Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Chamberlain was replaced by Captain Joseph Spear in March 1811, and the blockade went on without any notable events [33].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Although the French commander had a powerful fleet at his disposal, he avoided any contact with the blocking fleet and either stayed in port or made very short voyages, returning to harbor as soon as British ships appeared [42].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The only notable event at that time took place on August 13, 1811.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

After being ordered to sail to Menorca, Spear tried to maneuver from Yere Bay.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

But despite all the efforts of the crew, the wind subsided completely, leaving the Timirer to drift downstream towards the shore [43].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

It was fired at by a coastal battery on Pointe de Midia, injuring several crew members.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

His boats were quickly launched and, together with the boats sent from the squadron's ships, the Timirer was towed away from the fire of French cannons [43].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

He then sailed to Menorca and was renovated there.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

During this period, a yellow fever epidemic broke out on board, infecting almost the entire crew and killing about a hundred crew members [44].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Pellew ordered the ship to return to the UK, and during the voyage across the Atlantic, the health of the crew gradually improved [43].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Recent years


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The Timirer arrived in Plymouth on February 9, 1812 and was docked for examination a few weeks later.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The survey showed that the ship is generally in good condition, but its hull is noticeably dilapidated.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Captain Spear was replaced on March 4 by Captain Samuel Hood Linsey, but he did not command the ship for long.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The Timirer left the dock on March 13 and was sent to reserve a week later [43].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

By this time, more powerful improved ships had been developed, and the relatively new Timirer was no longer considered suitable for military service.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

While it was docked, it was decided to transform it into a floating prison to solve the problem of overcrowding caused by the large influx of French prisoners captured in the battles of the Pyrenees War.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The transformation was carried out in Plymouth between November and December 1813, after which the ship was put on a joke on the Tamar River and became used as a floating prison [43].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

From 1814, he was under the command of Lieutenant John Wharton.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Despite the fact that the ship was docked and disarmed, the Timirer and other ships of its type were re-evaluated as 104-gun ships of the first rank in February 1817 [45].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Timirer's service as a floating prison continued until 1819, after which it was chosen to be transformed into


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

the receiving ship.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

It was converted in Plymouth between September 1819 and June 1820 for £27,733, and then sailed to the Sheerness shipyard.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

As a receiving ship, it served as a temporary home for recruits until they were assigned to the ship.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

It played this role for eight years until it became a floating food depot in


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

1829 [46].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

His final role was to serve as a patrol ship on Sheerness.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

For the last two years of his service, from 1836 to 1838, he was under the nominal command of Captain Thomas Kennedy, who served as Captain Superintendent Sheerness.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

It is noteworthy that Kennedy was the first lieutenant of the Timirer under Trafalgar [47].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Sale and disposal


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Kennedy received an order from the Admiralty in June 1838 to prepare the Timirer for sale for scrap.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The ship fired from its


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

guns last on June 28 as part of the celebration of Queen Victoria's coronation, and work began on July 4 to dismantle his guns.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Kennedy left Captain Sir John Hill, Ocean's commander, to do this.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The Timirer's masts, arsenal, and guns were removed and his crew was disbanded before the Timirer was put up for sale with twelve other vessels.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

It was sold at a Dutch auction on August 16, 1838 to John Beatson, a contractor for the scrapping of old ships from the Rotherheath shipyard for £5,530 [43] [48].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Beatson then faced the task of transporting the ship 55 miles from Sheerness to Rotherheath [43].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

To do this, he hired two steam tugs from the Thames from a tug company and hired a pilot named William Scott and twenty-five sailors to take the ship to the Thames [43].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The tugs towed the Timirer at 7:30am on September 5, taking advantage of the beginning of stagnant water.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

They reached Greenhiff at 1:30pm during the low tide, where the ship was anchored.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

They resumed their journey at 8:30am the next day, passing Woolwich and then Greenwich at noon.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

They reached Limehouse shortly after and safely brought him to the Beatson wharf at 2pm.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The Timirer was moored to the pier and began to be dismantled.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The wood was mainly sold to the builders and owners of the shipyard, although some was preserved to create commemorative furniture [43].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Timirer in art


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Timirer is depicted in a number of paintings, the earliest of which depict his role in the Battle of Trafalgar.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

It can be seen, at least in part, in paintings dedicated to the battle of Frederick Stanfield, John Christian Scotka, Nicholas Pocock, Thomas Buttersworth and Thomas Witcomb.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Images of Timirer, which had already been transferred to reserve, were also popular.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Although there are no paintings depicting him as a floating prison, he was depicted while serving as a patrol ship on the Medway River in 1833 by Edward William Cook and William Beatson, and John Williams depicted him while he was docked in Rotherheath in 1838 [49].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

His last days were the subject of paintings by Geoff Hunt.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

The most famous painting dedicated to Timirer belongs to the brush of William Turner and is called “The Last Voyage of the Ship “Brave”.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Turner depicted the Timirer on its last voyage, towed to the Thames by a small black steam tug, during sunset [50].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Turner presented his painting at an exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1839, with an accompanying excerpt from a slightly modified poem by Thomas Campbell [51]:


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

A flag that bravely greeted both the wind and the battle


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Does not fly over him anymore


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Turner's film was widely acclaimed by critics and won numerous awards.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

It has become one of my favorite works


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Turner himself; he refused to sell it for any money, and after his death bequeathed it to the nation.


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Today it hangs at the National Gallery, and in 2005 it was recognized as the nation's favorite painting in a poll organized by BBC Radio 4 [52].


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Notes


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Literature


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

References


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

//Index of 19th Century Naval Vessels and a few of their movements (in English)


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

//Ships of the Old Navy (in English)


Question: How many 98-gun second-rank HMS Temeraire battleships were built?

HMS Temeraire (1798)

Category:Neptune class battleships


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Juice is a liquid food product obtained as a result of pressing edible ripe fruits of vegetable or fruit crops.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The juice is popular in almost all countries of the world.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The most common juices are squeezed from edible fruits of benign, ripe fruits and vegetables.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

However, there are juices obtained from the stems, roots, leaves of various herbs that are eaten (for example, celery juice, sugarcane juice).


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Grape and cherry juices are considered juices with almost the same composition.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

From the point of view of consumers, juices are traditionally divided into three types:


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Freshly squeezed (freshly squeezed) juice.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Juice that is produced in the presence of consumers by manual or mechanical processing of fruits or other parts of plants;


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Directly squeezed juice.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

This is a juice made from benign ripe fruits and vegetables, pasteurized and bottled in aseptic bags or glass containers.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Reconstituted juice.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

It is a juice made from concentrated juice and drinking water that is marketed in aseptic packaging.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

According to the legislation (TR CU 023/2011 Technical Regulations for Juice Products from Fruits and Vegetables), juice should be understood as “a liquid food product that is unfermented, capable of fermentation, is obtained from edible parts of benign, ripe, fresh or preserved fresh or dried fruits and (or) vegetables by physically affecting these edible parts and in which, according to the nutritional value, physico-chemical and organoleptic properties characteristic of juice from fruits and (or) vegetables of the same name are preserved by the features of the method of its production.”


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Official juice classification


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Russian legislation divides juices into five types depending on the methods of production and processing of fruits:


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Directly squeezed juice is a juice produced directly from fresh or preserved fresh fruits and (or) vegetables by mechanical processing;


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Freshly squeezed juice — directly squeezed juice produced from fresh or preserved fresh fruits and (or) vegetables in the presence of consumers and not subjected to canning;


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Reconstituted juice is a juice made from concentrated juice or directly squeezed juice and drinking water.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Reconstituted tomato juice can also be produced by restoring tomato paste and/or tomato puree;


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Concentrated juice is a juice produced by physically removing part of the water contained in it from the directly squeezed juice in order to increase the content of soluble solids by at least twice in relation to the initial directly squeezed juice.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

In the production of concentrated juice, the process of extracting solids from crushed fruits and (or) vegetables of the same batch from which the juice was previously separated can be used, by drinking water, provided that the product of this extraction is added to the initial juice before the concentration stage within one flow technological process.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Concentrated natural aroma-forming substances produced from the juice of the same name or from fruits or vegetables of the same name can be added to the concentrated juice;


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Diffusion juice is a juice that is produced by extracting extractive substances from fresh fruits and (or) vegetables or dried fruits and (or) vegetables of the same type with the help of drinking water, the juice from which cannot be obtained by machining them.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The diffusion juice can be concentrated and then reduced.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The content of soluble solids in the diffusion juice should not be lower than the level established for reconstituted juices.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Classification of juices and other juice products


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Juice products are not just juice.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Juice products include nectars, fruit drinks and juice-containing drinks.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

All these products differ in composition and taste.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Juice produced directly from fruits or vegetables is directly squeezed juice or freshly squeezed juice.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Reconstituted juice is a juice made from concentrated juice and drinking water.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Juices cannot contain preservatives, colors, flavors or sweeteners.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Nectar is a liquid food product made from concentrated juice (puree), drinking water with or without the addition of natural aroma-forming substances of the same name.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

At the same time, the proportion of juice (puree) should be at least 20-50% of the total volume, depending on the type of fruit or vegetable.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

In addition to water, nectar may contain sugar, natural acidifiers (for example, citric acid), antioxidants (ascorbic acid), pulp of fruits and vegetables, cells of citrus fruits.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Preservatives, flavors or sweeteners cannot be added to the nectar.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

As a rule, nectars are made from fruits or vegetables whose concentrated juice cannot be used to make juice due to the taste that is too sweet or sour (for example, cherries, currants, pomegranate) or because of its thick consistency (e.g. bananas, peaches).


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Juice-containing drink is a liquid food product made by mixing juice (s) and/or puree, concentrated juice (puree) and drinking water, provided that the proportion of juice (puree) is not less than 10% (if the juice-containing drink is made from lemon or lime juice, the proportion of concentrated juice must be at least 5%).


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The range of juice-containing drinks includes the largest number of drinks made from traditional and exotic fruits: blackberries, raspberries, cactus, lime, etc.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Morse is a liquid food product — a traditional Russian national drink.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Industrial fruit drink is usually made from a mixture of berry juice (berry puree), drinking water, sugar (or honey), provided that the minimum proportion of juice is at least 15% of the total volume.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Instead of water in fruit drinks, it is permissible to use an aqueous extract of the pomace of those berries that were used to produce juice or puree.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

However, it should be taken into account that industrial fruit drink differs in terms of manufacturing method and quality from homemade fruit drink produced in the traditional way.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Production of directly squeezed juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Directly squeezed juices (or natural freshly squeezed juices of industrial origin) are produced directly from fruits or vegetables during the harvest period.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The harvest and processing season lasts from 20 days or more depending on the type of fruit and geographical region.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

For example, the apple harvest season for apple juice production in European countries, including Russia, falls on July-November, Chile — May-September, China — August-December, South Africa — February- may.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Oranges, from which the world's most popular natural directly squeezed orange juice (international designation “NfC” - “Not from Concentrate”) is obtained, are harvested in Brazil in January-March and then after a month break in May-December, Argentina in May-December, in Cuba in January-June, in the United States (Florida) in January-August, then in November-December, in Spain in January-January- May, then in December, in Israel — in January-June, then in December.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

To obtain juice, the collected fresh fruits or vegetables are delivered to a processing enterprise, the main task of which is to preserve the quality when obtaining the juice and, first of all useful properties of feedstock.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Various technologies are used for the processing of raw materials, which usually consist of several processes - receiving, washing and inspecting fresh fruits (vegetables), grinding raw materials, actually obtaining juice mechanically (for example, using presses of various designs), single heat treatment — pasteurization, filling into sterile consumer containers.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

For bottling directly squeezed juices, glass containers are most widely used, which is the best packaging material that preserves quality, useful properties and ensures safety products for a long time.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Quality and safety control of products is carried out throughout the entire chain — from growing fruits (vegetables) to the finished product.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

In case of high yields, the processing plant may not pack all the directly squeezed juice directly into consumer containers during the season, but store it in sterile containers large volume (10,000 liters or more).


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The juice is stored at a lower temperature (no higher than 10°C) in a nitrogen atmosphere.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Under such conditions, the directly squeezed juice does not lose its quality and retains all its beneficial properties for several months (even before the start of the next harvest season).


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

According to another technology, directly squeezed juice obtained from fresh fruits (vegetables) during the harvest season is stored frozen at low temperatures (no higher than -20°C).


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

In this state, it can be supplied, for example, to another enterprise located in another region, which will fill this juice into consumer containers after it is thawed according to a special technologies.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Therefore, it is not surprising that it is very common to find on sale, for example, apple, pomegranate or other juice from subtropical fruits, made in January-March or packed in consumer packaging outside the region where this raw material is grown.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Depending on the type of fruit (vegetables), the technologies of directly squeezed juices may differ in detail, but the main unifying feature of these technologies is the use of a minimum amount industrial processes, which makes it possible, unlike reconstituted juices, to fully preserve the beneficial properties of fruits (vegetables) in the final product — directly squeezed juice.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

For example, in the technologies of directly squeezed juices, such operations characteristic of reconstituted juices as concentration (obtaining concentrated juices, which is accompanied by separation of natural water, aroma-forming substances and changing the physico-chemical composition), stabilization, clarification, restoration by adding drinking water and aroma-forming substances.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Directly squeezed juices are pasteurized only once, while the reconstituted juices are subjected to repeated heat treatment during their production (several times during production concentrated raw materials, then repeated during recovery).


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

It should be mentioned that a separate assortment group of direct-squeezed juices — chilled juices — is not pasteurized at all or is pasteurized once in the so-called. “mild” conditions, then it is cooled and supplied to the retail network in a refrigerated state.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Such products must be stored in undamaged original packaging at low temperatures.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The shelf life of chilled directly squeezed juices, as a rule, does not exceed one month.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Concentrated juice production


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Concentrated juice is a product that is produced during the harvest period in the regions of agricultural production of fruits and vegetables in specialized factories.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

For its production, fruits, including berries, or vegetables are used.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

First they are cleaned, crushed, and then sent under a press.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

After that, the resulting juice is sent to a storage tank.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

From the storage tank, the juice is sent for concentration, that is, under the influence of heat under conditions of reduced pressure, water evaporates from the juice as a result of its boiling.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Compared to the original juice, the concentrated juice has a thick, viscous consistency.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

At all stages of production: from the supply of fruits or vegetables to the bottling of the finished concentrated juice, the factory laboratory monitors the quality and safety of the product.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

For preservation, the juice is brought to a temperature of 87-92 °C and held for 35-40 seconds to prevent microbiological spoilage.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

After that, the juice is either left unclarified (cloudy) or clarified in a special ultrafiltration unit, after passing through which it becomes transparent.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

In parallel with heat treatment, while concentrating the juice, aroma-forming substances are collected, which evaporate when heated.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

After that, the obtained concentrated juice is pumped into tanks for storage.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

To obtain mixed products, specialists blend (mix) concentrated juices made from fruits or vegetables of various types, varieties and yields.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The mixtures are then poured into aseptic containers for transportation.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Production of reconstituted juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Stage 1.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Concentrated juice test.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Concentrated juices and purees are delivered to the plant either in barrels with aseptic food liners inserted into them, or in containers made of stainless food steel.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Concentrated juice testing consists of two steps.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

At the first stage, the concentrated juice is tested immediately after entering the plant.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The inspection includes: verification of accompanying documents, during which specialists find out whether the concentrated juice complies with regulatory documents; verification of microbiological indicators; checking organoleptic parameters (taste, color, smell); checking physical and chemical parameters (pH, titrated acidity, solids content, pulp content).


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

If the first stage of testing shows that all indicators are normal, then a decision is made to use this concentrated juice in production.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

After that, the concentrated juice is sent for storage, which takes place under special conditions in order to preserve all parameters.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The second stage of testing is carried out immediately before preparing the product.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Concentrated juice is re-checked for compliance of organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters with the declared norm.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

If any deviation is detected at any stage of the inspection, the concentrated juice is rejected and is not used in the production of products.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Stage 2.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Water return.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

To make the reconstituted juice, it is necessary to return the entire volume of water that was removed from it during the concentration process to the concentrated juice.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

For this purpose, drinking water is used, which does not affect the taste, smell and color of the juice.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

To do this, the water undergoes multi-stage purification: mechanical iron removal, purification from organic impurities, treatment with bactericidal ultraviolet lamps and flash cleaning.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

To return the water, the concentrated juice is sent to blending tanks (special closed stainless steel tanks).


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Concentrated juice and drinking water are mixed in them.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

This process takes place in closed opaque containers without access to light with a minimum amount of oxygen.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

At the same time, the concentrated juice of natural aroma-forming substances removed during concentration is returned.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

It should be noted that the return of aroma-forming substances is not mandatory.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Stage 3.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Sampling.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

When mixing concentrated juice, drinking water and aroma-forming substances, employees of the plant's laboratory take a sample of the juice and check the quality of the prepared product (taste, color, smell, consistency, titrated acidity, solids content, pH).


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Verification takes 10-15 minutes.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Until the conclusion of the laboratory on the compliance of the products with quality standards is received, the juice will not be bottled.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

If all parameters are normal, the juice goes to heat treatment.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Stage 4.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Pasteurization.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The task of heat treatment (pasteurization) is to ensure the microbiological safety of the product and its preservation throughout the shelf life.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

During pasteurization, the product is heated to 90—97°C and held for 30 seconds.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

After that, it is cooled very quickly to 25°C.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

This temperature regime makes it possible to destroy all harmful microorganisms and at the same time preserve taste, aroma, and vitamins.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Stage 5.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Bundling.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The pasteurized reconstituted juice is fed to a packaging machine, where it is poured into bags that are sterilized and molded directly inside the machine.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Thus, due to the completely closed production and aseptic processing, the reconstituted juice is fully protected from undesirable external influences.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

At this stage, experts check the quality of the packaging, the quality of the package formation and its tightness, and check the completeness of the filling.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

After that, the bag is marked with indelible ink (production date and expiration date), a straw or lid is glued.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Then the bags are packed in corrugated boxes, palletized into film, folded into pallets and sent for storage.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Now the manufacturer has the opportunity to choose different types of packaging.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Juice products are also packaged in aseptic bags, PET bottles and glass bottles (jars).


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The main task of packaging is to preserve the beneficial properties of fruits and vegetables, and of course ensure the high quality and safety of the product for the consumer.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

There are differences in the method of filling juice products into various types of packaging.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Products are poured into glass bottles (jars) hot and can be sterilized after bottling.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

When filling into aseptic bags, the products are pre-pasteurized cold.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Packaging bags are also pasteurized.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Juice production technologies at home


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

If the juice is planned for long-term storage, then the process of its production can be represented in the form of a technological chain: preparation of berries, fruits and vegetables → actual squeezing out the juice → its canning.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The process of making juices begins with the preparation of raw materials (fruits, berries, vegetables, etc.), which are cleaned of petioles and leaves, washed in running cold water, then thrown onto the grill and let the water drain.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Then large fruits and vegetables are crushed (crushed), crushed by presses, squeezed through a sieve, or in everyday life use special juicers of various designs (conical, lever, screw, by type meat grinders or attachments to meat grinders, as well as electric and juice cookers).


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The juice is squeezed mechanically or by heating the cut fruits with steam.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The simplest is a citrus juicer, in the form of a corrugated cone made of glass, plastic or porcelain.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Unpeeled lemon or orange is washed, cut across in half.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Then half of the fruit is cut onto the cone and rotated around a vertical axis, simultaneously pressing the fruit in both directions until all the juice is squeezed out.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The squeezed juice flows through the holes in the lower part of the juicer into the placed vessel [1].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

To clarify freshly squeezed juice, it is filtered, but filtration does not completely clarify the juice.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Clear and aromatic juice can be obtained by heating the raw material with steam in a juice cooker.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

For long-term storage, freshly obtained juices are heated to a temperature of 85°C, quickly poured into clean sterilized glass containers (bottles or three-liter jars) and covered with lids.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Pasteurized for 15—20 minutes, after which it is hermetically sealed [2].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Pasteurization (as opposed to sterilization) contributes to the preservation of vitamins in juices.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Clarified juices


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

To obtain a transparent juice, a method of its clarification is used - removing fine particles and improving the presentation.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Among other benefits, clarified fruit and berry juice is a better thirst quencher.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Depending on the specific technological conditions, as a rule, physical (filtering, settling and separation or separation), biochemical (enzyme treatment) and physico-chemical ( treatment with bentonite, organic or, less often, synthetic flocculants, for example, polyethylene oxide and polyacrylamide; instant heating and others) methods for clarifying fruit juices [3].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Fruit juices


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

They contain all the nutrients of the fruit (carbohydrates, organic acids, mineral salts, vitamins, pectin and aromatic substances) and are easily absorbed by the body [1].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Apricot juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Apricot juice is a product (drink) obtained by squeezing liquid from fresh apricots.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

It contains provitamin A (carotene), which is necessary for normal growth and development of the body [1].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Orange juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Orange juice is a popular breakfast drink obtained by squeezing liquid from fresh oranges.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

It is rich in vitamins (especially ascorbic acid) and has anti-scorbutic properties [1].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The term “orange juice” is also used in conversation and commerce when it comes to “orange juice made from concentrate”.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

To distinguish fresh orange juice from concentrate juice, Canada, Israel and America use the “not from concentrate” label.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

In the US, all juices that go on sale are pasteurized.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Grape juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Grape juice is a popular drink obtained by squeezing liquid from fresh grapes.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

It preserves the healing properties of grapes, contains a large amount of sugar, vitamins and mineral salts, and is recommended as a valuable dietary product [1].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Pomegranate juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Pomegranate juice is a popular drink obtained by squeezing liquid from fresh pomegranate fruits (pomegranate).


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Pomegranate fruits are rich in sugars, tannins, vitamin C, contain fiber, minerals and trace elements: calcium, magnesium, potassium, manganese, sodium.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Up to 60% juice with a high content of anthocyanins can be squeezed out of fruits.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The juice of pomegranate cultivars contains from 8 to 20% of sugar (glucose and fructose), up to 10% of citric, malic, oxalic and other organic acids, phytoncides, nitrogenous substances, tannin, sulfuric acids, chlorides and other salts.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The pericarp, roots and bark contain up to 32% of tannins.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Pomegranate juice is useful for anemia, decoction of peel and film partitions - for burns and indigestion.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The pulp of the seeds is reddish and is used in desserts and salads, as well as for making soft drinks.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Plum juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Plum juice is obtained by squeezing liquid from fresh plums, quenches thirst well, improves digestion, and has a laxative effect [1].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Apple juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Apple juice is a popular drink obtained by squeezing liquid from fresh apples.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

It is rich in sugar, pectin and mineral salts.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

It is useful for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and dysentery, contributes to the normalization of blood pressure [1].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Berry juices


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

They contain many berry substances (carbohydrates, organic acids, mineral salts, vitamins, pectin and aromatic substances) and are easily absorbed by the body [1].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Sometimes, for the purpose of sweetening, they are mixed with fruit juices - fruit and berry juices or fruit and berry juices.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Gooseberry juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Blackcurrant juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Vegetable juices


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

They contain all the nutrients of vegetables (carbohydrates, organic acids, mineral salts, vitamins, pectin and aromatic substances) and are easily absorbed by the body [1].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Cabbage juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Cabbage juice contains anti-ulcer vitamin U. Leaf juice is recommended for the treatment of gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, gastritis and colitis [4].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

In folk medicine, cabbage juice has long been used to heal festering wounds and ulcers.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

In addition, cabbage leaves help to remove cholesterol from the body.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Cabbage juice reduces blood sugar, increases the release of excess fluid from the body and is very effective in combating constipation.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

In acute enterocolitis, increased intestinal motility, with a tendency to spasms of the intestines and bile ducts, it is not recommended to eat cabbage, since, irritating the intestinal mucosa and stomach, cabbage can increase spasms and cause pain.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Cabbage juice is a wonderful cosmetic product.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

It has a rejuvenating effect, so it is used to rinse the face and prepare various cosmetic masks.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Carrot juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Carrot juice is obtained by squeezing out liquid from carrots.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The main carotene source.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

In addition, it contains calcium, phosphorus and iron salts necessary for the body's vital functions.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

In terms of calorie content and digestibility (availability for the body), carrot juice is superior to other vegetable juices.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Its use is especially beneficial for children, pregnant and lactating women [1].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Beet juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Beet juice is obtained by squeezing beets, contains a lot of carbohydrates, mineral salts and nitrogenous substances.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

It is used in the complex treatment of hypertension [1].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Tomato juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Tomato juice is obtained by squeezing out liquid from ripe tomato fruits.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

It contains almost all the vitamins that are found in plant foods, mainly ascorbic acid and vitamin A. In addition, a large amount of mineral salts, carbohydrates and organic acids.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Due to the harmonious proportion of their concentrations, tomato juice has a pleasant refreshing taste and quenches thirst well [1].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Pumpkin juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Tree juices


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Birch sap


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Birch sap is molasses, a liquid flowing from cut and broken birch trunks and branches under the influence of root pressure; it was widely used as a drink in the USSR in the middle of the 20th century.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

The sap flow begins in spring with the first thaws and continues until the buds open.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Usually, 2-3 liters of juice per day are obtained from birch trees.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

A large tree can produce about 7 liters of juice per day, and sometimes more.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

To avoid the death of trees, it is preferable to collect sap where felling is planned and it is not recommended to take it from young trees.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Maple juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Maple sap is molasses, a liquid flowing from cut and broken maple trunks and branches under the influence of root pressure.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

In Canada, maple juice is evaporated from maple juice.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Health effects


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Juices often affect the rate of absorption of certain drugs while taking them simultaneously, they can reduce the effectiveness or, conversely, enhance the effect of certain drugs.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Therefore, the simultaneous administration of a number of drugs and certain juices is not recommended.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

For example, antibiotics that are unstable to acids (in particular erythromycin) should not be washed down with fruit and berry juices; acidic fruit and vegetable juices reduce the therapeutic effect of erythromycin, ampicillin, cyclosporine, enhance the effect of acetazolamide, barbiturates, buformin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurans, salicylic acid derivatives [5] :151.


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Counterfeits


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Sometimes, under the guise of fruit juices, a falsified product is sold, obtained, for example, by diluting and adding sugar or blending with a cheaper product [6] [7] [8] [9].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Also, manufacturers sometimes try to pass off cheaper nectars as real juices [10], for example, by placing a large inscription "100% “on the package [11].


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

See also


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Drink


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Nectar


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Orange juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Birch sap


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Banana juice


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Juice therapy


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Pumped ice technology


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Porridge


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

Notes


Question: What fruit was the first juice in the world made from?

Juice

References


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Departmental (paramilitary) security of railway transport

Departmental (paramilitary) protection of railway transport (VO ZDT) are specialized armed units mainly operating within the railway network of the general use of the country.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

VO ZDT is created by state bodies in order to protect (protect against illegal encroachments) of goods en route and at railway stations, infrastructure facilities and adjacent to them territories and water areas, and carrying out preventive measures to prevent offenses in railway transport.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Fire brigades may be part of the WT.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The nomenclature of property of different types of property subject to protection by VO ZDT (lists of names of goods, infrastructure facilities, etc.) is established by legal acts of national organizations rail transport and/or public authorities [1] [2], international treaties [3] or regulatory documents of the Rail Transport Council of the CIS member States [4].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In the status of paramilitary security, VO ZhDT existed in the USSR from 1924 to 1991, in Russia from 1991 to 2001. In 2001, on the basis of Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated April 14, 1999 No. 77-FZ “On Departmental Protection”, departmental security was created on the basis of the paramilitary security of the Ministry of Railways of Russia [5], which has smaller powers (for example, employees do not have the right to impose fines on citizens).


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The system of paramilitary security of railway transport has been preserved in Belarus, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and other countries of the post-Soviet space.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

As of July 2017, VO ZDT is a legal entity (in Russia, Latvia and Kazakhstan) or a structural unit of the National Organization of Railway Transport (in Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine).


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In Russia, federal law imposes duties on the departmental protection of railway transport to ensure transport security (the protection of transport infrastructure facilities and vehicles from acts of unlawful interference) [6] [7].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Departmental protection of railways in the Russian Empire


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In the Russian Empire, in 1892, Provisional Rules [8] were issued, according to which track watchmen of the Central Siberian Railway, in the performance of official duties in the alienation zone of the railway the roads were armed with rifles and were considered sentries.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The watchman received the right to use weapons to repel an armed attack on him or an armed resistance he met, against thieves, as well as other intruders who attempt to safety of trains (attacking trains, deliberately destroying railway tracks, bridges and other artificial structures).


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Taking into account the foregoing, armed road guards can be considered a prototype of the departmental protection of railway transport.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In the railway during the Soviet period (1918—1991)


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

All existing railway stations of the post-Soviet countries have a common history.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Armed security units under the All-Russian Interdepartmental Extraordinary Commission for Road Protection (February-March 1918)


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In 1918, the Soviet government faced the problem of supplying the population with food, respectively, special attention was paid to ensuring the safety of goods during their transportation, as well as protecting communication routes.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

On January 30 (February 12), 1918, in order to ensure the systematic supply of food and basic necessities to the population, the All-Russian Interdepartmental Extraordinary Commission for Road Protection (VMCHEK) consisting of the People's Commissar of Railways, Chairman of the Central Committee for Army Supply and a friend of the Chairman of the Supply Council [9].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

On February 21, 1918, the VMCheka was headed by Bolshevik V. AND. Nevsky (Krivobokov).


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Armed security units were sent to the railways [10] or created on the ground.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The VMCheka should not be confused with the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Cheka under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR), in which the railway department was decided to be created only on July 27, 1918 [11].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Since February 1918, a decisive struggle was announced against bagmen, because of which trains could not be sent sometimes, because of which trains could not be sent, because they could not send trains.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

people were accommodated, including on the roofs of cars, brake pads and couplings.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In some cases, bagmen groups hired security guards.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Some security units represented a serious armed force, even used machine guns for protection [12].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Bagmen were raided and tough sanctions were applied.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In case of resistance, they were subject to arrest and trial, and in case of armed resistance, they were subject to execution on the spot.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Special requisition units confiscated transported food if it exceeded the established norms [13].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In some cases, soldiers of such food detachments staged indiscriminate shooting, actually robbed passengers, fired at trains for no special reason, killed citizens and railway workers [14].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In this connection, the railway guards resisted the atrocities.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Protection of communication routes of the NKPS of the RSFSR (April-December 1918)


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

On March 26, 1918 (March 13), the VMCheka was transferred to the jurisdiction of the NKPS of the RSFSR, military security of the railways was established from detachments organized mainly from railway workers who were subordinate responsible persons appointed or approved by the People's Commissar for Railways [15].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

These units, among other things, performed the duties of flying control detachments, both to combat stowaway travel and erratic transportation of goods, and to combat the downtime of cars and steam locomotives.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Thus, for the first time, measures were taken to create a unified centralized system of departmental protection of the NKPS.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

By Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of July 17, 1918 No. 600 [16], instead of the VMCheka, the Directorate for the Protection of Railways was created under the leadership of N. K. Belyakov, it was planned to increase the number of security officers to seventy thousand people recruited on the recommendations of workers, professional and peasant organizations.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

All other types of railway protection were subject to disbandment [17] [18].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The created armed security units were able to slightly improve order on the railways, railway workers received protection from raids by armed gangs.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Some units were distinguished by exceptional courage, discipline and endurance.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Thus, the guards of the Murmansk Railway and railway workers, without the participation of the Red Army soldiers, suppressed the protests of the Finnish and Russian White Guards, fought steadfastly against the Anglo-French invaders [19] .


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

At the same time, some roads sought to independently solve the issues of organizing security, opposing the centralization of security management and did not take into account the instructions of the NKPS.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

There are cases when railway security units impeded the activities of the Cheka (for example, they released arrested railway workers [20]).


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In this connection, the employees of the Cheka, according to a number of facts - groundlessly, criticized the activities of the railway security [21] [22]:


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

... guards are often recruited from unemployed railway workers, who often included black-hundredth elements.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The materials at the disposal of the commission on security from a number of localities of the Soviet Federation indicate many cases of connivance, disorganizing action to combat fraud, cases clashes of food detachments with the protection of railways on the Kursk line and a number of processes in the hands of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Speculation — all this gives the right to conclude that railway protection cannot be considered reliable, cannot protect a large railway mechanism and, politically, can present a grandiose danger to Soviet power...


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Thus, life itself dictates the need to organize a corps of disciplined and militarily well-trained people.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Other departments also created their own armed formations that were not part of the Red Army (shipping security of the Main Directorate of Water Transport, Glavsakhar security, Centrotextile protection, etc.) using them as they see fit.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In this regard, on August 19, 1918. The Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree on the unification of all armed forces of the republic and transferring them to the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat for Military


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

At a meeting of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic on September 15, 1918, it was announced that the railway guard was subordinate to the Revolutionary Military Council.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

This Decree of the Council of People's Commissars No. 668 was announced in the order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic No. 46 only on October 10, 1918 [24].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The growing civil war, the deterioration of the supply of fuel and food to large cities and industrial centers required the Soviet government to take special measures to restore order and improving the efficiency of railway transport.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

On the night of November 29-30, 1918, in accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars [25], martial law was introduced on all railways, all railway employees were considered called up for military service, remaining in the performance of their duties [26].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The previously existing security of the NKPS communication routes was disbanded, its personnel with all property and weapons were transferred to the military department.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The military security detachments of the railways, which numbered up to 40,000 people by December 1, 1918, were combined into 14 regiments and 9 battalions built according to the states of the Red Army [27].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic No. 475/66 of December 26, 1918, the Headquarters for the Protection and Defense of the Railways of the Republic (obzheldor) was created, which headed the railway guard adopted from the NKPS.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

By the decree of the STO of January 23, 1920, the obzeldor troops were partially transferred to the NKVD of the RSFSR (protection of railway structures and property located outside the frontline strip) and merged into the VOHR troops, and in accordance with the resolution of the STO of September 1, 1920, they fully entered the Internal Service Troops (Internal Security Troops of the Republic) (VNUS Troops).


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The headquarters of the yellow was abolished on October 12, 1920 [28].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Armed Guard of the Railways of the NKPS of the RSFSR (1921—1923)


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

As a result of the ongoing civil war, the railway economy was on the verge of collapse and chaos.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The situation worsened against the background of mass starvation.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The famine peaked in autumn 1921 and spring 1922, although cases of mass starvation in some regions were recorded from autumn 1920 to early summer 1923.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

April 14, 1921 F. E.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Dzerzhinsky at the suggestion of V. AND. Lenin was appointed People's Commissar of Railways, while left the chairman of the Cheka and the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

F.E.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Dzerzhinsky not only restored the technical base of the railways, organized the rhythm of their work, but also resolutely fought against embezzlement, mismanagement, corruption [29].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

He wrote to his associates:


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

“On the roads, we have one continuous horror in the field of theft and mismanagement... Theft from wagons, theft at ticket offices, theft in warehouses, theft during contracts, theft during procurement. It is necessary to have strong nerves and will to overcome this sea of revelry...”


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

An experienced manager and organizer understood the situation in a matter of months and came to the conclusion that it was impossible to restore order by repressive methods of the Cheka bodies and the police.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Dzerzhinsky said “We will not put an end to embezzlement if we do not involve a lot of honest conscious railway workers in this case” [30].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

On December 9, 1921, on the initiative of Dzerzhinsky, the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the STO of the Republic “On the Protection of Warehouses, Warehouses and Storerooms, as well as Structures on Railways and Waterways” was adopted [31] (canceled 25.01.1928), according to which an armed Guard of Railways was created in the structure of the NKPS of the RSFSR.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Railway and water police were abolished.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The defense of communication routes and the protection of individual structures of strategic importance remained with the Military Department.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The date of signing this Decree (December 9) is celebrated annually in some countries of the post-Soviet space (Russia [32], Kazakhstan [33], Belarus [34]) as an unofficial professional holiday — The day of creation of departmental or paramilitary security of railway transport (has different names based on local characteristics).


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Protection of the Railways of the NKPS of the USSR (1923—1928).


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Establishment of paramilitary security units


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

On March 28, 1923, by order of the People's Commissar of Railways No. 1495, the Regulation on the Protection of Railways was announced [35].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Citizens of the USSR between the ages of 20 and 55 who voluntarily joined the security service were considered to be in the civil service, undertook to serve in combat for at least 6 months and perform, including the regulations of the disciplinary and garrison service adopted in the Red Army.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

According to their official position, the combat personnel were divided into security agents (directly engaged in the protection of property) and command staff (junior, middle, senior and senior).


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In addition, the clerical and technical staff (clerks, clerks, etc.) was allocated.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Those admitted to service in the Guard were enrolled on a special railway register and were not subject to conscription for military service when announcing mobilization, until a special resolution of the STO [36].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

On November 12, 1923, after the formation of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of Railways of the RSFSR was transformed into the All-Union People's Commissariat of Railways of the USSR [37].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Its first leader (People's Commissar) was F. E.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Dzerzhinsky.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

On November 13, 1923, the Instruction for the Security Service [35] was approved, which established the duties of security agents for the protection of warehouses, bridges, warehouses, escort and protection of freight trains, support of artel payers, etc.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In 1923, there were mass layoffs of railway workers in the country (in some places up to 60% of workers), wages were not paid, but at the same time, raids on trains and railway structures.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The difficult situation affected the morale of people, including the personnel of some security units.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Thus, in a secret report for November and December 1923, it was noted that “strikes at the Petrograd node covered some security teams of the NKPS, various services, sections of traction services, one conductor brigade ” [38].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In 1923, the military department was exempt from the protection of a number of railway transport facilities, mainly bridges of strategic importance.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The responsibility for their protection was assigned to the NKPS.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Since December 4, 1923, special armed detachments (PSB) began to be created as part of the Railway Guard [39] [40] [35], whose personnel began to be guided by the provisions and charters in force in the Red Army .


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Leonov was appointed head of the PSB.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

With the formation of the PSB, the armed guards of the NKPS were divided into two parts: unarmed, which was used to protect property and goods carried, and paramilitary, for the protection of objects of national importance.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The management of both types of security in the center and on the roads remained combined.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

For the first time, the position of “shooter” was introduced for ordinary employees of the PSB [35].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Each detachment received an easel machine gun, as well as an armored train, which was used to escort passenger and freight trains with especially valuable or important cargo and repel raids big gangs.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In November 1924, the entire commanding staff of the guard was paramilitary.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The creation of PSB contributed to increasing the security of facilities and cargo [41].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In September 1925. (originally planned in March 1925), a congress of the heads of the Guard of the Railways of the NKPS of the USSR was held in Moscow [35].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The agenda included pressing issues of recruitment, personnel training, material and technical support, weapons, measures to combat theft, protection of structures, and the fight against banditry.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

On October 4, 1925, a solemn parade of units of the armed security of railways was held on Red Square.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The parade was attended by Y.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

E.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Rudzutak, K. E.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Voroshilov, Y.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

IN. Rudy, and I. AND. Leppe.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In December 1925, in order to establish single-system weapons, 686 units of foreign rifles and carbines (Berdan, Gra, Lebel systems, etc.) in service were transferred to artillery warehouses (Order CZHOKhR dated 10.12.1925 No. Akhp-2/375 [35])


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In 1925, it was established that all positions in the Protection of Railways, in case of release, are subject to mandatory replacement by persons discharged to the reserve, indefinite leave and completely from service from the Red Army and RKKF (under certain conditions) [42].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Organization and strengthening of the Protection of Railways, identifying the causes and conditions that give rise to major theft in transport, the personal courage of agents, shooters and security commanders, high combat effectiveness units have contributed to the fact that mass attacks on railway facilities, freight and passenger trains have become less and less frequent.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

At the same time, it should be noted the special measures that were taken by the NKPS in 1923 for material incentives for railway workers.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

For example, each employee who detained a thief along with the stolen property in full was given 25% of the declared value of the value, and at an undeclared value - 25% of the market value kidnapped [43].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In addition, the State imposed severe sanctions, for example, in April 1921 it was found that:


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Persons traveling on steam locomotives and brake pads are subject to immediate arrest and sent to local Extraordinary Commissions for further referral to a concentration camp, for a period of up to 5 years [ 44].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

As a result, if in 1922 7,888,724 pounds of cargo were stolen, in 1923 — 2,221,000 pounds.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In September 1924, it was noted that “obvious thefts committed by breaking seals, running cars, etc., almost completely stopped in transport...” [45].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

On February 19, 1928, on the eve of the celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Red Army, the delegation of the Railway Protection Department of the NKPS of the USSR handed over aircraft No. 3000 “Red Guard Shooter” at the airfield in Leningrad transport” to the command of the Leningrad Military District, purchased at the expense of security officers.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Rifle Guard of Railways - paramilitary guards of the NKPS of the USSR (1928—1931)


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The resolutions and resolutions of the XV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (B) in November 1927 [46] indicated that the five-year plan should take into account the possibility of attacking the USSR and repelling it.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Due to the sharp aggravation of the international situation and the growing military threat from more economically powerful states, since 1927, the NEP began to curtail in all directions economic and social policy, planned militarization of certain sectors of the economy was carried out [47], and paramilitary security was created on the basis of departmental security.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

On the basis of the order of the NKPS of the USSR of March 16, 1928 No. 218 “On the militarization of the protection of communications”, the Protection of Railways was transformed into the Rifle Guard of Railways (paramilitary guard) - special armed units built on the principle of military units, in which the service life was at least two years.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Persons who joined the security service undertook to observe discipline and order in accordance with the charters of the Red Army and the instructions of the NKPS, belonged in their status to militarized workers on whom labor the legislation did not apply and was equated in their rights and obligations with military personnel, taking into account the specifics of the activity [48].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The personnel could not be members of a trade union, and those who were members of the trade union before joining the security service were considered to have retired from the membership of the trade union.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

However, at the end of service, they were automatically enrolled as members of the trade union, and their time in security was included in their trade union experience [49].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Private and junior commanders (not family) lived, as a rule, in barracks.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The shooters enjoyed the rights established by the NKPS for all workers and employees of transport, such as using free tickets for travel on railways and waterways, receiving fuel from warehouses transport, use of medical care from transport medical institutions, receipt of severance payments upon dismissal, etc. Shooters who remained for a second service life had the opportunity to take training courses in one of the transport specialties.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

August 31, 1928 The CEC and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR issued a resolution on the extension to paramilitary personnel of rifle guards of the benefits provided to servicemen of the Red Army on taxes and fees in the field of agriculture , with regard to housing as well as education.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In the second half of 1929, during the Soviet-Chinese armed conflict on the Chinese-Eastern Railway (CER), the Rifle Guard of the Ussuri Railway successfully performed tasks, in combat position and taking part together with border guards in the defense of occupied areas and facilities, guard guard and reconnaissance (including under artillery fire from the White Chinese), as well as in the fight against banditry.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

On January 30, 1931, river and sea transport were allocated from the NKPS, including the transfer of the relevant units of the Rifle Guard to the newly created People's Commissariat of Water Transport of the USSR Communication routes of the NKPS.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

On August 13, 1931, state support was established for employees of the combat (private and commanding) and administrative and economic staff of the paramilitary security of the NKPS and their families on a par with persons of the commanding staff of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army and their families [50].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In 1931, rifle units defending the Central Asian Railway participated in battles with the Basmachi [51] [52] [53], which, among other things, destroyed railway tracks, caused train crashes, burned buildings, killed railway workers [54] [55]


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Temporary transfer of paramilitary security from the structure of the NKPS to the jurisdiction of the OGPU (1931—1932)


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

On December 1, 1931, it was decided to transfer to the jurisdiction of the OGPU all departmental paramilitary guards of industrial enterprises.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

It was supposed to protect the facilities (depending on the defense significance) by the police and the newly formed military units of the OGPU, and liquidate paramilitary security during 1932 [ 56].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

December 4, 1931 The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR entrusts the protection and defense of railway facilities to the OGPU troops [


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The joint order of the NKPS and the OGPU of December 13, 1931 defined specific measures to transfer the rifle guards of the NKPS to the OGPU by January 1, 1932 [58].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The rifle guard units of the NKPS were reorganized into military units guarding railway structures.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Since 1934, these military units became part of the NKVD of the USSR.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The reorganization of the paramilitary security coincided with the mass famine that broke out in 1932/33.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Freight trains were attacked by groups of starving people, numbering up to 80-120 people [59].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The armed guards of the NKPS, consisting only of watchmen, could not perform the tasks of combating theft of goods [60] [61].


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In this connection, on the basis of the decision of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b) [62] by the Resolution of the STO of the USSR of July 27, 1932, rifle guards were restored in the NKPS system


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In fact, the paramilitary security system had to be recreated.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

At the same time, thousands of trained former employees of the rifle guards of the NKPS continued to serve in the OGPU and the NKVD of the USSR, including in command positions.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

For example, N. IN. Vasiliev was a future Soviet military leader, lieutenant general (1944), who served in the protection of the NKPS of the USSR from 1923 to 1932, Colonel of the NKVD of the USSR N. IN. Solodov and others.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The paramilitary protection of communication routes of the NKPS of the USSR (1932—1941)


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In August 1932, the Rifle Guard of the Railways and the paramilitary fire brigade of the NKPS were merged under the direct supervision of the Central Directorate of the Paramilitary Protection of Railways, newly organized within the structure of the NKPS of the USSR.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The tasks of rifle guards were supplemented by maintaining order on the platforms of railway stations, in station buildings and at ticket offices.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The protection of monetary and other valuables along the way of trains, as well as the protection of freight trains on the way, was carried out by special brigades of security units, which were assigned for the entire route within of the same road.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

If it was necessary to perform security within two or more roads, the brigades changed at shift points, which were established by agreement of the heads of security of adjacent roads.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Since October 1, 1932, the duties of the security authorities, in addition to the main ones, included the detention and sanitization of homeless children traveling by rail, providing them with food and cultural leisure time.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Special patrols and task forces were used to search for children, which, among other things, were sent to unguarded railway stations.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

The staff of the Paramilitary Protection of the Railways of the NKPS included educators who carried out their activities in cars or reception rooms.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

Thousands of lives of boys and girls were saved by the guards of the NKPS during these difficult years.


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In a memorandum on child homelessness in St. Bryansk and Danilovsky Receiver of St. Moscow in 1933 it was noted [63]:


Question: How many women serve in the Departmental Security Service in the Russian Federation as of March 2019?

In January-February-March 1933, the capacity of the Moskovsko-Bryansky railway station reached 250-300 homeless children per month, and in April-May this number increased sharply, reaching 500-900 people.