Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Several paintings depicting Lenin at chess were presented at the exhibition at the Russian Museum “Play and Passion in Russian Fine Arts”, held in 1999, the paintings were included in the catalog, published in the same year [40] [41].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Chess in Lenin's life


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lenin started playing chess at the age of eight or nine.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

He played with his father and older brother Alexander, and then with his younger brother and sister.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Sister Anna writes that if there was no father, then his mother sat down to play with Volodya Ulyanov.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

The chess set used in the family was carved by my father [1].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

The family practiced an exotic game of chess for four people (the board consists of 160 cells, which has a cruciform shape, figures of four different colors) [1].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

A. AND. Ulyanova recalled:


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

“Volodya played chess with his father and brother Sasha. We girls played less. I only remember one autumn, when my father and we, the three elders, were very fond of quadruple chess and sat at them late in the evenings. But when regular training started, of course, we had to leave this game, which was usually very delayed”


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

New games were also invented.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lenin's cousin N. AND. Veretennikov claimed that Volodya once:


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

“I offered to play in a new way: divide the chessboard in half with a large folder so that the players did not see the chess pieces from each other. Each player puts pieces on 4 horizontals as he pleases. For more space, four pawns are knocked back. When both players have pieces placed, the folder is removed: the opponent's king, buried on the extreme horizontal in the right or left corner of the board, or even in the middle, stands covered with pawns; horses protected pawns, reinforce each other; the rooks are located on the same vertical and are aimed at an invisible target. The elephants extended their tentacles to the enemy's camp. And all this is supported by the protection of the queen, modestly sheltered from the direct blow of the enemy. And the fight begins, which is extremely interesting and sharp...”


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Dmitry Ulyanov claimed that his older brother had a rule not to take moves back, he played seriously and did not like “easy” games.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Playing with weaker players, Lenin gave the opponent a head start — a figure.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

He enjoyed the good moves of the opponent.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

At the age of fifteen, Vladimir Ulyanov had already beaten his father.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In the summer of 1886, Vladimir played a match with his older brother, Alexander.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

They played the match in the evenings.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

The eldest was twenty years old, and Vladimir was only sixteen.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

The games took place in a small room facing the courtyard [8].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

According to the memoirs of friends of their youth, Vladimir and Alexander also played without looking at the board — “in the dark” [1].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Vladimir Ulyanov also played blindly later, sometimes against several opponents at the same time [1].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In the memoirs of D. M. Andreeva [42] describes an episode related to the late gymnasium years:


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

“One winter evening I found Volodya at Serdyukov's place. When I arrived, they were already sitting at the chessboard. I did not like to watch them play chess, I preferred to play myself, and Volodya did not allow me to interfere in their game, give advice and talk about the moves made. This prevented him from concentrating. To distract them from chess, I decided to start a conversation on the topic of interest to us at that time about the people of the People's Volya, “going to the people” and the revolutionary struggle. Neither Volodya nor Kostya could remain indifferent to such a conversation for a long time. Serdyukov and I defended “going to the people”, and Ulyanov broke all our arguments with weighty remarks. Chess has been forgotten”


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Vladimir Ulyanov will continue to play chess while studying at Kazan University, and then in exile in the village of Kokushkino under the secret supervision of the police (1887—1888) [1].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In the winter of 1888-1889, Vladimir Ulyanov visited a chess club in Kazan (“Society of Chess Lovers”) with one of his cousins Alexander Ardashev.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Mark Elizarov (husband of Lenin's sister) organized a correspondence game between Ulyanov and a strong Samara chess player A. N. Khardin.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

The moves were sent by mail, most often with the help of postcards.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

After one move, Vladimir Ilyich, waiting for a reply letter, placed chess several times and said: “I wonder what he will do now, how he will get out of this situation, at least I do not I find a satisfactory answer”... Hardin, a well-known chess player in Russia, successfully played against Mikhail Chigorin, and Vladimir Ulyanov lost the game by correspondence.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Subsequently, after moving from Kazan to Samara in the spring of 1889, he personally met Khardin.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In the face-to-face games that took place between them, Hardin initially gave him a head start - a horse.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Later, when Vladimir Ulyanov began to win, the handicap decreased to a pawn and a move, but with this ratio Lenin lost more often.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In the winter of 1889-1890, Vladimir Ilyich was more fond of chess in Samara than ever.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

He played mainly with Hardin.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

A tournament was organized with the participation of eight to ten people.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

We played, giving a head start (figure) forward, as the participants were of different strengths.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Participants were divided into categories depending on strength.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Hardin was in the first category, Ulyanov and another player in the second category, the rest were divided into third and fourth categories.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

The winner of the tournament was Ulyanov, who received a cash prize of about 15 rubles.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Vladimir Ilyich often visited Hardin, and then, after passing exams for the university, became his assistant sworn attorney [8].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

There was no chess club in Samara, so meetings of fans of the game took place either in Hardin's house or in the apartment of Nikolai Dolgov, known for his populist beliefs [1].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Ulyanov treated chess only as a game.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

According to his brother Dmitry, he did not read chess literature, with the exception of studying endgames and openings [8].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

This is contradicted by the testimony of Anna's mother and sister, who claimed that he diligently studied the theory [1].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Vladimir met any result calmly, without unnecessary emotions, preferred attack to defense [18].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Since 1893, when he moved to St. Petersburg, Vladimir Ulyanov played chess less often.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Once in prison in 1895, he and his comrades made figures from crumb, drew a board on paper and played chess, passing moves by knocking against the wall [1].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

The exception was the years of exile, which began in 1897.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

About his game in Siberian exile with G. M. Krzhizhanovsky, V. IN. Starkov, P. N. Lepeshinsky can be read in an article by Lepeshinsky himself.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

They often played a game together against Ulyanov, and Lepeshinsky describes in detail the move of one of them, which the consultants lost, although they had an advantage for a long time [18].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lepeshinsky made a pencil sketch of the participants in this game, years later, artists M. G. Sokolov and A. IN. Isupov created two paintings independently of each other [1].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lepeshinsky insists that Lenin knew the theory well, used the royal gambit, Muzio's gambit, Cunningham's gambit (now the last two are considered variants of the royal gambit), the defense of two horses, I never used a queen's gambit, I was ready to sacrifice an easy piece in the opening.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

On equal terms, he easily beat Lepeshinsky, the forces were equalized only when Lenin gave the enemy a head start — an easy figure.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In addition, the opponents also played by correspondence.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lepeshinsky served exile in Yegoryevsky, and Lenin in Shushenskoye, the postman delivered letters to addressees twice a week.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lepeshinsky was proud of such a game that he won against his opponent.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Again, after a long break in a chess match, Lenin and Lepeshinsky met in exile.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

By that time, Lepeshinsky was seriously studying the theory and could already play on an equal footing against his opponent even without a handicap [18].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lenin also showed pedagogical abilities by teaching his neighbors, peasant Pyotr Stroganov and teacher Vladimir Starodubtsev, to play chess, but was disappointed with the level of their abilities [1].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lenin continued to play actively in exile.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

He asked his mother to send him chess from Russia, but when he received it in February 1910, he complained in a reply letter that he rarely played, so he completely forgot how to play [1].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

The last time Dmitry Ulyanov played with his older brother was in 1903 in Geneva.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

He didn't have chess at home, so we played in a coffee shop.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

We played one game for more than four hours.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Later, Lenin began to play less chess, saying that it was too tiring; he now preferred towns, walks, hunting in his spare time [8].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Chess as a social phenomenon sometimes attracted the attention of the head of the Soviet government during the Civil War and the NEP.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In October 1918, at a meeting with the leaders of the Komsomol, Lenin unexpectedly asked the question “Do Komsomol members play chess?” [1].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In 1922, the Moscow Chess Society elected Lenin as its honorary chairman, and he was sent an honorary membership card number 1 [1].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Kogan writes in his book that the last time the “fleeting mention” of Lenin's chess game dates back to 1916.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

After that, according to Kogan, he no longer touched them and laughed at the offer to play the game [28].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

However, this contradicts separate testimonies of Dmitry Ulyanov, who recalled that Lenin resumed chess classes shortly before his death, including while undergoing treatment.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

At the beginning of 1922, before his illness, he had fun solving problems, demonstrating skills that amazed others.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

It is known that one of these tasks was a checkmate in three moves by Otto Würzburg.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lenin also played in Gorki with his younger sister Maria [43] [33].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Nikolai Krylenko was among his opponents in 1920—1922.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

This was recalled by Ivan Zhukov, close to Krylenko.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

One day, in the midst of a party like this, he jokingly said “Shah Kollontai!” (at that time she was the leader of the “working opposition”).


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Artist Pyotr Vasiliev created a pencil sketch “Lenin plays against Gorky in the presence of Krupskaya” — according to him, the drawing was created based on the oral memoirs of Lenin's wife about a real event, which took place shortly before the writer's departure abroad in 1921.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lenin also played with Professor B.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

S. Weisbrod, his personal physician.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

An eyewitness describes Lenin as follows during the game with Weisbrod:


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

“And now, at a small table — on the one hand, a venerable professor, a doctor, on the other hand, his patient, the head of government of the world's first working state, sat in martial arts at a chessboard. For the first time, from different positions, moving quietly from one place to another, I could watch Vladimir Ilyich so closely and for a long time. I wanted to remember everything — both his facial features and everything he said. Thinking about the next move, he either leaned, supporting his chin with his hand, or pressed his palms to his cheeks. He was wearing a blue Russian kosovorot shirt. The handling is simple, very fun, makes fun of the opponent during the game. An atmosphere of camaraderie among those present is unwittingly created”


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

On January 14, 1923, shortly before Lenin's death, Maria Ilyinichna wrote No. 3 and 4 of the Chess almanacs to the list of books and magazines that he wanted to receive for reading [1].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lenin and chess composition


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lenin was interested in solving chess problems.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Several tasks that Lenin solved are reliably known:


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lepeshinsky's three-move checkmate problem, described in detail by Lepeshinsky in an article on Lenin and chess (according to Lepeshinsky himself, Lenin spent no more than five minutes to solve it, and he never did not touch the pieces on the board) [18]


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

the task, compiled by Dmitry Ulyanov in 1909 and sent by him to Lenin (the task was published in the Niva magazine), it is mentioned by Lenin himself in his letter to his brother


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

a study by the Platov brothers (this study, compiled by Vasily and Platov in 1909, was highly appreciated by Lenin in the same letter to his younger brother)


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

the problem of chess composer Otto Würzburg [44], which Lenin solved shortly before his death [1]


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Parties attributed to Lenin


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lenin's partner, Lepeshinsky, remembered the beginning of one of the games with Lenin played in Siberian exile, and reproduced it in his memoirs in 1939:


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

“I remember the beginning of the game, which I played by correspondence with Ilyich. By lot, I had to play white. I decided to trump the royal gambit: 1. e2—e4 e7—e5 2. f2—f4 e5:f4 3. Kg1—f3 d7—d5 4. e4:d5. Vladimir Ilyich responded on the 4th move with a little common move h7-h6. I don't remember the further continuation of the game (after all, 40 years have passed since then!) , but I just remember that I mentally provided this move with a h7-h6 pawn with a question mark and launched an energetic attack (maybe it turned out to be this natural option: 5. h2—h4 CF8—e7 6. d2—d4 cc8—g4 7. Ccl: f4 CG4:f3 8. Fdl: f3 Ce7:H4+ 9. g2—g3 CH4—f6, etc.). And I don't know if V. I. really compromised his game with the move of the pawn on h6, or I, having a lot of leisure time compared to V. I., who was preparing his collection “Economic Studies and Articles” for publication at that time, could devote much more time to analyzing various versions of our party than Ilyich, but only by about the 30th move It was clear that black was in a losing position. When visiting my V. I. in his Shushensky shelter, I easily managed to finish the game with him, bringing it to a complete victory.”


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

There is an opinion that another of Lenin's parties has survived (against Maxim Gorky, Alekhine's defense), it ends on the 26th move with Lenin's defeat:


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

1. e4 Kf6 2. e5 Kd5 3. d4 d6 4. c4 Kb6 5. f4 de5 6. fe5 Kc6 7. Ce3 Bf5 8. Kc3 e6 9. Kf3 Ce7 10. Be2 O-O 11. O-O f6 12. Kh4 fe5 13. Kf5 ef5 14. d5 Kd4 15. Bd4 ed4 16. Qd4 Nd7 17. Krh1 Cc5 18. Fd3 Фg5 19. Kb5 Lae8 20. Cf3 Le3 21. Fd2 Lf6 22. b4 Ce7 23. Kc7 Lh6 24. Ke6 Фg3 25. h3 CD6 26. Krg1 Lh3


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

The use of chess terminology in Lenin's works and speeches


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Several cases of using chess terms in the works of Vladimir Ulyanov have been recorded.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In the article “How did the Iskra almost go out?” (1900), in a story about disagreements with Georgy Plekhanov, he writes:


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

“Plekhanov's statement in his refusal to co-edit was a simple trap calculated by a chess move, a trap for naive “dudes”... since such a person uses chess in relation to his comrades move — there is no doubt that this is a bad person... we do not want to be pawns in the hands of this person.”


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In 1905, the manuscript contained articles by A. IN. Lunacharsky “Bankruptcy of the Police Regime” the author wrote: “They play political chess, trying to outwit each other. But the worker will grab his fist on the chessboard so that all diplomacy will go to hell,” and then crossed out this phrase.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lenin, as an editor, restored this phrase when published [34].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In his works “The Beginning of Bonapartism” and “Lessons of the Revolution” in 1917, Lenin writes about Kerensky as a pawn played by cadets and imperialists in answers to questions from an American journalist on July 20, 1919 Lenin calls pawns in the hands of the Entente governments Denikin, Kolchak, Mannerheim (on August 29 of the same year, he repeated the expression “Pawn of Capitalists” in relation to Admiral Kolchak in a public lecture in Communist University named after Y. Sverdlova [1]).


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

At least twice more, he used the image of a pawn in relation to Wilson (in the hands of Georges Clemenceau and David Lloyd George) and capitalists (“certainly blind pawns in the general mechanism”).


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

On February 21, 1920, he said in an interview with Lincoln Eyre, correspondent for The World: “The Paris decision [45] is simply a move in an Allied chess game, the motives of which are not yet clear.”


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In his speech about the NEP, Lenin said: “a chess order is being established, so that next to the rental plots there will be ours that we can develop” [34].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Gallery: Lenin and chess


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lenin's Chess Opponents


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Panteleimon Lepeshinsky


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Nikolay Valentinov


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Mark Elizarov


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Andrey Khardin


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Dmitry Ulyanov


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Nikolay Krylenko


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Chess rarities related to Lenin


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

According to a drawing by Mark Elizarov, a chess table was made for Vladimir Ulyanov in 1900 for four games.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

It was equipped with a secret pull-out drawer that served as a repository for illegal manuscripts, letters and printed materials.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

This table accompanied Lenin to Samara, Kiev, St. Petersburg, Saratov, Vologda, Moscow.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

The idea itself belonged to Vladimir Ilyich (“a round table with a hollowed out leg”) and belonged to the 90s of the XIX century.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Elizarov's table was Lenin's second such table.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In 1894-1895, a similar table was made for him.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

The thick leg was hollowed out.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

There was a hole inside it where you could put the package.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

On the night of his arrest on December 9, 1895, the police were unable to reveal his secret.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In 1896, this table disappeared while Lenin was in prison.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

The new table had a design that made it possible not to turn it over, opening the cache.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

From 1902 (the arrest of Mark Elizarov) to February 1917 (the arrest of A. And Ulyanova-Elizarova) never during a search, the police could not find the literature hidden in it.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In 1904, his secret box kept the entire archive of the Central Committee, elected at the II Party Congress in 1903.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In 1927, Anna Ulyanova handed the table to the Museum of the Revolution, then it was exhibited at the Central Museum of V. AND. Lenina [46].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lenin and chess in visual arts


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

A large number of paintings depicting Lenin's passion for chess are known.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

The painting “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin on Vacation”, created by artist P. F. Sudakov in the 1950s (no later than 1957), he is depicted at the time of analyzing his position from the game of Alexander Alekhin, who had recently won the All-Russian Chess Olympiad, which took place in Moscow in 1920.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Artist Pyotr Vasiliev, based on his conversations with Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya, created a work that depicts Lenin and Gorky playing chess in Gorki near Moscow (1943, State Tretyakov Gallery) [1] [47].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lenin was often portrayed playing with children or teaching them chess.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

An example of such a plot is Albert Borisov's painting “V. AND. Lenin with his children.”


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

The same topic is raised by a drawing by Moscow artist N. Kornienko “V. AND. Lenin with Children” [1] [47].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In the figure Yu.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

AND. Masyutin “V. AND. Lenin solves the chess problem” the board with the pieces placed is clearly visible, on it white starts and checkmates in three moves.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

The author of the chess composition depicted here is American William Anthony Shinkman (1847—1933, Offiziers-Schachzeitung, 1905) [44].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Often, the images are dedicated to Lenin's childhood and are illustrations to his biography.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In the drawing, L. S. Kotlyarov [48] is represented by the whole Ulyanov family at their usual activities, while Vladimir and Dmitry Ulyanovs sit in the back of the room at a table with chess placed on the board.


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

In the drawing, D. Khaikina little Volodya plays chess with his father [1] [47].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Bourdman Robinson, a Canadian-American artist, illustrator and cartoonist, created the cartoon “Playing Chess — Lenin, Wilson, Lloyd George and Clemenceau” (one of the copies of this lithograph is at the Meade Art Museum inv. AC 1950.26) [49].


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

See also


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Lewis Carroll and chess


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Napoleon Bonaparte and chess


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Chess in painting


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Stalin and chess


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Notes


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Literature


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

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Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

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Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

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Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

References


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Category:Vladimir Lenin


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Category:Personalies:Chess


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Category:Chess in the Russian Empire


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Category:Chess in the USSR


Question: When did Lenin start playing chess?

Lenin and chess

Category:Chess in painting


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Cyborg (short for English: cybernetic organism - cybernetic organism) - in medicine - a biological organism containing mechanical or electronic components, a machine-human hybrid (in science fiction, hypothetics, etc.).


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

History


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

The concept of the human machine has been present as an image in mythology and creativity at all times, from the artificial giant Talos from Greek myths to Iron Hans from the fairy tale of the same name Brothers Grimm.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

In English-language literature, Edgar Allan Poe is considered to be the founder of the scientific idea of a man with mechanical components - in his story “The Man Who Was Cut to Pieces” (1843), he described an elderly officer who received severe injuries and injuries during the war with the Indians and almost entirely (except for the body, one arm and head) consisting of prostheses.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

In a sense, Mayor Brudasty from The History of a City Saltykov-Shchedrin (1869-1870) can be called an android.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Jean de la Hire's series of novels about Nictalope (1908—1944), often also considered as the first literary superhero, was popular in French literature.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

The term “cyborg” itself was coined by Manfred E.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Kleins and Nathan S. Klin in 1960, in connection with their concept of expanding human capabilities to survive off Earth.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

This concept was the result of reflections on the need for a closer, more intimate relationship between man and machine as space exploration became a reality.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

A developer of medical equipment and electronic information processing devices, Kleins was a leading scientist at the Dynamic Modeling Laboratory at Rockland Hospital in New York.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

1987 — a film about the cyborg police officer RoboCop.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

1996 — Paul Di Filippo's book “Ribofunk” suggests that an alternative to cyborgs in the future can be transgenes - genetically modified people.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Bruce Sterling has lobsters as alternative cyborgs, and wars are going on between cyborgs (“mechanics”) and transgenes (“shapers”).


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Theory


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

The increasing dependence of a person on mechanisms, as well as the replacement of organs with mechanical devices (prostheses, implants), creates conditions for the gradual transformation of a person into a cyborg.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

In technology, a person projects himself, so the joint evolution of man and technology into a cyborg is an objective process.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

In feminist concepts, the cyborg has become the initial metaphor for exploring ways to get rid of natural/cultural confrontations.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

It demonstrates how the desire to separate the opposing aspects of existence is becoming more and more difficult to fulfill, and tries to use the borderline confusion of concepts to develop new ways political action.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

This concept is known as the Cyborg Theory.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

James Litten coined the term “cyborgization” to describe the process of becoming a cyborg.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

The science fiction novel “Cyborg” (1972) describes the story of a man whose damaged organs are replaced by mechanical devices.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

The novel was adapted to the television series Six Millionth Man in 1973.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Isaac Asimov's story “A Bicentennial Man” explores the concepts of cybernetics.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

The central character is a robot that modifies itself with the help of biological components.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

His research is leading to a breakthrough in medicine in the field of artificial organs and prostheses.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

By the end of the story, there are no significant differences between the robot and human bodies (except for the main component, the brain).


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

However, there is still an opinion that complete “cyborgization” of a person is impossible.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

In particular, L. E.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Grinin is convinced that since the functioning of the brain is largely due to the work of the senses and the control of the biological body, accordingly, its full-fledged work has exclusively biological basis, and this connection will always be and should prevail.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Practice


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Cochlear implants are widely used to restore hearing to patients with severe or severe hearing loss of sensorineural etiology.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Experiments are being conducted with the use of stem auditory implants, which allow restoring hearing to some patients with deafness of neural etiology.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Specialists from the Institute of Rehabilitation of the Disabled in Chicago (USA) successfully implanted a bionic arm to a woman named Claudia Mitchell, who lost her arm in a traffic accident.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Prior to this, such manipulators had been successfully implanted in five men [2].


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Today, the C-LEG system is used to replace amputated human legs.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

The use of sensors in artificial legs has a significant effect.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

This is one of the first steps towards cyborgization.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

In 2008, German ophthalmologists for the first time implanted an electronic eye prosthesis in a person that fits completely inside the eye, achieving partial restoration of vision [3].


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Previously, all experimental implants that partially restore human visual function had massive external elements.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

In 2009, the Agency for Advanced Defense Research Development of the United States demonstrated radio-controlled beetles, in the nerve nodes of which electrodes were implanted.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

The average duration of a controlled flight was 45 seconds, but one of the copies was controlled for about 30 minutes [4].


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

In the spring of 2011, surgeons performed a unique operation: a new type of artificial heart completely replaced the real one, but patient Craig Lewis did not live long, he died a month later from amyloidosis [5].


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

In 2013, biohacker Tim Cannon, with the help of his friend, inserted the chip directly under the skin (without anesthesia).


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

A chip called Circadia 1.0 can record data from Cannon's body and transfer it to any Android mobile device.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Cyborg variants in works of art


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

lobster


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Omar (English: Lobster) is a term coined by Bruce Sterling for a cyborg created by integrating a person with an autonomous spacesuit that cannot be removed.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

If a classic cyborg can look like a person, but not inside, then a lobster, on the contrary, can be a person from the inside with external differences [7].


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Bruce Sterling writes in “The Queen of the Cicadas” (Cicada Queen):


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

They never ate.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

They never drank.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Every five years, like snakes, they “changed their skin”, cleaning their shell of the vile stinking scale of various bacteria, in a great many bred in even moist heat under this shell.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

They didn't know fear.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

They were self-righteous anarchists.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

The greatest pleasure for them was to sit glued to the frame of the ship, directing their many times enhanced and heightened feelings into the depths of space, watching the stars in ultraviolet or infrared ranges or by watching sunspots creep across the surface of the Sun.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

They could simply do nothing for a long time, absorbing solar energy through their shell for hours, listening to the musical ticking of pulsars or the ringing songs of radiation belts.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

There was nothing evil about them, but there was nothing human about them either.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Far away and icy like comets, they seemed to be the product of the vacuum itself.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

It seemed to me that They could predict the first signs of the fifth Prigozhin leap, behind which lies the fifth level of complexity, which is even further away from human intelligence than intelligence is from amoebas, multiplying by simple division, are farther than life is away from stagnant matter.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

In the computer game “Deus Ex: Invisible War”, lobsters are a large group of cyborgs, modifications of which were created by Russian scientists who united their nervous systems into a single consciousness.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

In the game, they are presented as an active faction, and at one of the ends of the game, you can become one of them.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Other types of cyborgs


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Cybermen (eng. Cyberman) is a race of cyborg people from the Doctor Who universe, who completely removed all biological parts except the brain and are devoid of emotions.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

The Daleks are a race of mutants from the Doctor Who universe, capable of living only in a robotic shell.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Many internal organs have also been replaced by mechanics.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Kimek (kimeh, simeh, English: Cymech) is the Butlerian Jihad universe (prequel to Dune).


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Stroggy is a race of cyborg humans in the Quake universe.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Borg is a cyborg civilization from the Star Trek universe.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Synthetes are semi-organic-semi-mechanical creatures “Half-Life 2”.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Tekunin is a cyborg clan in the Mortal Kombat series.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Proto-soldiers are a unique type of cyborg.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

The uniqueness lies in the fact that these are artificially grown people, clad in mechanical armor.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

It appears in the Wolfenstein universe, starting with Return to Castle Wolfenstein.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

The final version, the Uber Soldier, can use three weapons in turn — the Venom machine gun, the faustpatron and the Tesla.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

There are several types of cyborgs in the Fallout universe.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

In the Warhammer 40k universe.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

In the Starcraft universe, the Protoss have Dragoons, Immortals, and Annihilators.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

There are a huge variety of cyborgs in the Star Wars universe (for example: Darth Vader, General Grievous).


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

See also


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

prosthetics


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Brain-computer interface


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Implants


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Biomechanoid


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Transhumanism


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Sinister Valley


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Bionics


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Bioengineering


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

iCub


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Ibn Sina (robot)


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Terminator T-800


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Gain intelligence


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Notes


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Literature


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Stolyarova O. E.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

//Social.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

and humanities.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

science.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Otech.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

and abroad.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

lit.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Ser.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

3, Philosophy: RJ.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

— MOSCOW: INION, 2000.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

— N 2.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

— P. 45-63.


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

References


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

(with a live dog brain and cybernetic paws)


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Category:Biological cybernetics


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Category:Cyberpunk


Question: Who are cyborgs?

Cyborg

Category:Anthropomorphic futurology


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Economic blockade of Crimea by Ukraine — actions of activists of public organizations of Ukraine and official measures of the Ukrainian leadership to obstruct economic ties with the territory Crimea, annexed to the Russian Federation in February-March 2014 [1].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

It was introduced on September 20, 2015 on the initiative of a group of leaders of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people as a “civil blockade of Crimea”, aimed at stopping food supplies.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On September 28, the railway line was also blocked, through which raw materials (ilmenite ore) were supplied to the largest industrial enterprise in Crimea, the Ukrainian Chemical Products plant in Armyansk (“Crimean Titan”, owned by Dmitry Firtash) [2] [3] [4].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

In October 2015, Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists made the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea by damaging power transmission towers in the territory of the Kherson region, connecting the peninsula with continental Ukraine.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On November 20-22, unknown persons blew up the pylons of four power lines, as a result of which electricity supplies to Crimea and part of the adjacent territory of Ukraine itself were completely stopped [5].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

At the same time, activists for two weeks prevented the restoration of supports and the resumption of electricity supply to the Crimea.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On November 23, the government of Ukraine, in response to the appeal of President Poroshenko, who proposed to stop freight and rail transport links and trade turnover with the Crimea, announced the introduction of a temporary a ban on the movement of trucks across the border with Crimea [6].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On December 16, the government of Ukraine decided to ban the supply of goods and services to and from the Crimea “under all customs regimes... with the exception of personal belongings, socially important food products and humanitarian aid” [7].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On December 31, 2015, the end of the civil blockade was announced [8].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Background


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On April 15, 2014, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Law “On ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens and the legal regime in the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine”, declaring the territory of the Autonomous Republic Crimea and the cities of Sevastopol as the territory temporarily occupied by the Russian Federation [9].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Since April 25, 2014, the state border of Russia has been established between Crimea and Ukraine [10] [11].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On August 12, 2014, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the law “On the creation of a free economic zone “Crimea” and on the specifics of carrying out economic activities in the temporarily occupied territory Ukraine” [12], which, in particular, provided for the implementation of customs formalities for the transportation of goods to the territory of the Crimea and back.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Since September 27, 2014, the Ukrainian customs have been working with Crimea as a foreign state — when exporting goods from Ukraine to Crimea, an export declaration was issued for them, when importing from Crimea to Ukraine — imported [13] [14].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Since December 27, 2014, on the basis of the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, Ukrainian railway and road carriers have been banned from carrying out passenger traffic with Crimea [15], and therefore private taxi drivers sharply increased prices for travel from Vadim and Novooleksiivka stations to Ukrainian checkpoints.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Information on the dismantling of rails on the border stretches, as of 2017, has not been confirmed, but the blockade participants concreted the access road from the Vadim station to the plant” Crimean Titan”.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

In April 2014, by decision of the Ukrainian authorities, water supplies through the North Crimean Canal were stopped [16], and in mid-2015, the supply of building materials.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

In September-December 2014, restrictions were imposed on electricity supplies [17].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The restrictions were lifted when contracts for the supply of coal and electricity from Russia to Ukraine were signed on December 30, 2014 [18].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

“Civil Blockade”


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Organizers' requirements


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On September 8, 2015, at a press conference in Kyiv [19], the initiators of the action were People's Deputy of Ukraine Mustafa Dzhemilev, Chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, People's Deputy of Ukraine Refat Chubarov and Lenur Islyamov, Vice-President of the World Congress of Crimean Tatars, presented the document “Requirements of the Participants of the Civil Blockade of Crimea to the Authorities of the Russian Federation” [20], including release of Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar activists detained by the Russian authorities: Nadiya Savchenko, Oleg Sentsov, Oleksandr Kolchenko, Oleksandr Kostenko, Akhtem Chiygoz, Mustafa Degermendzhi, Ali Asanova and Taira Smedlyaeva, stopping the persecution of Crimean Tatars, creating free working conditions for Ukrainian media and foreign journalists, as well as lifting the ban on entry to Crimea for leaders Crimean Tatar people — Mustafa Dzhemilev and Refat Chubarov (Dzhemilev and Chubarov were banned from entering Crimea in 2014 for five years for inciting ethnic hatred).


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Later, they were supplemented by demands to allow representatives of international organizations to enter Crimea to monitor the situation with human rights and “restore the democratic rights that were in Crimea under Ukrainian administration” [21].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Activists' actions


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The action, the main participants of which were Crimean Tatars and activists of the Ukrainian Volunteer Corps “Right Sector” and the Civil Corps “Azov”, began at noon on September 20 [22] simultaneously at all three checkpoints in Kherson region — the Chaplinka checkpoint, the Chongar checkpoint and the Kalanchak checkpoint [23], by blocking roads for the passage of trucks with concrete blocks.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The railway line to Armyansk was blocked by activists of the public organization “All-Ukrainian Union of ATO Veterans” and blocked with concrete slabs on September 28 [24].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, supporting the action, said that its goal is “the speedy resumption of state sovereignty over the peninsula”.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

According to Poroshenko, the Ukrainian border guards and the Ministry of Internal Affairs received an order to ensure law and order and the absence of provocations during the rally [25].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

After cargo traffic across the border was blocked, members of the Right Sector and the Majlis began to inspect cars, checking the documents of people crossing the border, checking their data against the list of “traitors” on the Myrotvorets website [26].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On December 12, 2015, representatives of the Right Sector announced the completion of their participation in the action on the “civil blockade” of Crimea and the removal of duty at all checkpoints [27], explaining their decision by disagreements with “blockade partners” who “effectively removed us from decision-making” [28] (see para.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine (since 2015) #Энергетическая blockade).


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Energy blockade


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The energy system of Crimea is scarce, historically the bulk of electricity consumed was covered by flows from other regions of Ukraine (from Zaporizhzhya TPP, Zaporizhzhia NPP, from power systems of the Mykolaiv region) along four high-voltage power lines [29]:


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Melitopol — Dzhankoi (330 kV),


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Kakhovka — Dzhankoi (330 kV),


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Kakhovka — Ostrovskoye (330 kV),


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Kakhovka — Titan (220 kV, dead-end branch supplying Armyansk and Krasnoperekopsk [30]).


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

At the end of 2014, Russia and Ukraine signed two contracts for the period from December 30, 2014 to December 31, 2015. The first assumed the supply of electricity from the Russian Federation to Ukraine in the amount of up to 1500 megawatts, the second provided for uninterrupted power supply to Crimea from Ukraine.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Ukraine considered cooperation in this area as insurance in case of force majeure.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

In 2015, in particular, Russian exports helped Ukraine solve the problem with the shortage of electricity due to the shutdown of one of the power units of the Rivne NPP [31].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On the night of October 6, 2015, unknown persons damaged the high-voltage support of one of the power lines that supply electricity to the Crimea [32].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The Right Sector initially stated that it had nothing to do with this incident and called it a “provocation” aimed at discrediting the action on the blockade of Crimea [33].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

However, later activists of the Right Sector supported activists of the Azov Civil Corps [34] and supporters of the Mejlis, who prevented the repair of the power line support by Dneprenergo specialists.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Activists tried to prevent the work, demanding “to stop the supply of electricity to the Crimea, as well as consumer goods” [35] [36].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On November 2, the press service of the Ukrainian Volunteer Corps “Right Sector” announced the arrival in the Kherson region on the administrative border with Crimea of reinforcements from Kremenchuk, Ternopil, Dnepropetrovsk, Lviv, Kiev and Poltava “in connection with the received operational information about possible provocations due to the difficult internal situation in the country” [37].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On the night of November 13, 2015, with the completion of repair work at the Rivne NPP, Ukraine stopped purchasing electricity from Russia [31].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On November 20-22, as a result of the explosion of power transmission towers, through which electricity is supplied from Ukraine to the Crimean Peninsula, energy supplies were completely stopped, while activists during two weeks prevented the restoration of supports and the resumption of electricity supply to Crimea [5] [38].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

After the Russian power engineers, having accelerated work on the creation of the Crimean energy bridge as much as possible, put into operation the first line connecting Crimea with the United Energy System of Southern Russia, the organizers energy blockades representing the Crimean Tatar Mejlis announced its partial lifting and agreed to connect the Kakhovka-Titan power line.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

In this regard, the Right Sector announced on December 8 that it was ceasing its participation in the blockade of Crimea due to disagreements with other participants: “The Right Sector stops its work on the blockade within the framework of” Crimean Maidan”... The latest statement of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People was not agreed with us and other representatives of public organizations, volunteer battalions and patriotic movements that are part of the headquarters of the “Crimean Maidan” led by Lenur Islyamov, and is aimed at concessions to both external and internal enemies of Ukraine” [39].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation confirmed that at 01:37 on December 8, the 220 kV Kakhovskaya-Titan-Krasnoperekopsk transmission line began operating.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

As of 07:00 on December 8, the flow of electricity was 104 MW, at 16:00 — 151 MW [40] [41].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On the morning of December 8, the Ministry of Energy of Russia for the first time since the beginning of the energy blockade of Crimea announced the restoration of energy supply


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Most of the peninsula's electricity needs were covered by its own sources, as well as the energy bridge from the Kuban [41].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

According to the Crimean Department of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, as of the evening of December 12, the total electricity consumption in Crimea amounted to 844 MW, of which 432 MW was due to its own generation, due to overflow 219 MW on the Kuban-Crimea energy bridge, 192 MW due to the flow from Ukraine [42].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On the night of December 30-31, energy supplies to Crimea from Ukraine were again stopped - according to the Ukrainian side, due to the fall of a power line pole fallen by a strong wind [43] (according to other sources, the support was damaged as a result of explosion [44]).


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Electricity supply was never restored due to the expiration of the contract between Russia and Ukraine on mutual supplies of electricity.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

During the negotiations on the signing of a new contract, the Ukrainian side put forward an unacceptable condition for the Russian side, demanding that the contract specify that electricity will be supplied to Crimea and Sevastopol, which are part of Ukraine [45] [46].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

In connection with the nomination of this demand, Russian President Vladimir Putin on December 31 instructed to conduct a sociological survey of the population in the Crimea and Sevastopol.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Residents of the region had to answer two questions:


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

“Do you support the conclusion of a commercial contract with Ukraine for the supply of part of electricity to Crimea and Sevastopol, if it states that Crimea and Sevastopol are part of Ukraine?”


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

“Are you ready for the temporary difficulties associated with minor power outages over the next 3-4 months?”


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

According to VTsIOM, which conducted this survey, “93.1% of Crimeans do not agree to conclude a contract with the Ukrainian side for the supply of electricity to Crimea and Sevastopol, if it states that they are part of Ukraine. Only 6.2% support this proposal” [47].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Reaction


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The public in Ukraine


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The action of the Crimean Tatar Mejlis was supported by activists of the volunteer battalion of territorial defense “Aidar”, the organization “Right Sector” [48], as well as representatives of the Civil Corps” Azov”.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

According to the press service of the organization “Right Sector”, “it is allowed to participate in the action to block the Crimea only in agreement with the leadership of the regional branches of the “Right Sector” or with the commanders units of the Volunteer Ukrainian Corps”.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The operational headquarters of the Right Sector operates on the territory of the campaign [49] [50].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

According to the chairman of the Odessa Regional State Administration Mikhail Saakashvili, the blockade of Crimea should have been carried out at the official level, and not by public organizations and activists: “Such things should be carried out official state formations, and not part of society with weapons.”


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

According to Saakashvili, such unofficial groups after this blockade will want to gain power, confident that since “we have already closed the border, then we are the power” [51].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

According to Yuriy Boyko, head of the Opposition Bloc parliamentary faction, the real goal of the blockade is to destabilize the situation in the country: “There have been no shots in the east for several weeks. It is obvious that radical elements are trying to create a new point of destabilization and “undermine” the situation in the country. And the authorities, willingly or unwittingly, encourage this provocation” [52].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Ukrainian entrepreneurs


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The greatest concern among Ukrainian representatives of the food industry was the announcement of the food blockade of the Crimea caused among winemakers.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Volodymyr Kucherenko, First Deputy General Director of Ukrvinprom Corporation, told Interfax-Ukraine that the food blockade of the Crimean Peninsula will have consequences primarily for Ukrainian wineries, as they will not be able to fulfill contracts for the supply of wine materials to the Crimea [53].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The food blockade of the Crimea will not affect the brewing industry in any way, since their products are not supplied to the peninsula in connection with the bans of Rospotrebnadzor.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Ukrainian poultry farmers have similar problems with Rospotrebnadzor.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

According to General Director of the Association “Union of Poultry Breeders of Ukraine” S. Karpenko, the supply of eggs and meat to the peninsula was minimal: producers who had permits to supply products to the Crimea sent one or two cars there per month [53].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The international community


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

UN Assistant Secretary-General Ivan Šimonovic, speaking on September 29, 2015 with an oral report on the situation in Ukraine to the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva, said that the economic blockade Crimea peninsula will only strengthen the differences between Kiev and Simferopol, increase the problems of both sides: “While the disappointment caused by the Crimean Tatars over the situation in Crimea is quite understandable, I I am sure that it is the residents of Crimea who will eventually pay the price for this initiative. This can lead to an increase in the division between Ukraine and Crimea, as well as economically harm both sides, while none of them can afford this for economic reasons” [54 ] [55].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On 9 December 2015, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights submitted a report on the situation in Ukraine, which, in particular, pointed to human rights violations committed activists during the food blockade [56] [57]: “Activists involved in the blockade illegally performed law enforcement functions such as document checks and vehicle searches, with the obvious connivance of the Ukrainian authorities” [58].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

It was also noted that volunteers in military uniforms, masks and balaclavas stopped and inspected cars, although travel restrictions applied only to cargo transportation.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Threats, intimidation and physical force were used against those who refused to be searched. [59]


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

According to the authors of the report, the blockade participants had a kind of “list of traitors”, on the basis of which detentions were made.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

As an example, information was given about the beating of one of the residents of Crimea, who was found in possession of a Russian passport issued on the peninsula [60].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

In a report published on 3 March 2016, OHCHR recommended that Ukraine investigate all allegations of human rights violations by participants in the blockade of Crimea and detain violators, as well as “ensure public order and the rule of law in the southern districts of the Kherson region” [61] [62].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

State Council of the Republic of Crimea


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On January 13, 2016, the State Council of the Republic of Crimea adopted a statement in which it regarded the energy blockade of the peninsula by Ukraine as a genocide of Crimeans: “The blockade of the Republic of Crimea under led by deputies of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Mustafa Dzhemilev, Refat Chubarov, as well as a group of persons actually acting under the control of the Ukrainian authorities, under the leadership of Lenur Islyamov has been going on for more than four months. This is reflected in the daily reports of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine and is a clear example of the gross violation of human rights, hate crimes, genocide, which cause damage to the civilian population of Crimea,” the document says [63].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Effects of the blockade and measures taken


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Trade blockade


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

There were fears that the cessation of supplies of raw materials to the Crimean Titan enterprise due to the blockade could lead to a halt in production and, as a result, would require expensive replacement of equipment, which due to the peculiarities of the production process, it will fail [2].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Later, however, it was reported that the company was operating as usual [64].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

In connection with the introduction of the blockade of Crimea, the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation decided to first pass fuels, lubricants and food through the Kerch ferry crossing, while the import of some other categories of goods is limited, in particular, mineral fertilizers [65].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Immediately after the blockade began, about 30 retail chains and producers in Crimea signed a memorandum of understanding with the Crimean government aimed at stabilizing the price situation on consumer market of the peninsula and contain possible price increases [66].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

In the Republic of Crimea, a strategic food reserve was created, which was supposed to avoid rising prices and a shortage of goods in case of disruptions in the Kerch ferry crossing [67].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Energy blockade


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

With the interruption of electricity supply from continental Ukraine, an emergency situation was introduced in Crimea and rolling blackouts began, since local power plants are able to provide only about 30% of the peninsula's needs [68].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Crimean enterprises were shut down to save electricity [41].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Having been cut off from electricity supplies from Ukraine, Crimea was forced to increase the volume of its own generation - due to the operation of local power plants, backup energy sources, diesel generator sets and mobile power plants [69].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

This made it possible to reduce the number of disconnected consumers from one million to 192 thousand [41]


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Due to the fact that the Ukrainian authorities did not ensure the restoration of energy supply to the Crimea, as a response, shipments of Russian coal by energy and metallurgical enterprises of Ukraine [70]


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Partial removal of the energy blockade


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On December 8, after the partial lifting of the energy blockade, the Ministry of Energy of Russia decided to disconnect backup power sources.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

At the same time, work continued on the transfer of additional sources of electricity to Crimea, in particular, on the relocation from Vladivostok of two mobile power plants with a capacity of 22.5 MW each [41], one of which arrived in Crimea on December 17 [71].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On December 7, the head of the Republic of Crimea Sergey Aksyonov said that the Crimean authorities would refuse to accept electricity supplies from Ukraine if they were resumed: “We have long abandoned everything Ukrainian. They closed the market for the supply of building materials six months ago, food supplies three months ago, and cut off water at the very beginning. Electricity was the last “line” that connected us with Ukraine. Today we are completely cut off and have no intention of maintaining these relations again” [72].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The press service of the Ministry of Energy of Russia, however, said on December 8 that, despite the fact that mobile gas turbine power plants and diesel generator sets, promptly transferred to the Crimea, allowed go through the crisis period — fully ensure energy supply to socially significant facilities and periodically connect all household consumers at the most difficult moment before the launch of the energy bridge from Krasnodar energy system to the Crimea — “technologically, in order to ensure more reliable energy supply to Crimean consumers, electricity supplies from Ukraine are currently justified. As the capacity of the flow through the energy bridge from the Kuban energy system to the Crimea increases, the volume of purchases of Ukrainian electricity will decrease. The Ukrainian side, in turn, is obliged to comply with the requirements of the contract for the supply of electricity to the Crimea” [73].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On December 9, Russian President Vladimir Putin instructed to resume coal supplies to Ukraine in response to Ukraine's resumption of electricity flow to the Crimea [74].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On the night of December 30-31, 2015, power supply through the only remaining power line connecting Ukraine with the Crimea was completely stopped.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

One of the main measures taken by the Russian government in connection with the energy blockade was the decision to accelerate the construction of an energy bridge to the Crimea [75] [76].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On December 2, 2015, Russian President Vladimir Putin specially flew to Simferopol to launch the first stage of the energy bridge [77].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

With the start of operation of the first line of the energy bridge, it was possible to provide electricity to the vast majority of Crimean consumers, and to fully begin the heating season [41].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On December 15, the second line of the first stage of the Kuban-Crimea energy bridge was launched, thanks to which an additional 200 MW began to flow to the peninsula [78].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Complete removal of the energy blockade


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

In the first half of 2016, the second stage of the energy bridge was launched (the third line on April 14, the fourth on May 11), which brought it to full capacity.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

In the second half of May 2016, the Crimean authorities canceled the state of emergency [79] [80].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Criminal prosecution of blockade organizers


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Earlier, the prosecutor of the Republic of Crimea Natalia Poklonskaya said that the organizers of the energy blockade of Crimea, which caused significant damage to the region, will be put on the wanted list, and their property on the territory of Russia will be arrested.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The Crimean Department of the FSB opened a criminal case under Part 2 of Article 281 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (“sabotage”), which provides for punishment of up to 20 years in prison [41].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The court seized the property of Lenur Islyamov, one of the organizers of the food and energy blockade of Crimea [81].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Measures by the Ukrainian leadership


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On November 23, 2015, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko appealed to the government of Ukraine with a proposal to study the issue of stopping freight transport links and trade turnover with the Crimea [82].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On the same day, Prime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy Yatsenyuk convened an extraordinary meeting of the government of Ukraine, at which issues of energy supply, as well as food supplies to the Crimea, and as a result, the Ukrainian government temporarily banned the movement of cargo flows across the border with Crimea [6].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

On December 16, 2015, the government of Ukraine decided [83] to ban the supply of works, goods and services to and from the Crimea.


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The resolution does not apply to the supply from Crimea to Ukraine of goods of strategic importance for the sectors of the economy and security of the state, subject to confirmation by the Ministry economic development and trade, as well as for the import into Crimea of humanitarian aid provided by international humanitarian organizations in accordance with the list approved by the Ministry of Social politicians [84].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

It was found that the supply of electricity to Crimea will require a separate permit from the National Security and Defense Council (NSDC) of Ukraine [85].


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

See also


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Blockade of Russian road freight traffic through the territory of Ukraine (2016)


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

The legal regime of Crimea


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Energy bridge to Crimea


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Notes


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

References


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Category:Accession of Crimea to the Russian Federation


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Category:Trade in Ukraine


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Category:Trade in Russia


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Category:2015 in Ukraine


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Category:2015 in Russia


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Category:2016 in Ukraine


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Category:2016 in Russia


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Category:Blockades


Question: When did Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian activists make the first attempts to introduce an “energy blockade” of Crimea?

Blockade of Crimea by Ukraine

Category:Presidency of Petro Poroshenko


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Ganymede (Ancient Greek: Ganymes “starting fun”) - in Greek mythology [1] a wonderful young man, son of the Trojan king Tros and Kalliroi (or son of Laomedont [2]; or son of Dardan [3]; or son of Assarak [4]; or the son of Erichthonius [5]; or the son of Trinity [6]).


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

According to the Iliad, he lived before Pelop, but according to Leshey's Little Iliad - after Pelop [7].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Because of his extraordinary beauty, Ganymede was kidnapped by Zeus [8] — transferred by the eagle of Zeus to Olympus (or Zeus himself turned into an eagle [9]).


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

The abduction took place either near Cape Dardania (near Dardane), or in the Garpagia area on the border of Kizik and Priap [10], or on Ida [11].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Ganymede Tros's father received as consolation the golden vine of Hephaestus work, a couple of horses and assurances that his son would become immortal.


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

He has been granted eternal youth [12].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

According to poets, on Olympus, he became a butler at the feasts of the gods, replacing Geba in this post, and a favorite of Zeus.


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

According to Aristotle, although the gods do not drink wine, he is called the “butler” of Zeus, here is a figurative word use [13].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

According to Cicero, he serves nectar and ragweed to the gods [14].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Whether Ganymede was Zeus's lover is a debatable question, and different authors answered it in different ways.


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

According to Euripides, he lives on Olympus [15], shares a bed with Zeus [16].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

According to some authors, it was placed by Zeus in the sky in the form of the constellation Aquarius [17].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

At the request of Ganymede, Zeus temporarily prevented the Achaeans from capturing Troy [18].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

By interpretation, he was abducted by King Zeus [19].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

According to the poet Fanocles, he was captured by Tantalum, who kidnapped children for the delights of Zeus, which caused the war [20].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

According to another interpretation, because of his kidnapping, there was a war between Phrygian Il and Lydian Tantalus, and Ganymede disappeared in Pessinunt when his brother and lover dragged him in different directions [21].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

According to another version, he was kidnapped by Minos [22].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

According to Plato, it was the Cretans who invented the myth of Ganymede [23].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

There are myths that claim that before Zeus was kidnapped by Ganymede, Eos was kidnapped and became her lover.


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Homer describes the kidnapping of Ganymede in the same words as the kidnapping of Cleitus Eos [24].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

It was mentioned in the tragedy of Sophocles “Colchis” (French 345 Radt) [25].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

There were a number of comedies about Ganymede (Evbul, Alkey [26]).


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Statues of Zeus and Ganymede by Aristocles, donated by Thessalian Gnaffis, stood in Olympia [27].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Another statue of Ganymede was dedicated to Micif [28].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

The image of Ganymede's kidnapping was on Cloanthus's cloak [29], as well as on the shield of Dionysus [30].


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

The kidnapping of Ganymede is a frequent subject in the visual arts (works by Leohar, Correggio, Rembrandt, Thorvaldsen, etc.).


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

The Butlers Club in P. G. Wodehouse about Jeeves and Worcester was called “The Junior Ganymede Club”.


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Ganymede is named after Jupiter's moon Ganymede, discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei, and asteroid (1036) Ganymede, discovered in 1924 by German astronomer Walter Baade.


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Gallery


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Battista Franco of Venice, the Battle of Montemurlo and the kidnapping of Ganymede.


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Pitti Palace


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Rembrandt, The Abduction of Ganymede.


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Dresden Gallery


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Eustache le Sueur, The Abduction of Ganymede.


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Louvre


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

K. IN. Allers, The Abduction of Ganymede.


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

References


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Literature


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Category:Heroes of Ancient Greek Myths


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Category:Homoerotic motives in ancient Greek mythology


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Category:Troas in ancient Greek mythology


Question: Who was Io sent to heaven according to legend?

Ganymede

Category:Catasterisms


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Minusinsk is a city (since 1822) in the Krasnoyarsk Territory of Russia.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The administrative center of Minusinsk District.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

It forms the city of Minusinsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The city includes the village of Zeleny Bor, where the Minusinsk railway station is located.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

Population — people


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

The city is located on both banks of the Yenisei channel, 12 km from the railway station of the same name, 422 km south of Krasnoyarsk.


Question: When was Minusinsk founded?

Minusinsk

One of the oldest cities in Eastern Siberia.