Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

[12] On August 24 [the church is not specified in the source], he held a thanksgiving moleben on the occasion of the liberation of the city by the Red Army from Nazi invaders, after which parishioners donated military needs about 40 thousand rubles.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The priest asked me what to do with the money.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The next day, all the money was handed over to the State Bank for the needs of the front.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The consequences of occupation


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Kharkiv became the most destroyed of all major cities of the USSR after Stalingrad [14].


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The city has been tormented and suffered inhuman torment... Fascist barbarians burned almost all institutes, cinemas, museums.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

50% of the housing stock has been destroyed.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Now the city has come to life, many are already working at the restored factories.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Residents regularly receive bread, they will soon receive water... Trams will go along the streets of the city.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Kharkiv has come back to life.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

From the memories of Kharkiv residents.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

1943 [6]


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The permanent population of the city has decreased by at least 700 thousand people.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Taking into account refugees with whom the population before the occupation amounted to 1.2-1.3 million people per million or more [15] According to the Soviet authorities, 120,000 people, mostly young people, were kidnapped into slavery in Germany; about 70-80 thousand died of hunger, cold and deprivation, especially in the winter of 1941/42; about 30 thousand were killed by the Germans, including 16 thousand Jews (men, women and children) who remained in Kharkov, the rest fled to the villages.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

According to Alexander Wert, these data on those killed by hunger, etc., as well as data on executed non-Jewish residents, were slightly exaggerated, and the data on those sent into slavery to Germany were understated [16].


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The Jewish population of Kharkov, which fell into occupation, which before the war accounted for 19.6% of the city's population, was completely exterminated.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Kharkiv trial of German war criminals


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The world's first trial against German war criminals took place in Kharkov in December 1943.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

He set a legal precedent, later fixed by the Nuremberg Tribunal: “The order does not exempt from liability for genocide.”


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Three Nazis (Captain Wilhelm Landheld, SS non-commissioned sturmfuhrer Hans Ritz, senior corporal of the German secret field police Reinhard Retzlav) and one collaborator (driver” murderers” by M. P. Bulanov), guilty of the mass extermination of residents of the city.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In the presence of 40 thousand Kharkiv residents, criminals were hanged at the Blagoveshchensk market, where the occupiers themselves had previously carried out mass executions.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Persons from the times of occupation


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Ervin Firov is the first commandant of occupied Kharkiv.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Oleksandr Semenenko is the burgomaster of occupied Kharkiv.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Oleksiy Kramarenko is the burgomaster of occupied Kharkiv.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Pavel Kozakevich was the last chief burgomaster of Kharkov during its 2nd occupation in the spring of 1943.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Ivan Bakulin, secretary of the underground regional party committee (shot).


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Alexander Zubarev, secretary of the underground regional committee of the Komsomol (shot).


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Galina Nikitina is a liaison of the underground district committee of the Komsomol (hanged).


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Famous people under occupation


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Alexey Beketov died under occupation.


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Boris Gmyrya


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Lyudmila Gurchenko


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Nikolay Slichenko


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

See also


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

First Battle of Kharkov (October 1941)


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Barvenkovo-Lozovo operation (January 1942)


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The Second Battle of Kharkov (Barvenkovsky Cauldron, Operation Fredericus, May-June 1942)


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Third Battle of Kharkov (Operation Zvezda, February-March 1943)


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Izyum-Barvenkovo operation (July-August 1943)


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The Fourth Battle of Kharkov (Operation “General Rumyantsev”, August 1943)


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Kharkiv trial of war criminals (December 1943)


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

SS Adolf Hitler Division


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Drobytsky Yar — place of mass extermination of Jews


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

The Holocaust in the USSR


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Jews in World War II


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Blagoveshchensk market is a place of mass executions


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

References


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Photo and newsreels


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Newsreel Deutsche Wochenschau:,


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Newsreel Degeto Weltspiegel:,


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Comrades under the sign of Edelweiss” (Kameraden unterm Edelwei) 1943


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Computer games


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

In 2007, Buka released a tank simulator “Steel Rage: Kharkov 1942” (May 1942).


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Snowball released a military tactical simulator in 2009 (March 1943).


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Sources of information


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Used in the article


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Literature


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Category:History of Kharkiv


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Category:Ukraine during the Great Patriotic War


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Category:The Holocaust in Ukraine


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Category:Occupation of the USSR territory by the troops of the Third Reich and its allies


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Category:1941 in Ukraine


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Category:1942 in Ukraine


Question: When did the German occupation of Kharkiv end?

German occupation of Kharkiv

Category:1943 in Ukraine


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

“Diamonds” is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her seventh studio album, “Unapologetic” (2012).


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The authors of the song are Siya Förler, Benjamin “Benny Blanco” Levin, Mikkel S. Eriksen and Thor Eric Germansen.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The song was produced by Blanco, as well as Eriksen and Germansen as the production firm StarGate.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

“Diamonds” premiered on September 26, 2012 during Elvis Duran and the Morning Show.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

It was released online the following day as the lead single from the Unapologetic album.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Def Jam Recordings sent the song to major US radio stations on October 2.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Musically, Diamonds is a moderate-tempo pop ballad with elements of electronic music and soul [1].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The song tells about separation, and it can also be traced in other previous songs of the singer.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Critics were divided about “Diamonds”; some admired Rihanna's different musical styles, but others criticized her work.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The single peaked at number one in six countries, including Russia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany and the United Kingdom, and peaked in the top 10 other three countries.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The song also made it to the US Billboard Hot 100 and became Rihanna's twelfth charttopper, allowing her to catch up with Madonna and The Supremes.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

In addition, “Diamonds” became the first hit on the American Hot Dance Club Songs and Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs charts and the second in the US Pop Songs chart.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Among all the other charts, the song stayed for 16 weeks in Russia at number 1 on the Tophit chart, which is a record for this chart.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The video for the song was directed by Anthony Mandler, a director with whom Rihanna worked constantly.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

He shows Rihanna in four scenes, which are four elements: earth, air, water, and fire.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

It shows scenes with the singer, such as lying alone in clear water, running hard from her car on a deserted highway, in the desert with wild mustangs, and attending a street fight.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The video received positive reviews from critics, they praised the well-chosen images.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Commentators have also noticed that throughout the video there is a scene in which Rihanna's hand is intertwined with a man's hand covered with tattoos and resembling Chris Brown's hand.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The singer performed “Diamonds” in live acoustics on both sides of the Atlantic, as well as on Saturday Night Live and Victoria's Secret Fashion Show in the United States and in the ninth edition of The X Factor in England.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The official remix of “Diamonds” featuring Kanye West was released on November 16, 2012.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Creation concept


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Writing and releasing


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

American writer and record producer Benjamin “Benny Blanco” Levin met with Norwegian production duo StarGate in 2012 in a New York studio to create new material, including a song for Rihanna [2].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

StarGate previously worked with Rihanna and produced several of her songs, including “Don't Stop the Music” (Good Girl Gone Bad, 2007) and “Only Girl (In the World)” (Loud, 2010) [3].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

According to Blanco, they once came to the studio with the idea of creating something that “Kanye [West] could shift to rap” and it wouldn't be “Rihanna style.”


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

He went on to clarify: “We did not think about Rihanna at all. It so happens that what wasn't meant for Rihanna became a Rihanna song... but it happens to me all the time when I start thinking “Hey you have to do this right now, we have to do the first the single right now is “”.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

They made the first record, keeping to the rhythm [2].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Mikkel S. StarGate's Eriksen explained in an interview with The New York Times how, during the process of creating the song, Blanco took an excerpt from Eriksen's song, added an electronic sound, and made it sharper [4].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Then he used an audio program to extract the timbre to create a mystical background.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Eriksen later spoke in more detail about Blanco's musical style: “His technique is something out of the ordinary, as he almost never plays keyboards, but he inserted spiritual elements and changed them in the right direction that go together with the song” [4].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Australian singer Cie Förler later joined them and wrote the lyrics for the song “Diamonds” [2].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

After the song was written, they wanted Rihanna to perform it, but Blanco was not sure that she would like the song due to the slow pace.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

After StarGate played it to Rihanna, they called Blanco from London to tell him that she had appreciated the song, saying, “She is frenzied. She sang it seven times in a row. This is her favorite song” [2].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

He later revealed that they had to finish mixing and creating the song with Rihanna's voice just a few days before its release, which, in his words, was “wonderful and amazing” [2] .


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Production and design of the cover


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

“I think most people are afraid to be happy because they are concerned about what others will think of them... They are afraid to accept it and accept themselves and love themselves and do what they love and do things that make them happy.”


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Rihanna talks about the idea for the song “Diamonds” for MTV News [5].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Rihanna began working on her seventh album in March 2012 [6].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On September 12, 2012, Def Jam France announced via Twitter that Rihanna would release a new single the following week, while her seventh album was due to be released in November 2012.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

However, the tweet was soon deleted and replaced with a more clarifying one: “More information will be available the next day, Thursday, September 13” [7].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Immediately after her performance at the iHeartRadio music festival in September 2012, Rihanna admitted that her single “Diamonds” would be released in the same month [8].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

She said the track was “not so much fun and hippy as dance”, adding, “It's calm but uplifting. This is the recording that... makes me feel so great when I listen to it. The words are very encouraging and positive, but they are about love” [8].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The song cover was released on September 24, 2012.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Rihanna wraps diamonds on it like it was a joint [9] [10].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On September 26, 2012, goa Rihanna posted the entire lyrics in PDF format on her official website Rihanna7.com [11].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

“Diamonds” was first performed on the same day on Elvis Duran and the Morning Show [12] and was released the next day [13].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

In Britain, it was released online on September 30 on the iTunes Store [14].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Def Jam Recordings arranged for the song to be played on all modern popular radio stations in the United States on October 2 [15].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On November 5, it was released on CD in Germany; in addition to the song itself, it also features a remix of Bimbo Jones [16].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On December 18, eight remixes of the song were released online [17].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

composition


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Diamonds is a moderate-tempo ballad in the genre of electronic music, soul and pop [18] [19], and is 3 minutes 45 seconds [3] [20] [21] long.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

It features drums, enhanced synthesizer music, low bass, orchestral sound and electronic rhythms accompanied by Rihanna's vocals [21] [22] [23] [24].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Musically, according to EMI Music Publishing, “Diamonds” is written in B minor and written in a two-part size, in a moderately slow rhythm [25].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Rihanna's vocals range from the low note of F3 to the highest note of F5 [25].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

A Rolling Stone columnist wrote that “the track is mostly different from Rihanna's style in that the pop star did techniques by overlaying her voice” [24].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The theme of the song is different from its previous topics about unhealthy relationships [26] and contains the concept of love [27].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The first verse reveals the meaning of the song: “Find light in the beautiful sea/I chose to be happy/You and me, you and me/We are like diamonds in the sky”.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The name is the symbol that opens in the hook “So let's shine bright tonight, you and me/We are beautiful as diamonds in the sky/Eye to eye, full of life” [28].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

According to Glenn Yoder of The Boston Globe, with words such as “I chose to be happy” and “We are like diamonds in the sky”, the single reveals a new side of the singer that the audience often does not see [1].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

James Montgomery of MTV News commented that she catches good emotions and is satisfied with the real relationship, this can be seen in the lines “When you hold me, I come to life” and realizes “I knew that we would become one” [29].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Lindsay Dimattina of Hollywood.com concluded that Rihanna allegedly tells everyone about her lover when she sings lines like this: “When you hold me, I come to life” and “At first sight, I felt warm from the sunray/I saw life in your eyes” [30].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The Herald Sun noted that the words were mostly taken from Rihanna's personal life [31].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The song, like a number of other famous songs from 2012-2013, mentions the popular drug MDMA powder called Molly: “Palms rise to the universe/As we moonshine and molly/ Feel the warmth, we'll never die/ We're like diamonds in the sky” [32].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Charting


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Europe and Oceania


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

“Diamonds” first charted in Ireland on September 27, 2012, where it debuted at number 17.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Then it went up to the second position [33].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The single debuted at number one in England with 105,000 sales, marking Rihanna's seventh single to reach number one in the country [34].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

After nine weeks on the chart, “Diamonds” climbed from number ten to number three after Rihanna performed the song on The X Factor the previous week [35].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On October 7, 2012, it entered the UK R&B Chart as number one [36].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The song remained at the top of the chart for three weeks in a row until Labrinth and Emelie Sande's single “Beneath Your Beautiful” peaked.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Since December 2012, “Diamonds” sold 672,000 copies in the UK, becoming the eleventh best-selling single of the year in the country.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The song debuted at number one in France, becoming Rihanna's fourth charttoper in the country.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

She stayed at the top for three weeks in a row [39].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Diamonds reached number one in Germany for ten consecutive weeks [40], becoming Rihanna's fifth charttopper in the country.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

She even surpassed “Umbrella” (2007) in that it lasted the longest time on the chart at number one in her career [41].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

As a result, it reached number seven on the list of the best songs in 2012 in Germany.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

It went platinum, selling 300,000 copies in one country [42].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

In addition, the song stayed at number one in Norway for 11 consecutive weeks [43], in the Czech Republic for 8 weeks [44], in Denmark for 6 weeks [45], in Switzerland for 5 weeks [46], in Austria for less than 4 weeks [47], in Finland for 3 weeks [48] and Scotland 1 week [49].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

“Diamonds” entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number five on October 8, 2012, becoming Rihanna's twenty-third top five single in the country.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

After eight weeks in the top 10 of the chart, the song rose from number five to number two [50].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Diamonds was certified twice platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand, selling 30,000 copies [51].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

“Diamonds” debuted at number eight on the Australian Singles Chart on October 14, 2012, becoming the second highest debut of the week [52].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

It remained in position for the next two weeks until it jumped to sixth place on November 4, 2012 [53].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The song was certified three times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association, selling 210,000 copies [54].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

North America


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

In the US, “Diamonds” debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100, selling 133,000 copies.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

In her fourth week of stay, Diamonds climbed to number eight, becoming Rihanna's twenty-third top 10 single [56].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

It reached the top five in week five and climbed to fourth position in week six [57].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

By the end of the week, December 1, 2012, “Diamonds” became the twelfth charttopper, and in week nine she was “One More Night” (2012) by Maroon 5 [58].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Thus, Rihanna became, along with Madonna and The Supremes, among the artists with the most hit songs in the history of the chart.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Rihanna reached the top of the charts in a short time for 6 years and 7 months, but lost to Mariah Carey, who held on for 7 years, 1 month and 2 weeks.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Among other things, only The Beatles (2 years, 4 months and 3 weeks) and The Supremes (5 years, 4 months) reached the milestone faster [59].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The song spent two consecutive weeks at the top of the Hot 100, while her album Unapologetic reached the top of the Billboard 200.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

As a result, Rihanna became the second singer on the list in 2012, who peaked on the two main Billboard charts at the same time, topping singer-songwriter Adele [60].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The song lasted three consecutive weeks at the top of the chart until December 15, 2012 [61].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

“Diamonds” debuted at number 28 on the Radio Songs chart.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

In week four, “Diamonds” climbed to 10, becoming Rihanna's nineteenth top 10 song, beating Lil Wayne's record, finishing second on the list in 22-year history; only Mariah Carey (23) is higher [62].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

By the end of the week, December 1, 2012, the song had risen from number four to number two on the chart with 115 million sales [63].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

By December 15, the song reached number one, becoming Rihanna's tenth charttoper, and Rihanna herself ranked second among the singers with the highest number of charttoppers, behind only Mariah Carrie (11) [61].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On the Pop Songs chart, “Diamonds” debuted at number 29, giving Rihanna the advantage as the singer with the most appearances on the chart [64].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On November 10, 2012, she climbed from number 12 to number nine, becoming the twenty-third single to reach the top 10, and making her the singer with the most such entries on the chart [65].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On October 11, 2012 Billboard introduced a new methodology for compiling the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, distributing Internet downloads and data flow in a different way, organizing into a classification of 50 positions, together with radio broadcasts scanned by Nielsen BDS.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

According to this, “Diamonds” jumped from number 66 to number one [66], making it Rihanna's second single to reach number one [67].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

It stayed at the top of the chart for 14 consecutive weeks.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

“Diamonds” also peaked at number one on the R&B Songs chart [66].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

“Diamonds” reached the top of Hot Dance/Club Songs, becoming Rihanna's nineteenth charttopper, allowing her to stand on a par with Janet Jackson, peaking at number two on the list in 36-year history on the chart.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Only Madonna is higher (43) [69].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

In Canada, the song debuted at number nine on the Canadian Hot 100 on October 13, 2012 [70].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The song peaked at number one on November 24, 2012, becoming Rihanna's sixth single to top the chart [71].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

It remained at the top of the chart for four weeks in a row [72].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

clip


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Creation history


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

“Each song has its own story, so the video is very characteristic of this story and this world. With Diamonds, it was just a series of scenes that were put together to help you feel emotional in the song because it changes understanding, and this is the only way to achieve this effect.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Rihanna reveals the meaning of the video [73].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Rihanna began filming the video for Diamonds on October 21, 2012 in Los Angeles, California [74].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

It was directed by Anthony Mandler, with whom she had previously worked on the videos “Russian Roulette” (2009) and “Man Down” (2011) [29].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The photos from the set were leaked online the next day; Rihanna is wearing a black and white dress and standing in front of the flame, looking at the camera.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Ethan Sax of the New York Daily News wrote that “Rihanna looked like a jewel on the set of the video” [75].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

In an interview with MTV News, Rihanna explained the meaning of the video with various abstract scenes, saying that she wanted to show the audience “emotions that reflect the essence” [73].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Mandler also spoke about the video and its theme: “In this case, I felt that I had to create an open space; hint at things more, understand the essence, and prevent people from getting too attached... they have to feel the fantastic scenes, as if you just woke up from sleep and realize that everything you dreamed has a different meaning, it was about something else” [76].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

He went on to explain: “And you can see what I was trying to convey in images taken from Rihanna's personal life and what she went through. Where is the truth, where is the lie? You know, “Does she sink, or does she enjoy it? Are these arms moving away from each other or reunited? “... we tried to explain these serious questions about the song, its life and find beauty in chaos, and beauty in suffering, and suffering in beauty” [76].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On November 7, 2012, a voice-over video was posted on the official MTV website [77].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

In it, Rihanna leaves the trailer, dressed in a leopard robe, and goes to the set.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

At the same time, scenes were filmed with police officers chasing armed men.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Scenes of Rihanna standing in a desert area are also shown [77].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The video for “Diamonds” was released on November 8, 2012 on MTV.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

You can also watch the clip online at Rihanna.mtv.com [77].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

It was released online on November 14, 2012 through the iTunes Store [78].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Clip description


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The video begins with Rihanna lying in crystal water, alternately appearing other scenes with diamonds imitating drugs - a scene resembling a cover photo.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Later, Rihanna runs down the highway.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

In the black and white scene, the singer twists the joint and starts smoking it.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The image fades when the video starts.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Rihanna appears in the same black and white scene wearing a black corset.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Then she lies on the bed in the room as everything around her is beating, the curtains fall and the fire blazes in the back.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Rihanna is then shown again on the highway, running from a chasing car with brightly burning headlights.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Then she stops and looks up to the sky, peering into the aurora.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

During the video, Rihanna's hand is intertwined with a man's hand covered with tattoos, his face is not shown in the video.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

When the second verse begins, Rihanna stands in the desert with wild mustangs.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Later, there are scenes where she is present at a street fight, cars are burning nearby and windows burst everywhere.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

At the end of the video, you can see how the singer and her boyfriend's hands slip away from each other in slow motion, and touch only with their fingertips.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The clip ends with a scene where Rihanna is again lying on the surface of the water.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

testimonials


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

After its release, the video received positive reviews from critics.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

James Montgomery of MTV News stated that the video for “Diamonds” “begins with [Rihanna] making beds out of precious stones with her fingers and ending with her going downstream into the sea. Meanwhile, I see evocative pictures (glamorous black and white close-up shot, a dense cloud of smoke, mountain landscapes, beautiful stallions), all of which are breathtaking when you look at it.”


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

He compared the song to a video and added that “As a result, both are close to heart and open to everyone” [79].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

According to Jocelyn Vienna, also from MTV News, the video is full of “fantastic” and “surreal” shots of Rihanna showing herself with a sad face in “unusual events” [80].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Bruna Nessif from E!


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Online said that the video is “full of mixed images and stories — in any case, Rihanna is mysterious and sexy” [81].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

PopCrush's Emmy Scarrietto wrote that Rihanna looks “vulnerable”, further stating, “there is another person there, only his hand covered with tattoos is visible, which she is desperately trying to hold on to. It is not shown, but we can clearly assume that it is Chris Brown” [23].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The NME columnist commented on the theme of the video: “Rihanna's images are four elements that correlate with the four elements of earth, air, water and fire” [82].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Leah Collins of The Vancouver Sun wrote that the song influenced the idea of the video.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

He later stated: “It feels like you're looking at a lot of photos of Rihanna from magazines” [83].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Billy Johnson Jr. From Yahoo! Canada commented that the lyrics show “a triumph of great love that shines brightly. But the video hardly describes a love adventure.”


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

He continued, “It seems like [Rihanna] is in chaos reminiscent of happy times” [84].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Live performances


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Rihanna presented Diamonds for the first time at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show on November 7, 2012.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

To the performance, she wore a black long dress with a slit, stockings and ankle boots.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The show aired on CBS on December 4, 2012 [85].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On November 10, 2012, Rihanna performed the song on Saturday Night Live.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Sam Lansky of Idolator praised the performance, saying that she had “amazing emotionality in her voice”, but did not like the images in the background.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

He said they resembled a “screensaver from Windows 95” [86].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

New York Magazine's Joe Reid also praised her performance, saying it was “the most memorable part of the show” and [Rihanna's] best single in recent times, but he liked the electronic background better; he said it was “definitely something unusual” that was undoubtedly “very pleasing to the eye” [87].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Grantland.com's Tess Lynch was also impressed by the Saturday Night Live performance, confirming that Rihanna had “great vocals” and that the background was an “impressive... crazy spectacle” that left the audience was “amazing emotions”, and she also agreed with Anne Hathaway's opinion that Rihanna is a “goddess” [88].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Diamonds was included in the set list of Rihanna's 777 Tour (2012) [89].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On November 25, 2012, Rihanna performed the song at Season 9 of The X Factor in Britain.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

At the performance, the singer wore a black dress and high-platform shoes.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

When the chorus began, the water began to pour in the form of rain not far from her behind the stage.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

When the final chorus sounded, the water began to pour right in the center of the stage platform, which caused the singer to fall in the rain herself [90] [91].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On December 8, 2012, Rihanna performed the song on Wetten, dass.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

(“Would you like to bet.?”) in Germany.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

She wore futuristic glasses, a white top and leather leggings [92].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The singer performed “Diamonds” in the third season of the final of the American television show The Voice; Rihanna wore long metal claws to the performance [93].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Covers and remixes


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On October 18, 2012, British X Factor member and singer-songwriter Misha B recorded a melody on “Diamonds” without words [94].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

British singer Taio Cruz posted an acoustic version of the track on YouTube, deliberately passing it through the auto-tune program [95].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On November 15, 2012, American singer Zola Jizus recorded a cover of “Diamonds” [96].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On November 27, 2012 and November 29, 2012, the Jonas Brothers performed the song at their first and third concerts in Los Angeles in support of the 2012/2013 World Tour.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

One of the participants named Diamond White performed “Diamonds” at one of the concerts of the second season of The US X Factor [98].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On November 12, 2012, the famous rapper Flo Rida presented a remix of the song through the American magazine Rap-Up.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

He has remixed Rihanna's singles before: “We Found Love” and “Where Have You Been” [99].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On November 16, 2012, an official remix of “Diamonds” featuring Kanye West was released on SoundCloud and the iTunes Store online [100] [101].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

James Montgomery of MTV News analyzed some of the lines West sang: “We are the cause of all the riot/You talk too much, what are you going to do?


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Another writer from MTV Rapfix commented that West added “a few of his classic highlights” to the song [103].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The first rap verse comes at the beginning of a new version of the song; it addresses the Illuminati and Ty Sonday.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

He also refers to a theme from The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, reciting that he is “his own Brad Pitt”.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

He summed up: “Kanye West definitely does not feel the damage in looseness, and his new remix also brings enthusiasm to the slow track” [102].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On December 4, 2012, a new remix featuring American singer Eve slipped online.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

In the new remix, Eve rapes the following lines: “You shine so beautifully, incomparable/Listen, you have to know/How can you change my whole world/New life, new love, I've become perfect the other one. I've been waiting for you all my life, and now you're here” [104].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

On January 24, 2013, a new remix featuring American rapper Pitbull was released.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Also among the cover versions was the version of singer Maria Mena [105].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Formats and song list


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Digital distribution [13] No.titleversionLength1.” Diamonds"Album version 3:45 Total length: 3:45


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

German single [16] No.titleversionLength1.” Diamonds"Album version 3:452.” Diamonds"The Bimbo Jones Vocal Remix 6:16 Total length: 10:01


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Digital remixNo.TitleversionLength1.” Diamonds"Remix featuring Kanye West 4:48 Total length: 4:48


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Digital Remixes [17] No.TitleVersionLength1.” Diamonds"Dave Aude 100 Edit 3:382.” Diamonds"Gregor Salto Radio Edit 3:453.” Diamonds"The Bimbo Jones Vocal Remix 6:174.” Diamonds"The Bimbo Jones Downtempo 3:145.” Diamonds"The Bimbo Jones Vocal Edit 3:146.” Diamonds"Congorock Remix Extended 5:547.” Diamonds"Congorock Remix 5:088.” Diamonds"Jacob Plant Dubstep Remix 3:58 Total length: 33:48


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Performers


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Recording and remixing


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Recorded at Roc the Mic Studio in New York, NY; Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California; remixed at Ninja Club Studios in Atlanta.


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Creators list


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The songwriters are Sie Förler, Benjamin Levin, Mikkel S. Thor Erik Hermansen Eriksen


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Producers — Benny Blanco, StarGate


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Recorded by Mikkel S. Miles Walker Eriksen


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Recording Assistant — Andrew “Muffman” Luftman


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Singing Production — Cook Harell


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Vocal Recording — Cook Harell, Marcos Tovar


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Assistant Engineer — Blake Mares, Robert Cohen


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Mixing — Phil Tan


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Recording Assistant — Daniela Rivera


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The instrumental team — Benjamin Levin, Mikkel S. Thor Erik Hermansen Eriksen


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

The list of creators is taken from the annotations for the album Unapologetic, Def Jam Recordings, SRP [106].


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Charts


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Certifications


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Radio broadcasts and release history


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Notes


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

References


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

on YouTube


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

on YouTube


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Category:UK Singles Chart topped singles


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Category:Singles that led the Billboard Hot 100


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Category:Rihanna songs


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Category:Pop ballads


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Category:Songs written by Sia


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Category:Canadian Hot 100 led singles


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Category:Singles that headed Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Category:Top Singles of the National Recording Syndicate of France


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Category: Singles that topped the charts in Finland


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Category: Danish top singles


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Category:Austrian top singles


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Category:Singles that topped the charts in Germany


Question: What show did Rihanna's song “Diamonds” premiere on?

Diamonds

Category:Singles that headed Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, North Atlantic Alliance (English: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO; French: Organization du traité de l'Atlantic Nord, OTAN) a political bloc that unites most European countries, the United States and Canada.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

It was founded on April 4, 1949 in the United States, with the aim of protecting Europe from Soviet influence [~ 1] [~ 2] [~ 3] [~ 4] [~ 5].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

At that time, 12 countries became NATO member states: the United States, Canada, Iceland, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Italy and Portugal.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

It is a “transatlantic forum” for Allied countries to consult on any issues affecting the vital interests of its members, including events that could jeopardize their safety.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

One of NATO's declared goals is to deter or protect against any form of aggression against the territory of any NATO member state.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Currently, 29 countries are members of NATO.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Together, military spending by all NATO members accounts for more than 70 percent of the global total [1].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

History


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

According to Anders Fogh Rasmussen, NATO Secretary General (2009—2014), the organization was created to protect Europe from Soviet invasion [2]:


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

NATO was created in a dangerous world.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

While the shadow of the USSR was gathering over Europe, 12 countries on both sides of the Atlantic united to protect their security and core values: freedom, democracy, human rights and the rule of law.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In March 1948, the Brussels Pact was concluded between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Great Britain, which later formed the basis of the Western European Union (WEU).


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

It is considered to be the beginning of the formation of the North Atlantic Alliance


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

At the same time, secret negotiations were held between the United States, Canada and Great Britain on the creation of an alliance based on their civilizational unity.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Negotiations between European countries and the United States and Canada on the creation of a single union soon followed.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

All these negotiations ended with the signing on April 4, 1949 by representatives of twelve countries (Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, USA, France) of the North Atlantic Treaty.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The treaty created a system of collective security.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

All parties undertook to collectively protect any party to the treaty that would be attacked.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The agreement between the countries finally entered into force on August 24, 1949 after its ratification.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In fact, since its foundation, NATO has been focused on countering the USSR and, later, also the member countries of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact, concluded in 1955.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Greece and Turkey joined NATO in 1952 (“First NATO Expansion”).


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

West Germany became a member of NATO in 1955 (the “Second NATO Expansion”).


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In 1954, the USSR applied for membership in NATO, which was rejected [3] [4].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In 1966, in addition to NATO's supreme body, the NATO Council, the Military Planning Committee was established, consisting of defense ministers of the bloc member countries, and meets twice a year.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In 1966, France withdrew from the military organization NATO, remaining a member of the political structure.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Despite this, France took an active part in the NATO military operation against Yugoslavia in 1999.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In 2009, it returned to all NATO structures.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In 1974, Greece withdrew, and in 1981 it re-joined NATO.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In 1982, Spain joined NATO (the “Third Enlargement of NATO”).


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

With the unification of Germany, the territory of the alliance included the territory of the former GDR (now part of Germany).


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

After the end of the Cold War, Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 (the “Fourth NATO Enlargement”), in 2004 - Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Estonia (“Fifth NATO expansion”).


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Croatia and Albania joined NATO in 2009 (the “Sixth NATO Enlargement”).


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

[6] Montenegro joined NATO in 2017 (the “Seventh NATO Expansion”) [7].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Until the end of the Cold War, NATO forces did not officially participate in any military operation.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, NATO troops took part in the following conflicts:


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

in the war against Iraq in Kuwait and in Iraq in 1991. (under the auspices of the UN);


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

wars on the territory of the former Yugoslavia —


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995-2004),


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Yugoslavia (1999)


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NATO

Macedonia (2001—2003);


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

in Afghanistan (2001-present) )


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

in Iraq (2003—2011),


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

during the peacekeeping operation in Sudan (2005—2011).


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On January 4, 2018, the organization approved as its official anthem a musical composition for 20 instruments by the conductor of the Luxembourg Military Orchestra, Captain Andre Reichling [9].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On March 10, 2018, Ukraine received the status of a graduate student country, as well as Macedonia, Georgia and Bosnia and Herzegovina [10].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Goals


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In accordance with the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949, NATO aims to “strengthen stability and improve prosperity in the North Atlantic region”.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

“The participating countries have combined their efforts to create collective defense and preserve peace and security” [11].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In general, the bloc was created to “repel the Soviet threat” [~ 1].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

According to First Secretary General Ismay Hastings, the goal of creating NATO is “... to keep the Russians aside, the Americans inside, and the Germans under” [12] [13].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

NATO's 2010 Strategic Concept “Active Participation, Modern Defense” presents NATO's three most important tasks — collective defense, crisis management and security based cooperation [14].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

It is believed that by mid-2015, NATO is returning to its fundamental task in a modified form: instead of aggression by the USSR, an unexpected attack is considered as the main threat of the Russian Federation [15].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

At the NATO summit in July 2016, Russia was recognized as the main security threat to NATO, and its containment was officially declared a new NATO mission [16] [17].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Authorities


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The North Atlantic Council (NAC) is the main political decision-making body in NATO and the only committee created by the founding treaty.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

By virtue of article 9, it is empowered to establish “subsidiary bodies as may be necessary” for the implementation of the Treaty.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Over the years, the SAS has established a network of committees to facilitate the work of the Alliance and address all issues on the agenda.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

NATO's main committees include the Nuclear Planning Group (NSG) and the Military Committee.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The Defense Planning Committee, which was also one of the most important decision-making bodies in NATO, was disbanded during the committee reform in June 2010, and its functions were transferred to Defense Policy and Planning Committee.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In addition to the SAS, NSG and the Military Committee, there are a number of committees directly reporting to the North Atlantic Council:


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Committee of Deputies


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Policy and Partnerships Committee


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Nonproliferation Committee


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Consultation, Command and Control Board


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Operations Committee


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

High-level Task Force on Conventional Arms Control


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Verification Coordination Committee


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

National Arms Directors Conference


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Standardization Committee


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Logistics Committee


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Policy and Resource Planning Board


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Air Defense Committee


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Air Traffic Management Committee


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Civil Emergency Planning Committee


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Public Diplomacy Committee


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

North Atlantic Council Operations and Exercises Committee


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Safety Committee


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Civil Intelligence Committee


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Archive Committee [18]


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The NATO Parliamentary Assembly acts as a platform for discussion of security issues by lawmakers in NATO member countries.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

armed forces


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In 2007, there were more than 5 million troops in the armed forces of NATO countries, of which about 3 million 200 thousand in Europe [20]


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

As of 2010, the armed forces of NATO countries had about 3.8 million troops.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The NATO armed forces are divided into:


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

the joint armed forces (hereinafter referred to as the OVS) transferred to the bloc's disposal;


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

armed forces that remain under national subordination.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The Armed Forces include associations, formations and units of the US Army and Air Force (see also the article European Command of the US Armed Forces), Great Britain, Canada, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy and Turkey, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic, as well as the Norwegian and Danish Air Forces.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In wartime and during exercises, the naval forces of these countries, as well as the bulk of the troops of Norway, Denmark, Portugal and Luxembourg, are transferred to the Armed Forces.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The armed forces of France and Greece, which withdrew from the NATO military organization, periodically participate in joint exercises of the NATO Armed Forces in Europe, coordinate the air defense actions of their country with the NATO joint air defense forces .


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In 2002, NATO began a large-scale reform of its military structure.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In the process of this reform, the total number of NATO headquarters has been reduced from 20 to 11 [20].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Regional Commands


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Within the framework of the Allied Command in Europe, there are two regional commands:


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The Nordic Allied Forces include Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Great Britain.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The company is headquartered in St. Brunssum, the Netherlands (Northern Army Group until 1993);


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The allied forces of Southern Europe are Hungary, Greece, Italy, Spain and Turkey.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Headquartered in St. Naples, Italy.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The High Command in the Atlantic consists of five headquarters:


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

East Atlantic Ocean,


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NATO

The Western Atlantic,


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

South Atlantic Ocean,


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Strike fleet,


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Submarine Allied Command.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

NATO's official languages are English and French.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The NATO Council is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The Supreme Command of the NATO Armed Forces in Europe is located in Mons (Belgium).


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Rapid Reaction Force


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The NATO Response Force is designed to provide operational support to NATO operations.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The concept of this force was approved by the Declaration of the NATO Heads of State Meeting in Prague on 22 November 2002 and approved by the Defence Ministers of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in June 2003; their first headquarters (NRF-1) was established in October 2003 in Italy.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In accordance with the principle of rotation, the NRF-2 headquarters in Portugal was established in 2004 [22].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On September 5, 2014, at a meeting of NATO leaders in Newport, it was decided to create an English: Very High Readiness Joint Task Force, VJTF).


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

These forces of about 4,000 people [23] are designed to react quickly in the event of an attack by Russia on any of the NATO countries [24] [25].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The main base and command center of the force are planned to be located in the UK.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The planned period for the transfer and deployment of units in countries bordering Russia (Poland, the Baltic States) does not exceed 48 hours [23].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Finances


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

According to an unofficial policy, members of the Union should spend at least 2% of GDP on defense [26].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

However, of the 25 European members of the alliance, only Britain, Greece and Estonia comply with this requirement.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In 2013, the average indicator of military spending among the European members of the Union amounted to 1.4%.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The decline in military spending of European countries occurred as a result of cuts in military budgets due to the financial crisis in Europe.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The exception is the United States, where defense spending in 2013 amounted to 4.4% of GDP.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

From 1995 to 2013, the US share in NATO spending increased from 59% to 72% [26].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Armament costs


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In April 2014, NATO Secretary General A. F. Rasmussen called on European NATO members to increase defense spending in response to the aggravation of Russian-Ukrainian relations [2] [26]:


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

No one in NATO wants the Cold War to return, but we see that the Kremlin is trying to turn back time and divide Europe into spheres of influence.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

We must defend our values <... > and the system of international rules <... >.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

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NATO


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Information security


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

NATO has structures (“centers”) whose purpose is analysis and information security.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

There are 20 such centers in the alliance countries, three of them are located in the Baltic States: Estonia deals with cybersecurity, Lithuania — energy security, Latvia — strategic communication [27].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Strategic Communication Center in Latvia


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

It is located in Riga.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The mission of the center is to conduct research and develop recommendations in several areas: information and psychological operations, public relations, propaganda.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

One of the priority areas of the center's work was possible ways to counter Russian Internet trolls [27].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Members


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Partners


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Possible members


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Members of the Membership Action Plan


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Accelerated Dialogue participants


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The Republic of Cyprus, with the coming to power of Nicos Anastasiades, plans to join NATO.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Individual Affiliate Plan Members


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Partnership for Peace


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

NATO has signed a cooperation agreement with a number of European countries.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The program of interaction with these countries is called Partnership for Peace.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Among the participants of the program: Austria, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

relationships


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Iceland


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

During the Cold War, the issue of Iceland's membership in the organization was raised several times, starting with the protests of 1949.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In the early 1970s. The Soviet Union intensified attempts to achieve the country's withdrawal from NATO and its neutral non-aligned status, as it was a strategically important stronghold and transit hub for fleets and US and British aviation in the North Atlantic, where, in addition to parking ships and reloading various military equipment, ships could be repaired, stationary and refueled strategic aircraft and many other transport and logistics operations.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In addition, there are reconnaissance and tracking stations for the actions of the submarine forces of the Soviet fleet in the Atlantic.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The argument for the continuation of the stay of several thousand troops of the American contingent on the island was very simple, according to the leadership of the alliance, if the American troops leave Iceland, then the Soviet leadership will be tempted to occupy it (according to their information, the USSR Navy had large marine corps forces to conduct such operations).


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The fears of the NATO leadership intensified after the trade agreement was signed between the USSR and Iceland and after the Icelandic government began to make claims to Great Britain delineation of fishing zones.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In 1973, during the December NATO summit in Brussels, the defense ministers of the member countries of the alliance signed a joint memorandum on the inadmissibility of Iceland's withdrawal from NATO and ensuring enforcement of this decision in the event of disagreements or emergency situations [35].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The severity of the situation was expressed in the termination of air communication with the island by the largest air carrier.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The U.S. Civil Aviation Council consistently granted Pan American World Airways requests in 1971 and 1973 to suspend civil flights between Reykjavik and Helsinki first from October 15, 1972 to May 17, 1973 [36], and then on the temporary suspension of flights with Iceland from October 1973 to May 1974 [37].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

USSR, Russia


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The USSR perceived the creation of the bloc in 1949 as a threat to its own security.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In 1954, in Berlin, at a meeting of the foreign ministers of the United States, Great Britain, France and the USSR, Soviet representatives assured that NATO is a purely defensive organization.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In response to calls for cooperation, the USSR sent a note on March 31, 1954 proposing to consider “together with interested governments the issue of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic Treaty” but this initiative was rejected in a note in response by stating that the organization was “more than military” and that such a proposal “contradicts the very principles on which the defense system and security of Western states”.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In response, the Soviet Union formed a military bloc in 1955 from states that pursued a pro-Soviet policy — the Warsaw Pact [39].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

After the collapse of the Warsaw Pact Organization and the USSR, the NATO bloc (created, according to official documents, to repel the Soviet threat) did not cease to exist and began to expand east [40] [~ 6] [41].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On June 7, 2007, the President of Russia signed Federal Law No. 99 “On Ratification of the Agreement between the States Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty and Other States Participating in the Program Partnership for Peace, on the Status of Forces of 19 June 1995 and its Additional Protocol” [42].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In January 2008, Dmitry Rogozin took up his duties as Head of the Permanent Mission of Russia to NATO.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On September 23, 2008, Russia protested against the signing on this day of the “declaration on cooperation between the secretariats of NATO and the UN”.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The declaration was signed by Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and Ban Ki-moon [43].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On March 5, 2009, NATO foreign ministers announced the resumption of relations with Russia, which had been terminated after the August crisis in the Caucasus.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In July 2009, Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Philip Gordon said that the United States was ready to consider Russia's accession to NATO on certain conditions [45].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Earlier, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev noted that Russia's accession to NATO is not yet possible, but “we want normal relations with the North Atlantic Alliance. We are ready to develop partnerships with the Alliance” [46].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Russia is cooperating with NATO on the issue of a military operation in Afghanistan.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The Russian side has concluded agreements with the United States and Germany on the transit through its territory of military cargo for troops participating in the International Security Assistance Force [47] [48].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In October 2009, Dmitry Shugaev, Deputy Director of the State Corporation Russian Technologies, said that Russia could provide NATO forces in Afghanistan with helicopters on commercial terms [49].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

According to Nikolai Makarov, former Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, the long-term interests of Russia and NATO in Afghanistan coincide, and Russia is interested in successful actions multinational grouping [50].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On April 1, 2014, NATO foreign ministers stopped military cooperation with Russia due to the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation, but NATO continues to cooperate in the Russia-NATO Council diplomatic level of ambassadors [51].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Belorussia


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Belarus has been participating in the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council since 1992 (the North Atlantic Cooperation Council in 1997), and in the Partnership for Peace program since 1995.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Belarus to NATO was established in 1998.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In the spring of 1999, Belarus condemned the invasion of NATO troops in Yugoslavia and suspended cooperation, but later it was restored.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In autumn 2001, Belarus provided some assistance to NATO in the preparation of an operation in Afghanistan.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Kazakhstan


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Since 2003, international peacekeeping exercises have been regularly held on the territory of Kazakhstan [52].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

They are attended by military contingents of NATO member countries and CIS countries (without Russia) [52].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In Kazakhstan, according to NATO standards, a contingent of the Kazbat peacekeeping battalion is being trained [52].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Ukraine


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The relationship between Ukraine and NATO was officially established in 1992, when Ukraine, after gaining independence, joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, later renamed Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council [53].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

A few years later, in 1994, Ukraine joined the Partnership for Peace program (the first among the CIS countries) and soon demonstrated its readiness to participate in the Euro-Atlantic by supporting NATO operations in the Balkans in the 1990s [53].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In 1997, relations between Ukraine and NATO moved to a qualitatively new level — the Charter on a Special Partnership between NATO and Ukraine was signed, the first Information and Information Center in Eastern Europe was opened in Kiev NATO documentation [53] [54].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

With the adoption of the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan in November 2002 [53], relations were further strengthened, and within the framework of this plan, annual Ukraine-NATO Target Plans began to be developed.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On April 21, 2005, in Vilnius, within the framework of an informal meeting of foreign ministers of NATO countries, a meeting of the Ukraine-NATO Commission was held, which opened a new stage in Ukraine's relations with the Alliance — an “intensive dialogue” which was intended to be the first step towards Ukraine's accession to NATO.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On August 11, 2006, the press service of the new Ukrainian government, headed by Viktor Yanukovych, reported that Ukraine was postponing the adoption of the “action plan for NATO membership”.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On September 14, Viktor Yanukovych paid a working visit to Brussels, where he made a policy statement about Ukraine's unreadiness to join NATO.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

According to him, the new Ukrainian government “intends to expand cooperation with NATO”, without assuming any obligations within the framework of the implementation of the so-called “NATO Membership Action Plan” (MAP).


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On August 21, 2009, the Declaration on Addition to the Charter on Special Partnership [55] [56] was signed at NATO Headquarters.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

With the coming to power in Ukraine in February 2010 of Viktor Yanukovych, the issue of Ukraine's accession to NATO was frozen.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In April 2010, Yanukovych signed decrees by which he liquidated the interdepartmental commission on Ukraine's preparation for accession to NATO and the national center for Euro-Atlantic integration, stating, however, that Ukraine's relations with NATO would be maintained at the level reached under President Viktor Yushchenko.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

[57] [58].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On February 22, 2013, Ukraine officially joined NATO's anti-piracy operation “Ocean Shield”.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

As of 2013, Ukraine is the only partner state of the alliance that takes part in all its operations [59]


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

According to the new version of the Military Doctrine of Ukraine, adopted under President Petro Poroshenko and published on September 24, 2015 on the official website of the President of Ukraine, Ukraine considers it a priority the task is to deepen cooperation with NATO and achieve full compatibility of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with the relevant forces of NATO member countries by 2020.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

By abandoning its non-aligned status, Ukraine intends to change approaches to ensuring national security, giving priority to “participation in the improvement and development of the Euro-Atlantic and European collective security systems” [60].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In February 2018, Ukrainian Defense Minister Stepan Poltorak announced that Ukraine had fulfilled 90% of the plan to adapt the Armed Forces of Ukraine to NATO standards, and by 2020 it is expected to complete the reform [61].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On March 10, 2018, she became a candidate to join the alliance [62].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Georgia


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On August 20, 2008, Belgian Foreign Minister Karel de Gucht, regarding further cooperation between NATO and Georgia, said that accepting NATO membership “a country that sometimes manifests itself in a way that is not very controlled actions, this is risky in itself.”


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In December 2008, at a meeting of the NATO Council, it was not decided to provide Georgia with an Action Plan for membership in the Alliance.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In August 2009, Laurinas Kasciunas, head of the Center for Eastern Geopolitics Studies, said: “Although after the conflict in South Ossetia at one time it seemed that Georgia's membership in NATO could be accelerated, but in the end, the conflict removed this prospect. NATO membership is now a very distant scenario.”


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In 2012, NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, while in Tbilisi, said that Georgia was closer to the alliance than ever [66].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Persian Gulf countries


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On December 11, 2014, the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf concluded an agreement with NATO on joint actions to ensure the security of energy supplies to world markets [67].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Participation in military conflicts


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The first use of military force in NATO history took place in 1994 in Bosnia [68].


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Afghanistan


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Since 2001, the International Security Assistance Force, an international military contingent under the auspices of the United Nations, has been operating on the territory of Afghanistan with UN Security Council Resolution No. 1386 of December 20, 2001 NATO.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

It consists of five regional commands, each of which reports several provincial offices (Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT).


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Each group consists of military units, police (advisers to the Afghan police) and civilian personnel from various government agencies of the participating countries.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Yugoslavia


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

NATO played a significant role in the Yugoslav wars.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The first NATO aircraft began monitoring navigation in the Adriatic Sea for compliance with the embargo against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia back in 1992.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On April 12, 1993, military aircraft of the United States, the Netherlands and France began patrolling the airspace of the former Yugoslavia for the first time.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

On 28 February 1994, United States Air Force fighters shot down four Republika Srpska air force attack aircraft over Banja Luka while they were flying combat against Bosnian Muslim positions in violation of the Council resolution UN Security 816.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

In 1999, as a result of the intervention of NATO forces in the Kosovo War, Kosovo actually withdrew from Yugoslavia.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Libya


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

See also


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

NATO TV+ Channel (Available to users on the Alliance website. For users and TV companies wishing to rebroadcast NATO TV, it is possible to download the channel's videos from the website.)


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

NATO HQ


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Antinato


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Non-Aligned Movement


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

A major ally outside NATO


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

NATO operations


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Warsaw Pact Organization


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

UN


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

OSCE


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

NATO Naval Rank Codes


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

STANAG (NATO ammunition standardization)


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

NATO expansion


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

List of NATO member countries


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NATO

European Union Armed Forces


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

SATO


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Notes


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NATO

comments


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Sources


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Literature


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Scientific


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

in Russian


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

The Armed Forces of Foreign States: Information and Analytical Collection.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

— MOSCOW, 2009.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Yermakov S. M. Transformation of NATO after the Lisbon Summit 2010: from the defense of the territory to the protection of the public domain. Problems of national strategy.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

— 2011.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

— No. 4.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Kirillov V. IN. Russia and NATO: geostrategic realities. Voennaya Mysl.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

— 2007.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

— No. 9.


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NATO

in other languages


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Publicism


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

D. Ganser.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

A. Khramchikhin.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

IN. Kozin.


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

A. Wrestlers.


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NATO

V.Tolkachev.


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NATO

References


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Official resources


Question: Where is NATO?

NATO

Category:Organizations established in 1949


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Sid Meier's Civilization ((in Turkish), abbreviated


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilization is the first video game in the Civilization series developed by Sid Meyer and Bruce Shelley at MicroProse and released in September.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The game belongs to the turn-based strategy genre and at the same time combines 4X, global strategy, wargame and open world.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In Civilization, the player makes key decisions in the management of civilization throughout historical time, from the Ancient World to the present.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The gameplay includes the economy, politics, military operations, trade, exploration of new territories and new technologies, and competitors are other civilizations.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The game is characterized by the presence of a tile and generated map, cities with buildings, combat units, diplomacy, and a technology tree.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilization was developed for the DOS platform and was later ported to Windows, Macintosh, Amiga, Atari ST, PlayStation and Super Nintendo.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In 2002, Eagle Games released Civilization as a board game.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In 2005, Atari released a version for the N-Gage smartphone.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilization had a great impact on the development of strategic computer games, popularized and formed the genres of 4X, turn-based strategy with simulation of politics and economics, and dozens fell under its influence games of the 1990s Civilization is the first computer game to feature a technology tree, and it is also the first to be able to cover processes on a global scale and the history of human development as a civilization.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Setting


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilization covers the period from 4,000 BC.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

to the present day — the player takes control of one of the civilizations at an important period in its history — when a group of colonists is able to establish their first city and begin to develop as civilization.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In the future, the player makes key decisions through many generations of its development, when new technologies are studied, the available space is explored and populated, the resources found are mastered and competition with other civilizations.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The goal is not only to build an empire that must stand the test of time, but also to win the space race, as a result of which the colonists must fly in space ship to Alpha Centauri system [1] [2].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

At the same time, at the beginning of the game, several civilizations start on equal terms, but at different points in the procedurally generated map of the planet (at the player's choice, from 3 to 7 [3]).


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

There are a total of 14 famous civilizations (Greeks, French, Mongols, Russians and others [4]), from which those that will be present in the game are randomly selected, and one of them is chosen by the player [3] .


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Each of the civilizations is led by its great leader — Alexander the Great, Napoleon, Genghis Khan, Stalin, respectively, and others [4].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

During diplomatic relations, the player communicates with them one-on-one in the appropriate context [5].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The game features 67 historical technologies (from pottery to thermonuclear fusion) that civilization can master, and their discovery is determined according to a fixed technological tree, when, for example, navigation can be opened only after mastering cartography and astronomy [6].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Depending on the situation and development, combat units (legions, musketeers, aircraft,...), social order (despotism, republic,...) and other elements of the game correspond to the setting [7].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Gameplay


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The game takes place in god mode, in which the player looks through the map, gives orders for the development of cities, controls units, etc.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The gameplay is a turn-based strategy in which at the beginning of the turn the player gives orders and moves units, then other civilizations do the same, after which a simulation is performed ( population change, construction, etc.) and then a new move begins [8].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

In terms of time at the beginning, the course takes 20 years and subsequently this period gradually decreases to the present day to 1 year.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Each of the civilizations consists of cities, units and such macro parameters as gold reserves, a set of open technologies, etc.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

A player wins if he defeats all civilizations on the planet by military means, or if he wins a space race, his ship is the first to reach Alpha Centauri.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

At the end of the game, the number of points earned is formed, depending on the size and contentment of the population, the wonders of the world built, the number of colonists delivered on the spacecraft, and other factors [9].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Cities


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Civilization has several cities at its disposal that form its production facilities: units are built in them, food is grown, trade is carried out and money is earned, developed science, etc. The city occupies one cell on the map and has a level of development expressed in natural number, which determines the number of citizens in the game.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Each of the citizens either processes one of the cells in the vicinity of the city, or is a specialist (in science, tax collection or entertainment of residents).


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The player can change these states and specify the set of cells to process.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

Together with the effect of buildings and other factors, this forms the city's return on science, revenues to the treasury and production.


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The latter shows how quickly a city can build buildings or new units [10] [11].


Question: In what year was the first computer game Sid Meier's Civilization released?

Sid Meier's Civilization

The buildings built in the city improve its characteristics: the barn saves from hunger, the factory increases production, the walls increase the protection of the defenders, etc.