Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

On September 22, Villars overlaid Fribourg, which surrendered on November 16, and 10 days later, peace talks opened between France and Austria in Rastadt, which lasted until March 7, 1714, when peace was signed.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Actions in Spain


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

In Spain, the case of the Imperials was lost irrevocably, and Staremberg was forced to leave Catalonia.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Barcelona remained, which in 1705 announced its support for Archduke Charles in his struggle for the Spanish throne.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

On July 12, 1714, Marshal Berwick (40 thousand people and 87 guns) besieged Barcelona, the garrison of which did not exceed 16 thousand.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

The Catalans defended courageously, but had to surrender the city of Berwick on September 11.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Many leaders of the Catalan separatists were repressed, the ancient liberties — fueros — were burned by the hand of the executioner.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Barcelona Surrender Day is celebrated today as the National Day of Catalonia.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

After this defeat, the Allies finally lost ground in Spain.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

The surrender of Barcelona was the last act of a grandiose struggle for the Spanish inheritance.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Military operations between France and Austria continued until the end of the year, until the signing of the Rastatt and Baden Agreements.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

The War of the Spanish Succession was over, although Spain was formally at war with Austria until 1720.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

War in other theaters


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

The colonies fought in the West Indies and North America.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

In the West Indies, from the very beginning of the war, opponents had detachments of military vessels: Admirals Catlogon and Chateau-Renault on the part of the French and Admiral Benbow - on the part of the British.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

After the departure of Catlogon and Chateau-Renault with the “silver fleet”, Admiral Du Cass was sent there in 1702 with 4 battleships and 8 transports with troops to strengthen the garrisons of the Spanish colonies.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

To intercept it, Benbow separated six battleships under the command of Admiral Wheatstone to the southern coast of Haiti, and with 7 battleships headed for Cartagena, where Du- Cass.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

On August 29, they met, and despite twice the weakest forces and the presence of transports, Du Cass managed to brilliantly fight off the attacks of the British for 5 days, who had to retreat to the island of Jamaica.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Du Cass, on the other hand, landed troops in Cartagena, and, in addition, led silver galleons to Europe.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

He managed to do this in 1708 and 1711, and by doing so he greatly facilitated the war between France and Spain.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

The rest of the hostilities were limited to mutual raids on individual islands, and since 1708, when the British could send large forces here, since the main theater of the war was already Of course, they almost completely owned the waters of the West Indies, and the French only managed to accidentally win any private success.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

In North America, the struggle for a long time was fought only between the militias of the colonists and the merchant ships armed with them, and the French had an advantage.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

But in 1710 and 1711, English squadrons and troops appeared here, the French lost Port Royal in Nova Scotia, and maritime trade and fishing were constrained; however, an attempt by the British in 1711 year failed to take possession of Quebec.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

The most successful of the French expeditions was the attack on Rio de Janeiro in 1712 by Captain Duguet-Troin, who took rich prey and took a huge contribution from the city.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

This expedition also had an impact on the conclusion of peace, as it hit Portugal's most sensitive place: Brazil was the source of its wealth.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

A number of successful exits of small French detachments, which, although they did not have a significant impact on the overall course of hostilities, still sometimes inflicted very sensitive injections on opponents France, took place mainly because at that time the concept of a real close blockade had not yet come to mind.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

The Allies watched the enemy's shores from their bases, appearing in front of them occasionally and going to sea usually only after receiving news of the preparations of the French, and therefore were often late.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Only later, mainly during the wars of the French Revolution and the Empire, did the British develop methods of a close blockade, during which their squadrons and detachments relentlessly observed directly outside the exits from enemy ports.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Result


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Under the Treaty of Utrecht, Philip was recognized as King Philip V of Spain, but he renounced the right to inherit the French throne, thereby breaking the union of the royal families of France and Spain .


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Philip retained Spain's overseas possessions, but the Spanish Netherlands, Naples, Milan, Presiddia and Sardinia were ceded to Austria; Austria also received Mantua after being suppressed there in 1708 Pro-French Gonzaga-Nevers dynasty; Sicily, Montferrat and the western part of the Duchy of Milan were annexed to Savoy, Upper Geldern to Prussia; Gibraltar and Menorca to Great Britain.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

The British also won the right of monopoly trade in slaves in the Spanish colonies in America (“aciento”).


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

England also captured the trade of Portugal, concluding the Methuen Treaty with the latter in 1703.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Caring for the political organization of his empire, Philip, using the centralizing approach of the Bourbons in France, issued decrees ending the political autonomy of the kingdoms of Aragon, which supported Archduke Charles's war.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

On the other hand, Navarra and the Basque provinces that supported the king did not lose their autonomy and retained their institutions of power and laws.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

There have been no major changes in France's borders in Europe.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Although the French did not lose the land they had accumulated, their expansion into central Europe was stopped.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

France stopped supporting contenders for the English throne from the Stuart dynasty and recognized Anna as the rightful queen.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

The French also abandoned some territories in North America, recognizing England's dominance over Rupert's Land, Newfoundland, Acadia, and its part of St. Kitts.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

France pledged to destroy the port of Dünkirchen, which served as the main base for its trade fighters.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Holland received several forts in the Spanish Netherlands and the right to annex part of Spanish Gelderland.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Meanwhile, the war greatly exhausted Holland, which could no longer compete with England in maritime trade and ceased to be a great power.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

With the signing of the Utrecht Peace Treaty, the French hegemony in Europe that characterized the Grand Siècle came to an end.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

With the exception of Philip V's revanchist war for the possession of southern Italian lands (1718—1720), France and Spain, now ruled by Bourbon monarchs, remained in subsequent years allies (the “Bourbon Family Pact”).


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Spain, which lost territory in Italy and the Netherlands, lost most of its strength, becoming a secondary power in matters of continental politics.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Austria has become the dominant force in Italy and has sharply strengthened its position in Europe.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Notes


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Sources


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Brodrick, Thomas.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

A Complete History of the late war in The Netherlands together with an abstract of the treaty of Utrecht.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

London: William Pearson, 1713.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Lynn, John A. The French wars 1667—1714: The Sun King at War.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Osprey Publishing, 2002.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

ISBN 1-84176-361-6


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Wolf, John B. The Emergency of the Great Powers, 1685—1715.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

New York: HarperCollins, 1951.


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Literature


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

References


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

//Krugosvet


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Category:Wars in Europe


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Category:Wars in Austria


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Category:British Wars


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Category:Spanish Wars


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Category:Holy Roman Empire


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Category:Dutch Wars


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Category:French Wars


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Category:Portuguese Wars


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Category:18th-century wars


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Category:18th-century wars in Europe


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Category:Louis XIV Wars


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War


Question: When did the war for the Spanish Succession begin?

Spanish Succession War

Category:Succession Wars


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

is a third-person open-world western adventure video game developed by the American company Rockstar San Diego and published by Rockstar Games on PlayStation 2 and Xbox consoles in 2004 year [1].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

In Japan, the game was released by Capcom in 2005 [2].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

At the end of 2012, it was available on PlayStation Store on PlayStation 3 [3], and in the fall of the year for PlayStation 4 [4].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

The first game in the Red Dead series.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Gameplay


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

The game is a third-person shooter in which the player can freely move within the allowed locations, jump, use objects for shelter and various types of weapons.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Single player


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

The Red Dead Revolver single-player campaign consists of 27 story missions.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

After completing each, the player is shown a screen with successes and received rewards for the head.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

There are four different difficulty levels, but initially only the easy level is available.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

In order to unlock the next level, you need to complete the game on the previous one:


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

“Normal Mode” (Russian: Normal) — easy level, available by default;


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

“Hard Mode” (Russian: High) is a difficult level, available after completing the game on the easy;


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

“Very Hard Mode” (Russian: Very High) — very difficult, available after completing the game at the usual difficult level;


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

“Red Wood Revolver Mode” is available after completing the game on a very difficult one.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

The player's model is replaced by a wooden mannequin — the character Manny Quinn (English: Manny Quinn);


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

“Dead Eye” (Russian: “Sharpful Eye”) is an ability of the protagonist, which has become one of the distinctive gameplay features of the Red Dead series.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

When aiming, the camera focuses on the enemy, and the time slows down briefly (as in the “Bullet Time” effect), which allows the player to select seats on the opponent within the allotted period and place there are marks in order to hit him more accurately.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

The number of marks depends on the volume of the store.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

After returning time to normal turn, the main character fires a flurry of bullets from weapons at the enemy, in the places and in the sequence in which the markers were placed.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Place of action


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Red Dead Revolver takes place in the Wild West in the 1880s, in a fictional region of the United States, on the border with Mexico.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Much of the game is centered around the fictional city of Brimstone (English: Brimston) and its surrounding areas that include deserts, canyons, ghost towns, and small populated points controlled by bandits.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

In the course of the story, the main character Red gets into Brimstone several times, visits saloons, hairdressers, a hotel, a train station, various shops and a bank.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Periodically on the streets, some criminals throw Red, challenge to a duel, and the local sheriff asks Red to deal with the gangs operating in the district.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

The city itself conveys the classic “wild west atmosphere” well.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Multiplayer


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Red Dead Revolver has a multiplayer game mode called Showdown Mode (Russian: Skirmish).


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

It allows two or four players, on the same console, to compete on different maps (13 cards in total, plus one exclusive to Xbox) with the ability to choose your character, the variety of which is great.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

From the beginning, only eight characters are available, and access to the remaining 40 are unlocked after completing certain challenges.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Each character has its own weapons and unique abilities that can be activated after a series of kills or a certain time.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Also in “Showdown Mode”, it is possible to play alone, against opponents controlled by artificial intelligence.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Game modes


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Showdown Mode has three game modes that can be set from the menu on the map selection screen:


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

“Bounty Hunter” is a “deathmatch” shootout mode in which the player who is the first to fill the scale of required kills wins.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

There is an opportunity to set the required number of kills;


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

“Sundown” is a battle between players on maps for a set time.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

The one who killed the most wins by the end of the match.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

It is possible to set the duration of the game;


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

“High Noon” is a duel mode between players.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

There is an opportunity to set the number of winners in the duel required to win;


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Weapon


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

The player has the opportunity to use a wide range of weapons from the Civil War era in the United States, the middle to the end of the 19th century, from revolvers to rifles and shotguns [5].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

In addition to firearms, the player can also use other equipment, such as: Bowie knife (English: Knife), Molotov cocktail (English: Fire Bottle), dynamite stick (English: Dynamite) and so called “snake oil” (English: Snake Oil).


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Some missions have stationary weapons in the form of the Gatling Machine Gun.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

New equipment and weapons can be purchased from in-game stores in locations, and the player can choose or change them before starting a mission.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

There is also a repair of weapons, although it does not play a significant role.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

The plot


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Prolog


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

The story begins in 1876.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Nate Harlow and his partner Griff find a large gold deposit in an area called Bear Mountain.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

To celebrate and perpetuate this event, Nate and Griff decide to order each of them a unique revolver with the image of a scorpion on the handles.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Then they parted ways.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

After a while, the Griff was captured by the Mexican military and sentenced to death as a spy.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

He offers General Javier Diego half of the gold found on Mount Bear and show the location of the gold mine if he spares his life.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

The general agrees, but later sends his “right hand”, Colonel Daren, to kill Griff's partner - Nate Harlow and his family.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Action game


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Nate Harlow returns home to her family on his farm located in the Broken Creek area.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

He is met by his Indian wife “Shooting Star” and son Red, to whom he tells about his findings.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Nate gives his young son his old revolver, after which Red goes to the stream to practice shooting at targets.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

At this time, Colonel Daren's men come and attack Harlow's farm.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Nate and her son are trying to repel the bandits, but, unfortunately, Red's mother and father die.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

The wounded young man at the last moment grabs his father's red-hot revolver, lying in the fire and shoots at the leader of the bandits, Darren, badly injuring him and tearing off his arm.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

At the same time, Red himself gets burned and in the turmoil he manages to escape behind a ravine by the river.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Years after the death of his parents, Red grows up and becomes a bounty hunter.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

1885 - Wandering around the neighborhood in search of the murderers of his parents, he and his dog arrive at the small outpost “Twin Rocks” (English: Twin Rocks), where he meets the wandering merchant “Curly” Shau, he offers Red his goods, but their conversation is interrupted by a couple of criminals, a shootout ensues that attracts the attention of their leader, “Bloody” Tom (English: “Bloody” Tom), and the whole gang attacks Red.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

After defeating everyone, Red hopes to receive a reward for them, loads their bodies on a cart and goes to the town of Widows Patch (English: Widows Patch) to the sheriff.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

When he comes to Widow Patch, he meets Sheriff O'Grady, who tells Red that, unfortunately, he has nothing to offer him, since his city is also captured by bandits led by “Ugly” Chris (English : “Ugly” Chris).


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

After members of the gang kill Red's dog, he kills “Ugly” Chris and all his thugs, but the sheriff is injured and his daughter Katie asks Red to take her father by train to Brimstone (English: Brimston) to see a doctor.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

On the way to the city, the train is attacked by bandits, having repulsed them, they arrive in Brimstone.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

At the station, Red hands over the wounded O'Grady, a local doctor, and goes to the city sheriff named Bartlett.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

For a monetary reward, the sheriff takes turns offering Red to clear four lairs of local gangs and their leaders - Josh's “Pig” (English: Pig Josh), “Bad Bessie” (English: Bad Bessie), Jesse Lynch ( English: Jesse Lynch) and Mr. Black (English: Mr. Black).


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Red agrees and takes up work during which he meets Jack Swift, freeing him from captivity.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

After finishing everything, Red returns to Sheriff Bartlett for the reward, but he tells him that he is unable to pay him now, as the van with the money has not yet arrived at the bank.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

When he comes to the bank, Red sees local cowboy citizen Annie Stokes, who begs the manager not to take her land and give her more time to repay the debt, but he refuses her.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Grief-stricken Annie returns to her farm and finds bandits there, saving cattle from a burning barn, she kills everyone.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

At the same time, Red, taking his money from the banker, threatening him, comes to Annie and gives it to her so that she can save her farm.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Red later learns that Governor Griffon owns part of the gold mines on Bear Mountain.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Remembering that his parents were killed because of this mine, Red goes to the local citizen Annie Stokes, who may lose her farm, for information.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

This brings him back to Sheriff Bartlett, where he realizes that General Diego and Colonel Darren are still alive and that their heads have been rewarded.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

With the help of his maternal cousin, an Indian nicknamed “Shadow of the Wolf”, Red attacks Fort Diego and kills Daren.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Then Red on a horse, independently begins to pursue the armored train of General Diego with the stolen gold.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

After the ensuing shootout, Diego is seriously wounded, offers Red all the gold, but Red kills him.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Then later, during the English: Battle Royale cowboy shooting competition, Red learns from Annie Stokes and Jack Swift that Governor Griffon is an old acquaintance of his father, under Nicknamed Griff, the one who “sold” his parents to General Diego.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Governor Griffon orders the murder of Red from the best champion of the competition - Mr. Kelly, but Red kills Kelly and then pursues “Vulture” to his mansion.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

There Red finds and kills Griff during a duel.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

For the murder of Griff, the sheriff offers Red $5,000, but he refuses.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Instead, after taking the Scorpio Revolver from Griff, Red leaves saying at last to Bartlett: “It wasn't about the money.”


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Characters


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

In the course of the Red Dead Revolver story, the player meets many different characters who are both friendly and hostile to the main character.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Central


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

Red Dead Revolver

Red Harlow (English: Red Harlow) is the main protagonist of the game, the son of gold digger cowboy Nate Harlow and his wife Shooting Star.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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He grew up in a house built by his father on the banks of Broken Creek, near Bear Mountain and the Red Wolf Indian camp, where his mother came from.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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After the murder of his parents, Red becomes a bounty hunter, hoping to find the traitor to the father “Griff” and the people responsible for their deaths - Colonel Daren and General Javier Diego.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Red was voiced by American actor Robert God.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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When creating the image of the protagonist Red Harlow, the developers were inspired by the image of the character known as “The Man Without a Name”, played by actor Clint Eastwood in a series of spaghetti western films, known as Sergio Leone's Dollar Trilogy - A Fistful of Dollars (1964), A Few Dollars More (1965), The Good, the Bad, the Evil (1966), and the protagonist of Josie Wales is an Outlaw Man” of 1976 [6].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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In addition to the resemblance of Red and Eastwood's characters, they are also similar in character — throughout the game, Red rarely speaks, only when it is extremely necessary and always in a few words [7] [8] [9].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Nate Harlow (English: Nate Harlow) is the central character, the father of the protagonist Red.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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He was killed at the beginning of the game by Colonel Daren's men, on the orders of General Diego, after the betrayal of his partner named “Griff”.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Governor Griffon (English: Governor Griffon), aka “Griff” (English: Griff) is the main antagonist of the game.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Father Red's former partner, with whom they found gold on Bear Mountain.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Soon, while trying to cross the river on the border with Mexico, he was captured by General Diego, where he betrays Nate Harlow and makes an agreement with Diego to save himself.


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After a while, Griff, thanks to wealth and gangster ties, he turns from an ordinary gold miner into a governor of the state under the name Griffon.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Later, during the dueling “Battle Royale”, Red sees the governor's “Scorpio Revolver”, after which he realizes that this is the person who is guilty of the murder of his parents.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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The main


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Sheriff Bartlett (English: Sheriff Bartlett) is a sheriff of Brimstone.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Colonel Daren (English: Colonel Daren) is the game's antagonist.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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General Javier Diego (English: General Javier Diego) is a playable character and antagonist of the game.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Buffalo Soldier (English: Buffalo Soldier) is a playable character.


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Actor Benton Green gave his voice to the character.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Annie Stokes (English: Annie Stoakes) is a playable character.


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Voiced by Annie, American actress Kerry Keranen.


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Jack Swift (English: Jack Swift) is a playable character.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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“Shadow Wolf” (English: Shadow Wolf) is a playable character, a member of the Red Wolf Tribe.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Additional


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Mr. Kelly (English: Mr. Kelley) is the game's antagonist.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Sheriff O'Grady (English: Sheriff O'Grady) is a sheriff of the small town of Vidow Patch, who was captured by bandits.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Red helped him get rid of them, but O'Grady himself was injured and had to take a train to Brimstone to see a doctor.


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Katie O'Grady is the young daughter of Sheriff O'Grady.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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After injuring his father, she asks Red to take him to the doctor, to whom she sends a telegram so that he can meet his father and Red at Brimstone Station.


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“Curly” Shaw is an elderly old man who is a wandering merchant who sells goods at fairly low prices.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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According to Sheriff Bartlett's diary, the low prices of goods are due to the fact that they are stolen.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Red later meets him in English: Rogue Valley, and if he manages to save Shau from the bandits, he will give Red $1,500 as a token of gratitude.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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“Shooting Star” (English: Falling Star) is an Indian woman from the Red Wolf tribe, wife of Nate Harlow and the mother of the main protagonist - Red.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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She was killed at the beginning of the game by Colonel Daren and his men, on orders from General Javier Diego.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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music


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Rockstar Games licensed a large number of music from classic spaghetti western films of the 60s and 70s especially for the game, including compositions written by the famous Italian composer Ennio Morricone [10].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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In 2007, for marketing purposes, the game's soundtrack, which included 19 tracks, was released on CD in the United States under the Falling Mountain Music label [11].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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2007, Red Dead Revolver (Music From The Original Soundtrack Recordings) No.titlewriter (s) Length1.” Main Theme"Luis Enriquez Bakalov 1:072.” Lucas"Gianfranco Reverbury 2:153.” Gringos A Cabalo"Francesco De Masi 1:524.” Un Uomo, Un Cavallo, Una Pistola"Stelvio Cipriani 3:405.” Jackie"Piero Piccioni 2:316.” Sombrero “Piero Piccioni 2:017.” Nevada, Delitto Fra Le Montagne"Stelvio Cipriani 2:068.” Il Bandito Messicano"Benedetto Guiglia 2:469.” Il Falso Soldato"Benedetto Giglia 2:5610.” Agguato A Dallas"Luis Enriquez Bakalov 2:2211.” L'Ultimo Mercenario"Bruno Nicolai 2:4912.” Suor Omicidi"Alessandro Alessandroni 4:5013.” Gli Fumavano Le Colt"Bruno Nicolai 1:5014.” Una Bara Per Lo Sceriffo. Part 1"Francesco De Masi 1:3815.” Una Bara Per Lo Sceriffo. Part 2"Francesco De Masi 2:2716.” Un Uomo Chiamato Apocalisse Joe “Bruno Nicolai 2:5417.” E Per Tetto Un Cielo Di Stelle"Ennio Morricone 4:2718.” Lucas (Alternate) “Gianfranco Reverbury 2:1419.” Main Theme Reprise"Luis Enriquez Bakalov 2:08 Total length: 48:33


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Development


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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The development of Red Dead Revolver was started by the Japanese company Capcom [12] in the early 2000s [13], exclusively for the PlayStation 2 console [14].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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The game was the spiritual heir to Gun.Smoke, released in the year [15] [16].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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The original version of the game from Capcom had a completely different style [17], according to Rockstar Games PR manager Hamish Brown in an interview with BBC News, it was “excessively arcade” and fantastic, for example, the game “there was a character who could fly” [18].


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Over time, Capcom began to collaborate and develop the game in tandem with the American studio Angel Studios, which was later transformed into Rockstar San Diego [19].


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The game was announced on May 20 at a preliminary press conference by Capcom as part of the Electronic Entertainment Expo [14] [20].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Later in September, the project was also shown at [21] and in January at a Capcom press conference in Las Vegas [22].


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However, after that, Capcom stopped publishing any news about the game [23] and in the summer of 2003 there were rumors that the project was frozen [24] [25] [26] [27].


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In September, he denied them, saying that the game had not been canceled [28].


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On December 18, Rockstar Games re-announced Red Dead Revolver for PlayStation 2 and Xbox consoles [29] [30] [31] [32].


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On March 22, 2004, Rockstar launched the game's official website [33].


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After the rights to the game were transferred to Rockstar and Rockstar San Diego was fully developed, the game changed its plot and style from the so-called (English: Strange West) to a spaghetti western , this made it possible to add more violence and more sophisticated characters to the game.


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The game is built on the Angel Game Engine developed by Angel Studios [20] for the Midnight Club arcade racing series, while using the effects of “grain” and “old” for authenticity films” [34] [35].


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Game Exit


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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During the development of Red Dead Revolver, the release date was repeatedly postponed, as Capcom originally planned to release the game at the end of the year [21], but postponed it to March [19].


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After the transfer of rights to the game, Rockstar Games, the new publisher, announced the release for spring of the year [29], but was subsequently postponed from late April [15] to May [36].


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The game was released on PlayStation 2 and Xbox on May 4, 2004 in North America [1] [37] and June 11 in Europe.


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The game was released in Japan on May 26 [2].


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On November 22, 2005, Red Dead Revolver became available on Xbox 360 under the reverse combine program with the original Xbox [38] [39], but due to the constant departure in the chapter of “Saloon Fight”, it is not passable on Xbox 360, this “bug” has not been fixed in subsequent updates to the Xbox emulator.


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On December 18, it was released on PlayStation 3 as [3], but in the year, for unknown reasons, the game was removed from the PlayStation Store.


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On September 12, Red Dead Revolver mistakenly became available for a short time in the Australian PlayStation Store on PlayStation 4 [40] [41].


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The game was officially released on PlayStation 4 on October 11 in all regions [4].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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The port on the PS4 is the original PS2 version of the game but with support for higher resolution, trophy system, Remote Play and Share Play [42] [43].


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perception


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Reviews


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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After its release, Red Dead Revolver received positive reviews from critics.


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GameRankings, which shows the average game rating as a percentage of 100, calculated a PlayStation 2 version rating of 74.59%, based on 49 reviews [44], Xbox version scored 74.29% based on 60 reviews [45].


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The average score on Metacritic for PlayStation 2 was 73/100 (based on 42 reviews) [46] and for the Xbox version it was 74/100 (based on 61 reviews) [47].


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Reviewers mainly praised the game for its plot, sound component, unique style and atmosphere, but criticized it for some aspects of the gameplay and poor graphics for its time.


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It was noted that the Xbox version comes in a higher resolution and better textures compared to the PlayStation 2.


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Sales


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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According to data published by the NPD Group, Red Dead Revolver became the best-selling game in May [48], and in June, the game sold 140,000 copies [49].


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On July 31, 2004, Take-Two Interactive announced that Red Dead Revolver and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City had become her best-selling projects in the third quarter of the fiscal year [50].


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On March 12, Take-Two Interactive reported that the game had sold 1.5 million copies worldwide [51] [52] [53].


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According to the site, as of June 17, the game had sold 2 million copies, totaling on PlayStation 2 and Xbox [54] [55].


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Honors


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In the year, Red Dead Revolver was included at number 609 in the book [58].


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Continuation


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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Rumors about the sequel to Red Dead Revolver appeared in the year.


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On May 16, 2005, during the Sony conference with the announcement of the PlayStation 3 console at E3 2005 [59] [60], a teaser trailer for a new exclusive project from Rockstar Games, under the working title “Old West Project” [61].


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The new untitled project was unofficially nicknamed Red Dead Revolver 2 [62] [63], while Rockstar Games did not release any information about the game for several years after the announcement [64].


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On February 4, Red Dead Redemption was announced [65], developed by Rockstar San Diego and being the “spiritual successor” of Red Dead Revolver [66].


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After several transfers [67], the second game in the Red Dead series was released in May of the year on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 [68].


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Red Dead Redemption has received a lot of extremely positive reviews from critics and wide recognition from players, who have formed a permanent online community of fans around the game.


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References to cinematographic works


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At the beginning of the game, young Red trains shooting cans, bottles, teapots and pans, just like the character “Bill” played by actor John Phillip Lowe in Death on a Horse 1967 directed by Giulio Petroni [9] [69].


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At the beginning of the 3rd chapter of “Ugly Streetfight”, when Red killed the gang of “Bloody” Tom, comes to the town of Widow Patch, you can see a cart with corpses.


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It is a reference to the final scene of “A Few Dollars More”, where Clint Eastwood's hero loaded the bodies of members of the Indian gang on a cart to receive a reward for the heads of the sheriff [9] [69].


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The leader of the bandits in Chapter 6 of “Carnival Life”, “Pig” Josh, wears bundles of dynamite, just like the character “John”, actor James Coburn in the 1971 film “A Fistful of Dynamite” [9] [69].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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The appearance of Brimstone, around which the game's plot focuses, was copied from Flagstone from Sergio Leone's 1968 film Once Upon a Time in the Wild West [9] [69].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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On his fourth visit to the saloon in Brimstone, Red meets girl character Natalie Kelly, the niece of local dueling champion Mr. Kelly, who also teaches her shooting.


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Natalie's appearance and character are a direct reference to the character of Matilda, played by actress Natalie Portman in the 1994 film Leon, by French director Luc Besson [69].


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In chapter 10 of “The Cemetery”, Mr. Black constantly carries the coffin in which he keeps a machine gun, just like the protagonist of the 1966 film “Django”, directed by Sergio Corbucci [9] [69].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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In chapter 12 of “Saloon Fight”, Red fights two bandit brothers named Sam and Dan, as well as one of the founders of Rockstar Games, brothers Sam and Dan Hauser [9].


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The actions in Chapter 13 of “The Traitor”, where the player as the antagonist of General Diego needs to fight off the American army and finally blow up the bridge over the Rio Grande River with dynamite, is a reference to The Good, the Bad, the Evil, in which the characters of Clint Eastwood and Eli Wallack perform the same actions with the bridge [9] [69].


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At the end of chapter 16 of “Jailbreak”, Red has to fight simultaneously in a duel against three mercenaries named Ennio, Sergio, and Eli.


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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This trio is a reference and tribute to people who have made a great contribution to the development of the spaghetti western genre — composer Ennio Morricone, director Sergio Leone and actor Eli Wallack [9].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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The title of Chapter 18, “Stagecoach”, is a reference to the 1939 film “Stagecoach” of the same name, directed by John Ford [9] [69].


Question: How many parts of the Red Dead Revolver PC game have been released so far?

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During the Battle Royale dueling competition in Chapter 23, one of Red's rivals is the young Billy “Kid” Cougar, his character was copied from a character nicknamed “The Kid” played by actor Leonardo DiCaprio in the 1995 film “The Fast and the Dead”, directed by Sam Raimi [9] [69].


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The cover of the game was based on the original poster for the 1976 film Josie Wales Outlaw, directed by Clint Eastwood.


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Notes


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Literature


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(in English)


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CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (in English)


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References


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(in English)


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by Capcom (year 2002) ()


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(in English)


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Category:Western video games


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Category:Red Dead


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Category:Third person shooters


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Category:Video games that take place in the USA


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Category:Video games with 3D graphics


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Category:PlayStation 2 Games


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Category:PlayStation 3 Games


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Category:PlayStation 4 Games


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Category:Xbox games


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Category:Xbox 360 games


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Category:Computer games developed by Rockstar San Diego


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Category:Computer games published by Rockstar Games


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

An artificial neural network (INS) is a mathematical model, as well as its software or hardware embodiment, built on the principle of the organization and functioning of biological neural networks — networks nerve cells of a living organism.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

This concept arose when studying the processes taking place in the brain, and when trying to simulate these processes.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The first such attempt was W. McCulloch and W. Pitts [1].


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

After the development of training algorithms, the resulting models began to be used for practical purposes: in forecasting tasks, for pattern recognition, in management tasks, etc.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

ANN is a system of simple processors (artificial neurons) connected and interacting with each other.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

These processors are usually quite simple (especially when compared to processors used in personal computers).


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Each processor in such a network deals only with signals that it periodically receives and signals it periodically sends to other processors.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

And yet, being connected to a fairly large network with controlled interaction, these individually simple processors together are able to perform quite complex tasks.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

From the point of view of machine learning, a neural network is a special case of pattern recognition methods, discriminant analysis, clustering methods, etc.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

From a mathematical point of view, training neural networks is a multiparameter problem of nonlinear optimization.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

From the point of view of cybernetics, the neural network is used in adaptive control problems and as algorithms for robotics.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

From the point of view of the development of computer technology and programming, a neural network is a way to solve the problem of effective parallelism [2].


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

And from the point of view of artificial intelligence, INS is the basis of the philosophical trend of Connectivism and the main direction in the structural approach to studying the possibility of building (modeling) natural intelligence with the help of computer algorithms.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Neural networks are not programmed in the usual sense of the word, they learn.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The ability to learn is one of the main advantages of neural networks over traditional algorithms.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Technically, training is about finding coefficients of connections between neurons.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

In the process of training, the neural network is able to identify complex relationships between input data and output data, as well as perform generalization.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

This means that in case of successful training, the network will be able to return the correct result based on data that was not in the training sample, as well as incomplete and/or “noisy”, partially distorted data.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Timeline


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

1943 — Y. McCulloch and W. Pitts formalize the concept of a neural network in a fundamental article on the logical calculation of ideas and nervous activity [1].


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

At the beginning of his collaboration with Pitts, N. Wiener offers him vacuum tubes as the ideal means at that time for implementing equivalents of neural networks [3].


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

1948 — the book by N. Wiener's talk about cybernetics.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The main idea is to represent complex biological processes by mathematical models.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

1949 — D. Hebb offers the first learning algorithm.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

IN 1958 F. Rosenblatt invents a single-layer perceptron and demonstrates its ability to solve classification problems [4].


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Perceptron has gained popularity — it is used for image recognition, weather forecasting, etc.; at the time, it seemed that the creation of full-fledged artificial intelligence was just around the corner.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

By the time of the invention of the perceptron, the discrepancy between McCulloch's theoretical works and the so-called. Wiener's “cybernetics”; McCulloch and his followers withdrew from the Cybernetic Club.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

In 1960, together with his student Hoff, Adalin was developed on the basis of the delta rule (Widrow formula), which immediately began to be used for prediction and adaptive control problems.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Adaline was built on the basis of fundamentally new elements created by them (Widrow — Hoff) — memistors [5].


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Adaline (adaptive adder) is now a standard element of many signal processing systems [6].


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

In 1963, at the Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

A. P. Petrov conducts a detailed study of the tasks “difficult” for the perceptron [7].


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

This pioneering work in the field of modeling INS in the USSR served as a starting point for a set of ideas by M. M. Bongard — as “a relatively small alteration of the algorithm (perceptron) to correct its shortcomings” [8].


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Works by A. P. Petrova and M. M. Bongard was greatly facilitated by the fact that in the USSR the first wave of euphoria about INS was smoothed out.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

In 1969, M. Minsky publishes formal proof of the limitations of the perceptron and shows that it is unable to solve some problems (the problem of “parity” and “one in the block”) related to invariance representations.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Interest in neural networks is falling sharply.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

In 1972, T. Kohonen and independently offer a new type of neural networks that can function as memory [4].


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

In 1973, B.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

IN. Khakimov proposes a nonlinear model with synapses based on splines and implements it to solve problems in medicine, geology, ecology [9].


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

1974 — Paul J.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Verbos [10] and A. AND. Galushkin [11] simultaneously invent an error backpropagation algorithm for training multilayer perceptrons [12].


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The invention did not attract much attention.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

1975 — Fukushima introduces a cognitron, a self-organizing network designed for invariant pattern recognition, but this is achieved only by memorizing almost all states of the image .


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

1982 — After a period of oblivion, interest in neural networks increases again.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

J.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Hopfield showed that a neural network with feedback can be a system that minimizes energy (the so-called Hopfield network).


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Kohonen presents models of a network that learns without a teacher (Kohonen neural network) that solves clustering problems, data visualization (self-organizing Kohonen map) and other problems preliminary data analysis.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

1986 — David E. Rumelhart, J.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

E.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Hinton and Ronald J.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Williams [13] and independently and simultaneously S. AND. Bartsev and V. A. Okhonin (Krasnoyarsk Group) [14] rediscovered and significantly developed the method of back propagation of the error.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

There was an explosion of interest in learning neural networks.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

2007 — Jeffrey Hinton at the University of Toronto created deep learning algorithms for multilayer neural networks.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The success is due to the fact that Hinton used a limited Boltzmann Machine (RBM) when training the lower layers of the network.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Hinton deep learning is a very slow process.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

It is necessary to use many examples of recognizable images (for example, many people's faces on different backgrounds).


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

After training, you get a ready-made fast-working application that can solve a specific problem (for example, search for faces in an image).


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The face search function has now become standard and is built into all modern digital cameras.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Deep learning technology is actively used by Internet search engines when classifying images according to the images contained in them.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Artificial neural networks used in recognition can have up to 9 layers of neurons, and they are trained on millions of images with the search image.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Known applications


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Pattern recognition and classification


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Objects of different nature can act as images: text symbols, images, sound samples, etc. When training the network, various sample images are offered, indicating which class they belong to.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The sample, as a rule, is represented as a vector of feature values.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

At the same time, the totality of all features should uniquely determine the class to which the sample belongs.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

In the event that there are not enough features, the network may associate the same sample with several classes, which is incorrect.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

After completing the training of the network, it can be presented with previously unknown images and receive an answer about belonging to a certain class.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The topology of such a network is characterized by the fact that the number of neurons in the output layer, as a rule, is equal to the number of classes being determined.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

At the same time, a correspondence is established between the output of the neural network and the class it represents.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

When a network is presented with an image, one of its outputs should show a sign that the image belongs to that class.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

At the same time, other outputs should indicate that the image does not belong to this class [15].


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

If two or more outputs show a sign of class membership, the network is considered “unsure” about its answer.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Neural network architectures used


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Teaching with a teacher:


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Perceptron


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Convolutional neural networks


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Unsupervised training:


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Adaptive resonance networks


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Blended learning:


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Radial basis function network


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Decision-making and management


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

This task is close to that of classification.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Classifications are subject to situations, the characteristics of which are input to the neural network.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

At the output of the network, there should be a sign of the decision that it has made.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

At the same time, various criteria for describing the state of the controlled system are used as input signals [16].


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Neural network architectures used


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Teaching with a teacher:


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Perceptron


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Deep neural networks


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Blended learning:


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Radial basis function network


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Clustering


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Clustering is understood as the division of a plurality of input signals into classes, despite the fact that neither the number nor the characteristics of classes are known in advance.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

After training, such a network is able to determine which class the input signal belongs to.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The network can also signal that the input signal does not belong to any of the selected classes — this is a sign of new data that is not in the training sample.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Thus, such a network can identify new, previously unknown classes of signals.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The correspondence between classes allocated by the network and classes existing in the subject area is established by a person.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Clustering is carried out, for example, by Kohonen neural networks.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Neural networks in Kohonen's simple version cannot be huge, so they are divided into hyperlayers (hypercolumns) and nuclei (microcolumns).


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

When compared to the human brain, the ideal number of parallel layers should not be more than 112.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

These layers, in turn, form hyperlayers (hypercolumn), in which from 500 to 2000 microcolumns (nuclei).


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

At the same time, each layer is divided into a plurality of hypercolumns that penetrate through these layers.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Microcolumns are encoded in numbers and ones to obtain the result at the output.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

If required, extra layers and neurons are removed or added.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

It is ideal to use a supercomputer to select the number of neurons and layers.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Such a system allows neural networks to be plastic.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Neural network architectures used


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Unsupervised training:


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Perceptron


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Kohonen Self-Organizing Map


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Kohonen's neural network


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Adaptive resonance networks


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Forecasting


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The forecasting ability of a neural network directly follows from its ability to generalize and highlight hidden dependencies between input and output data.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

After training, the network is able to predict the future value of a sequence based on several previous values and/or some currently existing factors.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

It should be noted that forecasting is possible only when previous changes really determine future ones to some extent.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

For example, forecasting stock quotes based on last week's quotes may or may not be successful, while predicting tomorrow's lottery results based on data over the past 50 years, will almost certainly not produce any results.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Neural network architectures used


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Teaching with a teacher:


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Perceptron


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Blended learning:


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Radial basis function network


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Approximation


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Neural networks can approximate continuous functions.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

A generalized approximation theorem [17] is proved: using linear operations and a cascade connection, it is possible to obtain a device from an arbitrary nonlinear element that calculates any continuous function with some predetermined accuracy in advance.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

This means that the nonlinear characteristic of a neuron can be arbitrary: from sigmoidal to an arbitrary wave packet or wavelet, sine or polynomial.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The complexity of a particular network may depend on the choice of a nonlinear function, but with any nonlinearity, the network remains a universal approximator and, if the structure is chosen correctly, can be quite accurate to approximate the functioning of any continuous automaton.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Neural network architectures used


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Teaching with a teacher:


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Perceptron


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Blended learning:


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Radial basis function network


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Data compression and associative memory


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The ability of neural networks to identify relationships between different parameters makes it possible to express data of large dimensions more compactly if the data are closely interrelated with each other.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The reverse process — restoring the original dataset from a piece of information — is called (auto) associative memory.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Associative memory also allows you to restore the original signal/image from noisy/corrupted input data.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The solution of the heteroassociative memory problem makes it possible to implement memory addressed by content [16].


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Neural network architectures used


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Teaching with a teacher:


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Perceptron


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Unsupervised training:


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Hopfield neural network


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Data analysis


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Neural network architectures used


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Teaching with a teacher:


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Perceptron


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Unsupervised training:


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Perceptron


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Kohonen Self-Organizing Map


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Kohonen's neural network


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Optimization


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Neural network architectures used


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Unsupervised training:


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Kohonen Self-Organizing Map


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Kohonen's neural network


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Steps for solving problems


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Data collection for training;


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Preparation and normalization of data;


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Choosing a network topology;


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Experimental selection of network characteristics;


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Experimental selection of training parameters;


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Training itself;


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Checking the adequacy of training;


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Adjustment of parameters, final training;


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Verbalization of the network [18] for further use.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Some of these steps should be considered in more detail.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Collect data for training


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Selecting data for training the network and processing it is the most difficult step in solving the problem.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The training dataset must meet several criteria:


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Representativeness — data should illustrate the true state of affairs in the subject area;


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Consistency — conflicting data in the training sample will lead to poor quality of network training.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The source data is transformed into a form in which it can be fed to the network inputs.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Each entry in the data file is called a training pair or training vector.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The training vector contains one value for each network input and, depending on the type of training (with or without a teacher), one value for each network output.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Training the network on a “raw” set, as a rule, does not give high-quality results.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

There are a number of ways to improve the perception of the network.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Rationing is performed when data of different dimensions are supplied to different inputs.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

For example, values from zero to one are fed to the first input of the network, and from one hundred to thousand to the second.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

In the absence of normalization, the values at the second input will always have a significantly greater impact on the output of the network than the values at the first input.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

When normalizing, the dimensions of all input and output data are brought together;


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Quantization is performed on continuous quantities for which a finite set of discrete values is allocated.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

For example, quantization is used to set the frequencies of audio signals when recognizing speech;


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Filtering is performed for “noisy” data.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

In addition, the representation of both input and output data plays an important role.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Suppose a network is learning to recognize letters in images and has one numerical output — the letter number in the alphabet.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

In this case, the network would get the false impression that letters 1 and 2 are more similar than letters 1 and 3, which is generally wrong.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

To avoid this situation, a network topology with a large number of outputs is used, where each output has its own meaning.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The more connections there are, the greater the distance between classes and the more difficult it is to confuse them.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Selecting a network topology


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

You should choose the type of network based on the problem statement and the available data for training.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Teacher-led training requires a “peer review” for each sample item.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Sometimes it is simply impossible to obtain such an estimate for a large amount of data.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

In these cases, a network that learns without a teacher (for example, a self-organizing Kohonen map or the Hopfield neural network) is a natural choice.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

When solving other problems (such as forecasting time series), expert assessment is already contained in the initial data and can be allocated during their processing.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

In this case, you can use a multi-layer perceptron or a Word network.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Experimental selection of network characteristics


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

After choosing the general structure, it is necessary to experimentally select the network parameters.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

For networks like perceptron, this will be the number of layers, the number of blocks in hidden layers (for Word networks), the presence or absence of workarounds, and the transfer functions of neurons.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

When choosing the number of layers and neurons in them, one should assume that the network's ability to generalize is higher, the greater the total number of connections between neurons.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

On the other hand, the number of connections is limited from above by the number of records in training data.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

Experimental selection of training parameters


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

After choosing a specific topology, you must select the training parameters for the neural network.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

This stage is especially important for networks that learn with a teacher.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

The right choice of parameters does not only determine how quickly the answers of the network converge to the right answers.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

For example, choosing a low learning speed will increase convergence time, but sometimes avoids network paralysis.


Question: When did the concept of artificial neural network come about?

Artificial neural network

An increase in the learning moment can lead to both an increase and a decrease in the convergence time, depending on the shape of the error surface.