of alcohol were subjected to severe penalties (up to demotion to the rank and file and transfer to the infantry).


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Organizational activities and training of white pilots had to be combined with almost continuous participation in battles.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

For example, in two days, June 7 and 8, they carried out more than 150 reconnaissance and bombing sorties, supporting the offensive of the white army.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Taking into account the fact that under the command of Tkachev there were only 35 airplanes, and some of them were faulty, each crew performed at least three sorties per day.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

IN. M. Tkachev was awarded the Allies for military valor by the English Military Order DSO (eng. Distinguished Service Order).


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

And on June 22, 1920, one of the first representatives of the White Movement was awarded the Order of St.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Nicholas the Wonderworker of the 2nd degree.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

By the end of June, the intensity of the fighting had increased even more.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The red cavalry under the command of Commander Zhloba broke through the front and rushed to Perekop, threatening to cut off from the Crimea the White Guards who fought in Northern Tavria.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Zhloba had more than ten thousand horsemen supported by artillery and armored vehicles.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

It seemed that it was impossible to stop them, since the White Guards in this sector of the front did not have any reserves.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In this situation, Wrangel turned to aviation as his last hope.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

And the aviators did not disappoint.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In the early morning of June 29, 13 De Havilland bombers, led by Tkachev himself, appeared over the red cavalrymen who settled for the night.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

At the very first bursts of bombs, the horses rushed in all directions.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Crazy with the roar, they dropped and trampled on riders, overturned carts and artillery carts.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Freed from the bomb load, the pilots poured machine-gun fire on the enemy.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

When the planes left to replenish their ammunition, the red commanders somehow managed to gather the surviving soldiers into a marching column, but then a new raid followed, followed by another one.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

This is how Tkachev himself described one of the attacks in a combat report:


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

“Under my leadership, a column of the Zhloba corps near the village of Waldheim was attacked. After the bombing, the Reds rushed into the field in panic. The pilots, having dropped to 50 meters, completely defeated the Reds with machine-gun fire, who fled to the east and north-east. The whole field was covered with black spots of dead horses and people. The Reds threw almost all their wagons and machine-gun carts”


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On June 30, the Zhloba corps ceased to exist as an organized combat force.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Small groups of horsemen, hiding from air strikes, scattered in villages and farms, completely losing contact with the command.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

No more than two thousand of them were able to escape and go out to their own.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The rest either died or surrendered to the soldiers of the Wrangel army who arrived at the site of the breakthrough.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The defeat of Zhloba's cavalry was the highest achievement of white aviation in its history.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Even Soviet military science recognized this fact, and on its example, cadets of flight schools of the Red Army studied the tactics of aircraft against cavalry.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In fact, aviators for the first time had a decisive influence on the entire course of the war, because if Zhloba managed to break into the almost unprotected Crimea, the Reds would have won in July 1920.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

But thanks to the pilots, the Crimea survived, and the war continued.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In early August, the Reds crossed the Dnieper near Kakhovka and, without wasting a minute, began to build powerful lines of defense on the captured bridgehead.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

When White, having pulled up reserves, tried to counterattack, it was too late — Kakhovka was covered with a network of trenches and wire barriers, bristled with artillery batteries and machine-gun nests.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The counterattack failed, the White Guards had to retreat with heavy losses.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Wrangel again threw airplanes into battle, but then the Tkachevtsy failed for the first time.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Machine guns and small bombs in service with white aircraft were powerless against deep trenches, dugouts and well-protected artillery positions.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The air raids did not yield any results.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Then white pilots began to bomb the crossings through which the Kakhovka group was supplied, but in response, the Reds began to deliver ammunition and reinforcements to the bridgehead at night.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Meanwhile, the number of the White Guard Air Force gradually melted, and not so much because of losses, but from accidents and breakdowns of vehicles extremely worn out by continuous combat operation.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

If by the beginning of September, Tkachev had about 30 airplanes left, then in a month - less than 20.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

It was unrealistic to resist the Red Army with such forces, and no replenishment was expected, since the Western allies stopped supplies in the summer.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Further known: on October 28, the Reds struck a powerful blow from the Kakhovka bridgehead in the direction of Perekop.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

There was nothing to fend off him with.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

White had to hastily retreat to the Crimea.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

At the same time, they destroyed almost all their aircraft at the front-line airfields, which could no longer take off due to dilapidation.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On November 11, the fortifications of the Turkish Wall fell, and on the morning of November 15, the last steamer with soldiers of the white army and refugees sailed from the Sevastopol pier.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In exile


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

After the collapse of the White Movement, General Tkachev, instructing his students, said: “The aviator will not be left idle, but keep in mind: we must enter the aviation of a state that will never be to fight with our homeland.”


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Vyacheslav Matveyevich was forced to emigrate first to Turkey, from where he moved to Serbia and for some time served in the aviation inspectorate of the Kingdom of the SCS.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Since formally the Russian army did not dissolve, Tkachev's career continued: in 1922 he received the rank of Lieutenant General and the post of Inspector General, and in 1927 he became the first and only a general from aviation.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In Yugoslavia, V. M. Tkachev takes great care of the arrangement of Russian pilots, being chairman of the Air Fleet Society of the 4th Department of the Russian All-Military Union (ROVS) from 1924 to 1934.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

He works in the Russian Sokol Organization (which aims at the physical and spiritual improvement of the Russian people as part of the united Slavic world), other emigrant organizations, serves at the Headquarters Yugoslav aviation inspectorates.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

After his resignation in 1934, Vyacheslav Matveyevich settled in Novi Sad and teaches at the Russian men's gymnasium.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Here he became the founder and first head of the Sokolsky Society.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In 1937, Tkachev officially obtained Yugoslav citizenship.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

From 1938 to 1941, he was the editor of the magazine “The Ways of the Russian Falcon”, an organ of the Regional Union of the Russian Falcon in Yugoslavia.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In 1941, he became a marching chieftain of the Kuban Cossack Army, participated in the formation of Cossack units of the Russian Corps.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

At the parade on October 29, 1941, dedicated to the arrival of the Guards Division in Belgrade, he addressed the Cossacks with the following words: “The arrived Guards Division accomplished unprecedented in the history of peoples a feat, having preserved itself during 20 years of emigrant timelessness. A heightened sense of duty, devotion and loyalty to their standards, as a symbol of the lost Motherland, have written an immortal page in the history of the Russian Army and the Cossacks.”


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

At the beginning of World War II, Vyacheslav Matveyevich moved to Belgrade, where he began teaching air force tactics at the Higher Military Scientific Courses organized in Belgrade by General N. N. Golovin, where officers of the Russian Corps were trained.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

According to contemporaries, the course of lectures he gave had “special solidity and value”.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Later, he withdrew from anti-Soviet activities, withdrew from participation in numerous emigrant organizations, showed demonstrative non-cooperation with the Nazis who occupied the country and worked as a teacher in schools.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

From the diary of V. M. Tkacheva: “I had to go through a lot of disappointments in the white camp. I didn't find what I expected. But the lot was cast. And as a spirit of discipline that had absorbed since childhood, I obeyed the authorities in the South of Russia and faithfully carried out all the instructions given to me. Thus, it was not selfish considerations, not political beliefs, but only a sense of patriotism that pushed me on the anti-Soviet path back in 1917. As a result, for 24 years, longing for my homeland, I lived as an emigrant in Yugoslavia.”


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Homecoming


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

When Soviet troops approached Belgrade in October 1944, V. M. Tkachev refused to evacuate.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On October 20, 1944, Vyacheslav Matveyevich was arrested by SMERSH of the 3rd Ukrainian Front.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

He was sent to Moscow, Lubyanka, where on August 4, 1945, by a military tribunal, he was sentenced to 10 years under Article 58.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

His wife was not deported to the USSR, and a few years after the war she ended up in a nursing home near Paris.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

After serving 10 years in Gulag camps, he was released without the right to reside in big cities on February 11, 1955.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Having received citizenship of the USSR, he settled in the Kuban, in Krasnodar, where he worked in the artel of disabled binders named after M.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Chapaev for 27 rubles 60 kopecks.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

He worked part-time — wrote articles for newspapers, the book “Russian Falcon” about his friend Nesterov.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In 1956, his wife found him, called him to her place, and it seemed that there was even an opportunity to leave, but he wrote to her: “My homeland was too expensive for me, you better move in with me” [4].


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

They never met again.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

He wrote the book “Wings of Russia (“History of Russian Military Aviation of 1914—1917”) and the novel “The Russian Falcon” (dedicated to the life and work of Pyotr Nesterov).


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

V. died. M. Tkachev on March 25, 1965 in poverty in Krasnodar.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

He was buried at the Slavyansky cemetery.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In 1994, a memorial plaque was installed on the house where the famous pilot's life ended.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The Commander-in-Chief of Aviation of Russia, General P. S. Deinekin, and during the solemn ceremony, pilots of the Russian Knights aerobatic team rushed in the sky over the city in a clear parade.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Thirty years after the death of Vyacheslav Matveyevich Tkachev, the Motherland paid the Russian pilot what he deserved.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On September 23, 1995, in connection with the 110th anniversary of his birth at house No. 82 on Shahumyan Street in Krasnodar, where he lived in recent years, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force, Colonel-General of Aviation Pyotr Deinekin, solemnly opened a memorial plaque, Ataman of the Union of Cossacks of Russia Alexander Martynov, Head of the Krasnodar Territory Administration Evgeny Kharitonov, and a cadet of Krasnodar VVAUL Alexey Dyachenko.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Military honors were given.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In the sky above the central square of the city, the Swifts aerobatic team demonstrated its flying skills.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Time has returned from oblivion the name of the famous Russian pilot Vyacheslav Tkachev.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The Vsekuban Cossack Army played an important role in restoring the historical truth in relation to his countryman.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

A monument to Tkachev is going to be erected in Krasnodar.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

However, the best monument to him will be his books, which will definitely be published and will find their reader.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In the Russian Federation, the memoirs of General V. M. Tkachev, but some historians point out that these memoirs were largely falsified by Soviet censors [5].


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Honors


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Order of St.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Stanislav of the 3rd degree (May 6, 1910)


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Order of St.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Anna of the 3rd degree (February 14, 1913) was granted by the highest order for graduating from the OSH OVF


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Order of St.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

George of the 4th degree (July 2, 1916) “By the highest order of February 3, 1916... The award of November 24, 1914... of the Order of St. Great Martyr and Victorious George of the Kuban Cossack Battery Podesaul Vyacheslav Tkachev for the fact that on August 12, 1914, he carried out a bold and decisive air reconnaissance in the Lublin-Belzhice area - Opole, Yuzefovka - Annapol - Borov - Goscera - Dovo - Urzhendova - Krasnik - Lublin, penetrated into the rear and flanks of the enemy location and, despite the actual fire of the enemy on the device, who accompanied him throughout the flight and damaged the vital parts of the device, with exceptional resourcefulness, valiant presence of spirit and selfless courage fulfilled the task assigned to him disclosure of forces and determination of the direction of movement of enemy columns, delivered the information obtained by intelligence in time of paramount importance and thus contributed to the adoption of strategic decisions that led to to achieve decisive success over the enemy.”


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Order of St.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Vladimir of the 4th degree with swords and a bow (February 25, 1915) for distinction in cases against the enemy from September 27 to October 27, 1914


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Order of St.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Anna of the 4th degree with the inscription “For Courage” (August 1, 1915) By Order No. 1077 to the troops of the 4th Army for distinction in cases against the enemy during the battles from December 1, 1914 to June 1, 1915


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Order of St.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Anne of the 2nd degree with swords (December 10, 1915) By Order of the 12th Army on Dec.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

No. 158 for distinction in cases against the enemy at the headquarters of the Riga Fortified District


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Order of St.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Stanislav of the 2nd degree with swords (December 24, 1915) by Order No. 637 on the armies of the YuZF of May 16, 1915


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Golden St. George Weapon “For Courage” (September 10, 1916) “For successful reconnaissance on June 19, 21 and 27, 1916, when the information he received made it possible to capture up to 30 thousand people near Berestechno... ”


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Order of St.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Nicholas the Wonderworker of the 2nd degree on June 22, 1920 By Order No. 3294


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The award weapon of St.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Nicholas the Wonderworker “For the Protection of Crimea” on December 6, 1921 By Order No. 400 of the Main


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Foreign:


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

French Military Cross 1914—1918 (November 31/13, 1917)


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

British Distinguished Service Order (DSO)


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Works


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Tkachyov V. M. (Comp.) Material on air combat tactics.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Photo-lyto-printing house at the Office of the Field Gene.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

- Inspector of the Air Force.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Tkachyov V. M. Questions of tactical use of aviation in maneuverable war//Military collection.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Kn.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Belgrade, 1921.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

— PP. 121-136.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Tkachyov V. M. Air force tactics.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The course taught at the Higher Military Scientific Courses of General N. N. Golovin in Belgrade 1939—1943 — Belgrade, 1943, II p. Titus.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

l.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Tkachyov V. M. I'm trying wings.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

/With predisl.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

M. Andriasova.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

— Ogonyok, 1964, No. 12.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

— P. 12-14, ill.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Tkachyov V. M. Wings of Russia.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Memories of the past of Russian military aviation in 1910—1917 — Publisher: New Cultural Space St. Petersburg, 2007.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Tkachyov V. M. The Russian Falcon (dedicated to the life and work of Pyotr Nesterov)


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Literature


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Makhalin A. IN. M. Tkachev is a participant and historian of air battles of the Great War//[Sat.] The First World War and Russia's participation in it.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

H. II.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

— 1994.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Nikolay Rutych Biographical reference book of the highest officials of the Volunteer Army and the Armed Forces of Southern Russia.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Materials for the history of the White Movement.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

— 2002.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

References


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Notes


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Category:Graduates of the Nizhny Novgorod Cadet Corps


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Category: Russian pilots of the First World War


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Category:Personalies:White Movement


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Category:Russian All-Military Union


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Category:Russian emigrants of the first wave in Yugoslavia


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Category:Repressed in the USSR


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Category: Burials at Slavyanskoye Cemetery in Krasnodar


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Category:Members of the Sokol movement


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub (, St. Petersburg — Hamburg [Comment 1]) was a Russian official (privy counselor), novelist, playwright, poet and memoirist [1] from the Lithuanian Sollogubov family.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The younger brother of diplomat Lev Sollogub, grandfather of Prince A. A. Gagarin.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Growing up in an aristocratic family and receiving home education, V. A. Sollogub knew the representatives of the upper world well and often depicted them in his works.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

He gained initial fame as the author of secular stories, in which he created a gallery of representatives of the great world of Pushkin's time.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Under the influence of Gogol in the 1840s, he shared the artistic principles of the so-called natural school.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In a later period of his work, Sollogub mainly worked in the field of drama, wrote vaudevilles and only at the end of his life took up a novel.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Assessments of the writer's work by contemporaries differed radically: some welcomed his promising talent, others ridiculed his works as amateurish and imitative.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Modern literary critics state that Sollogub's secular stories became a noticeable phenomenon in Russian literature of the 1830s and 1840s.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Biography


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Origins


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

“From my father, I inherited an impressionability that caused me a lot of grief, and from my mother, a sense of truth that made me many enemies. That is why two elements have always been confused in my literary career [2].” —IN.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

A. Sollogub


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Sollogub came from a very rich [3] higher aristocracy, close to the court.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

His grandfather Jan Sollogub, adjutant of the Polish king and a major Lithuanian tycoon [3], increased his fortune to 80 thousand souls thanks to his marriage to the daughter of the royal relative L. A. Naryshkin.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Alexander Sollogub (1787—1843), the writer's father, quickly squandered his share of his father's fortune.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

He had the court rank of master of ceremonies, but most of all he was known to secular St. Petersburg as an exemplary dandy.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

So, it is about him that the draft line of the 1st chapter of “Eugene Onegin” by A. S. Pushkin — “The eternal Sollogub is walking”.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

His love for theater, music and painting affected the upbringing of his son [1] [4] [5] [6].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The writer's mother, Sophia Ivanovna (née Arkharova; 1791—1854), was favored by Emperor Alexander I, who loved to talk to her for a long time.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

It was to her, more restrained and serious [2], a lover of Russian literature, that “Letters to Countess S. AND. S. about Russian poets” by P. A. Pletnev.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Sollogub's maternal grandmother was Ekaterina Alexandrovna Arkharova, “the guardian of Old Moscow traditions”, and his grandfather was the Moscow Military Governor I. P. Arkharov said.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Thus, the family of the future writer was related to both bureaucratic and court St. Petersburg and lordly Moscow with its patriarchal order.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

As a child, Sollogub was influenced by the very fact of the property with the A. N. Olenin, President of the Academy of Arts, who was a cousin of E.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Arkharova.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Visits to his house introduced the young man to a number of famous writers, such as I. A. Krylov N. AND. Gnedich, A. S. Pushkin and A. S. Griboedov; it was here that he “began to respect art” [1] [7] [4] [8] [9].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Childhood and study in Dorpat


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Sollogub initially received training at home, to which his parents paid great attention [10].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

At the same time, his teachers included P. A. Pletnev as a teacher of literature and archpriest I. S. Kochetov as a lawmaker [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The tutor of young Sollogub was Ernest Charriere (Charrier), French playwright, historian and poet, future translator of I. S. Turgenev into French.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

He aroused the love of literature among the future writer [3] [10] [11].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Vladimir spent the winter mainly in St. Petersburg, and in the summer he lived in Pavlovsk.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Staying in both cities allowed him to communicate with peers belonging to the court-aristocratic circle.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Vladimir, despite the fact that, according to his contemporaries, he was “very stupid at that time”, stood out for his vigor and wit and was often invited to visit, because “he knew how to revive and amuse” [12] [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Entertainment included participation in court performances (as well as amateur productions and live films staged by his father [10], where the latter also acted as an actor and singer [2]).


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1819-1820, Sollogub traveled to Paris with his parents and his brother Leo.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In the summer of 1822, the boy made a trip to the estate of his mother Nikolskoye, Simbirsk province, which resulted in the discovery of a new world for him in the Russian province [1] [13].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The estate was managed at that time by V. AND. Grigorovich, father D. IN. Grigorovich, who communicated with the writer in the 1840s and 1860s [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Having received, according to N. Yakushin, excellent home education [2] and wanting to connect his future life with a diplomatic career [Comment 2], the future writer entered the Faculty of Philosophy in 1829 [Comment 3] of Dorptsky university.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Due to the decrease in the material well-being of the family, the life of Sollogub, the student, was very modest [13] [8], but he did not avoid student games, imitating in many respects the poet N. M. Yazykov, who also studied in Dorpat before [10].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Here Sollogub talked with V. A. Zhukovsky, the Karamzin family, especially Andrey Karamzin (also a student at that time) [Comment 4], P. A. Vyazemsky [Comment 5], future surgeons N. AND. Pirogov and F. AND. Inozemtsev and lawyers P. G. Redkin and P. D. Kalmykov, I. F. Zolotaryov [Comm. 6] [1], Y.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Arnold [7].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Sollogub became a regular at a number of literary and music salons: Landrat K. G. Lipgardt, Professor V. M. Perevoschikova and I. F. Moyer [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In addition to his studies, the count was engaged in music, writing, participated in amateur performances, “... as befits a real bursh, brazhnika, fencing, dragging behind his burgher's daughters” [4] [9].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Studying and staying in Dorpat left a mark on the poet's fate, being reflected in a number of works (the novels “Two Students”, “The Pharmacist” and the story “Unfinished Tales” [Comment 7]) and influencing future rapprochement with N. M. Yazykov [Comm. 8].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Petersburg and Pavlovsk were chosen as the venue for the summer vacations.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

It was here that in 1831 fate brought him together with N. IN. Gogol, who at that time was the tutor of the demented Count V. A. Vasilchikov, Sollogub's cousin.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In the same year [Comment 9], the future writer met A. S. Pushkin [1] [13] [4] [8].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

He graduated from the university in 1834 only as a “full student” instead of a “candidate”.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Sollogub himself saw the reasons for this in failure in exams and a conflict with one of the professors [1] [4].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Start of professional and literary career


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Service


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

After graduating from the University of Dorpat, Sollogub was awarded the rank of provincial secretary [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

First, he joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs [3] [10] [11], where he served as attaché to the Russian Embassy in Vienna [14] [15] [16].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

However, due to his lack of propensity for diplomatic service, he returned to Russia [2] and on January 19, 1835 [17] began his career under the Ministry of Internal Affairs as an official of special assignments [Comment 10] ( under the Tver Governor [3] [10]).


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

During frequent business trips to the provinces — Kharkov, Smolensk, Vitebsk, Tver — Sollogub's main task was to describe the provinces; the trip to Tver, in addition, was aimed at searching for information about schismatics [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

At the beginning of 1838, Sollogub devoted his time to classes at the Minister's Office.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

On April 19, he was instructed to compile a full statistical description of the Simbirsk province, which was completed intermittently in September 1839 and is stored in the Russian State Historical archive.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

On February 26, 1839, the task was interrupted: Sollogub was instructed to investigate illegal logging of state forests in the Ustyug and Vesyegonsky districts, which he had coped with by April 12 of the same year.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

At the end of May, a new trip to Ustyuzhna took place, from which the writer returned, most likely, in July-August.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

On August 31, 1839, Sollogub was seconded to the Simbirsk province; he left in mid-September [17].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In a letter to Andrei Karamzin, Sollogub described this period as follows: “This is my life... a long road, which you often have to ride in a cart.”


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

However, Sollogub did not leave aside both secular and literary life, in which he actively participated during his frequent visit to St. Petersburg [1] [4] [9].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In society, he was famous for his wit, was considered an excellent dancer; at the same time, A. ME.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Panaeva and D. IN. Grigorovich noted that the behavior of the young man in the world and among writers varied [2].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

At the end of 1839, the titular councilor [10] Sollogub was granted the court rank of cadet chamber [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1840, the writer married Sofia Mikhailovna Vielgorskaya, daughter of M. YU.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Vielgorsky [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1842, Sollogub, already with the rank of collegiate assessor, took the post of dining chief in the State Chancellery.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In the same year, it was renamed a freight forwarder.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The writer did not stand aside when it came to the hassle of releasing A. AND. Herzen from Novgorod exile.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1843-1844 [Comment 11] Sollogub and his wife's family traveled to Europe (Germany, Paris, Nice).


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

His stay in Baden-Baden (July-August 1843) and Nice (autumn 1843 — winter 1844) was marked by communication with A. O. Smirnova-Rosset and N. IN. Gogol.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The latter, after reading the unfinished version of Tarantas, gave the author a number of literary advice.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Perhaps it was under the influence of Gogol that Sollogub began to revise the story [1] [4] [8].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Having received the rank of court councilor in 1845, and collegiate councilor in 1848 [2] and resigned on January 30, 1849 [18] for an unknown reason, the writer moved to the village of Nikolskoye, sometimes visiting Moscow [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Literature


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The first steps towards literary activity were taken by Sollogub at the age of 15.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The texts written by the young man were distinguished by salon dilettantism and frank imitation, they contained traditional epithets, and the images lacked specifics.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

These first experiments include poems in Russian and French, verses for home and student performances, epigrams, elegies, comic poems, translation in prose of J.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

G. Byron.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The largest, according to literary critic A. S. Nemzer, the text is the romantic poem “Stan” [1] [4] [9].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Entering the Karamzins' salon, visited by Pushkin, Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky, A. Turgenev and later M. YU.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Lermontov, allowed him to further strengthen literary ties.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

It was here that “Voldemar”, “Vovo” Sollogub, as the Karamzins themselves called him in correspondence, introduced the audience to his first works, complaining at the same time about the insignificance of the great light [8].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Sollogub also read his first secular stories without publishing it in salons and friends [4].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

By the first half of the 1830s, that is, even before Sollogub's literary debut in Sovremennik with the story Three Grooms (1837), the first mention of him by older writers dates back to the first half of the 1830s.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

So, back in 1832, the latter named Sollogub among the possible participants in the new magazine proposed by Zhukovsky.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1836, he was included in the list of likely employees of the “Russian Collection” by A. A. Kraevsky and V. F. Odoevsky and Vyazemsky's almanac “Antiquity and Novelty”, which did not come out.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In addition, the writer's attempt in 1835 to write a libretto for M. AND. Glinka's “A Life for the Tsar”, which, however, the composer did not like [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Researchers believe that it was in the first half of the 1830s that the communication between Sollogub and Pushkin went beyond purely secular acquaintance and that the future active participation of the writer in the “Patriotic Notes” was not was accidental [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

After Pushkin's death, Sollogub, as a writer, remained a member of the “Pushkin Circle”.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

This is evidenced by the publications of his prose in Sovremennik (Two Students, 1838, vol. IX), “Literary Additions to the “Russian Disabled” (“Seryozha”, 1838, No. 15; liked many, including V. G. Belinsky [13]), updated “Patriotic Notes”.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

He was one of the regular visitors of the Karamzins and V. F. Odoevsky.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

It is the influence of the latter's prose, both musical and secular, that experts note in Sollogub's story “The Story of Two Galoshes”.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

It was published in 1839 in “Patriotic Notes” (No. 1) and was a great success among readers [Comment 12] [1] [9], which allowed the count to enter the front row of fiction writers [13] and become a “successful intermediary between aristocracy and democratizing literature” [4].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In turn, a visit to the Karamzin salon also had an impact: apparently, at the beginning of 1839, it was here that Sollogub's rapprochement with M. YU.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Lermontov [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

At the same time, the writer attended the Vielgorsky literary and music salon, which became his third school and taught him to “understand” art [8].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Over time, Sollogub became a “singer” there: he brought to this house “the Russian spirit, Russian speech and interest in Russian literature” [7].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

For Sollogub, familiar with literary circumstances, the transition of the late 1830s from Pletnev's Sovremennik to Patriotic Notes by A. Kraevsky, Odoevsky and Belinsky was, according to V. E.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Watsuro, an act of “literary self-determination”, and soon the writer's name became firmly associated with this magazine [8].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In late September — early October 1839, Sollogub and the artist Prince G. G. Gagarin went to Kazan.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The artist's cousin Prince I. S. Gagarin, in a letter to Vyazemsky dated September 30, 1839, described the existing creative tandem as follows: “the union of a novelist and an artist to use couleur locale”, which, in fact, reflected the original the idea of the future edition [Comment 13].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Already in the winter of 1840, the work was discussed in St. Petersburg secular literary salons, for example, Odoevsky and Karamzins.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Sollogub's text in the “Pushkin circle” received a skeptical assessment.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Nevertheless, seven chapters from Tarantas were published in 1840 in “Patriotic Notes” (No. 10) with the editorial note about the publication of a separate book [1] [19].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1840, Sollogub's novel “The Great Light” was published in “Patriotic Notes” (No. 3), which was written, according to the memoirs of the author himself, who composed vaudevilles and verses for the court, by order of the great Princess Maria Nikolaevna [1] [20] and is dedicated to her [8].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Lermontov was proposed as a prototype of one of the heroes because of his antics at the masquerade (on the night of January 1, 1840 [21]) against the Grand Duchesses or Empress, and as a theme - the love of himself writer to the maid of honor of Empress S. M. Vielgorskaya [20] [8].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Based on this, P. S. Reifman claimed that the story was written, contrary to the words of Sollogub himself, in 1840 [21].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

According to the arc of the version, Sollogub began to write the story in January-April 1839, and in May the first part was sent to V. F. Odoevsky to find suitable epigraphs for chapters [22].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

It was also previously read to the imperial family in the spring of 1839 [23].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The second part appeared almost a year later [22].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

1841 for Sollogub, the writer, was marked by the release in St. Petersburg of the collection “To Sleep to Come. Excerpts from Everyday Life” (Part I), the second part of the collection was published in 1843.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The collection includes about 20 stories and short stories created in a short time.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Due to the great success, a reissue was published in 1844—1845 with the inclusion of “Unfinished Tales”, which was unusual for that time [24] [3] [1] [15].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Belinsky highly appreciated the reissue of the first part of the collection “To Sleep to Come” in his review.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

AND. IN. Kireevsky called “taste and genuine feeling” the characteristic features of the works of the collection, writing in a review about the stories themselves: “extremely fascinating, the language is simple and correct, the story is alive, the feelings in really felt” [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The story “The Pharmacist” received a high review from V. G. Belinsky in 1842: “It's been a long time since we read anything so beautiful in Russian in terms of its deeply humane content, subtle sense of tact, skill of form...”


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

It was the mid-1840s that became the period of greatest popularity for Sollogub [24].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

He, according to I. AND. Panaev, “became the most beloved and fashionable fiction writer” [13] [2].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1842, the writer published an article “On Literary Conscientiousness” [Comment 14], largely directed against the “commercial” side in the literature of that time and initially sharper than in the final one, printed version.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The answer to the article was a review about it by F. IN. Bulgarin, from that moment on — Sollogub's opponent [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In addition to the secular story, Sollogub at this period tried his hand at a physiological essay (The Bear), vaudeville (The Lion, 1841), lyrical confession (Adventure on the Railway, 1842) [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Memoirists, along with Sollogub's aristocratic mannerism and sometimes even arrogance, noted in him such features as a strong love for literature and an increased interest in new talents.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

“Poor People” by F. M. Dostoevsky and “Own People — We Will Be Counted” by A. N. Ostrovsky were highly appreciated by him, although later he did not have a high opinion of Ostrovsky [1], as he wrote to Countess S. A. Tolstoy [25].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Turgenev and A. K. Tolstoy.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In general, all major writers of his time received good reviews in their memoirs (for example, he called Nekrasov's literary activity “a brilliant field” [8]).


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In December 1850, Sollogub met L. N. Tolstoy, and in August 1866 he visited Yasnaya Polyana.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1846, as a result of Sollogub's initiative, a charitable Society for Visiting the Poor was founded under the guardianship of Duke Maximilian of Leuchtenberg [1] [26].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Sollogub often visited Nizhny Novgorod, staying with N. IN. Sheremetev [27].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In the autumn of 1844, Sollogub wrote a libretto for A. F. Lvov's “Ondine”, based on Zhukovsky's arrangement of the fairy tale by F. de La Motte Fouquet.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The production took place in 1848 and was resumed in 1860 [Comment 15] [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Sollogub's libretto was used for his eponymous opera by P. AND. Tchaikovsky [28] [29].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

1844 was marked by a shift for Sollogub in the publication of Tarantas.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

So, at the end of September of that year, he wrote to Zhukovsky: “Tarantas went through censorship, although he hit a little with wheels” [30] [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In October, A. IN. Nikitenko, who initially put forward a number of fragments of the work for consideration by the censorship committee, nevertheless issued a censorship permit.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

A story called “Tarantas. Travel Impressions” was published in 1845 in St. Petersburg in the form of a luxurious publication with a circulation of 5,000 copies.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The publication of the book was accompanied by great success among readers.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

As for criticism, controversy broke out here, largely due to the complexity of the author's position [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

However, the discrepancy of reviews did not affect the success of the book and strengthened the literary authority of the writer [1]


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1845-1846, the collection “Yesterday and Today” was published in two books, compiled by Sollogub.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The collection included works by Lermontov, Zhukovsky, poems by Vyazemsky, Yazykov, Countess Rostopchina, Benediktov, A. N. Maykov and other poets, as well as the prose of A. K. Tolstoy.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Yesterday and Today also includes stories by Sollogub himself: the 1st book “The Dog” (dedicated to M. S. Shchepkin) and the second — “Pupil” (dedicated to Gogol).


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Both works were the Temenevskaya Fair cycle [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The season of 1845-1846 in terms of drama was marked for Sollogub by staging the so-called “joke” “Bouquets, or St. Petersburg Colorbesia” (1845) at the Alexandrinsky Theater.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Despite the overall success, Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich was dissatisfied with the play.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Belinsky in his review was skeptical about the work, although at the same time recognized the author's talent.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

According to Nemzer, if we consider this review together with reviews of Tarantas, we can conclude that Belinsky considered Sollogub as a tactical ally of the “natural school”.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Despite the writer's distance from Belinsky's circle, Sollogub's poem “My Autograph” was also published as part of Nekrasov's Petersburg Collection in 1846.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Researchers regard this step of the writer, perhaps the most popular at that time, as a sign of his solidarity with the “natural school” [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1846, a number of Sollogub's stories were published, such as “Two Minutes”, “The Princess”, “The Ball”.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

All of them are built on the same motifs with variations.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

They went unnoticed, as evidenced by Belinsky's failure to mention them in his View on Russian Literature of 1846.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

“Snowstorm” and “Old Woman” — Sollogub's last stories — were unsuccessful [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1847, Sollogub began to publish in the Peterburgskie Vedomosti newspaper, constantly publishing journalistic, literary and critical articles [10], including reviews of the current events of the city [2].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

During this period, Sollogub tried his hand at new genres: folk story (Evil Spirit), feuilleton (Notes of a St. Petersburg Resident), feuilletons and notes about musical life.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

However, these works did not have much success.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

During his resignation, he was working on the tragedy “Localism”, published in 1849.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The play is dedicated to the era of the reign of Theodore Alekseevich, and Sollogub's hopes for success [1] were still justified [15].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

During his stay on Sergiev sulfur waters in the Orenburg province in June 1848, the writer met with I. S. Aksakov and discussed “Localism” with him.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Already in February 1849, in the house of A. AND. Koshelev, he read the text of the tragedy.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Despite the fact that the Slavophiles disdained the author's previous works and did not accept “Localism”, they spoke positively about some of the features of the play [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In general, the second half of the 1840s was marked for Sollogub by the fact that contemporaries were already, in the words of A. L. Smallpovata, ceased to feel it in literature [13].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Service in the Caucasus and trips to Europe


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

On November 7, 1850 [18] Sollogub returned to service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs - this time under the governor of the Caucasus and Governor-General of Novorossiysk Prince M. S. Vorontsov (in the Central Statistical Committee [10]).


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Arrivals at the duty station are dated February or March 1851.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1852, the count received the rank of State Councilor.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

During his stay in Tiflis, Sollogub took over the organization of the Russian theater, also developing active cooperation with the Kavkaz newspaper [1] [9].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

During this period, he published ethnographic essays (later - the cycle “Salalak Leisure”) and poems (“Tiflis Night”, “The City Breathes the Bliss of Night...” and others — 1854).


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1854, chapters of the novel “Ivan Vasilyevich in the Caucasus” were published, which, apparently, was not completed.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1855, Sollogub and E.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

A. Verderevsky released the “Transcaucasian almanac” “Zurna” with his play “The Night Before the Wedding, or Georgia in a Thousand Years”.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

He devoted the article “A few words about the beginning of Caucasian literature” (1855) to the analysis of the almanac, where he called for “real enlightenment of the region”.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1857, Sollogub published the ethnographic Night in Dukhan. A dramatic essay on Transcaucasian customs”.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Active social activity (which also included the organization of charity evenings and performances on plays written by him [2]) helped the writer in Tiflis become a “central person” [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

On behalf of Vorontsov, Sollogub undertook to write “Biography of Gene. ‹P. WITH.› Kotlyarevsky”, which he published with a dedication to his boss.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The book was written on the basis of documents; it covered, among other things, the situation in Transcaucasia during the Persian campaign of 1796, the Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813, and Georgia in 1801 on the eve of joining Russia, and at a later time [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1852—1853, the first and second books “Notes of the Caucasian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society” were published in Tiflis under the editorship of the writer [14]


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Sollogub responded to the beginning of the Crimean War (1853—1856) with a patriotic odoi symphony “Russia before the Enemies” (ended with the anthem “God Save the Tsar...” [10]), written together with Verderevsky and published in 1854, and soldier songs used as leaflets.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Sollogub embodied personal observations during the service in journalistic cycles “The Caucasus in the Eastern Question, Another Question to Shamil's Parisian Biographers” (1855), “Year of Military Operations for the Caucasus” (1857) [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

After a new governor was appointed to the Caucasus, N. N. Muravyov (Karsky), not located to Sollogub, was the last to return to St. Petersburg at his will [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

It was he who was invited to organize a holiday at court when it became known about the arrival of the Queen of the Netherlands.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In two days, the writer composed an unpreserved play about Peter I and the Russian Navy and played in the production itself with actress V. IN. Samoilova [10] [6].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1856, the writer joined the service of a special assignment official at the Ministry of the Imperial Court; soon he was awarded the rank of chamberlain and the rank of full state councilor.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

It was Sollogub who was originally entrusted with compiling the official description of the coronation of Alexander II, but the writer could not attend the ceremony [1] [9].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

By 1856, the release of the comedy “The Official”, staged in the same year at the Alexandrinsky Theater, dates back to 1856.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The play caused a short, but still strong resonance in society.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

As an amateur performance, the comedy was staged on the home stage of Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna and was awarded viewing by the emperor.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Alexander II approved the play, which contained “a lot of bold things about immorality, that is, about the theft of... the authorities.”


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Both the publication and the performance itself were met with contradictory reviews from reviewers.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In addition to the sharp criticism of the protagonist's phrasing by N. M. Lvov, the play was waiting for an even tougher “Analysis of the Comedy... “The Official”” by N. F. Pavlov, who was supported by N. G. Chernyshevsky, Turgenev (according to N. A. Melgunova), Herzen.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

According to researchers, it was because of Pavlov's “Analysis...” that Sollogub was outside his modern high literature [1] [9] [31].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1855-1856, Sollogub's five-volume Works were published.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

N. A. Dobrolyubov, in his article “The Works of Count Sollogub”, continued Pavlov's line, discrediting all the writer's work [1] as a literary anachronism [13] [4].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

As a comparison of “Works” with the first publications showed, Sollogub corrected the texts — mostly stylistic, while he made significant changes and additions, as a rule, only to repeated publications that came out before the collection of works [32].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Then Sollogub received an offer from the new Caucasian governor, Prince A. AND. Baryatinsky, who had known the writer since his adolescence, and he, hoping for the post of governor, again came to Tiflis.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

However, soon, due to a break with Baryatinsky, Sollogub left the Caucasus [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Having received instructions from the Minister of the Imperial Court, Count V. F. Adlerberg [2] [33], Sollogub went on a trip to Europe to get acquainted with the circumstances of theatrical business [Comment 16].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

His arrival in Paris turned into an acquaintance with writers (A. Dumas, A. Murger, E. Scribe and others), composers (J. Rossini, J. Meyerbeer) and artists.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1859, the Gymnase Theater in Paris hosted the premiere of Sollogub's play Une prevue d'amite (Proof of Friendship), written in French.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The translation of the writer's stories into French was undertaken by K. Marmier (published in 1856, 1857, 1864).


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1861, a translation of Turgenev's Noble Nest, made by Sollogub together with A. de Colonna, was published in Paris.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

A response to the Parisian musical discussions was the brochure Les' musiciens contre musique” (1860) [1] [34].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In addition to Paris, Sollogub visited Vienna, London, Berlin [2].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1859 [Comment 17] Sollogub returned to Russia.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The trip resulted in a memorandum on the reform of the imperial theaters.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1868, the writer also published an article in the Intermission “On the Russian Theater”, defending the need to open private theaters in Russia [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1858, in honor of the centenary of the Russian theater, a competition for the best play was held, in which Sollogub's comedy “August 30, 1756” won.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Anniversary days were set aside for the production of the play at the St. Petersburg Bolshoi Theater [10].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1859, Sollogub moved to Dorpat, serving as an official of special assignments under the Riga Military, Livonia, Estland and Courland Governor-General [1] [2] [9].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The place of residence was the so-called Karlovo Manor on the outskirts of the city, the former summer residence of F. Bulgarina [27].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

At the same time, he made frequent trips to St. Petersburg, Moscow and Europe (Germany and Paris).


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

While in Riga, Sollogub wrote an article “On leavened patriotism” (1861), in which he compared the Russian and Ostsee strict orders, giving preference to the latter.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

He planned to publish an article (and a polemical response to it) in the Northern Bee.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

However, the article was not allowed to be published by the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee and the Main Directorate of Censorship: these agencies did not want to spoil relations with the Ostsee Germans [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The last years of life


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Sollogub Prison Scholar


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

“... in recent years I have devoted myself to prison studies, in which I find my real vocation. — I would like to publish some sensible essay on this part, but I'm unlikely to have time, although there is a lot of material collected [35].” —IN.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

A. Sollogub


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Since the early 1860s, Sollogub paid much attention to penitentiary issues (“prison studies”) [1] [9], and he published brochures “On the Organization of Prison Labor in Russia” (1866) and “Titov Barracks. Description of the prison” (1867) [2], article “Prisons and Theaters” (1867) [9].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1866, Sollogub, already the Moscow Straitjacket Workers' House [36], inspected a number of prisons, coming to the conclusion that the administration was inactive and abused.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In terms of improving prison order, he was very skeptical about relying on the existing administration, which he described as “ugly”, “against God”.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Sollogub advocated the deprivation of administrative functions of prison committees due to the red tape caused by them and the preservation of only the charitable component.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The official's conclusion was as follows: “Currently, there are no prison administration, and there are no prisons that morally influence, but there is some terrible underground world of the unfortunate and dirty” [37].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In the mid-1860s, Sollogub, for whom P. A. Valuev was personally petitioned by a specialist in the prison case M. N. Galkin-Vranskaya [38], became a participant in the experiment: it was decided to transfer some Moscow straitjacket and workers' houses, which until the end of 1865 were subordinate to the Orders of Public Charity, the conduct of one separate official; the post was taken by the count, who agreed to “devote all his activities to this useful cause”.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

According to a note by the Ministry of Internal Affairs dated December 5, 1866, the results of the experiment were considered successful and remarkable.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Sollogub in a short time managed to organize five craft artels: shoe, shoe, cap, binding and tailoring [Comment 18]; nutrition for prisoners was improved, a school was opened for training, teaching church singing has been introduced.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Contractors invited by the count provided the prisoners with work, provided materials and tools; among those who worked hard, atrocities, drunkenness and escapes were reduced to zero.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

It was decided to continue the experiment in Moscow on a more expanded scale on the condition that Sollogub would remain the head of the Moscow Straitjacket Workers' House.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The count headed the house in July 1865 and invited some merchants to the trustees of the artels as counterparties, and to encourage the benign work of the prisoners, put forward a proposal to put up on the products of artels with a special stamp depicting the state emblem, the name of the institution and the name of the merchant.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

However, when approved, the state emblem was replaced by the coat of arms of the Moscow province [39].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

According to 1866, the count, without receiving maintenance, was a straitjacket workers' house in Moscow and director of the Moscow Provincial Guardianship Committee on Prisons [36] [10].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Subsequently, including at the expense of Sollogub himself, a vegetable garden was laid out at the prison, a library and a school were created.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Together with teacher F. Savenko, Count became the author of training courses for both illiterate and partially educated prisoners.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In September 1866, the construction of the women's department was completed [38].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The writer devoted the next year, 1867, to propaganda in the press of the re-education system he had developed.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1869, Sollogub became a member of the Special Commission chaired by Comrade Minister of Internal Affairs Prince A. B.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Lobanov-Rostovsky for the preparation of a draft regulation on correctional prisons.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The Commission highly appreciated the results of the experiment, publishing its conclusions in a certificate in the Government Gazette [38].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1870, in response to an appeal from the New York Prison Society for help to specialists, Sollogub sent his report describing the Russian prisons and the correction system he developed and proposing to hold an international thematic congress.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The latter proposal was supported, and the writer subsequently took credit for the holding of the future First Prison Congress in London [40].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

On February 1, 1872, [40] Sollogub headed the Commission created in the same year to draw up a general systematic project on prison transformation, the purpose of which was to make assumptions about organization of places of detention [37] [41] [42].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

At the same time, the count saw the need to transform the Code of Punishments and the Statute on Detainees in order to achieve the goal [41] [42].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

During its work, the commission, among other things, considered the results of international prison congresses, some of which were Sollogub [41].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The draft Regulations on Places of Detention of the Civil Department (sometimes the “Draft Guidelines for Prison Transformation” [43]), developed as a result of the commission, in addition to the idea of centralizing the prison management, contained borrowings from foreign experience, primarily from the Swedish management system defended by Sollogub, [37] and proposed the division of detainees into two groups: who were under trial and investigation and are already serving sentences under court sentences. [44]


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Sollogub himself in the draft defended the principle of dividing places of detention into short-term, medium-term and long-term, depending on the degree of the crime [43] and, based on the experience of prison management, in Moscow proposed the mandatory arrangement of churches or prayers and the installation of icons in cells [43].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In general, the commission led by the count chose only the prison part as its goal, without touching on the so-called “punishment ladder” and separating criminal and correctional law from criminal law [37].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In addition to the draft regulations on prisons, more than 70 meetings of the commission resulted in a draft network of transit routes in 10 provinces of the Moscow judicial body and many other documents; Sollogub himself submitted a memorandum on prison transformation.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The regulations were submitted to the Council of State for consideration in March 1873, and the following month - personally to Alexander II.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Sollogub was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir of the 2nd degree and a prize of 225 rubles.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

On May 19, 1873, Sollogub's project was transferred to the commission of Count P. A. Zubova [40] [37].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In 1877, the commission was headed by K. K. Grotto [41] [42].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

As chairman of the Commission to study the shortcomings of imprisonment in Russia and find ways to eliminate them, Sollogub went on a business trip to Europe to study local experience.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

Upon his return, he wrote a “closed” study “History and Current Situation of Exile” (1873; published posthumously to the public in 1883) [1].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The official, alternately visiting Moscow, Germany and France [9], participated in the first International Congress in London, later sharply criticized its organization [40], was elected a member standing International Prison Commission [41].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

During his subsequent trip, Sollogub visited Denmark and Sweden, and also passed through Hamburg and Belgium.


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

In Hamburg, the official visited the correctional institutions for minors “Severe Dom”; in Belgium, he participated in a meeting of an international commission created by the London Penitentiary Committee in 1872 [45] [37].


Question: What was the name of the most famous novel by Count Vladimir Alexandrovich Sollogub?

Vladimir Sollogub

The meeting took place in June 1874. [40]