Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Early career


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Radford began skating when he was eight years old, after being inspired by watching Nancy Kerrigan skate at the 1992 Winter Olympics [10].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In addition, in the 1990s, Eric watched single figure skaters Kurt Browning and Elvis Stoiko, and liked the fact that figure skating was a sport related to music [4].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Together with Sarah Bourke, Eric competed in the Junior Grand Prix series in 2003 in the Czech Republic and in 2004 in Hungary, finishing sixth and fifth respectively.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

He also competed in singles tournaments [11].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

After the pair broke up with his first partner Sarah Bourke, Radford began training with Rachel Kirkland with Brian Orser and Ingo Stoyer.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The most significant achievement of the pair was the silver medal of the national junior championship.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

When moving to the “adult” level, the figure skaters did not achieve significant success and after 7th place at the 2009 Canadian Championships decided to continue their career with new partners.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Radford then paired up with Anne-Marie Giroux (French: Anne-Marie Giroux), but the pair managed to finish eighth at the 2010 Canadian Championship [12].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Performances with Meghan Duhamel


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

2010—11 season: debut season


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

According to Eric Radford, the decision to pair up with Meghan Duhamel was influenced by advice from the coach, without which it would not have worked [13].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The new pair debuted at the Nebelhorn Trophy 2010.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

According to the results of the competition, they took third place [14].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the debut stage of the Grand Prix in Canada, the pair finished fifth [15].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

They then became silver medalists at the national championship [16], which allowed figure skaters to join the national team for the Four Continents Championship and the World Championship.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the Four Continents Championships, the pair finished third after the short program, showing the best result of the season [17].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

After the free program, for which Canadians received more than 120 points for the first time in their careers, they climbed to second place [18].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

As a result, Meghan and Eric lost only to silver medalists at the Vancouver Olympic Games Pan Qing and Tong Jian [19].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The next competition for the pair was planned for the World Cup, which was to be held in Tokyo, but due to the earthquake it was moved to Moscow [20], where it took place in April 2011.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

For Eric, this was the first World Cup in his career, while Meghan already had experience competing in competitions of this level [21].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the World Short Program Championships, Meghan elbowed her partner in the nose and broke him during a spin, but despite this, they did not interrupt their performance and ended up seventh [22].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

They finished the tournament on the same line [23].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

left|mini|216x216pcs|Megan Duhamel and Eric Radford at the World Team Championship


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

2011/12 season: first Grand Prix final, first victory at the Canadian Championship


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

For the new season, Meghan and her partner in the short program chose the Aranjuez Concerto as the musical accompaniment.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The free program was set to the music of Coldplay [24].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Competing at the Grand Prix, Canadians won two bronze medals at the Canadian [25] and French stages [26], which were the first in their joint career.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

These results helped them reach the Grand Prix final for the first time, where Meghan and Eric finished fifth [27].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In January 2012, Duhamel and Radford became champions of Canada for the first time, confidently beating their competitors [28].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Then we took fourth place at the Four Continents Championship, showing not the best skating [29].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the World Cup, Canadians took fifth place [30].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

It should be noted that in the short program in terms of technique, they took second place [31], in the free program third [32], but due to the low second score (for components), they did not manage to get to the pedestal.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the World Team Championship, the pair helped their team win the bronze medal [33].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

2012/13 season: a breakthrough at the international level


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Meghan and Eric started the season with second place at the Skate Canada Grand Prix [34], setting new personal achievements in the short and free programs, as well as a total [35].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Canadians won the second silver medal at the Grand Prix Trophée Eric Bompard.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the same time, they won the free program, but Yuko Kawaguchi and Alexander Smirnov won the overall victory [36].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

These results allowed the Canadian pair to reach the Grand Prix final for the second time in a row, where they stopped one step away from the podium [37].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

They then won their second national title [38], beating their long-time rivals Kirsten Moore Towers and Dylan Moskovic in a fierce struggle [38].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In February 2013, the pair won their first big victory at the international level, with Duhamel and Radford winning the Four Continents Championship.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Again, as in the Canadian Championship, the main rivals were the pair Moore Towers and Moskovic.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In the short program, Meghan and Eric scored 70.44 points, breaking the 70 points mark for the first time in their careers.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Kirsten and Dylan were 4.11 points behind [39].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Not everything went smoothly in the free program, and despite the fact that a new best achievement was set (128.74 points), the free program was lost to Moore Towers and Moskovic [40].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Nevertheless, there were enough points after the short program, and Meghan and Eric became champions of four continents [41].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

They became the first Canadian couple in 12 years to achieve this achievement [42].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The 2013 World Cup was held in his native Canada, London, Ontario.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Meghan and Eric lived up to the expectations of Canadian fans and won the World Cup for the first time in their careers.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In the short program, perfect distribution was shown, as a result of which the Canadians took second place, sensationally ahead of multiple world champions Alyona Savchenko and Robin Sholkov.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In addition, a new personal record was set (73.61) and the highest technical score was scored [43].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Despite minor blots, the Canadian pair surpassed their career best result in the free program (130.95) [44], reaching 200 points in total for the first time in their performances ( 204.56).


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

This result allowed them to become bronze medalists at the World Championship for the first time [45].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The last tournament of the season was the World Team Championship in Japan, where Meghan and Eric helped their team win silver [46].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

For Duhamel and Radford, this season can be called a breakthrough season.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

It became clear that another strong pair has appeared in pair skating, who have a strong technique and are able to claim awards from the most prestigious tournaments in the future, including the Olympic Games in Sochi [47 ] [48].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Season 2013/14: Olympic Games in Sochi


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

During the Olympic season, Eric Radford wrote music for the short program, which he dedicated to his former coach Paul Wirtz [49].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The free program was set to the music from the movie Alice in Wonderland [50].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the Grand Prix in Canada, Duhamel and Radford led after the short program, but eventually dropped to third place [51].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In France, the pair took second place and once again reached the Grand Prix final [52].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

However, the “campaign” for the first medal of the Grand Prix final was again unsuccessful, the pair took only fifth place [53].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In January 2014, Meghan and Eric became champions of Canada for the third time, again, like a year ago, beating Moore Towers and Moskovic in a stubborn struggle.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

This victory guaranteed them a place in their first Olympic Games [54].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the Olympic Games, the pair competed in a team tournament, performing a short program.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

They took the second place, losing only to Tatyana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov [55].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In the free program, they were replaced by Moore Towers and Moskovic [56].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

As a result of the team tournament, Canada took second place, Meghan and Eric became silver medalists at the Olympic Games.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The pair did not have a successful personal tournament, and they took only seventh place [57].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the World Championships, Meghan and Eric partially rehabilitated themselves and became bronze medalists at the world championship for the second year in a row.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Both in the short [58] and in the free programs [59], new personal records were set [60].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The previous personal best for total points was also broken: the Canadian pair reached 210 points for the first time [61].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Season 2014/15: winning season


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Duhamel and Radford coached a quadruple throw in the offseason [62].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The pair started at the Autumn Classic International 2014 tournament held in Barry, Ontario, where they successfully completed a Salchow quadruple throw and won the tournament [63].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The pair then won the Grand Prix in Canada, the first victory in their career at the Grand Prix stages [64].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the NHK Trophy 2014, they again took first place and confidently reached the Grand Prix final [65].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The Grand Prix final, which took place in Barcelona, was the fourth in the pair's career.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the end of the short program, Meghan and Eric scored 74.50 points.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

This amount allowed them to become the leader of the competition, the gap from the main rivals, Ksenia Stolbova and Fedor Klimov, amounted to 2.17 points [66].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In the free program, Meghan and Eric not only held the lead, but also increased the gap from rivals.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In addition, they managed to reach 140 points for the first time in the free program [67].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

As a result of the competition, Canadians scored 220.72 points, overcoming the 220 points mark for the first time in their career, and won a landslide victory at the tournament [68].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

This success was the first in the career of figure skaters, before they had not even made it to the podium of the Grand Prix final [69].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In January 2015, figure skaters became champions of Canada for the fourth time [70].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Then, in February, at the Four Continents Championships in Seoul, they also performed well and became two-time champions [71].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

After a month and a half in Shanghai, Canadians became world champions for the first time, simultaneously improving their achievements in total [72].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Meghan and Eric became the first world champions from Canada in 14 years, the last time Olympic champions Jamie Sale and David Pelletier managed to do so was in 2001 [73].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In mid-April, at the last start of the season at the World Team Championships in Japan, the pair performed successfully in both programs, finishing second in the short program [74] and first in the free program [75].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Season 2015/2016: World Champion Title Defense


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Left|mini|Megan Duhamel and Eric Radford at the 2015 Grand Prix final


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The pair started their new season in Canada in mid-October at the Autumn Classic International tournament, which they won [76].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

This season, the pair won the “home” stage of the Grand Prix again [77].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the sixth stage in Nagano, the pair also finished first and reached the Grand Prix final for the fifth time in a row, which was held in Barcelona for the second year in a row [78].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

There they were in third place after the short program, but finished second [79].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

A month later, they became five-time champions of Canada [80].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In February, figure skaters competed in Taipei for the continental championship, but were forced to withdraw after the short program due to Meghan's cold [81].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In early April in Boston, at the World Championship, the Canadian pair had to defend the title of world champions.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The figure skaters took second place after the short program, but performed successfully in the free skate, reaching the 150 points mark in the free program for the first time, and won gold medals for the second time [82].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the same time, they improved all their previous sporting achievements [83] [84] [85].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Season 2016/17: losing positions


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The Canadian pair started the new pre-Olympic season in Finland at the Finlandia Trophy, where they managed to confidently win gold medals [86].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the end of October, the figure skaters competed at the home stage of the Grand Prix in Mississauga, where they finished first [87], while surpassing their previous achievements in the short program [88].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

It is also worth noting that Meghan managed to land an axel ejection of 3.5 turns [89].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the end of November, they competed in the last stage of the Grand Prix in Sapporo, where they took first place in a difficult struggle [90], which allowed them to confidently reach the Grand Prix final held in Marseille.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In France, in the Grand Prix final, they managed to take only third place in a stubborn struggle [91].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In January 2017, at the national championship in Ottawa, no one could compete with the leading pairs, and they once again became the champions of the country [92], setting a new record for victories on national championships.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In mid-February, Canadian figure skaters competed in South Korea at the Four Continents Championships, where they finished in second place [93].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the end of March, Canadian greenhouses participated in the World Championships in Helsinki, which did not work out immediately.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Due to the partner's injury, the couple was forced to abandon the parallel triple Lutz.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

According to the results of the competition, they took only seventh place [94].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the same time, in a difficult struggle, they managed to contribute to winning three places for their country to the Olympic Games: for this, it was necessary that the sum of places of the top two pairs be no more than 13 [95].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Taking into account the fact that the best Canadian pair (Lyubov Ilyushechkina and Dylan Moskovich) became the sixth, the total number of places was just 13, which allowed Canadians to send three sports pairs to Korea.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

After the end of the championship, it became known that Eric was diagnosed with an intervertebral hernia.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The pair was supposed to represent Canada at the World Team Championship, but due to a partner's injury, the athletes withdrew from the tournament [96].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

2017/2018 season: Korean Olympic gold and bronze


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In June, it became known that Duhamel and Radford will no longer work with coach Richard Gautier [97] [98].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Meghan and Eric began working under Bruno Marcott, Meghan's husband, and the couple began advising John Zimmerman [97].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Canadian greenhouses started the new Olympic season at home in Montreal, where they did not perform quite confidently at the Autumn Classic International tournament and finished in second place [99].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

A month later, the pair competed in the Grand Prix series at home, where they became winners [100].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

It was not possible to repeat the success on Skate America, and the pair finished third, which did not prevent them from reaching the Grand Prix final again [101].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In the final, the pair took third place [102].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Before the Canadian Championship, the pair decided to return to the free program of the 2015/2016 season, with which they became two-time world champions [103].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the Canadian Championship, the pair won their seventh victory in a row and qualified [104] to the Olympic Games held in Gangneung, South Korea [105].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

For Duhamel and Radford, competition at the Olympics began on February 9, a few hours before the opening ceremony, when they performed the short program in the team competition.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Meghan and Eric confidently skated their program, making only a small mark on the triple Lutz.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

According to the results of the short program, Duhamel and Radford lost only to Russians Tarasova and Morozov [106].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

After the first day of the competition, in which short programs of men's singles and sports pairs were held, Canadians were in the lead [107] and ahead of Olympic athletes from Russia by 4 points, and Americans at 3 [106].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Two days later, Meghan and Eric were included in the free program, which was quite unexpected, as the break between the team and individual greenhouses tournaments (which, as a rule, are the first to compete for medals Olympiads) is small.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Meghan and Eric confidently skated the free program and beat everyone, increasing the gap from the pursuers to six points.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The fate of Olympic gold was in the hands of teammates [108].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The next day, the team tournament began with a performance by singles.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Patrick Chan confidently won the free program [109] and increased the lead of Canadians to seven points.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Canadians could lose only under an incredible combination of circumstances.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Gabriel Daleman finished third in the free program [110], thereby guaranteeing the Canadian team an Olympic gold medal.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

There was only one sport left ahead — a free dance, which no longer decided anything in the fight for the gold medal.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In the free dance, Tessa Vertue and Scott Moir were the last to perform and won it, increasing the gap from other teams to seven points.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Canada scored 73 points, with Canadians finishing at least third in all eight sports [111].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Meghan Duhamel and Eric Radford became Olympic champions [112].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Two days later, the individual greenhouse tournament has already started.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Meghan and Eric received number 19 according to the results of the draw, thereby opening the last warm-up.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

After making a couple of blots, Duhamel and Radford scored 76.82 points.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

According to the results of the short program, they took third place, losing 5 points to the first and second places, but ahead of Alyona Savchenko and Bruno Massaud by 0.23 points [113].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In the free program, Canadians played under number 14.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

As it turned out later, they were not very lucky with this number, as Savchenko and Massaud showed an outstanding performance in front of them, setting a new world record in the free program [114] .


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

However, Meghan and Eric were not affected, and they also showed a strong performance, making only a mistake on the triple Lutz, but made a purely quadruple Salchow throw, becoming the first pair in history, which landed a quadruple ejection at the Olympic Games [115] [116].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Duhamel and Radford scored 153.33 points for the free program and a total of 230.15 points.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

The fate of the Olympic medal was decided between Canadians and Russians Tarasova and Morozov, who were the last to perform and made two gross mistakes, thereby losing to Canadians.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Megan Duhamel and Eric Radford won bronze medals at the Olympic Games in the individual tournament [117].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Now they have all the medals of the Olympic Games: gold in the team (2018), silver in the team (2014) and bronze in the greenhouse tournament (2018) [4].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

At the end of April 2018, the athletes decided to retire [118], although even before that they said that they were retiring after an individual tournament [119].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Riding style


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

A special feature of the Duhamel and Radford pair is the unique complexity of the content of the programs.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In the short program, they usually performed a parallel triple Lutz.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

In the free program, in addition to the triple Lutz, Meghan and Eric sometimes performed a quadruple Salchow throw [1], becoming the first figure skaters to perform this element at the Olympic Games [2].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Nevertheless, the Canadian couple is often criticized for their skating style, noting that between the figure skaters “there is no chemistry” and they skate like two singles.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

However, such assessments are usually made by specialists and spectators who are used to the Russian figure skating school, while North American spectators and experts consider the couple to be very emotional [120].


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Richard Gaultier, coach of figure skaters until 2017, assessed his players, noting that Canadians are not like others and do not have the ability to freely express emotions, so they need to carefully to work on the production of programs.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Mike Slipchuk, Director of the Figure Skating Federation of Canada, also said that Canadians have contributed to figure skating, becoming leaders in their sport.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Programmes


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

With Sarah Bourke


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

With Rachel Kirkland


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

With Meghan Duhamel


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Mini|Duhamel and Radford in the final of the Grand Prix in Sochi (2012)


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Mini|exhibition performances in the Grand Prix final (2015)


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Performance results


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Greenhouse career


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

(with Meghan Duhamel [69])


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

(with Sarah Bourke [140])


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

(with Rachel Kirkland [141] and Anne Marie Giroud [142])


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

J = junior level


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Single career


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

J = junior level


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Detailed results of performances with Meghan Duhamel


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Small medals for the short and free programs are awarded only at championships under the auspices of ICS.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Notes


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

References


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

at the International Skating Union


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

(in English) on Skate Canada.


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

at the International Skating Union


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

at the International Skating Union


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Category: Canadian figure skaters


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Category: Silver medalists of the 2014 Winter Olympics


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Category: Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Category: Canadian Figure Skating Champions


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Category:Figure skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Category: Champions of the 2018 Winter Olympics


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Category: Olympic gold medalists for Canada


Question: How many times has Eric Redford been an Olympic champion?

Eric Radford

Category: Bronze medalists of the 2018 Winter Olympics


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Grand Trianon (French: Le Grand Trianon), formerly the Marble Trianon, is a palace in France on the territory of the Park of Versailles, the construction of which King Louis XIV commissioned in 1687 to his first architect Jules Arduin-Mansar [1].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The walls of the palace are faced with pink marble from the outside, hence its original name “Marble Trianon”, emphasizing the difference with the palace pavilion Porcelain Trianon, which was located on this place from 1670 to 1687 [1].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Grand Trianon palace and park ensemble includes a palace, a large courtyard and a garden and park complex with reservoirs.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

At the entrance to the complex, there is a large courtyard, the Courdonneur (from French: cour d'honneur), which is bordered by a building consisting of two wings connected by a covered gallery with columns, carrying the title “Peristyle”.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The right wing is continued by another wing perpendicular to it, the Trianon Forest Wing.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The rear facade of the palace overlooks a regular park with swimming pools.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The construction of the Great Trianon marked the emergence of a new type of building: maison de plaisance, a place where the monarch can, due to the size of the structure, take a break from the rigors of palace etiquette in a circle of few close associates.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

At various times, the Grand Trianon Palace served as a residence or guest residence for members of the royal family of France and other countries, including Louis XIV, Peter I and Mary Leschinskaya, wife of King Louis XV.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Subsequently, this palace housed French President Charles de Gaulle, as well as foreign heads of state who visited France on official visits, for example, US President Richard Nixon in 1969 , Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain in 1972, General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 and Russian President Boris Yeltsin in 1992.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Grand Trianon palace and park ensemble, together with the Palace of Versailles and its possessions, was classified as a national historical monument in 1862, which was later confirmed by a decree dated On October 31, 1906, and since 1979, it was included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Grand Trianon Palace and Park Ensemble is now open to the general public, as it is part of the “National Museum of Versailles and Trianon Castle” [2].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

History


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Demolition of the Porcelain Trianon


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Between 1663 and 1665, King Louis XIV of France bought land adjacent to the Versailles possessions northwest of Versailles Park, on which the village of Trianon (referred to as Triarnum in the papal bull of 1163).


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

As a result of the gradual expansion of the royal lands, the lands of Trianon turned into an enclave.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The church and buildings of Trianon were quickly demolished and a park was soon laid out here.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Two years later, in 1670, the king asked his architect Louis Leveau to design a small chateau for Louis's personal use.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Leveau, who died on October 11 of the same year, left the project, which was completed by his distant relative Francois d'Orbet, who also succeeded him as the first royal architect.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In 1672 (in less than a year), the first Trianon Palace was built, called the Porcelain Trianon, which lasted 15 years.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Like almost all similar Chinese-style structures, the Porcelain Trianon was far from the architecture of the Celestial Empire itself: its cladding gave the building an “exotic” flavor in the eyes of Europeans walls with faience tiles, faience vases and decorative elements of a high attic roof made of gilded lead [3].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

To connect the Porcelain Trianon with the Menagerie, located in the southeastern part of the Versailles Park, a transverse arm of the canal was dug, not provided for in the original plan, after which the Grand Canal has acquired the famous cross-shaped shape.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The faience [Notes 1] was very fragile, due to bad weather it quickly lost its appearance and the palace, which also reminded of the ended relationship with Madame Montespan, soon ceased to like the king, who ordered it to be destroyed in 1686, after the visit of the Siamese Embassy.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Louis ordered the construction of a new building on this site, more spacious and in a completely different style.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Construction of Marble Trianon


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

On the site of the destroyed Porcelain Trianon, a new palace was erected, the Marble Trianon [4], with pilasters made of pink Languedoc and green Pyrenean marble, which gave the building its name.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The construction was entrusted to Jules Ardouin-Mansar, who served as the first royal architect.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Mansart developed the project in June-July 1687.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

King Louis XIV is considered the de facto author of all architectural solutions in the Marble Trianon [4]; it was he who abandoned the high French-style roof vault proposed by Mansar, choosing a flat Italian-style roof, without a crowning part, and even the chimneys of the fireplaces did not rise above the roof [4] so as not to violate the emphasized horizontal of the volumes.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Thus, the appearance of the new palace is fundamentally different from its predecessor.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The king is also the author of the idea to open the central openings in the “peristyle”, a covered gallery of double columns that connects the Courdonaire to the garden and facilitates the center of the building; peristyle drawings developed by Robert de Cote [4].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

I have Versailles for my court, Marley for my friends, and a Trianon for me.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The king regularly visited the construction of the new palace [5], where a tent was specially set up for him, from where he managed the affairs of the kingdom [6], while monitoring the progress of construction work [4].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Paying attention to the smallest details and wanting to achieve the ideal, at one stage the king ordered the destruction of the walls that had already been erected, because they did not correspond to the project.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Saint-Simon wrote that the king was the only one who noticed a defect in the window opening, which differed in size from the rest of the openings.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Luvois did not agree with this, and then the king asked Andre Le Nôtre to make accurate measurements that confirmed Louis was right.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Luvua apologized to the King [6], [Notes 2].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Of course, all this does not detract from the role of the architect who created these facades — a symbol of restrained luxury.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

As in the reconstruction of Versailles, Ardouin-Mansart replaced rectangular openings with arched ones in the floor for greater connection with the gardens, introduced numerous pilasters and Ionic blades instead of the Levo rustication, completing the building with a balustrade originally decorated with decorative vases.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Construction progressed very quickly and 22 Louis XIV was already able to host his first dinner at the new location [6], although by that time the builders had completed only the frame of the building and several interior rooms [4].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Grand Trianon, or as it was then called, the Marble Trianon was inaugurated in the summer of 1688; the ceremony was led by King Louis XIV and his official favorite Madame Maintenon, whose private Grand Trianon became the residence.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Madame Maintenon recalled the king's love for the Trianon: “The king always has the Trianon in his head.”


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Louis XIV era


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In the first years after the opening of the Grand Trianon, the king visited it only during the daytime.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

And only after 11 was it possible to spend the night in the palace, which was finally finished furnishing [6].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The walls of the palace were faced with marble from the outside, but the interior of the palace was not so luxurious due to financial difficulties, as the kingdom at that time participated in the war of the Augsburg League [ 6].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Instead, several thousand potted flowers were placed there, which were changed twice a day at the request of the residents, as well as to ensure continuous flowering [4]; according to Le Nôtre, “never seen dried leaves and all branches were strewn with flowers” [6].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

For the interior design of the Grand Trianon, 24 paintings were ordered in 1687, of which 21 were made by Jean Cotell [6]; now these works are housed in the Cotell Gallery.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In the period from 1691 to 1705, the interior layout of the palace was gradually changed [6].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Whereas at first the king occupied the southern part of Trianon overlooking the Grand Canal, in 1703 he ceded these premises to his son, and moved to the northern wing of Trianon, because it was cooler there [6].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

All visitors came to Trianon exclusively at the invitation of the king, usually for one day.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The king regularly held dinners in order to keep the court under his supervision [6].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

There were very few guests left to spend the night, due to the fact that the number of places where you could stay for the night was small [6].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In the last years of his reign, Louis XIV slightly relaxed the rules for visiting Trianon.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Louis XIV often spent time here with his morganatic wife and family.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Many princes of the royal family visited Trianon's salons: the Grand Dauphin, the Duchess of Burgundy, the Duke of Berry and Duchess of Berry, Philip II of Orleans, the Duchess of Bourbon and the Duchess of Orleans.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In March 1717, already under the Regency, Tsar Peter I stayed in the palace [7]


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Palace after Louis XIV


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

King Louis XV showed no interest in the Marble Trianon, except that he came here to hunt.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

He sent his wife Maria Leschinskaya to the Trianon Palace, who began to live here since August 1741.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

According to historian Jeremy Benoit, this idea could have arisen from the king after the parents of Maria Leschinskaya stayed here in 1740.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Queen, despite the fact that she lived here, could not ensure the proper maintenance of such a large palace.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In April 1747, Charles Francois Lenormand and Ange Jacques Gabriel conducted a survey of the palace, after which the roof in Trianon was repaired and some of the collapsed architectural elements were replaced.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

With no more room for solitude, and pushed by his favorite Marquise de Pompadour, King Louis XV decided to regain Trianon in 1749.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

He ordered the construction of the French Pavilion with a poultry house and a regular park.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Bernard de Jussieu received the order.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In 1753, the Cool Salon appeared in the Trianon complex, not far from the French Pavilion.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Finally, it was after the construction of the Little Trianon, between 1761 and 1768, that the Marmore Trianon was finally given the name Grand Trianon.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

On April 27, 1774, the king, who stayed at the Grand Trianon, went hunting, but suddenly felt weak, was forced to return.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Thirteen days later he passed away [8].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Louis XVI, like his grandfather, did not pay attention to the palace.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Marie Antoinette preferred the Little Trianon to the Bolshoi, despite the fact that she staged several theatrical performances at the Cotell Gallery.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

During the French Revolution, both Trianons fell into disrepair (especially the Little Trianon), hosting a series of balls and celebrations.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

It was only during the First Empire that both Trianons regained their former significance.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In 1805, Napoleon I commissioned the restoration of both complexes.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

At the beginning, the builders scraped off the plaster and repaired the cracks [9].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In 1808, more significant work was carried out.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The project to double the wing to the right of the Courdonaire was not completed, nor could the two Trianons be merged [9].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Instead, the openings in the peristyle were covered with stained glass windows to eliminate drafts that the Empress could not tolerate, cleaned up all the interior rooms, tiled fireplaces and renovated the parquet .


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

From 1809 to 1810, the palace was refurnished.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The emperor often stayed at Trianon between 1809 and 1813.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

To ensure its safety and provide direct access to Trianon (without having to go through the Grand Palace), a new entrance gate to the front yard and two security pavilions were built, in which could accommodate up to 50 people.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Under Louis XVIII, no changes were made in the Grand Trianon, except for the installation of imperial symbols.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

On July 31, 1830, King Charles X stayed in Trianon for a few hours before going into exile.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Between 1830 and 1848, Maria Amalia of Naples, wife of King Louis-Philippe I, commissioned the renovation of the palace so that it could be lived in, and here on October 17, 1837, she gave her daughter Mary Orleans for Alexander Württemberg.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Like his predecessor, Louis-Philippe I also made a stop at Trianon on his way to exile on February 24, 1848.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Palace of the Republic


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In 1873, Francois Achile Bazin was tried at the Trianon Gallery; the Military Council (analogous to subsequent military tribunals) was headed by Henry of Orleans.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Marshal of France was accused of failing to perform his duties and surrendering more than 150,000 French soldiers and a first-class fortress to the German army [10].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

After the conclusion of the Treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of Saint-Germain, signed in 1919, the Grand Trianon on June 4, 1920, the Treaty of Trianon was concluded, dividing the Balkans, and who ended the First World War.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In 1959, Charles de Gaulle considered declaring the Grand Trianon presidential residence.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

However, the costs involved were too high: an estimate made in 1961 required 20 million French francs to restore the building and its furnishings [Notes 3].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The program law aimed at restoration was put to a vote on 31 and, starting in 1963, the building was restored by architect Mark Salte and re-furnished by Gerald Van der Kemp.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

After that, the building is used for state official receptions held on behalf of the President of France.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

It also hosted the G7 summit in 1982, and guests of the president were accommodated in the wing of the Trianon Forest Wing.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Palace plan


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The design of the new Trianon was drawn by the first royal architect Jules Ardouin-Mansart, taking into account the wishes of Louis XIV, and the construction was carried out under the supervision of Robert de Cote and the king himself.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Grand Trianon is built in the style of French classicism under the strong influence of Italian trends with a predominance of pink tones.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Entering the Great Trianon Courdonaire, we pass through the low lattice of the fence; on the right is the northern wing, on the left is the southern wing.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The complex of buildings is covered with a flat roof hidden behind a balustrade.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

White stone is used in the wall cladding, a stone from Saint-Leu (Picardy); the pilasters are made of Languedoc pink marble (Cohn Minervois deposit).


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In the back of the courtyard, you can see a loggia, emphasized by eight columns made of green and red Iberian marble (Campan deposit; the loggia connects the north and south wings; this openness was was imposed by Louis XIV at the initial stage of project preparation, and he called this loggia a “peristyle”, although this is incorrect from an architectural point of view.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In the period from 1687 to 1701, the loggia was closed from the courtyard side by high glass doors.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The service yard is located behind the south wing.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Behind the wall on the right is the small King's Garden, which overlooks the windows of Madame Maintenon's apartments and the king's apartments, which Louis XIV occupied in Trianon after 1703.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

From the northern wing, the wing, in which the gallery, the Cotell Gallery, departs perpendicularly.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Finally, the next wing, perpendicular to the gallery, is called the Trianon Forest Wing.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The architecture of the Forest Wing is fundamentally different from the rest of the building.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Additional apartments are planned in it.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Napoleon I made the Grand Trianon one of his residences, some of its halls were re-furnished and some of them changed their name (Madame Maintenon's Spring Salon, for example, became the Topographical Cabinet Emperor; the Malachite Salon received its name from the jewelry placed in it, presented by Alexander I to Napoleon), while others have undergone more significant changes [11]).


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Imperatritsa Apartments


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The halls in this part of the southern wing were occupied by King Louis XIV between 1691 and 1703.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In 1703, the monarch ceded this apartment to his son, the Grand Dauphin, moving to the north wing of the Great Trianon.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Empress's Bedroom


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

As the Sun King's bedroom, this salon has retained its decor, which features Corinthian columns and beautiful sculptural mosaics on wooden wall panels.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Subsequently, this salon became the bedroom of the Duchess of Berry, and the furniture delivered for her has been preserved to this day.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The exception is the bed, which, before arriving here, was located in the Tuileries Palace in Napoleon's chambers, on which his successor Louis XVIII died in 1824.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

This bed was transported to the Grand Trianon for the wife of King Louis-Philippe I, Maria Amalia.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

She became the last resident of the Big Trianon.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Mirror salon


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

During the period when this apartment was occupied by Louis XIV, this room served as the Council Hall.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Located at the very corner of the south wing, this salon had the most remarkable views of the Grand Canal, the park and the Palace of Versailles, and thanks to its mirror decor, it was considered the most beautiful in the south wing.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

This salon, like almost the entire Grand Trianon, retained its original interior design, but its furniture was sold during the revolution and Napoleon had to install a new one.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In the period from 1810 to 1814, the Great Study of Napoleon's second wife, Empress Maria Louise, was located here.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Chapel Salon


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The salon of the Chapel (consecrated on August 29, 1688), located in the southern wing, now features full-length portraits of Louis XV and Maria Leschinskaya by Jean Baptiste Van Loo [12].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The recess that can be seen in the wall opposite the middle window indicates the location of the altar, which has not survived in our time [12].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Peristyle


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The peristyle [Notes 4] of the Grand Trianon is a covered gallery with columns that connects the south wing of the palace with the north wing, as well as the courtyard with the gardens.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

On the side of the Courdonaire, the gallery is formed by an open arcade, and on the gardens side by a colonnade.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The original name “Marble Trianon” arose precisely due to this peristyle, the pilasters of which were made of marble [13].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

At first, in the project of Jules Ardouin-Mansard, the arcade on the side of the Courdonaire had wooden doors, which made the garden not visible from the courtyard.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

However, Louis XIV decided to leave the arched gaps open during construction [Notes 5], visually connecting the courtyard with the garden [4].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The arcade bears traces of such uncertainty.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Peristyle was glazed under Napoleon I in 1810 and this glazing existed for a hundred years, until 1910 [13].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Marshal Francois Achille Bazin was surrendered here to a military tribunal at the end of 1873 [13].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Empress's Bedroom (ca. 1900) Mirror Salon (formerly Council Hall) Chapel Salon with Altar ReceptionPeristyle of the Grand Trianon


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Main apartments


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

This apartment was occupied by King Louis XIV during the first three years of the Marble Trianon's existence, from 1688 to 1691.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Round salon


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

This saloon was also called the “Pillar Salon”, as this living room has eight columns.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

It is located in the north wing and can be accessed directly from the central peristyle.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

At first, this salon served as a gateway to the main apartments of Louis XIV.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The interior design, Corinthian columns, marble floors and paintings on the walls date back to this period (1688—1691).


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

To the right of the fireplace, a staircase is disguised, along which the musicians climbed to the podium leading to the next hall, where royal dinners were held.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

This living room was replanned in 1750 by Ange Jacques Gabriel, and served as a palace chapel during the era of King Louis XVI [12].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

During the First Empire, a guard room was set up here, and under Louis-Philippe, this salon was occupied by secretaries [14].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Music salon


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

This salon served as the front for the first (in time) King Louis XIV apartments.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The king's dinner with musical accompaniment was served here.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The musicians were placed on the mezzanine above the doors; if the king was in a good mood, they could be seen, otherwise the shutters on the mezzanine would be closed.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

During the reign of Napoleon I, this living room served as an officer's salon, and under Louis-Philippe - a billiard room.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In this salon, you can see remarkable wooden wall paneling, as well as chairs decorated with Beauvais tapestries.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Louis-Philippe Family Salon


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

This salon was created by order of Louis-Philippe by combining two existing rooms.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Citizen King and his family, who loved to spend time in Trianon, gathered in the evenings in this living room, decorated in the spirit of the era: play and craft tables, armchairs and sofas upholstered in yellow gimp with a blue motif.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Malachite salon


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The name of this living room comes from malachite items donated to Napoleon by the Russian Emperor Alexander I and installed in the Emperor's large salon.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Cotell Gallery


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Kotell Gallery, located in the north wing, has 11 glass doors (facing south) and 5 windows (on the north side); from the gallery you can access the Garden Salon.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The gallery was built, among other things, to protect Trianon's stalls from winter weather.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The gallery is named after the artist Jean Cotell, who painted portraits and miniatures for King Louis XIV.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

He painted 21 of the 24 canvases presented in the gallery.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

These paintings show the state of the boskets in the gardens of Versailles and Trianon as of 1687, and some of the boskets no longer exist today.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Napoleon I was very cool about the nymphs and putti depicted in the paintings and intended to place canvases depicting his military exploits here, but he did not have enough time.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Louis-Philippe I handed these paintings to Versailles.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

It was not until 1913 that these paintings returned to their original gallery.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

At first, canapés were installed in the niches, but later, at the direction of Louis-Philippe I, two vessels for cooling drinks made of Languedoc marble were moved here; previously, during the time of Louis XV, they were in the buffet hall.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

4, the signing ceremony of a peace treaty with Austria-Hungary took place here, which became the final event of the First World War.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Garden salon


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Located at the end of the Kotell Gallery, the Garden Salon overlooks the Trianon Chestnut Hall, and the transverse arm of the Grand Canal is visible in the distance.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In the era of Louis XIV, a portico was played in the center of the salon, and later a billiard table was installed here.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Emperor's Topographical Cabinet


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Initially, this office overlooked the Spring Bosket, a small grove through which streams flowed between trees, the last creation of Le Nôtre, which disappeared under Louis XVI.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The office led to Madame Maintenon's apartment.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In the wooden panels of the study, canvases were inserted with views of the Gardens of Versailles, where the aged King Louis XIV is depicted walking on a wheelchair.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In 1810, Napoleon converted this salon into his topographic office, and ordered his small apartments to be arranged in the neighboring suite.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Center|80pxCenter|200pxCenter|200pxLouis-Philippachite Family SalonCotelgalleryEmperor's Topographical Study


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Emperor's Small Apartments


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

By order of Napoleon I, architects Charles Percier and Pierre-Francois-Leonard Fontaine arranged a five-room apartment in the north wing, the windows of which overlooked the courtyard.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

These premises were occupied by Empress Josephine until her divorce in 1809.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

After that, Napoleon settled in Trianon while the interiors of the Palace of Versailles were renovated to accommodate the imperial court, starting on July 12, 1811.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Of the five rooms in the apartment (entrance hall, bedroom, private office, dining room and bathroom), only the private office has been rebuilt in accordance with the fashion of the era, while the other rooms have retained a wonderful mixture Empire style and Louis XV's favorite floral decor.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Emperor's Bedroom


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Emperor's bedroom was decorated under Louis XV with the existing wooden upholstery to this day.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

It was furnished in the Empire style and recreated beautiful silk fabrics made of light yellow moire, with motifs of purple and silver brocade.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

They were woven in Lyon in 1807 for Josephine and then, in 1809, reused here for Napoleon.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Canteen


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

This room acquired its actual form under Louis XV, when, together with part of the future personal office of the emperor, it was the Buffet Hall.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The actual decoration was carried out under Napoleon I, during whose reign this room became a dining room where the emperor had breakfast [15].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Trianon Forest Wing


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Trianon Forest Wing is a wing adjacent to the Great Trianon from the north.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

This curious element of the palace is made entirely of sandstone, demonstrating the future cooling to marble; its shapes are generally more in line with the style of Louis XVI.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Jean-Marie Pérouse de Monclos called this outbuilding “an unrecognized masterpiece of Ardouin-Mansart” [16].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

It was originally built to eliminate the lack of space [17] in the Grand Trianon.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Construction was completed no later than 1708 and in the last years of the reign of the Sun King, his daughter-in-law Princess of Palatine was housed here together with her son and his wife, the Duchess of Chartres, legalized daughter of the monarch and Madame Montespan [18].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Duchess's elder sister, another legalized daughter of Louis, Louise-Francoise de Bourbon, was immediately placed, who later built the Bourbon Palace in Paris, the design of which originally resembled Trianon, endorsed by Arduin-Mansart.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Other representatives of the House of Orleans who lived here were the Duke of Berry and his infamous wife.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The outbuilding was planned without the arrangement of the suite of rooms characteristic of that time; along the entire building there was a corridor with windows overlooking the garden, and this corridor connected all the rooms of the wing.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The billiard room of the Louis XIV era under Louis-Philippe was transformed into a chapel [17].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

17] The wedding ceremony of Louis-Philippe's second daughter Marie of Orleans and Alexander of Württemberg took place there [17].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The columns of the altar of the chapel come from the bosket of the Dome Pavilions [17], and the stained glass window depicting the Assumption of the Virgin Mary by Pierre Paul Prudon was made by order at the Sevres Manufactory [17].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In 1963, Charles de Gaulle ordered the premises of the outbuilding to be put in order to accommodate the President of the French Republic [17], [1] and his guests.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Here he placed a desk called the “general's office” [17].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The reception of the President's guests was held here until 1992, and in 2009 these premises were returned to the disposal of the Public Institution of the Castle, Museum and National Treasure of Versailles.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Today, General de Gaulle's cabinet is also on display to the public.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Entrance hall of the small apartments of the Emperor Napoleon I in a small apartmentBedroom of the Belgian queenForest Wing of Trianon


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Interior decoration


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The interiors of the Grand Trianon were a step forward, demonstrating the gradual abandonment of the principles of big style and the first signs of a style that would later be called the Regency style.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The riot of colors of the Great Chambers of the King in the Palace of Versailles gave way to a more restrained color scheme: white and gold, which was loved already in the 18th century (due to financial problems, gilding is not everywhere was done and the decor remained white [19]).


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The relief of the modeling becomes less convex, the triumphal notes in the decor are replaced by pastoral and abstract floral motifs.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Paintings


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The arrangement of the Grand Trianon was the reason for one of the largest orders for easel painting, since Louis XIV commissioned about 160 paintings for the palace in the period from 1688 and until his death [20].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Half of these works are paintings on mythological themes, as well as 50 landscapes, 30 still lifes and 5 works on religious themes.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Among the masters who completed these orders were Francois Verdier, René-Antoine Oisse, Antoine Coypel, Jean Jouvainet, Charles de Lafosse.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Trianon Gardens


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Even during the construction of the Porcelain Trianon, King Louis XIV hired the gardener Michel II Le Bouteau, who decorated the stalls with plants that were planted in pots to create daily a new blooming and smelling performance, tormenting guests with doubts.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In 1743, Ange Jacques Gabriel informed King Louis XV that more than 900,000 pots had been used to decorate the stalls; according to Le Nôtre, this number had increased to 2 million [21].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Thus, gardeners kept about 96,000 plants for a variety of floral performances at the request of the king.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

According to eyewitnesses of the Porcelain Trianon, horse chestnuts penetrated this “garden of Flora”, which was an exceptional case for that era, as well as the cultivation of citrus trees in the open ground (feat for that era [21]), closed for the winter with glass boxes.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The gardens of Trianon were significantly different from the gardens of Versailles: for all their splendor, their solution was more intimate.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

During the construction of the Marble Trianon, Andre Le Nôtre marked geometric figures in the gardens, dividing them into green sections fenced with a lattice fence, while partially preserving several parterres Michel II Lebuto.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The gardens were completed after his death by architect Jules Ardouin-Mansart, who in 1702, at the end of the alley that now extends from the corner risalit of the Forest Wing, built a small, colored marble cascade “Water Buffet” in the forms of a bygone Baroque.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Also during this period, he created new bosquets and lawns.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

He also owns the solution of the Mirror pool (also called the Plafond), which lies along the peristyle axis in the green recessed lawn frame.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Only Le Nôtre's pride, the Spring Bosket, located in the corner between the Kotell Gallery and the Forest Wing, was preserved.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Greater Trianon Gardens is a geometrically correct garden in a regular style.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Their area is 23 hectares, fenced with a wall 2.2 kilometers long, and the total length of paths and alleys is 8 kilometers.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

It is a miniature garden, elegantly laid out, inside the large Versailles Park.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Unlike the latter, very few hydraulic devices have been preserved in the gardens of Trianon, with the exception of a stepped water pool.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Gardens are exclusively, and this is their main feature, a landscape composition formed by alleys, plants and sculptures.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The gardens are completely surrounded by a wall, but this does not interfere with the prospect — the first experiments with ditches and aha were held here.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

With very few artificial objects, the Trianon Gardens required much more effort to maintain their condition than the gardens of Versailles.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Therefore, they were gradually abandoned and stopped remembering them.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The tamed plants that formed the essence of the garden went wild, and the ill-fated hurricane of December 1999 finally erased the few traces of the remaining cultivated plantations.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The restoration work of the Trianon Gardens, which began in 2003, included the analysis of many historical documents that managed to restore the sequence of landscape segments that consisted initial project.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Many geometric shapes — triangle, semicircle, octagon — were connected by hornbeam alleys.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

One of the first to restore was the triangular sector, containing a double hedge with cut “windows” through which you can see citrus fruits in tubs, exposed to the open air in warm weather.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

According to legend, when planning the garden, Le Nôtre used a special technique: gaps were left in the fences surrounding the garden sectors, not for the passage, but to create unexpected views.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Thanks to these devices, the eyes of walkers suddenly found themselves outside the garden.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

However, the ongoing restoration will not allow us to recreate the exact appearance of the original garden landscape.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

To get an idea of the richness of the design of green lawns, you will need to imagine the many potted flowers, temporary fabric decorations, furnishings and statues installed for one day.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Residence location


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

1690 — 1703: Louis XIV


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

1703 — 1711: Grand Dauphin, son of Louis XIV


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

1717: Peter I, the future Emperor of Russia


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

1740: Maria Leschinskaya, wife of King Louis XV


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

1810 — 1814: Maria Louise of Austria, wife of Napoleon I


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

1830 — 1848: Maria Amalia of Naples, wife of Louis-Philippe I


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

From 1963 until 1992, the Grand Trianon served as the state residence where foreign heads of state were accommodated during their official visits to France:


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Richard Nixon (USA) in March 1969.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Leonid Brezhnev (USSR) October 30, 1971.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Elizabeth II (Great Britain) in May 1972.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Mikhail Gorbachev (USSR) in October 1985.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Boris Yeltsin (Russia) February 5, 1992 [22].


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

The Big Trianon in cinema


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

In art, the word “Trianon” is used to refer to an outbuilding far from the central royal residence.


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

More than a dozen TV and movies have been shot at the Grand Trianon [Notes 6]:


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

1925: Napoleon directed by Abel Gans


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

1932: In the Pompadour Garden directed by Robert Cas


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

1955: Napoleon directed by Sasha Guitry


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

1960: Five-day lover directed by Philippe de Brock


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

1961: Lafayette directed by Jean Dreville


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

2011: Chevalier de Saint-Georges directed by Claude Ribb


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

See also


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Media related to Grand Trianon at Wikimedia Commons


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Duke of Saint-Simon


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

comments


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Notes


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Category:Trianon


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Category:Buildings and structures founded in 1687


Question: Who was the architect of the Big Trianon?

Big Trianon

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1688


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Vogue (pronounced Vogue) is a women's fashion magazine published since 1892 by Condé Nast Publications.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

History


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

The first issue of the magazine, a public weekly created for wealthy New Yorkers, was published in 1892.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Most of the 250 shareholders were published in the Secular Almanac, including Cornelius Vanderbilt (the first dollar multimillionaire), Stuyvesant Fish (CEO of Illinois Central Railroad), Duke of Percy Morgan and others.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

The new magazine was founded by Arthur Turniur, a young member of the secular society from a wealthy family who already had journalistic experience, and Harry McVicar, whose great-grandfather Stefan Whitney was a major wholesaler.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Turniur took the position of publisher, and Makvicar, who studied art in Europe, became the art director of Vogue.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

At first, the weekly consisted of 16 pages in quarto [1], but it was well printed and beautifully designed.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

The cover was decorated with one of the exquisite pictures that became popular thanks to Life magazine, which placed humorous dialogues under them.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

The price of one copy — ten cents — allowed a middle-income person to buy a magazine and find out what was happening in society.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

The weekly was positioned as a noteworthy, real magazine that tells about society, fashion and lifestyle.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

The first issue published a story written by Thomas Janvier, but fiction did not find its permanent place in the publication.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

The magazine was well illustrated and contained costume sketches, although, as one columnist noted, the images of clothes worn by energetic people were not so fashionable in the conventional understanding.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Generally speaking, from the first issue it became clear that this is not just another magazine about women's fashion, but a restrained and respectable publication about fashionable New York.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Despite its restraint, Vogue was a first-class magazine, and respectability set it apart from sensational publications for secular society such as Town Topics.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

The magazine published about theaters, concerts, art exhibitions and some new books.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Change of publisher


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Nast, Condé Montrose Nast, breathed new life into the magazine, who bought it in 1909 and started his publishing house, Condé Nast Publications.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

After that, the magazine changed: it completely reoriented itself to fashion, abandoning literary pages, sharply increased its volume, the cover became color once and for all.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Edna Chase was appointed editor-in-chief, who, although she had no journalistic education, had worked for the publication since its opening.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

She served as editor-in-chief from 1914 to 1951 and left it at her own request at the age of 74.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

In 1932, Vogue posted a color photograph on the cover for the first time.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Since then, the magazine has been collaborating with the best recognized photographers in the world.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Vogue was surprisingly a pioneer in the field of illustration techniques.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

It was in it that they first began to: place photos on expanded pages, place color photos on the cover, crop pages with photos to the edge, leaving no margins.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

After Conde Nast's death in 1942, the publishing house was run for some time by his friend Lord Camrose, and in 1959 Conde Nast was bought out by newspaper tycoon Sam Newhouse.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

1960s — 1980s


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

In the 60s of the twentieth century, under the direction of editor-in-chief Diana Vreeland, Vogue became one of the most influential fashion magazines.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

The models that appeared on its pages - Susie Parker, Twiggy, Penelope Tree - became real celebrities.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

In the 1970s, the magazine began to be published once a month.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

The target audience of the magazine also changed — they were no longer housewives dreaming of a better life in the kitchen, but business women hurrying to work every morning.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Thus, most of the journal's articles have changed their subject matter.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

In 1972, Grace Mirabella became editor, and the magazine is now published only once a month.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Many people call this period of Vogue's life “beige years”.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Grace Mirabella tried to bring the content of the fashion magazine closer to the style of a simple American woman.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

As a result, the circulation of the publication increased, but its authority has significantly decreased.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

In October 1988, Grace was fired.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

nowadays


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Grace Mirabella was replaced by Anna Wintour, who is still the editor.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

From the very beginning of her work at Vogue (since 1988), she has been working to maintain Vogue's reputation as the number 1 fashion magazine in the world.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

In addition, Wintour tried to expand the audience of the magazine as much as possible, emphasizing that haute couture is affordable for everyone, not just for a select few.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

For the first time, she began to combine haute couture with simple things (for example, jeans) and promote the mixing of classes in every possible way.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

For example, on the cover of the first issue of the magazine published under her leadership, there was a full-length photo of the model (most of Wintour's predecessors put only the model's face on the cover) wearing worn jeans and wearing a Christian Lacroix jacket embroidered with precious stones.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

In addition, during the cooperation with Anna Wintour, the company refused to work with too young and too thin models, thereby introducing naturalness into the trend.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Just as Diana Vreeland predicted the era of supermodels, Anna predicted the development of the cult of celebrities, for the first time placing on the cover not a professional model, but a star.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

But, despite all its advantages, Anna's work is associated with several scandals.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

The nature and style of government of the fifth editor-in-chief of American Vogue is described in a 2003 book by former assistant Anna Lauren Weisberger, which was later based on the film “The Devil Wears Prada”.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

It is difficult to say how much truth and fiction are in the film and book, but Anna Wintour herself came to Prada for the premiere, as the devil should.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

And in 2007, she decided to make a movie about Vogue and herself.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Thus, in 2009, the premiere of the documentary “September Issue” about the thickest issue in the history of the publication took place.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

In 2012, another documentary, Vogue: Through the Eyes of an Editor, was released, which tells about moments in the visual and historical contribution of Vogue editors, in the past and present, that did not just magazine, but also the fashion world itself.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Vogue is released in 22 countries: Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Taiwan, Netherlands, Turkey, UK, USA, Ukraine, Thailand, UAE (for the Middle East, in Arabic), Poland.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Condé Nast Publications currently also publishes Men's Vogue (men's fashion magazine), Teen Vogue (a magazine aimed at teenagers), Vogue Living and Vogue Entertaining+Travel (only available in Australia).


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Chief editors


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Edna Woolman Chase (1914—1951)


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Jessica Davis (1952—1962)


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Yakovleva Anastasia Zhemua (1952—1962)


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Diana Vreeland (1963 — June 1971)


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Grace Mirabella (July 1971 — October 1988)


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Anna Wintour (Nov. 1988 — present)


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Vogue in Russia


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Vogue has been published in Russia since 1998.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

The cover of the first issue was shot by Mario Testino and decorated by supermodels Kate Moss and Amber Valletta.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue

Alyona Doletskaya was the editor-in-chief until 2010.


Question: When was Vogue magazine created in Moscow?

Vogue