Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The modern economy has reached such a quality that the majority of employees must have a relatively high educational level.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The well-being of a significant part of the population has risen so much that intellectual growth and improvement of creative abilities have taken an important place in the value scale of society.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

People whose basic material needs are met, engaged in intellectual labor, show an increased demand for services.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Increasing the share of skilled labor leads to the fact that the main “means of production” is the qualification of employees.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

This changes the structure of society, and ownership of material “means of production” loses its former significance.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

[6] [7]


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Advocates of Marxism see the reasons for something else [8]:


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The division of labor leads to the constant separation of individual actions from the production sphere into an independent service (see outsourcing).


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Previously, the manufacturer himself invented and implemented an advertising campaign and this was part of the factory business, but now the advertising business is an independent sector of the economy.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Similar processes at one time led to the separation of physical and mental labor.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

As a result of the development of the international division of labor, there is a gradual concentration of production in the regions that are most profitable for specific activities.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

One of the catalysts for this redistribution is the expansion of corporate ownership beyond the national framework.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The struggle for increased efficiency forces multinational companies to locate production in more profitable regions.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

This is also facilitated by a reduction in unit transportation costs.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Today, production is no longer so geographically tied to the source of raw materials or the main consumer.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

At the same time, the results of production, including profit, belong to the parent company and are an additional source of consumption and development of the service sector in the country where its headquarters are located, while production units are located in another country.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

With the development of the economy and labor productivity, the consumption structure changes.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

After the stable provision of essential goods, a faster growth in the consumption of services begins compared to the growth of consumption of goods.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

This leads to a corresponding change in the proportion of production and employment in the structure of the economy.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The production of most services is tied to the place where the service is consumed.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Even if the prices for haircuts in China are 100 times lower than in the rest of the world, this is unlikely to significantly affect the hairdressing market in the US or Europe.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

However, the development of means of communication and the transformation of information into a mass commodity made it possible to develop distance selling in some types of services.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Some services, by their nature, are difficult to increase labor productivity.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

One taxi driver will not drive two cars at once.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

With the growth of demand, either a taxi will turn into a bus, or the number of taxi drivers will increase.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

At the same time, mass industrial production is characterized by a constant increase in the volume of products produced by one employee.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

This leads to an additional imbalance in the number of employees towards the service sector.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Economics


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Deindustrialization


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Over the past half century, all countries of the world have seen a decrease in the share of employees and the share of industry in GDP


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

On average, in 1960-2007, the share of industry in GDP fell from 40% to 28%, and the share of employed - to 21%.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Deindustrialization primarily affects economically developed countries and old industries, such as metallurgy, textile industry.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The closure of factories leads to an increase in unemployment and the emergence of regional socio-economic problems.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

But in parallel with deindustrialization, a process of reindustrialization is taking place — the development of new, high-tech industries that replace old industries.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Newly industrialized countries of the first wave, which had such competitive advantages as cheap labor and a lower tax burden, attracted new industries to their territory.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

This has led to the global transfer of industrial production to Southeast Asia.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In many countries in the region and in other developing countries, transnational corporations are establishing part - cycle enterprises that produce semi-finished goods or assemble finished products from imported parts.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The decline in the share of employment in industry characteristic of post-industrial countries does not indicate a decline in the development of industrial production.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

On the contrary, industrial production, like agriculture in post-industrial countries, is extremely developed, including due to the high degree of division of labor, which ensures high performance.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Further employment growth in this area is simply not required.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

For example, in the United States, about 5% of the employed population has long been working in agriculture.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

[10] At the same time, the United States is one of the world's largest exporters of cereals.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

At the same time, more than 15% of US workers are employed in the transportation, processing and storage industries of agricultural products.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

[11] The division of labor made this work “non-agricultural” — this was done by the service sector and industry, which further increased their share in GDP by reducing the share of agriculture.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

At the same time, the USSR did not have such a detailed specialization of economic entities.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Agricultural enterprises were engaged not only in growing, but also in storing, transporting, and primary processing of crops.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

It turned out that 25 to 40% of workers worked in the village.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

At a time when the share of the rural population was 40%, the USSR provided itself with all grain (and other agricultural products, such as meat, milk, eggs, etc.) itself, but when the share of the agricultural population fell to 25% (by the end of the 1960s), there was a need for food imports, and finally, with a decrease in this share to 20% (by the end of the 1970s), the USSR became is the largest importer of grain.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In the post-industrial economy, the greatest contribution to the value of material goods that are produced within this economy is made by the final component of production — trade, advertising, marketing, that is, the service sector, as well as the information component in the form of patents, R&D, etc.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In addition, information production plays an increasingly important role.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

This sector is more cost-effective than material production, since it is enough to produce an initial sample, and the cost of copying is insignificant.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

But it can't exist without:


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Developed legal protection of intellectual property rights.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

It is no coincidence that it is the post-industrial countries that defend these issues to the greatest extent.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Rights to information, which are subject to legal protection, should be monopolistic in nature.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

This is not only a necessary condition for turning information into a commodity, but also allows you to extract monopoly profits, increasing the profitability of the post-industrial economy.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The presence of a huge number of consumers of information who benefit from using it productively and who are ready to offer “non-information” goods for it.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Features of the investment process


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The industrial economy was based on the accumulation of investments (in the form of savings of the population or through the activities of the state) and their subsequent investment in production facilities.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In the post-industrial economy, the concentration of capital through cash savings falls sharply (for example, in the United States, the volume of savings is less than the volume of debt of the population).


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

According to Marxists, the main source of capital is ownership of intangible assets expressed in the form of licenses, patents, corporate or debt securities, including overseas.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

According to the modern ideas of some scientists of Western economic science, the main source of financial resources is the market capitalization of the company, which is formed on the basis of investor assessment efficiency of business organization, intellectual property, ability to successfully innovate and other intangible assets, in particular, consumer loyalty, employee qualifications, etc.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The main production resource — the qualifications of people — cannot be increased through increased investment in production.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

This can be achieved only by increasing investment in people and increasing consumption — including the consumption of educational services, investing in human health, etc. In addition, the growth of consumption makes it possible to meet the urgent needs of a person, as a result of which people have time for personal growth, development of creative abilities, etc., that is, those qualities that are most important for the post-industrial economy.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Today, when implementing large projects, significant funds are necessarily provided not only for construction and equipment, but also for personnel training, their constant retraining, trainings and the provision of a range of social services (medical and pension insurance, recreation, education for family members).


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

One of the features of the investment process in post-industrial countries was the ownership of significant foreign assets by their companies and citizens.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In accordance with the modern Marxist interpretation, if the amount of such property is greater than the amount of ownership of foreigners in a given country, this allows through the redistribution of profits created in other regions, to increase consumption in individual countries even more than their domestic production grows.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

According to other areas of economic thought, consumption is growing at the fastest pace in those countries where foreign investment is actively directed, and profits in the post-industrial sector is formed mainly as a result of intellectual and managerial activities.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

A new type of investment business — venture capital — is developing in a post-industrial society.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Its essence lies in the fact that many developments and promising projects are financed at the same time, and the super-profitability of a small number of successful projects covers the losses of others.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The superiority of knowledge over capital


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

At the first stages of an industrial society, having capital, it was almost always possible to organize mass production of any product and occupy an appropriate niche in the market.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

With the development of competition, especially international competition, the size of capital does not guarantee protection against failure and bankruptcy.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Innovation is a must for success.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Capital cannot automatically provide the know-how necessary for economic success.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Conversely, in post-industrial sectors of the economy, the availability of know-how makes it easy to attract the necessary capital even without having your own.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

For example, the current IT industry has developed from small firms that do not have significant financial resources, but quickly attracted them from outside.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Moreover, even the powerful IBM corporation could not maintain its leadership, despite its strong financial base.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The value of corporations in a post-industrial society is mainly due to intangible assets — know-how, employee qualifications, efficiency of the business structure, etc. For example, Microsoft's capitalization corresponds to that of the largest mining companies, although Microsoft has orders of magnitude fewer tangible assets.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Strengthening the role of small and medium-sized businesses


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The importance of mass production, which is moving to other regions, is decreasing.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The role of small businesses is increasing, and more small-scale goods are being produced with many modifications and service options in order to meet the needs of different groups of consumers.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

As a result, small, flexible enterprises are becoming competitive not only in local markets, but also on a global scale.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

According to some economists, “the concept of national leaders died with General Motors — no one believes in it; the heart of the economy is small mobile companies” [12].


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Technological changes


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Technological progress in industrial society was achieved mainly due to the work of inventors and practitioners who often did not have scientific training (for example, T. Edison).


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In post-industrial society, the applied role of scientific research, including fundamental research, is sharply increasing.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The main driver of technological changes was the introduction of scientific achievements into production.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In post-industrial society, science-intensive, resource-saving and information technologies (“high technologies”) are most developed.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

These are, in particular, microelectronics, software, telecommunications, robotics, the production of materials with predetermined properties, biotechnology, etc.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Informatization permeates all spheres of society: not only the production of goods and services, but also the household, as well as culture and art.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The features of modern scientific and technological progress, theorists of post-industrial society include the replacement of mechanical interactions with electronic technologies; miniaturization that penetrates into everything spheres of production; changes in biological organisms at the gene level.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The main trend in changing technological processes is an increase in automation, the gradual replacement of unskilled labor by the work of machines and computers.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Social structure


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

An important feature of post-industrial society is the strengthening of the role and importance of the human factor.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The structure of labor resources is changing: the share of physical labor is decreasing and the share of intellectual highly qualified and creative work is growing.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The costs of training the labor force are increasing: costs for training and education, advanced training and retraining of employees.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

According to the leading Russian specialist in post-industrial society V. L. Inozemtsev, about 70% of the total labor force is employed in the “knowledge economy” in the United States [13].


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

“Professionals Class”


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

A number of researchers characterize post-industrial society as a “society of professionals”, where the main class is the “class of intellectuals”, and the power belongs to the meritocracy — the intellectual elite .


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

As the founder of post-industrialism D. Bell, “post-industrial society... presupposes the emergence of an intellectual class, whose representatives at the political level act as consultants, experts or technocrats” [2].


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

At the same time, trends in “property stratification on the basis of education” are already clearly manifested.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

According to the well-known economist P. Drucker, “knowledge workers” will not become the majority in the “knowledge society”, but... they have already become its leading class.”


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

To designate this new intellectual class, E.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Toffler introduces the term “cognitive” for the first time in his book Metamorphoses of Power (1990).


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

... Pure physical labor is at the bottom of the spectrum and is gradually disappearing.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

With a small number of manual workers in the economy, the “proletariat” is now in the minority and is more replaced by the “cognitive”.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

As the super-symbolic economy develops, the proletarian becomes a cogniitarist.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Changing the status of hired labor


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In a post-industrial society, the main “means of production” is the qualification of employees.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In this sense, the means of production belong to the employee himself, so the value of employees to the company increases dramatically.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

As a result, the relationship between the company and intellectual workers is becoming more partner, and dependence on the employer is sharply reduced.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

At the same time, corporations are moving from a centralized hierarchical structure to a hierarchical network structure with increasing the independence of employees.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Gradually, in companies, not only workers, but also all managerial functions, up to the most senior management, begin to be performed by hired employees who often do not own the companies.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Increasing the importance of creative work and reducing the role of unskilled labor


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

According to some researchers (in particular, V. Inozemtsev), post-industrial society is entering the post-economic phase, as in the future it overcomes the dominance of the economy ( production of material goods) over people and the main form of life is the development of human abilities [13].


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Even now, in developed countries, material motivation is partially giving way to self-expression in activities.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

On the other hand, the post-industrial economy is experiencing less and less need for unskilled labor, which creates difficulties for the population with a low educational level.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

For the first time in history, there is a situation when population growth (in its unqualified part) reduces, rather than increases, the economic power of the country.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Historical periodization


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

According to the concept of post-industrial society, the history of civilization is divided into three major epochs: pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

When moving from one stage to another, the new type of society does not replace the previous forms, but makes them secondary.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The pre-industrial way of organizing society is based on


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

labor-intensive technologies


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

use of human muscle strength,


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

skills that do not require long training,


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

exploitation of natural resources (in particular agricultural land).


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The industrial method is based on


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

machine production,


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

capital-intensive technologies,


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

use of extramuscular energy sources,


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

requiring a long training qualification.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The post-industrial method is based on


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

science-intensive technologies


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

information and knowledge as the main production resource,


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

the creative aspect of human activity, continuous self-improvement and advanced training throughout life.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The basis of power in the pre-industrial era was land and the number of dependent people, in the industrial era — capital and energy sources, in the post-industrial era — knowledge, technology and qualifications of people.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The weakness of post-industrial theory is that it considers the transition from one stage to another as an objective (and even inevitable) process, but does not analyze the necessary social conditions, concomitant contradictions, cultural factors, etc.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Post-industrial theory uses mainly terms that are characteristic of sociology and economics.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The corresponding “cultural analogue” was called the concept of postmodern (according to which historical development goes from traditional society to modern society and then to postmodernity).


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The place of post-industrial societies in the world


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The development of post-industrial society in the most developed countries of the world has led to the fact that the share of manufacturing in the GDP of these countries is now significantly lower than that of a number of developing countries.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Thus, this share in the US GDP in 2007 was 13.4%, in France's GDP — 12.5%, in the UK GDP — 12.4%, while in China's GDP — 32.9%, in Thailand's GDP — 35.6%, in Indonesia's GDP — 27.8%.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

By moving commodity production to other countries, post-industrial states (mostly former metropolises) are forced to put up with the inevitable increase in the necessary qualifications and some the welfare of the labor force in their former colonies and controlled territories.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

If in the industrial era, from the beginning of the 19th century to the 80s of the XX century, the gap in GDP per capita between backward and developed countries increased more and more [16], the post-industrial the phase of economic development slowed down this trend, which is a consequence of the globalization of the economy [17] and the growth of education of the population of developing countries


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

This is associated with demographic and socio-cultural processes, as a result of which by the 90s of the XX century, most third world countries achieved a certain increase in literacy, which stimulated consumption and caused a slowdown in population growth.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

As a result of these developments, in recent years most developing countries have seen GDP per capita growth rates significantly higher than in most advanced economies, but given the extremely low starting position of developing economies, their gap in consumption with post-industrial countries cannot be overcome in the foreseeable future [18].


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

It should be borne in mind that international goods are often shipped within the framework of a single transnational corporation that controls enterprises in developing countries.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Economists of the Marxist school believe that the bulk of the profit is distributed disproportionately to the total labor invested, through the country where the corporation's board is located, including with the help of artificially hypertrophied share based on ownership of licenses and technologies — at the expense and to the detriment of direct producers of goods and services (in particular, software, everything more of which is being developed in countries with low social and consumer standards).


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

According to other economists, the bulk of the added value is actually created in the country where the head office is located, as developments are underway there, new technologies are being created and relationships with consumers are being formed.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The practice of recent decades, when both the headquarters and financial assets of the majority of the most powerful TNCs are located in tax - friendly territories, but where there are no production, marketing, let alone research units of these companies.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

As a result of the relative decline in the share of material production, the economies of post-industrial countries have become less dependent on the supply of raw materials.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

For example, the unprecedented increase in oil prices in 2004-2007 did not cause a crisis similar to the oil crises in the 1970s.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

A similar increase in commodity prices in the 70s of the XX century then forced to reduce the level of production and consumption, primarily in advanced countries.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The globalization of the world economy has allowed post-industrial countries to shift the costs of the next global crisis to developing countries — suppliers of raw materials and labor: according to V. Inozemtsev, “the post-industrial world enters the 21st century as a completely autonomous social entity that controls the world production of technologies and complex high-tech goods, fully providing themselves with industrial and agricultural products, relatively independent of the supply of energy and raw materials, as well as self-sufficient in terms of trade and investment.”


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

According to other researchers, the success of the economies of post-industrial countries observed until recently is a short-term effect achieved mainly due to non-equivalent exchange and unequal relations between a few developed countries and vast regions of the planet, which provided them with cheap labor and raw materials, and the forced stimulation of information industries and financial sector of the economy (disproportionate to material production) was one of the main reasons for the global economic crisis of 2008 [20]


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Criticism of the theory of post-industrial society


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Reducing high-paying jobs, reducing wages


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The rapid reduction of jobs in industry as a result of robotization, the scientific and technological revolution and the deindustrialization of developed countries was the reason for the emergence of Western sociological theories about “the end of the proletariat” and even the “end of work”.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

For example, American sociologist Jeremy Rifkin said in the mid-1990s that the world was “on the way to an economy without work.”


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

German sociologist Oscar Negt wrote in 1996 that K. Marx “overestimated the ability of the working class to end capitalism before it takes barbaric forms.”


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The lost strikes of workers in the UK, the United States, and other developed countries ended with mass layoffs, after which the previous number of workers in the downsized sectors of industry is no longer was recovering [8].


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

As a result of deindustrialization, the United States experienced the decline and bankruptcy of industrial cities, such as the bankruptcy of Detroit.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

However, industrial jobs did not actually decline, but were only moved to developing countries with cheaper labor.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

By the end of the 1990s, this led to rapid growth of industry in the newly industrialized countries of Asia (China, India, Indonesia), as well as in some Latin American countries.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The sharp increase in automation has led to a reduction in the need for workers per unit of mass-produced production — by about 100 times in 40 years.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Operators are no longer required to have high qualifications and attention, the requirements for them are reduced, and the need for skilled labor decreases.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

And since it does not make sense to pay a lot to an unqualified operator, production facilities are withdrawn from developed countries to Mexico and Southeast Asia [21].


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In developed countries, the services and trade sector has grown, but since labor in this sector is on average worse paid, irregular and less skilled than in industry, it has not been able to equally replace the reduction of high-paying industrial jobs.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Boris Kagarlitsky, a well-known Russian sociologist and political scientist, believes that in the 90s of the XX century, despite technological breakthroughs, the world did not approach the “post-industrial society”, the emergence of which Western sociologists predicted, but on the contrary, showed the abstractness of this theory [8]:


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Since the late 1990s, more and more jobs have been reduced for white-collar workers — managers and administrators.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Automation of banks and service enterprises, Internet banking, online stores have led to the fact that fewer clerks and more technicians and operators are required to perform almost the same functions as workers in industry.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

While jobs in industry were being reduced due to automation, robotization and the introduction of new technologies, in the 21st century, the active introduction of automation in the service and trade sectors began.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The ratio between industry and the service sector in the 21st century is once again changing, this time in favor of industry, B.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Kagarlitsky [8].


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Technological breakthroughs have always been necessary for businesses as a means of reducing production costs, including to increase pressure on employees.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

A sharp increase in the technological level of production almost always led to staff cuts, a depreciation of the labor force and an increase in unemployment.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

But at some point, even very advanced cars begin to lose competition with a very cheap worker.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

That is, again, according to Marxist theory, the growth of the reserve army of unemployed creates additional pressure on workers, lowering the cost of labor and leading to lower wages labor [8].


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Some negative aspects


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Critics of the theory of post-industrial society point to the fact that the expectations of the creators of this concept were not met.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

For example, D. Bell, who stated that “the main class in the emerging society is primarily a class of professionals with knowledge” and that the center of society should shift from corporations to universities , research centers, etc. In reality, corporations, contrary to Bell's expectations, remained the center of the Western economy and only consolidated their power over scientific institutions, among which they were supposed to dissolve.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

[22] [23]


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Attention is drawn to the fact that corporations often profit not by information as such, but by the image of the product offered to the market.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The share of those employed in marketing and advertising business is growing, and the share of advertising costs in the budget of commodity producers is growing.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Japanese researcher Kenichi Omae described this process as “the main paradigm shift of the last decade.”


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Watching how in Japan, agricultural products of well-known brands are sold at prices several times higher than prices for the same kind and quality of no-name products, that is, “unbranded” (from little-known manufacturers), he came to the conclusion that the added value is the result of clearly focused efforts to create a brand.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

A skillful simulation of technological progress becomes possible, when modifications that do not affect the functional properties of a thing and do not require real labor costs are in virtual reality advertising images look like a “coup”, a “new word”.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

[23] This approach is set out in Naomi Klein's book No Logo.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

At the same time, new post-industrial businesses (marketing, advertising), despite the multimillion-dollar turnover, are elitist and do not require hiring a large number of performers — only a few designers are enough managers and their assistants.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

They do not create any significant number of jobs [21].


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Nikolay Kashcheev, head of the analytical department of the Sberbank Treasury, said: “The American middle class was created primarily by material production. The service sector generates less income for Americans than material production, at least it did, of course, with the exception of the financial sector. The stratification is caused by the so-called mythical post-industrial society, its triumph, when a small group of people with special talents and abilities, expensive education, while the middle class is completely washed away, because a huge mass of people move from material production to the service sector and receive less money.”


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

He concluded: “Still, Americans are aware that they must industrialize again. These seditious words, after this long-standing myth of post-industrial society, are beginning to be uttered openly by economists, who are still largely independent. They say that there should be productive assets in which you can invest. But we can't see anything like this on the horizon yet.”


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Jobless


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

According to Russian publicist E.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

IN. Gilbo: Due to the large number of released labor in developed countries, unemployment in them becomes systemic.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In Germany, for example, to ensure employment for the able-bodied population, the state apparatus, especially its social services, is inflated as a way to give people minimal social security.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

But this method of employment is close to exhaustion, since in post-industrial society there is no production need for it.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

By the approaching completion of the post-industrial transition, only 10-15% will be able to be employed in the production sector — in their own business, or as employees.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Some of them will find a place in the service sector and in the civil service.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

At the same time, unemployment, according to E.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

IN. Gilbo will reach 40% to 70% of the working-age population.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

As a result of the dismantling of the systems of the “social state” in developed countries, there will be an inevitable decline in living standards and a gradual erosion and reduction of the highly paid “middle class” [21] , as is already happening in the United States [24].


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

See also


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The tertiary sector of the economy


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Consumer society


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Creative class


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Innovation economy


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Middle class


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The Golden Billion


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Futuroshock


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Knowledge society


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Notes


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Literature


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Antipina O. N., Inozemtsev V. L. Dialectics of Value in Post-Industrial Society//World Economy and International Relations.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— 1998.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— No. 5.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Bell D. The upcoming post-industrial society.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— Moscow: Academy, 1999.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— ISBN 5-87444-070-4.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Bolshakov A. //Economic analysis: theory and practice.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— 2012.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— No. 10 (265).


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Gates B.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The road to the future.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— MOSCOW, 1998.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Nasbit J.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

, Eburdin P. Megatrends 2000.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— MOSCOW, 1994.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Turou L. The future of capitalism.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— Novosibirsk, 1999.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Toffler E.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The third wave.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— MOSCOW: AST, 2004.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— ISBN 5-17-011040-5/


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

A new post-industrial wave in the West.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Anthology/Ed.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

IN. L. Inozemtseva.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— Moscow: Academy, 1999.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— ISBN 5-87444-067-4.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Inozemtsev V. L. — Moscow: Logos Publ., 2000.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— 304 p.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Inozemtsev V. L.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

//Scientific Communism: Dictionary/Alexandrov V. V., Amvrosov A. A., Anufriev E.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

A. et al.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

; Ed.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

A. M. Rumyantsev.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— 4th ed.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

, Ext.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1983.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— 352 p.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

/Ed.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

M. S. Ilchenko V. S. Martyanova.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

— M.: Political Encyclopedia, 2015.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

//Semyonov Yu.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

AND. Philosophy of history


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

References


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Category:Historical theories


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Category:Theories of globalization


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Category:Sociology


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Category:Modern


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Category:Social evolution


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Category:Social system


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

CGI (English: computer-generated image, letters. “computer-generated images”) are still and moving images generated using 3D computer graphics and used in fine arts, printing, cinematic special effects, on television and in simulators.


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

Video games usually use real-time computer graphics, but CGI based in-game videos are also added periodically.


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

Moving images are created by computer animation, which is a narrower area of CGI graphics, applicable, including in cinema, where it allows you to create effects that cannot be obtained with traditional makeup and animatronics.


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

Computer animation can replace the work of stuntmen and extras, as well as scenery.


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

History


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

For the first time in a feature film, computer graphics were used in Westworld, released in 1973 [1].


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

In the second half of the 1970s, films appeared that used elements of 3D computer graphics, including Future World, Star Wars [2] and Alien [3].


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

In the 1980s, before the release of the second Terminator, Hollywood grew cold to computer effects, in particular, due to the more than modest box office of Tron (1982) [4], built entirely on using the latest advances in computer graphics [5].


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

Jurassic Park (1993) replaced a stuntman for the first time with CGI; in the same film, for the first time, CGI was continuously connected (the skin and muscles of dinosaurs were created using a computer graphics) with traditional photography and animatronics [6].


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

In 1995, the first full-length cartoon, fully modeled on a computer, Toy Story, was released.


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

Final Fantasy: The Spirits Inside Us (2001) featured realistic CGI images of people for the first time [7].


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

CGI Studios


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

One of the first computer graphics studios was the American company Industrial Light & Magic, founded by George Lucas in 1975.


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

ILM has turned the concept of visual effects in films upside down.


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

See also


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

3D graphics


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

Computer animation


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

Notes


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

Literature


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

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Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

Category:Computer graphics


Question: When did you first start using computer graphics in cinema?

CGI (graphics)

Category:Special effects