Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Tommy, who broke up with the Cicadas, along with his wife Maria and several other families, is trying to restore an old hydroelectric power plant in Jackson County, Wyoming.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Joel and Ellie on a donated horse get to the University of Colorado, where Tommy's instructions should be located laboratory “Cicadas”, but find the university abandoned.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The heroes learn that the Cicadas evacuated a laboratory in Salt Lake City, Utah.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

After that, the heroes are going to leave, but they are attacked by aggressive survivors.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The partners manage to kill all the aggressors and escape from the university, but during a melee clash with one of the bandits, Joel falls from the balcony on a piece of reinforcement sticking out of the ground and gets heavy wounding [16].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Winter: Ellie, hunting deer in a snowy forest, encounters other hunters - David and James, from whom she exchanges penicillin for Joel.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

David, who shows a strange unhealthy interest in Ellie, invites her to join their group, based in the town next door.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

It turns out that Ellie's new acquaintances are cannibals, and it was the group of David Alley and Joel who interrupted at the university.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Once captured, Ellie tries to escape and eventually kills David in a one-on-one battle in a burning restaurant building.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Joel, who has somehow recovered from his wounds and illness, helps her out, and they continue their journey [17].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Spring: Heroes make it to the end point of their journey, Salt Lake City.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

In the flooded tunnels on the way through the city, Joel and Ellie almost drown, but they are rescued by “Cicadas” under the command of Marlin, who also reached west from Boston.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Marlin tells Joel that to develop a vaccine, doctors will have to remove Cordyceps from Ellie's brain, which is guaranteed to kill the girl.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Rebellious Joel kills the guards and takes Ellie from the operating room; although Marlin tries to negotiate peace with Joel, the hero kills her, believing that she will try to chase and capture again Elli [18].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Epilogue: Joel and Ellie return to Wyoming, Tommy.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Joel, trying to justify himself to her adopted daughter, convinces Ellie that she is not the only holder of immunity, and that the Cicadas have stopped trying to create a vaccine, as their research did not yield anything.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Ellie answers him with a story about how she was bitten and asks Joel to swear that his story about the Cicadas is true.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

To which Joel replies, “I swear” [19].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Characters


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Development history


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Naughty Dog has been working on The Last of Us since 2009 in secrecy; the game in development was supposed to be announced only at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in 2011, and before of this moment to be kept secret [21].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

As the studio was engaged in another large-scale project at the same time, Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception, studio executives Evan Wells and Christophe Balestra decided to split the studio into two teams that could devote themselves entirely to the development of Uncharted 3 and The Last of Us, respectively [22] [23].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The game was led by Bruce Straley, who previously played the same role in the development of Uncharted 2: Among Thieves, and Naughty Dog was also joined by designer Mark Richard Davis, previously who participated in the work on the game Enslaved: Odyssey to the West [24].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

According to screenwriter and creative producer of the game Neil Druckmann, after completing work on Uncharted 2: Among Thieves, Naughty Dog was considering the possibility of relaunching the Jak and Daxter series, and the initial the development team gathered specifically for this project, which later resulted in the development of The Last of Us.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

During the discussions, the developers came to the conclusion that their ideas go too far away from the classic look of Jak and Daxter.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The head of the studio gave the go-ahead to develop a new game based on a completely new idea [25].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The concept that formed the basis of The Last of Us was invented by Druckmann before joining the studio: according to his recollections, while studying at Carnegie Mellon University, he took part in led by film director George Romero, and participants in this seminar were asked to develop a concept for a zombie game.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Druckmann's development was inspired by Romero's own famous film Night of the Living Dead, the mechanics of the computer game Ico and Frank Miller's graphic novel Sin City.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

In her story, the player had to control an elderly policeman protecting a young girl from zombies; at some point in the game, the policeman had to feel bad with his heart, and the girl was already under control the player had to protect his companion.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

In the final, the policeman had to be bitten, and the heroine would have to shoot her friend.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Romero did not approve of the idea; later, after graduating from university and getting a job at Naughty Dog, Druckmann tried to convert it into a comic book called English: The Turning.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The hero of “Transformation”, a former prisoner, lost his daughter and atoned for his sins, protecting an unborn girl for him.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Later, Druckmann and Straley collaborated on the idea of Humanity (English: Mankind), which is already quite reminiscent of the final version; in this concept, a virus that turned people into zombies, only affected women, and Ellie was supposed to be the only one immune to him.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Thus, the zombie enemies in the game had to be exclusively female.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The writers abandoned this idea after protests by female employees of Naughty Dog, who considered it misogynistic [25].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Cordyceps is not a figment of the game's imagination.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

This is a real ergot fungus Cordyceps unilateralis, which parasitizes insects.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

When fungal spores enter the body of an ant, caterpillar, fly or spider, they literally begin to germinate in the insect's body.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Cordyceps affects the nervous system of its victim, releasing substances of the alkaloid group [26].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

As a result, the insect stops taking care of its needs and does what the fungus needs, for example, looking for a suitable place to live for it.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Cordyceps does not parasitize humans, but the plot of The Last of Us is based on the fantastic assumption of such an infection.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The idea to introduce Cordyceps into the game came to the writers after watching the BBC documentary “Planet Earth”, which, in particular, showed how the behavior of an ant infected with a fungus changes. a parasite, and the insect turns into a kind of zombie [27].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

GamesRadar noted the similarity of the game to the films “The Road”, “Child of Man” and “Day of the Triffids”, comics and the television series “The Walking Dead” [28].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Following interviews with developers, Game Informer magazine pointed out non-fiction books “The World Without Us” by Alan Weissman and “Polio: American History” by David Oshinsky among the sources of inspiration, art books “The Road” by Cormac McCarthy, “The Last City on Earth” by Thomas Mullen and “The City” by David Benioff, films “No Place for Old Men”, “Iron Grit” and “The Cursed Way” [29].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The game was particularly influenced by an episode from the studio's previous game, Uncharted 2: Among Thieves, where the main character Nathan Drake and non-English Sherpa guide Tenzin overcame obstacles together by exploring ice caves.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Although this episode occupied a relatively small place in the game, the writers tried to show the growing friendship between Drake and Tenzin.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The idea of showing through gameplay the emergence and strengthening of relationships between the characters became the basis for the creation of Joel and Ellie and their relationship.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Druckmann especially mentioned the Coen brothers' film “No Place for Old Men” as a source of inspiration: in particular, he was struck by the lack of a soundtrack — the silence behind the scenes, according to him, made it tense the situation is “almost tangible” [30].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

During the development of the game, Druckmann and Straley studied a large number of post-apocalyptic books and films, but found more useful non-fictional events, such as the global pandemic of “Spanish influenza” in 1918 or the polio epidemic in the United States in the 1880s.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

It was as a result of studying historical books that the writers abandoned the idea of a villain who would have to pursue the characters throughout the game, and found it more attractive the situation in which the game would be devoid of unequivocally bad or unequivocally good characters, and the player could not be sure that Joel and Ellie are always doing the right thing [31].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Among computer games, The Last of Us was inspired by games such as Ico and Resident Evil 4: the first as an example of interaction between characters, the second as an example of exciting action.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The Last of Us designer Ricky Cambier noted that the developers tried to create a survival game as realistic as possible, in which the actions of the characters would be close to reality [32].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Druckmann noted that The Last of Us script was supposed to “raise the bar” for other computer game developers, because, in his opinion, the standards in this industry are not as high as they should be [33] [34].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Naughty Dog separately requested focus groups with female players when it became known that the focus group firm recruited only male players.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

According to Druckmann, the studio found it necessary to intervene in this process after receiving complaints from female players; Druckmann called focus groups when the developer gathers players, shows them materials games and receives answers to quantitative and qualitative questions about the game, a particularly important point of development, and the use of only a male audience for this is “a relic of the past, which should soon go away” [35].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Two-time Oscar winner for Best Music Gustavo Santaolaglia was invited to write the soundtrack for the game [36].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

At E3 2012, the Last of Us gameplay demo was publicly shown for the first time.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

It presented a combat scenario and the first tools necessary to protect against small gangs (“hunters”).


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Before the release of the game, some journalists pointed to the resemblance of Ellie's character to Canadian actress Ellen Page [37] [38]; these accusations were joined by Paige herself, who claimed that her appearance” ripped off” to play without her knowledge [39].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Paige voiced and served as a model for creating the image of the heroine in another game, Beyond: Two Souls, which was developed simultaneously with The Last of Us.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

After showing the trailers of this game featuring the character, Paige Naughty Dog changed Ellie's appearance, making her more like Ashley Johnson, who voiced Ellie [40]; the developers rejected assumptions that this change has anything to do with Paige and her participation in Beyond: Two Souls, declaring it a “coincidence” [41].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

After the release of the game, a new scandal broke out.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The phone numbers of the pest control service present in the game turned out to be real numbers: by dialing them, the caller gets into the “phone sex” service.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Neil Druckmann admitted the problem, stating that these numbers were added by mistake [42].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Naughty Dog has released a special patch that removes these phone numbers.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

On April 9, 2014, Sony officially confirmed that The Last of Us Remastered will be released on PlayStation 4.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The game was released on July 29, 2014 [43].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Downloadable add-ons


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Naughty Dog has announced that it will release three downloadable add-ons.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Two are for multiplayer and one for single player [44].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The first expansion of The Abandoned Territories Map Pack was released on October 16, 2013.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

It contains 4 multiplayer maps [45].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The second storyline expansion, The Last of Us: Left Behind, was announced on November 14 as part of the PlayStation All Access program [46], which was released on February 14 [47] [48].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

On April 16, 2014, Naughty Dog announced its third and final downloadable expansion pack, called Grounded Bundle.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

This DLC includes weapon packs and four new multiplayer maps, and a super complex Grounded Mode has been added to single-player (added to regular play with patch 1.07) [49].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The DLC was released on May 6, 2014.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Editions


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Survival Edition is exclusive to North America and includes a stilbook, hardcover art book (from Dark Horse Comics), The Last of Us: American Dreams comic (also from Dark Horse Comics), The Last of Us: American Dreams Sights & Sounds DLC Pack and Naughty Dog sticker [50].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Post-Pandemic Edition became an exclusive to GameStop in the US.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

It includes a 12-inch statuette of Ellie and Joel, a stilbook, The Last of Us: American Dreams comic, The Sights & Sounds DLC Pack and a Naughty Dog sticker [51].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

For Europe, The Last of Us: Ellie Edition and The Last of Us: Joel Edition were released.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The editions include: special packaging, character posters, DualShock 3 stickers and costumes for LittleBigPlanet.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

A mini art book, mini comic, and The Sights & Sounds DLC Pack are also included [52].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

In Russia, special publications are similar to European ones.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The Last of Us is available in an electronic edition that can be downloaded from the PlayStation Store.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

It has a special installer that allows you to start playing when it is half loaded [53].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The Last of Us Remastered for PlayStation 4 came out with all DLC, 60 frames per second and 1080p resolution.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

On October 23, 2014, Sony Computer Entertainment announced The Last of Us: Game of the Year Edition exclusively on PS3.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The publication was released in Europe and the United States on November 11, 2014.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

It includes the game and the three largest DLCs: Left Behind, Abandoned Territories & Reclaimed Territories and Grounded Mode [54].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

soundtrack


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Original soundtrack


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The official soundtrack includes 30 songs.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The music was written by Gustavo Santaolaglia, for whom it was his debut in the video game industry.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The album was released on June 7, 2013, seven days before the game's release.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Song listNo.Titlelength1.” The Quarantine Zone (20 Years Later)” 3:402.” The Hour” 1:013.” The Last of Us” 3:034.” Forgotten Memories” 1:075.” The Outbreak” 1:316.” Vanishing Grace” 2:067.” The Hunters” 2:008.” All Gone” 1:139.” Vanishing Grace (Innocence)” 0:5510.” By Any Means” 1:5311.” The Choice” 1:4212.” Smugglers” 1:3813.” The Last of Us (Never Again)” 1:0114.” The Last of Us (Goodnight)” 0:5115.” I Know What You Are” 1:2116.” Home” 3:0817.” Infected” 1:1618.” All Gone (Aftermath)” 1:0419.” The Last of Us (A New Dawn)” 2:2820.” All Gone (No Escape)” 2:5421.” Vanishing Grace (Childhood)” 1:4122.” The Path” 1:2923.” All Gone (Alone)” 1:2224.” Blackout” 1:3825.” The Way It Was” 1:3126.” Breathless” 1:2427.” The Last of Us (You and Me)” 2:0828.” All Gone (The Outside)” 1:5829.” The Path (A New Beginning)” 2:4730.” Returning” 3:35 Total length: 56:21


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Sales


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

In its first week of sales, The Last of Us sold about 1.3 million copies, becoming one of the best-selling games of 2013 [55] [56].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Three weeks after the game's release, it sold more than 3.4 million copies, making it a fast-selling PlayStation 3 game of the same year.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The game also became the best-selling digital game on the PlayStation Store for PlayStation 3, but this record will later be broken by Grand Theft Auto V [58].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

As a result, the game became the tenth best-selling game of 2013 [59].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

By August 2014, the game had sold 8 million: 7 million on PlayStation 3 and 1 million on PlayStation 4 [60].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

By April 2018, The Last of Us had sold 17 million on both consoles [61].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

It is the third best-selling PlayStation 3 game in the UK and topped the charts for about six consecutive weeks [60].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The game also topped the charts in the US, France, Ireland, Italy, Sweden, Finland, Spain, and Japan.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Reviews and rewards


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

On June 5, 2013, the first reviews of the game were published.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The game received high marks from magazines and online publications covering the gaming industry.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The largest resources, such as Eurogamer, IGN and Edge, gave the maximum points to the game, leaving rave reviews.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Most Russian publications also left positive reviews.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

For example, Playground.ru rated 10 out of 10, writing in its review the following: “A game that you can't tear yourself away from for a minute. Cons? We tried to find it Not found” [62].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

“Igromania”, putting the maximum 10 points, summed up the following result: “The Last of Us games are not released every year or even every decade. It doesn't just make the most of the retiring console. Naughty Dog invented a miraculous formula that is very difficult to derive at home: history and gameplay exist here in absolute symbiosis” [63].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The Last of Us received Action of the Year awards (2013) from Igromania magazine [64] and Game of the Year (2013) from Igromania.ru [65].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Absolute Games gave the game 95% “Excellent”, concluding: “The Last of Us raises the bar for the quality of artistic content, concentrates on the notorious “atmosphere”, and it has it It's pretty damn good, because she imitates the greats. Of course, it does not forget to be an excellent game at the same time — its mechanics, although simple at first glance, are carefully thought out and thoroughly tested — the game flows like music, and by the second third of the story, the pleasure of it becomes almost continuous. All this is due to the ability of developers to directly connect the game reality to our nervous systems. What's left here? Just get higher and explode with compliments” [66].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

At the 31st Golden Joystick Awards, the game won prizes for Best New Game and Best Story, and Naughty Dog was recognized as the best developer for The Last of Us [67].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

At the 2013 VGX ceremony, the game won the Best PlayStation Game nomination.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

At the 2014 Writers Guild of America Awards, the game won the Best Video Game Screenplay Award [68].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

At the D.I.C.E. Summit Awards 2014, the game won 10 awards, including the Best Game of the Year award [69].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The game won five BAFTA 2014 awards out of 10 nominations [70]: Best Game of the Year, Best Story, Best Sound, Best Actress and Best Action/Best Adventure Game [71].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

The game won three awards at the Game Developer Choice Awards for Best Game of 2013, as well as Best Design and Best Storytelling [72].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

At the Golden Joystick Awards 2014, Left Behind won prizes in the nominations “Best Gaming Moment” and “Best Story” [73].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Continuation


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

In an interview with Eurogamer, screenwriter and creative director of The Last of Us Neil Druckmann confirmed that there is a possibility of a sequel, but will it be a direct continuation of the first part or a completely new game in the universe, he did not specify [74].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

In June 2015, at a MetroCon event, actor Nolan North, who participated in David's voice from the original game, indirectly confirmed the development of a sequel [75].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

However, in an interview with PlayStation Magazine, Neil Druckmann said that the studio was not developing the sequel [76].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

However, on December 3, 2016, the game was officially announced for the release of the game on the PlayStation Experience [77].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

During the speech, Neil Druckmann said that the game will use one of the most advanced facial animation capture technologies in the world [78].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

On June 12, 2018, the sequel was presented at Sony's E3 2018 [79] [80], where the gameplay of the game was first presented.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Interestingly, critics appreciated the new graphics and fighting shown in the trailer, saying that The Last of Us Part II would surpass its predecessor in some respects [81] [82] [83] [84].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

In January 2017, The Last of Us Part II received its first PlayStation Blog award in the category “Most Anticipated Game of the Year”.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Later that year, the game won its developers the Golden Joystick Awards's Most Wanted Game [86], and Most Anticipated Game at The Game Awards [87].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

On July 2, 2018, another award was awarded in the Special Graphics and Sound Award nomination at the Game Critics Awards [88].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

While the second trailer caused a flurry of joy among fans, it also attracted some criticism from experts for its cruelty [89] [90].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Jim Ryan, president of Sony Interactive Entertainment Europe, defended the trailer, saying that the game was “made by adults for adults” [91].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Druckmann explained: “We're making a game about the circle of cruelty, and we're making a statement about violence and the influence that is... [the idea] was to make the player feel “offended” by someone, so that feeling would make him think about his own actions in reality” [92].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Film adaptation


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

On November 25, 2013, Sony Pictures Entertainment registered domain names for the potential film The Last of Us [93].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

On March 6, 2014, it was announced that Screen Gems would distribute the film.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Neil Druckmann, screenwriter and creative director of the original game, will be responsible for the script.


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Naughty Dog co-owners Evan Wells and Christophe Balestra, game director of The Last of Us Bruce Straley, will also take part in the production process, and famous filmmaker Sam Raimi will act as producer [94].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Later, Neil Druckmann stated that the plot of the film would be based on the plot of the game [95].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

However, after that, for a year and a half, no work was carried out on the film adaptation of the game, and according to Druckmann himself, the film fell into a “production hell” [96].


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Notes


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

References


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:PlayStation 3 Games


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:PlayStation 4 Games


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:Video games published by Sony Interactive Entertainment


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:2013 video games


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:Zombie video games


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:Video games developed in the USA


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:Post-apocalyptic video games


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:action-adventure


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:Award-winning video games


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:The Last of Us


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:Third person shooters


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:Survival horror


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:Horror video games


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:stealth action games


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:Multiplayer and single-player games


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:Survival Simulators


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:Havok games


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:Video games that take place in the USA


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category: Winners of the D.I.C.E. Awards — Game of the Year


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:Video games about viral epidemics


Question: What year was The Last of Us released?

The Last of Us

Category:Video games with downloadable content


Question: Is Thomas Muller married?

Thomas Mueller

Thomas Muller:


Question: Is Thomas Muller married?

Thomas Mueller

Thomas Muller (b. 1961) is a combined wrestler from Germany, 1988 Olympic champion in relay, two-time world champion


Question: Is Thomas Muller married?

Thomas Mueller

Thomas Muller is an American engineer, technical director for propulsion systems at SpaceX.


Question: Is Thomas Muller married?

Thomas Mueller

Thomas Muller (1902—?) — German officer, participant in World War II.


Question: Is Thomas Muller married?

Thomas Mueller

Thomas Müller (b. 1989) - German footballer, 2014 world champion


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Samuel (Bulgarian: Samuel; died October 6, 1014) was the king of Bulgaria (980—1014) from the Komitopul dynasty.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In fact, he began to rule Bulgaria in 971 as a military leader and co-ruler of Tsar Roman, the second son of Tsar Peter I.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

After Tsar Roman was captured by Byzantine in 991, Samuel became the sole king of Bulgaria, marking the beginning of the Komitopul dynasty.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In an effort to preserve the independence of his kingdom, he waged continuous wars with the Byzantine Empire.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In the first years of his reign, Samuel managed to inflict several major defeats on the Byzantines and stopped their attacks on their lands [1].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

At the end of the 10th century, Bulgarian troops conquered Serbian lands (Principality of Dukla) [2] and conducted a number of expeditions against the Croats and Hungarians.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

But since 1001, Samuel was forced to move on to the defense of his lands from the pressure of the Byzantines.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

After Byzantium regained the northeastern lands of Bulgaria, Samuel moved the capital to the territory of present-day Macedonia.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Initially, there was no specific capital, but over time, the city of Ohrid was determined as the capital.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Samuel died of a heart attack on October 6, 1014, two months after his catastrophic defeat at the Battle of Claydion, and Bulgaria was completely conquered by the Byzantines four years later [3].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

During the reign of Samuel, the Bulgarian Kingdom occupied most of the Balkan Peninsula, with the exception of Thrace [1] [4].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Although Samuel's reign marked the fall of the First Bulgarian Kingdom, he is considered a national hero in Bulgaria and Macedonia [5] [6].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

His merits were appreciated even by his opponents, Byzantines: John Geometer wrote a poem in which he compared Samuel to a comet [7].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Origins


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Very little is known about Samuel's early years.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The inscription of Samuel found on a stone near Lake Prespa in Macedonia, as well as the data of John Skilitsa, indicate that Samuel's father was Nikola and his mother was Hripsimia [8] [9].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Her name, according to the prevailing opinion of researchers, speaks of the Armenian origin of Hripsimia [10] [11].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

According to sources, Nikola served as governor (John Skilitsa uses the term comit in this case - this title meant the head of the committee, the administrative unit into which Bulgaria was divided in mid-9th century) [12].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

It is assumed that Nikola managed a large region centered in Sredets [13].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

He was probably closely related to the ruling Krum dynasty [14].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Presumably, Samuel, according to Bulgarian custom, had a middle name Stefan, but the reliability of the sources mentioning this is disputed [15].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Nicola probably died before 970 [room 1].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Management Board


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Bulgaria in 968-976


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In 968, the Bulgarian lands in the north-east were attacked by a Russian squad led by Prince Svyatoslav.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Bulgarian Tsar Peter died on January 30, 969 [room 2] [room 3] In the same year, Svyatoslav was forced to return to his homeland, which suffered from a raid by the Pechenegs.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In the summer of 969, he undertook a second expedition across the Danube [16] [17].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The earliest mention of comitopoules in medieval chronicles is found in John Skilitsa.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

According to him, David, Moses, Aaron and Samuel, “one of the most influential comites [18], began a rebellion in Bulgaria, which demanded the return of Tsars Boris and Roman to their homeland” [room 4].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Much attention was paid to these data in the context of popular discussions among historians of the late XIX century (Konstantin Irechek, Drinov) that the so-called Western Bulgarian state separated from of Peter's kingdom.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Other historians (Rosen, Ferluga) consider the data of John Skilitsa fictional or based on unreliable sources [room 5], and others (Pirivatrich) do not deny the reliability of the chronicle of John Skilitsa, but prefer not to use it as a source of information about the political role of Samuel and his brothers in the events of 969—971.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Despite the controversy of some assessments among Bulgarian historians, there is no doubt that the actions of the Comitopoule brothers in these troubled years were aimed at preserving Bulgarian statehood.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

There is little information about the return of Boris and his brother Roman to Preslav.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

It is known, however, that after the capture of the capital of Bulgaria in 971 by the Byzantine Emperor John Tzimiskes, the Bulgarian tsar retained his title.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

This means that after the fall of Preslav [room 6], it is likely that an agreement was concluded between Bulgaria and Russia on joint actions against Byzantium [19].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

During the second expedition across the Danube, Svyatoslav hoped to conquer Constantinople.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

His troops were rapidly advancing south, which became a serious threat to Byzantium.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Bulgarian soldiers joined Svyatoslav's squad, but the allied army was defeated by the Byzantines in 970 near Arkadiopol [20] [21].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

It is difficult to say whether the Comitopoule brothers took part in this campaign.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The only thing that is certain is that their anti-Byzantine position enjoyed wide support among Bulgarians.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Their popularity was later facilitated by their participation in the rescue of Bulgarian Patriarch Damian after the fall of Preslav in the summer of 971 [22].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The result of the war with Byzantium was the expulsion of Svyatoslav from the Danube region and the conquest of eastern Bulgaria by the Byzantines (Tsar Boris was taken to Constantinople and publicly debunked) [23].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The chronicle does not mention the period of 971—976.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Information about the admission of Bulgarian ambassadors by German Emperor Otto I in March 973 in Quedlinburg cannot be taken as confirmation of already established political and international relations comitopoules with Western powers [room 7].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The lack of sources about these five years makes it possible to talk with a certain degree of confidence only about the form of government on the Bulgarian lands [24].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

It is assumed that the four brothers divided the remaining independent western lands among themselves.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

David ruled Bulgarians in Thessaly and Southern Macedonia [24].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The second brother, Moses, settled in Strumica [24], the third brother, Aaron, took power over Sredets [24].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Finally, his younger brother, Samuel, ruled Vidin (according to B. Zlatarski — Prespoy) [25]).


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

It is believed that the main goal of the brothers was to strengthen the state and return the lost Bulgarian lands [26], and Samuel was instructed to prepare the liberation of Bulgarian lands in the north-east [24] [27 ].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The Board together with the Comitopoule Brothers


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The favorable moment for the Comitopoules came at the beginning of 976, when the Byzantine Emperor John Tzimiskes died.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Taking advantage of the confusion in Byzantium caused by the uprising of the Governor of Mesopotamia Varda Sklier against the young Emperor Basil II, the Bulgarians launched their offensive against the Balkan provinces of the empire.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

According to some Medievalists [room 8], the Bulgarians immediately after the death of Tsimiskhias raised an uprising in northeastern Bulgaria against Byzantine rule.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The uprising was led by local aristocrats Peter and Boyan [28].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

During the uprising, the Byzantine governors were expelled, and the population recognized the power of the Comitopoule brothers - Moses, David, Aaron and Samuel.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

This version about the liberation of northeastern Bulgaria from Byzantine rule was severely criticized after studying Byzantine seals during archaeological excavations in Preslav.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

These seals show that the Byzantine administration continued to operate on these lands until at least August 986 [29].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Shortly after the liberation of territories from the Danube River to the Stara Planina Mountains, Bulgarians penetrated into the Transdanubian lands.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Byzantine troops in these places were not prepared for war and soon surrendered [30] [31].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The brothers' joint rule did not last long.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Moses besieged the fortress of Ceres, but a stone accidentally thrown from the walls killed him on the spot [32].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

David died under strange circumstances near the town of Prespa.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

He was killed by hired killers.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Some historians make unconfirmed hypotheses that this happened by order of Samuel [32].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Co-ruler of Tsar Roman


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Around 978 [33], the sons of Tsar Peter, Boris and Roman, captured by the Byzantines during the capture of Preslav in 971, were able to return to Bulgaria under circumstances that were not fully clarified [room 9].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

At the border, Boris was mistakenly killed by the Bulgarian border guards, misled by his Byzantine clothes.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

His brother Roman was able to explain who he was and was sent to Samuel in Vidin [room 10], where Samuel recognized him as king [34].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

It is assumed that the real power remained in the hands of Samuel, who was officially the commander of Roman [35].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Roman, leaving secular rule in the hands of Samuel, began to deal with church affairs [36] [room 11].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Shortly thereafter, Samuel opposed Byzantium and reached the Peloponnese with his troops [37].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

After the death of David and Moses, Aaron remained the eldest of the brothers.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

He ruled over the Bulgarian lands closer to Thrace.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Emperor Vasily II decided to conclude an agreement with him.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Aaron has agreed to negotiate.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

At the same time, the motives for his actions are unclear: perhaps Aaron wanted to stop the war with Byzantium and achieve peace, or perhaps sought to gain sole power on the Bulgarian lands and eliminate Samuel [31] [38].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The agreement between Aaron and Basil II was to be secured by a dynastic marriage - Aaron decided to marry the sister of the emperor.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

From Constantinople, a Metropolitan of Sevastia was sent to the Bulgarians, accompanying the noble bride.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

However, in fact, an unknown woman was presented as the emperor's sister, and after the fraud was revealed, the Byzantine Metropolitan was burned alive [39].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

When the Byzantine emperor realized that his cunning had failed, he gathered an army and went through the Trayan Gate Pass and besieged Sredets.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The siege lasted 20 days and turned into a defeat for the Byzantines.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The Bulgarians burned siege engines and blocked the delivery of food to the besiegers.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The emperor decided to retreat to Philippopley, but on August 17, 986, in the Ikhtiman Gorge he was attacked by Bulgarian troops under the command of Samuel.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Almost the entire Byzantine army was destroyed [40].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The emperor himself miraculously escaped [41].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Aaron's secret negotiations with Vasily II led to a discord between the brothers - Samuel accused Aaron of high treason.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

As a result, on June 14, 987, the Battle of Dupnitsa took place, in which Aaron died (or possibly killed by order of Samuel).


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Aaron's entire family was also executed, with the exception of his son Ivan Vladislav, for whom Gabriel Radomir (son of Samuel) stood up.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

After Aaron's death, the whole of Bulgaria was under the rule of Samuel [33].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

[31] [42].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

When a new uprising broke out in Byzantium in 986, the Bulgarians decided to seize the moment and capture Thessaloniki, despite the fact that there was a large enemy garrison there.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

After a series of battles, by 989 Epirus, the environs of Thessaloniki and the fortresses of Beria and Servia were annexed to Bulgaria, which thus gained access to three seas — the Black, Aegean and Adriatic [43]


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In 989, the riots in Byzantium ended, the rebels were defeated, and the quarrel between the emperor and Varda Sklir ended with the pardon of the latter.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

After that, Vasily II was able to concentrate on the fight against the Bulgarians.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In 991, Roman was again captured by the Byzantine Empire.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The war in the Balkans ended in 995: Byzantium was attacked by the Fatimids, and Basil II temporarily stopped fighting the Bulgarians.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

This allowed Samuel to regain the lost territories and attack Thessaloniki again.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

He was opposed by the son of the governor of Thessaloniki Ashot Taronit, who was defeated and captured by Bulgarian troops.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Samuel decided to storm Thessaloniki and for this purpose prudently divided his army into several parts and prepared an ambush.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Then he attacked the city with a small detachment, which was quickly defeated by Duka Gregory.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Gregory, considering the flight of the Bulgarians true, recklessly rushed in pursuit, but was ambushed, his army was defeated and he died in battle [44].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

After the capture of Thessaloniki, Samuel passed through Thessaly and, passing the Thermopylae Pass, invaded Attica and the Peloponnese [45].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Concerned about these events, Vasily II sent commander Nikifor Uranus against the Bulgarians.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In 996, Samuel met with the troops of Uranus on the Sperkhiy River.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

By this time, the river had overflowed, and the two armies were standing on the banks opposite each other.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

At night, the Byzantines found a ford and attacked the camp of the Bulgarians while they were sleeping.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The battle turned into a massacre, Samuel and his son Gabriel Radomir were wounded and barely managed to escape [45].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Nikifor Uranus captured 12,000 Bulgarians, and Bulgaria for some time was left without human resources to continue the war.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Reigning as king


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In 997, it became known that the captured Bulgarian Tsar Roman died in the catacombs of Constantinople.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

With his death, the Krum dynasty came to an end.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

As a result, the closest relative of the extinct dynasty was Samuel, who was related to King Simeon I.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In the same year, Samuel proclaimed himself King of Bulgaria [46].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Samuel's new dynasty was to gain international recognition.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Since relations between Bulgarians and Byzantines were tense, Samuel achieved the blessing not of the Patriarch of Constantinople, but of the Pope, who proclaimed him emperor (tsar) of the Bulgarians [47 ].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The war with the Serbs


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

After proclaiming himself king, Samuel began a war with the Serbs in 998, probably to prevent their possible alliance with the Byzantines.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

With the beginning of the Bulgarian invasion, Serbian Prince Ivan Vladimir took his army to the mountains.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Samuel left part of the troops in the foothills, and with the main army besieged Ulcinj.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Ivan Vladimir received an offer from Samuel to surrender on honorary terms, to which the prince agreed [46].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Ivan Vladimir was exiled to Prespa, after which the Bulgarians conquered Kotor and Dalmatia, reached Dubrovnik, but could not take the city, after which Samuel went to conquer Bosnia and Raska [46].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Later, Ivan Vladimir married Samuel's daughter Theodora Kosara, and returned to Zeta as a vassal of the Bulgarian ruler [46].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

These events are dedicated to the oldest Serbian novel Ivan and Kosara, written in the 13th century [48].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Dynastic marriages


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

After the marriage of Theodora and Ivan Vladimir, Samuel organized a “marriage deal” of his daughter Miroslava and Ashot Taronit, who is in Bulgarian captivity.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

After the wedding, Ashot became governor of Drach.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

This step was aimed at strengthening the southern borders of the Bulgarian Kingdom [49].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Samuel also allied with the Hungarians, marrying his son Gabriel Radomir and the daughter of the Hungarian ruler Geza [50].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The war against Byzantium


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

While Samuel was in Serbia, the Byzantine army led by Nikifor Uranus, which had been formed within 3 months, began to systematically devastate the Bulgarian lands [51].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In 1001, Vasily II sent his troops through the Stara Planina Mountains and took Pliska, Preslav and Silistra.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The emperor's troops continued their offensive until they occupied all of northeastern Bulgaria [52].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In 1002, the Byzantines went to southern Bulgaria to regain Thessaly.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

When they reached the fortress of Vereya, the head of the garrison Dobromir did not just surrender the fortress, but even went over to their side together with the soldiers.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Kolidron Fortress also surrendered without a fight.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Only Servia and its commandant Nikulitses resisted, but when the enemy entered the walls, she also surrendered.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Basil II honorably sent Nikulitses to Constantinople, where he was awarded the title of patrician for his courage to attract him to the Byzantine side, but he fled and returned to Samuel, with whom he became plan your defense.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

At the end of the year, the Bulgarians attacked the fortress of Servia, but the attack was repulsed, and Nikulitses was captured [53].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Basil II continued fighting in Macedonia and soon came to Voden.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

After a long siege, the city was taken [53].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The war with Hungary and the new offensive of Byzantium


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

After the wedding of the son of Samuel Gabriel Radomir and the daughter of the Hungarian king Geza Margarita, friendly relations were established between Hungarians and Bulgarians.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

But after the death of Geza, Samuel supported his brothers Gyula and Koppan, who ruled the lands bordering the Bulgarians.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The opponent of Gyula and Koppan, the son of Geza Istvan I, having ascended the throne, decided to divorce the marriage between Gabriel Radomir and his sister.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

An internecine war broke out between the king and the brothers of Geza, during which Hungarians repeatedly crossed the border and ravaged the Bulgarian lands in the north-west [54].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

This complicated Samuel's already difficult situation.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In 1002, the Byzantines besieged Vidin for eight months [55] until the fortress fell due to the betrayal of the local metropolitan [56].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In 1003, the Bulgarians decided to go all in: they sent troops against Adrianople to force the Byzantines to lift the siege of Vidin.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

However, Vasily II realized that this was a trick, and continued the siege of Vidin.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Samuel, in turn, did not continue to move towards the capital, not wanting to risk going deep into enemy territory [53].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

At the same time, the Hungarian royal troops defeated Gyula and Koppanj, after which the Bulgarians began to gradually lose control over the northern lands [57].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Basil II decided to take advantage of this situation and in the summer of 1003, with the support of Hungarian troops, sent his troops to the south.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The emperor soon approached Skopje.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Samuel's army also came here.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The two armies were face to face, but were separated by the waters of the Vardar River.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Here the Bulgarian tsar repeated the mistake he made in the battle on the Sperkhiy River.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The Byzantines found a ford, defeated the Bulgarian army and captured Skopje.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

After that, the emperor directed his forces against the fortress of Pernik, the garrison of which was commanded by the Bulgarian Krakra, an experienced warrior and strategist.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The Byzantine army suffered heavy losses and was forced to retreat from the walls of the fortress.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

As a result, Vasily II returned to Constantinople, and after a while the Bulgarians were able to regain Skopje [58].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In 1004, Samuel took advantage of the heavy losses of the Byzantines in the battles for Pernik and attacked Thessaloniki.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

It was not possible to take the city [59], but it was possible to captivate the Byzantine commander John Khalda [60].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

However, the losses of the Bulgarians were impressive, which had negative consequences in the next four years.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

After Samuel's series of military failures, many commanders began to leave the king.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In 1005, the Armenian Ashot, Samuel's son-in-law, secretly met with the emperor and handed over Drach and the surrounding territories to him.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Since 1006, the fighting between Bulgarians and Byzantines has been going on non-stop.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In 1009, Byzantine troops defeated the Bulgarian army at Crete, but Vasily II failed to take advantage of this victory.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The situation remained unclear until in 1013 [59] the emperor launched a large-scale campaign against the Bulgarians, whose forces were exhausted and dispersed.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Death


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The outcome of the war was decided on July 29, 1014.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Determined to stop the attacks of the Byzantines, Samuel erected powerful fortifications near the village of Klyuch (Kleidion) (near the Belasitsa mountain range) [61].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Basil II made several attempts to storm the fortifications, but to no avail.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Byzantine troops were ready to retreat when commander Nikifor Xithius discovered a way to overcome the protective wall and attack the Bulgarians from the rear [62].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Byzantine chronicles report that imperial troops inflicted a crushing defeat on the Bulgarians and captured about 15,000 soldiers.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Basil II ordered them to be blinded and then released, leaving one guide with one eye in every hundred to take them home.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

It is believed that the sight of the blind army returning to his homeland caused Samuel's heart attack and his untimely death on October 6, 1014 [63].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

For his victories over the Bulgarians, Vasily II was later awarded the nickname “Bolgarofighter” (gr.: Volgaroktos).


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Today, avenues in Athens, Thessaloniki and other cities of Greece bear the name of Vasily II Bolgarofighters.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The first Bulgarian kingdom was able to hold out for another 4 years after the death of Samuel, until it fell completely under the rule of Byzantium.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

However, in 1185, the Bulgarian state was restored during the uprising of the brothers Asen and Peter.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

family


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Comit


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Nicolaripsimia


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

ArmenianDavidmoyseyaaronSamuilkosarakatun


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

AnastasiaTheodora


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

KosaramiroslavaGavriil


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Radomirsister of Saint Stephen


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Grave


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In 1969, Greek archaeologist Professor Nikolaos Mutsopoulos excavated the Sveti Akhil Basilica on the island of the same name on Lake Mikra Prespa and discovered four burials in the right nave, three of which were looted during the Middle Ages.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Despite the lack of designations, Mutsopoulos suggested that these are the graves of Samuel, his nephew and the last ruler of the First Bulgarian Kingdom Ivan Vladislav, his son Gabriel Radomir and son-in-law Ivan Vladimir [64] [room 12].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

An anthropological study of Samuel's remains showed that he was a man about 1.60 meters tall and died at the age of about 70 years.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Scientists found that his left elbow was broken and the bone fused at an angle of 140° [9] [room 13]


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Today, the remains of the king are in the laboratory of Professor Mutsopoulos in Thessaloniki.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The professor is ready to exchange them for several ancient Byzantine manuscripts located in Bulgaria [65] [66].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Historiography of former Yugoslavia and Macedonia


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Although the capital of Samuel's kingdom was Ohrid, which in itself was at that time one of the important cultural centers of the First Bulgarian State, in the former Yugoslavia it is believed that this state was not completely bulgarian.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Serbian historiography usually describes the kingdom of Samuel as the kingdom of the Macedonian Slavs, implying the predominance of Serbs among them [67].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Yugoslav Byzantologist Georgy Ostrogorsky, although he admits that the state created by Samuel was politically and religiously connected with the kingdom of Simeon and Peter, still argues that in fact this was the Macedonian Empire, which was significantly different from the former Bulgarian kingdom [68].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

This thesis is still widely represented from modern Macedonian historiography.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Bitola inscription


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The Bitola inscription was found in December 1956 during the demolition of a mosque in the Macedonian city of Bitola, probably built from the stones of the Bitola fortress.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

In the inscription, Samuel's nephew, Tsar Ivan Vladislav, claims that he organized the repair of the fortress in order to “save the lives of Bulgarians.”


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

It also mentions Samuel's most glorious victories [69].


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

King Samuel's Edge Stone


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

On March 25, 2004, as a result of a police operation, a stone of historical and national value of the Bulgarian state was detained near the village of Samuilovo.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

After studying by scientists, an inscription was deciphered on the stone, which reads: “Samuel in Christ God is a faithful king and autocrat to all Bulgarians.”


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

After studying the authenticity of the stone, it was decided to remove the stone from the museum of Blagoevgrad to Sofia.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

However, a “living” wall of dissenting Blagoevgrad residents stood in the way of the police.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The police imposed a blockade, which was lifted after the mayor of Blagoevgrad, Lazar Prichkapov, joined the protesters.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Samuil in fiction


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The personality of Tsar Samuel and his era are reflected in the works of Bulgarian writers and poets.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Thus, in the trilogy “Samuel, Tsar of Bulgaria Dimitar Talev actively used a number of historical sources:


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The sixth volume of Anton Donchev's Tales in 15 Volumes series is dedicated to the reign of Tsar Samuel.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

It is called “The Tale of Samuel's Time” and is divided into two books.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Stefan Tsanev writes about the Bulgarian tsar in the first volume of his Bulgarian Chronicles.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The battle of the village of Klyuch is mentioned in Ivan Vazov's poems “Opulchentsite on Shipka” [70] and “I'm not davame”.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

memento


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Named after King Samuel:


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Samuil, a village in northeastern Bulgaria;


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Tsar Samuil, a village in northeastern Bulgaria;


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Samuel, nose on Livingston Island, Antarctica;


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Tsar Samuil Stadium in Petrich;


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

, four Bulgarian villages;


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Samoilovo, a village in Macedonia.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

See also


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Samuel's inscription


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

comments


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Notes


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Literature


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Andreev Y.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

, Yves.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Lazarov, Sq.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Pavlov said.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Koy koy e v Srednovna Bulgaria, Ed.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

house “P. Beron”, 1999, ISBN 954-402-047-0; Treto completed and revised ed.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

- Sofia, 2012.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Zlatarski V., Volume 1, Part 2, Sofia, 1927 (preed 1971)


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Matsopulos N., Le tombeau du Tsar Samuel dans la basilique de St.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Achiles a Prespa — Etude balkaniques, 1974, 4, p. 114-126


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Obolenski D., The Byzantine Commonwealth, London 1971


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Petrov P., Obrazuvane and fortified on the trap of Bulgarian Darzhava, Godishnik at Sofia University (FIFA), 1959, LIII/2, pp.135-190


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Pavlov, Pl.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Vekat on Tsar Samuel.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Sofia, ed.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Iztok — West, 2014


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Kosev D. (ed.), Petrov P., Tapkova-Zaimova V., History in Bulgaria, volume 2., dyal IV.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

, glavi 2.-3., Sofia, 1981


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Bozhilov I., Gyuzelev V., History in the Middle Ages Bulgaria of the 7th—14th centuries, Anubis, Sofia, 1999, ISBN 954-426-204-0


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Pirivatri, Sran.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

, Beograd, 1997 (translated to Bulgarian: Privatrich S., Samuilovata Darzhava, 2000, ISBN 954-540-024-8,)


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Runciman, S.,, London, 1930 (in Bulgarian - Runsiman S.,, S., 1993)


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Strässle P., Krieg und Kriegführung in Byzanz.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Die Kriege Kaiser Basileios II.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

gegen die Bulgaren (976-1019), Böhlau, 2006, ISBN 3-412-17405-X


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Pirivatrich S., For Samuel, the trace of Samuel (Represented for Tsar Samuel and receive the Byzantine isvori from the 11th-12th centuries), Paleobulgarica, XXVII, 2003, 1, ISSN 0204-4021


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Bozhinov V. (ed.), Panaytov L. (ed.), BAS, Institute for History, Institute for Bulgarian Yezik, Sofia, 1978


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Andonov-Polianski Kh.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

(ed.), Documenti — for Borbat on the Macedonian People for Independence and for National Drzhava, Volume 1., Kiril and Methodios University, Skopje, 1981


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Ostrogorsky G., Geschichte des Byzantinischen Staates, C.H.Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, München, 1963, ISBN 3-406-01414-3


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Tsamakda V., The illustrated chronicle of Iohannies Skylitzes in Madrid, Alexandros Press, Leiden, 2002, ISBN 90-806476-2-4


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Norwich J., Byzantium.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The Apogee, Knopf, London, 1992, ISBN 0-394-53779-3


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Stepanos Taronetsi-Asohik.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

The general history of Stepanos Taronsky — Asohik nicknamed, writer of the 11th century.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Translation from Armenian and explanations by N.Emin.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

, Moscow, Printing House of the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

XVIII, page 335


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Adontz, Nikoghayos.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Samuel l'Armenien, Roi des Bulgares.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Bruxelles, Palais des academies, 1938, Pp.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Tsanev St.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

, Bulgarian Chronicles, Vol. 1, Sofia, 2006, ISBN 954-491-619-9


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Treadgold W., A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8047-2630-2


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Fine J., The Early Mediaval Balkans, The University of Michigan Press, 1983, ISBN 0-472-10025-4


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Pavlov, Pl.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Historiyata is far and close.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

IN. Tarnovo, 2010.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Tapkova-Zaimova, V. “Bulgari comes from...” Komitopulite in a deign and historiographer tradition.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

IN. Tarnovo, 2009.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Subotinov, A., Bulgarskiyat descent to Tsar Samuilovia genus, Sofia, 2005, ISBN 954-9401-08-1


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Subotinov, A., Bulgaria under Tsar Samuel and indignant heirs, T.I Izvori and literature (opinion for generalization), Sofia, 2008 ISBN 954-9401-22-1


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Belezhiti bulgari (ed. and otg. ed. Sq. Pavlov), t. II.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Sofia, 2012.


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Category:Kings of Bulgaria


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Category:10th-century rulers of Europe


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Category:11th-century rulers of Europe


Question: In what year was Samuel, the king of Bulgaria from the Komitopul dynasty, born?

Samuil of Bulgaria

Category:Comitopoules


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Syndrome (English: attention deficiency hyperactivity syndrome), abbr.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

ADHD, attention disorder with hyperactivity, or hyperactive disorder with attention deficit (English: attention deficiency hyperactivity disorder, abbr.) is a neurological-behavioral disorder developmental disorder that begins in childhood [1] [2] [3].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

It is manifested by symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, hyperactivity and poorly controlled impulsiveness [4].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Also, with a tendency to ADHD in adults, there may be a decrease in intelligence and difficulty in perceiving information.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In ICD-10, ADHD belonged to a group of emotional and behavioral disorders that usually begin in childhood [5], and in ICD-11 it belongs to [6].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

From a neurological point of view, ADHD is considered a persistent and chronic syndrome for which no cure has been found [2].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

It is believed that some children, namely 30%, “outgrow” this syndrome or adapt to it in adulthood [2].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

ADHD and its treatment have been controversial since the 1970s [7] [8] [9] [10].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

A number of doctors, teachers, politicians, parents and the media doubt the existence of ADHD.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Some believe that ADHD does not exist at all, but their opponents believe that there are genetic and physiological causes for this condition.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Some researchers even insist on the influence of climatic factors in the development of ADHD in children [11].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Grading


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

DSM-5 distinguishes 3 main types of disorder and 2 additional (“other specified” and “unspecified”) [12]:


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Prevalence of Attention Deficit — ADHD-VPE or ADHD-DV


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Predominance of Hyperactivity and Impulsiveness — ADHD or ADHD (English attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation, code 314.01/F90.1)


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Mixed Type — ADHD S (Eng. Code 314.01/F90.2).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Another specified attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (English, code 314.01/F90.8).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Unspecified attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (code 314.01/F90.9).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In ICD-11 (2018), attention deficit hyperactive disorder appeared as a separate diagnosis (code 6A05).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The following subtypes of the disorder are distinguished: [6]


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

6A05.0: Mostly carelessness is presented.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

6A05.1: Hyperactivity-impulsiveness is predominantly represented.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

6A05.2: Mixed type.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

6A05.Y: Another specified type.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

6A05.Z: Unspecified type.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Prevalence


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

According to data for the population of the United States, this disorder is present in 3—5% of people, including both children and adults [13].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

ADHD is more common in boys.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The relative prevalence among boys and girls ranges from 3:1 to 9:1, depending on the diagnosis criteria, research methods and study groups (children referred to a doctor; schoolchildren; the population as a whole).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Estimates of the prevalence of ADHD (from 1—2% to 25—30%) also depend on these factors.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Definition and diagnostic criteria


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Currently, the basis for establishing a diagnosis is a phenomenological psychological characteristic.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Many signs of ADHD only appear sporadically.