Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

If Leibniz was inclined to the idea of actual infinitely small, Newton proposed (in “Principles”) a general theory of limit transitions, which somewhat ornate called “the method of the first and last relations”.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

It is the modern term “limit” (Latin: limes) that is used, although there is no clear description of the essence of this term, implying an intuitive understanding.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The theory of limits is set out in 11 lemmas of I Beginnings; one lemma is also in Book II.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

There is no arithmetic of limits, there is no evidence of the uniqueness of the limit, and its connection with the infinitesimal ones has not been revealed.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

However, Newton rightly points out that this approach is more rigorous than the “rough” method of the indivisible.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Nevertheless, in Book II, by introducing “moments” (differentials), Newton again confuses the matter, in fact considering them as relevant infinitely small [63].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

It is noteworthy that Newton was not interested in number theory at all.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Apparently, physics was much closer to him than mathematics [63].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Mechanics


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton's merit is to solve two fundamental problems.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Creating an axiomatic basis for mechanics, which actually translated this science into the category of strict mathematical theories.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Creation of dynamics that link the behavior of the body with the characteristics of external influences on it (forces).


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In addition, Newton finally buried the idea that has taken root since ancient times that the laws of motion of terrestrial and celestial bodies are completely different.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In his model of the world, the entire universe is subject to uniform laws that allow mathematical formulation [64].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton's axiomatics consisted of three laws, which he himself formulated in the following form.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

1. Every body continues to be held in a state of rest or in uniform and rectilinear motion until and because it is forced by the applied forces to change this state.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

2. The change in the amount of motion is proportional to the applied force and occurs in the direction of the straight line along which this force acts.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

3. There is always equal and opposite opposition to action, otherwise, the interactions of two bodies on each other are equal and directed in opposite directions.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The first law (the law of inertia), in a less precise form, was published by Galileo.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

It should be noted that Galileo allowed free movement not only in a straight line, but also in a circle (apparently, for astronomical reasons).


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Galileo also formulated the most important principle of relativity, which Newton did not include in his axiomatics, because for mechanical processes this principle is a direct consequence of the equations of dynamics (investigation V in “Principles”) [65].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In addition, Newton considered space and time to be absolute concepts common to the entire universe, and clearly pointed out this in his Principles [66].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton also gave strict definitions of physical concepts such as the amount of movement (not quite clearly used by Descartes) and strength.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

He introduced into physics the concept of mass as a measure of inertia and, at the same time, gravitational properties.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Previously, physicists used the concept of weight [66], but body weight depends not only on the body itself, but also on its environment (for example, on the distance to the center of the Earth), so a new, invariant characterization.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Euler and Lagrange completed the mathematization of mechanics.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Gravitation and astronomy


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

(See also Gravity, Newton's Classical Theory of Gravity).


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Aristotle and his supporters considered the heaviness to be the desire of the bodies of the “sublunar world” to their natural places.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Some other ancient philosophers (including Empedocles, Plato) considered heaviness to be the desire of related bodies to connect.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In the 16th century, this point of view was supported by Nicolaus Copernicus [67], in whose heliocentric system the Earth was considered only one of the planets.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Giordano Bruno and Galileo Galilei held close views [68].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Johann Kepler believed that the cause of the fall of bodies is not their internal aspirations, but the force of attraction from the Earth, and not only the Earth attracts the stone, but also the stone attracts the Earth.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In his opinion, gravity extends at least to the Moon [69].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In his later works, he expressed the opinion that gravity decreases with distance and mutual attraction all bodies of the solar system are subject to mutual attraction [70].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Rene Descartes, Gilles Roberval, Christian Huygens and other scientists of the 17th century tried to unravel the physical nature of gravity [71] [72].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The same Kepler was the first to suggest that the movement of the planets is controlled by forces emanating from the Sun.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In his theory, there were three such forces: one, circular, pushes the planet in orbit, acting tangentially to the trajectory (due to this force the planet moves), the other attracts and then repels the planet from the Sun (due to it, the planet's orbit is an ellipse) and the third acts across the plane of the ecliptic (so that the planet's orbit lies in the same plane).


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

He considered the circular force decreasing inversely proportional to the distance from the Sun [73].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

None of these three forces were identified with weight.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Kepler's theory was rejected by Ismael Bulliald, a leading theoretical astronomer of the middle of the 17th century, in his opinion, firstly, planets move around the Sun not under the influence of forces emanating from it, but by force inner aspiration, and secondly, if circular force existed, it would decrease back to the second degree of distance, and not the first, as Kepler believed [74].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Descartes believed that planets are transported around the Sun by giant vortices.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The assumption about the existence of a force emanating from the Sun that controls the movement of the planets was expressed by Jeremy Horrocks [75].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

According to Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, three forces emanate from the Sun: one moves the planet in orbit, the other pulls the planet to the Sun, the third (centrifugal), on the contrary, repels the planet.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The elliptical orbit of the planet is the result of the confrontation between the last two [76].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In 1666 Robert Hooke suggested that the force of attraction to the Sun alone is enough to explain the motion of the planets, just assume that the planetary orbit is the result of a combination of (superposition) of falling on the Sun (due to the force of attraction) and motion by inertia (tangential to the trajectory of the planet).


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In his opinion, this superposition of movements determines the elliptical shape of the trajectory of the planet around the Sun.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Christopher Wren also expressed close views, but in a rather vague form.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Hooke and Ren guessed that the gravitational force decreases inversely proportional to the square of the distance to the Sun [77].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

However, no one before Newton has been able to clearly and mathematically evidence-based link the law of gravity (a force inversely proportional to the square of distance) and the laws of motion of planets (Kepler's laws).


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Moreover, it was Newton who first guessed that gravity acts between any two bodies in the universe; the movement of a falling apple and the rotation of the moon around the Earth are controlled by the same force.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Finally, Newton not only published the supposed formula for the law of gravity, but actually proposed a holistic mathematical model:


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

the law of gravity;


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

the law of motion (Newton's second law);


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

a system of methods for mathematical research (mathematical analysis).


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Taken together, this triad is sufficient to fully study the most complex movements of celestial bodies, thereby creating the foundations of celestial mechanics.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Thus, it is only with Newton's works that the science of dynamics begins, including in its application to the movement of celestial bodies. Before the creation of the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, no fundamental amendments to this model were needed, although the mathematical apparatus needed to be significantly developed.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The first argument in favor of the Newtonian model was the strict conclusion of Kepler's empirical laws on its basis.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The next step was the theory of the motion of comets and the moon, set out in the Principles.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Later, with the help of Newtonian gravity, all the observed movements of celestial bodies were explained with high accuracy; this is the great merit of Euler, Clairaut and Laplace, who developed a theory for this disturbances.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The foundation for this theory was laid by Newton, who analyzed the motion of the moon using his usual method of row decomposition; along the way, he discovered the causes of the irregularities known at that time ( inequalities) in the motion of the Moon.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The law of gravity made it possible to solve not only the problems of celestial mechanics, but also a number of physical and astrophysical problems [78].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton indicated a method for determining the mass of the Sun and planets.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

He discovered the cause of the tides: the attraction of the moon (even Galileo considered tides to be a centrifugal effect).


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Moreover, after processing long-term data on the height of the tides, he calculated the mass of the moon with good accuracy.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Another consequence of gravity was the precession of the Earth's axis.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton found that due to the flattening of the Earth at the poles, the Earth's axis makes a constant slow displacement under the influence of the attraction of the Moon and the Sun with a period of 26,000 years.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Thus, the ancient problem of “preceding the equinoxes” (first noted by Hipparchus) has found a scientific explanation [79].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton's theory of gravity caused many years of debate and criticism of the concept of long-range action adopted in it [80].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

However, the outstanding successes of celestial mechanics in the XVIII century confirmed the opinion about the adequacy of the Newtonian model.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The first observed deviations from Newton's theory in astronomy (the displacement of the perihelion of Mercury) were discovered only 200 years later.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Soon, these deviations were explained by general relativity (GR); Newtonian theory turned out to be an approximate version of it.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

GR also filled the theory of gravity with physical content, indicating the material carrier of the force of attraction — the space-time metric, and made it possible to get rid of long-range action [81].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Optics and light theory


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton owns fundamental discoveries in optics.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

He built the first mirror telescope (reflector), which, unlike purely lens telescopes, did not have chromatic aberration.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

He also studied in detail the dispersion of light, showed that when white light passes through a transparent prism, it decomposes into a continuous series of rays of different colors due to different refraction rays of different colors, thereby Newton laid the foundations for the correct theory of colors [82].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton created a mathematical theory of interference rings discovered by Hooke, which have since been called the “Newton rings”.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In a letter to Flemstead, he outlined a detailed theory of astronomical refraction [83].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

But his main achievement is the creation of the foundations of physical (not only geometric) optics as a science [84] and the development of its mathematical base, the transformation of the theory of light from an unsystematic set of facts into a science with rich in qualitative and quantitative content, experimentally well substantiated [83].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton's optical experiments for decades have become an example of deep physical research [85].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

During this period, there were many speculative theories of light and color; mainly the point of view of Aristotle (“different colors are a mixture of light and darkness in different proportions”) and Descartes (“different colors are a mixture of light and darkness in different proportions”) and Descartes (“different colors are created when light particles rotate at different speeds”).


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Hooke in his Micrography (1665) proposed a version of Aristotelian views.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Many believed that color is not an attribute of light, but of an illuminated object [86].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

General discord aggravated the cascade of discoveries of the 17th century: diffraction (1665, Grimaldi), interference (1665, Hooke), birefringence (1670, Erasmus Bartholin, studied by Huygens), estimate of the speed of light (1675, Römer) [87].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

There was no theory of light compatible with all these facts.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In his speech to the Royal Society, Newton refuted both Aristotle and Descartes, and convincingly proved that white light is not primary, but consists of colored components with varying “degrees refractive”.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

These components are primary — Newton could not change their color by any tricks.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Thus, the subjective sense of color received a solid objective basis — in modern terminology, the wavelength of light, which could be judged by the degree of refraction.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In 1689, Newton stopped publishing in the field of optics (although he continued his research) — according to popular legend, he vowed not to print anything in this area during Hooke's lifetime [88].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In any case, in 1704, the year after Hooke's death, the monograph “Optics” was published (in English).


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The preface to it contains a clear hint of a conflict with Hooke: “Not wanting to be involved in disputes on various issues, I delayed this publication and would have delayed it further if not for the insistence of my friends ” [3].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

During the author's lifetime, Optics, like Beginnings, survived three editions (1704, 1717, 1721) and many translations, including three in Latin.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Book one: the principles of geometric optics, the doctrine of light dispersion and white composition with various applications, including the theory of the rainbow.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Book Two: Light Interference in Thin Plates.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Book Three: Diffraction and Polarization of Light.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Historians identify two groups of hypotheses about the nature of light at that time.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Emission (corpuscular): light consists of small particles (corpuscles) emitted by a luminous body.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

This opinion was supported by the straightness of light propagation, on which geometric optics is based, but diffraction and interference did not fit into this theory.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Wave: Light is a wave in an invisible world broadcast.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Opponents of Newton (Hooke, Huygens) are often called supporters of wave theory, but it must be borne in mind that by wave they understood not a periodic oscillation, as in modern theory, but a single impulse [89]; for this reason, their explanations of light phenomena were not plausible and could not compete with Newtonian ones (Huygens even tried to refute diffraction [49]).


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Developed wave optics appeared only at the beginning of the 19th century.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton is often considered a supporter of corpuscular theory of light; in fact, he, as usual, “did not invent hypotheses” [90] and willingly admitted that light can be associated with waves on the air [91].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In a treatise presented to the Royal Society in 1675, he writes that light cannot be just oscillations of the ether, since then, for example, it could spread along a curved tube, as this makes sound.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

But, on the other hand, he suggests that the propagation of light excites oscillations in the ether, which generates diffraction and other wave effects [3].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In fact, Newton, clearly aware of the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches, puts forward a compromise, corpuscular-wave theory of light.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In his works, Newton described in detail the mathematical model of light phenomena, leaving aside the question of the physical carrier of light: “My teaching about the refraction of light and colors is solely establishing some properties of light without any hypotheses about its origin” [91].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Wave optics, when it appeared, did not reject Newton's models, but absorbed them and expanded them on a new basis [85].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Despite his dislike for hypotheses, Newton placed at the end of Optics a list of unsolved problems and possible answers to them.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

However, during these years he could already afford this — Newton's authority after “The Beginnings” became indisputable, and few people dared to bother him with objections.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

A number of hypotheses were prophetic.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Specifically, Newton predicted [49]:


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

the deviation of light in the gravitational field;


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

the phenomenon of light polarization;


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

the intertransformation of light and matter.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Other works in physics


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton owns the first derivation of the speed of sound in gas, based on Boyle-Marriott's law [92].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

He suggested the existence of a law of viscous friction and described the hydrodynamic compression of the jet [93].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

He proposed a formula for the law of resistance of a body in a rarefied medium (Newton's formula) [94] [95] and on its basis considered one of the first problems on the most advantageous shape of a streamlined body (aerodynamic problem Newton) [96].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In Principles, he made and argued the correct assumption that the comet has a solid nucleus, the evaporation of which, under the influence of solar heat, forms an extensive tail, always directed to the side, opposite to the Sun [3].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton also dealt with heat transfer issues, one of the results is called the Newton-Richman Law.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton predicted the Earth's flattening at the poles, estimating it to be about 1:230.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

At the same time, Newton used a model of a homogeneous liquid to describe the Earth, applied the law of universal gravity and took into account centrifugal force.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

At the same time, similar calculations were performed by Huygens, who did not believe in the long-range gravitational force [97] and approached the problem purely kinematically.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Accordingly, Huygens predicted more than half as much compression as Newton, 1:576.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Moreover, Cassini and other Carthusians argued that the Earth is not compressed, but stretched out at the poles like a lemon.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Subsequently, although not immediately (the first measurements were inaccurate), direct measurements (Clairaut, 1743) confirmed Newton's correctness; the real compression is 1:298.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The reason for the difference between this value and Newton's proposed in the direction of Huygens is that the model of a homogeneous liquid is still not entirely accurate (the density increases markedly with depth) [98].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

A more accurate theory, clearly taking into account the dependence of density on depth, was developed only in the 19th century.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Students


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Strictly speaking, Newton did not have direct students.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

However, a whole generation of English scientists grew up reading his books and communicating with him, so they considered themselves Newton's students.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Among them, the most famous are:


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Edmund Halley


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Roger Cotes


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Colin McLauren


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Abraham de Moivre


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

James Stirling


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Brooke Taylor


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

William Whiston


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Other areas of activity


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Chemistry and alchemy


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In parallel with the research that laid the foundation of the current scientific (physical and mathematical) tradition, Newton devoted a lot of time to alchemy, as well as theology.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Books on alchemy made up a tenth of his library [99].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

He did not publish any works on chemistry or alchemy [100], and the only known result of this many years of passion was Newton's serious poisoning in 1691.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

During the exhumation of Newton's body, a dangerous content of mercury was found in his body [101].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Steukley recalls that Newton wrote a treatise on chemistry “explaining the principles of this mysterious art based on experimental and mathematical evidence,” but the manuscript, unfortunately, burned down in the fire, and Newton did not attempt to restore it.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The surviving letters and notes suggest that Newton was thinking about the possibility of some combination of the laws of physics and chemistry into a single system of the world; he placed several hypotheses on this topic at the end Optics [100].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

B.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

G. Kuznetsov believes that Newton's alchemical studies were attempts to reveal the atomistic structure of matter and other types of matter (for example, light, heat, magnetism).


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton's interest in alchemy was selfless and rather theoretical [102]:


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

His atomistics is based on the idea of the hierarchy of corpuscles, formed by less and less intense


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

forces of mutual attraction of parts.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

This idea of an infinite hierarchy of discrete particles of matter is related to the idea of the unity of matter.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton did not believe in the existence of elements that could not transform into each other.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

On the contrary, he assumed that the idea of the indecomposability of particles and, accordingly, the qualitative differences between the elements is associated with the historically limited capabilities of experimental technology.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

This assumption is confirmed by Newton's own statement [99]: “Alchemy does not deal with metals, as the ignorant believe. This philosophy is not one of those that serve vanity and deception, it serves more benefit and edification, and the main thing here is knowledge of God.”


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Theology


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

right|mini| “Refined chronology of ancient kingdoms”


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

As a deeply religious person, Newton considered the Bible (like everything else in the world) from a rationalist point of view [103].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

This approach seems to be associated with Newton's rejection of the Trinity of God.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Most historians believe that Newton, who worked for many years at Holy Trinity College, did not believe in the Trinity himself [104].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Researchers of his theological works found that Newton's religious views were close to heretical Arianism [105] (see Newton's article “A Historical Trace of Two Notable Distortions of the Sacred Scriptures”).


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The degree of closeness of Newton's views to various heresies condemned by the church is assessed in different ways.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The German historian Fizenmeier suggested that Newton accepted the Trinity, but closer to the Eastern, Orthodox understanding of it [106].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

American historian Stephen Snobelen, citing a number of documentary evidence, strongly rejected this point of view and attributed Newton to the Sociinians [107].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Outwardly, however, Newton remained loyal to the state Anglican Church.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

There was a good reason for this: the Suppression of Blasphemy and Wickedness Act of 1697 provided for the deprivation of civil rights for denying any of the persons of the Trinity, and when repeating this crimes — imprisonment [108].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

For example, Newton's friend William Whiston was stripped of his professorship in 1710 and expelled from the University of Cambridge for his claim that the religion of the early Church was Arianism [109].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

However, in letters to like-minded people (Locke, Halley, etc.) Newton was quite frank.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In addition to anti-Trinitarianism, Newton's religious worldview is seen as elements of deism.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton believed in God's material presence at every point in the universe and called space the “sensitivity of God” (Latin: sensorium Dei) [102].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

This pantheistic idea combines Newton's scientific, philosophical and theological views into a single whole, “all areas of Newtonian interests, from natural philosophy to alchemy, are various projections and at the same time different contexts of this central idea that completely owned it” [110].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton published (partially) the results of his theological research at the end of his life, but they began much earlier, no later than 1673 [111].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton proposed his own version of the biblical chronology, left his works on biblical hermeneutics, wrote a comment on the Apocalypse.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

He studied Hebrew, studied the Bible using scientific methods, using astronomical calculations related to solar eclipses, linguistic analysis, etc. to support his point of view. . [103] According to his calculations, the end of the world will come no earlier than 2060 [112].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton's theological manuscripts are now stored in Jerusalem, in the National Library [110].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Grades


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The inscription on Newton's grave reads [113]:


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton rests here, who, with almost divine power of mind, was the first to explain with his mathematical method the movements and shape of the planets, the paths of comets and the tides of the oceans.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

He was the one who studied the differences in light rays and the various properties of flowers that no one had ever known existed before.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

A diligent, ingenious, and faithful interpreter of nature, antiquity and the Holy Scriptures, he affirmed the greatness of the almighty creator with his philosophy, and implanted the simplicity required by the Gospel with his temper.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

May mortals rejoice that such an ornament of the human race lived among them.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The statue erected to Newton in 1755 at Trinity College bears poems from Lucretius [36]:


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Qui genus humanum ingenio superavit (Mind he surpassed the human race)


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton himself assessed his achievements more modestly [104]:


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

I don't know how the world feels about me, but I just seem like a boy playing on the seashore who has fun looking for a pebble more colorful than others from time to time, or a beautiful shell, while the great ocean of truth spreads out in front of me unexplored.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Lagrange said [114]: “Newton was the happiest of mortals, for there is only one universe, and Newton discovered its laws.”


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The Old Russian pronunciation of Newton's surname is “Nevton”.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

He, together with Plato, is respectfully mentioned by M. IN. Lomonosov in his poems:


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

... maybe Platonov's own


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

and fast mind of the Nevtons


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

To give birth to Russian land [115].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

According to A. Einstein, “Newton was the first to try to formulate elementary laws that determine the temporal course of a wide class of processes in nature with a high degree of completeness and accuracy” and “... rendered with his works, a deep and strong influence on the entire worldview as a whole” [116].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

At the turn of 1942-1943, during the most dramatic days of the Battle of Stalingrad, Newton's 300th anniversary was widely celebrated in the USSR.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

A collection of articles and a biographical book by S. AND. Vavilova.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

As a token of gratitude to the Soviet people, the Royal Society of Great Britain presented the USSR Academy of Sciences with a rare copy of the first edition of Newton's Mathematical Principles (1687) and a draft letter Newton to Alexander Menshikov, who was informed of his election as a member of the Royal Society of London [117].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Named after Newton:


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The unit of force in the International System of Units (SI).


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Crater on the Moon [118] and Crater on Mars [119].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The Isaac Newton Medal is an international award in physics awarded annually since 2008 by the British Institute of Physics.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Many scientific laws, theorems and concepts, see below. List of objects named after Isaac Newton.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Myths


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Several common legends have already been cited above: Newton's Apple, his only parliamentary speech.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

There is a legend that Newton made two holes in his door — one larger and the other smaller, so that his two cats, big and small, could enter the house on their own.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In fact, Newton never kept cats or other pets [3].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Another myth accuses Newton of destroying the only portrait of Hooke, once stored in the Royal Society [120].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

In fact, there is not a single evidence in support of such an accusation. [121] [122]


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Allan Chapman, Hooke's biographer, argues that no portrait of Hooke existed at all (which is not surprising, given the high cost of portraits and Hooke's constant financial difficulties).


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The only source of assumption about the existence of such a portrait is the mention of the German scientist Zachariah von Uffenbach, who visited the Royal Society in 1710, about a portrait of a certain Hook ( Hoock), but Uffenbach did not speak English and, most likely, meant a portrait of another member of the society, Theodore Haak.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Haack's portrait really existed and has survived to this day.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

An additional argument in favor of the opinion that Hooke's portrait never existed is the fact that Hooke's friend and secretary Richard Waller published in 1705 a posthumous collection of Hooke's works with excellent illustrations and a detailed biography, but without a portrait of Hooke; all other works of Hooke also do not contain a portrait of the scientist [121].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Newton is sometimes credited with an interest in astrology.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

If there was one, it quickly gave way to disappointment [123] [124].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

From the fact of Newton's unexpected appointment as the manager of the Mint, some biographers conclude that Newton was a member of a Masonic Lodge or other secret society.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

However, no documentary evidence in favor of this hypothesis has been found [125].


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Works


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

“A New Theory of Lights and Colors”, 1672 (Communication to the Royal Society)


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

“Movement of Bodies in Orbit” (Latin: De Motu Corporum in Gyrum), 1684


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

“Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” (Latin: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica), 1687


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

“Optics or a Treatise on Reflections, Refractions, Bends, and Colors of Light” (English: Optics or a treatment of the reflections, refractions, inflections and colours of light), 1704


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

“On the quadrature of curves” (Latin: Tractatus de quadratura curvarum), appendix to Optics


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

“Enumeration of third-order lines” (Latin: Enumeratio linearum tertii ordinis), Appendix to Optics


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Universal Arithmetic (Latin: Arithmetica Universalis), 1707


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

“Analysis with Equations with Infinite Terms” (Latin: De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas), 1711


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

“Difference Method”, 1711


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Published posthumously


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

“Lectures on Optics” (English: Optical Lectures), 1728


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

“The System of Peace” (Latin: De mundi systemate), 1728


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

(English: A Short Chronicle from the First Memory of Things in Europe, to the Conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great), 1728 (this is a summary of the Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms, a French translation of the draft version was published even earlier, in 1725)


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

“Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms” (English: The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms), 1728


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

“Remarks on the book of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John” (English: Observations Upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John), 1733, written circa 1690


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

“The Fluxes Method” (Latin: Methodus fluxionum, English: Method of Fluxes), 1736, written in 1671


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

“A Historical Trace of Two Notable Corruption of Scripture” (English: An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruption of Scripture), 1754, written in 1690


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Canonical editions


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

The classic full edition of Newton's works in 5 volumes in the original language:


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Selected correspondence in 7 volumes:


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Check date values in: |date= (help) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Translations into Russian


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

CS1 maint: Date and year (link) This is a translation of four letters from Newton's collection of correspondence: “The Correspondence of Isaac Newton”, Cambridge, 1961.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Vol.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

3 (1688-1694).


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

See also


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

List of objects named after Isaac Newton


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Historical tracing of two notable distortions of the Holy Scriptures


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Mathematical principles of natural philosophy


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Notes


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

comments


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Literature


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Biographical


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

in Russian


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

{{error| {{H}}: No such template


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

— Reprint: — M.: Nauka, 1989, with addition: Ginzburg V. L. A few remarks on Isaac Newton's biography.


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

in other languages


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Analysis of scientific creativity


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

in Russian


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

in other languages


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


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Isaac Newton

Works of art


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

References


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

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Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

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Isaac Newton

at Project Gutenberg


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

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Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Category:Isaac Newton


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Category:Scientists after whom physical units of measure are named


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Category:Cambridge University alumni


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Category:Members of the Royal Society of London


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Category:Presidents of the Royal Society of London


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Category:Knights Bachelors


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Category: English alchemists


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Category:Anti-trinitarian


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Category:Natural philosophers


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Category:Optics


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Category:Trinity College Cambridge alumni


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Category: Burials at Westminster Abbey


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Category:Personalities on postage stamps


Question: Where is Isaac Newton buried?

Isaac Newton

Category:Members of Parliament of England (until 1707)


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

is a Japanese role-playing game developed and released by Square (now Square Enix) in 1991 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, the fourth installment of the Final Fantasy series.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Subsequently, with the participation of Tose and Sting, it was ported to consoles such as PlayStation, WonderSwan Color, Game Boy Advance with minor changes.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

In 2007, it was rereleased for the Nintendo DS portable device with fully 3D graphics.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Initially, the game was known as Final Fantasy II in North America, as the second and third parts were not released outside Japan at that time, but in subsequent localizations the numbering has returned to its original form.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Final Fantasy IV events unfold on a fictional planet with artificial and natural satellites in orbit, the external environment is made in a fantasy entourage with a slight interspersed with scientific science fiction.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The plot revolves around the adventures of a dark knight named Cecil, who tries to save the world from destruction by preventing the evil sorcerer Golbez from capturing powerful crystals.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

During the journey, many other characters join the hero, some die in the process, or leave the team due to other circumstances dictated by the plot.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The game brought many elements to the series that were later used in subsequent installments of Final Fantasy and other role-playing games.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Particularly noteworthy is the new combat system called “Active Time Battle”, which combines the classic turn-based mode with the speed of the characters and the player's reaction.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

For the first time in the series, Final Fantasy IV provides each playable hero with his own backstory and pre-defined class.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

With a well-thought-out plot, the latest technologies for its time and a successful soundtrack by Final Fantasy IV became a turning point in the history of the development of the series and the RPG genre as a whole.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The various versions of the game have sold more than four million copies worldwide.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

In 2008, a sequel called Final Fantasy IV: The After Years was released for mobile phones and in 2009 for Wii.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

In 2012, a reissue of the game was released for iOS, and in 2013 for Android.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The game also includes a novel published in two volumes on December 25, 2008 exclusively in Japanese [1] [2].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Gameplay


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The player controls a group of characters who travel the world and complete various tasks, which in turn leads to the further development of the story.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Moving between locations, which can be a variety of cities and dungeons, heroes interact with NPCs, fight opponents: monsters and villains.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Almost all battles, with the exception of boss fights, take place on the basis of random encounters, that is, enemies are not visible and attack through a random number of steps the team takes.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

In battle mode, the player is free to choose from a list of actions available to the characters: attack, use items or special skills, defend, retreat, etc. For the first time in the series, a group can include five heroes at the same time, compared to four characters in the previous three games [3].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The most important characteristic of heroes, as well as their opponents, is life points (HP).


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The deprived monster immediately dies, the game character left without HP is knocked out, after which he must be brought to life by another character, either in battle or at the end of the battle.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

If all heroes in battle waste their life points to zero, the game immediately ends in a loss, after which it must be resumed from the last save.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

You can restore health with the help of special healing spells, healing items, or by relaxing in hotels that are present in each locality.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Cities also have stores that sell various equipment (weapons and armor) that, when used in combat, increases or decreases damage dealt to each other by opponents.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Equipment is configured through the menu, where, in addition, the formation of a group can be set - physically strong heroes are placed in the front row, support characters and magicians are in the back.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The sequence of quests and events of the game is absolutely linear, a rigidly defined plot develops progressively from beginning to end, only occasionally interrupted by third-party optional tasks [ 4].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

In the fourth part, for the first time, the Active Time Battle (ATB) combat system was used, developed by the designer together with battle planners and.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Its essence lies in the symbiosis of the classic turn-based system used in the previous three games with real-time battles — without a rigid sequence of moves.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

If earlier characters and monsters made moves strictly in turn, now the order of actions depends on the speed of certain units, as well as on the player's reaction, since when the menu appears with the game does not stop with a set of commands and the opponent does not wait for the player to make his choice.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

At the same time, the options still have the ability to activate the “standby mode”, which, when turned on, stops the battle during the player's turn, allowing you to think about actions for as long as you like.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Subsequently, this combat system will be used in many subsequent parts of Final Fantasy [5].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The personal characteristics of each character, his specialty, strengths and weaknesses are set in advance, unlike previous games in the series, where the characteristics of heroes were assigned by the player.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Eight out of twelve characters can use magic, which is divided into destructive “black”, restoring “white”, magic of summoning various creatures, and “ninjutsu”, a combination of attacking and Supportive abilities used by a single character.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

All spells and moves for each hero are also set in advance and are added to the arsenal either after reaching certain levels or after some story events.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

For the rest, the development of the team takes place in the traditional way for role-playing games, for defeating opponents, experience points are awarded, which lead to an increase in level and, accordingly, characteristics, directly affecting the course of battles [6].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Due to the transition of the game to a more productive console, Final Fantasy IV graphics have improved significantly compared to previous parts.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

An interesting innovation was the Mode 7 technology involved here - this unique video mode for Super Nintendo made it possible to create complex visual effects when witchcraft spells and made it three-dimensional flying on an airship [7].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The plot


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Environments and characters


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Most of the events of Final Fantasy IV take place on Earth, the Blue Planet, which, however, is completely fictional and has nothing to do with real Earth in terms of geography.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The surface of the planet is inhabited by humans, while gnomes reign underground.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

In orbit of the planet is an artificial moon, created a long time ago by an alien race for the purpose of salvation, as their home world was destroyed and turned into an asteroid belt.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The inhabitants of the satellite themselves are in a dream, expecting that someday favorable times will come, they will be able to descend to Earth and live together with people in peace and prosperity.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The planet also has a second moon, a natural moon, but it is not involved in the plot and the characters do not have the opportunity to visit it [8].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

There are a total of 12 playable characters in the game, each with a unique name, character, specialization, and background.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The main character of the story is Cecil Harvey, the Dark Knight and commander of the Red Wings, an elite airborne unit serving the Kingdom of the Baron.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

He performs the tasks of the king, traveling to different parts of the world, while at the same time his best friend Cain Hywind, the commander of the dragoons, makes an equally successful military career.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

At home, Cecil is waiting for his beloved Rosa Farrell, an archer and part-time white magician.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Cecil's aircraft was built by a local design engineer named Sid Pollandina.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

During the adventures, many other characters join the protagonist's squad, including Ridia, a young monster summoner from the village of Mist, Tella, the legendary magician from Misidia, Edward Chris Vaughn Muir, prince of ladies' and bard by vocation, and Young Fang Layden, head of the Fabula monks.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Other characters include the black magician Palom and the white magician Porom, the twins from the magical village of Misidia, Edward “Blade” Gelardine, the ninja from Eblen, and finally Fusoya, the guardian of the lunar race for a period while she's in her sleep.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The main antagonist is Zemus, one of the inhabitants of the moon, who seeks to destroy all mankind so that the planet can be inhabited by his people.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

To realize his insidious plans, he manipulates the sorcerer Golbez [9].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

History


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The plot begins with the attack of the Red Wings on the city of Misidia in order to seize the Crystal of Water located there.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

After a successful task, Captain Cecil asks the king about the reasons for such an aggressive policy, the ruler of the kingdom Baron is extremely dissatisfied with the curiosity of his subordinate, demotes him in rank and gives him a new assignment to deliver the parcel to the nearby village of Mist [10].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Together with his friend Cain, the main character arrives at the appointed place, but fire monsters are suddenly released from the package, which leads to the complete destruction of the village.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Young Ridia, the only survivor of the fire, causes an earthquake in a rage, after which friends are separated [11].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Cecil regains consciousness and takes the wounded Ridia to a small town, where the girl is trying to kidnap the Baron's soldiers, but the hero protects her [12].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

It soon turns out that Rosa, Cecil's lover, followed him and is now seriously ill with desert fever.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

In addition, on the way there is a sorcerer Tella, who went to Damtian Castle in search of his escaped daughter Anna [13].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Suddenly, the castle is attacked by the Red Wings, Anna dies, and Edward, her lover and local prince, explains the reason for the incident - the air forces of the kingdom, now under by the command of a certain Golbez, carried out this attack in order to steal the Fire Crystal [14].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Tella goes alone in search of retribution, wanting revenge on Golbez for the death of her daughter [15], while the rest of the characters find a cure for Rosa and go to the city of Fabul, hoping to protect Crystal wind.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

On the way, they are joined by martial artist Young, just as dissatisfied with the aggressive actions of the kingdom.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

As expected, Red Wings soon appear on the horizon, with Cain in their ranks, defeating his friend Cecil and taking the crystal, while Golbez captures the tried Rose intervene [16].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The journey back to the Baron is interrupted by the attack of the sea monster Leviathan, as a result of the shipwreck, the characters separate, and Cecil finds himself in the city of Misidia.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The hero understands that in order to defeat Golbez, he must climb a high mountain, repent of all his crimes and become a holy paladin [17].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

During the ascent, he meets twins Palom and Ferry, who agree to help him, as well as old man Tella, who is looking for the forbidden spell Meteor - only with him he can defeat the villain [ 18].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Cecil becomes a paladin, Tella finds the spell, although she cannot use it due to her huge destructive power.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Arriving in the capital of the kingdom, the heroes observe that all subjects are at the mercy of Golbez's spell, and even the king is replaced by a terrible monster [19].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Fighting with the villain's henchmen, the team retreats on the airship of Sid, a local engineer, while the twins Palom and Ferry sacrifice their lives and turn into stone statues to save friends.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Cain suddenly appears on the ship and offers Cecil to bring the Earth Crystal in exchange for the life of Rosa [20].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

There is nothing else left, the characters find the Earth Crystal, give it to Cain, and he invites them to the tower where the hostage is being held.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

At the very top, Golbez receives the coveted crystal and tries to escape, Tella at the cost of her own life conjures Meteor on him, but the spell only weakens the villain - this, however, turns out to be enough for it to lose control of Cain [21].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

A dragoon freed from the spell helps save Rosa, and characters from the destroyed tower return to the Baron.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Cain explains the villain's goals — Golbez collects crystals to open a message between the planet and the moon, but in addition to the four already existing, he will need four more dark crystals located in the dungeon world [22].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Heroes descend underground and learn that two dark crystals have already been captured, and for the third, Red Wings, are fighting the dwarves.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Characters help the gnomes repel the attack and leave the dungeon, while Sid disappears, trying to seal the dungeon, protect it from future interventions.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The characters travel to Babil Tower, the place where all the crystals are stored, but fall into a trap set by Golbez, which drops them back into the dungeon world.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

There, the struggle for the last eighth crystal unleashes, the villain again takes control of Cain's mind and with his help comes out of the confrontation victorious [23].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The heroes become aware of the existence of the Moon Whale, an ancient ship designed specifically for traveling to the moon, they find it and go into space after Golbez [24].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

On the moon, the characters meet a sage named Fusoya, who says that Cecil's father was actually a member of the lunar race [25].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

He also explains that Golbez himself was at the mercy of the spell of the lunar inhabitant Zemus, who manipulated earthlings to activate a giant robot that could destroy all mankind [26] .


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Returning to earth, with the support of the armies of two worlds, above-ground and underground, the detachment disables the robot, while Fusoya dispels the spell over Golbez's mind, and it turns out that he is Cecil older brother [27].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The characters again go to the moon and, with the support of Golbez, kill Zemus, as well as the evil spirit released after his death, Zeromus [28].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Fusoya and Golbez decide to stay on the moon and wait for the times when earthlings can live peacefully with the lunar race [29].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The epilogue shows Cain standing on the top of the mountain, while the rest of the characters celebrate the wedding of Cecil and Rosa, who are now the rulers of the kingdom of Baron.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Development


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Final Fantasy IV

After completing work on Final Fantasy III in 1990, the company's management decided to create two new parts of the series at once - one was to be released for the Nintendo Entertainment System, the second for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System console that has just appeared on the market, called Final Fantasy IV and Final Fantasy V, respectively.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

However, due to financial difficulties and tight deadlines, the NES game eventually had to be abandoned, concentrating all production capacity on a project for a more productive system.


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Final Fantasy IV

The first few shots of the NES version were published in some Japanese magazines, but it did not go further, and the name Final Fantasy IV passed to the SNES version [30].


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Final Fantasy IV

The leading designer of the fourth part was, for whom this game was the first full-fledged work in Square.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Prior to that, Tokita was inclined to a career as a theater actor, but while doing this project, he changed his mind, deciding to become the “great creator” of video games [31].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The chief designer of the previous part also took part in the development, he, in particular, proposed a fundamentally new battle display system that allows you to give teams to characters without using any interface menu.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

This idea was abandoned, but many of its principles were later implemented in Secret of Mana, an action role-playing game [32].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

In total, the development team consisted of 14 people, and it took them about a year of continuous work to create Final Fantasy IV [33].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The main ideas still belong to the game designer, for example, it was he who came up with the idea of calling the air forces of the kingdom Baron “Red Wings” [34].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Sakaguchi was responsible for the whole concept, while Tokita planned specific events in the plot and drew pixel graphics.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The young designer noted that they had to work with great effort, and without extreme concentration, they would never have been able to complete this project.


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Final Fantasy IV

According to Tokita, Final Fantasy IV was developed with the idea of borrowing the most successful ideas of the previous parts: the profession of Final Fantasy III and the narrative of Final Fantasy II.


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Final Fantasy IV

Four bosses, corresponding to the four traditional Japanese elements and later became a symbol of the fourth part, were present in the very first game [33].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

There is also a significant impact of the competitive Dragon Quest series, especially Dragon Quest II [35].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The main idea for Final Fantasy IV was to “move from darkness to light”, which was manifested in the image of Cecil, and the emphasis on family and friendships between a large number of heterogeneous personalities [36].


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Final Fantasy IV

Among other things, the idea that “brute force alone does not solve anything” is clearly emerging [34].


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Final Fantasy IV

Tokita considers the fourth part to be the first truly dramatic game in the series and the first Japanese role-playing game with “characters and plot so deep” [37].


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Final Fantasy IV

The original script turned out to be too large and did not satisfy the capacity of the cartridges, so it had to be reduced in a hurry.


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Final Fantasy IV

Tokita noted, however, that only “unnecessary dialogues” were removed, while all the key events for the plot remained intact.


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Final Fantasy IV

At the same time, he later admitted that some elements turned out to be “unclear” or “insufficiently developed”, remaining so until future reprints for other consoles.


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Final Fantasy IV

For example, from the very beginning, they were going to include a complex dungeon that opens towards the end of the passage, where each hero would have their own separate challenge.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

As a result, this dungeon did not have enough time or capacity, and it appeared only 14 years later in the Moon Ruins version for Game Boy Advance [33].


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Final Fantasy IV

Thanks to the transition to a more productive console, the artist was able to create illustrations that are more detailed than previous parts, more clearly express the individuality of one or another character [38].


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Final Fantasy IV

Musical accompaniment


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Final Fantasy IV

Traditionally, the composer was engaged in writing music.


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Final Fantasy IV

He called the process of creating the soundtrack painful, accompanied by a lot of trial and error, noting that the team responsible for the music spent several days without going out in Square's office, sleeping in sleeping bags [39].


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Final Fantasy IV

The musical series received positive reviews, reviewers praised primarily the high sound quality of the compositions, achieved despite technical limitations [4] [40].


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Final Fantasy IV

The “theme of love” turned out to be so successful that it was included in the curriculum of general education Japanese schools [41].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Uematsu still performs many of the tracks present in the game at his various concerts [42].


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Final Fantasy IV

Three albums with music from the game were released in Japan.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

On June 14, 1991, the full original soundtrack Final Fantasy IV: Original Sound Version was released, containing all 44 audio tracks [43].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

It was followed on October 24 by Final Fantasy IV: Celtic Moon, in which selected songs are presented in arrangements inspired by Celtic motifs [44].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The third album, released on April 21, 1992, under the title Final Fantasy IV Piano Collections, is a set of melodies performed by Toshiyuki Mori piano solo.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

This release gave rise to a whole series of Piano Collections albums, each subsequent part of Final Fantasy has a similar acoustic collection in its discography [45].


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Final Fantasy IV

Many songs were later included in Square's various music compilations, for example, Nobuo Uematsu's rock band The Black Mages recorded “The Zeromus Theme” for one of their albums, a vocal version “Themes of Love” was included in the collection Final Fantasy: Pray.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The songs are often performed in live performances dedicated to video game music and are featured in accompanying live albums.


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Final Fantasy IV

In particular, Red Wings, The Theme of Love and The Final Theme were performed by the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra in 1991 [46].


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Final Fantasy IV

For the Distant Worlds — Music from Final Fantasy tour, the Royal Stockholm Orchestra played “The Theme of Love” [47], the songs were on the setlist of the Tour de Japon: Music from Final performance series Fantasy, where they were performed by the New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra [48].


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Final Fantasy IV

Several remixes were released by the independent but officially licensed band Project Majestic Mix, which specializes in mixing music from games [49].


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Final Fantasy IV

Some songs have appeared in various fan doujin albums [50] and have repeatedly appeared on numerous collections of cover versions of thematic sites like OverClocked Remix [51].


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Final Fantasy IV

North American localization


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Final Fantasy IV

The previous two parts of Final Fantasy were not released in North America, so in order to maintain the numbering sequence, the name of the game was changed from Final Fantasy IV to Final Fantasy II during the translation.


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Final Fantasy IV

At subsequent reprints, however, the numbering returned to the original.


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Final Fantasy IV

The English version retained the plot, graphics and music of the original source, but at the same time, the developers, trying to meet the requirements of novice players, significantly reduced the complexity [52].


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Final Fantasy IV

The dialogues and backstories of some characters have been reduced due to technical limitations related to the capacity of SNES cartridges.


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Final Fantasy IV

For example, Cain's background and description of his relationship with his father, as well as Zemus's motivation for his plans to colonize the Earth, have completely disappeared [53].


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Final Fantasy IV

Other changes include the removal of explicit references to Judaism and Christianity, and potentially obscene graphic illustrations.


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Final Fantasy IV

Magic called “Holiness” was renamed “Whiteness”, references to prayer disappeared, in particular, the “Tower of Prayers” in Mysidia became the “Tower of Wishes”, although one of the white magicians inside is still calls it its original name.


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Final Fantasy IV

In the plot, some characters die, and the authors of the localization changed these scenes in such a way that there is no direct mention of their death in the dialogues [54].


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Final Fantasy IV

The translated version was censored in accordance with its rules by Nintendo of America, as the American rating organization ESRB did not yet exist at that time [55].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Reissues


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Final Fantasy IV

Final Fantasy IV has many different remakes and reprints.


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Final Fantasy IV

The first to appear is the so-called Final Fantasy IV Easytype, a version with significantly reduced difficulty, designed for the youngest Japanese players.


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Final Fantasy IV

Some changes have been made to the game balance that make it even easier than even the American version, too, a simplified version.


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Final Fantasy IV

Specifically, the authors have increased the attacking power of weapons used by characters and increased the protective characteristics of individual armor and equipped accessories [52].


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Final Fantasy IV

On March 21, 1997, the game was re-released in Japan for PlayStation, ported by Tose, led and directed, produced by Fumiaki Fukaya and Akihiro Imai.


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Final Fantasy IV

This version is almost the same as the original, with the exception of some adjustments from Easytype.


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Final Fantasy IV

There are introductory and final videos created using FMV technology, as well as the ability to quickly move around locations and the ability to save anywhere in the world map [56].


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Final Fantasy IV

On March 11, 1999, the game was included in the Final Fantasy Collection, which also included Playstation versions of Final Fantasy V and Final Fantasy VI [57].


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Final Fantasy IV

The collection was accompanied by a five-thousandth collector's edition, which, in addition to the game disc, also included a designer alarm clock designed in the style of “Last Fantasy” [58].


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Final Fantasy IV

In North America, the PlayStation version was released in 2001 on a CD called Final Fantasy Chronicles, paired with Chrono Trigger.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

In Europe and Australia, the same version was released a year later on Final Fantasy Anthology, paired with the fifth part of the series.


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Final Fantasy IV

The blunders of the previous English translation have been corrected, but some phrases like “” that have already become famous have remained unchanged [59].


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Final Fantasy IV

The same version was later adapted for the WonderSwan Color handheld system, while sprites and backgrounds improved, the port is notable for increased detail and a more developed color palette [60].


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Final Fantasy IV

This was followed by a port for the Game Boy Advance portable device, also made by Tose, a portable version released in all regions in 2005 and 2006 under the name Final Fantasy IV Advance.


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Final Fantasy IV

In Japan, a limited edition was also distributed with the Game Boy Micro console, which featured the characters Cecil and Cain on the front.


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Final Fantasy IV

The graphics have become even better, minor changes have affected the musical range.


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Final Fantasy IV

The localization team completely redesigned the English translation, significantly expanding the plot component and restoring some previously lost details of the narrative [52].


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Final Fantasy IV

The names of unique abilities and spells have been brought into line with the Japanese original, for example, the magic of “Bolt2” returned to the original version of “Thundara” [54].


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Final Fantasy IV

New dungeons have been added with rare weapons and armor, where, among other things, you can fight the most powerful monsters in the game [52].


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Final Fantasy IV

In 2007, for the twentieth anniversary of the Final Fantasy series, the game was redesigned with fully 3D graphics and released for the Nintendo DS handheld console.


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Final Fantasy IV

In addition to the polygonal environment, this version received several more noteworthy innovations, including voice voicing of the characters, additional mini-games, minor changes in gameplay.


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Final Fantasy IV

Matrix Software, which previously created a similar remake of Final Fantasy III, is responsible for the development, and the development team was led by people from the original authors: Takashi Tokita took on the role of CEO and director, produced by Tomoya Asano, and the battle was designed by Hiroyuki Ito.


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Final Fantasy IV

Significantly transformed cutscenes of plot events were planned by an animator [62], the music was rewritten by composers and [63].


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Final Fantasy IV

The original version was made available for download through the Virtual Console in August 2009 for later play on the Wii console, and in 2010, the same versions for North America and PAL- region [64].


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Final Fantasy IV

At the same time, a version designed for mobile phones with support for i-mode technology went on sale.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

All the innovations added to previous releases are also present here, in addition, players have access to a new exclusive dungeon that opens after completing the story part of the game [65].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

In 2011, the fourth installment was released on the PlayStation Portable handheld console as part of the Final Fantasy IV: Complete Collection, where the game is presented along with its sequel Final Fantasy IV: The After Years, as well as additional short episodes showing events that took place immediately after the end of the original Final Fantasy IV and create a smoother transition to The After Years.


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Final Fantasy IV

The graphics in the Complete Collection are two-dimensional, although all textures are redrawn in a higher resolution; the music has been rearranged with the addition of a few new melodies (there is also an option in the game choosing the original 8-bit soundtrack), the soundtrack was arranged by the composer [66].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Sales and reviews


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Final Fantasy IV

The original Japanese version sold 1.44 million copies [67].


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Final Fantasy IV

Global sales as of March 31, 2003, including remakes for PlayStation and WonderSwan Color, amounted to 2.16 million copies, of which 1.82 in Japan alone and 0.34 in the rest of the regions [68].


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Final Fantasy IV

In 2007, before the release of the NDS version, it sold about 3 million copies worldwide [9], and as of May 2009, another 1.1 million had been added to this number [69].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Many reviewers have named Final Fantasy IV among the greatest games of all time, noting the appearance of many elements that will later become traditional for most Japanese role-playing games, praise was awarded the “concept of continuous dramatic narrative” used here for the first time [70] [71].


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Final Fantasy IV

Describing the advantages of the fourth part, reviewers most often write about graphics, gameplay and music [52] [70].


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Final Fantasy IV

It is often called one of the first role-playing games with a complex plot [6] [40].


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Final Fantasy IV

Nintendo Power magazine described Final Fantasy IV as the “new standard of perfection” in role-playing games [72], later placing the game at ninth and twenty-eighth places on its lists of “100 the greatest Nintendo Games” in the 100th and 200th editions, respectively [73] [74].


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Final Fantasy IV

A very positive review was published in March 1992 by GamePro magazine, awarding the game the highest possible score [75].


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Final Fantasy IV

In 2005, IGN ranked fourth at number twenty-sixth on its list of the greatest games of all time, the highest position of any Last Fantasy, but in the same ranking of 2007 honored it only fifty-fifth place, skipping ahead Final Fantasy VI and Final Fantasy Tactics [76] [77].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

Based on a readers' vote in 2006 by the Japanese magazine Famitsu, the game was named the sixth best ever released [78].


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Final Fantasy IV

Negative qualities usually include the poor quality of the translation of the English SNES version, which is replete with errors and abbreviations [40] [52], and the lack of flexible character customization [63].


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Final Fantasy IV

The Final Fantasy Collection sold 400,000 copies and peaked at number 31 on the Japanese game chart in 1999 [79].


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Final Fantasy IV

Famitsu weekly awarded him 54 points out of 60, rated by six experienced reviewers, each on a ten-point scale [58].


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Final Fantasy IV

Final Fantasy IV Advance was also praised by reviewers [80], although some noted insufficient graphics for modern games, especially compared to Final Fantasy VI [52] [81].


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Final Fantasy IV

Despite the fact that the English translation was completely revised, some fans still found errors and inaccuracies in the text that arose during the localization [70].


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Final Fantasy IV

The Nintendo DS version received positive ratings primarily for its visual performance, as well as for gameplay innovations and new cutscenes [82] [83] [84].


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Final Fantasy IV

Anatoly Sonin, a critic of Game Country magazine, called this version “one of the most beautiful games on DS”, noting that by today's standards it is still a little outdated: “The amazing plot has become just good, and the heroes have turned from amazing to adequate” [85].


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Final Fantasy IV

Final Fantasy IV claimed IGN's best NDS role-playing game of 2008, but eventually lost to Square Enix's other game, The World Ends with You [86].


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Final Fantasy IV

Continuing the game


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Final Fantasy IV

Final Fantasy IV has a direct sequel called Final Fantasy IV: The After Years, released in 2008 for FOMA 903i mobile phones connected to telecom operator NTT DoCoMo [87].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

The game takes place 17 years later and describes the adventures of Seodore, son of Cecil and Rosa, who, along with old characters and some new ones, embarks on a journey to thwart plans another villain who seeks to destroy humanity.


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Final Fantasy IV

The gameplay has generally remained the same, but some new elements have been added, for example, the combat system is directly related to the phases of the moon that change after visiting hotels.


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

They affect the physical and magical powers of both characters and opponents, with different phases corresponding to different monsters that come across during the journey [88].


Question: When was Final Fantasy IV first released for mobile phones?

Final Fantasy IV

There is also a “ligament system” similar to the one in Chrono Trigger, which allows several heroes to attack at the same time, dealing huge damage to enemies.


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Final Fantasy IV

The game was released in separate parts, each of which, as a rule, was released once a month and was dedicated to a specific character [89].


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Final Fantasy IV

In 2009, The After Years appeared on WiiWare [90], and in March 2011 it was released for PlayStation Portable, where it is presented along with the original game as part of Final Fantasy IV : Complete Collection [66].


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Final Fantasy IV

Notes


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References


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Final Fantasy IV

- official website of the Nintendo DS version


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— official website of the mobile version


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— official website of the GBA version


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(in English) — a profile in a specialized encyclopedia based on Wikia


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Final Fantasy IV

— Russian-language section on the Final Fantasy Forever website


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Category:1991 video games


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Category:Final Fantasy


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Final Fantasy IV

Category:Games for SNES


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Final Fantasy IV

Category:PlayStation Games


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Category:Games for WonderSwan Color


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Final Fantasy IV

Category:Games for Game Boy Advance


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Final Fantasy IV

Category:Virtual Console Games


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Final Fantasy IV

Category:Mobile phone games