Question: Who was the first leader of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Community?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Notes


Question: Who was the first leader of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Community?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Literature


Question: Who was the first leader of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Community?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Who was the first leader of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Community?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

The Russian Palestinian Society and prospects for its work//Unknown pages of Russian oriental studies/Publ.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Community?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

A. O. Tamazishvili.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Community?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

— MOSCOW, 1997.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Community?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

— C. 142-150.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Community?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

— H. II.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Community?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

— SPb., 1910.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Community?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

References


Question: Who was the first leader of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Community?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Category:Orthodoxy in Israel


Question: Who was the first leader of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Community?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Category:Religious and political organizations


Question: Who was the first leader of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Community?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Category:Imperial Russian Societies


Question: Who was the first leader of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Community?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Category:Charitable organizations of the Russian Empire


Question: Who was the first leader of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Community?

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

Category:Organizations established in 1882


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Vladimir Andreevich Oppel (St. Petersburg, Russian Empire — October 7, 1932) was a Russian surgeon, MD (1899), professor (1908), full state Advisor, Chairman of the 20th All-Union Congress of Surgeons (1928), founder of the surgical scientific school, one of the founders of vascular, endocrine, military field surgery in the USSR.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

He is the founder of the doctrine on the staged treatment of the wounded, the need to bring active surgical care to the wounded closer to the battlefield, and the specialization of military field hospitals [1] [2] [3] [4] [5].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Biography


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Origins and education


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Vladimir Andreevich Oppel was born in St. Petersburg in the family of Andrei Alekseevich Oppel (1843—1888), a famous pianist and composer, chairman of the Russian Musical Society, son of the State adviser Alexey Khristoforovich Oppel (1808-1850) and grandson of full state councilor, doctor of medicine, chief physician for the poor of the Moscow Orphanage, writer Christopher Fedorovich Oppel (1768—1835) [6].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Mother, Varvara Leonidovna (1854—1913), was the granddaughter of Lieutenant General, Academician A. AND. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky (1789-1848) and the daughter of his son Leonid Alexandrovich Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky [7].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Young Vladimir studied at the Third St. Petersburg Classical Gymnasium, the first years of study were difficult for him: he was often punished, up to the punishment cell, and his academic performance was also mediocre.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

However, Oppel's talent began to show in the last grade, and in 1891 he graduated from high school with a silver medal, which allowed him to enter the Military Medical Academy in the same year, where were accepted by a medal competition.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

The decision to become a doctor was influenced by the example of his great-grandfather, Christopher Fedorovich Oppel, a German by birth, who entered the Russian military service, then graduated from the Imperial Medical and Surgical academy and became a doctor of medicine.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

While studying at the academy, V. A. Oppel was fond of anatomy and surgery, he regularly visited the clinic of Professor V. A. Ratimova said.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

During his studies at the Academy for the formation of V. A. Oppel as a future outstanding doctor and scientist was provided by such well-known professors as I. P. Pavlov P. M. Albitsky, K. N. Vinogradov M. IN. Yanovsky, V. M. Bekhterev, M. S. Subbotin and I. AND. Nasilov said.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

He also had musical abilities that he inherited from his father: V. A. Oppel had good vocal skills, played the piano, composed music himself and even seriously thought about a career as a composer, but made a choice in favor of medicine [3] [4] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Career start


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

After graduating from the Military Medical Academy in 1896 with the Paltsev incentive nominal cash prize, which was awarded to the third most successful graduate student, V. A. Oppel received a doctor's diploma with honors and by competition was left at the academy as an adjunct at the hospital surgical clinic of Professor V. A. Ratimova said.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In 1899, he successfully defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic “Lymphangiomas”, in which he presented a clear classification of lymphangiomas, outlined the original concept of their pathogenesis and proposed methods for their treatment .


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

During the same period of time, he performed work on wounds to the inner yoke vein and fractures of the pelvic ring.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

After defending his thesis, Oppel was sent on a two-year scientific trip to Europe, where he met leading European experts in the field of medicine, studying the latest achievements medical science and practice.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

He attended lectures by Ernst Bergmann in Berlin, Johann Mikulich in Breslavl and Theodor Kocher in Bern; took ear surgery courses, abdominal surgery courses on dogs, bacteriology courses; studied pathological anatomy, took cystoscopy and catheterization courses with Max Nitze.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel worked for Rudolf Virchow at the Charité Hospital in Berlin on the experimental work “Foreign Bodies in the Heart” and at the Pasteur Institute in Paris with I. AND. Mechnikov ONU, studying the effect of anesthesia on immunity and developing the topic “Experimental peritonitis”.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In Paris, Oppel attended lectures by Theodore Tuffier and Jean Guyon, and in Lausanne visited the Caesar Roux Clinic [1] [4] [5] [9] [11] [13].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Before the October Revolution


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

After returning to Russia in 1902, V. A. Oppel continued to work for some time in the hospital surgical clinic of the Military Medical Academy, which by that time after the death of V. A. Ratimova was headed by private associate professor R. R. Harmful, but in the same year he, with the rank of private associate professor, holds the position of senior assistant of the Department of Clinical Surgery, headed by S. P. Fedorov.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel worked in this clinic for six years and published 20 scientific papers during this time.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904—1905, in addition to surgical and scientific work, he supervised courses for the training of nurses, lectured them and conducted practical classes.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

During his vacation time during these years, Oppel operated on peasants for free and conducted an outpatient appointment at his mother's estate in the Penza province, where she built a small hospital for him.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In 1908, after the death of Professor M. S. Subbotina V. A. Oppel was elected professor and head of the Department of Surgical Pathology and Therapy, which in 1917 was renamed the Department of General Surgery, with a relatively small surgical clinic (at 40 beds), in which he organized a variety of scientific research: he developed issues of collateral or reduced blood circulation, spontaneous gangrene, anesthesia during operations.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

During the First World War, Oppel worked for months as a consultant surgeon and front surgeon in the army on various fronts: in August 1914, V. A. Oppel, as a consultant surgeon from the Main Directorate of the Russian Red Cross Society, among many other teachers of the Military Medical Academy, went first to the North-West, and then in November-December 1914 to the Caucasian Front, where he was in charge of the medical unit of the Red Cross.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

During the summer of 1915, he worked as a consultant surgeon on the South-Western Front, where he suffered a concussion in a car crash; and in 1916 he headed the Sanitary Department Northern Front and, maintaining close ties with the Main Directorate of the Russian Red Cross Society, organized medical units of the Red Cross Society, provided great advice in their work, formed reports on the state of sanitary affairs at the front, and held medical meetings.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In addition to his leadership work, V. A. Oppel was seriously engaged in the treatment of the wounded: during periods of mass admission, he worked for many hours at the operating table.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Thus, in July 1916, Oppel performed 325 operations in a hospital near Riga in just one week [4] [9] [11] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

After the October Revolution


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

After the February Revolution, V. A. Oppel on March 2, 1917 was elected acting head (interim president) of the Military Medical Academy and held this position for 4 months until June 13, 1917, after which he again went to the front in the Baltic States as the head of the sanitary unit of the Northern Front, where, after the October Revolution, he contributed to the preservation of organized medical care for the wounded.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

He returned to Petrograd in December 1917 and returned to work at the Military Medical Academy.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In 1918 he headed the academic surgical clinic.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel took part in the organization of surgical care for wounded Red Army soldiers, forming flying detachments from among the employees of the Military Medical Academy, and in 1920 went to the Southern Front with a group surgeons.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In the same 1920, Oppel was awarded the first prize in an anonymous competition by the Revolutionary Military Council for his work “The Fight against Frostbite in the Field Forces” [5] [8] [14] [11].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

From 1919 to 1927, V. A. Oppel part-time headed the surgical department of the Radiorentgenological Institute.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

From 1922 to 1924, he supervised the restoration and reconstruction of the hospital.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

AND. AND. Mechnikov National University (now Peter the Great Hospital), and from March 1927 to October 1929 he was the director of this hospital.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

During this period, he created in the hospital.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

AND. AND. Mechnikov National University, a large surgical department, where up to 2 thousand operations were performed per year, while simultaneously organizing on its basis in 1927 the 2nd Surgical Department of the Leningrad State Institute for advanced training of doctors.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In February 1928, Oppel was approved head of the Department of Faculty Surgery of the State Institute of Medical Knowledge.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In 1931, he simultaneously headed the first independent department of military field surgery in the USSR founded at the Military Medical Academy, which he headed until his death [1] [5] [8] [16] [11] [19] [20].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In 1930, Oppel became seriously ill: paroxysmal pain in the left frontotemporal region, left-sided exophthalmos, and periodic heavy nosebleeds appeared.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Professor V. AND. Voyacek associated these symptoms with chronic sinusitis, which Oppel suffered since 1901, and insisted on surgery.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In December 1930, Professor N. N. Petrov performed curettage of the left maxillary sinus.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Histological examination of the removed tissues revealed the presence of papillomatous cancer cells, and therefore radiation therapy was also performed, after which the symptoms of the disease disappeared, and V. A. Oppel returned to surgery.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

However, in the spring of 1931, intense headaches and severe left-sided exophthalmos reappeared.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In October 1931, Professor N. N. Petrov performed a surgical operation in the amount of radical removal of the upper jaw and enucleation of the left eyeball, which Oppel agreed to only after making sure that he could continue operating with one eye after several months of training, during which he blindfolded his left eye with a bandage.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

The operation, during which a large cancerous tumor was found on the upper wall of the maxillary sinus, ended safely, and shortly after the end of treatment V. A. Oppel with a prosthesis of the upper jaw had the opportunity to give lectures to students and doctors, operate, and take part in meetings of the surgical society.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

However, in 1932, after the return of pain syndrome, a relapse of cancer was diagnosed; the third operation performed in this regard could not relieve Oppel of returning complaints.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In September 1932, his health was noticeably shaken: chills and fever appeared.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel himself diagnosed a brain abscess, and on October 5, neurologist M. AND. Astvatsaturov confirmed this diagnosis.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

The abscess was located near the Turkish saddle.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

The next day, N. N. Petrov performed an autopsy on this abscess, but 12 hours after the operation on October 7, 1932, at the age of sixtieth, V. A. Oppel died without regaining consciousness.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

During autopsy, a posthumous diagnosis was established: “Chronic leptomeningitis of the base of the skull. Acute purulent meningitis of the basal surface of the Varolian bridge”.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

He was buried at the Academic Site of the Bogoslovsky Cemetery in Leningrad [3] [4] [11].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Contribution to medical science


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

IN. A. Oppel is the author of 240 scientific publications, including 13 textbooks and manuals, 10 monographs published in Russian and foreign languages.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

His scientific interests were extremely extensive.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

He paid special attention to the problems of organizing surgical care during hostilities, traumatology, circulatory disorders, surgical endocrinology, urology.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In the book “Organizational Issues of the Advanced Surgical Belt of the Army” (1917), V. A. Oppel proposed a system of phased treatment for the wounded in the war.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

IN. A. Oppel proposed several new original surgeries, he was one of the first in Russia to resect the cervical esophagus for a cancerous tumor, proposed a modification of resection pancreas, fixation of the liver when it is lowered [1] [9] [13].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

To vascular surgery


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In the period from 1909 to 1911, V. A. Oppel, together with his students, developed the theory of “reduced blood circulation”, which consisted in the fact that the “suction” effect of veins worsened the activity of collateral arteries in such vascular diseases such as obliterating endarteritis and arterial thrombosis.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

It was found that even with good collateral function, ischemic gangrene can develop, which V. A. Oppel explained the phenomenon of venous drainage: if, during the development of obstruction of the main artery, the concomitant vein continues to function normally, then the blood coming from the collateral arteries can go into the venous system without reaching the removed arteries of the limb.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

It was believed that with difficult arterial inflow, it was useful to create a retention of venous blood.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

They proposed the use of ligation of the vein of the same name during ligation of a large artery to optimize blood circulation.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

On this topic, a large number of different experiments were conducted in his clinic and many clinical observations were collected, 9 doctoral dissertations were prepared, and based on the results of his work in 1911, he published Collateral Circulation monograph, for which Oppel was elected an honorary member of the Royal Medical and Surgical Society of England in 1913.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

IN. A. Oppel proposed to perform left-sided epinephrectomy for spontaneous gangrene.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

His monograph “Spontaneous Gangrene” (1923) [4] [5] [14] [15] [21] [22] was widely known.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

To surgical endocrinology


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel's scientific research contributed to the development of endocrinology.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In 1924, simultaneously and independently of Harris, W. A. Oppel first described the symptom complex of hyperinsulinism.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

He proposed to perform unilateral parathyroidectomy for ankylosing spondylitis, partial resection of the pancreas for hyperglycemia, implanting bone fragments during tetany and spasmophilia.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In 1926, Oppel published a monograph Endocrinological Surgical Observations, in which he presented his views and clinical experience in the pathology of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands and sex glands.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In 1927, Oppel's next work, “Clinic for Changes in the Functions of Epithelial Bodies”, was published, which considers the issues of hyperfunction and hypofunction of the parathyroid glands, the pathogenesis of spasmophilia, latent tetany, ankylosing spondylitis, false joints.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

He also wrote the book “Lectures on Clinical Surgery and Clinical Endocrinology” in two volumes (1929, 1931), in which the author tried to revise all sections of surgical pathology with positions of endocrine changes [4] [5] [14] [23].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

To military field surgery


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Based on his experience in treating the wounded during the First World War and the Civil War, V. A. Oppel published more than 40 works on military field surgery, in which he highlighted the treatment of the wounded and the organization of surgical care in the troops and the rear.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

During the First World War, such fundamental works as “Grounds for sorting the wounded from a medical point of view” (Military Medical Journal, 1915), “Great Surgery in the Advanced medical belt of the army” (“Russian Doctor”, 1916), “Organization of surgical care in the far and near rear of the army” (“Russian Doctor”, 1916), “Surgical Tactics” (“News of the West” Front”, 1917).


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In his work “Organizational Issues of the Advanced Surgical Belt of the Army” (1917), Oppel summarized the results of the treatment of the wounded during the war [9] [14] [18] [20] [24] [25] [11].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Already during the First World War, he tried to introduce a system of phased treatment of the wounded, proving the need for a close relationship between the evacuation of the wounded and appropriate treatment, and also insisted on the need for timely operations for wounds in the abdomen in his dispute with supporters of conservative tactics for these wounds.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In his extensive work “Organizational Issues of the Advanced Surgical Belt of the Army”, Oppel revealed the essence of the staged treatment system as follows: “The wounded receives this surgical aid, when and where such a benefit is found to be necessary. The wounded person is evacuated to a distance from the battleline that is most beneficial to health. I called the treatment of the wounded related to evacuation “staged treatment” [25] [26].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel proposed to create reserves of surgical personnel in medical institutions, who, if necessary, can be relocated to places of urgent need for surgeons.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Implementing his ideas about the specialization of military hospitals within armies and fronts, in 1916 he organized a kind of collector in Dvinsk, which included hospitals for the wounded in the stomach, for wounded in the head, for those wounded in the chest, for those wounded with damage to large joints and bones.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

The importance of Oppel's works for the development of military field surgery is also confirmed by the fact that some of them were published even after his death, among which a special place is occupied by the book Essays on War Surgery, two parts of which were published in 1940.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In the title of this book, Oppel deliberately abandoned the term “military field surgery”, explaining this by the fact that field surgery is only an integral part of all war surgery.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In this work, Oppel stated the need for the army to have two types of hospitals: mobile field hospitals accompanying the advancing troops and relatively fixed hospitals, which constitute the “surgical base” necessary for the treatment of seriously injured people and their temporary hospitalization.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

A large number of original ideas on the organization of medical care for the wounded, expressed in the works of V. A. Oppel, were subsequently taken into account and implemented in practice by the military medical service of the Red Army [9] [13] [14] [25] [11] [27] [28].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In the history of medicine


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Quite often in his works, V. A. Oppel referred to the history of Russian surgery.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In his major work “History of Russian Surgery”, published in 1923 and based on a fundamental source base using a large amount of literary material, he conducts a deep retrospective study of the achievements and merits of domestic surgeons who have made a particularly significant contribution to the development of medicine.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel emphasized the originality of Russian surgery and refuted the statements of individual medical historians who hyperbolized the role of foreign doctors in the development of domestic surgery.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Among the most outstanding surgeons of previous years, deserving special attention for their scientific achievements, Oppel considered Ambroise Paré, I. IN. Buyalsky, N. AND. Pirogov, Jacques Lisfranc.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In the historical development of Russian surgery, Oppel reasonably distinguished two periods: “before Pirogov” and “after Pirogov”, thereby emphasizing the special role of N. AND. Pirogov in the field of clinical medicine [9] [18] [29].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

School of Surgery


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

IN. A. Oppel created a large surgical scientific school.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

His students are many well-known scientists, including the following: M. N. Apukhtin, S. AND. Banaitis, S. S. Girgolav P. S. Ikonnikov and I. A. Klyuss, M. S. Lisitsyn, S. R. Mirotsev, V. M. Nazarov P. N. Napalkov N. N. Petrov V. AND. Popov N. N. Samarin [1] [4] [5] [9] [19].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Semyon Semyonovich Girgolav


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Nikolay Nikolayevich Petrov


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Public activities


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

IN. A. Oppel was President of the Military Medical Academy (1917), chairman of the Surgical Society named after N. AND. Pirogov (Leningrad), an honorary member of the Russian Surgical Society (Moscow), the Surgical Society named after N. G. Chernyshevsky in Saratov and surgical societies of other cities of the Soviet Union, an honorary member of the Royal Medical and Surgical Society of England (1913), a member of the societies of physiologists, pathologists, urologists and endocrinologists.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In 1926, V. A. Oppel organized the Leningrad branch of the Russian Endocrinological Society and remained its chairman until the end of his life.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel was a member of the editorial boards of several medical journals (“Bulletin of Surgery and Border Regions”, “New Surgery”, “Bulletin of Endocrinology”, “Medical Affairs”, “Medical Newspaper”), was a member of to the editorial department for surgery of the 1st edition of the Great Medical Encyclopedia.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Proof of recognition of V. A. Oppel before Russian surgery is his election as chairman of the XXth All-Union Congress of Surgeons, held in 1928 [1] [4] [9] [11] [30] [31] [32].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

family


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

IN. A. Oppel was married to Elena Sergeevna Oppel [3] [33].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Their family had three children (a son and two daughters) [12]:


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Vladimir Vladimirovich Oppel (1900—1962).


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Born in Berlin in 1900, where at that time V. A. Oppel and his wife.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Like his father, V. IN. Oppel devoted his life to medicine: as a teenager, Vladimir left as a volunteer nurse for the First World War, and after graduating from the Military Medical Academy, he was engaged in biochemistry.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In 1942, as a professor at the Department of Biological Chemistry of the Military Medical Academy, evacuated to Samarkand, he was arrested on a false denunciation on charges of espionage for Germany (played a role German surname and place of birth — Berlin) was sentenced to death, which was later replaced by 10 years of correctional labor camps.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In 1952 he returned to Leningrad, where he later worked at the Department of Physiology of Military Labor and in the Burn Center of the Military Medical Academy.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

He was rehabilitated in 1954 [3] [12] [33] [34].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Varvara Vladimirovna Oppel (1902—1975) - famous Leningrad speech therapist, candidate of pedagogical sciences.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

During the difficult pre-war and war years, she was able to keep her father's office and diaries.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

She held the position of chief speech therapist in Leningrad [12].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Elena Vladimirovna Oppel (1904—1971) [12].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

memento


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

At the grave of V. A. Oppel at the Bogoslovskoye Cemetery in St. Petersburg installed his bust, made by sculptor L. IN. Sherwood [4].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

As of 2013, there is no bust on the grave.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Next to the graves of V. A. Oppel and E.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

S. Oppel are the graves of their children: V. IN. Oppel (1900—1962), V. IN. Oppel (1902—1975), E.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

IN. Oppel (1904—1971).


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

On the building of the Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg at Bolshoy Sampsonievsky Proezd, 5, where V. A. Oppel, in 1955 a marble memorial plaque was installed with the text: “Professor Vladimir Andreevich Oppel worked and founded the clinic of Military Field Surgery here from 1908 to 1932" [35]


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

At a house in St. Petersburg at 23 Kirochnaya Street, where V. A. Oppel, in 1950 a marble plaque was installed with the text: “Professor surgeon Vladimir Andreevich Oppel lived in this house. Born on December 11, 1872. He died on October 7, 1932” [12] [36].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

At the Department of Military Field Surgery of the Military Medical Academy.


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

S. M. Kirov, a memorial study was created — the museum of V. A. Oppel [1] [16].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

The brain and heart of V. A. Oppel is kept in Pavilion 13 of Peter the Great Hospital [8] [30].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

In 2003, in commemoration of V. A. Oppel in the development of surgery, a memorial plaque and a portrait of the scientist were installed in the lobby of the main building of the St. Petersburg Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education [3].


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

A plaque on the house of V. A. Oppel in St. Petersburg at ul. Kirochnaya, 23


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

A plaque on the building of the Military Field Surgery Clinic of the WMA


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Medical terms that contain the name V. A. Oppel


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel — Lortioir arthrodesis — ankle arthrodesis by removing cartilaginous tissue from the talus and from the articular surfaces of the lower leg bones articulating with it


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel gastropexy is a surgical operation that consists in hemming the anterior wall of the lowered stomach to the lower edge of the left lobe of the liver; in case of significant expansion of the stomach, in addition gastroenterostomy is performed


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel's diabetes (Oppel's minor surgical diabetes) is a condition accompanied by acidosis in patients with surgical diseases during forced fasting after surgery and in malnourished patients


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel access:


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

access to the adrenal gland identical to that of Girgolava [37]


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

access to the parathyroid glands: a lateral incision is made along the anterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle from the angle of the lower jaw to the sternoclavicular joint [37]


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel's method:


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

a method of treating obliterating endarteritis, which consists in the removal of the adrenal glands (epinephrectomy) [38]


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

a method of treating obliterating endarteritis, which consists in ligation of the popliteal vein in order to create blood stagnation and improve blood circulation [38]


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

The Oppel-Polikarpov method (Oppel-Bennett method) is a surgical operation that consists in suturing a perforated ulcer of the stomach or duodenum by closing the perforation a folded tube with a flap made of a large omentum on the leg, which is hemmed with interrupted sutures to the stomach wall [39] [40]


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel modification is a modification of the Roux method of inguinal hernia plasty: the hernial sac is removed without opening the aponeurosis of the external oblique abdominal muscle, the legs of the superficial inguinal opening are sutured U-shaped suture, and the resulting folds of the aponeurosis are sutured with interrupted sutures with stitching of the underlying muscles and inguinal ligament [41]


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel's surgery:


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

a surgical operation consisting in excision of adhesions in the abdominal cavity, followed by moving the omentum between the organs released from the adhesions; originally proposed for the treatment periduodenitis [42]


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

surgery for external duodenal fistulas consists in isolating the fistula to the peritoneum, ligation it at the base, cutting it off and closing it by suturing it with a flap of the omentum [40]


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel vein ligation (Oppel method) is a ligation of the main vein of the limb simultaneously with the ligation of the corresponding artery, as well as in the case of its occlusion, performed for the purpose of prevention ischemic gangrene due to the creation of reduced blood circulation [38]


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel's test is a method for determining indications for ligation of the main vein after ligation of the main artery, based on an assessment of the state of peripheral circulation during compression of this vein


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

A symptom of Oppel's plantar ischemia is a rapid pale foot when lifting in a supine position of the lower limb, straightened at the knee joint to an angle of 45°, 40-50 cm above the bed level, and its spotted cyanosis with subsequent lowering to the floor; is a sign of peripheral arterial circulation insufficiency in obliterating endarteritis or atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower limbs; the prevalence of pale and the time of its appearance, tracked by a stopwatch, matter: the earlier the pale occurs and the more pronounced it is, the more disturbed blood circulation [43]


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel syndrome - the absence of pulsation of the arteries on the limb in combination with a low local temperature and low venous pressure; is observed when blood flow in the main artery stops and sustained collateral vessel spasm [44] [45] [46] [47]


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel's method:


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

method of extraperitoneal simultaneous resection of the colon: after mobilization of the colon site, a lateral anastomosis is applied between its adductor and abductor loops; the area of the intestine affected by the tumor , is removed from the abdominal cavity, resected, and the ends of the intestine are closed by purse-string sutures [48]


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

method of plastic surgery for traumatic diaphragmatic hernia: the liver is sutured to the edges of the diaphragm defect [49]


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

method of creating an invagination anastomosis between the small and large intestine: a circular suture is applied through all layers of the ends of the colon and small intestine, then the suture line is immersed in the lumen of the colon by 1— 1.5 cm, after which the intestinal walls are sutured circularly with seromuscular sutures [48]


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Oppel — Voznesensky method — a method for treating acute thrombophlebitis, consists in ligation of a vein above a thrombosed segment and excision of the thrombosed segment [38]


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Notes


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Literature


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

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Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

References


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

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Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

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Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Category:Surgeons of the Russian Empire


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Category: Deaths from meningitis


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Burials at Bogoslovskoye Cemetery


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Category:Soviet surgeons


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Category:Physicians alphabetically


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Category:Graduates of St. Petersburg Gymnasium No. 3


Question: What did Vladimir Andreevich Oppel graduate from?

Vladimir Oppel

Category:Full State Councilors


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Menopause is the last independent menstruation due to ovarian function: the date is set retrospectively, namely after 12 months of absence of menstruation.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

The period of menopausal transition, menopause itself and postmenopause are distinguished.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

The early stage of the transition to menopause is characterized by an increase in the variability of the duration of menstrual cycles, which is determined by stable differences for 7 days or more when compared successive cycles.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Stable means a similar pattern within 10 cycles from the time of the first cycle, extended in duration.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

The late stage of the transition to menopause is characterized by the appearance of amenorrhea with a duration of 60 days or more, is characterized by an increase in blood FSH levels of more than 25 and lasts about 1-3 years.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Early postmenopause lasts 5-8 years, followed by late postmenopause.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

However, the onset of menopause does not mean the cessation of sexual activity [1].


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Orcas and grinds — along with humans — are two of three species of mammals in which females go through menopause and live for decades after losing their ability to conception [2] [3].


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Grading


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

A distinction is made between natural and artificial menopause.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Natural menopause is associated with age-related depletion of the follicle stock in the ovaries.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

It usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age, but can be early (40-45 years) or late (over 55 years of age).


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

In the case of menopause before the age of 40, one speaks of ovarian exhaustion syndrome.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Artificial menopause can be caused by surgical removal of the ovaries, radiation or drug exposure.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Mechanisms


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

In connection with the cessation of the release of estrogen hormones by the ovaries, the harmonious functioning of organs that have estrogen receptors (central nervous system, genitourinary organs, mammary glands, skin) is disrupted , bones).


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Symptoms


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Menopause is characterized by the following symptoms:


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Hot flashes.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

They are noted by 80% of women.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Their frequency and intensity have pronounced individual differences from mild, single to multiple, debilitating.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Hot flashes are also associated with sleep disorders and night sweats.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Mood changes.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Depressive conditions are not uncommon.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Reduced sexual desire from a mild degree to a complete loss of interest in sex.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Vaginal dryness, which makes sexual intercourse difficult and often contributes to infection.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Increased urination, a tendency to bladder infections.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Reduced size and flabbiness of the mammary glands.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Dryness and decreased elasticity of the skin, the appearance of deep wrinkles, graying hair.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Osteoporosis, changes in posture.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

The need to get up to the toilet at night.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Dry eyes.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Necessary examination methods in outpatient practice


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Scores of symptoms of climacteric syndrome using the Kupperman index;


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

cytological examination of cervical smears (Pap smear);


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

determination of the level of LH, PRL, TSH, FSH, testosterone in the blood;


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

biochemical blood test (creatinine, ALT, ASAT, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides);


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

blood lipid spectrum (HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, lipoprotein (s), atherogenic index);


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

coagulogram;


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

blood pressure and pulse measurement;


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

mammography every 2 years;


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

ultrasound of the pelvic organs;


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

osteodensitometry.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Treatment of individual symptoms


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

It is believed that a diet with an abundance of fluids, excluding spicy foods and alcohol, and enriched with soy products, exercise, maintaining a cool temperature in the room.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Menopausal hormone therapy is the most effective therapy for moderate to severe menopausal symptoms and has the greatest benefits in women under 60 or 10 years of age postmenopause.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

With vaginal dryness, impaired urination and frequent infections of the lower genitourinary system, estriol preparations are used topically in the form of creams or suppositories.


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

See also


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Menstruation


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Andropause


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Notes


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

References


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

/NHS Choises (in English)


Question: At what age does menopause occur?

Menopause

Category:Human physiology


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Sestroretsk (Finnish: Siestarjoki, Swedish: Systerbäck) is a city in Russia, an intra-city municipality within the Kurortny District of the federal city of St. Petersburg [1].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

A seaside climatic balneo-mud resort with its mineral water and therapeutic mud on the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea [2].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

It is located in the south of the Karelian Isthmus.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Several watercourses flow through the city connecting Lake Sestroretsky Razliv and the bay (the Sestra River, Gagarinsky Creek, the so-called. Rusty ditch).


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

On the territory of the city there are historical districts Gorskaya, Aleksandrovskaya, Tarkhovka, Razliv, Kurort and Duni.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Sestroretsk railway station and stops Gorskaya, Aleksandrovskaya, Tarkhovka, Razliv and Kurort on the line Saint Petersburg (Finlyandsky Railway Station) — Beloostrov.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The distance from the city's railway station (Sestroretsk) to the Finlyandsky railway station in St. Petersburg is 34 kilometers [3].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The population of the city is 41,160 inhabitants, which makes it the largest settlement in the Kurortny district.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Physical and geographical characteristics


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Relief and geological structure


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The city on the eastern shore of the shallow (depth 2.5—3.5 m only 200 m from the coast) of the Sestroretskaya Bay of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Along the coast, there is a forested ridge of dunes and hills, which is interrupted by river valleys and small lakes, ponds and areas of naked moraine.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The sandy (“golden”) beach is up to 50 m wide. Near the resort is Lake Razliv, created during the construction of a dam on the Sestra River [2].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In the Paleozoic 300—400 million years ago, this entire area was covered by the sea.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Sedimentary deposits of that time — sands, sandy loam, clay with lenses of silt or peat — cover a thick thickness (more than 200 meters) of the crystalline foundation consisting of granites, gneiss and diabase.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The modern relief was formed as a result of the activity of the ice sheet (the last Valdai glaciation was 12 thousand years ago).


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

After the retreat of the glacier, the Litorin Sea was formed, the level of which was 7-9 m higher than the modern one.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

4,000 years ago, the sea receded, and the shoals of the Gulf of Finland turned into islands.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The valley is composed of lake-glacial and post-glacial deposits.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Over the past 2.5 thousand years, the relief has hardly changed [4].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Climate


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The climate of Sestroretsk is temperate and humid, transitional from sea to continental.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The length of the day varies from 5 hours 51 minutes on December 22 to 6.50 pm on June 22.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The city is characterized by frequent changes in air masses due to the activity of cyclones that pass along the Gulf of Finland, which leads to great variability in weather, especially in autumn and winter.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Winter is moderately mild, with a predominance of moderately frosty, mostly cloudy weather.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Snow cover is established in the second half of November and lasts until mid-April.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Spring is late and protracted.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Summer is moderately warm, with a change of sunny and rainy days.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Autumn is cloudy and foggy.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Rainfall is about 650 mm per year, mainly in June-August.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The average annual relative air humidity is about 80%, the highest in December (90%).


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In summer, westerly and north-westerly winds prevail, in winter west and south-west [2] [4].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The climate of Sestroretsk is close to the climate of nearby St. Petersburg.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The Gulf of Finland, despite its shallow water, has some impact on the temperature regime of the city.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In summer, especially in August-September, the average air temperature here is slightly higher than in St. Petersburg (by 0.5—0.8°), and in winter it is lower (by 0.5—0.6°).


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The winds are somewhat stronger on the coast [5] [6].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Annual indicators of air temperature and precipitation [5] [7]:


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Soils, vegetation and wildlife


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Before the foundation of the city, the territory was covered with coniferous forests (pine and spruce) mixed with deciduous species and lowland swamps.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Today, large coniferous massifs (pine prevails) have been preserved in the area of the city, replaced by deciduous groves (birch, alder, aspen, willow).


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Sandy soils predominate, on lake and alluvial sands — surface-podzolic in combination with peaty-podzolic gley soils [8].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

A fox and a muskrat are sometimes found in the vicinity of the city.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The city is home to a large number of birds, reptiles and invertebrates [9].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

On the territory of Sestroretsk, as well as the villages of Beloostrov and Pesochny, there is the state nature reserve “Sestroretskoye Swamp”, with a total area of 1900 hectares.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The reserve is a single hydrological system associated with the Gulf of Finland — Lake Razliv, the Sestra and Chernaya rivers, and numerous swamps.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The reserve has deposits of healing gittiev clays, ancient sea terraces, and various types of flora and fauna.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Any construction is prohibited in the reserve [10].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Resort factors


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Clean ionized sea air, air saturated with coniferous aroma, pine forests, sea bathing, sandy beaches are favorable for climate and thalassotherapy for organ diseases blood circulation, breathing, nervous system.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Coniferous forests, sand hills and dunes create a natural barrier to the winds and provide shade, which allows helio and aerotherapy to be carried out on the beaches.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Deep heating of the sand in the area of the dunes makes it possible to conduct sand baths.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The gentle seabed forms sandy shallow water for several tens or even hundreds of meters, convenient for swimming children.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The swimming season is from mid-June to the end of August (the average water temperature in July is +19.3°C).


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Along with this, sapropel muds are used for treatment, the so-called gittium, used at the resort for mud therapy.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The field is located in the western part of the swamp adjacent to Lake Sestroretsky Razliv (mud reserves are more than 1 million tons).


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Mineral water is sodium chloride in composition with a mineralization of 1.12 g/liter and a radon content (7nCi/l).


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The daily flow rate is 400 cubic meters.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

It is used for balneotherapy (drinking treatment, baths) [2].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Nature SestroretskaCenter |180pxSestroretsky ResortTabuer beach in winter


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

on Lake Sestroretsky RazliThe plant dam after reconstruction


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

on Lake Sestroretsky RazlivMain alley of Dubki Park


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

overlooking the Gulf of Finland on Lake Sestroretsky Razliv


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

population


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Authorities


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The representative body of local self-government, the municipal council, has been operating since September 28, 1997.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

As a result of the elections on September 14, 2014, a new composition of the 5th convocation was elected (out of 10 deputies: 9 from United Russia, 1 from a self-nominated candidate).


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The head of the municipality — Chairman of the Municipal Council of the city of Sestroretsk is Alexander Nikolaevich Belsky.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The head of the local administration of the municipality of Sestroretsk is Tatyana Semenovna Ovsyannikova.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Deputies of the Municipal Council of the city of Sestroretsk - Anisimov Vladimir Nikolaevich, Babushkina Valentina Ivanovna, Belsky Alexander Nikolaevich, Vaimer Alexander Aleksandrovich, Vasilyev Viktor Mikhailovich, Grechishnikov Ilya Aleksandrovich, Dokish Yuri Mikhailovich, Zaborovsky Nikolay Nikolaevich, Kozyrev Yuri Yuryevich, Matveev Vladimir Vitalievich.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

History


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The city's territory in the Stone Age


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

About 3000—3,500 years ago, prehistoric man appeared at the mouth of the Sestra River.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

This is evidenced by archaeological finds in the dunes near the western shore of Lake Sestroretsky Razliv, first discovered in 1905.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Eleven sites of ancient man from the Neolithic (New Stone Age) have now been found in this area.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The inventory of the parking lots is represented by tools made of quartz — arrowheads, scrapers for processing skins.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

There are many shards from ancient dishes decorated with pit-combed ornament characteristic of Neolithic tribes that lived in the III-II millennia BC throughout the forest belt of the Eastern Europe.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Remains of hearths (burnt stones and ash) are found next to broken dishes.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Scientists believe that these sites belonged to wandering hunting communities.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

They did not know farming and did not have pets [11].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Russian-Swedish wars


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The coast of the Gulf of Finland has repeatedly become the object of military conflicts between Russians and Swedes.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The first document to establish a border in this region was the Orekhovsky Peace of 1323, concluded by Prince Yuri Daniilovich of Novgorod and King Magnus of Norwegian-Swedish.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Along it, the border of the Novgorod Republic with the Kingdom of Sweden was established along the Sestra River.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Contrary to the text of the document, this peace did not become “eternal”, and later, as a result of the Russian-Swedish war of 1614-1617, the Stolbovsky Peace was concluded, according to which Russia completely lost access to the Baltic Sea [ 12].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The first mention of the Systerbäck trade fair settlement at the mouth of the Sestra River is found in Swedish chronicles of 1643.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

As a result of the Northern War, Peter I managed to recapture these lands, including the mouth of the Sestra River.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Here, in May 1703, Russian troops defeated the 12,000-strong army of Swedish General Kroniort [12].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Establishment of the city


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In order to gain a foothold on these lands, a harbor was built in 1706 near the mouth of the Sestra River.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1710, an expedition was sent to these places to find iron ores and map the area [13].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

A new story begins with Peter the Great's visit to the Sestra River.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The emperor ordered the construction of a summer palace on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, and a garden next to it.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The palace was built in 1719-1724 from locally made bricks (later, in 1781 it was dismantled) [13].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

About 2,000 young oaks were planted near this palace.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

A few years later, it was decided to build a dam on the Sestre River.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The dam was used for a different purpose, as the long Northern War caused the need to strengthen the production of weapons.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In June 1721, the construction of an arms factory began under the leadership of the commander of the Olonets factories, Colonel Wilhelm Gennin.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1723, he was sent to Siberian factories, and Colonel Matvey Vyrubov completed his work at the Sestroretsk Arms Plant [14].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

After the construction of the dam, a vast reservoir was formed on the Sestra River — the Sestroretsky Razliv.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The plant was opened.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The plant provided the army with pistols, muskets and cannons, and also produced civilian items (hinges, door handles, copper buttons necessary for the uniform), grilles for the Fontanka River, Ekaterininsky channel.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

There were also 15 powder workshops at the plant (in 1740, their equipment was transferred to the Okhta Powder Plants).


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

[15] Sestroretsk craftsmen made the famous “Papinov's Machine” based on the drawings of M. IN. Lomonosov, as well as a silver crayfish intended for the relics of Alexander Nevsky [16].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1721, simultaneously with the construction of the arms factory, a wooden Peter and Paul Church was erected on its territory, and after the fire of 1730 it was rebuilt elsewhere [17].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1735, on the Dibuna-Bolota, near the Osinovaya Roscha manor, the Chernorechensky iron foundry was built, smelting metal from local ore.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

He gave his first smelting in the fall of the same year and continued to supply raw materials to the Sestroretsky Arms Plant for more than fifty years [18].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

During the Russian-Swedish war of 1741-1743, fortifications were built in Sestroretsk.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Earth fortifications were renovated during the Crimean War of 1853-1856, and in June 1855, the city withstood bombing by the Anglo-French fleet [19].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1809, the Grand Duchy of Finland was formed as part of the Russian Empire, and in 1811 Vyborg Province was included in it together with Sestroretsk, after which the border of Finland with St. Petersburg province passed along the Sestra River [20].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1847, a horse-drawn railway line was laid from Dubkovskaya Wharf on the coast of the Gulf of Finland to the Arms Plant.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

From June 1849 to September 1852, Ivan Ovsov and Dmitry Zubov, by agreement with the Department of Military Settlements, built a highway from Dubkovskaya Wharf to the front entrance of the plant with a length of 1410 running fathoms (about 3 km).


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

As a result of a strong hurricane, the waves of the Gulf of Finland destroyed the road [21].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

By a personal decree of Emperor Alexander II, the plant with the adjacent territory was separated from the Vyborg province from year to year and annexed to the St. Petersburg province.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

[20] It was promised that instead Finland would be transferred “or the coastal strip near the Arctic Sea west of the river. Jacobs-Elf [funds of Voryem and further Pechenga], <... > or, according to proper development and assessment, the vacant land of the St. Petersburg province located along the border.”


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

A major fire broke out, which destroyed about 800 houses and a cemetery.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

No more than 50 houses survived in the village [22].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

A new stone Peter and Paul Church was founded in the city center (now Freedom Square), designed by architect G. AND. Karpova.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Its solemn consecration was performed for years by Metropolitan Isidor (Nikolsky) of Novgorod, St. Petersburg and Finland [23].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The Beloostrov-Sestroretsk railway line with a length of 6 versts was opened.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

But due to the loss ratio, traffic on it was completely stopped since the year.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In the late 1880s, the issue of building a horse-drawn railway from Staraya Derevnya along the existing dirt road was considered, but in the end it was decided to build a steam-powered road.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

the first section of the new Primorsky Railway from Novaya Derevnya to Ozerki was opened, the road was extended to Lakhta, the same year to Razdelnaya (now Lisy Nos station), and to Sestroretsk [24].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1889, engineer Pyotr Alexandrovich Avenarius became chairman of the newly created Joint-Stock Company of the Primorsky Petersburg-Sestroretsk Railway.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In the village of Tarkhovka, Avenarius is building a manor for better management of the joint-stock company and construction.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1894, the road was put into operation.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Prices for travel and baggage transportation, as well as the need to maintain the pier in Lisem Nosu, made the work of the company unprofitable.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

For the purpose of economic development, P. A. Avenarius asked the government to allocate a plot of land on the shore of the Gulf of Finland at the mouth of the Sestra River for the construction of the Resort, which was in accordance with the charter


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Sestroretsky Resort


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

On June 9, 1898, the Cabinet of Ministers allowed the construction of the Resort, allocating 54 tithes for free rent for a period of 60 years and the obligation to build the Sestroretsk-Kurort railway.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

On June 10, 1900, the opening of the Sestroretsky Resort sanatorium took place.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Around the sanatorium, there was an intensive development of land for summer cottage and sanatorium development.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The village of Duny appeared on the bank of the Rusty Ditch.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The railway was extended from the station.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Resort to p. Dunes (Art. School, art. Dunes).


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

At the end of the railway with the assistance of P. A. Avenarius built the Dune Church of Christ the Savior.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Pyotr Alexandrovich was buried near this church on December 4, 1909.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Subsequently, the church was on the front line of the Second World War front and was destroyed, along with the graves.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In the 1970s, it was still possible to see for some time the remains of the foundation of the church and the broken pedestal for the grave cross, on which you could read the inscription: “To the creator of this temple, the transducer remote terrain in Sestroretsky Resort P. A. Avenarius.”


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Shards of the monument to P. A. Avenarius for some time was kept in the local history museum 434 schools p. Razliv, and later transferred to the Sestroretsky resort sanatorium [25].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

After the construction of the Primorsky Railway, Sestroretsk became the largest recreation center on the entire coast of the Gulf of Finland.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1898, the Primorskaya Railway Joint-Stock Company founded one of the first sanatoriums in the north-west of Russia, the Sestroretsky Resort, in a forest park on the shore of the bay.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1903, the resort received the highest award at the international exhibition in Spa in Belgium [2].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The electrification of Sestroretsk began on October 2, 1896, when the power plant of the company “P. Fetter and E. Genkel”, which provided electricity to illuminate the factory premises (it worked until mid-1897).


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The second power plant was built in 1899, the energy it generated was also used to illuminate the workshops of the plant, but since 1901, when new dynamos were added, electricity was no longer running only to the plant, but also to other facilities.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

By 1903, 1954 incandescent lamps (including 298 in private apartments) and 131 volt-arc lamps had already been installed in Sestroretsk; electric lighting was used on plant, Tsemyannaya Street, Dubkovskoye highway, in the courtyards of factory houses, an infirmary, barracks of the military artillery team and some private apartments.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1908, merchant Olaf's private power plant was built in the swamp near the plant, and in April 1913, electricity began to flow to Sestroretsk through a line from a substation in Staraya Derevnya, owned by Russian Electric Lighting Society.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

From 1894 to 1902, master gunsmith Sergei Ivanovich Mosin, the author of the famous three-line rifle of the 1891 model, was the head of the Sestroretsky plant.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

During the First World War, the plant operated at full capacity [16].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In July-August 1917, on Lake Sestroretsky Razliv, V. AND. Lenin and G. E.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Zinoviev hid in a hut from the persecution of the Provisional Government [19].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Staryy Sestroretsk.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Photo of the 1900s


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Sestroretsky Arms PlantTrain Station


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

SestroretskaChurch of Peter and Paul


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

at the Sestroretsk Arms Plant


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

(not kept) On the beach


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Sestroretsky Resort


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Soviet period


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1918-1940, the state border with Finland ran 2 km north of the city [16].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Since 1922, the Sestroretsky Plant has turned into a tool plant [19].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1923, by order of the People's Commissariat of Health N. A. Semashko “Sestroretsky Resort” was defined as cardiological according to the profile of recovery.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1924, the physiotherapy department was partially restored here and the laboratory was expanded, therapeutic physical education was widely used in treatment, dental and X-ray rooms worked, dressing room, pharmacy, polyclinic.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In just three months of 1924, the sanatorium received 1435 patients.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1937, the sanatorium was transferred to the military department [27].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

By the resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of June 16, 1925, the villages of Dyuni, Yermolovskaya, Kurort, Razliv, Tarkhovka and Aleksandrovskaya were annexed to Sestroretsk, and it received the status of a city [28].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

On July 15, 1928, according to the project of architect A. AND. Gegello unveiled a granite monument “Shalash” [16].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1931, the Peter and Paul Cathedral was closed and dismantled in 1932-1933.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

A school building was built in its place [23].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

During the Great Patriotic War, a front line was located near Sestroretsk.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In September 1941, on the outskirts of Sestroretsk, Finnish troops stopped their offensive.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The resistance border passed along the Rusty Ditch on the 39th kilometer of Primorskoye Shosse, here the tank breakthrough of the Finnish army was stopped and the line of the Sestroretsk defense passed here.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

From this point in June 1944, Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive [19].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

During the Great Patriotic War, the wooden kurzal of the Sestroretsky Resort was completely destroyed.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1954, after major repairs, the medical complex of the sanatorium was opened [29].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In the 1960s and 1980s, mass housing construction was carried out in Sestroretsk, mainly with multi-storey buildings [16].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1969, a new mud baths of the Sestroretsky Resort were built.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1978, a 10-storey building with more than 500 seats was built.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The building also houses a dance hall, a conference hall, and a library [27].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The modern period


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 2000, a monument to Peter I by sculptor V. A. Petrov and architect V. S. Vasiliev.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 2001, a monument was unveiled to the Russian designer and organizer of the production of small arms S. AND. Mosina (sculptor B. A. Petrov, architect A. G. Bakusov) [16].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 2001, the Sestroretsky Resort sanatorium opened the only swimming pool with mineral water in St. Petersburg after major repairs.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 2008, at the All-Russian Forum “Health Resort-2008”, the sanatorium became the winner in the nomination “The Best Balneotherapy Clinic” [27].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

On June 14, 2004, the Church of Saints Peter and Paul Equal-to-the-Apostles was solemnly laid at the new location.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The new church was erected in memory of Russian submariners.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The solemn consecration was performed on October 11, 2009 by Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia in the presence of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation and Commander-in-Chief of the Navy [30].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In December 2004, with grants from Sweden and Finland, the reconstruction of the sewage treatment facilities in Sestroretsk was completed.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

During wastewater treatment, nitrogen and phosphorus are removed without a chemical method, which will significantly reduce the load on the Baltic ecosystem.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Another innovation was the disinfection of sewage with ultraviolet light before discharging them into the reservoir [31].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

By a decree of the Government of St. Petersburg dated February 15, 2011, the Sestroretskoye Boloto State Nature Reserve was established on the territory of Sestroretsk, as well as the villages of Beloostrov and Pesochny [ 10].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

City name


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The first mention of the trade fair settlement Susterbäck (Swedish: Systerbäck) at the mouth of the Sestra River is found in the Swedish chronicles of 1643 [32].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The name of the city is based on the hydronym Sister (from Finnish: Siestarjoki - “blackcurrant river”) [33].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The Finnish (Siestarjoki) and Swedish (Systerbäck) forms of the city's name still coincide with the name of the river.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

City coat of arms


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The coat of arms of Sestroretsk and its Regulations were approved by Resolution No. 148 of the Municipal Council of the City of Sestroretsk dated February 23, 2000.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The official description of the coat of arms of the municipality “city of Sestroretsk” [34]:


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

“In the silver field, there is a golden oak branch with green leaves and golden acorns in green cups in an indirect belt, the golden tip is bordered by azure (blue, blue) in the form of stormy waves running from the middle to the sides.”


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Two waves on the coat of arms symbolize the Gulf of Finland and Lake Sestroretsky Razliv, between which Sestroretsk is located.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Oak leaves remind us that the Dubki City Park is the same age as the city and symbolize the founding of Sestroretsk by Peter I in 1714.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Architecture and landmarks


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Dubki Park


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

On the cape protruding into the Gulf of Finland there are the Sestroretsky Dubki (1719, architect S. van Zwiten, garden master O. Udelfelt) is a park with a Dutch garden, hydraulic structures and a defensive rampart.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

At the beginning of the 18th century, one of Peter the Great's country residences was located here.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

By 1722, a three-story stone palace was built on a long sandy spit, connected by galleries with wooden pavilions, and orchards and a large pond adjoined the palace.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

During the Russian-Swedish war of 1741-1743, fortification ramparts were built in Dubki to protect against possible landing.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

A strong storm in 1743 damaged the harbor structures and the palace, which was dismantled in 1782 for household needs.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The ramparts were used during the Crimean War - June 14, 1855, when the combined Anglo-French fleet shelled Sestroretsk for several hours, but did not land I dared.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The park has a well-maintained recreation area.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Center|190pxPeter the Great's oak grove in the park.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Photo of the 1900s Oak Grove.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Photo of the 1900s The bridge over the drainage in the park in winterThe defensive wall in the park


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Other attractions


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The destroyed tuberculosis hospital is next to the Razliv platform.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

It was built at the end of the 19th century, and before the revolution it housed a nursing home.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The building was then converted to treat open forms of tuberculosis.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 1980, the hospital was closed due to a decrease in the number of tuberculosis patients.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Purgatory was filmed on the ruins of this hospital.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The complex was demolished in 2010. In its place, a residential “House by Razliv” is being built.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The mansion in Sestroretsk (XX century, Grigorieva Street, 4) is a wooden mansion.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

It was demolished in 2014.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The Sestroretsk gazebo is a wooden gazebo that has been a visiting card for many years, a symbol of the city, and is now in ruins.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Now an exact copy of the gazebo has been installed on Tokarev Street near house No. 1.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Dacha E.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

F. Vazhevskaya (1907, Andreeva Street, 12) is a wooden dacha, in the traditions of Russian folk architecture with elements of Art Nouveau.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

As of 2014, it was ruined.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Dacha Ya.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

M. Goldenova (1908, architect S. G. Ginger, M. Gorky, 20).


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 2010, it was demolished, and by 2014 a similar remake was built.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Klyachko's dacha (1908, architect S. G. Ginger, Lesnaya Street, 7).


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Dacha S. AND. Dvorzhetsky (1909, architect S. G. Ginger, Orangery Street, 3)


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Dunes Nudist Beach


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Lenin's Shalash (1927, architect A. AND. Gegello) is a granite hut monument, a museum dedicated to the events of the summer of 1917, when V. AND. Lenin was forced to hide from the persecution of the Provisional Government.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Shed Museum — in the attic of this barn from the police of the Provisional Government in July 1917, V. AND. Lenin.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Center|200pxCenter|200pxSestroretsk gazebo.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Photo of the 1900s Anniversary KlyachkoGranite Monument-ShalashMuseum “Shed”


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Gorskoye Cemetery — with mass graves of Soviet soldiers who died in the Great Patriotic War.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The memorial military grave is a mass grave of the Great Patriotic War at the Sestroretskoye Cemetery.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The grave of M. M. Zoshchenko (1960s, sculptor of the tombstone V. F. Onezhko) — at the Sestroretsk cemetery.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Satirist Mikhail Zoshchenko lived in Sestroretsk from the early 1930s to 1958.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Sister Memorial (1966, architects M. E. Kolosovsky, L. M. Berlinerblau) is a memorial in memory of the defense of the city in 1941-1944 in the Green Belt of Glory.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Monument (small architectural form) to Peter I (2000, sculptor V. A. Petrov, architect V. S. Vasilevsky) is a monument to the founder of the city.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The monument to S. AND. Mosinu (small architectural form) (2001, sculptor B. A. Petrov, architect A. G. Bakusov) is a monument to the famous gunsmith who worked and headed the Sestroretsk Arms Plant


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The Church of Saints Peter and Paul Equal-to-the-Apostles (2009, architect E. F. Shapovalova) is a functioning Orthodox church in the Neo-Russian style.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Monument to S.I.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Mosina


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

in Sestroretsk


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Sister Memorial


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Monument to Peter I


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Peter and Paul Church.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Jordan on the shore of the Sestroretsky Razliv


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Monument to Bobrov in Sestroretsk in the park on Dubkovskoye Shosse


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

City layout


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The city of Sestroretsk is located on the isthmus between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Sestroretsky Razliv.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The axis of the city is Primorskoye Shosse (Scandinavia highway) and the railway running from north to south.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

To the north, they lead to Beloostrov and further to Vyborg and to the Finnish border, in the south to St. Petersburg.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The St. Petersburg Ring Road passes through the south of Sestroretsk (in Gorskaya), going from east to west, to the dam and further to Kronstadt.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Economics


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Recreational facilities


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

There are 23 recreational service institutions in the city: sanatoriums “Sestroretsk”, “Sestroretsky Resort”, “White Nights”, “Dunes”, children's sanatoriums (former pioneer camps) “Children's Dunes”, “Young Svyazist”, bases recreation “Aleksandrovskaya”, “Laguna”, “North-Western SGEM”, military sanatorium “Tarkhovsky”, tourist base “Razliv”, holiday home of the North-Western Border District, sanatorium “Scandinavia”, Duny boarding house, Retur, White and Black hotels, Time Out, Duny golf club, Yacht club and others.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Center|200pxCenter|200pxCenter|200pxThe main building of the sanatorium “Sestroretsky Resort” Scandinavia sanatorium Military sanatoriumTraining town of the golf club “Duny”


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Industry and transport


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

There are several industrial enterprises in the city: Hyundai Sestroretsk Automobile Plant, Bakery, Salyut Garment Factory [36].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The Sestroretsk Tool Plant, which was previously the central enterprise of the city, was closed in 2008.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The city has a developed network of social buses (12 routes) and commercial minibuses (9 routes).


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Suburban routes connect the city of Sestroretsk with St. Petersburg (Chernaya Rechka, Staraya Derevnya, Ploshchad Lenina, Parnas, Prospekt Prosvescheniya, Grazhdansky Prospekt metro stations), Kronstadt, Zelenogorsky, settlements of the Kurortny district.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The St. Petersburg (Finlyandsky Railway Station) — Beloostrov railway line passes through Sestroretsk.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The city has one railway station — Sestroretsk, five railway platforms — Gorskaya, Aleksandrovskaya, Tarkhovka, Razliv and Kurort [37].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Trade and services


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Today, Sestroretsk is full of social and trade infrastructure facilities.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The city is actively developed by large retail chains, such as Pyaterochka, O'Key and others [36].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

It is included in the coverage area of all major cellular networks.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Social sphere


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Cultural and educational institutions


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In Sestroretsk, there are People's Literary, the House of Culture of the city of Sestroretsk, the House of Children and Youth Creativity “On the Sestre River” [36].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Educational institutions include: 6 secondary schools, gymnasium No. 433, 8 kindergartens and nurseries, Evening (shift) secondary school No. 669, Special (correctional) school No. 656, College of Economics and Management of the National Open Institute of Russia [36].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Healthcare


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Currently, the following medical institutions operate in Sestroretsk: City Hospital No. 40, Polyclinic No. 68, Children's Polyclinic, Sestroretsky Resort Sanatorium, Belye Nochi Sanatorium, Sanatorium “Duny”, the children's sanatorium “Children's Duny”, as well as a large number of private medical institutions of various profiles [36].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Sports


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The city has a general education boarding school for cycling “Olympic Reserve”, the Children and Youth Sports School of the Olympic Reserve named after V. Korenkova, Equestrian base and golf club at the Duny sanatorium, the Dibuny equestrian club [36].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The peculiarities of the coast make Sestroretsk beaches very popular for kitesurfing.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Since 1998, the Sestroretsk Rally, one of the stages of the Russian Championship, has been held.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The route passes through summer cottages in St. Petersburg [38].


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In 2016, it was held in Sestroretsk for the first time.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

The competition track (distances of 10 and 20 km) is laid along the edge of the Gulf of Finland.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

In literature and art


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

It is mentioned in N. S. Leskov “Lefty” under the Swedish name Sesterbeck.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

See also


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Sestroretsk ruble


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Flag of Sestroretsk


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Notes


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Literature


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Sestroretsk.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Series: To help the excursionist.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

— Priboy Publishing House, 1930.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

— Paperback, 18 p. — Circulation of 25,000 copies


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

, Dust jacket, 212 p., mintage: 25000 copies


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

M. K. Oleinikov said.


Question: When was Sestroretsk founded?

Sestroretsk

Sestroretsk.