Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

: in three volumes, 1929, 1930 and 1931; publishing house of BZO 2 of Moscow State University (vol. 1 and 2) and CIPKKNO (vol. 3)


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky, L. S. (1934).


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

(,) M.-L.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

: Sotsekgiz, 1934.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Fascism in psychoneurology.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— M.; L.: Biomedgiz, 1934.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Texts published posthumously


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Psychology of Art (the book was written and prepared for publication in 1925-26; first published in 1965)


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Vygotsky L. S. ()/General


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

ed.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

IN. IN. Ivanova, comment.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

L. S. Vygotsky and V. IN. Ivanova, will join.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

art.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

A. N. Leontyev.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

3-e izd.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1986


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

573 p.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

(1930) (in collaboration with A. R. Luria)


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

(1. Perception; 2. Memory; 3. Thinking; 4. Emotions; 5. Imagination; 6. Problem of Will) (1932)


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

(1934 report)


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Literature


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Critical publications of the 1930s


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Feofanov M. P. The theory of cultural development in pedology as an electrical (sic; recte: eclectic) concept, which has mainly idealistic roots//Pedology.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1932.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— No. 1-2.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— P.21-34


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Abelskaya T., Neopikhonova Ya.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

The problem of development in German psychology and its impact on Soviet pedology and psychology//Pedology.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1932.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 4. — P. 27-36.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Razmyslov P. AND. On the “cultural-historical theory of psychology” by Vygotsky and Luria//The Book and the Proletarian Revolution.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1934.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 4. — P. 78-86.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Georgiev F. AND. On Vygotsky's book “Thinking and Speech”: rec.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

on the book.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

: Vygotsky L. S. Thinking and Speech//The Book and the Proletarian Revolution.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1935.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 4. — P. 100—105.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Post-war publications


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Radzikhovsky, L. A. Analysis of L. S. Vygotsky by Soviet psychologists. Voprosy psikhologii.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1979.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 6. — P. 58-67.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Luchkov V. V. and Pevzner, M. S. ()//Moscow University Bulletin.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Episode 14.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Psychology.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1981.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 4. — P. 60-70.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Tulviste P. E.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

-TH.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Discussion of L. S. Vygotsky in the USA//Questions of Philosophy.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1986.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— No. 6.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Van der Veer, R.//Questions of Psychology.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1986.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 6. — P. 108—117.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Radzikhovsky, L. A.//Questions of Psychology.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1988.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 1. — P. 124—131.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Etkind, A. M.//Questions of Psychology.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1993.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 4. — P. 37—55.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Garai, L. and Kechki, M.//Questions of Philosophy.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1997.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 4. — P. 86—96.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Stetsenko A. P.//Questions of Psychology.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— 1997.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— NO. 1. — P. 107—109.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Yasnitsky, A.//Psychological Journal of the International University of Nature, Society and Man “Dubna”.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— P. 1-52.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

— P. 60-97.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Yasnitsky, A. (2016).


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Zavershneva, E.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

and Van der Veer, R. (Ed.).


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Moscow, Kanon-Plus Publ., 2017.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Yasnitsky A., Lamdan E.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

, Van der Veer R.//.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

No. 2. P. 225-292


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Yasnitsky A.//Psychology.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

HSE Journal.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Transfers


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

(in English)


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Some translations into German:


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Denken und Sprechen: psychologische Untersuchungen/Lev Semënovic Vygotskij.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Hrsg.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

und aus dem Russ.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

übers.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

vom Joachim Lompscher und Georg Rückriem.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Mit einem Nachw.


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

von Alexandre Métraux (in German)


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category:Alumni of Moscow City People's University named after A. L. Shanyavsky


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category:Lawyers of the RSFSR


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category:Marxists


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category:Russian psycholinguists


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category:Russian Psychoanalytic Society


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category:Writers known by pseudonyms


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category: Deaths from tuberculosis


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category: Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category:People from Gomel


Question: Where did Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky get his primary education?

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

Category:Teachers of the USSR


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe [1], Bad Homburg [2], obsolete.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Bad Homburg or Homburg [3] (German: Bad Homburg vor der Höhe) is a city in Germany, a district center, resort, located in Hesse.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

It has a special status.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

It is subordinate to the administrative district of Darmstadt.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

It is part of the Upper Taunus district.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

The population is 52,229 people (as of December 31, 2010) [4].


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

It covers an area of 51.14 km².


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

The official code is 06 4 34 001.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

The city is divided into 6 urban districts and is directly adjacent to Frankfurt.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

It is home to many highly paid specialists working in Frankfurt.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

It is considered part of the Rhine-Main agglomeration.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

It is connected to Frankfurt by a metro line.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Until the middle of the 19th century, Homburg (Homburg) served as the residence of the rulers of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

It received the status of a resort with the prefix “Bad-” in 1912.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

History


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

The city got its name Homburg from the Höhenberg Fortress.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

The first mention of the city dates back to 1180.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Archaeological studies confirm the existence of a settlement at that time.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

The date 782 and the theory that Villa Dietenheim belonged to the city at that time are considered erroneous by historians.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

At the same time, the exact time of foundation of one of the modern districts of the city of Kirdorf


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

This is August 892.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Homburg acquired the status of a city and fair in 1330, while it was owned by the aristocratic Eppstein family.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

In 1486, Gottfried von Eppstein sold Homburg to Count Philip I of Hanau-Münzenberg for 19 thousand guilders.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

In 1504-1521, the Hanau family lost Homburg, which went to the House of Hesse.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

After Philip's death, the fortress, administration and city passed to Hesse-Darmstadt, and in 1522 to the sideline of Hesse-Homburg.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

From the 16th to the 19th centuries, the city remained the capital of Hesse-Homburg, a small principality within the Holy Roman Empire.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

In the middle of the 19th century, the city became an international resort and organized a casino.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

The city is actively visited by Russian nobles and aristocrats, and many famous Russian artists and writers have visited the city.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

After the death of the last Landgraves of Hesse-Homburg in 1866, Homburg became part of the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, but following the results of the Prussian-Austrian War in the same year it moved to Prussia.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

In 1873, the widow of King Frederick Wilhelm III August von Garrach, died in the city.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Since 1888, Bad Homburg became the summer residence of Emperor Wilhelm II.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Production of Horex motorcycles began in Bad Homburg in 1923.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

As a result of the First and Second World Wars, the resort city lost its importance, but after the war it began to be used as the seat of the administration.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

The city was home to the Federal Credit Administration (German: Deutsche Finanzagentur).


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

On November 30, 1989, Alfred Herrhausen, Chairman of the Management Board of Deutsche Bank, was killed in Bad Homburg in a terrorist attack.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

According to some versions, the terrorist attack is attributed to the organization Red Army Faction (German: Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF)).


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Russians in Bad Homburg


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Bad Homburg in the late 19th and early 20th centuries became a favorite resort of the Russian aristocracy, in the 19th century, on the initiative and at the expense of Alexander Ivanovich Provorov, the Church of All Saints, Tsar Nicholas II attended the opening ceremony.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

An alley named after the Russian founder of the church Provoroffvek leads to it along Kurpark.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

In June-July 1845, while in Bad Homburg, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol burned the first version of the second volume of the poem Dead Souls.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Dostoevsky visited Bad Homburg three times and played in casinos, he repeatedly lost large sums of money at roulette, finding himself in hopeless situations.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

The impressions of Bad Homburg were used in writing the novel “The Gambler”.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

The alley in Kurpark is named after him.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

On July 12, 2014, a monument to him was unveiled in the city near Kurhaus.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

The description on the monument appeared only in April next year.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Countess Kiselyova became a celebrity of the city, who in her youth inspired Pushkin when creating the poem “The Fountain of Bakhchisarai”.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Kiselöffstraße was named after her in the city.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

The most famous Russian poet who lived in Bad Homburg was Prince Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

He first settled in the city in 1874 (now Kieselöffstraße 31) and spent three summer seasons there as a whole, being considered one of the pillars of local society.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Many poems were written in Bad Homburg, including Autumn 1874 (Homburg. October”), and the cycle “Blues with Glimpses”, work has begun on the 12-volume Complete Works.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

sights


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Castle


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Kurpark with springs


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Spa Park Casino


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Russian Orthodox Church (currently in operation)


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Thai idol


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Lebanese cedars near the Castle


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

The White Tower [5]


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Honorary citizens


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Alexander Ivanovich Provorov is a statesman of the Russian Empire.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Coat of arms


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

The city received its coat of arms in 1903, but according to the surviving city seals, its origin can be traced back to the 15th century.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Perhaps the coat of arms is St. Andrew's Cross, and not two crossed Teslas, as it is currently depicted.


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

The explanation for Tesla's presence in the coat of arms is unknown


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

The colors of the coat of arms — silver tesla on a blue field — date back to at least 1621 [6].


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Sister cities of Bad Homburg vor der Höhe


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Chur, Switzerland


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Dubrovnik, Croatia


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Exeter, United Kingdom


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Marianske Lazne, Czech Republic


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Mayrhofen, Austria


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Peterhof, Russia


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Terracina, Italy


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Mondorf-les-Bains, Luxembourg


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Cabourg, France


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Planned twin cities


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Greiz, Germany


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Nis, Serbia


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

See also


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Homburg (hat)


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Notes


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

References


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Category:Cities in Hesse


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Category:District centers in Hesse


Question: Which city is Comburg near?

Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

Category:Holocaust locations in Germany


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

The Colombian referendum on the peace agreement was held on October 2, 2016.


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

The referendum was to ratify the peace agreement reached between the Colombian government and the FARC rebel group.


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

[1] As a result, the agreement was rejected by voters with 50.2% against and 49.8% in favor of the agreement.


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

The question


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

The following question was put to the referendum:


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

“¿Apoya el acuerdo final para terminación del conflicto y construcción de una paz estable y duradera?” [3]


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

“Do you support a final agreement on ending the conflict and building a stable and lasting peace?”


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

Context


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

The purpose of the referendum was to express the opinion of citizens on the agreement reached by the Colombian government with the FARC and signed by the two parties in Havana, Cuba on August 25, 2016.


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

[4] [5] [6] The agreement included agrarian reform, political settlement, bilateral truce, resolution of the drug trafficking problem, as well as mechanisms for launching these programs and monitoring their implementation.


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

On July 18, 2016, the Constitutional Court approved the holding of a referendum to confirm the peace agreement.


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

[8] The referendum ballot included a single question about approval or disagreement with the signed peace agreement [3]


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

To approve the agreement, the number of votes in favor had to be at least 13% of the total number of voters (i.e. 4,396,626 votes out of 34,899,945 registered voters [9]) and exceed the number of “No” votes.


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

Campania


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

For


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos initiated the peace agreements and advocated for their approval.


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

[10] The campaign for approval of the agreement has received support from many across the political spectrum.


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

The campaign was supported by the following parties: Alternative Democratic Union, Social Party of National Unity, Radical Change, Independent Movement for Absolute Renewal, Autochthonous Movement Social Alliance, Green Party, Conservative Party and Liberal Party.


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

[11] [12]


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

Against


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

The main opponent of the agreement was former Colombian President Alvaro Uribe [13], who built his political career, including both of his presidential terms, on a promise to deter the rebel groups in the country and has been a critic of Santos since the latter began negotiations with the FARC.


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

Uribe was also supported by influential members of the Democratic Center party.


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

The party said that in the implementation of the agreement, the rebels will avoid imprisonment and will automatically win 10 seats in Congress, the agreement will legalize drug trafficking, and that in general in the negotiations Santos went beyond the Constitution [14] [15].


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

Former Attorney General Alejandro Ordonez feared that the agreement would legitimize violence in the country [16].


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

results


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

Notes


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

References


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

Category:Referendums of 2016


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

Category:2016 in Colombia


Question: Is there a civil war in Colombia for May 2019?

2016 Colombian Peace Referendum

Category:Elections in Colombia


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Left opposition in the RCP (b) and the CPSU (b)

“Left opposition” is the conventional name for the political movement within the RCP (b) and the CPSU (b) in the 1920s.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

At various times, its most famous representatives were Lev Trotsky, Evgeny Preobrazhensky, Timofey Sapronov, Karl Radek, Leonid Serebryakov, Ivan Smirnov, Christian Rakovsky, Lev Sosnovsky, Alexander Voronsky, for a short time — Grigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Nadezhda Krupskaya.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

“Statement of 46” and “New Deal”: Discussion of October 1923 — January 1924


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The left-wing opposition began to take shape during the internal party struggle during Lenin's illness and especially after his death in January 1924.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The line of struggle passed between Trotsky and his supporters, including those who signed the Declaration of 46 in October 1923, on the one hand, and the triumvirate consisting of Zinoviev, Stalin and Kamenev and their supporters, on the other.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

There are no signatures of many well-known supporters of Trotsky — Christian Rakovsky, Karl Radek, Nikolai Krestinsky, Adolf Joffe and others — under the “Statement”, both in the drafting of the document and in the opposition as a whole played an important role by former “decists”, in particular Vladimir Smirnov and Timofey Sapronov, who formed an independent group in 1926.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The left-wing opposition in 1923-1924 was neither a “Trotskyist” or a “factional” organization.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The latest literature expresses the opinion that “the opposition in a broad sense was an internal party trend, the supporters of which were situationally united by a critical attitude to the party's policy and support for a more decisive “democratization” of the internal party regime” [1].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

12th Congress of the RCP (b)


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Back in the spring of 1923, on the eve of the XII Congress of the RCP (b), an anonymous document entitled “The current situation of the RCP and the tasks of the proletarian communist avant-garde” was distributed in the party, the authorship of which G. Zinoviev, who spoke at the congress with a political report of the Central Committee, attributed to former members of the group “democratic centralism”, since many of his ideas at different times were expressed by “decists”, in particular the idea of “strict dismemberment of party and Soviet work”.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The document called for “seeking the abolition of resolutions prohibiting internal party groups and an end to persecution of comrades acting collectively on party and Soviet issues”, the authors believed that “without the right to collective speeches there is no criticism and discussion”, and “maintaining the “unity of the party” through mechanical pressure means in fact the dictatorship of a certain group and the formation of a number of illegal groups in the party, that is, the deepest undermining of internal unity, moral decay and ideological killing” [2].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The document proposed “to open really wide unhindered access of non-partisans to all Soviet positions, including elected ones” in order to “destroy the monopoly of the Communists on responsible places, deprive the party card of the value of the patent and thereby weaken the clogging of the party by careerists and the development of careerism, adaptability, philistine in the ranks of the party.”


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Many provisions of the document were in tune with the ideas that L. Trotsky.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The authors of the document definitely sympathized with him and called on the congress to remove from the leadership “one or two of the most factional-minded (the most decomposed the party environment, the most contributed the development of bureaucracy under the guise of hypocritical phrases) of responsible employees of the ruling group: Zinoviev, Stalin, Kamenev” [2].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Zinoviev's suspicions justified the speeches of some former “decists” at the congress itself, primarily Vladimir Kosior and Valerian Osinsky, about the tightening of the internal party regime.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

IN. Kosior, in particular, recalled that the resolution of the X Congress “On the Unity of the Party”, which banned factions and groups, was extraordinary, but this “exclusive law” was raised by the majority of the Politburo in party management system, any criticism of the Central Committee is brought under factionalism and grouping [2] [3].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Autumn discussion


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Since mid-1923, the Soviet economy was in a deep crisis associated with a sharp increase in prices for manufactured goods, while the rise in food prices remained insignificant.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

This has led to numerous strikes across the country.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

On October 8, 1923, Trotsky wrote a letter to members of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of the RCP (b), in which he spoke about the need to introduce a planned economy and begin industrialization.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Trotsky points to the usurpation of the Politburo of the RCP (b) of the right to resolve economic issues, which is directly related to the lack of intra-party democracy.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

This, in his opinion, led to the adoption of rash decisions that laid the foundations for the economic crisis [4].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

On October 15, 1923, 46 Soviet and party workers, old members of the RCP (b), signed an appeal to the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), which went down in history as “”.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

This letter actually began the story of the Left Opposition within the Communist Party [5].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The Statement referred to the establishment of a factional dictatorship regime in the party, the suppression of any dissent under the plausible pretext of preserving the unity of the party and the fact that arrogant usurpers did not can, as the crisis has shown, “make ends meet in the economic field”.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The October Plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Committee of the RCP (b), however, condemned this speech [6].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Nevertheless, under the pressure of the “party bottom”, where opposition groups (the RCP Working Group, the Rabochaya Pravda group, etc.) have long been formed regardless of high-ranking oppositionists, the ruling faction was forced to open a discussion on intra-party democracy (opened by Zinoviev's article “New Tasks of the Party”, November 7).


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The Pravda newspaper, then edited by Bukharin, published articles by both supporters of the majority of the Central Committee and representatives of the opposition, but the editorial policy changed dramatically by mid-December [1] .


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

New Deal


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

On December 5, 1923, at the general meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee and the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Party, a resolution “On Party Building” was adopted, repeating many provisions of the Statement of 46 and Trotsky's October letter


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

“The resolution pointed to the need to establish a regime of working democracy, which was understood as the freedom of open discussion by all party members of the most important issues of party life, as well as election of officials and colleges from the bottom to the top” [7].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The resolution could be seen as a compromise between opposing groups, but both sides quickly came to the conclusion that this would not stop the political conflict.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In December 1923, Trotsky published a series of articles in Pravda entitled “The New Deal”, in which he tried to explain to his opponents that intra-party democracy is a necessary condition for preserving the proletarian nature of the party, the connection of the party “top” with the party “bottom” and the avoidance of costly mistakes in both the political and economic spheres.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Trotsky's words that young people are “the surest barometer of the party” caused sharp criticism from nine Leningrad Komsomol members, accusations of opposing two generations, setting young people against the “old people” (the article “On the Question of Two Generations”, published in Pravda in early January 1924).


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In response, eight prominent Komsomol party members, including poet Alexander Bezymensky, wrote a statement in support of Trotsky, later published by Trotsky in the supplements to the New Deal ” [8].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

(In his memoirs, Nikita Khrushchev calls this document “a declaration of 93 Komsomol members” [9] — apparently, so many signatures were collected under it, although the document itself was not found).


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Reproaching opponents for “imposing comrade. Trotsky has never defended his point of view,” the authors of the statement recalled Lenin's words: “If we work slowly, in a few years we will have a lot of young people that can radically change our apparatus.”


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

At party meetings, discussions were held and resolutions were adopted — in support of the Central Committee or against (but extremely rarely with the wording “for the opposition”).


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Pravda published scattered reports from the field, which testified to the support of the “majority of the Central Committee”, but the exact results were not summed up either then or after.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In Moscow, where the outcome of the struggle largely depended on the overall outcome, the opposition received about a third of the vote [7].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

However, the level of support for the opposition in different regions was uneven and, in general, the opposition did not dispute the result of their defeat in most party organizations [1].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The XIII Party Conference, held on January 16-18, 1924, condemned the views of Trotsky, Preobrazhensky, Pyatakov, Radek and other members of the opposition.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

They were accused of factionalism and violation of the resolution of the X Congress of the RCP (b) “On the unity of the party” [10], as well as of “Menshevik bias”.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

With rare exceptions, the oppositionists obeyed the decision of the majority of the party.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Lenin's death on January 21, 1924 also increased capitulant sentiment among the opposition [1].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

At the XIII Party Congress held in May 1924, the oppositionists, by that time defeated everywhere, were comprehensively criticized.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Preobrazhensky and Trotsky unsuccessfully tried to challenge the accusations against the opposition.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The opposition was also condemned by the V Congress of the Comintern.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Literary Discussion: October-December 1924


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The events of October-December 1924 between Trotsky and his opponents are also known as the Literary Discussion.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In the autumn of 1924, Trotsky published an article “Lessons of October”, which was published as a preface to the third volume of his collection of works.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In the article, Trotsky described the history of disagreements within the Bolshevik Party in the pre-October period of 1917.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In response to it, Pravda published an article by Bukharin “How not to write the story of October (regarding the release of T. Trotsky “1917”)”, followed by similar articles by Zinoviev, Kamenev, Stalin, Sokolnikov and others.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

At the end of January 1925, the plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Committee of the RCP (b) was held, which summed up the results of the “Literary Discussion


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The article was recognized as a perversion of the history of Bolshevism and the October Revolution, and its author was accused of trying to replace Leninism with Trotskyism [11].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Trotsky resigned from the posts of People's Commissar of Naval Affairs and Chairman of the Strategic Missile Forces.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

“New Opposition”: 1925—1926


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

At the end of April 1925, the XIV Party Conference was held in Moscow.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The report of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Rykov “On Cooperation” and the resolution adopted on it proclaimed a fundamentally new policy in the village, which assumed a reduction of 40 percent in the total amount agricultural tax, investment of additional public funds in the system of economic credit to peasants, permission to hire labor and lease land; the right to participate in various forms of cooperation have now been provided to all segments of the population engaged in agriculture [12].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Rykov admitted that this turn in agrarian policy would inevitably be accompanied by an increase in laborers and the development of bourgeois relations in rural areas; but at the same time said that the division of the top of the village into a fist and a “wealthy, rich peasant”, “economic man” is illegal that it is impossible to draw such a line.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Rykov united the entire wealthy peasantry with the concept of “bourgeois layer” and called for “recognizing the inevitability of the growth of bourgeois relations in the village in the modern restoration process.”


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Bukharin described the new course as “the development of the NEP in the village, which so far almost did not exist” [12].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

At the same time, the conference adopted Stalin's “theory of building socialism in one country” put forward back in December 1924.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The resolution “On the tasks of the Comintern and the RCP (b) in connection with the expanded Plenum of the ICCI” sharply criticized the idea of the impossibility of building a “full socialist society in such a backward country, like Russia, without “state aid” (Trotsky) of more technologically and economically developed countries”; the party, the resolution said, “must make every effort to build socialist society is confident that this construction can and will certainly be victorious” [13].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The birth of this thesis, according to V. Corgovin, was dictated by the logic of the fight against “Trotskyism” [13].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The unification of all layers of the wealthy peasantry into the “bourgeois layer”, in which Zinoviev and Kamenev saw a veiled bet on the fist, and Stalin's theory of building socialism in one country finally split the ruling triumvirate, which gave its first crack in the summer of 1923 and turned into a fiction as Stalin became closer to Bukharin.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In the period between the XIV Conference and the XIV Party Congress, the so-called “new opposition”, or “Leningrad”, was formed, although it included many Muscovites.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Grigory Sokolnikov, Nadezhda Krupskaya, Grigory Evdokimov, Pyotr Zalutsky, Georgy Safarov and others were also leaders and active participants.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The views of the “new opposition” were formulated in the so-called. Platform 4 (Zinoviev, Kamenev, Sokolnikov and Krupskaya) criticized, first of all, the economic turn in the village, the internal party regime — in which the Leningraders now aligned themselves with the opposition of 1923, as well as the theory of building socialism in one single country [14].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

United Opposition: 1926—1927


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In 1926, supporters of Trotsky and the New Opposition united, as well as some former members of the Workers' Opposition and the democratic centralism group [15].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Back in 1923, the so-called “Georgian opposition” led by Budu Mdivani, Sergei Kavtaradze, Kote Tsintsadze, Mikhail Okudzhava and Nikolai Okudzhava joined the Left Opposition [16].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

13 members of the Central Committee and the Central Committee signed a “Statement”, in which they once again pointed to the bureaucratization of the party apparatus as the main cause of the crisis that engulfed the party [17].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

At the July and October plenums of the Central Committee (1926), the united opposition was also defeated: the majority supported the ruling group, opposition leaders Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev were withdrawn from of the Politburo.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In the autumn of 1927, the party held a so-called “pre-congress discussion”; at the same time, the Central Committee refused to publish the opposition platform (and most party members were unfamiliar with it); print and it had to be distributed illegally, for which many oppositionists were expelled from the party even before the congress [18] [19].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Oppositionists were often not allowed to attend party meetings, thus depriving them of the opportunity to defend their point of view [20].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In October 1927, the last members of the opposition were expelled from the Central Committee, and Trotsky, Zinoviev, and Kamenev were expelled from the party in November 1927.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The last public speech of the opposition was participation in demonstrations on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution on November 7, 1927 in Moscow and Leningrad [15].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Members of the Left Opposition came out with their own slogans: “Let's fulfill Lenin's will!” , “Let's turn the fire to the right — against the napman, the fist and the bureaucrat!” , “For True Labor Democracy!” , “Against opportunism, against schism — for the unity of the Lenin Party!” , “For the Lenin Central Committee!” , but were dispersed by OGPU officers and Red Army soldiers [21].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The number of opposition by the fall of 1927 was not established.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Historian Alexei Gusev writes in this regard: “Additional light on the question of the number of opposition is shed by an episode that took place at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (B) in November 1928. Speaking at it, Stalin said: “It seems that up to four thousand people voted against our platform during the discussion before the XV Party Congress”... After these words of Stalin, a corrective Remark: “Ten thousand.” The Secretary General did not object, but agreed with the amendment, saying: “I think that if ten thousand voted against, then twice ten thousand party members sympathizing with Trotskyism did not vote at all, because they did not came to the meetings “” [22].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Historian Vladislav Shabalin also notes discrepancies in official data: “According to S. IN. Kosior, who spoke at the XV Congress with the organizational report of the Central Committee, at that time there were 1,200,000 members and candidates in the CPSU (b). 730,862 people took part in the discussion. The group of communists that did not take part in the discussion was quite impressive — 469,138 people. How many opposition supporters are there in this group? Unknown” [23].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In December 1927, the XV Party Congress declared the views of the Left Opposition and Trotsky incompatible with membership in the All-Union Communist Party (b), after which 75 active members of the united opposition were expelled from the party [15], and also members of Sapronov and Vladimir Smirnov's group.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The resolution of the congress “On Opposition” instructed the Central Committee and the Central Committee “to take all measures of ideological influence on ordinary members of the Trotskyist opposition in order to convince them, while cleansing the party of everyone clearly incorrigible elements of the Trotskyist opposition” [24].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Although according to official data, during the pre-congress discussion, only 4,120 party members voted for the opposition platform (plus 2,676 abstained from voting), in total before the congress, during it and after that, about 8,000 oppositionists were expelled from the party [25].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

At the same time, the ruling faction tried by all means to keep oppositionists and workers in the party [26].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

“Having defeated the last, united opposition,” writes historian Valery Kruzhinov, “I. IN. Stalin and his entourage sharply turned the steering wheel of party politics. This turn showed that the winners, in fact, did not have a positive program that could open up new prospects for the development of the country” [20]


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Left opposition after 1927


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

After the expulsion from the party, Zinoviev, Kamenev and most of their supporters admitted their mistakes at the XV Congress and were reinstated in the party; only the so-called “left Zinovievtsy” remained in opposition.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

However, at that time, Zinoviev and Kamenev no longer had any influence within the party.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In turn, Trotsky and his supporters, as well as supporters of Vladimir Smirnov and Timofey Sapronov who separated from them, did not abandon their views, and at the beginning of 1928 thousands of oppositionists were exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Many of them soon found themselves in political isolators.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In February 1929, Trotsky was expelled from the country.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Since July 1929, the Bulletin of the Opposition (Bolshevik-Leninists) was published in Paris.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The Bulletin published materials analyzing the situation in the Bolshevik Party, the reasons for the defeat of the Left Opposition, and assessed the events taking place in the Soviet Union [27].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The authors of the publications, in addition to Trotsky and Sedov, were I. K. Dashkovsky, E.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

A. Preobrazhensky, K. B.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Radek, Kh.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

G. Rakovsky, I. T. Smilga, L. S. Sosnovsky, A. Tsiliga, K. Tsintsadze and many other lesser-known oppositionists.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The magazine also published a significant number of anonymous materials — testimonies from the USSR, stories of secret opposition supporters who traveled abroad on official business, and letters from scattered throughout Oppositionists they brought to different parts of the country were published without attribution for reasons of conspiracy [28].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In 1930, Trotsky's supporters, expelled from the communist parties, created the International Left Opposition (MLO), acting as an external opposition to the Stalinist leadership of the Comintern [29].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In 1933, the MLO became known as the International Communist League, which was the predecessor of the Fourth International, established in Paris in 1938.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In the USSR, the fate of the Left Opposition was tragic [30].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Some, such as Pyatakov, Radek, Antonov-Ovseenko, refused to fight further, considering it hopeless, and even became adherents of the “general line” (which did not prevent Stalin from shooting them [31]) .


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Others, including Vladimir Smirnov, Timofey Sapronov and their supporters and thousands of Trotsky supporters, who never repented, were convicted of “counter-revolutionary Trotskyist activities” (“literal” article KRTD) and moved from exile to political isolators, in 1935-1936 they were sent to Kolyma or Vorkuta camps and, for the most part, were shot there without trial or died in the most severe “common” works.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Still others, believing that it is impossible to effectively fight the regime in exiles and prisons, committed an act of repentance in 1929-1930 and were reinstated in the party [32].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The opposition is underground


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

For many years, Soviet historiography was dominated by the idea of the “final defeat of Trotskyism” by the end of 1927 and the cessation of active activities of the left opposition after the XV Congress, although this idea was not based on any sources other than party textbooks [33] [34].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In recent decades, a number of foreign (J. A. Getty [35], P. Bruet [36]) and domestic researchers (in particular, V. H. Rogovin V. IN. Shabalin A. IN. Gusev A. A. Vakulenko [28]) challenge this submission on the basis of archival materials.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

So, A. IN. Gusev writes: “In reality, however, the expulsion from the party did not put an end to the existence of the left-wing opposition. Only its character has changed: opposition groups of Trotskyists and “democratic centralists” have actually turned from internal party factions into independent organizations. Forced to act in illegal conditions, they continued to fight against the party and state leadership and its political course” [34].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

“Thousands of oppositionists,” A. A. Vakulenko, “launched clandestine political activities in exiles and detention centers, resorting, among other things, to agitation among sympathizers” [28].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Many “capitulants” did not refuse to continue the struggle either: in 1931-1932 they were part of the underground organization of Ivan Smirnov.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Among them were Yevgeny Preobrazhensky, Ivar Smilga, Sergey Mrachkovsky, Vagharshak Ter-Vaganyan, Nikolai Okudzhava and many other well-known oppositionists.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The organization established contact with both the editorial office of the Opposition Bulletin and with the exiled oppositionists; according to the OGPU, it consisted of more than 200 people; but in 1933 89 members of the organization led by Smirnov himself were arrested; 41 oppositionists were sentenced by a special meeting to imprisonment for a period of 3 to 5 years, and another 45 were sent into exile for a period of 3 years — the organization actually collapsed.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In 1932, the party also had a group of “left-wing Zinovievtsy” led by Georgy Ivanovich Safarov.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The left-wing opposition was constantly changing its composition and number: some left it — others came, not only young communists and Komsomol members, but also former supporters of Stalin, disillusioned with his policy.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Oppositionists also differed in their views on some particular issues [28].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

In the early 1930s, many irreconcilable “right” became closer to the left-wing opposition, which did not renounce their views after the surrender of the leaders, and “left-right” entities appeared in the party: S. AND. Syrtsova — V. IN. Lominadze, later V. IN. Lominadze — L. Shatskina — E.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Stan [37] [38].


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Composition of the opposition


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Leonid Naumov in his work “Stalin and the NKVD” cites statistical data on the composition of persons repressed in the period May 15 — June 26, 1937.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

This data has a breakdown of convicts by political group.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

According to these data, the “Trotskyists” are distinguished by a democratic social composition.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

There are relatively many workers among them, up to 20%.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Nationally, there is a significant diversity (Jews, Latvians, Germans, etc.) with a huge, about two-thirds, Slavic majority.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

A feature of the “left” is a significant number of young people.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Up to 41% of the “Trotskyists” repressed in 1937 were born in the 20th century [39] p.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

See also


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Trotskyism


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Left communists


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Democratic Centralism Group


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Working opposition


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Buffer group


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

The right-wing opposition in the CPSU (b)


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Notes


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Literature


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Trotsky L. D. It's my life.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

— Berlin: Granat, 1930.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Trotsky L. D. To the history of the Russian revolution.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

— M.: “Politizdat”, 1990.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Trotsky L. D. A devoted revolution.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

— Moscow: Research Institute of Culture, 1991.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Deutscher E..


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

An unarmed prophet.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

— M.: “Tsentrpoligraf”, 2006.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Rogovin V. H. Was there an alternative?


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

— M.: Terra, 1992.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

ISBN 5-85255-128-7


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Rogovin V. H. The authorities and the opposition.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

— M., 1993.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

ISBN 5-85272-012-7


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Rogovin V. H. Stalin's neonep.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

— MOSCOW, 1994.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

— 384 p. ISBN 5-85272-016-X


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Rogovin V. Z. 1937.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

— MOSCOW, 1996.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

— ISBN 5-85272-022-4


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Rogovin V. H. The party of the executed.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

— Moscow: Moscow Printing House No. 3 of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1997.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

— 528 p. ISBN 5-85272-026-7


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Gusev A. IN. Left-communist opposition in the USSR in the late 1920s//Otechestvennaya istoriya, 1996, No. 1


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Gusev A. IN. Left-communist opposition in the first half of the 30s//Political parties of Russia.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

History pages.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

M., 2000.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Shabalin V. The landscape after the battle.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

From the history of the left opposition in the Urals.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Perm, 2003


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Kruzhinov V. M. Political conflicts in the first decade of Soviet power (based on materials from the Urals).


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Tyumen, 2000.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Kruzhinov V. M..


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

“New Deal” by L. D. Trotsky and the Bolshevik elite of the Urals. Bulletin of Tyumen State University.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

No. 2.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

P. 113—120.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

A. Resnik.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

— M.: “Free Marxist Publishing House”, 2010.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Dichenko M.B.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

Trotskyist concept of economic development of the USSR in the 1920s; Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

— SPb.: SPbSU, 1992: UDC 330.189


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

References


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

(in English)


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

(1923) (in English)


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

L. D. Trotsky.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

IN. H. The cornea.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

K. Harman.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

J. van Heyenoort.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

(1944) (in English)


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

IN. Shabalin.


Question: Who was the leader of the Left Opposition of the political movement within the RCP in Russia?

A. IN. Gusev said.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

SKB-Bank Arena (until July 24, 2015 it was called Uralmash) is a football stadium in Yekaterinburg with a capacity of 10,000 people [1].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The venue for home matches of Ural Football Club during the reconstruction of the Central Stadium for the 2018 FIFA World Cup [1].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The first ready-made sports facility of the future World Cup, within the framework of which the arena will be used for training teams playing in Yekaterinburg [2].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The stadium is the main arena of the Uralmash sports complex, which also consists of a football arena, basketball, football, volleyball courts, a swimming pool, a small football field, a large track and field complex and ski base [3] [4].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

In addition, this sports complex is part of the infrastructure of the Ural Football Academy, created to train and educate young football players [5].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

It was built in 1934 for sporting events for workers of the Uralmashevsky plant and residents of the Uralmash microdistrict.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

It was the home arena for the Uralmashzavod football team (now FC Ural) until it moved to the Central Stadium in the 1960s [6].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Title


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Since its opening, the arena has been called Uralmashzavod Stadium.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Later, the site changed its name along with the change of the name of the plant's football team: from 1937 to 1960 — the Avangard Stadium, and since 1960 — the Uralmash Stadium [7].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

After reconstruction in 2014-2015, Uralmash was supposed to be called the Football Academy Stadium [1].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

But in the summer of 2015, during the completion of the reconstruction, it was decided to sell the commercial name [8].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

According to media reports, Ural estimated the transaction amount at 25 million rubles [8] [9].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

On July 22, 2015, a new name for the stadium appeared on the RFPL website — SKB-Bank Arena [10].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The deal with SKB-Bank was officially announced on July 24, 2015 [1].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The agreement is valid for 2.5 years [11].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Grandstand names


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

In February 2017, the management of FC Ural announced its intention to name all the stands of the stadium after outstanding Ural football players and organized a vote among fans to select candidates [12].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

On February 26, it was announced that the arena's fan stand (Stand B [13]) would henceforth be named after Sergei Gavrilov [14], one of the team's top scorers during the Soviet period [15].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

On July 3, Stand D was named after Viktor Erokhin [16], a former football player and coach of the club [17].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

On July 11, the name of the A stand became known — the tribune of Yevgeny Sesyunin [18], who played for the Sverdlovsk team in 1962-1964 and 1965-1971 [19].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

On August 7, the C stand was named after Gennady Sannikov [20], Uralmash's record holder for the number of matches played [21].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

History


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Soviet period


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The history of the stadium construction is inextricably linked with the history of the Uralmashevsky plant and the entire Uralmash microdistrict.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Since the early 1930s, the sports life of builders and workers has been in full swing around the future giant plant.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Since 1932, the first organized sports events in volleyball, football, athletics have been held [3].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Initially, the competition was held near the production workshops of the plant, but soon Uralmashstroy built a small site for this purpose (now part of the Children's Stadium Youth Sports School No. 19 [3]), which this is what they called: “Uralmashstroy Stadium” [4].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The stadium became the first sports facility of the young district.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

In the summer of 1932, the site hosted some competitions of the Ural-Kuzbass Spartakiad [4], the largest sporting event held in Sverdlovsk during the first five-year plans [22].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

With the expansion of the plant and the district, workers needed a more modern sports base.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

In 1934, the plant's management allocated 150,000 rubles for the construction of a new stadium [3].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The stadium and pavilion were designed by architect Peter Oransky, the author of many Uralmash facilities [23].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

At the same time, the author's original project was rejected, as it was recognized as “too pompous” [24].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

A railway line was stretched to the construction site, along which they began to transport soil from the pits of workshops under construction, then waste from metallurgical production.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

From these materials, the builders poured shafts for future stands [4].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Construction was completed in May 1934.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

At the time of commissioning, the Uralmashzavod stadium with 18,000 seats was the fourth largest in the entire USSR [4], and the stadium pavilion amazed contemporaries with its beauty and decoration [3].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

On May 20, an article was published in one of the regional newspapers: “The construction of the summer sports base of the plant has been completed. Opening May 30" [3].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The grand opening of the Uralmashzavod stadium took place on May 30, 1934 [3] [4].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

On this day, a real holiday took place: residents of the district went with whole families to a significant event.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

At that time, there was no housing around, the arena was surrounded by dense forest.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

In order not to get lost, people focused on the White Tower of the plant [3] [4].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

After the rally, speeches by the director of the plant Vladimirov and the secretary of the party committee Averbakh [3], demonstrations of athletes, football players, cyclists and representatives of other sports took place.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

At the end of the ceremony, a friendly match took place between the teams of the tool and model workshops, which ended with a score of 5:2 [3].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The arena was surrounded by stands on three sides, built on high arcuate earthen ramparts.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

On the fourth side, instead of the rostrum, an administrative building [25] was erected, which included gyms, changing rooms and administration rooms [26].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Mass sports and cultural events are constantly starting to take place at the stadium.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

On August 24-30, the first summer general factory sports contest takes place, and friendly football matches are held in autumn with teams from Orenburg and the Leningrad Institute of Physical Culture named after V.I.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

P. F. Lesgaft, at the beginning of 1935, the winter general factory sports contest takes place [3].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

An important event in the life of the entire Sverdlovsk Region was a big autumn holiday at the Uralmashzavod stadium on September 25, 1935.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Brothers Seraphim and Georgy Znamensky took part in the competition, as well as a delegation of French athletes led by the famous middle-distance runner, silver medalist of the 1928 Olympic Games Jules Ladumeg [3] [4].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

At the same time, the young team of Uralmashzavod (the future FC Uralmash, now FC Ural, Yekaterinburg) begins to play their matches at the stadium.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The club's performances took place at the Uralmash Stadium until the 60s, when most of the football matches of Sverdlovsk teams were held at the Central Stadium [6].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

At the end of 1968, the construction of the largest track and field arena in the city began near the stadium.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The grand opening took place on May 10, 1973 [4].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Russian period


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

In 1993, due to the difficult economic situation, the sports club of the Uralmash plant was liquidated, thanks to which the entire sports complex, including the stadium, was built at one time [3].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

In the period from the early 60s to the beginning of the 90s, FC Uralmash played at its home stadium only a few times, playing most of its matches at the Central Stadium [7].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

During the Russian period of history, the team began to play more often at Uralmash: since 1993, an average of 3-5 official matches have been held annually, including several rounds of the Russian Premier League [7].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Since the 2001 season, FC Uralmash has again “moved” to its home arena [7].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Performances continue until the reconstruction of 2003, during which plastic seats were installed in the stands and the field was heated.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The administrative building, jogging paths and flights of stairs have not been renovated.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Later, by 2014, a technical examination established that the stands of the stadium were in disrepair, and the administration building was in a condition that was partially usable [26].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

After the reconstruction of the stadium, Ural's performances continued here on an ongoing basis.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The football club spent several seasons in a row at Uralmash while the reconstruction of the Tsentralny Stadium was underway.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The official opening ceremony of the Central Stadium took place on August 19, 2011, on the day of the match of the 22nd round of the FNL Championship Ural vs Khimki [27].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Starting from this moment, the football club again “moves” to “Central”.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The last time Ural played an official match at the old Uralmash was on May 3, 2012 — the venue of the meeting against Novosibirsk Siberia was postponed due to preparations for the final of the Russian Cup football between Dynamo Moscow and Rubin Kazan, which took place at the Central Stadium on May 9 [28].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Reconstruction 2014-2015


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

In 2014, the reconstruction of the stadium began in preparation for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and the completion date was originally set for autumn 2015 [1].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

On July 18, during the inspection of Governor Yevgeny Kuyvashev and Deputy Prime Minister of the Sverdlovsk Region Valentin Gripas, a more accurate deadline for work was indicated: the arena should not be ready later than May 15, 2015 [29].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

In April 2015, it was reported that Uralmash was 80% ready, after which the deadline for the completion of the facility was moved to June [30].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

According to various estimates, the large-scale reconstruction cost 570 [26] [31] —594 [32] [30] million.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

rubles: 489-500 million were allocated by the regional budget, and another 85—94 million was allocated by the federal budget [26] [33] [29].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

As part of the reconstruction, it was planned to dismantle the old emergency administration building and install a fourth covered tribune in its place, as well as build a new administration behind the stands area [5] [25].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

In addition, the side stands will no longer be located on an earthen rampart built back in the 1930s, but will be built using modern technologies and on metal collapsible structures [34].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The stands will be painted in black and orange colors of Ural [25].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Some equipment was transported from the Central Stadium, in particular, the spectator access system and the scoreboard, which was divided into two parts [35].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

In addition to the stadium, plans include the creation of three more training fields (one with natural turf, two with artificial turf), as well as a hotel for one hundred people and a dormitory for 450 seats [5].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

After the end of the World Cup, the sports complex should become a full-fledged Ural Football Academy for training and educating young football players, as well as one of the training bases of the football club” Ural” [5].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

— The pace of construction is extremely tight, as the Central Stadium is closed for reconstruction.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

However, we hope that FC Ural will start its games here in July 2015.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

After the 2018 World Cup, the Uralmash stadium field will become a legacy for young Ural players, as well as a training ground for the main team [32].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The regional authorities emphasized that within the framework of the import substitution program, domestic materials and equipment from the Central Stadium were used during the reconstruction [30].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

- It is very pleasant that as part of import substitution, we are using sports equipment dismantled from the Central Stadium here.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Thus, Uralmash has transported an access system for spectators and a scoreboard, and it will be divided into two parts.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Uralmash will be the second stadium in Russia with two screens [2].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

At the end of the 2014/2015 season, Ural, whose two arenas were under reconstruction, had to look for a new stadium to play the remaining home matches (including play-offs for the right to stay in Premier League) [32].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The first two home matches were played at the Ural football arena, the rest were played at the Geolog Stadium in Tyumen [32] [36].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

In June 2015, a meeting of the Coordinating Council for Preparations for the World Cup was held in Rostov-on-Don under the chairmanship of Igor Shuvalov [2] [37].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Following the meeting, it was announced that the reconstructed Uralmash stadium will be the first ready sports facility for the future World Cup, within the framework of which the arena will be used for training teams playing in Yekaterinburg [2].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

After the reconstruction, the stadium was to be called the Football Academy Stadium [1].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

But by the time the construction work was completed, it was decided to sell the commercial name [8].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

According to media reports, Ural estimated the transaction amount at 25 million rubles [8] [9].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

On July 22, 2015, a new name for the stadium appeared on the RFPL website — SKB-Bank Arena [9].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The official signing ceremony of the agreement with SKB-Bank took place on July 24, 2015 in the conference hall of the new stadium between Grigory Ivanov, President of FC Ural, and Chairman of the Management Board of SKB-Bank OJSC Denis Repnikov [1].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The agreement is valid for 2.5 years [11].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The arena was opened on July 26, 2015 with the Ural vs Zenit St. Petersburg match [38], in which the hosts lost 1-4 [39] [40] to St. Petersburg.


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

Before the match, the official opening ceremony of the stadium took place with the participation of RFPL President Sergei Pryadkin, Executive Director of the Premier League Sergei Cheban and Governor Yevgeny Kuyvashev [41].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

During the ceremony, the traditional presentation of a symbolic key to the arena took place, which the governor handed over to Ural U21 player Alexander Shcherbakov [26].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The first match at the new stadium was overshadowed by a number of problems related to the mass purchase of tickets by speculators [42], as well as with a poorly organized access system (the stadium was fully filled only after 15 minutes after the start of the match) [39] [43].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

The next day, the management of Ural officially apologized to the fans [44].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

In August, a group of initiative Ural fans posted a petition on the Change.org online platform asking the governor to build a canopy over all the stands of the new arena [45].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

According to the initiators, “as practice shows, many matches of our favorite team take place in difficult weather conditions — rain or snow, so we are afraid that some spectators will it is uncomfortable to root for Ural in those stands of the stadium where there is no visor” [46].


Question: When was SKB-Bank Aren built?

SKB-Bank Arena

At the time of closing, 132 people had signed the petition [46].