Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Microsoft Windows 7 supports all modern wireless devices and encryption protocols at the time of its release.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Among other things, Windows 7 has the ability to create virtual Wi-Fi adapters, which theoretically would allow you to connect not to one Wi-Fi network, but to several at once.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In practice, Windows 7 supports the creation of only one virtual adapter, provided that special drivers are written [27].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

This can be useful when using a computer on a local Wi-Fi network and, at the same time, on a Wi-Fi network connected to the Internet.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Multiple access points


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Increasing the number of Wi-Fi access points provides network redundancy, better range, fast roaming support, and increased overall network bandwidth by using more number of channels or by identifying smaller cells.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

With the exception of the smallest implementations (such as home or small office networks), Wi-Fi implementations have moved to thin access points, with most of the network intelligence being housed in centralized network device, discarding individual access points to the role of “stupid” transceivers.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Outdoor applications can use mesh topologies.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

When multiple access points are deployed, they are often configured with the same SSID and security settings to form an “advanced set of services”.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wi-Fi client devices typically connect to an access point that can provide the strongest signal in this set of services.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Legal status


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The legal status of Wi-Fi varies from country to country.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In the US, the 2.5 GHz band is allowed to be used without a license, provided that the power does not exceed a certain amount, and such use does not interfere with licensed users.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Russia


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Permission to use frequencies


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In Russia, in accordance with the decisions of the State Commission on Radio Frequencies (SCRF) dated May 7, 2007 No. 07-20-03-001 “On the allocation of radio frequency bands to short-range devices” [28] and dated December 20 2011 № 11-13-07-1 [29], the use of Wi-Fi without obtaining a private permit to use frequencies is possible to organize a network inside buildings, closed warehouses and industrial territories in bands 2400-2483.5 MHz (802.11b and 802.11g standards; channels 1-13) and 5150-5350 MHz (802.11a and 802.11n; channels 34-64).


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

To legally use an off-site Wi-Fi network (for example, a radio channel between two neighboring houses), you must obtain permission to use frequencies (both in the 2.4 GHz band and 5 GHz bands) GHz) on the basis of an expert opinion on the possibility of using the declared RES and their electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) with existing and planned RES for use.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

On February 29, 2016, in Moscow, it was decided [30] to use the 57-66 GHz frequency range (channels 1-4) in Russia for IEEE 802.11ad (WiGiG) devices.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The adopted decision amends the decision of the State Commission for Radio Frequency of May 7, 2007 No. 07-20-03-001 “On the allocation of radio frequency bands to short-range devices” [28].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The SCRF solution also allows the use of the new frequency range 5650-5850 MHz (channels 132-165) by IEEE 802.11ac devices (Wi-Fi).


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

This will allow you to use a channel up to 160 MHz inside buildings when deploying 802.11ac Wi-Fi networks.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Also, for the bands 5150-5350 MHz and 5650-5850 MHz, the permissible radiation power was doubled.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

It is now 10 mW at 1 MHz.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Radio-electronic means are subject to registration with Roskomnadzor in accordance with the established procedure [32].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In accordance with Decree No. 837 of the Government of the Russian Federation dated October 13, 2011 “On Amendments to Resolution No. 539 of the Government of the Russian Federation dated October 12, 2004” [33] are subject to registration, in particular (from clauses 13, 23, 24 of the annex):


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

User (terminal) transmitting equipment, including a receiving device, short-range IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.11.b, IEEE 802.11.g, IEEE 802.11.n (Wi-Fi) standards, operating in the radio frequency band 2400—2483.5 MHz, with the permissible transmitter radiation power of not more than 100 mW, including built-in or included in other devices;


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

User (terminal) transmitting equipment, including a receiving device, of short-range IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11.n (Wi-Fi) standards, operating in radio frequency bands 5150 — 5350 MHz and 5650-6425 MHz, with a permissible transmitter radiation power of not more than 100 mW, including built-in or part of other devices;


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Short-range devices used indoors in the radio frequency band 5150 — 5250 MHz with a maximum equivalent isotropic radiated transmitter power of not more than 200 mW;


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Short-range devices in indoor wireless data transmission networks in the 2400—2483.5 MHz radio frequency band with maximum equivalent isotropic radiated power transmitter not more than 100 mW when using pseudorandom tuning of the operating frequency.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Responsibility


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Violation of the procedure for the use of electronic means provides for liability under Articles 13.3 and 13.4 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation (Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation) [34].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Thus, in July 2006, several companies in Rostov-on-Don were fined for operating open Wi-Fi networks (hot spots) [35].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The Federal Service for Supervision of Mass Communications, Communications and Protection of Cultural Heritage has issued a new explanation for the use and registration of all devices using Wi-Fi.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Later it turned out that there was a comment by Rossvyazokhrankultury [36], which partially refutes the misunderstandings developed by the online media.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Ukraine


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

According to the legislation of Ukraine, the use of Wi-Fi without permission (Ukrainian: Ukrainian State Radio Frequency Center) is possible only if you use an access point with a standard omnidirectional antenna (<6 dB, signal strength ≤ 100 mW at 2.4 GHz and ≤ 200 mW at 5 GHz) for internal (indoor use) needs of the organization (Decision of the National Communications Regulatory Commission 914 of 2007.09.06) In case of using an external antenna, it is necessary to register the transmitter and obtain a permit for the operation of the electronic means from the DP UDCR.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In addition, for the provision of telecommunication services using WiFi, it is necessary to obtain a license from NKRZI [37].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Belarus


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In the Republic of Belarus, there is a specialized State Commission on Radio Frequencies (SCRF) (Belarusian: Dzyarzhunaya Kamisiya Pa Radio Frequencies (DzKRF)).


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

On the basis of (in Russian) Wi-Fi equipment does not require registration, provided that its parameters meet the following requirements:


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Broadband wireless access subscriber stations using 2400-2483.5 MHz, 2500-2700 MHz, 5150-5875 MHz radio frequency bands and do not use external antennas (antennas installed outside buildings and structures).


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Broadband wireless access subscriber stations of a public telecommunication network using 3400—3800 MHz, 5470-5875 MHz radio frequency bands [38].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Safety


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

In 2011, the results of an experiment were published to study the effect of Wi-Fi on sperm quality, during which it was found that Wi-Fi negatively affects humans [39] [40].


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

The aim of the experiment was to test the possible effect of a laptop placed on a man's lap on his reproductive system.


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Previously, it was argued that Wi-Fi does not harm human health [41], for example, one of the English professors from the University of Nottingham (Nottingham University) considered the following measures sufficient Wi-Fi precautions:


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

“Some people do hold a laptop on their lap, and in my opinion, we should remind children that when they are on the network (Wi-Fi) for a long time, they should put the laptop on the table, not keep it on knees.”


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

See also


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

WLAN


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wardriving


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

MIMO


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wireless Gigabit Alliance


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Eye-Fi


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wi-Fi Direct


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) is a standard designed for semi-automatic creation of a wireless home network


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Distributed coordination function


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Notes


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

References


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

(in English)


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

, ComputerPress Magazine, 8'2007


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

, CNews, 20.03.2009


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

, Computerra, 08.12.2006


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

, dlink.ru


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Wi-fi free hotspots in all cities around the world


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Category:Wireless networks


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Category:Networking Standards


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Category:IEEE 802.11


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Category:Smart home


Question: When was the Wi-Fi standard developed?

WiFi

Category:Automation


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

English: MythBusters is an American popular science television show that aired on the Discovery Channel from 2003 to 2016.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Show hosts: special effects specialists Jamie Hyneman and Adam Savage, using their skills and experience to experimentally test various tales, rumors, urban legends and other creatures popular culture.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

The show was usually filmed in the San Francisco Bay Area.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

History


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Initially, the program was presented to Discovery by producer Peter Rees of Beyond Television Productions in 2002 under the title Tall Tales or True [1].


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Discovery Channel has given the go-ahead for three special pilots.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Hyneman was on the program featuring Rees, who had previously interviewed Heineman when he appeared on Robot Battles.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Savage, who had previously worked with Heineman on commercials and Robot Battles, was invited by Heineman to lead the program together because Hyneman felt he was not dynamic enough to to lead it alone [2] [3].


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

In 2014, Tori, Keri, and Grant left the program.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Since then, the Mythbusters program, as well as at the beginning, has been hosted only by Jamie and Adam.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

[4] [5]


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

On March 25, 2016, Science announced its intention to continue the series with new presenters who were selected in the reality show.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

The show, which ended on February 17, 2017, is called English: MythBusters: The Search.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Since 2017, Mythbusters has been hosted by reality show winners, John Loong and Brian Lowden.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Format


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Each of the hour-long episodes of MythBusters focuses on two or more urban legends, common beliefs, or rumors from the Internet.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

The main myth often requires comprehensive preparation and a special test site; in addition to it, the program also includes one or two that are not so troublesome in terms of preparing and conducting a myth.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Some experiments are so complex that the entire hour of transmission is devoted to them.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Sometimes, to test a whole range of related myths, the release lasts twice as long as usual.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Hosts Jamie Hyneman and Adam Savage worked in filmmaking (special effects) for more than 30 years. They were the main techniques in Star Wars (for example, programming droid movements).


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Subsequently, they used their extensive engineering knowledge and extensive design experience to create complex mechanical devices used in experiments.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

They develop, assemble and use these mechanisms at Heineman's M5 Industries special effects workshop.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Testing is often carried out in other places in San Francisco and its environs, including the former naval air base in Alameda, the former Hamilton Air Force Base in Novato, and the civil aerospace the Mojave Spacesport test site, or in the Mojave Desert, where myths related to missiles are tested.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Other locations for inspections include New Jersey (where they checked if Jimmy Hoff was actually buried under Giants Stadium), the Bahamas (where myths about sharks were tested), Alaska (where myths associated with a large amount of snow, ice or low air temperatures were tested).


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

The creators of the show try to avoid unintentional advertising of certain brands: their images are covered with paper with the symbols of the program, and if this is not possible, they are “blurred” during subsequent processing images [6].


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Exceptions are cases when the myths themselves are somehow related to a particular brand.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Examples of legends explored


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Here are just a few of the legends tested by the “destroyers”:


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Can a human voice break glass without special devices?


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Can a coin dropped from a tall building kill a person on the ground?


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Is it possible to design a fully functional and discreet car seat with the possibility of emergency ejection?


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Could Benjamin Franklin's kite experiment actually happen?


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Is there an echo from a duck quacking?


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Can a rotating ceiling fan cut off a person's head?


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Is it possible to escape firearms by diving under water?


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Is it possible to destroy a castle by shooting it?


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Can I get an electric shock by urinating on the contact rail?


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Is it possible to make a fuel-powered rocket from Salami sausage?


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Can a bird break an airplane's windshield?


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Were Americans on the moon?


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Is it possible to escape from a sinking car?


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Can a water heater take off like a rocket and break through the roof of a house?


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Can canned food or aerosol explode in a car overheated in the sun?


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Can a breast implant explode on an airplane at high altitude?


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Some rumors and urban legends Destroyers refuse to verify.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

They do not refer to paranormal entities, such as aliens or ghosts, as such phenomena cannot be correctly verified by scientific methods.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

However, one day, the MythBusters tried to test the myth of the “energy of the pyramids”, which prompted Savage to summarize: “Please, no more ugi-boogie myths.”


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

“Destroyers” avoid myths that cannot be tested without risking humans or animals; for example, they refused to test the myth of whether a poodle can be dried in a microwave oven.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Mythbusters: The Explosive Truth Behind 30 Confusing Urban Legends [7] lists a dozen tales that can hardly be verified (although three of them, after all, were tested, e.g. Paper Crossbow).


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Emphasis on entertainment


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

The methods for testing rumors and urban legends are as vivid and spectacular as possible.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Usually it does not do without powerful explosions, fires and similar spectacular destruction.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Perhaps it is precisely because of the emphasis on the visual component on the transmission that accidents and injuries of varying severity sometimes occur.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

In this regard, Savage sometimes describes the program as “Jackass+Mr. Wizard” (Jackass is an American program often associated with dangerous stunts for leading, Mr. Wizard World - an educational scientific - a popular American television show from the 50s for kids).


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

In addition, the myths themselves are chosen for verification in such a way as to provide such a spectacle, for example, “Can a cell phone cause an explosion of gasoline vapors at a gas station?” , or “Can a shark pierce a boat or break through the protection of an anti-shark cage by ramming them?”


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

When testing a myth is related to the limits of the human body, presenters always use a crash test dummy named “Buster” or a ballistic gel that mimics the tissues of the human body and used by ballistics experts for testing firearms or other propellant weapons.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

If the myth is not too dangerous, the presenters can


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

carry out tests on yourself, despite the possible risk, so injuries and accidents occur quite often.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

For example, to test whether the posture recommended for passengers in an airplane crash could save lives, Savage, along with co-hosts Tori Belichi and Carey Byron, tied themselves to a test rig ( as it was tested on dummies) and dropped it from a height of one and a half meters.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Although they could avoid this, everyone suffered minor bodily injuries (abrasions, scratches).


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Methodology for testing myths


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Testing a myth usually involves two phases.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

In the first phase, an attempt is made to find out whether the result described in it can be achieved under the conditions specified in the myth.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

If not, the presenters expand the interpretation of the myth as much as necessary until the desired result is reproduced exactly.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

This second phase is the main feature of the “destroyers”.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

A good illustration of this methodology is the episode “Remove Concrete”, which tested the myth that an explosion of a dynamite stick could clear a concrete mixer from a layer of concrete that had frozen inside it.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

First of all, the presenters were convinced that the need to clean the machine from concrete may really arise, and that it is extremely difficult to do it manually.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Then they accurately reproduced the myth: they blew up one stick of dynamite inside a half-filled concrete mixer.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Since this did not have a visible effect, the destroyers increased the amount of explosives.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

This did not help either, and they began to put more and more explosives in the concrete mixer.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

The experiment was brought to the point of absurdity: after the explosion of 386 kg of igdanit, the concrete mixer was torn into pieces.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Only by such methods, the destroyers managed to “remove concrete”.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

This explosion is still the most powerful in the history of the program, and it is often shown in various special editions.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

When the exact conditions of the myth being tested are not clear enough, the presenters often compete with each other in search of the best solution.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

In one of the programs, they competed to see if a person who fell from a building could safely land (plan) on the ground using plywood sheets.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Adam Savage built a wooden parachute, and Jamie Hyneman chose to design a glider device.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Both devices have been tested — along with the option of using conventional plywood sheets.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Additional materials


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

The official website of the Discovery channel contains more additional videos related to the program:


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Exclusive videos intended for viewing only on the channel's website (English: Web Exclusives [8]);


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Videos cut out during editing for one reason or another (English: Outtakes [9]);


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Capturing the culmination of a myth (usually an explosion) with a high-speed camera (English: High Speed Camera [10]) as well as shooting with conventional cameras, but from different points and angles;


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Work materials from the set (English: Raw Materials [11]);


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Interviews [12] with the hosts of the program, episodes of meetings between the presenters and the audience (English: Behind the Scenes [13]) and much more.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Since the ninth season, five-minute videos have been posted on the official website of the program with the answers of the Destroyers to questions from viewers regarding the latest episode.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Initially, this auxiliary transmission was called the Combustion Chamber (English: Combustion Chamber [14]).


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

The pilot episode of this program was dedicated to episode 126, “Kicking Out of Socks”, hosted by a special host who asked questions to the Destroyers.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

However, this format soon changed, and the Destroyers began to read out the questions of the audience themselves.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

In addition to technical questions about why this or that experiment was staged this way and not the other, the videos began to include one or two questions of an abstract nature, usually related to the personal lives of themselves Destroyers.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Since 2010, the Combustion Chamber has been released regularly.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

After the release of 156 “Sinking Car 2”, the title of the program was changed to “English: Aftershow”.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

At the moment, it is standard practice to have two “afterwords” at the end of each episode at once (Adam and Jamie answer questions from viewers in one “afterword”, and the Team answer questions from viewers in the other).


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Season and issue numbering


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

The program does not have any consistent system for dividing episodes into seasons.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Mythbusters does not follow any set broadcast schedule, which makes it impossible to use breaks in broadcasts to identify seasons.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

The official website of the program divides the episodes by the year of their first broadcast.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Discovery sells the “seasons” of this program on DVD, and the “seasons” do not always coincide with the breakdown by year [16].


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

In addition, Discovery periodically sells “collections” of issues, in which the division into seasons is carried out in a third way.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

As a result, different countries use their own season numbering system, which does not coincide with the official one.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

On Russian Wikipedia, the breakdown by season follows how the episodes first appeared on Russian television.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

The numbering of the issues is also ambiguous.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

The official website of “Mythbusters” contains a list of most episodes of the program, and does not specify their production number.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Also, this official list does not include most of the special editions.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

As a result, different resources number the episodes of the program differently.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Episodes list


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

There is no consistent system for distributing Mythbusters episodes into seasons.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

The show does not have a specific calendar for broadcast periods.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

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On the official website of Mythbusters, episodes are divided by calendar years.


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Discovery, on the other hand, produces DVDs that sometimes follow a calendar year and sometimes don't.


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In addition, Discovery sells “collections” that distribute episodes differently — each collection includes 10 to 12 episodes from different seasons.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

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In this list, episodes are divided by calendar year, just like in the official guide.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

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Final assessment of verifiable myths


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At the end of each broadcast, verifiable myths are rated “refuted”, “plausible” (“partially confirmed”), or “confirmed”.


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Confirmed The presenters managed to achieve the result described in the myth under the conditions specified in it.


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If documentary evidence of what happened in a myth is found, it can also be confirmed.


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Likely (Plausible) First used in Season 2.


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The desired result can only be achieved if the conditions are expanded within reasonable limits (that is, the conditions under which the myth works are impractical, but still likely), or the result can be achieved adding conditions that may or may not be part of the myth described.


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This assessment is also used if there is documentary evidence of what happened, and the presenters could not reproduce the circumstances described.


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Busted The result cannot be achieved either under the conditions described or if they are more broadly interpreted, or the achievement of the result requires an unusual expansion or modification of conditions, the probability of which in reality is extremely low.


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Occasionally, more than one assessment is given to a myth.


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Testing the myth about whether a bullet shot vertically upwards could fall and kill a shooter or an accidental witness, the presenters gave him all three ratings - “refuted”, “plausible” and “confirmed”.


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Mythbusters

“Rebutted” — because a bullet shot upwards falls to the ground at a speed insufficient to kill; “plausible” — because the shooter still does not shoot completely vertically, but at a slight angle, in which case the bullet follows a ballistic trajectory and can be dangerous; “confirmed” because there have been reports of witnesses that falling bullets killed people.


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In fact, for this reason, many local authorities directly prohibit shooting up.


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The myth “Jet Taxi” claimed that a car passing behind a jet liner can be turned upside down by the impact of its jet stream when the engine of the liner is turned on at full power.


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Due to logistical difficulties, the myth could not be reproduced in full, and the myth was assessed as “partially confirmed”, despite the fact that such cases were recorded in TV news [17].


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If feedback has been received from other sources claiming that the experiments were carried out incorrectly or not completely, the presenters can reconsider past myths and double-check them.


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As of July 2012, there were ten episodes of the program, entirely dedicated to rechecks.


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Rechecks are carried out with new testing methods or new data about the legend being checked.


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To date, the estimates for four myths have been changed.


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The myth “Chicken Cannon” from “refuted” became “plausible”, the myth “Who will get wet more?” from “refuted” to “confirmed”, the myth “Jet Taxi” from “almost plausibly” became “confirmed”, and finally, the myth “Fireworks Flight” from “refuted” became “confirmed”.


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The statuses of all other myths remain the same.


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In the myth “Antigravity,” Tory noted that they can refute not anti-gravity, but only its anti-gravity device, and Carey said that they can reconsider the myth and evaluate it “refuted (to date)”.


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Today, this is the only myth with such an assessment.


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Frequently used items


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A ballistic gel used by many organizations to test the characteristics of firearms ammunition — as a mimic of some of the physical properties of human muscle tissue.


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This transmission also uses gels of different compositions to mimic various properties of human flesh, such as electrical conductivity or resistance to blows with a blunt object.


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Cars are often taken from the landfill, but sometimes they are bought in working order (and sometimes they are given by fans of the program).


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Firearms and explosives are used to test myths associated with their use.


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A firearm or bomb technician is usually invited.


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Such inspections usually result in the complete destruction of the research object.


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Ultra-fast cameras are very often used to record the movement of fast-moving objects, as well as, together with a measuring ruler, to measure the speed of movement of objects.


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Pork carcasses or their individual organs are usually used when the myth is associated with damage to the human body and its analogue is needed, and Buster cannot be used.


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They were used to test myths related to decomposition, shooting and possible dismemberment.


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Polycarbonate sheets are widely used in many transmission series as protective shields in potentially explosive or risky experiments.


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The reliability of the shields themselves was the object of one of the experiments, and as a result it was questioned (one of these shields was pierced by a chicken in the story “Chicken Cannon (Season 1)”).


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Bows (latches) are often used in experiments related to falls or devices under pressure.


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Theatrical latches are also often used as fast-opening ones.


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Reinforced adhesive tape is widely used in many transmission series as a building material.


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Team: presenters and their assistants


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The main list of leading


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The main hosts of the program are Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman.


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Their relationship is the highlight of the TV program; in fact, they form a comic duet: Hyneman plays the role of a straightforward, serious person, and Savage sets him off with his eternal pampering and spontaneity.


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Adam and Jamie are assisted in the work on the releases by the staff of M5 Industries, who collectively bears the name “Junior Team”, or “Apprentices” (English: The Build Team).


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The team appeared in the program since the second season, and starting in the third season, their names appeared in the credits, along with the names of Heineman and Savage.


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At the moment, the team consists of:


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Tori - Tori Beleci (Salvatore “Tory” Belleci), Kari Byron (Kari Byron) and electrical engineer Grant Imahara (Grant Imahara).


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Initially, Grant was replaced by Scotty Chapman, a metal worker, a welder.


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For some time, the Team included Discovery Channel winner Christine Chamberlain and Jesse “Jess” Nelson, or as they were also called “The Mifterns” (English: Mythtern language contamination of the words “MythBusters” and “Intern” — intern/intern).


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During her pregnancy, Carey Byron was also replaced by Jesse Combs.


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Initially, the presenters also consulted folklorist Heather Joseph-Witham, who explained the origin and variations of some urban legends, as well as with people directly dealing with the facts of a verifiable myth.


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Since the third season, interviews are not practiced, the action is more focused on the verification process.


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Now only experts appear in the program, with whom the presenters deal directly during testing.


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Buster


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Buster is a crash test dummy used to test dangerous myths.


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In the very first episodes, he was called Dude when translated, but once called Buster.


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From episode 5 of season 1, his name was Buster.


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At the beginning of season 2, he was periodically called the Destroyer, and a couple of times called the Idiot.


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As a result of myth tests, Buster was repaired and redone many times, until finally, for almost an entire episode, it was completely redone.


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Buster 2.0 boasts limbs that have more realistic angles of motion, as well as easily replaceable wooden “bones” that break under the same force as human bones.


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In addition, his new flesh was made from Dragon Skin, a special fireproof silicone.


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Buster was sometimes equipped with special equipment to give him new “abilities”: when testing the myth “Falling from a Bridge with a Hammer”, he was equipped with an accelerometer, and in Special Issue 8.


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Jaws (season 2) Buster received a device to beat sharks with his fists.


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Despite his inanimacy, Buster is considered part of the team, and the presenters often ask him with comic requests to “wait a little longer”, “you are part of the team, we need you” and so on in the same vein .


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The latest, fourth version of Buster (English: Buster 4.0), was presented to viewers in issue 185.


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Driving in heels (season 12).


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Sometimes Buster is given additional Simulaids mannequins: Jane, Susie Simuloid and Randy's Rescue (Jane, Simulaide Suzy, Rescue Randy).


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They first appeared when testing whether the posture recommended to passengers in an airplane crash could save lives (“The Killing Pose in a Plane Crash”).


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In some cases, Buster is replaced with inflatable life-size dolls - for example, in the episode with booking a car with telephone directories, they were the ones who sat inside (in case of any injury, they had to be blown away).


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In season four, the Destroyers got Ted (“Ted”, a play on words: “Busted” - “Bus-ted”).


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This is a ballistic gel mannequin created specifically for the myth of the Seven Kilometer Drop (Season 4).


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Ted was a “gift” to Jamie and Adam from the team.


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The main problem with Ted was that he began to melt in the sun before the preparations for testing the myth were completed.


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However, it “survived”, although it became flat as a pancake at a depth of 150 meters.


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Scotty Chapman


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Scotty was a metal specialist — a welder.


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She left the project after her third season for personal reasons, executive producer Peter Rees reports on Discovery Channel's official fan site.


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On her MySpace blog, she indicated that she would not return as a regular presenter, but appeared on November 14, 2007 in Issue 90.


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Large-scale review (season 6), as well as in 2008 in Special Issue 11.


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Young scientists.


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Jesse Combs


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Jessi Combs joined the team in 2009, replacing Keri Byron after she went on maternity leave.


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Combs is an American TV presenter and specialist in metal processing.


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From 2005 to 2008, she co-hosted “Xtreme 4x4” with Ian Johnson on Spike.


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Prior to “Xtreme 4x4”, she also appeared on Cool Tuning (Overhaulin') as a guest locksmith.


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After graduating from high school, Jesse Combs refused her scholarship to enter the interior design school.


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In 2004, she graduated from Wyoming Institute of Technology with a major in car repair and finishing, with some of the best marks in its class.


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She also participated in the manufacture of straight lines, custom and the development of high-speed transmissions.


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Heather Joseph-Witham


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Heather Joseph-Witham is a folklore specialist who has participated in pilots, all editions of the first and first three editions of the second season.


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In the program, she explained the origins and various variations of some of the urban legends being tested.


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She is currently a professor at the Los Angeles College of Art and Design.


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Accidents and injuries


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Due to the nature of the tests, as well as the methods used, accidents, injuries and emergency situations occurred on the transmission at different times.


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Here are some of them:


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Adam's lower lip was sucked into the running motor of the vacuum cleaner and scratched.


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Adam “tested” the engine designed to make a hovercraft (the myth “Levitation Machine”).


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Later, in Special Issue 6.


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Behind the scenes, he explained his act by wondering if the vacuum cleaner would pull his lip, but he did not think about the fast-rotating impeller inside the device.


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Adam completely burned his right eyebrow and his hair slightly burned when he exploded during the test of the myth “Cell phone as a cause of the explosion”, about which he said his “catchphrase”: “Did I... lose eyebrow?” (“Am I missing... an eyebrow?”).


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This phrase was often shown in the opening video of the program.


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Jamie almost fainted while testing the “Smelly Machine” myth.


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A hermetically sealed car with two pork carcasses inside, after spending two months in this state, accumulated ammonia in such a high concentration that Jamie almost lost consciousness when he got inside to get the car off the brake.


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In the process of verifying whether a penny dropped from a tall building could kill a person on the ground (Penny Fall), Jamie modified a stapler air gun to shoot a penny at maximum speed.


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The gun accidentally fired when it was turned over and hit one of the workshop's fluorescent lamps.


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All were urgently evacuated due to the danger of poisoning with mercury vapors.


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While testing the myth of the bridge and the soldiers marching on it, Adam, while assembling the bridge, deeply cut his right hand with the structural elements of the bridge.


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Adam and Christina suffered minor burns while testing the myth “Exploding Lollipop”.


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Christie was burned more — the hot liquid filling of the candy splashed on her face and neck.


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Adam later said that the 120°C liquid candy “... looks like napalm.”


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Tori flipped over on his bike when he tried to jump over a cart while testing the myth Transmission Shaft Jump (Season 2), even though cycling was not part of the test program myth.


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Tory also fell along with the swing when their chains broke while testing the 360° myth on the swing (season 2).


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When testing the “Exploding Hair Gel (Season 2)” myth, the model's compressed jet exploded a second after Adam passed by.


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While testing the myth of “Confederate Rocket (Season 3),” Jamie and Adam underestimated the power of their rocket, deciding to test it indoors.


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As a result, Jamie was almost in the center of the explosion, and many objects, including Adam's hovercraft, ignited.


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Almost all of the workshop premises were filled with thick smoke, and all staff were temporarily evacuated.


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When testing the Baghdad battery myth (season 2), the junior team connected an electric fence generator to two gilded angel figures.


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As a result, Adam, touching them, received a strong electric shock.


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The initiator of the “draw” was Cary.


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In issue 86.


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Superhero Hour (Season 5) Jamie injured his nose by cutting off the winch cable with a knife.


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When testing the myth of the magical energy of the pyramids (season 2), Tori cut his face while trying to shave with a blunt razor blade.


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When testing the myth of the “Hollywood” trick “Holding on to the Ledge” (season 9), Tori fell off and injured his shin.


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When testing the knockdown bullet myth (season 2), Tori hung out on a hanger.


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When Scotty pushed him, he fell down and hit himself on the head with a carbine.


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When trying to create a powder engine (season 4), Tori made fun of Grant and Carey, adding more gunpowder.


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After the explosion, everyone almost went deaf.


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Esparto incident


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On March 20, 2009, during the filming of Socks Kicking Out (Season 9), Esparto, California, was shaken by a powerful explosion of 225 kilograms of ASDT.


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The explosion occurred in an abandoned quarry near the city; as a result of the explosion, windows were broken in many houses [18].


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On the same day, representatives of the program replaced the windows in some of the damaged houses.


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Details of this episode were covered in Special Issue 15.


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Favorite places (season 11).


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According to the presenters, the cause of this accident was the mistake of bomb experts who incorrectly assessed the power of the charge.


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Cannonball incident


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On December 6, 2011, at the Alameda County Sheriff's training ground, a team of Mythbusters, while conducting an experiment to determine the effectiveness of various projectiles when firing a cannon, accidentally missed from barrels of water and fired a cannonball towards Dublin, California.


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The cannonball flew more than 600 meters, pierced through a residential building, leaving a hole 25 centimeters in diameter in it, ricocheted against the roof of another house, and completed its flight in the cabin of a parked minivan.


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No one was hurt in the incident [19] [20].


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The producer of the program visited the owners of the affected house to personally apologize to them [21].


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Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman later apologized, while Adam Savage assured viewers that the incident would not stop or ban the program [22].


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Influence and popularity


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Hyneman and Savage appeared on “Good Morning America” on November 8, 2006.


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One of the 2005 episodes of the MythBusters culinary TV show “Good Eats”, titled English: Myth Smashers, tested cooking myths, although none of MythBusters was not on the show.


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X-Play on G4 also played “Breaking Legends”: the series, which appeared on August 22, 2005, was called “MythCrackers” (English: MythCrackers).


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In this parody, two people tried to test some myths from computer games.


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For example, will a passing car move faster if you place arrows on the ground, is it possible to raise a giant of the right size if there are mushrooms, whether barrels explode from shots, and what will happen if remove the memory card while saving.


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In March 2006, Hyneman and Savage spoke at the annual meeting of the English: National Science Teachers Association, which took place in October 2006 honoured them with the title of Honorary Members for Life.


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In 2006, Hyneman and Savage appeared on the Australian weekly television show “Logie Awards”, where they tried to test the myth of whether atmospheric pressure can actually increase breast size in guests of the show.


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A video shot for the Silicone Breasts series (season 1) was used with a new narration, opening video and ending.


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Jamie and Adam sometimes appear at universities in the United States to talk about what it's like to be a “legend destroyer”.


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Jamie and Adam's lego figures appeared in the online comic “Irregular Webcomic!” , in which they tested all sorts of strange myths.


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For example, they confirmed that “Death awaits no one” [23].


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Issue 157 of “The President's Assignment” (season 8) stars Barack Obama.


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He personally instructs Savage and Heineman to double-check the ancient legend of how the ancient scientist Archimedes burned the Roman fleet with the help of sunlight passing through a system of mirrors.


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[24] [25] This myth has been shattered.


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Adam and Jamie starred in the series “CSI: Crime Scene” in an episode investigating the fire of a suspect's shirt from a stun gun.


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Later, this was also the subject of the Burning Shocker episode (season 9) of Mythbusters themselves.


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In episode 13 of season 23 of The Simpsons, they appeared as Mythbusters.


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The animated series showed real myths from the program.


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International broadcasting


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The program is filmed primarily for the United States.


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The English narration is read by Robert Lee.


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In addition to the United States, Mythbusters were shown in many countries, primarily on national versions of the Discovery Channel.


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In some cases, the show was subtitled, traditional US units were converted to metric, and the narration was sometimes completely duplicated.


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In July 2006, an edited 30-minute (as opposed to the usual 50-minute) version of the show appeared on the British channel BBC Two.


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In Russia, Mythbusters, in addition to Discovery, were broadcast on the channels: TV3, Rambler, Friday, Che.


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Related TV shows


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“Penn and Teller: True and False!” (English: Penn & Teller: Bullshine!) is another program based on scientific skepticism, but more focused on public discussions.


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“Science from Hollywood” (English: Hollywood Science) is a similar broadcast preceded by MythBusters, created by the Open University for the BBC, presented by Robert Luelin Llewellyn) and scientist Jonathan Hare.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Brainiac: Science Abuse (also formerly translated as Brainiac: Science Abuse) is a British television show that also tests popular myths and rumors, but more entertainment than Mythbusters.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Its Russian version was aired on Discovery Channel and REN-TV with host Vasily Strelnikov.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Transfer title translation options


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Initially in Russia, the program appeared on the Russian-language version of Discovery, and the name “MythBusters” was translated as “MythBusters” (episodes 1-5), later “MythBusters”.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

On Rambler, the program was originally released as “Mythbusters”, but later the title was translated as “Iron Evidence”.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

On TV3, the program was broadcast under the name “Mythbusters”.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

In Germany, the program is broadcast under the title “MythBusters — Die Wissensjäger” (German: Wissensjäger), similar to Ghostbusters - Ghostbusters.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

On the Ukrainian TV channel “Novy Channel”, the program was broadcast under the name “Ruinivniki Mifiv”, that is, “Myth Busters”.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Now it is broadcast on the Ukrainian TV channel Mega under the same name.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Parodies


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Adam and Jamie are often parodied in advertising for BFK plastic windows.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

In the animated series The Simpsons, episode 13 of season 23 is built on the basis of a parody of Mythbusters.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

You can also see the parody of the program itself in the footage.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

In February 2009, “Robot Chicken” posted a parody of Mythbusters on YouTube.


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

In October 2013, in the 240 episode of the Internet show Nostalgic Critic (Doug Volker), there was a parody of Mythbusters, which also featured another online reviewer Cinema Snob (Brad Jones) .


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

In November 2014, the first episode of season 4 of the Internet show “Epic Rap Battles of History” parodied a rap battle between Adam and Jamie's characters against the characters in the movie “Ghostbusters” .


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

See also


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

To invent the future


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Notes


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

References


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Category:2000s American television series


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Category: American television series launched in 2003


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Category:US TV Shows


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

Mythbusters

Category:Scientific skepticism


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

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Category:Discovery Channel TV Shows


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

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Category:Urban legends


Question: Where did the shooting of MythBusters take place?

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Category:Popular science TV shows


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire — elections to the State Duma of the Russian Empire.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The first elections to the legislative (later legislative) body of the Russian Empire.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

They took place in February-March 1906.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Background


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The Revolution of 1905—1907 in Russia


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Causes of revolution


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The development of human activity in the new infrastructure of the state, the emergence of industry and activities in management that are radically different from the types of management of the XVII-XIX centuries, entailed an aggravation of the need to reform the activities of the authorities and authorities.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The cessation of the period of significant importance of subsistence farming, an intensive form of progress in industrial methods, already for the 19th century required radical innovations in administration and law.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Following the abolition of serfdom and the transformation of farms into industrial enterprises, a new institution of legislative power and regulatory legal acts regulating legal relations were required.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Peasants in the pre-revolutionary years


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Peasants made up the largest class of the Russian Empire — about 77% of the total population [1].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The rapid population growth in 1860-1900 led to the fact that the average allotment decreased by 1.7-2 times [2] [3], while the average yield for this period increased by only 1.34 times.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

[4] The result of this imbalance was a constant drop in the average harvest of bread per capita of the agricultural population and, as a result, a deterioration in the economic situation of the peasantry as a whole.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The policy of actively stimulating the export of bread, taken since the late 1880s by the Russian government, was another factor that worsened the food situation of the peasantry.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The slogan “we will not finish eating, but we will take it out”, put forward by Finance Minister Vyshnegradsky, reflected the desire of the government to support the export of bread at any cost, even in conditions of internal crop failure.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

This was one of the reasons that led to the famine of 1891—92.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Since the famine of 1891, the agricultural crisis was increasingly recognized as a protracted and deep ailment of the entire economy of Central Russia.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The peasants' motivation to increase their labor productivity was low.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Witte explained the reasons for this in his memoirs as follows:


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

How can a person manifest and develop not only his work, but initiative in his work, when he knows that the land he cultivates after a while can be replaced by another (community), that the fruits of his works will be divided not on the basis of general laws and testamentary rights, but according to custom (and often custom is discretion) [6] [7], when he may be responsible for taxes not paid by others (circular guarantee)... when he can neither move nor leave his, often poorer than a bird's nest, a dwelling without a passport, the issuance of which depends on discretion [8], when in a word, his life is to some extent is similar to the life of a pet with the difference that the owner is interested in the life of a pet, because this is his property, and the Russian state has this property at this stage of development statehood is in excess, and what is in excess is either little or not valued at all.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The constant decline in the size of land plots (“small land”) led to the fact that the general slogan of the Russian peasantry in the revolution of 1905 was the demand for land, due to redistribution in favor peasant communities of privately owned (primarily landlord) land.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Bloody Sunday 1905


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

At the end of 1904, the political struggle in the country intensified.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Promulgated by the government of P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky's course of trust in society led to the intensification of the opposition's activities [10].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The liberal Liberation Union played a leading role in the opposition at that time [11].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

In September, representatives of the Liberation Union and revolutionary parties gathered for the Paris Conference, where they discussed the issue of joint struggle against autocracy [12].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

As a result of the conference, tactical agreements were concluded, the essence of which was expressed by the formula: “attack apart and beat together” [13].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

In November, a Zemsky Congress was held in St. Petersburg on the initiative of the Liberation Union, which developed a resolution [14] demanding people's representation and civil liberties [15].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The Congress gave impetus to a campaign of Zemstvo petitions demanding to limit the power of officials and call on the public to govern the state [15].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

As a result of the easing of censorship by the government, the texts of Zemstvo petitions penetrated into the press and became the subject of general discussion [16].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Revolutionary parties supported the demands of the liberals and staged student demonstrations.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

At the end of 1904, the largest legal workers' organization in the country was involved in the events - the Collection of Russian Factory Workers in St. Petersburg”.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The organization was headed by priest Georgy Gapon [17].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

In November, a group of members of the Liberation Union met with Gapon and the leadership circle of the Assembly [18] and invited them to submit a petition of political content. [


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

In November-December, the idea of making a petition was discussed in the leadership of the Assembly [19].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

In December, an incident occurred at the Putilov plant with the dismissal of four workers.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Tetyavkin, the foreman of the woodworking workshop of the wagon shop, alternately announced the calculation of four workers — members of the Assembly [20].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The investigation of the incident showed that the actions of the master were unfair and dictated by hostility to the organization [19].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The administration of the plant was required to restore the dismissed workers and dismiss the master Tetyavkin.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

In response to the refusal of the administration, the leadership of the “Assembly” threatened to strike [17].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On January 2, 1905, at a meeting of the leadership of the Assembly, it was decided to start a strike at the Putilov plant, and in case of non-compliance with the requirements, turn it into a general one and use it to file a petition [21 ].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On January 3, 1905, the Putilovsky plant with 12,500 workers went on strike, and on January 4 and 5, several more factories joined the strikers [20].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Negotiations with the administration of the Putilov plant were unsuccessful [17], and on January 5, Gapon threw the idea of asking the tsar himself for help [22].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On January 7 and 8, the strike spread to all enterprises of the city and appealed to the general one.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

In total, 625 enterprises of St. Petersburg with 125,000 workers took part in the strike [23].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On the same days, Gapon and a group of workers drew up a petition addressed to the emperor for work needs, which, along with economic ones, contained political demands [24].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The petition demanded the convening of the people's representation on the basis of universal, direct, secret and equal voting, the introduction of civil liberties, the responsibility of ministers to the people, guarantees of legality government, an 8-hour working day, general education at public expense and much more [25].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On January 6, 7 and 8, the petition was read out in all 11 departments of the Assembly, and tens of thousands of signatures were collected under it [16].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Workers were invited to come to the Winter Palace Square on Sunday, January 9, to present the petition to the tsar “with the whole world” [26].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On January 7, the content of the petition became known to the tsarist government [17].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The political demands contained in it, which implied the restriction of autocracy, turned out to be unacceptable for the ruling regime [27].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

In a government report, they were regarded as “daring” [28].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

29] The issue of accepting the petition was not discussed in the ruling circles. [29]


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On January 8, at a government meeting chaired by Svyatopolk-Mirsky, it was decided not to allow workers to enter the Winter Palace [30], and, if necessary, stop them by force [10].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

To this end, it was decided to place cordons of troops on the main highways of the city, which were supposed to block workers from the way to the city center.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Troops totaling more than 30,000 soldiers were brought to the city [31].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On the evening of January 8, Svyatopolk-Mirsky went to Tsarskoye Selo to visit Emperor Nicholas II with a report on the measures taken [32].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The Tsar wrote about this in his diary [33].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The general management of the operation was entrusted to the commander of the Guards Corps, Prince S. AND. Vasilchikova [34].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On the morning of January 9, columns of workers totaling up to 150,000 people moved from different districts to the city center.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Priest Gapon was at the head of one of the columns with a cross in his hand [35].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

As the columns approached the military outposts, the officers demanded that the workers stop, but they continued to move forward [20].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Electrified by fanatical propaganda, the workers stubbornly sought the Winter Palace, ignoring warnings and even cavalry attacks [36].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

To prevent the accumulation of a crowd of 150,000 in the city center [32], the troops were forced to fire rifle volleys.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Volleys were fired at the Narva Gate, at the Troitsky Bridge, on the Shlisselburgsky tract, on Vasilyevsky Island, on Palace Square and Nevsky Prospekt [36].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

In other parts of the city, crowds of workers were dispersed with sabers, checkers and whips [31].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

According to official data, in just the day of January 9, 96 people were killed and 333 injured, and taking into account deaths from wounds, 130 killed and 299 wounded [36].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

According to the calculations of Soviet historian V. AND. Nevsky, there were up to 200 killed, and up to 800 wounded [37].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The crackdown on the unarmed workers' march made a shocking impression on society.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Reports about the shooting of the march, which repeatedly overestimated the number of victims [38], were distributed by illegal publications, party proclamations and passed by word of mouth.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The opposition placed full responsibility for the incident on Emperor Nicholas II [39] and the autocratic regime [40].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Priest Gapon, who fled from the police, called for an armed uprising and the overthrow of the dynasty [41].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Revolutionary parties called for the overthrow of autocracy.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

A wave of strikes under political slogans swept across the country [42].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

In many places, strikes were led by party workers. [37]


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The traditional faith of the working masses in the king was shaken, and the influence of revolutionary parties began to grow.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The number of party ranks was rapidly replenished.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The slogan “Down with autocracy!” has gained popularity [43] According to many contemporaries, the tsarist government made the mistake of deciding to use force against unarmed workers [30].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The danger of rebellion was averted, but the prestige of tsarist power was irreparably damaged [10].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Shortly after the events of January 9, Minister Svyatopolk-Mirsky was dismissed.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The course of the revolution until August 1905


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

After the events of January 9, P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky was dismissed from the post of Minister of Internal Affairs and replaced by Bulygin; the post of St. Petersburg Governor-General was established, to which General D. F. Trepov said.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On January 29 (February 11), by decree of Nicholas II, a commission was created chaired by Senator Shidlovsky in order to “immediately find out the reasons for the discontent of workers in St. Petersburg and its suburbs and to eliminate them in the future.”


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Officials, manufacturers and deputies from St. Petersburg workers were to become its members.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Political demands were declared unacceptable in advance, but it was the deputies elected from the workers who put forward them (publicity of the meetings of the commission, freedom of the press, restoration of closed the government of 11 departments of the Gaponov “Assembly”, the release of arrested comrades).


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On February 20 (March 5), Shidlovsky presented a report to Nicholas II, in which he admitted the failure of the commission; on the same day, the tsarist decree of the Shidlovsky commission was dissolved.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

After January 9, a wave of strikes swept across the country.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On January 12-14, a general strike of protest against the shooting of a demonstration of workers in St. Petersburg took place in Riga and Warsaw.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Strike traffic and strikes on the railways of Russia began.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

All-Russian student political strikes have also begun.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

In May 1905, a general strike of Ivanovo-Voznesensky textile workers began, and 70 thousand workers went on strike for more than two months.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Councils of Workers' Deputies appeared in many industrial centers.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Social conflicts were aggravated by conflicts on ethnic grounds.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Clashes between Armenians and Azerbaijanis began in the Caucasus, which continued in 1905-1906.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On February 18, a tsarist manifesto was published calling for the eradication of sedition in the name of strengthening true autocracy, and a decree to the Senate allowing proposals for improvement to be submitted to the tsar” state improvement”.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Nicholas II signed a rescript addressed to the Minister of Internal Affairs A. G. Bulygin with an order to prepare a law on an elected representative body — the legislative Duma.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The published acts seemed to give direction to further social movement.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Zemstvo assemblies, city councils, professional intelligentsia, which formed a number of various unions, individual public figures discussed issues of involving the population in the legislative activities, on the attitude to the work of the “Special Conference” established under the chairmanship of Hofmeister Bulygin.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Resolutions, petitions, addresses, notes, drafts of state transformation were drawn up.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The February, April and May congresses organized by the Zemstvo, of which the latter was held with the participation of city figures, ended with a presentation to the Tsar Emperor on June 6 through a special deputy of the highest address with a request for people's representation.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On April 17, 1905, a decree was issued on strengthening the principles of religious tolerance.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

He allowed “falling away” from Orthodoxy to other confessions.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Legislative restrictions on Old Believers and sectarians have been abolished.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Lamaists were forbidden to be officially called idolaters and pagans from now on.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

[44] [45]


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On June 21, 1905, the uprising in Lodz began, which became one of the main events in the revolution of 1905-1907 in the Kingdom of Poland.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Establishment of the Russian Empire State Duma


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The situation in the Russian Empire escalated, and, on August 6, 1905, the Manifesto of Nicholas II established the State Duma as “a special legislative establishment, which is provided preliminary development and discussion of legislative assumptions and consideration of the list of state revenues and expenses” [46].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The term of convocation was set no later than mid-January 1906.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

At the same time, the Election Regulations of August 6, 1905 were published, which established the rules for elections to the State Duma.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Of the four most famous and popular democratic norms (general, direct, equal, secret elections), only one has been implemented in Russia — secret voting.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The elections were neither general, nor direct, nor equal [47].


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The organization of elections to the State Duma was entrusted to the Minister of Internal Affairs Bulygin.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Elections


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The law on elections to the State Duma was published on December 11, 1905.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Elections to the first State Duma were held in February-March 1906.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The greatest success was achieved by the Constitutional Democratic Party (cadets).


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Due to the non-timing of the elections, the activities of the State Duma took place with an incomplete


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

In the course of its work, the State Duma was replenished with representatives of national districts and suburbs, where elections were held later than in the central provinces.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

In addition, a number of deputies moved from one faction to another.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The State Duma was elected for a 5-year term, before the expiration of which it could be dissolved by the emperor, who simultaneously called new elections and the time of convocation.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

This right was applied by Emperor Nicholas II to dissolve the State Duma of the 1st and 2nd convocations.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The elections were multi-stage, held in four unequal curia: 1) landowning, 2) urban, 3) peasant and 4) worker.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

The rate of representation was: one elector per 2,000 people in the landowning curia, 4,000 in the city curia, 30,000 in the peasant curia, and 90,000 in the worker's curia.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On April 27, 1906, State Duma deputies and members of the State Council gathered for a gala reception in the Winter Palace, where Nicholas II addressed them: “With a fiery faith in the bright I welcome the future of Russia in the person of your best people whom I have ordered my beloved subjects to choose from themselves. You will have a difficult and difficult job ahead of you. I believe that love for the Motherland and an ardent desire to serve it will inspire and unite you.”


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

In his memoirs, Foreign Minister A. Izvolsky described “groups of provincial lawyers and doctors dressed in frock coats”, among which “only occasionally could you see a uniform among them”, “but these bourgeois costumes were dominated simple dress — peasant caftans and work blouses...”


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

[48] While liberals pinned their hopes for changes for the better with deputies, calling the birth of the Duma “the first morning of Russian freedom” criticism was heard on the right and left.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On April 28, at a rally of the left, they argued “that workers have nothing to expect from it [the Duma].”


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

On May 20, the Russkoe Delo newspaper offered its readers “Take a closer look at our newborn Duma. Isn't this a temple of a liberal phrase that covers up the desire to seize power over Russia? It is no wonder if real peasants and living people of living life who accidentally came to the Duma began to flee from the Duma — one went crazy on the way, the other refused, and the third died of nervous strain.”


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Curia


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

Not all residents of the empire had the right to vote.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

In order to have the right to vote, it is necessary to meet the following criteria at least a year before the elections:


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

according to the landowning curia — to be the owner of 100 to 650 acres of land, depending on the locality, to have real estate worth at least 15 thousand rubles.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

according to the city curia — to be the owner of urban real estate and commercial and industrial establishments, a tenant or an employee.


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

according to the peasant curia — to have a household;


Question: When were the Elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire held?

according to the workers' curia — to be a worker of an enterprise with at least 50 male workers.