Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Juanes: “Cuando Pase el Temblor was the first song I heard from them. It was the first to be played in Colombia. I'm glad they're back. Why not if they're alive and have the ability to do so? This is certainly a legend.”


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Juan Luis Guerra: “Soda Stereo is a wonderful band. I am very happy (I mean the new tour). This is one of the best Latin rock bands.”


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

When they won the Latin MTV Award in 2002, reflecting the international level achieved by Ibero-American music, the press described this moment as the most memorable of the entire ceremony: “The Award” The legend “gets Soda Stereo as the most important and influential Spanish-speaking rock band of all time.”


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Discography


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Studio albums


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Soda Stereo (1984)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Nada Personal (1985)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Signos (1986)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Doble Vida (1988)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Canción Animal (1990)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Dynamo (1992)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Sueño Stereo (1995)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Live CDs and Remixes


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Ruido Blanco (1987)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Rex Mix (1991)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Zona de Promesas (1993)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Comfort y Música Para Volar (1996)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

El Último Concierto (A y B) (1997)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Gira Me verás volver (#1 y #2) (2008)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Compilations


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Me Verás Volver (Hits & +) (2007)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Videography


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

VHS


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Nada Personal en Obras (1986)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Ruido Blanco (1987)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Canción Animada (1992)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Haciendo Dynamo (1993)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

DV


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Una Parte de la Euforia (Documental) (2004)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

El Último Concierto (En Vivo) (1997) Editado en (2005)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Comfort y Música para Volar (En Vivo) (1996) Editado en (2007)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Gira Me Verás Volver (En Vivo) (2007) Editado en (2008)


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Video clips


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Dietético (1984) Dirección: Alfredo Lois


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

“Soda Stereo en el Astros” (1985): Dirección: Alfredo Lois


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Cuando pase el temblor (1986): Dirección: Alfredo Lois.


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Video finalista del 12 World Festival of Video and TV/Acapulco


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Signos en Perú (1987): Dirección: Alfredo Lois


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Ruido Blanco (1987): Dirección: Alfredo Lois


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

“En la ciudad de la furia” (1989): Dirección: Alfredo Lois.


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Video finalista del MTV Music Awards por “Mejor Video Extranjero”


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

De música ligera (1990): Dirección: Alfredo Lois


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

“De música ligera/Canción animal/UN millón de años luz” (1990): Dirección: Caíto Lorenzo


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Cae el sol (1991): Dirección: Caíto Lorenzo


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

“No necesito verte” (1991): Dirección: Eduardo Capilla


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Canción animada (1992): Video-Home


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Primavera 0 (1992): Dirección: Boy Olmi


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Haciendo Dynamo (1992): Dirección: Boy Olmi


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

“Ella usó mi cabeza como un revólver” (1995): Dirección: Stanley Gonczanski.


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Ganador a Mejor Video Latino en los MTV Video Music Awards 1996


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Zoom (1995): Dirección: E. Capilla- M. Galperín


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Category: Music groups of the 1980s


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Category: Argentine rock music groups


Question: Did Soda Stereo perform in Russia?

Soda Stereo

Category:MTV Video Music Awards Winners


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

The number of union republics of the USSR varied from 4 to 16.


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

History


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

At the time of its formation on December 30, 1922, the USSR consisted of 4 republics (the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR).


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

As a result of the national-state cleavage in Central Asia in 1924-1925 with the adoption in the USSR of the Bukhara Soviet Socialist Republic (formerly the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic) and The Khorezm Soviet Socialist Republic (formerly the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic) were formed the Uzbek SSR and the Turkmen SSR (by the resolution of the CEC of the USSR adopted on October 27, 1924, declarations of education were adopted in February 1925 at the Constituent Congresses of the Soviets of the Republics and officially adopted at the Third Congress of Soviets in May 1925); there were 6 Union republics. October 16, 1929 The 3rd All-Tajik Congress of Soviets adopted a declaration on the transformation of the Tajik ASSR into the Tajik SSR, and on December 5, 1929, the CEC of the USSR approved this decision; there were 7 Union republics.


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

When the Constitution of the USSR was adopted on December 5, 1936, the ZSFSR was divided into the Azerbaijan, Armenian and Georgian SSR, and the Kazakh ASSR and the Kyrgyz ASSR, which were part of the RSFSR, were transformed into the Kazakh The SSR and the Kyrgyz SSR; there were 11 union republics.


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

On March 31, 1940, after the annexation of part of the border territories of Finland received by the USSR under the Moscow Peace Treaty, which ended the Soviet-Finnish “winter” war (1939—1940), the Karelian ASSR was transformed into a union republic within the USSR — the Karelian-Finnish SSR; there were 12 union republics.


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

In August 1940, the Moldavian SSR (August 2), the Lithuanian SSR (August 3), the Latvian SSR (August 5) and the Estonian SSR (August 6) were admitted to the USSR; there were 16 Union republics.


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

When the Tuvan People's Republic was adopted into the USSR in 1944, it became not a union republic, but the Tuva Autonomous Region within the RSFSR.


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Since July 16, 1956, the Karelian-Finnish SSR was returned to the status of an autonomous republic within the RSFSR and again transformed into the Karelian ASSR; there were 15 Union republics.


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

According to some sources, in the 1960s, during the reign of Todor Zhivkov, he put forward, but did not accept the proposal to include Bulgaria in the USSR as a union republic [1] [2] [3].


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

At the parade of sovereignties of 1989-1991, six out of 15 Soviet republics announced their refusal to join the new Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics, which was supposed to be a soft federation, then the Union of Sovereign States (JIT), declaring independence (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Armenia and Georgia) and the transition to it (Moldova).


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

At the same time, a number of former autonomous republics of Russia (Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Chechen-Ingushetia), Georgia (Abkhazia, South Ossetia), Moldova (Transnistria, Gagauzia), Ukraine (Crimea) announced their desire to become members of the Union.


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Then, during the collapse of the USSR after the August coup of the State Emergency Committee, the authorities of the USSR recognized the independence of the three Baltic republics, and almost all remaining allied republic.


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Seven Union republics (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) decided to conclude an agreement on the creation of the SSG as a confederation.


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

However, after the referendum on the independence of Ukraine, the three founding republics of the USSR (RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus) sign Belovezha agreements on its dissolution, which are then approved all twelve republics, and instead of the JIT, the Commonwealth of Independent States is being created as an international (interstate) organization.


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

At the same time, by the time of the dissolution of the USSR on December 8—12, 1991, only three of all the Union republics had not declared independence, and had not held referendums on independence (RSFSR, Belarus, Kazakhstan; the latter did it later).


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Constitutional order


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1977 (Chapter 8, Article 71), the republics of the Soviet Union are arranged in the following order:


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Ukrainian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Belorussian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Uzbek SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Kazakh SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Georgian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Azerbaijan SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Lithuanian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Moldavian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Latvian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Kirghiz SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Tajik SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Armenian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Turkmen SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Estonian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

In the same order, the mottos of the Union republics are located on the coat of arms of the USSR — from the bottom up alternately to the left and right (for the viewer).


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

The order roughly corresponds to the population at the time of the creation of the republics


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

This procedure was introduced by the Law of the USSR of February 25, 1947 “On Amendments and Additions to the Text of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR”, in particular, which read: “In Article 13, list the Union republics in according to population size, and this article should be worded as follows...” [4].


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Alphabetical order


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Alphabetical order, card numbers:


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Azerbaijan SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Armenian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Belorussian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Georgian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Kazakh SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Kirghiz SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Latvian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Lithuanian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Moldavian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

RSFSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Tajik SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Turkmen SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Uzbek SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Ukrainian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Estonian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

In order of decreasing population density


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

LocationRepublicDensity, people


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

/km²1Moldavian SSR128,22Armenian SSR110,33Ukrainian SSR85,64Azerbaijani SSR81,35Georgian SSR77,56Lithuanian SSR56,57Belarusian SSR48,98Uzbek SSR44,59Latvian SSR41,310Tajik SSR35,711Estonian SSR34,612Kyrgyz SSR21,413RSFSR8,614Turkmen SSR7,215Kazakh SSR6,1


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

In order of decreasing size of economies


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

In decreasing order of GDP per capita (1990)


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

RSFSR (17.5 thousand dollars) [5]


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Latvian SSR (16.5)


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Estonian SSR (15.8)


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Byelorussian SSR (15.6)


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Lithuanian SSR (13.0)


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Ukrainian SSR (12.4)


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Georgian SSR (10.6)


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Kazakh SSR (10.1)


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Moldavian SSR (10.0)


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Armenian SSR (9.5)


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Turkmen SSR (8.6)


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Azerbaijan SSR (8.3)


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Kirghiz SSR (7.2)


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Uzbek SSR (6.6)


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Tajik SSR (5.5)


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

In order of decreasing industrial production


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

RSFSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Ukrainian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Belorussian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Kazakh SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Uzbek SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Georgian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Armenian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Latvian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Azerbaijan SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Estonian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Lithuanian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Moldavian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Kirghiz SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Tajik SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Turkmen SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

In decreasing order of agricultural output


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

RSFSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Ukrainian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Kazakh SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Belorussian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Uzbek SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Lithuanian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Moldavian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Azerbaijan SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Georgian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Estonian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Latvian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Kirghiz SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Tajik SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Turkmen SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Armenian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

In decreasing order of mining


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

RSFSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Kazakh SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Ukrainian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Turkmen SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Azerbaijan SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Uzbek SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Belorussian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Tajik SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Estonian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Kirghiz SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Armenian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Georgian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Lithuanian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Moldavian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Latvian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

On postage stamps


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Postage Stamps of the USSR, 1947 (in alphabetical order)


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Azerbaijan SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Armenian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Belorussian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Georgian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Kazakh SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Karelo-Finnish SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Kirghiz SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Latvian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Lithuanian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Moldavian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

RSFSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Tajik SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Turkmen SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Uzbek SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Ukrainian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Estonian SSR


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

See also


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Autonomous republic


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Notes


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

References


Question: How many republics were part of the USSR?

List of Soviet Union Republics

Soviet republics


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

A history of Mexico (Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko]; by Nahuatl languages: mexica) [Note 1], which dates back several millennia and is a chronicle of great cultural achievements and geographical discoveries, is at the same time filled with tragic events related to the military and political struggle.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Since the arrival of the first settlers, Mexico has been a habitat for hunter-gatherers.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

About 9,000 years ago, there was an agricultural revolution that led to the emergence of large cities, and then ancient states, such as the Aztec Empire and the Mayan states.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In the 16th century, Mexico was colonized by the Spanish.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Colonial rule, which lasted 300 years, ended in a war of liberation and the establishment of a Mexican monarchy, and then a republic.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Mexico's history goes back to periods of civil wars, interventions and dictatorships.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Recent history is marked by economic recovery and several crises, as well as the political hegemony of one party.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

At the end of the 20th century, there was a trend towards democratization, and in the 21st century the country moved to a truly multi-party system [1].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Early period


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Prehistoric Mexico


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

According to the modern point of view, the migration of people to America (following plants and animals) occurred presumably 40—12 thousand years ago through the then existing Bering Isthmus (Beringia) between Siberia and Alaska [2] [Note 2].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The first reliably dated traces of human presence in Mexico date back to the period 12—15,000 years ago.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

One of the oldest sites is Weyatlaco, however, the age of the artifacts available there is not exactly established and is currently the subject of lively discussions [3] [4].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

It is also worth mentioning Tequixquiaca (about 12—15 thousand years ago), where roughly processed stone and bone tools (scrapers, blades, knives) were found along with the bones of animals of the Pleistocene period — mammoths, mastodons, American horse, bison, American camel, etc. [5]


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The skeleton of a 15-year-old girl (Naia), found in the flooded cave of Oyo Negro on the Yucatan Peninsula, is estimated to be 13 thousand years ago.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Geneticists identified Naya's mitochondrial haplogroup D (subclade D1) [6].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

A man from the flooded Chan Hol Cave on the eastern shore of the Yucatan Peninsula near the ancient city of Tulum also lived about 13 thousand years ago.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

It was not possible to extract DNA from his bones [7].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The most famous of the prehistoric cultures in Mexico are the Clovis culture (10—9 thousand years BC) [8] and the Folsom tradition (9—8 thousand years BC) [9], discovered at the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

During excavations at the site of these sites, stone and bone tips, stone knives and blades, as well as a large number of animal remains were found.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

People of these cultures were engaged in hunting and gathering and roamed in small family groups in North and Central America, following the seasonal migration of local animals.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

These groups gathered together when they hunted a large animal, a bison or a mammoth, which was killed, in particular, by driving into a swamp.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, it should be noted that the main food of people of this period was more often plants and small animals (rabbits, foxes, skunks, lizards, turtles, etc.), as evidenced by the cave and the site Sierra de Tamaulipas, located 240 km from present-day Mexico City [10].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Between 11,000 and 4,500 years ago, the cold and humid climate characteristic of the Pleistocene period gradually became hotter and drier, the process of desertification of the savannah began, drying out lakes, the gradual disappearance of forest cover, which, in turn, caused the extinction of large Pleistocene fauna [11].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Forced to adapt to the new conditions, the inhabitants belonging to the so-called “desert cultures” switched to a greater extent to plant food, as evidenced by the caves of the Oaxaca Valley (9-7 thousand years ago), where plants belonging to more than a hundred species have been preserved among the waste (wild maize, foxtail, wild onions, acorns, avocados, pumpkin, prickly pear, etc.).


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The population at this time, by necessity, switched to a semi-nomadic lifestyle, gathering in large groups to harvest wild vegetables and cereals during the rainy season (May-September) and breaking into smaller groups for hunting in the rest of the months [12].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

For example, the Plano culture in southwestern Mexico dates back to this time.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

It is characterized by some types of projectiles that could also be used as knives.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

We can judge the appearance of the Paleonindians by the well-preserved remains of a Tepespan man (about 10—9 thousand years ago), a thirty-year-old woman who probably died during hunting [5].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The end of the “Paleo-Indian period” usually dates back to 7000 BC [13].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In the next period, called the archaic period (ca. 7000—2500 years ago) [14], the tradition of cultural cultivation of plants was born in the mountainous regions of Mexico.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Self-domestication and hybridization, apparently, took place in mountainous areas, where plants belonging to many species were combined on small plots of land.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

They also found fertile ground for growth in waste dumps near human habitats and around sites, where ash from burned trees generously fertilized the soil.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Presumably, at this time, called the archaic period of pre - Columbian chronology, semi - nomadic tribes began to take rhizomes and plant grains with them to grow them in new territories and, it is possible to exchange them with each other, extracting plants from remote places for cultivation [15].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

At the same time, spontaneous and then directed hybridization and cultivation of crops characteristic of Mesoamerica [Note 3] such as corn, pumpkin, beans, etc. begins, as evidenced by the findings in Tehuacane and Tamaulipas.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

About 5500-4,500 years ago, the population of the Tehuacán Valley quadrupled, which indicates the increasing role of crop production in people's lives.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

About 3500-2500 years ago, the first elements of settlement appeared: along with hunting camps, villages appeared consisting of 5-10 dugouts, located, as a rule, in river valleys and represented temporary housing for semi-nomadic populations.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

At the same time, the emergence of homemade corn, which became the main culture of Mesoamerican civilizations, dates back to.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

About 3,000 years ago, weaving from agave and cotton fibers appeared.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Evidence of the existence of religion during this period is the numerous findings of female figurines, probably depicting the ancestors of the family or goddesses of fertility, as well as statuettes of warriors and priests in ritual masks [16].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

About 2500-1500 years ago, in the pre-classical era, the nomadic lifestyle was finally replaced by sedentary life, permanent villages already have several hundred inhabitants, primitive ceramics appeared, which replaced earlier stone products [17].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Slash-and-burn agriculture is developing, fields are irrigated with the help of primitive systems consisting of small canals and wells [18], while agriculture is still complemented by gathering and hunting, and during the dry season, residents leave the villages, almost all of them moving to temporary hunting camps.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

It should be noted that, unlike the Old World, domestication of mounts was almost unknown.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Pre-classical era


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The pre-classical era in Mexican history covers the period from 1500 BC.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

before 150 A.D.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

It seems to begin with the emergence of social division among the Indians.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The reasons for its occurrence were the overabundance of the population with limited material resources, the need to divide labor and organize society to perform complex work.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Around this time, the construction of the first temples, the appearance of settlements of artisans, as well as the ornamented burials of Indian nobility date back to.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

One of the first Indian cultures, the “mother culture” of Mexico [19], was the civilization of the Olmec, who lived on the Gulf Coast since the 2nd millennium BC.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

to 400 A.D.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The word “Olmecs” is of Aztec origin, and means “people from the country of rubber trees”, from olli - rubber.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

San Lorenzo was the first center of Olmec urban culture in time.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The cult center of this civilization, which flourished in the 8th-4th centuries BC. e.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

, was located in what is now the State of Tabasco.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Several pyramids (up to 35 m high), religious sites paved with valuable rocks of stone, crypts, ceremonial caches, altars and steles, as well as 5 giant sculptural human basalt heads.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The last in time was Tres Zapotes [20].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The influence of Olmec civilization on the history of Mesoamerica cannot be overestimated: the Olmecs, apparently, were the first to invent ideographic writing, which then passed to the great civilizations of the later period, learned to build fundamental structures, they, thanks to astronomical observations, were able to develop a solar calendar, which then passed unchanged to the Aztecs and Mayans, etc. the “long score” system as well as the k'atun or twenties account, the start date of which is 4 Ahau 8 Kumhu, also formed the basis of all Indian historiography [Note 4].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Olmecs introduced the surrounding tribes to the sacred ball game that the Spaniards found among later civilizations [19].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Much worse than Olmec is known the ancient civilization of the Zapotec, which arose around 500-450 BC. e.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

, which had its center in Monte Albana.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

There is the famous “Temple of the Dancers”, the walls of which are dotted with writings that have not been deciphered until now.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Finally, the culture of Isapa, created by an unknown people, relies on a transition to the classical era.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

It reflects features characteristic of both the Olme type and civilizations of a later time.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Classical era


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The classical era in Mexico began around 150-400 (and its beginning varied depending on the degree of development of the local culture) and lasted until 900.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In Mexico, it is primarily characterized by the heyday of Teotihuacan, which has become the sixth largest city on the globe.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Remaining a people living in the new Stone Age, the Teotihuacans managed to build a truly huge ensemble of houses and temples, among which the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon stand out, persisting to this day.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The question of which people became the founder of this city remains open to this day.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Spanish sources considered Totonac Indians to be such, while local tribes unanimously declared divine powers to be its creators.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

It is proved that the city experienced Zapotec influence, and the deities of this people were revered in the poor part of the city.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

It is possible that the diverse population of Teotihuacan was made up of other nationalities [21].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Maya


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The history of Mayan civilization can be traced back to the early pre-classical period (c. 2nd millennium BC —I millennium BC), in the middle pre-classical period (I millennium BC — 400 BC), the first state formations appeared [22].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Mayan Indians extended their influence to the Yucatan Peninsula and the territories of present-day Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, and several states in Mexico.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Several tribes lived on these lands that inherited the same culture, but had regional differences.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The most numerous of them were Maya, Quiche, Wasteki, Kakchikeli, Chontal, Lacandone, Itza.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Mayans reached their greatest prosperity in the 7th—8th centuries AD [23].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

3—4 thousand years ago, Mayspeaking peoples already inhabited the southwestern part of Guatemala [23].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In the history of the Maya, two periods can be distinguished: the classical, or the Ancient Kingdom (turn of AD — the 9th century), the heyday, and the post-classical, or New Kingdom (10th — mid-16th centuries), the Maya-Toltec period [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

An important place in the life of the Mayans was occupied by urban centers, the oldest of which are Tikal, Uashaktun, Balakbal, and the most famous are Copan, Chichen Itza, Mayapan.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Mayanist Yu.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

IN. Knorozov believed that at first there were a number of Mayan city-states with a small controlled territory.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Later, they united in military and political alliances, which quickly disintegrated.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

These unions, in addition to the need to repel the threat of invasion of other tribes, were united by a common religious belief.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Due to the great importance of these two factors, power in Mayan society belonged to priests and noble warriors [23].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The class of free community members was divided into wealthy and impoverished groups.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Maya had slaves, most of whom belonged to the nobility [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Maya used slash-and-burn agriculture resembling chinamp agriculture, grew corn, tomatoes, sweet potatoes.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Weaving was developed at a high level, pottery occupied a special place, and the work of architects, stone cutters, sculptors, artists was appreciated [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Pantheon was made up of benevolent and evil gods.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Among the heavenly deities, the Lord of the World, the god of day and night, Itsamna, was the main one.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Maya revered the rain god Chuck, the sun god Kinich-Ahau, the goddess of the moon Ish-Chel, the wind god Quetzalcoatl [23], the god of corn Ah-Moon [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The exceptional intellectual achievements of pre-Columbian America were the Mayan systems of writing and counting time.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Also of interest is the Mayan invention of the numeral zero [Note 5].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

End of 1st millennium AD


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

was a period of decline in Mayan culture, the most likely cause of which is considered to be the invasion of the Pipil and Toltec tribes from Central Mexico.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Many cities have been abandoned, but a mixed Maya-Toltec culture has emerged on the Yucatan Peninsula.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In the 11th century, there was a triumvirate of the city-states of northern Yucatan - Chichen Itza, Uxmal, Mayapan - Mayapan League [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Around 900, Mayan lands are believed to have experienced a catastrophe, the causes of which are still unclear.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

It is only well known that the Mayan cities were abandoned by the population for some reason, sacred monuments were partly burned, partly overthrown from pedestals, while no traces of foreign conquest were found it was.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The “mystery of abandoned cities” in modern science is most often explained by soil erosion as a result of predatory exploitation.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The ensuing famine forced the population to leave the territories.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Mayan state suffered a blow from which it was unable to recover [25].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

From the 10th to the 13th century, the Maya-Toltec capital was Chichen Itza [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

It is known for several architectural structures: the Temple of Kukulkan, the Caracol Tower, the largest ball stadium in Mesoamerica, the Temple of Warriors, the Wall of Skulls and the Sacred Well [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

At the end of the 12th century, the political situation on the peninsula became more complicated.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The rulers of Chichen Itza increased the amount of tribute received from controlled cities and villages.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Coupled with the need to make human sacrifices [Note 6] in the Sacred Well, this caused indignation among local residents.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

According to the Mayan book of prophecy Chilam-Balam, the ruler of Mayapan Ah Mesh Kuk sent his commander Hunak Keel to Chichen Itza as a victim.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, Hunak Keel emerged from the well, announcing that he had spoken to the gods, and they appointed him ruler of Mayapan.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

After reigning in Mayapan, Hunak Keel devastated Chichen Itza in 1178.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Thus, power in Mayapan passed to the Maya-Toltec Kokom dynasty, who ruled until 1461, when the Shivas of Uxmal seized rule.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

By the end of the XIV century, Chichen Itza, having fallen into decline, was depopulated, and by the middle of the 16th century, the city lay in ruins [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In the 15th century, more than ten warring small city-states were formed in the Yucatan, and at the end of the same century, the Mayans were threatened with conquest by the Aztec state [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Spaniards who invaded Mexico have discovered only the remnants of a once powerful civilization.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Post-classical era


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The post-classical era in the history of Mexico is the period from 900 to the Spanish conquest.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

This time marked the beginning of the era of metals for Central America, the first of which, like in the Old World, was copper.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Archaeological finds of that time are forged and cast products obtained by investment casting.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Jewelry, tools and weapons were made of copper, and later from other metals (including gold).


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

At the same time, the war, which previously broke out only sporadically, is becoming perhaps the main occupation of later civilizations, its purpose is both territorial expansion and the capture of prisoners, necessary for bloody sacrifices, which at the same time became widespread unprecedented [26].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Toltec-Chichimeci


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The post-classical era begins with the invasion of northern barbarians, called chichimecas in Indian manuscripts, that is, “dog children” [27].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In pre-Columbian America, this name was not considered shameful, moreover, many later rulers considered Chichime's origin honorable [28].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In modern historical works, the prevailing idea is that the Chichimecs were a colorful mixture of tribes, descendants of early “desert civilizations”, who gathered and hunted small game.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

This second wave of settlers was forced to move southward by drought and the famine it caused.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Toltecs (whose name supposedly means “builders” or “strategists”) quickly emerged from the early tribal union, whose ancestral home was supposedly the lands west of the Sierra Madre [29].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

They founded a powerful state, the capital of which was Tula.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Toltecs (or Toltec-Chichimecs) took over the obsidian trade, even at the beginning of the metal era, a highly valued raw material used to make tools and weapons.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Tula has become a center for the production and trade of obsidian, which has spread to the entire territory of present-day Mexico [28].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The semi-legendary Topiltsin [Note 7], a “tall white and blackbearded” outstanding organizer and ruler, was overthrown from the throne and lost in an internecine war to his rival Tezcatlipoca, after which well-organized government gave way to anarchy and turmoil.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, Topiltsin managed to regain the throne, which he retained until the end of his life.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Legend says that in old age, he sacrificed himself by throwing himself into the fire in a royal dress and a feather mask, promising to return in advance [28].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Later, Topiltsin was identified with the god Quetzalcoatl, and the legend of his return played a fatal role for the later Indian kingdoms.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The glory of the Toltec state was so great that even after its final death, later civilizations raised their origin to the Toltecs, seeing their rulers as successors of the sacred traditions [28] [30].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Aztecs


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Aztecs, who created one of the powerful states of pre-Columbian America, conquered many tribes of Central Mexico.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Their ancestral home, which they called Aztlan Island, was most likely located on the coast and islands adjacent to the northern part of the Gulf of California.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Aztec civilization at the initial stage was the creation of seven tribes: Acolua, Tecpaneca, Tlaxcalteca, Tlahuica, Xochimilca, Chalka and Aztec hunting tribes, which turned out to be the most warlike [23].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The highest position in Aztec society was occupied by the emperor, the tlacatecutli [Note 8], and his entourage.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Formally, the emperor was elected, but in practice this position began to be inherited.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The next place in the hierarchy was occupied by priests who rose above the nobility, merchants, free members of society associated with hard physical labor, and slaves [23].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Each tribe was usually divided into twenty territorial communities.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Part of the land (altepetlaglia) was cultivated collectively, and the other (tlalmilla) individually, these plots were given to the head of the family for life use, and after his death they were returned to the community fund.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Aztecs used drainage works, artificial irrigation, canals.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In shallow lakes, gardens and vegetable gardens — chinampas — were created with the help of silted reed rafts tied to piles.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The capital of the Aztec Empire, Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City), built in the middle of the lake, was connected to the shore by bridges and dams and had canals instead of streets.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The remains of aqueducts that supplied drinking water have been preserved.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Stone and wood processing, weaving were developed, polychrome ceramics were made, and sculpture was developed [23].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The beliefs of the Aztecs compared to other tribes were quite original.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The main place in the pantheon was occupied by the god of war Huitzilopochtli.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Among the most important gods were Tezcatlipoca, Tlaloc, Tonatiu, Matchtly, Quetzalcoatl, Syntheotl, Mictlantekutli and Mictlancihuatl [31] [32].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Human sacrifices were practiced to feed the Sun with blood [31].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Aztecs came to the valley of Mexico City in the second half of the 12th century.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

They could not compete with the strongest city-states - Azcapotzalco and Colhuacan, so from 1250 to 1298, the Aztecs were in the service of the former, and then came under the patronage of second [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Wars were almost a daily activity of the Aztecs, they made it possible to capture prisoners and sacrifice them to the gods.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Aztec weapons consisted of a bow, a sling, a spear, a club and a flint cleaver [23].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1323, the ruler of Colhuacan married his daughter to the Aztec leader for military success, but the Aztecs sacrificed her to Huitzilopochtli, after which they were expelled from the possession of Colhuacan [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Aztec tradition says that they were supposed to settle in a place indicated by an eagle sitting on a cactus and eating a snake [Note 9].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

This destiny came true on one of the Texcoco islands on July 18, 1325, where Tenochtitlan arose [23].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Some of the Aztecs separated and founded the rival city of Tlatelolco.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1367, the Aztecs again joined the service of the Tepanek city of Azcapotzalco [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The official year of the creation of the empire is 1376 [23].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1428, the strengthened Aztecs led by Itzcoatl attacked the Tepaneks, defeating them and ruining Azcapotzalco.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1434, the Triple League (Alliance) was created, the triumvirate of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tepanek Tlacopan, and local wars are a thing of the past.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

From 1440 to 1469, the Aztecs were ruled by Itzcoatl's nephew Montezuma I.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Through brutal wars, he expanded Tenochtitlan's sphere of influence.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

After Montezuma's death, his grandson, Ashayacatl, came to power, and perhaps the real power between 1469 and 1477 was with Ashayacatl's mother, Atotozzli.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Azhayacatl made from 14 to 37 military campaigns, in 1473 Tenochtitlan conquered Tlatelolco and the Toluca Valley, but failed in the fight against Taraska.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The eighth ruler of Tenochtitlan was Auizotl, under which military expansion reached the greatest scale [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

By the end of the 15th century, the Aztecs had conquered almost all of Central Mexico [24], and their state reached its largest size under Auizotl's nephew Montezuma II [23].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

By the time of the Spanish conquest, the Aztecs he led played a major role in the Triple League, and probably during the same period the formation of a single empire was completed [24] [33].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Other tribes


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Few were able to resist the Aztec onslaught.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, the Tarasca Indians, whose lands bordered the Aztec state in the south and west, were able to defend their independence until the Spanish conquest.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The population of their capital, Michoacán (“City of Fish Lords”), was a colorful mixture of tribes, in which, in addition to the Taraskas themselves, many small ethnic groups that spoke languages were represented Nahuatl.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The head of state of the Taraski was the king or “kasonsi”, in whose hands both military and priestly power was concentrated.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The society was divided on a professional basis, into masons, doctors, manufacturers of musical instruments, etc., whose representatives had the right to be present at the court.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In addition, Taraskas had hired spies under enemy monarchs [34].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Mixtecs occupied a mountainous region in the north and west of the present-day province of Oaxaca, gradually expanding their zone of influence through skillful diplomacy and dynastic marriages, by 1350 they managed to establish its influence throughout present-day Oaxaca.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The richness and splendor of the Mixtec capital Monte Albán is evidenced by the fantastic decoration of the “grave number seven” found in this city even by modern standards [35].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Relatively little is known about the Huastec Indians, except that their strength and influence were enough not only to spread, but also to hold the territory from the Sierra Madre Mountains to the Mexican bay [36].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Finally, the Zapotec state of the post-classical era continued to exist in Mitla [37].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The development of all these civilizations was interrupted by the Spanish conquest.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Conquest of Mexico


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

After the first two reconnaissance expeditions of Francisco Hernández de Cordoba (1517) and Juan de Grijalva (1518), the Spaniards learned about the rich golden land of the Aztecs.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

To conquer it, Cuban Governor Diego Velazquez de Cuellar decided to organize a new campaign, commanded by Hernán Cortes [31].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Spaniards had 11 ships, Cortez's army included 553 soldiers, 110 sailors, 200 Indian porters and a cavalry of 16 horses [Note 10].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The artillery consisted of 10 heavy cannons and 4 falconets, 32 crossbows and 13 arquebuses were in service [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In February 1519, the expedition took the already known route to the coast of Yucatan [31].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On the island of Cozumel, the conquistadors first contacted the Mayan Indians [38].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

A detachment of Spaniards led by Pedro de Alvarado, who arrived earlier than others, looted the local temple and Aboriginal homes.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Cortez punished Alvarado, and ordered the loot to be returned, which deserved the favor of the Indians [31].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Then the expedition went along the coast, on March 14, it reached the mouth of the Tabasco River, where, after military clashes [39] with Tabasques, Cortes received gifts from local rulers: a lot of gold and 20 women ( see Malinche) [40].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Having made peace with the tabasques, the conquistadors boarded ships and on April 21, 1519 set up a camp on the site of present-day Veracruz [39].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Most of Cortez's army was now made up of allied Totonac tribes [38], conquered by the Aztecs, but wanted to free themselves from their oppression [39].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On August 16, 1519, the Spaniards competed in Tenochtitlan.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Cortez had 400 infantrymen, 15 horses and 6 guns [24], accompanied by 1,500 Totonak soldiers [39].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The conquistadors found a strong ally in Tlaxcala, an independent mountainous principality waging wars with the Aztec Confederation.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In October 1519, Cortez's army reached Cholula.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Having learned that they were being ambushed, the Spaniards massacred the local population and partially burned the city [31] [39].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Spaniards entered Tenochtitlan on November 8, 1519, and were kindly welcomed by the Aztec Tlatoani, Montezuma II.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Montezuma awarded the conquistadors with many gifts, they were placed in one of the imperial residences.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Cortés claimed in his reports that the locals mistook his soldiers and himself for messengers of the god Quetzalcoatl, so at first they did not resist [Note 11].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, after the attack of the Indians on the garrison of Veracruz, Cortez decided to take the Aztec ruler hostage.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Montezuma was persuaded to take an oath of allegiance to Charles V [31].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Governor Velazquez soon sent a fleet of 18 caravels to capture Cortez and take him to Cuba.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The detachment he sent consisted of 900 people, including 80 horsemen [Note 12], and was armed with cannons and matchlocks.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

He commanded Panfilo de Narvaez's detachment.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Cortez moved to meet him halfway, leaving most of his forces under Alvarado's control in Tenochtitlan.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

With the help of bribing Narvaez soldiers, Cortes won and replenished his army.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

But in his absence, an Indian uprising broke out in Tenochtitlan [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On May 20, 1520, [31], during a feast in honor of Huitzilopochtli, Pedro de Alvarado ordered the killing of the Indian nobility gathered in the main temple.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Between 600 and 1,000 people died in the massacre [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

As a result of the rebellion, the Spaniards were besieged in the palace where Montezuma was located [31].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On June 24, Cortes returned to Tenochtitlan, who was allowed to enter the palace without hindrance [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On June 27, the conquistadors resorted to the help of the emperor, forcing him to appeal to his people to stop the struggle.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Montezuma was wounded by a stone thrown from an indignant crowd and died a few days later.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On July 1, 1520, the Spaniards were forced to flee [31].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

They attacked the city again in early June 1521. [24]


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On August 13, Tenochtitlan fell [24].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The last Aztec emperor, Cuauhtémoc, was captured, and the city was destroyed.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Many Aztecs died from smallpox imported by Europeans [39].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The conqueror of the city Hernan Cortes declared it the possession of the King of Spain.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Along with Tenochtitlan, the Aztec Empire fell.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Colonial period


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The fall of the Aztec Empire marked a new era in Mexico's history, a period of 300 years of Spanish rule, known as New Spain.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

New Spain included modern territories of Mexico, the southwestern states of the United States (as well as Florida), Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Cuba.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In addition, it was subordinate to the Philippines and various islands in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The capital was located in Mexico City, the appointed viceroy reported directly to the monarch of Spain.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Viceroy had an advisory body — an audience, which had both administrative and judicial powers [41].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The jurisdiction of the Mexico City Audience extended to the southern part of the country, and the jurisdiction of the Guadalajara Audience to the northern part of the country [42].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The population of New Spain, according to Alexander von Humboldt, was 5.8 million people in 1803 [43].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, modern researchers believe that its number did not reach this figure by 1810, when it was 5-5.5 million people [44].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The bulk of the population of the colony during this period consisted of its natives, most of whom were Indians [43].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The first century after the conquista was marked by a sharp decline in the number of indigenous people, which forced colonizers in need of labor and taxpayers to move from outright robbery and extermination of Indians to their organized exploitation, which took on a feudalized form.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

As a result of these changes, a slow increase in the aboriginal population began in the second half of the 17th century, and by the beginning of the 19th century its number had already reached 2.3 to 2.4 million people.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Spanish law recognized Indian communities (“ejido”) the right to own land, prohibiting its alienation without the approval of the authorities.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

However, there was also a seizure by the Spaniards of communal lands with subsequent legal registration.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Indians were also considered personally free.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In accordance with the legislation, their work was payable and should not have been excessively heavy, although in practice this was not always observed [42].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Since the beginning of the 17th century, Indians have been forced labor (repartimiento, or cuatequil) in the form of work in mines, industrial enterprises and plantations, construction.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

For this purpose, the authorities allocated a certain number of men aged 15 to 60 years.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Indians were charged a poll filing, a tributo that at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries was paid once a year in the amount of two pesos by all married men between 18 and 50 years of age, with the exception of hereditary elders Kasiks, village chiefs and other officials.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Bachelors and single women were taxed half as much.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Indians driven from their lands had to be hired by laborers, while others had to give part of the harvest for the use of the land.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In both cases, the Indians eventually became hereditary debt slaves — peons [42].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Blacks, mostly slaves, also worked on plantations and industrial enterprises and as domestic servants, who had been imported to New Spain from Africa since the middle of the 16th century.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

But due to the high mortality rate and the gradual decrease and then complete cessation of their import as a result of the beginning of the increase in the Indian population, the number of blacks by the beginning of the XIX century did not exceed 10 thousand people [42].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The privileged layer was the gachupins — natives of the metropolis — from 15 thousand [42] to 70 thousand [43] at the beginning of the XIX century.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

They held all senior administrative, military and church posts.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Creole population also played an important role in the life of the colony.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The number of Creoles by 1803 was approximately 1 million people [43] [42].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Most of the landowners came out of their midst, they joined the ranks of the colonial intelligentsia, held positions of the middle and lower levels of the administrative apparatus, church and army [42].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The mestizo population [Note 13] was deprived of civil rights: mestizos and mulattos could not become officials and hold officer positions, could not participate in the elections of self-government bodies.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

They were engaged in crafts, retail trade, served as managers and clerks, and made up the majority of small landowners - rancheros [42].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

One of the main institutions of the Viceroyalty was the Catholic Church.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The whole spiritual life was under its influence.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The Church was in charge of educational institutions, censored through the Inquisition, and by the end of the 18th century it owned more than half of the total real estate of the colony [42].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The new religion easily merged with the paganism of the Indians, and old customs and legends were adapted for missionary purposes that could be reconciled with Christianity [45].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The economic life of New Spain was subordinate to the interests of the metropolis, for which it was primarily a source of precious metals, so their extraction became the most important sector of the economy [42].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The mines were the property of the king, but in practice, the person who discovered the deposit received it in permanent possession and had to give only a fifth of the production in favor of the crown.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Mine production increased from 2 million pesos in the middle of the 16th century to 13 million in the middle of the 18th century [45].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The manufacturing industry, on the other hand, developed slowly [42].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

To avoid competition from colonial products, the Spanish authorities banned the cultivation of grapes, olives, hemp, flax in New Spain - only those crops that did not grew in Spain.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

These restrictions hindered the development of agricultural production [42].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Throughout most of the colonial period, New Spain's economic ties were mainly limited to trade relations with the metropolis, which were carried out only through Veracruz and one The Spanish port is Seville, and since 1717 - Cadiz, while direct trade with foreign countries and with other Spanish colonies (except the Philippines) was prohibited.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

All goods were subject to high customs duties.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In addition, a special tax, alcabala, was levied on their sale and resale.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Until the last quarter of the 18th century, goods from the metropolis and back were transported only by special flotillas, and from the Philippines to the port of Acapulco - by the so-called Manila galleon [42].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1536, the first college of Santa Cruz was established at the Franciscan monastery in Tlatelolco, where only Indians studied.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On June 3, 1553, a university opened in Mexico City, teaching students of theology, law, Latin, arithmetic and geometry, astrology, medicine, and music.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1538, the first printing house in the New World appeared in Mexico City.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The theater used by missionaries to convert Indians to Christianity was widespread, in particular auto, a dramatic work with a biblical plot [31].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

A major breakthrough in European science in the study of plants was Francisco Hernandez's voluminous, well-illustrated work “The History of Plants of New Spain” (1570—1577) [46], commissioned by Philip II.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The book includes descriptions of more than 3,000 plants and 500 animals that existed in present-day Mexico.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

At the same time, but a slightly shorter work on plants in his fundamental work, The General History of New Spain (1576), was written by Bernardino de Sahagun.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Both books were based on Aztec information about the world around them, and therefore can be considered as having little European influence [47].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Later, Sahagun's manuscript was forgotten, but Hernandez's book was repeatedly borrowed by other scientists: Jose de Acosta, Nardo Antonio Recchi, Fabio Colonna, Jaime Honorato Pomar, Gregorio Lopez, Federico Cesi , Juan Barrios, Johan de Laet, Ioan Eusebio Nieremberg, William Piso, Robert Lovel, John Ray, James Newton and others [48] [49].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In the 17th and 18th centuries, a number of uprisings took place in New Spain, the largest of which were the uprisings of the Tepehuans, Tarahumara, Concho, Toboso, Pima, Apache and other tribes in the northwest of New Spain Spain, the Indians of Oaxaca, New Mexico, Chiapas, Sonora, California, Yucatan, the performances of the miners of Real del Monte (1766), the population of San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, Michoacan (1767), Isucara (1781).


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Significant urban unrest, in which the Indians also played a major role, occurred in 1624 and 1692 in Mexico City.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

During the colonial era, black slaves rebelled more than once [42], and the uprising led by Gaspar Young was crowned with success — he achieved recognition of the rights of his settlement).


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The immediate impetus for the rise of the liberation movement in New Spain, as well as in other Spanish colonies, was the events of 1808 in the metropolis, when, as a result of French intervention and the consistent abdication of Kings Charles IV and Ferdinand VII, there was a crisis of power [42].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

19th century


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Gaining independence


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The growth of separatist sentiments in New Spain was due to internal and external reasons, the discontent of various segments of the population with discrimination and political lawlessness, on the one hand, and events on the European continent, the struggle of the English colonies in North America for independence, the penetration of progressive ideas into Latin America — on the other [42] [31].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

These circumstances led to the peasant unrest of 1810, which led Mexico to a ten-year war of independence.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On September 16, 1810, priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla revolted in the village of Dolores.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The rebels, mostly Indians and mestizos, demanded the release of slaves, the abolition of the poll tax and the return of the taken land to the Indians.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On that day, Hidalgo attracted about 600 people to his side and, dividing them into detachments, led them south.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On 20 September, the rebels entered Selaya.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On September 28, rebels numbering about 14 thousand people approached Guanghauto.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

As a result of a fierce battle, the city was taken.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On 10 October, Hidalgo's forces entered Valladolid.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On October 19, the revolutionary army, numbering 80,000 people, went to Mexico City.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

But abandoning this plan, Hidalgo led the army northwest, to Queretaro [50].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On November 7, there was a clash of about 40 thousand rebels (many, disappointed with the retreat from the capital, went home) and Spanish troops.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Having decided not to fight, the rebels left their positions, but nevertheless lost up to 5 thousand killed.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

After retreating to Selaya, the rebels divided, Hidalgo and a small group rushed south to Valladolid.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

He then went to Guadalajara, previously occupied by rebel groups.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The rebels entered the city in November.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In Guadalajara, Hidalgo issues decrees abolishing poll taxes, freeing slaves, eliminating monopolies on the production and sale of gunpowder, tobacco products, wine, reducing alcabala and returning Indians of land leased from them.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In December, he issues a manifesto calling on all segments of society to fight against the colonizers [50].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

At the beginning of 1811, the colonial authorities decided to send forces to Guadalajara under the command of General Felix Calleja (6,000 soldiers).


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

After news of the approach of Spanish troops, the rebels left the city and withdrew to the east.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On January 16, the two armies clashed.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Despite their numerical superiority, the rebels had to retreat, and their losses were very significant.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

This defeat demoralized the rebel army, and many began to leave its ranks [50].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In March, Hidalgo was captured and shot on July 30. [42]


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

After Hidalgo's death, another parish priest, José María Morelos, led the revolutionary army.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On May 24, 1811, he occupied Chilpancingo, and the next day Thistla.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In August, Morelos, with 1,500 people, marched east and occupied Chilapa.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In November, he captured Tlapa and then Chautla.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In December, his troops occupied Cuautla, and at the end of the year they entered the important administrative and commercial city of Tehuacán.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In 1812, reinforcements arrived from Spain to the royalists.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

By this time, the capital was surrounded by revolutionary detachments [50].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In February, the Spaniards besieged Cuautla, where Morelos concentrated the main forces numbering about 5.5 thousand people.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

For two and a half months, the rebels held the enemy and then left the city, losing 800 people killed.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The defeat of Morelos inspired the royalists and by mid-1812, the authorities were able to stabilize the situation in the country [50].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On March 18, 1812, the Spanish Cortes adopted a constitution in the city of Cadiz, which introduced equal representation of the metropolis and colonies in the Cortes and recognized the civil rights of all residents of colonies without Negro impurities [42] [51].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On October 5, the Viceroy issued a decree on freedom of the press, adopted by the Cortes in 1810.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The publication of the constitution and other acts of the Cortes contributed to the strengthening of revolutionary sentiment in New Spain [42].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Therefore, the authorities have taken a number of restrictive measures.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

They abolished freedom of the press, banned people from gathering in the streets.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

50] Elections to the City Hall of Mexico City were also suspended. [50]


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Supporters of independence, outraged by the violation of the Cadiz Constitution, became more active, and in the second half of the year, the liberation movement rose.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

At the end of October 1812, Morelos captured Orizaba, and on November 25, Oaxaca.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In April 1813, the rebels took Acapulco, and the viceroy now controlled only the capital and the main provincial centers [50].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

But as a result of the offensive operations of the Spaniards, the territory controlled by the revolutionary forces remained only in Southern Mexico by the fall of 1813.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On November 6, 1813, the rebels adopted the “Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of North America”.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

After achieving military success in the south, Morelos moved north to Valladolid, but was defeated.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In early 1814, the Spanish army defeated the rebels in the Puruarana area.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

In March 1814, Ferdinand VII returned to power in Spain, dissolved the Cortes and repealed the Constitution of Cádiz.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

50] Actions to suppress the uprising were intensified [50].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

On October 22, 1814, patriots proclaimed the first constitution in Mexican history, the “Constitutional Decree on the Freedom of Mexican America” — which established a republic and separation of powers, the highest Congress was declared the legislature.


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

The equality of all citizens before the law, freedom of speech and the press were proclaimed, and only the Roman Catholic religion was to be professed [50].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

But in 1815, Morelos was also caught by the Spanish authorities and executed for treason [42].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

From 1815 to 1820, the liberation movement in Mexico was in the nature of a guerrilla war [52].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

But the revolution in Spain inspired supporters of independence, supported by part of the Creole elite, who feared radical reforms and wanted to isolate the country from the liberal influence of the metropolis [51] [ 42].


Question: Who led the Spanish conquistadors landing in Texas in 1519?

Mexican history

Colonel Agustin Iturbide became the spokesman for the interests of this part of the Creoles.