Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Measuring time (419).


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

On the dynamics of an electron (429).


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

On the dynamics of an electron (433).


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Electron dynamics (487).


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

On quantum theory (516).


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

On quantum theory (521).


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Quantum hypothesis (546).


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

The Present and Future of Mathematical Physics (559).


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

ANALYSIS OF MATHEMATICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCE WORKS BY HENRI POINCARÉ: Analytical summary (579).


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

G. Julia.


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Henri Poincaré, his life and work (664).


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

WELL. Hadamar.


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Henri Poincare and Mathematician (674).


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

A. Weil.


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Poincare and arithmetic (682).


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

G. Freidental.


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Poincare and the theory of automorphic functions (687).


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

L. Schwartz.


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Henri Poincare and differential equations of physics (697).


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Louis de Broglie.


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Henri Poincare and physical theories (703).


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

— reprint ed.


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

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Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

— reprint ed.


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

— reprint ed.


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

A few articles by Poincare in the collection:


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

in the “Bulletin of Experimental Physics and Elementary Mathematics”.


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

(1908, Issue No. 474, p. 405—410; No. 475—476, p. 425—429; No. 477, pp. 473—483)


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

(1912, Issue 566, pp. 46—57)


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

(1905, Issue No. 393, pp. 200—207; No. 394, pp. 217—222)


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

(1905, Issue No. 406, pp. 211—215; No. 407—408, pp. 236—246)


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

(1909, Issue No. 483, pp. 57—63; No. 484, pp. 79—85)


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

(1892, Issue No. 143, pp. 229—236; No. 144, pp.249—255)


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

(1910, Issue No. 505, pp. 1—8)


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

(1903, Issue No. 342, pp. 121—127; No. 343, pp.145—151)


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

(1894, Issue No. 185, pp. 106—110; No. 186, pp.131—135)


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

(1900, Issue No. 277, pp. 2—10)


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

(1893, Issue No. 160, pp. 76—80; No. 168, pp. 256—262)


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

(1911, Issue No. 544, pp. 81—89; No. 545, pp. 105—112)


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

See also


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

History of relativity


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Notes


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Literature


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Template:Book:Khramov Yu.


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

A. :Physicists


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

References


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

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Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Category:Topologists


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Category:Graduates of the Polytechnic School


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Category:Members of the French Academy


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society of London


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Category:Foreign Members of the US National Academy of Sciences


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Category:Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Category:Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Category: Kathryn Bruce Medal winners


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Category: Recipients of the Matteucci Medal


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Category: Royal Astronomical Society Gold Medal recipients


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Category: Poncelet Prize winners


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Category: Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery


Question: Who was the creator of the topology?

Henri Poincare

Category:Presidents of the French Astronomical Society


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey (d. 1472) was the ruler of Beylik Dulkadir in 1466 [1] —1472, son of Suleiman Bey.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Dulkadir was a small buffer bailik located in a key place between the major states of Asia Minor: the Ottoman Empire, the Mamluk Sultanate and Ak-Koyunlu.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Competing for control of Dulkadir, the Mamluks and Ottomans constantly interfered in the affairs of the Beylik and tried to bring their Dulkadirid candidate to power in it.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After the death of Suleiman Bey, who managed to maintain peaceful relations with both sultanates throughout the 12 years of his reign, his eldest son Melik Arslan came to power and tried to pursue the same policy.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

However, Mamluk Sultan Kushkadam suspected that Melik Arslan was inclined to an alliance with the Ottomans and ordered to kill him.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After that, the Mamluks put their protege Shahbudak, who was also the son of Suleiman Bey, on the throne of Dulkadir.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

With the support of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, Shehsuvar overthrew Shahbudak and took the throne.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Not wanting to lose control of the region, the Mamluks organized several unsuccessful campaigns against Dulkadir from 1466 to 1469.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In 1469, Shehsuwar twice defeated Mamluk commander Yeshbek min Mahdi, invaded Syria and offered peace to Mamluk Sultan Kaitbey.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The Sultan rejected the offer and equipped a new army against Dulkadir.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In the spring of 1471, Yeshbek undertook a third campaign to Dulkadir, this time successfully - Shehsuvar was defeated and fled to the north of the beylik.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After capturing Kadyrli and Kozan, Yeshbek returned to Aleppo.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

At first, Mehmed II helped Shehsuvar, but the latter broke off ties with the Ottomans, declaring himself an independent ruler.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

This led to the loss of Ottoman support, in 1471, Mehmed II and Kaitbey reached an exchange agreement: Mehmed refused to support Dulkadir, and Kaitbey refused to support Karaman.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In addition to losing an ally in the person of Mehmed, Shehsuvar left part of the Turkmen beys bribed by the Mamluks.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In the spring of 1472, Yeshbek overtook Shehsuvar in the fortress of Zamanta and, after negotiations, took him prisoner.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Mamluk Emir Timraz, a relative of Sultan Kaitbey, gave Shehsuvar guarantees for the preservation of freedom and life.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Despite this, Shehsuwar and three of his brothers were hanged on a detour in Cairo.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shahbudak was seated on Dulkadir's throne for the second time.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Biography


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Origins.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Melik Arslan and Shahbudak


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuwar's father was Suleiman Bey, who held an extensive harem and left a large number of sons after death [2].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

It is not known exactly when Shehsuwar was born, but the Arab historian Ibn Iyas, his contemporary and eyewitness to the events of the time, mentioned that by the time of his death in 1472, Bey was 40 years old.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Thus, Shehsuwar's date of birth can be attributed to about 1432 [3].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After the death of Suleiman in 1454, who maintained good relations with both the Ottomans and the Mamluks, his son Melik Arslan became the ruler [4].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

At first, Melik Arslan maintained friendly relations with Egypt, but his attempts to maintain friendship with the Ottomans also caused discontent of the Mamluk Sultan (1461-1467).


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In October 1465, Melik Arslan was stabbed to death while praying in a mosque in Elbistan.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Suleiman Bey's other son, Shahbudak, was replaced by the Mamluks, who had to face discontent and disobedience within his own family, whose members accused him of fratricide and fled to the Ottomans.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Among the Dulkadirids who fled to the Ottoman Empire was Suleiman's son Shehsuvar, who became an Ottoman Sanjakbey in Thrace [5].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Their other brother, Alauddevle, was hiding in Amasya [6].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Members of the Dulkadirid family, who accused Shahbudak of fratricide, appealed to the Ottoman Sultan and asked to help Shehsuvar become ruler in Elbistan.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Mehmed II decided to use this opportunity to take control of Dulkadir.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

He provided Shehsuvar with an army for the war against Shahbudak, who was defended by the Mamluk troops [7].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Mehmed's letter, according to which he recognized Shehsuwar bey “in all the lands of his father, and Bozok, and Artuk-Abad”, is dated 14 Rabi al-Sani 870 AH (December 4, 1465).


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

It also says: “The inhabitants of Bozok and Dulqadirs scattered in other lands must be in his will and obedience” [3] [7].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

It follows from this that many Dulqadir residents for some reason migrated to Tokat and Yozgat (Bozok) [8].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shahbudak, seeing that Shehsuwar had enlisted the support of the Ottomans, asked Cairo for help in the month of Jumad al-Sani 870 (January-February 1466).


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

From that moment on, Mamluk sources begin to mention Shehsuvar Bey [9].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Sultan Kushkadam ordered the wali of Aleppo Berdy-Bey to assist Shahbudak, but Berdy-Bey's help was late: Shehsuwar managed to capture Zamanta's castle.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Berdy Bey received news of Shahbudak's defeat on his way to Dulkadir in the month of Shaban 870 (April-May 1466) and, due to the futility of further progress, decided to return to Aleppo [8] [10].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Thus, with the help of the Ottoman army, Shehsuvar drove Shahbudak away and established himself on the throne [3] [11].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Dulkadiro-Mamluk Wars


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The defeat of Rustem and Yeshbek


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Kushkadam quickly found a new candidate for the throne of Dulkadir to replace Shahbudak.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

His uncle Rustem Bey was sent against Shehsuvar Bey, and the wali of Aleppo was appointed Yeshbek bin Mahdi with instructions to assist Rustem.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Having learned of the new danger, Shehsuwar sent an envoy to Mehmed II.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After congratulating the Ottoman ruler on the successful Albanian campaign, the envoy informed him of the situation in Dulkadir.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In addition to help against the Mamluks, Shehsuwar asked the Sultan to change the borders of Dulkadir with Karaman.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Mehmed sent a letter to Shehsuvar, saying that it should be sent to Cairo to the Mamluk Sultan.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Regarding the question about the border, Fatih replied that he had instructed Amasya's cadi to determine how the Dulkadiro-Karaman border passed during the time of Melik Arslan and Ibrahim Bey [12].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Mehmed was determined to protect the rights of Shehsuvar Bey.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In a letter from Mehmed to Sultan Kushkadam, sent in November 1466, the Ottoman ruler called Shehsuvar Bey an ally of the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Mehmed drew the attention of Kushkadam that Shehsuwar rules his country as the legitimate heir of Suleiman.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Further, the Ottoman sultan reminded the Mamluk that their states had close relations, and asked the Mamluks to treat Shehsuvar Bey as a friend.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

It is not known whether Kushkadam received the letter and how he reacted to it if he received it.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

However, in any case, Shehsuvar, like Dulkadir's bey, was unacceptable for the Mamluks, as he rejected the proposal of Demirtas, Wali Tripoli, to recognize the Mamluk Sultanate as his suzerain.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Therefore, the Egyptian government continued to support the candidacy of Rustem Bey against Shehsuwar, although all their efforts were in vain.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Rustem Bey could not defeat his nephew, moreover, Shehsuwar's superiority was so great that it allowed him to capture the border Mamluk cities.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Thus, Besni, Gerger, Birecik and Romkla passed into the hands of the Dulkadirids.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

This advance of Shehsuvar, as well as the Ottoman support for the Bey, angered the Mamluk Sultan Kushkadam [13].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Victory at Turnadag


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Kushkadam immediately ordered the Syrian governors to remove Shehsuwar and replace him again with Shahbudak.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuvar Bey informed Istanbul about his situation, deciding to meet with the Mamluk army in the Çukurova Valley.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha in his response to the bay recommended: “... it is not yet the time to face the Mamluks, first try to compromise with them, but act in the face of necessity.”


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Mahmud Pasha clarified that Sultan Shehsuwar should inform separately about the need for intervention [14].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The Mamluk army went on a campaign under the command of Vali Damascus Berdy-Bey.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

One of the Turkmen leaders, Eslemezoglu, who remained loyal to the Egyptian Sultan, attacked Dulqadir forces before the arrival of the Mamluk army, but was defeated and fled to Karamanid Pir Ahmet.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

At the end of September 1467, the Mamluk army led by Shahbudak and Berdy-Bey entered Dulkadir.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuvar Bey did not prevent the enemy from advancing, letting him go deeper into the mountains to be able to strike.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

On October 4, when the Mamluk army reached the slopes of Turnadag, Shehsuwar attacked and defeated them.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Eighteen Mamluk emirs were killed, but Shahbudak managed to escape and escape [14].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Berdybey also managed to escape, but a month later in Cairo he was found guilty of defeating the army and imprisoned [15] [16].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Antep wins


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After a year of turmoil, the Sultan (1468—1496) came to power in Cairo.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

According to Ibn Iyas, Kaitbey was concerned about the situation on the northern borders of the Sultanate, and he focused on solving the problem with Dulkadir [17].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The Mamluks have begun preparations for the next expedition against Shehsuvar Bey.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Arab historians Abdulbasit al-Malati wrote that the treasury of the Sultanate was empty.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Kaitbey had to raise funds to finance the campaign against Shehsuwar.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In particular, it introduced new taxes [17].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

As a result, the army was formed in February 1468 and was led by Janibey Kulaksis al-Eshrefi (d. 883/1479).


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

From Cairo, the army withdrew on the 12th Shaban of 872 (March 7, 1468) [18].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Almost all Syrian emirs were instructed to join the expedition, and all of them gathered in Aleppo.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Mamluk forces entered Antep, which was captured by the Dulqadir in May.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuvar Bey, who acted cautiously, waited a long time and did not take any active action.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Finally, he set up an ambush and approached Antep to lure the enemy out [19].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

His cunning succeeded, and on May 7, 872 (May 29 [18] /30 [19] May 1468), the Mamluks who pursued him were trapped, many of their commanders were killed.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After their flight, Shehsuwar captured a lot of prey and many prisoners.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Vali of Damascus Ozbey barely escaped death thanks to Ramazanoglu Hasan Bey.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The surviving Mamluks returned to Aleppo.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After this success, Shehsuwar decided to punish Hasan Bey for participating in the Mamluk campaign against Dulkadir and began to capture the cities and castles of Ramazanogullara.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

At this time, the Ottomans launched a campaign against other neighbors of the Dulkadirids, the Karamanids, Shehsuvar took advantage of the situation, took the Karamanid castle of Feke on the Goksu River, handing it over to his brother Yunus Bey, and besieged Kozan.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Omer Bey Ramazanogullara, a former ally of Shehsuwar, informed him of the intentions of a relative, Dundar Bey, who ruled Adana at the time.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Only the city of Darende, which was in the hands of the Mamluks, still resisted the attacks of Dulkadir [19] [18].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

At that time, Anatolia was a springboard on which the interests of three major states clashed: the Ottoman Empire, the Mamluk Sultanate and the growing, newly formed Ak-Koyunlu tribal association.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

They fought for the friendship of the Turkmen beys who ruled in the beiliks or had the right to power in them.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The Turkmen beys, deprived of their rights and taking refuge in each of these three states, counted on help in the hope of returning to their country and one day sitting on the throne.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Rustem Bey did not take refuge in Cairo, but with Uzun Hasan, despite the fact that he had previously used the help of the Mamluks [20].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Relations with the Ottomans


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

As an ally of the Ottomans, Shehsuvar Bey informed Sultan Mehmed II about his activities.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

He said that it was not possible to reach an agreement with the Mamluks.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Mehmed, in his reply letter, praised Shehsuwar's service, but he did not seem to approve of the Dulkadirid attack on the Mamluks.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The Sultan advised to compromise with them.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Probably, he did not consider it right for Shehsuwar to aggravate the conflict with the Mamluks at this moment.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

However, he continued to raid Aleppo and tried to conquer Darende, who had been besieging for a long time [20].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Sultan Kitebey was preparing a new campaign against Shehsuwar, but since the state treasury was empty, he had to resort to a number of unpopular measures.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

He held a meeting with the Caliph and four cadis, who did not approve of the measures he had prepared.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Despite this, Kitebey began to confiscate the property of monasteries and waqfs in an attempt to raise funds to finance a new expedition.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In addition, it was necessary to pay the ransom that Shehsuwar demanded for the release of the emirs he captured [21] [22].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuwar felt strong and independent, not in need of help.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

During a conversation with the Beys, Shehsuvar said that he is the same sultan as the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

He removed the Ottoman flag sent to him by Fatih, ordered his name to be revealed in the khutba, and began to print money.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In letters sent by Shehsuwar seized in Aleppo in 1468, the latter called himself Melik Muzaffer (Turkish: el-Melik el-Muzaffer) and promised to ensure the safety of everyone who will obey him [23].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Mogul and Yahya defeats


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuwar's raids were effective and successful, as the Mamluks could not predict his maneuvers.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In the confrontation for Darende, the Mamluks underestimated the strength of Bey Dulkadir, so the siege of Darende was difficult for Kitebay.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

According to historian Khatib al-Jevheri (d. 1495), Kaitbey said at the council that he intends to fight Shehsuwar (himself to lead the army).


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The viziers said to him, “Who is he that the Sultan will fight him? The Sultan should fight only with a sultan like him” [24] [25].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

However, the disdain of Mamluk dignitaries to Shehsuvar did not prevent the latter from conquering Darenda.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Local residents opposed to the Mamluks helped in the capture of the city of Shehsuwar, and the Naib of the city of Ibn Balaban was captured [24] [23].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Khatib el-Jevheri wrote that in December 1468, after his success with Darende, Shehsuwar sent Kaitbey a proposal for a peace agreement.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

However, the latter did not receive the ambassador, because he had already completed preparations for the expedition.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

An army under the command of Ozbey withdrew from Cairo, and in February 1469, Syrian Naib troops joined it in Aleppo [23] [26].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Emir Ozbey was accompanied by Shahbudak, the Mamluk contender to the throne of Dulkadir.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The clash of armies occurred in April 1469 on the left bank of the Ceyhan River south-west of Marash.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Dulkadir's army, which lost this battle, was led by Shehsuwar's brother Mogol Bey [23].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

He died, and Ozbey sent his head and the heads of two other Dulqadir leaders to Cairo, where they were put at the gate [27].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After the defeat of Mogol, Shehsuvar Bey retreated to Kadyrly.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The Turkmens who were in the army of Shehsuvar knew the area well, they guarded the passages and were preparing to raid the Mamluk army [23].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In June 1469, they attacked the Mamluk army as it sailed to Egypt, causing heavy casualties among those attacked.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Mamluk commander Emir Ozbey returned to Aleppo with those who managed to escape [28] [29].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Abdulbasit al-Malati, an Arab historian and contemporary of the events, reported that they tried to hide information about the defeat from the population, but everyone learned about it, and Cairo was shocked.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The historian called these days “really terrible times”.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Ibn Ilyas wrote that he was unable to mention all the dead due to their large number.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

According to him, “such a defeat had never been heard before”, people were frightened, even soldiers in the depths of their hearts were afraid, as in the days of Tamerlane [29].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In August 1469, after the Mamluk army left, another brother of Shehsuvar Bey, Yahya, besieged the Mamluk wali of Korkmaz in Malatya.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

During the siege of the Bay of Ramazanogullara, an ally of the Mamluks, attacked the besiegers.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

He managed to capture Yahya and many of his relatives, after which he handed them over to the wali of Aleppo.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

From Aleppo, prisoners were sent to Cairo to Sultan Kaibey, and in March 1470, the Dulkadirids were imprisoned in Cairo.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The Ramazanogullars did not miss the chance and immediately took action to return Kozan, who had previously captured Shehsuwar.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The Dulkadir garrison was driven out of the city in October 1469.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Under these conditions, Shehsuwar decided to ask for peace again and in early 1470 sent an envoy to Cairo to discuss its terms.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Before that, as a sign of goodwill, Shehsuvar released Janibey Kulaksis from captivity.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Bey wanted the Mamluks to recognize his beylik, in particular, he offered to deploy the Dulkadirid garrison in Aleppo in exchange for the transfer of Antep to the Mamluks.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

However, the Sultan rejected this proposal.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Then in June 1470, Shehsuwar attacked Mamluk vassals, Ramazanogullara.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

First, he captured Ayas (Yumurtalik) on the western side of Iskenderun Bay, then took Adana and Tarsus and again occupied Kozan.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Kitebey was concerned about Shehsuwar's activity and feared an attack on Aleppo, so he immediately sent reinforcements from Egypt to the garrison of the city [28] [30] [31].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Yeshbek


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The actions of the Dulqadirs in the Euphrates area disturbed the Mamluks.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Uzun Hasan openly showed hostility to the Mamluks, and there was a danger that Ak-Koyunlu, in alliance with Dulkadirogullari, would attack Aleppo.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In February 1471, the vanguard of the hard-formed Mamluk army left Cairo.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Emir Yeshbek min Mahdi was appointed commander and received tremendous powers.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

He was accompanied by Shahbudak, and when they arrived in Aleppo in May 1471, they were joined by Turkmen beys who fled Dulkadir.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In May 1471, while the Mamluks were gathering forces in Aleppo, Serim Ibrahim, the leader of the Pehlivan tribe, raided the Mamluk caravan between Malatya and Besni and seized all its cargo.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After receiving news of this attack, Wali Malatya, Korkmaz, decided to catch up with Serim Ibrahim.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The Arab historian and Kazasker Ibn Eja wrote that in the battle that followed, Korkmaz's horse was hit by an arrow, and he fell.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Serim Ibrahim captured him and took him to Shehsuvar.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Ibn Eja also claimed that the latter locked Korkmaz in prison, leaving him to die.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

So Bey avenged the defeat and capture of Brother Yahya.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Ibn Iyas claimed that Korkmaz was first locked up, but then tied to a tree and pelted with arrows [32] [33].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Meanwhile, Yeshbek finally prepared for the expedition to Antep.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

When his army approached the city in June 1471, residents sent a delegation, testifying to their obedience to the Mamluks.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

However, the Dulkadir commandant of the city, Janibey, refused to surrender the city to the Mamluk army.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

For 9 days, Janibey defended the city and waited for Shehsuwar.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

He surrendered Antep only with the beginning of the catapult shelling and reprimanded for himself and his entourage the preservation of life.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuvar Bey came to help Janibey, but was five days late.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

He camped at the foot of Mount Sof near Antep and decided to attack the Mamluks, redeploying part of his forces south of Antep and Romklu.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

However, Yeshbek instructed the commander of the garrison of the city, Ainal Ashkar, to trace the movements of Dulqadir residents.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Ainal, having captured the prisoners and interrogated them, quickly discovered the location of Shehsuwar's forces.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In addition, he was assisted by Kurds who knew the region well.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Dulkadirtsy, who were suddenly attacked by the Mamluks, were forced to retreat, leaving 28 noble Turkmens on the battlefield among the dead, including Shekhsuvar's brother Ilyas [34] [35].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The first talks


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

This defeat prompted Shehsuwar to send his envoy to Antep on August 9, 1471.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Ambassador Bey, who brought the letters, handed gifts to Yeshbek, and also delivered letters and gifts to the governors of Aleppo and Damascus.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Bey decided to resolve the conflict diplomatically, and in all letters he wrote that he would obey Kitebay.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Eshbek, who accepted this proposal, sent Ibn Edge to Bey Dulkadir to Mount Sof Shemseddin Ibn Edge as ambassador to discuss the terms of the peace agreement [36] [37].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Ibn Eja participated in Yeshbek's campaigns against Shehsuwar and left a detailed account of the events he witnessed.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Among other things, Ibn Eja described in detail the negotiations he had on behalf of Yeshbek with Bey Dulkadir.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Ibn Edge's first meeting with Shehsuwar began as follows: “The hourglass did not wake up, as I was called to Shehsuwar. When I approached him, he took a few steps towards me and said hello to me. He spoke to me with kindness and respect” [38].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The main condition for peace on the part of the Mamluks was the transfer of the cities of Darende and Kozan captured by Shehsuvar to them.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

According to Ibn Edge, Bey said that the Sultan would not be able to take away these cities from him, since each of them has a detachment of five thousand Dulqadirs [39].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Peace talks with “lengthy dialogues”, according to Ibn Ej, did not lead to anything because of Shehsuwar's refusal to surrender the cities.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

During the negotiations, people who were on the side of the Bey began to move to the Mamluks [40] [36].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Clashes between the two sides have begun again.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In August 1471, Shehsuvar tried to get to the Amuk Valley as soon as possible to gather Turkmen people, as there was no hope for peace with Yeshbek.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

However, Bey was forced to return to Marash because the Mamluks pursued him [36].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After Shehsuvar's retreat, Yeshbek went to the Çukurova Valley to negotiate an alliance with the Ramazanids against Dulkadir [41].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

First of all, Yeshbek occupied Yumurtalyk.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Almost immediately after that, many Turkmens went over to his side.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Kitebey allocated a lot of money to lure the Dulqadirs.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Even Shehsuwar brothers Hyudadad and Selman came to Yeshbek, expressing obedience, for which they were rewarded with money.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

From Yumurtalyk, Yeshbek sent Ainal Ashkar to Adana to expel the Dulkadir garrison [42].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuvar took up a position on Mount Sof and gathered troops in Kadyrly.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

He divided his men into two parts: one army was to attack the Mamluk fortresses, and the other to guard the road to Aleppo.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuwar's plan was to cut off the paths of the Mamluk army [43].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Jumad al-ul 27, 876 AH [43] (11 [43] /12 [41] November 1471) Shehsuwar and his army were at the confluence of the Savrun stream into the Ceyhan River, where in the afternoon he was attacked by the army of Emir Yeshbek.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

As a result of a fierce battle, Shehsuwar was defeated — about a hundred of his soldiers were captured and three hundred and twenty were killed.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The battle ended at nightfall; if the battle had lasted a little longer, Shehsuwar's losses would have been even more severe.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

With the surviving soldiers, he managed to escape into the dark and go north.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuwar's wife was captured with a wagon train, she was taken to the headquarters, but soon died.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After this defeat, a difficult period began for Bey.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Emir Yeshbek took Adana and Tars, Shehsuvar completely lost the territories captured earlier in the Çukurova Valley.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The Mamluks have achieved their primary goal, occupying strategically important points in the region.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

During the capture of Kozan, Yeshbek faced resistance from the Dulkadir commander of the city of Devletbey.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

At first, Devletbey waited for help from Shehsuvar, and then said that he would give the keys of the city only to Yeshbek himself.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After occupying Kadyrli and Kozan, Yeshbek returned to Aleppo for the winter [3] [11] [41] [43] [44].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Break with the Ottomans


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Meanwhile, Sultan Kaitbey entered into diplomatic relations with the Ottomans.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In the Ottoman registers there is a record that the envoy of Kaitbey arrived to Mehmed II with gifts and a request not to patronize Shehsuvar [3] [11] [45].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In exchange, Kitebey promised to stop supporting Pir Ahmet Karamanid.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Mamluk documents confirm this information, clarifying it: an ambassador named Alaeddin Hysni first visited Amasya with gifts to Shehzade Bayezid, and then went to Mehmed in Constantinople (Istanbul) [46] .


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuvar Bey ignored the warnings of the Ottoman Sultan at this time.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Moreover, he violated an agreement concluded before receiving Ottoman assistance for accession to Dulkadir and did not participate in Mehmed's campaign against Karaman.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuwar also negotiated with Pir Ahmet and allowed him to hide from the Ottomans in Dulkadir.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

For these reasons, Mehmed decided not to defend Shehsuwar and accept Kaitbey's offer [41].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In the spring of 1472, Eshbek again prepared a campaign against Dulkadir.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuwar sent an envoy to him with a proposal to make peace, offering to hand it over to the Mamluks to Darenda.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Yeshbek conveyed Shehsuvar's proposal to Kaitbey, but the Sultan rejected the possibility of peace.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After that, Yeshbek and his army invaded Dulkadir territory [47].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The last refuge


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Yeshbek continued his march, crossed Goksa and entered the lands of the beylik.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

As the Mamluk army advanced, Shehsuwar's detachment thinned out, because many of the Bey's retinue left it.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Abandoned by the soldiers and not daring to fight the enemy, Shehsuwar fled north and took refuge in Zamanta Castle, where he had previously left his harem and treasury [3] [11] [48].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuvar Bey's brother Erdivan was sent by him to guard the fortress.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The Mamluk army came to the castle and, after a brief siege, captured it.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Erdivan was captured and imprisoned in the fortress.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The Mamluks crossed the river and headed for Zamanta Castle, which was built on the top of a rather steep mountain [48].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Yeshbek overtook Shehsuwar on May 13 (May 30), camped in the village of Melik Gazi at the foot of the mountain, and the next day besieged the castle [3] [11] [48] [49].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Catapults were dragged to the castle to destroy the walls.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The defector told Yeshbek that Shehsuwar's strength is small, the number of men loyal to him does not exceed 60, and there are 300 people in the castle, including women and children [48].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuvar Bey was determined not to give up to the end.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

However, he understood that there was nowhere to wait for help — the Ottomans left him without support.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Moreover, Shehzade Bayezid sent a message to Yeshbek during the siege offering help [48].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Negotiation of surrender


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Seeing that there is no way out but surrender, on Monday evening on 23 Dhu al-Hijja (June 9), Shehsuwar announced that he would negotiate surrender with Emir Timraz, a relative of Kaitbey, and asked for Timraz to the castle.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

However, Yeshbek did not want peace, he sought to seize the castle, and Timraz was not in the first negotiating group he sent [49] [50].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Suspecting Yeshbek's first envoys, Shehsuwar captured them.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Then Emir Timraz, accompanied by Ibn Edge, went to the castle himself to convince Shehsuwar to surrender.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The negotiations were long, but the guns aimed at the castle forced Shehsuwar to make a decision.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Timraz guaranteed Shehsuvar that he, his brother Erdivan and their people would be kept alive and that Shehsuwar would rule Dulkadir as a vassal of Kitebey.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Mamluk commanders Ainal Ashkar and Khair Bey offered themselves as hostages as a guarantee that Shehsuwar could leave [50] [51].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

With thirty warriors, Bey left the castle and surrendered to the Mamluk commander.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Barkuk, who was in the retinue of Yeshbek Wali of Damascus, threw a robe over Shehsuwar's shoulders, under which chains were hidden.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

As soon as Bey's retinue saw that a chain had been tricked around his neck, the warriors grabbed their swords.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

They tried to attack Barkuk, but his guards cut them down on the spot [50] [52].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

This happened two days after the start of negotiations [53].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In June, Yeshbek returned to Elbistan with his army.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After putting Shahbudak on the throne of Dulkadir for the second time, he went to Cairo with the captured Shehsuvar [54].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Execution


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After receiving the news of the capture of Shehsuwar, Kitebey organized a lavish meeting of the returning army in Cairo on 18 Rabi al-Awwal, 877 (23 [55] /24 [52] August 1472, Monday) [3].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Ibn Iyas, a contemporary and eyewitness to the events, wrote: “By order of the Sultan, the capital was beautifully decorated. The city was noisy, everyone wanted to see Shehsuwar chained. Only Emir Timraz kept away from the festivities, and he was ashamed.”


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuwar wore a black robe with a large turban on his head, and a chain ring around his neck.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The Bey brothers — according to Ibn Iyas, there were 20 of them — were chained to guards and laid naked on camels [54] [55].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The procession approached the hill on which the throne of Sultan Kaitbey was erected.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The emirs were placed on the platform according to their ranks.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuvar, his brothers, Bey's retinue and other prisoners appeared before the Sultan.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Two Shehsuwar brothers (Yahya and Erdivan), who had been captured earlier, were also brought there.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Sultan Kaitbey welcomed Yeshbek, who led the march, and reproached Shehsuwar for his rebellion.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The latter remained silent in response.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

To carry out the execution, Kitebey received a fatwa from four cadis.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuwar and his three brothers Yahya, Erdivan and Hyudaidad were ordered to be hung on a hook at the gate, and the other three Bey brothers were taken to the gate and executed there.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

On the road between these gates, Kitebey ordered Shehsuwar's associates to be placed.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Everyone was taken to the place of execution by camels, except Shehsuwar, who was on a horse, and a long ringing chain hung from Bey's neck.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

When the procession arrived at Bab Zuweil, Shehsuwar was thrown to the ground and then hung on a hook.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Bey was silent at the time of his execution and did not moan.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Yahya, Erdivan and Hyudaidad were hooked behind him.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After that, the procession moved to Bab al-Nasr, but, according to Ibn Iyas, Isa, Yunus and Selman were young and attractive, their appearance aroused the sympathy of others, and the people gathered along the road felt sorry for them, and the sultan pardoned the convicts [56] [54].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Turkmen beys from Shehsuvar's retinue, brought to Cairo, were executed by cutting with swords [57] [58] [3].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Erdivan moaned all the time and pleaded for mercy.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The next day, Tuesday, August 24, 1472, Kitebey had a meeting with the emirs, at which the audience decided to pardon Erdivan and remove him from the hook.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Then Emir Yeshbek descended from the castle and went to Bab Zuweila, where he found that Shehsuvar was already dead [59].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Vali ordered the release of Erdivan, who was immediately removed from the hook, taken to the house and given water, food and medicines.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

However, despite all measures to help, he died that night [60].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The funeral of Shehsuwar and his brothers took place on Wednesday.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The bodies were washed, wrapped and buried in a Muslim cemetery after prayers were read over them [60] [61].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The historian recorded that they were buried next to the famous tomb (without specifying what kind of tomb it was).


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

According to Ibn Iyas, after the execution of Shehsuwar, Emir Timraz, who guaranteed him the preservation of his life, “was very sad”.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

“I am ashamed every time I walk past the tomb of Shehsuwar,” he said [54] [60].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Contemporaries about Shehsuvar


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Historian Shemseddin Al-Sahawi wrote about Shehsuwar that he was attractive in appearance and respected.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The historian added that many Mamluk emirs regretted the execution of Bey.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Abdulbasit al-Malati wrote about Shehsuvar as a hero, a noble, dazzling, honest and wise man.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

According to Abdulbasit, Shehsuwar was the greatest of Dulkadir's beys in terms of his courage, determination and glory.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Ibn Iyas wrote that Shehsuwar had leadership qualities, was a courageous and brave hero.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

According to Ibn Iyas, Shehsuwar was also one of the greatest beys of the Dulkadirid family [62].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

After one of Shehsuwar's victories over the Mamluks, Ibn Iyas wrote: “And many emirs were killed, and emirs were defeated three times, their good was looted and the dignity of the Sultan was humiliated before the kings of the East and others, so that the Fellahs sought the Turks... and the power almost came out of the hands of the Circassians (Mamluks of Circassian origin)” [63].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The results


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Thanks to the support of the Mamluks, Shahbudak returned to the throne, from which he was removed in 1467 [3].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Melik Arslan's son, Kilich Arslan, was going to oppose him, who took refuge in Ak-Koyunlu, but after Uzun-Hasan suffered a crushing defeat from the Ottomans at Otlukbeli in 1473, the descendant Melika lost hope.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

A few years later, in 1480, Shahbudak was overthrown again, and again on the initiative of Mehmed II.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Another son of Suleiman Bey, Alauddevle Bozkurt, was put on the throne in the beylik [3] [64].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuwar's son, Ali Bey, served the Ottomans.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

In 1515, he became the last ruler of Dulkadir of the Dulkadirid family, but ruled only as an Ottoman Sanjakbey, since the beilik ceased to exist as a principality [65].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Ali Bey took revenge on the Mamluks for the death of his father, participating in the campaign of Selim I in 1517 and in the execution of the last Burjite sultan: Tumanbai was hanged on Bab Zuweila, like Shehsuwar [30].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Ibn Tagriberdi, describing this period, emphasized that in 872 (late 1467 — early 1468), four sultans were replaced in Cairo.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Mamluk historian Abdulbasit al-Malati (d. 1514) also drew the attention of readers to the fact that the strengthening of Shehsuwar's position during this period is due to the instability of power in Cairo [16].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Shehsuwar's final defeat may have been related to artillery - he had only two guns, and sources report only that they were captured, but there is no mention of them use by Dulkadirid [66].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The ambitious Shehsuwar wanted to be an independent ruler, he was the only one of Dulkadir's beys who is known for sure that he minted his coin and called himself Melik (perhaps under his brother Shehsuvar, Alauddevle, money was minted, but it did not survive) [3] [23] [67].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

The most important result of Shehsuwar's prolonged resistance to the Mamluks was the latter's cessation of support for Karaman in order for the Ottomans to abandon the support of Dulkadir.


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

This accelerated the capture of Karaman by the Ottomans [46].


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

comments


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Notes


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Literature


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

(in English)


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

(in English)


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

(in English)


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Category:People alphabetically


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Category:15th-century rulers of Asia


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Category:Zulkadar


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Category: 1472 deaths


Question: When did Melik Muzaffer Shehsuvar Bey die?

Shehsuvar Bey

Category: People executed in the 15th century


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Bhagavad-Gita As It Is (English: Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is) is an English translation of the Hindu scripture Bhagavadgita with commentary in the spirit of the tradition of Gaudiya Vaishnavism and Bhakti Yoga .


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

It was made in the 1960s by Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (1896—1977), the founder of the Vaishnava religious organization International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON).


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

The first edition of Bhagavad-gita As It Is was published in English in 1968 by Macmillan Publishers.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

In 1972, for the first time, a full edition of the book was published with authentic Sanskrit texts.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Since the mid-1970s, Bhagavad-gita As It Is has been published by the international publishing house Bhaktivedanta Book Trust [1].


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

According to the publishing house, Bhagavad-gita As It Is has been translated into more than 80 languages and has been published in more than 100 million copies.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[2] [3] This translation of the Bhagavad-gita is the most widely spoken outside India [4] and one of the most widely spoken in India.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

The first edition of Bhagavad-gita As It Is in Russian was published in 1984.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

In subsequent years, the book was repeatedly reprinted and sold more than a million copies.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[5] According to the Center for Indian Studies of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, this is the only Russian translation of Bhagavad-gita that has become widespread.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[6] Others, scientific translations, are known only to specialist scientists.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

In 2011-2012, the Prosecutor's Office of St. Tomska attempted to ban Bhagavad-gita as It Is, recognizing it as extremist literature in court.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

The resulting trial caused an international resonance and led to the fact that for the first time in the history of Russian-Indian relations, anti-Russian protests took place in India.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

History of Bhagavad-gita translations into Russian


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

The Bhagavad-gita is the core of Bhishmaparva, the sixth book of the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[7] In 1785, the Bhagavad-gita was the first work of Sanskrit literature to be translated into one of the European languages directly from the original.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[7] This translation (into English) was done by Charles Wilkins.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[7] The book immediately attracted the attention of European readers and served as an impetus for arousing interest in Europe in India's ancient cultural heritage.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[7] In 1788, just three years after the English translation appeared, N. AND. Novikov published a Russian translation of the poem, made from English by A. A. Petrov.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[8] Then, for more than a century, “neither new Russian translations of Bhagavadgita, nor any special studies about it” appeared in Russia.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

In 1909, two Russian translations of the Bhagavad-gita were published at once, both by Russian theosophists.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[9] One was made by A. P. Kaznacheeva, the other A. Kamenskaya and I. Manciarli.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[9] Kaznacheeva's translation was published in Vladimir, and Kamenskaya and Manciarli were published first in the St. Petersburg magazine Vestnik of Theosophy, and then (in 1914) as a separate book in Kaluga.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[9] P. D. Serebryany notes that Kaznacheeva “shifted Bhagavadgita with rather helpless verses, obviously using some Western (perhaps more than one) poetic translation.”


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[9] B.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

L. Smirnov, in turn, writes that the translation was made “it is not known from what language” and that “it is difficult to recognize the Gita in it even for those who know this monument well.”


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[8] Kamenskaya and Manciarli relied on Annie Besant's theosophical translation.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[8] It is difficult to say what resonance these translations of the Bhagavad-gita have received in Russian society.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Bhagavad-gita was first translated from the original in 1956 by amateur sancritologist B.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

L. Smirnov, who noted that due to the poor quality of the previous three translations, “the Russian reader essentially does not know the Gita”.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[8] The translation of Smirnov himself by Indologist V. G. Erman later called “in many ways a wonderful work of an amateur enthusiast.”


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

In 1984, India published the first confessional Russian edition of Bhagavad-gita, Bhagavad-gita as It Is.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

As Sergei Serebryany later noted, this commented edition of the Gita, due to the double translation (from Sanskrit into English and then from English into Russian), was not of high quality, and was aimed at promoting the ideas of Gaudiya Vaishnavism.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[11] Despite all its shortcomings, Bhagavad-gita As It Is was destined to be the only widely distributed Russian-language publication of the Bhagavad-gita.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

In 1985, a translation by V. S. Sementsov, made and published as an appendix to the scientist's monograph.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[10] This was the second translation of Bhagavad-gita directly from Sanskrit and the first translation into Russian by a Sanskritologist.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[10] Erman notes that Sementsov's translation “pursues artistic goals and in some places conveys the original text freely.”


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[12] At the same time, Sementsov leaves many Sanskrit terms without translation — in Russian transliteration.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[12] Erman explains that “the chosen translation style, as well as the preservation without translation of Sanskrit terms, here is justified by the fact that it is published as an appendix to a detailed study, where the reader will find the necessary explanations and should be considered in conjunction with it, implying a preliminary reading of this kind of extended “introduction” to translation.”


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[13] According to Erman, Sementsov's translation was “a significant step forward compared to B. L. Smirnova”.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[10] Sementsov corrected Smirnov's mistakes and “gave the Russian reader a more accurate idea of the content of the original.”


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Finally, in 2009, the first full-fledged scientific translation of Bhagavad-gita from Sanskrit into Russian was published, which was carried out at the end of the 20th century by one of the leading Russian Indologists V. G. Erman.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

This translation was published as part of the sixth book of the Mahabharata, Bhishmaparva.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

History of the Writing and Publication of the Bhagavad-gita As It Is


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada first translated Bhagavad-gita from Sanskrit and wrote commentary on it in the 1940s in India.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[15] However, a single copy of the manuscript disappeared under mysterious circumstances.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[15] Prabhupada began translating and commenting on the Bhagavad-gita again in 1965, shortly after arriving in New York.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[15] As a rule, Prabhupada woke up at 1 am, chanted the Hare Krishna mantra on a rosary for an hour, and then worked on Bhagavad-gita As It Is and on the translation and commenting on another classic Sanskrit text, the Bhagavata Purana.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[15] Prabhupade's table was a chest in which he had brought his supplies from India a few months earlier.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Prabhupada typed the first six chapters of Bhagavad-gita As It Is, and dictated the remaining twelve chapters on a tape recorder.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Prabhupada already had publishing experience: in the early 1960s he published in India his commented translation of the first of the twelve parts of the Bhagavata Purana.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[15] However, it was much more difficult to publish books in America than in India.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[15] Although Prabhupada already had a group of followers by early 1967, none of them had so far shown much desire to reprint the manuscript, edit it, and negotiate with by American publishers.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[15] The prospects for publishing Bhagavad-gita As It Is were vague, but Prabhupada began work on another book in January 1967, which was later published under with the title “The Teaching of Lord Caitanya.”


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Satswarup Das Goswami in Prabhupada's biography Srila Prabhupada-lilamrita describes his guru's writing and translation activities as follows:


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Prabhupad's text was eventually commissioned by his American student Hayagriva (Howard Wheeler), who worked as an English teacher at Ohio State University.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

By the summer of 1967, Bhagavad-gita As It Is was ready for publication, and Prabhupada's student Brahmananda began looking for a publishing house.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[16] At the end of July 1967, while in India, Prabhupada received a letter from Brahmananda in which he announced that the prestigious Macmillan publishing house had agreed to publish Bhagavad-gita As It Is Publishers.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[16] On August 1, Prabhupada (who was at the time at the Radha Damodara Temple in Vrindavan) [17] wrote a response asking Brahmananda to immediately sign a contract with the publishing house.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[16] In the same year, the book was published, with a foreword written by Allen Ginsberg, a hipster poet who knew Prabhupada personally.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

In 1972, for the first time, a full edition of the book was published with authentic Sanskrit texts and, this time, with a foreword by American Indologist Edward Dimok, who spoke flatteringly about the translation and comments Prabhupada, calling them a true interpretation of the Bhagavad-gita in line with the Gaudiya Vaishnavism tradition.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[18] In the same year, on the initiative of Prabhupada, the international publishing house Bhaktivedanta Book Trust was founded, which since then has been publishing the Bhagavad-gita As It Is.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[19] The book has gained immense popularity: according to the Krishnas themselves, in four decades it has been translated into more than 80 languages and published in more than 100 million copies.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[2] [3]


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Bhagavad-gita As It Is came to Russia in June 1971 together with Prabhupada, who was then in Moscow on a five-day visit.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

In the USSR, Prabhupada managed to meet with only two Soviet citizens: orientalist Grigory Kotovsky and Muscovite Anatoly Pinyaev.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

The latter converted to Gaudiya Vaishnavism and became an active preacher of this religion in the USSR.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Pinyaev Prabhupada presented his personal copy of Bhagavad-gita As It Is in English.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[5] Since that moment, the “illegal circulation” of this book in the USSR began.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[5] In 1984, India published the first edition of Bhagavad-gita As It Is in Russian.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[20] On pain of arrest, Krishnas “copied it on a photocopier, typed it, copied it by hand, even memorized it.”


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[5] After ISKCON was legalized in the USSR in 1988, the book was reprinted several times.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

According to Krishnas, since 1984, about a million copies of the Russian-language edition Bhagavad-gita As It Is have been sold in the countries of the former USSR.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[5] According to the Center for Indian Studies of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bhagavad-gita as It Is is the only widely distributed publication of Bhagavad-gita in Russia — other translations of The Gita are known only to specialist scientists.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Features and significance


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

In the full edition of the Bhagavad-gita As It Is, all Sanskrit slokas are given in devanagari, with transliteration, literal and literary translation.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Most of the slokas are accompanied by extensive comments by Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, which he wrote based on the works of previous Vaishnava acharyas.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

These include commentaries on Ramanuja's Bhagavad-gita, Sarartha-varshini-tika by Visvanatha Chakravarti, Gita-bhusana-tika by Baladeva Vidyabhushana, as well as comments on Bengali by Bhaktivinoda Thakur.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Like most followers of other Hindu traditions, Krishnas believe that Bhagavad-gita reflects the main essence of Hindu philosophy.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

William Deadweiler notes that as a representative of the Bengal Vaishnavs sampradaya, Prabhupada had the ability to effectively pass on his tradition to future generations.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[21] Traditionally, Prabhupada belonged to a chain of spiritual teachers going back to Krishna himself, and therefore could interpret and present Krishna texts “as they are” .


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[21] Prabhupada himself noted that by the time the Bhagavad-gita As It Is appeared, many translations of this text into English and other languages had already existed in the West for hundreds of years.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[21] Despite this, no one could understand Bhagavad-gita, for one who understands Krishna's words in the Bhagavad-gita, like Arjuna, accepts Krishna as the Supreme Personality of Godhead and becomes him a follower.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[21] Deadweiler notes that it was only after Prabhupada introduced the Bhagavad-gita through the Krishna parampara that people reading it began to become followers of Krishna.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[21] According to Deadweiler, this indicates that only when Krishna's teachings are transmitted through a chain of spiritual teachers do they retain their spiritual power.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

In Bhagavad-gita As It Is, Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada emphasizes the paramount importance of Krishna-bhakti and bhakti-yoga, and presents Krishna as the Supreme Personality of Godhead.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

This interpretation of the Bhagavad-gita within the framework of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology is directly opposite to the monistic interpretation of Advaita.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Criticism


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Scientists' reviews


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Edward Dimok, Director of the American Institute of Indian Studies, Professor at the University of Chicago, the largest Western expert on Bengal and Gaudiya Vaishnavism:


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Along with the Bhagavata Purana, <... > The Gita is the most quoted text of the Gaudiya Vaishnava school, the school represented by Swami Bhaktivedanta, the last in a long chain of teachers.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

It can be said that this school of Vaishnavism was founded, or revived, by Sri Krishna Caitanya Mahaprabhu (1486—1533) in Bengal.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

It is currently the most influential religious tradition in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

In the Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Krishna is the Supreme Godhead and not just the incarnation of another deity; bhakti is considered as the direct and strongest religious force, consisting in the love between man and God.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

The religious discipline of this tradition consists in the individual dedication of all his actions to the Divine.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

A believer listens to stories about Krishna from sacred texts, chants Krishna's names, bathes and dresses Krishna's murti, feeds Him and takes the leftovers of the food offered to Him, thus absorbing Him mercy; the believer does this and much more until he is transformed: he becomes someone very close to Krishna and sees the Lord face to face.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Swami Bhaktivedanta comments on the Bhagavad-gita from this point of view, and this is legitimate.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Moreover, in this translation, a Western reader has a unique opportunity to see how a devotee of Krishna interprets the text of his own tradition.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Here we are dealing with a rightfully famous Vedic tradition in action.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

This book is a valuable contribution from many points of view.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

It can serve as a useful tool for many university students.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

It gives us the opportunity to hear a qualified interpreter explaining the text rich in the deepest religious meaning.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

It allows us to get acquainted with the original and very convincing ideas of the Gaudiya Vaishnava school.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

The Sanskrit text, presented in devanagari and transliteration, provides an opportunity for Sanskritologists to reinterpret or debate certain Sanskrit meanings — although in my opinion It is believed that few people will dare to challenge Swami [Bhaktivedanta]'s knowledge of Sanskrit and his learning.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

And after all, for the layman, we have a readable English translation and a spirit of devotion [to God] that is sure to touch the heart of a sensitive reader.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

We also have illustrations that, as surprising as it may seem to those who are already familiar with contemporary Indian religious art, were made by American devotees.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Bhaktivedanta Swami served Gaudiya Vaishnavism scholars, as well as an increasing number of Western readers interested in classical Vedic thought.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

By giving us a new and lively interpretation of the text already known to many, it has greatly increased our understanding... [22]


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Ramakant Pandeya, Director of the All India Association of Sanskritologists, Professor of Sanskrit at Benares Hindu University, recognized in India as an expert in Indian philosophical systems:


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada] wrote his commentary in English based on an authentic 17th century Sanskrit commentary, the Gita-bhushana.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

He used many quotes and examples from Srimad-Bhagavatam and other Puranas, which is in line with the tradition of commenting.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

<... > Bhagavad-gita is a world-class literature that is rich in reflections on religion and ethics and has numerous layers of meaning.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Anyone translating and commenting on it reflects one or another aspect of its content, depending on their capabilities.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Of course, the cultural and historical context in which the translator or commentator of Gita works affects his presentation.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Hinduism is a large body that consists of many parts, that is, sampradai.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

In each sampradai, people worship one or another part of the body of sanatana-dharma.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

India has long had a tradition of commenting on the Gita, where each sampradaya established its own doctrine by giving its own interpretation of the Gita.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Thus, all traditional comments on the Gita correspond to the teachings of a particular sampradaya.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

<... > [Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupad] was a follower of the Gaudiya Vaishnav-sampradaya, and it is natural that he interprets this sampradaya.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

A person can most describe the aspect of truth that he has studied the most.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

However, it is wrong to say that because he belongs to sampradaya, he is a sectarian, that is, he has separated from the teachings of the Vedas and no longer follows sanatana-dharma.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

<... > About fifty poems that I reviewed in his translation left me with the impression of a scrupulous approach.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Of course, in order to judge all the details of this work, it is necessary to make a deep analysis, but I can say with confidence that his Bhagavad-gita as it is corresponds to the tradition of Hinduism.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Samuel Atkins, Professor and Head of the Department of Classical Philology at Princeton University:


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

The scientific, authoritative publication of the Bhagavad-gita, carried out by A. H. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada made a deep impression on me.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

This work is of great value for both the scientist and the average reader, and it can be used with equal success both as a reference book and as a textbook.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Irina Glushkova, Leading Researcher, Center for Indian Studies, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

This text [Bhagavad-gita] is not considered outside the commentator tradition that bore fruit from the 8th—9th centuries: from century to century, thinkers interpret every line of a complex and opaque work different philosophical and religious trends express their own views.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Their controversy with each other is picked up by their students and students of students, who interpret comments from their predecessors and create new ones.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

This is how the heterogeneous ritual-theological space of Hinduism has developed and is developing, which does not have a single founder, not a single sacred text, not a single object of veneration, nor a cross-cutting hierarchy, nor church organization.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

This is how, already in the 20th century, Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, in the world of Abhay Charan De (1896—1977), created a new commentary — Bhagavad-gita as it is — on an old text and founded the International Society Krishna consciousness.”


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Its branch was registered in Russia, and in the 1990s the words “Bhagavad-gita” and “Krishnas” became firmly established in the Russian vocabulary.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Russian indologist S. D. Serebryany noted in 1999 that the first Russian edition of Bhagavad-gita As It Is, published in 1984, contained numerous distortions of the original text caused by double translation (c Sanskrit to English and then from English to Russian).


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

In his opinion, this publication should be called Bhagavadgita, whatever it is better than ever.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Serebryany identified two characteristic features of this publication: the predetermination of translation and comments by the views of ISKCON and “some, to put it mildly, originality of the Russian style, due mostly to the undoubted “mediation” of the English version of this book, published in 1968.”


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[11] According to the publishers of the book, the stylistic flaws associated with the translation from English into Russian were eliminated in the third Russian-language edition of Bhagavat-gita As It Is, published in 2006 year.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

Testimonials from Indian statesmen


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

On 5 April 1998, Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee delivered a speech at the inauguration of the ISKCON Temple and Cultural Center in New Delhi.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

In his speech, the Vajpayee said, inter alia, that “the transcendental universal message of the Bhagavad-gita is very vividly conveyed by Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in his book Bhagavad-gita As It Is.”


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[27] Vajpayee also noted that “if today Bhagavad-gita is distributed in millions of copies in a thousand languages in all corners of our planet, the credit for this sacred service belongs to mainly ISKCON.”


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

On August 22, 2011, the day of the popular Indian holiday Krishna-Janmashtami (Krishna's birthday), ISKCON Temple in Moscow was visited by Indian Ambassador Ajay Malhotra.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[29] In his welcoming speech to the Krishna community, Malhotra pointed out the significance for humanity of Krishna's message contained in the main Hindu scripture, Bhagavad-gita.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[29] The Ambassador praised the “philosophical aspect of Krishna's appearance”, expressed in “the great philosophy described in the Bhagavad-gita”.


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[29] Malhotra, in particular, noted that “the translation and commentary of the Bhagavad-gita by A. H. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada is one of the best because they present the Bhagavad-gita as it is — citing original texts, word by word translation, literary translation, and giving authoritative commentary according to the very meaning of the verses of the Bhagavad-gita.”


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is

[29] Malhotra also noted that “in Bhagavad-gita Lord Krishna speaks to Arjuna and teaches us selfless service to God and all mankind.”


Question: When was Bhagavadgita first translated into English?

Bhagavad Gita As It Is