Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Stepashin, Sergey Vadimovich — from May to August 1999


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich — from August 1999 to May 2000


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Interior Ministers


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Barannikov, Viktor Pavlovich — from September 1990 to September 1991


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Andrey Dunaev — from September 1991 to January 1992


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yerin, Viktor Fedorovich — from January 1992 to June 1995


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Kulikov, Anatoly Sergeevich — from July 1995 to March 1998


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Maslov, Pavel Tikhonovich — Acting Minister in March 1998


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Stepashin, Sergey Vadimovich — from April 1998 to May 1999


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Rushailo, Vladimir Borisovich — from May 1999 to March 2001


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Foreign Ministers


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Kozyrev, Andrey Vladimirovich — from October 1990 to January 1996


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Primakov, Yevgeny Maksimovich — from January 1996 to September 1998


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Ivanov, Igor Sergeevich — from September 1998 to February 2004


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Defence Ministers


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Kobets, Konstantin Ivanovich — from August to September 1991


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

from March 16 to May 18, 1992, Yeltsin himself acted as Minister of Defense [211]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Grachev, Pavel Sergeevich — from May 1992 to June 1996


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Kolesnikov, Mikhail Petrovich — Acting Minister from June to July 1996


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Rodionov, Igor Nikolaevich — from July 1996 to May 1997


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Igor Sergeev — from May 1997 to March 2001


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin after his resignation


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Participation in public events


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On January 6, 2000, no longer President, he headed the Russian delegation during a visit to Bethlehem planned during his reign


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On April 5, 2000, at the age of 69, Boris Yeltsin became a pensioner.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Mikhail Zurabov, the head of the Russian Pension Fund, presented him with a pension certificate issued on March 31, 2000.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On May 7, 2000, he took part in the inauguration ceremony of his successor as President of Russia Vladimir Putin [213].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In November 2000, he created the Yeltsin Charitable Foundation [214].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On June 12, 2001, he was awarded the Order “For Merit to the Fatherland” I degree


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 2003, he attended the opening of a monument to himself on the territory of one of the Issyk-Kul boarding houses.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The central peak of the Terskey Ala-Too ridge is also named after him [215], crowning the Kok-Zhaiyk mountain gorge (Zelenaya Polyana) in one of the most beautiful places in Kyrgyzstan (before renaming - Oguz-Bashi Tsentralny, the third highest peak of the ridge [215]).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

After retiring, he visited his friend, Kyrgyz President Askar Akayev, several times on Lake Issyk-Kul.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 2004, Yeltsin's name was given to the Kyrgyz-Russian (Slavonic) University, the decree on the basis of which Yeltsin signed in 1992.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

From April 7 to April 11, 2005, B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin's visit to Azerbaijan [216].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

During the visit, he met with President I. Aliyev and visited the grave of former President G. Aliev [217] [218].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

September 7, 2005 - While on vacation in Sardinia, he broke his thigh bone.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

He was delivered to Moscow and underwent surgery.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

He was discharged from hospital on 17 September 2005.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

February 1, 2006 — was awarded the Church Order of the Holy Blessed Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy, I degree (ROC) in connection with his 75th birthday.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On May 7, 2006, former President Yeltsin was a guest in the Kremlin to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the Presidential Regiment [219].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On August 22, 2006, Latvian President Vaira Vike-Freiberga awarded Boris Yeltsin the Order of Three Stars I degree “for recognizing Latvia's independence in 1991, as well as for his contribution to the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Baltic countries and building a democratic Russia”.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

At the award ceremony, Boris Yeltsin said that the resistance of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev to democratic sentiments in the Baltic States was “a gross mistake”.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The award ceremony coincided with the 15th anniversary of the State Emergency Committee.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Vike-Freiberga stressed that Yeltsin was awarded for decisive actions during the coup, which allowed Latvia to restore its independence.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Russian communities of Latvia, in turn, made a statement that by agreeing to accept the order, Boris Yeltsin thereby “betrayed the Russian residents of Latvia” and “aligned himself with the undemocratic national politics” of the country.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On December 2, 2006, he appeared in front of the public with his wife and granddaughter Maria in tennis, at the Davis Cup final [220], where Russia defeated Argentina [221].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

From March 25 to April 2, 2007, he traveled to Jordan to visit holy places.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In Jordan, Boris Nikolaevich rested on the Dead Sea, then visited Israel, the place on the Jordan River where, according to legend, Jesus Christ was baptized [221] [222] [223].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Opinions and assessments of his retired position


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to a book published in 2009 by former Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov, initially after his resignation, Yeltsin was keenly interested in what was happening, invited ministers to his dacha, asked how things were going; but Putin soon “politely asked” Kasyanov to arrange for members of the government to stop bothering Yeltsin, citing the fact that doctors did not recommend such meetings; according to Kasyanov, it was essentially an order: “no one else should go to Yeltsin”; in addition, at Putin's insistence, the format of celebrating Yeltsin's 75th birthday was changed in 2006 in order to control by the contingent of invited persons [224].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to Boris Nemtsov, while retired, Yeltsin was extremely annoyed by the fact that under Putin freedom of speech began to curtail and the institution of elections was destroyed.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

He did not speak about this publicly, but when he met with Nemtsov, he told him about it repeatedly [225].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Death and funeral


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Boris Yeltsin died on April 23, 2007 at 3:45pm Moscow time at the Central Clinical Hospital as a result of cardiac arrest caused by progressive cardiovascular, and then multiple organ failure, that is, a violation of the functions of many internal organs caused by a disease of the cardiovascular system, said in an interview with RIA Novosti, the head of the Medical Center of the Directorate by the President of Russia Sergey Mironov [226].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

At the same time, in the news TV program Vesti, he reported another cause of death of the ex-president: “Yeltsin suffered a rather pronounced catarrhal viral infection (cold), which hit very hard all organs and systems”, Yeltsin was hospitalized 12 days before his death [227].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

However, according to cardiac surgeon Renat Akchurin, who performed the operation on the ex-president, Yeltsin's death “did not foreshadow”.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

At the request of Boris Yeltsin's relatives, no autopsy was performed.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin held a funeral service in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, which was open all night from April 24 to April 25 so that everyone could say goodbye to the former president of Russia.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

“Someday, history will give an impartial assessment to the deceased,” said Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow, who did not participate in the funeral service and funeral.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

It is believed that the funeral service did not take place completely according to church canons — the funeral service should include the words “servant of God”, but Yeltsin was buried as “the newly reposed first president of Russia Boris Nikolaevich” [228].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin was buried on April 25 at Novodevichy Cemetery [229] with military honors.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The funeral was broadcast live by all state channels.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Boris Yeltsin's assessments


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Attitude towards Yeltsin in Russia


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Public opinion


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to the Public Opinion Foundation, 41% of Russian residents negatively assess Yeltsin's historical role, 40% positively (in 2000, immediately after his resignation, this ratio was 67% against 18%) [230]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to the Levada Center, 67% in 2000 and 70% in 2006 negatively assessed the results of its board, 15% and 13% positively, respectively [231].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Opinions of Russian authorities


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 2006, Russian President V. Putin said: “You can assess the activities of the first president in any way you like But, of course, it was at the time when Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin headed Russia that the people of our country, the citizens of Russia, received the main thing for which all these transformations were carried out — freedom. This is a great historical merit of Boris Nikolaevich... One can only guess how each of us, including me, would act in those conditions” [232], and in 2011 he noted that: “Yeltsin believed in his heart in ideals that he defended... Today, very different people have gathered in this hall, but we all believe in Russia and strive to build a modern, confident country, which Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin dreamed of” [233 ].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 2011, Russian President D. Medvedev noted: “An unbiased, attentive reader cannot but appreciate the breakthrough that was made in the 1990s... [234] Modern Russia should be grateful to Boris Yeltsin for his transformations” [235].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 2011, the head of the presidential administration S. Naryshkin said: “Over the years, the importance and power of Boris Nikolaevich as a political leader have only become clearer. New Russia has inherited a difficult legacy. It was necessary not only to overcome the most difficult problems, but also to create Russian statehood. The role of the first president was key: he took on the entire burden of responsibility. We owe a lot of our achievements today to the first president of Russia” [233].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 2011, the President's Special Representative for International Cultural Cooperation M. Shvydkoy said: “The importance of Boris Nikolaevich cannot be overestimated, the 1990s predetermined the 2000s, Boris Nikolaevich was commensurate with the great country called Russia” [233].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Political scientists' opinions


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 2010, Dean of the Faculty of Applied Political Science of the Higher School of Economics M. Urnov said: “Under Yeltsin, political and economic competition developed in the country, a free press and civil society were formed. People stopped being afraid of the authorities, learned to say what they thought to her eyes. Of course, the transition from totalitarianism to democracy could not take place without difficulties and mistakes. It is foolish to accuse Yeltsin of the collapse of the Soviet Union — the elites of all Union republics, who had long dreamed of independence from Moscow, were interested in this collapse. The Belovezha agreements may have been concluded too quickly, but the collapse of the USSR was inevitable. The parade of sovereignties, the governor's freestyle — all this also happened, but this is not Yeltsin's fault either... By the time Yeltsin came to power, the economy was on the verge of death. The deficit of everything and everything was growing, foreign exchange reserves tended to zero, and oil cost $8-12 per barrel. Without decisive measures, the country could not be saved from hunger... Thanks to privatization, world-class companies appeared in the country by the end of the 90s. In the 90s, we did not have such monstrous corruption... Yeltsin was completely bossy, bloodthirsty. The oppositionists who took up arms in 1993 were held a little in prison, and then released... Of course, Yeltsin's rule will go down in the history of the country with a plus sign” [236].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Opinions of politicians and public figures


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Gennady Zyuganov, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, said in 2011: “Under Yeltsin, there was It will enter historical memory as one of the most terrible destroyers and destroyers of all social gains of the thousand-year-old state” [237].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Former First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU, supporter of the State Emergency Committee


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Prokofiev [238] names the time of B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin's “Yeltsinism”, describing it as “a political regime that initiated and “guaranteed” such socio-economic changes that began to block the reproduction of life in the largest in the world of state territory”.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

“Yeltsin became the main destroyer of spiritual and social values in the country. It was his efforts that brought to power in Russia an inherently disgusting community of thieves, Russophobes and degenerates” [239].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Personal qualities


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Political scientists and the media described Yeltsin as a charismatic person, noted the unusual and unpredictability of his behavior, eccentricity, love of power, perseverance, cunning.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Opponents claimed that Yeltsin was characterized by cruelty, cowardice [124], rancor, deceit [31], low intellectual and cultural level [31].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Attitude towards Yeltsin in the West


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

A number of Western politicians and the media are very ambiguous about Yeltsin's activities.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin is credited, in particular, with the final destruction of the USSR (according to The Financial Times), the implementation of economic reforms, and the fight against the communist opposition [240].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin is blamed, in particular, for the incompetence of his authorities, the creation of a class of “oligarchs” by selling state assets for a pittance, the war in Chechnya, the flourishing of corruption and anarchy, and the fall in the level life of the population and the decline of the economy, as well as the transfer of power to Vladimir Putin, since, according to a number of Western sources, Putin's rule is “less democratic” and represents a “return to authoritarianism” [241] [242] [243] [244].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Former US President Bill Clinton believed that Yeltsin “did a lot to change the world. Thanks to him, the world has largely changed for the better.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Clinton's high marks give Yeltsin's ability to make “certain compromises.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to Clinton, under Yeltsin, “democratic pluralism with a free press and an active civil society was really developing in Russia.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Clinton recalled that in 2000 he expressed his doubts to Yeltsin about Putin: Clinton was not sure that Putin “was just as committed to the principles of democracy and was ready to adhere to them in the same way, like Yeltsin” [245].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The American newspaper “The Wall Street Journal” wrote in an editorial: “Yeltsin's worst enemy was himself. Drunken antics not only undermined his health, but also became symptoms of the Kremlin's incompetence. In 1992, he briefly became interested in limited market reforms that gave capitalism a bad reputation in Russia. He created “oligarchs” by applying the “loans in exchange for shares” scheme (in fact, selling the best assets to “his people” for pennies) and conducting a stupid organized privatization, which is persistent was pushed by his advisers, who had enriched themselves on it. It has failed to strengthen political institutions and the rule of law. The Chechen war, which began in 1994, was a military and political fiasco. <... > Russia has never known such freedom as in Yeltsin's 1990s,” Putin, according to the newspaper, eliminated Yeltsin's best achievements [241].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

An editorial from “The Washington Post” said: “This man's contribution to history is ambiguous, but his steps in defense of freedom will not be erased from people's memory. tipsy, he (Yeltsin) allowed corruption and anarchy to flourish in government agencies and abroad. Russians were ashamed of his stupid antics. <... > Over the next seven years, Putin annulled most of the liberal reforms that his predecessor fought for.” [244] [246]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl called Yeltsin “a great statesman” and “a faithful friend of the Germans”.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

German Chancellor Angela Merkel said that Yeltsin “was a great person in Russian and international politics, a courageous fighter for democracy and a true friend of Germany” [246].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Journalist Mark Simpson wrote in “The Guardian” [247]: “If Yeltsin, having successfully overthrown the communist regime, instead of alcoholic chaos and impotence, erected a strong Russia on its ruins, which defended if his own interests were an influential force on the world stage, his reputation in the West would be completely different and would be attacked by some of those who now glorify him. He would be hated almost as much as... Putin!”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to the British magazine The Economist, “Even before he left office, most Russians across the country, from Kaliningrad to Vladivostok, felt nothing but contempt for their president — partly due to galloping inflation, non-payment of salaries, looting of the national heritage by oligarchs, but even more because of the humiliation to which he, in their opinion, subjected the country to with his drunken clowns antics.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

[248] [249]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The editor of the magazine disagrees with the opinion about the democratic nature of Yeltsin's rule.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to her, “Yeltsin's anti-democratic policy after August 1991 polarized, poisoned and impoverished this country, laying the foundation for what is happening there today, although responsibility for this is solely the responsibility of the current Russian President Vladimir Putin.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Heuvel believes that the actions of Yeltsin and a small group of his associates to liquidate the USSR “without consulting the parliament” were “neither legal nor democratic”.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The “shock therapy” carried out with the participation of American economists, she said, led to the fact that the population lost their savings, and about half of Russians fell below the poverty line.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Heuvel recalls the shooting by tanks of a democratically elected parliament, which killed and injured hundreds of people.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

According to her, representatives of the US administration then stated that they “would support Yeltsin's actions, even if they were even more violent.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The journalist sharply criticizes the war that began in Chechnya, the presidential elections of 1996 (accompanied, according to her, by falsifications and manipulations, and financed by oligarchs who received collateral auctions instead).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

As Heuvel summed up, Yeltsin's rule, according to millions of Russians, put the country on the brink of death, not on the path of democracy.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Russia experienced the worst industrial depression in the world in the 20th century.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

As Peter Reddway, one of the famous American Sovietologists, wrote in collaboration with Dmitry Glinsky, “for the first time in modern world history, one of the leading industrialized countries with highly educated society eliminated the results of several decades of economic development.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Heuvel believes that during the reforms, the American press mainly distorted the picture of the real situation in Russia [242] [250].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 2007, journalist Mark Simpson wrote in “The Guardian” [247]: “An eternally drunk bastard who drove most of his people to unimaginable poverty, while fantastically enriching his clique. The president, who robbed an entire generation by stealing their pensions, “let” the standard of living into free fall and cut the average life expectancy of Russian men by decades... A man who began his a career as a populist from campaigns against the relatively modest corruption of party functionaries, later became the head of the country in an era of such large-scale corruption and banditry that have no analogues in history . <... > He not only groveled before Western interests, but also led the almost final destruction of his country as a political and military force on the world stage. He trampled Russia into the mud so that we wouldn't have to do it ourselves.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On the occasion of Yeltsin's death, The Times journalist Rod Liddle paid great attention to the former president's addiction to alcohol in his article: “No one else in Russian history has the state managed to save hundreds of liters of formaldehyde by reliably drinking itself not only during his lifetime, but also in power.” [251].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

An editorial by The Guardian on Yeltsin's death noted: “But if Yeltsin considered himself the founding father of post-communist Russia, Thomas Jefferson did not make him. The meeting, where the presidents of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus worked on a plan for the collapse of the Soviet Union, ended in a drunken quarrel. Russia's democratic dawn lasted only two years, until the new president ordered tanks to shoot at the same parliament that helped him put an end to Soviet power. In the name of liberal democracy, blood began to be shed, which warped some Democrats. Yeltsin refused state subsidies for prices, perceiving this as a dogma, and as a result, the inflation rate jumped to 2000%. It was called shock therapy, but there was too much shock and too little therapy. Millions of people discovered that their savings evaporated overnight, while the president's relatives and his inner circle made huge personal fortunes that they still own today. Yeltsin's market reforms led to a more significant decline in industrial production than the invasion of Hitler's troops in 1941... Yeltsin was a more effective destroyer of the USSR than a builder Russian Democracy” [243] [252].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Attitude towards Yeltsin in the East


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In 2001, Chinese President Jiang Zemin named B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin “an old friend of the Chinese people” [253].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

family


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Boris Yeltsin was married and had two daughters, five grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Wife: Naina Iosifovna Yeltsina (nee. Girina, up to 25 years old — Anastasia).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Her daughters are Elena Okulova and Tatyana Yumasheva.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Perpetuating the memory


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

At the beginning of the 21st century, the Ukrainian-Russian Institute of Management and Business named after Boris Yeltsin at the Interregional Academy of Personnel Management (IAPM) worked in Kiev [254]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On April 8, 2008, the main street of the business center of Yekaterinburg-City, January 9 Street in Yekaterinburg was renamed Boris Yeltsin Street [255].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On April 23, 2008, the Novodevichy Cemetery hosted the opening ceremony of the monument to Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin, made by the famous sculptor Georgy Frangulyan.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The memorial is a wide tombstone made in the colors of the Russian flag — made of white marble, blue Byzantine mosaics and red porphyry.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

An Orthodox cross is engraved on the paving stones under the tricolor.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The ceremony was attended by Boris Yeltsin's family, including widow Naina Iosifovna, Russian President Vladimir Putin, Prime Minister Viktor Zubkov, First Deputy Chairman Russian governments, President-elect Dmitry Medvedev, Chief of Staff of the Presidential Executive Office Sergei Sobyanin, members of the government, friends, colleagues and people who worked with the first President of the Russian Federation.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On April 23, 2008, Ural State Technical University — UPI was named after Boris Yeltsin [256].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On the anniversary of Yeltsin's death, a memorial plaque was installed on the wall of a house built by the father of the first president of Russia in his native village of Butka and one of the streets was renamed Yeltsin Street [257 ].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In May 2009, the Presidential Library named after B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan named after B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin was named Kyrgyz-Russian (Slavonic) University for life.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In the Issyk-Kul region of Kyrgyzstan, the name of the first president of Russia bears a peak in the Pamirs.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On February 1, 2011, in Yekaterinburg, on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of Boris Yeltsin, a monument by sculptor Georgy Frangulyan was unveiled near the future presidential center in Demidov Plaza [258]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On August 22, 2013, in Tallinn, in the heart of the Old Town, a bas-relief and a memorial plaque to Boris Yeltsin were installed on a stone wall on Nunne Street near the Estonian government building.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The sculptural image is inscribed in Estonian, Russian and English: “In memory of the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin for his contribution to the peaceful restoration of Estonia's independence in 1990— 1991 years.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The bas-relief was opened by Speaker of the Estonian Parliament Ene Ergma and the widow of the first President Naina Yeltsin.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The opening ceremony was also attended by Jaak Aaviksoo, Minister of Education and Science of Estonia, Arnold Ruutel, Third President of the country, Edgar Savisaar, Mayor of Tallinn, and former Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Stanislav Shushkevich of Belarus, well-known Russian politicians of the 90s Gennady Burbulis, Fedor Shelov-Kovedyaev, other statesmen of the present and past [259] [260] [261].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

On November 25, 2015, the Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center was opened in Yekaterinburg.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

More than 500 people were invited to the opening of the center: Russian President Vladimir Putin, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, leaders of states who worked with Boris Yeltsin, well-known politicians and figures culture, journalists.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

People who knew the first Russian president closely also came — his classmates, members of the presidential team, Yeltsin's relatives [262].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In the computer game C.I.A. Operational: Solo Missions, you can see a caricature image of Boris Yeltsin.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Awards and titles


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Awards from Russia and the USSR:


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Order “For Merit to the Fatherland” I degree (June 12, 2001) — for a particularly outstanding contribution to the formation and development of Russian statehood [263]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Order of Lenin (January 30, 1981) — for services to the Communist Party and the Soviet State and in connection with the fiftieth anniversary of his birth [264]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

2 Orders of the Red Banner of Labor:


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

August 1971 — for services in the implementation of the five-year plan [264]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

in January 1974 — for the success achieved in the construction of the first stage of the cold rolling shop of the Verkh-Isetsky Metallurgical Plant [264]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Order of the Badge of Honor (1966) — for the success achieved in fulfilling the tasks of the seven-year construction plan [264]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Medal “In memory of the 1000th anniversary of Kazan” (2006) [265]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

medal “For Valorous Labor. In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of V. AND. Lenin” (November 1969) [264]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Jubilee medal “Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941—1945” (April 1975) [264]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Medal “60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR” (January 1978) [264]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

VDNH gold medal (October 1981) [264]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Medal “In Memory of the People's Militia” (March 2012, posthumously) for his high contribution to perpetuating the memory of those killed during the Great Patriotic War, for careful attitude to the history of the state Russian and for his great services in preserving the names of those killed in conflicts defending the Motherland.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Foreign awards:


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Order of Francisk Skorina (Belarus, December 31, 1999) — for his great personal contribution to the development and strengthening of Belarusian-Russian cooperation [266]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Order of the Golden Eagle (Kazakhstan, 1997)


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise I degree (Ukraine, January 22, 2000) — for a significant personal contribution to the development of Ukrainian-Russian cooperation [267] [268]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Cavalier of the Grand Cross on the chain of the Order of Merit for the Italian Republic (Italy, 1991) [269]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Order of Three Stars I Class (Latvia, 2006) [270]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Bethlehem 2000 Medal (Palestinian Authority, 2000) [271] [272] [273]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor (France) [274] [275]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Order of Good Hope I Class (South Africa, 1999) [276]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

January 13 Memorial Medal (Lithuania, January 9, 1992) [277]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Vytis (Lithuania, June 10, 2011, posthumously) [278]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Order “For Personal Courage” (PMR, October 18, 2001) [279]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Departmental awards:


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Commemorative medal of A. M. Gorchakov (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, 1998)


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Olympic Gold Order (IOC, 1993) [280]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Church awards:


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Order of the Holy Blessed Grand Duke Dimitri Donskoy, I degree (ROC, 2006) [281]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Chevalier of the Chain of the Order of the Holy Sepulcher (Jerusalem Orthodox Patriarchate, 2000) [282]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Titles:


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Honorary Citizen of the Sverdlovsk Region (2010, posthumously) [283] [284]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Honorary Citizen of Kazan (2005) [285]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Honorary Citizen of Samara Oblast (2006) [286]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Honorary Citizen of Yerevan (Armenia) (2002) [287]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Honorary Citizen of Turkmenistan [288]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Other regalia:


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Krapovy Beret (September 1993) — for his contribution to the development of special units of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia [289]


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Books by B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin is the author of four books (the last three were published in the editorial processing of journalist Valentin Yumashev, later the head of the administration and Yeltsin's son-in-law):


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

N. Yeltsin.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Middle Ural: frontiers of creation.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Sverdlovsk, Sredne-Ural Book Publishing House Publ., 1981.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— 160 pages [290].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

“Confession on a given topic” (Moscow. PIK Publishing House, 1990) [6] is a small book that intertwines his autobiography, political credo and a story about Yeltsin's election campaign in the elections of people's deputies.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Notes of the President (1994) is a book written by the incumbent president, it tells about such events 1990-93 as the presidential election, the August coup (GKCHP), the collapse of the USSR, the beginning of economic reforms, the constitutional crisis of 1992-93, the events of September 21-October 4, 1993 (dissolution of the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Presidential Marathon (2000) [181] is a book published shortly after his resignation, which tells about the second presidential election and the second presidential term.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Filmography


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Feature films


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Yeltsin Project (Spinning Boris), year, directed by Roger Spottiswood is an American film about the work of American PR people at B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin during the 1996 presidential election.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Film incarnations


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

“Three Days of August”, a year, directed by Jean Jung, the role of President Yeltsin was played by Alexander Skorokhod [291].


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Police Academy 7: Mission in Moscow, a year, directed by Alan Metter, Yeltsin was also played by Alexander Skorokhod.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

“Shouldn't we send... a messenger?” , year, Viktor Eliseev


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

“The President and His Granddaughter”, year, Oleg Tabakov.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

In this film, Yeltsin is the prototype of the President of Russia.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

“The Unknown Coup”, a year, Vladimir Novikov played the role of Yeltsin.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin. Three Days in August”, a year, directed by Alexander Mokhov, the role of Boris Nikolaevich was played by Dmitry Nazarov.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Margarita Nazarova, a year, actor Sergei Marukhin played the role of the young Boris Yeltsin on a business trip.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

“This is how the stars formed”, a year, the role of Boris Yeltsin was played by Alexey Guskov.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

“Drunk Firm”, a year, the role of Boris Yeltsin was played by Sergey Koltakov.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Documentaries


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Tsar Boris (UK, BBC, 1997).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

President of All Russia (Russia, NTV, 1999—2000).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

“B. N.” (Russia, VGTRK, 2006).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

“Boris Yeltsin. Farewell to the era” (Russia).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

“Boris Yeltsin. Life and Destiny” (Russia, VGTRK, 2011).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

“Boris Yeltsin. First” (Russia, Channel One, 2011).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

“Boris Yeltsin. It is impossible to retreat” (Russia, Channel One, 2016).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

See also


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

All-Russian referendum on April 25, 1993


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Popular vote on the Constitution of Russia


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The crackdown on the Supreme Soviet


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin-Gaidar government reforms


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Xerox Box Case (1996)


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin's gang is on trial!


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Notes


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Literature


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Voronin Yu.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

M. Stale Russia.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Political and economic portrait of Yeltsinism.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Moscow: Respublika, 2003.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— 656 p. — 2000 copies


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

, ISBN 5-250-01871-8


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Doctors B.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Z., Oslon A. A., Petrenko E.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

S. — M.: Public Opinion Foundation, 2002.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— 382 p. — ISBN 5-93947-006-8


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Yeltsin vs Khasbulatov.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Unity, compromise, struggle.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— M., 1994


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Korzhakov A. IN. Boris Yeltsin: from dawn to dusk.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— M.: Interbook, 1997, — 480 p. — 150,000 copies.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

, ISBN 5-88589-039-0


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Afterword.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— M.: Detective-Press, 2004.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— 552 p.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

ISBN 5-89935-063-6


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Korzhakov A. IN. The inner circle of “Tsar Boris”.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— M.: Algorithm, 2012.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— 288 p. — (Special guard. Sensational memoirs).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— 3000 copies


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

, ISBN 978-5-4444-0052-4


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Krivopusk


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

A. “A dream must have wings.”


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

The Yeltsin era through the eyes of ordinary people.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— MOSCOW, 2011.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

ISBN 978-5-91039-030-4


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Ligachev Ye.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

K. Boris was wrong.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— M.: Algorithm, 2012.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— 320 p. — (Political secrets of the XXI century).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— 3000 copies


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

, ISBN 978-5-4438-0089-9


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Mlechin L. M. The formula of power.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

From Yeltsin to Putin.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— M., 2000


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Mlechin L. M. Boris Yeltsin.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Afterword.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— 2007


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Poptsov O. M. Tsar Boris's Tevochny Dreams.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— M.: Algorithm, 2011.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— 368 p. — (Yeltsin Epoch).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— 3000 copies


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

, ISBN 978-5-4320-0021-7


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Sukhanov L. E.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

Three years with Yeltsin.


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

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First Mate notes.


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— M., 1992


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Sushkov A. V., Razinkov S. L. — Yekaterinburg: Cultural Information Bank, 2003.


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Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— 287 p. — 300 copies


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, ISBN 5-7851-0455-5


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Khinstein A. E.


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Yeltsin.


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The Kremlin.


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Medical history.


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— 2007


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Shevtsova L. F. Boris Yeltsin's regime.


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— M., 1999


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Yeltsin era.


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Essays on political history.


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— M., 2001


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Chernyak A. The Kremlin of the 90s: Boris Yeltsin's victims and favorites.


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— M.: Algorithm, 2011.


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— 256 p. — (Yeltsin Epoch).


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Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

— 3,000 copies


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, ISBN 978-5-9265-0701-7


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Yeltsin, Boris.


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Against the Grain.


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London: Jonathan Cape, 1990.


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Yeltsin, Boris.


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The Struggle for Russia.


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New York: Times Books, 1994.


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Shevtsova, Lilia.


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Yeltsin's Russia: Myths and Reality.


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Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999.


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References


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

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//The Great Russian Encyclopedia.


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Electronic version (2016).


Question: In what year did Yeltsin come to power?

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— interview (August 2006)


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Izvestiya:


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John Campfner.


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— An article in the Daily Telegraph, translated into Russian.


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Gwen Daer.


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Roy Medvedev.


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Dmitry Shlyakhtin.


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Article in Komsomolskaya Pravda, 23 September 2013


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Official biography on the Yeltsin Foundation website


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Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The Vethia Testament is the first, oldest of the two (along with the New Testament) parts of the Christian Bible, borrowed in Christianity from the Tanakh (ancient Jewish Holy Scriptures) and in Orthodoxy and Catholicism from other ancient Jewish religious books.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The Old Testament in all Christian denominations includes 39 books of the Tanakh, which is the common sacred text of Judaism and Christianity.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In addition, in Orthodoxy and Catholicism, additional books are included in the Old Testament, called non-canonical in Orthodoxy, and deuterocanonical in Catholicism [1].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In Protestantism, there are no additional books in the Old Testament, and the composition of the books of the Old Testament fully corresponds to the composition of the books of the Tanakh [2].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The books of the Tanakh were written between the 13th and 5th centuries BC.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

in Hebrew, with the exception of some parts of Daniel and Ezra [3] written in Aramaic [1] [4].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Non-canonical or deuterocanonical books were written in the last four centuries BC.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

, partly in Hebrew, partly in ancient Greek [1] [5].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Later, in the period from the 3rd century BC.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

to 1st century BC


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

, books written in Hebrew have been translated into ancient Greek [6].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

This translation (Septuagint) was used by early Christians [7] in the formation of the Old Testament and played an important role in the formation of the Christian canon.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

From a Christian point of view, the Old Testament is a monument to the first of God's three revelations, representing God's preparatory discovery of Himself and His will to people [8].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Origin of the term


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The term “Old Testament” is a tracing paper from Ancient Greek: Palai Diaθka in Old Slavonic (Church Slavonic: vetkh - “old”, “ancient” [9]).


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The ancient Greek word literally means “the former, the one that was before”, and means “testament”, “agreement”, “contract” or “covenant” [10].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

With this word, the creators of the Septuagint conveyed [11] the Hebrew word (Brit, “contract, agreement” [12]).


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In the biblical world, the “covenant” (Hebrew: “Brit” [13]) was a widespread type of relationship, expressed in a solemn agreement between the parties, accompanied by oaths.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

A covenant made between people often meant a mutual agreement of cooperation or peace.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Such a covenant could be a contract between individuals (,), an agreement between a king and a private person (,), or a treaty between kings or states (,).


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Another type of covenant meant a solemn promise of a unilateral nature, a kind of “oath” in which one of the parties undertook to perform certain actions ().


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

A special kind was the covenant made between God and man.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

This covenant is similar to a treaty granting rights by the ruler to his subjects, which is widespread in the Middle East ().


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

For the first time, the term “Old Testament” (Ancient Greek: Palai Diathka) appears in, where it is associated with the Law of Moses recorded in the Pentateuch, and perhaps the author traditionally understands it as obligations. imposed by God on the people (cf.).


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In the allegory of Sarah and Hagar, the Apostle Paul contrasts the Sinai Testament, a new covenant for Israel that is no longer an obligation imposed, but is based on a living relationship between God and man.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

With regard to the books of Jewish scriptures and Christian works, the terms “Old Testament” (Palai Diathka) and “New Testament” (Kain Diaetka) first appeared in the 2nd century AD.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

in the works of early Christian writers (Meliton of Sardia, Origen [14]).


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

According to Christian tradition, the division of the Holy Scriptures into the New and Old Testaments is based on verses from the Book of the Prophet Jeremiah ([15]).


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The content of the Old Testament (Tanakh)


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Pentateuch (Torah)


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

From the creation of the world and man to the arrival of Jews in Moab.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

This book describes: the fall of sin, the expulsion of Adam and Eve from paradise, the Flood and Noah's Ark, the lives of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Joseph is in Egypt.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The division of Israel into knees.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The Prophets (Neviim)


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

From conquering Canaan to dividing Israel into two kingdoms.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Events: the settlement of the tribes of Israel, the foundation of the kingdom, the reign of David and Solomon.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The foundation of Jerusalem and the construction of the First Temple.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The division of Israel into two kingdoms.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Scriptures (Ktuvim)


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

From dividing kingdoms to restoring the Second Temple.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The Babylonian captivity, the destruction of the First Temple.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In 515 BC


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

— The construction of the Second Temple by Zerubbabel after the fall of Babylon.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Events of Esther during the reign of Artaxerxes (465—424 BC).


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The prophets Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Authorship


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The books of the Old Testament have been written by several dozen authors over the centuries.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Most books, according to tradition, had their own authors, who were indicated in the title of the book.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Some modern researchers are of the opinion that most books in the Old Testament were written by anonymous authors.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

[16] [17] [18] [19]


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Text sources


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The text of the Old Testament has survived to us in many ancient and medieval manuscripts used in modern publications.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

This includes texts in Hebrew and ancient translations, among which the most important are the Septuagint, a translation into ancient Greek made in Alexandria in the 3rd and 1st centuries BC.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

, Vulgate is a translation into Latin made by Jerome Stridonsky in the late 4th and early 5th centuries AD


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

, Targums — translations into Aramaic and Peschitta — a Syrian translation made among early Christians in the 2nd century AD.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Among the manuscripts in Hebrew, an important place is occupied by medieval manuscripts of the Masoretic text, the official text of Judaism, among which Leningrad is considered the most authoritative and the Aleppo Codes.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The oldest sources of Old Testament text are the Qumran manuscripts, which contain fragments of all books in the Old Testament, with the exception of Esther and Nehemiah, as well as the full text of Isaiah.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

An important place among the sources of the Old Testament is occupied by the Samaritan Pentateuch, a Hebrew text of the Pentateuch, recorded in one of the varieties of PaleoJewish writing (Samaritan script) and preserved by the Samaritan community.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Church Slavonic translations of the Old Testament — the Gennadiev Bible, the Ostroh Bible and the Elizabethan Bible — were made from the Septuagint.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Modern Russian translations — The Synodal translation and the translation of the Russian Bible Society are made on the basis of the Masoretic text.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Old Testament Canon


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The canon of the Old Testament is a collection of Old Testament books recognized by the Church as God-inspired (that is, containing the immutable truth).


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The list of canonical Old Testament books is already found in Origen's doxography [20].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The inspiration of the books of the Old Testament canon, as well as its continuity, is noted in the New Testament ([21]), as well as by early Christian historians and theologians [22] [23].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Currently, there are three canons of the Old Testament, differing in composition and origin:


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The Jewish canon (Tanakh), formed BC


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

in Judaism; [24] and adopted in the Orthodox Church and Protestant Churches.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

A Catholic canon based on the Jewish canon and Deuterocanonical books translated by the Seventy (Septuagint or the Canon of Alexandria), but not included in the Jewish canon [1].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In the history of the formation of the canon of the Old Testament, two stages are clearly distinguished: the formation of the canon in the Jewish environment and the adoption of this canon by the Christian Church.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Jewish canon


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The Jewish canon is divided into three parts according to the genre and time of writing certain books.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Law or Torah including the Pentateuch of Moses


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Prophets or Neviim, which includes, in addition to prophetic ones, some books that are now considered historical chronicles.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Neviim, in turn, is divided into three sections.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Ancient Prophets: Books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel 1 and 2 (Kings 1 and 2), and Kings 1 and 2 (Kings 3 and 4)


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Later prophets, including 3 books of “great prophets” (Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel) and 12 “minor prophets”.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In the manuscripts, the “minor prophets” made one scroll and were considered one book.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Scriptures or Ktuvim, including works by the wise men of Israel and prayer poetry.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Ktuvim includes a collection of “five scrolls”, including the books Song of Songs, Ruth, Lament of Jeremiah, Ecclesiastes and Esther, collected in accordance with the annual cycle of readings in the synagogue.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The first letters of the names of these three parts of Scripture (Torah, Neviim, Ktuvim) in the Jewish canon make up the word Tanah.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The Jewish tradition often refers to books by their first word.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The division of the Tanakh into three parts is witnessed by many ancient authors at the turn of our era.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

We find a mention of “the law, prophets, and other books” in the Wisdom of Jesus, son of Sirach, written around 190 BC.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Luke the Evangelist quotes Jesus in the last chapter of his Gospel: “Everything written about Me in the Law of Moses and in the Prophets and Psalms must be fulfilled”.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

However, in most cases, evangelists use the term “law and prophets.”


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Three sections of the Tanakh are also called Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BC — c. 50 AD) and Josephus Flavius (37 AD —?).


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Conventionally, the books of Judges and Ruth, Jeremiah, and the Lamentations of Jeremiah, Ezra, and Nehemiah are considered in pairs as one book by common author, so that the total number of books of the Tanakh is equal to 22, according to the number of letters of the Hebrew alphabet.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Many ancient authors have 24 books in the Tanakh.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

All books of the Jewish canon were initially generally recognized in all Christian communities.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Canon of Alexandria (Septuagint)


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The Alexandrian Canon (Septuagint) was adopted at the turn of our era among the Jews of Alexandria who adhered to Hellenistic Judaism, and formed the basis of the Christian canon of the Old Testament (this applies to both text, as well as the composition and rubrication of books).


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

It differs from the Jewish Tanakh in terms of their location and individual texts, as well as in the composition of the books included.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

After the destruction of the Second Temple, the Alexandrian canon was not accepted by Judaism and remained only in the lists of Christian origin.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Structurally, the Alexandrian canon is distinguished by the fact that the books Neviim and Ktuvim are redistributed between sections in accordance with a different idea of genres than in the Tanakh.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

These are 39 [25] books, which are the following sections:


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Legally Positive Books (Pentateuch) (Genesis Deuteronomy)


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Historical books (Joshua Esther)


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Teaching (poetic) books (Job — The Book of Solomon's Proverbs — The Book of Ecclesiastes)


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Prophetic books (Isaia-Malachi)


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In addition, a number of books have been added to the canon in whole or significantly textually supplemented.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Thus, the Second Chronicles includes the Manasseh prayer, which is often used in Eastern Christian worship.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The book of Esther adds the Prologue (follows Chapter 1), a list of Artaxerxes's decree on the extermination of the Jews (follows between verse 13 and 14 of Chapter 3), the prayer of Mordecai and Esther (follows in completion of Chapter 4) and a list of Artaxerxes's 2nd Decree repealing his first decree (follows between verse 12 and 13 of Chapter 8).


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The book of the prophet Daniel added: the song of 3 youths in the foot (follows between verses 23 and 24 of the 3rd chapter, corresponds to verses 24-91 in the Russian full Synodal translation) and 2 additional chapters - 13th o Susanna and the 14th is about Vila and the Dragon.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The last Psalm 151 has been added to the Psalms.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Completely absent from the Hebrew Bible, but there are the Septuagint of the books of Tobit and Judith, the Wisdom of Solomon, and the Wisdom of Jesus, the son of Sirach, the prophet Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremiah, the Second Book of Ezra, and Maccabees books [26].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The Slavic and Russian Bible as part of the Old Testament includes 39 canonical (Tanakh books) and 11 non-canonical books, which differs from the Roman Catholic Church, which has 39 in the New Vulgate books of the Tanakh and 7 Deuterocanonical books (Tobitus, Judith, Wisdom of Solomon, Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach, the book of the prophet Baruch along with the Epistle of Jeremiah, the first and second books of Maccabees), which are recognized in Catholicism as the same authority as the books of the Jewish canon and inspired by God [27].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Protestant canon


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

During the Reformation era, the prevailing idea in the West about the canonicity and authority of biblical books is undergoing a radical revision.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Jacob van Liesveldt (Jacob van Liesveldt) in 1526 and Martin Luther in 1534 published Bibles that include only books of the Jewish canon in the Old Testament.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Books that are not included in the Jewish canon receive in the Protestant tradition the name apocrypha, a term enshrined in the Eastern Christian tradition in late (2nd century BC — 1st century AD) literature, never which was not part of the Alexandrian and Christian canons.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Old Testament books


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Tanakh books


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The books of the Tanakh are the same in all Christian denominations (without taking into account the translation and the presence of additional passages) and are recognized in them as canonical (inspired by God).


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Tanah booksTitle


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

in Slavic [2] and Russian Bible [28] Title


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

in Novaya Vulgate [29] Title


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

in English language publications


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Bibles [30] Title


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

in the Greek Bible [31] Rus.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Eng.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Name


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

in the tanahPentateuch of GenesisGenesis — “origin”, “beginning” [32] Gen.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Genrasheet (Bereishit [33]; Beresheet — “At the Beginning” [32]) Book OriginExodusExodus — “Exit” [34] Ex.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Exhibit (Shemot — “And here are the names” [34]) Book LevitLeviticusLeviticusLev.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Levіră (Vaikra; Vaiikra — “And called...” [35]) Book NumerInumbers — “numbers” [36] Number.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Numb (Be-Midbar — “In the Desert” [37]) DeuteronomiideuteronomyAuthor.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Deutprim (Devarim; Debarim — “Words” [38]) Book of Jesus NavinIosueJoshuanav.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Joshua (Yeoshua) Book of Judges of IsraelIudicumJudges Court.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Judgfim (Shoftim — “judges” [39]) Book by Rufruthruthruf.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Ruth (Ruth) First Book of Kingdoms Samuelis1 Samuel1Tsar1Samuel (Shmuel I) Second Book of KingsII Samuelis2 Samuel2Tsar2Samuel in (Shmuel II) Third Book of KingsI Regum1 Kings3Kings1Kings1KingsChildrens (Melachim I - “Kings” [40]) Fourth Book of KingsII Regum2 Kings4Kings2Kings in (Melachim II) 1st Chronicles Paralipomenon1 Chronicles1Par1Chronon Ayamim I) 2nd Chronicles II Paralipomenon2 Chronicles2Par2Chronon (Divrey Ayyamim II) Book of Ridesdraeezraezdezraezraezraezraezraezraezraezraz (Ezra - “help” [41]) Book Neheminehemihemihemirezraz Aenehemiahnehnehnehneh (Nehemia) Book Esther Estherestheresphesther (Esther) Book of JovaiobjobjobyovJobyovjobyin (Iov) Psalmsalmorumpsalmsps/PsalpsBook of ProverbiorumProverbs (Teilim) Book of Proverbs of SolomonsProverbiorumProverbsProverbsProverbsProverbsVerbsProverbsProverbs Pritprov ( Michelay) Book of EcclesiaStecclesiasteSecclesiastesSecclesiastecclesKoelet Song of SolomonCanticum CanticorumSong of Solomon


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

(Song of Songs) Song Song (Shir Hashirim) The Book of the Prophet Isaiaiaeisaiahis/Isaiaiaiaiahis/Isaiaiaiaiahis (Yeshayahu) The Book of the Prophet Jeremiaejeremiaejeremiahierjerjerjerjer Irmiyahu (Irmiyau) Crying JeremiaLamentationEslamentationsLamentationsLamentationsLamentationsLamentationsLamentationsLamentaizezeki (Yehezkel) The Book of the Prophet Daniel DanielisDanielisDanieldanieldanieldaniezezeki (Daniel) The Book of the Prophet Osiioseehoseaoshoshoshoshoshoshosis (Joshea) Book of the Prophet Joeljoeiljoeljoeljoel (Yoel) The Book of the Prophet Amosamosamosamosamosamosamos (Amos) Book of the Prophet AvdiaAbdiaeobadiahavdobadiahavdobadia Ovadia (Ovadia) Book of the Prophet Jonyaejonahionajonajonajonajonah (Yona) Book of the Prophet Michaeaemicahmihmicah (Micah) The Book of the Prophet Naumanahumnahumnahumnahumnahumnahumnahumnahumnyh (Nahum) Book of the Prophet HabakkuchabakkukavhabhabakkukavhababababababababakkukavhabhababababababababababababababababababababababababababababHawakuk Book The Prophet ZephoniaezephaniahSofzephaniahSofzephaniah (Safaniah) Book of the Prophet Haggaeihaggaiagghaggai (Hagai) The Book of the Prophet Zachariaezechariahzechariahzechechechariahzechecha (Zehariah)) Book of the Prophet Malachiaemalachimalachimalalachimalmalmalmalmalmalmalmalmalachimalachimalachimalachimalalachimal


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Additional excerpts in these books are available in Orthodox and Catholic editions of the Old Testament, but are absent in Protestant publications [2].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In Catholicism, these additions are recognized as inspired by God, in Orthodoxy they are not inspired by God [27].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Additional excerpts in Orthodox and Catholic editions of the Old Testament can be found in Esther (,,,,,), in the book of the Prophet Daniel: the Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Youths (), the story of Susanna (), the story of Vila and the Dragon () [43].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In addition, Orthodox editions of the Old Testament include Psalm 151 and Manasseh's prayer at the end of Book 2 Chronicles [2], which are absent from the New Vulgate.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In the ecumenical editions of the Bible: The Revised Standard Version of the Bible and the New Corrected Standard Version of the Bible, these passages are placed in a separate section called “Apocrypha” along with additional books of the Old Testament [44].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Additional Old Testament Books


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In addition to canonical books, Orthodox and Catholic editions of the Old Testament include additional books, the number of which varies in different Bibles.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In the Russian Synodal translation of the Bible, these books are called non-canonical, in Catholicism they are called deuterocanonical.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In Catholicism, these books are recognized as inspired by God, in Orthodoxy they are not inspired by God (but useful and edifying), in Protestantism they are considered exclusively human work and are not included in the number of books in the Old Testament [1] [27].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

However, they are in a separate section in the ecumenical editions of the Bible: the Revised Standard Version and the New Corrected Standard Version of the Bible.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The latter received the approval of thirty-three Protestant churches, the American and Canadian Conferences of Catholic Bishops and the blessing of the Primate of the Greek Orthodox Church [45].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Ten non-canonical books of the Slavic-Russian Bible have been translated from Greek (Septuagints), the Third Book of Ezra has been translated from Latin [46].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The table shows the titles of additional books of the Old Testament in the Slavic-Russian Bible, the Greek Bible, the New Vulgate, and the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Additional books of the Old TestaRussian nameEslavyanskaya [2]


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

and the Russian Bible [28] Title


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

in the Greek Bible [31] Title


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

in Novaya Vulgate [29] Title


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

in the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

(separate section) [44] The Second Book of RidesDras A'No1 EsdrasBook of TovitaestthobistobitBook of JudaesiudithJudithBook of Wisdom Solomonaestosofilomontosapientiaewism of SolomonBook of Wisdom of Jesus, Son of SirachovaSophia SierecclesiasticRussirach (Ecclesiasticus) Epistle Jeremiae


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

(included in the sixth chapter in the book of Baruch) Letter of JeremiahBook of the Prophet BaruhaeβarucbaruchBaruchThe first book of MaccabaeesThe first book of MaccabaeesThe second book of MaccabaeesThe second book of Maccabaeismathmaααωn Β'II Maccabaeorum2 MaccabeesThird Book of MaccabaiskaThere is a Maccabaeos γ'No3 MaccabeesThe fourth book of MaccabeesThe fourth book of Maccabaiskaianetμαkaβαωn Δ'


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

(in appendix) No4 MaccabeesThird Book of RidingNoNo2 Esdras


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The second and third books of Ezra were appended to the Vulgate with the titles of the third and fourth books of Ezra, respectively, without giving them canonical status [2].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Texts and translations


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The modern Hebrew Bible is based on a Masoretic text, which was compiled on the basis of earlier texts of the Jewish Bible and approved in the 10th century AD.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

[47] [48]


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In the 3rd century BC


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

At the behest of the Egyptian king Ptolomew Philadelphus, the books of the Tanakh were translated from Hebrew into Greek.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Since there were 72 translators, according to ancient testimonies, or, rounding, 70, this translation is called the translation of the Seventy (Septuagint) [49].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

According to legend, the translation was completed in 72 days.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

This translation later included other Jewish books written in the 3rd and 1st centuries BC.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

, as well as books originally written in Greek (non - canonical books).


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

This is the translation used by the authors of the New Testament.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

According to some estimates, of 235 Old Testament quotes in the New Testament, 215 are taken from the Septuagint and only 20 are from the Hebrew text [47].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

From the first translations of the Bible into Latin, an ancient Italian translation is known, in which the Latin translation of books of the Old Testament was made from the Septuagint.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Soon this translation was replaced by the translation of Blessed Jerome Stridon, who translated Old Testament books from the Hebrew original into Latin, but also used ancient Greek texts.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

This translation was completed by 405 and was later called “Vulgate” (that is, “generally accepted”) [47].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

The Old Testament of the Slavic Bible is translated from the Septuagint, but this translation is influenced by numerous influences from the Vulgate [50].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In the Synodal translation of the Bible into Russian, made in the 19th century, the canonical books of the Old Testament are translated from the Hebrew Bible (Masoretic text), but in some cases from the Septuagint (for example, ), ten non-canonical books have been translated from Greek (Septuagint), but one (Ezra 3) has been translated from Latin [51] [52].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In the Russian Orthodox Church, the Synodal translation is not used in divine services.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Biblical critique of the Old Testament


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

Biblical criticism examines directly the text of the Bible to determine authorship, timing of compilation and author's intentions.


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

It should be distinguished from criticism of the Bible, which denies it as a source of information or a code of moral conduct, as it may contain translation errors [53].


Question: What year does the Old Testament begin with?

Old Testament

In the 17th century Thomas Hobbes collected all the evidence available that Moses could not write the bulk of the Torah.